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APPLETONS'   CYCLOPEDIA 
OF    AMERICAN    BIOGRAPHY 

Vol.  I 

AARON— CRANDALL 


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Jci^nJdmw 


APPLETONS'  CYCLOPAEDIA 
OF   AMERICAN   BIOGRAPHY 


EDITED    BY 

JAMES   GRANT  WILSON 

AND 

JOHN   FISKE 


As  it  is  the  commendation  of  a  good  huntsman  to  find  game  in  a  wide  wood, 
so  it  is  no  imputation  if  he  hath  not  caught  all.  Plato 


Volume  I 
AARON— CRANDALL 

REVISED  EDITION 


NEW    YORK 
D.    APPLETON    AND    COMPANY 

72     FIFTH     AVENUE 
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NOT  TO  BE  TAKEN 
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THE  NEW  \UHK 
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TiUiEN  KOr.M'A'iriOS         I 


Copyright,  1886,  1804,  1898, 

By  d.  appleton  and  company. 


PRE  FAO  E. 


Appletons'  Cyclopedia  of  AMEEicAif  Biogkapht  is  intended  to  supply  a 
want  that  has  long  been  felt  by  the  nations  of  the  New  World,  and  more  par- 
ticularly by  the  people  of  the  United  States.  Every  scholar  and  every  reader  has 
recognized  the  benefit  of  the  great  French  Dictionaries  of  Universal  Biography, 
and  the  utility  of  the  more  recent  National  Biography  of  Great  Britain,  now  in 
course  of  publication.  Each  nation  should,  if  possible,  have  its  own  cyclopaedia 
of  biography.  Tha  Belgian,  British,  and  German  Dictionaries  at  present  in 
progress  are  instances  of  such  work  in  the  Old  "World.  It  is  proposed  to  provide 
a  Cyclopfedia  of  Biography  for  the  New  World  worthy  to  rank  with  them. 

The  Cyclopsedia  will  include  the  names  of  above  twenty  thousand  prominent 
native  and  adopted  citizens  of  the  United  States,  including  living  persons,  from 
the  earliest  settlement  of  the  country;  also  the  names  of  several  thousand  emi- 
nent citizens  of  Canada,  Mexico,  Brazil,  ChiH,  Peru,  and  all  the  other  countries 
of  North  and  South  America.  The  great  aim  has  been  to  embrace  all  note- 
worthy persons  of  the  New  World,  and  to  give  biographies  that  shall  embody 
with  sufficient  fulness  the  latest  result  of  historical  research,  rendering  it  a  refer- 
ence-book of  the  highest  order.  The  work  will  also  contain  the  names  of  nearly 
one  thousand  men  of  foreign  birth  who,  like  Bishop  Berkeley,  Braddock,  Bur- 
goyne,  Cabot,  Columbus,  Cornwallis,  Lafayette,  Montcalm,  and  Whitefield,  are 
closely  identified  with  American  history. 

The  editors  have  endeavored,  in  all  instances,  to  obtain  the  co-operation  of  the 
most  competent  students  of  special  periods  or  departments  of  history,  and  they  have 
had  the  assistance  of  scholarly  and  experienced  associates,  together  with  a  well- 
equipped  staff  of  writers.  Many  articles  of  importance  have  been  contributed 
by  some  of  the  most  brilliant  names  in  American  literature  as  well  as  by  many 
of  onr  most  illustrious  statesmen,  soldiers,  and  jurists.  Much  valuable  material 
has  been  obtained  from  original  sources;  and  in  the  case  of  recent  lives  and 
those  "men  of  light  and  leading"  who  are  still  with  us,  important  aid  has  been 
afforded  by  the  friends  and  relatives  of  the  subjects. 

It  has  been  the  aim  of  the  editors  to  render  the  Cyclopaedia  educational  as 
well  as  entertaining  and  instructive,  by  making  those  articles  referring  to  impor- 
tant men  and  measures  full  and   exhaustive;   thus,  in  the  articles   on   the  Presi- 


y|  PREFACE. 

dents,  some  two  hundred  pages  will  be  devoted  to  a  complete  and  authentic 
account  of  all  their  public  acts,  placing  the  reader  in  possession  of  an  accurate 
history  of  their  administrations,  covering  more  than  a  century  of  our  national  an- 
nals. The  same  statement  may  be  made  in  respect  to  the  chief  colonial  and  state 
governors;  our  celebrated  judges  and  statesmen;  members  of  the  Cabinets,  of  the 
Senate,  and  House ;  men  distinguished  in  art,  commerce,  and  Hterature ;  leaders 
in  the  Church ;  and  those  "  great  heirs  of  fame  "  who  w^on  renown  in  the  late  and 
previous  wars— thus  forming  a  very  full  and  comprehensive  history  of  the  United 
States  and  those  other  countries  of  the  New  World  with  which  we  are  bound 
by  so  many  ties,  since  its  first  discovery  by  "the  world-seeking  Genoese."  To 
the  above  are  added  numerous  notices  of  persons  of  the  pre-Columbian  period, 
now  appearing  for  the  first  time  in  the  English  language. 

Although  it  is  manifestly  impossible,  within  the  limits  of  six  octavo  vol- 
umes, to  supply  all  the  information  that  might  be  desired  by  students  of  gene- 
alogy, yet  it  is  confidently  believed  that  the  data  given  will  be  found  sufiicient 
and  satisfactory.  Especial  attention  is  called  to  the  information  concerning  the 
publications  of  the  New  World,  which  is  brought  down  to  the  date  of  publica- 
tion.    In  the  case  of  the  more  important  notices  of  men  and  women, 

"  On  Fame's  eternall  bede-roll  worthy  to  be  fyled," 
the  principal  authorities  used  are  mentioned  with  a  view  to  indicating  the 
sources  from  which  additional  information  may  be  obtained  by  those  who  are 
seeking  for  it.  The  projectors  of  the  Cyclopaedia  have  made  use  of  every 
available  source  of  information,  including  a  special  library  of  several  thousand 
volumes,  and  have  utilized  the  most  valuable  portion  of  Francis  S.  Drake's  "  Dic- 
tionary of  American  Biography,"  together  wdth  the  author's  manuscript  correc- 
tions and  additions,  purchased  for  that  purpose,  as  -well  as  the  unpublished  manu- 
scripts of  William  Cushing,  the  compiler  of  "  Initials  and  Pseudonyms,"  who  was 
prej^aring  a  cyclopaedia  of  American  and  other  authors. 

The  work  is  complete  in  six  octavo  volumes,  and  is  illustrated  with  about  sixty 
full-page  portraits  of  eminent  men  of  the  New  World,  including  the  twenty-four 
Presidents  of  the  United  States,  forming  altogether  a  most  valuable  and  attrac- 
tive national  portrait-gallery  of  illustrious  Americans.  These  are  supplemented 
by  some  fifteen  hundred  smaller  vignette  portraits  from  original  drawings  by 
Jacques  Reich,  accompanied  by  fac-simile  autographs,  and  also  several  hundred 
views  of  birthplaces,  residences,  monuments,  and  tombs  famous  in  history.  The 
signatures  are  for  the  most  part  from  the  collection  of  'Some  six  thousand  Ameri- 
can autographs  in  the  possession  of  the  senior  editor.  In  Volume  VI  will  be 
found  a  supplement  completed  in  December,  1899,  containing  nearly  two  thousand 
additional  names.  A  carefully  prepared  and  exhaustive  analytical  index  of  one 
hundred  and  fifteen  pages  greatly  enhances  the  value  of  the  work. 


LIST    OF    POETEAITS. 


Adams,  John 
Adams,  John  Quincy 
Arthur,  Chester  Alan 
Bancroft,  George 
Benton,  Thomas  ITart 
Bryant,  William  Cullen 
Buchanan,  James 
Calhoun,  John  Caldwell 
Clay,  Henry 
Cleveland,  G rover 
Cooper,  James  Fenimore 


ARTIST 

Stuart 

Ilarchant 

Bell 

Richter 

Freiderichs 

Sarony 

Smith 

Brady 

Brady 

Plxotograpli 

Elliott 


PAGE 

Frontispiece 
Face  24 
99 
154 
241 
422 
428 
498 
640 
651 
725 


SOME  OF  THE  CHIEF  COKTEIBUTOES 
TO   APPLETONS'   CYCLOPAEDIA   OF   AMERICAN    BIOGRAPHY. 


Adams,  Charles  Kendall, 

President  Cornell  University. 

Agassiz,  Alexander, 

Author  and  Professor. 
Allibone,  S.  Austin, 

Author  "  Dictionary  of  Authors." 

Amory,  Thomas  C, 

Author  "  Life  of  General  Sullivan,"  etc. 

Bancroft,  George, 

Author  "  History  of  the  United  States." 

Barrett,  Lawrence, 

Author  "  Life  of  Edwin  Forrest." 

Bayard,  Thomas  F., 

Secretary  of  State. 

Bigelow,  John, 

Author  "  Life  of  Franklin,"  etc. 

Boker,  George  H., 

Poet,  late  Minister  to  Russia. 

Botta,  Mrs.  Vincenzo, 

Author  and  Poet. 

Bradley,  Joseph  P., 

Judge  United  States  Supreme  Court. 

Brooks,  Phillips, 

Author  "Sermons  in  English  Churches." 

Carter,  Franklin, 

President  Williams  College. 

Chandler,  William  E., 

Ex-Secretary  of  the  Navy. 

Clarke,  James  Freeman, 

Author  "Ten  Great  Religions,"  etc. 

Cooper,  Miss  Susan  Fenimore, 

Author  "  Rural  Hours,"  etc. 

Conway,  Moncure  D,, 

Miscellaneous  Writer. 
Coppee,  Henry, 

Professor  Lehigh  University,  Pa. 

Coxe,  Arthur  Cleveland, 

Bishop  Western  New  York. 

Cullum,  Gen.  George  W., 

Author  "  Register  of  West  Point  Graduates,"  etc. 

Curry,  Daniel,  D.  D., 

Author  and  Editor. 

Curtis,  George  Ticknor, 

Author  "  Life  of  James  Buchanan,"  etc. 

Curtis,  George  William, 

Author  and  Editor. 


De  Costa,  Rev.  B.  F., 

Historical  Writer. 

De  Lancey,  Edward  F., 

Ex-President  Genealogical  and  Biographical  Society. 

Didier,  Eugene  L., 

Author  ■■'  Life  of  Edgar  Allan  Poe." 

Dix,  Morgan, 

Rector  Trinity  Church,  New  York. 

Doane,  William  C, 

Bishop  of  Albany. 

Drake,  Samuel  Adams, 

Author  "  Historic  Personages  of  Boston,"  etc. 

Draper,  Lyman  C, 

Secretary  Wisconsin  Historical  Society. 

Fiske,  John, 

Author  and  Professor. 

Frothingham,  Octavius  B., 

Author  "  Life  of  George  Ripley." 

Gayarre,  C.  E.  A., 

Author  "  History  of  Louisiana." 

Gerry,  Elbridge  T., 

Member  of  New  York  Bar. 

Gilman,  Daniel  C, 

President  Johns  Hopkins  University. 
Goodwin,  Daniel,  Jr., 

Member  of  Illinois  Bar. 

Greely,  Capt.  A.  W.,  XJ.  S.  A., 

Author  "  Three  Years  of  Arctic  Service." 

Hale,  Edward  Everett, 

Author  "Franklin  in  France,"  etc. 

Hay  don.  Rev.  Horace  E., 

Author  "  Pollock  Genealogy,"  etc. 

Henry,  William  Wirt, 

Of  the  Virginia  Historical  Society. 

Higginson,  Col.  T.  W., 

Author  "  History  of  the  United  States,"  etc. 

Hilliard,  Henry  W., 

Ex-United  States  Senator  from  Georgia. 

Howe,  Mrs,  Julia  Ward, 

Author  "  Later  Lyrics,"  etc. 

Jay,  John, 

Late  Minister  to  Austria. 
Johnson,  Gen.  Bradley  T., 

Member  Maryland  Bar. 

Johnson,  Rossiter, 

Author  "  History  of  the  War  of  1812,"  etc. 


SOME  OF  THE  CHIEF  CONTRIBUTORS. 


Johnston,  William  Preston, 

President  Tulane  University. 

Jones,  Rev.  J.  William, 

Secretary  Soiitliern  Historical  Society. 

Jones,  William  Alfred, 

Author  "  Character  and  Criticism,"  etc. 

Kobbe,  Gustav, 

Musical  Editor  of  New  York  "Mail  and  Express." 

Lathrop,  George  Parsons, 

Author  "  A  Study  of  Hawthorne,"  etc. 

Lincoln,  Robert  T., 

Ex-Secretary  of  War. 

Lodge,  Henry  Cabot, 

Author  "  Life  of  Hamilton." 

MacVeagh,  Wayne, 

Ex-Attorncy-General,  U.  S. 

Marble,  Manton, 

Late  Editor  "  The  World." 

Mathews,  William, 

Author  "  Orators  and  Oratory,"  etc. 

McMaster,  John  Bache, 

Author  "  History  of  the  People  of  the  United  States." 

Mitchell,  Donald  G., 

Author  "  Reveries  of  a  Bachelor,"  etc. 

Mombert,  Dr.  J.  I., 

Miscellaneous  Writer. 

O'Neal,  Edward  A., 

Governor  of  Alabama. 

Parker,  Cortlandt, 

Member  of  the  New  Jersey  Bar. 

Parkman,  Francis, 

Author  "  Frontenac,"  "  French  in  Canada,"  etc. 

Phelps,  William  Walter, 

Member  of  Congress  from  New  Jersey. 

Porter,  David  D., 

Admiral  United  States  Navy. 

Preston,  Mrs.  Margaret  J., 

Author  and  Poet. 

Puron,  Dr.  Juan  G., 

Spanish  Author  and  Editor. 

Read,  Gen.  J.  Meredith, 

Late  Minister  to  Greece. 

Reid,  Whitelaw, 

Editor  of  New  York  "  Tribune." 

Robinson,  E.  G,, 

President  Brown  University. 


Romero,  Mattias, 

Mexican  Minister  to  United  States. 

Royce,  Josiah, 

Professor  in  Harvard  University. 

Sanborn,  Miss  Kate, 

Miscellaneous  Writer. 

Schurz,  Carl, 

Ex-Secretary  of  the  Interior. 

Shea,  John  Gilmary, 

Author  and  Editor. 

Sherman,  William  T., 

Late  General  of  the  Army. 

Smith,  Charles  Emory, 

Editor  Philadelphia  "  Press." 

Spencer,  Jesse  Ames, 

Author  and  Professor. 

Stedman,  Edmund  C, 

Author  "  Poets  of  America,"  etc. 

Stiles,  Henry  R.,  M.  D., 

Author  "  History  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y." 

Stoddard,  Richard  Henry, 

Author  •'  Songs  of  Summer,"  etc. 

Stone,  William  L., 

Author  "  Life  of  Red  Jacket,"  etc. 

Strong,  William, 

Ex-Judge  LT.  S.  Supreme  Court. 

Tucker,  J.  Randolph, 

Member  of  Congress  from  Virginia. 

Waite,  Morrison  R., 

Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court. 

Washburne,  E.  B., 

Late  Minister  to  France. 

Welling,  James  C, 

President  Columbian  University, 

Whitman,  Walter, 

Author  "  Leaves  of  Grass,"  etc. 

Wilson,  Gen.  Jas.  Grant, 

President  Genealogical  and  Biographical  Society. 

Winter,  William, 

Poet  and  Theatrical  Critic. 

Winthrop,  Robert  C, 

Ex-United  States  Senator. 

Young,  Alexander,  * 

Miscellaneous  Writer. 


Among  the  Contributors  to  the  first  volume  of '■'■  Appletons'  Cyclopcedia  of  American  Biography  ^^ 

are  the  following : 


Rev.  Joseph  H.  Allen, 

Author  "Hebrew  Men  and  Times." 
Channing,  William  Ellery, 
Channing,  William  Henry. 

S.  Austin  AUibone,  LL.  D., 

Author  of  "Dictionary  of  Authors." 
Bancroft,  George. 

Thomas  C.  Amory, 

Author  of  "  Life  of  Gen.  Sullivan." 
Coffin,  Admiral  Sir  Isaac, 
Coffin,  Gen.  John, 
iind  other  articles. 

Marcus  Benjamin, 

Fellow  of  the  Chemical  Society. 
Agassiz,  Louis, 
Bache,  Alexander  Dallas, 
and  other  articles. 

Arthur  E.  Bostwick,  Ph.  D. 

Audubon,  John  James, 
Colfax,  Schuyler, 
and  other  articles. 

Mrs.  Vincenzo  Botta, 

Author  and  Poet. 
Carnegie,  Andrew. 

Charles  RoUin  Brainard,  A.  M. 

Beecher,  Lyman,  and  his  sons, 
Benton,  Thomas  Hart, 
and  other  articles. 

James  C.  Brogan. 

Articles  on  Catholic  Clergymen. 

Franklin  Carter,  LL.  D., 

President  of  Williams  College. 
Chadbourne,  Paul  Ansel. 

John  D.  Champlin,  Jr., 

Editor  of  "  CyclopiJedia  of  Painters  and  Paintings. 
Articles  on  American  Painters. 

William  E.  Chandler, 

Ex-Secretary  of  the  Navy. 

Arthur.  Chester  Alan, 
Berry,  Nathaniel  S. 

John  Esten  Cooke, 

Late  Historian  and  Novelist. 
Crawford,  William  Harris. 

Arthur  Cleveland  Coxe, 

P.  E.  Bishop  of  Western  New  York. 
Cleveland,  Aaron, 
Cox,  Samuel  Hanson. 


Eev.  Daniel  Curry,  D.  D., 

Author  and  Editor. 

Articles  on  Bishops  of  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church. 

George  Ticknor  Curtis,  LL.  D., 

Author  of  "  Life  of  James  Buchanan." 

Buchanan,  James, 
Henry  Dalby, 

of  the  Montreal  "Star." 

Articles  on  Canadian  Statesmen. 

Lyman  C.  Draper,  LL.  D. 

Campbell,  Arthur, 
Clark,  George  Rogers. 

Maurice  F.  Egan, 

of  the  "Freeman's  Journal." 
CoRRiGAN,  Michael  Augustus, 
and  other  articles. 

John  Fiske, 

Professor  and  Author. 
Adams,  John, 
Adams,  John  Quincy, 
Arnold,  Benedict, 
Clinton,  Sir  Henry, 
CoRNWALLis,  Lord, 
and  other  articles. 

Daniel  C.  Gilman,  LL.  D., 

President  of  Johns  Hopkins  University. 
Berkeley,  George, 
Buckingham,  William  A., 
and  other  articles. 

Samuel  Hart, 

Professor  at  Trinity  College. 
Brownell,  Thomas  Church. 

Thomas  Wentworth  Higginson, 

Author  of  "  History  of  the  United  States." 

Brown,  John,  of  Osawatomie. 

Henry  W.  Hilliard, 

Late  Minister  to  BraziL 
Butler,  Pierce  M., 
and  other  articles. 

Mrs.  Julia  Ward  Howe, 

Author  and  Poet. 

Crawford,  Thomas. 

Frank  Huntington. 

Bolivar,  Simon, 
Bradford,  William, 
and  other  articles. 


Xll 


CONTRIBUTORS  TO  THE  FIRST  VOLUME. 


Rev.  Abram  S.  Isaacs,  Ph.  D., 

Editor  of  the  "Jewish  Messenger." 
BoNDi,  Jonas, 

and  other  articles. 

Gen.  Bradley  T.  Johnson, 

Member  Baltimore  Bar. 
Carroll,  Charles,  of  Carrollton, 
Claiborne,  William. 

Rossiter  Johnson, 

Author  and  Editor. 

Carter,  Robert, 
Chase,  Salmon  Portland, 
and  other  articles. 

Rev.  J.  Ryland  Kendrick,  D.  D., 

Ex-President  of  Vassar  College. 
Burr,  Aaron, 
and  articles  on  Baptist  clergymen. 

Gustav  Kobbe, 

Musical  Editor. 
Catenhausen,  Ernst, 
Chadwiok,  George  W., 
and  other  articles. 

Neil  Macdonald. 

Brown,  Peter,  and  his  sons, 
Blake,  William  Hume, 
and  other  articles. 

Frederic  G.  Mather, 

Journalist. 

Church,  Sanford  Elias, 
Cornell,  Ezra,  and  Alonzo  B. 

■William  Mathews,  LL.  D., 

Author  of  "  Orators  and  Oratory." 
Ames,  Fisher. 


'  History  of  the  People  of 


John  Bach  McMaster, 

Professor  and  Author  of 
the  United  States." 

Coxe,  Tench, 
and  other  articles. 

J.  I.  Mombert,  D.  D. 

Allen,  Ethan, 
Braddock,  Edward, 
Boone,  Daniel, 
Cartier,  Jacques. 


Charles  Ledyard  Norton. 

BuRNSiDE,  Ambrose  Everett, 
Cooper,  James  Fenimore, 
and  other  articles. 

Edward  A.  O'Neal, 

Governor  of  Alabama. 
Chapman,  Reuben. 

David  D.  Porter, 

Admiral  of  U.  S.  Navy. 

Bainbridge,  William. 
"William  Purcell, 

Editor  of  the  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  "Union.' 
Butts,  Isaac, 
Cassidy,  William. 


Dr.  Juan  G.  Puron, 

Spanish  Author  and  Editor. 
Articles  on   South  and   Central  American 
Characters. 

Prof.  Josiah  Royce, 

Author  of  "  California,"  in  Commonwealth  Series. 
Articles  on  California  Pioneers. 

Miss  Kate  Sanborn, 

Author  and  Editor. 

BoTTA,  Anne  C.  Lynch. 

Carl  Schurz, 

Ex-Secretary  of  the  Interior. 
Clay,  Henry. 

Rev.  E.  de  Schweinitz,  D.  D., 

Moravian  Bishop. 

Articles  on  Bishops  of  the  Moravian  Church. 

Charles  Emory  Smith, 

Editor  of  the  Philadelphia  "  Press." 
Blaine,  James  Gillespie. 

Rev.  J.  A.  Spencer,  D.  D. 

Articles  on  Bishops  of  the  Protestant  Epis- 
copal Church. 

Richard  Henry  Stoddard, 

Author  and  Editor. 

Bryant,  William  Cullen. 

Frederick  D.  Stone, 

Pennsylvania  Historical  Society. 
CooMBE,  Thomas, 
and  other  articles. 

William  L.  Stone, 

Author  of  "  Life  of  Brant." 

AcLAND,  Lady  Harriet, 
Brant,  Joseph, 
BuRGOYNE,  John, 
and  other  articles. 

William  Strong, 

Ex-Justice  U.  S.  Supreme  Court. 
BiNNEY,  Horace, 
Bradley,  Joseph  P. 

Charles  Burr  Todd, 

Author  of  "  Life  of  Joel  Barlow." 
Barlow,  Joel. 

J.  Randolph  Tucker, 

Member  of  Congress  from  Virginia. 
Calhoun,  John  Caldwell. 

James  C.  "Welling,  LL.  D., 

President  of  Columbian  University. 
Corcoran.  William  Wilson. 

Gen.  Jas.  Grant  Wilson, 

Author  and  Editor. 

Bayard,  James  Asheton, 
Clarke,  McDonald, 
Cogswell,  Dr.  Jonathan, 
Columbus,  Christopher, 
and  other  articles. 

William  Winter, 

Author  and  Critic. 

Booth,  Edwin, 
Brougham,  John, 
Burton.  William  Evans. 


APPLBTOKS' 

CYCLOPEDIA  OF  AMERICAN  BIOGRAPHY. 


AARON,  Samuel,  educator,  b.  in  New  Britain, 
Bucks  CO.,  Pa.,  in  1800 ;  d.  in  Mount  Holly,  N.  J., 
11  April,  1805.  He  was  left  an  orphan  at  six  years 
of  age,  and  became  the  ward  of  an  uncle,  upon 
whose  farm  he  worked  for  several  years,  attending 
school  only  in  winter.  A  small  legacy  inherited 
from  his  father  enabled  him  at  the  age  of  sixteen 
to  enter  the  Doylestown,  Pa.,  academy,  where  he 
fitted  himself  to  become  a  teacher,  and  at  the  age 
of  twenty  was  engaged  as  an  assistant  instructor  in 
the  classical  and  mathematical  school  in  Burling- 
ton, N.  J.  Here  he  studied  and  taught,  and  soon 
■opened  an  independent  day  school  at  Bridge  Point, 
but  was  presently  invited  to  become  principal  of 
Doylestown  academy.  In  1829  he  was  ordained, 
and  became  pastor  of  a  Baptist  church  in  New 
Britain.  In  1833  he  took  charge  of  the  Burling- 
ton high  school,  serving  at  the  same  time  as  pastor 
of  the  Baptist  church  in  that  city.  Accepting  in 
1841  an  invitation  from  a  church  in  Norristown, 
Pa.,  he  remained  there  three  years,  when  he  opened 
the  Treemount  seminary  near  Norristown,  which 
under  his  management  soon  became  .  prosperous, 
and  won  a  high  reputation  for  the  thoroughness  of 
its  training  and  discipline.  The  financial  disasters 
of  1857  found  Mr.  Aaron  with  his  name  pledged  as 
security  for  a  friend,  and  he  was  obliged  to  sacrifice 
all  his  property  to  the  creditors.  He  was  soon 
offered  the  head-mastership  of  Mt.  Holly,  N.  J., 
institute,  a  large,  well-established  school  i'or  boys, 
where,  in  company  with  his  son  as  joint  principal, 
he  spent  the  remainder  of  his  life.  During  these 
years  he  was  pastor  of  a  church  in  Mt.  Holly.  He 
prepared  a  valuable  series  of  text-books  introducing 
certain  improvements  in  methods  of  instruction, 
which  added  greatly  to  his  reputation  as  an  educa- 
tor. His  only  publication  in  liook  form,  aside  from 
his. text-books,  was  entitled  "  Faithful  Translation  " 
(Philadelphia,  1842).  He  was  among  the  early  ad- 
vocates of  temperance,  and  was  an  earnest  support- 
er of  the  anti-slavery  cause  from  its  beginning. 

ABAD,  or  ABADIANO,  Die^o  Jos6,  Mexican 
poet,  b.  near  Jiquilj^an,  between  Michoacan  and 
Guadalajara,  1  July,  1727;  d.  in  Italy,  30  Sept., 
1779.  He  became'  a  Jesuit  in  early  youth,  and 
afterward  taught  philosophy  and  civil  and  canon 
law  in  Zacatecas  and  the  city  of  Mexico.  When 
forty  years  old,  and  while  rector  of  the  college  of 
Queretaro,  he  began  the  study  of  medicine,  in  the 
practice  of  which  he  was  successful.  Then  he  went 
to  Italy  and  published  a  volume  of  Latin  poetry, 
under  the  title  of  "  Heroica  Deo  carmina,"  to  which 

VOL.   I. — 1 


he  owes  his  greatest  fame.  Among  other  works  he 
wrote  desci'iptions  of  the  principal  rivers  of  the 
world  in  a  book  called  "  Geografia  hidraulica." 
Several  editions  of  the  "  Heroica  Deo  carmina " 
were  published,  in  Madrid  (1769),  Venice  (1774), 
Ferrara  (1776),  and  Cecina  (1780). 

ABADIE,  Eugene  Hilarian,  surgeon,  b.  in 
Paris,  France,  16  Aug.,  1810;  d.  in  St.  Louis.  12 
Dec,  1874.  He  entered  the  U.  S.  army  in  1836, 
with  the  rank  of  assistant  surgeon.  In  1853  he  was 
promoted  surgeon,  and  as  such  served  through  the 
civil  war,  receiving  the  brevet  rank  of  colonel  in 
March,  1865.  His  first  service  was  with  the  Creek 
nation,  then  recently  removed  from  their  hereditary 
lands  in  Georgia,  and  until  the  Seminole  war  he  was 
engaged  with  the  migrating  tribes.  After  this  ser- 
vice he  was  stationed  at  the  forts  in  New  York 
harbor,  and  at  various  regular  posts  in  the  interior 
until  the  war  with  Mexico,  where  he  was  on  duty 
in  1848,  but  was  ordered  to  Point  Isabel,  Texas,  in 
1849.  Changing  from  station  to  station  as  the  exi- 
gencies of  the  service  demanded,  he  was  in  Texas 
when  the  U.  S.  forces  in  that  state  were  surrendered 
by  Gen.  Twiggs,  and  before  the  close  of  1861  he  was 
paroled  as  a  prisoner  of  war  and  permitted  to  go 
north.  He  was  stationed  at  West  Point  in  1862-'64, 
during  which  period  he  was  detailed  to  serve  on 
medical  boards  in  Philadelphia  and  New  York.  In 
1865  he  became  chief  medical  officer  of  the  military 
division  of  west  Mississippi,  in  1866  medical  direc- 
tor of  the  department  of  Missouri,  and  lastly  acting 
assistant  medical  purveyor  at  St.  Louis.  At  the 
time  of  his  death  he  had  seen  more  years  of  actual 
service  than  any,  save  two,  of  the  army  surgeons. 

ABAD  Y  QtlEIPO,  Manuel,  Spanish  bishop, 
b.  in  Asturias  about  1775;  d.  about  1824.  He 
studied  theology  in  Spain,  and  went  to  Mexico. 
From  Michoacan  he  was  sent  to  Spain  to  plead 
against  a  royal  decree  affecting  the  interests  of  the 
priesthood,  and  was  successful  in  his  mission.  In 
1809  he  was  consecrated  bishop  of  Michoacan.  Dur- 
ing the  first  period  of  the  revolutionary  war  he 
adhered  to  the  royal  party,  and  went  to  the  city  of 
Mexico.  After  his  return  to  Michoacan,  through 
intrigues  of  his  opponents,  he  was  sent  to  Spain 
and  imprisoned.  But  he  obtained  an  interview 
with  King  Ferdinand  VII.,  who  not  only  pardoned 
him,  but  appointed  him  his  minister  of  justice. 
Yet  the  Inquisitors  imprisoned  him  again  for  his 
opposition  to  the  Inquisition.  Afterward  he  was 
bishop  of  Fortora.  but  was  again  in  prison  in  1823, 
where  he  died,  it  is  believed,  in  the  following  year. 


ABASCAL 


ABBEY 


ABASCAL  (ab-as-ca]'),  Jose  Fernando,  Span- 
ish soldier,  b.  in  Oviedo,  Asturias,  in  1743;  d.  in 
Madrid  in  1821.  He  entered  tiie  army  in  1702,  and 
after  serving  for  twenty  years  was  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  colonel,  and  during  the  war  against  the 
French  to  that  of  brigadier-general.  In  1796  he 
went  to  Cuba,  assumed  the  command  as  viceroy, 
and  took  an  active  part  in  the  defence  of  Havana 
when  that  city  was  attacked  by  an  English  fleet. 
Afterward  he  was  commander  in  New  Galicia,  and 
still  later  viceroy  of  Peru,  his  great  ability  and  tact 
being  especially  beneficial  to  those  countries.  He 
also  defended  Buenos  Ayres  from  the  English,  and 
at  the  same  time  repressed  revolts  in  Lima  and  in 
Cuzco ;  but  being  unsuccessful  in  some  operations, 
he  was  recalled  in  1816.  Four  years  before  he  had 
been  created  Marques  de  la  Concordia,  in  allusion 
to  his  conciliatory  policy  in  Peru,  which  prevented 
trouble  between  the  natives  and  the  Spanish  resi- 
dents. See  Stevenson's  "  Twenty  Years'  Residence 
in  South  America  "  (London,  1825). 

ABASOLO,  Mariano,  Mexican  patriot,  b.  near 
Dolores,  Guanajuato,  about  1780;  executed  at  Chi- 
huahua, 1  Aug.,  1811.  He  became  conspicuous  dur- 
ing the  Mexican  war  for  independence,  and  was  a 
colonel  in  the  patriot  army  of  Hidalgo,  distinguish- 
ing himself  during  the  campaigns  that  opened  the 
war,  and  was  exceptionally  humane  in  his  treat- 
ment of  prisoners.  He  took  part  in  the  engagement 
at  Las  Cruces,  and  fled  with  Hidalgo  after  the  dis- 
astrous fight  at  Arce  de  Calderon  ;  was  captured  by 
the  government  troops,  and  shot  in  company  with 
his  chief.  Their  bodies  were  exposed  on  poles  and 
left  unhuried  until  1822. 

ABBADIE  de  St.  Oermain  (ab-bah-dee'),  gov- 
ernor, b.  about  1710;  d.  in  New  Orleans,  4  Feb., 
1765.  He  was  sent  to  America  by  Louis  XV.  of 
Prance,  to  take  charge  of  certain  royal  business  in- 
terests in  New  Orleans,  and  was  granted  military 
authority  over  the  affairs  of  the  province.  His 
administration  was  marked  by  great  wisdom.  Re- 
straining the  tendency  to  brutality  on  the  part  of 
masters  toward  their  slaves,  he  secured  the  good  will 
of  the  best  people  in  the  community.  In  his  dealings 
with  the  Indians  he  was  equally  successful,  and  his 
memory  is  piously  cherished  in  the  French  parishes. 
As  the  result  of  the  sale  of  Louisiana  to  Spain  in 
1762,  Gov.  Abbadie  was  ordered  in  1764  to  resign  his 
command  to  a  Spanish  representative,  and  he  died 
of  grief,  caused  by  the  necessity  of  surrendering  his 
charge  to  tliose  whom  he  regarded  as  enemies.  There 
appears  to  be  no  record  of  his  Christian  name. 

ABBADIE,  Antoine  Thomson  d',  explorer, 
b.  in  Dublin,  Ireland,  in  1810 :  d.  in  1896.  With 
his  younger  brother,  Arnaud  Michel,  he  was  early 
taken  to  France  by  his  father,  a  Frenchman.  In 
1835  he  was  sent  by  the  academy  of  sciences  on  an 
exploring  expedition  to  Brazil,  where  he  remained 
nearly  two  years.  In  1873  he  published  "  Obser- 
vations relatives  a  la  physique  du  globe,  faites  au 
Bresil  et  en  Ethiopie  "  in  four  volumes.  His  other 
works  do  not  relate  to  South  America. 

ABBE,  Cleveland,  meteorologist,  b.  in  New 
York  city,  3  Dec,  1838.  He  was  graduated  at  the 
New  York  free  academy  in  1857,  taught  mathe- 
matics in  Trinity  Latin  school  for  a  year,  and  then 
went  to  Michigan  university,  where  he  studied  as- 
tronomy under  Prof.  Briinnow,  and  taught  the 
higher  mathematics  in  the  scientific  school.  From 
1860  to  1864  he  lived  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  where 
Dr.  B.  A.  Gould,  the  astronomer,  assigned  him  the 
telegraphic  longitude  work  of  the  U.  S.  coast  sur- 
vey. The  years  1865-'60  he  spent  mainly  at  the 
Imperial  observatory  at  Pulkova,  near  St.'  Peters- 
burg, Russia,  as  the  guest  of  the  resident  staff  of 


observers.  After  a  short  sojourn  at  Washington, 
he  was  chosen  director  of  the  Cincinnati  observa- 
tory. This  was  in  1868,  and  he  soon  proposed  an 
enlargement  of  the  scope  of  the  institution  to  in- 
clude terrestrial  physics  so  far  as  they  relate  to 
astronomy.  Investigation  of  the  subject  led  him 
to  suggest  that  Cincinnati  should  be  made  the  head- 
quarters of  meteorological  observation  for  the  United 
States,  for  the  purpose  of  collecting  and  comparing 
telegraphic  weather-reports  from  all  parts  of  the 
land,  and  making  deductions  therefrom.  The  Cin- 
cinnati chamber  of  commerce  saw  the  value  of  the 
suggestion,  and  accepted  his  proposition.  Sept.  1, 
1869,  he  began  the  publication  of  the  "  Weather 
Bidletin  of  the  Cincinnati  Observatory."  Prior  ta 
this  time  (1856)  the  Smithsonian  Institution  had 
used  the  telegraph  for  weather-forecasts,  but  these 
were  not  sent  out  for  the  benefit  of  the  public  at 
large.  The  favor  with  which  the  Cincinnati  project 
was  received  was  brought  to  the  attention  of  con- 
gress through  the  efforts  of  H.  E.  Paine,  M.  C.  (Wis.),, 
and  H.  L.  Dawes  (Mass.)  [see  House  Bill  602,  Dec. 
19,  1869],  and,  by  a  joint  resolution  of  9  Feb.,  1870, 
the  secretary  of  war  was  directed  to  provide  for 
taking  meteorological  observations  at  military  posts. 
in  the  interior  of  the  continent,  and  on  the  lakes  and 
sea-coasts,  with  the  design  of  giving  warning  of  the 
approach  and  probable  force  of  storms.  In  Janu- 
ary, 1871,  Gen.  Albert  J.  Myer,  chief  of  the  army 
signal  service,  was  directed  to  take  charge  of  the 
new  weather  bureau,  and  he  appointed  Prof.  Abbe 
his  meteorologist,  whose  duty  it  was  to  prepare 
"probabilities"  or  storm  warnings.  Prof.  Abbe 
became  popularly  known  as  "Old  Probabilities," 
and  under  his  direction  the  service  soon  reached 
the  high  degree  of  efficiency  that  it  has  since  main- 
tained. For  about  one  year,  or  until  competent 
assistants  could  be  trained.  Prof.  Abbe  in  person 
did  the  work  of  collating  and  tabulating,  which 
had  to  be  done  three  times  a  day.  The  publica- 
tion of  the  "  Monthly  Weather  Review "  and  the 
"  Bulletin  of  International  Simultaneous  Observa- 
tions "  was  begun  under  his  supervision.  His  pub- 
lications, astronomical  and  meteorological,  are  very 
numerous,  and  his  contributions  to  current  peri- 
odicals, cyclopaedias,  and  books  of  reference  are 
well  known  to  astronomers. 

ABBEVILLE,  Claude  d'  (dab'-veel),  French 
missionary,  d.  in  Paris  in  1632.  He  was  connected 
with  the  mission  of 
the  Capucin  Fathers 
on  the  island  of 
Maragnan,  near  the 
coastof  Brazil,which 
was  established  in 
1612.  In  his  "  His- 
tory "  of  the  mission 
he  describes  the  cus- 
toms of  the  natives 
of  the  island  and 
of  the  neighboring 
parts  of  the  Ameri- 
can continent. 

ABBEY,  Edwin 
Austin,  artist,  b. 
in  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
in  1852.  He  was  a 
pupil  of  the 
sylvania  academy, 
Philadelphia, 
has  devoted  himself 
chiefly  to  drawing 
illustrations  for  books  and  magazines,  but  since  1875 
has  done  excellent  work  in  water-colors.  He  re- 
moved in  1883  from  New  York  to  London,  where 


was  a     ^/\ 
limself  / 


ABBEY 


ABBOT 


his  studio  now  is.  He  is  a  member  of  the  New  York 
water-color  society,  and  of  the  London  institute  of 
water-colors.  Among  his  best  pictures  are  "  The 
Stage  Office  "  (1876) ;  "  The  Evil  Eye  "  (1877) ;  "  Lady 
in  a  Garden  "  (1878) ;  "  Rose  in  October  "  (1879) ; 
"  The  Widower  "  (1883) ;  and  "  Reading  the  Bible  " 
(1884).  Notable  among  his  illustrations  are  those  to 
Robert  Herrick's  poems  and  "  She  Stoops  to  Con- 
quer." In  1897  he  abandoned  book  illustrations, 
turning  his  attention  to  successful  oil-painting. 

ABBEY,  Henry,  author,  b.  in  Rondout,  N.  Y., 
11  July,  1842.  He  was  educated  at  Kingston  acad- 
emy and  the  Hudson  river  institute.  His  first 
book,  "  May  Dreams,"  was  published  in  New  York 
in  1862.  About  this  time  he  became  assistant  edi- 
tor of  the  Rondout  "  Courier,"  and  subsequently  of 
the  Orange  "  Spectator  "  (N.  J.).  "  Ralph  and  other 
Poems "  appeared  in  1866,  "  Stories  in  Verse "  in 
1869,  and  '•  Ballads  of  Good  Deeds "  in  1872.  A 
new  edition  of  the  last  named  appeared  in  England 
in  1876.  "  Poems  by  Henry  Abbey"  was  published 
in  1879,  embracing  the  greater  part  of  the  old  selec- 
tions and  several  new  pieces.  "  The  City  of  Success 
and  other  Poems "  appeared  in  1883,  and  a  new 
and  comprehensive  edition  of  his  more  important 
poems  was  published  in  Kingston  in  1886. 

ABBEY,  Richard,  clergvman,  b.  in  Genesee 
county,  N.  Y.,  16  Nov.,  1805;  d.  in  Yazoo  City,  Miss., 
23  Oct.,  1891.  In  1825  he  removed  to  Natchez,  Miss., 
and  became  a  minister  in  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
church  in  1844,  and  was  identified  with  the  move- 
ment separating  that  denomination  into  its  north- 
ern and  southern  branches.  He  published  "  Let- 
ters to  Bishop  Green  on  Apostolic  Succession " 
and  "  End  of  the  Apostolic  Succession "  (1853) ; 
"  Creed  of  All  Men  "  (1855) ;  "  Ecclesiastical  Con- 
stitution "  (1856) ;  "  Church  and  Ministry  "  (1859) ; 
"  Diuturnitv  "  (1866) ;  "  Ecce  Ecclesia,"  an  answer 
to  "Ecce  Homo  "(1868);  "The  City  of  God  and 
the  Church-Makers  "  (1872).  In  1858  he  was  elected 
financial  secretary  of  the  Southern  Methodist  pub- 
lishing house.  His  other  works  include  "  Bap- 
tismal Demonstrations."  "  Divine  Assessment," 
"  Strictures  on  Church  Government,"  and  "  The 
Divine  Call  to  the  Ministry." 

ABBOT,  Abiel,  clergvman,  b.  in  Wilton,  N.  H., 
14  Dec,  1765;  d.  in  West  Cambridge,  Mass.,  31 
Jan.,  1859.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1787, 
taught  in  Phillips  Andover  academy  until  1789, 
studied  theology,  and  labored  as  a  missionary  in 
Maine.  In  1794  he  was  tutor  of  Greek  in  Harvard. 
He  was  ordained  minister  of  the  church  in  Coven- 
try, Conn.,  in  1795,  from  which  he  was  dismissed 
in  1811,  on  account  of  his  theological  opinions.  He 
taught  the  Dummer  academy  until  1819,  and  then 
cultivated  a  farm  in  North  Andover  until  1827, 
when  he  was  installed  as  pastor  of  the  church  at 
Peterborough,  N.  H.,  where  he  remained  until  his 
retirement  from  the  ministry  in  1848.  He  pub- 
lished in  1811  an  account  of  his  difficulty  with  the 
Coventry  congregation,  in  1829  a  "  History  of  An- 
dover," Massachusetts,  and  in  1847  the  "  Geneal- 
ogy of  the  Abbot  Family." 

ABBOT,  Abiel,  clergvman, b.  in  Andover,  Mass., 
17  Aug.,  1770;  d.  on  Staten  Island,  N.  Y.,  7  June, 
1828.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1792,  be- 
came the  Congregational  minister  at  Haverhill, 
Mass.,  in  1794,  and  in  1802  took  charge  of  the 
church  at  Beverly.  He  wrote  a  volume  of  descrip- 
tive "  Letters  from  Cuba  "  (Boston,  1829)  while  visit- 
ing that  island  for  his  health  in  1827,  and  died  of 
yellow  fever  on  his  return  voyage.  Dr.  Abbot  was 
an  eloquent  preacher.  His  sermons,  accompanied 
by  a  memoir  by  Samuel  Everett,  were  published  in 
Boston  in  1831. 


ABBOT,  Benjamin,  educator,  b.  about  1762 ;  d. 
in  Exeter,  X.  IL.  25  Oct.,  1849.  He  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  in  1788,  received  the  degree  of  LL.  D. 
from  Dartmouth  in  1811,  and  took  charge  of  Phillips 
academy,  Exeter,  N.  H.,  which  he  conducted  until 
1838.  Among  the  pupils  under  his  training  were 
Daniel  Webster,  Edward  Everett,  Lewis  Cass,  Jared 
Sparks,  George  Bancroft,  and  John  G.  Palfrey. 

ABBOT,  Ezra,  biblical  critic,  b.  in  Jackson, 
Maine,  28  April,  1819;  d.  in  Cambridge,  Mass., 
21  March,  1884.  It  is  said  that  he  knew  his  letters 
at  the  age  of  nineteen  months.  When  five  years 
old  he  was  promoted  to  the  first  class  in  reading, 
and  at  seven  he  expressed  the  great  interest  he 
felt  in  RoUin's  "  Ancient  History."  In  the  sports 
of  childhood  he  manifested  the' keenest  zest,  was 
an  expert  at  catching  trout,  and  was  an  excel- 
lent story-teller.  He  studied  at  Phillips  Exeter 
academy,  was  graduated  at  Bowdoin  college  in 
1840,  and  soon  afterward  made  his  home  in  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.  In  1856  he  became  assistant  librari- 
an at  Harvard.  He  made  a  careful  revision,  and 
collation  with  the  originals,  of  the  numerous 
learned  quotations  in  Jeremy  Taylor's  "  Holy  Liv- 
ing and  Dying,"  and  published  a  new  edition  (Bos- 
ton, 1864).  In  1869  he  received  the  degree  of 
LL.  D.  from  Yale  college,  and  in  1872  Harvard 
conferred  on  him  the 
degree  of  D.  D.,  al- 
though he  was  a  lay- 
man. From  1872  till 
his  death  he  was  pro- 
fessor of  New  Testa- 
ment criticism  and 
interpretation  in  the 
Divinity  school  at 
Cambridge.  He  made 
important  contribu- 
tions, mostly  in  the 
department  of  bibli- 
cal criticism,  to  peri- 
odicals. As  a  bibliog- 
rapher his  labors  were 
very  valuable,  and  he 
furnished  a  curious 
and  extensive  cata- 
logue of  books  on  the 
subject,  which  he  pre- 
pared as  an  appendix  to  Alger's  "  Critical  History 
of  a  Future  Life,"  and  an  invaluable  addition  to 
the  Prolegomena  to  the  8th  edition  of  Tischendorf 's 
Greek  Testament.  His  most  important  work,  as 
well  as  his  latest,  was  a  small  volume  on  "  The  Au- 
thorship of  the  Fourth  Gospel  "  (1880).  Mr.  Abbot 
was  a  Unitarian,  and  contributed  largely  to  the  peri- 
odicals of  that  denomination.  He  also  furnished 
occasional  papers  for  the  "  North  American  Re- 
view" and  the  "Journal  of  the  American  Oriental 
Society,"  and  was  a  member  of  the  American  com- 
mittee to  revise  the  New  Testament.  He  left  a 
library  of  5,000  volumes,  containing  many  rare 
books,  including  a  rich  collection  of  Greek  New 
Testaments  of  various  editions.  In  accordance 
with  his  desire,  this  collection  was  added  to  the 
library  of  Harvard  university.  The  remainder  of 
his  books  was  given  to  the  library  of  the  Divinity 
school  connected  with  the  university,  on  condition 
that  "  there  shall  be  secured  as  soon  as  possible  a 
more  adequate  and  safe  place  of  keeping."  Among 
his  works  are  "New  Discussions  of  the  Trinity'' 
and  "  Literature  of  the  Doctrine  of  a  Future  Life." 
He  also  edited  Norton's  "  Statement  of  the  Reasons 
for  not  Believing  the  Doctrines  of  the  Trinitarians," 
Lamson's  "  Church  of  the  First  Three  Centuries," 
and  other  controversial  works,  and  contributed  to 


^  j4^^^/-^ 


ABBOT 


ABBOT 


the  pronunciation  of  names  in  "  Worcester's  Dic- 
tionary." A  memorial  of  Dr.  Abbot  was  published 
by  the  alumni  of  Harvard  divinity  schdol  in  1884. 

ABBOT,  Francis  Elliiigwood,  author,  b.  in 
Boston,  6  Nov.,  1836.  He  was  graduated  at  Har- 
vard in  1859,  and  from  1870  to  1880  was  editor  of 
'•  The  Index,"  a  Boston  journal  of  free  thought. 
He  has  written  much  on  metaphysical  subjects, 
and  has  published  in  book  form  "  Scientiiie  The- 
ism "( Boston,  1886). 

ABBOT,  Henry  Larcom,  soldier,  b.  in  Bev- 
erly, Mass.,  18  Aug.,  1831.  He  was  graduated  at 
West  Point  in  1854,  and  made  brevet  second  lieu- 
tenant of  topographical  engineers.  His  first  ser- 
vice was  in  the  office  of  the  Pacific  railroad  surveys 
in  Washington,  whence  in  1855  he  was  transferred 
to  the  Pacific  railroad  survey  of  the  route  between 
California  and  Oregon,  and  afterward  served  on 
the  hydrograjjhic  survey  of  the  delta  of  the  Missis- 
sippi river.  During  the  civil  war  he  was  princi- 
pally engaged  as  a  military  engineer,  and  rose  by 
successive  steps  until  brevetted  brigadier-general, 
U.  S.  army,  13  March,  1865,  and  made  lieutenant- 
colonel  of  engineers,  31  March,  1880.  He  served 
in  various  actions,  and  was  wounded  at  Bull  Run 
in  1861.  Since  the  close  of  the  war  he  has  been  en- 
gaged in  superintending  the  defences  of  the  East 
river ;  in  command  of  the  engineer  post  and  depot 
at  Willet's  Point,  N.  Y.,  and  of  the  engineer  bat- 
talion and  the  engineer  school  of  application,  the 
latter  of  which  he  has  created.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  expedition  to  Sicily  to  observe  the  solar 
eclipse  in  1870,  member  of  the  engineer  board  on 
the  U.  S.  military  bridge  equipage  and  drill,  of  one 
on  a  plan  for  the  protection  of  the  alluvial  region 
of  the  Mississippi  against  overflows,  and  of  various 
other  boards  connected  with  fortifications  and 
river  and  harbor  improvements.  He  invented 
and  developed  the  U.  S.  system  of  submarine 
mines  for  coast  and  river  defence,  1869  to  1886. 
He  has  published  "  Vol.  VI.,  Pacific  Railroad  Re- 
ports "  (Washington,  1857) ;  "  Physics  and  Hydrau- 
lics of  the  Mississippi,"  jointly  with  Capt.  A.  A. 
Humphreys  (Philadelphia,  1861) ;  "  Siege  Artillery 
in  the  Campaign  against  Richmond  "  (Washington, 
1867) :  "  Experiments  and  Investigations  to  develop 
a  System  of  Submarine  Mines  for  defending  Har- 
bors of  the  United  States "  (1881) ;  jointly  with 
boards  and  commissioners,  "  United  States  Bridge 
Equipage  and  Drill  "  (1870) ;  "  Reclamation  of  the 
Alluvial  Basin  of  the  Mississippi  River"  (1875); 
"  Report  of  Gun-Foundry  Board "  (1884) ;  and 
"  Report  of  the  Board  on  Fortifications  or  other 
Defences  "  (1886). 

ABBOT,  Joel,  physician,  b.  in  Fairfield,  Conn., 
17  March,  1766;  d.  in  Washington.  Ga.,  19  Nov., 
1826.  He  received  an  academic  education,  and 
then  studied  medicine,  his  father's  profession.  In 
1794  he  removed  to  Washington,  Ga.,  and  began 
practice.  In  1809  he  was  elected  to  the  legislature, 
and,  after  holding  various  local  offices,  was  elected 
to  the  fifteenth  congress  (1816),  and  successively 
re-elected  until  1825.  In  1820  he  was  appointed 
by  the  Georgia  medical  society  as  its  rejiresentative 
in  preparing  the  "  National  Pharmacopoeia." 

ABBOT,  Joel,  naval  officer,  b.  in  Westford, 
Mass.,  18  Jan.,  1793 ;  d.  in  Hong  Kong,  China,  14 
Dec,  1855.  He  was  appointed  midshipman  at  the 
outbreak  of  the  second  war  with  England,  and 
was  ordei%d  to  the  frigate  "  President "  as  aid  and 
signal  officer  to  Com.  Rodgers,  who,  impressed  by 
his  zeal  and  efficiency,  recommended  him  to  Com. 
Macdonough,  then  in  command  of  the  naval  forces 
on  Lake  Champlain.  Learning  that  the  British 
had  accumulated  a  large  supply  of  spars  at  Sorel, 


Macdonough  sent  for  Midshipman  Abbot  and  asked 
him  if  he  was  willing  to  die  for  his  country.  "Cer- 
tainly, sir ;  that  is  what  I  came  into  the  service  for," 
was  the  answer.  Macdonough  then  told  him  what 
he  wished  done,  and  young  Abbot,  disguised  as  a 
British  officer,  entered  the  enemy's  lines,  taking 
the  risk  of  being  hanged  as  a  spy  in  case  of  cap- 
ture, discovered  where  the  spars  were  stored,  and 
destroyed  them.  Such  were  the  hardships  and 
dangers  encountered  during  this  expedition  that 
when  he  reported  to  his  commanding  officer  he 
was  in  a  state  of  prostration,  from  the  effects  of 
which  he  was  long  in  recovering.  For  this  ex- 
ploit and  for  gallantry  in  action  off  Cumberland 
Head,  11  Septem- 
ber, 1814,  he  was 
promoted  lieuten- 
ant, and  congress 
voted  him  a  hand- 
some sword.  Dur- 
ing the  remain- 
der of  the  war  he 
had  no  further  op- 
portunity for  dis- 
tinction, though 
at  one  time  he 
quelled  a  formid- 
able mutiny.  In 
December,  1818, 
he  was  placed  in 
charge  of  a  30- 
gun  pirate  craft, 
the  "  Mariana," 
captured  by  Com. 
Stockton  off  the 
African  coast.  On  the  voyage  to  Boston  part  of  his 
crew  mutinied,  and  the  piratical  prisoners  succeeded 
in  wrenching  off  their  irons,  during  a  terrible  gale. 
Notwithstanding  this  seemingly  hopeless  state  of 
affairs,  Lieut.  Abbot  regained  command  of  his 
crew,  kept  the  mutineers  at  bay,  and  brought  his 
ship  safely  into  port.  In  1838  he  was  promoted 
commander,  serving  on  the  various  foreign  squad- 
rons, and  from  1839  to  1842  was  in  command  at 
the  Boston  navy-yard.  In  1852  he  commanded 
the  "  Macedonian  "  in  the  Japan  expedition,  suc- 
ceeding Com.  Perry  as  flag-officer  of  the  squad- 
ron. During  this  critical  period  of  our  rela- 
tions with  China  he  was  often  called  upon  to  per- 
form delicate  diplomatic  duties,  discharging  them 
to  the  complete  satisfaction  of  the  government. 
He  probably  shortened  his  life  by  devotion  to  the 
interests  of  commerce  in  personally  superintend- 
ing the  placing  of  buoys  and  a  light-ship  in  the  har- 
bor of  Shanghai,  which  for  the  first  time  then  had 
its  channels  and  sailing-courses  properly  defined. 

ABBOT,  Joseph  Hale,  educator,  b.  in  Wilton, 
N.  H.,  26  Sept.,  1802 ;  d.  in  Cambridge,  Mass.,  7 
April,  1873.  He  was  graduated  at  Bowdoin  col- 
lege in  1822,  was  tutor  there  in  1825-'27,  and 
from  1827  to  1833  professor  of  mathematics  and 
teacher  of  modern  languages  in  Phillips  Exeter 
academy.  He  then  taught  a  school  for  young 
ladies  in  Boston,  and  subsequently  became  princi- 
pal of  the  high  school  in  Beverly,  Mass.  He  was  a 
member,  and  for  several  years  recording  secretary, 
of  the  American  academy  of  arts  and  sciences,  to 
whose  "Transactions"  he  contributed  numerous 
scientific  papers.  He  paid  much  attention  to  the 
solving  of  pneumatic  and  hydraulic  problems,  and 
published  ingenious  and  original  speculations  on 
these  subjects.  In  the  "Ether  Controversy"  he 
was  an  advocate  of  the  claims  of  Dr.  Charles  T. 
Jackson,  and  wrote  warmly  in  his  behalf.  He  was 
associated  with  Dr.  Worcester  in  the  preparation  of 


ABBOT 


ABBOTT 


his  English  Dictionary,  and  furnished  many  of  the 
scientific  definitions. 

ABBOT,  Samuel,  philanthropist,  b.  in  Andover, 
Mass.,  25  Feb.,  1732 ;  d.  12  April,  1812.  He  was 
a  merchant  in  Boston,  and  by  his  perseverance,  hon- 
esty, and  methodical  habits  acquired  great  wealth, 
which  he  devoted  to  various  religious  and  charita- 
ble purposes.  He  interested  himself  in  the  estab- 
lishment of  Andover  theological  seminary,  and  con- 
tributed .f 20,000  for  that  purpose,  which  amount 
he  increased  bv  $100,000  on  his  decease. 

ABBOT,  Siiiuuel,  inventor,  b.  in  Wilton,  N.  H., 
30  March,  1786 ;  d.  there,  2  Jan.,  1839.  He  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1808,  studied  law,  and 
practised  his  profession,  first  at  Dunstable  and 
then  at  Ipswich,  Mass.  He  was  the  inventor  of  a 
process  by  which  starch  is  made  from  the  potato, 
and  was  burned  to  death  in  his  factory. 

ABBOTT,  Austin,  lawyer,  b.  in  Boston,  18  Dec, 
1831 ;  d.  in  New  York  city,  19  April,  1896.  He  was 
graduated  at  the  University  of  the  City  of  New 
York,  and  was  admitted  to  the  New  York  bar  in 
1852.  He  entered  into  partnership  with  his  elder 
brother,  Benjamin,  and  cooperated  with  him  in 
preparing  legal  compilations  of  great  value  to  the 
profession.  He  received  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  from 
the  University  of  the  City  of  New  York  in  1886. 
As  joint  author  with  his  brothers  Benjamin  and 
Lvman,  he  wrote  two  novels,  "  Cone-Cut  Corners  " 
(1855)  and  "  Matthew  Caraby  "  (1858).  Individually 
he  had  contributed  to  current  publications.  The 
titles  of  his  most  important  law  books  are  "  New 
Cases,  Mainly  New  York  Decisions  "  (17  vols..  New 
York,  1877-'86) ;  "  Official  Report  of  the  Trial  of 
Henry  Ward  Beecher"  (1875,  2  vols,  only  pub- 
lished, owing  to  failure  of  publisher) ;  "  Reports 
and  Decisions  of  the  New  York  Court  of  Appeals  " 
(4  vols.,  1873-78) ;  "  Digests  of  New  York  Statutes, 
and  Reports  of  United  States  Courts,  and  of  the 
Laws  of  Corporations  ;  Reports  of  Practice  Cases  " 
(33  vols.,  1873),  continued  in  supplementary  and 
annual  volumes,  and  in  connection  with  his  brother 
Benjamin's  "  Digest " ;  "  Trial  Evidence  "  (1880) ; 
"Trial  Brief  for  Civil  Jury  Cases "(1885). 

ABBOTT,  Benjamin,  clergyman,  b.  on  Long 
Island,  N.  Y.,  in  1732 ;  d.  in  Salem,  N.  J.,  14  Aug., 
1796.  The  story  of  Mr.  Abbott's  life  has  for  a  hun- 
dred years  been  a  typical  one  for  the  great  denomi- 
nation of  which  he  was  an  early  apostle.  His  father 
died  while  he  was  a  lad,  providing  by  will  that  his 
sons  should  learn  trades.  Benjamin  was  appren- 
ticed to  a  hatter  in  Philadelphia,  where  he  fell  into 
evil  ways  and  for  a  time  led  a  wild  life.  Cutting 
short  his  apprenticeship,  he  went  to  New  Jersey 
and  joined  one  of  his  brothers  on  a  farm,  but  con- 
tinued his  profligate  career  in  spite  of  his  marriage 
with  a  worthy  member  of  the  Presbyterian  church. 
During  all  this  time  he  was  kind  to  his  family,  and  a 
frequent  if  not  regular  attendant  upon  religious  ser- 
vices. When  he  was  thirty-three  years  old  he  had 
a  frightful  dream  of  future  punishment,  which, 
though  it  did  not  lead  him  at  the  time  to  mend  his 
ways,  came  back  to  him  several  years  afterward  un- 
der the  influence  of  an  itinerant  Methodist  preacher, 
and,  overwhelmed  with  terror,  he  suffered  agonies 
of  remorse  until  the  preacher  returned  on  his  cir- 
cuit, when  he  was  converted  and  could  not  rest  till 
he  himself  became  a  preacher.  So  earnest  was  he 
that  his  wife,  long  a  church  member,  experienced 
renewed  conviction  of  sin  under  her  husband's 
powerful  representations,  and  his  influence  over 
her  was  repeated  in  thousands  of  other  cases  wher- 
ever he  went.  With  his  wife  and  children  he 
soon  united  with  the  Methodists,  and  became  the 
most  popular  and  successful  preacher  in  the  vicin- 


ity. Wonderful  conversions  of  the  most  hardened 
characters  took  place  wherever  he  preached,  and  in 
consequence  of  his  chance  appeals  to  individuals. 
The  war  for  independence  interfered  with  his 
work,  as  the  Methodists  were  popularly  suspected 
of  disloyalty,  and  on  several  occasions  he  was 
threatened  by  excited  soldiery.  His  personal  force 
was  such  that  he  always  preached  down  his  assail- 
ants, and  he  once  reduced  to  the  attitude  of  peace- 
ful auditors  a  hundred  soldiers  who  had  assembled 
to  do  him  violence.  For  sixteen  years  he  served 
as  a  local  preacher,  and  in  1789  he  became  an  itin- 
erant, joining  the  Dutchess  County  (N.  Y.)  circuit. 
In  1791  he  was  on  the  Long  Island  circuit,  in  1792 
in  Salem,  N.  J.,  and  in  1793  was  made  an  elder  and 
sent  to  the  Cecil  circuit,  Maryland.  After  this 
time  his  usefulness  was  impaired  by  ill  health,  but 
in  the  intervals  of  fever  he  went  about  as  usual 
and  performed  his  pastoral  duties  whenever  his 
strength  permitted.  His  life  has  ever  been  a  stir- 
ring theme  for  the  exhorters  who  have  succeeded 
him,  and  in  the  minutes  of  conference  for  1796  he 
is  referred  to  as  "  one  of  the  wonders  of  America, 
no  man's  copy,  an  uncommon  zealot  for  the  blessed 
work  of  sanctification,  who  preached  it  on  all  occa- 
sions and  in  all  congregations." 

ABBOTT,  Benjamin  Vauglian,  lawyer,  b.  m 
Boston,  4  June,  1830 ;  d.  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  17  Feb., 
1890.  He  was  graduated  at  New  York  university 
in  1850,  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1851,  and,  after  some 
years  of  practice,  devoted  himself  mainly  to  compi- 
lations and  digests  of  law.  Some  of  the  more  im- 
portant of  these  are  enumerated  in  the  article  on 
Austin  Abbott,  his  brother,  who  was  associated 
with  him.  His  earliest  independent  publication 
was  "  Reports  of  Decisions  of  Circuit  and  District 
Courts  of  the  U.  S."  (2  vols.,  New  York,  1870-'71). 
In  June,  1870,  he  was  appointed  to  revise  the  stat- 
utes of  the  United  States,  a  work  that  occupied 
thi'ee  years,  and  resulted  in  the  consolidation  of 
sixteen  volumes  of  U.  S.  laws  into  one  large  octavo. 
Charles  P.  James  and  Victor  C.  Barringer  were 
associated  with  Mr.  Abbott  in  this  work.  On  its 
completion  he  undertook  a  new  edition  of  the  "  U 
S.  Digest,"  a  work  that  occupied  him  until  1879. 
The  original  digest  was  comj^ressed  into  thirteen 
volumes,  followed  by  nine  volumes  of  annual  sup- 
plements. In  the  meantime  he  had  prepared  "  A 
Digest  of  Decisions  on  Corporations  from  1860  to 
1870 "  (New  York,  1872),  and  "  A  Treatise  on  the 
Courts  of  the  United  States  and  their  Practice  "  (2 
vols..  New  York,  1877).  He  next  compiled  a  "  Dic- 
tionary of  Terms  in  American  and  English  Juris- 
prudence "  (2  vols.,  1879) ;  a  "  National  Digest " 
(4  vols.,  1884-'85),  which  comprised  all  important 
acts  of  congress,  and  decisions  of  the  U.  S.  supreme 
court,  circuit  and  district  courts,  court  of  claims, 
etc.,  and  the  fourth  American  edition  of  "  Addison 
on  Contracts  "  (1883).  "  Judge  and  Jury  "  (New 
York,  1880)  is  a  collection  of  articles  contributed 
anonymously  to  periodicals ;  "  Travelling  Law 
School  and  Famous  Trials"  (1880)  is  a  juvenile 
publication  in  the  Chautauqua  reading-circle  series. 
He  supplied  many  articles  for  the  "  Medical  Refer- 
ence Handbook,"  and  acted  as  editor  for  the  law- 
yers' cooperative  publishing  company  of  Rochester, 
N.  Y.  His  latest  work,  entitled  "  The  Patent  Laws 
of  all  Nations,"  was  still  in  preparation. 

ABBOTT,  Charles  Conrad,  naturalist,  b.  in 
Trenton,  N.  J.,  4  June,  1843.  He  was  educated  at 
Trenton  academy,  and  studied  medicine  at  the 
university  of  Pennsylvania,  graduating  in  1865, 
Dr.  Abbott  has  very  carefully  investigated  the  first 
appearance  of  pre-historic  man  in  this  country,  and 
has  accumulated  a  valuable  archaeological  collec- 


6 


ABBOTT 


ABBOTT 


tion  containing  20,000  specimens,  mainly  stone  im- 
plements, which  is  now  in  the  Peabody  museum, 
Cambridge,  Mass.  He  is  the  author  of  "  A  Natu- 
ralist's Rambles  about  Home ''  (New  York,  1884) ; 
"  Upland  and  Meadow"  (188G) ;  "  Wasteland  Wan- 
derings" (1887);  "Days  Out  of  Doors"  (188!)); 
"  Outings  at  Odd  Times  "  (1890) ;  "  Recent  Ram- 
bles "  (Philadelphia,  1892) ;  "  Travels  on  a  Tree 
Top"  (1894);  "Birds  about  Us"  (1895):  "A  Colo- 
nial Wooing";  "Bird- Land  Echoes  "  (1896) ;  "Notes 
of  the  Night"  (New  York,  1896);  and  "  When  the 
Century  vvas  New"  (Philadelphia,  1897). 

ABBOTT,  Edward,  journalist,  b.  in  Farming- 
ton,  Me.,  15  July,  1841.  He  is  the  fourth  son  of 
Jacob  Abbott,  was  graduated  at  the  University 
of  the  City  of  New  York  in  1860,  and  afterward 
studied  at  Andover  theological  seminary.  In  1862 
and  1863  he  was  with  the  U.  S.  sanitary  commis- 
sion of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac.  On  28  July, 
1863,  he  was  ordained  to  the  ministry  of  the  Con- 
gregational church,  and  until  1865  he  was  chaplain 
of  the  city  institutions,  Boston.  He  became  pas- 
tor of  Stearns'  chapel  (now  Pilgrim  church)  in 
1865,  and  remained  there  until  1869,  when  he  be- 
came associate  editor  of  the  "  Congregationalist," 
retaining  the  place  until  1878.  He  then  trans- 
ferred his  ecclesiastical  relation  to  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  church,  and  took  charge  of  St.  James 
parish,  C!ambridge.  In  the  same  year  he  under- 
took the  editorship  of  the  "  Literary  World."  He 
has  published  "  The  Baby's  Things "  (New  York, 
1871) ;  "  The  Conversations  of  Jesus "  (Boston, 
1875) ;  "  A  Paragraph  History  of  the  United 
States "  (1875) ;  "  A  Paragraph  History  of  the 
Revolution  "  and  "  Revolutionary  Times  "  (1876) ; 
"  The  Long-Look  Books  "  (3  vols.,  1877-'80) ;  "  Pil- 
grim Lesson  Papers  "  (1872-'74) ;  and  "  Abbott's 
Young  Christian,"  edited  with  a  life  of  the  author 
(New  York,  1882),  and  contributed  largely  to  peri- 
odical literature. 

ABBOTT,  (irorham  Dummer,  educator,  b.  in 
Hallowell,  Me.,  3  Sept.,  1807 :  d.  in  South  Natick, 
Mass.,  31  July,  1874.  He  was  a  brother  of  Rev.  Jacob 
Abbott,  was  graduated  at  Bowdoin  College  in  1826, 
and  studied  theology  at  Andover  with  the  class  of 
1831.  After  receiving  ordination  as  a  Congrega- 
tional minister  in  1831,  he  became  a  teacher  in 
New  York  city,  and  shortly  afterward  was  settled 
at  New  Rochelle,  N.  Y..  where  he  remained  till 
1845,  doing  at  the  same  time  literary  work  for  the 
American  Tract  Society.  On  leaving  New  Ro- 
chelle he  assisted  his  brothers  in  establishing  a 
female  seminary,  the  Abbott  institute,  in  New 
York  city.  He  founded  in  1847  a  young  ladies' 
seminary,  known  as  the  Spingler  institute,  where 
he  remained  for  thirteen  years.  The  high  reputa- 
tion of  this  school  necessitated  an  enlargement, 
and  the  Townsend  mansion  on  Fifth  avenue  was 
procured,  remodelled,  and  converted  into  an  annex. 
His  seminary  held  a  high  rank,  not  only  in  New 
York  but  througliout  the  country,  for  more  than 
thirty  years.  He  was  a  successful  teacher,  and 
possessed  of  great  executive  ability.  The  title  of 
LL.  D.  was  conferred  on  him  by  Ingham  University 
in  1860.  He  retired  from  the  seminary  in  1869 
with  a  competence,  but  subsequent  unfortunate  in- 
vestments caused  a  material  diminution  of  his 
property.  His  researches  as  a  biblical  student  dis- 
played extreme  thoroughness.  He  imported  at  his 
own  expense  a  set  of  plates  of  the  "Annotated 
Paragraph  Bible"  of  the  London  Tract  Society, 
and  also  published  several  editions  of  the  woi-k, 
which  was  issued  at  an  extremely  low  price  in 
order  to  facilitate  biblical  instruction.  He  was  the 
author  of  several  religious  and  didactic  works,  prin- 


cipal  among  which  were  the  "Family  at  Home," 
"  Nathan  W.  Dickerman,"  "  Mexico  and  the  United 
States,"  an<l  "  Pleasure  and  Pi'ofit." 

ABBOTT,  Horace,  numufacturer,  b.  in  Sud- 
bury, Mass.,  29  July,  1806 ;  d.  in  Baltimore,  Md., 
8  Aug.,  1887.  He  was  early  engaged  in  the  man- 
ufacture of  shafts,  cranks,  axles,  etc.,  in  Balti- 
more, and  is  said  to  have  made  the  first  large 
steamboat-shaft  ever  forged  in  this  country.  In 
1850  he  built  his  first  rolling-mill,  which  was  larger 
than  any  before  attempted  in  the  United  States. 
A  second  mill,  tmilt  in  1857,  contained  a  pair  of 
ten-foot  rolls,  which  were  described  as  being  the 
longest  plate-rolls  ever  made  in  America.  In  1858 
a  third  mill  was  erected,  and  in  1861  a  fourth. 
In  these  mills  the  armor-plates  for  the  "  Monitor  " 
were  made,  and  subsequently  those  for  nearly  all 
the  vessels  of  the  monitor  class  built  on  the  Atlan- 
tic coast,  as  well  as  for  the  "  Roanoke,"  "  Agamen- 
ticus,"  "  Monadnock."  and  other  government  ves- 
sels. In  1865  an  association  of  capitalists  purchased 
the  entire  works  and  organized  a  stock  company 
known  as  the  Abbott  Iron  Company  of  Baltimore, 
and  elected  Mr.  Abbott  president. 

ABBOTT,  Jacob,  author,  b.  in  Hallowell,  Me., 
14  Nov.,  1803  ;  d.  in  Farmington,  Me.,  31  Oct.,  1879. 
He  was  graduated  at  Bowdoin  College,  Brunswick, 
Me.,  in  1820,  and  studied  divinity  at  Andover 
Mass.,  receiving  ordination  as  a  Congregational 
minister.  From  1825  to  1829  he  was  professor  of 
mathematics  and  natural  philosophy  m  Amherst 
college,  and  afterward  he  established  the  Mount 
Vernon  school  for  girls  in  Boston.  In  1834  he  or- 
ganized a  new  Congregational  church  in  Roxbury 
(the  Eliot  church)  and  became  its  pastor.  He  re- 
moved to  Farmington,  Me.,  in  1839,  and  subse- 
quently devoted  himself  almost  exclusively  to  lit- 
erary labor,  dividing  his  time  between  Farmington 
and  New  York,  and  travelling  extensively  abroad. 
A  complete  catalogue  of  his  works  (which  are 
chiefly  for  the  young)  would  considerably  exceed 
200  titles.  Many  of  them  are  serial,  each  series 
comprising  from  3  to  36  volumes.  Among  them 
are  the  "  Young  Christian  "  series  (4  vols. ;  new 
ed.,  with  life  of  the  author,  1882),  the  "Rollo 
Books "  (28  vols.),  the  "  Lucy  Books "  (6  vols,), 
the  "  Jonas  Books "  (6  vols,),  the  "  Franeonia 
Stories  "  (10  vols.),  the  "  Marco  Paul  Series  "  (6  vols,), 
the  "Gay  Family"  series  (12  vols,),  the  "Juno 
Books"  (6  vols.),  the  "Rainbow"  series  (5  vols.), 
and  four  or  five  other  series ;  "  Science  for  the 
Y'oung "  (4  vols.,  "  Heat,"  "  Light,"  "  Water  and 
Land,"  and  "  Force  ") ;  "  A  Summer  in  Scotland  "  ; 
"  The  Teacher  "  ;  more  than  20  of  the  series  of  illus- 
trated histories  to  which  his  brother  John  S,  C, 
contributed,  and  a  separate  series  of  histories  of 
America  in  8  volumes.  He  also  edited,  with  addi- 
tions, several  historical  text-books,  and  compiled  a 
series  of  school  readers. 

ABBOTT,  John,  entomologist.  He  was  for 
many  years  a  resident  of  Georgia,  and  wrote  "  The 
Natural  History  of  the  Rarer  Lepidopterous  In- 
sects of  Georgia,"  which  was  edited  by  Sir  J.  E, 
Smith,  and  published  in  London,  with  104  colored 
plates,  in  1797, 

ABBOTT,  John  Joseph  Caldwell,  Canadian 
statesnuin,  b,  in  St,  Andrews,  Argenteuil  co,,  Can- 
ada East,  12  March,  1811 ;  d,  in  Montreal,  30  Oct,, 
1893.  He  was  a  son  of  the  first  Anglican  incum- 
bent of  St.  Andrews ;  was  educated  there,  and 
subsequently  at  McGill  college,  Montreal,  where 
he  was  graduated  as  B.  C.  L.,  studied  law,  and  in 
1847  was  called  to  the  bar  of  Lower  Canada.  In 
1859  he  was  elected  a  representative  from  Argen- 
teuil in  the  Canadian  assembly,  and  he  represented 


ABBOTT 


ABBOTT 


this  constituency  until  the  union  of  the  provinces, 
when  he  was  returned  for  the  house  of  commons. 
For  a  brief  period  in  1862  Mr.  Abbott  was  solicitor- 
general  in  the  Sandfield  Macdonald-Sicotte  admin- 
istration. He  was  subsequently  elected  to  the  sen- 
ate, and  on  the  death  of  Sir  John  Macdonald  he 
became  premier.  After  serving  a  short  period  he 
retired,  owing  to  ill-health.  Sir  John  was  regarded 
as  one  of  the  best  authorities  in  Canada  on  commer- 
cial law.  and  he  added  largely  to  his  reputation  by  his 
"  Jury  Law  Consolidation  Act "  for  Lower  Canada. 
ABBOTT,  John  Stephens  Cabot,  author,  b.  in 
Brunswick,  Me.,  18  Sept.,  1805 ;  d.  in  Fair  Haven, 
•Conn.,  17  June,  1877.  He  was  a  brother  of  Jacob 
Abbott,  and  was  graduated  at  Bowdoin  College  in 
1825,  and  at  Andover  Theological  Seminary.  He 
w^as  ordained  as  a  Congregational  minister  in  1830, 
and  successively  held  pastorates  at  Worcester,  Rox- 
bury,  and  Nantucket,  Mass.  Like  his  elder  broth- 
■er,  he  had  the  narrative  faculty  in  a  remarkable 
degree,  and,  like  him,  he  was  a  prolific  writer.  His 
first  published  work,  "  The  Mother  at  Home " 
(1833),  commanded  a  large  sale,  and  was  followed 
by  "  The  Child  at  Home,"  and  at  short  intervals  by 
other  books  of  a  semi-religious  character.  In  1844 
he  resigned  his  pastorate  and  devoted  himself  to 
literature,  his  favorite  field  of  work  being  profes- 
sedly historical.  His  principal  books  are  "  Prac- 
tical Christianity "  ;   "  Kings  and  Queens,  or  Life 

in  the  Palace  "  ; 
"The  French  Rev- 
olution of  1789  " ; 
"The  History  of 
Napoleon  Bona- 
parte "  (2  vols.); 
"  Napoleon  at  St. 
Helena  "  ;  "  The 
History  of  Napo- 
leon I'll."  (1868); 
10  volumes  of  il- 
lustrated histo- 
ries ;  "  A  History 
of  the  Civil  War  in 
America  "  (2  vols., 
1863-1866);  "Ro- 
mance of  Spanish 
History"  (1870); 
and  "  The  His- 
tory of  Frederick 
the  Second,  called 
Frederick  the  Great "  (1871).  Several  of  these  have 
been  translated  into  foreign  languages. 

ABBOTT,  Joseph  Carter,  journalist,  b.  in 
Concord.  N.  H..  15  July,  1825;  d.  in  Wilmington, 
N.  C,  8  Oct.,  1882.  He  studied  at  Phillips  An- 
dover academy,  and  subsequently  under  private  in- 
struction, covering  the  usual  college  course.  He 
then  read  law  in  Concord,  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1852,  at  which  time  he  had  already  edited 
the  "  Daily  American  "  for  six  months.  He  contin- 
ued to  edit  this  journal  until  1857,  and  in  the  mean- 
time (1855)  he  was  appointed  adjutant-general  of 
New  Hampshire,  and  in  that  capacity  effectively 
reorgainzed  the  State  militia.  In  1859-'61  he  as- 
sumed the  editorship  of  the  Boston  "  Atlas  and 
Bee,"  but  continued  to  discharge  his  duties  as  ad- 
jutant-general. He  early  joined  the  "  Know  Noth- 
ing "  party,  and  diiring  all  these  years  was  a  frequent 
contributor  to  the  magazines,  being  particularly 
interested  in  historical  matters.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  commission  for  adjusting  the  boundary  be- 
tween New  Hampshire  and  Canada.  When  the  civil 
war  broke  out  he  showed  great  energy  and  efficiency 
in  raising  and  organizing  troops  until,  yielding  to 
the  desire  for  active  service,  he  obtained  a  commis- 


y^^<^^.cyM^^ 


sion  as  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  7th  regiment.  New 
HampsWre  volunteers.  On  various  occasions  he  dis- 
tinguished himself,  but  especially  at  the  attack  on 
Fort  Fisher,  N.  C,  where  his  brigade  stormed  suc- 
cessively several  positions  where  the  Confederates 
made  a  stand.  He  was  promoted  colonel  23  July, 
1863,  and  commanded  his  regiment  in  active  service 
until  the  summer  of  1864,  when  he  was  placed  in 
charge  of  a  brigade  and  brevetted  brigadier-general. 
After  the  war  he  removed  to  Wilmington,  N.  C, 
where  he  was  a  member  of  the  constitutional  con- 
vention, was  elected  U.  S.  senator  by  the  Republi- 
cans for  a  partial  term  ending  in  1871,  served  as 
collector  of  the  port  under  President  Grant,  and 
was  inspector  of  ports  under  President  Hayes. 

ABBOTT,  Lyman,  clergyman,  b.  in  Roxbury, 
Mass.,  18  Dec,  1835.  He  is  the  third  son  of  Jacob 
Abbott,  was  graduated  at  the  University  of  the  City 
of  New  York  in  1853,  studied  law,  was  admitted 
to  the  bar,  and  went  into  partnership  with  his 
brothers,  Benjamin  V.  and  Austin,  in  1856.  Be- 
coming convinced  that  he  was  better  qualified  for 
the  pulpit  than  for  the  bar,  he  studied  theology 
with  his  uncle,  the  Rev.  John  S.  C.  Abbott,  and  en- 
tered the  ministry  in  1860.  His  first  pastoral 
charge  was  the  CJongregational  church  in  Terre 
Haute,  Ind.,  where  he  remained  until,  in  1865,  he 
was  chosen  secretary  of  the  American  Union  (li'reed- 
men's)  Commission.  This  office  called  him  to  New 
York  city,  and  occupied  him  until  1868.  During  a 
part  of  this  period  he  was  also  pastor  of  the  New 
England  church  in^New  York  city,  but  he  resigned 
in  1869  to  devote  himself  to  literature  and  journal- 
ism. He  was  joint  author  with  his  brothers  of  two 
novels  (see  Austin  Abbott),  and  for  several  years 
he  edited  the  "  Literary  Record "  of  "  Harper's 
Magazine,"  at  the  same  time  conducting  the  "  Il- 
lustrated Christian  Weekly."  This  last-named  duty 
he  resigned  to  take  charge  of  the  "  Christian  Union," 
an  independent  weekly  journal,  in  the  editorship 
of  which  he  was  associated  with  Beecher.  For 
several  years  he  has  been  pastor  of  Plymouth 
church  antl  editor  of  "  The  Outlook."  His  works 
include  "  Jesus  of  Nazareth :  His  Life  and  Teach- 
ings "  (New  York,  1869) ;  "  Old  Testament  Shadows 
of  New  Testament  Truths  "  (1870) ;  "  A  Dictionary 
of  Bible  Knowledge  "  (1872) ;  "  A  Layman's  Story  " 
(1872) ;  an  "  Illustrated  Commentary  on  the  New 
Testament,"  in  four  volumes  (1S75  ct  seq.);  a  Life 
of  Henry  Ward  Beecher  (1883) ;  "  For  Family  Wor- 
ship," a  book  of  devotions  (1883) ;  and  "  In  Aid  of 
Faith"  (1886).  He  is  also  the  author  of  several 
pamphlets,  the  most  important  being  one  on  "  The 
Results  of  Emancipation  in  the  United  States" 
(1867).  He  has  edited  two  volumes  of  "  Sermons 
by  Rev.  Henry  Ward  Beecher,"  and  "  Morning  and 
Evening  Exercises,"  selected  from  tiie  writings  of 
the  same  author. 

ABBOTT,  Robert  Osborne,  surgeon,  b.  in 
Pennsylvania  in  1824 ;  d.  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  16 
June,  1867.  He  entered  the  army  in  1849  as  as- 
sistant surgeon,  and  in  that  capacity  accompanied 
Magruder's  battery  to  California.  He  subsequently 
served  in  the  East,  and  also  in  Florida  and  Texas. 
During  1861  he  was  assistant  to  the  chief  medical 
purveyor  in  New  York.  In  1862  he  was  made  medi- 
cal director  of  the  fifth  army  corps,  and  later  in  the 
same  year  was  appointed  medical  director  of  the 
department  of  Washington,  having  charge  of  all 
the  hospitals  in  and  about  the  capital,  together 
with  all  the  hospital  transports.  The  incessant  and 
arduous  duties  of  this  office,  which  he  held  until 
November,  1866,  seriously  impaired  his  health.  A 
six  months'  sick-leave  failed  to  restore  it,  and  he 
died  a  victim  of  over-work. 


8 


ABEEL 


ABERT 


ABEEL,  David,  missionary,  b.  in  New  Bruns- 
wick, N.  J.,  12  June,  1804 ;  d.  in  Albany,  N.  Y.,  4 
Sept.,  1846.  He  was  educated  at  Rutgers  College, 
New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  and  studied  at  the  Theo- 
logical Seminary  of  the  Reformed  church  in  that 
place.  His  first  pastoral  charge  was  at  Athens, 
N.  Y.,  where  he  remained  for  two  years,  and  then 
sailed  for  Canton,  China,  in  October,  1829,  under 
the  auspices  of  the  Seaman's  Friend  society,  but 
after  a  year's  service  placed  himself  under  the  di- 
rection of  the  American  board  of  commissioners 
for  foreign  missions.  He  visited  Java,  Singapore, 
and  Siam,  studying  the  Chinese  language ;  but  his 
health  failed  and  he  returned  home  by  way  of 
Europe  in  1883,  visiting  Holland,  Prance,  and 
Switzerland,  and  everywhere  urging  the  claims  of 
the  heathen  upon  Christian  nations.  In  England 
he  aided  in  forming  a  society  for  promoting  the 
education  of  women  in  the  East.  On  returning  to 
America  he  published  "  The  Claims  of  the  World  to 
the  Gospel,"  "  Residence  in  China,"  and  "  The 
Missionary  Convention  at  Jerusalem."  In  1839  he 
revisited  Malacca,  Borneo,  and  parts  of  Asia,  and 
m  1842  established  a  mission  at  Amoy.  In  1845 
his  health  gave  way  altogether,  and  he  returned 
home  to  die.  He  was  one  of  the  most  successful  of 
the  early  American  missionaries,  being  gifted  with 
somid  practical  sense  and  energy.  See  "  Memoirs," 
by  the  Rev.  G.  R.  Williamson  (1849). 

ABERCROMBIE,  James,  British  soldier,  b. 
in  Scotland  in  170(5 ;  d.  23  April,  1781.  He  was  de- 
scended from  a  wealthy  family,  entered  the  army, 
and  reached  the  gi'ade  of  colonel  in  1746,  of  major- 
general  in  1756,  of  lieutenant-general  in  1759, 
and  of  general  in  1772.  He  commanded  the 
British  forces  in  America  after  the  departure  of 
Loudoun  in  1758,  ordered  the  disastrous  attack 
on  Fort  Ticonderoga,  8  July,  1758,  and  then  re- 
treated to  his  intrenched  camp  south  of  Lake 
George.  Superseded  in  1759  by  Amherst,  he  re- 
turned to  England  and,  as  a  member  of  parliament, 
supported  the  coercive  policy  toward  the  American 
colonies.  His  son  James  died  in  Boston,  24  June, 
1775,  of  a  wound  received  at  Bunker  Hill.  He  had 
served  as  aide-de-camp  to  Gen.  Amherst  in  1759, 
and  was  promoted  to  the  grade  of  lieutenant-colo- 
nel in  1770.  In  the  charge  on  Bunker  Hill  he  led 
the  Grenadier  Guards. 

ABERCROMBIE,  James,  clergvman,  b.  in 
Philadelphia,  26  Jan.,  1758 ;  d.  there,  26  June,  1841. 
He  was  graduated  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
in  1776,  and  studied  divinity,  but,  owing  to  a  disease 
of  the  eyes,  followed  mercantile  pursuits  from  1783 
until  1793,  when  he  was  ordained  and  became  asso- 
ciate pastor  of  Christ  church.  He  was  principal  of 
the  Philadelphia  academy  from  1810  to  1819,  and 
retired  from  the  ministry  in  1833.  He  published 
"  Lectures  on  the  Catechism  "  (1807) ;  "  Lectures  on 
Rhetoric  "  (1810) ;  "  Lectures  on  the  Liturgy  "  (1811) ; 
"The  Mourner  Comforted"  (1812);  and  sermons. 

ABERCROMBIE,  John  Joseph,  soldier,  b.  in 
Tennessee  in  1802;  d.  in  Roslyn,  N.  Y.,  3  Jan., 
1877.  He  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1822, 
served  as  adjutant  in  the  1st  Infantry  from  1825  to 
1833,  and  was  made  captain  in  1836.  He  served  in 
the  Florida  war,  and  was  brevetted  major  for  gal- 
lant conduct  at  the  battle  of  Okeechobee.  He  was 
engaged  in  frontier  duty  in  the  west  until  the 
Mexican  war.  For  gaUantry  at  the  battle  of  Mon- 
terey, where  he  was  wounded,  he  received  the  bre- 
vet rank  of  lieutenant-colonel.  He  was  at  the  siege 
of  Vera  Cruz  and  at  Cerro  Gordo,  and  served  in 
1847  as  aide-de-camp  to  Gen.  Patterson.  When 
the  civil  war  broke  out  he  was  stationed  in  Minne- 
sota.    He  took  part  in  the  Shenandoah  campaign 


and  was  in  command  at  the  action  of  Falling  Wa- 
ters. He  served  through  the  Peninsular  campaign 
as  brigadier-general  of  volunteers,  was  wounded  at 
Fair  Oaks,  and  was  present  at  Malvern  Hill  and  in 
several  skirmishes  on  the  retreat  to  Harrison's 
Landing.  He  was  engaged  in  the  defence  of  Wash- 
ington in  1862  and  1863,  had  charge  of  depots  at 
Fredericksburg  in  May,  1864,  and  took  part  in 
the  defence  against  Hampton's  Legion  in  June, 
1864.  He  was  brevetted  brigadier-general  at  the 
close  of  the  war,  and  retired  12  June,  1865. 

ABERCROMBY,  Sir  Robert,  British  soldier, 
b.  in  October,  1740;  d.  near  Stirling,  Scotland,  3 
Nov.,  1827.  He  served  in  Canada  throughout  the 
French  war,  and  as  colonel  of  a  regiment  during 
the  war  of  the  revolution.  He  led  the  expedition 
that  destroyed  American  shipping  in  the  Delaware 
in  May,  1778,  surprised  Gen.  Lacey  at  Crooked  Bil- 
let, Pa.,  was  wounded  at  Monmouth,  and  led  a  sor- 
tie from  Yorktown,  capturing  two  batteries.  He 
was  promoted  major-general  in  1790,  served  in 
India,  succeeding  Cornwallis  as  commander-in- 
chief  in  1793,  and  was  made  a  general  in  1802. 

ABERT,  John  James,  soldier,  b.  in  Shep- 
herdstown,  Va.,  17  Sept.,  1788 ;  d.  in  Washington, 
D.  C,  27  Sept.,  1863.  He  was  the  son  of  John 
Abert,  who  came  to  this  country  with  Rochambeau 
in  1780.  Young  Abert  was  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1811, 
but  at  once  re- 
signed, and  was 
then  employed 
in  the  war  office. 
Meanwhile  he 
studied  law, 
and  was  admit- 
ted to  the  bar 
in  the  District 
of  Columbia  in 
1813.  In  the 
war  of  1812  he 
volunteered  as 
a  private  soldier 
for  the  defence 
of  the  capital. 
He  was  reap- 
pointed to  the 
army  in  1814 
as  topographi- 
cal engineer,  with  the  rank  of  major.  In  1829  he 
succeeded  to  the  charge  of  the  topographical  bu- 
reau at  Washington,  and  in  1838  became  colonel  in 
command  of  that  branch  of  the  engineers.  He 
was  retired  in  1861  after  "  long  and  faithful  ser- 
vice." Col.  Abert  was  associated  in  the  supervi- 
sion of  many  of  the  earlier  national  works  of  en- 
gineering, and  his  reports  prepared  for  the  gov- 
ernment are  standards  of  authority.  He  was  a 
member  of  several  scientific  societies,  and  was  one  of 
the  organizers  of  the  national  institute  of  science, 
which  was  subsequently  merged  into  the  Smithso- 
nian institute.  His  sons  served  with  distinction  in 
the  U.  S.  army  during  the  civil  war. — James 
William,  soldier,  b.  in  Mount  Holly,  N.  J.,  18 
Nov.,  1820,  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1842. 
After  service  in  the  infantry  he  was  transferred  to 
the  topographical  engineers,  and  was  engaged  on 
the  survey  of  the  northern  lakes  in  1843-'44. 
He  then  served  on  the  expedition  to  New  Mexico, 
and  published  a  report  (Senate  doc,  1848).  From 
1848  to  1850  he  was  assistant  in  drawing  at  West 
Point,  and  from  1851  to  1860  he  was  engaged  in 
the  improvement  of  western  rivers,  except  dur- 
ing the  Seminole  war  in  1856-'58,  when  he  was  in 
Florida.     During  the  civil  war  he  served  on  the 


/  /  cAt<^- 


ABOVILLE 


ACOSTA 


9 


staflfs  of  Gen.  Patterson  and  Gen.  Banks  in  the 
Virginia  campaign  of  1861-'(j3.  He  was  severely 
injured  at  Frederick,  Md.,  in  18(52,  and  subse- 
quently served  on  Gen.  Gillmore's  staff,  having  at- 
tained the  rank  of  major  in  1803.  He  resigned  on 
25  June,  1864.  For  a  short  time  he  was  an  ex- 
a,miner  of  patents  in  Washington,  and  later  he  be- 
came professor  of  mathematics  and  drawing  in  the 
University  of  Missouri,  at  Rolla.  He  is  a  contribu- 
tor to  current  literature  in  science,  art,  and  history. 
— Silvanus  Thayer,  civil  engineer,  b.  in  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.,  22  July,  1828.  He  was  educated  at 
Princeton,  and  in  1848  began  his  engineering  ca- 
reer in  the  government  service  on  the  construction 
of  the  James  river  and  Kanawha  canal.  For  eleven 
years  he  was  actively  engaged  on  government  work 
at  various  localities.  In  1859  he  was  appointed 
engineer  in  charge  of  all  the  works  of  construction 
3,t  the  Pensacola  navy-yard.  During  the  civil  war 
he  served  at  first  on  the  staff  of  Gen.  Banks  in  his 
Virginia  campaign,  and  later  under  Gen.  Meade 
with  the  Army  of  the  Potomac.  From  1865  to 
1866  he  was  engaged  on  the  surveys  of  the  Magda- 
lena  river  for  the  Colombian  government.  On  his 
return  he  again  joined  the  engineering  corps,  and 
has  been  occupied  on  numerous  government  sur- 
veys. Since  1873  he  has  been  in  charge  of  the 
geographical  division  extending  from  Washington, 
D.  C,  to  Wilmington,  N.  C.  Col.  Abert  is  the  au- 
thor of  numerous  valuable  reports  on  his  work,  and 
has  also  published  "  Notes,  Historical  and  Statisti- 
cal, upon  the  Projected  Route  for  an  Interoceanic 
Ship  Canal  between  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific 
Oceans"  (Cincinnati,  1872). — William  Stretch, 
soldier,  b.  in  Washington,  D.  C,  1  Feb.,  1836 ;  d.  in 
Galveston,  Tex.,  25  Aug.,  1867.  He  was  appointed 
lieutenant  in  the  artillery  in  1855,  and  at  the  out- 
break of  tlie  civil  war  in  1861  was  stationed  at  Fort 
Monroe,  Va.  He  was  appointed  captain  in  the 
cavalry  in  1861,  and  fought  in  the  battles  of  Wil- 
liamsljurg  and  Hanover  Court  House.  Later  he 
joined  Gen.  McClellan's  staff,  and  was  at  Antie- 
tam.  From  November,  1862,  to  October,  1864,  he 
was  assistant  inspector-general  at  New  Orleans 
under  Gen.  Baidcs,  after  which  he  served  in  the 
defences  of  Washington  as  colonel  of  the  3d  Mas- 
sachusetts artillery.  Subsequent  to  the  war  he 
was  with  his  regiment  in  Texas,  and  became  as- 
sistant inspector-general  of  the  district  of  Texas. 
In  June,  1867,  he  was  advanced  to  the  rank  of 
major  in  the  7th  U.  S.  cavalry.  He  received  sev- 
eral brevets,  the  highest  of  which  was  that  of  lieu- 
tenant-colonel. 

ABOVILLE,  Francois  Marie,  Comte  d', 
French  soldier,  b.  in  Brest,  23  Jan.,  1730;  d.  1 
Nov.,  1817.  He  distinguished  himself  as  a  young 
officer  of  artillery  at  the  siege  of  Miinster,  came  to 
America  with  the  rank  of  colonel,  commanded  the 
artillery  of  Rochambeau's  army  at  the  siege  of 
Yorktown,  and  was  made  a  brigadier  in  1789.  He 
commanded  the  French  army  of  the  north  and 
Ardennes  in  1792,  with  the  rank  of  lieutenant-gen- 
eral, and  was  governor  of  Brest  in  1809.  Embrac- 
ing the  cause  of  the  Bourbons,  he  was  made  a  peer 
of  France  after  the  restoration  in  1814. 

ABRAHAMS,  Simeon,  physician  and  pliilan- 
thropist,  b.  in  1809  :  d.  in  New  York,  14  April,  1867. 
He  practised  medicine  in  New  York  with  success, 
and  bequeathed  large  sums  to  Jewish  and  other 
charities  in  that  city. 

ACAMAPICTLI  (ah-kah-mah-petch'-tli).  I.  An 
Aztec  king,  d.  in  1389.  He  succeeded  to  the  throne 
in  1352,  and  consolidated  the  kingdom,  collecting 
the  tribes  and  making  new  laws.  He  constructed 
roads  and  aqueducts,  and  was  the  founder  of  the 
VOL.  I. — 2 


eity  of  Tenochtitlan.  IL  The  third  Aztec  king, 
second  grandson  of  the  preceding.  He  assisted 
King  Quinatzin,  of  Texeoco,  against  his  two  rebel- 
lious sons,  and  finally  routed  them.  He  ruled 
his  own  country  in  peace  for  forty-one  years,  and 
died  in  1402. 

ACCAULT,  Michel  (ak-ko),  explorer.  He  was 
one  of  the  trusted  lieutenants  of  La  Salle,  discov- 
erer of  the  Mississippi,  and  was  sent  by  him  with 
Louis  Hennepin  during  the  summer  of  1679  to  ex- 
plore the  upper  part  of  that  river.  This  expedition 
has  been  fully  chronicled  by  Father  Hennepin,  who 
represented  the  church,  while  Accault  and  Du  Gay 
were  the  military  aids.  They  ascended  the  river  to 
the  falls  of  St.  Anthony,  were  captured  by  the  Sioux 
Indians,  rescued  by  the  gallant  French  officer  Dan- 
iel Duluth,  and  reached  the  trading-station  at  Green 
bay  in  the  autumn.     See  Hennepin. 

ACLAND,  Christina  Harriet  Caroline  Fox, 
daughter  of  Stephen,  first  earl  of  Ilchester,  b.  3 
Jan.,  1750 ;  d.  at  Tetton,  England,  21  July,  1815. 
She  married,  in  September,  1770,  Maj.  John  Dyke 
Acland,  accompanied  him  to  America,  and  shared 
in  all  the  vicissitudes  of  Burgoyne's  campaign, 
which  culmniated  in  the  surrender  of  the  British 
army,  17  Oct.,  1777.  In  the  second  battle  of  Sara- 
toga, 7  Oct.,  Maj.  Acland  was  severely  wounded 
and  carried  a  prisoner  within  the  American  lines. 
On  the  night  of  the  9th,  accompanied  by  the  chap- 
lain and  her  maid,  she  set  out  from  the  British 
camp  in  a  frail  boat  and  in  the  midst  of  a  driving 
storm  to  rejoin  her  husband.  She  was  received 
with  the  utmost  cordiality  by  Gates,  shared  her 
husband's  captivity,  and  carefully  nursed  him  until 
restored  to  health.  The  kindness  that  had  been 
shown  to  his  wife  Maj.  Acland  reciprocated,  while 
on  parole  in  New  York,  by  doing  all  in  his  power 
to  mitigate  the  sufferings  of  the  American  prison- 
ers. The  oft-repeated  story  that  after  her  hus- 
band's death  she  became  insane  for  a  time,  and 
finally  married  Chaplain  Brudenell,  is  totally  un- 
true. She  died  the  widow  of  Maj.  Acland,  as  is 
attested  by  the  burial  register.  The  story  that  her 
husband  was  killed  in  a  duel  is  equally  unfounded. 
He  received  a  paralytic  stroke  on  29  Nov.,  1778, 
while  directing  some  improvements  about  his  place, 
and  died  on  2  Dec.  In  person  Lady  Harriet  was 
highly  graceful  and  delicate,  and  her  manners  were 
elegantly  feminine.  Mrs.  Perez  Norton  commem- 
orated her  sufferings  in  a  touching  poem,  and 
before  she  left  New  York  a  painting  representing 
her  standing  in  a  boat,  with  a  white  handkerchief 
in  her  hand  as  a  flag  of  truce,  was  exhibited  at  the 
royal  academy,  London.  There  is  a  striking  por- 
trait of  her  by  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  at  Killerton, 
Exeter,  the  seat  of  Sir  Thomas  Dyke  Ackland. 
She  suffered  for  years  from  cancer,  but  bore  it  with 
great  fortitude.  She  is  still  remembered  for  her 
numerous  charities. 

ACOLHUA  I.  (ah-kol-hoo'-ah),  a  king  of  Azca- 
potzalco.  He  ascended  the  throne  in  1168.  II. 
(also  called  by  some  historians  Tetzotzomoc),  a 
king  of  Azeapotzaleo.     He  began  to  rule  in  1239. 

ACOSTA,  Cecilio,  Venezuelan  jurist  and  writer, 
b.  in  Caracas  in  1831 ;  d.  there,  8  July,  1881.  He 
was  the  editor  of  the  penal  code  now  in  force  in 
his  country,  Venezuela.  He  was  a  great  Spanish 
and  Latin  scholar,  and  had  a  thorough  knowledge 
of  the  French,  English,  and  Italian  literatures. 
Acosta  was  among  tiie  first  South  Americans  hon- 
ored with  the  api>ointment  of  corresponding  mem- 
ber of  the  Spanish  academy. 

ACOSTA,  Joaquin,  Colombian  general  and  au- 
thor, b.  in  Guaduas,  Colombia,  29  Dec,  1799;  d. 
there  in  1852.     He  entered  the  Colombia  army  at 


10 


ACOSTA 


ADAIR 


the  age  of  twenty,  and  rendered  distinguished  ser- 
■^ices  as  an  officer  of  engineers.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  convention  of  New  Grenada  in  1881,  and 
was  afterward  a  representative  in  congress.  In 
1834  he  explored  the  valleys  of  the  Socorro  and 
Magdalena  rivers,  and  in  1841  made  researches 
relative  to  the  Chibocas  and  other  Indian  tribes. 
He  was  for  a  time  New  Grenadan  minister  to  Ecua- 
dor, and  from  20  July  to  8  Nov.,  1842,  was  charge 
d'affaires  at  Washington.  Subsequently  he  held 
the  office  of  secretary  of  state  in  the  New  Grenadan 
government.  He  published  in  Paris,  in  1848,  a 
history  of  the  discovery  and  settlement  of  New 
Grenada,  accompanied  by  a  valuable  map  made  by 
himself,  the  first  one  published  since  Colombian  in- 
dependence. He  also  contributed  to  the  publica- 
tions of  the  French  geographical  society. 

ACOSTA,  Jose  de,  Spanish  missionary,  b.  in 
Medina  del  Campo  in  1589;  d.  in  Salamanca,  15 
Feb..  1599.  At  the  age  of  fourteen  he  became  a 
member  of  the  Society  of  Jesus.  He  was  a  mis- 
sionary in  South  America  from  1571  until  1576, 
then  visited  Mexico,  where  he  remained  two  years. 
After  his  return  to  Spain  he  published  "  De  na- 
tura  Novi  Orbis  et  de  promulgatione  evangelii 
apud  Barbaros "  (Salamanca,  1588-'9),  which  he 
translated  into  Spanish  and  extended.  It  was  is- 
sued under  the  title  "  Historia  natui'al  y  moral  de 
las  Indias  "  (1590),  attained  great  popularity,  and 
was  translated  into  various  languages.  He  was 
rector  of  the  university  of  Salamanca  at  the  time 
of  ids  death. 

ACOSTA,  Santos,  Colombian  statesman,  b.  in 
Mirafiores,  Colombia,  in  1880.  He  became  con- 
spicuous in  politics  when  quite  young.  He  has 
been  general-in-chief  of  the  Colombian  army,  repre- 
sentative and  senator  in  several  legislatures,  secre- 
tary of  state,  a  foreign  minister,  and  president  of 
the  rcTJublic  from  May,  1807,  to  April,  1868. 

ACRELIUS,  Israel  (jikni'-le-oos),  Swedish  cler- 
gyman, b.  in  Osteraker,  Sweden.  25  Dec,  1714 ;  d.  in 
Fellingsbro,  25  April,  1800.  He  was  educated  in 
Upsala,  ordained  in  1743,  and  sent  out  as  provost 
of  the  Swedish  congregations  in  New  Sweden 
(afterward  Delaware),  in  1749.  He  reached  Phila- 
delphia in  November,  and  began  his  work  with  zeal 
and  prudence,  successfully  superintending  the  ec- 
clesiastical affairs  of  the  Swedish  colonies,  which  he 
found  in  great  disorder.  But  ill  health  obliged 
him  to  resign  in  1756,  after  a  sojourn  of  seven 
years  in  America,  and  on  his  return  to  Sweden  the 
king  gave  him  a  pension  and  the  living  of  Fell- 
ingsbro. He  wrote  various  articles  on  America, 
for  Swedish  journals  and  for  religious  papers,  and 
published  "  The  Swedish  Colonies  in  America " 
(Stockholm,  1759),  which  was  translated  into  Eng- 
lish in  1874,  and  is  a  work  of  value  and  interest. 

ACUALMETZLI,  the  Indian  name  of  a  Mexi- 
can warrior,  b.  in  Coyacan  in  1520 :  d.  in  1542. 
His  christian  name  was  Ignacio  Alarcon  de  Roque- 
tilla.  When  he  was  a  year  old  his  father  and 
mother  died,  the  former  in  battle  against  the 
Spaniards,  and  the  latter  from  the  effects  of  pun- 
ishment received  because  she  insulted  one  of  the 
captains  of  Cortes.  A  Spaniard  took  care  of  the 
orphan,  had  him  christened,  and  gave  him  an  edu- 
cation. But  Acualmetzli,  when  about  twenty  years 
of  age,  learned  the  cause  of  his  parents'  death  and 
joined  the  Chichimecas,  then  in  revolt,  in  order  to 
seek  revenge.  He  fought  bravely,  and  instructed 
the  Indians  in  civilized  warfare,  until  he  fell  in 
battle  with  the  troops  sent  against  them  by  the 
viceroy  Antonio  de  Mendoza. 

ACUNA,  Cristobal  de  (ah-koon'-ya),  Spanish 
Jesuit  missionary,  b.  in  Burgos,  Spain,   in   1597; 


d.  about  1676.  He  was  attached  to  Texeira's 
Amazon  expedition  in  1689-41,  with  the  special 
object  of  reporting  the  incidents  of  the  explora- 
tion. On  his  return  to  Spain  he  published  his 
"  Nuevo  Descubriiniento  del  Gran  Rio  de  las  Ama- 
zons." All  the  copies  of  this  work,  except  ten, 
were  unfortunately  destroyed,  but  fr'oin  these  a. 
translation  was  made  by  Gomberville  into  French 
in  1684.  Although  great  interest  was  excited  by 
the  expedition,  the  distractions  in  the  mother  covin- 
try  prevented  the  government  from  taking  any 
marked  interest  in  the  colonization  of  the  region 
to  which  so  much  energy  and  talent  had  been  de- 
voted. Aeuna  afterward  went  to  the  West  Indies, 
thence  returned  to  South  America,  and  died  while 
on  his  \vay  from  Panama  to  Lima. 

ACUNA,  Jiiaii,  marquis  of  Casaferte,  87th 
viceroy  of  Mexico,  b.  in  Lima,  Peru,  late  in  the 
17th  century;  d.  in  Mexico,  17  March,  1774.  He 
was  an  officer  of  artillery  in  the  Spanisli  army. 
For  twelve  years,  from  15  Oct.,  1722.  he  governed 
New  Spain  with  great  success  in  all  the  depart- 
ments of  the  administration.  During  that  period 
many  public  buildings  were  erected,  among  them 
the  custom  house,  the  mint,  and  the  "  Newgate "" 
of  Vera  Cruz,  erected  1727,  which  for  many  years 
was  called  "  Puerta  de  Acuiia."  ]Mining  received  a 
great  impulse,  while  commerce  with  Spain  and  the 
Philippine  islands  was  increased.  Acuiia  sent  to 
Texas  a  colony  from  the  Canary  islands,  who  found- 
ed the  town  of  San  Fernando. 

ACUNA,  Manuel,  Mexican  poet,  b.  in  the  state 
of  Coahuila,  27  Aug.,  1849 ;  d.  by  his  own  hand 
6  Dec,  1873.  He  founded  the  literary  society 
"Netzahual  Coyotl,"  in  which  he  first  showed  his 
poetical  talent.  He  was  the  author  of  a  play  en- 
titled "  El  Pasado."  His  best  poems  are  "  Gloria" 
and  "  A  Rosario."  Disappointment  in  love  is  said 
to  have  been  the  cause  of  his  suicide. 

ADAIR,  James,  Indian  trader  and  author,  lived 
in  the  18th  century.  He  resided  among  the  In- 
dians (principally  the  Chickasaws  and  Cherokees) 
from  1735  to  1775,  and  in  the  latter  year  pub- 
lished his  "  History  of  the  American  Indians."  In 
this  he  attempted  to  trace  the  descent  of  the  In- 
dians from  the  Jews,  basing  his  assumption  upon 
supposed  resemblances  between  the  customs  of  the 
two  races.  At  that  time  such  an  hypothesis  was 
regarded  as  visionary,  but  the  idea  has  since  found 
many  supporters,  among  them  being  Boudinot  in 
his  "  Star  of  the  West."  Unsatisfactory  as  are  his 
vocabularies  of  Indian  dialects,  they  are  the  most 
valuable  part  of  his  writings. 

ADAIR,  John,  general,  b.  in  Chester  co.,  S.  C, 
in  1759;  d.  in  Harrisburg,  Ky.,  19  May,  1840.  He 
served  in  the  revolutionary  army,  and  in  1787  re- 
moved to  Kentucky,  where  he  was  appointed  major 
under  St.  Clair  and  Wilkinson  in  their  expeditions 
against  the  Indians  of  the  northwest  in  1791.  In 
an  attack  by  "  Little  Turtle,"  the  Miami  chief,  6 
Nov.,  1792,  while  in  camp  near  Fort  St.  Clair,  his 
command  was  defeated  and  forced  to  i-etreat.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  convention  that  framed  the 
constitution  under  which  Kentucky  was  admitted 
into  the  union,  1  June,  1792.  Adair  was  appointed 
lieutenant-colonel  under  Gen.  Charles  Scott  in 
1793,  was  for  several  years  a  representative  from 
Mercer  co.  in  the  Kentucky  legislature,  of  which 
body  he  was  "elected  speaker,  and  was  also  regis- 
ter of  the  U.  S.  land  office.  In  1805-'6  he  was  U.  S. 
senator.  Returning  to  military  life,  he  became 
volunteer  aid  to  Gen.  Shelby  at  the  battle  of  the 
Thames,  5  Oct.,  1813,  was  made  brigadier-general 
of  the  state  militia  in  November,  1814,  and  com- 
manded the  Kentucky  troops  with  distinction  at 


ADAIR 


ADAMS 


11 


New  Orleans  under  Gen.  Jackson.  From  1820  to 
1824  he  was  governor  of  Kentucky,  and  in  1831-'33 
a  member  of  congress,  serving  on  the  committee 
on  military  affairs. 

ADAIR,  William  Penn,  second  chief  of  the 
Cherokee  nation,  b.  about  1828 ;  d.  in  Washington, 
D.  C,  23  Oct.,  1880.  During  the  civil  war  he  com- 
manded a  brigade  of  Indians,  which  was  organized 
by  Gen.  Albert  Pike,  in  the  service  of  the  confed- 
eracy, and  fought  at  the  battle  of  Pea  Ridge.  At 
the  time  of  his  deatii  he  was  at  the  capital  repre- 
senting the  interests  of  his  tribe. 

ADAM,  GriBiiie  Mercer,  Canadian  author,  b.  in 
Loanhead,  Midlothian,  Scotland,  in  1839.  He  was 
educated  at  Portobello  and  at  Edinburgh,  and  when 
quite  young  entered  a  publishing  house  in  that  city, 
and  in  1858  was  given  charge  of  one  of  its  depart- 
ments. A  few  months  later  he  accepted  a  proposal 
by  the  Blackwoods  to  take  charge  of  a  book  store 
in  Toronto,  Canada.  In  18G0  he  succeeded  to  this 
business  as  a  member  of  the  firm  of  Rollo  & 
Adam,  who  were  the  publishers  of  the  first  of  the 
more  important  Canadian  periodicals,  the  "British 
American  Magazine."  Mr.  Rollo  retired  in  1866, 
and  it  then  became  the  firm  of  Adam,  Stevenson, 
&  Co.  The  business  not  proving  successful,  in  1876 
it  was  discontinued,  and  Mr.  Adam  went  to  New 
York,  where  he  helped  to  found  the  publishing 
house  that  has  since  been  developed  into  the 
John  W.  Lovell  Publishing  Company.  He  re- 
turned to  Toronto  in  1878;  in  1879  he  established 
the  "  Canada  Educational  Monthly,"  which  he 
edited  for  five  years,  and  in  1880  assumed  the 
editorship  of  the  "  Canada  Monthly,"  which  he 
and  Prof.  Goldvvin  Smith  were  instrumental  in 
founding  in  1872.  He  also  published  "The  North- 
west, its  History  and  its  Troubles"  (1885) ;  "Out- 
line History  of  Canadian  Literature  " ;  and,  with 
Etlielwvn  Wetherald,  "An  Algonquin  Maiden" 
(Toronto,  1887). 

ADAMS,  Abigail  (Smith),  wife  of  John  Ad- 
ams, second  president  of  tlie  United  States,  b.  in 
Wevmouth,  Mass.,  23  Nov.,  1744;  d.  in  Quincy, 
Mass.,  28  Oct.,  1818.  Her  father,  the  Rev.  WiH- 
iam  Smith,  was  for  more  than  forty  years  minister 
of  the  Congregational  church  in  Weymouth.  Her 
mother,  Elizabeth  Quincy,  was  great-great-grand- 
daughter of  the  em- 
inent Puritan  divine, 
Thomas  Shepard.  of 
Cambridge,  and  great- 
grandniece  of  the  Rev. 
John  Norton,  of  Bos- 
ton. She  was  among 
the  most  remarkable 
women  of  the  revolu- 
tionary period.  Her 
education,  so  far  as 
books  were  concerned, 
was  but  scanty.  Of 
delicate  and  nervous 
organization,  she  was 
so  frequently  ill  dur- 
ing childhood  and 
youth  that  she  was 
never  sent  to  any 
school ;  but  her  loss 
in  this  respect  was 
not  so  great  as  might  appear;  for,  while  the  New 
England  clergymen  at  that  time  were  usually 
men  of  great  learning,  the  education  of  their 
daughters  seldom  went  further  than  writing  or 
arithmetic,  with  now  and  then  a  smattering  of 
what  passed  current  as  music.  In  the  course  of 
her  long  life   she  became   extensively  acquainted 


finxj 


with  the  best  English  literature,  and  she  wrote  in  a 
terse,  vigorous,  and  often  elegant  style.  Her  ease 
may  well  be  cited  by  those  who  protest  against  the 
exaggerated  value  commonly  ascribed  to  the  rou- 
tine of  a  school  education.  Her  early  years  were 
spent  in  seclusion,  but  among  people  of  learn- 
ing and  political  sagacity.  On  25  Oct.,  1764,  she 
was  married  to  John  Adams,  then  a  young  lawyer 
practising  in  Boston,  and  for  the  next  ten  years 
her  life  was  quiet  and  happy,  though  she  shared 
the  intense  interest  of  her  husband  in  the  fierce 
disputes  that  were  so  soon  to  culminate  in  war. 
During  this  period  she  became  the  mother  of  a 
daughter  and  three  sons.  Ten  years  of  doubt  and 
anxiety  followed  during  which  Mrs.  Adams  was  left 
at  home  in  Braintree,  while  her  husband  was  ab- 
sent, first  as  a  delegate  to  the  continental  congress, 
afterward  on  diplomatic  business  in  Europe.  In 
the  zeal  and  determination  with  which  John 
Adams  lu'ged  on  the  declaration  of  independence 
he  was  staunchly  supported  by  his  brave  wife,  a 
circumstance  that  used  sometimes  to  be  jocosely 
alleged  in  explanation  of  his  superiority  in  bold- 
ness to  John  Dickinson,  the  women  of  whose  house- 
hold were  perpetually  conjuring  up  visions  of  the 
headsman's  block.  In  1784  Mrs.  Adams  joined 
her  husband  in  Prance,  and  early  in  the  following 
year  she  accompanied  him  to  London.  With  the 
recent  loss  of  the  American  colonies  rankling  in 
the  miiuls  of  George  III.  and  his  queen,  it  was 
hardly  to  be  expected  that  much  courtesy  would  be 
shown  to  the  first  minister  from  the  United  States 
or  to  his  wife.  Mrs.  Adams  was  treated  with  rude- 
ness, which  she  seems  to  have  remembered  vindic- 
tively. "  Humiliation  for  Charlotte,"  she  wrote 
some  years  later,  "  is  no  sorrow  for  me."  From 
1789  to  1801  her  residence  was  at  the  seat  of  our 
federal  government.  The  remainder  of  her  life 
was  passed  in  Braintree  (in  the  part  called  Quincy), 
and  her  lively  interest  in  public  affairs  was  kept  up 
till  the  day  of  her  death.  Mrs.  Adams  was  a  wo- 
man of  sunny  disposition,  and  great  keenness  and 
sagacity.  Her  letters  are  extremely  valuable  for 
the  light  they  throw  upon  the  life  of  the  times. 
See  "  Familiar  Letters  of  John  Adams  and  his  Wife, 
Abigail  Adams,  during  the  Revolution."  with  a 
memoir  by  C.  F.  Adams  (New  York,  1876). 

ADAMS,  Alviii,  expressman,  b.  in  Andover, 
Vt.,  16  June,  1804;  d.  in  Watertown,  Mass.,  2 
Sept.,  1877.  In  1840  he  established  an  express 
route  between  New  York  and  Boston,  making  his 
first  trip  on  4  May.  A  few  months  later,  under 
the  firm-name  of  Adams  &  Co.,  he  associated  with 
himself  E[)hraim  Farnsworth,  who  took  charge  of 
the  New  York  office.  On  the  death  of  the  latter, 
soon  afterward,  William  B.  Dinsmore  succeeded 
to  his  place,  and  for  sevei-al  years  subsequently  the 
business  was  limited  to  New  York,  New  London, 
Norwich,  Worcester,  and  Boston.  In  1854  the 
corporation  of  Adams  Express  Co.  was  formed  by 
the  union  of  Adams  &  Co.,  Harnden  &  Co.,  Thomp- 
son &  Co.,  and  Kinsley  &  Co.,  with  Mr.  Adams  Jis 
president.  Its  business  then  rapidly  extended 
throughout  the  south  and  west,  and  m  1870  to 
tile  far  west.  Mr.  Adams  was  associated  with  the 
organization  of  the  pioneer  express  throughout  the 
mining  camps  of  California  in  1850 ;  but  on  the 
consolidation  of  the  companies  in  1854,  Adams  & 
Co.  disposed  of  their  intei'est  to  the  California  Ex- 
press Co.  During  the  civil  war  the  facilities  that 
were  afforded  by  Adams  Express  Co.  were  of  the 
greatest  value  to  the  national  government.  Mr. 
Adams  accumulated  a  large  fortune.  See  "  His- 
tory of  the  Express  Business,"  by  A.  L.  Stimson 
(New  York,  1881). 


12 


ADAMS 


ADAMS 


ADAMS,  Amos,  clergyman,  b.  in  Mcdfield, 
Mass.,  1  Sept.,  1728;  d.  in  Dorchester,  5  Oct.,  1775. 
He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1752,  and  in  Sep- 
tember of  the  following  year  became  pastor  of  a 
church  in  Roxbury,  which  he  served  until  his 
death.  He  was  secretary  of  the  convention  of  min- 
isters at  Watertown,  which  in  May,  1775,  recom- 
mended the  people  to  take  up  arms.  Many  of  his 
sermons  were  published  from  175(5  to  17(59,  as  well 
as  two  discourses  on  "  Religious  Liberty "  (1767). 
The  most  notable  of  his  writings  were  two  dis- 
courses on  the  general  fast,  6  April,  17(59,  in  which 
he  gave  "  A  Concise  Historical  View  of  the  Diffi- 
culties, Hardships,  and  Perils  which  Attended  the 
Planting  and  Progressive  Improvement  in  New 
England,  with  a  Particular  Account  of  its  Long 
and  Destructive  Wars,  Expensive  Expeditions,'' 
etc.  (republished  in  London,  1770). 

ADAMS,  Andrew,  jurist,  b.  in  Stratford,  Conn., 
in  January,  1736 ;  d.  in  Litchfield,  26  Nov.,  1797. 
He  was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1760,  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  Fairfield  co.,  and  practised  law  for  a 
time  in  Stamford,  but  in  1764  removed  to  Litch- 
field. He  was  a  member  of  the  legislature  in 
1776-81,  a  delegate  to  congress  in  1777-'80,  and 
again  in  1781-'82,  as  well  as  a  member  of  the  coun- 
cil in  1771.  In  1789  he  received  the  appointment 
of  judge  of  the  supreme  court,  of  which  he  was 
made  chief  justice  in  1793.  He  was  an  adroit  and 
able  lawyer  and  a  learned  judge. 

ADAMS,  Benjamin,  lawyer,  b.  in  Worcester, 
Mass.,  in  17(55;  d.  v.i  Uxbridge,  28  March,  1837. 
He  was  graduated  at  Brown  university  in  1788,  and 
became  a  lawyer ;  was  member  of  the  legislature 
from  1809  to  1814,  state  senator  in  1814-'15,  and 
again  in  1822-'25,  and  went  to  congress  in  1816, 
where  he  I'emained  until  1821. 

ADAMS,  Cliarles,  lawyer,  b.  in  Arlington,  Vt., 
12  March,  1785;  d.  in  Burlington,  13  Feb.,  1861. 
He  prepared  himself  for  college  by  the  light  of  his 
father's  forge,  and  was  a  member  of  the  first  class 
that  was  graduated  from  the  university  of  Ver- 
mont in  1804.  He  became  a  prominent  lawyer, 
and  was  a  constant  contributor  to  newspapers  on 
political  questions.  He  was  the  friend  and  adviser 
of  Gen.  Wool  during  the  Canadian  difficulties  of 
1838,  and  wrote  a  history  of  the  events  connected 
with  that  rebellion  under  the  title  of  "  The  Patriot 
War."  The  work  appeared  in  parts  in  the  local 
press,  but  was  never  issued  in  book  form. 

ADAMS,  Cliarles  Baker,  geologist,  b.  in  Dor- 
chester, Mass.,  11  Jan.,  1814;  d.  in  St.  Thomas,  W. 
I.,  19  Jan.,  1853.  He  was  gradnated  at  Amherst 
college  in  1^34,  and  studied  for  two  years  at  An- 
dover  theological  seminary.  Later  he  was  associ- 
ated with  Prof.  Edward  Hitchcock  in  a  geologi- 
cal survey  of  New  York.  In  1837  he  became 
tutor  in  Amherst  college,  and  in  1838  was  made 
professor  of  chemistry  and  natural  history  in  IMid- 
dlebury  college,  Vt.  From  1845  to  1848  he  was 
state  geologist  of  Vermont,  and  published  annual 
reports  of  his  work.  In  1847  he  was  chosen  pro- 
fessor of  astronomy  and  zoology  in  Amherst  col- 
lege. Between  1844  and  1851  he  made  journeys 
to  Panama  and  the  West  Indies  for  scientific  pur- 
poses. He  was  the- author  of  eleven  numbers  of 
"  Contributions  to  Conchology,"  monographs  of 
"Stoastoma"  and  "  Vitrinella,"  "Catalogue  of 
Shells  Collected  in  Panama"  (New  York,  1852),  and, 
with  Alonzo  Gray,  "  Elements  of  Geology  "  (1852). 

ADAMS,  Charles  Follen,  author,  b.  in  Dor- 
chester, Mass.,  21  April,  1842.  He  received  a 
common-school  education,  and  at  the  age  of  fifteen 
entered  into  mercantile  pursuits.  At  the  age  of 
twenty-two  he  enlisted  in  the  13th  Massachusetts 


infantry ;  was  in  all  the  battles  in  which  his  regi- 
ment participated,  was  wounded  at  Gettysburg, 
taken  prisoner ;  released,  and  detailed  for  hospital 
duty.  Since  1872  he  has  been  known  as  a  writer 
of  German  dialect  poems,  chiefly  humorous.  The 
first  that  appeared  was  "  The  Puzzled  Dutchman  " 
in  "Our  Young  Folks"  in  1872.  This  was  fol- 
lowed by  various  others  of  which  "  Leedle  Yaw- 
cob  Strauss"  (1876)  became  immediately  a  favorite. 
Mr.  Adams  is  a  frequent  contributor  to  periodical 
literature,  and  has  published  in  a  volume  "  Leedle 
Yawcob  Strauss  and  other  Poems  "  (Boston,  1877). 
ADAMS,  Charles  Francis,  diplomatist,  son  of 
John  Quincy  Adams,  b.  in  Boston,  18  Aug.,  1807 ; 
d.  there,  21  Nov.,  1886.  When  two  years  old  he 
was  taken  by  his  father  to  St.  Petersburg,  where  he 
learned  German,  French,  and  Russian.  Early  in 
1815  he  travelled  all  the  way  from  St.  Petersburg  to 
Paris  with  his  mother  in  a  private  carriage,  a  diffi- 
cult journey  at  that  time,  and  not  unattended  with 
danger.  His  father  was  soon  afterward  appointed 
minister  to  England,  and  the  little  boy  was  placed 
at  an  English  boarding-school.  The  "feelings  be- 
tween British  and  Americans  was  then  more  hostile 
than  ever  before  or  since,  and  young  Adams  was 
frequently  called  upon  to  defend  with  his  fists  the 
good  name  of  his  country.  When  he  returned  after 
two  years  to  America,  his  father  placed  him  in  the 
Boston  Latin  school,  and  he  was  graduated  at  Har- 
vard college  in  1825,  shortly  after  his  father's  in' 
auguration  as 
president  of  the 
United  States, 
He  spent  two 
years  in  Wash- 
ington, and 
then  returned  to 
Boston,  where 
he  studied  law 
in  the  office  of 
Daniel  Webster, 
and  was  admit- 
ted to  the  Suf- 
folk bar  in 
1828.  The  next 
year  he  married 
the  youngest 
daughter  of  Pe- 
ter Chardon 
Brooks,  whose 
elder  daughters 

were  married  to  Edward  Everett  and  Rev.  Na- 
thaniel Frothingham.  From  1831  to  1836  Mr. 
Adams  served  in  the  Massachusetts  legislature. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  whig  party,  but,  like  all 
the  rest  of  his  vigorous  and  free-thinking  family, 
he  was  extremely  independent  in  politics  and  in- 
clined to  strike  out  into  new  paths  in  advance  of 
the  public  sentiment.  After  1836  he  came  to  dif- 
fer more  and  more  widely  with  the  leaders  of  the 
whig  party  with  whom  he  had  hitherto  acted.  In 
1848  the  newly  organized  free-soil  party,  consisting 
largely  of  democrats,  held  its  convention  at  Buf- 
falo and  nominated  Martin  Van  Buren  for  presi- 
dent and  Charles  Francis  Adams  for  vice-president. 
There  was  no  hope  of  electing  these  candidates, 
but  this  little  party  grew,  six  years  later,  into  the 
great  republican  party.  In  1858  he  was  elected  to 
congress  by  the  republicans  of  the  3d  district  of 
Massachusetts,  and  in  1860  he  was  reelected.  In 
the  spring  of  1861  President  Lincoln  appointed  him 
minister  to  England,  a  place  which  both  his  father 
and  his  grandfather  had  filled  before  him.  Mr, 
Adams  had  now  to  fight  with  tongue  and  pen  for 
his   country  as  in  school-boy  days  he  had  fought 


WfUiA-^     '^re<o-.ct^  J^ayrn4^ 


ADAMS 


ADAMS 


13 


with  fists.  It  was  an  exceedingly  difficult  time  for 
an  American  minister  in  England.  Though  there 
was  much  sympathy  for  the  U.  S.  government 
on  the  part  of  the  workmen  in  the  manufact- 
uring districts  and  of  many  of  the  liberal  con- 
stituencies, especially  in  Scotland,  on  the  otlier 
hand  the  feeling  of  the  governing  classes  and  of 
polite  society  in  London  was  either  actively  hostile 
to  us  or  coldly  indifferent.  Even  those  students 
of  history  and  politics  who  were  most  friendly  to  us 
failed  utterly  to  comprehend  the  true  character  of 
the  sublime  struggle  in  which  we  were  engaged — 
as  may  be  seen  in  reading  the  introduction  to  Mr. 
E.  A.  Freeman's  elaborate  "  History  of  Federal 
Government,  from  the  Formation  of  the  Acha?an 
League  to  the  Disruption  of  the  United  States" 
(London,  1862).  Difficult  and  embarrassing  ques- 
tions arose  in  connection  with  the  capture  of  the 
confederate  commissioners  Mason  and  Slidell,  tiie 
negligence  of  Lord  Paimerston's  government  in 
allowing  the  "Alabama"  and  other  confederate 
cruisers  to  sail  from  British  ports  to  prey  upon 
American  commerce,  and  the  ever  manifest  desire 
of  Napoleon  IIL  to  persuade  Great  Britain  to  join 
him  in  an  acknowledgment  of  the  indej)endence  of 
the  confederacy.  The  duties  of  this  diificult  diplo- 
matic mission  were  discharged  by  Mr.  Adams  with 
such  consummate  ability  as  to  win  universal  admira- 
tion. No  more  than  his  father  or  grandfather  did 
he  belong  to  the  school  of  suave  and  crafty,  in- 
triguing diplomats.  He  pursued  his  ends  with 
dogged  determination  and  little  or  no  attempt  at 
concealment,  while  his  demeanor  was  haughty  and 
often  defiant.  His  unflinching  firmness  bore  down 
all  opposition,  and  his  perfect  self-control  made  it 
difficult  for  an  antagonist  to  gain  any  advantage 
over  him.  His  career  in  England  from  1861  to 
1868  must  be  cited  among  the  foremost  triumphs 
of  American  diplomacy.  In  1873  it  was  attempted 
to  nominate  him  for  the  presidency  of  the  United 
States,  as  the  candidate  of  the  liberal  republicans, 
but  Horace  Gi'eeley  secured  the  nomination.  He 
was  elected  in  1869  a  member  of  the  board  of 
overseers  of  Harvard  college,  and  was  for  several 
years  president  of  the  board.  He  has  edited  the 
works  and  memoirs  of  his  father  and  grandfa- 
ther, in  23  octavo  volumes,  and  published  many 
of  his  own  addresses  and  orations. — Jolin  Qiiincy, 
lawyer',  b.  in  Boston,  32  Sept.,  1833 ;  d.  in  Quincy, 
Mass..  14  August,  1894.  He  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1853,  and  admitted  to  the 
Suffolk  bar  in  1855.  During  the  civil  war  he 
was  on  Gov.  Andrew's  staff.  He  was  elected  to 
the  legislature  by  the  town  of  Quincy  in  1866, 
but  failed  to  secure  a  reelection  the  following 
year  because  he  had  declared  his  approval  of  An- 
drew Johnson's  policy.  In  1869  and  1870  he  was 
again  a  member  of  the  legislature.  In  1867  and 
1871  he  was  democratic  candidate  for  governor 
of  Massachusetts,  and  was  defeated.  In  1877  he 
was  chosen  a  member  of  the  corporation  of  Har- 
vard.— Charles  Francis,  Jr.,  lawyer,  second  son 
of  Charles  Francis  Adams,  b.  in  Boston,  27  May, 
1835.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1856, 
and  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1858.  He  served  in 
the  army  throughout  the  whole  of  the  civil  war, 
and  was  mustered  out  in  July,  1865,  with  the 
brevet  rank  of  brigadier-general  of  volunteers.  He 
has  since  devoted  his  attention  chiefly  to  railroad 
matters,  and  in  1869  was  appointed  a  member  of 
the  board  of  railroad  commissioners  of  Massachu- 
setts. In  1871,  in  connection  with  his  brother, 
Henry  Adams,  he  published  "  Chapters  of  Erie  and 
other  Essays."  He  has  since  published  an  instruc- 
tive book  on  railway  accidents.     He  was  elected 


in  1883  a  member  of  the  board  of  overseers  of 
Harvard  college,  and  in  1884  president  of  the 
Union  Pacific  railway,  from  which  he  resigned  in 
1890. — Henry,  author,  third  son  of  Charles  Fran- 
cis Adams,  b.  in  Boston,  16  Feb.,  1838.  He  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1858,  and  was  his  father's 
private  secretary  in  London  from  1861  to  1868. 
From  1870  till  1877  he  was  assistant  professor  of 
history  in  Harvard  college,  and  was  one  of  the 
ablest  instructors  the  university  has  known  during 
the  present  generation,  possessing  to  an  extraor- 
dinary degree  the  power  of  inciting  his  pupils  to 
original  work.  He  now  resides  in  Washington, 
D.  C.  Prof.  Adams  has  published  "Essays  in 
Anglo-Saxon  Law"  (Boston,  1876);  "Documents 
relating  to  New  England  Federalism,  1800-1815  " 
(1877) ;  "  Life  of  Albert  Gallatin  "  (Philadelphia, 
1879);  "Writings  of  Albert  Gallatin,"  edited  (3 
vols.,  1879);  "John  Randolph"  (Boston,  1882); 
and  "  Historv  of  the  United  States,  1801-1817 " 
(9  vols.,  1889-'91).— Brook.s,  lawyer,  fourth  son  of 
Charles  Francis  Adams,  b.  in  Quincy,  Mass.,  34 
June,  1848,  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1870, 
admitted  to  the  Suffolk  bar  in  1873.  He  has  pub- 
lished articles  in  the  "Atlantic  Monthly"  and 
other  periodicals,  and  is  the  author  of  "  The  Eman- 
cipation of  Massachusetts  "  (Boston,  1886). 

ADAMS,  Charles  Kendall,  educator,  b.  in 
Derby,  Vt.,  24  Jan.,  1835.  When  twenty  years  of 
age  he  moved  to  Iowa,  and  subsequently  entered 
the  university  of  Michigan,  graduating  in  1861. 
He  became  assistant  pi'ofessor  there  in  1863,  and 
five  years  later  was  elected  to  the  full  professorship 
of  history.  In  1869  he  founded  the  history  semi- 
nary at  Ann  Arbor.  In  1881  he  became  a  non- 
resident professor  of  history  at  Cornell  university, 
and  in  1885  succeeded  Andrew  D.  White  as  its 
president.  He  has  published  papers  and  pamphlets 
on  historical  and  educational  subjects,  and  is  the 
author  of  "  Democracy  and  Monarchy  in  France  " 
(New  York,  1874)  and  a  "  Manual  of  Historical  Lit- 
erature" (New  York,  1882).  He  has  also  edited 
"  Representative  British  Orations "  (3  vols..  New 
York,  1884) ;  and  "  Johnson's  Cyclopedia  "  (1895). 

ADAMS,  Daniel,  author,  b.  in  Townsend,  Mass., 
39  Sept.,  1773 ;  d.  in  Keene,  N.  H.,  8  June,  1864. 
He  was  graduated  at  Dartmouth  college  in  1797, 
studied  medicine,  and  settled  in  Leominster  to 
practise  his  profession.  Here  he  published  an  ora- 
tion on  the  death  of  Washington,  and  began  the 
preparation  of  his  school-books,  including  the 
"  Scholar's  Arithmetic,"  "  Grammar,"  and  "  Under- 
standing Reading,"  which  were  issued  from  his 
own  press.  In  1806  he  removed  to  Boston  and 
opened  a  select  school,  and  also  edited  the  "  Medi- 
cal and  Agricultural  Register."  He  settled  in 
Mount  Vernon  in  1813,  resumed  his  practice,  and 
revised  his  arithmetic,  which  was  then  published 
as  "Adams's  New  Arithmetic."  He  also  edited  a 
newspaper  called  "The  Telescope."  In  1846  he 
settled  in  Keene,  N.  H.,  where  he  spent  the  re- 
mainder of  his  life.  He  was  the  author  of  many 
school-books,  principally  on  mathematics.  From 
1838  till  1840  he  served  as  a  state  senator,  and  he 
was  for  some  time  president  of  the  New  Hamp- 
shire Bible  Society  and  also  of  the  New  Hamp- 
shire Medical  Society. 

ADAMS,  Edwin,  actor,  b.  m  Medlord,  Mass., 
3  Feb.,  1834;  d.  in  Philadelphia,  35  Oct.,  1877.  He 
made  his  debut  39  Aug ,  1853,  at  the  National  thea- 
tre in  Boston,  acting  Stephen  m  '  The  Hunchback." 
In  November  he  appeared  at  the  Howard  athensum 
as  Bernardo  in  "  Hamlet,"  and  thence  he  went  to 
Philadelphia,  where  he  appeared,  30  Sept.,  1854,  as 
Charles   Woodley   in   "The  Soldier's    Daughter." 


14 


ADAMS 


ADAMS 


He  played  also  at  the  St.  Charles  theatre,  Balti- 
more, where  he  achieved  his  first  great  success. 
About  18()0  he  appeared  in  Bufi'alo  as  Hamlet,  and 
subsequently  with  Miss  Kate  Bateman  and  Mr.  J. 
W.  Wallack  at  the  Winter  Garden  in  New  York ; 
and  afterward  in  all  the  principal  cities  in  the 
United  States  as  a  star.  In  1866  he  returned  to 
New  York,  and  in  Wallack's  old  theatre,  the  Broad- 
way, played  Robert  Landry  in  the  "  Dead  Heart," 
and  Adrian  de  Teligny  in  the  "Heretic."  At  the 
opening  of  Booth's  theatre,  3  Feb.,  1867,  he  ap- 
peared as  Mercutio,  and  shortly  afterward  enacted 
Narcisse,  lago,  Raphael,  Rover,  Claude  Melnotte, 
and  Enoch  Arden,  this  last  character  becoming  a 
great  favorite.  He  appeared  with  Edwin  Booth 
during  the  season  of  1869-'70  in  several  of  Shake- 
speare's plays,  then  visited  Australia,  where  his 
health  failed,  and,  returning  to  San  Francisco,  re- 
ceived a  generous  benefit,  27  May,  1876,  followed 
by  others  in  New  York,  Philadelphia,  Boston,  and 
elsewhere.  He  possessed  a  voice  of  wonderful  rich- 
ness, strength,  and  melody,  and  was  regarded  as 
one  of  the  best  light  comedians  on  the  stage.  His 
wife,  a  clever  actress  and  graceful  daiiseuse,  retired 
from  tlie  stage  several  years  ago. 

ADAMS,  Eliphalet,  clergyman,  b.  in  Dedham, 
Mass.,  26  March,  1677;  d.  in  New  London,  Conn.,  4 
Oct.,  1753.  He  was  the  son  of  Rev.  William  Adams, 
the  second  minister  of  Dedham,  Mass.,  was  graduat- 
ed at  Harvard  college  in  1694,  preached  in  various 
places  without  settlement  for  ten  years,  and  in  1709 
was  ordained  a  Congregational  minister  in  New  Lon- 
don, Conn.  He  was  a  man  of  learning,  and  was  an 
eminent  Hebraist.  A  diary  kept  by  him  for  sev- 
eral years  is  preserved  in  the  "  Massachusetts  His- 
torical Collection,"  iv,  1.  Slaving  become  inter- 
ested in  the  welfare  of  the  Lidians  in  the  region, 
he  acquired  their  language.  As  a  preacher  he  was 
popular,  and  various  of  his  sermons  were  deliv- 
ered before  bodies  educational  and  political.  Many 
of  them  were  published,  the  principal  ones  being, 
one  on  the  death  of  Rev.  James  Noyes,  of  Stoning- 
ton,  1706;  election  sermons,  1710  and  1713;  a  dis- 
course occasioned  by  a  storm,  1717;  Thanksgiving 
sermon,  1721 ;  on  the  death  of  Gov.  Saltonstail, 
1724;  on  the  ordination  of  Rev.  William  Gager, 
1725  ;  on  the  ordination  of  Thos.  Clap,  1726,  and  a 
discourse  before  young  men,  1727. 

ADAMS,  Ezra  Eastman,  author,  b.  in  Concord, 
N.  H.,  29  Aug.,  1813;  d.  in  Oxford,  Pa.,  3  Nov., 
1871.  He  was  graduated  at  Dartmouth  college  in 
1836,  and  in  1840  became  chaplain  to  the  seamen  at 
Havre,  France.  After  ten  years  of  assiduous  labor, 
he  made  an  extensive  tour  in  Europe,  and  then  re- 
turned to  America.  In  1854  he  became  pastor  of 
the  Pearl  st.  Congregational  church  in  Nashua,  N. 
H.,  whence  in  1860  he  went  to  Philadelphia  and 
entered  the  service  of  the  foreign  evangelical  so- 
ciety. Soon  afterward  he  took  charge  of  an  enter- 
prise that  developed  into  the  Broad  st.  church  of 
that  city.  From  1867  till  his  death  he  was  pro- 
fessor of  theology  in  Lincoln  university,  near  Ox- 
ford, Pa.,  and  in  1870  he  began  editorial  work  on 
the  "  Presbyterian."     He  wrote  poems  of  merit. 

ADAMS,  Frederick  Whiting,  musician,  b.  in 
Pawlet,  Vt.,  in  1786 ;  d.  in  Montpelier,  Vt.,  17  Dec, 
1858.  He  was  a  good  performer  on  the  violin,  and 
early  turned  his  attention  to  violin-making.  He 
conceived  the  opinion  that  the  superior  tones  of 
the  Amati  and  Stradivarius  instruments  were  due 
to  their  having  been  made  of  old  and  seasoned 
wood,  and  accordingly  he  searched  the  forests  of 
northern  Vermont  and  Canada  for  maple  and  pine, 
taking  his  wood  from  partially  decayed  trees,  and 
constructed  140  violins,  some  of  which  were  re- 


markable for  their  powerful  and  sweet  tones.  He 
was  the  author  of  "  Theological  Criticisms  "  (Mont- 
pelier, 1843). 

ADAMS,  Hannah,  author,  b.  in  Medfield,  Mass., 
in  1755 ;  d.  in  Brookline,  15  Nov.,  1832.  She  was 
the  first  woman  in  America  who  made  literature  a 
profession.  Showing  at  an  early  age  a  fondness 
for  study,  she  acquired  a  fair  knowledge  of  Greek 
and  Latin  from  divinity  students  boarding  with 
her  father,  who  was  himself  a  man  of  literary  tastes. 
He  became  bankrupt  when  she  was  in  her  seven- 
teenth year,  and  she  and  her  brothers  and  sisters 
were  obliged  to  provide  for  themselves.  During 
the  war  of  the  revolution  she  supported  herself  by 
making  lace,  and  afterward  by  teaching.  She  was 
a  woman  of  varied  learning  and  indomitable  perse- 
verance. Her  principal  work  was  a  "  View  of  Re- 
ligious Opinions  "  (1784),  in  which  she  gave  a  com- 
prehensive survey  of  the  various  religions  of  the 
world.  It  was  divided  into :  1.  An  Alphabetical 
Compendium  of  the  Denominations  among  Chris- 
tians ;  2.  A  Brief  Account  of  Paganism,  Moham- 
medanism, Judaism,  and  Deism  ;  3.  An  Account 
of  the  Different  Religions  of  the  World.  The  work 
passed  through  several  editions,  and  was  reprinted 
in  England.  In  the  fourth  edition  she  changed 
the  title  to  "  Dictionary  of  Religions."  She  wrote 
also  a  "  History  of  New  England  "  (1799)  and  "  Evi- 
dences of  Christianity "  (1801).  Her  writings 
brought  her  little  pecuniary  profit,  yet  they  secured 
her  many  friends,  among  them  the  Abbe  Gregoire, 
with  whom  she  carried  on  an  extensive  corre- 
spondence, and  also  received  his  aid  in  preparing 
her  "  History  of  the  Jews "  (1812).  In  1814  she 
published  a  "  Controversy  with  Dr.  Morse,"  and  in 
1826  '•  Letters  on  the  Gospels."  She  was  simple  in 
her  manners  and  of  rare  modesty.  A  voyage  from 
Boston  to  Nahant,  about  ten  miles,  was  her  only 
journey  by  water,  and  a  trip  to  Chelmsford  her 
farthest  by  land.  During  the  closing  years  of  her 
life  she  enjoyed  an  annuity  provided  by  friends  in 
Boston,  and  at  her  death  was  buried  in  Mount  Au- 
burn, the  first  person  whose  body  was  placed  in 
that  cemetery.  Her  autobiography,  edited  with 
additions  by  Mrs.  Hannah  F.  Lee,  was  published 
in  Boston  in  1832. 

ADAMS,  Henry  A.,  Jr.,  naval  officer,  b.  in 
Pennsylvania  in  1833.  He  entered  the  naval  school 
at  Annapolis  in  1849,  and  was  graduated  in  1851 ; 
became  a  passed  midshipman  in  1854,  and  a  master 
the  following  year,  when,  while  attached  to  the 
sloop  of  war  "  Levant,"  he  took  part  in  the  engage- 
ment with  the  forts  at  the  mouth  of  Canton  river, 
China.  He  was  commissioned  as  lieutenant  in 
1856,  and  was  on  the  '•  Brooklyn  "  at  the  passage 
of  forts  St.  Philip  and  Jackson,"  and  the  capture  of 
New  Orleans  in  April,  1862.  Commissioned  as 
lieutenant-commander  and  transferred  to  the  North 
Atlantic  blockading  squadron,  he  participated  in 
both  the  attacks  on  Fort  Fisher,  and  received  the 
encomium  from  Admiral  Porter  in  his  official  de- 
spatch of  28  Jan.,  1865,  "  I  recommend  the  promo- 
tion of  Lieut.-Com.  H.  A.  Adams,  without  whose 
aid  we  should  have  been  brought  to  a  standstill 
more  than  once.  He  volunteered  for  anything  and 
everything."  After  the  taking  of  Richmond  he 
was  one  of  the  party  that  accompanied  President 
Lincoln  on  his  entry  into  the  city.  He  was  com- 
missioned as  commander  in  July,  1866,  and  was 
ordered  to  the  store-ship  "  Guard,"  of  the  European 
squadron,  where  he  remained  during  1868-9,  and 
was  afterward  assigned  to  duty  in  1870  in  the 
navv-vard  at  Philadelphia. 

ADAMS.  Herbert  Baxter,  educator,  b.  in  Am- 
herst, Mass.,  16  April,  1850.     His  early  training 


ADAMS 


ADAMS 


15 


was  in  the  Amherst  schools  and  in  Phillips  Exeter 
academy.  He  was  graduated  at  Amherst  in  1872, 
and  received  the  degree  of  Ph.  D.  at  Heidelberg, 
Germany,  in  187G.  He  was  fellow  in  history  in 
Johns  Hopkins  university  from  1876  to  1878,  asso- 
ciate from  1878  to  1888,  and  was  appointed  asso- 
ciate professor  in  1888.  He  has  been  secretary  of 
the  American  historical  association  since  its  founda- 
tion in  1884.  In  1878  he  went  to  Europe  and  de- 
voted three  years  to  travel  and  study.  His  princi- 
pal writings  are  "  The  Germanic  Origin  of  the  New 
England  Towns  "  ;  "  Saxon  Tithiiig-Men  in  Ameri- 
ca"; "Norman  Constables  in  America":  "Village 
Communities "  ;  "  Methods  of  Historical  Study," 
and  "  Maryland's  Influence  upon  Land  Cessions  to 
the  United  States."  All  these  papers  are  published 
in  the  "Johns  Hopkins  University  Studies  in  His- 
torical and  Political  Science,"  edited  by  Prof. 
Adams,  4  vols.  (Baltimore,  1888-86). 

ADAMS,  Isaac,  inventor,  b.  in  Rochester,  N. 
H.,  in  1808;  d.  in  Sandwich,  N.  H.,  19  July,  1883. 
His  education  was  limited.  At  an  early  age  he 
was  a  factory  operative,  and  afterward  learned  the 
trade  of  cabinet  maker,  but  in  1824  went  to  Boston 
and  sought  work  in  a  machine  shop.  In  1828  he 
invented  the  printing-press  that  bears  his  name. 
It  was  introduced  in  1880,  and  came  into  almost 
universal  use,  being  still  so  popular  as  to  warrant 
its  manufacture  in  more  than  thirty  different  sizes. 
He  improved  it  in  1884,  making  it  substantially 
what  it  now  is.  The  distinctive  feature  of  his 
pi  esses  is  that  the  impression  is  given  by  lifting  a 
fl;:t  bed  with  its  form  against  a  stationary  platen. 
The  sheets  are  fed  by  hand.  He  eiigaged  with  his 
brother  Seth  in  the  manufacture  of  these  and  other 
machines,  and  acquired  a  competency.  He  was  a 
memlier  of  the  Massachusetts  senate  in  1840.  His 
last  years  were  spent  in  retirement. 

ADAMS,  James  Hopkins,  statesman,  b.  in 
South  Carolina  about  1811;  d.  near  Columbia,  S. 
C,  27  July,  1861.  He  was  gi-aduated  at  Yale  in 
1831.  In  1832,  during  the  "  nullification  "  excite- 
ment, he  strongly  opposed  the  nuUifiers  in  the  leg- 
islature. After  serving  in  the  state  senate  for  sev- 
eral sessions,  he  was  elected  governor  for  the  term 
of  1855-'57.  He  was  one  of  the  state  commission- 
ers that  were  chosen,  after  the  ordinance  of  seces- 
sion was  passed,  to  treat  with  the  president  con- 
cerning the  disposition  of  United  States  property 
in  South  Carolina. 

ADAMS,  Jasper,  educator,  b.  in  Medway,  Mass., 
27  Aug.,  171)8;  d.  in  Charleston,  S.  C,  25  Oct., 
1841.  He  was  graduated  at  Bi'own  university  in 
1815,  and  studied  theology  at  Andover.  In  1819 
he  was  chosen  professor  of  mathematics  at  Brown 
university,  and  during  tlie  same  year  was  ordained 
in  the  Protestant  Episcopal  church.  He  became 
president  of  the  college  of  Charleston  in  1824,  and 
of  Geneva,  N.  Y.  (now  Hobart)  college  in  1826. 
Again,  from  1828  to  1836,  he  was  in  chai-ge  of  the 
college  of  Charleston.  He  was  chaplain  and  pro- 
fessor of  geography,  history,  and  ethics  at  West 
Point  from  1888  to  1840,  and  subsequently  was  in 
charge  of  a  seminary  at  Pendleton,  S.  C.  He  pub- 
lished sermons  and  addresses,  and  a  "  Moral  Phi- 
losophy "  (New  York,  1838). 

ADAMS,  John,  clergyman,  b.  1704;  d.  in  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.,  28  Jan..  1740,,  He  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1721,  became  pastor  of  a  church  in 
New[)ort,  K.  I.,  April  11,  1828,  and  afterward  set- 
tled in  Pliiladelphia.  He  was  well  known  as  an 
author  and  linguist,  and  is  described  as  "  master 
of  nine  languages,  and  conversant  with  Greek, 
Latin,  Frenc-li,  and  Spanish  authors."  His  poems 
CBoston,   1745)  include  a  metrical  version  of  the 


Book  of  Revelation.     A  satirical  poem  on  the  love 
of  money  was  published  separately. 

ADAMS,  John,  second  president  of  the  United 
States,  b.  in  that  part  of  the  town  of  Braintree, 
Mass.,  which  has  since  been  set  off  as  tlie  town  of 
Quincy,  30  Oct.,  1785  ;  d.  there,  4  July,  1826.  His 
great-grandfather,  Henry  Adams,  received  a  grant 
of  about  40  acres  of  land  in  Braintree  in  1636,  and 
soon  afterward  emigrated  from  Devonshire,  Eng- 
land, with  his  eight  sons.  John  Adams,  the  subject 
of  this  sketch,  was  the  eldest  son  of  John  Adams 
and  Susanna  Boylston,  daughter  of  Peter  Boylston, 
of  Brookline.  His  father,  one  of  the  selectmen  of 
Braintree  and  a  deacon  of  the  church,  was  a  thrif- 
ty farmer,  and  at  his  death  in  1760  his  estate  was 
appraised  at  £1,380  9s.  6d.,  which  in  those  days 
might  have  been  regarded  as  a  moderate  competence. 
It  was  the  custom  of  the  family  to  send  the  eldest 


son  to  college,  and  accordingly  John  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  in  1755.  Previous  to  1773  the  gradu- 
ates of  Harvard  were  arranged  in  lists,  not  alpha- 
betically or  in  order  of  merit,  but  according  to  the 
social  standing  of  their  parents.  In  a  class  of 
twenty-four  members  John  thus  stood  fourteenth. 
One  of  his  classmates  was  John  Wentworth,  after- 
ward royal  governor  of  New  Hampshire,  and  then 
of  Nova  Scotia.  After  taking  his  degree  and  while 
waiting  to  make  his  choice  of  a  profession,  Adams 
took  charge  of  the  grammar  school  at  Worcester. 
It  was  the  year  of  Braddock's  defeat,  when  the 
smouldering  fires  of  a  century  of  rivalry  between 
France  and  England  broke  out  in  a  blaze  of  war 
which  was  forever  to  settle  the  question  of  the  pri- 
macy of  the  English  race  in  the  modern  world. 
Adams  took  an  intense  interest  in  the  struggle,  and 
predicted  that  if  we  could  only  drive  out  "  these 
turbulent  Gallics,"  our  numbers  would  in  another 
century  exceed  those  of  the  British,  and  all  Eu- 
rope would  be  unable  to  subdue  us.  In  sending 
him  to  college  his  family  seem  to  have  hoped  that 
he  would  become  a  clergyman  ;  but  he  soon  found 
himself  too  much  of  a  free  thinker  to  feel  at  home 
in  the  pulpit  of  that  day.  When  accused  of  Ar- 
minianism,  he  cheerfully  admitted  the  charge. 
Later  in  life  he  was  sometimes  called  a  Unitarian, 
but  of  dogmatic  Christianity  he  seems  to  have  had 
as  little  as  Franklin  or  Jefferson,  "  Where  do  we 
find,"  he  asks,  "a  precept  in  the  gospel  requiring 
ecclesiastical  synods,  convocations,  councils,  de- 
crees, creeds,  confessions,  oaths,  subscriptions,  and 
whole  cart-loads  of  other  trumpery  that  we  find  re- 
ligion encumbered  with  in  these  days  f  "  In  this 
mood  he  turned  from  the  ministry  and  began  the 
study  of  law  at  Worcester,  There  was  then  a 
strong  prejudice  against  lawyers  in  New  England, 
but  the  profession  throve  lustily  nevertheless,  so 
litigious  were  the  peoj)le.  In  1758  Adams  began 
the  practice  of  his  profession  in  Suffolk  co.,  having 


16 


ADAMS 


ADAMS 


his  residence  in  Braintree.  In  1764  he  was  married 
to  Abigail  Smith,  of  Weymouth,  a  lady  of  social 
position  higher  than  his  own  and  endowed  with 
most  rare  and  admirable  qualities  of  head  and 
heart.  In  this  same  year  the  agitation  over  the 
proposed  stamp  act  was  begun,  and  on  the  burn- 
ing questions  raised  by  this  ill-considered  measure 
Adams  had  already  taken  sides.  When  James 
Otis  in  1761  delivered  his  memorable  argument 
against  writs  of  assistance,  John  Adams  was  pres- 
ent in  the  court-room,  and  the  fiery  eloquence  of 
Otis  wrought  a  wonderful  effect  upon  him.  As 
his  son  afterward  said,  "  it  was  like  the  oath  of 
Hamilcar  administered  to  Hannibal."  In  his  old 
age  John  Adams  wrote,  with  reference  to  this  scene, 
"Every  man  of  an  immense  crowded  audience  ap- 
peared to  me  to  go  away,  as  I  did,  ready  to  take 
arms  against  writs  of  assistance.     Then  and  there 

was  the  first  scene 
_,  .^..^  of  the  first  act  of 

opposition  to  the 
arbitrary  claims 
of  Great  Britain. 
Then  and  there 
the  child  Inde- 
pendence was 
born."  When  the 
stamp  act  was 
passed,  in  1765, 
Adams  took  a 
prominent  part  in 
a  town-meeting  at 
Braintree,  where 
he  presented  reso- 
lutions which  were 
adoj)ted  word  for 
word  by  more 
than  forty  towns 
in  Massachusetts. 
The  people  re- 
fused to  make  use 
of  stamps,  and 
the  business  of  the  inferior  courts  was  carried 
on  without  them,  judges  and  lawyers  agreeing  to 
connive  at  the  absence  of  the  stamps.  In  the 
supreme  court,  however,  where  Thomas  Hutchin- 
son was  chief  justice,  the  judges  refused  to  trans- 
act any  business  without  stamps.  This  threatened 
serious  interruption  to  business,  and  the  town  of 
Boston  addressed  a  memorial  to  the  governor  and 
council,  praying  that  the  supreme  court  might 
overlook  the  absence  of  stamps.  John  Adams  was 
unexpectedly  chosen,  along  with  Jeremiah  Gridley 
and  James  Otis,  as  counsel  for  the  town,  to  argue 
the  case  in  favor  of  the  memorial.  Adams  deliv- 
ered the  opening  argument,  and  took  the  decisive 
ground  that  the  stamp  act  was  ipso  facto  null  and 
void,  since  it  was  a  ineasure  of  taxation  which  the 
people  of  the  colony  had  taken  no  share  in  passing. 
No  such  measure,  he  declared,  could  be  held  as 
binding  in  America,  and  parliament  had  no  right 
to  tax  the  colonies.  The  governor  and  council  re- 
fused to  act  in  the  matter,  but  presently  the  repeal 
of  the  stamp  act  put  an  end  to  the  disturbance  for 
a  while.  About  this  time  Mr.  Adams  began  writ- 
ing articles  for  the  Boston  "  Gazette."  Four  of 
these  articles,  dealing  with  the  constitutional  rights 
of  the  people  of  New  England,  were  afterward  re- 
published under  the  somewhat  curious  title  of  "  An 
Essay  on  the  Canon  and  Feudal  Law."  After  ten 
years  of  practice,  Mr.  Adams's  business  had  be- 
come quite  extensive,  and  in  1768  he  moved  into 
Boston.  The  attorney  -  general  of  Massachusetts, 
Jonathan  Sewall,  now  offered  him  the  lucrative 
office  of  advocate-general  in  the  court  of  admiralty. 


Jmi.^daTnj 


This  was  intended  to  operate  as  an  indirect  bribe 
by  putting  Mr.  Adams  into  a  position  in  which  he 
could  not  feel  free  to  oppose  the  policy  of  the 
crown  ;  such  insidious  methods  were  systematically 
pursued  by  Gov.  Bernard,  and  after  him  by  Hutch- 
inson.   But  Mr.  Adams  was  too  wary  to  swallow  the 
bait,  and  he  stubbornly  refused  the  pressing  offer. 
In  1770  came  the  first  in  the  series  of  great  acts 
that  made  Mr.  Adams's  career  illustrious.     In  the 
midst  of  the  terrible  excitement  aroused  by  the 
"  Boston  Massacre  "  he  served  as  counsel  for  Capt. 
Preston  and  his  seven  soldiers  when   they  were 
tried  for  murder.     His  friend  and  kinsman,  Josiah 
Quincy,  assisted  him  in  this  invidious  task.     The 
trial  was  judiciously  postponed  for  seven  months 
until  the  popular  fury  had  abated.     Preston  and 
five  soldiers  were  acquitted  ;  the  other  two  soldiers 
were  found  guilty  of  manslaughter,  and  were  bar- 
barously branded   on   the   hand  with   a  hot  iron. 
The  verdict  seems  to  have  been  strictly  just  accord- 
ing to  the  evidence  presented.     For  his  services  to 
his  eight  clients  Mr.  Adams  received  a  fee  of  nine- 
teen guineas,  but  never  got  so  much  as  a  word  of 
thanks  from  the  churlish  Preston.     An  ordinary 
American  politician  would  have  shrunk  from  the 
task  of  defending  these  men,  for  fear  of  losing  fa- 
vor with  the  people.     The  course  pursued  by  Mr. 
Adams  showed  great  moral  courage ;  and  the  peo- 
ple of  Boston  proved  themselves  able  to  appreciate 
true  manliness  by  electing  him  as  representative  to 
the  legislature.     This  was  in  June,  1770,  after  he 
had  undertaken  the  case  of  the  soldiers,  but  before 
the  trial.     Mr.   Adams  now  speedily  became  the 
principal  legal  adviser  of  the  patriot  party,  and 
among  its  foremost  leaders  was  only  less  conspicu- 
ous than  Samuel  Adams,   Hancock,  and  Warren. 
In  all  matters  of  legal  controversy  between  these 
leaders  and  Gov.  Hutchinson  his  advice  proved  in- 
valuable.    During  the  next   two  years  there  was 
something  of  a  lull  in  the  political  excitement ;  Mr. 
Adams  resigned  his  place  in  the  legislature  and 
moved  his  residence  to  Braintree,  still  keeping  his 
office  in  Boston.     In  the  summer  of  1772  the  Brit- 
ish government  ventured  upon  an  act  that  went 
further  than   anything   which   had   yet   occurred 
toward  driving  the  colonies  into  rebellion.     It  was 
ordered  that  all  the  Massachusetts  judges  holding 
their   places  during   the    king's    pleasure   should 
henceforth  have  their  salaries  paid  by  the  crown 
and  not  by  the  colony.     This  act,  which  aimed  di- 
rectly at  the  independence  of  the  judiciary,  aroused 
intense  indignation,  not  only  in  Massachiisefts,  but 
in   the   other  colonies,  which   felt   their   liberties 
threatened  by  such  a  measure.     It  called  forth  from 
Mr.  Adams  a  series   of   powerful   articles,  which 
have  been   republished   in   the  3d  volume  of  his 
collected  works.     About  this  time  he  was  chosen  a 
member  of  the  council,  but  the  choice  was  nega- 
tived by  Gov.  Hutchinson.     The  five  acts  of  par- 
liament in  April,  1774,  including  the  regulating 
act  and  the  Boston  port  bill,  led  to  the  calling  of 
the  first  continental  congress,  to  which  Mr.  Adams 
was  chosen  as  one  of  the  five  delegates  from  Massa- 
chusetts.    The  resolutions  passed  by  this  congress 
on  the  subject  of  colonial  rights  were  drafted  by 
him,  and  his  diary  and  letters  contain  a  vivid  ac- 
count of  some  of  the  proceedings.     On  his  return 
to  Braintree  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  revo- 
lutionary   provincial   congress   of    Massachusetts, 
then   assembled  at  Concord.     This  revolutionary 
bodj  had  already  seized  the  revenues  of  the  colony, 
appointed  a  committee  of  safety,  and  begun  to  or- 
ganize an  army  and  collect  arms  and  ammunition. 
During  the  following  winter  the  views  of  the  loyal- 
ist party  were  set  forth  with  great  ability  and  elo- 


ADAMS 


ADAMS 


17 


quence  in  a  series  of  newspaper  articles  by  Daniel 
Leonard,  under  the  signature  of  "  Massachusetten- 
sis."  He  was  answered  most  effectively  by  Mr.  Ad- 
ams, whose  articles,  signed  "  Novanglus,"  appeared 
weekly  in  the  Boston  "  Gazette  "  until  the  battle  of 
Lexington.  The  last  of  these  articles,  which  was 
actually  in  type  in  that  wild  week,  was  not  pub- 
lished. The  series,  which  has  been  reprinted  in 
the  4th  volume  of  Mr.  Adams's  works,  contains  a 
valuable  review  of  the  policy  of  Bernard  and 
Hutchinson,  and  a  powerful  statement  of  the  rights 
of  the  colonies. 

In  the  second  continental  congress,  which  assem- 
bled on  May  10,  Mr.  Adams  played  a  very  im- 
portant part.  Of  all  the  delegates  present  he  was 
probably  the  only  one,  except  his  cousin,  Samuel 
Adams,  who  was  convinced  that  matters  had  gone 
too  far  for  any  reconciliation  with  the  mother 
country,  and  that  there  was  no  use  in  sending  any 
more  petitions  to  the  king.  As  there  was  a  strong 
prejudice  against  Massachusetts  on  the  part  of  the 
middle  and  southern  colonies,  it  was  desirable  that 
her  delegates  should  avoid  all  appearance  of  undue 
haste  in  precipitating  an  armed  conflict.  Never- 
theless, the  circumstances  under  which  an  army  of 
16,000  New  England  men  had  been  gathered  to  be- 
siege the  British  in  Boston  were  such  as  to  make  it 
seem  advisable  for  the  congress  to  adopt  it  as  a 
continental  army ;  and  here  John  Adams  did  the 
second  notable  deed  of  his  career.  He  proposed 
Washington  for  the  chief  command  of  this  array, 
and  thus,  by  putting  Virginia  in  the  foreground, 
succeeded  in  committing  that  great  colony  to  a 
course  of  action  calculated  to  end  in  independence. 
This  move  not  only  put  the  army  in  charge  of  the 
only  commander  capable  of  winning  independence 
for  the  American  people  in  the  field,  but  its  politi- 
cal importance  was  great  and  obvious.  Afterward 
in  some  dark  moments  of  the  revolutionary  war, 
Mr.  Adams  seems  almost  to  have  regretted  his 
part  in  this  selection  of  a  commander.  He  under- 
stood little  or  nothing  of  military  affairs,  and  was 
incapable  of  appreciating  Washington's  transcend- 
ent ability.  The  results  of  the  war,  however,  justi- 
fied in  every  respect  his  action  in  the  second  conti- 
nental congress. 

During  the  summer  recess  taken  by  congress 
Mr.  Adams  sat  as  a  member  of  the  Massachusetts 
council,  which  declared  the  office  of  governor  va- 
cant and  assumed  executive  authority.  Under  the 
new  provisional  government  of  Massachusetts,  Mr. 
Adams  was  made  chief  justice,' but  never  took  his 
seat,  as  continental  affairs  more  pressingly  de- 
manded his  attention.  He  was  always  loquacious, 
often  too  ready  to  express  his  opinions,  whether 
with  tongue  or  pen,  and  this  trait  got  him  more 
than  once  into  trouble,  especially  as  he  was  inclined 
to  be  sharp  and  censorious.  For  John  Dickinson, 
the  leader  of  the  moderate  and  temporizing  party 
in  congress,  who  had  just  prevailed  upon  that  body 
to  send  another  petition  to  the  king,  he  seems  to 
have  entertained  at  this  time  no  very  high  regard, 
and  he  gave  vent  to  some  contemptuous  expressions 
in  a  confidential  letter,  which  was  captured  by  the 
British  and  published.  This  led  to  a  quarrel  with 
Dickinson,  and  made  Mr.  Adams  very  unpopular 
in  Philadelphia.  When  congress  reassembled  in 
the  autumn,  Mr.  Adams,  as  member  of  a  commit- 
tee for  fitting  out  cruisers,  drew  up  a  body  of  regu- 
lations, which  came  to  form  the  basis  of  the  Ameri- 
can naval  code.  The  royal  governor.  Sir  John 
Wentworth,  fled  from  New  Hampshire  about  this 
time,  and  the  people  sought  the  advice  of  congress 
as  to  the  form  of  government  which  it  should  seem 
most  advisable   to    adopt.      Similar   applications 


presently  came  from  South  Carolina  and  Virginia. 
Mr.  Adams  prevailed  upon  congress  to  recommend 
to  these  colonies  to  form  for  themselves  new  gov- 
ernments based  entirely  upon  popular  suffrage ; 
and  about  the  same  time  he  published  a  pamphlet 
entitled  "  Thoughts  on  Govei'nment,  Applicable  to 
the  Present  State  of  the  American  Colonies."  By 
the  spring  of  1776  the  popular  feeling  had  become 
so  strongly  inclined  toward  independence  that,  on 
the  15th  of  May,  Mr.  Adams  was  able  to  carry 
through  congress  a  resolution  that  all  the  colonies 
should  be  invited  to  form  independent  govern- 
ments. In  the  pi'eamble  to  this  resolution  it  was 
declared  that  the  American  people  could  no  longer 
conscientiously  take  oath  to  support  any  govern- 
ment deriving  its  authority  from  the  crown ;  all 
such  governments  must  now  be  suppressed,  since 
the  king  had  withdrawn  his  protection  from  the 
inhabitants  of  the  united  colonies.  Like  the  fa- 
mous preamble  to  Townshend's  act  of  1767,  this 
Adams  preamble  contained  within  itself  the  gist  of 
the  whole  matter.  To  adopt  it  was  to  cross  the 
Rubicon,  and  it  gave  rise  to  a  hot  debate  in  con- 
gress. Against  the  opposition  of  most  of  the  dele- 
gates from  the  middle  states  the  resolution  was 
finally  carried;  "and  now,"  exclaimed  Mr.  Adams, 
"  the  Gordian  knot  is  cut."  Events  came  quickly 
to  maturity.  On  the  7th  of  June  the  declaration 
of  independence  was  moved  by  Richard  Henry 
Lee,  of  Virginia,  and  seconded  by  John  Adams. 
The  motion  was  allowed  to  lie  on  the  table  for 
three  weeks,  in  order  to  hear  from  the  colonies  of 
Comiecticut,  New  Hampshire,  New  Jersey,  Penn- 
sylvania, Delaware,  Maryland,  and  New  York, 
which  had  not  yet  declared  their  position  with  re- 
gard to  independence.  Meanwhile  three  commit- 
tees were  appointed,  one  on  a  declaration  of  inde- 
pendence, a  second  on  confederation,  and  a  third 
on  foreign  relations  ;  and  Mr.  Adams  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  first  and  third  of  these  committees.  On 
the  1st  of  July  Mr.  Lee's  motion  was  taken  up  by 
congress  sitting  as  a  committee  of  the  whole ;  and 
as  Mr.  Lee  was  absent,  the  task  of  defending  it  de- 
volved upon  Mr.  Adams,  who,  as  usual,  was  op- 
posed by  Dickinson.  Adams's  speech  on  that  occa- 
sion was  probably  the  finest  he  ever  delivered. 
Jefferson  called  him  "  the  colossus  of  that  debate"  ; 
and  indeed  his  labors  in  bringing  about  the  decla- 
ration of  independence  must  be  considered  as  the 
third  signal  event  of  his  career. 

On  the  12th  of  June  congress  established  a 
board  of  war  and  ordnance,  with  Mr.  Adams  for  its 
chairman,  and  he  discharged  the  arduous  duties  of 
this  office  until  after  the  surrender  of  Burgoyne. 
After  the  battle  of  Long  Island,  Lord  Howe  sent 
the  captured  Gen.  Sullivan  to  Philadelphia,  solicit- 
ing a  conference  with  some  of  the  members  of  the 
congress.  Adams  opposed  the  conference,  and 
with  characteristic  petulance  alluded  to  the  unfor- 
tunate Sullivan  as  a  decoy  duck  who  had  much 
better  have  been  shot  in  the  battle  than  sent  on 
such  a  business.  Congress,  however,  consented  to 
the  conference,  and  Adams  was  chosen  as  a  com- 
missioner, along  with  Franklin  and  Rutledge. 
Toward  the  end  of  the  year  1777  Mr.  Adams  was 
appointed  to  supersede  Silas  Deane  as  commissioner 
to  France.  He  sailed  12  Feb.,  1778,  in  the  frigate 
"  Boston,"  and  after  a  stormy  passage,  in  which  he 
ran  no  little  risk  of  capture  by  British  cruisers,  he 
landed  at  Bordeaux,  and  reached  Paris  on  the  8th 
of  April.  Long  before  his  arrival  the  alliance  with 
France  had  been  consummated.  He  found  a 
wretched  state  of  things  in  Paris,  our  three  com- 
missioners there  at  loggerheads,  one  of  them  dab- 
bling in  the  British  funds  and  making  a  fortune 


18 


ADAMS 


ADAMS 


by  privateering,  while  the  public  accounts  were 
kept  in  the  laxest  manner.  All  sorts  of  agents 
were  drawing  bills  upon  tlie  United  States,  and 
commanders  of  war  vessels  were  setting  up  their 
claims  for  expenses  and  supplies  that  had  never 
been  ordered.  Mr.  Adams,  whose  habits  of  busi- 
ness were  extremely  strict  and  methodical,  was 
shocked  at  this  confusion,  and  he  took  hold  of  the 
matter  with  such  vigor  as  to  put  an  end  to  it.  He 
also  recommended  that  the  representation  of  the 
United  States  at  the  French  court  should  be  in- 
trusted to  a  single  minister  instead  of  three  com- 
missioners. As  a  result  of  this  advice,  Franklin 
was  retained  at  Paris,  Arthur  Lee  was  sent  to  Mad- 
rid, and  Adams,  being  left  without  any  instruc- 
tions, returned  to  America,  reaching  Boston  2 
Aug.,  1779.  He  came  home  with  a  curious 
theory  of  the  decadence  of  Great  Britain,  which 
he  had  learned  in  France,  and  which  serves  well 
to  illustrate  the  mood  in  which  France  had  under- 
taken to  assist  the  United  States.  England,  he 
said,  "  loses  every  day  her  consideration,  and  runs 
toward  her  ruin.  Her  riches,  in  which  her  power 
consisted,  she  has  lost  with  us  and  never  can  re- 
gain. She  resembles  the  melancholy  sj)ectacle  of 
a  great,  wide-spreading  tree  that  has  been  girdled 
at  the  root."  Such  absurd  notions  were  quite 
commonly  entertained  at  that  time  on  the  conti- 
nent of  Europe,  and  such  calamities  were  seriously 
dreaded  by  many  Englishman  in  the  event  of  the 
success  of  the  Americans. 

Immediately  on  reaching  home  Mr.  Adams  was 
chosen  delegate  from  Braintree  to  the  convention 
for  framing  a  new  constitvition  for  Massachusetts ; 
but  before  the  work  of  the  convention  was  finished 
he  was  appointed  commissioner  to  treat  for  peace 
with  Great  Britain,  and  sailed  for  France  in  the 
same  FreTich  frigate  in  which  he  had  come  home. 
But  Lord  North's  government  was  not  ready  to 
make  peace,  and,  moreover.  Count  Vergennes  con- 
trived to  prevent  Adams  from  making  any  official 
communication  to  Great  Britain  of  the  extent  of 
his  powers.  During  Adams's  stay  in  Paris  a  mu- 
tual dislike  and  distrust  grew  up  between  himself 
and  Vergennes.  The  latter  feared  that  if  negotia- 
tions were  to  begin  between  the  British  govern- 
ment and  the  United  States,  they  might  lead  to  a 
reconciliation  and  reunion  of  the  two  branches 
of  the  English  race,  and  thus  ward  off  that  decad- 
ence of  England  for  which  France  was  so  eagerly 
hoping.  On  the  other  hand,  Adams  quite  correctly 
believed  that  it  was  the  intention  of  Vergennes  to 
sacrifice  the  interests  of  the  Americans,  especially 
as  concerned  with  the  Newfoundland  fisheries  and 
the  territory  between  the  AUeghanies  and  the  Mis- 
sissippi, in  favor  of  Spain,  with  which  country 
France  was  then  in  close  alliance.  Americans  must 
always  owe  a  debt  of  gratitude  to  Mr.  Adams  for 
the  clear-sightedness  with  which  he  thus  read  the 
designs  of  Vergennes  and  estimated  at  its  true 
value  the  purely  selfish  intervention  of  France  in 
behalf  of  the  United  States.  This  clearness  of  in- 
sight was  soon  to  bear  good  fruit  in  the  manage- 
ment of  the  treaty  of  1783.  For  the  present, 
Adams  found  himself  uncomfortable  in  Paris,  as 
his  too  ready  tongue  wrought  uni)leasantness  both 
with  Vergennes  and  with  Franklin,  who  was  too 
much  under  the  French  minister's  influence.  On 
his  first  arrival  in  Paris,  society  there  had  been 
greatly  excited  about  him,  as  it  was  supposed  that 
he  was  "the  famous  Mr.  Adams"  who  had  ordered 
the  British  troops  out  of  Boston  in  March,  1770, 
and  had  thrown  down  the  glove  of  defiance  to 
George  IIL  on  the  great  day  of  the  Boston  tea- 
party.     When  he  explained  that  he  was  only  a 


cousin  of  that  grand  and  picturesque  personage, 
he  found  that  fashionable  society  thenceforth  took 
less  intciest  in  him. 

In  the  summer  of  1780  Mr.  Adams  was  charged 
by  congress  with  the  business  of  negotiating  a 
Dutch  loan.  In  order  to  give  the  good  people  of 
Holland  some  correct  ideas  as  to  American  affairs, 
he  published  a  number  of  articles  in  the  Leyden 
"Gazette  "and  in  a  magazine  entitled  "La  poli- 
tique hoUandaise  "  ;  also  "  Twenty-six  Letters  upon 
Interesting  Subjects  respecting  the  Revolution  in 
America."  now  reprinted  in  the  7th  volume  of  his 
works.  Soon  after  Adams's  arrival  in  Holland, 
England  dsclared  war  against  the  Dutch,  ostensi- 
bly because  of  a  proposed  treaty  of  commerce  with 
the  United  States  in  which  the  burgomaster  of 
Amsterdam  was  implicated  with  Henry  Laurens, 
but  really  because  Holland  had  joined  the  league 
headed  by  the  empress  Catharine  of  Russia,  de- 
signed to  protect  the  commerce  of  neutral  nations 
and  known  as  the  armed  neutrality.  Laurens  had 
been  sent  out  by  congress  as  minister  to  Holland  ; 
but,  as  he  had  been  captured  by  a  British  cruiser 
and  taken  to  the  tower  of  London,  Mr.  Adams  was 
appointed  minister  in  his  place.  His  first  duty 
was  to  sign,  as  representing  the  United  States,  the 
articles  of  the  armed  neutrality.  Before  he  had 
got  any  further,  indeed  before  he  had  been  recog- 
nized as  minister  by  the  Dutch  government,  he  was 
called  back  to  Paris,  in  July,  1781,  in  order  to  be 
ready  to  enter  upon  negotiations  for  peace  with 
the  British  government.  Russia  and  Austria  had 
volunteered  their  services  as  mediators  between 
George  III.  and  the  Americans;  but  Lord  North's 
govermnent  rejected  the  offer,  so  that  Mr.  Adams 
had  his  journey  for  nothing,  and  presently  went 
back  to  Holland.  His  first  and  most  arduous  task 
was  to  persuade  the  Dutch  government  to  recog- 
nize him  as  minister  from  the  independent  United 
States.  In  this  he  was  covertly  opposed  by  Ver- 
gennes, who  wished  the  Americans  to  feel  exclu- 
sively dependent  upon  France,  and  to  have  no 
other  friendships  or  alliances.  From  first  to  last 
the  aid  extended  by  France  to  the  Americans  in 
the  revolutionary  war  was  purely  selfish.  That 
despotic  government  wished  no  good  to  a  people 
struggling  to  preserve  the  immemorial  principles 
of  English  liberty,  and  the  policy  of  Vergennes 
was  to  extend  just  enough  aid  to  us  to  enable  us  to 
prolong  the  war.  so  that  colonies  and  mother  coim- 
try  might  alike  be  weakened.  When  he  pretended 
to  be  the  disinterested  friend  of  the  Americans,  he 
professed  to  be  under  the  influence  of  sentiments 
that  he  did  not  really  feel ;  and  he  thus  succeeded 
in  winning  from  congress  a  confldence  to  which  he 
was  in  no  wise  entitled.  But  he  could  not  hood- 
wink John  Adams,  who  wrote  home  that  the  duke 
de  la  Vauguyon,  the  French  ambassador  at  the 
Hague,  was  doing  everything  in  his  power  to  ob- 
struct the  progress  of  the  negotiations ;  and  in 
this,  Adams  correctly  inferred,  he  was  acting  un- 
der secret  instructions  from  Vergennes.  As  a  di- 
plomatist Adams  was  in  a  certain  sense  Napole- 
onic; he  introduced  new  and  strange  methods  of 
warfare,  which  disconcerted  the  perfidious  in- 
triguers of  the  old  school,  of  which  Vergennes  and 
Talleyrand  were  typical  examples.  Instead  of 
beating  about  the  biish  and  seeking  to  foil  trickery 
by  trickery  (a  business  in  which  the  wily  French- 
man would  doubtless  have  proved  more  than  his 
match),  he  went  straight  to  the  duke  de  la  Vau- 
guyon and  bluntly  told  him  that  he  saw  plainly 
what  he  was  up  to,  and  that  it  was  of  no  use,  since 
"  no  advice  of  his  or  of  the  count  de  Vergennes, 
nor  even  a  requisition  from  the  king,  should  re- 


ADAMS 


ADAMS 


19 


strain  me."  The  duke  saw  that  Adams  meant  ex- 
actly what  he  said,  and,  finding  that  it  was  useless 
to  oppose  the  negotiations,  "  fell  in  with  me,  in 
order  to  give  the  air  of  French  influence  "  to  them. 
Events  worked  steadily  and  rapidly  in  Adams's 
favor.  The  plunder  of  St.  Eustatius  early  in  1781 
had  raised  the  wrath  of  the  Dutch  against  Great 
Britain  to  fever  heat.  In  November  came  tidings 
of  the  surrender  of  Lord  Cornwallis.  By  this  time 
Adams  had  published  so  many  articles  as  to  have 
given  the  Dutch  some  idea  as  to  what  sort  of  peo- 
ple the  Americans  were.  He  had  some  months 
before  presented  a  petition  to  the  states  general, 
asking  them  to  recognize  him  as  minister  from  an 
independent  nation.  With  his  wonted  boldness  he 
now  demanded  a  plain  and  unambiguous  answer 
to  this  petition,  and  followed  up  the  demand  by 
visiting  the  representatives  of  the  several  cities  in 
person  and  arguing  his  case.  As  the  reward  of 
this  persistent  energy,  Mr.  Adams  had  the  pleasure 
of  seeing  the  independence  of  the  United  States 
formally  recognized  by  Holland  on  the  19th  of 
April,  1782.  This  success  was  vigorously  followed 
up.  A  Dutch  loan  of  $2,000,000  was  soon  negoti- 
ated, and  on  the  7th  of  October  a  treaty  of  amity 
and  commerce,  the  second  which  was  ratified  with 
the  United  States  as  an  independent  nation,  was 
signed  at  the  Hague.  This  work  in  Holland  was 
the  fourth  signal  event  in  John  Adams's  career, 
and,  in  view  of  the  many  obstacles  overcome,  he 
was  liimself  in  the  habit  of  referring  to  it  as  the 
greatest  triumph  of  his  life.  "  One  thing,  thank 
God !  is  certain,"  he  wrote ;  "  I  have  planted  the 
American  standard  at  the  Hague.  There  let  it  wave 
-and  fly  in  triumph  over  Sir  Joseph  Yorke  and 
Britisli  pride.  I  shall  look  down  upon  the  flag- 
staff with  pleasure  from  the  other  world." 

Mr.  Adams  had  hardly  time  to  finish  this  work 
when  his  presence  was  recjuired  in  Paris.  Negoti- 
ations for  peace  with  Great  Britain  had  begun 
some  time  before  in  conversations  between  Fi-ank- 
lin  and  Richard  Oswald,  a  gentleman  whom  Lord 
Shelburne  had  sent  to  Paris  for  the  purpose.  One 
British  ministry  had  already  been  wrecked  through 
these  negotiations,  and  affairs  had  dragged  along 
slowly  amid  endless  difficulties.  The  situation  was 
■one  of  the  most  complicated  in  the  history  of  di- 
plomacy. France  was  in  alliance  at  once  with 
Spain  and  with  the  United  States,  and  her  treaty 
obligations  to  the  one  were  in  some  respects  incon- 
sistent with  her  treaty  obligations  to  the  other. 
The  feeling  of  Spain  toward  the  United  States  was 
intensely  hostile,  and  the  French  government  was 
much  more  in  sympathy  with  the  former  than  with 
the  latter.  On  the  other  hand,  the  new  British  gov- 
ernment was  not  ill-disposed  toward  the  Americans, 
and  was  extremely  ready  to  make  liberal  conces- 
sions to  them  for  the  sake  of  thwarting  the  schemes 
of  France.  In  the  background  stood  George  III., 
surly  and  irreconcilable,  hoping  that  the  negoti- 
ations would  fail ;  and  amid  these  difficulties  they 
doubtless  would  have  failed  had  not  all  the  parties 
by  this  time  had  a  surfeit  of  bloodshed.  The  de- 
signs of  the  French  government  were  first  sus- 
pected by  John  Jay,  soon  after  his  arrival  in  Paris. 
He  found  that  Vergennes  was  sending  a  secret 
emissary  to  Lord  Shelburne  under  an  assumed 
name ;  he  ascertained  that  the  right  of  the  United 
States  to  the  Mississippi  valley  was  to  be  denied  ; 
and  he  got  hold  of  a  despatch  from  Marbois,  the 
French  secretary  of  legation  at  Philadelphia,  to 
Vergennes,  opposing  the  American  claim  to  the 
Newfoundland  fisheries.  As  soon  as  Jay  learned 
these  facts  he  proceeded,  without  the  knowledge 
■of  Franklin,  to  take  steps  toward  a  separate  nego- 


tiation between  Great  Britain  and  the  United 
States.  When  Adams  arrived  in  Paris,  Oct.  26,  he 
coincided  with  Jay's  views,  and  the  two  together 
overruled  Franklin.  Mr.  Adams's  behavior  at  this 
time  was  quite  characteristic.  It  is  said  that  he 
left  Vergennes  to  learn  of  his  arrival  through  the 
newspapers.  It  was  certainly  some  time  before  he 
called  upon  him,  and  he  took  occasion,  besides,  to 
express  his  opinions  about  republics  and  monar- 
chies in  terms  that  courtly  Frenchman  thought  very 
rude.  Adams  agreed  with  Jay  that  Vergennes 
should  be  kept  as  far  as  possible  in  the  dark  un- 
til everything  was  completed,  and  so  the  negoti- 
ation with  Great  Britain  went  on  separately.  The 
annals  of  modern  diplomacy  have  afforded  few 
stranger  spectacles.  With  the  indispensable  aid 
of  France  we  had  just  got  the  better  of  England 
in  fight,  and  now  we  proceeded  amicably  to  divide 
territory  and  commercial  privileges  with  the  ene- 
my, and  to  make  arrangements  in  which  our  not 
too  friendly  ally  was  virtually  ignored.  In  this 
way  the  United  States  secured  the  Mississippi  val- 
ley, and  a  share  in  the  Newfoundland  fisheries,  not 
as  a  privilege  but  as  a  right,  the  latter  result  be- 
ing mainly  due  to  the  persistence  of  Mr.  Adams. 
The  point  upon  which  the  British  commissioners 
most  strongly  insisted  was  the  compensation  of 
the  American  loyalists  for  the  hardships  they  had 
suffered  during  the  war;  but  this  the  American 
commissioners  resolutely  refused.  The  most  they 
could  be  prevailed  upon  to  allow  was  the  insertion 
in  the  treaty  of  a  clause  to  the  effect  that  congress 
should  recommend  to  the  several  state  governments 
to  reconsider  their  laws  against  the  tories  and  to 
give  these  unfortunate  persons  a  chance  to  recover 
their  property.  In  the  treaty,  as  finally  arranged, 
all  the  disputed  points  were  settled  in  favor  of  the 
Americans :  and,  the  United  States  being  thus  vir- 
tually detached  from  the  alliance,  the  British  gov- 
ernment was  enabled  to  turn  a  deaf  ear  to  the  de- 
mands of  France  and  Spain  for  the  surrender  of 
Gibraltar.  Vergennes  was  outgeneralled  at  every 
turn.  On  the  part  of  the  Americans  the  treaty  of 
1783  deserves  to  be  ranked  as  one  of  the  most  brill- 
iant triumphs  of  modern  diplomacy.  Its  success 
was  about  equally  due  to  Adams  and  to  Jay,  whose 
courage  in  the  affair  was  equal  to  their  skill,  for 
they  took  it  upon  themselves  to  disregard  the  ex- 
plicit instructions  of  congress.  Ever  since  March, 
1781,  Vergennes  had  been  intriguing  with  congress 
through  his  minister  at  Philadelphia,  the  chevalier 
de  la  Luzerne.  First  he  had  tried  to  get  Mr.  Ad- 
ams recalled  to  America.  Failing  in  this,  he  had 
played  his  part  with  such  dexterous  persistence  as 
to  prevail  upon  congress  to  send  most  pusillani- 
mous instructions  to  its  peace  commissioners. 
They  were  instructed  to  undertake  nothmg  what- 
ever in  the  negotiations  without  the  knowledge  and 
concurrence  of  "  the  ministers  of  our  generous  ally, 
the  king  of  France,"  that  is  to  say,  of  the  count  de 
Vergennes ;  and  they  were  to  govern  themselves 
entirely  by  his  advice  and  opinion.  Franklin 
would  have  followed  these  instructions;  Adams 
and  Jay  deliberately  disobeyed  them,  and  earned 
the  gratitude  of  their  countrymen  for  all  coming 
time.  For  Adams's  share  in  this  grand  achieve- 
ment it  must  certainly  be  cited  as  the  fifth  signal 
event  in  his  career. 

By  this  time  he  had  become  excessively  home- 
sick, and  as  soon  as  the  treaty  was  arranged  he 
asked  leave  to  resign  his  commissions  and  return 
to  America.  He  declared  he  would  rather  be 
"  carting  street-dust  and  marsh-mud  "  than  wait- 
ing where  he  was.  But  business  would  not  let  him 
go.     In   September,  1783,   he   was  commissioned, 


20 


ADAMS 


ADAMS 


alonj?  with  Franklin  and  Jay,  to  negotiate  a  com- 
mercial treaty  with  Great  Britain.  A  sudden  and 
violent  fever  prostrated  him  for  several  weeks, 
after  which  he  visited  London  and  Bath.  Before 
he  had  fully  recovered  his  health  he  learned  that 
his  presence  was  required  in  Holland.  In  those 
days,  when  we  lived  under  the  articles  of  confedera- 
tion, and  congress  found  it  impossible  to  raise 
money  enough  to  meet  its  current  expenses,  it  was 
by  no  means  ixnusual  for  the  superintendent  of 
finance  to  draw  upon  our  foreign  ministers  and 
then  sell  the  drafts  for  cash.  This  was  done  again 
and  again,  when  there  was  not  the  smallest  ground 
for  supposing  that  the  minister  upon  whom  the 
draft  was  made  would  have  any  funds  wherewith 
to  meet  it.  It  was  part  of  his  duty  as  envoy  to  go 
and  beg  the  money.  Early  in  the  winter  Mr. 
Adams  learned  that  drafts  upon  him  had  been 
presented  to  his  bankers  in  Amsterdam  to  the 
amount  of  more  than  a  million  florins.  Less  than 
half  a  million  florins  were  on  hand  to  meet  these 
demands,  and,  unless  something  were  done  at  once, 
the  greater  part  of  this  paper  would  go  back  to 
America  protested.  Mr.  Adams  lost  not  a  moment 
in  starting  for  Holland,  but  he  was  delayed  by  a 
succession  of  terrible  storms  on  the  German  ocean, 
and  it  was  only  after  fifty-four  days  of  difficulty 
and  danger  that  he  reached  Amsterdam.  The 
bankers  had  contrived  to  keep  the  drafts  from  go- 
ing to  protest,  but  news  of  the  bickerings  between 
the  thirteen  states  had  reached  Holland.  It  was 
believed  that  the  new  nation  was  going  to  pieces, 
and  the  regency  of  Amsterdam  had  no  money  to 
lend  it.  The  promise  of  the  American  govern- 
ment was  not  regarded  as  valid  security  for  a  sum 
equivalent  to  about  $300,000.  Adams  was  obliged 
to  apply  to  professional  usurers,  from  whom,  after 
more  humiliating  perplexity,  he  succeeded  in  ob- 
taining a  loan  at  exorbitant  interest.  In  the  mean- 
time he  had  been  appointed  conunissioner,  along 
with  Franklin  and  Jefferson,  for  the  general  pur- 
pose of  negotiating  commercial  treaties  with  for- 
eign powers.  As  his  return  to  America  was  thus 
indefinitely  postponed,  he  sent  for  his  wife,  with 
their  only  daughter  and  youngest  son,  to  come  and 
join  him  in  France,  where  the  two  elder  sons  were 
already  with  him.  In  the  summer  of  1784  the 
family  was  thus  re-united,  and  began  house-keep- 
ing at  Auteuil,  near  Paris.  A  treaty  was  success- 
fully negotiated  with  Prussia,  but,  before  it  was 
ready  to  be  signed,  Mr.  Adams  was  appointed 
minister  to  the  court  of  St.  James,  and  arrived  in 
London  in  May,  1785.  He  was  at  first  politely  re- 
ceived by  George  III.,  upon  whom  his  bluff  and 
fearless  dignity  of  manner  made  a  considerable 
impression.  His  stay  in  England  was,  however, 
far  from  pleasant.  The  king  came  to  treat  him 
with  coldness,  sometimes  with  rudeness,  and  the 
royal  example  was  followed  by  fashionable  soci- 
ety. The  American  government  was  losing  credit 
at  home  and  abroad.  It  was  unable  to  fulfil  its 
treaty  engagements  as  to  the  payment  of  private 
debts  due  to  British  creditors,  and  as  to  the  pro- 
tection of  the  loyalists.  The  British  government, 
in  retaliation,  refused  to  surrender  the  western 
posts  of  Ogdensburg,  Oswego,  Niagara,  Erie, 
Sandusky,  Detroit,  and  Mackinaw,  which  by  the 
treaty  were  to  be  promptly  given  up  to  the  United 
States.  Still  more,  it  refused  to  make  any  treaty  of 
commerce  with  the  United  States,  and  neglected  to 
send  any  minister  to  represent  Great  Britain  in 
this  country.  It  was  generally  supposed  in  Europe 
that  the  American  government  would  presently 
come  to  an  end  in  general  anarchy  and  bloodshed  ; 
and  it  was  believed  by  George  III.  and  the  nar- 


row -  minded  politicians,  such  as  Lord  Sheffield, 
upon  whose  cooperation  he  relied,  that,  if  sufficient 
obstacles  could  be  thrown  in  the  way  of  American 
commerce  to  cause  serious  distress  in  this  country, 
the  United  States  would  repent  of  their  indepen- 
dence and  come  straggling  back,  one  after  another, 
to  their  old  allegiance.  Under  such  circumstances 
it  was  impossible  for  Mr.  Adams  to  accomplish 
much  as  minister  in  England.  During  his  stay 
there  he  wrote  his  "  Defence  of  the  American  Con- 
stitutions," a  work  which  afterward  subjected  him 
at  home  to  ridiculous  charges  of  monarchical  and 
anti-republican  sympathies.  The  object  of  the 
book  was  to  set  forth  the  advantages  of  a  division 
of  the  powers  of  government,  and  especially  of 
the  legislative  body,  as  opposed  to  the  scheme  of 
a  single  legislative  chamber,  which  was  advocated 
by  many  writers  on  the  continent  of  Europe.  The 
argument  is  encumbered  by  needlessly  long  and 
sometimes  hardly  relevant  discussions  on  the  his- 
tory of  the  Italian  republics. 

Finding  the  British  government  utterly  stub- 
born and  impracticable,  Mr.  Adams  asked  to  be  re- 
called, and  his  request  was  granted  in  February, 
1788.  For  the  "  patriotism,  perseverance,  integrity, 
and  diligence  "  disjilayed  in  his  ten  years  of  service 
abroad  he  received  the  public  thanks  of  congress. 
He  had  no  sooner  reached  home  than  he  was 
elected  a  delegate  from  Massachusetts  to  the  mori- 
bund continental  congress,  but  that  body  expired 
before  he  had  taken  his  seat  in  it.  During  the 
summer  the  ratification  of  the  new  constitution 
was  so  far  completed  that  it  could  be  put  into 
operation,  and  public  attention  was  absorbed  in 
the  work  of  organizing  the  new  government.  As 
Washington  was  unanimously  selected  for  the 
office  of  president,  it  was  natural  that  the  vice- 
president  should  be  taken  from  Massachusetts. 
The  candidates  for  the  presidency  and  vice-presi- 
dency were  voted  for  without  any  separate  specifi- 
cation, the  second  office  falling  to  the  candidate 
who  obtained  the  second  highest  number  of  votes 
in  the  electoral  college.  Of  the  09  electoral  votes, 
all  were  registered  for  Washington,  34  for  John 
Adams,  who  stood  second  on  the  list ;  the  other  35 
votes  were  scattered  among  a  number  of  candi- 
dates. Adams  was  somewhat  chagrined  at  this 
marked  preference  shown  for  Washington.  His 
chief  foible  was  enormous  personal  vanity,  be- 
sides which  he  was  much  better  fitted  by  tempera- 
ment and  training  to  appreciate  the  kind  of  work 
that  he  had  himself  done  than  the  military  work 
by  which  Washington  had  won  independence  for 
the  United  States.  He  never  could  quite  under- 
stand how  or  why  the  services  rendered  by  Wash- 
ington were  so  much  more  important  than  his 
own.  The  office  of  vice-president  was  then  more 
highly  esteemed  than  it  afterward  came  to  be,  but 
it  was  hardly  suited  to  a  man  of  Mr.  Adams's  vig- 
orous and  aggressive  temper.  In  one  respect, 
however,  he  performed  a  more  important  part 
while  holding  that  office  than  any  of  his  successors. 
In  the  earlier  sessions  of  the  senate  there  was  hot 
debate  over  the  vigorous  measures  by  which  Wash- 
ington's administration  was  seeking  to  reestablish 
American  credit  and  enlist  the  conservative  inter- 
ests of  the  wealthier  citizens  in  behalf  of  the  sta- 
bility of  the  government.  These  measures  were 
for  the  most  part  opposed  by  the  persons  who 
were  rapidly  becoming  organized  under  Jeffer- 
son's leadership  into  the  republican  party,  the 
opposition  being  mainly  due  to  dread  of  the  pos- 
sible evil  consequences  that  might  fiow  from  too 
great  an  increase  of  power  in  the  federal  gov- 
ernment.   In  these  debates  the  senate  was  very 


ADAMS 


ADAMS 


21 


evenly  divided,  and  Mr.  Adams,  as  presiding  oifi- 
cer  of  that  body,  was  often  enabled  to  decide  the 
question  by  his  casting  vote.  In  the  first  con- 
gress he  gave  as  many  as  twenty  casting  votes 
upon  questions  of  most  vital  importance  to  the 
whole  subsequent  history  of  the  American  people, 
and  on  all  these  occasions  he  supported  Washing- 
ton's policy.  During  Washington's  administra- 
tion grew  up  the  division  into  the  two  great  parties 
which  have  remained  to  this  day  in  American  poli- 
tics— the  one  known  as  federalist,  afterward  as 
whig,  then  as  republican  ;  the  other  known  at  first 
as  republican  and  afterward  as  democratic.  John 
Adams  was  by  his  mental  and  moral  constitution 
a  federalist,  fie  believed  in  strong  government. 
To  the  opposite  party  he  seemed  much  less  a  demo- 
crat than  an  aristocrat.  In  one  of  his  essays  he 
provoked  great  popular  wrath  by  using  the  phrase 
"  the  well-born."'  He  knew  very  well  that  in  point  of 
hereditary  capacity  and  advantages  men  are  not 
equal  and  never  will  be.  His  notion  of  democratic 
equality  meant  that  all  men  should  have  equal 
rights  in  the  eye  of  the  law.  There  was  nothing 
of  the  communist  or  leveller  about  him.  He  be- 
lieved in  the  rightful  existence  of  a  governing 
class,  which  ought  to  be  kept  at  the  head  of  affairs  ; 
and  he  was  supposed,  probably  with  some  truth,  to 
have  a  predilection  for  etiquette,  titles,  gentlemen- 
in-waiting,  and  such  things.  Such  views  did  not 
make  him  an  aristocrat  in  the  true  sense  of  the 
word,  for  in  nowise  did  he  believe  that  the  right 
to  a  place  in  the  governing  class  should  be  herit- 
able ;  it  was  something  to  be  won  by  personal 
merit,  and  should  not  be  withheld  by  any  artificial 
enactments  from  the  lowliest  of  men,  to  whom  the 
chance  of  an  illustrious  career  ought  to  be  just  as 
much  open  as  to  "  the  well-born."  At  the  same 
time  -John  Adams  differed  from  Jefferson  and 
from  his  cousin,  Samuel  Adams,  in  distrusting  the 
masses.  All  the  federalist  leaders  shared  this  feel- 
ing more  or  less,  and  it  presently  became  the  chief 
source  of  weakness  to  the  party.  The  disagree- 
ment between  John  Adams  and  Jefferson  was 
first  brought  into  prominence  by  the  breaking  out 
of  the  French  revolution.  Mr.  Adams  expected 
little  or  no  good  from  this  movement,  which  was 
like  the  American  movement  in  no  respect  what- 
ever except  in  being  called  a  revolution.  He  set 
forth  his  views  on  this  subject  in  his  "  Discourses 
on  Davila,"  which  were  published  in  a  Philadelphia 
newspaper.  Taking  as  his  text  Davila's  history  of 
the  civil  wars  in  Prance  in  the  16th  century,  he 
argued  powerfully  that  a  pure  democracy  was  not 
the  best  form  of  government,  but  that  a  certain 
mixture  of  the  aristocratic  and  monarchical  ele- 
ments was  necessary  to  the  permanent  mainten- 
ance of  free  government.  Such  a  mixture  really 
exists  in  the  constitution  of  the  United  States,  and, 
in  the  opinion  of  many  able  thinkers,  constitutes 
its  peculiar  excellence  and  the  best  guarantee  of 
its  stability.  These  views  gave  great  umbrage  to 
the  extreme  democrats,  and  in  the  election  of  1792 
tiiey  set  up  George  Clinton,  of  New  York,  as  a 
rival  candidate  for  the  vice-presidency ;  but  when 
the  votes  were  counted  Adams  hacl  77,  Clinton 
50,  Jefferson  4,  and  Aaron  Burr  1.  During  this 
administration  Adams,  by  his  casting  vote,  de- 
feated the  attempt  of  the  republicans  to  balk 
Jay's  mission  to  England  in  advance  by  a  resolu- 
tion entirely  prohibiting  trade  with  that  country. 
For  a  time  Adams  quite  forgot  his  jealousy  of 
Washington  in  admiration  for  the  heroic  strength 
of  purpose  with  which  he  pursued  his  policy  of 
neutrality  amid  the  furious  efforts  of  political  par- 
tisans to  drag  the  United  States  into  a  rash  and 


desperate   armed   struggle    in    support    either  of 
France  or  of  England. 

In  1796,  as  Washington  refused  to  serve  for  a 
third  term,  John  Adams  seemed  clearly  marked 
out  as  federalist  candidate  for  the  succession. 
Hamilton  and  Jay  were  in  a  certain  sense  his  ri- 
vals ;  but  Jay  was  for  the  moment  unpopular  be- 
cause of  the  famous  treaty  that  he  had  lately  nego- 
tiated with  England,  and  Hamilton,  although  the 
ablest  man  in  the  federalist  party,  was  still  not  so 
conspicuous  in  the  eyes  of  the  masses  of  voters  as 
Adams,  who  besides  was  surer  than  any  one  else 
of  the  indispensable  New  England  vote.  Having 
decided  upon  Adams  as  first  candidate,  it  seemed 
desirable  to  take  the  other  from  a  southern  state, 
and  the  choice  fell  upon  Thomas  Pinckney,  of 
South  Carolina,  a  younger  brother  of  Charles 
Cotesworth  Pinckney.  Hamilton  now  began  to 
scheme  against  Mr.  Adams  in  a  manner  not  at  all 
to  his  credit.  He  had  always  been  jealous  of  Ad- 
ams because  of  his  stubborn  and  independent 
character,  which  made  it  impossible  for  him  to  be 
subservient  to  a  leader.  There  was  not  room 
enough  in  one  political  party  for  two  such  positive 
and  aggressive  characters.  Already  in  the  election 
of  1788  Hamilton  had  contrived  to  diminish 
Adams's  vote  by  persuading  some  electors  of  the 
possible  danger  of  a  unanimous  and  therefore 
equal  vote  for  him  and  Washington.  Such  advice 
could  not  have  been  candid,  for  there  was  never 
the  smallest  possibility  of  a  unanimous  vote  for 
Mr.  Adams.  Now  in  1796  he  resorted  to  a  similar 
stratagem.  The  federalists  were  likely  to  win  the 
election,  but  had  not  many  votes  to  spare ;  the 
contest  was  evidently  going  to  be  close.  Hamil- 
ton accordingly  urged  the  federalist  electors,  espe- 
cially in  New  England,  to  cast  all  their  votes  alike 
for  Adams  and  Pinckney,  lest  the  loss  of  a  single 
vote  by  either  one  should  give  the  victory  to  Jef- 
ferson, upon  whom  the  opposite  party  was  clearly 
united.  Should  Adams  and  Pinckney  receive  an 
exactly  equal  number  of  votes,  it  woidd  remain  for 
a  federalist  congress  to  decide  which  should  be 
president.  The  result  of  the  election  showed  71 
votes  for  John  Adams,  68  for  Jefferson,  59  for 
Pinckney,  30  for  Burr,  15  for  Samuel  Adams,  and 
the  rest  scattering.  Two  electors  obstinately  per- 
sisted in  voting  for  Washmgton.  When  it  ap- 
peared that  Adams  had  only  three  more  votes  than 
Jefferson,  who  secured  the  second  place  instead  of 
Pinckney,  it  seemed  on  the  surface  as  if  Hamilton's 
advice  had  been  sound.  But  from  the  outset  it 
had  been  clear  (and  no  one  knew  it  better  than 
Hamilton)  that  several  southern  federalists  would 
withhold  their  votes  from  Adams  in  order  to  give 
the  pi-csiilcncy  to  Pinckney,  always  supposing  that 
the  New  England  electors  could  be  depended  upon 
to  vote  equally  for  both.  The  purpose  of  Hamil- 
ton's advice  was  to  make  Pinckney  president  and 
Adams  vice-president,  in  opposition  to  the  wishes 
of  their  party.  This  purpose  was  suspected  in 
New  England,  and  while  some  of  the  southern 
federalists  voted  for  Pinckney  and  Jefferson,  eight- 
een New  Englanders,  in  voting  for  Adams,  with- 
held their  votes  from  Pinckney.  The  result  was 
the  election  of  a  federalist  president  with  a  republi- 
can vice-president.  In  case  of  the  death,  disability, 
or  removal  of  the  president,  the  administration 
would  fall  into  the  hands  of  the  opposite  party. 
Clearly  a  mode  of  election  that  presented  such 
temptations  to  intrigue,  and  left  so  much  to  acci- 
dent, was  vicious  and  could  not  last  long.  These 
proceedings  gave  rise  to  a  violent  feud  between 
John  Adams  and  Alexander  Hamilton,  which  end- 
ed in  breaking  up  the  federalist  party,  and  has  left 


23 


ADAMS 


ADAMS 


a  legacy  of  bitter  feelings  to  the  descendants  of 
those  illustrious  men. 

The  presidency  of  John  Adams  was  stormy. 
We  were  entering  upon  that  period  when  our 
party  strife  was  determined  rather  by  foreign  than 
by  American  political  issues,  when  England  and 
France,  engaged  in  a  warfare  of  Titans,  took  every 
occasion  to  browbeat  and  insult  us  because  we 
were  supposed  to  be  too  feeble  to  resent  such  treat- 
ment. The  revolutionary  government  of  France 
had  claimed  that,  in  accordance  with  our  treaty 
with  that  country,  we  were  bound  to  support  her 
against  Great  Britain,  at  least  so  far  as  concerned 
the  defence  of  the  French  West  Indies.  The  re- 
publican party  went  almost  far  enough  in  their 
sympathy  with  the  F'rench  to  concede  these  claims, 
which,  if  admitted  by  our  government,  would  im- 
mediately have  got  us  into  war  with  England.  On 
the  other  hand,  the  hatred  felt  toward  France  by 
the  extreme  federalists  was  so  bitter  that  any  in- 
sult from  that  power  was  enough  to  incline  them 
to  advocate  war  against  her  and  in  behalf  of  Eng- 
land. Washington,  in  defiance  of  all  popular 
clamor,  adhered  to  a  policy  of  strict  neutrality,  and 
in  this  he  was  resolutely  followed  by  Adams.  The 
American  government  was  thus  obliged  carefully 
and  with  infinite  diflficulty  to  steer  between  Scylla 
and  Charybdis  until  the  overthrow  of  Napoleon 
and  our  naval  victories  over  England  in  1812-'14 
put  an  end  to  this  humiliating  state  of  things. 
Under  Washington's  administration  Gouverneur 
Morris  had  been  for  some  time  minister  to  France, 
but  he  was  greatly  disliked  by  the  anarchical  group 
that  then  misruled  that  country.  To  avoid  giving 
offence  to  the  B^rench  republic,  Washington  had 
recalled  Morris  and  sent  James  Monroe  in  his 
place,  with  instructions  to  try  to  reconcile  the 
French  to  Jay's  mission  to  England.  Instead  of 
doing  this,  Monroe  encouraged  the  French  to  hope 
that  Jay's  treaty  would  not  be  ratified,  and  Wash- 
ington accordingly  recalled  him  and  sent  Cotes- 
worth  Pinckney  in  his  place.  Enraged  at  the 
ratification  of  Jay's  treaty,  the  French  government 
not  only  gave  a  brilliant  ovation  to  Monroe,  but 
refused  to  receive  Pinckney,  and  would  not  even 
allow  him  to  stay  in  Paris.  At  the  same  time, 
decrees  were  passed  discriminating  against  Ameri- 
ckn  commerce.  Mr.  Adams  was  no  sooner  inaugu- 
rated as  president  than  he  called  an  extra  session 
of  congress,  to  consider  how  war  with  Prance 
should  be  avoided.  It  was  decided  to  send  a  spe- 
cial commission  to  France,  consisting  of  Cotes- 
worth  Pinckney,  John  Marshall,  and  Elbridge 
Gerry.  The  directory  would  not  acknowledge  these 
commissioners  and  treat  with  them  openly ;  but 
Talleyrand,  who  was  then  secretary  for  foreign 
affairs,  sent  some  of  his  creatures  to  intrigue  with 
them  behind  the  scenes.  It  was  proposed  that  the 
envoys  should  pay  large  sums  of  money  to  Talley- 
rand and  two  or  three  of  the  directors,  as  bribes, 
for  dealing  politely  with  the  United  States  and 
refraining  from  locking  up  American  ships  and 
stealing  American  goods.  When  the  envoys  scorn- 
fully rejected  this  proposal,  a  new  decree  was  forth- 
with issued  against  American  commerce.  The  en- 
voys drew  up  an  indignant  remonstrance,  which 
Gerry  hesitated  to  sign.  Wearied  with  their  fruit- 
less efforts,  Marshall  and  Pinckney  left  Paris.  But, 
as  Gerry  was  a  republican,  Talleyrand  thought  it 
worth  while  to  persuade  him  to  stay,  hoping  that 
he  might  prove  more  compliant  than  his  colleagues. 
In  March,  1798,  Mr.  Adams  aimounced  to  congress 
the  failure  of  the  mission,  and  advised  that  the 
preparations  already  begun  should  be  kept  up  in 
view  of  the  war  that  now  seemed  almost  inevitable. 


A  furious  debate  ensued,  which  was  interrupted  hj 
amotion  from  the  federalist  side,  calling  on  the 
president  for  full  copies  of  the  despatches.  Noth- 
ing could  have  suited  Mr.  Adams  better.  He  im- 
mediately sent  in  copies  complete  in  everything 
except  that  the  letters  X.,  Y.,  and  Z.  were  substi- 
tuted for  the  names  of  Talleyrand's  emissaries. 
Hence  these  papers  have  ever  since  been  known  as 
the  "  X.  Y.  Z.  despatches."  On  the  8th  of  April 
the  senate  voted  to  publish  these  despatches,  and 
they  aroused  great  excitement  both  in  Europe  and 
in  America.  The  British  government  scattered 
them  broadcast  over  Europe,  to  stir  up  indignation 
against  France.  In  America  a  great  storm  of 
wrath  seemed  for  the  moment  to  have  wrecked  the 
republican  party.  Those  who  were  not  converted 
to  federalism  were  for  the  moment  silenced.  From 
all  quaiters  came  up  the  war-ciy,  "Millions  for 
defence  ;  not  one  cent  for  tribute."  A  few  excel- 
lent frigates  were  built,  the  nucleus  of  the  gallant 
little  navy  that  was  by  and  by  to  win  such  tri- 
umphs over  England.  An  army  was  raised,  and 
Washington  was  placed  in  command,  with  the 
rank  of  lieutenant-general.  Gerry  was  recalled 
from  France,  and  the  press  roundly  berated  him 
for  showing  less  firmness  than  his  colleagues, 
though  indeed  he  had  not  done  anything  dishonor- 
able. During  this  excitement  the  song  of  "  Hail, 
Columbia"  was  published  and  became  popular. 
On  the  4th  of  July  the  effigy  of  Talleyrand,  who 
had  once  been  bishop  of  Autun,  was  arrayed  in  a 
surplice  and  burned  at  the  stake.  The  president 
was  authorized  to  issue  letters  of  marque  and  re- 
prisal, and  for  a  time  war  with  France  actually 
existed,  though  it  was  never  declared.  In  Febru- 
ary, 1799,  Capt.  Truxtun,  in  the  frigate  "  Constel- 
lation," defeated  and  captured  the  French  frigate 
"  L'Insurgente  "  near  the  island  of  St.  Christopher. 
In  February,  1800,  the  same  gallant  officer  in  a 
desperate  battle  destroyed  the  frigate  "  La  Ven- 
geance," which  was  much  his  superior  in  strength 
of  armament.  When  the  directory  found  that  their 
silly  and  infamous  policy  was  likely  to  drive  the 
United  States  into  alliance  with  Great  Britain, 
they  began  to  change  their  tactics.  Talleyrand 
tried  to  crawl  out  by  disavowing  his  emissaries  X. 
Y.  Z.,  and  pretending  that  the  American  envoys 
had  been  imposed  upon  by  irresponsible  adventu- 
rers. He  made  overtures  to  Vans  Jlurray,  the 
American  minister  at  the  Hague,  tending  toward 
reconciliation.  Mr.  Adams,  while  sharing  the 
federalist  indignation  at  the  behavior  of  France, 
was  too  clear-headed  not  to  see  that  the  only  safe 
policy  for  the  United  States  was  one  of  strict  neu- 
trality. He  was  resolutely  determined  to  avoid 
war  if  possible,  and  to  meet  France  half-way  the 
moment  she  should  show  symptoms  of  a  return  to 
reason.  His  cabinet  were  so  far  under  Hamil- 
ton's influence  that  he  could  not  rely  upon  them  ; 
indeed,  he  had  good  reason  to  suspect  them  of 
working  against  him.  Accordingly,  without  con- 
sulting his  cabinet,  on  18  Feb.,  1799,  he  sent  to  the 
senate  the  nomination  of  Vans  Murray  as  minister 
to  France.  This  bold  step  precipitated  the  quar- 
rel between  Mr.  Adams  and  his  party,  and  during 
the  year  it  grew  fiercer  and  fiercer.  He  joined 
Ellsworth,  of  Connecticut,  and  Davie,  of  North 
Carolina,  to  Vans  Murray  as  commissioners,  and 
awaited  the  assurance  of  Talleyrand  that  they 
would  be  properly  received  at  Paris.  On  receiving 
this  assurance,  though  it  was  couched  in  rather 
insolent  language  by  the  baffled  Frenchman,  the 
commissioners  sailed  Nov.  5.  On  reaching  Paris,, 
they  found  the  directory  overturned  by  Napoleon, 
with  whom  as  first  consul  they  succeeded  in  ad- 


ADAMS 


ADAMS 


2B 


justing  the  difficulties.  This  French  mission  com- 
pleted the  split  in  the  federalist  party,  and  made 
Mr.  Adams's  reelection  impossible.  The  quarrel 
with  the  Hamiltonians  had  been  further  embittered 
by  Adams's  foolish  attempt  to  prevent  Hamilton's 
obtaining  the  rank  of  senior  major-general,  for 
which  Washington  had  designated  him,  and  it 
rose  to  fever-heat  in  the  spring  of  1800,  when  Mr. 
Adams  dismissed  his  cabinet  and  selected  a  new 
one.  Another  affair  contributed  largely  to  the 
downfall  of  the  federalist  party.  In  1798,  during 
the  height  of  the  popular  fury  against  France,  the 
federalists  in  congress  presumed  too  much  upon 
their  strength,  and  passed  the  famous  alien  and 
sedition  acts.  By  the  first  of  these  acts,  aliens 
were  rendered  liable  to  summary  banishment  from 
the  United  States  at  the  sole  discretion  of  the 
president ;  and  any  alien  who  should  venture  to 
return  from  such  banishment  was  liable  to  im- 
prisonment at  hard  labor  for  life.  By  the  sedition 
act  any  scandalous  or  malicious  writing  against 
the  president  or  either  house  of  congress  was  liable 
to  be  dealt  with  in  the  United  States  courts  and 
punished  by  fine  and  imprisonment.  This  act  con- 
travened the  constitutional  amendment  that  for- 
bids all  infringement  of  freedom  of  speech  and  of 
the  press,  and  both  acts  aroused  more  widespread 
indignation  than  any  others  that  have  ever  passed 
in  congress.  They  called  forth  from  the  southern 
republicans  the  famous  Kentucky  and  Virginia 
resolutions  of  1798-99,  which  assert,  though  in 
language  open  to  some  latitude  of  interpretation, 
the  right  of  a  state  to  "  nullify  "  or  impede  the 
execution  of  a  law  deemed  unconstitutional. 

In  the  election  of  1800  the  federalist  votes  were 
given  to  John  Adams  and  Cotesworth  Pinckney, 
and  the  republican  votes  to  Jefferson  and  Burr. 
The  count  showed  65  votes  for  Adams,  (j4  for 
Pinckney,  and  1  for  Jay,  while  Jefferson  and  Burr 
had  each  73,  and  the  election  was  thus  thrown  into 
the  house  of  representatives.  Mr.  Adams  took  no 
part  in  the  intrigues  that  followed.  His  last  con- 
siderable public  act,  in  appointing  John  Marshall 
to  the  chief  justiceship  of  the  United  States,  turned 
out  to  be  of  inestimable  value  to  the  country,  and 
was  a  worthy  end  to  a  great  public  career.  Very 
different,  and  quite  unworthy  of  such  a  man  as 
John  Adams,  was  the  silly  and  puerile  fit  of  rage 
in  which  he  got  up  before  daybreak  of  the  4th  of 
March  and  started  in  his  coach  for  Massachusetts, 
instead  of  waiting  to  see  the  inauguration  of  his  suc- 
cessful rival.  On  several  occasions  John  Adams's 
career  shows  us  striking  examples  of  the  demoraliz- 
ing effects  of  stupendous  personal  vanity,  but  on 
no  occasion  more  strikingly  than  this.  He  went 
home  with  a  feeling  that  he  had  been  disgraced  by 
his  failure  to  secure  a  reelection.  Yet  in  estimat- 
ing his  character  we  must  not  forget  that  in  his 
resolute  insistence  upon  the  French  mission  of 
1799  he  did  not  stop  for  a  moment  to  weigh  the 
probable  effect  of  his  action  upon  his  chances  for 
reelection.  He  acted  as  a  true  patriot,  ready  to 
sacrifice  himself  for  the  welfare  of  his  country, 
never  regretted  the  act,  and  always  maintained  that 
it  was  the  most  meritorious  of  his  life.  "  I  desire," 
he  said,  "  no  other  inscription  over  my  grave-stone 
than  this :  Here  lies  John  Adams,  who  took  upon 
himself  the  responsibility  of  the  peace  with  France 
in  the  year  1800."  He  was  entirely  right,  as  all 
disinterested  writers  now  agree. 

After  so  long  and  brilliant  a  career,  he  now 
passed  a  quarter  of  a  century  in  his  home  at  Quincy 
(as  that  part  of  Braintree  was  now  called)  in  peace- 
ful and  happy  seclusion,  devoting  himself  to  liter- 
ary work  relating  to  the  history  of  his  times.     In 


1820  the  aged  statesman  was  chosen  delegate  to  the 
convention  for  revising  the  constitution  of  Massa- 
chusetts, and  labored  unsuccessfully  to  obtain  an 
acknowledgment  of  the  equal  rights,  political  and 
religious,  of  others  than  so-called  Christians.  His 
friendship  with  Jefferson,  which  had  been  broken 
off  by  their  political  differences,  was  resumed  in  his 
old  age,  and  an  interesting  correspondence  was  kept 
up  between  the  two.  As  a  writer  of  English,  John 
Adams  in  numy  respects  surpassed  all  his  Ameri- 
can contemporaries ;  his  style  was  crisp,  pungent, 
and  vivacious.  In  person  he  was  of  middle  height, 
vigorous,  florid,  and  somewhat  corpulent,  quite 
like  the  typical  John  Bull.  He  was  always  truth- 
ful and  outspoken,  often  vehement  and  brusque. 
Vanity  and  loquacity,  as  he  freely  admitted,  were 
his  chief  foibles.  Without  being  quarrelsome,  he 
had  little  or  none  of  the  tact  that  avoids  quarrels ; 
but  he  harbored  no  malice,  and  his  anger,  though 
•violent,  was  short-lived.  Among  American  public 
men  there  has  been  none  more  upright  and  honora- 
ble. He  lived  to  see  his  son  president  of  the  United 
States,  and  died  on  the  fiftieth  anniversary  of  the 
declaration  of  independence  and  in  the  ninety-first 
year  of  his  age.  His  last  words  were,  "  Thomas 
Jefferson  still  survives."  But  by  a  remarkable  co- 
incidence, Jefferson  had  died  a  few  hours  earlier 
the  same  day.  See  "  Life  and  Works  of  John  Ad- 
ams," by  C.  F.  Adams  (10  vols.,  Boston,  1850-56); 
"  Life  of  John  Adams,"  by  J.  Q.  and  C.  F.  Adams 
(2  vols.,  Philadelphia,  1871);  and  "John  Adams," 
by  J.  T.  Morse,  Jr.  (Boston,  1885). 

The  portrait  that  forms  the  frontispiece  of  this 
volume  is  from  a  painting  by  Gilbert  Stuart,  which 
was  executed  while  Mr.  Adams  was  president  and 
is  now  in  the  possession  of  his  grandson.  The  one 
on  page  16  was  taken  when  he  was  a  youth.  The 
houses  represented  on  page  15  are  those  in  which 
President  John  Adams  and  his  son  John  Quincy 
Adams  were  born. 

ADAMS,  John,  educator,  son  of  a  revolutionary 
officer  of  the  same  name,  b.  in  Canterbury,  Conn., 
18  Sept.,  1772 ;  d.  24  April,  1863.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Yale  in  1795,  and  taught  for  three  years  at 
the  academy  in  his  native  town.  In  1800  he  be- 
came rector  of  Plainfield,  N.  J.,  academy,  and  in 
1803  principal  of  Bacon  academy,  ColcheslJer,  Conn. 
In  June,  1810,  he  was  chosen  principal  of  Phillips 
Andover  academy,  where  he  remained  for  twenty- 
three  years,  and,  in  addition  to  his  regular  duties, 
took  part  in  the  organization  of  several  of  the  great 
charitable  associations  that  have  attained  national 
importance.  He  resigned  his  office  in  1833,  and 
went  to  Illinois,  where  he  established  several  him- 
dred  Sunday-schools.  He  received  the  degree  of 
LL.  D.  from  Yale  in  1854. 

ADAMS,  John,  sailor,  b.  in  Boston,  Mass..  29 
Nov.,  1796 ;  d.  in  Allston,  Mass.,  17  March,  1886. 
He  was  the  last  siuwivor  of  all  who  witnessed  the 
victory  gained  by  Hull  in  the  "  Constitution  "  over 
Dacres  in  the  "  Guerriere,"  19  Aug.,  1812.  He 
was  subsequently  captured  and  confined  in  Dart- 
moor prison  till  the  end  of  the  war.  For  nearly 
half  a  century  afterward  he  followed  the  sea,  com- 
numding  some  of  the  finest  merchantmen  that 
sailed  from  Boston. 

ADAMS,  John,  soldier,  b.  in  Tennessee  in 
1825;  killed  in  the  battle  of  Franklin,  Tenn.,  30 
Nov.,  1864.  He  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in 
1846,  and  joined  the  1st  dragoons.  He  was  bre- 
vetted  1st  lieutenant  for  gallantry  at  Santa  Cruz 
de  Rosales,  Mexico,  16  March,  1848,  after  several 
years  of  frontier  duty  was  promoted  to  1st  lieu- 
tenant, 9  Oct.,  1851,  and  in  1853  served  as  aide  to 
the  governor  of  Minnesota  with  the  rank  of  lieu- 


24 


ADAMS 


ADAMS 


tenant-colonel.  He  was  promoted  captain  of  1st 
dragoons,  30  Nov.,  1856,  but  resigned  81  May,  1861, 
and  became  a  confederate  brigadier-general. 

ADAMS,  John  Folsom,  clergyman,  b.  in  Strath- 
am,  N.  H.,  28  May,  1790;  d.  in  Greenland,  N.  H.,  11 
June,  I'^Sl.  lie  began  to  preach  in  1812,  and  joined 
the  New  England  Methodist  conference.  He  served 
as  a  circuit  rider  in  the  backwoods  of  Maine,  and 
so  distinguished  himself  by  zeal  and  ability  that  he 
was  repeatedly  assigned  as  presiding  elder  to  im- 
portant stations  at  Boston  and  Lynn,  and  the 
larger  towns  of  eastern  New  England.  In  the 
anti-slavery  agitation  he  took  a  prominent  part  in 
favor  of  emancipation,  and  he  was  four  times  chosen 
as  a  delegate  to  the  general  conference. 

ADAMS,  John  (^uincy,  sixth  president  of  the 
United  States,  b.  in  Braintree,  Mass.,  11  July, 
1767 ;  d.  in  Washington,  D.  C,  23  Feb.,  1848.  He 
was  named  for  his  mother's  grandfather,  John 
Quincy.  In  his  eleventh  year  he  accompanied  his 
father  to  France,  and  was  sent  to  school  near  Paris, 
where  his  proficiency  in  the  French  language  and 
other  studies  soon  became  conspicuous.  In  the 
following  year  he  returned  to  America,  and  back 
again  to  France  with  his  father,  whom,  in  August, 
1780,  he  accompanied  to  Holland.  After  a  few 
months  at  school  in  Amsterdam,  he  entered  the 
university  of  Leyden.  Two  years  afterward  Joha 
Adams's  secretary  of  legation,  Francis  Dana,  was 
appointed  minister  to  Russia,  and  the  boy  accom- 
panied him  as  i)ri  vate  secretary.  After  a  stay  of  four- 
teen montiis,  as  Catharine's  government  refused  to 
recognize  Mr.  Dana  as  minister,  young  Adams  left 
St.  Petersburg  and  travelled  alone  through  Swe- 
den, Denmark,  and  northern  Germany  to  France, 
spending  six  months  in  the  journey.  Arriving  in 
Paris,  he  found  his  father  busy  with  the  negotia- 
tion of  the  treaty  of  peace  between  Great  Britain 
and  the  United  States,  and  was  immediately  set  to 
work  as  secretary,  and  aided  in  drafting  the  papers 
that  "  dispersed  all  possible  doubt  of  the  indepen- 
dence of  his  country."  In  1785,  when  his  father 
was  appointed  minister  to  England,  he  decided  not 
to  stay  with  him  in  London,  but  to  return  at  once 
to  Massachusetts  in  order  to  complete  his  educa- 
tion at  Harvard  college.  For  an  American  career 
he  believed  an  American  education  to  be  best  fitted. 
Considering  the  immediate  sacrifice  of  pleasure  in- 
volved, it  was  a  remarkably  wise  decision  in  a  lad 
of  eighteen.  But  Adams's  character  was  already 
fully  formed  ;  he  was  what  he  remained  through- 
out his  life,  a  Puritan  of  the  sternest  and  most  un- 
compromising sort,  who  seemed  to  take  a  grim  en- 
joyment in  the  performance  of  duty,  especially 
when  disagreeable.  Returning  home,  he  was  grad- 
uated at  Harvard  college  in  1788,  and  then  studied 
law  in  the  office  of  Theophilus  Parsons,  afterward 
chief  justice  of  Massachusetts.  In  1791  he  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  Suffolk  bar,  and  began  the  practice 
of  law,  the  tedium  of  which  he  relieved  by  writing 
occasional  articles  for  the  papers.  Under  the  sig- 
nature of  "  Publicola  "  he  criticised  some  positions 
taken  by  Thomas  Paine  in  his  "  Rights  of  Man  "  ; 
and  these  articles,  when  republished  in  England, 
were  generally  attributed  to  his  father.  In  a  fur- 
ther series  of  papers,  signed  "  Marcelli^s,"  he  de- 
fended Washington's  policy  of  neutrality;  and  in 
a  third  sc^'ics.  signed  "  Columbus,"  he  discussed  the 
extraordinary  behavior  of  Citizen  Genet,  whom  the 
Jacobins  had  sent  over  to  browbeat  the  Americans 
into  joining  France  in  hurling  defiance  at  the 
world.  These  writings  made  him  so  conspicuous 
that  in  1794  Washington  appointed  him  minister 
to  Holland,  and  two  years  later  made  an  appoint- 
ment transferring  him  to  Portugal.    Before  he  had 


started  for  the  latter  country  his  father  became 
president  of  the  United  States  and  asked  Washing- 
ton's advice  as  to  the  propriety  of  promoting  his 
own  son  by  sending  him  to  Berlin.  Washington 
in  strong  terras  recommended  the  promotion,  de- 
claring that  in  his  opinion  the  young  man  would 
prove  to  be  the  ablest  diplomat  in  the  American 
service.  In  the  fall  of  1797  Mr.  Adams  according- 
ly took  up  his  residence  at  the  capital  of  Prussia. 
Shortly  before  this  he  had  married  Miss  Louisa 
Johnson,  a  niece  of  Thomas  Johnson,  of  Maryland. 
During  his  residence  at  Berlin  Mr.  Adams  trans- 
lated Wieland's  "  Oberon  "  into  English.  In  1798 
he  was  commissioned  to  make  a  commercial  treaty 
with  Sweden.  In  1800  he  made  a  journey  through 
Silesia,  and  wrote  an  account  of  it,  which  was  pub- 
lished in  London  and  afterward  translated  into 
German  and  French.  When  Jefferson  becamepresi- 
dent,  Mr.  Adams's  mission  terminated.  He  re- 
sumed the  practice  of  law  in  Boston,  but  in  1802 
was  elected  to  the  Massachusetts  senate,  and  next 
year  was  chosen  to  the  senate  of  the  United  States 
instead  of  Timothy  Pickering.  The  federalist  party 
was  then  rent  in  twain  by  the  feud  between  the 
partisans  of  JoTin  Adams  and  those  of  Hamilton, 
and  the  reception  of  the  younger  Adams  in  the 
senate  was  far  from  flattering.  Affairs  grew  worse 
when,  at  the  next  vacancy,  Pickering  was  chosen  to 
be  his  uncongenial  colleague.  Mr.  Adams  was 
grossly  and  repeatedly  insulted.  Any  motion  he 
might  make  was  sure  to  be  rejected  by  the  com- 
bined votes  of  republicans  and  Hamiltonians, 
though  frequently  the  same  motion,  made  soon  af- 
terward by  somebody  else,  would  be  carried  by  a 
large  majority.  A  committee  of  which  he  was  a 
member  would  make  and  send  in  its  report  with- 
out even  notifying  him  of  its  time  and  place  of 
meeting.  At  first  Mr.  Adams  was  subjected  to 
such  treatment  merely  because  he  was  the  son  of 
his  father;  but  presently  he  rendered  himself  more 
and  more  amenable  to  it  by  manifesting  the  same 
independence  of  party  ties  that  had  made  hi? 
father  so  unpopular,  independence  in  politics  has 
always  been  characteristic  of  the  Adams  family, 
and  in  none  has  this  been  more  strongly  marked 
than  in  John  Quincy  Adams.  His  first  serious  dif- 
ference with  the  federalist  party  was  occasioned  by 
his  qualified  approval  of  Jefferson's  purchase  of 
Louisiana,  a  measure  that  was  bitterly  opposed  and 
fiercely  censured  by  nearly  all  the  federalists,  be- 
cause it  was  feared  "it  would  add  too  much  strength 
to  the  south.  A  much  more  serious  difference  arose 
somewhat  later,  on  the  question  of  the  embargo. 
Questions  of  foreign  rather  than  of  domestic  policy 
then  furnished  the  burning  subjects  of  contention 
in  the  United  States.  Our  neutral  commerce  on 
the  high  seas,  which  had  risen  to  very  considerable 
proportions,  was  plundered  in  turn  by  England  and 
by  France,  until  its  very  existence  was  threatened. 
In  May,  1806,  the  British  government  declared  the 
northern  coast  of  Europe,  from  Brest  to  the  mouth 
of  the  Elbe,  to  be  blockaded.  By  the  Russian  proc- 
lamation of  1780,  which  was  then  accepted  by  all 
civilized  nations  except  Great  Britain,  such  paper 
blockades  were  illegal ;  but  British  ships  none  the 
less  seized  and  confiscated  American  vessels  bound 
to  any  port  on  that  coast.  In  November  Napoleon 
issued  his  Berlin  decree  making  a  paper  blockade 
of  the  whole  British  coast,  whereupon  French  cruis- 
ers began  seizing  and  confiscating  American  vessels 
on  their  way  from  British  to  French  ports.  Two 
months  later  England  issued  an  order  in  council, 
forbidding  neutrals  to  trade  between  any  of  her 
enemy's  ports  ;  and  this  was  followed  by  orders  de- 
creeing fines  or  confiscation  to  all  neutral  ships 


<9.     SL^  t^Acxy)'YLj> 


ADAMS 


ADAMS 


25 


daring  to  violate  the  edict.  In  December,  1807, 
Napoleon  replied  with  the  Milan  decree,  threaten- 
ing to  confiscate  all  ships  bound  to  England,  or 
which  should  have  paid  a  fine  to  the  British  gov- 
ernment or  submitted  to  search  at  the  hands  of  a 
British  commander.  All  these  decrees  and  orders 
were  in  flagrant  violation  of  international  law,  and 
for  a  time  they  made  the  ocean  a  pandemonium  of 
robbery  and  murder.  Their  effect  upon  American 
commerce  was  about  the  same  as  if  both  England 
and  France  had  declared  war  against  the  United 
States.  Their  natural  and  proper  effect  upon  the 
American  people  would  have  been  seen  in  an  im- 
mediate declaration  of  war  against  both  England 
and  Prance,  save  that  our  military  weakness  was 
•  then  too  manifest  to  make  such  a  course  anything 
but  ridiculous.  Between  the  animus  of  the  two 
bullies  by  whom  we  were  thus  tormented  there  was 
little  to  choose  ;  but  in  two  respects  England's  ca- 
pacity for  injuring  us  was  the  greater.  In  the  first 
place,  she  had  more  ships  engaged  in  this  highway 
robbery  than  France,  and  stronger  ones :  in  the 
second  place,  owing  to  the  difficulty  of  distinguish- 
ing between  Americans  and  Englishmen,  she  was 
able  to  add  the  crowning  wickedness  of  kidnapping 
American  seamen.  The  wrath  of  the  Americans 
was  thus  turned  more  against  England  than  against 
France ;  and  never  perhaps  in  the  revolutionary 
war  had  it  waxed  stronger  than  in  the  summer  of 
1807,  when,  in  full  sight  of  the  American  coast, 
the  "  Leopard  "  fired  upon  the  "  Chesapeake,"  killed 
and  wounded  several  of  her  crew,  and  violently 
carried  away  four  of  them.  For  this  outrage  the 
commander  of  the  "  Leopard  "  was  promoted  in 
the  British  service.  In  spite  of  all  these  things, 
the  hatred  of  the  federalists  for  France  was  so 
great  that  they  were  ready  to  put  up  with  insult 
added  to  injury  rather  than  attack  the  power  that 
was  warring  against  Napoleon.  So  far  did  these 
feelings  carry  them  that  Mr.  John  Lowell,  a  promi- 
nent federalist  of  Boston,  was  actually  heard  to  de- 
fend the  action  of  the  "  Leopard."  Such  pusilla- 
nimity incensed  Mr.  Adams.  "  This  was  the  cause," 
he  afterward  said.  "  which  alienated  me  from  that 
day  and  forever  from  the  councils  of  the  federal 
party."  He  tried  to  persuade  the  federalists  of  Bos- 
ton to  hold  a  meeting  and  pledge  their  support  to 
the  government  in  any  measures,  however  serious, 
that  it  might  see  fit  to  adopt  in  order  to  curb  the 
insolence  of  Great  Britain.  But  these  gentlemen 
were  too  far  blinded  by  party  feeling  to  respond  to 
the  call ;  whereupon  Mr.  Adams  attended  a  repub- 
lican meeting,  at  which  he  was  put  upon  a  com- 
mittee to  draft  and  report  such  resolutions.  Pres- 
ently the  federalists  bowed  to  the  storm  of  popular 
feeling  and  held  their  meeting,  at  which  Mr.  Adams 
was  also  present  and  drafted  resolutions.  For  his 
share  in  the  proceedings  of  the  republicans  it  was 
threatened  that  he  should  "  have  his  head  taken  off 
for  apostasy."  It  was  never  of  much  use  to  threaten 
Mr.  Adams.  An  extra  session  of  congress  was 
called  in  October  to  consider  what  was  to  be  done. 
Mr.  Jefferson's  government  was  averse  to  war,  for 
which  the  country  was  ill  prepared,  and  it  was 
thought  that  somewhat  milder  measures  might 
harass  England  until  she  would  submit  to  reason. 
For  a  year  and  a  half  a  non-importation  act  had 
been  in  force ;  but  it  had  proved  no  more  effective 
than  the  non-importation  agreements  of  1768  and 
1774.  Now  an  embargo  was  laid  upon  all  the  ship- 
ping in  American  ports.  The  advantage  of  such  a 
measure  was  very  doubtful ;  it  was  damaging  our- 
selves in  the  hope  of  damaging  the  enemy.  The 
greatest  damage  fell  upon  the  maritime  states  of 
New  England,  and  there  the  vials  of  federalist 


wrath  were  poured  forth  with  terrible  fury  upon 
Mr.  Jefferson  and  the  embargo.  But  the  full 
measure  of  their  ferocity  was  reserved  for  Mr. 
Adams,  who  had  actually  been  a  member  of  the 
committee  that  reported  the  bill,  and  had  given  it 
his  most  earnest  support.  All  the  choicest  epithets 
of  abuse  were  showered  upon  him  ;  few  men  in  our 
history  have  been  more  fiercely  berated  and  re- 
viled. His  term  of  service  in  the  senate  was  to  ex- 
pire on  3  March,  1809.  In  the  preceding  June  the 
Massachusetts  legislature  chose  Mr.  Lloyd  to  suc- 
ceed him,  a  proceeding  that  was  intended  and  ac- 
cepted as  an  insult.  Mr.  Adams  instantly  resigned, 
and  Mr.  Lloyd  was  chosen  to  fill  the  remainder  of 
his  tei'm.  In  the  course  of  the  next  month  the  re- 
publicans of  his  congressional  district  wished  to 
elect  him  to  the  house  of  representatives,  but  he  re- 
fused. In  1806  Mr.  Adams  had  been  appointed 
professor  of  rhetoric  and  belles-lettres  at  Harvard 
college,  and  in  the  intervals  of  his  public  duties 
had  delivered  lectures  there,  which  were  published 
in  1810,  and  for  a  time  were  held  in  esteem. 

One  of  Mr.  Madison's  first  acts  on  succeeding  to 
the  presidency  in  1809  was  to  nominate  Mr.  Adams 
minister  to  Russia.  Since  Mr.  Dana's  failure  to 
secure  recognition  in  1782,  the  United  States  had 
had  no  minister  in  that  covmtry,  and  the  new  mis- 
sion was  now  to  be  created.  The  senate  at  first 
declined  to  concur  in  creating  the  mission,  but  a 
few  months  later  the  objectors  yielded,  and  Mr. 
Adams's  nomination  was  confirmed.  He  was  very 
courteously  received  by  Alexander  I.,  and  his  four 
years  and  a  half  in  Russia  passed  very  pleasantly. 
His  diary  gives  us  a  vivid  account  of  the  Napole- 
onic invasion  and  its  disastrous  ending.  In  the 
autumn  of  1812  the  czar  offered  his  services  as  me- 
diator between  the  United  States  and  Great  Brit- 
ain. War  had  only  been  declared  between  these 
powers  three  months  before,  but  the  American  gov- 
ernment promptly  accejated  the  proposal,  and,  in  the 
height  of  the  popular  enthusiasm  over  the  naval 
victories  of  Hull  and  Decatur,  sent  Messrs.  Gallatin 
and  Bayard  to  St.  Petersburg  to  act  as  commission- 
ers with  Mr.  Adams.  The  British  government  re- 
fused to  accept  the  mediation  of  Russia,  but  pro- 
posed instead  an  independent  negotiation,  to  which 
the  United  States  agreed,  and  the  commissioners 
were  directed  to  meet  at  Ghent.  Much  time  was 
consumed  in  these  arrangements,  while  we  were 
defeating  England  again  and  again  on  the  sea,  and 
suffering  in  return  some  humiliating  reverses  on 
land,  until  at  last  the  commissioners  met  at  Ghent, 
in  August,  1814.  Henry  Clay  and  Jonathan  Rus- 
sell were  added  to  the  American  commission,  while 
England  was  represented  by  Lord  Gambler,  Dr. 
Adams,  and  Mr.  Goulburn,  After  four  months  of 
bitter  wrangling,  from  which  no  good  result  could 
have  been  expected,  terms  of  peace  were  suddenly 
agreed  upon  in  December.  In  warding  off  the 
British  attempts  to  limit  our  rights  in  the  fisheries 
Mr.  Adams  played  an  important  part,  as  his  father 
had  done  in  1782.  The  war  had  been  a  drawn 
game,  neither  side  was  decisively  victorious,  and 
the  treaty  apparently  left  things  much  as  before. 
Nothing  was  explicitly  done  to  end  the  pretensions 
of  England  to  the  right  of  search  and  the  impress- 
ment of  seamen,  yet  the  naval  victories  of  the 
United  States  had  taught  the  British  a  lesson,  and 
these  pretensions  were  never  renewed.  The  treaty 
was  a  great  disappointment  to  the  British  people, 
who  had  hoped  to  obtain  some  advantages,  and 
Mr.  Adams,  for  his  share  in  it,  jvas  reviled  by  the 
London  press  in  a  tone  which  could  not  but  be  re- 
garded as  a  compliment  to  his  powers.  After  the 
conclusion  of  the  treaty  he  visited  Paris  and  wit- 


26 


ADAMS 


ADAMS 


nessed  the  return  of  Napoleon  from  Elba  and  the 
exciting  events  that  followed  up  to  the  eve  of 
Waterloo.  Here  his  wife  and  children  joined  him, 
after  a  tedious  journey  from  St.  Petersburg,  not 
without  distress  and  peril  by  the  way.  By  this 
time  Mr.  Adams  had  been  appointed  commissioner, 
with  Clay  and  Gallatin,  to  negotiate  a  new  com- 
mercial treaty  with  England.  This  treaty  was 
completed  on  13  July,  1815;  but  already,  on  26 
]\Iay,  wlieii  Mr.  Adams  arrived  in  London,  he  had 
received  the  news  of  his  appointment  as  minister 
to  England.  The  series  of  double  coincidences  in 
the  Adams  family  between  missions  to  England 
and  treaties  with  that  j)ower  is  curious.  First 
John  Adams  is  minister,  just  after  his  share  in  the 
treaty  that  concluded  the  revolutionary  war,  then 


his  son,  just  after  the  treaty  that  concluded  the 
war  of  1812-'15,  and  then  the  grandson  is  minister 
during  the  civil  war  and  afterward  takes  part  in 
the  treaty  that  disposed  of  the  Alabama  question. 
After  an  absence  of  eight  years,  John  Quincy 
Adams  was  called  back  to  his  native  land  to  serve 
as  secretary  of  state  under  President  Monroe.  A 
new  era  in  American  politics  was  dawning.  The 
war  which  had  just  been  concluded  has  sometimes 
been  called  our  second  war  of  independence ;  cer- 
tainly the  year  1815,  which  saw  the  end  of  the  long 
strife  between  France  and  England,  marks  an  im- 
portant era  in  American  history.  Our  politics 
ceased  to  be  concerned  mainly  with  foreign  affairs. 
So  suddenly  were  men's  bones  of  political  conten- 
tion taken  away  from  them  that  Monroe's  presi- 
dency is  traditionally  remembered  as  the  "  era  of 
good  feeling."  So  far  as  political  parties  were  con- 
cerned, such  an  epithet  is  well  applied ;  but  as  be- 
tween prominent  individuals  struggling  covertly  to 
supplant  one  another,  it  was  anything  rather  than 
an  era  of  good  feeling.  Mr.  Adams's  principal 
achievement  as  secretary  of  state  was  the  treaty 
with  Spain,  whereby  Florida  was  ceded  to  the 
United  States  in  consideration  of  $5,000,000,  to  be 
applied  to  the  liquidation  of  outstanding  claims  of 
American  merchants  against  Spain.  By  the  same 
treaty  the  boundary  between  Louisiana  and  Mexi- 
co was  established  as  running  along  the  Sabine  and 
Red  rivers,  the  upper  Arkansas,  the  crest  of  the 
Rocky  mountains,  and  the  42d  parallel.  Mr.  Ad- 
ams defended  the  conduct  of  Gen.  Jackson  in  in- 
vading Spanish  Florida  and  hanging  Arbuthnot 
and  Ambrister.  He  supported  the  policy  of  recog- 
nizing the  independence  of  the  revolted  colonies  of 
Spanish  America,  and  he  was  the  principal  author 
of  what  is  known  as  the  "  Monroe  Doctrine,"  that 
the  American  continent  is  no  longer  open  to  colo- 
nization by  Eui'opean  powers.  His  official  report 
on  weights  and  measures  showed  remarkable  scien- 
tific knowledge.  Toward  the  close  of  Monroe's 
first  term  came  up  the  first  great  political  question 
growing  out  of  the  purchase  of  Louisiana :  Should 


Missouri  be  admitted  to  the  union  as  a  slave-state, 
and  should  slavery  be  allowed  or  prohibited  in  the 
vast  territory  beyond?  After  the  Missouri  com- 
promise had  passed  through  congress,  and  been 
submitted  to  President  Monroe  for  his  signature, 
two  questions  were  laid  before  the  cabinet.  First, 
had  congress  the  constitutional  right  to  prohibit 
slavery  in  a  territory  ?  and,  secondly,  in  prohibiting 
slavery  "  forever  "  in  the  territory  north  of  Mason 
and  Dixon's  line,  as  prolonged  beyond  the  Missis- 
sippi river,  did  the  Missouri  bill  refer  to  this  dis- 
trict only  so  long  as  it  should  remain  under  terri- 
torial government,  or  did  it  apply  to  such  states  as 
might  in  future  be  formed  from  it  1  To  the  first 
question  the  cabinet  replied  unanimously  in  the 
affirmative.  To  the  second  question  Mr.  Adams 
replied  that  the  term  "  forever  "  really  meant  for- 
ever; but  all  his  colleagues  replied  that  it  only 
meant  so  long  as  the  district  in  question  should 
remain  under  territorial  government.  Here  for 
the  first  time  we  see  Mr.  Adams  taking  that  firm 
stand  in  opposition  to  slavery  which  hereafter  was 
to  make  him  so  famous. 

Mr.  Monroe's  second  term  of  office  had  scarcely 
begun  when  the  question  of  the  succession  came 
into  the  foreground.  The  candidates  were  John 
Quincy  Adams,  secretary  of  state ;  William  H. 
Crawford,  secretary  of  the  treasury ;  John  C.  Cal- 
houn, secretary  of  war ;  and  Henry  Clay,  speaker 
of  the  house  of  representatives.  Shortly  before  the 
election  Gen.  Jackson's  strength  began  to  loom  up 
as  more  formidable  than  the  other  competitors  had 
supposed.  Jackson  was  then  at  the  height  of  his 
popularity  as  a  military  hero,  Crawford  was  the 
most  dexterous  political  manager  in  the  country. 
Clay  was  perhaps  the  most  persuasive  orator.  Far 
superior  to  these  three  in  intelligence  and  charac- 
ter, Mr.  Adams  was  in  no  sense  a  popular  favorite. 
His  manners  were  stiff  and  disagreeable ;  he  told 
the  truth  bluntly,  whether  it  hurt  or  not ;  and  he 
never  took  pains  to  conciliate  any  one.  The  best 
of  men  in  his  domestic  circle,  outside  of  it  he  had 
few  warm  friends,  but  he  seemed  to  have  a  talent 
for  making  enemies.  When  Edward  Everett  asked 
him  if  he  was  "determined  to  do  nothing  with  a 
view  to  promote  his  future  election  to  the  presi- 
dency as  the  successor  of  Mr.  Monroe,"  he  replied 
that  he  "  should  do  absolutely  nothing,"  and  from 
this  resolution  he  never  swerved.  He  desired  the 
presidency  as  much  as  any  one  who  was  ever  chosen 
to  that  high  office ;  but  his  nature  was  such  that 
unless  it  should  come  to  him  without  scheming  of 
his  own,  and  as  the  unsolicited  expression  of  popu- 
lar trust  in  him,  all  its  value  would  be  lost.  Under 
the  cu'cumstances,  it  was  a  remarkable  evidence  of 
the  respect  felt  for  his  lofty  character  and  distin- 
guished services  that  he  should  have  obtained  the 
presidency  at  all.  The  result  of  the  election  showed 
99  votes  for  Jackson.  84  for  Adams,  41  for  Craw- 
ford, 37  for  Clay.  Mr.  Calhoun,  who  had  with- 
drawn from  the  contest  for  the  presidency,  received 
183  votes  for  the  vice-presidency,  and  was  elected. 
The  choice  of  the  president  was  thrown  into  the 
house  of  representatives,  and  Mr.  Clay  now  used 
his  great  influence  in  favor  of  Mr.  Adams,  who 
was  forthwith  elected.  When  Adams  afterward 
made  Clay  his  secretary  of  state,  the  disappointed 
partisans  of  Jackson  pretended  that  there  had  been 
a  bargain  between  the  two,  that  Adams  had  secured 
Clay's  assistance  by  promising  him  the  first  place 
in  the  cabinet,  and  thus,  according  to  a  usage  that 
seemed  to  be  establishing  itself,  placing  him  in  the 
line  of  succession  for  the  next  presidency.  The  pep- 
pery John  Randolph  characterized  this  supposed 
bargain  as  "  a  coalition  between  Blifil  and  Black 


ADAMS 


ADAMS 


27 


Oeorge,  the  Puritan  and  the  blackleg."  There 
never  was  a  particle  of  foundation  for  this  reck- 
less charge,  and  it  has  long  since  been  disproved. 

During  Monroe's  administration  the  Federalist 
party  had  become  extinct.  In  the  course  of  John 
Quincy  Adams's  administration  the  new  division 
of  parties  into  Whigs  and  Democrats  began  to  grow 
up,  the  Whigs  favoring  internal  improvements,  the 
national  bank,  and  a  high  tariff  on  importations, 
while  the  Democrats  opposed  all  such  measures 
on  the  ground  that  they  were  incompatible  with  a 
strict  construction  of  the  constitution.  In  its  rela- 
tion to  such  questions  Mr.  Adams's  administration 
was  Whig,  and  thus  arrayed  against  itself  not  only 
all  the  southern  planters,  but  also  the  ship-owners 
of  New  England  and  the  importers  of  New  York. 
But  a  new  and  powerful  tendency  now  came  in  to 
overwhelm  such  an  administration  as  that  of 
Adams.  The  so-called  "spoils  system"  was  al- 
ready germinating,  and  the  time  had  come  when  it 

could  be  put  into 
operation.  Mr. 
Adams  would 
have  nothing  to 
say  to  such  a  sys- 
tem. He  would 
not  reward  the 
men  who  worked 
for  him,  and  he 
would  not  re- 
move from  of- 
fice the  men 
who  most  vig- 
orously opposed 
him.  He  stood 
on  his  merits, 
asked  no  favors 
and  granted 
none ;  and  was, 
on  the  whole, 
the  most  inde- 
pendent presi- 
dent we  have 
had  since  Washington.  Jackson  and  his  friends 
promised  their  supporters  a  share  in  the  govern- 
ment offices,  in  which  a  "  clean  sweep  "  was  to  be 
made  by  turning  out  the  present  incumbents.  The 
result  of  the  election  of  1828  showed  that  for  the 
time  Jackson's  method  was  altogether  the  more 
potent ;  since  he  obtained  178  electoral  votes, 
against  88  for  Adams. 

The  close  of  his  career  as  president  was  marked 
by  an  incident  that  increased  the  odium  in  which 
Mr.  Adams  was  held  by  so  many  of  the  old  feder- 
alist families  of  Boston.  In  the  excitement  of  the 
election  the  newspapers  devoted  to  Jackson  swarmed 
with  mischievous  paragraphs  designed  to  injure 
Adams's  reputation.  Among  other  things  it  was 
said  that,  in  1808,  he  had  suspected  some  of  the 
federalist  leaders  of  entertaining  a  scheme  for  car- 
rying New  England  out  of  the  union,  and,  fearing 
that  such  a  scheme  would  be  promoted  by  hatred 
of  the  embargo,  and  that  in  case  of  its  success  the 
seceded  states  would  almost  inevitably  be  driven 
into  alliance  with  Great  Britain,  he  communicated 
his  suspicions  to  President  Jefferson  and  other 
leading  republicans.  These  tales,  published  by  un- 
scrupulous newspapers  twenty  years  after  the  event, 
grossly  distorted  what  Mr.  Adams  had  actually  said 
and  done ;  and  thirteen  eminent  Massachusetts 
federalists  addressed  to  him  an  open  letter,  de- 
manding that  he  should  bring  in  a  bill  of  particu- 
lars supported  by  evidence.  Adams  replied  by  stat- 
ing the  substance  of  what  he  had  really  said,  but 
declining  to  mention  names  or  to  point  out  the 


yCcijOJVlAA 


circumstances  upon  which  his  suspicion  had  been 
based.  In  preserving  this  reticence  he  was  actu- 
ated mainly  by  unwillingness  to  stir  up  a  furious 
controversy  under  circumstances  in  which  it  could 
do  no  good.  But  his  adversaries  made  the  mistake 
of  attributing  his  forbearance  to  dread  of  ill  con- 
sequences to  himself,  a  motive  by  which,  it  is  safe 
to  say,  Mr.  Adams  was  never  influenced  on  any 
occasion  whatever.  So  the  thirteen  gentlemen  re- 
turned to  the  attack.  Mr.  Adams  then  wrote  out  a 
full  statement  of  the  case,  completely  vindicating 
himself,  and  bringing  forward  more  than  enough 
evidence  to  justify  any  such  suspicions  as  he  had 
entertained  and  guardedly  stated.  After  finishing 
this  pamphlet  he  concluded  not  to  publish  it,  but 
left  it  among  his  papers.  It  has  lately  been  pub- 
lished by  Prof.  Henry  Adams,  in  his  "  Documents 
relating  to  New  England  Federalism,"  and  is  not 
only  of  great  historical  importance,  but  is  one  of 
the  finest  specimens  of  political  writing  to  be  found 
in  the  English  language. 

Although  now  an  ex-president,  Mr.  Adams  did 
not  long  remain  in  private  life.  The  greatest  part  of 
his  career  still  lay  before  him.  Owing  to  the  myste- 
rious disappearance  of  William  Morgan,  who  had 
betrayed  some  of  the  secrets  of  the  Masonic  order, 
there  was  in  some  of  the  northern  states  a  sudden 
and  violent  prejudice  against  the  Freemasons  and 
secret  societies  in  general.  An  "  anti-mason  par- 
ty" was  formed,  and  by  its  votes  Mr.  Adams  was, 
in  1831,  elected  to  congress,  where  he  remained, 
representing  the  same  district  of  Massachusetts, 
until  his  death  in  1848.  He  was  shortly  afterward 
nominated  by  the  anti-masons  for  the  governorship 
of  Massachusetts,  but  was  defeated  in  the  legisla- 
ture, there  being  no  choice  by  the  people.  In  con- 
gress he  occupied  a  perfectly  independent  attitude. 
He  was  one  of  those  who  opposed  President  Jack- 
son's high-handed  treatment  of  the  bank,  but  he 
supported  the  president  in  his  firm  attitude  toward 
the  South  Carolina  nullifiers  and  toward  France.  In 
1835,  as  the  French  government  delayed  in  paying 
over  the  indemnity  of  $5,000,000  which  had  laeen 
agreed  upon  by  the  treaty  of  1831  for  plunder  of 
American  shipping  in  the  Napoleonic  wars,  Jack- 
son threatened,  in  case  payment  should  be  any 
longer  deferred,  to  issue  letters  of  marque  and  re- 
prisal against  French  commerce.  This  bold  policy, 
which  was  successful  in  obtaining  the  money,  en- 
listed Mr.  Adams's  hearty  support.  He  defended 
Jackson  as  he  had  defended  Jefferson  on  the  occa- 
sion of  the  embargo ;  and  this  time,  as  before,  his 
course  was  disapproved  in  Massachusetts,  and  he 
lost  a  seat  in  the  U.  S.  senate.  He  had  been  chosen 
to  that  office  by  the  state  senate,  but  the  lower 
house  did  not  concur,  and  before  the  question  was 
decided  the  news  of  his  speech  in  favor  of  reprisals 
turned  his  supporters  against  him.  He  was  thus 
left  in  the  house  of  representatives  more  indepen- 
dent of  party  ties  than  ever,  and  was  accordingly 
enabled  to  devote  his  energies  to  the  aid  of  the 
abolitionists,  who  were  now  beginning  to  appear 
conspicuously  upon  the  scene.  At  that  time  it  was 
impossible  for  the  opponents  of  slavery  to  effect 
much.  The  only  way  in  which  they  could  get  their 
case  before  congress  was  by  presenting  petitions  for 
the  abolition  of  slavery  in  the  District  of  Colum- 
bia. Unwilling  to  receive  such  petitions,  or  to 
allow  any  discussion  on  the  dreaded  question,  con- 
gress in  1836  enacted  the  cowardly  "gag-rule," 
that  "  all  petitions,  memorials,  resolutions,  or  pa- 
pers relating  in  any  way  or  to  any  extent  whatso- 
ever to  the  subject  of  slavery  or  the  abolition  of 
slavery,  shall,  without  being  either  printed  or  re- 
ferred, be  laid  upon  the  table  ;  and  that  no  further 


28 


ADAMS 


ADAMS 


action  whatever  shall  be  had  thereon."  After  the 
yeas  and  nays  had  been  ordered  on  this,  when  Mr. 
Adams's  name  was  called  he  rose  and  said :  "  I 
hold  the  resolution  to  be  a  direct  violation  of  the 
constitution  of  the  United  States,  the  rules  of  this 
house,  and  the  rights  of  my  constituents."  The 
house  sought  to  drown  his  words  with  loud  shrieks 
and  yells  of  "  Order !  "  "  Order  !  "  but  he  raised  his 
voice  to  a  shout  and  defiantly  finished  his  sentence. 
The  rule  was  adopted  by  a  vote  of  117  to  68,  but  it 
did  more  harm  than  good  to  the  pro-slavery  pai'ty. 
They  had  put  themselves  in  an  untenable  position, 
and  furnished  Mr.  Adams  witli  a  powerful  weapon 
which  he  used  against  them  without  mercy.  As  a 
parliamentary  debater  he  has  had  few  if  any  supe- 
riors ;  in  knowledge  and  dexterity  there  was  no 
one  in  the  house  who  could  be  compared  with  him ; 
he  was  always  master  of  himself,  even  at  the  white 
heat  of  anger  to  which  he  often  rose  ;  he  was  terri- 
ble in  invective,  matchless  at  repartee,  and  insensi- 
ble to  fear.  A  single-handed  fight  against  all  the 
slave-holders  in  the  house  was  something  upon 
which  he  was  always  ready  to  enter,  and  he  usually 
came  off  with  the  last  word.  Though  the  vitupera- 
tive vocabulary  of  the  Englisji  language  seemed 
inadequate  to  express  the  hutfi'd  and  loathing  with 
which  the  pro-slavery  party  regarded  him,  though 
he  was  more  than  once  threatened  with  assassina- 
tion, nevertheless  his  dauntless  bearing  and  bound- 
less resources  compelled  the  respect  of  his  bitterest 
opponents,  and  members  from  the  south,  with  true 
chivalry,  sometimes  confessed  it.  Every  session  he 
returned  to  the  assault  upon  the  gag-rule,  until 
the  disgraceful  measure  was  rescinded  in  1845. 
This  part  of  Mr.  Adams's  career  consisted  of  a  vast 
number  of  small  incidents,  which  make  a  very  in- 
teresting and  instructive  chapter  in  American  his- 
tory, but  can  not  well  be  epitomized.  He  came  to 
serve  as  the  rallying-point  in  congress  for  the  ever- 
growing anti-slavery  sentiment,  and  may  be  re- 
garded, in  a  certain  sense,  as  the  first  founder  of  the 
new  republican  party.  He  seems  to  have  been  the 
first  to  enunciate  the  doctrine  upon  which  Mr.  Lin- 
coln afterward  rested  his  great  proclamation  of 
emancipation.  In  a  speech  in  congress  in  1836  he 
said :  "  From  the  instant  that  your  slave-holding 
states  become  the  theatre  of  war — civil,  servile,  or 
foreign — from  that  instant  the  war  powers  of  the 
constitution  extend  to  interference  with  the  insti- 
tution of  slavery  in  every  way  in  which  it  can  be 
interfered  with."  As  this  principle  was  attacked 
by  the  southern  members,  Mr.  Adams  from  time  to 
time  reiterated  it,  especially  in  his  speech  of  14 
April,  1842,  on  the  question  of  war  with  England 
and  Mexico,  when  he  said  :  "  Whether  the  war  be 
civil,  servile,  or  foreign,  I  lay  this  down  as  the 
law  of  nations :  I  say  that  the  military  authori- 
ty takes  for  the  time  the  place  of  all  municipal  in- 
stitutions, slavery  among  the  rest.  Under  that 
state  of  things,  so  far  from  its  being  true  that  the 
states  where  slavery  exists  have  the  exclusive  man- 
agement of  the  subject,  not  only  the  president  of 
the  United  States,  but  the  commander  of  the  army 
has  power  to  order  the  universal  emancipation  of 
the  slaves." 

After  the  rescinding  of  the  gag-rule  Mr.  Adams 
spoke  less  frequently.  In  November,  1846,  he  had 
a  shock  of  paralysis,  which  kept  him  at  home  four 
months.  On  21  Feb.,  1848,  while  he  was  sitting  in 
the  house  of  representatives,  came  the  second  shock. 
He  was  carried  into  the  speaker's  room,  where  he 
lay  two  days,  and  died  on  the  28d.  His  last  words 
were :  "  This  is  the  last  of  earth ;  I  am  content." 
See  "  Life  and  Public  Services  of  John  Quincy 
Adams,"  by  William  H.  Seward  (Auburn,  1849); 


"  Life  of  John  Quincy  Adams,"  by  Josiah  Quincy 
(Boston,  1858) ;  "  Diary  of  John  Quincy  Adams," 
edited  by  Charles  F.  Adams,  12  vols.,  8vo  (Phila- 
delphia, 1874-'7) ;  and  "  John  Quincy  Adams,"  by 
John  T.  Morse,  Jr.  (Boston,  1882). 

The  steel  portrait  of  Mr.  Adams,  facing  page  24, 
is  from  a  picture  by  Marchant,  in  the  possession  of 
the  New  York  Historical  Society.  The  mansion 
represented  on  page  26  is  the  Adams  homestead  at 
Quincy,  in  which  the  presidents  lived,  now  the 
summer  residence  of  Charles  Francis  Adams. 

ADAMS,  Julius  Walker,  civil  engineer,  b.  in 
Boston,  Mass.,  18  Oct.,  1812.  He  entered  West 
Point  academy  in  1830,  but  was  never  graduated. 
After  acting  as  assistant  engineer  of  various  rail- 
roads, from  1832  to  1844,  he  was  at  Cochituate 
water-works,  Boston,  in  1846,  and  in  the  same  year 
became  superintending  engineer  of  the  Erie  rail- 
way. He  removed  to  Kentucky  in  1852,  was  chief 
engineer  of  the  Central  railroad,  and  in  1855  of 
the  Memphis  and  Ohio  railroad.  He  had  charge 
of  the  establishment  of  a  system  of  sewers  in 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  in  1856,  and  in  1860  was  engineer 
of  the  water-works  at  New  Haven,  Conn.  During 
the  civil  war  he  was  colonel  of  the  67th  New  York 
volunteers,  and  was  wounded  at  Fair  Oaks.  Since 
then  he  has  been  chief  engineer  of  the  city  works 
of  Brooklyn,  projector  of  the  East  River  suspen- 
sion bridge,  and  for  six  years  consulting  engineer 
to  the  department  of  public  works.  New  York.  He 
has  been  president  of  the  American  society  of  civil 
engineers,  and  has  published  "  Sewers  and  Drains," 
and  various  scientific  papers. — His  son,  Julius 
W.,  b.  in  Westfield,  Mass.,  in  April,  1840,  d.  in 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  15  Nov.,  1865,  was  graduated  at 
West  Point  in  1861.  served  there  as  assistant  in- 
structor of  infantry  tactics  till  June,  1862,  was 
wounded  and  taken  prisoner  at  Gaines's  Mills, 
promoted  captain  in  August,  1862,  and  served 
at  Fredericksburg,  Chancellorsville,  Gettysburg, 
where  he  commanded  a  regiment,  and  the  second 
battle  of  Cold  Harbor,  where  he  received  wounds 
that  caused  his  death. 

ADAMS.  Nehemiali,  clergyman,  b.  in  Salem, 
Mass.,  19  Feb.,  1806:  d.  6  Oct.,  1878.  He  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1826,  and  at  Andover 
theological  seminary  in  1829.  His  first  pastoral 
charge,  beginning  immediately  after  his  gradua- 
tion, was  the  first  church  of  Cambridge,  as  the  col- 
league of  the  Rev.  Abiel  Holmes,  D.  D.  On  26 
March,  1834,  he  became  pastor  of  the  Essex  st. 
church,  Boston,  a  relation  which  lasted  until  his 
death.  He  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  theologi- 
cal and  ecclesiastical  controversies  of  his  time,  and 
for  many  years  was  an  officer  of  the  American 
tract  society,  and  of  the  American  board  of  com- 
missioners for  foreign  missions.  His  "  South  Side 
View  of  Slavery "  (Boston,  1854),  and  his  corre- 
spondence with  Governor  Wise,  of  Virginia,  on 
kindred  topics,  the  best-known  of  his  works,  called 
out  many  unfavorable  comments  from  the  anti- 
slavery  press.  His  "  Sable  Cloud  "  (Boston,  1863), 
"  a  Southern  tale  with  Northern  Comments,"  pro- 
voked similar  discussion.  He  also  wrote  "  The 
Cross  in  the  Cell."  "  Scriptural  Argument  for  End- 
less Punishment,"  "Broadcast,"  and  "At  Even- 
tide." In  1869,  in  consequence  of  his  failing  health, 
his  people  procured  an  associate  pastor  and  gave 
Dr.  Adams  a  long  leave  of  absence.  He  made  a 
voyage  round  the  world  and  described  it  in  "  Un- 
der the  Mizzenmast "  (1871). 

ADAMS,  Robert  H.,  senator,  b.  in  Rockbridge 
CO.,  Va.,  in  1792  ;  d.  in  Natchez,  Miss.,  2  July,  1830. 
He  was  graduated  at  Washington  college,  Lexing- 
ton, Ky.,  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  practised  in 


ADAMS 


ADAMS 


29 


Knoxville,  Tenn.,  and  afterward  in  Natchez,  where 
he  settled  in  1819.  He  was  a  member  of  the  legis- 
lature in  1828,  and  was  elected  a  U.  S.  senator  from 
Mississippi  to  fill  the  vacancy  that  had  been  caused 
by  tlie  death  of  Thomas  B.  Reed,  serving  from  8 
Feb.  to  31  May,  1830. 

ADAMS,  Samuel,  b.  in  Boston,  Mass.,  27  Sept., 
1722  ;  d.  there,  2  Oct.,  1803.  Among  the  grandsons  of 
Henry  Adams,  the  emigrant  from  Devonshire,  were 
Joseph  Adams,  of  Braintree,  and  John  Adams,  of 
Boston,  a  sea-captain.  The  former  was  grand- 
father of  President  John  Adams;  the  latter  was 
grandfather  of  Samuel  Adams,  the  statesman.  The 
second  son  of  Capt.  John  Adams,  b.  6  May,  1689, 
was  named  Samuel,  and  in  1713  married  Mary  Fi- 
field.  Of  their  twelve  children,  only  two,  besides 
the  illustrious  Samuel,  survived  their  father.  The 
elder  Samuel  Adams  was  a  man  of  wealth  and  in- 
fluence. He  owned  a  large  estate  on  Purchase 
street,  with  a  noble  mansion  fronting  on  the  har- 
bor, and  here  the  younger  Samuel  Adams  was  born. 
The  father  was  always  a  leader.  He  was  justice  of 
the  peace,  deacon  of  the  old  South  church,  select- 
man, and  member  of  the  legislature,  where  he  made 
himself  prominent  in  the  quarrels  with  Gov.  Shute. 
About  1724,  in  company  with  some  friends,  mostly 

sea-captains,  ship- 
wrights, and  per- 
sons otherwise 
connected  with 
the  shipping  in- 
terest, which  was 
then  very  power- 
ful, he  founded  a 
political  club  de- 
signed "  to  lay 
plans  for  introdu- 
cing certain  per- 
sons into  places  of 
trust  and  power." 
This  institution 
was  known  as  the 
"  caulkers'  club," 
whence  the  terra 
^  /       ^  "  caucus "  is  sup- 

t^a  rrt^X^C^^X^T^r-L^i     posed  to  have  been 

derived.  It  was 
evidently  from  his 
father  that  the  younger  Samuel  inherited  the  politi- 
cal tastes  and  aptitudes  which,  displayed  amid  the 
grand  events  of  the  revolution,  were  to  make  him  on 
the  whole  the  most  illustrious  citizen  that  Massachu- 
setts has  ever  produced.  Young  Adams  was  edu- 
cated first  at  the  Boston  Latin  school,  then  at  Har- 
vard college,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1740.  Very 
little  is  known  of  his  college  life,  except  that  he  was 
noted  as  a  diligent  student.  He  was  fond  of  quot- 
ing Greek  and  Latin,  after  the  pedantic  fashion  of 
the  time.  In  1743,  being  then  twenty-one  years  of 
age  and  a  candidate  for  the  master's  degree,  he 
chose  as  the  subject  for  his  Latin  thesis  the  ques- 
tion, "  Whether  it  be  lawful  to  resist  the  supreme 
magistrate  if  the  commonwealth  cannot  otherwise 
be  preserved  " ;  and  this  question  he  answered  in 
the  affirmative.  History  has  not  told  us  how  this 
bold  doctrine  affected  Gov.  Shirley  and  the  other 
officers  of  the  crown  who  sat  there  on  commence- 
ment day  and  listened  to  it.  It  was  the  wish  of 
the  elder  Samuel  that  his  son  should  become  a 
clergyman ;  but  the  son  had  no  taste  for  theology 
and  preferred  the  law.  In  those  days,  however,  the 
law  was  hardly  considered  a  respectable  profession 
by  old-fashioned  New  Englanders ;  and  after  a 
snort  time  Samuel  yielded  to  his  mother's  objec- 
tions and  entered  the  counting-house  of  Thomas 


Gushing,  a  prominent  merchant,  father  of  an  emi- 
nent revolutionary  leader.  Shoi'tly  afterward  his 
father  gave  him  £1,000  with  which  to  set  up  in 
business  for  himself.  He  lent  half  of  this  to  a 
friend,  who  never  returned  it,  and  lost  the  other 
half  in  bad  bargains.  Then  he  became  partner 
with  his  father  in  a  brewery,  but  the  business  did 
not  prosper.  About  this  time  the  father  lost  the 
greater  part  of  his  fortune  in  a  wildcat  banking 
enterprise.  In  1690,  at  the  time  of  the  disastrous 
expedition  of  Sir  William  Phips  against  Quebec, 
Massachusetts  had  issued  paper  money,  with  the 
inevitable  results.  Coin  was  driven  from  circula- 
tion, and  there  was  a  great  inflation  of  prices,  with 
frequent  and  disastrous  fluctuations.  This  led  to 
complaints  from  British  merchants  trading  to 
Massachusetts,  and  the  governor  was  ordered  by 
the  board  of  ti'ade  to  veto  any  further  issue.  A 
quarrel  ensued  between  the  governor  and  the  legis- 
lature, and,  as  the  governor  proved  inexorable,  two 
joint  -  stock  banking  companies  were  devised  to 
meet  the  emergency.  The  one  known  as  the  "  sil- 
ver scheme,"  and  patronized  chiefly  by  merchants, 
undertook  to  issue  £110,000  in  notes,  to  be  re- 
deemed in  silver  at  the  end  of  ten  years ;  the 
other,  which  was  known  as  the  land-bank,  or  "  man- 
ufactory scheme,"  undertook  to  issue  £150,000,  re- 
deemable in  produce  after  twenty  years.  It  was 
with  the  latter  scheme  that  Mr.  Adams's  father 
was  connected.  There  were  800  stockholders,  and 
they  not  only  controlled  the  Massachusetts  legisla- 
ture, but  succeeded  in  compassing  Gov.  Belcher's 
removal.  Their  plans  were  nipped  in  the  bud, 
however,  by  an  act  of  parliament  extending  to  the 
colonies  an  act  of  the  reign  of  George  I.  forbidding 
the  incorporation  of  joint-stock  companies  with 
more  than  six  partners.  The  two  Massachusetts 
companies  were  thus  obliged  to  suspend  operations 
and  redeem  their  scrip ;  and,  as  the  partners  were 
held  individually  liable,  they  were  quickly  ruined. 
Thus  the  wealth  of  the  elder  Adams  melted  away 
in  a  moment.  The  friends  of  the  bank  denounced 
this  act  of  parliament  as  a  violation  of  the  chartered 
rights  of  the  colony ;  and  the  question  as  to  the 
extent  of  the  authority  of  parliament  in  America 
began  to  be  agitated.  So  in  a  certain  sense  Samuel 
Adams  may  be  said  to  have  inherited  his  quarrel 
with  the  British  government.  After  the  death  of 
his  father  in  1748  he  carried  on  the  brewery  by 
himself,  and  obtained  from  his  political  enemies 
the  nickname  of  "  Sammy  the  maltster."  Present- 
ly, when  he  was  made  tax-collector  for  the  town 
of  Boston,  these  wits  devised  for  him  the  epi- 
thet of  "  Sammy  the  publican."  His  office  made 
him  personally  acquainted  with  everybody  in  Bos- 
ton, and  his  qualities  soon  won  for  him  great  in- 
fluence. He  had  all  the  courage  and  indomitable 
perseverance  of  his  cousin,  John  Adams,  but  with- 
out his  bluntness  of  manner.  As  an  adroit  political 
manager  he  was  not  surpassed  by  Jefferson,  whom 
he  resembled  in  his  thorough-going  democracy. 
He  had  a  genuine  sympathy  for  men  with  leather 
aprons  and  hands  bi'owned  by  toil ;  he  knew  how 
to  win  their  confidence,  and  never  abused  it,  for  he 
was  in  no  sense  a  demagogue.  In  the  town-meet- 
ing he  soon  became  a  power,  yet  it  was  not  until 
his  forty-second  year  that  his  great  public  career 
began.  In  May,  1764,  he  drafted  the  instructions 
given  by  the  town  of  Boston  to  its  newly-chosen 
representatives  with  reference  to  Grenville's  pro- 
posed stamp-act.  These  instructions  were  the  first 
public  protest  in  America  against  the  right  of  par- 
liament to  tax  the  colonies.  Next  year  he  was  him- 
self elected  to  the  legislature,  where  he  remained 
till  1774,  officiating  as  clerk  of  the  house,  and  draft' 


30 


ADAMS 


ADAMS 


ing  most  of  the  remarkable  state-papers  of  that 
period  of  fierce  agitation.  In  the  controversies 
first  with  Gov.  Bernard,  then  with  his  successor, 
Hutchinson,  Samuel  Adams  was  always  foremost. 
On  the  passage  of  the  Townshend  acts  in  1767, 
Adams  wrote  the  petition  of  the  Massachusetts 
legislature  to  the  king,  the  letter  of  instructions  to 
their  agent  in  England,  and  the  circular  letter  ad- 
dressed to  the  other  colonies,  inviting  their  aid  in 
the  defence  of  the  common  rights  of  Americans. 
The  king  was  especially  enraged  by  this  circular 
letter,  and  Gov.  Bernard  was  directed  to  order  the 
legislature  to  rescind  it  under  penalty  of  instant 
dissolution.  After  several  days'  discussion  the  legis- 
lature, by  a  vote  of  93  to  17,  refused  to  rescind. 
This  obstinacy  had  much  to  do  with  the  decision  of 
the  British  government  to  send  ti'oops  to  Boston 
in  the  hope  of  overawing  the  people  of  that  town. 
On  the  morning  after  the  famous  "  massacre  "  of  5 
March,  1770,  Mr.  Adams  was  appointed  chairman 
of  a  committee  to  communicate  the  votes  of  the 
town-meeting  to  the  governor  and  council.  More 
than  5,000  persons  were  present  at  the  town-meet- 
ing, which  was  held  in  the  old  South  meeting- 
house, and  all  the  neighboring  streets  were  crowded. 
Lieut.-Gov.  Hutchinson,  with  the  council,  and  Col. 
Dalrymple,  commander  of  the  two  regiments,  sat 
in  the  old  state-house  at  the  head  of  King  street. 
When  Adams  presented  the  demand  of  the  town- 
meeting  that  the  soldiers  should  be  removed  to  the 
castle  in  the  harbor,  Hutchinson  at  first  disclaimed 
any  authority  in  the  matter ;  but  Adams  reminded 
him  that  as  acting  governor  of  Massachusetts  he  was 
commander-in-chief  of  all  troops  within  the  prov- 
ince. Hutchinson  consulted  a  while  with  Dalrymple, 
and  at  length  replied  that  the  colonel  was  willing 
to  remove  one  of  the  regiments  in  order  to  appease 
the  indignation  of  the  people.  The  committee,  led 
by  Adams,  returned  to  the  church  with  this  mes- 
sage, and  as  they  proceeded  through  the  crowded 
street,  Adams,  bowing  to  right  and  left,  passed 
along  the  watchword,  "  Both  regiments  or  none  ! " 
When  the  question  was  put  to  vote  in  the  church, 
5,000  voices  shouted,  "  Both  regiments  or  none  ! " 
Armed  with  this  ultimatum,  Adams  returned  to 
the  State-house  and  warned  Hutchinson  that  if  he 
failed  to  remove  both  regiments  before  nightfall 
he  did  so  at  his  peril.  Hutchinson  was  as  brave 
and  as  obstinate  as  Adams,  but  two  regiments  were 
powerless  in  presence  of  the  angry  crowd  that  filled 
Boston,  and  before  siniset  they  were  removed  to 
the  castle.  These  troops  were  ever  afterward  known 
in  parliament  as  the  "  Sam  Adams  regiments." 

In  1772  the  government  ventured  upon  a  step 
that  went  further  tlian  anything  that  had  yet  been 
done  toward  driving  Massachusetts  into  rebellion. 
It  was  ordered  that  the  judges,  holding  their  oifices 
at  the  king's  pleasure,  should  henceforth  be  paid 
by  the  crown  and  not  by  the  colony.  This  act, 
which  aimed  directly  at  the  independence  of  the 
judiciary,  aroused  intense  indignation.  The  judges 
were  threatened  with  impeachment  if  they  should 
dare  to  accept  a  penny  from  the  crown.  Mr.  Ad- 
ams now  had  recourse  to  a  measure  that  organized 
the  American  revolution.  The  people  of  Boston, 
in  town-meeting,  asked  Hutchinson  to  convene  the 
legislature  to  decide  what  should  be  done  about  the 
judges'  salaries.  On  his  refusal,  Adams  proposed 
that  the  towns  of  Massachusetts  should  appoint 
"  committees  of  correspondence "  to  consult  with 
each  other  about  the  conunon  welfare.  Such  a  step 
was  strictly  legal,  but  it  virtually  created  a  revolu- 
tionary legislative  body,  which  the  governor  could 
neither  negative,  dissolve,  nor  prorogue.  Within 
a  few  months  eighty  towns  had  chosen  their  com- 


mittees of  correspondence,  and  the  system  was  in 
full  operation.  Hutchinson  at  first  scoffed  at  it. 
for  he  did  not  see  to  what  it  was  leading.  The 
next  spring  Dabney  Carr,  of  Virginia,  moved  that 
intercolonial  committees  of  correspondence  should 
be  formed,  and  this  was  soon  done.  But  one  more 
step  was  needed.  It  was  only  necessary  that  the 
intercolonial  committees  should  assemble  in  one 
place,  and  there  would  be  a  continental  congress 
speaking  in  the  name  of  the  united  colonies,  and, 
if  need  be,  superseding  the  royal  governments.  By 
such  stages  was  formed  the  revolutionary  govern- 
ment that  declared  the  independence  of  the  United 
States  and  administered  the  affairs  of  the  new  na- 
tion until  1789.  It  was  Samuel  Adams  who  took 
the  first  step  toward  its  construction,  though  the 
idea  had  been  first  suggested  in  1765  by  the  great 
preacher  Jonathan  Mayhew.  In  order  to  provoke 
the  colonies  to  assemble  in  a  continental  congress^ 
it  was  only  necessary  that  the  British  government 
should  take  the  aggressive  upon  some  issue  in 
which  all  the  colonies  were  equally  interested.  The 
sending  of  the  tea-ships  in  1773  was  such  an  act  of 
aggression,  and  forced  the  issue  upon  the  colonists. 
The  management  of  this  delicate  and  difficult 
affair,  down  to  the  day  when  Massachusetts  virtu- 
ally declared  war  by  throwing  the  tea  into  the  har- 
bor, was  entirely  in  the  hands  of  the  committees  of 
correspondence  of  Boston  and  five  neighboring 
towns,  with  the  expressed  consent  of  the  other 
Massachusetts  committees  and  the  general  approv- 
al of  the  country.  In  this  bold  act  of  defiance 
Samuel  Adams  was  from  first  to  last  the  leading 
spirit.  He  had  been  the  first  of  American  states- 
men to  come  to  the  conclusion  that  independence 
was  the  only  remedy  for  the  troubles  of  the  time ; 
and  since  1768  he  had  acted  upon  tliis  conviction 
without  publicly  avowing  it.  The  "  Boston  tea- 
party  "  made  war  inevitable.  In  April,  1774,  par- 
liament retorted  with  the  acts  for  closing  the  port 
of  Boston  and  annulling  the  charter  of  Massachu- 
setts. This  alarmed  all  the  colonies,  and  led  to 
the  first  meeting  of  the  continental  congress.  In 
this  matter  the  other  colonies  invited  Massachu- 
setts to  take  the  lead,  and  the  work  was  managed 
by  Mr.  Adams  with  his  accustomed  shrewdness 
and  daring.  When  the  legislature  met  at  Salem, 
17  June,  1774,  in  conformity  to  the  new  acts  of 
parliament,  he  locked  the  door,  put  the  key  into 
his  pocket,  and  carried  through  the  measures  for 
assembling  a  congress  at  Philadelphia  in  Septem- 
ber. A  tory  member,  feigning  sudden  dlness,  was 
allowed  to  go  out,  and  ran  straight  to  the  governor 
with  the  news.  The  governor  lost  no  time  in 
drawing  up  the  writ  dissolving  the  legislature,  but 
when  his  clerk  reached  the  hall  he  found  the  door 
locked  and  could  not  serve  the  writ.  When  the 
business  was  accomplished  the  legislature  adjourned 
sine  die.  It  was  the  last  Massacliusetts  legislature 
assembled  in  obedience  to  the  sovereign  authority 
of  Great  Britain.  The  acts  of  April  were  hence- 
forth entirely  disregarded  in  Massachusetts. 

Samuel  Adams  and  his  cousin  John  were  dele- 
gates to  the  first  continental  congress.  They  knew 
that  Massachusetts  was  somewhat  dreaded  and  dis- 
trusted by  the  other  colonies,  especially  by  Penn- 
sylvania and  New  York,  on  account  of  her  for- 
wardness in  opposing  the  British  government. 
While  there  was  genuine  sympathy  with  her  situa- 
tion, there  was  at  the  same  time  great  reluctance 
to  bringing  on  a  war.  The  rigid  puritanism  of 
Massachusetts  was  also  held  in  disrepute.  Samuel 
Adams  felt  it  necessary  to  be  conciliatory,  and  it 
was  easy  for  him  to  be  so,  for  he  was  large-minded 
and  full  of  tact.     A  motion  to  open  the  proceedings?^ 


ADAMS 


ADAMS 


31 


of  the  congress  with  prayer  was  opposed  by  John 
Jay,  on  the  ground  that  Episcopalians,  Congrega- 
tionalists,  Presbyterians,  Baptists,  and  Quakers 
could  hardly  be  expected  to  unite  in  formal  wor- 
ship. Then  Samuel  Adams  got  up  and  said,  with 
perfect  sincerity,  that  "  he  was  no  bigot  and  could 
hear  a  prayer  from  a  gentleman  of  piety  and  vir- 
tue who  was  at  the  same  time  a  friend  to  his  coun- 
try. -He  was  a  stranger  in  Philadelphia,  but  he 
had  heard  that  Mr.  Duche  deserved  that  character, 
and  therefore  he  moved  that  Mr.  Duche,  an  Epis- 
copal clergyman,  might  be  desired  to  read  prayers 
to  the  congress."  This  was  a  politic  move,  for  it 
pleased  the  Episcopalians,  who  were  the  dominant 
sect  in  New  York,  Virginia,  and  South  Carolina ; 
and  it  produced  an  excellent  impression  in  Phila- 
delphia, whei-e  Duche  was  the  most  popular  preacher 
of  the  day.  It  was  thought  that  the  men  of  New 
England  were  not  so  stiff-necked  as  had  been  gen- 
erally supposed,  and  there  was  a  reaction  of  feel- 
ing in  their  favor. 

Toward  the  end  of  the  following  winter  Gen. 
Gage  received  peremptory  orders  from  the  ministry 
to  arrest  Samuel  Adams  and  "  his  willing  and  ready 
tool."  John  Hancock,  and  send  them  over  to  Lon- 
don to  be  tried  for  high  treason.  A  London  news- 
paper predicted  that  their  heads  would  soon  be  ex- 
posed on  Temple  Bar.  It  was  intended  to  seize 
them  at  Lexington  on  the  morning  of  19  April, 
but,  forewarned  by  Paul  Revere,  they  escaped  to 
Woburn  and  made  their  way  to  Philadelphia  in 
time  for  the  second  session  of  the  continental  con- 
gress. For  the  next  eight  years  Mr.  Adams  took 
an  active  and  important  part  in  the  work  of  the 
congress.  Probably  no  other  man  did  so  much  as 
he  to  bring  about  the  declaration  of  independence. 
He  had  a  considerable  share  in  framing  the  state  con- 
stitution of  Massachusetts  adopted  in  1780.  After 
the  close  of  the  war  he  opposed  the  strengthening  of 
the  federal  government,  through  fear  of  erecting  a 
tyranny  that  might  swallow  up  the  local  govern- 
ments. Like  Patrick  Henry,  R.  H.  Lee,  and  others 
who  had  been  foremost  in  urging  on  the  revolution, 
he  was  ranked  among  the  anti-federalists.  Unlike 
the  two  Virginians  just  mentioned,  however,  he  did 
not  actively  oppose  the  new  constitution  of  1787. 
In  the  Massachusetts  convention  of  1788,  for  con- 
sidering the  federal  constitution,  he  was  by  far  the 
most  influential  member.  For  two  weeks  he  sat  in 
silence  listening  to  the  arguments  of  other  mem- 
bers. Then  he  decided  to  support  the  constitution 
and  urge  its  ratification  unconditionally,  but  with 
a  general  understanding  that  Massachusetts  would 
submit  to  the  new  congress  sundry  amendments 
equivalent  in  effect  to  a  bill  of  rights.  His  decision 
carried  the  convention  in  favor  of  ratification  by 
the  naiTow  majority  of  187  yeas  to  168  nays.  But 
for  this  ratification  on  the  part  of  Massachusetts 
the  constitution  would  not  have  been  adopted,  and 
of  all  the  great  services  rendered  by  Samuel  Adams 
to  his  country  none  was  greater  than  this.  The 
example  of  Massachusetts  in  proposing  amend- 
ments was  followed  by  other  states,  and  it  was  thus 
that  the  first  ten  amendments,  declared  in  force  15 
Dec,  1791,  originated.  In  1789  Mr.  Adams  was 
chosen  lieutenant-governor  of  Massachusetts,  Han- 
cock being  governor.  There  were  many  who  urged 
his  claims  for  the  vice-presidency  under  Washing- 
ton, but  the  preference  was  given  to  his  cousin  as 
more  fully  in  sympathy  with  the  federalist  party. 
He  was  chosen  governor  of  Massachusetts  in  1794, 
and  served  in  that  capacity  till  1797.  His  political 
opinions  resembled  those  of  Jefferson.  His  last  years 
were  spent  in  his  house  on  Winter  street,  Boston,  as 
he  had  been  obliged  to  part  with  his  paternal  man- 


sion on  Purchase  street.     His  personal  appearance 

is  thus  described  by  Mr.  Wells :  "  His  stature  was 
a  little  above  the  medium  height.  He  wore  a  tie- 
wig,  cocked  hat,  buckled  shoes,  knee-breeches,  and 
a  red  cloak,  and  held  himself  very  erect,  with  the 
ease  and  address  of  a  polite  gentleman.  On  stop- 
ping to  speak  with  any  person  in  the  street  his 
salutation  was  formal  yet  cordial.  His  gestures 
were  animated,  and  in  conversation  there  was  a 
slight  tremulous  motion  of  the  head.  His  com- 
plexion was  florid,  and  his  eyes  dark  blue.  The 
eyebrows  were  heavy,  almost  to  bushiness,  and  con- 
trasted remarkably  with  the  clear  forehead,  which, 
at  the  age  of  seventy,  had  but  few  wrinkles.  The 
face  had  a  benignant  but  careworn  expression, 
blended  with  a  native  dignity  (some  have  said  maj- 
esty) of  countenance  which  never  failed  to  impress 
strangers."  In  conversation  he  was  entertaining, 
and  possessed  a  great  fund  of  anecdote.  He  was 
frugal,  temperate,  and  incorruptible.  His  capacity 
for  work,  as  seems  to  have  been  the  case  with  all  of 
his  illustrious  family,  was  prodigious.  In  religion, 
unlike  his  cousin  John,  he  was  a  strict  Calvinist. 
He  was  twice  married,  first  in  1749  to  Elizabeth 
Checkley,  daughter  of  the  pastor  of  the  new  South 
church.  She  died  m  1757,  and  in  1764  he  married 
Elizabeth  Wells,  daughter  of  an  English  merchant 
who  had  settled  in  Boston  in  1723.  His  only  son, 
Samuel,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1771, 
studied  medicine  with  the  famous  Dr.  Joseph  War- 
ren, served  as  surgeon  in  the  army  throughout  the 
war,  and  thereby  ruined  his  health  and  died  in 
1788.  Samuel  Adams  left  only  female  descendants. 
An  excellent  statue  of  him  in  bronze,  by  Miss 
Whitney,  stands  in  Dock  square,  and  his  portrait 
by  Copley  hangs  in  Faneuil  hall.  His  life  has  been 
written  by  W.  V.  Wells,  "  Life  and  Public  Services 
of  Samuel  Adams  "  (3  vols.,  Boston,  1865),  and  by 
J.  K.  Hosmer,  "  Samuel  Adams  "  (Boston,  1885). 

ADAMS,  Samuel,  military  surgeon,  b.  in  Maine ; 
d.  in  Galveston,  Texas.  9  Sept.,  1867.  He  entered 
the  national  army  16  April,  1863,  and,  after  a  year 
spent  in  the  active  duties  of  the  permanent  hos- 
pitals, joined  the  army  of  the  Potomac  and  served 
constantly  with  it  until  it  was  disbanded.  During 
his  field  service  he  rose  from  the  rank  of  regimen- 
tal surgeon  to  that  of  medical  inspector  of  the 
ninth  army  corps,  receiving  also  a  brevet  for  "  meri- 
torious conduct  at  the  capture  of  Petersburg." 
During  one  of  the  closing  battles  of  the  war,  at  a 
time  when  the  brilliant  and  rapid  series  of  federal 
successes  tended  to  obscure  acts  of  individual  gal- 
lantry. Dr.  Adams  distinguished  himself  by  riding 
along  the  advanced  line  of  combatants,  and,  under 
the  fire  of  the  enemy,  dressing  the  wounds  of  Gen. 
Potter,  who  could  not  be  removed  from  the  spot 
where  he  fell,  and,  but  for  the  action  of  Surgeon 
Adams,  would  have  lost  his  life.  At  the  close  of 
the  war  Surgeon  Adams  received  an  invitation  from 
a  wealthy  and  well-known  gentleman  to  accompany 
his  family  on  a  European  tour  as  his  physician ; 
but  an  application  for  leave  of  absence  was  refused 
by  the  war  department,  on  the  ground  that  his 
services  could  not  be  spared.  Soon  afterward  he 
was  ordered  to  Texas,  where  yellow  fever  was  epi- 
demic, and  his  last  days  were  spent  among  the  vic- 
tims of  the  disease,  of  which  he  died.  He  was 
highly  esteemed  for  his  Christian  character. 

ADAMS,  Setli,  inventor,  b.  in  Rochester,  N.  H., 
13  April,  1807 ;  d.  in  Newton,  Mass.,  7  Dec,  1873. 
He  was  apprenticed  to  a  cabinet  maker,  and  after 
he  had  attamed  his  majority  he  removed  to  Boston, 
where  he  worked  in  a  machine  shop.  In  1831  he 
established  a  business  for  the  manufacture  of  ma- 
chinery, and  two  years  later  he  became  interested 


32 


ADAMS 


ADAMS 


in  the  printing-press  invented  by  his  brother  Isaac, 
and  subsequently  obtained  the  exchisive  right  of 
making  it.  In  183(3  he  enhirged  his  shops  in  order 
to  produce  the  famous  power  presses  lately  in- 
vented by  his  brother,  the  interests  of  the  two 
brothers  were  united,  and  the  firm  of  I.  &  S. 
Adams  was  established,  which  continued  until 
1856.  In  1849  he  took  charge  of  the  Adams  sugar 
refinery,  which  for  many  years  was  the  largest  but 
one  of  its  kind  in  the  United  States.  He  accumu- 
lated a  very  large  fortune,  a  portion  of  which  he 
left  for  the  establishment  of  the  Adams  nervine 
asylum  in  West  Roxbury,  Mass.,  for  hypochon- 
driacs. He  also  gave  a  considerable  sum  of  money 
to  Bowdoin  college.  For  some  time  he  was  a 
member  of  the  city  council  and  of  the  board  of 
public  works.  A  massive  monument  has  been 
erected  to  his  memory  in  his  native  town. 

ADAMS,  Stephen,  senator,  b.  in  Franklin  co., 
Tenn.;  d.  in  Memphis,  Tenn.,  11  May,  1857.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  state  senate  of  Tennessee, 
afterward  studied  law,  and  began  practice  in  Mis- 
sissippi, where  he  took  a  prominent  part  in  politics. 
He  was  elected  to  the  state  house  of  representatives, 
was  a  member  of  congress  in  1845-'7,  and  became 
a  judge  of  the  circuit  court  in  1848.  In  1852,  on 
the  resignation  of  Jefferson  Davis,  who  gave  up  his 
seat  to  become  candidate  for  governor,  he  was 
chosen  as  a  state-rights  democrat  to  serve  out  the 
term  in  the  U.  S.  senate,  which  expired  in  1857. 

ADAMS,  William,  clergyman,  b.  in  Colches- 
ter, Conn.,  25  Jan.,  1807;  d.  at  Orange  Mountain, 
N.  J.,  31  Aug.,  1880.  His  father  was  John  Adams, 
LL.  D.,  principal  of  the  Bacon  academy  at  Colches- 
ter, whence  he  removed  in  1810  to  assume  charge 
of  the  Phillips  academy  at  Andover,  Mass.  His 
mother  was  Elizabeth  Ripley,  a  lineal  descendant 

of  Gov.  Brad- 
ford. He  was 
prepared  for  col- 
lege at  Andover 
and  was  grad- 
uated at  Yale 
in  1827,  count- 
ing among  his 
classmates  Hor- 
ace Bushnell, 
Henry  Durant, 
Judges  Ed- 
wards, Hoge- 
boom,  Gould, 
and  Welch,  and 
N.  P.  Willis. 
He  studied  for 
the  ministry  at 
Andover  theo- 
logical semina- 
ry, under  Prof. 
Moses  Stuart, 
on  whom  he  de- 
livered a  memorial  discourse  in  New  York  25  Jan., 
1852.  He  was  graduated  in  1830,  and  in  February, 
1831,  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  evangelical  Con- 
gregational church  in  Brighton,  Mass.,  where  he  re- 
mained until  April,  1834. "  In  August,  1834,  he  took 
charge  of  the  Central  Presbyterian  church  in  Broome 
street,  N.  Y.  He  was  moderator  of  the  new-school 
general  assembly  at  Washington  in  1852.  The  uni- 
versity of  New  York  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.  D. 
in  1842,  and  Princeton  college  that  of  LL.  D.  in 
1869.  In  1853  his  congregation  founded  the  Madi- 
son square  Presbyterian  church,  whose  pastorate 
he  resigned  m  October,  1873,  after  nearly  forty 
years  of  consecutive  service  m  one  church,  to 
accept  the  presidency  of  the   Union  theological 


^/f"^. 


/^i:-t>c<^^ 


seminary  in  the  city  of  New  York,  in  connection 
with  the  professorship  of  sacred  rhetoric  and  pas- 
toral theology.  He  was  instrumental  in  advanc- 
ing the  prosperity  of  that  institution  and  giving  it 
an  assured  independence.  In  1871  he  went  as  a 
delegate  from  the  evangelical  alliance  to  the  em- 
peror of  Russia  to  secure  liberty  of  worship  to  the 
dissenters  from  the  Greek  church  in  the  Baltic 
provinces,  and  succeeded  in  his  mission.  In  the 
same  year  he  acted  as  delegate  from  the  general 
assembly  of  the  Presbyterian  church  of  America  to 
the  general  assembly  of  the  Presbyterian  church  of 
Scotland,  and  to  the  Free  church  assembly.  In 
1877  he  was  a  delegate  to  the  general  council  of  the 
Presbyterian  church  in  Edinburgh,  responding  to 
the  address  of  welcome  by  the  lord  provost  of  that 
city.  Dr.  Adams's  chief  characteristic  was  a  broad 
catholicity ;  he  abhorred  dogma  and  sectarianism. 
It  was  natural,  therefore,  to  find  him,  from  1869  to 
1871,  a  leader  of  the  new-school  branch  of  the 
Presbyterian  church,  in  the  efforts  to  reunite  the 
two  divisions  of  that  church  into  one  body,  and  he 
was  chosen  to  address  the  old-school  assembly  that 
met  in  New  York  in  June,  1869,  as  the  representa- 
tive of  this  new-school  branch.  In  the  same  spirit 
he  delivered  the  address  of  welcome  to  the  foreign 
delegates  to  the  evangelical  alliance,  which  met  in 
New  York,  3  Oct.,  1873,  and  the  following  passage 
therefrom  shows  his  creed :  "  We  meet  to  express 
and  manifest  our  Christian  unity.  Divers  are  the 
names  we  bear  both  as  to  countries  and  churches — 
German,  French,  Swiss,  ^Dutch,  English,  Scotch, 
Irish,  Lutheran,  Reformed.  Anglican,  Presbyterian, 
Episcopalian,  Methodist,  Baptist,  Independent — 
but  we  desire  and  intend  to  show  that  amid  all 
this  variety  of  form  and  circumstance  there  is  a 
real  unity  of  faith  and  life ;  believing,  according  to 
the  familiar  expi'ession  of  our  common  Christian 
creed,  "  in  the  Holy  Catholic  Church '  and  the  com- 
munion of  saints."  On  5  Oct.,  1873,  was  held  in  his 
church  at  Madison  square  a  communion  service  in 
which  i-epresentatives  from  every  denomination 
and  almost  every  nation  on  earth  took  part.  Criti- 
cism having  been  made  on  the  dean  of  Canterbury 
for  assisting  at  this  service.  Dr.  Adams  published 
a  reply  that  silenced  all  animadversion.  As  he 
opened  the  exercises  of  this  alliance,  he  was  chosen 
to  close  them  at  its  final  meeting  in  the  Academy 
of  Music.  His  last  sermon  was  delivered  6  June, 
1880,  before  the  graduating  class  at  West  Point. 
He  was  a  personal  friend  of  Daniel  Webster,  who 
always  attended  his  church  when  passing  through 
New  York.  From  a  conference  in  his  study, 
brought  about  by  a  sermon  delivered  on  the  duty 
of  employers  to  their  employees,  sprang  the  Young 
Men's  Christian  Association  of  New  York,  and  the 
many  kindred  associations.  He  was  prominent  in 
the  council  of  the  American  Bible  society,  the 
American  board  of  foreign  missions,  and  the  Ameri- 
can tract  society.  He  was  president  of  the  Pres- 
byterian board  of  foreign  missions,  and  for  fifteen 
years  president  of  the  New  York  institution  for  the 
instruction  of  the  deaf  and  dumb,  a  class  of  unfor- 
tunates in  whom  he  took  great  interest.  He  edited 
the  works  of  Robert  Hall  (4  vols..  New  York,  1830), 
and  was  the  author  of  "  The  Three  Gardens  :  Eden, 
Gethsemane,  and  Paradise"  (1859) ;  a  biographical 
sketch  of  Isaac  Taylor,  prefacing  the  "  Spirit  of 
Hebrew  Poetry"  (1861);  "Thanksgiving,  Memo- 
ries of  the  Day  and  Helps  to  the  Habit "  (1865); 
"  Conversations  of  Jesus  Christ  with  Representa- 
tive Men  "  (18()8),  and  other  works. 

ADAMS,  William,  educator,  b.  in  Monaghan, 
Ireland,  3  July,  1813  ;  d.  in  Nashotah,  Wis.,  2  Jan., 
1897.     He  entered  Trinity,  and  became  a  scholar 


ADAMS 


AGASSIZ 


33 


of  the  house  in  1833.  He  read  law  and  medicine 
each  for  a  year,  and  was  for  a  time  with  his  uncle  at 
Ballyhaise  as  an  accountant.  In  1888  he  entered 
the  (ient'i'al  theological  seminary  in  New  York, 
graduating  in  1841.  He  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  Nashotah  mission,  afterward  Nashotah  theologi- 
cal seminary,  in  Wisconsin,  where  he  went  in  Sep- 
tember, 1841.  During  the  following  winter  he  con- 
tributed to  an  English  publication  an  article  on 
the  church's  duties  to  her  emigrants,  which  at- 
tracted much  attention.  From  the  foundation  of 
the  seminary  he  was  the  professor  of  systematic 
divinity.  Dr.  Adams  published  "  Mercy  to  Babes" 
(New  York,  1847) ;  "  Christian  Science  "  (Philadel- 
phia, 1850);  and  "  A  New  Treatise  on  Baptismal 
Regeneration"  (New  York,  1871),  and  contributed 
largely  to  periodical  literature,  writing  principally 
on  theological  topics. 

ADAMS,  William  Forbes,  bishop,  of  the 
American  Episcopal  church,  b.  in  Ireland,  2  Jan., 
1833.  He  came  to  the  United  States  at  the  age  of 
eight,  and  was  ordained  deacon  15  Dec.  1859,  and 
priest  in  July  of  the  following  year.  While  rector 
of  a  parish  in  the  diocese  of  Louisiana  he  was 
nominated  in  the  house  of  bishops,  2  Nov.,  1874, 
and  elected  missionary  bishop  of  New  Mexico  and 
Arizona.  He  was  consecrated  in  St.  Paul's  church, 
New  Orleans,  17  Jan.,  1875,  and  entered  upon  his 
work  ;  but,  in  consequence  of  physical  infirmity,  his 
resignation  was  offered  and  accepted,  15  Oct.,  1877. 
He  is  now  (1807)  bishop  of  Easton,  Maryland,  where 
he  was  transferred  hi  1887. 

ADAMS,  William  Taylor,  author,  b.  in  Med- 
way,  Mass.,  80  July,  1822;  d.  in  Boston,  27  March, 
1897.  He  was  for  twenty  years  a  teacher  in  the 
public  schools  of  Boston,  fourteen  years  a  member 
of  the  school  committee  of  Dorchester,  and  one 
year  a  member  of  the  legislature.  He  devoted  most 
of  his  life  to  writing  for  the  young,  with  whom  he 
had  a  warm  sympathy.  His  career  began  in  1850, 
and  he  produced  a  thousand  stories  in  newspapers, 
exclusive  of  his  books.  In  eai'lier  life  he  edited 
the  •'  Student  and  Schoolmate,"  and  in  1881  "  Our 
Little  Ones,"  but  he  was  best  known  as  an  editor  by 
his  "  Oliver  Optic's  Magazine  for  Boys  and  Girls." 
He  published  his  first  book  in  1858,  "  Hatchie,  the 
Guardian  Slave,  or  the  Heir  of  Bellevue."  which 
had  a  large  sale,  and  was  followed  by  "In-doors 
and  Out,"  a  collection  of  stories.  The  "  Riverdale 
Series "  (6  vols.)  for  boys  was  completed  in  1862. 
His  other  works,  mainly  in  series,  include  "  The 
Boat  Club,"  "  Woodvdle."  "  Young  America 
Abroad,"  "  Starry  Flag."  "  Onward  and  Upward," 
''Yacht  Club,"  and  "Great  Western."  His  pub- 
lished works  comprise  about  one  hundred  volumes. 
He  wrote  two  novels  for  older  readers,  "  The  Way 
of  the  World  "  and  "  Living  too  Fast." 

ADET,  Pierre  Aug-uste,  French  diplomatist, 
b.  in  Nevers  in  1763;  d.  in  1832.  He  left  the 
artillery  service  to  devote  himself  to  the  study  of 
chemistry,  and  afterward  engaged  in  politics  and 
became  minister  to  the  United  States  in  1795.  In 
1797  he  broke  off  diplomatic  relations,  presenting 
the  note  of  the  Directory  declaring  that  France 
would  treat  neutrals  as  they  allowed  themselves  to 
be  treated  by  the  English.  "Before  returning  to  his 
own  country  he  issued  an  address  to  the  American 
people,  intended  to  inflame  them  against  the  policy 
of  their  government. 

ADLER,  Felix,  author,  b.  in  Alzey,  Germany, 
13  Aug.,  1851.  He  is  the  son  of  a  Hebrew  rabbi. 
He  was  graduated  at  Columbia  college  in  1870,  and 
subsequently  studied  at  Berlin  and  Heidelberg,  ob- 
taining the  degree  of  Ph.  D.  After  his  return  to 
the  United  States  he  was  professor  of  Hebrew  and 

VOL.    I. — 3 


Oriental  literature  at  Cornell  university  from  1874 
to  May.  1876.  when  he  established  a  new  religious 
society  in  New  York,  called  the  Society  of  ethical 
culture,  to  which  he  speaks  regularly  on  Sundays. 
He  ))ublished  in  1877  a  series  of  discourses  expound- 
ing his  views,  under  the  name  of  "  Creed  and  Deed," 
followed  bv  a  volume  entitled  "  The  Moral  Instruc- 
tion of  Children"  (New  York,  1891). 

ADLER,  George  J.,  philologist,  b.  in  Germany 
in  1821 :  d.  in  New  York,  24  Aug.,  1868.  He  was 
brought  to  New  York  at  the  age  of  twelve,  and  was 
graduated  at  the  university  of  New  York  in  1844,  in 
which  institution  he  was  professor  of  German  from 
1846  till  1854.  He  compiled  a  German-and-Eng- 
lish  dictionary,  the  first  edition  of  which  appeared 
in  New  York  in  1848,  and  also  a  German  gi'ammar 
and  other  text-books,  and  published  a  lecture  en- 
titled "  Poetry  of  tlie  Arabs  of  Spain  "  (New  York, 
1868) ;  "  Wilhelm  von  Humboldt's  Linguistic  Stud- 
ies" (1868):  and  a  translation,  with  notes,  of 
Fauriel's  "  History  of  Provengal  Poetry."  He 
was  insane,  with  occasional  lucid  intervals,  for  the 
last  eight  years  of  his  life,  and  died  in  Blooming- 
dale  asylum. 

ADRAIN,  Robert,  mathematician,  b.  in  Car- 
rickfergus,  Ireland,  30  Sept.,  1775 ;  d.  in  New 
Brunswick,  N.  J.,  10  Aug.,  1843.  He  took  part  in 
the  Irish  rebellion  of  1798,  received  a  severe  wound, 
and  escaped  to  America.  He  taught  school  in  New 
Jersey  and  Pennsylvania,  contributed  to  scientific 
journals,  and  from  1810  to  1813  was  professor  of 
natural  philosophy  and  mathematics  in  Rutgers 
college,  then  until  1825  in  Columl)ia  college,  and 
from  1827  to  1884  was  professor  of  mathematics  in 
the  university  of  Pennsylvania.  He  edited  Hut- 
ton's  "  Mathematics,"  published  essays  on  the  figure 
and  magnitude  of  the  earth  and  on  gravity,  and 
was  editor  from  1825  to  1829  of  the  "  Mathematical 
Diary." — His  son,  Uarnett  B.,  lawyer,  b.  in  New 
York  city,  20  Dec,  1816 ;  d.  in  New  Brunswick, 
N.  J.,  17  Aug.,  1878.  He  was  graduated  at  Rutgers 
college  in  1888,  and  in  1837  was  admitted  to  the 
bar.  He  was  elected  to  congress  from  New  Jer- 
sey in  1856,  and  reelected  in  1858,  serving  in  the 
house  as  chairman  of  the  committee  on  engraving. 

AtrASSIZ,  Alexander,  naturalist,  b.  in  Neu- 
chatel,  Switzerland,  17  Dec,  1835.  He  is  the  only  son 
of  Louis  Agassiz  by  his  first  wife,  and  he  followed 
his  father  to  the 
United  States  in 
1849.  His  early 
education  was 
received  abroad, 
and  after  his 
arrival  in  this 
country  he  pre- 
pared for  Har- 
vard, graduat- 
ing in  1855. 
Then  he  studied 
engineering  at 
the  Lawrence 
scientific  school, 
where  in  1857  he 
received  the  de- 
gree of  B.  S.,  af- 
ter which  he 
took  a  further 
course  in  the 
chemical  de- 
partment, and  also  taught  in  his  father's  school 
for  young  ladies.  In  1859  he  went  to  California  as 
an  assistant  on  the  coast  survey,  and  was  engaged 
on  the  northwest  boundary.  He  collected  specimens 
for  the  museum  at  Cambridge,  and  visited  the  prin- 


C^ .  d^^o.^^a-^. 


34 


AGASSIZ 


AGASSIZ 


cipiil  mines.  In  IHOO  lie  returned  to  Cambridge  and 
became  assistant  in  zoology  at  the  museum,  taking 
charge  of  it  in  18G5  during  his  father's  absence  in 
Brazil.  In  1865  he  became  engaged  in  coal-mining 
in  Pennsylvania,  and  during  the  following  year  in 
the  copper  mines  of  Lake  Superior,  where  he  was 
engaged  until  1809  as  superintendent  of  the  Calu- 
met and  Hecla  mines.  He  developed  these  de- 
posits until  they  became  the  most  successful  copper 
mines  in  the  world,  and  from  the.  wealth  they  have 
brought  to  him  he  has  made  gifts  to  Harvard 
amounting  to  over  $500,000.  During  1869-'T0  he 
visited  Europe  and  examined  the  museums  and 
collections  of  England,  France,  Grermany,  Italy, 
and  Scandinavia.  On  his  return  in  1870  he  re- 
sumed his  duties  at  the  museum  in  Cambridge,  of 
which  he  was  made  curator,  on  the  death  of  his 
father  in  1874,  and  remained  as  such  until  1885, 
when  he  resigned,  owing  to  ill  health.  During  the 
summer  of  1873  he  acted  as  director  of  the  Ander- 
son school  of  natural  history,  and  in  1875  lie  visited 
the  western  coast  of  South  America,  examining  the 
copper  mines  of  Peru  and  Chili,  and  making  an 
extended  survey  of  Lake  Titicaca  and  collecting 
for  the  Peabody  museum  a  great  number  of  Peru- 
vian antiquities.  He  afterward  went  to  Scotland 
to  assist  Sir  Wyville  Thompson  in  arranging  the 
collections  made  during  the  exploring  expedition 
of  the  "  Challenger,"  part  of  which  he  brought  to 
this  country.  He  wrote  one  of  the  final  reports  on 
the  zoology  of  the  expedition,  that  on  Ecidni. 
From  1870  to  1881  his  winters  were  spent  in  deep- 
sea  dredging  expeditions  in  connection  with  the 
coast  survey,  the  steamer  "  Blake "  having  been 
placed  at  his  disposal  for  this  purpose.  Mr.  Agas- 
siz  was  a  fellow  of  Harvard  college  till  1885,  and 
has  served  as  an  overseer.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
national  academy  of  sciences,  of  the  American  as- 
sociation for  the  advancement  of  science,  being  its 
vice-president  during  the  Boston  meeting  of  1880, 
of  the  American  academy  of  sciences,  and  of  nu- 
merous other  scientific  societies  of  this  country  and 
Europe.  Plis  publications,  in  the  form  of  pam- 
phlets, reports,  and  contributions  to  scientific  peri- 
odicals and  the  proceedings  of  societies,  are  very 
numerous,  and  are  principally  on  subjects  connect- 
ed with  marine  zoology.  Most  of  these  are  to  be 
found  in  the  bulletins  and  memoirs  of  the  museum 
at  Cambridge.  It  has  been  said  that  he  is  "  the 
best  authority  in  the  world  on  certain  forms  of 
marine  life."  He  is  the  author,  with  Mrs.  Eliza- 
beth C.  Agassiz,  of  "Seaside  Studies  in  Natural 
History "  (Boston,  1865);  of  "Marine  Animals  of 
Massachusetts  Bay"  (1871), and  of  the  fifth  volume 
of  "  Contributions  to  the  Natural  History  of  the 
United  States,"  left  incomplete  by  his  father. 

AGASSIZ,  Jean  Louis  Rudolphe,  naturalist, 
b.  in  Motier,  canton  Fribourg,  Switzerland,  28 
May,  1807;  d.  in  Cambridge,  Mass.,  14  Dec,  1873. 
His  father  was  pastor  of  the  Protestant  parish  of 
Motier,  a  profession  which  his  forefathers  had  for 
six  generations ;  his  mother,  Mile.  Rose  Mayor,  was 
the  daughter  of  a  physician  residing  in  Cudrefin, 
canton  de  Vaud.  His  first  studies  at  home  were 
directed  by  his  mother,  who  was  a  woman  of  high 
endowments  and  rare  culture.  At  the  age  of  ten 
years  he  and  his  younger  brother  were  sent  to  the 
gymnasium  at  Biel,  in  the  neighboring  canton  of 
Bern ;  here  he  acquired  the  ancient  and  modern 
languages,  which  later  became  so  valuable  to  him 
in  his  biological  investigations.  Very  early  in  life 
Agassiz  showed  a  fondness  for  natural  science,  and 
in  his  boyhood  days  he  began  collecting  specimens. 
His  leisure  time  at  the  gymnasium  was  similarly  oc- 
cupied, and  his  first  collection  of  fishes  dates  from 


this  period.  During  the  A'acations  spent  at  Orbe 
(Fribourg),  whither  his  father  had  been  transferred, 
he  became  intimate  with  a  young  clergyman  named 
Fivaz,  who  en- 
couraged his  in- 
terest in  natural 
history  and  led 
him  to  the  ac- 
tive study  of 
botany.  He  con- 
tinued his  edu- 
cation in  the 
college  at  Lau- 
sanne in  1823, 
and  in  1824  be- 
gan the  study  of 
medicine  in  Zu- 
rich, in  accord- 
ance with  the 
earnest  washes 
of  his  parents. 
Thence  he  went 
to  Heidelberg, 
where  he  de- 
voted his  prin- 
cipal attention  to  anatomy  under  the  famous  Tiede- 
maiin,  and  in  1827  to  Munich,  where  he  came  under 
the  influence  of  Schelling,  Oken,  Martins.  Dollinger^ 
Wagler,  Zuecarini,  Fuchs,  and  von  Kobell.  Dollin- 
ger,  especially,  at  whose  house  he  occupied  a  room, 
recognized  the  high  talent  of  his  pupil,  and  fostered 
his  long-cherished  jjlan  of  devoting  himself  exclu- 
sively to  zoology.  While  at  Munich,  Agassiz  organ- 
ized the  club  called  the  "  Little  Academy."  and  be- 
came its  presiding  officer.  It  was  before  this  society 
that  Born,  Rudolphi,  Michaelis,  Schimper,  .and 
Braun  first  disclosed  their  latest  discoveries,  and 
even  Dollinger  made  his  new  ideas  known  there  be- 
fore they  were  published.  Martins,  then  lately  re- 
turned from  Brazil,  where  he  had  been  sent  on  a 
scientific  exploring  expedition,  intrusted  young 
Agassiz,  on  the  death  of  Spix,  with  the  description 
of  the  fishes  that  had  been  collected.  This  work, 
completed  when  he  had  scarcely  reached  his  twenty- 
first  year,  was  dedicated  to  Cuvier,  and  published 
in  Latin  (Munich,  1829).  The  brilliant  accomplish- 
ment of  so  arduous  an  undertaking  at  once  gained 
him  a  reputation  as  one  of  the  first  ichthyologists. 
His  attention  was  then  directed  to  fossil  fishes, 
and  those  at  the  museum  in  Munich,  as  well  as  such 
other  paleontological  collections  as  were  available 
in  centra!  Germany,  were  carefully  studied. 

Meanwhile  he  had  not  neglected  his  medical 
studies,  and  in  1829  he  received  the  doctor's  degree 
in  medicine  from  Munich,  and  in  philosophy  from 
Erlangen  in  1830.  His  second  great  undertaking 
was  the  "  Natural  History,  of  the  Fresh-water  Fishes 
of  Europe,"  in  the  preparation  of  which  he  was  as- 
sisted pecuniarily  by  the  publisher,  Cotta,  of  Stutt' 
gart.  It  was  never  completed,  but  was  partially 
published  in  1839-'40.  After  receiving  his  de- 
grees, he  spent  some  time  in  Vienna,  attending 
the  hospitals,  and  pursuing  his  studies  of  the  fos- 
sil fishes  by  examining  the  collections  in  the  im- 
perial museum.  By  the  liberality  of  his  uncle, 
FrauQois  Mayor,  and  of  Christinat,  a  friend  of  Agas- 
siz's  father,  he  was  enabled  to  continue  his  studies, 
and  spent  two  years  (1831-'2)  in  Paris.  This  city 
was  then  the  great  scientific  centre  of  Europe,  and 
its  collections  were  the  richest  and  most  celebrated 
on  the  continent.  Men  who  were  eminent  as  spe- 
cialists were  attracted  to  the  capital,  and  formed 
part  01  the  brilliant  circle  under  the  leadership 
of  the  distinguished  Humboldt.  Cuvier,  the  great 
Pi-ench  naturalist,  received  the  young  Agassiz  with 


AGASSIZ 


AGASSIZ 


35 


enthusiasm.  The  valuable  treasures  of  the  Paris 
museum  were  at  his  service,  and  the  material  col- 
lected for  years  by  Cuvier  for  his  work  on  fishes 
was  freely  transferred  to  the  young  naturalist. 
The  development  theory  of  Geoffroy,  then  recently 
advanced,  was  opposed  by  Cuvier  with  all  the 
power  of  his  science  and  detailed  knowledge. 
Agassiz  accepted  the  ideas  of  his  master,  and  firndy 
adhered  to  them  tliroughout  his  life,  and  in  later 
years,  when  the  development  theory  advanced  by 
"Darwin  came  into  prominence,  he  was  uncompro- 
mising in  his  efforts  against  its  promulgation. 
Humboldt  also  became  his  firm  friend  and  patron, 
aiding  him  materially  in  the  publication  of  his 
work.  Among  his  associates  were  Owen,  Milne- 
Edwards,  Rud.  Wagner,  and  Johannes  Miiller. 

In  1832,  shortly  after  the  death  of  Cuvier,  he 
returned  to  Switzerland  and  became  professor  of 
natural  history  in  the  college  at  Neuchatel.  His 
labors  on  the  fossil  fishes  were  gradually  approach- 
ing completion,  the  first  of  the  five  quarto  volumes, 
"  liecherches  sur  les  poissons  fossiles,"  appearing 
in  1833  and  the  last  in  1843.  This  was  undoubt- 
edly Agassiz's  most  important  contribution  to 
science,  and  forms,  with  Cuvier's,  Valenciennes', 
and  Johannes  Miiller's  works,  the  foundation  of 
our  present  knowledge  of  fishes.  In  this  book  one 
thousand  species  wei'e  completely,  and  seven  hun- 
dred partially,  figured  and  described.  At  Neuf- 
chatel  he  gathered  around  him  young  and  talented 
pupils,  and  the  little  city  became  one  of  the  chief 
seats  of  science  in  Switzerland.  He  created  the 
natural  history  museum,  and  was  the  chief  founder 
of  the  scientific  society,  which  issued  the  first  vol- 
ume of  its  memoirs  in  1835.  During  the  summers 
frequent  scientific  excursions  were  made  in  the 
Jura  and  the  Alps.  These  expeditions  led  to  his 
study  of  the  glaciers,  and  in  1840  he  published  his 
first  "  Etudes  sur  les  glaciers,"  which  gave  there- 
suits  of  his  observations  during  the  eight  preced- 
ing summers.  He  had  erected  a  station  on  the 
middle  of  the  Aar  glacier  at  a  height  of  8,000  feet 
above  the  sea  and  twelve  miles  from  any  human 
habitation,  and  from  this  now  celebrated  Hotel  des 
Neufciiiltelois  he  conducted  his  experiments.  In 
1847  he  published  his  "  Systeme  glaciaire,"  in  which 
he  thoroughly  discussed  the  chief  phenomena  of 
glaciers  and  more  fully  developed  his  views  on 
their  earlier  extension.  In  the  mean  while  he  had 
also  devoted  considerable  attention  to  the  echi- 
noderms,  and  in  1836  and  1837  published  special 
memoirs  on  them.  His  monograph  on  living  and 
fossil  echinoderms,  published  in  parts,  was  first 
issued  in  1839  ;  portions  of  this  work  were  prepared 
by  Desor  and  by  Valentin.  In  1834.  Iti  1835,  and 
in  1840,  Agassiz  visited  England  to  obtain  materi- 
al for  his  work  on  fossil  fishes,  and  as  a  result  he 
published  monographs  on  the  "  Fossil  Fishes  of  the 
Devonian  System  "  (1844),  and  on  the  "  B'ishes  of 
the  London  Clay"  (1845). 

In  1846  he  came  to  the  United  States,  partly  to 
make  himself  familiar  with  the  geology  and  natural 
history  of  this  country,  in  fulfilment  of  a  mission 
suggested  to  the  king  of  Prussia  by  Humboldt,  and 
partly  to  deliver  a  series  of  lectures  on  "  Compara- 
tive Embryology,"  at  the  Lowell  institute,  Boston, 
The  lectures  met  with  a  most  cordial  reception, 
and  by  special  request  he  delivered  an  additional 
course  on  glacial  phenomena.  He  then  visited 
New  York,  Philadelphia,  Charleston,  and  other 
cities,  in  search  of  material  for  his  report.  In  1847 
Supt.  A.  D.  Bache  placed  at  his  disposal  the  use  of 
the  steamer  "  Bibb,"  belonging  to  the  coast  survey. 
This  led  to  a  scientific  cruise  along  the  coast  of 
iVIassachusetts,  and  some  years  later  (1850-'l)  to  a 


more  extended  trip  to  the  coral  reefs  of  Florida. 
In  this  manner  ho  became  thoroughly  familiar  with 
the  marine  life  along  our  shores.  The  liberality  of 
this  ofi'er  affording  him  such  valuable  facilities  for 
the  continuation  of  his  studies,  and  the  enthusiasm 
with  whicli  he  was  everywhere  greeted,  induced 
him  to  make  the  United  States  his  home.  The 
Prussian  government  released  him  from  his  scien- 
tific mission,  and  he  accepted,  in  1848,  the  chair  of 
zoology  and  geology  in  the  Lawrence  scientific 
school  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  a  professorship  spe- 
cially created  for  him  by  Mr.  Lawrence.  At  Cam- 
bridge, as  abroad,  he  attracted  brilliant  young  men, 
enthusiasts  in  science,  many  of  whom  to-day  are 
among  the  leading  naturalists  in  this  country.  Of 
these,  besides  his  son  Alexander,  may  be  mentioned 
Bickmoi'e,  Clark,  Hartt,  Hyatt,  Lyman,  Morse, 
Miles,  Packard,  Putnam,  Scudder,  Shaler,  Stimp- 
son,  Tenney,  Verrill,  Wilder,  and  Ward.  He  pre- 
pared during  1848,  with  Dr.  A.  A.  Gould,  "  Prin- 
ciples of  Zoology,"  a  text-book  for  the  use  of 
schools  and  colleges.  In  the  summer  of  the  same 
year,  with  twelve  of  his  pupils,  he  made  an  explor- 
ing expedition  to  Lake  Superior,  and  the  results 
were  published  in  a  volume  entitled  "  Lake  Supe- 
rior ;  its  Physical  Characteristics,"  etc.  (1850). 

In  succeeding  years  he  traversed  the  entire 
country,  lecturing  in  all  the  larger  cities  and  accu- 
mulating vast  collections  of  specimens,  which  con- 
stituted the  foundation  of  the  natural  history  mu- 
seum in  Cambridge.  From  1851  to  1854  he  was 
professor  of  comparative  anatomy  and  zoology  in 
the  medical  college  in  Charleston,  S.  C,  and  dur- 
ing this  time  he  studied  the  marine  animals  of  the 
southern  coast,  also  visiting  the  adjoining  states ; 
but,  as  the  climate  did  not  agree  with  him,  he  re- 
turned to  Cambridge.  In  1854  he  brought  to  a 
successful  termination,  by  the  publication  of  a 
fourth  volume,  the  "  Bibliographia  Zoologife  et 
Geologiae,"  which  he  had  begun  in  1848  with  H.  E. 
Strickland.  This  work  contains  a  full  list  of  all 
the  periodicals  devoted  to  zoology  and  geology, 
and  an  alphabetical  list  of  authors  and  their  works 
in  the  same  departments.  It  was  the  complement 
of  his  "  Nomenclator  Zoologicus,"  which  appeared 
in  1842-'46.  Agassiz  next  began  to  collect  mate- 
rial for  the  publication  of  a  magnificent  work  to 
be  called  "  Contributions  to  the  Natural  History 
of  the  United  States."  In  1857  the  first  volume 
appeared,  containing  as  an  introduction  his  well- 
known  "  Essay  on  Classification,"  in  which  the 
question  of  development  was  considered  in  a  man- 
ner directly  in  opposition  to  the  now  generally  ac- 
cepted theory  of  descent.  Of  this  work,  projected 
on  a  gigantic  scale,  only  four  volumes  ever  ap- 
peared during  his  life;  the  fifth,  left  incomplete, 
was  issued  by  his  son.  His  attention  was  then 
turned  to  his  collections,  which  had  accumulated 
in  great  bulk,  and,  unclassified,  were  stored  wher- 
ever available  accommodation  could  be  obtained. 
In  June,  1859,  the  museum  of  comparative  zoology 
was  founded,  with  Agassiz  as  its  curator,  and  until 
his  death  much  of  his  time  was  devoted  to  the 
classification  and  arrangement  of  the  specimens. 

In  1865,  his  health  having  become  somewhat  im- 
paired by  constant  work,  he  was  enabled,  by  the 
liberality  of  Mr.  Nathaniel  Thayer,  a  Boston  mer- 
chant, to  visit  Brazil.  Here  again  he  made  great 
collections,  which  now  enrich  the  museum  at  Cam- 
bridge, and  a  journal  of  his  trip  was  published  in 
1867.  He  was  ai)pointed  in  1868  a  non-resident 
professor  of  natural  history  in  Cornell  university, 
Ithaca,  N.  Y..  and  there  delivered  a  course  of  lec- 
tures. In  1871,  the  coast  survey,  having  occasion 
to  send  the  new  war  steamer  "  Hassler "  around 


36 


AGNEW 


AG"DEYNABA 


Cape  Horn  to  operate  on  the  Pacific  coast,  extend- 
ed to  Agassiz  an  invitation  to  maive  the  voyage  in 
the  interest  of  science.  The  expedition,  with  a 
competent  corps  of  assistants,  sailed  in  December 
and  reached  San  Francisco  late  in  August.  Much 
valuable  scientific  information  was  accumulated, 
new  facts  concerning  the  glacial  phenomena  of 
South  America  were  obtained,  careful  observations 
of  the  temperature  of  the  water  and  deep-sea 
soundings  were  regularly  made,  and  great  collec- 
tions of  fishes,  reptiles,  mollusks,  and  other  speci- 
mens of  natural  history  were  gathered,  a  large 
portion  of  which  were  added  to  his  museum  in 
Cambridge.  The  gift  of  Penikese  island  and 
money  for  its  endowment,  by  John  Anderson,  of 
New  York,  in  1873,  made  possible  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Penikese  island  school  of  natural 
history.  This  summer  school,  affording  opportu- 
nities for  the  study  of  specimens  direct  from  nature 
without  the  intervention  of  text-books,  was  the 
accomplishment  of  a  long-cherished  project  of 
Agnssiz's.  The  first  season  was  enthusiastically 
|i;i"((l.  and  at  its  end  the  pupils  bade  farewell  to 
\\\f  master,  who,  a  few  months  later,  after  a  short 
illness,  died  in  Cambridge.  His  grave  in  Mt. 
Auburn  is  marked  by  a  boulder  from  the  glacier 
of  the  Aar,  and  shaded  by  pine-trees  brought  from 
Switzerland. 

Agassiz  received  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  from  the 
imiversities  of  Edinburgh  and  Dublin  before  he 
was  thirty  years  of  age.  In  1836  he  was  elected  to 
the  French  academy  of  sciences,  and  in  the  same 
year  he  was  made  a  fellow  of  the  royal  society  of 
London.  He  was  also  a  member  of  nearly  all  the 
learned  and  scientific  societies  in  Europe.  In  the 
United  States,  he  was  a  member  of  the  American 
association  for  the  advancement  of  science,  of  the 
American  academy  of  arts  and  sciences,  of  the 
Boston  natural  history  society,  and  of  many  other 
scientific  organizations.  He  was  also  an  original 
member  of  the  national  academy  of  sciences. 

In  addition  to  the  works  already  enumerated, 
there  appeared,  under  the  title  of  "  The  Structure 
of  Animal  Life "  (Boston,  1852),  a  collection  of 
newspaper  extracts  of  lectures  delivered  extempo- 
raneously. This  book  was  never  revised  by  him, 
and  contains  numerous  errors.  Agassiz  also  pub- 
lished "  Methods  of  Study  in  Natural  History " 
(Boston,  1863) ;  "  Geological  Studies  "  (two  series, 
Boston,  1866-'76) ;  and  "  Journal  in  Brazil "  (Bos- 
ton, 1868),  in  conjunction  with  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Gary 
Agassiz,  who  has  edited  ''  Louis  Agassiz  :  His  Life 
and  Correspondence  "  (Boston,  1886).  His  contri- 
butions of  scientific  memoirs  to  transactions  and 
proceedings  of  various  societies  were  numerous.  A 
complete  list  of  them  may  be  found  in  the  cata- 
logue of  scientific  papers  published  by  the  royal 
society  of  London. 

AGNEW,  Cornelius  Ilea,  physician,  b.  in  New 
York  city,  8  Aug.,  1830;  d.  there,  18  April,  1888. 
He  was  graduated  at  Columbia  College  in  1849, 
studied  medicine  at  the  college  of  physicians  and 
surgeons,  and  received  his  degree  in  1852.  Dur- 
ing the  following  year  he  was  house  surgeon,  and 
subsequently  curator,  at  the  New  York  hospital. 
After  studying  in  Europe,  he  was  surgeon  to  the 
New  York  eye  and  ear  infirmary  until  1864.  In 
1858  he  was  appointed  surgeon  -  general  of  the 
state  of  New  York,  and  at  the  outbreak  of  the 
■civil  war  he  became  medical  director  of  the  New 
York  state  volunteer  hospital,  in  which  capacity 
he  performed  most  efficient  service.  He  was  a 
prominent  member  of  the  U.  S.  sanitary  commis- 
sion, and  much  of  its  success  must  be  attributed  to 
his  laboi-s.     In  1868  he  established  an  ophthalmic 


clinic  in  the  college  of  physicians  and  surgeons, 
and  during  the  following  year  he  was  elected  clini- 
cal professor  of  diseases  of  the  eye  and  ear  in  the 
same  institution.  He  founded  in  1868  the  Bi'ook- 
lyn  eye  and  ear  hospital,  and  in  1869  the  Man- 
hattan eye  and  ear  hospital.  For  several  years 
he  was  one  of  the  managers  of  the  New  York  state 
hospital  for  the  insane,  at  Poughkeepsie.  Dr. 
Agnew  exhibited  considerable  interest  m  the  edu- 
cational institutions  of  New  York  city.  In  1859 
he  was  elected  a  trustee  of  the  public  schools,  and 
subsequently  he  was  president  of  the  board.  In 
1864  he  was  associated  in  the  establishment  of  the 
Columbia  college  school  of  mines,  and  in  1874  be- 
came one  of  the  trustees  of  the  college.  In  1872 
he  was  elected  president  of  the  State  medical  so- 
ciety. He  contributed  numerous  papers  to  the 
current  medical  journals,  most  of  which  are  de- 
voted to  diseases  of  the  eye  and  ear,  and  he  also 
published  brief  monographs  and  a  "  Series  of 
American  Clinical  Lectures,"  edited  by  E.  C.  Se- 
guin,  M.  D.  (New  York,  1875). 

A(xNEW,  James,  British  soldier,  killed  in  the 
battle  of  German  town,  4  Oct.,  1777.  He  came  to 
Boston  in  the  latter  part  of  1775,  holding  the  rank 
of  lieutenant-colonel.  He  commanded  a  brigade 
in  1776,  and  was  engaged  at  Brooklyn  heights,  in 
the  Danbury  expedition,  and  at  Brandywine,  where 
he  was  wounded. 

A(irRAMONTE,  Ignacio,  Cuban  revolutionist, 
b.  in  Puerto  Principe,  Cuba,  in  1841 ;  d.  11  May, 
1873.  lie  studied  law  in  Havana,  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1867.  When  the  insurrection 
against  Spanish  rule  broke  out  in  the  eastern  part 
of  the  island  in  1868,  Agramonte  took  a  promi- 
nent part  in  the  uprising  of  the  Camagiiey  district 
in  November,  and  in  February,  1869,  he  was  ap- 
pointed secretary  to  the  provisional  government  of 
the  insurrectionists.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the 
Cuban  congress,  and  one  of  the  signers  of  the  act 
freeing  the  slaves  in  the  island.  Finally  he  took 
the  field,  and  held  a  commission  as  major-general 
of  the  forces  operating  in  the  Camagiiey  district, 
where  he  distinguished  himself  in  many  bloody 
contests  with  the  Spanish  troops.  He  fell  in  the 
battle  of  Jimaguayu. 

AtrUADO,  Pedro  (ah-goo-ah'-do),  Spanish  Fran- 
ciscan monk,  b.  in  Valdemoro,  near  Madrid,  in 
the  16th  century.  He  went  to  South  America, 
where  he  wrote  an  interesting  book  that  was  pub- 
lished under  the  title  of  "  Descubrimiento  pacifiea- 
cion  y  poblacion  de  la  provincia  de  Santa  Marta  y 
Nuevq.reino  de  Granada." 

ACjiJERO,  Joaquin  de,  Cuban  revolutionist, 
b.  in  Puerto  Principe,  Cuba,  in  1816 ;  d.  thei'e  12 
Aug.,  1851.  In  1843  he  freed  all  his  slaves.  In 
1851  he  headed  an  insurrection  against  the  Spanish 
government,'  in  the  central  part  of  the  island,  was 
defeated  after  a  desperate  contest,  and  was  cap- 
tured and  shot,  together  with  his  principal  followers. 

AGiJEYNABA  (ahg-way-nah'-ba).  I.  Sachem  of 
the  island  of  Porto  Rico  when  the  Spaniards,  under 
command  of  Juan  Ponce  de  Leon,  took  possession 
of  that  part  of  the  West  Indies.  He  was  friendly 
to  Ponce,  and  accompanied  him  in  an  expedition 
to  Santo  Domingo.  Soon  after  returning  to  his 
native  land  he  died,  in  1510.  II.  Sachem,  brother 
of  the  preceding,  whom  he  succeeded  early  in  1511. 
He  promoted  rebellion  among  his  fellow-Indians, 
who  attacked  the  Spaniards  and  killed  many  of 
them.  At  first  the  Indians  refused  to  follow  him, 
fearing  the  result  of  a  war,  as  they  believed  the 
Europeans  to  be  immortal ;  but  he  convinced  them 
of  the  contrary  by  having  a  young  Spaniard  kept 
under  water  until  dead,  and  then  preserved  until 


AGUILAR 


AINSLIE 


37 


maxks  of  decomposition  became  visible.  Thus  en- 
couraged, the  natives  rebelled,  but  they  were  de- 
feated, and  the  sachem  fell  in  battle. 

AGUILAR,  Maria,  Mexican  author,  b.  in  At- 
lixco,  near  Puebla,  8  March,  1695  ;  d.  25  Feb.,  1756. 
She  entered  the  nunnery  of  Santa  Rosa,  of  Puebla, 
at  the  age  of  nineteen,  and  in  1740  was  elected, 
abbess  of  her  convent.  Her  conventional  name 
was  Sor  Maria  Agueda  de  San  Ignacio,  and  she 
was  highly  esteemed  for  her  scholarship  and  zeal. 
She  wrote  several  religions  books,  which  were 
printed  in  Puebla  and  in  the  city  of  Mexico. 

A(t}UIRRE,  Jose  Maria  (ah-geer'-rhe),  Mexi- 
can lawyer,  b.  in  the  city  of  Mexico  in  1778 ;  d.  in 
1852.  He  was  a  priest,  but  the  authorities  gave 
him  permission  to  practise  law,  which  he  had  stud- 
ied thorouglily.  His  extraordinary  ability  as  a 
lawyer  was  such  that,  in  fifty-two  years  of  continu- 
ous practice  at  the  bar,  he  only  lost  half  a  dozen 
cases.  He  distinguished  himself  specially  in  de- 
fending persons  accused  by  the  Inquisition. 

AGUIRRE,  Lope  de,  Spanish  adventurer,  b.  in 
Oiiate :  d.  in  Venezuela  in  October,  1561.  He  ac- 
companied Ursua  in  the  search  for  Eldorado  on  the 
American  continent,  instigated  him  to  seize  upon 
the  supreme  command,  and  then  murdered  him  and 
succeeded  to  his  place.  He  committed  a  series  of 
crimes,  and  finally  met  with  a  violent  death. 

AHUIZOTL  (ah-we-sut'-l),  king  of  the  Aztecs, 
reigned  toward  the  end  of  the  15th  century ;  d. 
in  1502.  He  is  reputed  to  have  enlarged  the  em- 
pire, and  built  many  canals  and  important  build- 
ings. He  was  constantly  at  war,  and  conquered 
Guatemala.  According  to  tradition,  72,344  prison- 
ers were  immolated  by  his  order  in  four  days  at  the 
consecration  of  a  temple  in  1486. 

AHUMADA  Y  VILLALON,  A^ustin  tie  (ah- 
oo-mah'-dah),  marquis  of  Las  Amarillas,  42d  viceroy 
of  Mexico,  d.  5  Feb.,  1760.  He  assumed  the  office 
of  viceroy  10  Nov.,  1755,  and  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  honesty  and  zeal  in  eradicating  abuses 
and  introducing  reforms.  In  his  time  happened 
the  sudden  eruption  of  a  new  volcano  at  Jorullo, 
Hear  Patzcuaro,  when  its  ashes  spread  in  large 
quantities  and  caused  a  great  panic  among  the 
population  of  Queretaro.    Tie  died  in  Cuernavaca. 

AIKEN,  Charles  Aug'ustus,  educator,  b.  in 
Manchester,  Vt..  30  Oct.,  1827:  d.  in  Princeton, 
N.  J.,  14  Jan.,  1892.  He  was  graduated  at  Dart- 
mouth college  in  1846  and  at  Andover  theological 
seminary  in  1853.  From  1859  to  1866  he  was  pro- 
fessor of  Latin  at  Dartmouth,  and  from  1866  to 
1869  at  Princeton  college.  From  1869  to  1871  he 
was  president  of  Union  college.  Subsequently  he 
held  the  chair  of  Christian  ethics  and  apologetics 
in  Princeton  theological  seminary. 

AIKEN,  William,  statesman,  b.  in  Charleston, 
S.  C,  in  1806 ;  d.  in  Flat  Rock,  N.  C,  7  Sept.,  1887. 
He  was  graduated  at  the  college  of  South  Carolina 
in  1825,  and  became  an  extensive  rice-planter  On 
Jehosse  island,  near  Charleston.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  legislature  from  1838  to  1840,  state 
senator  in  1842,  governor  of  South  Carolina  in 
1844,  and  representative  in  congress  from  1851  to 
1857.  He  contributed  liberally  to  charitable  and 
educational  institutions.  He  took  no  part  in  se- 
cession, and  was  elected  again  to  congress  in  1866, 
but  was  not  admitted  to  a  seat. 

AIKINS,  James  Cox,  Canadian  senator,  b.  in 
the  township  of  Toronto,  30  March,  1823.  He  was 
educated  at  Victoria  college,  represented  the  coun- 
ty of  Peel  in  the  Canadian  house  of  assembly  from 
1854  until  1861,  was  a  member  of  the  legislative 
council  of  Canada  from  1862  until  the  union;  be- 
came a  memher  of  the  privy  council  9  Dec,  1869; 


was  secretary  of  state  of  Canada  from  1869  until 
the  resignation  of  the  Macdonald  government,  5 
Nov.,  1873  ;  was  appointed  secretary  of  state  a  sec- 
ond time  19  Oct.,  1878,  and  was  called  to  the  senate 
in  May,  1897.     Mr.  Aikins  is  a  liberal  conservative. 

AIKMAN,  Alexander,  journalist,  b.  in  Scot- 
land in  1755 ;  d.  at  Prospect  Pen,  St.  Andrews, 
Jamaica,  in  July,  1838.  He  came  to  Charleston, 
S.  C,  and  learned  the  trade  of  a  printer.  When 
the  American  colonies  revolted  he  left  the  country 
and  established  in  Jamaica  a  loyalist  newspaper, 
the  "  Jamaica  Mercury,"  afterward  called  the 
"  Royal  Gazette."  He  was  public  printer  in  that 
colony,  and  sat  for  many  years  in  the  assembly. 

AILLEBOUT,  Louis  d',  French  governor  of 
Canada,  d.  in  Quebec  in  1660.  He  brought  a  com- 
pany of  colonists  for  the  island  of  Montreal,  and, 
after  administering  that  province  in  the  absence 
of  Maisonneuve,  was  nominated  governor  of  Three 
Rivers.  From  1647  to  1651  he  was  governor  of 
Canada.  He  negotiated  unsuccessfully  with  the 
governors  of  the  New  England  provinces  for  a 
white  league  against  the  Iroquois  chiefs. 

AINSLIE,  Hew,  Scottish-American  poet,  b.  in 
Bargeny  Mains,  Ayrshire,  5  April,  1792;  d.  in 
Louisville.  Ky.,  11  March,  1878.  He  was  sent  to 
the  Ayr  academy  to  complete  his  education,  but 
was  compelled  to  leave  that  institution  when  four- 
teen years  of  age,  in  consequence  of  ill-health. 
Three  years  afterward  he  went  to  Glasgow  and  en- 
gaged in  the  study  of  law  with  a  relative,  but,  as  it 
proved  uncongenial,  he  returned  to  Roslin,  where 
his  parents  then  resided,  and  engaged  in  landscape 
gardening.  Soon  afterward  he  was  appointed  a 
clerk  in  the  register  house,  Edinburgh,  and  at  in- 
tervals while  so  employed  acted  as  amanuensis  for 
Prof.  Dugald  Stewart,  the  last  of  whose  works  he 
copied  for  the  press.  He  married  in  1812,  and  emi- 
grated to  the  United  States  in  July,  1822.  Three 
years  after  his  arrival  he  was  attracted  by  Robert 
Owen's  peculiar  social  system  as  exemplified  at  New 
Harmony,  Ind.,  but  after  a  trial  of  it  for  a  year  he 
gave  it  up.  He  subsequently  removed  to  Cincinnati 
and  became  partner  in  a  brewery.  A  branch  that 
he  established  in  1829  in  Louisville  was  destroyed 
by  an  inundation  of  the  Ohio  in  1832,  and  a  similar 
establishment  erected  by  him  the  same  year  at  New 
Albany  was  burned  in  1834.  Subsequently,  till  his 
retirement  from  business,  he  was  employed  in  super- 
intending the  erection  of  mills,  factories,  and  brew- 
eries in  the  western  states.  Ainslie's  best-known 
book,  "  A  Pilgrimage  to  the  Land  of  Burns  "  (1820), 
consists  of  a  narrative  embodying  a  number  of 
sparkling  lyrics.  A  collection  of  his  Scottish  songs 
and  ballads,  edited  by  his  friend  William  Wilson, 
was  issued  in  New  York  in  1855.  Ainslie  is  one  of 
the  minor  Scottish  poets  represented  in  "  Whistle 
Binkie "  (Glasgow,  1853)  and  in  Wilson's  "  Poets 
and  Poetry  of  Scotland"  (New  York,  1876).  In 
1864  he  visited  his  native  land  and  received  grati- 
fying evidences  of  esteem  and  friendship  from 
literary  men.  His  best-known  poems  are  "  The 
Ingle  Side  "  and  "  On  wi'  the  Tartan,"  which  were 
much  admired  by  Sir  Walter  Scott,  who  by  mis- 
take handed  Ainslie,  at  the  register  house,  several 
pages  of  the  MS.  of  one  of  his  early  novels  in  place 
of  a  legal  document.  Sir  Walter's  confidence  was 
never  betrayed.  Another  circumstance  that  Ainslie 
recalled  with  pleasure  was  related  by  him  on  the 
one  hundred  and  twelfth  anniversary  of  the  birth 
of  Robert  Burns,  to  a  large  company  assembled  in 
Louisville,  over  which  he  presided,  to  celebrate  the 
day  so  dear  to  all  Scotchmen — the  circumstance  of 
his  having  had  the  honor  of  kissing  "  Bonnie  Jean." 
widow  of  the  great  poet. 


38 


AINSWORTH 


ALAMlN 


AINSWORTH,  Lallan,  fler-vman,  b.  in  Wood- 
stock, Conn.,  19  July,  1757;  d.  in  Jattrey,  N.  H.,  17 
March,  1858.  Pie  was  graduated  at  Dartmouth 
college  in  1778,  and  was  ordained  pastor  of  the 
church  at  Jaffrey  in  1782,  where  he  remained  until 
his  death,  seventy-six  years.  This  is  probably  the 
longest  pastorate  on  record. 

AITKEN,  Robert,  publisher,  b.  in  Scotland  in 
1784;  d.  in  Philadelphia  in  July,  1802.  He  settled 
in  Philadelphia  in  17t!i),  and  published  the  "  Penn- 
sylvania Magazine,  or  American  Monthly  Museum," 
from  January,  1775,  till  June,  1776,  having  Hop- 
kinson  and  Withei'spoon  for  contributors,  and  was 
imprisoned  in  1777  for  his  attachment  to  the  cause 
of  independence.  lie  printed  the  first  American 
bible  in  1782,  losing  money  on  the  venture,  and  is 
reputed  to  have  been  the  author  of  "  An  Inquiry 
Concerning  the  Pi-inciples  of  a  Commercial  Sys- 
tem for  the  United  States  "  (1787). 

AKERLY,  Samuel,  physician,  b.  in  1785;  d. 
on  Staten  Island,  6  July,  1845.  He  was  graduated 
at  Columbia  college  in  1804.  He  contributed  to 
medical  and  scientific  periodicals,  was  active  in  es- 
tablishing institutions  for  deaf  mutes,  and  published 
an  "Essay  on  the  Geology  of  the  Hudson  River" 
(1820)  and  "Observations  on  Deafness"  (1821). 

AKERMAN,  Amos  Tappan,  lawyer,  b.  in 
Portsmouth.  N.  II..  23  Feb.,  1821 ;  d.  in  Cartersville, 
Ga.,  21  Dec,  1880.  He  was  graduated  at  Dart- 
mouth college  in  1842,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1841,  and  settled  in  Elberton,  Ga.,  in  1850.  He 
followed  his  state  in  secession  in  1861,  and  served 
the  confederate  government  in  the  quartermaster's 
department ;  but  after  the  war  he  was  a  republican 
and  reconstructionist.  He  was  appointed  district 
attorney  for  Georgia  in  1866  and  attorney-general 
of  the  United  States  in  1870,  remaining  in  that 
office  until  1872,  when  he  resigned. 

AKERS,  Benjamin  Paul  (a-kers),  sculptor,  b. 
in  Saccarappa,  Westbrook,  Me.,  10  July.  1825 ;  d. 
in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  21  May,  1861.  No  genius 
was  ever  more  a  special  gift  than  his,  since  there 
could  hardly  be  less  congenial  soil  for  the  growth 
of  an  artist  than  a 
small  Maine  village 
seventy  years  ago.  He 
had  never  seen  an  art- 
ist, nor  even  a  statue  or 
a  bust  when  he  began 
modelling.  He  had 
previously  attempted 
painting,  which  di(l  not 
satisfy  him,  and  the 
first  plaster  cast  that 
he  ever  saw  was,  he 
said,  "  a  revelation " 
to  him.  In  1849  he 
went  to  Boston  and 
took  lessons  in  plaster 
casting  from  Carew, 
and  returning  home  to 
Hollis,  where  his  fami- 
ly then  lived,  he  ob- 
tained some  clay  from 
a  pottery  and  began 
modelling,  space  for  the  work  being  "given  him  in 
the  office  of  the  village  physician,  who  believed  in 
his  genius.  His  first  work  was  a  head  of  Christ, 
which  was  i-emarkably  original  and  impressive,  and 
was  afterward  ordered  in  marble  by  the  United 
States  minister  to  the  Hague.  Akers  next  made 
the  bust  of  a  respected  townsman,  of  which  in  after 
years  he  said :  "  It  was  as  ugly  as  Fra  Angelico's 
devil,  and  was  a  remarkably  faithful  likeness.'^'  The 
aext  summer  he  took  a  studio  in  Portland,  and  for 


(S?.JLQC 


UJ\b. 


over  two  years  labored  diligently  and  conscientiously 
at  what  he  now  felt  to  be  his  real  life-work.  He  made 
many  portrait  busts,  among  them  being  that  of  Gov. 
Gilman,  of  New  Hampshire,  Rev.  Dr.  Nichols,  of 
Poitland,  Prof.  Sheppard,  John  Neal,  Prof.  Cleave- 
land,  Samuel  Appleton,  of  Boston,  Henry  W.  Long- 
fellow, and  others  of  less  note.  He  also  produced 
several  ideal  works,  among  them  a  head  of  "  Char- 
lotte Corday  "  and  a  bas-relief  of  "  Evening."  In  the 
autumn  of  1852  he  sailed  for  Europe,  reaching  Italy 
in  December.  He  remained  studying  a  year  in  Flor- 
ence, making  several  busts,  and  a  "  Morning "  as 
companion  to  his  "  Evening,"  and  putting  in  mar- 
ble several  of  his  previous  works.  In  the  autunm 
of  1858  he  returned  to  Portland,  and  that  winter 
modelled  the  statue  of  "  Benjamin  in  Egypt,"  which 
was  exhibited  at  the  World's  Fair  in  New  York, 
and  was  destroyed  at  the  burning  of  the  Portland 
custom-house  the  next  year.  Among  his  portrait 
busts  at  this  time  was  a  head  of  Judge  Shepley. 
In  October,  1854.  he  went  to  Washington,  where 
he  modelled  busts  of  many  of  the  noted  men  of  the 
time,  among  them  that  of  Hon.  Linn  Boyd,  of 
Kentucky,  speaker  of  the  house,  Judge  McLean,  of 
Cincinnati,  Edward  Everett,  Sam  Houston,  and 
Gerrit  Smith.  In  January,  1855,  he  again  visited 
Europe,  residing  at  times  in  Rome,  Venice,  Na- 
ples, Switzerland,  Paris,  and  England,  crossing  the 
Alps  on  foot,  and  in  the  following  two  or  three 
years  produced  his  best-known  works.  These  in- 
clude "  Peace,"  "  Una  and  the  Lion,"  "  Girl  Press- 
ing Grapes,"  "  Isaiah,"  Schiller's  "  Diver,"  "  Rein- 
deer," "Saint  Elizabeth  of  Hungary,"  "Diana  and 
Endymion,"  "  Paul  and  Francesca,"  "  Milton,"  and 
the  "  Dead  Pearl-Diver."  The  last  two  works  are 
described  in  Hawthorne's  "  Marble  Faun."  Dur- 
ing this  time  he  also  made  many  busts  of  Ameri- 
cans visiting  Rome,  and  executed  very  many  cop- 
ies of  antique  busts  and  statues  for  the  galleries  of 
American  and  English  patrons  of  art.  The  amount 
of  labor  which  he  crowded  into  a  little  more  than 
two  years  was  amazing ;  in  fact,  his  constant  toil  on 
wet  clay  in  a  damp,  sunless  Roman  studio,  under- 
mined a  constitution  naturally  delicate,  and  he  re- 
turned home  in  the  summer  of  1857  with  his  health 
seriously  broken.  He  was  unable  to  accomplish 
much  in  his  art  during  the  next  two  years,  and  in 
1859  made  another  visit  to  Italy  to  recruit  his  failing 
strength,  but  returned  the  next  year,  without  im- 
provement, to  Portland.  Medical  advice  sent  him 
to  Philadelphia  for  the  winter,  but  the  change  was 
not  beneficial,  and  he  died  at  thirty-six  years  of 
age,  with  his  work,  as  he  said,  "just  begun."  He 
had  much  literary  ability,  and  contributed  papers 
on  art  and  artists  to  the  "  Atlantic  Monthly." 

AKIN,  Thomas  Beamish,  Canadian  jurist,  b. 
in  Liverpool,  Nova  Scotia,  1  Feb.,  1809;  d.  in  Hali- 
fax, 6  May,  1891.  He  studied  law  with  the  late 
Beamish  Murdoch,  author  of  the  "  History  of  Nova 
Scotia,"  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1831,  and  prac- 
tised as  a  solicitor  at  Halifax.  Pie  was  appointed 
a  commissioner  in  1857  for  arranging  and  preserv- 
ing the  ancient  records  and  documents  illustrative 
of  the  history  of  the  province  of  Nova  Scotia,  and 
was  twice  elected  a  govei-nor  of  King's  college, 
Windsor,  Nova  Scotia.  He  was  the  author  of 
several  pamphlets,  including  "History  of  Halifax, 
N.  S."  (1847) ;  "  Rise  and  Progress  of  the  Church  of 
England  in  the  British  North  American  Provinces  " 
(1849) ;  and  "  Selections  from  the  Public  Docu- 
ments of  the  Province  of  Nova  Scotia"  (1869). 

ALAMAN,  Lucas  (ah-la-man'),  Mexican  states- 
man, b.  in  the  state  of  Guanajuato,  18  Oct.,  1792; 
d.  in  Mexico,  2  June,  1858.  lie  was  educated  at; 
the  college  of  La  Concepcion  and  at  the  school  of 


ALAMINOS 


ALCEDO 


mines  of  Mexico,  and  afterward  travelled  all  over 
Europe.  After  the  fall  of  Iturbide  lie  became  min- 
ister of  foreign  affairs,  retiring  when  Iturbide  re- 
turned to  power  in  1825.  At  this  period  he  found- 
ed the  museum  of  antiquities  and  natural  history. 
Under  Bustamente,  Alaman  became  foreign  minis- 
ter again  in  1830  and  in  1887.  He  introduced  Eu- 
ropean machinery  and  established  a  bank  for  the 
encouragement  of  industrial  undertakings.  He 
allied  himself  with  Santa  Anna  when  the  latter  re- 
turned to  power  in  1853,  and  became  minister  for 
foreign  affairs  and  the  chief  instrument  in  the  re- 
actionary policy  of  fettering  the  press,  restoring 
the  property  of  the  Jesuits  and  imposing  insup- 
portable burdens  on  the  people.  He  was"  the  au- 
thor of  the  famous  "  Historia  de  Mejico"'  (1849-'52). 

ALAMINOS,  Antonio  (ah-lah-mee'-nos),  first 
naval  officer  of  the  Spanish  fleet  that  discovered 
the  peninsula  of  Yucatan  in  1517.  He  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  services  under  the  com- 
mands of  Grijalba  and  Hernan  Cortes,  and  was  the 
first  to  pass^the  Bahama  channel. 

ALARCON,  Hernando  d' (ah-lar-kon'),  Spanish 
navigator,  b.  early  in  the  KJth  century.  He  sailed 
from  New  Spain  in  May,  1540,  with  two  ships  and  a 
tender  along  the  western  coast  of  America,  under  in- 
structions from  Mendoza,  the  viceroy,  to  aid  the  land 
expedition  of  Coronado,  which  set  out  at  the  same 
time,  in  search  of  the  seven  cities  of  Cibola.  He 
made  a  careful  survey  of  the  shore-line  of  the  Cali- 
fornian  peninsula,  previously  supposed  to  be  an  isl- 
and, and  returned  to  New  Spain  in  1541,  having 
failed  to  meet  the  land  expedition  according  to  the 
plan.  He  also  discovered  the  Colorado  river,  as- 
cended that  difficult  stream  for  100  miles,  and  took 
possession  of  the  country  in  the  name  of  Charles 
v.,  distributing  crosses  among  the  natives  as  a  mis- 
sionary of  the  church,  telling  them  that  he  was  the 
"  messenger  of  the  sun."  His  charts  and  observa- 
tions, supplementing  those  of  Ulloa,  accurately 
represented  the  configuration  of  California. 

ALARCON  Y  MENDOZA,  Juan  Ruiz  d', 
Mexican  dramatist,  b.  in  Tasco,  Mexico,  about 
1580;  d.  in  Spain,  4  Aug.,  1(539.  Pie  was  educated 
in  Spain,  and  in  1609  became  a  lawyer  in  his  native 
country.  In  KilO  he  was  appointed  teniente  corre- 
gidor  of  the  city  of  Mexico,  and  later  president  of 
the  royal  council  of  the  Indies.  In  1028  he  pub- 
lished eight  dramas,  and  in  1634  twelve  more. 
*'  La  verdad  sospechosa,"  of  which  Corneille's 
"  Menteur  "  was  an  adaptation,  and  "  Las  paredes 
oyen,"  which  still  keeps  the  stage  in  Spain,  are  his 
most  famous  plays.  A  new  edition  of  his  works 
was  printed  in  Madrid  in  1848-'52. 

ALBA,  Fernando  d'.     See  Ixtlilxochitl. 

ALBANI,  Marie  Emma  Lajeunesse,  singer, 
b.  at  Chambly,  near  Montreal,  in  1851.  Her  par- 
ents were  French -Canadians.  She  was  educated 
with  her  sisters  in  the  convent  of  the  Sacred  Heart 
in  Montreal,  and  was  left  motherless  at  an  early 
age.  Her  first  musical  training  came  from  her 
father,  a  skilful  musician.  In  1864  he  removed  to 
Albany,  N.  Y.,  where  her  singing  in  the  cathedi-al 
attracted  much  attention.  A  concert  was  given 
for  her  benefit,  and  with  the  proceeds  she  was  sent 
to  Europe  to  complete  her  musical  education. 
After  studying  two  years  in  Paris,  where  she  found 
a  patroness  in  Baroness  Lafitte.  inider  the  tuition 
of  Duprez,  and  then  in  Milan  under  Lamperti,  she 
made  her  debut  as  an  opera-singer  in  Messina  in 
1870.  The  name  Albani  was  adopted  out  of  com- 
pliment to  the  city  where  her  musical  promise  was 
recognized  and  generously  encouraged.  She  sang 
at  Malta,  and  then,  during  the  winter  of  1871-'72, 
in  the  theatre  of  La  Pergola  at  Florence.     Am- 


broise  Thomas's  "  Mignon,"  which  had  been  damned 
in  four  Italian  theatres,  became  a  success  with  her, 
as  were  all  the  parts  with  which  she  identified  her- 
self. When  her  fame  was  established  in  Italy  she 
appeared  in  the  royal  Italian  opera  in  London. 
She  sang  in  St.  Petersburg  with  great  success,  and 
became  a  favorite  in  Paris  and  in  the  United  States, 
as  well  as  in  London.  She  married  Ernest  Gye, 
the  manager,  in  1878.  In  1883  she  made  a  tour"  of 
the  United  States,  and  in  May,  1886,  sang  the  ode 
written  by  Tennyson  for  the  opening  of  the  colo- 
nial exhibition  in  London. 

ALBEAR,  Francisco,  general,  b.  in  Havana, 
Cuba,  in  1816,  He  distinguished  himself  as  an  en- 
gineer by  the  construction  of  several  remarkable 
public  works  in  Cuba,  specially  the  Vento  aque- 
duct, which  supplies  the  city  of  Havana  with 
water.  He  is  the  author  of  several  memoirs  on 
scientific  subjects,  among  them  one  on  the  convey- 
ance of  water  to  supply  large  cities,  which  was 
awarded  a  first  prize  at  the  centennial  exhibition 
in  Philadelphia  in  1876. 

ALBEMARLE,  Duke  of  (George  Moxck),  sol- 
dier, b.  in  Potheridge.  Devonshire,  6  Dec,  1608 ;  d. 
in  London,  3  Jan.,  1670.  He  was  one  of  the  propri- 
etaries of  Carolina,  and  afterward  became  palatine 
by  appointment  of  Charles  II.  He  was  a  success- 
ful general  in  Great  Britain  and  on  the  continent. 
The  early  settlements  along  the  coast  of  South 
Carolina  were  at  first  named  in  his  honor;  but 
Albemarle  sound  is  all  that  now  perpetuates  the 
name  in  America.  The  family  became  extinct 
with  the  death  of  his  son.  Moiick,  or  Monk,  dis- 
played ability  in  civil  government  as  well  as  in 
military  affairs,  and  he  was  never  checked  by 
principle  in  selecting  his  methods.  He  possessed 
strong  nerves,  common  sense,  and  an  imperturb- 
able temper.  His  life  has  been  written  by  Frangois 
P.  G.  Guizot,  Thomas  Skinner,  and  others. 

ALBRIGHT,  Jacol),  clergyman,  b.  near  Potts- 
town  i\a.,  1  May,  1759;  d.'in  1808.  He  was  of 
German  parentage  (the  name  originally  being  Al- 
brecht),  and  was  brought  up  as  a  tile-burner.  Be- 
ginning a  religious  life  in  1790,  and  being  success- 
ful as  an  exhorter,  he  soon  became  a  Methodist 
minister.  He  made  many  converts,  almost  exclu- 
sively Germans,  and  in  1800  a  separate  church  or- 
ganization was  created  for  them,  Albright  being 
their  first  presiding  elder.  He  was  appointed 
bishop  in  1807.  His  denomination  is  now  known 
as  the  "  Evangelical  Association,"  but  in  many 
places    its  ^adherents  are  named  "  Albrights." 

ALCALA,  (ialiano  Dionisio  (al-kah-lah'),  a 
brigadier-general  of  the  Spanish  naval  troops,  b, 
in  Cabra,  Spain,  in  1762;  d.  in  the  battle  of  Trafal- 
gar, 21  Oct.,  1805.  He  made  several  exploring 
expeditions  by  order  of  the  Spanish  government, 
among  them  one  to  the  straits  of  Magellan  in 
1785,  and  another  to  find  a  new  passage  from  the 
Pacific  to  the  Atlantic  ocean.  Commanding  the 
ship  "  Bahama,"  in  1805,  he  fought  bravely  against 
the  Fnglish  in  Trafalgar  until  a  cannon-ball  killed 
him.  His  professional  writings  were  many,  the 
best  known  being  his  treatise  called  "  Metodo  de 
hallar  la^  latitud  en  el  mar  por  las  atturas  del  sol." 

ALCANTARA,  Francisco  Linares  (al-can- 
tah'-rah).  Venezuelan  statesman,  b.  in  Furmero  in 
1830 ;  d.  30  Nov.,  1879.  After  attaining  the  high- 
est rank  in  the  army,  he  was  appointed  governor 
of  the  state  of  Aragua,  and  a  few  years  later,  in  1877, 
he  was  elected  president  of  Venezuela.  The  period 
of  his  administration  is  generally  known  in  that 
country  under  the  name  of  El  Bienio  (the  two  years). 

ALCEDO,  Antonio  (ahl-thay'-do),  soldier,  b.  in 
Quito,  Ecuador,  in  1735  ;  d.  in  Madrid  in  1812.    He 


40 


ALCIBAR 


ALCOTT 


received  a  military  education  in  Spain,  and  in  1793 
had  become  a  bri,<i:adier-general.  He  wrote  a  v;ilua- 
ble  work  entitled  "  Diccionario  geografico  liistorieo 
de  las  Indias  Occideutales  6  America  "  (Madrid,  1 786). 
ALCIBAR,  Jose,  the  last  of  the  painters  be- 
longing to  the  old  Mexican  school.  Very  little  is 
known" about  his  life,  but  he  executed  many  works 
of  merit,  especially  two  large  paintings  in  the  cathe- 
dral of  Mexico,  dated  1779.  He  must  have  lived 
to  an  old  age,  as  he  was  already  an  artist  work- 
ing with  Carrera  fifty  years  before  that  time. 

ALCOCER,  Vidiil,"  Mexican  philanthropist,  b. 
in  the  city  of  Mexico,  8  April,  1801 ;  d.  there  22 
Nov.,  1800.  When  very  young  he  worked  as  a 
bookbinder,  and  then  as  a  gunsmith,  until  he  en- 
tered the  army.  He  fought  in  the  war  of  inde- 
pendence, at  tlie  end  of  which  he  retired,  but  after- 
ward took  part  in  the  organization  of  troops  for 
the  war  against  the  I^rench,  and  then  as  a  soldier 
in  operations  to  defend  his  native  city  from  the 
American  army.  His  chief  aim  in  life  was  to  pro- 
mote education  among  destitute  children,  in  pur- 
suit of  which  he  oi'ganized,  in  1846,  an  association 
which,  in  August,  1853,  had  established  twenty 
schools  for  poor  children  in  the  city  of  Mexico,  and 
from  1854  to  1858  the  number  of  these  schools 
was  increased  to  thirty-three,  with  7.000  boys  and 
girls  receiving  a  good  elementary  education. 

ALCORN,"James  Lusk,  statesman,  b.  near  Gol- 
conda,  111.,  4  Nov.,  1816;  d.  in  Coahoma  co..  Miss., 
20  Dec,  1894.  He  was  educated  at  Cumberland 
college.  For  five  years  he  was  deputy  sheriff  ol 
Livingston  co.,  Ky.,  and  in  1843  was  elected  to  the 

legislature.  In 
1844  he  removed 
to  Mississippi  and 
began  the  practice 
of  law.  From  1846 
to  1865  he  served 
in  one  branch  or 
the  other  of  the 
legislature.  In 
1853  he  was  cho- 
sen elector  -  at  - 
large  on  the  Scott 
ticket,  and  in  1857 
was  nominated  as 
governor  by  the 
whigs.  This  he 
declined,  and  was 
a  candidate  for 
congress  in  that 
year,  but  was  de- 
feated by  L.  Q.  C. 
Lamar.  He  was 
the  founder  of 
the  levee  system  in  his  state,  and  in  1858  he  be- 
came president  of  the  levee  board  of  the  Missis- 
sippi-Yazoo Delta.  In  1861  he  was  elected  briga- 
dier-general by  the  state  convention,  of  which  he 
was  a  member,  but  his  commission  was  refused  by 
Jefferson  Davis  on  account  of  old  political  differ- 
ences. He  was  elected  to  the  U.  S.  senate  in  1865, 
but  was  not  allowed  to  take  his  seat.  He  was 
elected  governor  in  1869  on  the  republican  ticket. 
Irom  which  oflRce  he  resigned  on  being  elected  to 
the  U.  S.  senate,  where  he  served  for  six  years, 
from  4  Dec,  1871.  In  1873  he  was  defeated  as  in- 
dependent candidate  for  governor  of  his  state. 

ALCOTT,  Amos  Bronsoii.  educator,  b.  in  Wol- 
cott,  Conn.,  39  Nov.,  1790;  d.  in  Boston,  4  March, 
1888.  While  yet  a  boy  he  was  provided  with  a  trunk 
of  various  merchandise,  and  set  out  to  make  his 
way  in  the  south.  Me  landed  at  Norfolk,  Va.,  and 
went  among  the  plantations,  talking  with  the  peo- 


ple and  reading  their  books.  They  liked  him  as  a 
companion,  and  were  glad  to  hold  discussions  with 
him  on  intellectual  subjects.  They  would  keep 
him  under  their  roofs  for  weeks,  reading  and  con- 
versing, while  he  forgot  all  about  his  commercial 
duties.  But  when  he  returned  to  the  north  his 
employer  discovered  he  had  not  sold  five  dollars' 
worth'of  his  stock.  He  relinquished  his  trade  in 
1833,  and  established  an  infant  school,  which  im- 
mediately attracted  attention.  His  method  of 
teaching  was  by  conversation,  not  by  books.  In 
1838  he  went  to  Boston  and  established  another 
school,  showing  singular  skill  and  sympathy  in  his 
methods  of  teaching  young  children.  His  success 
caused  him  to  be  widely  known,  and  a  sketch  of 
him  and  his  methods,  under  the  title  of  "  A  liecord 


of  Mr.  Alcott's  School,"  by  E.  P.  Peabody,  was 
published  in  Boston  in  1834  (3d  ed.,  revised,  1874). 
This  was  followed  in  1836  by  a  transcript  of  the 
colloquies  of  the  children  with  their  teacher,  in 
"  Conversations  with  Children  on  the  Gospel."  His 
school  was  so  far  in  advance  of  the  thought  of  the 
day  that  it  was  denounced  by  the  press,  and  as  a 
result  he  gave  it  up  and  removed  to  Concord, 
Mass.,  where  he  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  nat- 
ural theology,  reform  in  education,  diet,  and  civil 
and  social  institutions.  In  order  to  disseminate 
his  reformatory  views  more  thoroughly,  he  went 
upon  the  lecture  platform,  where  he  was  an  attrac- 
tive speaker,  and  his  personal  worth  and  originality 
of  thought  always  secured  him  a  respectful  hear- 
ing. In  1843  he  went  to  England,  on  the  invitation 
of  James  P.  Greaves,  of  London,  the  friend  and 
fellow-laborer  of  Pestalozzi  in  Switzerland.  Be- 
fore his  arrival  Mr.  Greaves  died,  but  Mr.  Alcott 
was  cordially  received  by  Mr.  Greaves's  friends, 
who  had  given  the  name  of  "  Alcott  House "  to 
their  school  at  Ham,  near  London.  On  his  return 
to  America,  he  brought  with  him  two  English 
friends,  Charles  Lane  and  H.  G.  Wright.  Mr.  Lane 
bought  an  estate  near  Harvard,  in  Worcester  co., 
Mass.,  which  he  named  '•  Fruitlands,"  and  thera 
all  went  for  the  purpose  of  founding  a  community, 
but  the  enterprise  was  a  failui'e.  Messrs.  Lane  and 
Wright  soon  returned  to  England,  and  the  prop- 
erty was  sold.  Mr.  Alcott  removed  to  Boston, 
and  soon  after  returned  to  Concord.  He  after- 
ward led  the  life  of  a  peripatetic  philosopher,  con- 
versing in  cities  and  villages,  wherever  invited,  on 
divinity,  human  nature,  ethics,  dietetics,  and  a 
wide  range  of  practical  questions.  These  conver- 
sations, which  wei-e  at  first  casual,  gradually  as- 
sumed a  more  formal  character.  The  topics  were 
printed  on  cards,  the  company  met  at  a  fixed 
time  and  place,  and  for  a  while  they  attracted 
much  attention.  Mr.  Alcott  throughout  his  life 
attached  great  importance  to  diet  and  govern- 
ment of   the  body,  and   still   more   to   race   and 


ALCOTT 


ALDANA 


41 


complexion.  He  was  regarded  as  a  leader  in  the 
transcendental  style  of  thought,  but  in  later  years 
was  claimed  as  a  convert  to  orthodox  Christian- 
ity. He  published  "  Tablets  "  (1868) ;  "  Concord 
Days,"  personal  reminiscences  of  the  town  (1872) ; 
*'  Table  Talk  "  (1877) ;  and  "'  Sonnets  and  Canzo- 
nets" (1877),  besides  numerous  contributions  to 
periodical  literature,  including  papers  entitled 
"  Orphic  Sayings  "  in  "  The  Dial "  (Boston,  1839- 
'43).  After  taking  up  his  residence  in  Concord, 
he  allowed  the  peculiarities  of  his  mind  to  find 
expression  in  quaint  and  curious  arrangement  of 
his  grounds.  The  fence  enclosing  them,  built  en- 
tirely by  himself,  is  made  wholly  of  pine  boughs, 
knotted,  gnarled,  and  twisted  in  every  conceivable 
shape,  no  two  pieces  being  alike.  They  seem  to 
be  the  result  of  many  years  of  fragmentary  collec- 
tion in  his  walks.  The  engraving  presented  on 
the  previous  page  is  a  view  of  Mr.  Alcott's  home 
in  Concord.  His  life  has  been  written  by  Sanborn 
and  Harris  (Boston,  1893). — His  daughter,  Louisa 
May,  author,  b.  in  Germantown,  Pa.,  39  Nov.,  1832 ; 
d.  in  Boston,  Mass.,  6  March,  1888.  When  she  was 
about  two  years  of  age  her  parents  removed  to 
Boston,  and  in  her  eighth  year  to  Concord,  Mass. 
At  the  age  of  eleven  she  was  brought  under  the  in- 
fluence of  the  community  that  endeavored  to  estab- 
lish itself  near  Harvard,  in  Worcester  co.  Thoreau 
was  for  a  time  her  teacher;  but  she  was  instructed 

mainly  by  her  fa- 
ther. She  began  to 
write  for  publica- 
tion at  the  age  of 
sixteen,  but  with 
no  marked  success 
for  fifteen  years. 
During  that  time 
she  devoted  ten 
years    to   teaching. 

jrfHf    ^^^  y  to    Washmgton    as 

a  volunteer  nurse, 
and  for  many 
months  labored  in 
the  military  hospi- 
tals. At  this  time 
she  wrote  to  her 
mother  and  sisters 
letters  containing 
sketches  of  hospital 
life  and  experience, 
which  on  her  return  were  revised  and  published 
in  book  form  (Boston,  1863),  and  attracted  much 
attention.  In  1866  she  went  to  Europe  to  re- 
cuperate her  health,  which  had  been  seriously  im- 
paired by  her  hospital  work,  and  on  her  return 
in  1867  she  wrote  "  Little  Women,"  which  was 
published  the  following  year,  and  made  her  fa- 
mous. The  sales  in  less  than  three  years  amount- 
ed to  87,000  copies.  Her  characters  were  drawn 
from  life,  and  are  full  of  the  buoyant,  free,  hope- 
ful New  England  spirit  which  marked  her  own 
enthusiastic  love  for  nature,  freedom,  and  life. 
Her  other  stories  were  conceived  in  the  same  vein, 
and  have  been  almost  equallv  popular.  They  are: 
"Flower  Fables  or  Fairy  Tales"  (Boston,  1855); 
"  Hospital  Sketches,"  her  first  book,  now  out  of 
print,  reissued  with  other  stories  (1869);  "An  Old- 
Fashioned  Girl"  (1869);  "Little  Men"  (1871);  a 
series  called  "Aunt  Jo's  Scrap  Bag"  (1871-82), 
containing  "  My  Boys."  "  Shawl  Straps,"  "  Cupid 
and  Chow-Chow,"  "  My  Girls,"  "  Jimmy's  Cruise 
in  the  Pinafore,"  and  "  An  Old- Fashioned  Thanks- 
giving " ;  "  Work,  A  Story  of  Experience  "  (1873) : 
"  Eight  Cousins  "  (1874) ;  "  Rose  in  Bloom  "  (1876) ; 

VOL.  I. 4 


\i4i 


X-  -^5^.  >^— ^<.S3<: 


"Silver  Pitchers"  (1876);  "Under  the  Lilacs" 
(1878);  "Jack  and  Gill"  (1880);  "  Moods  "  (1864), 
reissued  in  a  revised  edition  (1881) ;  "  Proverlj 
Stories  "  (1882) ;  "  Spinning- Wheel  Stories  "  (1884) ; 
"  Lulu's  Library,"  the  first  of  a  new  series  (1885). 
Ednah  D.  Cheney  wrote  her  life  (Boston,  1889).— 
Another  daughter,  May,  artist  (Mrs.  Ernest  Nie- 
RiKER),  b.  in  Concord,  Mass.,  in  1840:  d.  in  Decem- 
ber, 1879.  At  the  school  of  design  in  Boston,  and 
in  the  studios  of  Krug,  Rimmer,  Hunt,  Vautier, 
Johnston,  and  Muller  she  received  the  best  attain- 
able instruction,  and  subsequently  divided  her  time 
between  Boston,  London,  and  Paris.  After  her 
marriage  she  lived  mainly  in  Paris.  Her  strength 
was  as  a  copyist  and  as  a  painter  of  still  life,  either 
in  oils  or  water-colors.  Her  success  as  a  copyist  of 
Turner  was  such  as  to  command  the  praise  of  Mr. 
Ruskin,  and  secure  the  adoption  of  some  of  her 
work  for  the  pupils  to  copy  at  the  South  Kensing- 
ton schools  in  London.  In  these  branches  of  work 
she  had  few  equals.  She  published  "  Concord 
Sketches  "  (Boston,  1869). 

ALCOTT,  William  Alexander,  author,  b.  in 
Wolcott,  Conn.,  6  Aug.,  1798 ;  d.  in  Auburndale, 
Mass.,  29  March,  1859":  He  supported  himself  in 
youth  by  working  on  a  farm  in  summer  and 
teaching  in  winter,  studied  medicine  at  Yale,  and 
practised  for  several  years.  In  1832  he  associated 
himself  with  William  Woodbridge  in  the  prepara- 
tion of  school  geographies  and  atlases,  and  in  edit- 
ing the  "  Annals  of  Education  "  and  the  "  Juvenile 
Rambles,"  the  fii'st  weekly  periodical  for  children 
published  in  America.  His  interest  in  improving 
the  condition  of  the  public  schools  led  to  his  writ- 
ing numerous  articles  on  the  subject,  published  in 
the  Hartford  and  New  Haven  journals.  For  his 
paper  "On  the  Construction  of  School-houses"  he 
was  awarded  a  premium  from  the  American  insti- 
tute of  instruction.  About  1832  he  removed  to 
Boston,  and  there  published  the  "  Young  Man's 
Guide,"  a  book  that  exerted  great  influence  by  dis- 
seminating correct  physiological  principles.  Up- 
ward of  100  books  and  pamphlets  were  published 
by  him,  including  "The  House  I  live  in,"  "The 
Young  Housekeeper,"  "  The  Library  of  Health  "  (6 
vols.),  "  Moral  Reform,"  "  My  Progress  in  Error," 
and  a  'Prize  Essay  on  Tobacco.'"  He  spent  his 
winters  in  travel,  visiting  school-houses,  more  than 
20,000  of  which  he  is  said  to  have  inspected,  and 
lecturing.  His  name  is  identified  with  some  of  the 
most  valuable  reforms  in  education,  morals,  and 
physical  training  of  the  present  century. 

ALDAMA,  lisriiacio,  Mexican  patriot,  b.  in  San 
Miguel  el  GraTide,  Guanajuato ;  d.  in  Monclova,  20 
June,  1811.  He  was  a  lawyer,  but  devoted  him- 
self to  commercial  projects  with  marked  success. 
From  the  beginning  of  the  revolutionary  war  he 
joined  Hidalgo,  was  soon  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
general,  and  was  then  appointed  minister  to  the 
United  States,  in  hope  of  obtaining  help  from  this 
nation.  But,  on  reaching  Bejar,  he  found  that 
some  insurgents,  led  by  Zambrano,  were  preparing 
a  revolt  against  the  revolutionary  authorities. 
These  being  overpowered  by  the  new  insurgents, 
1  March,  1811,  Aldama  was  arrested  and  sent  to 
Monclova,  where  he  was  executed. 

ALDANA,  Rainoii,  IMexican  poet,  b.  in  Merida 
de  Yucatan,  30  June,  1833 ;  d.  in  tlie  city  of  Mexi- 
co, 16  Aug.,  1882.  He  studied  philosophy  and  law 
in  his  native  city,  but  soon  devoted  himself  to 
journalism  and  politics.  He  produced  four  dramas, 
which  bear  the  titles  "  Honor  y  felicidad,"  "  No- 
bleza  de  corazon,"  "  Una  prenda  de  venganza," 
and  "  La  cubeza  y  el  coi-azon."  besides  lyric  poems, 
sonnets,  and  numerous  literary  articles. 


42 


ALDEN 


ALDEN 


ALDEN,  Ebenezer,  physician,  b.  in  Randolph, 
Mass.,  17  March,  1788;  d.  there  26  Jan.,  1881.  He 
was  of  tlie  seventh  generation  from  John  Alden  of 
Mayflower  memory,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
in  1808.  He  was  the  last  survivor  of  his  class, 
whicli  included  his  friends  Richard  Henry  Dana, 
and  Charles  Cotesworth  Pinckney,  of  South  Caro- 
lina. He  studied  medicine  at  Dartmouth  and  at 
the  university  of  Pennsylvania,  where  he  received 
his  degree  in  1812,  and  followed  his  profession 
throughout  his  life  in  his  native  town.  He  published 
"  Historical  Sketch  of  the  Massachusetts  Medi- 
cal Society "  (Boston,  1888);  "Memoir  of  Mrs.  M. 
A.  0.  Clark"  (Boston,  1844);  and  the  "Alden  Me- 
morial "  (Boston,  1867).  In  October,  1881,  a  me- 
morial brochure  was  published,  containing  a  bio- 
graphical sketch,  with  a  portrait,  of  Dr.  Alden, 
together  with  the  funeral  addresses. 

ALDEN,  Henry  Mills,  editor,  b.  in  Mt.  Tabor, 
Vt.,  11  Nov.,  1836.  He  was  graduated  at  Williams 
college  in  1857,  and  at  Andover  theological  seminary 
in  1860.  In  the  winter  of  1863-'4  he  delivei-e& 
before  the  Lowell  institute  of  Boston  a  series  of 
twelve  lectTires  on  "  The  Structure  of  Paganism." 
In  1869  he  became  managing  editor  of  "  Harper's 
Magazine."  He  is  the  author  of  "The  Ancient 
Lady  of  Sorrow,"  a  poem  (1872),  and,  jointly  with 
A.  li.  Guernsey,  "  Harper's  Pictorial  History  of 
the  Great  Rebellion"  (New  York,  1862-'65),  Mr. 
Guernsey  writing  the  eastern  campaigns  and  Mr. 
Alden  the  western. 

ALDEN.  Ichabod,  soldier,  b.  in  Duxbury,  Mass., 
11  Aug..  17;J9;  d.  10  Nov.,  1778.  He  was  a  great- 
grandson  of  John  Alden  of  the  original  Plymouth 
colony.  Before  the  revolution  he  was  lieutenant- 
colonel  of  the  Plymouth  regiment,  and  he  held 
the  same  rank  in  Baldwin's  regiment  at  the  siege 
of  Boston.  Subsequently  he  was  promoted  to  the 
colonelcy  of  the  7th  Massachusetts  regiment.  He 
was  killed  by  Indians  at  Cherry  Valley,  N.  Y. 

ALDEN,  Isabella,  author,  b.  in  New  York  in 
1841.  Her  maiden  name  was  McDonald.  She  is 
the  author  of  a  popular  juvenile  series  called  the 
"  Pansy  Books,"  embracing  nearly  60  titles,  most 
of  which  are  adapted  to  the  use  of  Sunday-school 
libraries.  Among  the  most  popular  of  these  are 
"  An  Endless  Chain,"  "  The  King's  Daughter," 
"  Mary  Burton  Abroad,"  "  Chautauqua  Girls  at 
Home,"  "  Four  Girls  at  Chautauqua,"  "  New  Year's 
Tangles,"  and  "  Six  Little  Girls."  Mrs.  Alden  has 
from  the  beginning  been  identified  with  the  Chau- 
tauqua system  of  instruction,  and  has  also  edited 
"  Pansy,"  a  juvenile  publication. 

ALDEN,  James,  naval  officer,  b.  in  Portland, 
Me.,  31  March,  1810 ;  d.  in  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  6 
Feb.,  1877.  He  was  appointed  midshipman  in  1828, 
and  in  that  capacity  accompanied  the  Wilkes  explor- 
ing expedition  around  the  world  in  1838-'42.  He 
was  commissioned  lieutenant  in  1841,  and  served 
during  the  Mexican  war,  being  present  at  the  capture 
of  Vera  Cruz,  Tuxpan,  and  Tabasco.  In  1855-56 
he  was  actively  engaged  in  the  Indian  war  on  Pu- 
get's  sound.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war  he 
was  in  command  of  the  steamer  "  South  Carolina," 
reenforced  Fort  Pickens,  Fla.,  and  was  in  an  en- 
gagement at  Galveston,  Texas.  He  commanded 
the  sloop  of  war  "  Richmond  "  at  the  passage  of 
forts  Jackson  and  St.  Philip  and  the  capture  of 
New  Orleans  (April,  1862).  and  was  also  at  Port 
Hudson.  He  was  made  captain  in  1863,  and  com- 
manded the  "  Brooklyn,"  participating  in  the  cap- 
ture of  Mobile  bay  (August,  1864)  and  in  the  two 
attacks  on  Port  Fisher.  He  was  commissioned 
commodore  in  1866,  and  two  years  later  was  placed 
in  charge  of  the   navy-yard  at  Mare  island,  Cal. 


In  1869  he  was  appointed  chief  of  the  bureau  of 
navigation  and  detail  in  the  navy  department.  He 
was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  rear  admiral  in  1871, 
and  assigned  command  of  the  European  squadron. 
ALDEN,  Joliu,  magistrate  of  the  Plymouth 
colony,  b.  in  England  in  1599  :  d.  in  Duxbury,  Mass., 
12  Sept.,  1687.  He  was  hired  as  a  cooper  at  South- 
ampton, where  the  "  Mayflower  "  was  undergoing 
repairs,  and  signed  the  compact  in  her  cabin  in 


1620.  He  married  Priscilla  Mullens  in  1621,  and 
the  incident  of  his  courtship  has  been  made  the- 
subject  of  one  of  Longfellow's  longer  poems.  His 
wisdom,  integrity,  and  decision  won  for  him  the  con- 
fidence of  his  associates,  and,  although  the  youngest 
of  the  pilgrims,  he  became  one  of  the  most  important 
members  of  the  colony.  The  "  Mayflower,"  shown 
in  the  engraving,  was  a  vessel  of  180  tons. 

ALDEN,  Joseph,  educator,  b.  in  Cairo,  N.  Y., 
4  Jan.,  1807 ;  d.  in  New  York,  30  Aug.,  1885.  At 
the  age  of  fourteen  he  began  teaching  in  a  public 
school  and  showed  great  ability  in  this  direction. 
He  was  graduated  at  Union  college  in  1829,  and 
studied  at  Princeton  theological  seminary,  where 
for  two  years  he  was  tutor.  In  1834  he  was  or- 
dained pastor  of  the  Congregational  church  in 
Williamstown,  Mass.,  and  subsequently  (1835-'52).' 
became  professor  of  Latin,  and  then  of  rhetoric  and 
political  economy,  in  Williams  college.  From  1852 
to  1857  he  was  professor  of  mental  and  moral  phi- 
losophy at  Lafayette  college.  In  1857  he  became 
president  of  Jefferson  college,  and  from  1867  to  1872 
he  was  principal  of  the  Albany,  N.  Y.,  normal 
school.  He  was  a  prolific  writer,  and  prepared 
more  than  70  volumes,  mostly  Sunday-school  litera- 
ture. Among  his  works  are  "The  Example  of 
Washington,"  "  Citizen's  Manual,"  "  Christian  Eth- 
ics," "  The  Science  of  Government,"  "  Elements 
of  Intellectual  Philosophy,"  and  "First  Steps  in 
Political  Economy."  He  was  also  a  constant 
contributor  to  periodical  literature  and  for  some 
time  editor  of  the  New  York  "  Observer  "  and  of 
the  Philadelphia  "Christian  Library."— His  son,. 
William  Liviiiarstoii,  author,  b.  in  Williams- 
town,  Mass.,  9  Oct.,  1837,  was  educated  at  Lafay- 
ette and  Jefferson  colleges,  graduating  in  1858, 
and  then  studied  law.  He  was  for  several  years 
a  contributor  to  the  magazines,  but  has  achieved 
his  reputation  principally  by  humorous  editorials, 
of  which  those  in  the  New  York  "Times"  are 
the  most  famous.  In  1885  he  was  appointed  U. 
S.  consul-general  at  Rome.  To  him  is  due  the 
credit  of  introducing  canoeing  as  a  recreation  into 
the   United   States,  and   in  1870   he  founded  thp 


ALDEN 


ALDRICH 


43 


■*  New  York  Canoe  Club."  His  published  works 
include  "Domestic  Explosives"  (1878);  "Shoot- 
ing Stars"  (1879);  "Canoe  and  Plying  Proa" 
(1880);  "The  Moral  Pirates"  (1881);  "Life  of 
Christopher  Columbus  "  (1882) ;  "  The  Cruise  of  the 
Ghost  "  (1882);  "The  Cruise  of  the  Canoe  Club" 
(1888) ;  and  "  Adventures  of  Jimmy  Brown  "  (1885). 

ALDEN,  Roger,  soldier,  b.  in  "Lebanon,  Conn., 
11  Feb.,  1754;  d.  in  West  Point,  N.  Y.,  5  Nov., 
1836.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1773,  and 
served  in  the  revolutionary  war  as  aide  to  Gen. 
Greene.  Subsequently  he  became  agent  of  the 
Holland  Land  Co.,  and  resided  at  Meadville,  Pa., 
from  1795  to  1825.  He  was  appointed  ordnance 
storekeeper  at  West  Point,  20  Jan.,  1825,  and  re- 
mained as  such  until  his  death.  He  was  a  gi'eat- 
grandson  of  John  Alden. — His  son,  Bradford 
Ripley,  soldier,  b.  in  Meadville,  Pa.,  in  1800;  d.  in 
Newport,  R.  L,  10  Sept.,  1870.  After  graduation 
at  West  Point  in  1831  he  passed  through  the  usual 
experiences  of  young  officers  in  camp  and  garri- 
son life  with  the  4th  Lifantry.  He  was  an  in- 
structor at  West  Point  in  1833-'40,  and  then  served 
for  nearly  two  years  as  aide  to  Gen.  Scott.  After 
three  years  of  garrison  duty  he  was  appointed 
commandant  at  West  Point,  14  Dec,  1845,  and 
remained  there  until  1  Nov.,  1852.  In  the  fron- 
tier service  that  followed,  he  led  an  important 
expedition  against  the  Rouge  river  Indians,  was 
severely  wounded  in  action,  24  Aug.,  1853,  and  re- 
signed in  consequence  on  the  29th  of  September 
in  the  same  year.  He  never  fully  recovered  from 
his  wound,  and  was  unable  to  serve  in  the  civil 
war.  He  was  a  man  of  fine  literary  taste  and 
culture,  and  passed  several  years  of  his  civil  life 
in  Europe. 

ALDEN,  Timothy,  clergvman,  b.  in  Yarmouth, 
Mass.,  28  Aug.,  1771  ;  d.  in  Pittsburg,  5  July,  1839. 
He  studied  at  Harvard,  distinguishing  himself  by 
his  knowledge  of  oriental  languages,  and  was 
graduated  in  1794.  From  1799  to  1805  he  was 
pastor  to  the  Congregational  church  in  Portsmouth, 
N.  II.,  where  from  1800  to  1808  he  taught  school. 
Subsequently  he  conducted  schools  for  young  ladies 
in  Boston,  Newark,  Cincinnati,  an  I  East  Liberty, 
Pa.  In  1817  he  founded  Alleghany  college,  Mead- 
ville, Pa.,  and  became  its  first  president,  retiring 
in  1831.  He  published  a  collection  of  epitaphs 
and  inscriptions  (5  vols.,  1814) ;  "An  Account  of 
Sundry  Missions  among  the  Senecas"  (1827);  and 
other  works,  and  prepared  a  valuable  catalogue  of 
the  lil)rary  of  the  New  York  historical  society. 

ALDEN,  Timothy,  inventor,  b.  in  Barnstable, 
Mass.,  in  1819;  d.  in  New  York,  4  Dec,  1858.  He 
was  the  sixth  in  descent  from  John  Alden,  of 
"Mayflower"  fame.  When  very  young,  setting 
type  in  his  brother's  printing  office,  he  said:  "If  I 
live,  I  will  invent  a  machine  to  do  this  tiresome 
work."  He  labored  steadily,  devoted  his  leisure 
to  study,  and  jn  1846  began  the  construction  of  a 
composing  and  distributing  machine.  His  idea 
was  to  arrange  the  type  in  cells  around  the  circum- 
ference of  a  horizontal  wheel.  By  the  rotation  of 
the  wheel,  several  receivers  are  also  made  to  ro- 
tate, and  these  pick  up  the  proper  types  from 
their  respective  cells.  His  brother.  Henry  W. 
Alden,  made  many  improvements  after  the  death 
of  the  inventor. 

ALDRICH,  James,  poet,  b.  in  Suffolk  co.,  N. 
Y.,  in  1810;  d.  in  October.  1856.  He  entered 
early  into  mercantile  life,  but  at  twenty-six  years 
of  age,  having  had  some  success  as  a  writer,  he 
abandoned  business  for  literature.  Several  popu- 
lar pei-iodicals  were  conducted  by  him,  and  in  1840 
he  established   the   "  Literary  (gazette,"  in  which 


appeared  many  of  his  poems,  which  pleased  the 
popular  taste.  Of  these  "  A  Death-Bed  "  is  the  best 
known,  particular  attention  being  called  to  it  by 
Edgar  A.  Poe,  who  pointed  out  its  striking  resem- 
blance to  a  poem  by  Plood  on  the  same  subject.  In 
the  latter  part  of  his  life  he  resumed  his  business 
pursuits.  See  Rufus  W.  Griswold's  "  Poets  and 
Poetry  of  Am.erica." 

ALDRICH,  Nelson  Wilmarth,  senator,  b.  in 
Foster,  R.  I.,  6  Nov.,  1841.  He  received  an  aca- 
demic education,  and  engaged  in  mercantile  pur- 
suits. He  was  president  of  the  Providence  common 
council  in  1872-3,  a  member  of  the  Rhode  Island 
general  assembly  in  1875-'G.  serving  in  1876  as 
speaker  of  the  house  of  representatives,  and  was 
elected  to  congress  in  1878  and  1880.  He  was 
elected  to  the  IJ.  S.  senate  as  a  republican,  to  suc- 
ceed Gen.  Burnside,  and  took  his  seat  5  Dec,  1881. 

ALDRICH.  Thomas  Bailey,  author,  b.  in 
Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  11  Nov.,  1836.  His  early 
youth  was  i)assed  In  Louisiana.  He  began  a  course 
of  study  preparator}'  to  entering  college,  but,  on 
the  death  of  his  fa- 
ther, he  abandoned 
it  to  enter  the 
counting-room  of 
his  uncle,  a  mer- 
chant in  New  York 
city.  Here  he  re- 
mained three  years, 
and  here  he  began 
to  contribute  prose 
and  verse  to  vari- 
ous journals.  His 
"  Ballad  of  Babie 
Bell"  (1856)  won 
immediate  and  uni- 
versal favor,  and 
this,  with  other 
successes,  induced 
him  to  enter  upon  a 
literary  career.  At 
first  he  was  a  proof- 
reader,     then       a 

"reader"  for  a  publishing-house.  He  became  a 
frequent  contributor  to  "  Putnam's  Magazine,"  the 
"  Knickerbocker."  and  the  weekly  papers,  and  af- 
terward to  the  New  York  "  Evening  Mirror."  In 
1856  he  joined  the  staff  of  the  New  York  "  Home 
Journal,"  then  under  the  management  of  Willis 
and  Morris,  with  whom  he  remained  three  years. 
He  was  editor  of  "  Every  Saturday,"  Boston,  so 
long  as  it  was  published,  1870-'4.  For  several 
years  he  had  written  almost  exclusively  for  the 
"Atlantic  Monthly,"  when  in  March,  1881,  he 
became  its  editor.  His  published  volumes  of  poet- 
ry are  "The  Dells"  (1855);  "The  Ballad  of  Babie 
Bell"  and  other  poems  (1856);  "The  Course  of 
True  Love  never  did  run  Smooth  "  (1858) ;  "  Pam- 
pinea  and  other  Poems"  (1861);  two  collections 
of  "Poems"  (1863  and  1865);  "Cloth  of  Gold 
and  other  Poems "  (1874);  "Flower  and  Thorn; 
Later  Poems"  (1876);  an  edition  de  luxe  of  his 
Lyrics  and  Sonnets  ( 1880) ;  and  "  Friar  Jerome's 
Beautiful  Book "  (1881).  His  prose  works  are 
"Daisy's  Necklace"  (1856);  "Out  of  his  Head,  a 
Romance  in  Prose  "  (1862) ;  "  Story  of  a  Bad  Boy." 
which  is  in  some  degree  autobiographical  (1870) ; 
"  Marjorie  Daw  and  other  People,"  short  stories 
(1873);  "  Prudence  Palfrey,"  a  novel  (1874);  "The 
Queen  of  Sheba."  a  romance  of  travel  (1877) ;  "  The 
Stillwater  Tragedv"  (1880);  "  From  Ponkapog  to 
Pesth"  (1883);  and  "Mercedes"  (1883).  He  has 
translated  from  the  French,  Bedollierre's  "  Story  of 
a  Cat."     Complete  collections  of  his  prose  writings 


o~^.Ql^ 


44 


ALDRIDGE 


ALEXANDER 


are  published  in  England,  France,  and  Germany, 
and  translations  of  two  of  his  novels  and  several 
of  his  short  stories  have  appeared  in  the  "  Revue 
des  deux  Moiides." 

ALDRIIXxE,  Ira,  negro  tragedian,  known  as  the 
"  African  Roscius,"  d.  in  Lodez,  Poland,  7  Aug., 
1867.  The  place  and  date  of  his  birth  are  un- 
known. Some  biographers  say  he  was  born  in 
Bellair,  near  Baltimore,  about  1810 ;  that  he  was  a 
mulatto,  apprenticed  to  a  ship-carpenter ;  acquired 
a  knowledge  of  German  from  German  immigrants; 
accompanied  Edmiuid  Kean  to  England  as  his 
servant,  where  his  natural  talent  for  the  stage  was 
cultivated;  and  subsequently  returned  to  the 
United  States,  where,  in  1880-31,  he  appeared 
on  the  stage  m  Baltimore,  but  was  not  successful ; 
then  returned  to  England  and  began  a  career  of 
fame.  Other  biographers,  claiming  to  be  better 
informed,  say  that  he  was  born  in  New  York  city 
about  1805,  that  his  fathei-  was  a  full-blooded  ne- 
gro, a  native  chieftain  of  Senegal,  who  came  to  the 
United  States,  was  converted  and  educated,  and 
became  the  pastor  of  a  colored  church  in  New 
York.  He  intended  that  his  son  Ira  should  follow 
the  same  profession,  but  the  boy  had  a  passion  for 
the  stage,  and  demonstrated  his  ability  in  success- 
ful amateur  performances.  His  father  disapproved 
of  his  coui'se,  and  sent  him  to  England  to  be  edu- 
cated for  the  ministry.  The  son  obeyed  for  a  time, 
but  his  fondness  for  the  stage  soon  took  him  away 
from  his  books.  After  some  time  spent  in  prefiara- 
tion,  he  made  his  debjit  at  the  Royalty  theatre  in 
London  as  Othello,  where  he  met  with  immediate 
success.  In  England  he  was  generally  preferred  in 
those  plays  to  which  his  color  was  ajipropriate. 
He  was  highly  appreciated  by  Edmund  Kean,  and 
appeared  at  Belfast  as  Othello  to  Kean's  lago.  As 
an  interpreter  of  Shakespeare  he  was  very  generally 
regarded  as  one  of  the  be-t  and  most  faithful.  He 
appeared  at  Co  vent  Garden  as  Othello  in  1833,  and 
at  the  Surrey  theatre  in  1848.  In  1852  he  visited 
Germany,  where  he  played  three  years,  and  in  1857 
the  king  of  Sweden  invited  him  to  visit  Stock- 
holm. On  the  continent  he  ranked  as  one  of  the 
ablest  tragedians  of  his  time.  Honors  were  show- 
ered upon  him  wherever  he  appeared.  He  was 
presented  by  the  king  of  Prussia  with  the  first- 
class  medal  of  arts  and  sciences,  accompanied  by 
an  autograph  letter  from  the  emperor  of  Austria  ; 
the  Grand  Cross  of  Leopold  ;  a  similar  decoi'ation 
from  the  emperor  of  Russia;  and  a  magnificent 
Maltese  cross,  with  the  medal  of  merit,  from  the 
city  of  Berne.  Similar  honors  were  conferi-ed  on 
him  by  other  crowned  heads  of  Europe.  He  was 
made  a  member  of  the  Prussian  academy  of  arts 
and  sciences,  and  holder  of  the  large  gold  medal; 
member  of  tlie  imperial  and  arch-ducal  institution 
of  our  lady  of  the  manger  in  Austria;  of  the  Rus- 
sian hof-versamlung  of  Riga;  honorary  member  of 
the  imperial  academy  of  arts  and  sciences  in  St. 
Petersburg,  and  many  others.  His  head  was  of 
uncommon  size,  measuring  twenty-three  and  a 
half  inches  in  circumference.  He  left  a  widow,  an 
English  lady,  in  London.  At  the  time  of  his  death 
he  was  on  his  way  to  fill  a  professional  engage- 
ment in  St.  Petersburg. 

ALE(t}RE,  Francisco  J.,  Mexican  author,  b. 
in  Vera  Cruz,  13  Nov..  1729  ;  d.  16  Aug.,  1788.  He 
was  a  Jesuit  priest,  and  taught  [)hilosophy  in  Ha- 
vana for  seven  years,  and  afterward  canon  law  in 
Yucatan.  And  after  finishing  the  "  Historia  de  la 
Provincia  de  la  Compania  de  Jesiis  en  la  Nueva 
Espaiia,"  which  Father  Francisco  Florencia  had 
left  incomplete,  he  went  to  Bologna,  Italy,  where 
he  was  in  charge  of  a  school  for  young  Mexican 


Jesuits  until  his  death.  Alegre  was  author  oi 
twenty-three  works,  most  of  them  in  Latin,  on 
rhetoric,  mathematics,  theology,  history,  and  the 
Latin  and  Greek  classics.  Besides  the  Spanish  and 
Mexican  languages,  he  knew  to  perfection  Latin, 
Gi'eek,  ?]nglish,  French,  and  Italian. 

ALEMANY,  Joseph  Sadoc,  archbishop,  b.  in 
Vich,  in  Catalonia,  Spain,  in  1814.  He  entered  the 
Dominican  order  at  the  age  of  fifteen,  and  studied 
in  the  convents  of  Trumpt  and  Garona.  He  was 
ordained  at  Viterbo,  Italy,  in  1837,  remained  a 
year  and  a  half  at  Viterbo  as  sub-master  of  novices, 
and  was  then  a])pointed  assistant  pastor  of  the 
church  of  Minerva,  in  Rome,  which  office  he  con- 
tinued to  discharge  up  to  1841,  when  he  volun- 
teered for  the  American  mission.  After  perform- 
ing missionary  duties  in  Nashville  and  Memphis, 
he  was  made  provincial  of  the  order  in  the  state 
of  Ohio  in  1847.  He  attended  the  general  chap- 
ter of  the  Dominicans  in  Italy  in  1850,  when  his 
abilities  attracted  the  attention  of  the  papal  court, 
and  he  was  apponited  bishop  of  Monterey  the  same 
year,  and  was  consecrated  in  the  church  of  San 
Carlo  by  Cardinal  Franzoni.  He  at  once  left  Rome, 
bringing  with  him  some  members  of  his  oi'der  of 
both  sexes,  through  whose  agency  he  has  founded 
several  educational  institutions  in  California.  He 
was  translated  to  the  see  of  San  Fr'ancisco  in  1853, 
being  its  first  archbishop.  He  resigned  his  archi- 
episcopal  office  in  1883,  with  the  object  of  devoting 
the  rest  of  his  life  to  the  reorganization  of  his 
order  in  Spain,  and  went  to  reside  in  a  Dominican 
convent  in  Valencia.  He  is  the  author  of  a  "  Life 
of  Saint  Dominick." 

ALEN(^)A,  Jose  Martiniano  d'  (ah-lane'-sa), 
Br'azilian  jurist,  b.  in  Ceai'a  in  1829 ;  d.  in  Rio  de 
Janeiro,  12  Dec,  1877.  His  law  studies  were  pur- 
sued at  Sao  Paulo,  and  on  their  completion  he  went 
to  Rio,  where  he  became  a  frequent  contributor  to 
the  journals  of  that  city.  He  also  wrote  dramas 
and  romances,  some  of  which  are  based  upon  the 
Indian  legends  current  in  Brazil,  and  rank  among 
the  finest  literary  productions  of  the  empire.  In 
1868  he  was  elected  deputy  for  Ceara  to  I'epresent 
the  conservative  party,  and  entered  the  cabinet  as 
minister  of  justice.  Two  years  later,  when  a  can- 
didate for  senator,  he  was  returned  as  one  of  the 
"triple  list,"  but  was  not  confirmed  by  the  em- 
peror. His  reputation  at  the  bar  is  one  of  the  most 
brilliant  in  the  history  of  liis  country.  His  poem 
"  Iracema,"  and  his  romances  of  "Guarany"and 
"  Urabijara,"  are  the  best  known  of  his  literary 
productions. 

ALENCA8TRE  N0R05A  Y  SILVA,  Fer- 
nando  (ah-len-kas'-tra),  duke  of  Linares,  35th 
viceroy  of  Mexico,  where  he  assumed  command,  15 
Jan.,  1711.  The  same  year  snow  fell  for  the  first 
time  recorded  in  Mexico,  and  thei'e  was  a  destruc- 
tive eaithquake.  Alencasti'e  showed  himself  most 
lil)('ial  and  charitable  toward  the  sufferei's  by  the 
earthquake,  as  well  as  during  the  terrible  famine 
and  epidemic  that  scourged  the  country  four  years 
later.  He  established  in  Nuevo  Leon  a  colony 
called  San  Felipe  de  Linares,  and  soon  after  this 
he  left  Mexico,  16  Aug.,  1716. 

ALEXANDER,  Abraham,  statesman,  b.  in 
North  Carolina  in  1718;  d.  near  Charlotte,  23 
April,  1786.  He  represented  ]\Iecklenburg  co.  in 
the  colonial  legislature  prior  to  1775,  and  when, 
early  in  1775,  Joseph  Martin,  the  royalist  governor, 
attempted  to  prevent  a  free  expression  of  opinion, 
the  people  of  the  county  met  in  the  court-house  at 
Charlotte,  at  the  summons  of  Col.  Thos.  Polk,  and 
elected  Mr.  Alexander  permanent  chairman.  The 
dates  of  the  preliminary  meetings  are  not  known 


ALEXANDER 


ALEXANDER 


45 


On  31  May  they  unanimously  adopted  the  Mecklen- 
burg declaration  of  independence,  substantially  re- 
nouncing allegiance  to  the  British  crown  and  pro- 
viding for  a  civil  government  upon  a  republican 
basis.  This  document,  antedated  by  more  than  a 
year  the  formal  declaration  of  1776,  and  vi^as  itself 
preceded  by  several  others,  notably  that  of  Men- 
don,  Mass.  It  was  in  due  form  signed,  was  read 
to  mass  meetings  of  the  people  of  North  Carolina, 
and  in  August,  1775,  was  transmitted  to  Philadel- 
phia by  the  hand  of  a  special  messenger. 

ALEXANDER,  Archer,  freedman,  b.  near 
Richmond,  Va.,  about  1810 ;  d.  in  St.  Louis,  Mo., 
8  Dec,  1879.  He  was  a  slave,  and  fled  to  St.  Louis, 
then  under  martial  law,  in  1863,  and  was  formally 
liberated  the  same  year.  He  served  as  the  model 
for  "  the  freedman  "  in  the  bronze  group  by  Thom- 
as Ball,  standing  in  the  capitol  grounds  in  Wash- 
ington, and  known  as  "  Freedom's  Memorial."  In 
1831  he  was  taken  to  Missouri  by  his  young  mas- 
ter. During  the  reign  of  terror  in  that  state  at  the 
outbreak  of  the  war  he  learned  that  the  pi'o-slavery 
party  had  cut  the  timbers  of  a  certain  bridge  so 
that  it  should  break  down  inider  a  tram  carrying  a 
detachment  of  national  troops  about  to  pass  over 
it.  At  the  risk  of  his  life  he  conveyed  the  informa- 
tion to  a  well-known  union  man,  and  the  detach- 
ment was  saved.  Alexander  was  suspected  as  the 
informant  and  arrested  by  a  pro-slavery  committee. 
He  made  his  escape  to  and  secured  employment  in 
St.  Louis  under  a  provost  marsh.d's  certificate. 
Until  the  emancipation  proclamation  assured  his 
permanent  freedom  he  was  in  constant  danger 
from  kidnappers.  Although  almost  wholly  illiter- 
ate, he  had  a  shrewd  intelligence  and  was  a  skilled 
and  efficient  workman.  A  stone  commemorating 
his  capture  as  a  fugitive  slave  has  been  raised  on 
tlie  spot  where  he  was  taken  when  making  his  es- 
cape from  slavery.  See  "  The  Story  of  Archer  Al- 
exander" (Boston,  1886). 

ALEXANDER,  Archibald,  educator,  b.  in 
Rockbridge  co.,  Va.,  17  April,  1772:  d.  in  Prince- 
ton, N.  J.",  22  Oct.,  1851.  His  grandfather,  of  Scot- 
tish descent,  came  from  Ireland  to  Pennsylvania  in 
1736,  and  after  a  residence  of  two  years  removed  to 
Virginia.  William,  father  of  Archibald,  was  a  farmer 

and  trader.  At 
the  age  of  ten  Ar- 
chibald was  sent 
to  the  academy  of 
Rev.  William  Gra- 
ham at  Timber 
Ridge  meeting- 
house (since  de- 
veloped into 
Washington  and 
Lee  university), 
at  Lexington.  At 
the  age  of  seven- 
teen he  became  a 
tutor  in  the  fami- 
Iv  of  Gen.  John 
Posey,  of  The  Wil- 
derness, twelve 
miles  westofB'red- 
ei'icksburg,  but 
after  a  few  months 
resumed  his  stud- 
ies with  his  former  teacher.  At  this  time  his  mind 
became  influenced  by  a  remarkable  movement,  still 
spoken  of  as  "  the  great  revival,"  and  he  turned  his 
attention  to  the  study  of  divinity.  He  was  licensed 
to  preach  1  Oct.,  1701,  ordained  by  the  presbytery  of 
Hanover  9  .June,  1794,  and  for  seven  years  was  an 
itinerant  pastor  in  Charlotte  and  Prince  Edward  cos. 


^^^^4;^:.^z^^^fei^ 


In  1796  he  became  president  of  Hampden  Sydney 
college,  Va,.  but  in  1801  resigned,  and  visited  New 
York  and  New  England.  During  his  tour  he  went 
to  see  the  Rev.  Dr.  Waddel,  the  celebrated  blincl 
preacher  mentioned  by  Wirt  in  his  "  British  Spy." 
The  result  of  this  visit  was  his  marriage  to  Dr. 
Waddel's  daughter  Janetta.  Immediately  after  he 
resumed  his  pi'esidency,  but,  owing  to  insubordina- 
tion among  the  students,  retired,  and  became  in 
1807  pastor  of  the  Pine  st.  Presbyterian  church  in 
Philadelphia.  The  degree  of  D.  D.  was  conferred 
on  him  by  the  college  of  New  Jersey  in  1810,  and 
in  the  same  year  he  was  elected  president  of  Union 
college  in  Georgia,  a  fact  which  remained  unknown 
even  to  his  family  until  after  his  death.  On  the 
organization  of  the  theological  seminary  at  Prince- 
ton in  1812  Dr.  Alexander  was  unanimously 
chosen  as  the  leading  professor.  As  the  number 
of  students  increased  and  other  professors  were 
added  to  the  faculty,  he  was  enabled  to  direct  his 
attention  more  particularly  to  the  department  of 
pastoral  and  polemic  theology,  in  promoting  which, 
with  the  gcTieral  interests  of  the  institution,  he  la- 
bored with  zeal  and  success  till  his  death,  a  period 
of  nearly  forty  years.  His  powers  both  for  pulpit 
oratory  and  polemic  disquisition  were  extraordi- 
nary. He  was  always  busy,  and  from  1829  to  1850 
scarcely  a  number  of  the  "  Princeton  Review  "  ap- 
peared without  an  article  from  his  pen.  His  style 
was  idiomatic  and  forcible.  With  the  exception  of 
occasional  sermons  and  contributions  to  periodi- 
cals, he  published  nothing  until  he  had  entered  his 
fifty-second  year.  His  first  work  was  "  Outlines  of 
the  Evidences  of  Christianity "  (1823),  which  has 
been  translated  into  various  foreign  languages  and 
is  used  as  a  text-book  in  colleges.  It  was  reprinted 
in  London  in  1828,  and  again  with  a  new  edition 
in  1833,  accompanied  with  introductory  notes  by 
Rev.  John  Morison,  D.  D.  This  was  followed  by  a 
"  Treatise  on  the  Canqn  of  the  Old  and  New  Tes- 
taments "  (1826) ;  "  Lives  of  the  Patriarchs  "  (1835) ; 
"  Essays  on  Religious  Experiences  "  (1840) ;  "  His- 
tory of  African  Colonization  "  (1846) ;  "  History  of 
the  Log  College  "  (1846) ;  "  History  of  the  Israelit- 
ish  Nation  "  (1852),  and  other  works.  He  also  con- 
tributed largely  to  periodicals.  Pie  left  several  works 
in  manuscript,  of  which  the  "  Outlines  of  Moral 
Science  "  (1852)  was  pronounced  by  the  "  Westmin- 
ster Review  "  to  be  a  "  calm,  clear  stream  of  ab- 
stract reasoning,  flowing  from  a  thoughtful,  well- 
instructed  mind,  witliout  any  parade  of  logic,  but 
with  an  intuitive  simplicity  and  directness  which 
gives  an  almost  axiomatic  force."  Other  posthu- 
mous works  were  "  Duties  and  Consolations  of  the 
Christian  " ;  "  Patriarchal  Theology  "  ;  "  History  of 
the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Virginia  " ;  "  Biographi- 
cal Sketches  of  Distinguished  American  Clergymen 
and  Alunmi  of  the  College  of  New  Jersey  " ;  and 
"  Church  Polity  and  Discipline."  He  left  five  sons, 
of  whom  three  became  ministers,  and  one  daugh- 
ter. The  eldest  son  wrote  the  life  of  his  father, 
and  edited  his  posthumous  works  (New  York,  1854). 
— His  son,  James  Waddel,  clergyman,  b.  near 
Gordonsville,  Louisa  co.,  Va.,  13  March,  1804 ;  d.  at 
the  Red  Sweet  Springs,  Va.,  31  July,  1859.  He  re- 
ceived his  academical  training  at  Philadelphia,  was 
graduated  at  Princeton  in  1820,  and  studied  the- 
ology in  Princeton  seminary.  In  1824  he  was 
appointed  a  tutor,  and  during  the  same  year  he  was 
licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  of  New  Bruns- 
wick, N.  J.  During  1825-'28  he  was  in  charge  of  a 
church  in  Charlotte  co.,  Va.,  and  from  1828  to 
1830  was  pastor  of  the  first  Presbyterian  church 
in  Trenton,  N.  J.  His  health  failing,  he  resigned 
this  charge  and  became  editor  of  "  The  Presbji;e- 


46 


ALEXANDER, 


ALEXANDER 


rian,"  in  Pliiladelphia.  He  was  professor  of  rhet- 
oric and  belles  lettres  in  Princeton  college  from 
1833  till  1844,  when  he  assumed  charge  of  the 
Duane  st.  church  in  New  York  city.  Prom  1844 
to  1851  he  was  professor  of  ecclesiastical  history 
and  church  government  in  Princeton  theological 
seminary,  and  in  1851  he  was  called  to  the  pas- 
torate of  the  Fifth  ave.  Presbyterian  chui-ch,  where 
he  remained  until  his  death.  Among  his  pub- 
lished works  are  "Consolation";  "Thoughts  on 
Family  Worship  "  ;  "  Plain  Words  to  a  Young  Com- 
municant "  ;  a  series  of  essays  entitled  "  The  Ameri- 
can Mechanic  and  Workingman  "  ;  "  Discourses  on 
Christian  Faith  and  l^ractice  "  (New  York,  1858) ; 
"  Gift  to  the  Afflicted  "  ;  a  biography  of  Dr.  Archi- 
bald Alexander  (New  York,  1854);  and  more  than 
thirty  volumes  for  the  American  Sunday-school 
union.  He  was  also  a  frequent  contributor  to  the 
"  Princeton  Review  "  and  the  "  Biblical  Repository." 
"  Forty  Years'  Familiar  Letters  of  James  W.  Al- 
exander," was  published  by  the  surviving  corre- 
spondent, the  Rev.  John  Hall,  D.  D.,  of  Trenton, 
N.  J.  (2  vols..  New  York,  1880).— His  son,  AVilliam 
Cowper,  lawyer,  b.  in  Virginia  in  180G ;  d.  in  New 
York  city,  23  Aug.,  1874,  was  graduated  at  Prince- 
ton in  1824.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1827, 
and  soon  gained  a  reputation  for  legal  knowledge 
and  eloquence  and  took  part  in  political  affairs. 
For  several  years  he  was  president  of  the  New 
Jersey  state  senate.  He  was  nominated  for  gov- 
ernor, and  lacked  but  a  few  votes  of  election. 
After  being  a  member  of  the  peace  congress  of 
1861,  over  which  he  was  frequently  called  to  pre- 
side, he  withdrew  from  politics  and  devoted  him- 
self entirely  to  the  business  of  insurance,  having 
been  elected  president  of  the  Equitable  Life  In- 
surance Company  when  it  was  organized  in  1859, 
of  which  he  was  president  at  the  time  of  his 
death. — J  lis  son,  Joseph  Addison,  clergyman,  b. 
in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  24  April,  1809 ;  d.  in  Prince- 
ton, N.  J.,  28  Jan.,  1860,  was  graduated  at  Prince- 
ton, with  the  first  honor  in  his  class,  in  1826, 
and  associated  himself  with  R.  B.  Patton  in  the 
establishment  of  Edgehill  seminary  at  Princeton. 
From  1830  to  1833  he  was  adjunct  professor  of 
ancient  languages  at  Princeton,  after  which  he 
spent  some  time  abroad  studying  languages.  In 
1838  he  was  made  professor  of  oriental  literature 
in  Princeton  Theological  Seminary,  and  in  1852 
Avas  transferred  to  the  chair  oi  biblical  and  ecclesi- 
astical history,  which  he  held  until  his  death.  He 
was  master  of  almost  all  of  the  modern  languages 
of  Europe,  and  as  an  orientalist  had  few  superiors. 
This  great  lingviistic  knowledge  is  shown  in  his 
numerous  exegetical  works,  which  include  "  The 
Earlier  Prophecies  of  Isaiah  "  (1846),  "  The  Later 
Prophecies  of  Isaiah "  (1847).  "  Isaiah  illustrated 
and  explained  "  (1851),  "  The  Psalms  translated  and 
explained  "  (1850),  "  Commentary  on  Acts  "  (1857), 
and  "  Commentary  on  Mark  "  (1858).  He  also  pub- 
lished a  series  of  "Essays  on  the  Primitive  Church 
Offices"  (1851),  and  numerous  articles  in  the  "  Bib- 
lical Repertory  "  and  "  Princeton  Review."  Since 
his  death  his  "  Sermons  "  have  been  published 
(1860),  and  also  a  "Commentary  on  Matthew"  (1861), 
and  "  Notes  on  New  Testament  Literature,"  pre- 
pared in  conjunction  with  Dr.  Charles  Hodge  (2 
vols.,  1861).  His  biography,  by  his  nephew,  Henry 
Carrington  Alexander,  was  published  in  1869. — 
His  son,  Samuel  Davies,  clergyman,  b.  in  Prince- 
ton, N.  J.,  3  May,  1819;  d.  in  New  York  city,  26 
Oct.,  1894,  studied  theology  in  Princeton  seminary. 
He  preached  in  various  places,  and  in  1855  was 
settled  over  the  Phillips  Presbyterian  Church  in 
New   York  city.     He  had  contributed  numerous 


papers  to  the  "  Princeton  Review,"  and  published 
"  Princeton  College  during  the  Eighteenth  Cen- 
tury "  (1872) :  and  a  "  History  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church  in  Ireland."  An  appreciative  memorial 
tablet  was  placed  in  Phillips  Church  in  May,  1895. 

ALEXANDER,  Barton  Stone,  soldier,  b.  in 
Kentucky  in  1819;  d.  in  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  15 
Dec,  1878.  He  was  appointed  to  the  U.  S.  military 
academy  from  Kentucky,  was  graduated  in  1842, 
and  became  lieutenant  in  the  corps  of  engineers. 
He  superintended  the  repairs  at  various  fortifica- 
tions, and  also  in  the  erection  of  Minot's  ledge 
lighthouse,  at  the  entrance  of  Boston  harbor.  Dur- 
ing the  civil  war  he  served  as  engineer  in  the  con- 
struction of  the  defences  of  Washington,  took  part 
in  the  Manassas  campaign  of  1861,  and  was  bre- 
vetted  major  for  gallant^  and  meritorious  services 
in  the  battle  of  Bull  Run.  He  continued  with  the 
army  of  the  Potomac,  rendering  important  aid  at 
the  siege  of  Yorktown,  for  which  he  was  brevetted 
lieutenant-colonel  in  1862.  In  1864  he  was  con- 
sulting engineer  with  Gen.  Sheridan's  army,  and 
in  1865  was  made  brevet  brigadier-general  for  meri- 
torious services  during  the  war.  For  the  next  two 
years  he  had  charge  of  the  construction  of  most  of 
the  public  works  in  Maine,  when  he  became  senior 
engineer  with  the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel  and 
member  of  the  Pacific  board  of  engineers. 

ALEXANDER,  Caleb,  clergyman,  b.  in  North- 
field,  Mass.,  22  Julv,  1775;  d.  in  Onondaga,  N.  Y., 
12  April,  1828.  After  graduation  at  Yale  in  1777, 
he  studied  for  the  ministry  and  was  ordained  pas- 
tor of  the  Presbyterian  church  at  New  Marlboro, 
N.  Y.,  in  1781-'82.  In  April,  1786,  he  took  charge 
of  a  church  at  Mendon,  N.  Y.,  but  left  it  the 
same  year.  He  next  became  principal  of  an  acade- 
my at  Onondaga,  where  he  remained  during  the 
rest  of  his  life.  His  published  works  include  Latin 
and  English  grammars,  an  "  Essay  on  the  Deity  of 
Christ"  (1796),  "Grammar  Elements,"  a  literal 
translation  of  Virgil  into  English  prose  (Worcester, 
1796),  the  "Columbian  Dictionary"  (1800),  and 
"  Young  Ladies'  and  Gentleman's  Instructor." 

ALEXANDER,  Edmund  Brooke,  soldier,  b. 
in  Hay  Market,  Prince  William  co.,  Va.,  2  Oct., 
1802 ;  d.  in  Washington,  D.  C,  3  Jan.,  1888.  He 
was  graduated  at  the  U.  S.  military  academy  in 
1823.  After  twenty  years  of  frontier  and  garrison 
duty  he  had  an  opportunity  for  service  in  Mexico, 
where  he  won  a  major's  brevet  at  Cerro  Gordo  (18 
April,  1847),  and  a  lieutenant-colonel's  at  Contreras 
and  Churubusco  (20  Aug.,  1847).  He  became  major 
of  the  8th  infantry,  IO'Nov.,  1851,  and  colonel  of 
the  10th  infantry,  a  new  regiment,  3  March,  1855. 
In  1857-"58  he  commanded  the  Utah  expedition 
until  relieved  by  Gen.  Johnston.  During  the  civil 
war  he  was  retained  at  St.  Louis  on  provost-mar- 
shal's duty,  involving  delicate  and  responsible 
administration  of  important  matters.  He  was  also 
superintendent  of  the  volunteer  recruiting  service, 
and  chief  mustering  and  disbursing  officer  for  Mis- 
souri. He  was  brevetted  brigadier-general,  13  March, 
1865,  and  commanded  his  regiment  at  Fort  Snelling 
till  retirement,  22  Feb.,  1869,  by  operation  of  law. 

ALEXANDER,  Francis,  artist,  b.  in  Connecti- 
cut in  1800.  When  eighteen  years  of  age  he  began 
painting  in  water-color  without  an  instructor. 
About  1820  he  went  to  New  Yoi'k  and  prosecuted 
his  art  studies,  as  a  pui)il  of  Alexander  Robertson. 
He  worked  for  a  few  months  in  Providence,  R.  I., 
and  subsequently  opened  a  studio  in  Boston,  where 
he  gained  great  popularity  as  a  portrait-painter. 
He  went  to  Europe  in  1831,  finally  taking  up  his 
residence  in  Florence.  During  the  later  years  of 
his  life  he  has  not  been  active  in  his  profession. 


ALEXANDER 


ALEXANDER 


47 


ALEXANDER,  George,  Canadian  senator,  b. 
in  Banffshire,  Scotland,  21  May,  1814.  He  was 
■educated  at  Aberdeen  iniiversity,  emigrated  to 
Canada,  became  president  of  the  provincial  agri- 
cultural association  of  Upper  Canada  in  1857,  and 
-continued  a  member  of  the  board  of  arts  and  manu- 
factures until  1867.  He  represented  Core  divis- 
ion in  the  legislative  council  of  Canada  from  1858 
until  the  union  of  the  provinces,  and  was  called  to 
the  senate  30  May,  1873.     He  is  a  conservative. 

ALEXANDER,  James,  lawyer,  b.  in  Scotland 
about  1690  ;  d.  in  New  York,  2  April,  1756.  His 
American  career  began  in  1715,  wlien  he  was 
obliged  to  leave  England  on  account  of  his  active 
partisanship  with  the  pretender  in  his  vain  at- 
tempt to  seize  the  English  crown.  He  became 
the  first  official  recorder  of  the  town  of  Perth  Am- 
boy,  N.  J.,  in  1718,  but,  having  served  as  an  officer 
of  engineers  in  Scotland,  he  was  appointed  survey- 
or-general of  New  York  and  New  Jersey.  In  his 
intervals  of  leisure  he  studied  law  and  became  emi- 
nent at  the  colonial  bar.  He  was  a  constant  con- 
tributor, with  Chief  Justice  Morris,  to  the  "  New 
York  Weekly  Journal,"  established  in  1733.  In 
1735  he  was  temporarily  disbarred  because  he 
served  as  counsel  for  Peter  Zenger,  a  popular 
printer  of  that  day,  who  was  accused  of  sedition, 
but  he  was  reinstated  on  a  change  of  administra- 
tion two  years  later.  He  held  many  public  offices, 
served  for  several  years  in  the  colonial  legislature 
and  council,  and  was  attorney-general  in  1721-'23, 
and  secretary  of  the  province  of  New  York.  He 
■acquired  large  wealth,  and  was  among  the  staunch- 
est  of  the  pre-revolutionary  friends  of  civil  liberty. 
In  company  with  Franklin  and  others,  he  founded 
the  American  philosophical  society.  His  son  Will- 
iam was  the  "  Lord  Stirling "  of  revolutionary 
fame.  In  1756  a  ministerial  project  threatening 
the  rights  of  the  colony  was  proposed,  and,  when  it 
•came  up  for  consideration  at  Albany,  Sec.  Alex- 
ander undertook  the  journey  from  New  York  to 
oppose  the  measure,  although  he  was  suffering  from 
severe  illness.  His  death  resulted  from  the  fatigue 
and  exposure  then  incident  to  the  trip. 

ALEXANDER,  John  Henry,  scientist,  b.  in 
Annapolis,  Md.,  26  June,  1812;  d.  in  Baltimore, 
Md.,  2  Marcli,  1867.  He  was  graduated  at  St. 
John's  college  in  1826,  and  studied  law,  but  turned 
his  attention  to  science.  His  first  work  was  in 
engineering,  and  having  submitted  to  the  legisla- 
ture a  plan  tor  the  survey  of  Maryland,  in  con- 
nection with  the  geological  survey,  he  became  in 
1834  the  topographicarengineer  of  his  state.  As 
•such  he  was  engaged  until  1841,  and  during  the  in- 
tervening years  he  regularly  prepared  the  annual 
reports.  The  opening  of  various  iron  and  coal  de- 
posits was  promoted  "by  these  reports,  and  by  his 
•efforts  capital  was  enlisted  in  the  working  of  the 
mines.  As  an  authority  on  standards  of  weight 
■and  measure,  his  opinion  was  highly  regarded,  and 
he  was  associated  in  much  of  the  work  conducted 
under  the  direction  of  the  coast  survey  during  the 
■superintendency  of  Hassler  and  Bache.  In  1857 
he  was  sent  to  England  by  the  national  govern- 
ment as  delegate  to  the  British  commission  on  deci- 
•mal  coinage.  His  views  on  this  subject  were 
highly  appreciated  in  this  country,  and  he  was 
about  to  be  appointed  director  of  the  mint  in 
Philadelphia  when  he  died.  He  served  on  various 
government  commissions,  and  his  numerous  re- 
ports are  of  great  value.  At  various  times  he  was 
professor  of  physics  in  St.  James's  college,  Md.,  in 
the  university  of  Pennsylvania,  and  in  the  universi- 
ty of  Maryland.  He  was  a  member  of  many  sci- 
entific societies,  among  them  the  American  philo- 


sophical society  of  Philadelphia  and  the  American 
association  for  the  advancement  of  science,  and  he 
was  one  of  the  incorporators  of  the  national  academy 
of  sciences.  His  published  papers  appeared  prin- 
cipally in  the  "  American  Journal  of  Science  and 
Arts."  He  edited  three  editions  of  Simms's  "  Treatise 
on  Mathematical  Instruments  used  in  Surveying, 
Levelling,  and  Astronomy  "  (Baltimore,  1835,  1839, 
and  1848),  and  also  Simms's  "  Treatise  on  Level- 
ling "  (1838).  Among  his  larger  works  are  "  History 
of  the  Metallurgy  of  Iron,"  Parts  1  and  2 (1840-42), 
and  "  Universal  Dictionary  of  Weights  and  Meas- 
ures, Ancient  and  Modern  "  (1850).  He  also  wrote 
several  collections  of  religious  verse,  of  which  "  In- 
troits  "  (Philadel])hia,  1844) and  "  Catena  Dominica" 
(1854)  were  published.  Several  works  in  manu- 
script remained  unpublished  at  the  time  of  his  death, 
of  whicii  the  most  important  was  "  A  Dictionary 
of  English  Surnames"  (12  vols.,  8vo).  See  "Bio- 
graphical Memoir  of  John  H.  Alexander,"  by  J.  E. 
Hilgard,  in  vol.  i  of  the  "Biographical  Memoirs" 
of  the  national  academy  of  sciences ;  also  "  Life 
of  J.  H.  Alexander,"  byWilliam  Pinkney  (1867). 

ALEXANDER,  Nathaniel,  physician,  b.  in 
Mecklenburg,  N.  C.  in  1756;  d.  in  Salisbury,  8 
March,  1808.  In  1776  he  was  graduated  at  Prince- 
ton. After  studying  medicine  he  entered  the  army 
and  served  througli  the  latter  part  of  the  revolu- 
tionary war.  At  its  close  he  began  the  practice  of 
his  profession  in  the  high  hills  of  Santee,  whence 
he  removed  to  Mecklenburg.  He  was  for  several 
years  a  member  of  the  state  legislature,  was  a  mem- 
ber of  congress  in  1803-'5,  and  was  elected  by  the 
legislature  governor  of  North  Carolina  in  1805. 

ALEXANDER,  Stephen,  astronomer,  b.  in 
Schenectady,  N.  Y.,  1  Sept.,  1806 ;  d.  in  Princeton, 
N.  J.,  25  June,  1883.  He  was  graduated  at  Union 
in  1824  and  at  Princeton  Theological  Seminary  in 
1832,  was  a  tutor  at  Princeton  in  1833,  and  became 
adjunct  professor  of  mathematics  in  1834,  and  pro- 
fessor of  astronomy  in  1840.  From  1845  to  1854 
he  occupied  the  chair  of  mathematics,  and  after- 
ward that  of  astronomy  and  mechanics  until  he 
retired  in  1878.  He  has  written  a  great  number  of 
scientific  papers,  some  of  which  have  been  trans- 
lated into  other  languages.  He  was  chief  of  the 
expedition  that  went  to  the  coast  of  Labrador  to 
observe  the  solar  eclipse  of  18  July,  1860,  and  was 
the  leader  also  of  that  sent  to  the  west  to  observe 
the  eclipse  of  August,  1869.  His  principal  writings 
are  "Physical  Phenomena  attendant  upon  Solar 
Eclipses,"  read  before  the  American  philosophical 
society  in  1843;  a  paper  on  the  "Fundamental 
Principles  of  Mathematics,"  read  before  the  Ameri- 
can Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science  in 
1848 ;  another  on  the  "  Origin  of  the  Forms  and 
the  Present  Condition  of  some  of  the  Clusters  of 
Stars  and  several  of  the  Nebul;?,"  read  before  the 
American  Association  in  1850;  others  on  the 
"  Form  and  Equatorial  Diameter  of  the  Asteroid 
Planets  "  and  "  Harmonies  in  the  Arrangement  of 
the  Solar  System  wiiich  seem  to  be  Confirmatory 
of  the  Nebular  Hypothesis  of  Laplace,"  presented 
to  the  National  Academy  of  Science ;  a  "  Statement 
and  Exposition  of  Certain  Harmonies  of  the  Solar 
System,"  which  was  published  by  the  Smithsonian 
Institute  in  1875. 

ALEXANDER,  Thomas,  earl  of  Selkirk,  b.  in 
1774 ;  d.  in  Pan,  France,  6  April,  1820.  He  was  the 
founder  of  the  Red  river  settlement,  and  wrote  a 
volume  on  "  Emigration."  containing  a  statement 
respecting  that  attempt  at  colonization  of  the  west- 
ern territorv  of  Canada  (London,  1817). 

ALEXANDER.  Sir  WiHiam,  earl  of  Stirling, 
b.  in  1580;  d.  in  London,  12  Sept.,  1640.     When  a 


48 


ALEXANDER 


ALGER 


young  man  he  was  appointed  tutor  to  the  earl  of 
Argyll  and  accompanied  him  abroad.  At  a  later 
date  he  received  the  place  of  gentleman  usher  to 
Prince  Charles,  son  of  James  VI.  of  Scotland,  and 
continued  in  favor  at  court  after  the  king  became 
James  I.  of  England.  He  attained  reputation  as 
a  poet  and  writer  of  rhymed  tragedies,  and  as- 
sisted the  king  in  preparing  the  metrical  version 
known  as  "  The  Psalms  of  King  David,  translated 
by  King  James,"  and  published  by  authority  of 
Charles!.,  in  1631,  after  his  father's  death.  Sir 
William  held  a  copyright  of  this  version,  but  it 
was  never  remunerative.  In  view  of  the  successful 
result  in  Ireland  of  the  establishment  of  baronets 
of  Ulster,  Sir  William  proposed  to  the  king  that 
the  system  should  be  extended  to  North  America. 
On  21  Sept.,  1621,  a  charter  was  issued,  granting  to 
him,  "  his  heirs  and  assigns,  whomsoever,  .  .  .  the 
continent,  lands,  and  islands  situate  and  lying  in 
America  within  the  cape  or  promontory  commonly 
called  Cape  de  Sable  ...  to  the  river  called  by  the 
name  of  Santa  Cruz,  .  .  .  and  thence  northward 
to  'the  great  river  of  Canada'  [i.  e.,  the  St.  Law- 
rence] ...  to  the  aforesaid  Cape  Sable,  where  the 
circuit  began."  In  other  words,  the  king  made  a 
present  to  the  ambitious  poet  of  what  are  now  the 
provinces  of  New  Brunswick  and  Nova  Scotia. 
The  magnificent  grant  was  subsequently  extended 
to  include  a  large  section  of  the  present  northern 
United  States  and  the  Dominion  of  Canada — an 
empire  larger  than  all  the  rest  of  the  British  pos- 
sessions. Charles,  on  his  accession  to  the  throne 
in  1625,  not  only  confirmed  his  father's  charter, 
but,  in  July  of  that  year,  gave  full  powers  to  use 
the  "  mines  and  forests,  erect  cities,  appoint  fairs, 
hold  courts,  grant  lands,  and  coin  money."  As 
portions  of  the  domain  had  already  been  granted 
by  Henry  IV.  of  France,  and  occupied  by  his  sub- 
jects, wars  among  the  rival  claimants  followed  in 
due  time  as  a  matter  of  course ;  but  first  the  new 
American  baronetcies  were  offered  for  sale  at  £150 
each,  for  which  sum  a  grant  of  land  three  miles 
long  by  two  miles  broad  was  certified  to  the  pur- 
chaser. Sir  William  speedily  became  involved  in 
troublesome  disputes,  and  was  the  object  of  bitterly 
sarcastic  attacks  on  the  part  of  his  envious  con- 
temporaries; but  he  and  his  sons  persevered  in 
their  efforts  to  turn  their  prodigious  possessions 
to  some  practical  accoiuit.  That  they  failed  is 
evident  from  the  "  noble  poverty,"  as  one  of  his 
biographers  terms  it,  of  his  last  years.  He  was 
appointed  secretary  of  state  for  Scotland  in  1626, 
and  held  the  office  until  his  death,  representing 
the  king  with  remarkable  ability  and  faithfulness, 
and  receiving  his  earldom  in  1630  as  a  reward 
for  his  services.  During  his  last  years  he  became 
involved  in  debt,  and  he  died  insolvent.  There  are 
various  editions  of  his  poems  and  tragedies.  A 
complete  edition  of  his  works  was  published  at 
Glasgow  in  1870,  in  three  octavo  volumes,  entitled 
"  The  Poetical  Works  of  Sir  William  Alexander, 
Earl  of  Stirling,  etc.,  now  first  collected  and  ed- 
ited, with  Memoir  and  Notes."  See  Walpole's 
"  Royal  and  Noble  Authors,"  Wilson's  "  Poets  and 
Poetry  of  Scotland,"  Irving's  "  Lives  and  History," 
Anderson's  "  Scottish  Nation,"  "  A  Mapp  and  de- 
scription of  New  England,  together  with  a  Dis- 
course of  Plantations  and  Colonies"  (1630),  and 
Rogers's  "  Memorials  of  the  Earl  of  Stirling  and 
the  House  of  Alexander." 

ALEXANDER,  William,  called  Lord  Stirling, 
soldier,  b.  in  New  York  city  in  1726 ;  d.  in  Albany, 
15  Jan.,  1 783.  He  engaged  in  the  provision  busi- 
ness with  his  mother,  the  widow  of  David  Provost. 
In  connection  with  his  business  young  Alexander 


subsequently  joined  the  British  army  in  the  com- 
missariat department,  and  became  aide-de-camp  to- 
Gov.  Shirley.  In  1757  he  prosecuted  his  claim  to 
the  earldom  of  Stirling  before  the  house  of  lords, 
witliout  success.  After  his  return  in  1761  he  mar- 
ried the  daughter  of  Philip  Livingston.  He  held 
the  office  of  surveyor-general,  and  was  also  a  mem- 
ber of  the  provincial  council.  The  former  office 
had  belonged  to  his  father,  James  Alexander,  who, 
formerly  an  adherent  of  the  pretender,  had  come 
to  America,  risen  to  be  colonial  secretary  in  New 
York,  and  died  in  1756,  leaving  a  large  fortune.  He 
was  an  ardent  patriot,  and  entered  the  revolution- 
ary army  as  colonel  of  the  battalion  of  east  New 
Jersey  in  October,  1775.  He  distinguished  himself 
by  the  capture  of  a  British  armed  transport,  for 
which  exploit  congress,  in  March,  1776,  appointed 
him  a  brigadier-general.  At  the  battle  of  Long 
Island,  26  Aug.,  1776,  his  brigade,  ordered  by  Gen. 
Putnam  to  attack  a  greatly  superior  force,  was 
nearly  cut  to  pieces,  and  he  himself  was  taken  pris- 
oner. He  was  soon  exchanged,  and  in  February, 
1777,  was  promoted  a  major-general.  When  Lee 
marched  to  succor  Philadelphia  in  December,  1776, 
Stirling  was  left  in  command  at  New  York.  At 
Trenton  he  received  the  surrender  of  a  Hessian 
regiment.  On  24  June,  1777,  at  Matouchin  (now 
called  Metuchin),  he  awaited  an  attack,  contrary  to 
Washington's  orders ;  his  position  was  turned  and 
his  division  defeated,  losing  two  guns  and  150 
men.  At  the  battle  of  Brandywine  and  German- 
town  he  acted  with  bravery  and  discretion.  At 
the  battle  of  Monmouth  he  displayed  tactical 
judgment  in  posting  his  batteries,  and  repelled 
with  heavy  loss  an  attempt  to  turn  his  flank.  In 
1779,  when  in  command  in  New  Jersey,  he  sur- 
prised a  British  force  at  Paulus'  Hook.  In  1781 
he  commanded  at  Albany.  He  died  of  gout,  five 
days  after  the  preliminaries  of  peace  were  agreed 
upon.  Lord  Stirling  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
Columbia  college,  called  King's  college  before  the 
revolution,  and  became  its  first  governor.  His 
journey  to  England  in  1756  was  undertaken  in 
order  to  give  testimony  in  behalf  of  Gen.  Shir- 
ley, who  was  charged  with  neglect  of  duty.  He 
wrote  "  The  Conduct  of  Major-General  Shirley, 
briefly  stated,"  a  pamphlet  published  about  the 
time  of  the  investigation ;  and  "  An  Account  of 
the  Comet  of  June  and  July,  1770."  He  was  pro- 
ficient in  the  sciences  of  mathematics  and  astrono- 
my. See  "  Life  of  William  Alexander,  Earl  of 
Stirling,"  by  his  grandson,  William  Alexander 
Duer,  in  the  collections  of  the  New  Jersey  His- 
torical Society  (1847) ;  and  Charles  Rogers's  "  House 
of  Alexander  "  (1877). 

ALCrER,  Cyrus,  inventor,  b.  in  West  Bridge- 
water,  Mass.,  11  Nov.,  1781 ;  d.  in  Boston,  4  Feb., 
1856.  Early  in  life  he  became  an  iron-founder,  and 
established  "his  business  in  Easton,  Mass.  In  1809 
he  removed  to  South  Boston,  where  he  founded  the 
works  that  since  1817  have  been  known  as  the  South 
Boston  iron  company.  He  supplied  the  government 
with  large  numbers  of  cannon-balls  during  the  war 
of  1812,  and  his  works  became  famed  for  the  ex- 
cellent ordnance  there  manufactured.  He  was 
one  of  the  best  practical  metallurgists  of  his  time, 
and  his  numerous  patents  of  improved  processes 
show  continued  advance  in  the  art  practised  by 
him.  The  first  gun  ever  rifled  in  America  was 
made  at  his  works  in  1834,  and  the  first  perfect 
bronze  cannon  was  made  at  his  foundry  for  the 
U.  S.  ordnance  department.  The  mortar  "  Colum- 
biad,"  the  largest  gun  of  cast  iron  that  had  then 
been  made  in  the  United  States,  was  cast  under 
his  personal  supervision.     Mr.  Alger  also  devised 


ALGER 


ALLAN 


49 


numerous  improvements  in  the  construction  of 
time  fuses  for  bomb-shells  and  grenades.  In  1811 
he  patented  a  method  of  making  cast-iron  chilled 
rolls,  and  in  1832  iirst  designed  cylinder  stoves. 
Mr.  Alger  served  as  a  member  of  the  city  council 
during  the  first  year  of  its  existence,  and  was 
elected  alderman  in  1824  and  1827. 

AL(j}ER,  Horatio,  Jr.,  author,  b.  in  Revere, 
Mass.,  IB  Jan.,  1834;  d.  in  Natick,  Mass.,  18  July. 
1899.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard,  engaged  in 
journalism  and  teaching,  and  in  1864  was  ordained 
pastor  over  the  Unitarian  church  in  Brewster,  IMass. 
Taking  up  his  residence  in  New  York  in  1866,  he 
became  interested  in  the  condition  of  the  street 
boys,  and  this  experience  gave  form  to  many  of 
his  later  writings.  He  has  published  in  book- 
form  "  Bertha's  Christmas  Vision  "  (Boston,  1855) ; 
"  Nothing  to  Do ;  a  Tilt  at  our  Best  Society,"  a 
poem  (1857) ;  "  Prank's  Campaign,  or  What  a  Boy 
can  do  "  (Boston,  1864) ;  several  series  of  books  for 
the  young ;  "  Helen  Ford,"  a  novel  (1866) ;  and  a 
volume  of  poems.  "Ragged  Dick,"  "  Luck  and 
Pluck,"  and  "  Tattered  Tom  "  are  the  most  popu- 
lar of  his  series  for  boys. 

ALGER,  Russell  Alexander,  governor  of  Mich- 
igan, b.  in  Lafayette,  Medina  co.,  Ohio,  27  Feb., 
1836.  He  was  left  an 
orphan  at  eleven  years 
of  age,  worked  on  a 
farm  till  he  was  eigh- 
teen, attending  school 
in  the  winters,  and 
then,  after  teaching, 
studied  law  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1859.  He  began  to 
practise  in  Cleveland, 
but  was  forced  by  im- 
paired health  to  re- 
move to  Grand  Rap- 
ids, Mich.,  where  he  en- 
gaged in  the  lumber 
business.  He  became 
captain  in  the  2d  Mich- 
igan cavalry  at  the  be- 
ginning of  the  civil 
war,  and  at  Boones- 
ville.  Miss.,  1  July,  1862,  was  sent  by  Philip  H. 
Sheridan,  then  colonel  of  that  regiment,  to  attack 
the  enemy's  rear  with  ninety  picked  men.  The  Con- 
federates were  routed,  but  Capt.  Alger  was  wounded 
and  taken  prisoner.  He  escaped  on  the  same  day, 
and  on  16  Oct.  was  made  lieutenant-colonel  of  the 
6th  Michigan  cavalry.  On  28  Feb.,  1863,  he  became 
colonel  of  the  5th  Michigan  cavalry,  and  on  28 
June  his  command  was  the  first  to  enter  the  town 
of  Gettysburg.  He  was  specially  mentioned  in 
Gen.  Custer's  report  of  the  cavalry  operations  there, 
and  in  the  pursuit  of  the  enemy  he  was  severely 
wounded  at  Boonesborough,  Md.,  on  8  July.  He 
was  with  Sheridan  in  the  Shenandoah  valley  in 
1864,  and  on  11  June,  at  Trevillian  station,  by  a 
brilliant  charge,  he  captured  a  large  force  of  Con- 
federates. On  11  June,  1865,  he  was  given  the 
brevets  of  brigadier-general  and  major-general  of 
volunteers.  He  then  resumed  the  lumber  business 
in  Detroit,  Mich.,  and  has  acquired  a  fortune,  serv- 
ing also  as  president  or  director  of  various  corpora- 
tions. His  great  pine  forest  on  Lake  Huron  com- 
prises more  than  100  square  miles  and  produces 
annually  more  than  75,000,000  feet  of  lumber.  In 
1884  he  was  the  successful  Republican  candidate 
for  governor  of  the  state,  serving  from  1885  till 
1887.  In  March,  1897,  Gen.  Alger  was  appointed 
secretary  of  war  in  President  McKinley's  cabinet. 


ALtrER,  William  Rounseville,  clergyman,  b. 
in  Freetown,  Mass.,  30  Dec,  1822.  He  studied  for 
the  ministry,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  theologi- 
cal school  in  1847,  and  received  the  degree  of  A.  M. 
from  Harvard  in  1852.  Immediately  on  his  ordi- 
nation he  became  pastor  of  a  Unitarian  church  in 
Roxbury,  and  in  1855  removed  to  Boston,  where  he 
became  pastor  of  the  Bulfinch  street  church,  and 
finally  united  with  Theodore  Parker's  congregation 
in  1868,  whom  he  succeeded  as  pastor,  then  wor- 
shipping in  Music  Hall.  In  1874  he  removed  to 
New  York,  and  in  1875  became  pastor  of  the  Uni- 
tarian church  of  the  Messiah  in  that  city  until 
1878,  when  he  moved  to  Denver,  thence  to  Chicago 
in  1880,  to  Portland  in  1881,  and  returned  to  Bos- 
ton. His  published  works  comprise  "  The  Poetry 
of  the  Orient  ;  or  Metrical  Specimens  of  the 
Thought,  Sentiment,  and  Fancy  of  the  East,"  pref- 
aced by  an  elaborate  dissertation  (Boston,  1856 ; 
new  ed.,  1861) :  an  edition,  with  an  introduction, 
of  James  Martineau's  "  Studies  of  Christianity " 
(1858) ;  "  A  Critical  History  of  the  Doctrine  of  a 
Future  Life,"  with  a  bibliography  by  Ezra  Abbot, 
containing  5.000  titles  (1861) ;  "  The  Genius  of  Soli- 
tude ;  or  The  Loneliness  of  Human  Life  "  (1861) ; 
"  Friendships  of  Women  "  (1867) ;  "  Prayers  offered 
in  the  Massachusetts  House  of  Representatives 
during  the  Session  of  1868  "  (1869) ;  "  The  End  of 
the  World  and  the  Day  of  Judgment,"  and  "The 
Sword,  the  Pen,  and  the  Pulpit ;  a  Tribute  to  Charles 
Dickens"  (two  pamphlets,  1870);  "  Life  of  Edwin 
Forrest,  with  a  Critical  History  of  the  Dramatic 
Art"  (2  vols.,  Philadelphia,  1877);  "The  School 
of  Life  "  (Boston,  1881) ;  and  "  A  Symbolic  History 
of  the  Cross  of  Christ  "  (1881). 

ALLAN,  Oeorge  William,  Canadian  senator, 
b.  in  Toronto,  9  Jan.,  1822.  He  was  graduated  at 
Upper  Canada  college,  Toronto,  in  1839,  studied 
law,  and  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1846,  after  which 
he  travelled  extensively.  He  was  elected  mayor 
of  Toronto  in  1855,  and  has  been  president  of  the 
Canadian  institute  of  the  same  city.  In  1869  he  was 
appointed  government  trustee  for  municipal  bond 
fund  of  the  Toronto  and  Nipissing  railway.  He 
sat  in  the  legislative  council  of  Canada  for  York 
division  from  1858  until  the  union,  and  was  called 
to  the  senate  in  May,  1867.  Mr.  Allan  was  elected 
chancellor  of  Trinity  college  in  1876. 

ALLAN,  Sir  Hugii,  ship-owner,  b.  in  Saltcoats, 
Ayrshire,  Scotland,  29  Sept.,  1810 ;  d.  in  Edinburgh, 
8  Dec,  1882.  After  receiving  a  limited  educa- 
tion, he  entered  a 
counting-house  in 
Greenock  in  1823, 
and  in  1824  sailed 
on  his  father's  ship, 
"  Favorite,"  for 
Canada.  For  three 
years  he  was  clerk 
in  a  dry  -  goods 
store  in  Montreal, 
and  afterward  was 
in  the  shipping- 
house  of  James 
Miller.  He  served 
during  the  rebel- 
lion of  1837  as  a 
volunteer,  rising 
finally  to  the  rank 
of  captain.  Mr. 
Miller  died  in  1838. 
and  was  succeeded 
in  business  by  the  firm  of  Edmonston  and  Al- 
lan. In  1853  this  firm  began  the  construction 
of  iron  screw   steamships,   and   the  "  Canadian," 


50 


ALLAN 


ALLEN 


their  first  vessel,  made  her  first  voyage  in  1855. 
During  the  Crimean  war  two  of  the  company's 
steamers  were  employed  as  transport  ships,  be- 
tween Portsmouth  and  Marseilles  and  the  Levant, 
by  Great  Britain  and  France  and  in  1874  two 
were  employed  in  a  similar  service  between  Eng- 
land and  the  western  coast  of  Africa.  The  Allan 
line  of  royal  mail  steamships  has  contributed  great- 
ly to  the  prosperity  of  Montreal  and  of  Canadian 
commerce.  Sir  Hugh  was  a  director  of  the  Mon- 
treal telegraph  company,  the  Montreal  warehous- 
ing company,  the  merchants'  bank  of  Canada,  the 
Mulgrave  gold  mining  company,  and  for  a  short 
time  of  the  Pacific  railway.  His  name  gained  a 
place  in  the  political  history  of  Canada  through 
his  alleged  questionable  connection  with  the  "  Pa- 
cific Scandal."  He  was  knighted  in  1871,  as  Sir 
Hugh  Allan  of  Ravenscraig,  in  recognition  of  his 
hospitality  to  the  prince  of  Wales,  and  his  services 
to  Canadian  and  British  commerce.  He  had  a 
beautiful  residence  at  Ravenscraig,  Montreal,  and 
a  villa  at  Belmere,  on  Lake  Memphremagog. 

ALLAN,  John,  soldier,  b.  at  the  castle  of  Edin- 
burgli,  Scotland,  VS  Jan.,  1746;  d.  in  Lubec,  Me., 
7  Feb.,  1805.  His  father  was  a  retired  British  offi- 
cer, who  emigrated  to  Nova  Scotia  in  1749.  John 
was  brought  up  in  agricultural  and  mercantile  pur- 
suits. He  became  a  justice  of  the  peace,  and  then 
clerk  of  the  supreme  court,  and  from  1770  to  1776 
was  a  member  of  tiie  provincial  assembly.  When 
the  American  colonies  engaged  in  the  struggle  for 
independence  he  gave  them  active  and  efficient 
aid,  securing  the  alliance  of  the  Indian  tribes  of 
that  region.  Congress  nominated  him  superin- 
tendent of  the  eastern  Indians,  and  gave  him  a 
colonel's  commission  in  January,  1777,  and  with 
his  Indians  he  protected  the  otherwise  exposed  line 
of  the  northeastern  frontier.  The  Nova  Scotian 
authorities  offered  a  price  for  his  apprehension, 
while  his  house  was  burned  and  his  wife  thrown 
into  prison.  In  1784  Col.  Allan  settled  in  Maine. 
The  government  of  Massachusetts  in  1792  granted 
him  a  tract  of  22,000  acres,  on  which  the  town  of 
Whiting  now  stands,  and  in  1801  congress  gave 
him  2,000  acres  in  Ohio  in  compensation  for  the 
losses  he  sustained  for  the  patriot  cause. 

ALLAN,  John,  antiquarian,  b.  in  Kilbirnie, 
Ayrshire,  Scotland,  26  Feb.,  1777 ;  d.  in  New  York, 
19  Nov.,  1863.     His  father  was  a  tenant  farmer, 

and  sent  his 
sontoagram- 
mar  school. 
After  leav- 
ing school  he 
worked  on 
the  farm,  but, 
finding  this 
labor  uncon- 
genial, he  em- 
igrated to 
New  York  in 
1794,  secured 
employment 
as  a  clerk  or 
book  -  keeper, 
and  speedily 
acquired  a 
high  reputa- 
tion for  in- 
dustry and 
trustworthi- 
ness. He  was 
book  -  keeper 
to  Rich  &  Distrow,  merchant  tailors,  for  many 
years,  and  to  his  clerkship  he  added  also  the  busi- 


ness of  commission  agent,  and  was  at  one  time 
mu,ch  employed  as  a  house  agent  and  collector  of 
rents.  By  these  various  employments  he  secured 
a  moderate  independence.  Pie  married  early  in 
life,  and  occupied  for  a  quarter  of  a  century  a 
house  in  Pearl  st.  opposite  Centre,  the  site  of 
which  is  now  part  of  the  public  street.  In  18-37  he 
removed  to  17  Vande water  st.,  where  he  resided 
until  his  death,  and  there  found  leisure  for  grati- 
fying his  taste  for  antiquarian  research.  In  a  room 
at  his  house  his  valuable  and  unique  collection  of 
pictures,  books,  autographs,  and  rare  and  curious 
articles,  especially  attractive  to  the  antiquary  and 
virtuoso,  was  frequently  viewed  by  visitors  to  the 
city  and  by  others.  In  this  room,  so  garnished,  he 
died.  Mr.  Allan's  collection  was  sold  at  auction  a 
short  time  after  his  death,  and  the  total  receipts 
amounted  to  $87,689.26.  At  that  time  but  one  of 
his  children,  a  Mrs.  Stewart,  was  living,  and  he  had 
appointed  her  sole  executrix  of  his  estate.  One  of 
Mr.  Allan's  hobbies  was  a  fancy  for  snuff-boxes,  of 
which  he  had  gathered  a  large  and  valuable  collec- 
tion. Another  was  illustrating  such  works  as  Wash- 
ington's Life  and  Burns's  Poems,  which  brought 
extremely  high  prices  at  his  celebrated  sale.  See 
Duyekinck's  "  Memorial  of  John  Allan,"  issued  by 
the  Bradford  Club  (New  York,  1864). 

ALLEN,  Alexander  Viets  (iJrisivold,  author, 
b.  in  Otis,  Mass.,  4  May,  1841.  He  was  graduated 
at  Kenyon  college  in  1862,  and  at  Andover  theo- 
logical seminary  in  1865,  was  ordained  a  priest  in 
the  Protestant  Episcopal  church  in  that  year,  and 
in  1867  became  professor  of  church  history  in  the 
Episcopalian  divinity  school  at  Cambridge.  He  has 
published  "  The  Greek  Theology,  and  the  Renais- 
sance of  the  Nineteenth  Century,"  constituting 
the  Bohlen  lectures  for  1884,  and  "  Continuity  of 
Christian  Thought "  (1884). 

ALLEN,  Andrew,  b.  in  Philadelphia  in  1740; 
d.  in  London,  Eng.,  7  March,  1825.  He  received  a 
classical  education,  studied  law  with  his  father, 
William  Allen,  chief  justice  of  Pennsylvania,  was 
admitted  to  the  bar,  and  practised  in  Philadelphia. 
He  was  appointed  attorney-general  in  1766,  became 
a  member  of  the  Philadelphia  committee  of  safety, 
was  one  of  the  committee  of  three  appointed  by  the 
colonial  congress  to  go  to  New  York  and  advise 
with  the  council  of  safety  of  the  colony  and  with 
Gen.  Lee  respecting  the  immediate  defence  of  the 
city  of  New  York,  and  was  a  strong  advocate  for 
congressional  measures,  until  the  royalist  army  had 
taken  New  York  and  compelled  Washington,  with 
the  broken  remains  -of  his  troops,  to  cross  the  Dela- 
ware. Terrified  by  the  position  of  affairs,  he  went 
into  the  British  lines,  took  the  oaths  of  allegiance 
to  the  king,  renouncing  those  he  had  taken  to 
congress,  and  went  to  England.  As  a  result,  he 
was  attainted  and  his  landed  estate  forfeited  under 
the  confiscation  act.  On  his  return  to  England  he 
was  compensated  with  a  pension  by  the  British 
government  of  £400  per  annum. 

ALLEN,  Benjamin,  clergyman,  b.  in  Hudson, 
N.  Y.,  29  Sept.,  1789 ;  d.  at. sea,  13  Jan.,  1829.  He 
was  educated  a  Presbyterian,  but  united  with  the 
Episcopal  church  and  became  a  lay  reader,  labor- 
ing among  the  colored  people  of  Charleston,  Va. ; 
then  a  deacon,  and  in  1818  a  priest.  He  published 
in  1815  the  weekly  "Layman's  Magazine,"  and  m 
1820  an  abridgment  of  Burnet's  "  History  of  the 
Reformation."  In  1821  lie  was  chosen  rector  of 
St.  Paul's  church,  Philadelphia.  In  1827  he  estab- 
lished a  printmg-house  for  the  publication  of  tracts 
and  printing  of  prayer-books.  He  published 
"Christ  and  Plim  Crucified."  and  "Living  Man- 
ners," a  tale  (1822);   "History  of  the  Cliurch  of 


ALLEN 


ALLEN 


51 


■Christ"  (1823-'24);  "The  Parent's  Counsellor,  a 
Narrative  of  the  Newton  Family,"  and  a  "  Sketch 
■of  the  Life  of  Dr.  Pilmore,"  his  predecessor  in  St. 
Paul's  church  (1825).  See  Memoirs  by  his  brother 
.(Philadel})hia,  1832). 

ALLEN,  Cliarles,  jurist,  b.  in  Worcester,  Mass., 
9  Aug.,  1797;  d.  tliere,  6  Aug.,  18G9.  He  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1821.  He  was  elected  to  the 
legislature  in  1829,  1834,  1836,  and  1840.  In  1835, 
1838,  and  1839  he  sat  in  the  state  senate.  He  was 
a  commissioner  to  negotiate  the  Ashburton  treaty 
in  1842,  and  judge  of  the  court  of  common  pleas 
from  1842  to  1844.  He  was  active  in  the  free- 
soil  movement,  and  was  elected  to  congress  in  1848 
and  reelected  in  1850.  In  1849  he  edited  the  Bos- 
ton "  Whig,"  afterward  called  the  "  Republican." 
He  was  appointed  chief  justice  of  the  superior 
■court  of  Suffolk  county  in  1858,  which  office  he 
resigned  in  1807. 

ALLEN,  David  Olivei*.  missionarv.  b.  in  Barre, 
Mass.,  14  Sept.,  1791);  d.  in  Lowell,  17  July,  1863. 
He  was  graduated  at  Amherst  college  in  1823, 
taught  in  Lawrence  academy,  and  then  entered 
Andover  theological  seminary,  wliich  he  left  in 
1827  to  go  as  a  missionary  to  Bombay.  He  estab- 
lished schools  and  preached  in  that  province,  and 
made  extensive  tours  in  western  India.  In  1844 
he  took  charge  of  the  Bombay  printing  establish- 
ment. He  wrote  tracts  in  Mahratta,  and  super- 
vised a  new  translation  of  the  Bible  in  that  lan- 
guage. Injured  in  health  by  the  Indian  climate, 
he  returned  to  America  in  1853.  After  his  return 
he  published  a  "  History  of  India,  Ancient  and 
Modern,  Geographical,  Historical,  Political,  Social, 
and  Religious  "  (Boston,  1856). 

ALLEN,  Ebenezer,  soldier,  b.  in  Northamp- 
ton, Mass.,  17  Oct.,  1743;  d.  in  Burlington,  Vt., 
26  March,  1806.  In  1771  he  emigrated  to  Poult- 
ney,  Vt..  and  became  a  lieutenant  in  Col.  Warner's 
regiment  of  Green  Mountain  boys.  He  removed 
to  Tinmouth  in  1775,  and  was  a  delegate  from  that 
town  to  the  several  conventions  in  the  New  Hamp- 
shire grants  in  1776,  and  to  tliose  that  declared  the 
state  independent  and  formed  the  state  constitu- 
tion during  the  following  year.  He  was  appointed 
a  captain  in  Col.  Herrick's  battalion  of  rangers  in 
July,  1777,  and  distinguished  himself  at  the  battle 
of  Bennington.  In  September  of  the  same  year  he 
captured  Mt.  Defiance  by  assault,  and  on  the  re- 
treat of  the  enemy  from  Port  Ticonderoga  made 
fifty  of  them  prisoners.  Subsequently  he  was  made 
major  in  the  rangers,  and  showed  himself  a  brave 
and  successful  partisan  leader.  In  1783  he  re- 
moved to  South  Hero,  where  he  resided  until  1800, 
when  he  went  to  Burlington  and  remained  there 
until  his  death. 

ALLEN,  Elisha  Hunt,  statesman,  b.  in  New 
Salem,  Mass.,  28  Jan.,  1804 ;  d.  in  Washington,  D. 
C,  1  Jan.,  1883.  He  was  graduated  at  Williams 
college  in  1823,  and  studied  law  under  his  father, 
Samuel  C.  Allen,  and  Charles  Adams.  In  1826  he 
was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  began  to  practise 
at  Brattleboro,  but  he  soon  removed  to  Bangor, 
Me.,  where  he  was  elected  to  the  state  legislature 
and  served  continuously  from  1834  to  1841,  being 
speaker  in  1838.  In  1841  he  was  elected  a  rep- 
resentative to  congress,  but  he  was  defeated  by 
Hannibal  Hamlin  when  a  candidate  for  reelection. 
He  removed  to  Boston  in  1847,  where  he  practised 
law,  and  in  1849  was  elected  to  the  legislature. 
During  the  same  year  he  was  appointed  consul  at 
Honolulu,  and  subsequently  he  became  prominent 
in  the  affairs  of  the  Hawaiian  government.  He 
was  minister  of  finance,  and  for  twenty  years  was 
.chief  justice  of  the  kingdom.     In  1856,  1864,  1870, 


and  1875  he  was  the  accredited  minister  to  the 
United  States.  At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was 
dean  of  the  diplomatic  corps. 

ALLEN,  Elizabeth  Akers,  author,  b.  in  Strong, 
Me.,  9  Oct.,  1832.  Her  maiden  name  was  Chase. 
She  married  Paul  Akers,  the  sculptor  (see  Akers), 
who  died  in  1861,  and  in  1865  she  married  E.  M. 
Allen,  of  New  York.  She  began  to  write  at  the 
age  of  fifteen,  under  the  pen  name  of  "  Florence 
Percy,"  and  in  1855  published  under  that  name  a 
volume  of  poems  entitled  "  Forest  Buds."  In  1858 
she  became  a  contributor  to  the  "  Atlantic  Month- 
ly," and  in  1866  a  collection  of  her  poems  was  pub- 
lished in  Boston.  It  included  the  poem  "  Rock  me 
to  Sleep,  Mother,"  which  has  been  set  to  music  as 
a  song  by  thirty  composers.  A  dispute  as  to  the 
authorship  of  the  words  attracted  wide  attention. 
Mrs.  Allen  wrote  them  in  Portland,  l\le.,  early  in 
1859,  and  sent  them  from  Rome  in  May,  1860,  to 
the  Philadelphia  "  Saturday  Evening  Post."  That 
she  was  the  author  was  shown  by  William  D.  O'Con- 
nor in  a  long  article  in  the  New  York  "  Times  "  of 
27  May.  1867.  She  was  for  several  years  literary 
editor'of  the  Portland,  Me.,  "Advertiser."  Mrs. 
Allen  is  a  frequent  contributor  to  periodical  litera- 
ture, and  the  author  of  "Queen  Catharine's  Rose" 
(Dublin,  1885);  "The  Silver  Bridge,  and  Other 
Poems  "  (Boston,  1886) ;  "  The  Triangular  Societv  " 
(Portland,  1886);  "Two  Saints"  (1888);  "The 
High-Top  Sweeting  "  (New  York,  1891) ;  and  "  The 
Proud  Lady  of  Stavoren  "  (1897). 

ALLEN,  Ethan,  soldier,  b.  in  Litchfield,  Conn., 
10  Jan.,  1737;  d.  in  Burlington,  Vt.,  13  Feb.,  1789. 
In  early  life  he  removed  to  Bennington,  Vt.,  which 
at  that  time  was  disputed  territory,  known  as  the 
New  Hampshire  grants,  claimed  by  the  colonies  of 
New  York  and  New  Hampshire.  In  1770  he  was 
appointed  agent  to  represent  the  settlers  at  Albany, 
where  litigation  on  the  claims  was  pending.  A 
decision  adverse  to  them  was  rendered,  and  resist- 
ance to  the  New  York  authorities  followed.  Allen 
was  made  colonel  of  an  armed  force  known  as  the 
"  Green  Mountain  boys,"  raised  in  order  to  protect 
holders  of  land  granted  by  New  Hampshire.  He 
was  declared  an  outlaw,  and  £150  was  offered  for 
his  ca{)ture  by  Gov.  Tryon,  of  New  York.  When 
hostilities  with  Great  Britain  began,  after  the  Green 
Mountain  boys  had  proved  their  patriotism  and 
efficiency  by  the  capture  of  Ticonderoga  and  Crown 
Point,  the  continental  congress  granted  them  the 
same  pay  that  was  received  by  the  soldiers  of  the 
continental  army,  and,  after  consulting  Gen.  Schuy- 
ler, recommended  to  the  New  York  convention  that 
they  should  be  employed  in  the  army  to  be  raised 
in  defence  of  America  under  such  officers  as  they 
(the  Green  Mountain  boys)  should  choose.  Allen 
and  Warner  went  where  the  New  York  assembly 
was  in  session,  and  requested  an  audience.  jNIany 
members  objected  to  holding  a  public  conference 
with  proclaimed  felons.  Yet  there  was  a  large 
majority  in  favor  of  admitting  Ethan  Allen  to  the 
floor  of  the  house,  on  the  motion  of  Capt.  Sears. 
The  assembly  resolved,  in  accordance  with  the 
recommendation  of  congress,  that  a  regiment  of 
Green  Mountain  boys  should  be  raised,  not  to  exceed 
500  men ;  and  Allen,  in  a  letter  of  thanks  to  the 
assembly,  pledged  his  word  that  they  would  re- 
ciprocate the  favor  by  boldly  hazarding  their  lives 
in  the  common  cause  of  America.  In  seizing  the 
British  fortresses  the  Green  Mountain  boys  fore- 
stalled the  action  of  congress,  who  ordered  Arnold 
to  i-aise  troops  for  the  purpose;  but  before  mat 
a  force  was  collected  at  Castleton,  Vt.,  and  placed 
under  the  command  of  Allen.  At  daybreak.  May 
10,  he  effected  the  capture  of  the  entire  British 


52 


ALLEN 


ALLEN 


forces,  who  were  called  upon  to  surrender  "  in  the 
name  of  the  great  Jehovah  and  of  the  continental 
congress."  The  subsequent  capture  of  Skenesbor- 
ough  and  of  Crown  Point  by  forces  detached  from 
Allen's  command  placed  valuable  military  stores  at 

the  disposal 
oftheAmer- 
icans,  and 
gave  them 
the  mastery 
of  Lake 
Champlain. 
The  inva- 
sion of  Can- 
ada was  pro- 
posed by  Al- 
len  to  the 
New  York 
authorities, 
but  was  re- 
jected, lie 
then  joined 
Gen.  Schuy- 
ler's forces 
as  a  volun- 
teer, and 
P  ^y^  ^vas  sent  to 

;/7^:^^>^^  .^--^^^^^^t,^  Canada    on 

^  ^  several     se- 

cret mis- 
sions to  ascertain  the  views  of  the  Canadians. 
While  on  his  last  trip  he  was  met  by  Col.  Brown, 
and  a  joint  expedition  for  the  capture  of  Montreal 
was  proposed  and  eagerly  accepted.  The  project 
proved  unsuccessful,  and  Allen  was  captured  on 
25  Sept.  and  sent  as  a  prisoner  to  England,  lie 
was  very  cruelly  treated  at  first,  and  for  a  time 
was  confined  in  Pendennis  castle,  near  Falmouth  ; 
then  he  was  sent  to  Halifax,  N.  S.,  and  later  to 
New  York,  where,  6  May,  1778,  he  was  exchanged 
for  Col.  Campbell.  On  his  return  to  Vermont  he 
was  placed  in  command  of  the  state  militia,  and 
he  further  received  from  congress  the  commission 
of  lieutenant-colonel  in  the  continental  army.  An 
unsuccessful  attempt  to  bribe  him  was  made  by 
the  British,  through  Beverly  Robinson,  for  his  in- 
fluence toward  effecting  a  union  between  Vermont 
and  Canada ;  and,  by  temporizing  with  this  offer, 
he  was  able  to  prevent  any  active  demonstration 
by  the  British  in  that  part  of  the  country.  Toward 
the  close  of  the  war  he  settled  in  Bennington,  and 
subsequently  in  Burlington.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  state  legislature,  and  also  a  speciiil  delegate  to 
congress,  where  he  ultimately  succeeded  in  obtain- 
ing the  recognition  of  Vermont  as  an  independent 
ctate.  He  was  the  author  of  a  history  of  the  con- 
troversy between  New  York  and  Vermont,  a  nar- 
rative of  his  captivity,  and  several  political  pam- 
phlets, and  published  also  "  Reason  the  only  Oracle 
of  Man"  (Bennington,  1784).  Sketches  of  his  life 
were  written  by  Jared  Sparks  (Boston,  1834),  by 
Hugh  Moore  (Plattsburg,  N.  Y.,  1834),  and  by  PL 
W.  Dii  Puy  (Buffalo,  1853).  It  is  believed  that  no 
portrait  of  Allen  was  ever  made.  The  one  given 
is  copied  for  this  work  by  our  artist,  from  the  ideal 
heroic  statue  at  Montpelier,  Vt. 

ALLEN,  Creorge,  educator,  b.  in  Milton,  Vt., 
17  Dec,  1808 ;  d.  in  Worcester,  Mass.,  28  May,  1876. 
He  was  graduated  at  the  univei'sity  of  Vermont 
in  1827,  studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to  prac- 
tice in  1831.  Subsequently  he  studied  theology, 
and  from  1834  to  1837  was  rector  of  an  Episcopal 
church  at  St.  Albans,  Vt.  In  1837  he  became  pro- 
fessor of  ancient  languages  in  Delaware  college, 
Newark,  Del,  and  in  1845  professor  of  ancient  lan- 


guages, and  then  of  Greek  alone,  in  the  university 
of  Pennsylvania,  Philadelphia.  Prof.  Allen  pub- 
lished a  "  Life  of  Philidor,"  the  chess-player  (Phila- 
delphia, 1863).     In  1847  he  became  a  Catholic. 

ALLEN,  Charles  (x rant,  author,  b.  in  Kingston, 
Canada,  24  Feb.,  1848  ;  d.  in  London,  25  Oct.,  1899. 
He  studied  at  Oxford,  and  was  graduated  in  1871. 
In  1873  he  was  appointed  professor  of  logic  and 
philosophy  in  QuecTi's  college,  Spanish  Town,  Ja- 
maica, and  from  1874  to  1877  was  its  principal. 
Since  then  he  has  resided  in  England,  where  his 
graceful  articles  on  popular  scientific  subjects  con- 
stantly appear  in  the  current  magazines.  His  pub- 
lished works  include  "  Phvsiological  ^Esthetics" 
(1877) ;  "  The  Color  Sense  "'  (1879) ;  "  Anglo-Saxon 
Britain  "  (1880) ;  "  Vignettes  from  Nature  "  (1881) ; 
"  The  Colors  of  Flowers  "  (1882) ;  "  Strange  Stories  " 
(1884) ;  "  Flowers  and  their  Pedigrees  "  (New  York, 
1884) ;  "  (;:harles  Darwin  "  (1885) ;  "  Philistia  " 
(1885) ;  "  For  Mamie's  Sake  "  (1886)  ;  "  Babylon  " 
(1886).  and  "In  All  Shades"  (1886),  the  last  four 
being  novels.  He  has  used  the  pen-names  of  J. 
Arbuthnot  Wilson  and  Cecil  Power. 

ALLEN,  Harrison,  phvsician,  b.  in  Philadel- 
phia, Pa.,  17  April,  1841 ;  d.  there,  14  Nov.,  1897. 
He  was  graduated  at  the  university  of  Pennsyl- 
vania in  1861,  in  1862  became  assistant  surgeon  in 
the  U.  S.  army,  and  served  with  the  army  of  the 
Potomac  until  IMarch,  1863,  when  he  was  trans- 
ferred to  hos[)ital  duty  at  Washington,  where  he 
remained  until  his  resignation  in  December,  1865, 
and  attained  the  brevet  rank  of  major.  From 
1865  to  1878  he  was  professor  of  comparative  anat- 
omy and  medical  zoiilogy  in  the  university  of  Penn- 
sylvania, and  since  then  he  has  filled  the  chair  of 
physiology.  In  1867  he  was  elected  professor  of 
anatomy  and  surgery  in  the  Philadelphia  dental 
college,  and  in  1870  surgeon  to  the  Philadelphia 
hospital  and  secretary  of  its  medical  board.  He  is 
a  member  of  numerous  medical  societies,  and  was 
a  delegate  from  the  centennial  commission  to  the 
international  medical  congress.  His  contributions 
to  the  various  medical  journals  relate  chiefly  to 
osteomyelitis,  human  anatomy,  and  morbid  anato- 
my, lie  has  published  "Outlines  of  Comparative 
Anatomy  and  Medical  Zoology"  (Philadelphia, 
1867),  "  Studies  in  the  Facial  Region  "  (1874),  and 
"An  Analysis  of  the  Life-form  in  Art"  (1875). 

ALLEN,  Hem  an,  lawyer,  b.  in  Poultney,  Vt., 
23  Feb.,  1779;  d.  in  Highgate,  Vt.,  9  April,  1852. 
He  was  graduated  at  Dartmouth  college  in  1795, 
and  then  studied  law.  During  1808-'9  he  was 
sheriff  of  Chittenden  co.,  Vt.,  and  from  1811  to 
1814  chief  justice  of  the  county  court.  From  1812 
to  1817  he  was  an  active  member  of  the  state  legis- 
lature, during  which  time  he  was  appointed  quar- 
termaster of  militia  with  the  title  of  brigadier-gen- 
eral. He  was  elected  to  congress  in  1817,  but 
resigned  in  1818  to  accept  the  appointment  of  U.  S. 
marshal  for  the  district  of  Vei-mont.  lie  was  ap- 
pointed minister  to  Chili  in  1823.  Wiien  he  called 
on  Com.  Hull  to  make  his  arrangements  to  sail  with 
him  in  the  frigate  "  United  States  "  he  met  Mrs. 
Hull's  sister  Elizabetli,  one  of  the  "seven  graces  of 
Stratford,"  as  the  Misses  Hart  were  called,  and  in 
two  weeks  they  were  married  and  sailed  in  the  frig- 
ate with  the  gallant  commodore  and  IMi's.  Hull  and 
Miss  Jeannefte  Hart,  who  soon  afterward  made  a 
conquest  of  Gen.  Bolivar,  but  refused  his  repeated 
offers  of  marriage.  Mr.  Allen  continued  in  Chili 
as  minister  until  1827.  In  1830  he  was  made  presi- 
dent of  the  Burlington  branch  of  the  United  States 
bank,  which  office  he  fillcHl  until  tlie  expiration  of 
its  charter  in  1836.  He  then  settled  in  Highgate, 
and  resided  there  until  his  death. 


ALLEN 


ALLEN 


53 


ALLEN,  Henry,  founder  of  a  sect,  b.  in  New- 
port, R.  L,  14  June,  1748 ;  d.  in  Northampton,  N. 
H.,  2  Feb.,  1784.  In  1774  and  succeeding  years  he 
made  many  converts  in  Nova  Scotia  to  his  peculiar 
mystical  religious  ideas.  He  believed  that  human 
souls  are  emanations  from  a  single  great  spirit,  and 
that  the  Bible  is  to  be  interpreted  not  literally,  but 
in  a  spiritual  sense.  He  published  a  book  of  hymns 
and  several  treatises  and  sermons.  The  Allenites 
became  numerous  under  his  eloquent  preaching, 
but  declined  after  his  death. 

ALLEN,  Henry  Watkins,  soldier  and  states- 
man, b.  in  Prince  Edward  co.,  Va.,  29  April,  1820; 
d.  in  the  city  of  Mexico,  22  April,  1860.  His  father, 
a  physician  of  note,  removed  to  Lexington,  Mo., 
while  Henry  was  young.  The  latter,  at  his  solicita- 
tion, was  taken  from  the  shop  where  he  was  em- 
ployed and  placed  in  Marion  college,  Mo.,  but,  in 
consequence  of  a  dispute  with  his  father,  he  ran 
away  and  became  a  teacher  in  Grand  Gulf,  Miss. 
Then  he  studied  law,  and  was  in  successful  practice 
in  1842  when  President  Houston  called  for  volun- 
teers in  the  Texan  war  against  Mexico.  He  raised 
a  company,  and  acquitted  himself  well  during  the 
campaign,  then  resumed  his  practice  in  Grand 
Gulf,  and  was  elected  to  the  legislature  in  1846. 
He  settled  a  few  years  later  on  an  estate  in  West 
Baton  Rouge,  and  was  elected  to  the  Louisiana 
legislature  in  1853.  A  year  later  he  went  to  Cam- 
bridge university  to  pursue  a  course  of  legal  studies. 
In  1859  he  went  to  Europe  with  the  intention  of 
taking  part  in  the  Italian  struggle  for  indepen- 
dence, but  arrived  too  late.  He  made  a  tour  through 
Europe,  the  incidents  of  which  are  recounted  in 
"  Travels  of  a  Sugar  Planter."  He  was  elected  to 
the  legislature  during  his  absence,  and  on  returning 
took  a  prominent  part  in  the  business  of  that  body. 
He  had  been  a  whig  in  politics,  but  had  joined  the 
democratic  party  when  Buchanan  was  nominated 
for  president  in  1856.  When  the  civil  war  broke 
out  he  volunteered  in  the  confederate  service,  was 
commissioned  lieutenant-colonel,  and  was  stationed 
for  some  time  at  Ship  island.  He  was  subsequently 
made  colonel  of  the  4th  Louisiana  regiment,  and 
was  appointed  military  governor  of  Jackson.  He 
fought  gallantly  at  Shiloh,  where  he  was  wounded. 
At  Vicksburg  he  rendered  important  service  in  the 
construction  of  fortifications,  a  part  of  the  time 
under  fire.  At  the  battle  of  Baton  Rouge  he  com- 
manded a  brigade,  where  he  was  badly  wounded  in 
both  legs  by  a  shell.  On  his  recovery  he  was  com- 
missioned a  brigadier-general,  in  September,  1864, 
and  almost  immediately  afterv/ard  was  elected  gov- 
ernor of  Louisiana.  He  arranged  to  have  the  cot- 
ton tax  to  the  confederate  government  paid  in 
kind,  and  opened  a  route  by  which  cotton  was  ex- 
ported through  Texas  to  Mexico,  and  medicine, 
clothing,  and  other  articles  introduced  into  the 
state.  These  necessities  were  sold  at  moderate 
prices  and  given  to  the  poor.  In  the  suppression 
of  the  manufacture  of  liquor  and  other  similar 
measures  Gov.  Allen  exercised  dictatorial  powers. 
After  the  war  he  settled  in  Mexico  and  established 
an  English  paper,  the  "  Mexican  Times."  See 
*  Recollections  of  Henry  W.  Allen,"  by  Sarah  A. 
Dorsev  (New  York,  1867). 

ALLEN,  Ira,  soldier,  b.  in  Cornwall,  Conn.,  21 
April,  1751 ;  d.  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  7  Jan.,  1814. 
He  was  a  younge;  brother  of  Ethan  Allen,  and  was 
associated"  with  him  in  the  dispute  between  New 
York  and  New  Hampshire  over  the  land  grants. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Vermont  legislature  in 
1776-77.  and  also  of  the  constitutional  convention 
of  Vermont.  He  was  the  first  secretary  of  the 
state,  then  treasurer,  and  surveyor-general.    During 


the  revolution  he  served  in  the  militia  and  partici- 
pated in  the  battle  of  Bennington.  In  1780-81  he 
was  a  commissioner  to  congress  in  behalf  of  Ver- 
mont, in  opposition  to  the  claims  of  adjoining 
states.  In  1789  he  framed  the  memorial  that 
led  to  the  organization  of  the  university  of  Ver- 
mont. He  was  a  delegate  to  the  convention  that 
in  1792  ratified  the  constitution  of  the  United 
States.  In  1795,  having  become  senior  major- 
general  of  the  militia,  he  went  to  France  and  pur- 
chased arms,  which  he  expected  to  sell  to  the  state 
of  Vermont ,  but  on  his  return  voyage  he  was 
seized  and  carried  to  England,  where  he  was 
charged  with  furnishing  arms  to  the  Irish  rebels, 
and  litigation  in  the  court  of  admiralty  followed, 
where,  after  eight  years,  a  decision  was  finally  ren- 
dered in  his  favor.  He  suffered  imprisonment  in 
France  in  1798,  and  returned  home  to  the  United 
States  m  1801.  He  was  the  author  of  "  The  Natu- 
ral and  Political  History  of  Vermont "  (London, 
1798),  and  also  of  "Statements  Appended  to  the 
Olive  Branch  "  (1807). 

ALLEN,  Isaac,  Canadian  jurist,  b.  in  1741 ;  d. 
in  1806.  He  was  a  loyalist  officer  of  the  i-evolu- 
tion,  who  at  the  close  of  the  war  held  the  rank  of 
colonel  and  commanded  the  2d  battalion  of  New 
Jersey  volunteers.  He  was  deported  to  New  Bruns- 
wick with  other  tories,  and  obtained  a  grant  of 
2,000  acres  above  Fredericton.  He  was  one  of  the 
first  judges  appointed  in  the  province,  having  been 
made  an  assistant  justice  in  1784.  In  a  test  case  to 
determine  the  right  to  hold  slaves,  tried  at  Fred- 
ericton in  1800,  he  decided  with  Judge  Saunders 
against  the  master,  while  the  chief  justice  and  an- 
other judge  upheld  the  master's  right.  As  a  result 
of  this  trial,  he  i-eceived  a  challenge  to  a  duel  from 
an  officer  in  the  rangers.  His  grandson,  John  C. 
Allen,  became  chief  justice  of  New  Brunswick. 

ALLEN,  James,  clergyman,  b.  in  Roxbury, 
Mass.,  in  1692;  d.  in  Brookline,  Mass.,  18  Feb., 
1747.  He  was  ordained  in  1718  and  became  the 
first  minister  of  Brookline,  remaining  in  that 
charge  until  his  death.  His  remarks  concerning 
the  religious  revival  of  1743  drew  upon  him  severe 
animadversion.  He  published  a  Thanksgiving  ser- 
mon (1722);  a  discourse  on  Providence  (1727);  a 
discourse  entitled  "  The  Doctrine  of  Merit  Ex- 
ploded, and  Humility  Recommended"  (1727);  a 
"  Fast  Sermon  f)n  the  Earthquake  "  (1727) ;  etc. 

ALLEN,  Joel  Asaph,  naturalist,  b.  in  Spring- 
field, Mass.,  19  July,  1838.  He  studied  first  at  the 
Wilbraham  academy,  and  then  at  the  Lawrence 
scientific  school  under  Agassiz,  where  he  devoted 
special  attention  to  zoology,  and  was  one  of  the  as- 
sistants that  accompanied  Agassiz  on  the  expedi- 
tion to  Brazil  in  1865.  He  visited  Florida  in  1869, 
and  the  Rocky  mountain  region  in  1871,  with  sci- 
entific exploring  parties,  and  in  1873  was  the  chief 
of  an  expedition  sent  out  by  the  Northern  Pacific 
railroad.  In  1870  he  became  assistant  in  ornitholo- 
gy at  the  museum  of  comparative  zoology  at  Cam- 
bridge, and  in  1871  received  the  Humboldt  scholar- 
ship. Since  1885  he  has  been  curator  of  the  de- 
partment of  mammals  and  birds  in  the  American 
museum  of  natural  history.  New  York.  In  1871  he 
was  made  a  fellow  of  the  American  academy  of  arts 
and  sciences,  and  in  1876  a  fellow  of  the  national 
academy  of  sciences.  He  is  also  a  member  of  the 
American  association  for  the  advancement  of 
science,  and  of  the  American  philosophical  society. 
From  1883  to  1886  he  was  president  of  the  Ameri- 
can ornithologists'  union.  He  is  the  author  of  nu- 
merous reports  and  scientific  papers,  among  which 
are  "  On  Geographical  Variation  in  Color  among 
North  American  Squirrels  "  (1874) ;  "  Notes  on  the 


54 


ALLEN 


ALLEN 


Mammals  of  Portions  of  Kansas,  Colorado,  "Wyo- 
ming, and  Utah  "  (1874):  "Geographical  Variation 
in  North  American  Birds"  (1874) ;  and  "  Notes  on 
the  Natural  History  of  Portions  of  Montana  and 
Dakota  "  (1875).  He  has  also  written  "  Mammals 
and  Winter  Birds  of  East  Florida"  (Cambridge, 
1871) ;  "  The  American  Bison,  Living  and  Extinct  " 
(1872) ; "  Monographs  of  North  American  Rodentia," 
with  Dr.  Elliott  Coues  (1876);  "  History  of  North 
American  Pinnipeds,  a  Monograph  of  the  Wal- 
ruses, Sea  Lions,  Sea  Bears,  and  Seals  of  North 
America"  (1880).  From  1876  to  1883  he  edited 
the  "  Bulletin  of  the  Nuttall  Ornithological  Club," 
and  since  then  (1884-'6)  he  has  had  charge  of 
"  The  Auk,"  a  quarterly  journal  of  ornithology. 

ALLEN,  John,  soldier,  b.  in  Rockbridge  co.,  Va., 
30  Dec,  1771 ;  killed  in  the  battle  of  the  river  Raisin, 
22  Jan.,  1813.  He  was  the  son  of  an  early  settler  in 
Kentucky,  and  began  the  practice  of  law  at  Shelby- 
ville  in  1795.  In  1812  he  raised  a  regiment  of  rifle- 
men which  was  engaged  in  the  battle  of  Browns- 
town  and  formed  the  left  wing  at  the  river  Raisin. 

ALLEN,  Joseph,  merchant,  b.  in  Boston,  2 
Sept.,  1749 ;  d.  in  Worcester,  Mass.,  2  Sept.,  1827. 
He  was  a  nephew  of  Samuel  Adams,  and  was  en- 
gaged in  trade  at  Leicester,  JMass.,  where  he  con- 
tributed to  the  endowment  of  the  acaden^y.  Re- 
moving to  Worcester  in  1776,  he  was  clerk  of  Wor- 
cester CO.  court  from  1776  to  1810,  a  member  of 
the  state  constitutional  convention  in  1778,  a  dele- 
gate to  congress  from  1811  to  1813.  and  councillor 
from  1815  to  1818. 

ALLEN,  Josepli,  clergyman,  b.  in  Medfield, 
Mass.,  15  Aug.,  1790;  d.  in  Northborough,  Mass.,  23 
Feb.,  1873.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1811, 
and  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  Congregational 
church  at  Northborough  in  1816,  which  relation  he 
sustained  until  his  death.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the 
peace  congress  of  Paris  in  1849.  His  published 
works  include  "  Historical  Account  of  North- 
borough "  (1826) ;  "  History  of  the  Worcester  Asso- 
ciation "  (1868) ;  and  "  Allen  Genealogy  "  (1869),  be- 
sides sermons,  text-books,  and  Sunday-school  books. 
— His  son.  Joseph  Henry,  author,  b.  in  Northbor- 
ough, Mass.,  in  1821 ;  d.  iii  1898.  He  issued  "Ten 
Discourses  on  Orthodoxy"  (Boston,  1849).  setting 
forth  Unitarian  doctrines  in  theology,  "  Hebrew 
Men  and  Times"  (Boston,  1861),  and' "  Christian 
History  in  Three  Gi-eat  Periods"  (3  vols.,  1880- 
'82) ;  also  of  a  number  of  classical  text-books,  of 
the  "  Memoirs  of  the  Rev.  Hiram  Withington," 
and  a  "  Manual  of  Devotion  "  (Boston,  1852). — 
His  son,  WiUiani  Francis,  educator,  b.  in  North- 
borough, Mass.,  5  Sept.,  1830 ;  d.  9  Dec.  1889.  He 
was  graduated  at  Harvard,  became  professor  of 
ancient  languages,  and  afterward  of  the  Latin 
language  and  literature,  in  the  university  of  Wis- 
consin. He  has  published  a  number  of  text-books 
and  a  collection  of  "  Slave  Songs  "  (1867). 

ALLEN,  Moses,  clergvman,  b.  in  Northampton, 
Mass.,  14  Sept.,  1748 :  d.  Feb.  8,  1779.  He  was 
graduated  at  Princeton  in  1772,  was  licensed  to 
preach  in  1774,  and  was  ordained  at  Christ's  church 
parish,  south  of  Charleston,  S.  C,  in  1775.  In  1777 
he  took  charge  of  the  church  at  Midway,  Ga.  The 
British  force  under  Gen.  Prevost  burned  his  church 
and  devastated  the  district  in  1778.  He  officiated 
as  chaplain  to  the  Georgia  brigade,  and  was  cap- 
tured when  Savannah  was  reduced  by  the  British 
in  December.  His  eloquent  patriotic  appeals  and 
energetic  exertions  in  the  field  had  rendered  him 
obnoxious  to  the  British,  and  they  refused  to  re- 
lease him  on  parole  with  the  officers.  He  was  con- 
fined in  a  loathsome  prison-ship,  and  was  drowned 
in  attempting  to  escape. 


ALLEN,  Natlian,  physician,  b.  in  Princeton, 
Mass.,  13  April,  1813;  d.  "ni  Lowell,  Mass.,  1  Jan., 
1888.  He  was  graduated  at  Amherst  college  in 
1836,  after  which  he  studied  at  the  Pennsylvania 
medical  college  and  received  his  degree  there  in 
1841.  He  then  settled  in  Lowell,  Mass.,  and  ac- 
quired a  large  practice.  Dr.  Allen  was  a  member 
of  the  state  board  of  charities  of  Massachusetts,  and 
after  1862  was  examining  supervisor  of  pensions. 
In  1857  he  was  elected  a  trustee  of  Amherst  college 
He  was  tlie  author  of  "  The  Opium  Trade  "  (Lowell, 
1853),  and  of  numerous  pamphlets  on  social  and 
physiological  subjects,  the  most  important  of 
which  are  "  Medical  Problems  of  the  Day"  (1874);. 
"State  Medicine  and  Insanity"  (1876);  and  "Nor- 
mal Standard  of  Women  for  Propagation  "  (1876)^ 

ALLEN,  Oscar  Dana,  chemist,  b.  in  Hebron,. 
Me.,  25  Feb.,  1836.  He  was  graduated  at  the  Shef- 
field scientific  school  in  186i,  and  ten  years  later 
he  received  the  degree  of  doctor  of  philosophy  for 
original  investigations,  having  in  the  mean  time 
been  an  assistant  professor  there.  In  1871  he  be- 
came professor  of  metallurgy  and  assaying,  and  in 
1873  was  appointed  to  the  chair  of  analytical  chem- 
istry and  metallurgy.  Prof.  Allen's  researches 
have  been  chiefly  on  the  rare  elements  ciesium 
and  rubidium.  These  investigations  and  his  other 
scientific  papers  have  appeared  principally  in  the 
"  American  Journal  of  Science."  The  latest 
American  edition  of  "  Fresenius's  Quantitative 
Analysis"  (New  York,  1881)  was  edited  and  re- 
vised by  him.  He  is  a  member  of  numerous  scien- 
tific societies. 

ALLEN,  Paul,  editor,  b.  in  Providence,  R.  T., 
15  Feb.,  1775 ;  d.  in  Baltimore,  18  Aug.,  1826.  He 
was  graduated  at  Brown  university  in  1796,  stud- 
ied law,  and  became  a  newspaper  writer  in  Phila- 
delphia. He  prepared  the  "  Travels  "  of  Lewis  and 
Clarke  for  the  press,  and  was  afterward  one  of  the 
editors  of  the  "  Federal  Republican  "  at  Baltimore. 
He  suffered  the  hardships  of  poverty  and  was  for  a 
time  confinetl  in  jail  for  a  small  debt.  He  wrote 
for  a  magazine  called  the  "  Portico,"  in  association 
with  Pierpont  and  Neal,  and  subsequently  edited 
the  "Journal  of  the  Times"  and  the  "Morning 
Chronicle,"  the  latter  of  which  had  a  wide  circula- 
tion. He  projected  a  "  History  of  the  Revolution," 
and  obtained  a  large  list  of  subscriptions.  The 
work,  whicli  appeared  under  his  name  in  1819,  was 
i-eally  written  by  his  friends  John  Neal  and  Wat- 
kins,  as  he  was  too  indolent  to  fulfil  his  engage- 
ments either  on  this  or  on  a  "  Life  of  Washing- 
ton," which  was  extensively  advertised  and  sub- 
scribed for.  He  published  in  1821  a  poem  called 
"  Noah,"  originally  in  twenty-five  cantos,  but  cut 
down  by  the  advice  of  Neal  to  five.  He  published 
a  small  volume  of  poems  in  1801,  and  a  "  Life  of 
Alexander  I.  "  in  1818. 

ALLEN,  Pliillp,  statesman,  b.  in  Providence, 
R.  I.,  1  Sept.,  1785 ;  d.  there,  16  Dec,  1865.  He  was 
graduated  at  Rhode  Island  college  in  1803,  and 
engaged  in  mercantile  business,  chiefly  in  the 
West  India  trade  established  by  his  father,  who  died 
in  1803.  Pie  began  the  manufacture  of  cotton  at 
Smithfield  about  1812,  and  in  1831  established  the 
print  works  at  Providence.  In  1819  he  was  elected 
to  the  legislature,  and  served  also  as  one  of  the 
commissioners  for  the  settlement  of  the  state  debt. 
In  1851  he  was  elected,  as  the  candidate  of  the 
democratic  party,  governor  of  Rhode  Island,  and 
again  in  1852  an'd  1853.  From  1853  and  1859  he 
was  U.  S.  senator,  serving  in  the  committees  on 
commerce  and  naval  affairs. 

ALLEN,  Richard,  clergyman,  b.  in  1760;  d.  in 
Philadelphia,  26  March,  1831.     He  became  a  local 


ALLEN 


ALLEN 


55 


Methodist  preacher  about  1782,  and  in  1798,  at 
Philadelphia,  organized  the  first  church  for  colored 
people  in  the  United  States.  He  was  ordained  in 
the  Methodist  ministry  in  1799,  and  was  elected 
bishop  of  the  newly  formed  African  Methodist 
Episcopal  church  in  1810. 

ALLEN,  Richard  L.,  agricultural  writer,  b.  in 
Hampton  co.,  Mass.,  in  October,  1803 ;  d.  in  Stock- 
holm, Sweden,  22  Sept.,  1869.  He  abandoned 
mercantile  business  in  New  York  and  followed  lit- 
erary pursuits,  then  studied  law  in  Baltimore,  but 
was  obliged  to  seek  a  more  active  life  on  account 
of  his  health,  and  settled  on  a  farm  on  Niagara 
river  in  1832.  In  1842  he  started,  in  partnership 
with  his  brother,  the  "  American  Agriculturist." 
In  1856  the  brothers  opened  a  warehouse  for  sup- 
plying improved  agricultural  implements.  He 
published  •'  History  and  Description  of  Domes- 
tic Animals  "  (New  York,  1848) ;  "  The  Ameri- 
can Farm  Book"  (1849);  a  valuable  treatise  on 
"  The  Diseases  of  Domestic  Animals "  (1848) ; 
"  American  Agriculture  "  ;  and  "  American  Farm- 
er's Muck-Book." 

ALLEN,  Robert,  soldier,  b.  in  Augusta  co., 
Va.,  in  1777 ;  d.  near  Carthage,  Tenn.,  19  Aug., 
1844.  He  was  a  merchant,  and  after  settling  in 
Carthage  about  1804  became  clerk  of  the  county 
court.  In  the  war  of  1812  he  served  with  distinc- 
tion as  a  colonel  under  Jackson.  From  1819  till 
1827  he  was  a'  member  of  congress. 

ALLEN,  Robert,  soldier,  b.  in  Ohio  about  1815  ; 
d.  in  Geneva,  Switzerland,  6  Aug.,  1886.  He  was 
graduated  at  West  Point  in  1836,  and  was  2d  lieu- 
tenant in  the  Seminole  war.  In  the  Mexican  war 
he  served  on  the  march  to  Monterey  as  assistant 
quartermaster,  and  was  present  at  the  siege  of 
Vera  Cruz.  For  gallant  conduct  at  the  battle  of 
Cerro  Gordo  he  received  the  brevet  rank  of  major. 
He  was  present  at  the  battles  of  Contreras  and 
Churubusco,  and  at  the  taking  of  Mexico.  After 
the  Mexican  war  he  was  ciiief  cjuartermaster  of  the 
Pacific  division,  and,  after  the  breaking  out  of  the 
civil  war,  of  the  department  of  Missouri,  with 
headquarters  at  St.  Louis,  where  he  had  charge  of 
supplies  and  transportation  for  the  various  armies 
in  the  Mississippi  valley.  He  was  promoted  major 
in  1861,  colonel  in  1862,  brigadier-general  of  volun- 
teers in  1863,  and  was  brevetted  brigadier-general 
in  the  regular  army  in  1864.  From  November, 
1863,  to  1866  he  was  chief  quartermaster  of  the 
Mississippi  valley,  with  headquarters  at  Louisville, 
and  furnished  transportation  and  supplies  to  Gen. 
Sherman's  command  for  the  march  across  the 
country  to  join  Gen.  Grant  at  Chattanooga,  and  he 
fitted  out  the  Kentucky,  Virginia,  and  North  Caro- 
lina expeditions.  He  received  the  brevet  rank  of 
major-general  in  1865.  After  the  war  he  served 
again  as  chief  quartermaster  of  the  Pacific,  and 
was  retired  21  March,  1878. 

ALLEN,  Samuel,  patentee  of  New  Hampshire, 
b.  in  England  in  1636 ;  d.  in  Newcastle,  N.  H.,  5 
May,  1705.  He  was  a  London  merchant,  and  in 
1091  purchased  from  the  heirs  of  John  Mason 
their  grant  of  land  from  the  English  crown.  The 
purchase  included  Portsmouth  and  Dover,  and  ex- 
tended sixty  miles  from  the  sea-coast.  The  origi- 
nal settlers",  whose  titles  had  not  been  disputed  by 
the  Mason  heirs,  resisted  Allen's  claim,  as  governor 
and  proprietor,  under  the  royal  commission,  and 
litigation  followed,  before  the  conclusion  of  which 
Mr.  Allen  died,  leaving  his  heirs  a  legacy  of  suits, 
which  were  carried  through  the  courts  with  all 
sorts  of  incidental  chicanery — records  destroyed, 
forged  Indian  deeds,  and  the  like— until  in  1715, 
on  the  death  of  his  son  Thomas,  the  heirs  aban- 


doned their  claim  in  despair.  Mr.  Allen's  personal 
character  is  recorded  as  above  reproach.  See 
Allen  vs.  Waldron,  Belknap's  New  Hampshire,  and 
Savage's  Winthroji,  New  Hampshire  collections. 

ALLEN,  Solomon,  preacher,  b.  in  Northampton, 
Mass.,  23  Feb.,  1751 ;  d.  in  New  York,  28  Jan., 
1821.  He  was  a  brother  of  Moses  and  Thomas 
Allen,  who  were  chaplains  in  the  revolutionary 
army,  while  he  fought  as  a  soldier  and  rose  to  the 
rank  of  major.  As  lieutenant  he  commanded  the 
guard  that  took  Major  Andre  to  West  Point. 
After  the  war  he  was  engaged  in  suppressing 
Shays's  rebellion.  At  the  age  of  forty  he  became  a 
religious  convert,  and  at  fifty  began  the  life  of 
a  missionary  preacher.  For  twenty  years  he  cir- 
culated among  the  new  settlements  of  western  New 
York,  where  he  was  greatly  respected  for  his  zeal- 
ous devotion  and  self-sacrifice.  A  "  Sketch  of  the 
Last  Hours  of  Solomon  Allen  "  was  written  by  J. 
N.  Danforth. 

ALLEN,  Tliomas,  clergyman,  b.  in  Northamp- 
ton, Mass.,  17  Jan.,  1743;  d.  in  Pittsfield,  Mass., 
11  Feb.,  1810.  He  was  a  brother  of  Moses  Allen, 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1762,  and  became  the 
first  "minister  of  Pittsfield,  where  he  was  ordained 
in  1764.  He  went  as  a  volunteer  chaplain  twice 
during  the  revolutionary  war,  and  participated  as  a 
combatant  in  the  battle  of  Bennington.  His  min- 
istry at  Pittsfield  lasted  forty-six  years. 

ALLEN,  Timothy  Field,  physician,  b.  in 
Westminster,  Vt.,  24  April,  1837.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Amherst  college  in  1858  and  at  the  medi- 
cal school  of  the  university  of  the  city  of  New  York 
in  1861.  From  1861  to  1863  he  practised  in  Brook- 
lyn, N.  Y.,  and  during  1802  was  acting  assistant 
surgeon  in  the  U.  S.  army.  Since  1863  he  has  fol- 
lowed his  profession  in  New  York.  He  became 
professor  of  materia  medica  in  the  New  York  Ho- 
moeopathic medical  college  in  1867,  and  since  1882 
has  been  its  dean.  He  is  also  surgeon  to  the  New 
York  ophthalmic  hospital.  He  has  published 
"  Encvclopanlia  of  Materia  Medica"  (10  vols..  New 
York,'  1874-'79);  "Index"  to  the  same  (1881); 
"  Ophthalmic  Therapeutics  "  (1878),  and  '■  Characeie 
Americana?"  (Boston,  1880). 

ALLEN,  Willi.am,  jurist,  b.  in  Philadelphia 
about  1710;  d.  in  England  in  September,  1780. 
He  succeeded  his  father-in-law,  Andrew  Hamilton, 
as  recorder  of  Philadelphia  in  1741,  and  from  1750' 
to  1774  he  was  chief  justice  of  Pennsylvania.  Ben- 
jamin West  was  aided  by  him,  and  Dr.  Franklin 
was  enabled  to  establish  the  college  of  Philadelphia 
with  his  cooperation.  He  was  a  loyalist,  and  in 
1774  went  to  England,  where  he  published  "The 
American  Crisis,"  setting  forth  a  plan  for  restoring 
the  dependence  of  the  American  colonies.  His  son 
Andrew  became  attorney-general,  and  was  after- 
ward a  member  of  congress  and  of  the  committee 
of  safety,  but  deserted  the  national  cause  in  1776. 
Williani,  another  son,  served  as  lieutenant-colonel 
in  the  continental  army,  but  raised  a  regiment  of 
loyalists  in  1778. 

ALLEN,  William,  clergyman  and  author,  b.  in 
Pittsfield,  Mass.,  2  Jan..  1784;  d.  in  Northampton, 
Mass.,  16  July,  1868.  He  was  a  son  of  the  Rev. 
Thomas  Allen,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1802,  and  licensed  to  preach  in  1804.  He  preached 
in  westei'u  New  York  for  some  time,  and  was  then 
elected  a  regent  and  assistant  librarian  of  Harvard 
college.  At  Cambridge  he  prepared  the  first  edi- 
tion of  the  "  American  Biographical  and  Historical 
Dictionary,"  containing  sketches  of  about  700- 
Americans  (1809).  A  second  edition  was  printed 
in  1832  with  1,800  names,  and  a  third  in  Boston  in 
1857  containing  nearly  7,000.     In   1807  he  wrote- 


56 


ALLEN 


ALLEN 


the  notices  of  American  clergymen  contained  in 
Bogue's  "  History  of  the  Dissenters."  In  1810  he 
succeeded  his  father  as  pastor  of  the  cliurch  in 
Pittsfield.  He  was  chosen  president  of  Dartmouth 
college  in  1817,  and  in  1820  went  to  Bowdoin  col- 
lege, over  which  institution  he  presided  until  1839, 
when  he  resigned  and  devoted  himself  to  literary 
studies.  He  collected  10,000  words  not  contained 
in  standard  dictionaries,  and  published  them  as  a 
supplement  to  Webster's  "  Dictionary.'"  He  wrote 
"  Junius  Unmasked,"  in  which  he  sought  to  prove 
that  Lord  Sackville  was  the  author  of  the  Junius 
letters  (Boston,  1828) ;  "  Psalms  and  Plymns " 
(1835) ;  "  Memoirs  of  Dr.  Eleazer  Wheelock  and  of 
Dr.  John  Codman "  (1853) ;  "  A  Discourse  at  the 
Close  of  the  Second  Century  of  the  Settlement  at 
Northampton,  Mass."  (1854) ;  "  Wunnissoo,  or  the 
Vale  of  Housatonnuck,"  a  poem  (Boston,  1856): 
a  Dudleian  lecture  at  Cambridge  :  a  book  of  "  Chris- 
tian Sonnets  "  (Northampton,  I860) ;  "  Poems  of 
Nazareth  and  the  Cross"  (1866);  "Sacred  Songs" 
(1867) ;  and  numerous  pamphlets,  and  contributed 
biographical  articles  to  Sprague's  "  Annals  of  the 
American  Pulpit."  See  his  "  Life,  with  Selections 
from  his  Correspondence  "  (Philadelphia,  1847). 

ALLEN,  William,  statesman,  b.  in  Edenton, 
N.  C,  in  1806;  d.  11  July,  1879.  He  passed  part 
of  his  early  life  at  Lynchburg,  Va.,  and  in  the  win- 
ter of  1822  made  his  way  on  foot  to  Chillicothe,  0., 
where  his  half-sister,  the  mother  of  Allen  G.  Thur- 
man,  was  living.    He  attended  Chillicothe  academy 

for  two  years, 
then  studied 
law  for  the  bar 
in  the  office  of 
Judge  Scott, 
and  afterward 
in  that  of  Col. 
King,  and  was 
admitted  to  the 
bar  at  the  age 
of  twenty-one. 
He  became  the 
yf^  'I  "   "\       dissociate         in 

/  ^.  .  I      X      L  business  of  Col. 

King,  an  elo- 
•pient  pleader, 
but  an  indolent 
lawyer,  who  left 
to  his  young 
partner  the  la- 
bor of  prepar- 
ing cases  for  tri- 
al. When  twenty-four  years  of  age,  Allen,  who 
was  recognized  as  one  of  the  most  promising  young 
lawyers  in  Ohio,  gained  a  wide  reputation  by  suc- 
cessfully defending  a  prisoner  charged  with"  mur- 
der. The  notoriety  of  that  trial  gained  him  in 
1832  the  democratic  nomination  for  repre^^enta- 
tive  in  the  23d  congress,  and.  although  Duncan 
McArthur.  then  governor  of  the  state,  was  the 
whig  candidate,  Allen  obtained  enough  votes  to 
give  him  the  election  by  a  majority  of  one.  The 
whigs  contested  the  result,  but  he  took  his  seat 
22  Dec,  1833,  the  youngest  member  of  the  house. 
In  1834  he  was  defeated  after  a  sharp  canvass 
by  William  K.  Bond.  In  congress  he  was  recog- 
nized as  a  leading  orator  on  the  democratic  side, 
particularly  after  a  strong  speech  against  J.  Q. 
Adams's  position  on  the  Ohio  boundary-line  ques- 
tion. President  Jackson  offered  to  confer  an 
office  upon  him,  but  he  said  he  would  accept  no 
appointment,  and  wished  to  remain  in  public  life 
only  in  an  office  to  which  the  people  should  elect 
him.      He    worked    energetically  for    democratic 


success  in  the  Van  Buren  canvass,  1836,  and  an 
address  at  a  political  dinner  in  Columbus,  which 
he  accidentally  attended,  gave  him  unexpectedly 
the  nomination  of  the  democratic  caucus  for  sen- 
ator. He  was  elected  by  the  democratic  major- 
ity in  the  legislature,  and  took  his  seat  in  March, 
1837,  at  an  earlier  age  than  any  other  U.  S. 
senator  was  ever  elected.  Just  before  the  close 
of  his  term  he  canvassed  the  state  for  reelec- 
tion, and  secured  the  return  of  a  democratic  ma- 
jority to  the  legislature  pledged  to  vote  for  him. 
He  was  consequently  reelected  in  1843.  In  1848, 
when  the  Baltimore  convention  was  unable  to 
agree  upon  either  Cass  or  Van  Buren  as  the  demo- 
cratic candidate  for  president,  a  committee,  com- 
posed of  supporters  of  both  the  rival  candidates, 
waited  upon  Senator  Allen  in  Washington  and 
urged  him  to  accept  the  nomination  for  the  sake 
of  harmony.  Though  formally  offered  the  nomi- 
nation with  the  assurance  that  the  convention 
would  ratify  the  action  of  the  committee,  he  re- 
fused, for  the  reason  that  he  had  been  the  sup- 
porter and  personal  friend  and  adviser  of  Lewis 
Cass,  and  could  not  honorably  abandon  his  can- 
vass. He  accompanied  Mr.  Cass  on  his  election- 
eering tour  in  New  York  and  Pennsylvania,  when 
he  appealed  vainly  for  the  suffrages  of  the  dis- 
affeclcil  partisans  of  Van  Buren.  After  the  defeat 
of  Cass  and  the  termination  of  his  senatorship  Mr. 
Allen  took  no  part  in  public  affairs  until  he  was 
elected  governor  of  Ohio  in  1873.  He  was  the 
democratic  nominee  again  in  1875,  but  was  defeated 
on  the  greenback  issue  by  Rutherford  B.  Hayes, 
afterward  president.  Gov.  Allen  was  the  foremost 
representative  and  advocate  of  the  policy  of  an 
irredeemable  paper  currency,  and  therefore  the 
"Ohio  idea"  was  peculiarly  associated  with  his 
name.  During  his  career  in  the  senate  he  was 
nicknamed  "  Earthquake  Allen,"  because  in  1841, 
in  a  speech  directed  against  the  bill  to  distribute  the 
proceeds  of  the  public  lands  among  the  states,  he 
declared  that  its  passage  would  produce  "  an  earth- 
quake of  indignation  from  one  end  of  the  union  to 
the  other."  The  nickname  of  "petticoat  Alien" 
was  attached  to  him  during  the  Harrison  "  hard 
eider ''  canvass  of  1840,  owing  to  his  assertion  that 
the  petticoat  of  the  election  banners  was  given  to 
Gen.  Harrison  by  an  old  woman  to  symbolize  his 
lack  of  courage.  In  Washington  he  was  known  as 
the  "  Ohio  gong,"  so  powerful  was  his  voice  and  so 
penetrating  its  tones.  He  is  said  to  have  originated 
the  celebrated  political  catch-word  of  1844,  "  Fifty- 
four  forty,  or  fight ! "  referring  to  the  Oregon 
boundary  question. 

ALLEN,  William  Henry,  naval  officer,  b.  in 
Providence,  R.  I.,  21  Oct.,  1784;  d.  15  Aug.,  1813. 
He  entered  the  navy  as  midshipman  in  1800,  was 
3d  lieutenant  of  the  "  Chesapeake  "  when  she  struck 
her  colors  to  the  British  frigate  "  Leopard "  in 
1807,  and  drew  up  the  letter  of  the  officers  to  the 
secretary  of  the  navy  urging  the  trial  of  Capt. 
James  Barron  for  neglect  of  duty.  He  became 
1st  lieutenant  of  the  frigate  "  United  States "  in 
1809.  and  gained  distinction  in  the  action  with  the 
"Macedonian,"  25  Oct.,  1812.  In  1813  he  was 
made  master-commandant,  and  carried  Mr.  Craw- 
foi-d  to  France  in  the  "  Argus,"  and  then  harassed 
Bi-itish  commerce  until  he  encountered  the  brig 
"Pelican,"  of  the  British  navy,  14  Aug..  1818. 
In  the  ensuing  severe  combat  he  was  mortally 
wounded  and  his  vessel  captured.  Allen  street, 
New  York,  was  named  in  his  honor. 

ALLEN,  William  Henry,  educator,  b.  in  Read- 
field  (now  Manchester),  Me.,  27  March,  1808 :  d.  in 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  29  Aug.,  1882.     He  studied  at 


ALLEN 


ALLIN 


57 


the  Maine  conference  seminary,  and  was  graduated 
at  Bowdoin  college  in  IS'd'S.  From  1833  to  1836 
he  taught  Latin  and  Greek  in  Cazenovia,  N.  Y. 
seminary,  and  in  1836  he  became  principal  of  the 
high  school  at  Augusta,  Me.  The  same  year  he 
was  elected  professor  of  natural  philosophy  and 
chemistry  in  Dickinson  college,  Carlisle,  Pa.,  where 
in  1846  lie  assumed  the  duties  of  the  professorship 
of  philosophy  and  English  literature,  and  in  1847- 
'48  was  acting  president.  He  was  appointed  presi- 
dent of  Girard  college  in  1850,  which  place  he  held 
until  1863  and  again  from  1867  until  his  death. 
During  1865-66  he  was  president  of  Pennsylvania 
agricultural  college.  In  1872  he  was  chosen  presi- 
dent of  the  American  Bible  society.  He  contrib- 
uted largely  to  periodical  literatui-e,  and  published 
several  valuable  reports  on  education. 

ALLEN,  William  Howard,  naval  officer,  b.  in 
Hudson,  N.  Y.,  8  July,  1790 ;  killed  in  action  9  Nov., 
1822.  He  entered  the  navy  as  midshipman  1  Jan., 
1808,  and  was  promoted  lieutenant  24  July,  1813. 
He  was  2d  lieutenant  of  the  "  Argus,"  and  com- 
manded in  the  fight  with  the  "  P'elican  "  off  the 
coast  of  England  after  Captain  Allen  and  the 
first  officer  were  disabled.  He  was  killed  in  at- 
tempting to  board  piratical  vessels  with  boats  near 
Matanzas,  in  the  island  of  Cuba.  His  friend  Hal- 
leck  made  his  early  death  the  subject  of  a  tender 
and  touching  poem. 

ALLEN,  Zachariah,  inventor,  b.  in  Providence, 
R.  I.,  15  Sept..  1795;  d.  17  March,  1882.  He  was 
descended  from  one  of  the  early  settlers  of  Provi- 
dence and  was  son  and  lieu-  of  a  wealthy  merchant. 
He  was  graduated  at  Brown  in  1815,  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1817,  and  in  1822  engaged  in  manu- 
facturing. He  did  much  as  a  capitalist  to  promote 
the  industries  of  Rhode  Island,  and  was  the  in- 
ventor of  the  automatic  cut-off  valve  for  the  steam- 
engine,  extension  rollers,  an  improved  fire-engine, 
and  a  hot-air  furnace.  He  also  devised  a  storage 
reservoir  for  water-power,  and  first  suggested  the 
system  of  mutual  insurance  adopted  by  New  Eng- 
land mill-owners.  He  was  for  many  years  presi- 
dent of  the  Rhode  Island  Historical  Society.  He 
published,  on  returning  from  Europe  in  1825,  the 
"  Practical  Tourist,"  a  treatise  on  "  Practical  Me- 
chanics." speculative  works  on  physical  science  en- 
titled "  Philosophy  of  the  Mechanics  of  Nature  " 
(1851),  and  "Solar  Light  and  Heat"  (1879),  and 
articles  on  the  history  of  Rhode  Island.  See  "  Me- 
morial "  of  Mr.  Allen  by  Amos  Perry  (1883). 

ALLENDE,  Ignacio  (al-yen'-de),  Mexican  patri- 
ot, b.  20  Jan.,  1779  ;  shot  at  Chihuahua,  1  Aug.,  1811. 
He  was  a  captain  in  the  Spanish  army,  but  joined  the 
rebellion  of  Hidalgo  in  1810,  and  rendered  efficient 
services  by  reason  of  his  military  knowledge  and 
his  influence  over  the  natives,  with  whose  aid  he 
transported  heavy  artillery  across  the  mountains. 
When  Hidalgo  lost  the  battle  with  the  Spanish 
troops,  AUende  conducted  the  retreat,  but  was  be- 
trayed into  the  hands  of  the  Spaniards  near  Sal- 
tillo  and  executed.  In  1824  his  remains  were 
buried  in  the  vault  reserved  for  the  viceroys  and 
presidents  in  the  cathedral  of  Mexico. 

ALLERTON,  Isaac,  pilgrim,  b.  about  1583 :  d. 
in  New  Haven  in  1659.  He  went  from  England  to 
Leyden  in  1608,  and  came  to  America  in  1620  in  the 
first  voyage  of  the  "  Mayfiower."  He  was  a  wealthy 
and  enterprising  member  of  the  colony,  and  took  a 
leading  part  in  its  affairs.  He  treated  with  Massa- 
soit,  and  made  several  trips  to  England  as  the 
agent  of  the  colony  to  purchase  the  rights  of  the 
adventurers,  to  secure  patents  for  lands,  and  to 
bring  over  the  rest  of  the  congregation  at  Leyden. 
In  1631  he  had  a  dispute  with  the  colony  and  was 


-"^v^J 


O  -  UyU/?VU<.  OCCc^ir^t 


■'USi_^ 


dismissed  from  its  service.  He  then  took  up  his 
residence  at  Marblehead,  and  established  trading- 
stations  on  Kennebec  river,  at  Penobscot,  and 
other  places.  Two  coasting  vessels  owned  by  him 
were  wrecked,  and  two  of  his  trading-houses  were 
destroyed  by  the  French  and  Indians.  In  1635  he 
was  warned  by  the  Plymouth  authorities  to  depart 
from  Marblehead.  He  was  a  burgher  of  New  Am- 
sterdam, and  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  council 
in  1643,  but  resided,  after  he  left  Marblehead,  at 
New  Haven.  His  daughter  Mary,  who  died  in  1699, 
was  the  last  survivor  of  the  "Mayflower"  company. 

ALLIBONE,  Samuel  Austin,  author,  b.  in 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  17  April,  1816;  d.  in  Lucerne, 
Switzerland,  3 
Sept..  1889.  He 
gained  a  high  rep- 
utation in  early 
life  for  his  fa- 
miliar knowledge 
of  English  and 
American  litera- 
ture. He  applied 
his  learning  to  the 
preparation  of  a 
great  work  enti- 
tled "  A  Critical 
Dictionary  of 
English  Litera- 
ture and  British 
and  American  Au- 
thors," the  first 
volume  of  which 
appeared  in  1854, 
and  the  second 
and  third  in  1871. 
This        laborious 

compilation,  exhibiting  careful  exactness  and  criti- 
cal judgment,  contains  notices  of  46,499  authors, 
with  40  classified  indexes  of  subjects.  Before  the 
appearance  of  tiiis  "  Dictionary  of  Authors,"  Dr. 
Ailibone  had  published  "  A  Review  by  a  Layman  of 
a  Work  entitled  '  New  Themes  for  the  Protestant 
Clergy'"  (Philadelphia,  1853).  and  "'New Themes' 
Condemned"  (1853).  In  1868  he  published  "An 
Alphabetical  Index  to  the  New  Testament,"  and  in 
1871  the  "  Union  Bible  Companion,"  the  first  part 
of  which  work  was  published  separately  under  the 
title  of  "  The  Divine  Origin  of  the  Holy  Scriptures." 
In  1873  appeared  his  "  Poetical  Quotations,  from 
Chaucer  to  Tennyson,"  with  copious  indexes,  con- 
taining 13,600  passages  taken  from  550  authors, 
classified  under  435  subjects.  This  was  followed 
by  "  Prose  Quotations,  from  Socrates  to  Macau- 
lay,"  with  indexes  to  the  8,810  quotations,  contain- 
ing the  names  of  544  authors  and  571  subjects 
(1876).  In  1880  he  published  "  Great  Authors  of 
All  Ages ;  being  Selections  from  the  Prose  Works 
of  Eminent  Writers  from  the  time  of  Pericles  to 
the  Present  Day,"  with  indexes.  He  published  also 
"  Explanatory  Questions  on  the  Gospels  and  the 
Acts"  (1869).  and  was  the  author  of  numerous  re- 
ligious tracts  and  articles  in  periodicals.  The  in- 
dexes to  Edward  Everett's  "Orations  and  Speeches  " 
(1850-"59),  and  Washington  Irving's  "  Life  and 
Letters"  (1861-'64),  were  from  his  hand.  He  was 
book  editor  and  corresponding  secretary  of  the 
American  Sunday-school  union  from  1867  till  1873, 
and  from  1877  till  1879,  when  he  became  librarian 
of  the  Lenox  library,  resigning  in  1888. 

ALLIN,  John,  clergyman,  b.  in  England  in 
1596;  d.  in  Dedham,  Mass.,  36  Aug.,  1671.  He 
was  a  Puritan  scholar,  who  emigrated  from  Eng- 
land in  1637  and  became  the  first  minister  of 
Dedham.     He  published  a  "  Defence  of  the  Nine 


58 


ALLISON 


ALLSTON 


Propositions "  of  church  discipline,  in  which  he 
had  the  assistance  of  Mr.  Shepherd,  of  Cambridge, 
and  also  a  "  Defence  of  the  Synod  of  1GG2  against 
President  Chauncey,"  besides  a  large  number  of 
sermons  and  addresses. 

ALLISON,  Burgess,  clergyman,  b.  in  Borden- 
town,  N.  J.,  17  Aug.,  1753:  d.  in  Washington.  20 
Feb.,  1827.  He  became  a  convert  to  the  Baptist 
faith  early  in  life,  and  began  to  preach  when  he 
was  sixteen  years  old.  He  studied  at  Rhode  Isl- 
and college  "(now  Brown  university)  in  1777,  and 
subsequently  had  charge  of  a  small  congregation 
at  Bordentown,  N.  J.,  where  he  established  a  classi- 
cal boarding-school,  which  attained  great  reputa- 
tion. In  1790  he  withdrew  from  his  teaching  and 
devoted  his  time  for  several  years  to  inventing. 
Some  improvements  in  the  steam-engine  and  its 
application  to  navigation  are  due  to  his  efforts. 
In  1801  he  resumed  his  school,  and  soon  afterward 
his  pastorate,  but  ill  health  compelled  him  to  re- 
linquish both.  He  was  elected  chaplain  of  the 
house  of  representatives  in  1816,  and  later  became 
chaplain  at  the  navy-yard,  Washington,  where  he 
remained  until  his  death.  Dr.  Allison  had  consid- 
erable mechanical  and  artistical  ability.  He  was 
for  some  time  one  of  the  secretaries  of  the  Ameri- 
can philosophical  society,  and  was  a  constant  con- 
tributor to  periodical  literature. 

ALLISON,  William  Boyd,  senator,  b.  in  Perry, 
0.,  2  March,  1829.  He  spent  his  early  years  on 
a  farm,  and  was  educated  at  Alleghany  college, 
Pennsylvania,  and  Western  Reserve  college,  Ohio. 
He  studied  law,  and  practised  in  Ohio  until  1857, 
when  he  went  to  Dubuque,  Iowa.  He  was  a  dele- 
gate to  the  Chicago  convention  of  1860,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  governor's  st'iff  in  1861,  and  rendered 
valuable  service  in  raising  troops  for  the  war. 
He  was  elected  in  1862  to  the  38th  congress,  as  a 
republican,  and  returned  for  the  three  succeeding 
congresses,  serving  in  the  house  of  representatives 
from  7  Dec,  1863,  till  3  March,  1871.  In  1873  he 
was  elected  to  the  U.  S.  senate,  as  a  republican, 
and  he  has  been  re-elected  four  times.  His  term 
of  service  will. expire  in  March.  1903. 

ALLOUEZ,  Claude  Jean,  explorer,  b.  in  France, 
in  1620 ;  d.  near  St.  Joseph's  river,  in  the  state 
of  Indiana,  27  Aug.,  1689.  He  went  to  Quebec 
from  France  in  1658.  As  a  Jesuit  missionary  he 
traversed  the  regions  of  Lake  Superior  and  parts 
of  the  Mississippi  valley,  and  left  interesting  rec- 
ords of  his  experiences  and  observations.  He 
founded  a  mission  at  Chemorniegon,  on  Lake  Su- 
perior, in  1665,  and  in  1676  reestablished  perma- 
nently at  Kaskaskia,  111.,  the  mission  that  was  be- 
gun by  Marquette  but  abandoned  on  the  approach 
of  La  Salle.  His  observations  on  the  Indians  were 
printed  in  the  Jesuit  "  Relations." 

ALLSTON,  Robert  Francis  Withers,  states- 
man, b.  in  All  Saints'  parish,  S.  C,  21  April,  1801  ; 
d.  near  Georgetown,  S.  C,  7  April,  1864.  In  1821 
he  was  graduated  at  West  Point,  ranking  so  high 
in  his  class  as  to  be  assigned  to  the  artillery ;  but 
after  a  year's  service  he  i-esigned,  and  became  a 
rice-planter,  civil  engineer,  and  surveyor  in  South 
Carolina.  From  1823  to  1827  he  was  state  sur- 
veyor-general. In  1828  he  was  elected  to  the  legis- 
lature, and  in  1832  to  the  senate,  of  which  he  be- 
came successively  acting  president  and  president 
(1847-'56).  He  was  deputy  adjutant-general  in 
1831-38,  trustee  of  South  Carolina  college,  Colum- 
bia, 1841-64,  and  governor  of  the  state  in  1856-'58. 
He  was  a  progressive  agriculturist,  an  active 
member  of  various  societies,  and  the  author  of  a 
"' Memoir  on  Rice"  (1843);  "Report  on  Public 
Schools  "  (1847) ;  and  "  Essav  on  Sea-Coast  Crops  " 


',^^i::>,^i.,.r7^y?:^^  (Z^^i^z^i^^. 


(1854).  In  politics  he  advocated  state  sovereignty. 
His  study  of  rice-culture  was  of  much  advantage 
to  that  industry. 

ALLSTON,  Washingrton,  painter,  b.  in  Wac- 
cauiaw,  S.  C,  5  Nov.,  1779  ;  d.  in  Cambi-idge,  Mass., 
9  July,  1843.  In  early  boyhood  he  removed  to 
Newport,  R.  I., 
and  there  attend- 
ed school.  He 
then  studied  at 
Harvard  college, 
and  was  gradu- 
ated in  1800.  In 
the  following  year 
he  went  abroad 
and  became  a  stu- 
dent at  the  Roy- 
al academy,  and 
three  years  later 
he  removed  to 
Rome  and  there 
studied  the  works 
of  the  old  masters, 
meanwhile  gain- 
ing for  himself  a 
high  reputation  as 

a  colorist.  He  returned  to  the  United  States  in 
1809  and  married  a  sister  of  Dr.  William  Ellery 
Channing.  His  second  wife  was  a  sister  of  R.  H. 
Dana.  From  1811  to  1818  he  resided  in  England, 
and  during  these  years  produced  some  of  his  best 
pictures.  Of  these,  "  The  Dead  Man  Revived " 
gained  a  prize  of  200  guineas  from  the  British  insti- 
tute. His  "  Uriel  in  the  Sun,"  "  Jacob's  Feast," 
and  other  smaller  pictures,  now  owned  in  Eng- 
land, were  produced  at  this  time.  In  1818  he 
opened  a  studio  in  Boston.  His  best -known 
works  in  the  United  States  are  "  Jeremiah,"  "  The 
Witch  of  Endor,"  "  Miriam,"  "  Rosalie,"  "  Madon- 
na," "Spanish  Girl,"  "  Spalatro's  Vision  of  the 
Bloody  Hand,"  and  "  Belshazzar's  Feast,"  an  un- 
finished composition  now  in  the  Boston  athen«um. 
Among  the  portraits  painted  by  him  are  those  of 
Benjamin  West,  Coleridge  the  poet,  and  one  of 
himself.  His  works  show  a  high  imaginative 
power,  and  his  ability  as  a  colorist  earned  for  him 
the  name  of  the  "  American  Titian."  He  was  also 
a  man  of  fine  literary  tastes,  and  in  1809  he  deliv- 
ered a  poem  before  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  Society  at 
Cambridge.  "  The  Sylphs  of  the  Seasons,"  which 
was  published  in  London  in  1813,  and  later  "  The 
Paint  King  "  and  "  The  Two  Painters,"  appeared. 
In  1841  he  published  "  Monaldi,"  a  romance  il- 
lustrating Italian  life,  and  in  1850  a  volume  of 
his  "  Lectures  on  Art,  and  Poems."  See  Ware's 
"  Lectures  on  the  Works  and  Genius  of  Washing- 
ton Allston  "  (Boston,  1852),  and  "  Artist  Biogra- 
phies, Allston"  (1879). 

ALLSTON,  William,  soldier,  b.  in  1757;  d.  in 
Charleston,  S.  C,  26  June,  1839.  He  was  a  captain 
during  the  revolutionary  war  under  Marion,  the 
famous  partisan  leader.  After  the  return  of  peace 
he  married  the  daughter  of  Rebecca  Motte,  and 
became  a  successful  planter  and  a  large  slave- 
owner. He  was  for  many  years  a  member  of  the 
South  Carolina  senate.— His  son,  Josev)h,  states- 
man, b.  in  South  Carolina  in  1778;  d.  10  Sept., 
1816.  He  was  for  several  years  a  prominent  mem- 
ber of  the  South  Carolina  state  legislature,  and 
governor  in  1812-'14.  He  married  Theodosia, 
daughter  of  Aaron  Burr,  and  from  this  fact  arose 
unjust  suspicions  regarding  his  patriotism.  Dur- 
ing his  term  as  governor  his  wife,  a  charming  and 
accomplished  woman,  was  lost  at  sea  during  a  voy- 
age from  New  York  to  Charleston. 


ALMAGRO 


ALMY 


59 


ALMAGRO,  Diego  (al-mah'-gro),  soldier,  b. 
about  14(J8 ;  killed  in  July,  1588.  He  was  one  of 
the  Spanish  conquerors  of  Peru,  who,  in  company 
with  Francisco  Pizarro,  overthrew  the  magnificent 
empire  of  the  Incas,  which  at  the  time  was  rent  by 
civil  war.  His  energy  in  forwarding  supplies  to 
Pizarro,  who  had  penetrated  to  the  interior  of  the 
country,  was  such  that  the  latter  was  enabled  to 
prosecute  the  campaign  to  a  successful  issue.  In 
1535  he  stormed  Cuzco,  the  ancient  capital  of  the 
Incas.  He  was  extremely  severe  with  his  captives. 
Nevertheless,  his  habitual  manners  were  so  winning 
and  courteous  that  he  was  very  popular  with  his  own 
soldiers.  He  had  a  quarrel  with  Pizarro  about  the 
rich  spoil  of  the  Incas'  palaces,  and  Almagro  was 
defeated,  captured,  and  strangled  to  death. — His 
son,  Dieg'O,  vvas  born  in  1520,  and  died  in  Peru 
in  1543.  His  mother  was  an  Indian  of  Panama, 
but  Charles  V.  had  him  legitimated  in  1528,  and 
placed  iiim  under  the  care  and  protection  of  an  old 
officer  named  Juan  Herrada.  After  his  father's 
death  young  Almagro  was  imprisoned  for  some 
time,  and  as  soon  as  liberated  he  resolved  to  avenge 
his  father's  execution.  In  company  with  Herrada 
and  others,  he  attacked  the  house  of  Pizarro  and 
killed  him,  25  June,  1541.  Then  Almagro  was  pro- 
claimed governor  of  Peru,  and  went  with  troops  to 
subdue  some  towns  that  would  not  recognize  his 
authority ;  but  Vaca  de  Castro  routed  him  in  the 
plain  of  Chupas  and  took  many  prisoners,  among 
them  Almagro,  with  all  the  principal  promoters  of 
the  plot,  who  were  court-martialed  and  executed. 

ALMOGUERA,  Fray  Juan  <Ie  (al-mo-gay'-ra), 
seventh  archbishop  of  Lima,  b.  in  Cordova,  Spain, 
18  Feb.,  1005  ;  d.  in  Lima,  Peru,  in  1076.  He  was 
the  confessor  of  King  Philip  IV.,  who  proposed  him, 
on  17  Feb.,  1059,  for  archbishop  of  ^^^requipa,  Peru. 
The  recommendation  was  adopted  by  the  pope,  and 
F'ray  Juan  de  Almoguera  was  consecrated  in  Feb- 
ruary, 1001.  He  promoted  many  useful  undertak- 
ings, and  remained  in  Arequipa  for  some  years,  till 
he  was  translated  to  Lima,  where  he  died.  He  is 
the  author  of  "  Instruceion  de  Sacerdotes  "  (1071), 
which  tlie  inquisition  attemiited  to  suppress. 

ALMON,  Jolin,  English  journalist,  b.  in  Liver- 
pool, 17  Dec,  1737;  d.  in  Boxmoor,  12  Dec,  1805. 
lie  became  a  printer  and  pamphleteer,  and  was  en- 
gaged in  1761  as  a  writer  for  the  "  Gazetteer,"  and, 
after  the  production  of  "  A  Review  of  Mr.  Pitt's 
Administration,"  he  enjoyed  the  favor  of  the  lead- 
ers of  the  opposition  and  established  himself  as  a 
publisher.  He  was  the  confidant  of  John  Wilkes, 
wrote  or  edited  many  political  tracts,  and  in  1784 
established  in  London  a  newspaper  called  the 
"  General  Advertiser,"  which  proved  unsuccessful. 
He  was  tried  in  1770  for  selling  a  reprint  of  a  let- 
ter of  "Junius,"  and  in  1786  for  a  libel.  Among 
his  numerous  publications  was  "  The  Remem- 
brancer," a  monthly  collection  of  papers  relating 
to  American  independence  (London,  1775-'83), 
which  is  one  of  the  chief  sources  of  historical  in- 
formation regarding  the  revolution.  His  last  pub- 
lished works  were  "  Biographical,  Literary,  and 
Political  Anecdotes  "  (1797),  and  the  "  Correspond- 
ence of  the  late  John  Wilkes,"  with  memoirs  of  his 
life  (1805). 

ALMONTE,  Juan  Neponiuceno  (al-mau'n-te), 
Mexican  statesman,  b.  in  Valadolid,  Mexico,  in 
1804;  d.  in  Paris,  20  March,  1869.  He  was  the 
reputed  son  of  the  priest  Morelos,  the  famous 
partisan  chief,  who  was  shot  in  1813.  His  youth 
was  spent  in  the  United  States,  where  he  secured 
an  excellent  education,  supporting  himself  the 
while.  Returning  to  Mexico  he  entmvd  upon  a 
military  career,  and  was  chosen  by  Santa  Anna  one 


of  his  aides-de-camp,  in  v/hich  capacity  he  served 
in  the  Texan  campaign  against  Gen.  Houston, 
being  made  prisoner  with  his  chief  at  the  battle  of 
San  Jacinto  (1830).  On  regaining  his  liberty  he 
was  made  secretary  of  state  by  the  Mexican  presi- 
dent, Bustamente.  In  1840  he  showed  great  cour- 
age in  quelling  a  revolt  in  the  province  of  Urrea, 
but  was  deprived  of  office  by  a  revolution  that  fol- 
lowed, and  forced  to  support  himself  by  lecturing. 
He  was  subsequently  appointed  minister  at  Wash- 
ington ;  but  when  the  annexation  of  Texas  was  re- 
sotved  upon  he  demanded  his  passports,  protesting 
at  the  same  time  against  that  measure.  In  1845  he 
was  a  candidate  for  tlie  presidency  of  the  republic 
of  Mexico,  but  failed ;  and  afterward,  on  the  eleva- 
tion of  Paredes  to  power,  lie  was  appointed,  first, 
minister  of  war,  and  then  ambassador  to  Paris, 
He  was  on  his  way  to  France  when  he  heard,  at 
Havana,  of  the  return  of  Santa  Anna  to  power,  up- 
on which  he  immediately  returned  to  Mexico,  and, 
joining  Santa  Anna,  took  part  in  the  war  against 
the  United  States,  distinguishing  himself  at  the 
battles  of  Buena  Vista.  Cerro  Gordo,  and  Churubus- 
co.  After  the  war  he  entered  the  ranks  of  the 
liberal  opposition,  and  for  the  second  time  became 
a  candidate  for  the  pi-esidency,  but  again  without 
success.  He  was,  however,  appointed  Mexican 
minister  at  Paris,  which  office  he  held  at  the  period 
when  President  Miramon  was  overthrown  by 
Juarez  (1800).  He  returned  to  Mexico  with  the 
French  expedition  in  1802.  Juarez  protested 
against  his  presence  in  the  French  camp,  and  de- 
manded that  Almonte  should  be  delivered  up  to 
him ;  but  the  French  commander  refused,  and 
shortly  afterward  a  proclamation  was  issued  by 
Gen.  Taboada,  declaring  Juarez  deposed,  and  Al- 
monte invested  with  supreme  power  in  his  place. 
He  found  himself,  however,  unable  to  organize  a 
government ;  and  Gen.  Forey,  on  his  arrival  in 
Mexico,  annulled  Taboada's  decree,  and  announced 
to  the  Mexicans  that  they  were  free  to  choose  a 
new  government.  After  the  decisive  victory  of 
the  French  arms.  Almonte  became  one  of  the  tri- 
umvirate to  whom  they  intrusted  the  management 
of  affairs  in  Mexico,  assigning  him  the  foreign  de- 
partment and  the  finances.  He  was  appointed 
lieutenant  of  the  empire  by  Maximilian  in  April, 
1804,  and  some  weeks  later  marshal  of  the  empire. 
He  adhered  to  the  fortunes  of  his  imperial  patron 
throughout  his  short  reign,  and,  when  Maximilian 
was  executed,  he  fled  to  Europe,  spending  his  last 
days  in  exile. 

ALMY,  John  Jay,  naval  officer,  b.  in  Newport, 
R.  I.,  25  April,  1814;  d.  in  W^ashington,  D.  C,  16 
May,  1895.  He  entered  the  navy  as  a  midshipman 
in  1829,  and  rose  to  be  commodore,  30  Dec,  1809, 
and  rear-admiral  24  Aug.,  1873.  He  was  retired  in 
July,  1870,  after  fifty-six  years  and  eleven  months  of 
service.  As  midshipman  and  lieutenant  he  cruised 
all  over  the  world  in  the  old  sailing  navy,  was  at 
the  surrender  of  Walker  and  his  filibusters,  com- 
manded the  "Fulton  "  in  the  expedition  to  Paraguay, 
was  at  the  siege  of  Vera  Cruz  and  the  capture  of 
Tuxpan  during  the  Mexican  war,  and  at  the  navy- 
yard,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  in  1861-62.  As  commander 
he  had  charge  successively  of  the  gunboats  "  South 
Carolina,"  "  Connecticut,"  and  "  Juniata."  While 
in  command  of  the  "  Connecticut "  he  captured 
four  noted  blockade-runners  with  valuable  cargoes, 
and  ran  ashore  and  destroyed  four  others.  As  cap- 
tain he  commanded  the  "Juniata"  which  was  in 
the  South  Atlantic  squadron,  until  1867,  and  was 
then  assigned  to  the  Brooklyn  navy-yard,  then  the 
signal  corps,  and  after  a  cruise  in  the  Pacific  was 
retired,  24  April,  1877. 


60 


ALMY 


ALSOP 


ALMT,  William,  philanthropist,  b.  in  Provi- 
dence, R.  I.,  17  Feb.,  17G1  ;  d.  5  Feb.,  1830.  He 
was  a  teacher  and  a  member  of  the  society  of 
Friends,  and  became  wealthy  through  marriage 
with  the  only  daughter  of  Moses  Brown  and  result- 
ing business  arrangements  for  the  manufacture  of 
cotton  goods.  One  of  his  most  important  charities 
was  the  establishment  of  the  New  England  yearly 
meeting  boarding-house  in  Providence,  where  he 
educated  at  his  own  expense  eighty  young  persons 
selected  by  him.  He  devoted  large  sums  to  other 
charitable  objects. 

ALOFSEN,  Solomon,  historian,  b.  in  Amster- 
dam, Netherlands,  22  Nov.,  1808 ;  d.  in  Arnheim, 
Holland,  10  Oct.,  1876.  He  was  born  of  a  good 
Dutch  family  and  came  to  the  United  States  in 
early  manhood  as  secretary  of  legation,  and,  liking 
the  country,  settled  in  Jersey  City.  Here  he  mar- 
ried and  went  into  the  railroad  business,  being  for 
a  time  secretary  of  the  Illinois  Central  railroad, 
and  dealing  largely  in  investments.  His  favorite 
studies  were  historical  and  ethnological,  and  he 
became  a  prominent  member  of  the  societies  of 
New  York  and  vicinity.  He  read  many  papers  at 
the  meetings  of  the  New  York  historical  society 
and  made  valuable  contributions  to  its  collections. 
After  forty  years'  residence  in  the  United  States 
he  returned  to  Holland,  where  he  was  made  a 
member  of  the  royal  antiquarian  society.  His  li- 
brary consisted  mainly  of  Amei'icana,  and  was  es- 
pecially full  in  the  department  of  the  civil  war.  It 
was  carefully  catalogued  and  sold  in  Utrecht  in 
June,  1S76.         , 

ALPUCHE  E  INFANTE,  Jose  Maria,  Mexi- 
can patriot,  b.  in  Campeehe,  Yucatan,  S)  Oct.,  1780. 
He  studied  in  the  Seminario  Concilia  de  Merida, 
and  became  a  priest.  He  was  one  of  the  founders 
and  organizers  of  the  "  Logias  Yorkinas,"  an  ad- 
vanced section  of  the  liberal  party,  and  helped 
Guerrero  to  the  presidency  of  the  republic.  His 
opposition  to  military  power  and  influence,  which 
in  his  time  pervaded  every  branch  of  the  adminis- 
tration, was  the  cause  of  his  banishment  to  New 
Orleans.  Afterward  Alpuche,  having  returned  to 
Mexico,  endured  great  hardships  as  a  prisoner  in 
the  castle  of  San  Juan  de  Ulua.  The  rest  of  his 
life  was  full  of  disappointment  and  sufferings,  un- 
til he  died  in  the  convent  of  Santo  Domingo. 

ALPUCHE,  Wenceslao  (al-poo'-che), 'Mexican 
poet,  b.  in  Tihosuco,  Yucatan,  28  Sept.,  1804 ;  d.  in 
Tekax,  2  Sept.,  1841.  He  took  as  models  the  works 
of  the  Spanish  playwrights  and  lyric  poets,  Calde- 
ron.  Lope  de  Vega,  Moreto,  and  Quintana,  whom  he 
tried  to  follow.  His  best  poems  are  "  Hidalgo," 
"  La  Independencia,"  and  "  La  Fama." 

ALRICKS,  Hermanns,  lawyer,  b.  at  Lost  Creek 
Mill,  Juniata  co.,  Pa.,  in  1804;  d.  in  Harrisburg, 
Pa.,  28  Jan.,  1874.  In  1814  his  parents  removed  to 
Harrisburg.  He  received  his  early  education  in  the 
academy  of  that  city,  and  read  law  there  until  he 
was  prepared  for  admission  to  the  bar.  He  soon 
attained  a  lucrative  practice,  and  gained  a  high 
reputation  for  the  close  reasoning  requisite  in  ar- 
guing before  the  orphan's  and  registrar's  courts. 
He  made  it  a  rule  not  to  undertake  a  cause  unless 
he  was  satisfied  of  its  justice.  As  a  collector  of 
historical  traditions  he  was  well  known  to  culti- 
vated people  throughout  the  state,  and  his  extraor- 
dinarily tenacious  memory  enabled  him  to  hold  his 
store  of  niformation  with  dates  and  authorities  at 
the  mstant  service  of  inquirers.  The  only  public 
office  he  ever  held  was  that  of  deputy  attorney- 
general  in  1829,  an  appointment  that  involved  him 
in  such  an  unpleasant  political  fracas  that  he  be- 
came very  averse  to  office-seeking. 


ALSINA,  Adolfo  (al-see'-na),  Argentine  states- 
miin,  b.  in  Ikienos  Ayres  in  1829:  d.  there  in  1878. 
He  first  attracted  public  notice  by  a  series  of  lec- 
tures and  contributions  to  the  periodical  publica- 
tions of  Buenos  Ayres.  He  became  deputy  to  the 
provincial  chambers,  and  was  highly  distinguished 
for  eloquence  and  general  ability.  He  was  gover- 
nor of  the  province  from  1866  till  1868,  and  vice- 
president  of  the  Argentine  republic  from  1868  to 
1874.  He  several  times  commanded  a  body  of  na- 
tional guards  during  civil  disturbances. 

ALSOP,  (ieorge,  author,  b.  in  England  in  1638. 
He  was  a  Londmi  apprentice  in  his  youth,  but  re- 
sided in  Maryland  in  1658-'62.  He  published  a 
book  with  this  quaint  title:  "A  Character  of  the 
Province  of  Maryland,  also  a  Small  Treatise  on  the 
Wild  and  Naked  "Indians  or  Susquehanokesof  Mary- 
land, their  Customs,  jNIanners,  Absurdities,  and  Re- 
ligion, together  with  a  collection  of  historical  let- 
ters "  (London,  1666).  This  was  republished,  with 
introduction  and  notes,  by  J.  G.  Shea  (New  York, 
1869),  and  again  in  Baltimore  in  1880. 

ALSOP,  John,  of  the  continental  congress,  b, 
in  Middletown,  Conn. ;  cl.  in  Newtown,  Long  Isl- 
and, 22  Nov.,  1794.  He  was  a  prosperous  merchant 
of  unquestioned  patriotism  and  integrity,  and  was 
a  worthy  member  of  the  first  American  congress 
in  1774^'70.  On  the  occupation  of  New  York  by 
the  British  forces  he  withdrew  to  Middletown, 
Conn.,  remaining  there  until  peace  was  concluded. 
— His  son,  Richard,  author,  b.  in  Middletown, 
Conn.,  23  Jan.,  1761 ;  d.  in  Flatbush,  Long  Island, 
20  Aug.,  1815,  studied  at  Yale  college,  but  did 
not  complete  the  course,  preferring  to  devote  him- 
self exclusively  to  languages  and  literature.  Al- 
though he  was  brought  up  to  a  mercantile  life,  it 
proved  so  irksome  that  he  soon  devoted  himself  to 
letters,  and  formed  a  kind  of  literary  league,  popu- 
larly known  as  the  "  Hartford  Wits."  These  in- 
cluded Theodore  Dwight,  Lemuel  Hopkins,  and 
Benjamin  Trumbull.  The  association,  informal  as 
it  was,  made  a  notaljle  literary  hit,  all  of  its  mem- 
bers being  among  the  intellectual  lights  of  the 
time.  Alsop  was  the  leading  spirit  and  the  princi- 
pal writer  of  the  "  Echo,"  a  series  of  burlesque 
essays  (1791-'95).  It  comprised  travesties  and  ex- 
aggerations of  current  publications,  state  papers, 
and  the  like,  making  a  target  of  anything,  in  fact, 
that  offered  a  mark  for  the  active  wits  of  its  edi- 
tors. These  papers  were  mostly  done  into  polished 
pentameters,  somewhat  ponderous  but  instinct  with 
fun,  and  not  without  latent  wisdom.  Most  of  the 
"  Wits  "  were  federalists,  and  the  "  Echo  "  soon  be- 
came bitterly  anti-democratic.  The  whole  series 
was  published  in  a  volume  in  1807.  Alsop's  other 
works  include  a  "  Monody  on  the  Death  of  Wash- 
ington," in  heroic  verse  (Hartford,  1800);  "The 
Enchanted  Lake  of  the  Fairy  Morgana"  (1808); 
"  The  Natural  and  Civil  History  of  Chili,"  from 
the  Italian  of  Molina,  and  fugitive  pieces.  In  1815 
he  edited  the  "  Captivity  and  Adventures  of  J.  R. 
Jewett  among  the  Savages  of  Nootka  Sound." 
He  was  an  accomplished  linguist,  acquiring  lan- 
guages, as  it  seemed,  by  a  sort  of  intuition,  and 
made  a  distinct  impression  on  the  drift  of  pub- 
lic thought. — Another  son,  Jolin  (poet,  b.  in  Mid- 
dletown, Conn.,  5  Feb.,  1776;  d.  in  Middletown,  1 
Nov.,  1841),  was  a  pupil  of  Dr.  Dwight.  He  studied 
in  the  law  school  of  Judge  Reeve  at  Litchfield,  was 
admitted  to  the  bar,  and  began  practice  in  New 
London.  He  afterward  became  a  bookseller  in 
Hartford,  and  still  later  in  New  York.  The  latter 
part  of  his  life  was  spent  in  retirement  in  Middle- 
town.  His  poems  were  never  issued  in  hook  form, 
but  appeared  in  various  periodicals  and  collections- 


ALSTON 


ALVARADO 


61 


ALSTON,  Willis,  statesman,  b.  in  Halif:-ix  co., 
N.  C.  He  first  appears  in  the  colonial  records  of 
the  Halifax  district,  N.  C,  in  1776,  was  a  member  of 
the  provincial  house  of  commons  1791-'93,  and 
meml)er  of  congress  from  1799-1803. — His  son, 
Willis,  Ji"v  d.  10  April,  1837,  was  a  member  of  the 
state  legislature  in  1794  and  afterward,  and  a 
member  of  congress  in  1803-15  and  in  1825-'31. 
During  the  war  of  1812-'15  with  Great  Britain,  he 
was  chairman  of  the  ways  and  means  committee 
of  the  house  of  representatives. 

ALTAMIRANO,  Igiiacio  M.  (al-tah-me-rah'- 
no),  Mexican  jurist,  b.  of  pure  Indian  parentage,  in 
the  state  of  Guerrero.  He  studied  law  under  the 
protection  of  a  Spanish  gentleman,  was  graduated 
with  distinction,  devoted  himself  to  politics,  and 
soon  became  noted  for  his  brilliant  and  fiery  ora- 
tory against  his  opponents  of  the  conservative 
party,  he  belonging  to  the  extreme  radical  faction. 
During  the  French  invasion  and  the  empire  of 
Maximilian,  Altamirano  fought  bravely  against  the 
foreign  troops,  but  at  the  end  of  the  war  he  retired 
from  the  army.  Since  that  time  he  has  filled 
with  success  many  high  offices  in  different  depart- 
ments, and  has  been  a  member  of  the  congress 
several  times.  He  is  considered  the  first  of  Mexi- 
can orators,  and  a  great  Oriental,  Greek,  German, 
English,  French,  and  Italian  scholar.  He  has  pub- 
lished much,  both  in  prose  and  verse. 

ALTHAM,  John,  missionary,  d.  in  1641.  He 
was  one  of  the  two  Jesuits  who  accompanied  Leon- 
ard Calvert  to  Maryland  in  1633.  On  landing  he 
obtained  a  hut  from  its  Indian  owner,  which  he 
fitted  up  for  religious  service,  and  it  was  after- 
ward known  as  "the  first  chapel  in  Maryland." 
He  studied  the  Indian  dialects  at  St.  Mary's,  and 
then  preached  the  gospel  throughout  the  common- 
wealth, travelling  as  far  as  the  mouth  of  the  Sus- 
quehanna. He  converted  several  chiefs,  and  by  his 
nifluence  with  the  Indians  did  much  to  strengthen 
the  infant  settlement. 

ALVARADO,  Aloiizo  d',  Spanish  soldier,  b.  in 
Burgos,  Spain;  d.  in  1553.  As  an  officer  under 
Cortes,  he  participated  in  the  conquest  of  Mexico 
(1519),  and  went  thence  to  Peru,  where  he  served 
as  one  of  Pizarro's  subordinates  in  the  subjugation 
of  the  Incas.  In  1537  he  was  sent  with  500  men 
to  reenforce  the  Pizarros  who  were  fighting  their 
brother  Spaniards  under  Almagro  in  Peru.  He  was 
intercepted,  defeated,  and  made  prisoner  by  Al- 
magro before  he  could  join  the  opposing  force. 
Pizarro  and  Almagro  were  soon  killed  by  their 
soldiers,  and  the  strange  warfare  proceeded  be- 
tween the  survivors,  Alvarado  joining  De  Castro 
to  crush  Almagro  the  younger.  He  was  lieuten- 
ant-general of  the  force"that  suppressed  the  rebel- 
lion of  Gonzalo  Pizarro  in  1548,  and  was  made 
captain-general  of  Peru,  but  was  vanquished  in 
1553,  and  did  not  long  survive  the  mortification 
of  his  defeat. 

ALVARADO,  Juan  Bautista,  governor  of  Cali- 
fornia from  1836  till  1842.  He  was  the  leader  of 
the  Californian  revolt  against  Mexican  authority. 
Figueroa,  the  legitimate  governor  of  the  province, 
died  in  Septeraber,1835,  and  Chico,  a  very  obnoxious 
person  in  the  eyes  of  Californians,  was  appointed 
in  his  stead  by  the  Mexican  government.  His  rule 
was  so  unpopular  that  he  was  forced  to  retire,  upon 
which  Alvarado.  in  November,  1836,  rallied  a  force, 
including  sundry  adventurers  from  the  United 
States,  and  other  foreigners,  seized  Monterey,  and 
sent  the  deputy,  whom  Chico  had  left,  to  Mexico. 
Independence  was  formally  declared,  and  the 
legislature  elected  Alvarado  governor  ad  interim. 
Southern  California  remained  loyal  for  a  time ;  but 


Alvarado,  partly  by  a  show  of  force,  and  parti ]> 
through  shrewd  diplomacy,  won  over  Santa  Bar- 
bara Hiul  Los  Angelos,  and  in  January,  1837,  pro- 
claimed the  whole  of  California  free  and  united. 
In  June  of  the  same  year  a  Mexican  commissioner 
was  sent  to  negotiate  with  the  revolted  provinces, 
but  the  self-made  governor,  with  characteristic  ad- 
dress, won  him  over  and  sent  him  back  to  plead 
his  (Alvarado's)  cause.  In  the  meantime  the 
Mexican  government  had  appointed  a  new  and 
somewhat  warlike  governor  for  California,  without 
consulting  Alvarado,  and  hostilities  forthwith  be- 
gan. A  single  "  battle  "  took  place  at  San  Buena- 
ventura, in  which  one  man  was  killed,  the  Mexican 
forces  were  routed,  and  Alvarado  was  soon  recog- 
nized by  the  central  government  as  governor  of 
what  was  then  designated  as  the  ••  Department  of 
California."  For  two  years  his  jurisdiction  was  not 
seriously  disputed,  but  in  1842  the  Mexican  gov- 
ernment sent  a  new  military  representative,  and 
Alvarado  was  deposed.  He  appeared  subsequently 
as  an  intriguer  of  some  ability,  but  never  came  to 
the  front  again  in  the  character  of  a  successful 
leader.  The  conquest  by  the  United  States  fol- 
lowed in  time  to  prevent  further  instances  of  the 
local  tendency  to  revolution. 

ALVARADO,  Pedro  de  (al-vah-rah'-do),  one 
of  the  conquerors  of  Spanish  America,  b.  in  Bada- 
joz,  Spain,  about  1485;  d.  in  Guadalajara,  New 
Galicia,  4  Julv, 
1541.  In  1518  he 
sailed  with  his 
four  brothers  for 
Cuba,  whence  he 
accompanied  Gri- 
jalva  in  his  ex- 
ploring expedi- 
tion along  the 
coast  of  the  Amer- 
ican continent. 
Grijalva  was  so 
delighted  with 
the  aspect  of  the 
country  that  he 
called  it  New 
Spain,  and  sent 
Alvarado  back  to 
Cuba  to  report  to 
Gov.  Velasquez 
what  they  had 
seen  and  heard, 
for  the  first  time, 
about  the  im- 
mense empire  of 
Montezuma.  In 
February,  1519,  he 
accompanied  Cor- 
tes, and  took  an 
active  part  in  all 

the  incidents  of  the  conquest  of  Mexico.  Cortes, 
while  engaged  in  the  battle  against  Narvaez,  left 
the  city  of  Mexico  under  charge  of  Alvarado,  who 
by  his  "cruelty  and  rapacity  caused  an  insurrec- 
tion, and  narrowly  escaped 'with  his  life.  In  the 
famous  retreat  of  the  night  of  1  July,  1520  {La 
noche  triste),  Alvarado  distinguished  himself,  and 
to  commemorate  his  bravery  an  enormous  ditch 
over  which  he  leaped  to  escape  from  the  hands  of 
the  enemy  is  called  to  this  day  "  El  salto  de  Alva- 
rado." On  his  return  to  Spain  he  was  received 
with  great  honor  by  Charles  V.  and  appointed 
governor  of  Guatemala,  which  he  had  conquered 
in  1523.  He  married  a  daughter  of  the  illustrious 
house  of  La  Cueva,  from  which  the  dukes  of  Albu- 
querque are  descended,  and  returned  to  America 


62 


ALVARENGA 


ALVORD 


accompanied  by  a  host  of  adventurers.  Guatemala 
became  highly  prosperous  under  his  government. 
Having  authority  to  extend  his  conquests,  he 
headed  an  expedition  of  500  men  to  capture 
Quito,  and  landed  near  Cape  San  Francisco, 
whence  he  marched  into  the  interior ;  but  among 
the  Andes  he  met  the  forces  of  Pizarro,  prepared 
to  resist  his  advance.  Disclaiming  any  intention 
to  interfere  with  his  countryman's  rights,  he  re- 
ceived 120,000  pieces  of  eight  as  an  indeuniificution 
for  his  outlay  and  losses,  and  returned  peaceably  to 
Guatemala.  Visiting  Spain  soon  afterwai'd,  he 
appeased  the  emperor's  displeasure  at  this  affair, 
obtained  the  governorship  of  Honduras,  and  then 
fitted  out  from  Guatemala  a  new  expedition  of  dis- 
covery, consisting  of  12  large  ships,  two  galleys, 
800  soldiei's,  150  horses,  and  a  large  retinue  of  In- 
dians. Sailing  W.  and  N.  W.  along  the  Mexican 
coast,  he  was  driven  by  stress  of  weather  into  the 

S)rt  of  Los  Pueblos  de  Avalos,  in  Michoacan. 
ere  a  messenger  from  the  Spaniards  of  the  in- 
terior asked  his  assistance  in  putting  down  a  re- 
volt of  the  Chichimecas  of  New  Galicia.  He 
landed  with  a  portion  of  his  force,  made  a  rapid 
march  to  the  encampm.ent  of  his  countrymen,  and 
with  them  attacked  the  Indians,  who  were  strongly 
posted  in  the  mountaiis.  The  Spaniards  were  de- 
feated and  put  to  flight,  and  Alvarado  was  killed 
by  the  falling  of  his  horse.  The  expedition  was 
then  abandoned. 

ALVARENGA,  Manoel  Ignacio  da  Silva 
(ahl-va-rayn'-gah),  Brazilian  poet.  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  rhetoric  in  Rio  Janeiro.  His  poems, 
which  are  graceful  and  full  of  local  color,  were 
published  in  Lisbon  in  179!). 

ALVAREZ,  Bernardino  (al'-vah-reth),  Span- 
ish adventurer,  b.  in  Seville  in  1514;  d.  in  Mexico 
in  1584.  He  joined  the  army  in  his  boyhood,  but 
was  dismissed  for  misconduct  and  transported  to  a 
penal  colony  in  the  Philippine  islands.  He  escaped 
thence  and  went  to  Peru,  where  he  amassed  a  large 
fortune,  after  the  manner  of  the  adventurers  of  the 
time.  But,  unlike  most  of  them,  he  devoted  this 
wealth  to  charitable  objects.  He  founded  the  be- 
nevolent order  of  St.  Bernardine,  and  in  Mexico, 
Vera  Cruz.  Acapulco,  and  other  cities  of  New  Spain, 
established  hospitals,  which  are  served  by  an  asso- 
ciation named  for  St.  Ilippolite.  His  philanthropy 
made  iiim  famous  among  the  people  who  have  been 
beneflted  by  his  gifts. 

ALVAREZ,  Dieg-o  d',  Mexican  priest,  b.  in 
Guadalajara  about  1750;  d.  in  1824.  At  the  age  of 
sixteen  he  had  finished  his  studies  in  philosophy, 
theological  sciences,  and  canon  and  civil  law,  which 
he  then  taught  in  the  seminario  conciliar  of  the 
city  of  Mexico.  He  was  also  learned  in  medicine, 
mathematics,  oratory,  architecture,  music,  chemis- 
try, and  agriculture.  He  wrote  on  a  wide  range  of 
subjects,  his  works  making  twenty-three  large  vol- 
umes in  manuscript,  but  only  one  of  them,  "  Prac- 
tiea  de  la  teologia  mistiea,"  was  published. 

jCLVAREZ,  Juan,  Mexican  soldier,  b.  about 
1790 ;  d.  in  1867.  He  was  of  Indian  blood,  and  ex- 
ercised extraordinary  influence  over  the  Indians  of 
southern  Mexico.  He  was  governor  of  Guerrero  in 
1858,  and  had  little  difficulty  in  rousing  his  moun- 
taineers to  insurrection.  The  outbreak  took  place  at 
Acapulco,  at  the  beginning  of  tjie  following  year. 
In  the  decree  promulgated  by  Alvarez,  in  March, 
1854,  which  became  noted  as  the  plan  of  Ayutla, 
Santa  Anna's  deposition  was  officially  announced, 
and  republican  institutions  were  proposed.  Santa 
Anna's  power  was  overthrown  in  the  battle  of 
Saltillo,  22  July,  1855,  and  Gen.  Carrera  was  in- 
trusted with  the  government,  which  he  relinquished 


in  September  in  favor  of  Alvarez,  whose  nomina- 
tion as  president  of  Mexico  was  ratified  by  the 
assembly  of  Cuernavaea,  which  for  that  purjjose 
he  had  convoked  himself,  4  Oct.,  1855.  On  15  Nov> 
he  made  his  entry  into  Mexico,  escorted  by  a 
body-guard  of  Indians.  His  abolition  of  the  priv- 
ileges of  the  clergy  and  the  army  met  with  such 
opposition  that  he  tendered  his  resignation,  sub- 
stituting in  his  place  his  former  minister  Comon- 
fort,  11  Dec;  and  after  procuring  $200,000  from 
the  national  exchequer,  and  what  arms  and  muni- 
tions he  could  get,  he  returned  to  southern  Mexico. 

ALVARO,  or  ALBO,  Francisco,  Spanish  sailor, 
lived  in  the  Kith  century.  He  accompanied  Ma- 
gellan's expedition  that  sailed  from  Spain  on  10 
Aug.,  1519,  and  kept  a  log-book,  which  recounts 
the  fortunes  of  the  fleet  from  the  time  they  sighted 
the  cape  of  Santo  Agostinho  on  the  coast  of  Brazil. 
The  original  is  preserved  in  Simancas,  Spain,  and 
a  copy  is  in  the  British  museum.  It  was  printed 
in  the  "  Coleccion  "  of  Navarrete,  and  is  included 
in  the  documents  given  in  the  volume  of  the  Hak- 
luyt  society,  containing  Lord  Stanley's  transla- 
tions of  Pigafetta  and  other  records  of  Magel- 
lan's voyage. 

ALVORD,  Bonjaniin,  soldier,  b.  in  Rutland, 
Vt.,  18  Aug.,  1813 ;  d.  in  Washington,  D.  C.  16 
Oct.,  1884.  He  was  graduated  at  the  U.  S.  military 
academy  in  1883,  served  in  the  Seminole  war 
(1885-7),  was  instructor  in  mathematics  at  West 
Point  until  1889,  and  was  on  frontier,  garrison,  and 
engineer  duty  until  1846,  when  he  participated  in 
the  military  occupation  of  Texas,  and  subsequently 
in  the  war  with  Mexico.  He  received  the  successive 
brevets  of  captain  and  major  for  gallantry  in  sev- 
eral of  the  more  important  engagements,  and  was 
chief  of  staff  to  Maj.  Daily's  column  on  the  inarch 
from  Vera  Cruz  to  Mexico  in  1847.  He  was  made 
paymaster  22  June,  1854,  and  served  as  such  until 
1862,  when  he  became  a  brigadier-general  of  volun- 
teers, which  grade  he  resigned  8  Aug.,  1865.  He 
was  brevetted  brigadier  in  the  regular  army  in 
April,  1865.  From  1872  till  his  retirement  from  ac- 
tive service  in  1881  he  was  chief  of  the  pay  depart- 
ment with  the  rank  of  brigadier-general.  He  is  the 
author  of  treatises  on  mathematics  and  many  essays. 

ALVORD,  Corydon  Alexis,  printer,  b.  in  Win- 
chester, Conn.,  in  1812;  d.  in  Hartford,  Conn.,  28 
Nov.,  1874.  He  learned  his  trade  in  Hartford, 
and  in  1845  removed  to  New  York,  where  he 
made  a  specialty  of  printing  illustrated  books, 
gaining  a  high  reputation.  His  establishment  on 
Vandewater  st.  was  one  of  the  most  extensive  in 
the  country.  Among  its  features  were  fonts  of 
ancient  and  oriental  letter,  together  with  fonts'of 
old-style  type,  which  enabled  him  to  make  reprints 
or  fac-si miles  of  old  books  and  newspapers.  There 
were  monster  vaults  deep  iinder  ground,  and  ex- 
tending under  adjacent  buildings,  forming  a  series 
of  immense  storage-rooms  guarded  by  thick  walls 
and  iron  door?  as  thoroughly  protected  as  the 
treasury  vaults.  These  were  for  the  storage  of 
stereotype  plates  and  valuable  engravings.  He  be- 
gan a  reprint  of  the  old  records  of  the  city  of  New 
York,  but  the  work  was  not  finished,  owing  to 
changes  in  the  recorder's  office.  In  the  reproduc- 
tion of  old  books  and  papers  he  succeeded  in  copy- 
ing the  discolorations  made  by  age,  in  a  remarkable 
degree.  He  was  an  active  member  of  the  typo- 
gi'aphical  society,  and  president  of  the  typothetse. 
He  acquired  a  competence,  which  was  subsequently 
lost  through  the  misconduct  of  others.  In  1871  he 
retired  from  business,  went  to  Hartford,  and  de- 
voted his  remaining  years  to  the  preparation  of  a 
local  history  of  llartiford  and  Winchester, 


ALVORD 


AMES 


63 


ALVORD,  Henry  Elijah,  educator,  b.  in  Green- 
field. Mass.,  11  March,  1844.  He  was  educated  in 
the  Massachusetts  public  schools,  and  subsequently 
studied  in  the  Norwich  university,  where  in  1863 
he  received  the  degrees  of  C.  E.  and  B.  S.  He  en- 
listed as  a  private  in  1862,  and  passed  through 
every  grade  to  that  of  major,  reaching  that  rank 
in  tiie  2d  Massachusetts  cavalry  in  1865.  At  the 
close  of  the  war  he  was  appointed  to  the  regular 
army  with  the  rank  of  captain  of  cavalry,  and  re- 
mained as  such  until  1872,  when  he  became  a  spe- 
cial Indian  courier.  He  then  lectured  for  a  time  at 
Williston  seminary,  Easthampton,  Mass.,  and  later 
became  manager  of  the  Houghton  farm.  Orange  co., 
N.  Y.  In  1886  he  was  elected  professor  of  agricul- 
ture at  the  Massachusetts  agricultural  college,  Am- 
herst. Prof.  Alvord  has  been  a  frequent  contribu- 
tor to  the  agricultural  journals  of  this  country  and 
Great  Britain,  and  is  the  author  of  the  American 
sections  of  "Dairy  Farming"  (London,  1881). 

ALVORD.  Thomas  Gold,  politician,  b.  hi  Onon- 
daga, N.  Y..  20  Dec,  1810 ;  d.  in  Svracuse,  N.  Y., 
26  Oct.,  18i»7.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1828, 
in  1832  admitted  to  the  New  York  bar.  and  in 
1844  sent  to  the  legislature,  where  he  remained  for 
ten  consecutive  terms.  He  was  elected  speaker  of 
the  house  in  1858  and  in  1864,  was  lieutenant-gov- 
ernor in  1865-'6,  and  a  member  of  the  New  York 
state  constitutional  convention  in  1867-'8.  He  was 
the  proprietor  of  extensive  salt  mines  in  centi'al 
New  York,  and  was  populai'lv  known  as  "Old  Salt." 
ALZATE  Y  RAMIREZ,  Jose  Antonio,  Mexi- 
can scientist,  b.  in  Ozumba  in  1729;  d.  in  the  city 
of  Mexico,  2  Feb.,  1790.  He  was  a  corresponding 
member  of  the  French  and  Spanish  academies  of 
science,  and  one  of  the  earliest  trustworthy  ob- 
servers of  Mexican  meteorology.  He  attained  a 
high  reputation  as  a  zoologist  and  botanist,  and 
his  researches  led  the  way  for  modern  exploration 
of  Mexican  antiquities.  He  published  the  "  Gaceta 
de  Literatura,"  and  an  essay  entitled  "  La  limite 
des  nioges  perpetuelles  en  Volcan  Popocatepetl." 

AMERIGO  (or  AMERICO)  VESPUCCI  (or 
VESPLICIO)  (ves-putch'-ee),  Italian  navigator,  b. 
in  Florence,  Italy,  9  March,  1451 ;  d.  in  Seville, 
Spain,  22  Feb.,  1512.     He  was  of  a  wealthy  family 

of  merchants,  and 
received  his  educa- 
tion from  his  uncle, 
Giorgi  Antonio  Ves- 
pucci, a  Dominican 
friar,  a  friend  and 
colleague  of  Savona- 
rola. He  engaged 
in  business,  first  in 
Florence  and  after- 
ward in  Seville, 
wliere  he  met  Co- 
lumbus, perhaps  as 
early  as  1493,  and 
where  in  1497  he 
equipped  the  fleet 
with  which  that  nav- 
igator sailed  on  his 
third  voyage.  He 
had  previously,  in 
1496,  had  charge  of 
fitting  out  a  fleet  for 
the  Spanish  government.  Amerigo  sailed  from 
Spain  in  1499  in  an  expedition  that  visited  the 
neighborhood  of  Cape  Paria  and  several  hundred 
miles  of  coast,  and  returned  in  June,  1500.  In 
May,  1501,  he  entered  the  service  of  Emanuel,  of 
Portugal,  and  participated  in  an  expedition  that 
visited  the  coast  of  Brazil.     In  May,  1503,  he  com- 


manded  a  caravel  in  a  squadron  that  sailed  for  the 
discovery  of  Malacca,  but  parted  company  from 
the  rest,  and  finally  made  his  way  to  the  coast  of 
Brazil,  where  he  discovered  the  bay  of  All  Saints, 
remained  tliere  two  moiitlis,  then  ran  260  leagues 
farther  south,  where  he  built  a  fort,  somewhere 
near  Cape  Frio,  and,  leaving  a  colony  there,  re- 
turned to  Lisbon  in  June,  1504.  Early  in  1505  he 
obtained  from  King  Ferdinand  of  Spain  letters  of 
naturalization,  and  on  22  Mai'ch,  1508,  was  ap- 
pointed pilot-major  of  the  kingdom,  an  office  that 
he  held  until  his  death,  taking  charge  of  the  prepa- 
ration of  a  general  description  of  coasts  and  ac- 
counts of  new  discoveries,  and  also  superintending 
the  construction  of  charts  and  the  examination  of 
pilots.  The  controversy  as  to  whether  Vespucci 
took  precedence  both  of  the  Cabots  and  of  Columbus 
in  the  discovery  of  the  mainland  of  America  has 
been  for  centuries  a  matter  of  dispute.  None  of 
the  original  letters  of  Amerigo  bearing  on  the  sub- 
ject are  extant,  except  in  translations,  and  these 
differ  greatly  among  themselves  and  contain  incon- 
sistencies of  fact  and  date.  It  is  not  even  known 
in  what  language  the  letters  were  written.  An  ac- 
count by  Amerigo  of  his  voyage  of  1499,  said  to 
have  been  written  18  July,  1500,  was  published  by 
Bandini  in  1745.  A  letter  of  his  to  Lorenzo  Piero 
de  Medici,  a  cousin  of  Lorenzo  the  Magnificent, 
describing  the  voyage  of  1501,  was  published  in 
various  editions,  some  in  Latin,  others  in  German, 
and  in  1789  a  new  text,  in  Italian,  was  discovered 
by  Bartolozzi.  The  Strasburg  edition  of  1505  bears 
the  title  "  De  Ora  Antarctica."  In  1507  a  "  C'osmo- 
graphise  Introductio  "  was  published  at  the  little 
college  of  St.  Die  in  Lorraine,  and  to  it  was  ap- 
pended an  account  by  Amerigo  of  his  voyages,  pur- 
porting to  be  addressed  to  Rene  II.,  duke  of  Lor- 
raine. Here  it  is  asserted  that  four  voyages  were 
made,  the  date  of  the  first  being  fixed  at  May, 
1497.  Amerigo  would  thus  have  reached  the  main- 
land a  week  or  two  earlier  than  Cabot,  and  about 
14  months  earlier  than  Columbus.  It  was  also 
suggested  in  this  book  that  Amerigo  should  give 
his  name  to  the  continent  he  had  discovered.  The 
best  authorities  now  consider  the  evidence  incon- 
trovertible that  this  date  of  1497  is  incorrect,  and 
doubt  has  thus  been  thrown  upon  the  rest  of  Am- 
erigo's narrative.  He  has  been  charged  by  many 
with  deliberate  falsification,  and  most  of  his  apolo- 
gists have  contented  themselves  with  defending 
his  character,  rather  than  the  truth  of  his  narra- 
tive, ascribing  the  inconsistencies  of  the  latter  to 
the  errors  of  translators  and  copyists.  Santarem, 
in  his  "  Researches,"  says  he  could  find  no  men- 
tion at  all  of  Vespucci  in  the  royal  archi^'es  .of 
Portugal,  nor  in  the  diplomatic  records,  wliere  all 
new  discoveries  were  mentioned,  and  the  fact  that 
his  reputed  discovery  of  the  mainland  was  not 
used  as  evidence  by  the  Spanish  government  in  an 
action  at  law  in  1512,  where  it  would  have  been  in 
their  favor,  seems  to  show  that  it  was  not  given 
credence  at  that  day.  The  name  of  America,  how- 
ever, suggested  by  the  "  Cosmographi;e  Introduc- 
tio," began  soon  to  be  generally  used,  and  it  was 
not  until  the  publication  of  Schoner's  "  Opuseulum 
Geographicum "  (1533)  that  doubt  began  to  be 
thrown  on  its  propriety.  See  "  Life  and  Voyages 
of  Americus  Vespucius,"  by  C.  E.  Lester  (New 
York,  1846) ;  Santarem's  "  Vespucius  and  his  Voy- 
ages," translated  by  E.  V.  Childe  (Boston,  1850); 
and  Winsor's  "Narrative  and  Critical  History  of 
America"  (Boston,  1884). 

AlUES,  Adelbert,  soldier,  b.  in  Rockland,  Me., 
31  Oct.,  1835.  He  was  graduated  at  West  Point  m 
1861,  and  assigned  to  the  5th  artillery.    He  was 


64 


AMES 


AMES 


wounded  at  the  battle  of  Bull  Run  and  brevetted 
for  tj^allantry  in  that  act  ion,  and  was  present  at  the 
sie.n'c  of  Yorktowii,  and  the  battlesof  Gaines's  Mills, 
Malvern  Hill,  Fredericksburg,  Chancellorsville, 
Antietam,  and  Gettysburg,  besides  many  of  the 
minor  engagements  in  Virginia  throughout  the 
civil  war.  He  was  brevetted  colonel  for  gallantry, 
and  commanded  a  brigade,  and  at  times  a  division 
in  the  army  of  the  Potomac,  and  in  the  operation 
before  Petersburg  in  1864.  He  was  brevetted  ma- 
jor-general of  volunteers  for  his  conduct  at  the 
(capture  of  Fort  Fisher,  13  March,  1865,  and  bre- 
vetted major-general,  U.  S.  army,  for  "  gallant  and 
meritorious  conduct  in  the  field  during  the  re- 
bellion," and  on  80  April,  1866,  mustered  out  of 
the  volunteer  service.  On  28  July,  1866,  he  was 
promoted  to  the  full  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel,  24th 
infantry.  On  15  July,  1868,  he  was  appointed  pro- 
visional governor  of  Mississippi,  under  acts  of  con- 
gress providing  for  such  temporary  government, 
and  on  17  March,  1869,  his  command  extended  to 
include  the  4th  military  district.  The  lately  in- 
surrectionary states  were  at  the  time  divided  into 
five  such  districts,  each  with  a  general  officer  in 
command,  and  a  military  force  at  his  disposal. 
Mississippi  was  among  the  last  of  the  states  to 
comply  with  the  conditions  of  reconstruction,  and 
in  the  interval  the  connnunity  drifted  into  a  state 
bordering  upon  anarchy,  the  provisional  governor 
at  times  interfering  in  the  interest  of  order.  Un- 
der his  direction  an  election  was  held  30  Nov.,  1869, 
and  on  11  Jan.,  1870,  the  legislature  was  convened 
by  his  direction.  Gen.  Ames  was  elected  U.  S. 
senator  for  the  unexpired  term  from  4  March, 
1869.  In  1873  he  was  chosen  governor  of  Missis- 
sippi by  a  popular  vote,  and  resigned  his  seat  in 
the  senate.  His  administration  was  so  repugnant 
to  the  democrats — or,  in  other  words,  to  the  white 
population — that  between  them  and  the  republi- 
cans, mostly  blacks,  a  feeling  of  hostility  arose  so 
bitter  that  it  culminated  in  a  serious  riot  in  Vicks- 
burg,  7  Dec,  1873,  and  this  was  followed  by  atroci- 
ties all  over  the  state,  consisting  for  the  most  part 
in  the  punishment,  often  in  the  murder,  of  obnox- 
ious republicans,  white  and  black.  The  civil  offi- 
cers were  unable  to  enforce  the  laws,  and  Gov. 
Ames  appealed  to  the  general  government  for  aid. 
Upon  this,  despatches  of  the  most  contradictory 
character  were  forwarded  to  Washington  by  the 
opposing  parties,  and,  pending  an  investigation  by 
congress,  affairs  were  in  a  deplorable  state  of  disor- 
ganization. An  election  held  in  November  resulted 
in  a  general  defeat  of  the  republicans,  both  branches 
of  the  legislature  becoming  distinctly  democratic. 
Gov.  Ames  held  that  this  election  was  largely  car- 
ried by  intimidation  and  fraud,  and  vainly  sought 
to  secure  congressional  interference.  Soon  after 
the  legislature  convened  in  January,  1876,  articles 
of  impeachment  were  prepared  against  all  the  execu- 
tive officers,  and,  pending  the  trials,  the  machinery 
of  state  government  was  nearly  at  a  standstill. 
Gov.  Ames,  seeing  that  conviction  was  inevitable, 
offei'ed  through  his  counsel  to  resign,  provided  the 
articles  of  impeachment  were  withdrawn.  This 
was  done,  and  ne  resigned  at  once  and  settled  in 
Minnesota.     Later  he  removed  to  Ijowell,  Mass. 

AMES,  Edward  Rayiuoiid,  bishop,  b.  in  Athens, 
Ohio,  20  May,  1806 ;  d.  'in  Baltimore,  25  April,  1879. 
He  studied  for  two  years  at  the  Ohio  State  Uni- 
versity, and  m  1828  opened  a  high  school  at  Leb- 
anon, 111.,  which  in  time  grew  into  McKendree 
College,  Here  he  remained  until  1830,  when  he 
joined  the  Indiana  Methodist  Episcopal  conference 
and  became  an  itinerant  minister.  At  the  general 
conference  for  1840  he  was  chosen  corresponding 


secretary  of  the  missionary  society,  and  rode 
through  the  South  and  West  and  among  the  Indian 
tribes,  a  distance  of  more  than  25,000  miles.  He 
was  a  presiding  elder  from  1844  to  1852,  and  was 
then  chosen  bishop.  He  was  the  first  Methodist 
bishop  to  visit  the  Pacific  coast.  During  the  civil 
war  he  rendered  important  service  as  a  member  of 
several  commissions. 

AMES,  Fisher,  statesman,  b.  in  Dedham,  Mass., 
9  April,  1758 ;  d.  there.  4  July,  1808.  His  father, 
a  physician,  died  when  Fisher  was  but  six  years 
old,  but  his  mother  resolved,  in  spite  of  her  limited 
income,  to  give  the  boy  a  classical  education.  At 
the  age  of  six  he 
began  the  study 
of  Latin,  and  at 
the  age  of  twelve 
he  was  sent  to 
Harvard,  where  he 
was  graduated  in 
1774.  Owing  to 
his  extreme  youth 
and  the  sti-ait- 
ened  circumstan- 
ces of  the  family, 
he  was  obliged  to 
spend  some  years 
in  teaching  before 
studying  law,  and 
during  this  period 
he  devoted  him- 
self with  indefat- 
igable     zeal      to 

sell-culture.  Often  in  after-life  he  spoke  of  the 
ravenous  appetite  with  which  he  had  devoured  the 
books  within  his  reach.  He  read  the  leading  Eng- 
lish poets,  dwelling  for  hours  on  their  beauties,  and 
fixing  the  most  striking  passages  in  his  memory. 
He  admired  Virgil,  and  could  repeat  considerable 
portions  of  the  Eclogues  and  Georgics,  and  most  of 
the  fine  passages  of  the  ^neid.  He  was  a  pro- 
found student  of  the  Scriptixres,  and  declared  that 
no  man  could  become  ti'uly  eloquent  "  without  be- 
ing a  constant  reader  of  the  Bible  and  an  admirer 
of  the  purity  and  sid)limity  of  its  language."  Mr, 
Ames  studied  law  in  the  office  of  William  Tudor, 
and  began  practice  in  his  native  village  in  1781. 
His  abtlities  were  first  made  known  by  several  po- 
litical essays,  contributed  to  Boston  journals  under 
the  signatures  of  "  Brutus  "  and  "  Camillus."  In 
1788  he  was  elected  representative  in  the  state  leg- 
islature, where  he  distinguished  hnnself  so  highly 
that  he  was  elected  to  the  convention  that  met  in 
Massachusetts  the  same  year  to  ratify  the  federal 
constitution.  In  this  convention  he  urged  the 
adoption  of  the  constitution,  and  made  also  a 
speech  on  biennial  elections,  which  manifested  ex- 
traordinary eloquence  and  power.  Joining  the  fed- 
eral party,  he  was  elected  to  congress  in  December 
of  the  same  year  for  the  district  that  then  included 
Boston.  He  served  in  congress  for  eight  years, 
supporting  Washington's  administration,  and  when 
upon  Washington's  retirement  congress  voted  an 
address  to  him,  Mr.  Ames  was  chosen  to  pronounce 
it.  On  28  April,  1796,  Mr.  Ames  advocated  the 
appropriation  required  for  the  execution  of  Jay's 
treaty  with  Great'  Britain  m  the  most  eloquent  and 
powerful  speech  of  his  life.  A  member  of  the  op- 
position objected  to  the  taking  of  a  vote  at  that 
time,  on  the  ground  that  the  house  was  too  excited 
to  come  to  a  just  decision.  Declining  health  now 
compelled  Mr.  Ames  to  withdraw  from  public  life, 
and  he  returned  to  his  farm  ni  Dedham.  In  1798 
he  wrote  "  Laocoon  "  and  other  essays  to  rouse  the 
fedei-alists  to  more  strenuous  opposition  to  the  ag  ■ 


AMES 


AMES 


65 


gressions  of  France.  On  tlie  death  of  Washington 
he  ])r()nonnced  his  eulogy  before  the  legislature  of 
Massachusetts.  He  was  elected  president  of  Har- 
vard college  in  1804,  but  declined  the  honor  on 
account  of  his  health,  and  spent  his  last  years  in 
retirement.  Though  not  a  deliberate  artist  in 
words,  his  diction  is  highly  pictorial,  and  he 
abounds  in  verbal  felicities,  in  condensed,  epigram- 
matic sentences  and  illuminated  sayings  that  lin- 
ger long  in  the  memory.  He  rarely  wrote  out  be- 
forehand any  part  of  his  speeches,  but  jotted  down 
a  few  heads  only,  on  which  he  studied  till  he  had 
gained  a  complete  mastery  of  his  theme,  and  trust- 
ed for  the  rest  to  the  inspiration  and  resources  of 
the  hour.  In  person  Mr.  Ames  was  somewhat 
above  the  average  stature,  well-proportioned,  and 
very  erect.  His  face  had  none  of  the  strong  and 
rugged  lines  that  mark  the  highest  type  of  great- 
ness, but  had  a  peculiarly  benignant  expression. 
His  disposition  was  amiable,  his  manners  gentle 
and  winning,  and  his  character  without  a  blemish. 
He  was  a  brilliant  talker,  and  one  of  the  wittiest 
and  most  sparkling  of  letter-writers.  A  collection 
of  his  works,  with  a  life  by  Rev.  J.  T.  Kirkland, 
was  published  in  Boston  in  1809  ;  and  his  son,  Seth 
Ames,  published  an  enlarged  edition  (2  vols.,  1854). 
In  1871  his  grandson,  Pelham  W.  Ames,  published 
a  selection  from  his  congressional  speeches,  four  of 
which  are  not  contained  in  the  former  collections. 

AMES,  Joseph,  painter,  b.  in  Roxbury,  N.  H., 
in  1810 ;  d.  in  New  York,  30  Oct.,  1872.  He  early 
began  portrait  painting,  and,  having  attained  mod- 
erate success  in  his  own  state,  opened  a  studio  in 
Boston,  and  soon  established  a  reputation,  painting 
the  portraits  of  several  prominent  citizens.  He 
was  wholly  self-taught,  and  it  is  thought  that  some 
of  his  best  work  was  done  in  this  first  period  of  his 
career.  As  soon  as  he  could  save  the  means  he 
went  to  Rome  and  studied  there,  painting  a  fine 
portrait  of  Pius  IX.  On  his  return  to  the  United 
States  he  settled  in  Boston,  but  removed  to  Balti- 
more on  account  of  his  health  in  1870.  The  change 
did  him  no  good,  and  he  soon  removed  to  New 
York.  He  was  elected  a  member  of  the  national 
academy  of  design  in  1870.  His  success  in  New 
York  in  genre  work,  as  well  as  in  portraiture,  was 
extremely  flattering,  and  he  soon  had  more  orders 
than  he  could  fill.  His  best-known  pictures  are 
portraits  of  Ristori,  Prescott,  Emerson,  Rachel, 
and  President  Felton,of  Harvard,  and  "Gazzaniga." 
Among  his  ideal  paintings  are  "  Miranda,"  "  Night," 
"  Morning,"  "  The  Death  of  Webster,"  and  "  Maud 
MuUer."  The  annual  exhibition  of  1872  contained 
his  last  works,  a  portrait  of  Ross  Winans  and  one 
of  a  young  lady  of  Baltimore,  while  in  his  studio  he 
left  a  finished  picture  of  Madame  Ristori  as  Medea. 
He  died  of  brain  fever  after  a  brief  illness.  His 
widow  has  executed  meritorious  busts  of  Abraham 
Lincoln  and  Gov.  John  A.  Andrew, of  Massachusetts. 

AMES,  Mary  Clemmer  (Mrs.  Hudson),  author, 
b.  in  Utica,  N.  Y.,  in  1839 ;  d.  in  Washington,  D. 
C,  18  Aug.,  1884.  She  was  educated  at  Westfield 
(Mass.)  academy,  and  when  very  young  began  to 
write  for  the  '"  Springfield  Republican."  After- 
ward she  became  a  correspondent  of  the  New 
York  "  Independent,"  to  which,  under  the  title  of 
'•  A  Woman's  Letter  from  Washington,"  she  regu- 
larly contributed  for  many  years.  Through  these 
letters  she  was  best  known"  in  the  literary  world. 
At  an  early  age  she  married  the  Rev.  Daniel  Ames, 
from  whom  she  was  afterward  divorced.  She  was 
intimate  with  Alice  and  Phoebe  Gary,  whose  biog- 
raphies she  wrote.  She  also  published  monographs 
on  Charles  Sumner,  Margaret  Fuller,  George  Eliot, 
Emerson,  and  Longfellow.     She  wrote  three  novels. 


"Victoria"  (New  York,  1864),  "Eirene"  (1870),  and 
"His  Two  Wives"  (1874);  "Ten  Years  in  Wash- 
ington" (1871),  "Outlines  of  Men,  Women,  and 
Things"  (1873),  and  a  volume  of  poems  (Boston, 
1882).  With  the  earnings  of  her  pen  she  bought  a 
house  in  Washington,  which  was  a  social  as  well  as 
a  literary  centre  for  many  years,  and  in  1883  she 
married  Edmund  Hudson,  editor  and  proprietor  of 
the  "  Army  and  Navy  Register."  She  was  thrown 
from  a  carriage  in  1878,  and  received  injuries  from 
which  she  never  wholly  recovered.  A  complete 
edition  of  her  works,  in  four  volumes,  was  pub- 
lished in  Boston  in  1885,  and  a  memorial  by  her 
husband  in  1886.  She  was  an  earnest  and'  con- 
scientious writer,  and  exercised  a  powerful  and 
healthful  influence  upon  public  affairs. 

AMES,  Natliiin  Peabody,  manufacturer,  b.  in 
Chelmsford,  Mass.,  1  Sept.,  1803 ;  d.  in  Chicopee, 
Mass.,  23  April,  1847.  He  began  business  in  1829, 
and  became  known  as  a  skilful  sword-maker,  fur- 
nishing large  numbers  by  contract  to  the  U.  S. 
government.  His  business  having  increased,  he 
removed  to  Cabotville,  Mass.,  and  with  his  as- 
sociates incorporated  in  1834  the  Ames  Manu- 
facturing Company.  In  1836  the  works  were  sup- 
plemented by  the  addition  of  a  foundery  for  cast- 
ing bronze  cannon  and  church-bells.  This  estab- 
lishment soon  became  famous,  and  furnished  most 
of  the  brass  cannon  for  the  U.  S.  army.  The 
statues  of  De  Witt  Clinton,  in  Greenwood  ceme- 
tery, Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  of  Washington,  in  Union  sq., 
New  York,  and  of  Franklin,  in  School  st.,  Boston, 
Mass.,  were  cast  at  this  foundery.  In  1840  ]Mr. 
Ames  visited  Europe  for  the  purpose  of  inspecting 
the  various  armories  and  of  acquiring  the  latest 
information  in  regard  to  improved  processes.  In 
1844  he  received  an  important  order  from  the  Brit- 
ish government  for  machines  used  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  muskets. 

AMES,  Nathaniel,  mathematician,  b.  in  Bridge- 
water,  Mass.,  in  1708;  d.  in  Dedham,  11  July,  1764. 
He  was  a  physician,  but,  inheriting  a  love  of  as- 
tronomy from  his  father,  he  began  the  publication 
in  1725  of  a  series  of  almanacs  that  won  great  suc- 
cess. In  1735  he  removed  to  Dedham  and  kept  a 
tavern.  Here  he  married  Mary  Fisher,  and  two 
sons  were  born  to  them — Fisher  Ames  (g.  r.)and 
Nathaniel,  who  continued  the  publication  of  his 
father's  almanacs  until  1775,  when  he  became  a 
surgeon  in  the  patriot  army.  He  made  several  sea 
voyages,  and  published  stories  of  nautical  adven- 
ture, including  "Mariner's  Sketches"  (1830)  and 
"Nautical  Reminiscences"  (1832).  He  died  in 
Providence,  R.  I.,  18  Jan..  1835.  • 

AMES,  Oakes,  manufacturer,  b.  in  Easton, 
Mass.,  10  Jan.,  1804;  d.  in  North  Easton,  Mass.,  8 
May,  1873.  He  was  the  eldest  son  of  Oliver  Ames, 
a  blacksmith,  who  had  acquired  considerable  repu- 
tation in  the  making  of  shovels  and  picks.  After 
obtaining  a  public-school  education,  he  entered  his 
father's  workshops  and  made  himself  familiar  with 
every  step  of  the  manufacture.  He  became  a  part- 
ner "in  the  business,  and  with  his  brother,  Oliver, 
Jr.,  established  the  firm  of  Oliver  Ames  &  Sons. 
This  house  carried  on  an  enormous  trade  during 
the  gold  excitement  in  California,  and  again  a  few 
years  later  in  Australia.  During  the  civil  war  they 
furnished  extensive  supplies  of  swords  and  shovels 
to  the  government.  In  the  building  of  the  Union 
Pacific  railroad  they  were  directly  interested,  and 
obtained  large  contracts,  which  were  subsequently 
transferred  to  the  Credit  Mobilier  of  America,  a 
corporation  in  which  Oakes  Ames  was  one  of  the 
largest  stockholders.  In  1861  he  was  called  into 
the  executive  council  of  Massachusetts.     He  served 


66 


AMES 


AMMEN 


continuously  in  congress  from  1862  to  1873  as 
representative  from  the  2d  Massachusetts  district. 
His  rehitions  with  the  Credit  Mobilier  led  to  an  in- 
vestigation, which  resulted  in  his  being  censured 
by  a  vote  of  the  house  of  representatives.  Subse- 
quent to  his  withdrawal  from  political  life  he  re- 
sided at  North  East  on,  where  he  died  of  apoplexy. 
— His  brother.  Oliver,  niaiuifacturer,  b.  in  Plym- 
outh, Mass.,  5  Nov.,  1807;  d.  in  North  Easton, 
Mass.,  9  March,  1877,  was  a  member  of  the  Mas- 
sachusetts state  senate  during  1852  and  1857.  He 
was  largely  interested  with  his  brother  in  the  de- 
velopment of  the  Union  Pacific  railroad,  and  was 
its  president  pro  tern,  from  1866  until  1868.  He 
was  formally  elected  president  of  the  company  on 
12  March,  1868,  and  continued  as  such  until  8 
March,  1871.  He  was  connected  with  the  Credit 
Mobilier,  and  in  1873  succeeded  his  brother  as  the 
head  of  the  firm. — Oakes's  second  son,  Oliver, 
financier,  b.  in  Nortli  Easton,  Mass.,  4  Feb.,  1831  ; 
d.  there,  22  Oct.,  1895.  He  was  apprenticed  in  his 
father's  shovel-manufactory,  was  later  educated  at 
Brown  university,  and  in  1863  became  a  partner 
in  Ames  &  Sons.  For  ten  years  he  superintended 
the  mechanical  business  of  the  establishment,  and 
on  his  father's  death  assumed  control  of  his  nu- 
merous financial  trusts,  including  shares  in  the 
Union  Pacific  railroad.  By  judicious  management 
he  paid  debts  and  about  $1,000,000  in  legacies 
under  his  father's  will.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
state  senate  in  1880-'l,  and  in  1882  he  received 
the  republican  nomination  for  lieutenant-governor, 
being  re-elected  in  1883,  1884,  and  1885.  In  1886 
he  was  governor  of  Massachusetts,  and  was  re- 
elected in  1887  and  1888. 

AMES,  Samuel,  jurist,  b.  in  Providence,  K..  I., 
6  Sept.,  1806 ;  d.  there,  20  Dec,  1865.  He  was  pre- 
pared for  college  at  Phillips  Andover  academy,  and 
was  graduated  at  Brown  in  1823.  After  gradua- 
tion he  attended  the  law  lectures  of  Judge  Gould 
at  Litchfield,  Conn.,  and  became  a  member  of  the 
Rhode  Island  bar  in  1826.  He  served  in  the  Provi- 
dence city  council,  was  for  many  years  in  the  state 
assembly,  and  was  elected  speaker  of  that  body  in 
1844  and  1845.  In  1839  he  married  Mary  Throop 
Dorr,  a  niece  of  Thomas  Wilson  Dorr,  famous  as 
the  leader  of  the  rebellion  in  1842.  But  this  did 
not  prevent  Mr.  ^Vmes  from  taking  a  stand  on 
the  side  of  law  and  order,  and  he  served  as  quar- 
termaster of  the  state  troops  during  the  whole 
period  of  disturbance.  In  1853  he  was  appointed 
by  the  legislature  to  represent  the  state  in  adjust- 
ing the  boundary  between  Rhode  Island  and  Mas- 
sachusetts. In  1855  he  was  one  of  the  commis- 
sioners to  revise  the  statutes  of  Rhode  Island,  a 
work  that  was  completed  in  1857  mainly  under  his 
supervision.  He  was  elected  chief  justice  of  the 
state  supreme  court  in  May,  1856,  and  resigned  the 
office  in  November,  1865,  because  of  failing  health. 
He  was  a  delegate  to  the  peace  convention  in  1861. 
The  law  books  of  which  he  was  author  or  edi- 
tor are  "  Agnell  and  Ames  on  Corporations  "  and 
"  Rhode  Island  Reports  "  (vols.  iv.  to  vii.). 

AMHERST,  Jeffrey,  soldier,  b.  in  Riverhead, 
Kent,  England,  29  .Jan.,  1717 ;  d.  3  Aug.,  1797.  His 
American  career  began  in  1758,  when  he  was  com- 
missioned major-general  at  the  instance  of  William 
Pitt,  and  sent  to  cooperate  with  Prideaux  in  wrest- 
ing Canada  from  the  French.  From  boyhood  he 
had  been  a  soldier  serving  in  Flanders  and  winning 
distinction  under  the  duke  of  Marlborough.  For 
his  services  in  reducing  the  French  strongholds  he 
received  the  thanks  of  the  house  of  commons  and 
the  order  of  the  bath.  In  1760  he  was  appointed 
governor-general    of    the   British    possessions   in 


America,  but  proved  unable  to  deal  with  the  In- 
dians under  such  a  leader  as  Pontiac.  In  1763  he 
was  made  governor  of  Virginia,  his  last  American 
service.  In  England,  Pontiac's  conspiracy  was 
generally  unknown,  and  as  Amherst  was  a  favorite 
with  the  king,  honors  were  heaped  upon  him, 
largely  because  he  steadily  favored  the  American 
war.  In  1776  he  was  raised  to  the  peerage  as  Lord 
Amherst,  and  in  1787  received  a  patent  as  Baron 
Amherst  of  Montreal,  this  being  the  name  of  his 
seat  in  Kent.  See  the  "  Gentleman's  Magazine  " 
for  September,  1797 ;  Parkman's  "  Conspiracy  of 
Pontiac  "  ;  and  Bancroft's  "  History  of  the  United 
States,"  vol.  iii.  A  fine  portrait  of  Gen.  Amiierst 
by  Gainsborough  is  in  the  national  portrait  gallery. 

AMI,  Henry  Mark,  Canadian  scientist,  b.  in 
Belle-Riviere,  23  Nov.,  1858.  He  was  graduated 
at  McGill  college  in  1882,  and  in  June  of  the  .same 
year  was  appointed  on  the  paleontological  staff  of 
the  geological  survey  of  Canada.  In  1886  he  was 
assistant  paleontologist,  and  during  the  same  year 
was  engaged  in  the  determination,  identification, 
and  classification  of  the  fossil  remains  of  Canada, 
in  connection  with  the  museum  and  geological 
survey  at  Ottawa.  His  first  paper  on  geology 
was  read  at  Ottawa  in  1881,  and  in  1882  his  work 
on  "  The  Utica  Formation  in  Canada "  was  pub- 
lished. Then  followed  "  Notes  on  Triarthrus  spi- 
nosus,  Billings,"  and  various  reports  on  the  stratig- 
raphy and  paleontology  of  Ottawa  and  vicinity,  and 
a  catalogue  of  fossils.  In  June,  1883,  he  became 
a  permanent  civil  service  officer  in  the  department 
of  the  interior,  geological  survey  branch. 

AMIDAS,  or  AMADAS,  Philip,  navigator,  b. 
in  Hull,  England,  in  1550 ;  d.  there  in  1618.  He 
was  the  son  of  a  Breton  family  who  had  for  a  cent- 
tury  resided  in  England.  He  commanded  one  of 
the  two  ships  in  Arthur  Barlow's  voyage  of  dis- 
covery to  the  coast  of  North  Carolina  "in  1584,  un- 
dertaken with  a  view  to  establishing  a  permanent 
colony.  They  explored  New  Inlet,  and  returned 
with  glowing  accounts  of  the  grapes,  cedars,  and 
other  products  of  the  country  and  of  its  people. 
Amidas  was  in  charge  of  an  expedition  to  New- 
foundland a  few  years  later. 

AaiMEN,  Daniel,  naval  officer,  b.  in  Ohio,  15 
May,  1820;  d.  in  Washington,  D.  C,  11  July,  1898. 
He  was  appointed  midshipman,  and  served  in  the 
Wilkes  exploring  expedition,  in  the  Mediterranean, 
in  the  East  India  squadron,  and  on  the  coast  sur- 
vey. As  lieutenant  (from  4  Nov.,  1849)  he  was  at- 
tached to  a  commission  to  select  a  naval  station  on 
the  Pacific  coast,  accompanied  the  expedition  to 
Paraguav  river  in  1853-'54,  and  was  on  the  steam 
frigate  "  Merrimac  "  in  1859-60.  In  1861.  at  the  out- 
break of  the  civil  war,  he  was  executive  officer  of 
the  North  Atlantic  blockading  squadron.  At  the 
reduction  of  Port  Royal,  7  Nov.,  1861,  he  com- 
manded the  "  Seneca,"  and  was  sent  ashore  to  hoist 
the  flag  over  the  surrendered  forts,  and  hold  them 
till  the  army  took  possession.  He  was  promoted 
to  be  commander  21  Feb.,  1863,  was  assigned  to  the 
monitor  "  Patapsco,"  and  participated  in  the  attack 
on  Fort  Macallister,  3  March,  1863.  In  May,  1864, 
he  was  despatched  to  the  Pacific  in  command  of 
220  seamen  as  passengers  on  board  a  California 
steamer.  Two  days  out  from  New  York  a  well- 
organized  attempt  at  mutiny  was  suppressed  by 
Com.  Ammen  and  Boatswain  Bell,  aided  by  Capt. 
Tinklepaugh,  of  the  steamer,  and  a  few  volunteers 
from  among  the  passengers.  He  participated  in 
the  two  attacks  on  Fort  Fisher  in  the  winter  of 
1864-'65,  was  commissioned  captain  26  July,  1866, 
and  was  on  special  and  sea  service  until  1 1  Dec., 
1877,  when  he   was  made  rear-admiral   and   was 


AMORY 


ANCHIETA 


67 


placed  on  the  retired  list  after  forty-nine  years  and 
six  months  of  service.  He  is  the  author  of  "  The 
Atlantic  Coast "  (New  York,  1883)  and  "  The  Old 
Navy  and  the  New"  (Philadelphia,  1891). — His 
brother,  Jacob,  soldier,  b.  in  Botetourt  co.,  Va.,  7 
Jan.,  1806;  d.  in  Lockland,  Ohio,  6  Feb.,  1894. 
He  WHS  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1881,  and 
served  there  as  assistant  instructor  until  yeptem- 
ber,  1833.  During  the  threatened  "'nullification" 
of  South  Carolina  he  was  on  duty  in  C'harleston 
harbor.  From  4  Oct.,  1834,  to  5"  Nov.,  1837,  he 
was  again  at  West  Point  as  an  instructor,  and 
he  resigned  from  the  army,  30  Nov.,  1837,  to  ac- 
cept a  professorship  of  mathematics  at  Bacon  col- 
lege, Georgetown,  Ky.  Thence  he  went  to  Jef- 
ferson college,  Washington.  Miss.,  in  1839,  to  the 
university  of  Indiana  in  1840,  to  Jefferson  col- 
lege again  in  1843,  and  returned  to  Bacon  col- 
lege in  1848.  From  1855  to  1861  he  was  a  civil  en- 
gineer at  Ripley,  Ohio,  and  on  April  18  of  that 
year  became  captain  in  the  12th  Ohio  volunteers. 
He  was  promoted  lieutenant-colonel  2  May,  and 
participated  in  the  West  Virginia  campaign  (June 
and  July)  under  McClellan.  where  the  first  consid- 
erable federal  successes  of  the  war  were  gained. 
After  the  campaigns  in  Tennessee  and  Mississippi 
he  was  promoted  to  be  brigadier-general  of  volun- 
teers 16  July,  1862.  and  was  in  command  of  camps 
of  instruction  in  Ohio  and  Illinois  until  16  Dec, 
1863.  From  10  April,  1864,  to  14  Jan.,  1865,  when 
he  resigned,  he  was  in  command  of  the  district  of 
east  Tennessee. 

AMOllY,  Robert,  physician,  b.  in  Boston,  2 
May,  1842.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1863, 
and  received  his  degree  from  tiie  medical  depart- 
ment in  1866.  After  studying  in  Paris  and  Dublin 
for  a  year,  he  settled  in  Longwood  (Brookline), 
Mass.  In  addition  to  the  practice  of  his  profession 
he  has  taken  a  warm  interest  in  town  affairs,  filling 
several  important  positions.  He  was  appointed  in 
1869  lecturer  at  Harvard  college  on  the  physiologi- 
cal action  of  drugs,  and  was  afterward  professor  of 
physiology  in  the  medical  school  at  Bowdoin  col- 
lege, but  resigned  this  chair  in  1874.  He  is  a  mem- 
ber of  several  societies  of  medical  science,  and  has 
published  "  Bromides  of  Potassium  and  Ammo- 
nium "  (Boston,  1872),  and  "Action  of  Nitrous 
Oxide  "  (1870) ;  and  has  contributed  to  periodicals 
important  papers  on  "  Chloral  Hydrates :  Experi- 
ments Disproving  Evolution  of  Chloroform  in 
Organism,"  "  Pathological  Action  of  Prussic  Acid," 
"  Poisons,"  etc.  He  has  also  translated  and  edited 
"  Lectures  on  Physiology,"  by  Prof.  Russ,  of  the 
Strasburg  university  medical  school  (Boston, 
1875).  His  "  Photography  of  the  Spectrum  "  was 
published  in  the  proceedings  of  the  American 
academy.  He  was  appointed  assistant  surgeon  in 
the  Massachusetts  volunteer  militia  in  1875,  surgeon 
in  1876,  and  medical  director  of  the  1st  brigade 
a  few  months  later. 

AMORY,  Thomas  Coffin,  lawyer,  b.  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  16  Oct.,  1812;  d.  there,  20  Aug.,  1889.  He 
was  graduated  at  Harvard,  and  became  a  member 
of  the  bar.  For  many  years  he  was  connected  with 
the  municipal  government  of  Boston,  serving  as 
alderman  and  in  important  positions  in  the  educa- 
tional departments.  During  this  period  he  con- 
tributed to  various  periodicals,  and  published  many 
reports  and  addresses  regarding  his  official  duties. 
In  1858  he  published  a  "  Life  of  James  Sullivan," 
governor  of  Massachusetts,  and  in  1868  "  The  Mili- 
tary Services  of  Major-General  John  Sullivan." 
This  was  followed  by  numerous  pamphlets  and  con- 
tributions to  the  historical  magazines  on  subjects 
connected  with  the  revolutionary  war,  among  which 


were  "  Old  Cambridge  and  New,"  "  Our  English 
Ancestors,"  "Homes  of  the  Olden  Times,"  "Old 
Homes  of  New  England,"  "  The  Transfer  of  Erin," 
and  "  The  Acquisition  of  Ireland  by  England."  In 
1886  he  published  "A  Life  of  Sir  Isaac  Coffin  :  His 
English  and  American  Ancestors."  He  wrote  nu- 
merous poems,  the  best-known  of  which  is,  perhaps, 
"  William  Blaxton,  Sole  Inhabitant  of  Boston." 
This  was  written  at  a  time  when  it  was  proposed  to 
pull  down  the  old  South  church,  and  was  followed  by 
"  The  Siege  of  Boston  "  (Cambridge,  1888),  "  Charles 
River"  (1888),  and  "  Miscellaneous  Poems"  (1888). 

AMORY,  Thomas  Isaac  Coffin,  b.  in  Boston, 
3  Nov.,  1830;  d.  of  yellow  fever  in  Beaufort, 
N.  C,  8  Oct.,  1864.  He  was  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1851,  and  served  on  garrison  and  frontier 
duty  in  the  Utah  expedition  (1858-'60),  and  on  re- 
cruiting service  imtil  1861,  when  he  became  colonel 
of  the  17th  Massachusetts  volunteers.  He  was  sta- 
tioned at  Baltimore  with  his  regiment  until  March, 
1862,  when  he  was  ordered  to  North  Carolina  and 
took  part  in  the  operations  about  Newbern,  Beau- 
fort, Goldsboro,  and  Kinston,  until  1  March,  1864, 
when  he  was  assigned  to  a  general  command  of  the 
forces  south  of  the  Trent  river,  and  on  5  July  to 
the  sub-district  of  Beaufort.  He  was  promoted  to 
be  major  19  September,  and  was  brevetted  briga- 
dier-general of  volunteers  1  October. 

AMPUDIA,  Pedro  tie,  Mexican  soldier.  He 
was  made  a  general  by  Santa  Anna  in  1840,  led  a 
foray  on  the  Texas  frontier  under  the  command  of 
Gen.  Woil  in  1842,  took  a  prominent  part  in  the 
conflicts  with  the  Texan  forces  under  Summerville, 
and  in  December,  1842,  commanded  the  land  forces 
in  the  siege  of  Campeachy,  Yucatan.  He  was  com- 
pelled to  retreat  by  Com.  Moore  on  26  June,  1843, 
and  went  to  Tabasco,  where  in  1844  he  aroused 
great  indignation  by  his  cruel  execution  of  Gen. 
Sentmanat,  wlio  had  attacked  the  town.  He  was 
dismissed  from  his  command,  but  on  11  April,  1846, 
appeared  before  Matamoras  as  a  general  in  the 
army  under  Arista.  He  was  given  command  of 
Monterey,  but,  after  a  spirited  defence,  surrendered 
to  Gen.  Taylor.  24  Sept.,  1846. 

ANACA'ONA,  also  called  the  Golden  Flower, 
was  an  Indian  queen,  wife  of  Caonabo,  one  of  the 
five  caciques  who  possessed  the  island  of  Santo 
Domingo  when  the  Spaniards  discovered  it  and 
settled  "there  in  1492.  She  was  celebrated  as  a  com- 
poser of  ballads  and  narrative  poems,  called  areiYos. 
The  Indians,  being  ill-treated  by  the  conquerors, 
revolted,  and  made  a  long  war  against  them ;  and 
during  a  feast  organized  to  honor  the  queen  of 
Jaragua,  who  was  friendly  to  the  Spaniards,  Gov. 
Nicolas  de  Ovando  ordered  the  arrest  of  Anacaona 
and  her  Indian  noblemen,  all  of  whom,  being  sus- 
pected of  conspiracy,  were  executed. 

ANASCO,  Juan  de  (an-yas'-co),  Spanish  trav- 
eller, lived  in  Seville  in  the  first  part  of  the  16th 
century.  He  was  one  of  the  most  active  of  the 
officers  that  accompanied  Hernando  de  Soto  dur- 
ing his  famous  expedition  to  Florida  and  the  re- 
gions along  the  Mississippi  river,  from  1539  to 
1543,  and  the  successful  return  of  the  expedition 
was  largely  due  to  him,  who  was  their  guide  in  de- 
scending the  Mississipj)i. 

ANAYA,  Pedro  Maria  (ah-nay'-ya),  Mexican 
soldier.  He  took  part  in  the  operations  against  the 
American  army  of  occupation,  and  was  twice  presi- 
dent of  Mexico  ad  interim :  while  President  Santa 
Anna  was  absent  from  the  capital  (2  April  to  20 
May,  1847),  and  then  in  the  absence  of  President 
Peiia  V  Pena  (12  Nov.,  1847.  to  8  Jan.,  1848). 

ANiDHIETA,  Jose  de  (an-chee-ay'-ta).  Portu- 
guese missionary,  b.  at  Laguna,  in  Teneriffe,  Ca- 


68 


ANDAGOYA 


ANDERSON 


nary  islands,  in  1533 ;  d.  in  Brazil,  9  June,  1597. 
He  was  a  relative  of  Loyola's.  In  1553  he  went 
from  Coimbra,  where  he  had  been  stationed,  as  a 
missionary  to  Brazil,  where  he  founded  a  college 
for  the  conversion  of  natives,  and  was  appointed 
governor  of  the  converted  Indians.     His  life  was 

gassed  in  danger,  privation,  and  arduous  labor, 
[e  was  believed  by  both  whites  and  Indians  to 
have  the  power  of  working  miracles,  and  was  com- 
monly called  the  "  Apostle  of  Brazil."  The  acad- 
emy of  sciences  at  Madrid  has  published  a  treatise 
by  him  on  "  The  Natural  Productions  of  Brazil." 
See  "  Vida  do  Padre  Joseph  de  Anchieta,"  by  Vas- 
concellos,  and  an  earlier  biography  by  Rodriguez. 

ANDAGOYA,  Pascual  de,  Spanish  traveller,  b. 
in  the  province  of  Alava,  Spain  ;  d.  in  Cuzco,  Peru, 
18  June,  1548.  In  1514,  when  very  young,  he  went 
out  to  Darien  with  the  governor,  Pedro  Arias. 
He  was  made  inspector-general  of  the  Indians  on 
the  isthmus  in  1523,  and  in  the  same  year,  hear- 
ing of  a  province  farther  south  called  Biru  (Peru), 
set  out  on  an  expedition  thither.  Several  chiefs  of 
the  country  made  their  submission  to  him,  and 
told  him  of  the  great  empire  of  the  Incas ;  but 
when  he  attempted  to  make  further  discoveries,  a 
severe  illness  forced  him  to  return  to  Panama, 
where  he  reported  the  information  he  had  gained. 
The  governor  then  handed  over  the  enterprise  to 
three  partnei's,  one  of  whom  was  Francisco  Pizarro, 
afterward  conqueror  of  Peru.  Andagoya  now 
lived  at  Panama  till  1529,  when  he  was  banished 
by  the  governor  to  Santo  Domingo,  but  returned 
in  a  few  years  as  lieutenant  to  the  new  governor, 
Barrionuevo.  He  acted  as  agent  to  Pizarro  and 
the  other  conquerors  of  Peru  until  1536,  when  he 
was  sent  back  to  Spain.  In  1540  he  became  gover- 
nor of  the  country  around  the  San  Juan  river,  and 
founded  the  town  of  Buenaventura ;  but,  owing  to 
a  dispute  with  a  neighboring  governor,  he  went 
back  to  Spain,  where  he  spent  five  years,  returning 
to  Peru  to  die.  Oviedo,  who  knew  him  well, 
speaks  of  him  as  noble  minded  and  virtuous,  and 
says  his  treatment  of  the  Indians  was  humane.  He 
wrote  an  interesting  narrative,  which  remained 
long  in  manuscript,  but  was  finally  published  by 
Navarrete.  An  English  translation  by  Clements 
R.  Markham  has  been  published  by  the  Hakluyt 
society  (London,  1865), 

ANDERS,  John  Daniel,  Moravian  bishop,  b. 
in  Germany,  9  Aug.,  1771 ;  d.  in  Herrnhut,  Saxo- 
ny, 6  Nov ,"  1847.  "He  was  graduated  at  the  Mo- 
ravian college  and  the  theological  seminary  at 
Herrnhut,  became  a  professor  in  the  latter,  and 
subsequently  took  charge  of  the  Moravian  church 
in  Berlin.  There  his  learning  and  eloquence  at- 
tracted no  little  attention  among  the  professors 
of  the  university  and  otliers.  The  celebrated  Dr. 
Neander  was  his  intimate  friend.  In  1827  Anders 
was  appointed  to  preside  over  the  northern  district 
of  the  American  Moravian  church,  and  accordingly 
received  consecration  as  a  bishop  on  16  Sept.  of 
that  year,  at  Herrnhut.  He  filled  this  office  until 
1836,  when  he  attended  a  general  synod  of  the 
Moravian  church  convened  in  Germany,  and  that 
body  elected  him  to  the  supi-eme  executive  board  of 
the  Unitas  Fratrum.  For  this  reason  he  did  not 
return  to  the  United  States. 

ANDERSON,  Alexander,  wood  engraver,  b.  in 
New  York  city,  21  April,  1775;  d.  in  Jersey  City, 
N.  J..  17  Jan.,  1870.  At  the  age  of  twelve  years  he 
made  his  first  attempts  at  engraving  on  copper,  fre- 
quently using  pennies  rolled  out,  and  on  type-metal 
plates.  He  received  no  instruction,  and  his  knowl- 
edge was  acquired  by  watching  jewellers  and  other 
workmen.    Some  of  his  earliest  efforts  were  copies  of 


C^^X-  V  ^<J^o(c^SOy^ 


anatomical  figures  in  medical  works.  In  deference 
to  his  father's  wishes,  he  studied  in  the  medical  de- 
partment of  Columbia  college,  and  was  graduated 
in  1796;  but  at  the  same  time  he  continued  his  in- 
terest  in  engraving 
and  produced  the 
illustrations  for  a 
little  book  entitled 
"  Looking  Glass  for 
the  Mind."  Short- 
ly afterward,  on  be- 
ing informed  that 
it  was  possible  to 
engrave  on  wood, 
he  obtained  blocks 
of  box  -  wood,  de- 
signed his  own 
tools,  and  produced 
the  first  wood  en- 
gravings ever  made 
in  the  United 
States.  About  1798 
he  abandoned  the 
practice  of  medi- 
cine,  and   devoted 

his  attention  thenceforth  exclusively  to  engraving. 
At  first  he  used  Ijoth  wood  and  metal  as  occasion 
required,  but  from  about  1820  his  illustrations  were 
usually  cut  in  wood,  and  for  some  time  he  was  the 
only  artist  in  that  line  in  New  York.  His  best- 
known  productions  include  the  illustrations  in 
Webster's  "  Elementary  Spelling-Book,"  a  series  of 
forty  plates  for  Shakespeare's  plays,  and  engravings 
of  Bewick's  "  Birds,"  and  of  Sir  Charles  Bell's 
"  Anatomy."  For  many  years  he  was  employed  by 
the  American  tract  society  and  engraved  the  illus- 
trations for  their  publications.  A  memorial  address 
on  this  pioneer  engraver,  by  Benson  J.  Lossing, 
was  published  by  the  New  York  Historical  Society, 
with  38  illustrations,  many  of  them  engraved  by 
Anderson  himself. 

ANDERSON,  Alexander,  senator,  b.  in  Jef- 
ferson CO.,  Tenn.,  10  Nov.,  1794  ;  d.  in  Knoxville, 
Tenn.,  23  ilay,  1869.  He  was  elected  by  the  demo- 
crats U.  S.  senator  from  Tennessee  in  1840,  and 
was  afterward  a  legislator  and  judge  in  California, 
and  fi-amed  the  state  constitution. 

ANDERSON,  Oalusha,  educator,  b.  in  Bergen, 
N.  Y.,  7  March,  1832.  He  was  graduated  at  Ro- 
chester university  in  1854,  and  at  the  theological 
seminary  in  Rochester  in  1856.  He  became  distin- 
guished as  a  preacher  of  the  Baptist  denomination, 
and  was  called  in  1866  from  his  church  in  St. 
Louis  to  the  professorship  of  homiletics,  church 
polity,  and  pastoral  duties,  in  Newton  theological 
institute.  From  1873  to  1878  he  preached  in  Brook- 
lyn, and  then  in  Chicago,  and  in  the  latter  year  was 
chosen  president  of  Chicago  university,  in  which 
post  he  continued  till  September,  1885. 

ANDERSON,  George  Burgwin,  soldier,  b.  in 
Wilmington,  N.  C,  12  April,  1831 ;  d.  in  Raleigh, 
N.  C,  16  Oct.,  1862.  He  was  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1852,  and  was  appointed  to  the  2d  dra- 
goons, promoted  to  be  1st  lieutenant  in  1855,  and 
in  1858  appointed  adjutant  of  his  regiment.  He 
resigned  in  April,  1861,  and  entered  the  confed- 
erate army,  where  he  was  soon  appointed  brigadier- 
general  and  given  direction  of  coast  defences  in 
North  Carolina.  At  the  battle  of  Antietam,  where 
he  commanded  a  brigade,  he  received  a  wound  in 
the  foot,  which  eventually  proved  fatal. 

ANDERSON,  Henry"  James,  educator,  b.  in 
New  York,  6  Feb.,  1799;  d.  in  Lahore,  northern 
Hindostan,  19  Oct.,  1875.  He  was  graduated  at 
Columbia   college   with    highest   honors   in    1818. 


ANDERSON 


ANDERSON 


69 


studied  medicine,  and  received  in  1823  his  degree 
from  the  college  of  physicians  and  surgeons.  He 
devoted  his  leisure  time  to  mathematical  investi- 
gations, and  in  1825  was  appointed  professor  of 
mathematics  and  astronomy  in  Columbia  college. 
Alter  twenty-five  years  of  successful  teaching  "he 
resigned  his  professorship  to  go  abroad  in  hopes  of 
restornig  the  health  of  his  wife,  but  to  no  avail. 
While  in  France  he  became  intimately  acquainted 
with  the  astronomer  Arago,  and  about  the  same 
time  he  became  a  convert  to  the  Catholic  faith. 
He  spent  many  years  in  wandering  over  Europe, 
Asia,  and  Africa,  and  during  a  visit  to  the  Holy 
Land  he  acted  as  geologist  to  the  Dead  sea  expe- 
dition under  command  of  Lieut.  Lynch.  The  re- 
sults were  collected  and  published  by  the  U. 
S.  government  in  1848,  with  the  titles  of  "Ge- 
ology of  Lieutenant  Lynch's  Expedition  to  the 
Dead  Sea,"  and  "  Geological  Reconnoissance  of 
Part  of  the  Holy  Land."  In  1851  he  was  elected 
a  trustee  of  Columbia  college,  and  in  1866  emeritus 
professor  of  mathematics  and  astronomy.  In  1874 
he  was  one  of  the  band  of  pilgrims  that  left  the 
United  States  on  a  visit  to  Lourdes,  Prance,  and 
was  received  by  Pius  IX.  with  special  marks  of 
favor.  He  then  joined  as  a  volunteer  the  Ameri- 
can scientific  expedition  sent  out  to  observe  the 
transit  of  Venus,  and  proceeded  to  Australia,  hav- 
ing procured  the  necessary  instruments  at  his  own 
expense.  On  his  return,  he  visited  India,  and, 
while  exploring  the  Himalayas,  he  was  stricken 
with  the  disease  that  caused  his  death.  He  was 
active  in  advancing  the  interests  of  the  Catholic 
church  in  New  York,  for  many  years  was  president 
of  the  society  of  St.  Vincent  de  Paul,  was  promi- 
nent in  the  originating  of  the  Catholic  union  of 
New  York,  and  was  also  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Catholic  Protectory  in  Westchester,  N.  Y. 

ANDERSON,  Henry  T.,  clergyman,  b.  27  Jan., 
1812  ;  d.  19  Sept.,  1872.  He  was  a  minister  of  the 
denomination  known  as  Campbellites  or  Disciples, 
and  was  the  author  of  an  interlinear  translation  of 
the  New  Testament,  and  during  the  last  five  years 
of  his  life  was  engaged  in  its  revision,  taking  for 
his  basis  the  text  of  Tischendorf.  This  work  was 
nearly  comj^leted  at  his  death. 

ANDERSON,  Isasic,  clergyman,  b.  in  Rock- 
bridge CO.,  Va.,  26  March,  1780;  d.  in  Roekford, 
Tenn.,  28  Jan.,  1857.  He  studied  at  liberty  hall 
academy  (afterward  Washington  college),  and  then 
fitted  himself  for  a  preacher.  After  his  family 
had  removed  to  Union,  Tenn.,  he  was  licensed  to 
preach  in  1802,  and  was  the  Presbyterian  pastor  in 
that  place  for  nine  years,  and  subsequently  in 
JMaryville,  where  the  southwestern  theological 
seminary  was  established  through  his  eft'orts. 

ANDERSON,  James  Pattoii,  soldier,  b.  in  Ten- 
nessee about  1820:  d.  in  Menqihis  in  1873.  He 
served  in  Mexico,  commanding  Mississippi  volun- 
teers, with  the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel.  He  after- 
ward settled  at  Olympia,  Washington  territory,  and 
sat  in  tlie  house  of  representatives  as  a  delegate 
from  that  territory  in  1855-57.  He  held  the  rank 
of  brigadier-general  in  the  confederate  army,  dis- 
tinguished himself  at  Shiloh  and  Stone  river,  and 
was  promoted  to  major-general  17  Feb.,  1864,  was 
assigned  to  the  command  of  the  district  of  Florida, 
and  subsequently  commanded  a  division  in  Polk's 
corps.  Army  of  the  Tennessee. 

ANDERSON,  John  Henry,  juggler,  b.  in  Aber- 
deenshire, Scotland,  about  1810.  He  apfjcared  on 
the  stage  with  a  travelling  dramatic  comi)auy  in 
1830,  and  was  known  as  a  conjurer  in  Scotland  be- 
fore he  came  to  America  in  1851.  In  New  York 
he  appeared  in  Jrama  at  the  Broadway  theatre  and 


at  Castle  Garden,  and  then  opened  an  exhibition 
of  sleight-of-hand  at  Tripier  Hall,  taking  the  pro- 
fessional name  of  "  Prof.  Anderson,  the  Wizard  of 
the  North."  He  attained  a  high  reputation  as  a 
magician,  and  travelled  extensively  in  the  United 
States  and  in  other  countries. 

ANDERSON,  John  Jacob,  educator,  b.  in  New 
York  city  in  1821.  He  was  the  master  of  a  large 
ptiblic  school  in  New  York  for  twenty  years,  and 
is  the  author  of  several  text -books  of  history. 
These  include  "  Introductory  School  History  of 
the  United  States  "  (New  York,  1865) ;  "  Pictorial 
School  History  of  the  United  States "  (1863) 
"  Common  School  History  of  the  United  States  " 
"  Grammar  School  History  of  the  United  States  " 
"A  Manual  of  General  History";  "A  School  His- 
tory of  England  "  (1870) ;  "  The  Historical  Reader  " 
(1871);  "the  United  States  Reader"  (1872);  "A 
New  Manual  of  General  History"  (1869);  "A  Pic- 
torial School  History " ;  "A  School  History  of 
France";  "The  Historical  Reader";  and  "A 
School  H  istory  of  Greece." 

ANDERSON,  Joseph,  statesman,  b.  near  Phila- 
delphia, 5  Nov.,  1757;  d.  in  Washington.  D.  C,  17 
April,  1837.  He  studied  law,  and  at  the  beginning 
of  the  revolution  was  appointed  an  ensign  in  the 
New  Jersey  line.  At  the  battle  of  Monmouth  he 
served  as  a  captain.  He  was  with  Sullivan  in 
the  expedition  against  the  Iroquois,  and  was  pres- 
ent at  Valley  Forge  and  at  the  siege  of  Yorktown, 
retiring  after  the  war  with  the  brevet  rank  of 
major.  He  began  the  practice  of  law  in  Delaware. 
Washington  appointed  him  in  1791  territorial  judge 
of  the  region  south  of  the  Ohio  river,  and  he  took 
part  m  drawing  up  the  constitution  of  Tennessee. 
He  was  U.  S.  senator  from  that  state  from  1797  to 
1815,  serving  on  important  committees  and  twice 
acting  as  president  joro  tempore.  He  was  first  comp- 
troller of  the  treasury  from  1815  till  1836. 

ANDERSON,  Martin  Brewer,  educator,  b.  in 
Brunswick,  Me.,  12  Feb.,  1815 ;  d.  at  Lake  Helen, 
Fla.,  26  Feb.,  1890. 
He  was  graduated 
at  Waterville  college 
in  1840,  and  then 
studied  for  a  year  at 
Newton,  Mass.  In 
the  following  year 
he  was  appointed  tu- 
tor of  Latin,  Greek, 
and  mathematics  at 
Waterville,  and  sub- 
sequently professor 
of  rhetoric.  He  also 
organized  and  taught 
the  course  in  modern 
history.  In  1850  he 
resigned  his  profess- 
orship and  became 
proprietor  and  editor 
of  the  "  New  York 
Recorder,"  a  weekly  Baptist  journal.  In  1858  he 
accepted  the  presidency  of  the  university  of  Roch- 
ester, which  office  he  occupied  until  1889,  teach- 
ing the  departments  of  psychology  and  political 
economy.  He  travelled  in  Europe  in  1862-'63. 
He  published  numerous  literary  and  philosophical 
articles.  He  was  a  powerful  public  speaker,  and 
during  the  civil  war  rendered  notable  service  in 
arousing  and  sustaining  the  sentiment  of  loyalty 
to  the  government  and  the  determination  to  carry 
the  struggle  through  to  a  successful  close.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  New  York  state  board  of 
charities  for  thirteen  years,  also  one  of  the  com- 
missioners of  the  state  reservation  at  Niagara  Falls. 


£^^. 


yLc-/K!)  ^cU-o-^^n^ 


70 


ANDERSON 


ANDERSON 


ln^mtr 


ANDERSON,  Mar.v»  actress,  b.  in  Sacramento, 
Cal.,  28  July,  1859.  She  was  brought  to  Louis- 
ville, Ky.,  when  an  infant,  and  was  left  fathei'less 
at  three  years  of  age.     She  was  educated  in  the 

Ursuline  convent 
of  that  city,  and, 
when  thirteen 
years  old,  resolved 
to  enter  the  dra- 
matic profession. 
She  received  a 
training  in  music, 
dancing,  and  lit- 
erature to  that 
end,  and,  after 
taking  a  course 
of  dr-amatic  les- 
sons in  New  York, 
on  the  advice  of 
Charlotte  Cush- 
man,  and  pursu- 
ing elocutionary 
studies  at  home 
for  a  year  longer, 
she  appeared  as 
Juliet  at  Macau- 
ley's  theatre,  in 
Louisville,  27 
Nov.,  1875,  and 
subsequently  in  other  parts.  She  played  then  in 
St.  Louis,  and  next  in  New  Orleans,  where  she  was 
received  with  enthusiasm.  She  became  a  favorite 
actress  in  the  principal  cities  of  the  United  States, 
playing  Lady  Macbeth,  Parthenia  in  "  Ingomar," 
Pauline  in  "  The  Lady  of  Lyons,"  Galatea,  and 
other  characters.  She  played  in  1888  and  the  fol- 
lowing seasons  in  England,  where  she  was  greatly 
admired  for  her  beauty  and  refined  acting.  See 
"  The  Stage  Life  of  Mary  Anderson,"  by  William 
Winter  (New  York,  1886).    She  married  in  1890. 

ANDERSON,  Ophelia  Brown,  actress,  b.  in 
Boston,  24  Julv,  1818;  d.  in  Jamaica  Plain,  Mass., 
27  Jan.,  1852.  'She  was  the  daugliter  of  Mrs.  Pel- 
by,  an  actress,  and  appeared  on  the  stage  in  Boston, 
when  two  years  old,  as  Cora's  child  in  "  Pizarro." 
She  became  a  favorite  with  the  American  public, 
and  was  the  chief  attraction  in  the  Tremont  and 
National  theatres,  of  which  successively  her' father 
was  the  manager.  Her  father,  William  Pelby, 
b.  in  Boston,  Mass.,  16  March,  1793;  d.  28  May, 
1850,  managed  the  Tremont,  built  the  Warren 
theatre,  and  appeared  in  London  as  Hamlet  and 
Brutus  in  Payne's  play. 

ANDERSON,  Rasmus  Bjorn,  author,  b.  in  Al- 
bion, Wis.,  12  Jan.,  1846.  His  parents  were  Nor- 
wegians, and  he  was  educated  at  the  Norwegian 
Lutheran  college,  at  Decorah,  Iowa.  He  was  profes- 
sor of  Scandinavian  languages  in  the  university  of 
Wisconsin  from  1875  to  1884.  In  1885  he  was  ap- 
pointed U.  S.  minister  to  Denmark.  He  has  pub- 
lished "  Julegrave  "  (1872) :  "  Den  Norske  Maalsag  " 
(1874) ;  "  America  not  Discovered  by  Christopher 
Columbus  "  (Chicago,  1874) ;  "  Norse  Mythologv  " 
(1875);  "Viking  Tales  of  the  North"  (1877); 
"The  Younger  Edda"  (1880);  a  translation  of 
Horn's  "  History  of  the  Literature  of  the  Scan- 
dinavian North  "  (1885) ;  and  Bjorson's  works. 

ANDERSON,  Richard  Cloii^h,  soldier,  b.  in 
Hanover  co.,  Va.,  12  Jan.,  1750;  d.  near  Louis- 
ville, Ky.,  16  Oct.,  1826.  As  captain  in  the  5th 
Virginia  continentals,  he  led  the  advance  of  the 
Americans  at  the  battle  of  Trenton  (24  Dec,  1776), 
crossing  the  Delaware  river  in  the  first  boat,  and 
drivmg  in  the  Hessian  outposts  several  hours  be- 
fore the  main  attack  was  delivered.     He  was  at 


the  battles  of  Brandywine  and  Germantown,  and 
was  a  daring  leader  wherever  dash  and  resolution 
were  needed.  He  was  at  the  death-bed  of  Pulaski, 
and  the  dying  Pole  gave  him  his  sword  as  a  me- 
mento. After  the  war  he  removed  to  the  wilder- 
ness of  Kentucky,  near  Louisville,  and  led  the  life 
of  a  pioneer  and  Indian  fighter  until  advancing 
civilization  pushed  the  frontier  so  far  westward 
that  he  was  too  old  to  follow.  Before  the  close  of 
the  last  century  he  superintended  the  building  of 
a  two-masted  vessel,  which  he  sent  to  London 
laden  with  Kentucky  produce.  See  biographical 
sketch  by  E.  L.  Anderson  (New  York,  1879). — His 
son,  Richard  Cloilgh,  Jr.,  lawyer  (b.  in  Louisville, 
Ky.,  4  Aug.,  1788;  d.  in  Tubaco,  24  July,  1826), 
was  graduated  at  William  and  Mary  college  in 
1804.  and  studied  law  with  Judge  Tucker.  He 
practised  with  success  at  the  Kentucky  bar,  and, 
after  sitting  in  the  legislature,  was  elected  to  con- 
gress in  1817  and  again  the  following  term.  In 
1822  he  was  again  returned  to  the  legislature,  and 
was  chosen  speaker.  He  was  appointed  minister 
to  Colombia  in  1823  and  in  1826,  when,  proceeding 
to  the  Panama  congress  as  envoy  extraordinary,  he 
died  on  the  journey. 

ANDERSON,  Richard  Herron,  soldier,  b.  near 
Statesburgh,  S.  C,  7  Oct.,  1821 ;  d.  in  Beaufort.  26 
June,  1879.  He  was  graduated  at  the  U.  S.  military 
academy  in  1842,  assigned  to  the  2d  dragoons,  and 
served  on  frontier  duty  until  1845,  when  he  joined 
the  expedition  for  the  military  occupation  of  Texas. 
In  the  war  with  Mexico  he  took  part  in  the  siege 
of  Vera  Cruz  and  the  various  operations  preceding 
and  including  the  capture  of  the  city  of  Mexico, 
12-14  Sept.,  1847.  He  became  first  lieutenant  of 
the  2d  dragoons  13  July,  1848,  and  captain  3 
March,  1855,  served  frequently  at  the  cavalry 
school  for  practice  at  Carlisle  barracks,  and  was  on 
duty  in  Kansas  during  the  border  troubles  of  1856- 
'57.  He  was  on  duty  at  Fort  Kearney,  Nebraska, 
from  1859  to  1861,  when  he  resigned,  3  March,  to 
accept  a  brigadier's  commission  from  the  confeder- 
ate government.  He  was  promoted  to  major-gen- 
eral in  August,  1862,  and  given  the  command  of 
the  5th  division  of  Bragg's  army  in  Tennessee,  but 
was  soon  ordered  to  the  army  of  Virginia,  and  was 
wounded  at  Antietam.  He  commanded  a  division 
at  Gettysburg  1-3  July.  1863,  and  was  promoted  to 
lieutenant-general  in  May,  1864.  It  was  his  unex- 
pected night  march  (because  he  could  not  find  a 
suitable  place  to  encamp)  that  took  the  van  of 
Lee's  army  to  the  defences  of  Spottsylvania  before 
Grant  could  reach  that  place,  and  thus  prolonged  a 
campaign  that  might  otherwise  have  ended  there 
with  a  decisive  battle.  Gen.  Anderson  took  a 
prominent  part  in  the  defence  of  Petersburg,  and 
in  the  closing  engagements  that  preceded  the  sur- 
render, commanded  the  4th  corps  of  the  confeder- 
ate army  under  Lee.  After  the  war  he  remained 
in  pri\'ate  life. 

ANDERSON,  Robert,  soldier,  b.  at  "Soldier's 
Retreat,"  near  Louisville,  Ky.,  14  June,  1805  ;  d.  in 
Nice,  France.  27  Oct.,  1871.  He  graduated  at 
West  Point  in  1825,  and  was  appointed  second 
lieutenant  in  the  3d  artillery.  He  served  in  the 
Black  Hawk  war  of  1832  as  colonel  of  the  Illinois 
volunteers.  In  1835-'37  he  was  instructor  of  artil- 
lery at  West  Point,  and  in  1837-38  he  served  in 
the  Florida  war,  and  was  brevetted  captain.  Sub- 
sequently he  was  attached  to  the  staff  of  Gen. 
Scott  as  assistant  adjutant-general,  and  was  pro- 
moted to  captain  in  1841.  He  served  in  the  Mexi- 
can war,  and  was  severely  wounded  at  INIolino  del 
Rey.  In  1857  he  was  appointed  major  of  the  1st 
artillery,  and  on  20  Nov.,  1860,  he  assumed  com- 


ANDERSON 


ANDRE 


71 


n^ift-^ 


fU/jc^^i^    - 


mand  of  the  troops  in  Charleston  harbor,  with 
headquarters  at  Fort  Moultrie.  Owing  to  threat- 
ened assaults,  he 
withdrew  his  com- 
mand, on  the  night 
of  2G  Dee.,  to  Fort 
Sumter,  where  he 
was  soon  closely  in- 
vested by the confed- 
erate forces.  On  13 
April,  1861,  he  evac- 
uated the  fort,  after 
a  bombardment  of 
nearly  thirty  -  six 
hours  from  batteries 
to  which  he  replied 
as  long  as  his  guns 
could  be  worked. 
He  marched  out, 
with  his  seventy 
men,  with  the  hon- 
ors of  war,  on  the 
14th,  saluting  his  flag  as  it  was  hauled  down,  and 
sailed  for  New  York  on  the  following  day.  In 
recognition  of  this  service  he  was  appointed  briga- 
dier-general in  the  U.  S.  army  by  President  Lin- 
coln, and  was  assigned  to  the  command  of  the  de- 
partment of  Kentucky,  and  subsequently  to  that 
of  the  Cumberland.  In  consequence  of  failing 
health,  he  was  relieved  from  duty  in  October,  1861. 
He  was  retired  from  active  service  27  Oct.,  1863, 
and  on  3  Feb.,  1865,  he  was  brevetted  major-gen- 
eral. He  sailed  for  Europe  in  1869  for  his  health, 
but  died  there.  He  translated  and  adapted  from 
the  French  "  Instructions  for  Field  Artillery, 
Horse  and  Foot "  (1840),  and  "  Evolutions  of  Field 
Batteries"  (1860),  both  of  which  have  been  used  by 
the  war  department.  It  was  largely  owing  to  his 
personal  efforts  that  the  initial  steps  were  taken 
organizing  the  Soldiers'  Home  in  Washington, 
which  now  harbors  about  2,000  veterans  of  the 
regular  army. — His  brother,  Larz,  capitalist,  b, 
near  Louisville,  Ky.,  9  April.  1803;  d.  in  Cincin- 
nati, Ohio,  27  Feb.,  1878,  was  graduated  at  Har- 
vard in  1822.  He  was  a  son-in-law  of  Nicholas 
Longworth,  of  Cincinnati,  in  which  city  he  resided 
and  was  respected  for  his  profuse  charities  and 
public  .'<i)irit. 

ANDERSON,  Robert  Honstoun,  soldier,  b.  in 
Savannah.  Ga.,  1  Oct.,  1835 ;  d.  there.  8  Feb.,  1888. 
He  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1857,  and  served 
in  the  9th  infantry  at  Fort  Columbus,  New  York 
harbor,  and  at  Fort  Walla-walla,  Washington  ter- 
ritory, until  1861,  when  he  obtained  a  leave  of 
absence,  but  subsequently  resigned  (3  May,  1861), 
entered  the  confederate  service  as  major,  and  was 
commissioiii'd  brigadier-general  in  1864.  In  1867 
he  becaii.c  chief  of  police  in  Savannah,  Ga. 

ANDERSON,  Rufus,  author,  b.  in  North  Yar- 
mouth, Me..  17  Aug.,  1796  ;  d.  30  May,  1880.  He 
was  graduated  at  Bowdoin  college  in  1818,  and  at 
Andover  theological  seminary  in  1822,  and  was 
ordained  as  a  minister  in  i826.  From  1824  to 
1832  he  was  assistant  secretary  of  the  American 
board  of  foreign  missions,  and  in  1832  he  became 
secretary,  in  which  office  he  remained  until  1866, 
receiving  on  that  occasion  a  testimonial  of  |20,000 
Irom  New  York  and  Boston  merchants,  most  of 
which  he  turned  over  to  the  board.  From  1867  to 
1869  he  lectured  on  foreign  missions  at  Andover 
seminary.  He  visited  the  Mediterranean  missions 
in  1843,'the  Indian  missions  in  1854,  and  those  in 
the  Sandwich  islands  in  1863.  He  published 
"Foreign  Missions,  their  Relations  and  Claims": 
*  Memoir  of  Catharine  Brown  "  (1825) ;  "  Observa- 


tions upon  the  Peloponnesus  and  Greek  Islands  " 
(Boston,  1830) ;  "  The  Hawaiian  Islands,  their  Prog- 
ress and  Condition  under  Missionary  Labors" 
(1864) ;  "  A  Heathen  Nation  Civilized,"  containing 
a  history  of  the  Sandwich  island  mission  (1870) ; 
and  "  History  of  the  Missions  of  the  American 
Board  of  Commissioners  for  Foreign  Missions  to 
the  Oriental  Churches  "  (1872). 

ANDERSON,  William,  soldier,  b.  in  Chester 
CO.,  Pa.,  in  1763  ;  d.  there  14  Dec,  1829.  He  fought 
through  the  revolutionary  war,  served  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Brandywine  on  the  staff  of  Gen.  Lafayette 
as  colonel,  and  was  present  at  Valley  Forge,  Ger- 
mantown,  and  Yorktown.  He  was  a  Jeffersonian 
democrat  and  held  many  public  offices.  From 
1809  to  1815  he  sat  in  congress,  and  again  in  1817- 
'19.  He  was  subsequently  county  court  judge  in 
Delaware  co.,  and  after  that  a  collector  of  customs. 
His  daughter  Evelina,  who  became  the  wife  of  Com- 
modore Porter,  was  author  of  the  popular  song 
"  Thou  hast  wounded  the  Spirit  that  loved  Thee." 

ANDRADA  E  SYLVA,  Bonifacio  Jos6  d' 
(an-drah'-da),  Brazilian  statesman,  b.  in  Santos,  13 
June,  1763;  d.  near  Rio  de  Janeiro,  6  April,  1838. 
Under  the  patronage  of  the  Lisbon  royal  academy 
he  travelled  in  Europe,  studying  in  Paris  under 
Lavoisier,  at  the  mining  school  of  Frieberg  under 
Werner,  and  at  Pavia  under  Volta.  In  1800  he 
became  professor  of  metallurgy  and  geognosy  at 
Coimbra,  and  soon  afterward  general  intendant  of 
the  Portuguese  mines.  He  took  an  active  part  in 
the  construction  of  canals  and  public  works,  and 
in  1812  was  named  perpetual  secretary  of  the  Lis- 
bon academy  of  sciences.  He  returned  to  Brazil  in 
1819,  and  became  one  of  the  champions  of  national 
independence.  As  vice-president  of  the  provincial 
junta  (24  Dec,  1821)  he  urged  Dom  Pedro  I.  to 
remain  in  Brazil,  became  his  minister  of  the  in- 
terior (16  Jan.,  1822),  was  removed  from  his  office 
25  Oct.,  but  reinstated  30  Oct.,  at  the  request  of 
the  people,  and  was  finally  displaced  17  July,  1823, 
on  account  of  his  liberalism.  In  the  constituent 
assembly  his  opposition  became  so  bitter  that  after 
its  dissolution  (12  Nov.,  1823)  he  was  banished  to 
France,  and  lived  in  Bordeaux  till  1829,  when  he 
returned  tb  Brazil.  Dom  Pedro  I.,  abdicating  7 
April,  1831,  in  favor  of  Dom  Pedro  II.,  selected 
Andrada  as  the  latter's  guardian  and  tutor.  In 
1833  he  was  tried  on  a  charge  of  intriguing  for  the 
restoration  of  Dom  Pedro  I.,  was  acquitted,  but 
was  deprived  of  his  place  and  restrained  of  his 
liberty.  He  wrote  on  mineralogy,  and  published 
"  Poesias  d'America  Elysea "  (Bordeaux,  1825). 
His  brothers,  Antonio  Carlo  and  Martim  Francisco 
d'Andrada,  were  prominent  in  Brazilian  politics 
and  shared  his  fate.  The  latter,  b.  in  Santos  in 
1776,  d.  there  23  Feb.,  1844,  left  two  sons :  Joze 
Bonifacio,  author  of  "  Rosas  e  goivos  "  (Sao  Paulo, 
1849);  and  Martim  Francisco,  author  of  "Lugri- 
mas  e  sorrisos "  (Rio,  1847),  and  of  the  drama 
"Januariq, Garcia"  (1849). 

ANDRE,  John,  soldier,  b.  in  London  in  1751, 
of  Swiss  parents ;  d.  at  Tappan,  N.  Y.,  2  Oct.,  1780. 
In  the  autumn  of  1775  he  was  taken  prisoner  at 
St.  John's  by  Gen.  Jlontgomery.  He  afterward 
served  on  the  staff  of  Gen.  Gray,  and  then  on  that 
of  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  who,  in  1779,  made  him  ad- 
jutant-general of  the  British  army  in  America. 
Under  the  name  of  "John  Anderson"  he  eon- 
ducted  the  treacherous  negotiations  with  Benedict 
Arnold  for  the  surrender  of  West  Point.  On  the 
night  of  21  Sept.,  1780,  he  had  an  interview  with 
Arnold  in  the  woods  near  Stony  Point,  and  took 
breakfast  with  him  in  the  house  of  Joshua  Smith, 
who  was  not  privy  to  the  plot.     On  leaving  him. 


72 


ANDREE 


ANDREW 


^^^a^tr?^  <^^^a!^^r-0 


Arnold  gave  him  six  papers  containing  full  infor- 
mation as  to  the  state  of  the  defences  at  West 
Point,  and  also  passes  enabling  him  to  return  either 
by  land  or  by  water  to  New  York.  Smith  per- 
suaded him  to  take  the  journey  by  land,  and  ac- 
companied him 
part  of  the  way. 
Contrary  to  Clin- 
ton's positive  in- 
structions, Andre 
adopted  a  disguise, 
and,  contrary  to 
Arnold's  positive 
instructions,  Smith 
left  him  before  he 
had  reached  the 
British  lines.  Soon 
after  Smith  left 
him  he  was  stopped 
by  three  young 
men  whom  he  sup- 
posed to  be  tories, 
and  incautiously 
let  them  know  that 
he  was  a  British 
officer.  The  young 
men,  who  were  pa- 
triotic Americans,  searched  his  person,  and,  finding 
the  treasonable  documents  in  his  stockings,  ar- 
rested him.  He  was  tried  by  a  board  of  six  major- 
generals  and  eight  brigadiers,  found  guilty  of  act- 
ing as  a  spy,  and  condemned  to  the  gallows.  His 
remains  were  buried  on  the  spot  where  he  suffered, 
but  in  1821  they  were  taken  to  England  and  in- 
terred in  Westminster  Abbey.  His  hard  fate  has 
been  much  commiserated  on  account  of  his  enga- 
ging personal  qualities,  but  the  justice  of  his  sen- 
tence is  generally  conceded  by  British  writers  as 
well  as  American.  Each  of  Andre's  captors — John 
Paulding,  David  Williams,  and  Isaac  Van  Wart — 
received  from  congress  a  silver  medal  and  an 
annuity  of  $200.  His  life  has  been  written  by 
Sparks,  in  his  "  American  Biographies,"  and  much 
more  fully  by  Wintlirop  Sargent,  "  Life  and  Career 
of  Major  John  Andre"  (Boston,  1801). 

ANDREE,  Karl  Theodor,  German  geographer, 
b.  in  Brunswick.  20  Oct.,  1808;  d.  in  Waldeck,  10 
Aug.,  1875.  After  studying  at  Jena,  Gottingen, 
and  Berlin,  he  published,  in  1850-'51,  at  Brunswick, 
a  work  entitled  "  Nordamerika  in  geographischen 
und  geschichtlichen  Umrissen."  Among  his  other 
works  are  "  Buenos  Ayres  vind  die  argentinische 
Republik"  (Leipsic,  1856);  "  Geogi'a])liisclie  Wan- 
derungen"  (Dresden,  1859);  and  "Geographic  des 
Welthandels  "  (Stuttgart,  18()3).  In  1861  he  began 
the  publication  of  the  geographical  magazine 
"  Globus."  During  the  American  civil  war  he  ad- 
vocated the  cause  of  the  secessionists. 

ANDREW,  James  Osgood,  M.  E.  bishop,  b.  in 
Wilkes  CO.,  near  Washington,  Ga.,  3  May,  1794; 
d.  in  Mobile,  Ala.,  1  March,  1871.  He  was  the  son 
of  a  Methodist  minister  who  was  a  partisan  ranger 
in  the  revolution.  He  entered  the  South  Carolina 
conference  in  1812,  was  ordained  deacon  in  1814, 
received  full  ordination  in  1816,  preached  on  cir- 
cuits in  Georgia  and  North  Carolina,  was  stationed 
at  Savannah,  Charleston,  Greensljoi'ough,  and 
Athens,  was  presiding  elder  for  several  years,  and 
in  1832  was  chosen  bishop  by  the  general  confer- 
ence that  met  at  Philadelphia.  After  Emory  col- 
lege was  established  in  1841,  he  resided  at  Oxford, 
Ga.  In  1844  he  married  for  his  second  wife  Mrs. 
Leonora  Greenwood,  of  Greensborough,  who  pos- 
sessed a  few  slaves,  and  after  marriage  he  conveyed 
to  his  wife  all  the  rights  in  her  property  that  the 


law  gave  him.  He  was  himself  the  legal  owner  of 
a  negro  woman,  who  had  been  left  in  his  charge 
by  a  deceased  parishioner,  with  the  request  that  she 
might  be  sent  to  Liberia  or  remain  with  him,  at  her 
option,  and  also  of  a  boy  who  had  been  bequeathed 
to  his  former  wife.  At  the  general  conference,  held 
in  New  York  in  1844,  the  fact  that  Bishop  Andrew- 
was  a  slave-holder  was  the  subject  of  a  heated  dis- 
cussion, ending  with  the  adoption  of  a  resolution, 
by  a  vote  of  111  to  69,  requesting  him  to  desist 
from  performing  the  offices  of  bishop  so  long  as  he 
remained  a  slave-owner.  When  he  became  aware 
of  the  excitement  caused  by  the  fact  that  one  of 
the  bishops  of  the  church  was  interested  in  slave 
property,  he  decided  to  resign  his  episcopal  office, 
but  was  deterred  by  a  formal  request  from  the 
southern  delegates  to  the  conference.  The  repre- 
sentatives of  thirteen  southern  conferences  pro- 
tested against  this  action  and  repudiated  the  juris- 
diction of  the  general  convention,  and  in  May, 
1846,  the  Methodist  Episcopal  church,  south,  was 
organized  as  an  independent  body,  in  a  general 
conference  held  at  Petersburg,  Va.  Bishop  An- 
drew presided  as  senior  bishop  over  this  organiza- 
tion until  his  death.  After  a  visit  to  California  in 
1855,  to  look  after  the  interests  of  the  struggling 
southern  Methodist  church  there,  he  took  up  his 
residence  in  Summerfield,  Ala.  The  New  Orleans 
conference  of  1866  granted  him  a  retired  relation  at 
his  own  request.  He  published  a  volume  of  "  Mis- 
cellanies "  and  a  work  on  "  Family  Government." 

ANDREW,  John  Albion,  statesman,  b.  in 
Windham,  Me.,  31  May,  1818 ;  d.  in  Boston,  Mass., 
30  Oct.,  1867.  His  "father,  descended  from  an 
early  settler  of  Boxford,  Mass.,  was  a  prosperous 
merchant  in  Windham.  John  Albion  was  gradu- 
ated at  Bowdoin  in  1837.  He  was  a  negligent  stu- 
dent, though  fond  of  reading,  and  in  his  profes- 
sional life  always  felt  the  lack  of  training  in  the 
habit  of  close  application.  He  immediately  en- 
tered on  the  study  of  the  law  in  the  office  of  Henry 
H.  Fuller,  in  Boston,  where  in  1840  he  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar.  Until  the  outbreak  of  the  war 
he  practised  his  profession  in  that  city,  attaining 
special  distinction  in  the  fugitive-slave  cases  of 
Shadrach  Burns  and  Sims,  which  arose  under  the 
fugitive-slave  law  of  1850.  He  became  interested 
in  the  slavery  question  in  early  youth,  and  was  at- 
tracted toward  many  of  the  reform  movements  of 
the  day.  After  his  admission  to  the  bar  he  took 
an  active  interest  in  politics  and  frequently  spoke 
on  the  stump  on  behalf  of  the  whig  party,  of 
which  he  was  an  enthusiastic  member.  From  the 
year  1848  he  was  closely  identified  with  the  anti- 
slavery  party  of  Massachusetts,  but  held  no  office 
until  i858,  when  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
state  legislature  from  Boston,  and  at  once  took  a 
leading  position  in  that  body.  In  1860  he  was  a 
delegate  to  the  Chicago  republican  convention, 
and,  after  ^■oting  for  Mr.  Seward  on  the  early  bal- 
lots, announced  the  change  of  the  vote  of  part  of  the 
Massachusetts  delegation  to  Mr.  Lincoln.  In  the 
same  year  he  was  nominated  for  governor  by  a 
popular  impulse.  Many  feared  that  the  radicalism 
of  his  opinions  would  render  him  unsafe  in  action, 
and  the  political  managers  regarded  him  as  an  in- 
truder and  opposed  his  nomination ;  yet  he  was 
elected  the  twenty-first  governor  of  Massachusetts 
since  the  adoption  of  the  constitution  of  1780  by 
the  largest  popular  vote  ever  cast  for  any  candidate. 
He  was  energetic  in  placing  the  militia  of  Massa- 
chusetts on  a  war  footing,  in  anticipation  of  the 
impending  conflict  between  the  government  and 
the  seceded  states.  He  had  announced  this  pur- 
pose in  his  inaugural  address  in  1861,  and,  upon 


ANDREW 


ANDREWS 


73 


being  inducted  into  office,  he  sent  a  confidential 
message  to  the  governors  of  Maine  and  New  Hamp- 
shire, inviting  their  cooperation  in  preparing  the 
militia  for  service  and  providing  supplies  of  war 
material.     This  course  of  action  was  not  regarded 

with  favor  at  the 
time  by  a  majority 
of  the  legislature, 
although  his  oppo- 
nents refrained 
from  a  direct  colli- 
sion. On  receiv- 
ing the  president's 
proclamation  of  15 
April,  1861,  he  de- 
spatched five  regi- 
ments of  infantry, 
a  battalion  of  rifle- 
men, and  a  battery 
of  artillery  to  the 
defence  of  the  capi- 
tal. Of  these,  the 
Massachusetts  6th 
was  the  first  to 
tread  southern  soil, 
passing  through  New  York  while  the  regiments  of 
that  .state  were  mustering,  and  shedding  the  first 
blood  of  the  war  in  the  streets  of  Baltimore,  where 
it  was  assailed  by  the  mob.  Gov.  Andrew  sent  a 
telegram  to  Mayor  Brown,  praying  him  to  have  the 
bodies  of  the  slain  carefully  sent  forward  to  him  at 
the  expense  of  the  commonwealth  of  Massachusetts. 
He  was  equally  active  in  raising  the  Massachusetts 
contingent  of  three  years'  volunteers,  and  was  labo- 
rious in  his  efEorts  to  aid  every  provision  for  the  com- 
fort of  the  sick  and  wounded  soldiers.  He  was  four 
times  reelected  governor,  holding  that  office  till 
January,  1866,  and  was  only  then  released  by  his 
positive  declination  of  another  renomination,  in  or- 
der to  attend  to  his  private  business,  as  the  pecuniary 
sacrifice  involved  in  holding  the  office  was  more  than 
he  was  able  to  sustain,  and  his  health  was  seriously 
affected  by  his  arduous  labors.  In  1862  he  was 
one  of  the  most  urgent  of  the  northern  governors 
in  impressing  upon  the  administration  at  Washing- 
ton the  necessity  of  adopting  the  emancipation  poli- 
cy, and  of  accepting  the  services  of  colored  troops. 
In  September,  1862,  he  took  the  most  prominent 
part  in  the  meeting  of  governors  of  the  northern 
states,  held  at  Altoona,  Penn.,  to  devise  ways  and 
means  to  encourage  and  strengthen  the  hands  of 
the  government.  The  address  of  the  governors  to 
the  people  of  the  north  was  prepared  by  him.  Gov. 
Andrew  interfered  on  various  occasions  to  prevent 
the  federal  authorities  from  making  arbitrary  ar- 
rests among  southern  sympathizers  in  Massachusetts 
previous  to  the  suspension  of  the  habeas-corpus  act. 
In  January,  1868,  he  obtained  from  the  secretary 
of  war  the  first  authorization  for  raising  colored 
troops,  and  the  first  colored  regiment  (54th  Massa- 
chusetts infantry)  was  despatched  from  Boston  in 
May  of  that  year.  Gov.  Andrew  was  particular  in 
selecting  the  best  officers  for  the  black  troops  and 
in  providing  them  with  the  most  complete  equip- 
ment. Though  famous  as  the  war  governor  of 
Massachusetts,  he  also  bestowed  proper  attention 
on  the  domestic  affairs  of  the  commonwealth.  In 
his  first  message  he  recommended  that  the  provi- 
sion in  the  law  preventing  a  person  against  whom 
a  decree  of  divorce  has  been  granted  from  marry- 
ing agam,  should  be  modified;  but  the  proposi- 
tion met  with  strong  opposition  in  the  legisla- 
ture, especially  from  clergymen,  and  it  was  not  till 
1864  that  an  act  was  passed  conferring  power  upon 
the  supreme  court  to  remove  the  penalty  resting 
VOL.    I. — 6 


upon  divorced  persons.  He  also  recommended  a 
reform  in  the  usury  laws,  such  as  was  finally 
effected  by  an  act  passed  in  1867.  He  was  strong- 
ly opposed  to  capital  punishment,  and  recom- 
mended its  repeal.  A  law  requiring  representa- 
tives in  congress  to  be  residents  of  the  districts 
from  which  they  are  elected  was  vetoed  by  him  on 
the  ground  that  it  was  both  unconstitutional  and 
inexpedient,  but  was  passed  over  his  veto.  Of  the 
twelve  veto  messages  sent  by  Gov.  Andrew  during 
his  incumbency,  only  one  other,  in  the  case  of  a 
resolve  to  grant  additional  pay  to  members,  was 
followed  by  the  passage  of  the  act  over  the  veto. 
His  final  term  as  governor  expired  5  Jan.,  1866.  In 
a  valedictory  address  to  the  legislature  he  advo- 
cated a  generous  and  conciliatory  policy  toward 
the  southern  states,  "  demanding  no  attitude  of 
humiliation ;  inflicting  no  acts  of  humiliation." 
Gov.  Andrew  was  modest  and  simjile  in  his  habits 
and  manner  of  life,  emotional  and  quick  in  sympa- 
thy for  the  wronged  or  the  unfortunate,  exceed- 
ingly joyous  and  mirthful  in  temperament,  and 
companionable  with  all  classes  of  persons.  The 
distinguished  ability  that  shone  out  in  his  admin- 
istration as  governor  of  Massachusetts,  the  many 
sterling  qualities  that  were  summed  up  in  his 
character,  his  social  address,  and  the  charm  of  his 
conversational  powers,  together  with  his  clear  and 
forcible  style  as  an  orator,  combined  to  render  him 
conspicuous  among  the  state  governors  of  the  war 
period,  and  one  of  the  most  influential  persons  in 
civil  life  not  connected  with  the  federal  adminis- 
tration. Soon  after  the  expiration  of  his  last  term 
as  governor  he  was  tendered,  but  declined,  the 
presidency  of  Antioch  college,  Ohio.  He  presided 
over  the  first  national  Unitarian  convention,  held 
in  1865,  and  was  a  leader  of  the  conservative  wing 
of  that  denomination — those  who  believed  with 
Channing  and  the  early  Unitarians  in  the  super- 
naturalism  of  Christ's  birth  and  mission,  as  opposed 
to  Theodore  Parker  and  his  disciples.  After  retir- 
ing from  public  life  Mr.  Andrew  entered  upon  a 
lucrative  legal  practice.  In  January,  1867.  he  rep- 
resented before  the  general  court  about  30,000  pe- 
titioners for  a  license  law,  and  delivered  an  argu- 
ment against  the  principle  of  total  prohibition. 
His  death,  which  occurred  suddenly  from  apoplexy, 
was  noticed  by  public  meetings  in  various  cities. 
He  married,  25  Dec,  1848,  Miss  Eliza  Jane  Hersey, 
of  Hingham,  Mass.,  who  with  their  four  children 
survived  him.  See  "  Memoir  of  Gov.  Andrew,  with 
Personal  Reminiscences,"  by  Peleg  W.  Chandler 
(Boston,  1880),  "  Discourse  on  the  Life  and  Char- 
acter of  Gov.  Andrew."  by  Rev.  E.  Nason  (Boston, 
1868),  and  "Men  of  Our  times,"  by  Harriet  Beech- 
er  Stowe.  A  life  of  Gov.  Andrew,  by  Edwin  P. 
Whipple,  was  left  unfinished  at  the  time  of  Mr. 
Whipple's  death  in  1886.— His  son,  John  F.,  d.  in 
Boston,  30  May,  1895.  He  was  graduated  from 
Harvard  in  1872,  and  thi-ee  years  later  from  the 
Harvard  law  school.  He  served  three  terms  as  a 
Massachusetts  representative  and  two  terms  as 
state  senator.  In  1888  he  was  elected  to  congress 
as  a  democrat,  and  reelected  two  years  later,  but 
was  defeated  in  1892. 

ANDREWS,  Christopher  Columbus,  lawyer, 
b.  in  Hillsborough,  N.  II.,  27  Oct.,  1829.  He  was 
a  farmer's  son  and  attended  school  during  the 
winter  until  1843,  when  he  went  to  Boston.  Later 
he  attended  the  Francestown  academy,  studied  law 
in  1848  at  Cambridge,  and  in  1850  was  admitted  to 
the  bar.  He  followed  his  profession  in  Newton, 
and  was  also  a  member  of  the  school  board  during 
1851-52.  In  1853  he  settled  in  Boston,  but  in  the 
following  year  removed  to  Kansas,  and  later  went 


74 


ANDREWS 


ANDREWS 


to  Washington  to  further  the  interests  of  Kansas 
during  a  session  of  congress.  After  two  years' 
service  in  the  treasury  department  as  law  clerk,  he 
settled  in  St.  Cloud,  Minn.,  and  in  1859  was  elected 
state  senator.  During  the  presidential  canvass  of 
1860  he  actively  supported  Douglas  and  was  nomi- 
nated as  elector  on  that  ticket.  In  1801  he  assisted 
in  bringing  out  the  "  Minnesota  Union  "  in  support 
of  the  administration,  and  for  a  time  edited  that 
paper.  Soon  after  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war 
he  enlisted  as  a  private,  but  was  commissioned 
captain  in  the  3d  Minnesota  infantry.  He  was 
surrendered  in  a  fight  near  Murfreesboro,  and  from 
July  to  October,  1862,  was  a  prisoner.  After  his 
exchange  he  was  appointed  lieutenant-colonel  of 
his  regiment,  and  was  present  in  the  operations 
around  Vicksburg.  He  became  colonel  in  July, 
1863,  and  served  in  the  campaign  that  resulted  in 
the  capture  of  Little  Rock,  Ark.,  where  he  was 
placed  in  command  with  a  brigade.  Here  he  was 
very  active  in  fostering  the  union  element,  and 
his  influence  went  far  in  the  movement  that  in 
January,  1864,  resulted  in  the  reorganization  of 
Arkansas  as  a  free  state,  for  which  he  received  the 
thanks  of  the  constitutional  convention.  During 
1864  he  was  in  command  of  the  forces  near  Au- 
gusta, Ark.,  fortified  Devall's  Bluff,  Gen.  Steele's 
base  of  supplies,  and  organized  numerous  success- 
ful scouting  parties.  He  was  promoted  to  briga- 
dier-general, and  assigned  to  the  command  of  the 
2d  division,  13th  corps,  and  participated  in  the 
siege  and  storming  of  Port  Blakely,  Ala.  On  9 
March,  1865,  he  was  commissioned  brevet  major- 
general.  Subsequently  he  commanded  the  district 
of  Mobile,  and  later  that  of  Houston,  Texas.  In 
the  reconsLruction  of  that  state  Gen.  Andrews 
showed  much  interest,  and  made  speeches  at  Hous- 
ton and  elsewhere  which  produced  a  better  public 
opinion.  Afterward  he  was  ordered  to  accompany 
Gov.  A.  J.  Hamilton  to  Austin  on  his  reinstatement 
to  civil  authority.  He  returned  to  St.  Cloud,  Minn,, 
during  the  autumn  of  1865,  and  was  mustered  out 
of  service  15  Jan.,  1860.  He  was  appointed  minis- 
ter resident  to  Sweden  and  Norway  in  1869,  and 
continued  there  until  1877,  furnishing  the  U.  S. 
government  with  frequent  valuable  reports  on  im- 
portant subjects,  which  have  been  published  in  the 
"  Commercial  Relations  of  the  United  States."  He 
was  supervisor  of  the  U.  S.  census  in  the  3d  dis- 
trict of  Minnesota  during  1880,  and  from  1882  till 
1885  was  consul-general  to  Brazil.  Gen.  Andrews 
has  also  been  a  frequent  contributor  to  current 
literature,  and  is  the  author  of  "  Minnesota  and 
Dacotah  "  (Washington,  1850) ;  "  Practical  Treatise 
on  the  Revenue  Laws  of  the  United  States  "  (Bos- 
ton, 1858) ;  "  Hints  to  Company  01!icers  on  their 
Military  Duties  "  (New  York,  1803) ;  "  Digest  of  the 
Opinions  of  the  Attornevs-General  of  the  United 
States  "  (Washington,  1807) ;  and  "  History  of  the 
Campaign  of  Mobile  "  (1807). 

ANDREWS,  Ebenezer  Baldwin,  geologist,  b. 
in  Danbury,  Conn.,  29  April,  1821 ;  d.  in  Lancaster, 
Ohio,  14  Aug.,  1880.  He  was  educated  at  Williams 
college  and  then  at  Marietta  college,  where  he  was 
graduated  in  1842.  Then,  after  graduation  at 
Princeton  theological  seminary  m  1844,  he  became 
pastor  of  the  Congregational  church  in  Housatonic, 
Mass.,  1846-'50,  and  from  1850  to  1851  he  had 
charge  of  a  parish  in  New  Britain,  Conn.  From 
1851  to  1809  he  was  professor  of  geology  in  Mari- 
etta college,  and  then  became  assistant  geologist  to 
the  Ohio  state  survey.  He  contributed  papers  on 
geological  subjects  to  the  "  American  Journal  of 
Science,"  and  the  record  of  his  work  is  given  in 
the  annual  reports  of  the  Ohio  survey.     He  was 


also  the  author  of  a  text-book  on  "  Elementary 
Geology  "  (Cincinnati,  1878).  In  1870  he  was  made 
LL.  D.  by  Marietta  college. 

ANDREWS,  Edimmd,  surgeon,  b.  in  Putney. 
Vt.,  22  April,  1824.  He  was  graduated  at  the  uni- 
versity of  Michigan  in  1849 ;  then,  studying  medi- 
cine, he  received  his  degree  from  the  medical  de- 
partment of  the  university  in  1852.  He  settled  in 
Ann  Arbor  and  became  demonstrator  of  anatomy 
and  professor  of  comparative  anatomy  in  the  uni- 
versity, but  in  1850  removed  to  Chicago,  where  he 
has  since  resided.  Here  he  has  filled  the  phice  of 
demonstrator  of  anatomy  at  the  Rush  medical  col- 
lege, and  subsequently  the  chairs  of  the  principles 
and  practices  of  surgery  and  of  clinical  and  mili- 
tary surgery  in  the  Chicago  medical  college,  of 
which  institution  he  is  one  of  the  founders.  In 
1859  he  became  surgeon  to  the  Mercy  hospital,  and 
during  the  civil  war  he  served  in  a  similar  capacity 
with  the  1st  Illinois  light  artillery.  He  is  a  mem- 
ber of  numerous  medical  and  scientific  societies, 
and  is  president  of  the  Illinois  state  medical  society 
and  of  the  Chicago  academy  of  sciences.  Dr. 
Andrews  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Michigan 
state  medical  society,  and  is  a  trustee  of  the  North- 
western university.  He  is  the  author  of  a  great 
number  of  articles  in  different  branches  of  surgery 
which  have  been  published  in  medical  journals  and 
proceedings  of  the  societies  to  which  he  belongs. 
Numerous  improvements  in  surgical  apparatus  and 
operations  have  been  made  by  him  ;  among  them  is 
the  practical  demonstration  of  the  value  of  free  in- 
cision, digital  exploration,  and  disinfection  of  lum- 
bar abscesses,  a  treatment  previouslv  forbidden. 

ANDREWS,  Edward  Gayer,  M.  E.  bishop,  b. 
in  New  Hartford,  N.  Y.,  7  Aug.,  1825.  He  was 
graduated  in 
1847  at  the  Wes- 
leyan  university 
at  Middletown, 
Conn.,  and,  en- 
tering the  Meth- 
odist ministry 
the  following 
year,  became  in 
1855  a  teacher 
in  Cazenovia, 
N.  Y.,  seminary, 
of  which  he  was 
chosen  president 
in  1855.  In  1850 
he  was  ordained 
an  elder,  and 
in  1864  became 
a  preacher  in 
the  New  York 
east  conference. 
Dr.  Andrews  was 

elected  a  bishop  in  1872.     He  has  published  semi 
centennial  addresses  delivered  in  1875  and  1881. 

ANDREWS,  Elisha,  clergvman,  b.  in  Middle- 
town,  Conn.,  29  Sept.,  1768;  d.  3  Feb.,  1840.  He 
made  the  most  of  slight  opportunities  of  education, 
and  was  occupied  as  a  teacher  and  a  surveyor  until 
1793.  when  he  was  ordained  as  a  Baptist  minister 
at  Fairfax,  Vt.  He  preached  in  various  places  in 
New  Hampshire  and  Massachusetts,  and  published, 
besides  sermons  and  tracts,  "  The  Moral  Tendencies 
of  Universalisin  "  ;  "  Review  of  Winchester's  Dia- 
logues on  Universal  Restoration  " ;  and  a  "  Vindi- 
cation of  the  Distinguishing  Sentiments  of  the 
Baptists,"  all  published  in  Bciston  before  1805;  "A 
Brief  Reply  to  James  Bickerstaff's  '  Short  Epistle 
to  the  Baptists '  "  (1810),  and  "  Strictures  on  the  Rev, 
Mr.  Brooks's  '  Terms  of  Communion '  "  (1823). 


ANDREWS 


ANDREWS 


75 


ANDREWS,  Ethan  Allen,  educator,  b.  in  New 
Britain,  Conn.,  7  April,  1787;  d.  tliere,  4  March, 
1858.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1810,  studied 
law  in  Farinington,  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and 
spent  several  years  in  practice.  In  1822  he  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  ancient  languages  in  the  uni- 
versity of  Nortli  Carolina  at  Chapel  Hill.  He  re- 
turned in  1828  to  teach  ancient  languages  in  the 
New  Haven  gymnasium,  and  a  year  later  estab- 
lished the  New  Haven  young  ladies'  institute.  In 
1833  he  was  called  to  Boston  to  succeed  Jacob 
Abbott  as  principal  of  a  young  ladies'  school,  and 
also  became  senior  editor  of  the  "  Religious  Maga- 
zine," in  which  work  he  wa?  associated  with  the 
Abbott  brothers.  In  1839  he  returned  to  his  native 
town  and  began  the  publication  of  his  series  of 
Latin  text-books.  These  include  "  First  Latin 
Book  "  ;  •'  Latin  Reader  "  ;  "  Viri  Romae  " ;  "  Latin 
Lessons  "  ;  "  Andrews'  and  Stoddard's  Latin  Gram- 
mar "  ;  "  Synopsis  of  Latin  Grammar  " ;  "  Questions 
on  the  Latin  Grammar "  ;  "  Latin  Exercises "  ; 
"  Key  to  Latin  Exercises  " ;  "  Exercises  in  Latin 
Etymology  " ;  "  Caesar's  Commentaries  " ;  "  Sal- 
lust  "  ;  "  Ovid  "  ;  and  "  Latin  Dictionary."  His 
most  important  work  was  the  "  Latin-English 
Lexicon,"  which  is  a  condensed  translation,  with 
alterations,  of  Dr.  Wilhelm  Freund's  "  Worterbuch 
der  Lateinischen  Sprache."  He  -was  at  work  on  a 
revised  edition  of  this  book  at  the  time  of  his  death, 
and  it  has  since  been  published.  For  several  years 
he  was  judge  of  probate,  and  in  1851  he  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  state  legislature. 

ANDREWS,  fieorg-e  Leonard,  soldier,  b.  in 
Bridgewater,  JMass.,  31  Aug.,  1828;  d.  in  Brookline, 
Mass.,  4  April,  1899.  He  was  graduated  at  the  U.  S. 
military  academy,  superintended  the  erection  of 
fi'i-titications  in  Boston  harljor,  and  was  assistant 
pnjfessor  of  engineering  at  West  Point.  Resigning 
1  Sept.,  1855,  he  was  employed  as  a  civil  engineer 
until  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war.  He  served  as 
lieutenant-colonel,  and  subsequently  as  colonel  of 
the  2d  Massachusetts  regiment  in  the  Shenandoah 
valley,  and  conducted  the  rear-guard  in  the  retreat 
at  Cedar  Mountain.  He  fought  through  Pope's 
campaign,  and  was  at  Antietam.  For  distin- 
guished bravery  he  was  promoted  brigadier-gen- 
eral, 10  Nov.,  1862,  and  in  Banks's  expedition  led 
a  brigade.  From  July,  1863,  to  13  Feb.,  1865,  he 
commanded  the  Corps  d'Afrique.  For  his  services 
at  the  capture  of  Mobile  he  was  brevetted  major- 
general  of  volunteers,  26  March,  1865.  On  8  April, 
1867,  he  was  appointed  U.  S.  marshal  for  Massa- 
chusetts, and  on  27  Feb.,  1871,  went  to  West  Point 
as  professor  of  the  French  language. 

ANDREWS,  John,  clergyman,  b.  in  Cecil  co., 
Md.,  4  April,  1746;  d.  in  Philadelphia,  29  March, 
1813.  He  was  educated  at  the  Philadelphia  college, 
and  was  ordained  in  London  in  February,  1767. 
He  left  his  parish  in  Queen  Anne  co.,  Md.,  on  ac- 
count of  his  loyalist  sentiments,  and  taught  a  school 
in  Yorktown,  laecame  principal  of  the  Philadelphia 
Episcopal  academy  in  1785,  and  then  professor  of 
moral  philosophy  m  the  university  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, of  which  institution  he  was  vice-provost  un- 
til December,  1810,  and  after  that  provost  until  his 
death.     He  was  author  of  "  Elements  of  Logic." 

ANDREWS,  Joseph,  engraver,  b.  in  Hingham, 
Mass.,  17  Aug.,  1806;  d.  there,  9  May,  1873.  He 
was  apprenticed  to  Abel  Bowen,  a  wood-engraver 
of  Boston,  in  1821,  and  learned  copper-plate  en- 
graving from  Hoogland.  He  went  into  business 
with  his  brother,  a  printer,  at  Lancaster,  in  1827, 
but  in  1835  went  to  London  and  studied  under 
Joseph  Goodyear.  There  he  executed  the  plate  of 
"  Annette  de  I'Arbre,"  alter  West,  and  in  Paris  en- 


graved the  head  of  Franklin,  painted  by  Duplessis. 
In  1840  he  visited  Paris  a  second  time,  and  en- 
graved six  portraits  for  the  historical  gallery  at 
Versailles,  published  under  the  auspices  of  Louis 
Philippe.  After  that  he  went  to  Florence  and  be- 
gan the  plate  of  the  "  Duke  of  Urbino,"  after  Titian. 
His  best-known  engravings  made  in  America  are 
from  Stuart's  head  of  Washington  and  Rothermel's 
"  Plymouth  Rock  in  1620."  He  engraved  portraits 
from  paintings  by  Trumbull,  G.  P.  A.  Healy,  and 
others,  of  Oliver  Wolcott,  John  Q.  Adams,  Zachary 
Taylor,  Jared  Sparks,  Amos  Lawrence,  and  James 
Graham,  and  scveial  ideal  scenes  after  representa- 
tive Amei'ic.-m  ])aint('rs. 

ANDREWS,  Loren,  educator,  b.  in  Ashland  co., 
Ohio,  1  April,  1819 ;  d.  in  Gambler,  Ohio,  18  Sept., 
1861.  He  was  educated  at  Kenyon  college,  de- 
voted himself  to  teaching,  and  the  excellence  of 
the  present  common-school  system  of  Ohio  is 
largely  due  to  his  labors.  He  filled  various  impor- 
tant educational  places  until  1854,  when  he  was 
elected  president  of  Kenyon  college.  During  his 
administration  the  affairs  of  the  college  flourished 
greatly;  additions  were  made  to  the  faculty,  new 
buildings  were  erected,  and  the  number  of  students 
increased  from  thirty  to  more  than  two  hundred. 
On  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war,  in  1861,  President 
Andrews  raised  a  company  in  Knox  co.,  of  which 
he  was  made  captain.  Later  he  was  elected  colonel 
of  the  4th  Ohio  volunteers,  and,  after  service  at 
Camp  Dennison,  he  was  ordered  to  Virginia.  He 
was  in  the  field  a  short  time,  where  he  was 
subjected  to  fatiguing  service,  and  was  afterward 
stationed  at  Oakland,  remaining  until  he  was 
taken  home  ill  at  the  end  of  August,  the  severe 
exposure  having  brought  on  an  attack  of  camp 
fever,  from  the  effects  of  which  he  died  a  few 
weeks  later. 

ANDREWS,  Lorrin,  missionary,  b.  in  East 
Windsor,  Conn.,  29  April,  1795;  d.  in  Honolulu, 
Sandwich  islands,  29  Sept.,  1868.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Jefferson  college.  Pa.,  and  Princeton  theo- 
logical seminary ;  sailed  for  the  Hawaiian  islands 
in  November,  1827,  and  preached  at  Lahaina.  In 
1831  he  established  Lahainaluna  seminary,  which 
subsequently  became  the  Hawaii  university,  in 
which  he  was  a  professor  for  ten  years.  He  trans- 
lated a  part  of  the  Bible  into  Hawaii.  Resigning 
his  connection  with  the  American  board,  in  1840, 
from  anti-slavery  scruples,  he  was  for  some  time 
seamen's  chaplain  at  Lahaina.  In  1845  he  was  ap- 
pointed judge  under  the  Hawaiian  government, 
and  was  also  secretary  of  the  privy  council.  These 
offices  he  held  for  ten  years.  He  prepared  a  Ha- 
waiian dictionary  and  several  works  on  the  litera- 
ture and  antiquities  of  the  Hawaiians. 

ANDREWS,  Samuel  James,  clergyman,  b.  in 
Danbuiy,  Conn.,  21  July,  1817.  He  was  graduated 
at  Williams  college  in  1889,  and  became  a  lawyer. 
Subsequently  he  was  ordained  in  the  Congrega- 
tional ministry,  was  afterward  a  tutor  at  Trinity 
college,  Hartford,  and  at  last  adopted  the  Irvingite 
doctrines,  and  became,  in  1868,  a  pastor  of  the 
Catholic  apostolic  church  in  Hartford,  Conn. 
He  published  "  The  Life  of  Our  Lord  Upon  Earth  " 
(New  York,  1863). 

ANDREWS,  Sherlock  James,  jurist,  b.  in 
Wallingford,  Conn.,  17  Nov.,  1801 :  d.  in  Cleveland, 
Ohio,  11  Feb.,  1880.  He  was  graduated  at  Union 
college  in  1821,  after  which  he  continued  his  stud- 
ies at  Yale,  where  he  followed  the  lectures  on  sci- 
ence as  assistant  to  Prof.  Sillinian,  and  also  the 
lectures  on  law.  In  1825  he  removed  to  Ohio,  and 
from  that  time  devoted  himself  to  the  profession 
of  law,  and  was  constantly  engaged  in  important 


76 


ANDREWS 


ANDREWS 


litigation  before  the  state  and  federal  courts.  He 
was  elected  to  congress  in  1840  as  a  whig,  and 
served  for  a  single  term.  He  became  in  1848  a 
judge  of  the  superior  court  of  Ohio,  and  he  was  a 
member  of  the  constitutional  conventions  of  1849 
and  1873,  where  his  influence  was  felt  upon  impor- 
tant committees.  He  was  urged  at  one  time  to 
allow  himself  to  be  a  candidate  for  governor,  but 
declined  this  distinction,  as  well  as  others  for  which 
his  name  was  mentioned,  because  he  preferred  to 
remain  in  private  life.  For  a  time  he  shared 
with  Thomas  Corwin  the  leadership  of  the  Ohio 
bar.  His  wit,  his  eloquence,  his  sympathy,  his 
good  sense,  and  his  integrity  gave  him  great  power 
before  a  jury  or  before  the  pulDlic. 

ANDREWS,  Stephen  Pearl,  author,  b.  in  Tem- 
pleton,  Mass.,  22  March,  1812 ;  d.  in  New  York  city, 
21  May,  1886.  He  studied  at  Amherst  college,  and 
then,  removing  to  New  Orleans,  became  a  lawyer. 
He  was  the  first  counsel  of  Mrs.  Myra  Clark  Gaines 
in  her  celebrated  suits.  He  was  an  ardent  aboli- 
tionist, and  in  1839  removed  to  Texas,  where  he 
converted  many  of  the  slave-owners,  who  were  also 
large  land-owners,  by  showing  them  that  they 
would  become  rapidly  rich  from  the  sale  of  land 
if  immigration  were  induced  by  throwing  the  coun- 
try open  to  free  labor.  Here  he  acquired  consid- 
erable wealth  in  the  practice  of  his  profession.  His 
impetuous  and  logical  eloquence  gained  him  a 
wide  repute  and  great  personal  popularity ;  but, 
on  the  other  hand,  his  seemingly  reckless  and  fa- 
natical opposition  to  slavery  aroused  an  intense 
feeling  of  opposition,  and  his  life  was  seriously  en- 
dangered. In  1843  he  went  to  England  in  the 
hope  that,  with  the  aid  of  the  British  anti-slavery 
society,  he  might  raise  sufficient  money  there  to 
pay  for  the  slaves  and  make  Texas  a  free  state. 
He  was  well  received,  and  the  scheme  was  taken 
up  and  favorably  considered  by  the  British  gov- 
ernment ;  but,  after  some  months  of  consultation, 
the  project  was  abandoned  through  fear  that  it 
would  lead  to  war  with  the  United  States,  as  the 
knowledge  of  it  was  already  being  used  to  strength- 
en the  movement  that  ultimately  led  to  the  annex- 
ation of  Texas  and  to  the  Mexican  war.  Mr.  An- 
drews went  to  Boston  and  became  a  leader  in  the 
anti-slaveiy  movement  there.  While  in  England 
he  learned  of  phonography,  and  during  seven  years 
after  his  return  he  devoted  his  attention  to  its  in- 
troduction, and  was  the  founder  of  the  present  sys- 
tem of  phonographic  reporting.  He  removed  to 
New  York  in  1847,  and  published  a  series  of  pho- 
nographic instruction-books  and  edited  two  jour- 
nals m  the  interest  of  phonography  and  spelling 
reform,  which  were  printed  in  phonetic  type,  the 
"  Anglo-Saxon  "  and  the  "  Propagandist."  He 
spoke  several  languages,  and  is  said  to  have  been 
familiar  with  thirty.  Among  his  works  are  one  on 
the  Chinese  language,  and  one  entitled  "  New 
French  Instructor,"  embodying  a  new  method. 
He  was  a  tireless  student  and  an  incessant  worker ; 
but  his  mental  labor  was  performed  without  effort 
or  fatigue.  While  yet  a  young  man  he  announced 
the  discovery  of  the  unity  of  law  in  the  universe, 
and  to  the  development  of  this  theory  he  devoted 
the  last  thirty-five  years  of  his  life.  The  elements 
of  this  science  are  contained  in  his  "  Basic  Outline 
of  Universology  "  (New  York,  1872).  He  asserted 
that  there  is  a  science  of  language,  as  exact  as  that 
of  mathematics  or  of  chemistry,  forming  a  domain 
of  universology ;  and  by  the  application  of  this 
science  he  evolved  a  "  scientific  "  language,  des- 
tined, he  believed,  to  become  "  the  universal  lan- 
guage." This  scientific  universal  language  he  called 
'''  Alwato  "  (ahl-wah'-to).     It  was  so  far  elaborated 


that  for  some  years  before  his  death  he  conversed 
and  corresponded  in  it  with  several  of  his  pupils,  and 
was  preparing  a  dictionary  of  Alwato,  a  portion 
of  which  was  in  type  at  the  time  of  his  decease. 
The  philosophy  evolved  from  universology  he  called 
"  Integralism."  In  it  he  believad  would  be  found 
the  ultimate  reconciliation  of  the  great  thinkers  of 
all  schools  and  the  scientific  adjustment  of  freedom 
and  order,  not  by  a  superficial  eclecticism,  but  by  a 
radical  adjustment  of  all  the  possible  forms  of 
thought,  belief,  and  idea.  In  1882  he  instituted 
a  series  of  conferences  known  as  the  "  Colloquium," 
for  the  interchange  of  ideas  between  men  of  the 
utmost  diversity  of  religious,  philosophical,  and 
political  views.  Among  those  associated  with  him 
in  this  were  Prof.  Louis  Elsberg,  Rev.  Dr.  Rylance, 
Rev.  Di'.  Newman,  Rabbi  Gottheil,  Rev.  Dr.  Samp- 
son, Rev.  Dr.  CoUyer,  Prof.  J.  S.  Sedgwick,  T.  B. 
Wakeman,  and  Rabbi  Huebsch.  Mr.  Andrews  was 
a  prominent  member  of  the  Liberal  club  of  New 
York,  and  for  some  time  was  its  vice-president. 
His  contributions  to  periodicals  are  numerous. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  American  academy  of 
Arts  and  Sciences  and  of  the  American  Ethnologi- 
cal Society.  His  works  include  "  Comparison  of  the 
Common  Law  with  the  Roman,  French,  or  Span- 
ish Civil  Law  on  Entails  and  other  Limited  Prop- 
erty in  Real  Estate  "  (New  Orleans,  1839) ;  "  Cost  the 
Limit  of  Price "  (New  York,  1851) ;  "The  Consti- 
tution of  Government  in  the  Sovereignty  of  the 
Individual "  (1851) ;  "  Love,  Marriage,  and  Divorce, 
and  the  Sovereignty  of  the  Individual :  a  Discus- 
sion by  Henry  James,  Horace  Greeley,  and  Stephen 
Pearl  Andrews,"  edited  by  Stephen  Pearl  An- 
drews (1853);  "Discoveries  in  Chinese;  or.  The 
Symbolism  of  the  Primitive  Characters  of  the  Chi- 
nese System  of  Writing  as  a  Contribution  to  Phi- 
lology and  Ethnology  and  a  Practical  Aid  in  the 
Acquisition  of  the  Chinese  Language"  (1854); 
"  Constitution  or  Organic  Basis  of  the  New  Catho- 
lic Church  "  (1860) ;  "  The  Great  American  Crisis," 
a  series  of  papers  published  in  the  "  Continental 
Monthlv "  (1863-64) ;  "A  Universal  Language" 
("Continental  Monthly,"  1864);  "The  Primary 
Synopsis  of  Universology  and  Alwato "  (1871) ; 
"  Primarv  Grammar  of  Alwato"  (Boston,  1877); 
"The  Labor  Dollar"  (1881);  "Elements  of  Uni- 
versology "  (New  York,  1881) ;  "  Ideological  Ety- 
mology "  (1881) ;  "  Transactions  of  the  Colloquium, 
with  Documents  and  Exhibits  "  (vols,  i  and  ii.  New 
York,  1882-83) ;  " The  Church  and  Religion  of  the 
Future,"  a  series  of  tracts  (1886) ;  and  text-books 
of  phonography.  Plis  dictionary  of  Alwato  was 
published  posthumously  by  his  sons. 

ANDREWS,  Timothy  Patrick,  soldier,  b.  in 
Ireland  in  1794;  d.  11  March,  1868.  During  the 
war  of  1812,  when  Barney's  flotilla,  in  Patuxent 
river,  was  confronting  the  enemy,  he  tendered  his 
services  without  the  knowledge  of  his  father,  was 
employed  by  the  commodore  as  his  aide,  and  ren- 
dered "important  services.  He  subsequently  was  in 
active  service  in  the  field,  and  in  1822  appoint- 
ed paymaster  in  the  army.  In  1847  he  resigned 
to  take  command  of  the"  regiment  of  voltigeurs 
raised  for  the  Mexican  war.  He  was  distinguished 
in  the  battle  of  Molino  del  Rey,  and  brevetted  a 
brigadier-general  for  gallant  and  meritorious  con- 
duct in  the  battle  of  Chapultepec.  On  the  close 
of  the  war  and  the  disbandment  of  the  voltigeurs, 
he  was  reinstated,  by  act  of  congress,  as  pay- 
master, and  in  1851  was  made  deputy  paymaster- 
general.  During  the  civil  war,  on  the  death  of 
Gen.  Larned,  Col.  Andrews  succeeded  him  as 
paymaster-general  of  the  army.  He  was  retired 
20  Nov.,  1864. 


ANDREWS 


ANDROS 


77 


ANDREWS,  William  Draper,  inventor,  b.  in 
Grafton,  Mass.,  28  May,  1818.  In  1828  tiie  family 
removed  to  Neeilham.  Me  was  in  a  country  store 
at  Newton  Lower  b'alls  for  a  year,  and  then  re- 
moved to  New  York,  wliere  he  was  variously  em- 
ployed until  1840,  when  he  became  connected  with 
a  wrecking  company.  While  he  was  thus  engaged 
his  attention  was  directed  to  pumping  apparatus, 
and  in  1844  he  invented  the  pioneer  centrifugal 
pump,  which  was  patented  in  1846.  By  this  inven- 
tion the  saving  of  imperishable  goods  from  aban- 
doned wrecks  was  made  possible.  Its  mode  of  action 
consisted  in  forming  channels  through  sand-bars  on 
ocean  coasts,  and  in  making  earth  excavations  in 
and  under  water.  This  pump  was  subsequently 
introduced  and  extensively  manufactured  in  Eng- 
land as  the  Gwyniie  pump.  A  few  years  later  he 
invented  aiul  patented  the  anti-friction  centrifugal 
pump,  which  has  been  used  all  over  the  world.  He 
also  invented  three  other  distinct  styles  and  various 
modifications  of  centrifugal  pumps,  of  which  that 
known  as  the  "  Cataract "  is  the  most  valuable.  In 
all,  Mr.  Andrews  has  received  twenty-five  United 
States  and  nine  foreign  patents  on  pumps,  oscil- 
lating steam-engines,  boilers,  friction  and  differ- 
ential power-gearing,  siphon  gang- wells  and  at- 
tachments, balanced  valves,  safety  elevators,  and 
other  similar  inventions.  During  the  civil  war 
each  of  the  U.  S.  monitors  was  provided  with  cen- 
trifugal pumps  and  engines.  These  were  made  to 
discharge  thirty  tons  of  water  a  minute,  and  ar- 
ranged to  fill  compartments,  thereby  partially  sub- 
merging the  monitor,  so  that  in  case  of  grounding 
in  dangerous  proximity  ic  an  enemy  they  could  be 
lightened  by  pumping,  backed  off,  and  resubmerged 
in  a  few  miiuites.  The  pumps  made  by  Mr.  An- 
drews have  been  used  in  creating  channels  through 
the  sand-bars  at  the  mouth  of  St.  John's  river,  Pla., 
Cape  Fear  river,  N.  C,  and  the  Mississippi  river. 
The  system  of  gangs  of  tube-wells  patented  by  him 
has  been  extensively  used  in  cities.  During  the 
unprecedented  drought  of  the  summer  and  autumn 
of  1885,  a  series  of  four  plants  of  gang-wells,  fur- 
nished by  Mr.  Andrews  to  the  city  of  Brooklyn, 
yielded  for  some  time  a  daily  average  supply  of 
25,000,000  gallons  of  water,  reaching  as  high  as 
27,000.000  gallons  in  a  single  day.  18,400,000  gal- 
lons being  their  contracted  delivery.  Mr.  Andrews 
has  received  numerous  medals  and  diplomas  for  his 
inventions,  both  in  this  country  and  abroad. 

ANDROS,  Sir  Edmund,  colonial  governor,  b. 
in  London,  England,  G  Dec,  16;J7;  d.  there,  24 
Feb.,  1714.  His  father  was  an  officer  in  the  royal 
household,  and  young  Andros  was  brought  up  at 
court.  He  early  became  a  soldier,  and  served  in 
the  regiment  of  foot  sent  to  America  in  1666.  In 
1672  he  was  made  major  in  Rupert's  dragoons, 
and  two  years  later  succeeded  his  father  as  bailiff' 
of  Guernsey.  From  1674  to  1681  he  was  governor 
of  the  province  of  New  York,  appointed  by  James, 
duke  of  York,  and  in  this  capacity  he  became  m- 
volved  in  numerous  disputes  with  the  adjoining 
colonies  on  account  of  his  extensive  claims  to  juris- 
diction. In  1680  he  deposed  Philip  Carteret  and 
seized  the  government  of  New  Jersey,  and  in  the 
following  year  he  was  recalled  and  accused  of 
maladministration.  He  was  successful  in  clearing 
himself  of  all  charges,  and  then  retired  to  Guern- 
sey. In  1686,  on  the  accession  of  James  II.,  he 
was  appointed  governor  of  the  dominion  of  New 
England,  which  included  all  the  English  North 
American  settlements  between  Maryland  and  Cana- 
da, except  Pennsylvania.  He  arrived  in  Boston  on 
21  Dec,  1686,  and  at  once  put  into  execution  a 
number  of  measures  that  were  extremely  obnoxious 


to  the  colonists.  Although  proclaiming  religious 
freedom,  he  restrained  the  liberty  of  the  press,  ar- 
bitrarily levied  enormous  taxes,  and  compelled 
land-owners  to  procure  new  titles  to  their  property, 
for  which  exorbitant  charges  were  made.  These 
and  similar  actions, 
performed  in  ac- 
cordance with  in- 
structions received 
in  England,  gave 
great  offence.  In 
October,  1687,  at 
the  head  of  an 
armed  force,  he 
demanded  the  sur- 
render of  the  char- 
ter of  Connecticut, 
but  its  sudden  re- 
moval and  conceal- 
ment in  the  "  char- 
ter oak  "  prevented 
the  accomplish- 
ment of  this  pur- 
pose. The  occur- 
rence of  this  inci- 
dent has  since  been 
disputed,  and  his- 
torical data  have 
been  accumulated 
to  show  its  impos- 
sibility. (See  Brodhead's  '•  History  of  New  York," 
vol.  ii.,  p.  472.)  By  his  aggressions  on  the  ter- 
ritory of  the  Penobscot  Indians  he  brought  on 
the  Indian  war  of  1688.  The  people  of  Boston, 
unable  to  endure  the  severity  of  his  administra- 
tion, revolted,  and  on  18  April,  1689,  he  was  de- 
fiosed  and  imprisoned  with  fifty  of  his  followers, 
n  the  following  year  he  was  sent  to  England,  and 
charges  were  preferred  against  him  by  a  committee 
of  colonists ;  but  the  home  authorities  deemed  it 
unadvisable  to  bring  the  matter  to  a  judicial  deci- 
sion, and  he  was  never  tried.  In  1692  he  again  re- 
turned to  America  as  governor  of  Virginia,  and  re- 
mained until  1698,  gaining  the  esteem  of  the  people 
by  his  efforts  to  promote  manufactures  and  agricul- 
ture. He  was  associated  in  the  founding  of  William 
and  Mary  college,  which,  next  to  Harvard,  is  the 
oldest  seat  of  learning  in  the  United  States.  His 
quarrels  with  the  church  authorities,  and  the  influ- 
ence of  Dr.  Blair,  commissary  of  the  bishop  of  Lon- 
don, led  to  his  recall.  From  1704  to  1706  he  was 
governor  of  the  island  of  Jersey,  and  subsequently 
he  lived  in  London.  See  Whitmore's  "  Andros 
Tracts,"  with  notes  and  a  memoir  of  Sir  Edmund 
Andros  (Boston.  1868) ;  "  A  Narrative  of  the  Pro- 
ceedings of  Sir  Edmund  Andros  "  (Boston,  1691  and 
1773);  ■'Collections  of  the  Boston  Historical  Socie- 
ty "  (3d  series,  vii.,  150) ;  Brodhead's  "  Government 
of  Sir  Edmund  Andros  in  New  England"  (Mor- 
risania,  1867),  and  his  "  History  of  New  York  " ;  in- 
dex to  "  O'Callaghan's  New  York  Colonial  Docu- 
ments " ;  Palfrey's  "  History  of  New  England  "  (iii., 
127) ;  and  Bancroft's  "  History  of  the  United  States  " 
(vol.  i..  New  Y(n-k,  1882). 

ANDROS,  Thomas,  clergyman,  b.  in  Norwich, 
Conn.,  1  May,  1759;  d.  in  Berkley,  Mass.,  30  Dec, 
1845.  He  joined  the  revolutionary  army  at  the 
age  of  sixteen,  and  was  in  the  battles  of  Long 
Island  and  White  Plains.  In  1781  he  enlisted  on 
a  privateer  in  New  London,  but  was  captured  and 
confined  in  the  Jersey  prison-ship  in  New  York. 
A  few  months  later  he  escaped,  and  on  the  resto- 
ration of  his  health  studied  theology  with  Dr. 
Benedict  in  Plainfield,  Conn.  He  was  ordained  at 
Berkley  in  1788,  and  for  forty-six  years  remained 


78 


ANGEL 


ANGHIERA 


in  charge  of  the  church  at  this  place.  He  pub- 
lished sermons,  and  also  a  narrative  of  his  impris- 
onment and  escape  from  the  Jersey  prison-ship. 
An  account  of  his  life,  prepared  by  his  son,  is 
given  ill  Emerv's  "Ministry  of  Taunton." — His 
son,  Ricliard  Salter  Storrs,  b.  in  Berkeley,  Mass., 
37  Oct.,  1817 ;  d.  there,  3  Aug.,  1868.  He  edited 
several  newspapers,  was  deputy  collector  in  Boston 
for  some  years,  and  subsequently,  as  special  agent 
of  the  treasury  department,  was  engaged  in  re- 
organizing custom-houses  in  the  south.  He  was 
the  author  of  the  "  Customs  Guide,"  a  codification 
of  the  revenue  laws,  contributed  poems  to  the 
"  Democratic  Review,"  and  published  "  Chocoruna 
and  other  Sketches  "  (1838). 

ANtiEL,  Benjamin  Franklin,  diplomatist,  b. 
in  Burlington.  Otsego  co.,  N.  Y.,  28  Nov.,  1815;  d. 
in  Genese'o,  N.  Y.,  11  Sept.,  1894.  He  was  prepared 
for  college  by  Cornelius  C.  Felton,  but  did  not  en- 
ter, owing  to  trouble 
with  his  eyes.  He 
taught  school  until  he 
recovered  their  use, 
studied  law,  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar,  and 
began  practice  in 
Geneseo  in  partner- 
ship with  his  former 
preceptor,  at  the  same 
time  writing  edito- 
rials for  the  demo- 
cratic county  paper. 
He  was  appointed  sur- 
rogate in  1838,  and 
served  in  that  office 
for  four  years,  after 
which  he  was  appoint- 
ed master  in  chancery 
and  supreme  court 
commissioner,  a  judi- 
cial office  conferring 
concurrent  jurisdiction  with  the  judges  of  the  su- 
preme court  sitting  in  chambers.  He  was  again 
surrogate  from  1844  till  1847.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  democratic  national  convention  at  Balti- 
more in  1852.  In  1853,  his  health  having  become 
impaired,  he  went  to  Honolulu,  Sandwich  islands, 
as  U.  S.  consul.  In  1855  he  was  sent  by  President 
Pierce  to  China  as  special  commissioner  to  settle 
a  dispute  between  some  American  merchants  and 
the  Chinese  government  in  regard  to  the  exaction 
of  export  duties.  This  mission  was  successful, 
and  he  returned  to  the  United  States  by  way  of 
the  East  Indies,  Egypt,  and  Europe.  His  letters 
from  Asia  were  published  in  the  newspapers  at  the 
time.  On  his  return,  against  his  protest,  he  was 
placed  in  nomination  for  congress,  but  was  de- 
feated. On  the  accession  of  Mr.  Buchanan  to  the 
presidency  he  was  appointed  minister  to  Norway 
and  Sweden.  He  returned  to  the  United  States  in 
the  autumn  of  1862,  and,  with  the  exception  of 
being  a  delegate  to  the  Chicago  convention  that 
nominated  Gen.  McClellan  for  the  presidency  in 
1864,  he  did  not  again  take  an  active  part  in  poli- 
tics, but  devoted  himself  to  agriculture  at  Geneseo, 
N.  Y.  He  was  president  of  the  state  agricultural 
society  in  1873-74. 

ANQELL,  Henry  Clay,  oculist,  b.  in  Provi- 
dence, R.  I.,  27  Jan..  1829.  He  was  graduated  at 
the  Hahnemann  medical  college  of  Philadelphia, 
and  subsequently  spent  four  years  in  study  at  the 
hospitals  of  London,  Paris,  Vienna,  and  Berlin, 
after  which  he  settled  in  Boston,  where  he  still  re- 
sides. On  the  foundation  of  the  Boston  university 
school  of  medicine  he  became  its  professor  of  oph- 


thalmology, which  chair  he  continues  to  occupy. 
He  is  president  of  the  Philharmonic  society  of 
Boston,  and  is  an  honorary  memhei'  of  the  New 
Hampshire  Historical  Society.  His  technical  writ- 
ings include  "Diseases  of  the  Eye"  (6th  ed., 
Boston,  1882),  and  "  How  to  Take  Care  of  Our 
Eyes  "  (Boston,  1880).  Dr.  Angell  has  also  written 
papers  on  art  subjects  for  the  "  Atlantic  Monthly  " 
and  the  "American  Art  Review,"  and  is  the  author 
of  "  The  Records  of  Wni.  M.  Hunt "  (Boston,  1879). 

ANGELL,  Israel,  soldier,  b.  in  1741;  d.  in 
Smithfield,  R.  I.,  in  May,  1832.  He  was  major  of 
Hitchcock's  regiment  at  the  siege  of  Boston,  was 
promoted  colonel  18  Jan.,  1777,  and  commanded 
the  1st  Rhode  Island  regiment  during  the  re- 
mainder of  the  war,  distinguishing  himself  in  the 
action  at  Springfield,  N.  J.,  23  June,  1780. 

ANOELL,  James  Bnrrill,  educator,  b.  in  Scit- 
uate,  R.  I.,  7  Jan.,  1829.  He  was  graduated  at 
Brown  university  in  1849,  and  spent  some  time  in 
Europe  studying  and  travelling.  On  his  return  in 
1853  he  was  appointed  professor  of  modern  lan- 
guages and  literature  in  the  university  at  which  he 
was  graduated.  In  1860  he  succeeded  the  recently 
elected  senator,  Henry  B.  Anthony,  as  editor  of  the 
Providence  "  Daily  Journal,"  which  place  he  occu- 
pied until  1866,  when  he  was  called  to  the  presidency 
of  the  university  of  Vermont.  In  1871  he  became 
president  of  the  university  of  Michigan,  an  office 
he  has  since  continued  to  fill  except  during  the 
years  1880-'81,  which  he  spent  in  China  as  minister 
from  the  United  States,  and  also  as  chairman  of  a 
special  commission  appointed  to  negotiate  a  treaty 
with  China.  This  commission  procured  a  treaty 
in  commercial  matters,  and  also  one  on  Chinese 
immigration.  He  has  contributed  many  articles 
to  periodical  literature. 

AN(xELL,  Joseph  Kinnlcut,  legal  writer,  b.  in 
Providence,  R.  I.,  30  April,  1794;  d.  in  Boston,  1 
May,  1857.  He  was  graduated  at  Brown  univer- 
sity in  1813,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1816,  and 
in  1820  prosecuted  in  England,  but  without  success, 
a  claim  to  a  large  property.  From  1829  to  1831 
he  was  editor  of  the  "  Law  Intelligenoer  and  Re- 
view." As  reporter  to  the  Rhode  Island  supreme 
court,  he  prepared  the  first  published  reports  of 
that  state.  In  association  with  Samuel  Ames,  he 
wrote  a  "  Treatise  on  Corporations  "  (3d  ed.,  Boston, 
1846).  His  other  works,  most  of  which  were  sev- 
eral times  revised  and  reissued,  were  "  Treatise  on 
the  Right  of  Property  in  Tide  Waters"  (1826); 
"  Inquiry  Relative  to  an  Incorporeal  Heredita^ 
ment"  (1827);  "A  Practical  Summary  of  the  Law 
of  Assignment "  (1835) ;  "  On  Adverse  Enjoyment " 
(1837) ;  "  Treatise  on  the  Common  Ijaw  in  Relation 
to  Water-Courses "  (1840);  "Treatise  on  the  Law 
concei'ning  the  Liabilities  and  Rights  of  Common 
Carriers " ;  "A  Treatise  on  the  Law  of  Fire  and 
Life  Insurance  "  ;  "  Treatise  on  the  Limitations  of 
Actions  at  Law  and  Suits  in  Equity  and  Admiral- 
ty "  (2d  ed.,  1846) ;  and  a  "  Treatise  on  the  Law 
of  Highwavs,"  left  incomplete  and  finished  by 
Thomas  DuVfee  (2d  ed.,  by  Choate,  1868). 

ANGERS,  Real,  Canadian  author,  b.  in  1823; 
d.  in  April,  1860.  He  studied  law  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  of  Lower  Canada.  Together 
with  Mr.  Aubin  he  reported  and  published  the  pro- 
ceedings of  the  lower  house  in  1857-'60.  In  addi- 
tion to  being  the  author  of  a  number  of  political 
essays,  he  wrote  and  published,  "Revelations  du 
Crime,"  and  a  treatise  on  stenography. 

ANGHIERA,  Pietro  Martire  d'  (called  in 
English  Peter  Martyr),  Italian  historian,  b.  in 
Arona,  on  Lake  Maggiore,  in  1455 ;  d.  in  the  city 
of  Granada,  Spain,  in  1526.     After  completing  his 


ANGLIN 


ANNAND 


79 


education  at  Rome  he  served  in  the  Milanese  army, 
then  accompanied  the  Spanish  ambassador  to  Spain, 
and  fought  in  the  wars  against  the  Moors,  after- 
ward entered  the  church,  and  opened  a  school.  In 
1501  he  was  sent  by  King  Ferdinand  as  his  ambas- 
sador to  Egypt,  and  in  1505  he  became  prior  of  the 
church  at  Granada.  His  "  Opus  Epistolarum  "  re- 
counts all  the  important  events  that  occurred  be- 
tween 1488  and  1525.  He  wrote  also  a  history  of 
the  New  World,  entitled  "  De  Rebus  Oceanicis  et 
Orbe  Novo,"  based  upon  original  documents  sup- 
plied by  Christopher  Columbus,  and  on  the  trans- 
actions of  the  council  of  the  Indies,  of  which  he 
was  a  member.  His  other  works  are  an  account  of 
newly  discovered  islands  and  their  inhabitants,  and 
a  narrative  of  his  visit  to  Egypt  and  of  explora- 
tions of  the  pvramids.  See  "  Petrus  Martyr,"  by 
PI.  A.  Schumacher  (New  York,  1879). 

ANCtLIN,  Timothy  Warren,  Canadian  states- 
man, b.  in  Clonakilty  co.,  Cork,  Ireland,  31  Aug., 
1822.  Emigrated  to  St.  John,  New  Brunswick, 
in  1849,  where  the  same  year  he  established  the 
"Weekly  Freeman."  He  established  the  "Morn- 
ing Freeman,"  a  tri-weekly  paper,  liberal  in  poli- 
tics, the  organ  of  the  Roman  Catholics  of  New 
Brunswick,  in  1851,  and  was  its  editor  and  proprie- 
tor until  1877.  On  the  government  permitting  a 
prohibitory  liquor  bill  to  pass,  Mr.  Anglin  went 
into  opposition,  and  he  has  since  been  a  conserva- 
tive. In  1860  he  was  elected  to  the  New  Bruns- 
wick house  of  assembly  by  the  ?ity  and  county  of 
St.  John,  which  he  represented  until  1866,  being 
the  first  Roman  Catholic  to  represent  that  con- 
stituency. He  was  a  leader  of  the  opponents  of 
confederation.  In  1867  he  was  elected  to  the  Do- 
minion house  of  commons  for  Gloucester  co.,  and 
on  26  March,  1874,  was  elected  speaker  of  the 
house.  He  retained  this  office  until  the  end  of  the 
session  of  1877,  when  he  resigned,  his  seat  having 
been  declared  vacant  through  a  breach  of  the  inde- 
pendence of  parliament  act.  He  was  reelected 
speaker  7  Feb.,  1878,  and  held  the  place  till  par- 
liament was  dissolved. 

ANGULO  Y  HEREDIA,  Antonio,  Cuban  au- 
thor, b.  in  Havana  in  1837.  He  studied  law  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1863.  In  1864  he  edited  in 
Madrid  the  "  Revista  Hispano-Amerieana."  He 
has  published  "  Estudios  sol)re  los  Estados  Uni- 
dos,"  embodying  the  results  of  his  travels  through 
the  United  States ;  and  "  Schiller  y  Goethe,"  a 
series  of  lectures  on  German  literature  delivered 
in  the  Ateneo  of  Madrid  with  great  success.  An- 
gulo  lost  his  reason  and  died  a,  few  years  ago. 

ANtrllLO,  Pedro  de,  missionary,  b.  in  Burgos, 
Spain,  about  1500 ;  d.  in  1563.  After  finishing  his 
■studies  he  set  out  for  America  in  1524,  in  company 
with  some  other  young  men  of  noble  birth.  He 
rapidly  acquired  wealth  and  military  fame,  but  was 
so  much  affected  by  the  sight  of  the  cruelties  with 
which  the  Spaniards  treated  the  Indians  that  he 
resolved  to  devote  himself  entirely  to  the  service 
of  the  natives.  With  this  object  he  entered  a  Do- 
minican convent  and  took  the  habit  of  the  order  in 
Mexico  in  1528.  After  studying  for  some  years  ho 
was  ordained  a  priest,  and  was  then  placed  under 
the  direction  of  Las  Casas,  whom  he  accompanied 
into  Peru  and  other  places  where  the  protection  of 
the  Indians  rendered  their  presence  necessary.  In 
1541  he  was  sent  to  Guatemala  to  carry  on  the 
work  among  the  Indians  which  had  been  begun 
ten  years  before.  He  was  so  successful  that  ten 
years  afterward  the  number  of  Christians  was  so 
large,  and  the  convents  of  the  Dominicans  so  nu- 
merous, as  to  require  the  erection  of  the  country 
into  a  new  province  of  the  order.     His  next  efforts 


were  directed  to  the  conversion  of  the  people  that 
lived  north  of  Guatemala.  These  Indians  were  so 
fierce  and  warlike  that  the  Spaniards,  who  had 
been  repelled  in  every  attempt  to  subdue  them, 
called  their  country  "  the  land  of  war."  In  com- 
pany with  two  other  missionaries.  Father  de  An- 
gulo  went  among  them,  and,  although  at  first  re- 
ceived with  distrust,  finally  succeeded  in  converting, 
the  entire  nation.  He  next  devoted  himself  to  the 
task  of  persuading  the  Indians  to  abandon  their 
nomadic  life,  succeeded  in  forming  them  into  vil- 
lage communities,  and  drew  up  a  code  of  laws 
suited  to  their  character  and  needs.  The  Indians 
offered  to  place  their  country  under  the  protection 
of  the  crown  of  Castile  and  pay  an  annual  tribute, 
provided  no  attempt  was  made  on  their  liberty, 
and  a  treaty  to  this  effect  was  ratified  by  the  Span- 
ish court,  which  also  expressed  a  wish  that  the 
name  of  the  country  should  be  changed  to  Vera- 
Pax,  in  memory  of  the  event.  A  city  of  the  same 
name  was  built  a  few  years  afterward,  and  Father 
de  Angulo  was  chosen  its  first  bishop ;  but  before 
the  bulls  arrived  from  Rome  he  died. 

ANGUS,  Joseph,  English  clergyman,  b.  in 
Bolam.  Northumberland.  16  Jan.,  1816.  He  was 
educated  at  Edinburgh  university,  is  president  of 
Regent's  park  college,  London  (Baptist),  author  of 
several  hand-books,  and  editor  of  Butler's  "  Anal- 
ogy" (1855).  He  was  one  of  the  revisers  of  the 
English  New  Testament  for  the  American  Bible 
imion.  and  visited  the  United  States  in  1873  as  a 
delegate  of  the  Evangelical  alliance. 

ANGUS,  Samuel,  naval  officer,  b.  in  Philadel- 
phia in  1784 ;  d.  in  Geneva,  N.  Y.,  29  May,  1840. 
He  entered  tlie  service  in  1799  as  midshipman,  and 
became  lieutenant  in  1807,  master-commandant  in 
1813,  and  captain  in  1816,  Pie  was  severely 
wounded  in  the  action  between  the  "Constella- 
tion "  and  the  French  frigate  "  La  Vengeance," 
1  Feb.,  1800,  and  again  in  the  encounter  between 
the  "  Enterprise  "  and  a  French  lugger.  In  the  war 
of  1812  he  was  badly  wounded  in  the  attack  on  the 
English  at  Black  Rock,  and  while  commanding  a 
flotilla  in  Delaware  bay.  He  commanded  the  ship 
that  carried  Adams  and  Clay  to  Ghent  to  arrange 
the  peace  with  Great  Britain.  Owing  to  injuries 
received  in  the  service,  his  mind  became  impaired, 
and  he  was  dismissed,  21  June,  1824. 

ANNANU,  WiUiam,  Canadian  statesman,  b.  in 
Halifax.  Nova  Scotia,  in  1808;  d.  in  London,  13  Oct., 
1887.  He  was  elected  to  the  assembly,  and  allied 
himself  with  the  old  reform  party  that  was  led  by 
Joseph  Howe,  which  established  responsible  gov- 
ernment in  the  province  and  introduced  various 
other  reforms.  He  was  a  inember  of  the  executive 
council  and  financial  secretary  of  Nova  Scotia  from 
1859  to  1863,  and  was  called  upon  to  form  an  ad- 
ministration for  that  province  in  November,  1867, 
a  duty  which  he  accomplished  most  successfully, 
and  ill  which  he  held  consecutively  the  offices  of 
provincial  treasurer  and  president  of  the  council, 
the  latter  being  held  conjointly  with  the  premier- 
ship until  his  resignation  in  May,  1875.  On  U 
May,  1875.  he  was  appointed  agent  in  London  for 
the"  promotion  of  immigration,  and  for  represent^ 
ing  the  interests  of  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Bruns. 
wick  more  effectually  in  the  United  Kingdom  and 
on  the  continent  of  Europe.  He  was  also  a  repeal 
delegate  to  Great  Britain  with  Mr.  Howe  and 
others  in  1866  and  1868.  Mr.  Annand  was  a  con- 
tributor to  the  Nova  Scotia  press,  edited  the 
"Speeches  and  Public  Letters  of  Joseph  Howe" 
(Boston,  1858),  and  was  the  author  of  a  pamphlet 
on  confederation  (London.  1866).  He  held  the 
office  of  queen's  printer  for  several  years.  . 


80 


ANSCHtTZ 


ANTHON 


ANSCHtJTZ,  Karl,  musician,  b.  in  Coblentz, 
Germany,  in  February,  1813 ;  d.  in  New  Yorli  city, 
30  Dec,  1870.  His  father  was  an  eminent  musi- 
cian and  was  in  charge  of  a  school  for  vocal  and 
instrumental  instruction.  His  early  musical  stud- 
ies were  made  under  his  father,  and  in  1837  he  was 
sent  to  study  under  Fredericlc  Schneider,  of  Dessau, 
whose  daughter  he  married.  He  then  returned  to 
Coblentz,  where  he  became  conductor  of  the  royal 
musical  institution  and  of  the  orchestra  at  the 
theatre,  with  the  title  of  royal  musical  director. 
In  1848  he  led  the  orchestra  at  Nuremburg,  and  in 
1849  was  conductor  of  the  German  opera  at  Am- 
sterdam. During  the  same  year  he  went  to  Lon- 
don with  a  German  opera  troupe,  and  subsequently 
he  became  leader  of  the  orchestra  at  Drury  Lane 
theatre.  He  conducted  great  concerts  in  Exeter 
hall,  at  one  of  which  he  gave  Beethoven's  ninth 
symphony  with  an  orchestra  of  250  musicians  and 
a  chorus  of  500  singers.  He  also  conducted  the 
Italian  opera  at  Dublin,  Edinburgh,  Glasgow,  and 
elsewhere  in  Great  Britain.  In  1857  he  came  to  the 
United  States  with  Ullman's  Italian  opera  troupe, 
which  he  conducted  until  1860.  He  founded  in 
1802  the  German  opera  in  New  York,  and  was 
active  in  the  establishment  of  the  New  York  con- 
servatory of  music.  In  1869  he  served  as  musical 
director  of  the  New  York  section  of  the  mass 
choruses  at  the  Baltimore  singing  festival.  He 
was  also  a  composer  of  some  ability,  and  wrote  out 
for  brass  instruments  the  nine  symphonies  of  Beet- 
hoven, of  which  two  were  perforined. 

ANSELME,  Jacques  Bernard  Modeste  d', 
French  general,  b.  in  Apt,  22  July,  1740;  d.  in 
September,  1814.  As  lieutenant-colonel  of  the 
Soissons  regiment,  he  fought  through  the  Ameri- 
can revolution.  As  lieutenant-general  he  took 
Nice  and  the  fortresses  of  Montalban  and  Ville- 
franche  in  1792,  but  was  defeated  at  Sospello  and 
im])risnned  until  the  revolution  of  Thermidor. 

ANSORGE,  Charles,  musician,  b.  in  Spiller, 
Silesia,  Germany,  in  1817 ;  d.  in  Chicago,  28  Oct., 
1866.  He  was  educated  in  Breslau,  where  he  re- 
ceived high  honors,  and  also  obtained  a  thorough 
musical  training.  For  some  years  after  his  gradu- 
ation he  devoted  his  attention  to  teaching,  and  was 
further  occupied  in  editing  a  public  newspaper. 
Imbued  with  the  liberal  ideas  prevalent  in  Ger- 
many in  1848-49,  he  published  articles  offensive 
to  the  authorities,  for  which  he  was  tried  and  sen- 
tenced to  three  years'  imprisonment.  But  he  es- 
caped to  England,  where  he  was  joined  by  his 
family,  and  sailed  for  the  United  States.  He  set- 
tled in  Boston,  and  became  organist  and  chorister 
of  the  first  church  in  Dorchester,  where  he  re- 
mained for  thirteen  years.  He  was  also  a  teacher 
of  music  in  the  asylum  for  the  blind  in  South 
Boston  for  four  years.  For  some  time  he  was  a 
resident  editor  of  the  "  Massachusetts  Teacher," 
and  he  took  an  active  part  in  the  state  teachers' 
association.     In  1863  he  removed  to  Chicago. 

ANSPACH,  Frederick  Rineliart,  clergyman, 
b.  in  central  Pennsylvania  in  January,  1815;  d.  in 
Baltimore,  Md.,  16  Sept.,  1867.  He  was  graduated 
at  the  Pennsylvania  college,  Gettysburg,  in  1839, 
and  at  the  Lutheran  theological  seminary  in  1841. 
He  was  pastor  for  nine  years  of  the  churches  of 
Barren  Hill  and  White  Marsh,  and  subsequently 
at  Hagerstown,  Md.  A  sermon  delivered  on  the 
occasion  of  the  death  of  Henry  Clay  was  his  first 
publication.  His  "Sons  of  the  Sires,"  "Sepul- 
chres of  our  Departed"  (Philadelphia,  1854), 
"  The  Two  Pilgrims  "  (1857),  and  other  works  ap- 
peared in  rapid  succession.  In  1857  he  removed 
to  Baltimore,  where  he  became  a  contributor  to  the 


"Lutheran  Observer,"  and   in   1858  its   principal 
editor,  in  which  office  he  continued  till  1861. 

ANTES,  Henry,  colonist,  b.  in  Germany  in 
1701;  d.  in  Fredericktown,  Pa.,  20  July,  1755. 
The  name  Antes  is  a  Greek  paraphrase  of  the  Ger- 
man Blume,  adopted  as  a  disguise  during  the  Ro- 
manist persecutions  of  1620.  Henry  Antes  emi- 
grated with  his  father's  family  to  Pennsylvania 
about  1720,  and  built  a  paper-mill  on  the  Wissa- 
hickon  near  Philadelphia.  Here  he  married 
Christina,  daughter  of  William  Dewees,  and  be- 
came a  leader  in  the  civil  and  religious  affairs  of 
the  colony.  He  was  the  friend  of  Whitefield  and 
Zinzendorf,  and,  after  consultation  with  the  latter, 
assumed  the  leadership  of  the  religious  organization 
founded  in  1741,  and  known  as  "  Unitas  F'ratrum," 
or  Moravians.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  Beth- 
lehem.— His  son,  Philip  Frederick,  b.  2  Julv, 
1730;  d.  in  Lancaster,  Pa.,  20  Sept.,  1801,  held 
several  public  offices,  was  a  member  of  the  provin- 
cial council  and  of  the  general  and  state  assemblies, 
judge  of  the  court  of  common  pleas,  and  a  colonel 
of  state  militia.  He  was  so  conspicuous  and  ardent 
a  patriot  during  the  revolution  that  the  British 
offered  a  reward  for  his  head.  In  1776,  in  company 
with  a  Mr.  Potts  at  Warwick  furnace,  he  success- 
fully cast  an  eighteen-pounder,  the  first  cannon  ever 
made  in  America.  See  "  A  German  Hero,"  by  Rev. 
Edwin  McMinn  (Moorestown,  N.  J.,  1886). 

ANTHON,  John,  jurist,  b.  in  Detroit,  14  May, 
1784;  d.  in  New  York  city,  5  March,  1863.  He 
was  the  second  son  of  Dr.  G.  C.  Anthon,  was  gradu- 
ated at  Columbia  college  in  1801  at  the  head  of  his 
class,  studied  law,  and,  upon  attaining  his  majority, 
was  admitted  to  practice  in  the  supreme  court. 
During  the  war  of  1812  he  was  in  command  of  a 
company  of  militia,  and  served  in  the  defence  of 
New  York  city.  He  was  also  frequently  employed 
during  this  period  as  judge-advocate.  The  estab- 
lishment of  the  supreme  court  of  the  city  of  New 
York  is  largely  due  to  his  efforts,  he  having  suc- 
cessfully urged  its  necessity  upon  the  state  legisla- 
ture. He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  New  York 
Law  Institute,  and  at  the  time  of  his  death  was  its 
president.  He  published  "  Digested  Index  to  the 
Reports  of  the  United  States  Courts"  (5  vols., 
1813) ;  "  Reports  of  Cases  at  Nisi  Prius  in  the  New 
York  Supreme  Court "  (1820) ;  "  An  Analytical 
Abridgment  of  Blackstone's  Commentaries,"  with 
a  prefatory  essay  "  On  the  Study  of  Law  "  (2d  ed., 
1832) ;  and  "  Anthon's  Law  Student  "  and  "  Ameri- 
can Precedents  "  (1810). — His  brother,  Henry,  cler- 
gyman, b.  in  New  York  city,  11  March,  1795;  d. 
there,  5  Jan.,  1861,  was  graduated  at  Columbia 
in  1813,  after  which  he  studied  theology  under 
Bishop  Hobart  and  took  orders  in  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  church.  In  1816,  while  still  a  deacon, 
he  had  charge  of  the  parish  of  St.  Paul's  church 
in  Tivoli-on-Hudson,  N.  Y. ;  but,  his  health  fail- 
ing, he  removed  to  South  Carolina,  where  he  re- 
mained from  1819  to  1822.  During  the  latter 
year  he  became  rector  of  Trinity  church,  Utica, 
where  he  remained  till  1829,  when  he  took  charge 
of  St.  Stephen's  church.  New  York.  This  pastor- 
ate he  resigned  in  1837  and  became  rector  of  St. 
Mark's  in  the  Bowery,  continuing  there  till  his 
death.  All  Souls'  church,  originally  a  chapel  of 
St.  Mark's,  was  completed  afterward,  and  was 
made  a  memorial  by  his  late  congregation.  A 
memorial  tablet  has  been  erected  near  the  chan- 
cel by  the  vestry  of  St.  Mark's.  Dr.  Anthon  pub- 
lished "  Historical  Notices  of  St.  Mark's  Church 
from  1795  to  1845"  (New  York,  1845).— Another 
brother,  Cliarles,  educator,  b.  in  New  York  city, 
19  Nov.,  1797;  d.  there,  29  July,  1867,  was  gradu- 


ANTHON 


ANTHONY 


81 


ated  at  Columbia  college  in  1815,  studied  law  in  the 
office  of  his  brother  John,  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1819,  but  never  practised.  In  1820  he  was 
appointed  adjunct  professor  of  Greek  and  Latin  at 
Columbia  college,  and  ten  years  later  he  succeeded 
to  the  full  professorship,  and  at  the  same  time  was 
made  head  master  of  the  grammar  school  attached 
to  the  college.  The  latter  post  he  occupied  until 
1864,  when  he  was  retired.  In  1857  he  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  Jay  chair  of  Grreek  language  and  lit- 
erature. He  devoted  considerable  attention  to  the 
preparation  of  text-books  for  colleges,  and  in  1822 
published  a  new  edition  of  Lempriere's  "  Classical 
Dictionary."  Later  appeared  an  edition  of  Horace, 
with  notes  (1830) ;  a  "  Dictionary  of  Greek  and 
Roman  Antiquities"  (1843);  a  "Classical  Diction- 
ary "  (1841),  and  nearly  fifty  other  volumes  of 
classical  school-books,  many  of  which  were  repub- 
lished in  Europe.  A  biographical  sketch  of  Charles 
Anthon  appeared  in  "  The  Galaxy  "  in  1867. — Their 
father.  George  Christian,  a  German  physician, 
served  in  the  British  army  until  the  surrender  of 
Detroit  in  1788,  attaining  the  rank  of  surgeon-gen- 
eral, resigned,  married  the  daughter  of  a  Fi'ench 
officer,  and  settled  in  New  York  city. — Charles  Ed- 
ward, numismatist,  b.  in  New  York  city,  6  Dec, 
1822 ;  d.  there,  7  June,  1883,  was  a  son  of  John 
Anthon,  was  graduated  at  Columbia  college  in  1839, 
and  from  1853  until  1883  he  held  the  chair  of  his- 
tory and  belles-lettres  in  the  College  of  the  City  of 
New  York.  He  was  an  enthusiastic  collector  of 
coins, and  owned  one  of  the  mostvaluable  collections 
ever  gathered  in  the  United  States.  For  some  time 
he  was  president  of  the  American  Numismatic  So- 
ciety.— Another  son  of  John,  William  Henry, 
lawyer,  b.  in  New  York  city,  2  Aug.,  1827 ;  d.  there, 
7  Nov.,  1875,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1848,  and 
soon  became  distinguished  in  its  practice.  He  was 
counsel  in  the  Brinckly  divorce  case,  and  in  1858 
defended  the  rioters  who  burned  the  quarantine 
buildings  on  Staten  Island.  In  1851  he  served  as 
member  of  the  state  legislature,  and  during  the  civil 
war  he  was  judge-advocate-general  on  Gov.  E.  D. 
Morgan's  staff.— George  Christian,  educator,  b. 
in  Red  Hook,  N.  Y.,  19  March,  1820 ;  d.  in  Yon- 
kers,  N.  Y.,  11  Aug.,  1877,  the  eldest  son  of  the 
Rev.  Henry  Anthon,  was  graduated  at  Columbia 
college  in  1839,  studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to 
practice  at  the  New  York  bar.  He  removed  to 
New  Orleans  and  there  began  teaching,  but  re- 
turned to  New  York  and  was  appointed  professor 
of  Greek  in  the  university  of  the  city  of  New  York. 
He  established  the  Anthon  grammar  school  in 
1854,  and  was  its  principal  until  his  death. 

ANTHONY,  Andrew  Variclc  Stout,  artist,  b. 
in  New  York  city  in  1835.  He  studied  drawing 
and  engraving  under  the  best  teachers  in  New 
York,  and  was  one  of  the  original  members  of  the 
American  water-color  society.  His  most  conspicu- 
ous success  has  been  achieved  in  the  line  of  epgrav- 
ing.  Among  his  best-known  works  are  the  illus- 
trations for  Whittier's  "  Snow  Bound "  (1867), 
"Ballads  of  New  England"  (1870),  and  "Mabel 
Martin  "  (1876) ;  Longfellow's  "  Skeleton  in  Armor  " 
(1877),  and  Hawthorne's  "  Scarlet  Letter "  (1878). 
He  has  passed  part  of  his  professional  life  in  New 
York  and  California,  but  settled  in  Boston  in  1878. 

ANTHONY,  Henry  Bowen,  statesman,  b.  of 
Quaker  parents,  in  Coventry,  R.  I.,  1  April,  1815 ; 
d.  in  Providence,  2  Sept.,  1884.  He  was  descended 
in  a  direct  line  from  John  Anthony,  who  came 
from  England  about  1640  and  settled  on  the  island 
of  Rhode  Island.  He  was  graduated  at  Brown 
university  in  1833,  and  devoted  himself  to  literary 
pursuits.      He  became  editor  of    the  Providence 


"Journal "  in  1838,  and  in  1840  was  admitted  into 
partnership,  the  paper  being  published  under  the 
name  of  Knowles,  Vose  &  Anthony  till  the  death 
of  Mr.  Vose  in  1848,  when  it  was  continued  under 
the  name  of  Knowles  &  Anthony  till  1  Jan.,  1863, 
when  it  became  Knowles,  Anthony  &  Danielson. 
Mr.  Anthony  gave  himself  up  to  his  newspaper  with 
all  the  energy  and  enthusiasm  of  his  nature.  No 
amount  of  work  staggered  him ;  early  and  late  he 
was  in  his  office,  and  for  many  years  he  had  around 
him  a  brilliant  circle  of  young  men.  He  early  de- 
veloped poetical  taste, 
and  there  are  several 
pieces  of  merit  that 
bear  his  name.  His 
mind  was  quick  and 
accurate,  and  he  had 
a  wonderful  mem- 
ory; and  his  edito- 
rial labors  contributed 
largely  to  the  growth 
of  the  art  of  journal- 
ism in  New  England. 
He  had  many  offers  to 
go  to  other  cities  and 
take  charge  of  news- 
papers, but  declined 
them  all.  In  1837  he 
married  Sally  Rhodes 
(daughter  of  the  late 
Christopher  Rhodes, 
of  Pawtuxet),  who 
died  in  1854.  In  1849, 
and  again  in  1850,  he  was  elected  governor  of  Rhode 
Island.  As  a  whig  at  the  first  election  he  had  a 
majority  of  1,556;  at  the  second,  fewer  than  1,000 
votes  were  cast  against  him.  He  declined  a  third 
election,  and  gave  himself  once  more  entirely  to 
his  editorial  work.  This  continued  till  1859,  when 
he  was  elected,  as  a  republican,  to  the  U.  S.  senate, 
where  he  remained  by  reflections  till  his  death. 
During  his  service  in  the  senate  he  still  contributed 
largely  to  his  paper.  Three  times  he  was  elected 
president  pro  tern,  of  the  senate — in  March,  1863,  in 
March.  1871,  and  in  January,  1884;  but  the  last 
time  his  failing  health  prevented  him  from  accept- 
ing. He  was  exceedingly  popular  in  Washington, 
and  often  spoken  of  as  "  the  handsome  senator." 
He  served  on  many  important  committees,  and  was 
twice  the  chairman  of  the  committee  on  printing, 
his  practical  knowledge  of  that  subject  enabling  him 
to  introduce  many  reforms  in  the  government  print- 
ing. He  was  at  different  times  a  member  of  the 
committees  on  claims,  on  naval  affairs,  on  mines  and 
mining,  and  on  post-offices  and  post-roads.  On  the 
trial  of  President  Johnson  he  voted  for  impeach- 
ment. He  was  not  a  frequent  or  brilliant  speaker 
in  the  senate,  but  always  talked  to  the  point,  and 
commanded  attention.  He  shone  more  as  a  writer 
than  as  a  speaker.  His  memorial  and  historical  ad- 
dresses were  models  of  composition.  A  volume  of 
these  addresses,  printed  privately  in  1875,  contains 
a  tribute  to  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  delivered  9  July. 
1861 ;  one  to  John  R.  Thompson,  4  Dec,  1862  ;  one 
to  William  P.  Fessenden,  14  Dec,  1869 ;  and  three 
different  addresses  on  Charles  Sumner — the  first  on 
the  announcement  of  his  death  in  the  senate  ;  the 
second  when  Mr.  Anthony,  as  one  of  the  commit- 
tee appointed  by  the  senate,  gave  up  the  body  of 
Mr.  Sumner  to  the  governor  of  Massachusetts ;  and 
the  third  when  Mr.  Boutwell  presented  in  the  sen- 
ate resolutions  of  respect  for  Mr.  Sumner's  mem- 
ory. Mr.  Anthony  also  spoke  in  the  senate  on  the 
death  of  William  A.  Buckingham,  and  on  21  Jan., 
1876,  delivered  a  short  address  on  the  death  of 


82 


ANTHONY 


ANTHONY 


Henry  Wilson,  vice-president  of  the  United  States. 
When  the  statues  of  Gen.  Greene  and  Roger  Will- 
iams were  presented  to  congress  by  the  state 
of  lihode  Island,  Mr.  Anthony  made  the  addresses, 
and  he  also  made  a  short  address  at  the  presenta- 
tion of  the  statues  of  Trumbull  and  Sherman. 
One  of  his  best  efforts  was  when  he  introduced  the 
bill  providing  for  repairing  and  protecting  the 
monument  erected  in  Newport,  R.  I.,  to  the  mem- 
ory of  the  chevalier  de  Tiernay,  commander  of  the 
French  naval  forces  sent  out  in  1780  to  aid  the 
American  revolution.  Mr.  Anthony  had  a  warm 
and  affectionate  nature,  genial  manner,  a  com- 
manding figure,  and  was  a  perfect  specimen  of  a 
man.  In  his  last  days,  with  manly  courage,  he 
calmly  waited  for  the  end.  As  soon  as  his  death 
was  known.  Gov.  Bourn  and  Mayor  Doyle  issued 
proclamations  to  that  effect,  and  called  upon  the 
people  to  attend  the  funeral,  which  took  place  from 
the  first  Congregational  church  in  Providence  on 
Saturday,  6  Sept.  It  was  the  largest  funeral  ever 
known  in  Rhode  Island.  Mr.  Anthony  bequeathed 
a  portion  of  his  library,  known  as  tiie  "  Harris  Col- 
lection of  American  Poetry,"  to  Brown  university. 
It  consists  of  about  6,000  volumes,  mostly  small 
books,  and  many  of  them  exceedingly  rare.  It  was 
begun  half  a  century  ago  by  the  late  Albert  G. 
Greene,  continued  by  Caleb  Fiske  Harris,  and, 
after  his  death,  completed  by  his  kinsman,  the  late 
senator.  The  Rev.  Dr.  J.  C.  Stockbridge,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  board  of  trustees  of  the  university,  is 
preparing  an  annotated  catalogue  of  the  collection. 

ANTHONY,  John  Gould,  naturalist,  b.  in 
Providence,  R.  I.,  17  May,  1804;  d.  in  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  16  Oct.,  1877.  His  school  education  was 
slight,  and  was  entirely  discontinued  when  he 
became  twelve  years  of  age.  Business  pursuits 
then  occupied  his  attention,  and,  settling  in  Cin- 
cinnati, he  continued  there  for  thirty-five  years, 
actively  engaged  in  commercial  occupations.  Mean- 
while his  interest  in  natural  history  had  developed, 
his  publications  attracted  the  attention  of  Prof. 
Agassiz,  and  in  1863  he  was  asked  to  take  charge 
of  the  conchological  department  of  the  museum  of 
comparative  zoology,  \.here  he  remained  until  his 
death.  He  accompanied  Agassiz  on  the  Thayer 
expedition  to  Brazil  in  1865.  His  writings  include 
the  following  papers :  "  A  New  Trilobite  (Cerato- 
cephala  ceralepta.)  "  (1888) ;  "  Fossil  Encrinite  " 
(1888) ;  "  Description  of  a  New  Fossil  (Calymene 
Bucklandii) "  (1839) ;  "  Descriptions  of  Three  New 
Species  of  Shells"  (1889);  "Description  of  Two 
New  Species  of  Anculotus  "  (1839) ;  with  G.  Graham 
and  W.  P.  James,  "  Two  Species  of  Fossil  Asterias 
in  the  Blue  Limestone  of  Cincinnati"  (1846);  "De- 
scription of  New  Fluviate  Shells  of  the  Genus  Me- 
lania,  Lam.,  from  the  Western  States  of  North 
America"  (1854);  "Descriptions  of  New  Species  of 
American  Fluviate  Gasteropods  "  (1861) ;  "  Descrip- 
tions of  Two  New  Species  of  Monocondytoca " 
(1865);  "Description  of  a  New  Exotic  Meiania" 
(1865);  "Description  of  a  New  Species  of  Shells" 
(1865);  and  "  Descriptions  of  New  American  Fresh- 
Water  Shells"  (1866).  Mr.  Anthony  was  recog- 
nized as  an  authority  on  the  American  land  and 
fresh-water  moUusca. 

ANTHONY,  Susan  IJrownell,  reformer,  b.  in 
South  Adams,  Mass.,  15  Feb.,  1820.  Daniel  An- 
thony, her  father,  a  cotton  manufacturer,  was  a 
liberal  Quaker,  who  educated  his  daughters  with 
the  idea  of  self-support,  and  employed  skilful 
teachers  in  his  own  house.  After  completing  her 
education  at  a  Friends'  boarding-school  in  Phila- 
delphia, she  taught  in  New  York  state  from  1885 
to  1850.     Her  father  removed  in  1826  to  Washing- 


ton CO.,  N.  Y.,  and  in  1846  settled  at  Rochester. 
Miss  Anthony  first  spoke  in  public  in  1847,  and 
from  that  time  took  part  in  the  temperance  move- 
ment, organizing  societies  and  lecturing.  In  1851 
she  called  a  temperance  convention  in  Albany,  after 
being  refused  admission  to  a  previous  convention 
on  account  of  her  sex.  In  1852  the  Woman's  New 
York  State  Temperance  Society  was  organized. 
Through  her  exertions,  and  those  of  Mrs.  E.  C. 
Stanton,  women  came  to  be  admitted  to  educational 
and  other  conventions  with  the  right  to  speak,  vote, 
and  serve  on  committees.  About  1857  she  became 
prominent  among  the  agitators  for  the  abolition  of 
slavery.  In  1858  she  made  a  report,  in  a  teachers' 
convention  at  Troy,  in  favor  of  the  co-education  of 
the  sexes.  Her  energies  have  been  chiefly  directed 
to  securing  equal  civil  rights  for  women.  In 
1854-'55  she  held  conventions  in  each  county  of 
New  York  in  the  cause  of  female  suffrage,  and 
since  then  she  has  addressed  annual  appeals  and 
petitions  to  the  legislature.  She  was  active  in  se- 
curing the  passage  of  the  act  of  the  New  York 
legislature  of  1860,  giving  to  married  women  the 
possession  of  their  earnings,  the  guardianship  of 
their  children,  etc.  During  the  war  she  devoted  her- 
self to  the  women's  loyal  league,  which  petitioned 
congress  in  favor 
of  the  13th  amend- 
ment. In  1860 
she  started  a  peti- 
tion in  favor  of 
leaving  out  the 
word  "  male "  in 
the  14th  amend- 
ment, and  worked 
with  the  national 
woman  suffrage 
association  to  in- 
duce congress  to 
secure  to  her  sex 
the  right  of  voting. 
In  1867  she  went 
to  Kansas  with 
Elizabeth  Cady 
Stanton  and  Lucy 
Stone,  and  there  t=i 
obtained  9,000 
votes  in  favor  of  woman  suffrage.  In  1868,  with 
the  cooperation  of  Mrs.  Stanton  aiid  Parker  Pills- 
bury,  and  with  the  assistance  of  George  F.  Train, 
she  began,  in  New  York  city,  the  publication  of  a 
weekly  paper  called  "  The  Revolutionist,"  devoted 
to  the  emancipation  of  women.  In  1872  Miss  An- 
thony cast  ballots  at  the  state  and  congressional 
election  in  Rochester,  in  order  to  test  the  applica- 
tion of  the  14th  and  15th  amendments  of  the  U.  S. 
constitution.  She  was  indicted  for  illegal  voting, 
and  was  fined  by  Justice  Hunt,  but,  in  accordance 
with  her  defiant'declaration,  never  paid  the  penalty. 
Between  1870  and  1880  she  lectured  in  all  the 
northern  and  several  of  the  southern  states  more 
than  one  hundred  times  a  year.  In  1881  she  wrote, 
with  the  assistance  of  her  co-editors,  Elizabeth  Cady 
Stanton  and  Matilda  Joslyn  Gage,  "  The  History  of 
Woman  Suffrage,"  in  two  volumes. 

ANTHONY,  Susanna,  author,  b.  in  Rhode  Isl- 
and in  1726;  d.  in  Newport,  23  July,  1791.  Ex- 
tracts from  her  writings  on  religious  subjects  were 
published,  with  a  memoir  bv  Di-.  Hopkins,  in  1739. 

ANTHONY,  William  ArnoM,  physicist,  b.  in 
Coventry,  R.  I.,  17  Nov.,  1885.  He  was  educated 
at  the  Yale  (nov/  Sheffield)  scientific  school,  and 
received  his  degree  in  1860.  From  1857  to  1860  he 
was  principal  of  a  graded  school  in  Crompton,  R.  I. 
During  1860-'61  he  taught  the  sciences  in  the  Pi'ovi- 


^.  ^' 


ANTONELLI 


APPLETON 


83 


dence  Conference  Seminary,  East  Greenwich,  R.  I., 
after  whicii,  from  1861  to  1868,  he  followed  his  pro- 
fession in  various  capacities  and  in  different  locali- 
ties. Again,  from  1868  to  1867,  he  taught  the 
sciences  in  Franklin,  N.  Y.,  and  in  1867  he  became 
professor  of  physics  and  chemistry  in  Antioch  Col- 
lege, where  he  remained  until  1870,  when  he  was 
called  to  occupy  a  similar  chair  in  Iowa  Agricul- 
tural College.  During  1872  he  accepted  the  pro- 
fessorship of  physics  in  the  then  recently  estab- 
lished Cornell  University,  which  he  still  occupies. 
Although  his  work  has  been  principally  that  of 
teaching,  he  has  found  time  to  gratify  his  fondness 
for  mechanics.  He  designed- and  constructed,  dur- 
ing the  years  1857-61,  two  turbines,  one  of  which 
gave  an  efficiency  of  81  per  cent.,  whose  floats  were 
carefully  formed  to  curves  deduced  from  a  mathe- 
matical investigation  of  the  flow  of  fluids.  In  1875 
he  constructed  a  Gramme  dynamo-electric  machine 
for  25  amperes  and  250  volts.  This  was  built  at  a 
time  when  only  the  most  general  descriptions  of 
such  machines  were  at  hand.  He  has  also  made  a 
large  tangent  galvanometer  which  measures  accu- 
rately currents  from  -fo  to  250  amperes.  Prof.  An- 
thony is  a  member  of  the  American  Association  for 
the  Advancement  of  Science,  and  of  the  American 
Institute  of  Electrical  Engineers.  His  published 
papers  include  contributions  read  before  these  so- 
cieties, and  other  numerous  scientiflc  articles  which 
have  appeared  in  the  "  American  Journal  of  Sci- 
ence," "Journal  of  the  "Franklin  Institute,"  the 
"  Popular  Science  Monthly,"  and  several  electrical 
journals.  He  is  joint  author  with  Prof.  C.  F. 
Brackett  of  an  '•  Elementary  Text-book  on  Phys- 
ics "  (New  York,  1885). 

ANTONELLI,  Juan,  engineer,  b.  in  Gaeta,  Italy, 
about  the  middle  of  the  16th  century ;  d.  in  Spain 
in  1616.  He  went  to  Cuba  in  1584,  where  he  made 
the  plan  and  superintended  the  construction  of  the 
Morro  Castle  and  Punta  Fortress  in  Havana,  in 
1589.  Before  they  were  finished  he  went  to  Vera 
Cruz,  Mexico,  and  plainied  the  famous  fortress  of 
San  Juan  de  Ulua.  He  retui-ned  to  Cuba,  and  af- 
terward went  to  Spain,  where  he  died. 

ANTONIO  DE  SEDILLA,  better  known  as 
"  Pere  Antoine,"  clergyman,  b.  in  Spain  about 
1730 ;  d.  in  New  Orleans  in  1829.  He  was  sent  to 
Louisiana  as  commissary  of  the  inquisition,  with 
power  to  put  it  in  force  in  that  colony,  and  ar- 
rived there,  with  five  other  Capuchin  friars,  in  1779. 
The  governor,  Miro,  fearing  a  revolution  if  the 
Spanish  laws  against  heretics  were  applied,  forci- 
bly seized  Fra  Antonio  and  the  other  monks  and 
sent  them  back  to  Spain.  Four  years  later  Pere 
Antoine,  as  he  came  to  be  called,  returned  to  New 
Orleans  in  the  capacity  of  priest  of  St.  Louis  cathe- 
dral, the  only  church  'in  the  city,  and  his  goodness 
and  charity  made  him  the  idol  of  the  French  popu- 
lation during  his  long  pastorate.  He  gave  all  that 
he  had  to  the  poor  and  lived  a  life  of  the  greatest 
abstemiousness,  sleeping  on  hard  boards  in  a  rude 
hut  that  he  constructed  under  a  date-palm  tree 
that  stood  in  his  garden.  When  the  United  States 
purchased  Louisiana,  Claiborne  wrote  to  Jefferson 
that  no  opposition  to  the  new  dominion  need  be 
feared  if  Pere  Antoine  could  be  won  over.  The 
president  solicited  his  interest ;  but  the  old  priest 
took  no  part  in  the  crisis,  refusing  to  meddle  with 
politics.  The  palm-tree  under  which  he  lived  and 
died  became,  in  memory  of  the  good  father,  a  famous 
landmark  in  New  Orleans.  It  was  said  to  have 
been  planted  by  a  Turk  in  1727;  but  Sir  Charles 
Lyell,  in  his  "  Second  Visit  to  New  Orleans,"  as- 
serts that  Pere  Antoine  planted  it  himself.  The 
tree  was  made  the  subject  of   Aldrich's  story  of 


"  Pere  Antoine's  Date  Palm,"  and  of  romances  by 
Dimitry  and  Lafcadro  Hearn.  Many  traditions 
associated  with  the  tree  are  given  in  Gayarre's 
"  History  of  Louisiana."  It  bloomed  for  the  last 
time  in  1858,  but  retained  some  life  and  verdure 
until  in  July,  1886,  it  was  entirely  dead. 

ANZOjCTEUUI,  Jose  Antonio  (an-tho-ah'ta- 
gee),  Venezuelan  soldier,  b.  in  Barcelona,  Venezuela, 
in  1789 :  d.  15  Nov.,  1819.  When  the  revolutionary 
war  began  he  was  twenty-one  years  old,  and  at 
once  entered  the  ranks  of  the  revolutionist  army. 
Promotion  followed  rapidly,  and  he  soon  became 
one  of  the  chief  commanders,  and  as  such  took  part 
in  the  victories  won  against  the  royal  troops  in  San 
Felix  and  Boyaca. 

APES,  William,  author,  b.  about  1800.  He 
was  an  Indian  preacher  of  the  Pequot  tribe,  and 
published  "  A  Son  of  the  Forest "  (Boston,  1831) ; 
"  Experiences  of  Five  Christian  Indians  of  the  Pe- 
quot Tribe  "  (1833) ;  "  Indian  Nullification  "  (1835) ; 
and  a  "  Eulogy  on  King  Philip  "  (1836). 

APODACA,  Juan  Ruiz  (ah-po-dah'-ka),  Span- 
ish naval  officer,  b.  about  1770;  d.  in  1835.  He 
entered  the  service  in  1770,  and  distinguished  him- 
self in  several  encounters  with  the  English.  In 
1807  he  was  given  the  command  of  a  fleet,  and  the 
next  year  he  captured  the  French  fleet  in  Cadiz. 
About  1810  he  was  appointed  captain-general  of 
Cuba  and  Florida,  and  in  1816  he  was  transferred 
to  Mexico  as  viceroy  of  New  Spain.  While  in  Mexi- 
co he  suppressed  several  strong  bands  of  insur- 
gents, and  for  this  and  other  services  he  was  re- 
warded by  his  government  with  the  title  of  Count 
of  Venadito.  He  returned  to  Spain  in  1822,  and 
was  subsequently  promoted  to  the  rank  of  captain- 
general  of  the  navy. 

APPEL,  Theodore,  clergyman,  b.  in  Easton, 
Pa.,  30  April,  1823.  He  was  graduated  at  Marshall 
college,  Mercersburg,  Pa.,  in  1842,  was  ordained  in 
the  Reformed  church,  and  held  pastoral  charges 
in  Waynesboro,  Pa.,  and  Cavetown,  Md.  He  be- 
came in  1851  professor  of  mathematics,  physics,  and 
astronomy  in  Marshall  college,  at  the  same  time 
acting  as  pastor  of  the  Reformed  church  in  Mer- 
cersburg and  editing  the  Mercersburg  "  Review," 
and  from  1853  to  1877  he  filled  the  same  chair  in 
Franklin  and  Marshall  college,  Lancaster,  Pa.  From 
1877  to  1886  he  was  general  superintendent  of  home 
missions  for  the  eastern  part  of  the  Reformed 
church,  and  travelled  on  business  connected  with 
that  office  through  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  Vir- 
ginia, and  North  Carolina.  From  1881  to  1886  he 
edited  the  "  Reformed  Missionary  Herald."  He 
has  published  "  Recollections  of  College  Life " 
(Reading,  Pa.,  1886). 

APPLE.  Thomas  (lilmore,  educator,  b.  in 
Easton,  Pa.,  14  Nov.,  1829  ;  d.  in  Lancaster,  Pa.,  17 
Sept.,  1898.  He  was  graduated  at  Marshall  college, 
and  was  a  pastor  of  the  German  Reformed  church 
from  1853  to  1865.  In  the  latter  year  he  was 
chosen  president  of  Mercersburg  college,  which  he 
left  in  1871,  and  became  a  professor  in  the  Lancas- 
ter theological  seminary.  In  1878  he  was  elected 
president  of  Franklin  and  Marshall  college.  He 
edited  for  several  years  the  "  Mercersburg  Review  " 
and  the  "  Reformed  Quarterly  Review." 

APPLETON,  Daniel,  founder  of  the  publish- 
ing house  of  D.  Appleton  &  Co.,  New  York,  b.  in 
Haverhill,  Mass.,  10  Dec,  1785;  d.  in  New  York, 
27  March,  1849.  He  began  business  as  a  dry-goods 
merchant  in  his  native  place,  but  subsequent  iy  went 
to  Boston,  and  in  1825  removed  to  New  York, 
where  he  began  the  importation  of  English  books 
in  conjunction  with  his  dry-goods  business.  The 
book  department  was  placed  in  charge  of  William 


84 


APPLETON 


APPLETON 


(of^^^i^^"?^.^^  i^^/^iY/^^TU' 


Henry  Appleton,  his  eldest  son  (b.  27  Jan.,  1814 :  d. 
in  Riverdale,  N.  Y.,  19  Oct.,  1899).  He  soon  aban- 
doned the  sale  of  dry-goods,  and  removed  to  Clinton 
Hall,  Beekman  street,  and  there  gave  his  attention 
solely  to  the  importation  and  sale  of  books.  In  1835 
W.  H.  Appleton  was  sent  to  represent  the  house  in 
London,  and  in  the  following  year  the  father  vis- 
ited Europe  and  founded  a  permanent  agency  at 
16  Little  Britain.  His  first  publishing  venture 
was  a  collection  of  religious  extracts  entitled 
"  Daily  Crumbs  from  the  Master's  Table,"  a  32mo 

volume,  of  which 
2,000  copies  were 
sold.  This  was 
followed  by  an- 
other book  of  the 
same  size  and 
character,  and  in 
1832,  the  cholera 
year,  by  "  A  Ref- 
uge in  Time  of 
Plague  and  Pesti- 
lence." In  Janu- 
ary, 1838,  W.  H. 
Appleton  was  ta- 
ken into  partner- 
ship, and  the  firm 
removed  to  200 
Broadwav.  In 

1848  the  father  re- 
tired, and  W.  H. 
Appleton  then 
formed  a  copart- 
nership with  his  brother,  John  Adams  Appleton  (b. 
in  Boston,  Mass.,  9  Jan.,  1817 ;  d.  at  his  residence  on 
Staten  Island,  13  July,  1881).  Three  other  sons  be- 
came partners.  Daniel  Sidney,  the  fourth  son,  b. 
in  Boston,  9  April,  1824,  d.  in  New  York,  12  Nov., 
1890 ;  (tEGRGE  Swett,  b.  in  Andover,  Mass.,  11  Aug., 
1821.  d.  at  Riverdale,  N.  Y.,  7  July,  1878  ;  Samuel 
Francis,  the  voungest  son,  b.  in  Boston,  26  April. 
1826,  d.  in  New  York,  25  Oct..  1883.  The  busi- 
ness was  removed  from  200  Broadway  to  the  old 
Society  library  building,  corner  of  Leonard  street 
and  Broadway,  and  subsequently  the  growth  of  the 
city  necessitated  many  removals  farther  up-town. 
In  1881  the  retail,  jobbing,  and  importing  depart- 
ments were  abandoned,  in  order  that  sole  attention 
might  be  given  to  the  publications  of  the  house, 
and  the  business  was  removed  subsequently  to  its 
present  location,  72  Fifth  avenue.  In  1853  a  print- 
ing-office and  bindery  were  established  in  Franklin 
street.  New  York  ;  but  the  publishing  business  in- 
creased to  such  an  extent  that  in  1868  the  manufact- 
uring department  was  removed  to  Brooklyn,  where 
buildings  were  erected  that  cover  nearly  a  whole 
square.  The  publications  of  the  house  extend  over 
the  entire  field  of  literature.  Its  "American  Cyclo- 
pajdia  "  is  the  largest  and  most  widely  circulated 
work  of  its  kind  ever  produced  in  this  country.  The 
first  edition  was  issued  in  1857-63 ;  and  a  revised 
edition,  which  was  practically  a  re-writing  of  the  en- 
tire work,  with  the  insertion  of  thousands  of  illus- 
trations and  other  improvements,  in  1873-'76,  addi- 
tions and  cori'ections  1  leing  ailded  from  time  to  time. 
The  "  Annual  Cyelopa'dia,"  published  in  similar 
style  and  forming  an  appropriate  continuation  of 
the  greater  work,  is  now  in  its  thirty-sixth  year.  Its 
illustrated  books  include  '*  Picturesque  America," 
"  Picturesque  Europe,"  and  "  Picturesque  Pales- 
tine," besides  valuable  art  collections.  Its  text- 
books embrace  every  subject  taught  in  American 
schools ;  medical  books  form  a  special  department, 
and  books  in  Spanish  for  the  South  and  Central 
American  markets  form  another.     Nearly  all  the 


noted  scientists  of  Europe  and  the  United  States 
are  represented  in  the  list,  which  also  in  general 
literature  includes  the  names  of  Bancroft,  Bryant, 
Cooper,  Dickens,  Disraeli,  Scott,  and  other  stand- 
ard authors.  The  literature  of  the  civil  war  is  rep- 
resented on  both  sides,  by  Generals  Sherman,  Sheri- 
dan, and  J.  E.  Johnston,  Admirals  Farragut  and 
Porter,  Jefferson  Davis,  William  H.  Seward,  and 
biographies  of  Lee,  Chase,  "  Stonewall "  Jackson, 
A.  S.  Johnston,  and  other  distinguished  partici- 
pants. The  business  is  conducted  by  a  company 
incorporated  in  1897,  consisting  of  William  W. 
Appleton,  president;  Daniel  Appleton,  1st  vice- 
president;  Edward  D..Appleton,  2d  vice-president; 
D.  Sidney  Appleton,  secretary  and  treasurer.  The 
above,  with  Charles  A.  and  Robert  Appleton,  con- 
stitute the  board  of  directors  of  the  company. 

APPLETON,  James,  temperance  reformer,  b. 
in  Ipswich,  Mass.,  14  Feb.,  1786;  d.  there,  25  Aug., 
1862.  When  a  young  man  he  was  elected  to  the 
legislature  of  his  native  state,  and  during  the  war 
with  Great  Britain  he  served  as  a  colonel  of  Massa- 
chusetts militia,  and  after  the  close  of  the  war  was 
made  a  brigadier-general.  During  his  subsequent 
residence  at  Portland,  Me.,  he  was  elected  to  the 
legislature  in  1836-'37,  but  he  returned  finally  to  his 
native  town,  where  he  died.  By  his  speeches  and 
publications  he  exercised  great  infiuence  upon  pub- 
lic sentiment  in  favor  of  total  abstinence.  In  his  re- 
port to  the  Maine  legislature  in  1837  he  was  the  first 
to  expound  the  principle  embodied  in  the  Maine 
law.     See  his  "  Life,"  by  Sydney  Howard  Gay. 

APPLETON,  Jesse,  educator,  b.  in  New  Ips- 
wich. N.  H.,  17  Nov.,  1772;  d.  in  Bninswick,  Me., 
12  Nov.,  1819.  After  graduation  at  Dartmouth 
college  he  spent  two  years  in  teaching  at  Dover 
and  Amherst,  then  studied  theology,  and  was  or- 
dained pastor  at  Hampton,  N.  H.,  in  February, 
1797,  notwithstanding  his  Arminian  tendencies, 
which  were  considered  heretical  at  that  time.  At 
his  suggestion  the  "  Piscataqua  Evangelical  Maga- 
zine "  was  published,  and  while  at  Hampton  he 
served  as  trustee  of  Phillips  Exeter  academy,  and 
was  a  member  of  the  academy  of  arts  and  sciences. 
His  daughter  married  President  Franklin  Pierce. 
He  was  in  great  demand  as  a  preacher  on  occasions 
of  importance.  A  volume  of  his  addresses,  with  a 
biographical  sketch  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Nichols,  of 
Portland,  was  published  in  1820.  Two  years  later 
his  lectures  and  occasional  sermons  were  published, 
with  a  memoir  by  the  Rev.  B.  Tappan.  These 
and  other  writings  were  collected  in  a  two-volume 
edition,  entitled  "The  Works  of  Jesse  Appleton, 
D.D."  (Andover,  1836). 

APPLETON,  John,  lawyer,  b.  in  Beverly,  Mass., 
11  Feb.,  1815:  d.  in  Portland,  Me.,  22  Aug.,  1864. 
He  was  graduated  at  Bowdoin  college  in  1834,  in 
1837  began  the  practice  of  law  in  Portland,  and 
soon  afterward  became  editor  of  the  "  Eastern  Ar- 
gus." At  this  time  he  was  register  of  probate  for 
Cumberland  co.  In  1845  he  was  appointed  chief 
clerk  of  the  navy  department,  subsequently  chief 
clerk  of  the  state  department,  and  in  1848  was  sent 
out  to  Bolivia  as  charge  d'affaires  for  the  United 
States.  On  his  return  in  1849  he  resumed  his  law 
practice  in  Portland,  and  he  was  elected  to  congress 
in  1850.  In  1855-'56  he  was  secretary  of  legation 
in  London,  in  1857  assistant  secretary  of  state,  and 
in  1860  became  minister  to  Russia. 

APPLETON,  John  Howard,  chemist,  b.  in 
Portland,  Me.,  3  Feb.,  1844.  He  was  graduated  at 
Brown  University  in  1863,  the  following  year  be- 
came instructor  in  chemistry  there,  and  in  1868 
was  elected  professor  of  chemistry  and  applied  arts. 
Since  1872  he  has  filled  the  chair  of  chemistry  only. 


APPLETON 


APPLING 


85 


Prof.  Appleton  has  written  a  series  of  chemical 
text-booiis  that  have  had  an  extensive  sale.  They 
are  "The  Young  Chemist"  (Philadelphia,  1878); 
"  Qualitative  Analysis  "  (1878) ;  "  Quantitative  Anal- 
ysis" (1881);  and  "Chemistry  of  Non-Metals" 
(Providence,  1884). 

APPLETON,  John  James,  diplomatist,  b.  in 
France  about  1789  ;  d.  in  Rennes,  France,  4  March, 
1864.  His  father  was  John  Appleton,  some  time 
U.  S.  consul  at  Calais.  John  James  studied  at 
Phillips  Andover  academy,  and  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1813.  During  President  Monroe's  ad- 
ministration he  was  appointed  secretary  of  lega- 
tion at  Brazil,  and  afterward  chai-ge  d'affaires  for 
the  United  States  at  Madrid  and  at  Stockholm. 
At  the  latter  post  he  negotiated  the  commercial 
treaty  that  still  serves  as  the  basis  of  intercourse 
between  the  United  States  and  Sweden.  He  also 
served  as  a  diplomatic  representative  of  the  United 
States  at  Naples.  Inheriting  from  his  father  a 
valuable  estate  in  France,  he  spent  the  greater 
part  of  his  life  there,  making  only  occasional  vis- 
its to  America. 

APPLETON,  Nathaniel,  clergyman,  b.  in  Ips- 
wich, Mass.,  9  Dec,  1693 ;  d.  in  Cambridge,  Mass.. 
9  Feb.,  1784.  He  was  educated  at  Harvard,  taking 
his  degree  in  1712,  studied  theology,  and  was  or- 
dained 9  Oct.,  1717,  succeeding  Mr.^Brattle  as  Con- 
gregational minister.  From  1717  to  1779  he  was 
one  of  the  corporation  of  Harvard  university.  He 
published  sermons  and  occasional  discourses. 

APPLETON,  Samnel,  merchant,  b.  in  New 
Ipswich,  N.  11.,  22  June,  1766;  d.  in  Boston,  12 
July,  1853.  His  youth  was  spent  on  a  farm  and 
in  teaching.  For  a  time  he  kept  a  store  in  Ips- 
wich, but  he  removed  to  Boston  in  1794  and  went 
into  the  importing  business  in  partnei'ship  with 
his  brother  Nathan.  He  also  established  cotton 
mills  at  Waltham  and  Lowell.  After  1799  he 
passed  much  of  his  time  abroad,  until  he  retired 
from  business  in  1823.  He  was  at  this  time  liter- 
ally a  merchant  prince,  and,  with  true  nobility  of 
character,  devoted  a  large  part  of  his  income  to 
charitable  purposes.  He  made  it  a  rule  to  spend 
annually  his  whole  income,  and  to  this  end  often 
placed  large  sums  for  distribution  in  the  hands  of 
those  who  were  likely  to  meet  cases  of  destitution. 
At  his  death  the  sum  of  |200,000  was  distributed 
among  charities.  See  menioii',  by  I.  A.  Jewett 
(Boston,  1850). — His  brother.  Nathan,  merchant, 
b.  in  New  Ipswich,  N.  H.,  6  Oct.,  1779 ;  d.  in  Bos- 
ton, 14  July,  1861.  He  entered  Dartmouth  college 
in  1794,  but  soon  left  to  engage  in  business  with 
Samuel  in  Boston.  When  he  became  of  age  he 
was  admitted  into  partnership,  and  the  firm  was 
known  as  S.  &  N.  Appleton.  In  1813  he  was  as- 
sociated with  Francis  C.  Lowell,  Patrick  T.  Jack- 
son, Paul  Moody,  and  others,  in  establishing  the 
Waltham  cotton  manufactory,  in  which  the  first 
power  loom  ever  used  in  the  United  States  was  set 
up.  This  proving  successful,  he  and  others  pur- 
chased the  water-power  at  Pawtucket  Falls,  and  he 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Merrimac  Manu- 
facturing Company.  The  settlement  that  grew 
around  these  factories  developed  into  the  city  of 
Lowell,  of  which  in  1821  Mr.  Appleton  was  one 
of  the  three  founders.  He  was  also  the  projector 
and  chief  proprietor  of  the  Hamilton  Company. 
He  was  elected  to  the  state  legislature  in  1815, 
served  during  several  terms,  and  was  elected 
to  congress  in  1830  and  again  in  1842.  Pie  was 
the  author  of  several  speeches  and  essays  on  cur- 
rency, banking,  and  the  tariff,  of  which  his  "  Re- 
marks on  Currency  and  Banking "  (enlarged  ed., 
1858)  is  the  most  celebrated.     An  account  of  the 


introduction  of  the  power  loom  and  of  the  origin 
of  Lowell  was  pul)lished  by  him.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Academy  of  Science  and  Arts,  and  of  the 
Massachusetts  Historical  Society.  He  accumulated 
great  wealth,  and  was  noted  for  his  benevolence. 
A  memoir  of  his  life  has  been  written  by  Robert 
C.  Winthrop  of  Boston. 

APPLETON,  Thomas  Gold,  author,  b.  in  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  31  March,  1812;  d.  in  New  York,  17 
April,  1884.  His  early  training  was  received  at 
the  Boston  Latin  school,  where  he  was  prepared  to 
enter  Harvard  in  the  class  of  1831.  Among  his 
classmates  were  J.  L.  Motley,  Wendell  Phillips, 
and  other  distin- 
guished men.  Mr. 
Appleton  spent 
much  of  his  time 
abroad.  He  was  a 
liberal  patron  of  the 
fine  arts,  and  gave 
elRcient  aid  to  va- 
rious institutions, 
including  the  pub- 
lic library,  the  insti- 
tute of  technology, 
and  the  museums  at 
Boston  and  Cam- 
bridge. He  was 
an  amateur  painter 
of  superior  merit, 
and  his  water-color 
sketches  of  scenes 
on  the  river  Nile 
are  exceptionally 
good.  He  was  the 
author    of    several 

books  in  prose  and  verse.  In  poetry  his  "  Faded 
Leaves "  was  well  received  by  the  reading  public. 
In  prose  he  published  his  "  Nile  Journal "  (Boston, 
1876),  "  Syrian  Sunshine  "  (1877),  "  Windfalls,"  and 
other  works.  He  was  the  founder  of  the  Boston 
literary  club,  was  highly  esteemed  for  his  genial 
temper  and  courteous  manners,  and  was  looked 
upon  by  those  who  knew  him  as  unrivalled  for  wit 
and  humor.  A  volume  of  his  "  Life  and  Letters," 
prepared  by  Susan  Hale,  was  published  in  New 
York  in  1885. 

APPLETON,  William,  merchant,  b.  in  Brook- 
field,  Mass.,  16  Nov.,  1786;  d.  in  Longwood,  near 
Boston,  20  Feb.,  1862.  He  was  a  son  of  the  Rev. 
Joseph  Appleton,  of  Brookfield,  received  an  aca- 
demical education,  and  at  the  age  of  fifteen  became 
a  clerk  in  a  country  store  at  Temple.  In  1807  he 
went  to  Boston,  where  for  over  fifty  years  he  was 
a  successful  merchant,  giving  also  much  attention 
to  banking  and  financial  operations.  He  was  presi- 
dent of  the  U.  S.  branch  bank  from  1832  to  1836, 
and  was  also  president  of  the  provident  institution 
for  savings  and  the  Massachusetts  general  hospital. 
He  gave  $30,000  to  the  last-named  institution,  and 
was  noted  for  his  benevolence.  He  was  elected  as 
a  whig  to  congress,  serving  from  1851  to  1855.  and 
again  was  a  member  in  the  special  session  from  4 
July  to  6  Aug.,  1861,  after  which  he  resigned. 

APPLING,  Daniel,  soldier,  b.  in  Columbia 
CO.,  Ga.,  25  Aug.,  1787;  d.  at  Foi't  Montgomery, 
Ala.,  18  March,  1817.  He  entered  the  armv  as 
lieutenant  in  1808.  On  19  May,  1814,  being  then 
a  major,  he  commanded  a  detachment  of  130  rifie- 
men  on  board  a  flotilla  bearing  cannon  and  naval 
stores  from  Oswego,  N.  Y.,  to  the  unfinished  ship 
"  Superior  "  at  Sackett's  Harbor,  then  blockaded  by 
the  British.  Finding  it  impossible  to  run  the 
blockade,  Woolsey,  the  commander  of  the  flotilla, 
landed  tlie  stores  by  night  at  Sandy  creek.     Here 


ARACENA 


ARCE 


the  party  were  attacked  by  the  British,  who  ex- 
pected an  easy  victory,  but  were  completely  sur- 
prised by  Appling  and  his  men,  concealed  in  the 
bushes  on  the  banks.  The  British  squadron,  with 
170  officers  and  men,  fell  into  the  hands  of  the 
Americans,  and  the  naval  stores  were  delivered 
safely  at  Sa,ckett's  Harbor.  F'or  his  conduct  in 
this  engagement  Appling  was  brevetted  lieuten- 
ant-colonel. He  distinguished  himself  afterward 
at  Plattsburg,  and  was  brevetted  colonel  in  1814. 
On  1  June,  1810.  lie  resigned  from  the  army. 

ARACENA,  Domingo,  scholar,  b.  in  Santiago, 
Chili,  in  1810 ;  d.  there  in  1874.  He  was  educated 
at  the  school  of  the  Dominicans  in  Santiago,  and 
entered  the  novitiate  of  the  order  at  the  age  of  fif- 
teen. He  afterward  learned  Hebrew,  Greek,  and  the 
principal  modern  languages,  and  attracted  so  much 
attention  in  his  public  discussions  that  he  was  known 
as  the  Pico  de  la  Mirandola  of  Chili.  During  the 
twenty  years  that  he  was  itrofcssor  in  his  convent 
his  knowledge  of  jurispi-udciici'  was  so  highly  es- 
teemed that  he  was  constantly  visited  by  lawyers 
and  statesmen,  as  well  as  by  successive  presidents, 
who  consulted  him  on  difficult  points  of  constitu- 
tional law.  It  is  said  by  his  biographers  that  several 
changes  in  the  laws  of  Chili  were  brought  about  by 
his  advice.  He  wrote  several  works,  one  of  which, 
"  Vindicacion  de  la  nota  de  Inquisidores,"  has  been 
translated  into  French  by  Lacordaire. 

ARAGfO,  Jean  (ali-ra'-go),  Mexican  general,  b. 
in  France  in  1788 ;  d.  in  1836.  From  Perpignan, 
where  he  had  held  a  public  office,  he  went  to  New 
Orleans,  and,  having  joined  the  expedition  of  young 
Mina.  he  rendered  efficient  service  in  the  war  of  in- 
dependence. In  many  of  Santa  Anna's  campaigns 
the  principal  part  was  that  taken  by  Arago. 

ARANGO  ¥  PARRENO,  Francisco  de,  Cu- 
ban statesman,  1).  in  Havana  in  May,  1765  ;  d.  there 
in  1837.  He  went  to  Spain  in  1787,  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1789,  and  in  1813  was  elected  a  rep- 
resentative for  Cuba  in  the  Spanish  cortes,  where 
he  advocated  the  abolition  of  slavery.  In  1818  he 
returned  to  Havana.  He  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Soeiedad  Patriotica  de  Aniigos  del  Pais, 
which  has  conferred  many  benefits  upon  Cuba.  To 
his  exertions  were  due  the  opening  of  the  ports  of 
the  island  to  foreign  commerce,  and  also  the  aboli- 
tion of  the  tobacco  monopoly.  These  measures  were 
the  origin  of  the  commercial  progress  and  pros- 
perity of  Cuba.  Agriculture  also  owes  much  to 
Arango,  who  introduced  new  methods  of  cultivat- 
ing the  land,  and  also  the  Othaiti  sugar  cane,  which 
supplanted  the  creole  cane  and  has  been  a  source  of 
immense  wealth.  Arango  wrote  numerous  pam- 
phlets and  memoirs,  some  of  which  have  been  trans- 
lated into  French  and  English.  Humboldt  called 
him  "  one  of  the  first  of  the  Spanish  statesmen." 

ARANGO,  Rafael  de,  soldier,  b.  in  Havana  in 
1788;  d.  there  in  1850.  He  took  part  in  the  upris- 
ing in  Madrid  on  2  May,  1808,  against  the  French 
invasion,  under  Napoleon  I.  This  was  the  begin- 
ning of  the  peninsular  war  for  independence,  so 
fatal  to  the  French  armies.  Arango  retired  from 
active  military  service  in  1821  as  a  colonel  of  cav- 
alry, went  to  Cuba,  where  he  wrote  an  historical 
sketch  with  the  title  of  "  El  dos  de  Mayo,"  and  pub- 
lished also  a  "  Prontuario  de  Agricultura  "  (1828). 

ARANGO  Y  ESCAND6n,  Alejandro  (ah- 
ran'-go  e  es-kah-oo-don'),  Mexican  author,  b.  in 
Puebla,  8  July,  1821.  He  was  educated  in  Madrid 
and  Paris,  and  has  filled  several  high  offices,  but 
declined  to  accept  any  compensation  for  his  public 
services.  His  library  is  one  of  the  richest  in  Mexi- 
co. A  volume  of  poems  and  the  excellent  "  Ensayo 
historico  sobre  Fray  Luis  de  Leon  "  are  among  his 


best  works.  The  last  named  won  him  membership 
in  both  the  Royal  Spanish  academy  and  the  acad- 
emy of  history  of  Spain. 

ARANZAZU,  Juan  de  Dios  (ar-an-thah'-thoo), 
Colombian  statesman,  1).  in  Antioquia  near  the 
cl(»e  of  the  18tii  century ;  d.  in  1845.  He  began 
his  political  career  when  very  young,  and  filled 
high  offices  since  1823  until  1841,  then  taking 
charge  of  the  executive.  He  distinguished  himself 
for  his  ability,  great  learning,  and  spirit  of  justice  in 
his  public  dealings. 

ARAUJO  Y  RIO,  Jos6,  Spanish  governor  of 
Guatemala,  under  Kings  Philip  V.  and  Ferdinand 
VI.,  from  1742  until  1751.  He  succeeded  Gen. 
Rivera  y  Villalon,  and  was  replaced  by  Gen.  Vaz- 
quez Priego. 

ARBOiiEDA,  Julio  (ar-bo-lay'-dah),  Colombian 
poet,  d.  in  1872.  He  received  his  education  in  Eu- 
rope, and  wrote  in  French,  English,  and  Italian,  as' 
well  as  in  his  own  langiiage.  His  poems,  entitled 
"  Dios  y  la  virtud,"  "  Estoy  en  la  careel,"  "  Me  au- 
sento,"  "  Te  quiero,"  and  the  long  one  called  "  Gon- 
zalo  de  Oyon,"  deserve  especial  notice.  He  was  as- 
sassinated, it  is  supposed,  by  political  enemies.  A 
collection  of  his  poetry  was  republished  in  New 
York  in  1884. 

ARBUCKLE,  Matthew,  soldier,  b.  in  Green- 
brier CO..  Va.,  in  1776;  d.  at  Fort  Smith,  Ark.,  11 
June,  1851.  He  entered  the  army  as  an  ensign  in 
1799,  became  a  captain  in  1806,  major  in  1812,  lieu- 
tenant-colonel in  1814,  colonel  of  the  7th  infantry 
in  1820,  and  brevet  brigadier-general  in  1830.  In 
1817  he  was  successful  in  an  expedition  against  the 
Fowltoun  Indians,  and  in  1846-'47  served  in  the 
Mexican  war.  He  commanded  at  New  Orleans, 
Fort  Gibson,  and  Fort  Smith.  During  much  of  his 
life  he  was  brought  constantly  in  contact  with  the 
Indians  of  the  frontier,  and,  by  his  knowledge  of 
their  character,  alwavs  kept  their  confidence. 

ARBUTHNOT,  Marriot,  British  admiral,  b. 
in  1711 ;  d.  in  London,  31  Jan.,  1794.  He  was  a 
nephew  of  Dr.  John  Arbuthnot,  the  poet.  Pie  be- 
came post-captain  in  1747,  and  in  1775  was  made 
naval  commissioner  at  Halifax,  where  he  resided 
until  1778.  He  returned  to  England  a  rear  admiral, 
and  in  1779  was  made  vice  admiral,  and  command- 
er-in-chief on  the  American  station.  Soon  after 
arriving  at  his  destination  he  was  blockaded  in  New 
York  harbor  by  the  French  fleet  under  D'Estaing. 
In  December,  1779,  he  conveyed  the  troops  of  Sir 
Henry  Clinton  to  Charleston,  and  cooperated  with 
him  in  laying  siege  to  that  city.  The  fleet  appeared 
off  the  harbor  on  9  March,  1780,  and  entered  it  on 
9  April.  After  a  short  siege  the  city  surrendered 
on  12  May,  and  was  given  up  to  pillage.  For  this 
success  Arbuthnot  received  the  thanks  of  parlia- 
ment. On  16  March,  1781,  Arbuthnot  obtained 
some  advantage  over  the  French  fleet  in  an  engage- 
ment off  the  capes  of  Virginia.  In  1793  he  was 
made  admiral  of  the  blue.  At  the  time  of  his  ser- 
vice in  America,  Arbuthnot  was  old  and  inefficient, 
and  Sir  Henry  Clinton  complained  bitterly  to  the 
home  government  of  his  incapacity. 

ARCE,  Francisco,  pioneer,  b.  in  Lower  Cali- 
fornia in  1822  ;  d.  in  1878.  From  the  age  of  eleven 
he  lived  in  Alta  California.  At  the  time  of  the 
American  conquest  in  1846  he  was  a  military  officer, 
and  was  secretary  to  Gen.  Jose  Castro,  commander 
of  the  Californian  forces.  His  name  is  known  from 
his  connection  with  a  party  of  men  who,  in  June, 
1846,  were  bringing  horses,  generally  supposed  to 
belong  to  the  Californian  government,  from  Sono- 
ma to  the  south.  Capt.  John  C.  Fremont,  then  in 
command  of  an  American  surveying  party  in  the 
territory,  incited  American  settlers  to  assail  the 


ARCE 


ARCHIBALD 


87 


party,  seize  upon  the  horses,  and  begin  hostilities 
against  tlie  Californian  government.  From  this 
Arce-affair  of  6  June  dates  the  beginning  of  the 
"  Bear  Flag  "  revolt  and  of  the  seizure  of  Califor- 
nia by  the  Americans. 

ARCE,  Manuel,  Mexican  priest,  b.  in  Aguasca- 
lientes,  5  April,  1725  ;  d.  in  Bologna,  Italy,  28  June, 
1785.  He  was  a  Jesuit,  was  distinguished  for  his 
learning,  and  was  in  succession  rector  of  the  col- 
leges belonging  to  his  order  in  Puebla.  Zacatecas, 
and  Guadalajara,  and  then  took  charge  of  the  Jes- 
uit missions  among  the  Chichimecan  Indians.  When 
Charles  III.  of  Spain  expelled  the  Jesuits  from  his 
dominions,  25  June.  1767,  Father  Arce  went  to 
Bologna,  Italy,  and,  with  funds  furnished  mostly 
by  other  Jesuits  belonging  to  rich  Mexican  fami- 
lies, he  founded  a  benevolent  institution  for  the 
old  and  needy,  called  the  Hospital  for  Septua- 
genarians. There  he  personally  attended  to  every- 
thing concerning  the  care  of  the  inmates,  even  to 
cleaning  their  rooms  and  cooking  their  food,  un- 
til his  death. 

ARCH  BOLD,  (Jeorge,  chemist,  b.  in  Ford  Flod- 
den  Field,  Scotland,  4  May,  1848.  He  studied 
chemistry  in  Berwick-on-Tweed,  Edinburgh,  Lon- 
don, and  Bei-lin,  and  has  published  many  papers 
on  chemical  subjects.  He  came  to  the  Dnited 
States  in  1881,  and  has  since  devoted  his  attention 
principally  to  the  manufacture  of  starch,  in  which 
he  has  made  important  investigations.  Dr.  Arch- 
bold  is  a  member  of  numerous  scientific  societies. 

ARCHDALE,  John,  English  governor  of  North 
Carolina.  He  was  a  son  of  Thomas  Archdale  of 
Loaks,  in  Chipping  Wycomb,  Bucks  co.,  England, 
and  came  to  New  England  in  1(K)4  as  agent  of  his 
brother-in-law,  Gov.  Gorges  of  Maine.  He  visited 
North  Carolina  in  March,  1686,  and  was  commis- 
sioner for  Gorges  in  Maine  in  1687-88.  He  be- 
came governor  of  North  Carolina  in  1695,  and  held 
the  office  for  about  two  years.  He  was  sagacious, 
prudent,  and  moderate,  and  under  his  administra- 
tion the  province  made  great  progress  in  internal 
improvements.  He  introduced  rice  culture  into 
Carolina  by  distributing  among  some  friends  a 
bag  of  seed  rice  brought  by  the  captain  of  a  vessel 
from  Madagascar.  Archdale  was  formerly  a  mem- 
ber of  the  society  of  Friends,  and,  while  enforcing 
a  militia  law,  exempted  all  Friends  from  service. 
By  his  moderation  he  quieted  the  troubles  between 
the  colonists  and  their  feudal  sovereigns,  and,  by 
establishing  a  special  board  for  deciding  contests 
between  white  men  and  Indians,  he  won  the  friend- 
ship of  the  latter.  His  conscientious  scruples  con- 
cerning the  required  oaths  prevented  his  taking  a 
seat  in  parliament,  to  which  he  was  elected  in  1698. 
Archdale  published  "A  New  Description  of  the 
Fertile  and  Pleasant  Province  of  Carolina,  with  a 
Brief  Account  of  its  Discovery,  Settling,  and  Gov- 
ernment up  to  this  Time,  with  several  Remarkable 
Passages  during  My  Time"  (London,  1707).  See 
He  watt's  "Historical  Account  of  the  Rise  and 
Progress  of  the  Colonies  of  South  Carolina  and 
Georgia"  (London,  1779);  Holmes's  "Annals  of 
America  "  (Cambridge,  1829) ;  and  Bancroft's  "  His- 
torv  of  the  United  States  "  (New  York,  1884). 

ARCHER,  Branch  T.,  Texan  revolutionist,  b. 
in  Virginia  in  1790;  d.  in  Brazoria  co..  Texas,  22 
Sept.,  1856.  He  studied  medicine  in  Philadelphia, 
and  was  for  many  years  a  physician  and  politician 
in  his  native  state,  being  a  member  of  the  legisla- 
ture several  times.  In  1831  he  removed  to  Texas, 
and  became  a  prominent  actor  in  the  movements 
preliminary  to  the  revolution.  On  3  Nov.,  1835,  he 
presided  over  the  famous  "  consultation  "  held  by 
the  American  settlers,  and  with  Col.  Stephen  Aus- 


tin and  N.  H.  Wharton  formed  a  board  of  three 
commissioners  to  solicit  aid  from  the  United  States 
in  the  struggle  for  Texan  independence.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  first  Texan  congress  in  1836,  be- 
came speaker  of  the  house  of  representatives,  and 
was  secretary  of  war  of  Texas  from  1839  to  1842, 
when  by  reason  of  declining  health  he  was  com- 
pelled to  retire  to  private  lite. 

ARCHER,  John,  physician,  b.  in  Harford  co., 
Md.,  6  June,  1741 :  d.  there  in  1810.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Princeton  in  1760,  and  studied  theology, 
but  relinquished  this  on  account  of  a  throat  trouble, 
and,  after  studying  medicine,  received  in  1768,  from 
the  Philadelphia  medical  college,  the  first  medical 
diploma  issued  on  this  continent.  He  raised  and 
commanded  a  military  company  at  the  beginning 
of  the  revolution,  was  for  several  years  a  member 
of  the  legislature,  and  was  chosen  presidential  elec- 
tor in  1801.  From  1801  to  1807  he  was  a  member 
of  congress  from  Maryland.  He  made  several  dis- 
coveries in  medicine,  which  have  been  adopted  by 
the  profession. — His  son,  Stevenson,  jurist,  b.  in 
Harford  co.,  Md. ;  d.  5  June,  1848,  was  graduated 
at  Princeton  in  1805,  and  studied  law.  He  be- 
came a  judge  of  the  court  of  appeals,  and  was  ap- 
pointed chief  justice  in  1845,  holding  the  office 
until  his  death.  He  served  in  congress  from  4 
Nov.,  1811,  to  3  March,  1817,  and  from  6  Dec, 
1819,  to  3  March,  1821.  During  his  last  term  he 
was  a  member  of- the  committee  on  foreign  af- 
fairs. In  the  interval  from  1817  to  1819  he  was 
U.  S.  judge  for  the  territory  of  Mississippi.  In 
politics  he  was  a  democi'at. 

ARCHER,  Samuel  B.,  soldier,  b.  about  1790; 
d.  in  Philadelphia,  11  Dec,  1825.  He  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  army  from  Virginia,  12  March, 
1812,  as  captain  in  "the  2d  artillery,  and,  on  27 
May,  1813,  was  brevetted  major  "  for  gallantry  and 
good  conduct  in  the  cannonade  and  bombardment 
of  Fort  George,  on  26  and  27  May,  1813."  He  was 
distinguished  at  Stony  Creek,  6  June,  1813,  and,  on 
10  Nov.,  1821,  became  inspector-general,  with  the 
rank  of  colonel. 

ARCHER,  William  Seg-ar,  b.  in  Amelia  coun- 
ty, Va.,  5  March,  1789;  d.  there,  28  March,  1855. 
His  family  was  of  Welsh  origin,  and  his  father  and 
grandfather  both  served  with  honor  in  the  revolu- 
tion. The  former,  Maj.  John  Archer,  was  aide  to 
Gen.  Wayne,  and  acquitted  himself  with  gallantry 
at  the  capture  of  Stony  Point ;  the  latter.  Col.  Will- 
iam Archer,  died  on  a  British  prison-ship.  William 
S.  was  graduated  at  William  and  Mary  in  1806, 
and  studied  law.  He  served  in  the  legislature, 
with  the  exception  of  one  year,  from  1812  to  1819. 
From  1820  till  1835  he  was"  a  representative  in  con- 
gress, where,  as  chairman  of  the  committee  on  for- 
eign relations,  and  member  of  the  committee  on 
the  Missoin-i  compromise,  he  exerted  great  influ- 
ence. From  1841  till  1847  he  was  a  member  of  the 
U.  S.  senate,  and  in  this  body  also  was  at  the  head 
of  the  committee  on  foreign  relations. 

ARCHIBALD,  sir  Adams  George,  Canadian 
jurist,  b.  in  Truro.  N.  S..  3  May.  1814 ;  d.  in  Hali- 
fax, 14  Dec,  1892.  He  was  the  grandson  of  the  late 
James  Archibald,  judge  of  the  court  of  common 
pleas.  N.  S.  He  was  educated  at  Pictou  academy, 
and  was  called  to  the  bar  of  Prince  Edward  island 
in  1838,  and  to  that  of  Nova  Scotia  in  1839.  ^  He 
was  a  member  of  the  executive  council  of  Nova 
Scotia,  first,  as  solicitor-general,  from  14  Aug.,  1856, 
until  14  Feb.,  1857 ;  secondly,  as  attorney-general, 
from  10  Feb.,  1860,  until  11  llune,  1863.  He  was  a 
delegate  to  England  in  1857  to  arrange  terras  of 
settlement  with  the  British  government  and  the 
general  mining  association  in  respect  to  Nova  Sco- 


88 


ARCHIBALD 


ARGtJELLO 


tian  mines,  and  also  to  ascertain  the  views  of  the 
government  relative  to  the  projected  union  of  the 
British-Amei'ican  provinces.  He  was  a  delegate  to 
Quebec,  on  the  subject  of  the  Intercolonial  railway, 
in  1801 ;  to  the  Charlottetown  union  conference, 
1864 ;  and  to  the  final  conference,  18(iO-'G7,  in  Lon- 
don to  complete  the  terras  of  union.  He  was 
sworn  of  the  pi'ivy  council  1  July,  1867,  and  was 
secretary  of  state  for  the  provinces  from  1  July, 
1867,  until  his  resignation  in  1868  ;  was  lieutenant- 
governor  of  Manitoba  and  the  northwest  territories 
from  20  May,  1870,  until  May,  1873,  when  he  re- 
signed and  was  a  judge  in  equity  of  Nova  Scotia 
from  24  June,  1873,  until  4  July  of  the  same  year, 
when  he  was  appointed  lieutenant-governor  of  Nova 
Scotia.  He  was  one  of  the  directors  of  the  Canadian 
Pacific  railway,  under  Sir  Hugh  Allan,  in  1873,  and 
in  1885  was  knighted.  He  represented  Colchester 
in  the  Nova  Scotia  assembly  from  1851  to  1859,  and 
when  that  county  was  divided  was  elected  for 
South  Colchester,  of  which  he  was  the  representa- 
tive until  the  union  of  the  provinces  in  1867 ;  and 
sat  for  Colchester  in  the  house  of  commons  until 
appointed  lieutenant-governor  of  Manitoba. 

ARCHIBALD,  Thomas  Dickson,  Canadian 
senator,  b.  in  Onslow,  Nova  Scotia,  in  1813 ;  d. 
there,  18  Oct.,  1890.  In  1832  he  entered  into 
partnership  with  his  brother  in  a  general  business 
in  connection  with  the  Sydney  mines.  He  was  con- 
sular agent  of  the  United  States  at  Sydney  until 
he  was  called  to  the  senate,  was  a  member  of  the 
executive  council  of  Nova  Scotia  from  1860  to  1863, 
and  sat  in  the  legislative  council  of  Nova  Scotia 
from  1856  until  the  date  of  the  union  of  the  prov- 
inces. 1867,  when  he  was  called  to  the  senate. 

ARCOS  Y  MORENO,  Alonso,  Spanish  general. 
He  was  the  governor  of  Guatemala  from  1754  to 
1760,  under  Kings  Ferdinand  VI.  and  Charles  III. 
He  replaced  governor  Juan  de  Velarde  y  Cienfu- 
gos,  who  again  held  office  after  Arcos  was  recalled. 

ARI^CHACtA,  Juan  de,  Cuban  jurist,  b.  in  Ha- 
vana in  the  first  half  of  tlie  lOtii  century.  He 
studied  in  his  native  city,  and  went  to  Spain,  was 
graduated  as  LL.  D.  at  Salamanca  in  1662,  and  be- 
came a  professor  there.  In  the  same  year  he  pub- 
lished in  that  city  his  "  Arechaga  Comentaria  Juris 
Civilis,"  and  in  1666  his  "  Extemporaneas  Comen- 
tationes."  Arechaga  went  in  1671  to  Mexico,  where 
he  filled  important  offices,  being  finally  appointed 
governor  and  captain-general  of  the  province  of 
Yucatan.     The  date  of  his  death  is  not  known. 

ARENALES,  Jose  (ah-reh-nah'-les),  Argentine 
geographer,  b.  in  Buenos  Ayres  about  1790.  He 
entered  the  army  when  quite  young,  was  promoted 
to  the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel  of  artillery  about 
1825,  and  in  1833  took  charge  of  the  topographical 
department  of  Buenos  Ayres,  and  then  travelled 
through  almost  every  portion  of  South  America. 
His  highly  interesting  report  of  some  of  these 
travels  was  published  under  the  title  of  "  Noticias 
historicas  y  descriptivas  sobre  el  gran  pais  del 
Chaco  y  Rio  Bermejo,  con  observaciones  relativas  a 
un  plan  de  navegacion  y  de  colonizaeion." 

ARENTS.  Albeit,  metallurgist,  b.  in  Clausthal, 
Germany,  14  March,  1840.  He  was  educated  at  the 
mining  schools  in  Clausthal  and  Berlin,  study- 
ing also  at  the  university  of  Berlin.  After  coming 
to  the  United  States  he  was  variously  occupied  as 
mining  superintendent  and  also  in  charge  of  met- 
allurgical mills  and  smelting  works  in  Arizona, 
California,  Colorado,  Nevada,  and  Utah.  He  has 
contributed  valuable  technical  papers  to  the  "  Trans- 
actions of  the  American  Institute  of  Mining  Engi- 
neers," having  been  elected  a  member  of  that  so- 
ciety in  1882.     Among  his  inventions  are  the  siphon 


tap,  now  everywhere  used  on  lead  furnaces,  the  Eu- 
reka lead  furnace,  extensively  employed  throughout 
Colorado  and  Utah,  and  the  well-known  roasting 
furnace  that  bears  his  name. 

AREY,  Harriet  Ellen  (Grannis),  author,  b.  in 
Cavendish,  Vt.,  14  April,  1819.  Her  father,  John 
Grannis,  was  a  member  of  the  Canadian  parliament 
at  the  breaking  out  of  the  rebellion  of  1837,  and 
was  obliged  to  flee  to  the  United  States,  where  he 
afterward  held  positions  of  trust.  The  daughter 
became  a  school-teacher  in  Cleveland,  and  a  con- 
tributor to  periodicals.  She  married  Oliver  Arey 
in  1848,  and  edited  the  "Youth's  Casket"  and  the 
"  Home  Monthly."  Her  principal  work  is  "  House- 
hold Songs  and  other  Poems  "  (New  York,  1854). 

ARGALL,  Sir  Samuel,  English  deputy  gov- 
ernor of  Virginia,  b.  in  Bristol,  England,  in  1572; 
d.  in  1639.  He  was  otie  of  the  early  adventurers 
to  Virginia,  his  first  public  exploit  being  the  ab- 
duction of  Pocahontas.  By  the  present  of  a  copper 
kettle,  Argall  induced  the  Indian  in  charge  of  the 
girl  to  entice  her  on  board  his  vessel,  hoping  to  re- 
ceive a  large  ransom  from  her  father ;  but  this 
Powhatan  refused  to  give.  When  Sir  Thomas 
Dale  was  governor  of  Virginia,  in  1613,  Argall  with 
his  sanction  commanded  an  expedition  that  de- 
stroyed the  French  settlements  of  St.  Croix  and 
Port  Royal  in  Nova  Scotia,  and  that  of  St.  Saviour 
on  Mt.  Desert  island.  As  deputy  governor  of  Vir- 
ginia from  1617  to  1619  he  distinguished  himself 
by  many  acts  of  tyranny  and  rapacity,  so  that  he 
was  recalled  to  England  in  1619.  He  had  amassed 
a  fortune  by  trading  in  violation  of  law,  but  was 
shielded  from  punishment  by  his  partner,  the  earl 
of  Warwick.  He  was  hated  by  the  colonists  for 
his  enactment  of  severe  sumptuary  laws,  and  for 
his  arbitrary  conduct  in  general.  Argall  took  part 
in  the  expedition  against  the  Algerines  in  1620, 
was  knighted  in  1623,  and  in  1625  joined  an  expe- 
dition against  the  Spanish.  Purehas  gives  an  ac- 
count of  his  voyage  from  Jamestown  in  1610,  and 
has  also  preserved  his  letter,  written  in  1618,  about 
his  voyage  to  Virginia.  After  the  death  of  Lord 
Delaware,  Capt.  Argall  took  charge  of  his  estate, 
and  was  accused  by  Lady  Delaware,  in  letters  still 
in  existence,  of  the  grossest  peculation.  See 
Beverley's  "  History  of  the  Present  State  of  Vir- 
ginia "  (London,  1705);  Abiel  Holmes's  "Annals 
of  America"  (Cambridge,  1829);  Marshall's  "  Life 
of  Washington  "  ;  Bancroft's  "  History  of  the  Unit- 
ed States "  (New  York,  1884) ;  and  "  Virginia  Ve- 
tusta  "  (Albanv,  1885). 

AROENSON  D',  Pierre  de  Voyer,  viscount, 
French  governor  of  Canada,  b.  in  1626  ;  d.  in  France 
about  1709.  He  came  of  a  noble  family  of  Tour- 
aine,  and  distinguished  himself  in  several  military 
engagements.  He  became  governor  of  Canada  on 
27  Jan.,  I(i57,  and  held  the  office  until  1661.  Un- 
der his  administration  Canada  was  not  only  occu- 
pied in  repelling  Indian  incursions,  but  was  torn 
by  internal  quarrels.  He  made  some  progress, 
however,  in  discovery  in  the  region  on  Hudson  bay 
and  beyond  Lake  Superior. 

ARGrtJELLO,  Luis  Antonio,  governor  of  Cali- 
fornia, b.  in  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  in  1784 ;  d.  there 
in  1830.  He  was  a  member  of  a  large  and  infiuen- 
tial  family,  was  governor  of  California  from  No- 
vember, 1822,  till  November,  1825,  and  had  been 
military  officer  under  the  Spanish  government.  He 
was  the  first  governor  under  the  Mexican  rule,  and 
the  only  one  under  the  Mexican  empire.  He  was 
also  the  first  native  of  California  called  to  serve  in 
this  capacity.  While  in  office  he  was  led  into  nu- 
merous dealings  with  the  Russians,  who  had  founded 
a  colony  in  the  northern  part  of  the  territory,  and 


ARIAS 


ARMAND 


89 


his  policy  toward  them  was  highly  liberal,  even  dan- 
gerously so.  Before  he  became"  governor  he  had 
acquired  some  note  by  an  exploring  expedition  into 
the  unknown  northern  parts  of  California. — His  sis- 
ter, Coiicepcion  (b.  in  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  in  1790 ; 
d.  in  Benecia  in  1857),  was  noted  for  her  romance 
with  Rezanof,  the  first  Russian  explorer  that  showed 
definite  designs  upon  any  part  of  California.  In 
180G  Rezanof,  in  the  interests  of  the  Russian  col- 
ony at  Sitka,  had  resolved  to  open  trade  with  the 
Calitornians,  and  to  establish,  if  possible,  a  Russian 
colony  in  the  territory.  To  further  his  ends,  he 
became  betrothed  to  the  young  Concepcion,  hoping 
for  personal  aid  from  the  influential  Argiiello  fam- 
ily. He  returned  to  Russia  to  get  further  govern- 
ment approval  for  his  projects,  and  suddenly  died 
while  alisent.  Concepcion  never  married,  and  died, 
a  nun,  half  a  century  later.  Her  social  position 
gave  her  story  prominence,  and  it  has  been  used 
by  Bret  Harte  in  one  of  his  best-known  poems. 

ARIAS,  Francisco  (xabino,  Argentine  trav- 
eller, b.  in  Salto,  Buenos  Ayres  ;  d.  about  1808.  In 
1774,  when  a  colonel  in  the  army,  he  explored  the 
desert  known  as  "  Gran  Chaco."  On  3  June,  1780, 
he  undertook  an  expedition  having  for  its  object 
the  pacification  of  the  Indians,  which  lasted  until 
31  Jan.,  1781,  and  in  1782  he  explored  the  river 
Bermejo,  and  proved  that  it  flowed  into  the  Para- 
guay and  not  into  the  Parana,  as  had  formerly  been 
supposed.  He  also  gave  valuable  information  about 
the  navigability  of  the  river  and  the  character  of 
the  tribes  living  near  it.  His  narrative  of  this  ex- 
pedition was  published  by  his  son,  Dr.  Jose  Anto- 
nio Arias,  bv  order  of  the  government. 

ARIAS  DE  BENAVIDES,  Pedro  (ah -ree-as 
day  ben-ah-vee'-des),  Spanish  physician  of  the  16th 
century,  b.  in  Toro.  He  travelled  extensively  in 
western  America,  and  made  curious  and  interest- 
ing studies  about  the  remedies  used  by  the  Indians 
for  wounds,  ulcers,  and  some  specific  diseases.  His 
observations  were  published  in  Spain  under  the 
title  of  "  Secretos  de  chirurgia  especial  de  las  enfer- 
medades  de  morbo  gallico  y  lamparones,  y  la  ma- 
nera  como  se  curan  los  indios  de  llagas  y  heridas, 
con  otros  secretos  hasta  agora  no  escritos."  The 
dates  of  his  birth  and  death  are  not  known. 

ARILLAGA,  Basilio  Manuel,  Mexican  scholar, 
b.  about  1785  ;  d.  in  August,  1867.  Dr.  Arillaga 
was  probably  the  most  ervulite  scholar  that  Mex- 
ico has  ever  produced,  and  at  various  times  had 
under  his  tutorship  the  most  eminent  men  of  his 
country.  In  1865  the  Abbe  Testory,  head  chaplain 
of  the  French  forces,  wrote  a  pamphlet  in  defence 
of  the  nationalization  of  church  property,  in  the 
course  of  which  he  characterized  the  Mexican  clergy 
as  ignorant  and  corrupt.  Dr.  Arillaga  replied  to 
this  attack  in  three  pamphlets,  which  are  master- 
pieces of  learning,  statistics,  wit,  and  sarcasm.  Dr. 
Arillaga  was  superior  of  the  Jesuits  in  Mexico,  and 
rector  of  the  college  of  San  Ildefonso.  He  was  ar- 
rested by  the  liberal  authorities,  together  with 
Bishop  Ormaechea,  of  Vera  Cruz,  and  thrown  into 
the  prison  of  San  Ildefonso,  where  he  died. 

ARISMENDI,  Juan  Bautista,  Venezuelan 
general,  b.  in  the  island  of  ^largarita  in  1786.  He 
was  a  captain  when  the  revolution  broke  out.  and 
took  command  of  the  patriots  and  drove  the  Span- 
ish Gen.  Morillo  from  the  island  after  a  long  con- 
flict. He  was  one  of  the  leaders  that  assembled  a 
provincial  congress  at  Angostura  on  20  July,  1817, 
and  put  at  the  head  of  the  government  a  trium- 
virate of  which  Bolivar  was  a  member.  In  1819 
he  assisted  Bolivar  and  Paez  to  drive  Morillo  from 
New  Granada  and  from  the  greater  part  of  Vene- 
zuela.   In  Bolivar's  absence  the  Angostura  congress 


'2£.Jl 


forced  Zea,  whom  he  had  appointed  vice-president, 
to  resign,  and  chose  Arismendi  in  his  place.  On 
his  return  Bolivar  restored  Zea  and  exiled  Aris- 
mendi to  Margarita.  Notwithstanding  this,  Aris- 
mendi espoused  the  cause  of  Bolivar  during  the 
insurrection  headed  by  Paez,  in  1826,  and  rendered 
great  service  to  the  nation. 

ARISTA,  Mariano  (ah-rees'-tah),  Mexican  gen- 
eral, b.  in  the  state  of  San  Luis  Potosi,  26  July, 
1802 ;  d.  on  board  the  English  steamer  "  Tagus " 
going  from  Lisbon  to  France,  7  Aug.,  1855.  Hav- 
ing distinguished  himself  in  the  successive  wars 
that  established  first  the  independence  of  Mexico 
and  afterward  the  republican  form  of  government, 
he  attained  a 
high  position  in 
the  Mexican  ar- 
my, and  in  1836 
was  second  in 
command  to 
Santa  Anna, 
then  general-in- 
chief.  By  the 
revolutions  that 
continually  agi- 
tated Mexico  he 
was  twice  de- 
prived of  his 
command ;  but 
his  military 

knowledge  was 
indispensable  to 
every  dominant 
party,  and  he 
was  quickly  re- 
stored and  pro- 
moted. In  the 
war  with  the 
United  States 
he  connnanded 
at     Palo      Alto 

and  Resaca  de  la  Palma;  and  after  its  close  was 
appointed  in  June,  1848,  minister  of  war  under 
President  Herrera.  In  1850  he  was  elected  presi- 
dent of  Mexico,  but  he  resigned  that  office  6 
Jan.,  1853,  and  retired  to  his  farm,  and  was  ban- 
ished soon  afterward.  In  1881  his  remains  were 
sent  home  to  Mexico. 

ARISTIZABAL,  Gabriel  de,  Spanish  admiral, 
b.  in  Madrid  in  1743  ;  d.  in  1805.  In  1795  he  con- 
ceived and  carried  out  the  idea  of  transferring  to 
Havana  the  remains  of  Christopher  Columbus, 
which,  with  those  of  his  son  Diego,  had  been  in  the 
cathedral  of  the  city  of  Santo  Domingo,  in  the 
island  of  Santo  Domingo,  since  1536.  Doubts 
have  arisen  about  the  genuineness  of  these  remains 
through  the  alleged  discovery,  in  1877,  in  the  same 
cathedral,  of  what  have  been  claimed  to  be  the  true 
remains  of  Columbus. 

ARMAND,  Charles  Treiin,  Marquis  de  la  Rou- 
aire,  Fi-ench  soldier,  b.  in  Fouc^eres,  France,  14  April, 
1751 ;  d.  near  Lambelle,  30  Jan..  1793.  At  an  early 
age  he  entered  the  Garde  du  Corps  in  Paris,  but 
fought  a  duel  about  an  actress,  was  dismissed 
from  the  service,  and  in  consequence  left  France. 
Coming  to  the  American  colonies,  he  volunteered 
in  the  cause  of  the  revolution,  10  May,  1777,  and 
received  from  congress  a  commission  as  colonel 
under  the  name  of  Charles  Armand.  He  partici- 
pated in  the  engagement  at  Reil  Bank,  was  with 
Lafayette  in  New  Jersey,  and  was  active  in  West- 
chester CO.,  N.  Y.,  opposing  the  forces  of  Simcoe, 
Emmerick,  and  Baremore,  the  latter  of  whom  he 
captured  near  Kingsbridge,  8  Nov.,  1770.  The 
following  year  his  corps  was  incorporated  with 


90 


ARMENDARIZ 


ARMSBY 


Pulaski's.  In  1781,  becoming  dissatisfied  with  the 
promotions  in  the  army,  and  seeing  no  chance  of 
advancement,  he  returned  to  France,  procured 
clothing  and  accoutrements  from  his  own  means, 
and  crossed  the  Atlantic  again  in  time  to  partici- 
pate in  the  victory  at  Yorktown.  March  26,  1783, 
congress  conferred  on  him  the  rank  of  brigadier- 
general.  He  was  very  severe  in  his  denunciation 
of  Gen.  Gates  on  account  of  the  defeat  at  Cam- 
den. In  1783  he  returned  to  France  and  became 
an  actor  in  the  French  revolution,  taking  part 
with  the  royalists  of  La  Vendee.  Five  years  later 
he  was  appointed  one  of  twelve  deputies  sent  to 
Paris  by  Brittany  to  demand  the  preservation  of 
the  privileges  of  that  province,  and  in  1791  became 
the  leader  of  a  secret  organization  whose  ramifica- 
tions extended  throughout  Brittany,  Anjou,  and 
Poitou,  its  purpose  being  to  act  with  the  army  of 
the  allies.  But  the  design  was  betrayed,  and  he  be- 
came a  fugitive.  From  various  retreats  he  directed 
for  several  months  the  preparations  for  revolt,  but 
the  execution  of  Louis  XVI.  gave  his  system  such  a 
shock  that  he  rapidly  sank  under  a  nervous  malady. 
He  was  urbane  and  polished  in  manner,  an  eloquent 
and  persuasive  speaker,  a  gallant  leader,  and  a  man 
greatly  beloved. 

ARMENDARIZ,  Lope  Diaz  de  (arr-men -dah  - 
reeth),  marquis  of  Caldereita,  16th  Spanish  viceroy 
of  Mexico.  His  administration  began  16  Sept., 
1635.  He  promoted  public  works  and  organized  a 
special  fleet  to  check  smuggling.  After  founding 
the  colony  of  Caldereita  in  Nuevo  Leon,  he  pro- 
jected other  settlements,  but  was  recalled  to  Spain. 

ARMISTEAD,  Georgre,  soldier,  b.  in  Newmar- 
ket. Va.,  10  April,  1780 ;  d.  in  Baltimore,  25  April, 
1818.  The  name  is  derived  from  Hesse  Darm- 
stadt, whence  came  the  ancestor  of  the  family. 
Five  brothers  took  part  in  the  war  of  1812 — three  in 
the  regular  army,  and  two  in  the  militia.  George 
was  appointed  second  lieutenant  8  Jan.,  1779,  pro- 
moted first  lieutenant  in  April,  captain  6  Nov.,  1806, 
and  major  of  the  3d  artillery  3  March,  1813.  He 
distinguished  himself  at  the  capture  of  Fort  George 
from  the  British,  near  the  mouth  of  Niagara  river 
in  Canada,  27  May,  1813,  and  was  brevetted  lieu- 
tenant-colonel for  his  successful  defence  of  Fort 
McHenry,  near  Baltimore,  against  the  British  fleet, 
under  Admiral  Cochrane,  14  Sept.,  1814.  His 
steadfast  bravery  on  this  occasion  no  doubt  saved 
Baltimore  from  capture,  and  the  citizens  presented 
him  with  a  handsome  service  of  silver,  the  centre- 
piece being  in  the  form  of  a  bomb-shell. 

ARMISTEAD,  Lewis  Addison,  soldier,  b.  in 
Newbern,  N.  C,  18  Feb.,  1817 ;  d.  at  Gettysburg, 
Pa.,  3  July,  1863.  He  was  a  son  of  Gen.  Walker 
Keith  Annistead.  He  entered  West  Point  in  1834, 
but  left  it  in  1836.  He  was  appointed  second  lieu- 
tenant in  the  6th  infantry  10  July,  1839,  became 
first  lieutenant  in  March,  1844,  and  received  bre- 
vets for  gallantry  at  Contreras,  Churubusco,  Molino 
del  Rey,  and.  Chapultepee  in  1847,  Promoted  to  be 
captain  3  March,  1855,  he  rendered  good  service  in 
Indian  warfare,  but  resigned  at  the  beginning  of 
the  civil  war,  and  with  much  reluctance  entered 
the  confederate  service,  receiving  a  brigadier-gen- 
eral's commission  in  1862.  He  was  wounded  at 
Antietam,  17  Sept.  of  that  year.  At  Gettysburg 
he  was  one  of  the  few  in  Pickett's  division  who 
nearly  reached  the  federal  lines  in  the  desperate 
charge  made  on  the  third  day,  was  mortally  wound- 
ed, and  died  a  prisoner. 

ARMISTEAD,  Walker  Keith,  soldier,  brother 
of  George,  b.  in  Virginia  about  1785 ;  d.  in  Upper- 
ville,  Va.,  13  Oct.,  1845.  Ilis  name  stands  third  on 
the    consecutively   numbered   list   of  West  Point 


graduates,  and  at  the  head  of  the  class  of  1803, 
the  second  class  that  was  graduated.  This  of  itself 
was  no  especial  distinction,  since  there  were  only 
three  men  in  the  class,  but  Annistead  proved  him- 
self an  excellent  engineer,  and  superintended  the 
defences  of  Norfolk,  Va.,  in  1808-11.  At  this  time 
he  ranked  as  captain,  and  was  promoted  to  be  major 
of  engineers  10  July,  1810.  In  1811  he  was  on  duty 
ai,  the  military  academy.  During  the  war  of  1812 
he  was  chief  engineer,  with  the  rank  of  lieutenant- 
colonel  of  the  army  on  the  Niagara  frontier.  He 
was  superintendent  of  the  defences  of  Norfolk  and 
the  Chesapeake  in  1813-'18,  when  he  was  pro- 
moted to  be  colonel  of  engineers  and  chief  engineer 
of  the  army,  Nov.  18.  In  the  reorganization  of  the 
army,  1  June,  1821,  he  became  colonel  of  the  3d  ar- 
tillery, and,  remaining  in  that  grade  for  ten  years, 
was  brevetted  brigadier.  He  served  in  the  Flor- 
ida war,  and  was  appointed  on  various  important 
boards  and  commissions,  and  in  command  of  the 
3d  artillery  at  Fort  Moultrie,  S.  C,  in  1844,  when 
he  was  granted  sick  leave,  from  which  he  was  never 
able  to  return  to  duty. 

ARMITACtE,  Tltbiuas,  clergyman,  b.  in  Ponte- 
fract,  England,  2  Aug.,  1819;  d.'in  Yonkers,  N.  Y., 
20  Jan.,  1896.  Coming  to  New  York  in  1838,  he 
entered  the  ministry  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
church.  In  1848  he  embraced  the  doctrine  of  the 
Baptist  church,  and  as  a  pastor  in  New  York  at- 
tained prominence  as  one  of  the  leading  writers 
and  pulpit  orators  of  that  denomination.  He  in- 
terested himself  in  the  movement  for  Bible  revision, 
especially  in  regard  to  what  he  believed  to  be  the 
correct  translation  of  the  Greek  word  for  baptism, 
and  was  one  of  the  founders  in  1850  of  the  Ameri- 
can Bible  Union,  of  which  society  he  afterward 
became  president.  After  1848  he  was  the  pastor 
of  the  Fifth  avenue  Baptist  church.  New  York  city. 
He  published  "  Lectures  on  Preaching,  its  Ideal 
and  Inner  Life"  (Philadelphia,  1880),  and  '"A  His- 
tory of  the  Baptists  "  (New  York,  1886). 

ARMITAGE,  William  Edmond,  bishop  of 
the  Protestant  Episcopal  diocese  of  Wisconsin,  b. 
in  New  York  city,  6  Sept.,  1830 ;  d.  in  St.  Luke's 
Hospital,  New  York,  7  Dec,  1873.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Columbia  college  in  1849,  studied  in  the 
General  Theological  Seminary,  was  ordained  in 
1852,  spent  seven  years  of  his  ministry  in  New 
Hampshire  and  Augusta,  Me.,  then  became  rec- 
tor of  St.  John's  church,  Detroit.  In  1866  he  went 
to  the  Holy  Land,  and  during  his  absence  was 
elected  assistant  bishop  of  Wisconsin,  receiving 
consecration  to  the  office  6  Dec,  1866,  soon  after 
his  return.  He  took  up  his  residence  in  Milwaukee, 
and  began  the  necessary  steps  for  the  founding  of 
a  cathedral  chapter.  The  death  of  the  venerable 
Bishop  Kemper  in  May,  1870,  caused  his  elevation  to 
the  vacant  see.  A  tumor  at  the  base  of  the  spinal 
column  gave  him  much  suffering  during  the  latter 
years  of  his  life,  and  in  1873  he  went  to  St.  Luke's 
hospital.  New  York,  for  relief.  An  examination  by 
eminent  surgeons  caused  them  to  inform  him  that 
it  was  impossible  for  him  to  survive  more  than  a 
week  without  an  operation,  and  at  the  same  time 
they  told  him  that  if  it  should  prove  unsuccessful, 
his  system  would  receive  such  a  shock  that  he  would 
not  probably  live  more  than  a  few  hours.  The  opera- 
tion was  performed  on  Fridav,  and  he  lived  till  3 
A.  31.  of  Sunday. 

ARMSBY,  James  Harris,  phvsician,  b.  in 
Sutton,  Mass.,  31  Dec,  1809 ;  d.  in  Albany,  N.  Y., 
3  Dec,  1875.  His  early  years  were  spent  on  his  fa- 
ther's farm  and  in  the  common  school,  with  a  short 
time  in  the  Worcester  and  Monson  academies.  He 
studied  with  Dr.  Alden  March  in  Albany,  and  was 


ARMSTRONG 


ARMSTRONG 


91 


graduated  in  1833  at  the  Vermont  academy  of 
medicine.  He  tauglit  for  a  year  in  a  private  medi- 
cal school,  and  from  1834  to  1840  was  professor  of 
anatomy  and  physiology  in  the  Vermont  academy 
of  medicine.  He  conceived  the  idea  of  founding  a 
university  in  Albany,  raised  $10,000  for  the  object, 
and  delivered  in  that  city  the  first  American  course 
of  medical  lectures  illustrated  with  dissections  of 
the  human  body.  He  made  two  visits  to  Europe, 
one  in  1839  and  one  in  1845,  for  the  purpose  of  in- 
specting the  principal  schools  of  the  old  world,  and 
went  to  Naples  in  1861  as  U.  S.  consul.  He  was 
one  of  the  originators  of  the  Young  Men's  Christian 
association,  and  was  also  instrumental  in  founding 
the  Dudley  observatory. 

ARMSTRONG,  David  Hartley,  senator,  b.  in 
Nova  Scotia.  21  Oct.,  1812 ;  d.  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  18 
March,  1893.  He  received  an  academic  education, 
and,  having  removed  to  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  16  Sept., 
1837,  opened  and  taught  the  first  public  school  in 
the  state,  1  April,  1838.  He  was  comptroller  of  St. 
Louis  from  1847  to  1850,  and  member  of  the  board 
of  police  commissioners  from  1873  to  1875  and 
again  in  1877,  serving  as  its  vice-president  and  fill- 
ing other  local  offices.  He  was  chosen  U.  S.  sena- 
tor from  Missouri  as  a  democrat  in  October,  1877, 
to  fill  the  vacancy  caused  by  the  death  of  Lewis 
V.  Bogy,  and  served  until  1879. 

ARMSTRONG,  David  Maitland,  artist,  b.  in 
Newburg,  N.  Y.,  about  1837.  He  was  graduated 
at  Trinity  college,  Hartford,  in  1858,  studied  law 
in  New  York,  and  practised  that  profession  for 
a  short  time.  It  soon  became  evident  to  him  that 
his  choice  of  the  law  was  a  mistake,  and  he  turned 
his  attention  to  art.  He  studied  in  Rome  and 
Paris  under  the  best  teachers,  and  divided  his 
time  mainly  between  Italy  and  New  York.  For 
four  years  he  was  U.  S.  consul-general  for  Italy,  resi- 
dent at  Rome,  and  was  director  of  the  American 
art  department  at  the  Paris  exposition  of  1878,  when 
he  received  the  decoration  of  the  legion  of  honor. 

ARMSTRONG},  fieorsre  Dodd,  author,  b.  in 
Mendham,  N.  J.,  15  Sept.,  1813  ;  d.  in  Norfolk,  Va., 
12  May,  1899.  He  was  graduated  at  Princeton  in 
1832,  was  a  teacher,  and  then  entered  the  union 
theological  seminary,  Prince  Edward  co.,  Va.  Two 
years  later  he  became  professor  of  chemistry  and 
"mechanics  in  Washington  college,  now  Washington 
and  Lee  university,  Lexington.  In  1851  he  re- 
signed his  professorship  and  took  pastoral  charge 
of  a  church  in  Norfolk.  The  degree  of  S.  T.  D. 
was  conferred  on  him  by  the  college  of  William 
and  Mary  in  1854.  He  has  contributed  from  an 
early  age  to  periodicals,  and  published  "The  Chris- 
tian Doctrine  of  Slavery "  (New  York,  1857) ; 
*'  Scriptural  Examination  of  the  Doctrine  of  Bap- 
tism,'' and  "The  Theology  of  Christian  Experi- 
ence "  (1857) ;  "  The  Summer  of  the  Pestilence :  a 
History  of  the  Ravages  of  the  Yellow  Fever  in 
Norfolk,  Va.,  in  1855  '*  (Philadelphia,  1857) :  "  Sac- 
raments of  the  New  Testament "  (1880);  and  "The 
Books  of  Nature  and  Revelation  collated"  (1886). 

ARMSTRON(t},  James,  naval  officer,  b.  in  Shel- 
byville,  Ky.,  17  Jan.,  1794;  d.  27  Aug.,  1868.  He 
joined  the  navy  as  midshipman  in  1809,  and  was 
assigned  to  the  sloop  of  war  "  Frolic,"  which  was 
captured  by  the  British  20  April,  1814,  her  guns 
having  been  thrown  overboard  during  the  chase  in 
the  hope  of  escaping  from  a  superior  enemy.  He 
rose  by  the  regular  steps  of  promotion  to  be  a 
captain  in  1841.  He  commanded  the  East  India 
squadron  in  1855,  and  assisted  at  the  capture  of  the 
barrier  torts  near  Canton,  China,  in  1857.  He  was 
in  command  of  the  navy-yard  at  Pensacola,  Fla.. 
when  that  state  seceded  in  1861,  and  surrendered 


without  resistance  when  a  greatly  superior  military 
force  demanded  possession.  In  1866  he  was  pro- 
moted to  be  commodore. 

ARMSTRONG,  James,  soldier,  b.  in  Pennsyl- 
vania in  the  early  part  of  the  18th  century;  d. 
in  Carlisle,  Pa..  3  March,  1795.  Of  his_  early  life 
little  is  known.  He  served  as  a  colonel  in  the  suc- 
cessful defence  of  Fort  Moultrie,  Charleston  har- 
bor, in  the  summer  of  1776,  and  commanded  the 
Pennsylvania  militia  in  the  defence  of  German- 
town  in  October.  1777.  He  was  a  member  of  con- 
gress from  2  Dec,  1793,  till  the  day  of  his  death. 

ARMSTRONG,  James,  Canadian  jurist,  b.  in 
Berthier,  province  of  Quebec,  27  April,  1821.  He 
was  called  to  the  bar  in  1844,  became  queen's  coun- 
sel in  1867,  was  nominated  crown  prosecutor  for  the 
district  of  Richelieu  in  1864,  and  was  appointed 
chief  justice  of  St.  Lucia,  West  Indies,  by  the  im- 
perial government  in  1871.  Subsequently  he  was 
appointed  chief  justice  of  Tobago,  West  Indies, 
which  office  he  held  conjointly  with  the  chief  jus- 
ticeship of  St.  Lucia  until  his  resignation  in  1882. 
St.  Lucia  was  one  of  the  French  colonies  acquired 
by  Great  Britain  by  conquest  in  1795,  and  the 
French  laws  were  allowed  to  remain  in  force. 
Some  unimportant  changes  were  afterward  made, 
but  as  far  back  as  1845  the  chief  justice  made  a  re- 
port upon  the  laws,  in  which  he  said  that  no  one 
knew  what  the  law  of  the  colony  really  was.  Such 
was  the  state  of  the  law  when  Mr.  Armstrong  be- 
came judge,  partly  owing  to  the  appointment  of 
judges  who  knew  nothing  of  French  jurisprudence, 
and  particularly  of  that  of  ante-revolutionary 
France.  The  criminal  law  of  France  before  the 
revolution  was  in  force  in  St.  Lucia  for  many  years, 
portions  of  the  English  law  being  from  time  to 
time  introduced.  Chief  justice  Armstrong  con- 
vinced the  imperial  government  of  the  absolute 
necessity  of  introducing  the  English  criminal  law 
into  the  colony,  subject  to  the  enactments  of  the 
colonial  legislature.  A  code  of  civil  law,  based  in 
great  measure  upon  the  civil  code  of  Quebec,  was 
compiled  by  Mr.  Armstrong  and  the  governor  of 
St.  Lucia.  Mr.  Armstrong  afterward  prepared  a 
code  of  civil  procedure,  which  the  legislature 
adopted,  and  passed  resolutions  thanking  him  for 
his  labors.  He  was  created  a  companion  of  the 
order  of  St.  Michael  and  St.  George  in  1857.  He 
is  the  author  of  a  treatise  on  the  law  of  marriage 
in  the  province  of  Quebec,  written  before  the  civil 
code  came  into  force,  and  a  treatise  on  the  laws  of 
intestacy  in  the  different  provinces  and  northwest 
territories  of  the  dominion  (1886).  He  is  president 
of  the  Montreal  and  Sorel  railway. 

ARMSTRONG,  James  F.,  naval  officer,  b.  in 
New  Jersey.  20  Nov.,  1817 ;  d.  in  New  Haven,  Conn., 
19  April,  1873.  He  was  appointed  midshipman 
from  Connecticut  in  1832.  His  first  service  was  on 
the  sailing  frigate  "  Delaware "  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean, whence  he  was  transferred  to  the  sloop  "  Bos- 
ton" in  the  West  India  squadron,  in  1837.  He 
became  passed  midshipman  23  June,  1838,  and  lieu- 
tenant 8  Dec,  1842,  and  in  this  grade  was  alter- 
nately on  sea  and  shore  duty  until  the  civil  war, 
when  he  was  placed  in  command  of  the  steamer 
"  Sumpter  "  on  the  blockading  squadron.  As  com- 
mander, dating  from  27  April,  1861,  he  continued 
on  the  blockading  service,  took  part  in  the  capture 
of  Fort  Macon,  25  April,  1862.  and  was  subse- 
quently commissioned  captain  16  July,  1862.  His 
last  cruise  was  in  1864,  after  which  he  was  on  the 
reserve  list  until  1871,  when  he  was  reinstated  and 
was  detailed  for  shore  duty  on  the  Pacific  coast. 

ARMSTRONG,  John,  soldier,  b.  in  the  north  of 
Ireland  in  1725 ;  d.  in  Carlisle,  Pa.,  9  March,  1795, 


92 


ARMSTRONG 


ARMSTRONG 


He  served  with  distinction  in  tlie  war  with  France 
in  1755-'6,  commandintf  an  cxiu'dition  a,i,^aiiist  the 
Indians  at  Kittannin,i,^  destroy ini;-  thfir  .settlement 
and  taking  the  stores  sent  to  them  by  the  French. 
For  this  service  the  corporation  of  Philadelphia 
gave  him  a  vote  of  thanks,  a  medal,  and  a  piece  of 
plate.  He  was  commissioned  as  a  brigadier-general 
in  the  continental  army  1  March,  1776,  served  at 
Fort  Moultrie,  and  commanded  the  Pennsylvania 
militia  at  the  battles  of  Brandywine  and  German- 
town,  but  left  the  army  4  April,  1777,  on  account 
of  dissatisfaction  in  regard  to  rank.  He  was  sent 
to  congress  in  1778-'80,  and  again  in  1787-'8,  and 
held  many  local  public  offices. — His  youngest 
son,  John,  soldier,  b.  in  Carlisle,  Pa.,  25  Nov., 
1758;  d.  in  Red  Hook,  N.  Y.,  1  April,  1843. 
He  served  in  the  war  of  the  revolution,  en- 
listing in  1775  while  yet  a  student  at  Princeton. 
His  first  training  was  in  the  Potter  Pennsylvania 
regiment,  from  which  he  went  as  aide-de-camp 
to  Gen.  Mercer,  whom,  when  fatally  wounded,  he 
carried  in  his  arms  from  the  Princeton  battle- 
field. He  then  became  an  aide  on  the  staff  of  Gen. 
Gates,  and  served  with  him  through  the  campaign 
against  Burgoyne,  which  closed  at  Saratoga.  In 
1780  he  received  the  appointment  of  adjutant-gen- 
eral of  the  southern  army,  but,  in  consequence  of 
illness,  retired  before  the  battle  of  Camden.  He 
afterward  resumed  his  place  on  Gen.  Gates's  staff, 
with  the  rank  of  major,  which  he  held  until  the 
close  of  the  war.  While  in  camp  at  Newburg,  N. 
Y.,  10  March,  1783,  he  wrote  the  first  of  the  two 
celebrated  "  Newburg  Letters."  The  communica- 
tion, which  was  anonymous,  set  forth  the  services 
and  destitution  of  the  soldiers,  and  called  a  meet- 
ing of  the  officers  of  the  army  for  the  considera- 
tion of  measures  to  redress  the  army  grievances, 
being  intended  to  arouse  congress  to  a  sense  of  jus- 
tice to  the  army  then  about  to  be  disbanded.  Wash- 
ington, who  was  in  camp  at  the  time,  met  the  in- 
flammatory document  by  issuing  general  orders 
forbidding  the  meeting,  when  suddenly  the  second 
address  appeared.  This  also  was  anonymous,  but 
Washington  overruled  the  threatened  embarrass- 
ment by  attending  the  meeting  in  person.  He 
shrewdly  quieted  Gates  by  making  him  chair- 
man, and  then  rallied  his  faithful  brother  officers 
to  his  support.  In  calm  and  dignified  tones  he 
answered  the  argument  of  the  "anonymous  ad- 
dresser," but  intimated  that  he  "  was  an  insidious 
foe,  some  emissary  perhaps  from  New  York,  sow- 
ing the  seeds  of  discord  and  separation  between 
the  civil  and  military  powers  of  the  continent."  At 
the  time  of  making  this  address  Washington  did 
not  know  the  anonymous  author,  but  a  private 
letter  afterward  written  by  him  expressed  his  con- 
fidence in  the  good  motives  that  had  dictated  the 
letters,  "though  the  means  suggested  were  cer- 
tainly liable  to  much  misunderstanding  and  abuse." 
The  "  addresses  "  were  pointed  and  vigorous,  writ- 
ten in  pure  English,  and  for  the  purpose  for  which 
they  were  designed — a  direct  appeal  to  feeling 
^they  showed  the  hand  of  a  master.  After  the 
war,  Maj.  Armstrong  was  made  secretary  of  state, 
and  also  adjutant-general  of  Pennsylvania,  under 
Dickenson  and  Franklin.  In  1787  he  was  sent  as 
member  to  the  old  congress,  and  was  also  appointed 
one  of  the  judges  for  the  western  territory,  but  the 
latter  honor  was  declined,  as  well  as  all  other  pub- 
lic offices,  for  a  period  of  about  eleven  years.  In 
1789  he  married  a  sister  of  Chancellor  Livingston, 
and,  purchasing  a  farm  in  New  York,  devoted  him- 
self to  agriculture.  He  was  a  U.  S.  senator  in 
1800-'2,  and  again  in  1803-4.  In  1804-'10  he  was 
minister  to  France,  and  filled   the  position  with 


distinguished  ability,  also  acting  after  1806  as 
minister  to  Spain.  The  commission  of  briga- 
dier-general was  conferred  on  him  6  July,  1813, 
and  he  was  assigned  to  the  district  including  the 
city  and  harbor  of  New  York.  In  1813-'14  he  was 
secretary  of  war,  and  effected  many  salutary  changes 
in  the  army.  But  his  lack  of  success  in  the  opera- 
tions against  Canada,  and  the  sack  of  Washington 
city  by  the  British  in  August,  1814,  rendered  him 
unpopular.  He  was  censured,  and  obliged  to  resign 
in  September,  1814.  In  his  subsequent  retirement 
at  Red  Hook,  N.  Y.,  he  prepared  and  published  the 
following  works:  "Notices  of  the  War  of  1812" 
(New  York,  1836;  new  ed.,  1840);  "Memoirs  of 
Gens.  Montgomery  and  Wayne  " ;  "  Treatise  on  Ag- 
riculture " ;  "  Treatise  on  Gardening " ;  and  a 
"  Review  of  Gen.  Wilkinson's  Memoirs."  He  also 
partially  prepared  a  "Notices  of  the  American 
Revolution,"  and  several  biographical  notices. — His 
son,  Heury  Beekman,  soldier,  b.  in  New  York 
city,  9  May,  1791 ;  d.  in  Red  Hook,  N.  Y.,  10  Nov., 
1884.  His  early  years  were  spent  in  France,  where 
his  father  was  American  minister  to  the  court  of  the 
first  Napoleon,  and  his  education  was  received  at  a 
French  military  school,  where  he  went  bare-headed 
for  years,  hats  of  all  kinds  being  considered  effemi- 
nate. Before  leaving  France,  in  1811,  young  Arm- 
strong frequently  saw  Napoleon  and  many  of  his 
marshals.  At  the  beginning  of  the  second  war 
with  Great  Britain  in  1812,  he  entered  the  army  as 
captain  in  the  13th  infantry,  and  served  through- 
out the  war  with  great  gallantry  and  distinction. 
He  was  severely  wounded  at  the  assault  upon 
Queenstown  heights,  13  Oct.,  1812,  and  shared  in 
the  capture  of  Fort  George,  27  May,  1813,  the  battle 
of  Stony  Creek,  5  June,  1813,  and  the  sortie  from 
Fort  Erie,  15  Aug.,  1814.  On  the  return  of  peace 
in  1815  he  retired  from  the  army  with  the  rank  of 
lieutenant-colonel  of  the  1st  regiment  of  rifles. 
For  nearly  seventy  years  Col.  Armstrong  lived  the 
life  of  a  country  gentleman  on  his  estate  on  the 
banks  of  the  Hudson.  His  mind  was  richly  stored 
with  reminiscences  of  the  many  eminent  persons 
whom  he  had  met  during  his  long  life. 

ARMSTRONG,  Moses  Kimball,  politician,  b. 
in  Milan,  Ohio,  19  Sept.,  1832.  He  was  educated 
at  Huron  institute  and  Western  Reserve  college, 
Ohio,  went  to  Minnesota  in  1856,  was  elected  sur- 
veyor of  Mower  county,  and  in  1858  was  appointed 
surveyor  of  U.  S.  lands.  On  the  admission  of 
Minnesota  as  a  state  he  removed  to  Yankton,  then 
an  Indian  village  on  the  Missouri  river ;  and,  on 
the  organization  of  Dakota  in  1861,  he  was  elected 
to  the  legislature  of  the  territory,  being  reelected 
in  1861  and  1862,  and  acting  the  last  year  as  speaker. 
He  became  editor  of  the  "  Dakota  Union  "  in  1864, 
was  elected  territorial  treasurer,  appointed  clerk 
of  the  supreme  court  in  1865,  elected  to  the  terri- 
torial senate  in  1866,  and  in  1867  was  chosen  its 
president,  publishing  the  same  year  his  history  of 
Dakota.  He  acted  as  secretary  of  the  peace  com- 
mission to  the  Sioux ;  was  employed  from  1866  to 
1869  in  establishing  the  great  meridian  and  stand- 
ard lines  for  U.  S.  surveys  in  southern  Dakota  and 
the  northern  Red  river  valley,  detecting  the  errors 
of  locating  the  international  boundary-line  near 
Pembina  since  1823 ;  in  1869  was  elected  again  to 
the  territorial  senate.  In  1872  he  was  chosen  presi- 
dent of  the  flrst  national  bank  of  the  territory, 
and  he  was  elected  to  the  42d  and  43d  congresses, 
as  a  democrat.  He  established  the  first  democratic 
newspaper  in  the  territory. 

ARMSTRONG,  Richard,  British  soldier,  b. 
about  the  middle  of  the  18th  century;  d.  about 
1833.     He    entered   the   Queen's    rangers   as  cap- 


ARMSTRONG 


ARNOLD 


93 


tain,  afterward  became  niajor,  and  at  all  times 
showed  the  greatest  efficiency  as  a  partisan  officer 
on  the  royalist  side  during  the  war  of  the  revo- 
lution. In  1783  he  was  appointed  with  Capt.  Saun- 
ders to  prepare  a  parting  address  for  Col.  John 
Gr.  Simcoe,  the  intrepid  leader  of  the  rangers.  He 
was  advanced,  26  Jan.,  1797,  to  a  colonelcy ;  25  Sept., 
1803,  to  a  major-generalship  ;  and  25  Oct.,  1809,  to 
a  lieutenant-generalship. 

ARMSTRONGr,  Richard,  missionary,  b.  in 
Northumberland  co..  Pa.,  19  Sept.,  1805;  d.  in 
Honolulu.  Sandwich  islands,  23  Sept.,  1860.  He  was 
graduated  at  Dickinson  college,  Pa.,  and,  after  a 
course  of  theology  in  Princeton  seminary,  went  in 
1832  to  the  Sandwich  islands.  For  eight  months 
he  was  in  charge  of  the  mission  at  Nukahiva,  in  the 
Marquesas  gi'oup;  then  went  to  Walluka,  whence 
after  five  years  he  returned  to  Honolulu  to  take 
the  station  made  vacant  by  the  return  of  Mr.  Bing- 
ham to  the  United  States.  In  December,  1847,  the 
king  made  him  minister  of  instruction  and  presi- 
dent of  the  board  of  education,  and  he  was  also 
appointed  to  a  seat  in  the  house  of  nobles,  and  to 
a  membership  in  the  privy  council.  His  death  was 
caused  bv  the  kick  of  a  vicious  horse. 

ARMSTRONG,  Robert,  soldier,  b.  in  east 
Tennessee  in  1790 ;  d.  in  Washington,  D.  C,  23 
Feb.,  1854.  He  connnanded  a  company  of  Tennes- 
see artillery  under  Jackson  in  the  Creek  war  of 
1813-'14  with  distinguished  bravery.  At  the  battle 
of  Talladega,  Ala.,  24  Jan.,  1814,  he  was  danger- 
ously wounded,  but  recovered,  and  again  distin- 
guished himself  at  the  battle  of  New  Orleans,  and 
in  1836,  as  brigadier-general,  commanded  the  Ten- 
nessee mounted  volunteers  at  the  battle  of  Wahoo 
swamp.  He  was  postmaster  at  Nashville  from 
1829  to  1845,  when  he  was  sent  as  consul  to  Liver- 
pool, remaining  until  1852.  He  subsequently  became 
the  proprietor  and  editor  of  the  "  Washington 
Union,"  and  was  the  confidential  adviser  of  Mr. 
Polk  during  his  presidency.  Gen.  Jackson  be- 
queathed to  him  his  sword. 

ARMSTRONGr,  Samuel  Tiirell,  governor  of 
Massachusetts,  b.  in  Dorchester,  Mass.,  29  April, 
1784;  d.  in  Boston,  26  March,  1850.  He  was  a  book- 
seller in  Boston,  and  among  other  works  published 
a  stereotype  edition  of  Scott's  family  Bible,  which 
was  widely  circulated.  He  became  mayor  of  Bos- 
ton and  lieutenant-governor  of  Massachusetts,  and 
in  1835  the  election  of  Gov.  Davis  to  the  U.  S.  sen- 
ate made  him  acting  governor  for  the  remainder 
of  the  term.  He  made  a  fortune  in  his  business, 
and,  as  he  had  no  children,  it  was  reported  that  he 
intended  to  leave  large  amounts  to  charitable  insti- 
tutions ;  but  if  so,  his  designs  were  frustrated  by  his 
sudden  death.  Gov.  Armstrong  served  in  the  state 
house  of  rcpi'cseutatives,  and  in  the  senate  in  1839. 

ARMSTRONU,  WiUiam  Jessup,  clergyman, 
b.  in  Mendliam,  N.  J.,  29  Oct.,  1796;  lost  at  sea, 
27  Nov.,  1846.  He  was  graduated  at  Princeton  in 
1816,  and  studied  in  the  theological  school  (Presby- 
terian) of  that  college.  He  was  licensed  to  preach 
in  1818,  and  went  to  Albemarle  co.,  Va.,  as  a  mis- 
sionary, but  returned  to  Trenton  to  take  charge  of 
a  congregation.  Here  he  remained  three  years,  and 
then  accepted  an  invitation  from  the  first  Presby- 
terian church  in  Richmond,  Va.,  where  he  remained 
until  1834.  He  then  became  secretary  of  the  Pres- 
byterian board  of  foreign  missions  for  Virginia  and 
North  Carolina,  and  at  the  same  time  agent  for  the 
American  board  ot  commissioners  for  foreign  mis- 
sions for  the  same  district.  In  September  of  the  same 
year  he  became  secretary  to  the  last-named  society. 
After  a  residence  of  two  years  and  a  half  in  Boston, 
he  removed  to  New  York.     In  1840  he  received  the 


degree  of  S.  T.  D.  from  Princeton.  He  was  lost  in 
the  wreck  of  the  steamer  "Atlantic."  A  memoir  by 
Henry  Read,  with  a  selection  of  Dr.  Armstrong's 
sermons,  was  published  in  1853. 

ARNOLD,  Aaron,  merchant,  b.  in  the  Isle  of 
Wight  in  1794 ;  d.  in  New  York  city,  18  March, 
1876.  He  was  the  son  of  a  farmer,  but  early 
showed  a  fondness  for  mercantile  pursuits,  and  in 
1823  emigrated  to  Philadelphia,  where  he  lived  for 
three  years,  studying  carefully  the  comparative 
business  advantages  of  the  different  cities  of  the 
country.  He  finally  selected  New  York  as  the 
most  desirable  place,  and  with  his  nephew,  George 
A.  Hearn,  established  there,  in  1827,  a  wholesale 
and  retail  dry-goods  store,  under  the  firm  name  of 
Arnold  &  Hearn.  In  1842  Mr.  Hearn  was  stic- 
ceeded  by  Mr.  Arnold's  son-in-law,  James  M.  Con- 
stable, and  the  name  of  the  firm  was  changed  to 
Aaron  Arnold  &  Co.  In  1853  Mr.  Arnold's  son 
Richard  and  J.  P.  Baker  were  admitted  to  the  firm, 
which  then  became  known  by  its  present  title, 
Arnold,  Constable  &  Co.  In  1869  Mr.  Arnold  left 
the  active  management  of  the  btisiness,  and  for 
some  time  before  his  death  was  confined  to  his 
house.  His  success  is  ascribed,  by  those  who 
knew  him  well,  to  his  sterling  honesty,  his  saga- 
city, and  his  steadfast  adherence  to  his  friends. 

ARNOLD,  Albert  Nicholas,  clergyman,  b.  in 
Cranston,  R  I.,  12  Feb.,  1814;  d.  in  Cranston,  R.  I., 
11  Oct.,  1883.  He  was  graduated  at  Brown  in  1838, 
studied  at  Newton  theological  seminary,  and  on 
14  Sept.,  1841,  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  Bap- 
tist church  at  Newburyport,  Mass.  From  1844 
to  1854  he  was  a  missionary  to  Greece,  from  1855 
to  1857  he  was  professor  of  church  history  at 
Newton  seminary,  and  in  1858  he  became  pastor  at 
Westborough,  Mass.,  where  he  remained  until  1864. 
He  was  then  chosen  professor  of  biblical  interpre- 
tation and  pastoral  theology  in  the  Baptist  semi- 
nary at  Hamilton,  N.  Y.,  and  from  1869  to  1873 
held  the  professorship  of  New  Testament  Greek  in 
Baptist  theological  seminary  at  Chicago.  Dr.  Ar- 
nold published,  in  1860,  "  Prerequisites  to  Commun- 
ion," and  in  1871  "One  Woman's  Mission." 

ARNOLD,  Benedict,  governor  of  Rhode  Island, 
b.  in  England,  21  Dec,  1615 ;  d.  20  June,  1678. 
He  lived  for  some  time  in  Providence,  and  in  1637 
was  one  of  thirteen  who  signed  a  compact  agreeing 
to  subject  themselves  to  any  agreements  made  by  a 
majority  of  the  masters  of  families.  In  1645  his 
knowledge  of  the  native  tongues  gained  him  the 
office  of  messenger  to  negotiate  with  the  Indians, 
and  on  one  occasion  they  accused  him  of  misrepre- 
sentation. In  1653  he  moved  to  Newport,  and  in 
1654  was  elected  assistant  for  that  town.  In  1657 
he  was  one  of  the  purchasers  of  the  island  of  Con- 
anicut.  On  19  May,  1657,  Roger  Williams  having 
retired  from  the  presidency  of  the  colony,  Arnold 
was  elected  to  the  office,  and  he  was  again  assist- 
ant in  1660.  On  22  May,  1662,  he  was  again 
elected  president,  and  under  the  royal  charter 
given  in  1663  he  was  the  first  governor  of  the  col- 
ony. To  this  office  he  was  reelected  in  May,  1664, 
and  in  1669,  1677,  and  1678.  Gov.  Arnold  was  in- 
striimental  in  bringing  about  the  reconciliation  and 
union  of  the  two  colonies  of  Rhode  Island  and 
Providence  plantations. 

ARNOLD,  Benedict,  soldier,  b.  in  Norwich, 
Conn.,  14  Jan.,  1741 ;  d.  in  London,  England,  14 
June,  1801.  His  ancestor,  William  Arnold  (b.  in 
Leamington,  Warwickshire,  in  1587),  came  to  Prov- 
idence in  1636,  and  was  associated  with  Roger 
Williams  as  one  of  the  fifty-four  proprietors  in  the 
first  settlement  of  Rhode  island.  His  son  Bene- 
dict moved  to  Newport,  and  was  governor  of  the 


94 


ARNOLD 


ARNOLD 


colony  from  1G63  to  1G66,  1069  to  1672,  1677  to 
1678,  when  he  died.  His  son  Benedict  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  assembly  in  1695.  His  son  Benedict, 
third  of  that  name,  moved  to  Norwich  in  1730 ; 
was  cooper,  ship-owner,  and  sea-captain,  town  sur- 
veyor, collector,  assessor,  and  selectman.  He  mar- 
ried, 8  Nov.,  1783,  Hannah,  daughter  of  John  Wa- 
terman, widow  of  Absalom  King.  01  their  six 
ehihlren,  only  Benedict  and  Hannah  lived  to  grow 
up.  Benedict  received  a  respectable  school  educa- 
tion, including  some  knowledge  of  Latin.  He  was 
romantic  and  adventurous,  excessively  proud  and 
sensitive,  governed  rather  by  impulse  than  by 
principle.  He  was  noted  for  physical  strength  and 
beauty,  as  well  as  for  bravery.  He  possessed  im- 
mense capacity  both  for  good  and  for  evil,  and  cir- 
cumstances developed  him  in  both  directions.  At 
the  age  of  fifteen  he  ran  away  from  home  and  en- 
listed in  the  Connecticut  army,  marching  to  Albany 
and  Lake  George  to  resist  the  French  invasion ; 
but,  getting  weary  of  discipline,  he  deserted  and 
made  his  way  home  alone  through  the  wilderness. 
He  was  employed  in 
a  drug  shop  at  Nor- 
wich until  1763,  when 
he  removed  to  New 
Haven  and  established 
himself  in  business  as 
druggist  and  book- 
seller, lie  acquired 
a  considerable  prop- 
erty, and  engaged  in 
the  West  India  trade, 
sometimes  command- 
ing his  own  ships,  as 
his  father  had  done. 
He  also  carried  on 
trade  with  Canada, 
and  often  visited  Que- 
bec. On  22  Feb.,  1767, 
he  married  Margaret, 
daughter  of  Samuel 
Mansfield.  They  had  three  sons,  Benedict,  Richard, 
and  Henry.  She  died  19  June,  1775.  On  one  of 
his  voyages,  being  at  Honduras,  he  fought  a  duel 
with  a  British  sea-captain  who  called  him  a  "  d — d 
Yankee " ;  the  captain  was  wounded  and  apolo- 
gized. He  occasionally  visited  England.  At  noon 
of  20  April,  1775,  the  news  of  the  battle  of  Lexing- 
ton reached  New  Haven,  and  Arnold,  who  was  cap- 
tain of  the  governor's  guards,  about  60  in  number, 
assembled  them  on  the  college  green  and  offered 
to  lead  them  to  Boston.  Gen.  Wooster  thought  he 
had  better  wait  for  regular  orders,  and  the  select- 
men refused  to  supply  ammunition  ;  but,  upon  Ar- 
nold's threatening  to  break  into  the  magazine,  the 
selectmen  yielded  and  furnished  the  ammunition, 
and  the  company  marched  to  Cambridge.  Arnold 
immediately  proposed  the  capture  of  Ticonderoga 
and  Crown  Point,  and  the  plan  was  approved  by 
Dr.  Warren,  chairman  of  the  committee  of  safety. 
Arnold  was  commissioned  as  colonel  by  the  pro- 
vincial congress  of  Massachusetts,  and  directed  to 
raise  400  men  in  the  western  counties  and  surprise 
the  forts.  The  same  scheme  had  been  entertained 
in  Connecticut,  and  troops  from  that  colony  and 
from  Berkshire,  with  a  number  of  "  Green  moun- 
tain boys,"  had  already  started  for  the  lakes  under 
command  of  Ethan  Allen.  On  meeting  them  Ar- 
nold claimed  the  command,  but  when  it  was  re- 
fused he  joined  the  expedition  as  a  volunteer  and 
entered  Ticonderoga  side  by  side  with  Allen.  A 
few  days  later  Arnold  captured  St.  John's.  Massa- 
chusetts asked  Connecticut  to  put  him  in  command 
of  these  posts,  but  Connecticut  preferred  Allen. 


<:^<^,  c-=''7>7'Z.£7't<Z^ 


Arnold  returned  to  Cambridge  early  in  July,  pro- 
posed to  Washington  the  expedition  against  Que- 
bec by  way  of  the  Kennebec  and  Chaudiere  rivers, 
and  was  placed  in  command  of  1,100  men  and 
started  from  Cambridge  11  Sept.  The  enterprise, 
which  was  as  difficult  and  dangerous  as  Hannibal's 
crossing  of  the  Alps,  was  conducted  with  consum- 
mate ability,  but  was  nearly  ruined  by  the  miscon- 
duct of  Col.  Enos,  who  deserted  and  returned  to 
Massachusetts  with  200  men  and  the  greater  part 
of  the  provisions.  After  frightful  hardships,  to 
which  200  more  men  succumbed,  on  13  Nov.,  the 
little  army  climbed  the  heights  of  Abraham.  As 
Arnold's  force  was  insufficient  to  storm  the  city, 
and  the  garrison  would  not  come  out  to  fight,  he 
was  obliged  to  await  the  arrival  of  Montgomery, 
who  had  just  taken  Montreal.  In  the  great  assault 
of  31  Dec,  in  which  Montgomery  was  slain,  Arnold 
received  a  wound  in  the  leg.  For  his  gallantry  he 
was  now  made  brigadier-general.  He  kept  up  the 
siege  of  Quebec  till  the  following  April,  when 
Wooster  arrived  and  took  command.  Arnold  was 
put  in  command  of  Montreal.  The  British,  being 
now  heavily  reenforced,  were  able  to  drive  the 
Americans  from  Canada,  and  early  in  June  Arnold 
effected  a  junction  with  Gates  at  Ticonderoga. 
During  the  summer  he  was  busily  occupied  in 
building  a  fleet  with  which  to  oppose  and  delay 
the  advance  of  the  British  up  Lake  Champlain. 
On  11  Oct.  he  fought  a  terrible  naval  battle  near 
Valeour  island,  in  which  he  was  defeated  by  the 
overwhelming  superiority  of  the  enemy  in  number 
of  ships  and  men ;  but  he  brought  away  part 
of  his  flotilla  and  all  his  surviving  troops  in  safety 
to  Ticonderoga,  and  his  resistance  had  been  so  ob- 
stinate that  it  discouraged  Gen.  Carleton,  who  re- 
tired to  Montreal  for  the  winter.  This  relief  of 
Ticonderoga  made  it  possible  to  send  3,000  men 
from  the  northern  army  to  the  aid  of  Washington, 
and  thus  enabled  that  commander  to  strike  his 
great  blows  at  Trenton  and  Princeton. 

Among  Allen's  men  concerned  in  the  capture  of 
Ticonderoga  in  the  preceding  year  was  Lieut.  John 
Brown,  of  Pittsfleld,  who  on  that  occasion  had 
some  difficulty  with  Arnold.  Brown  now  brought 
charges  against  Arnold  of  malfeasance  while  in 
command  at  Montreal,  with  reference  to  exactions 
of  private  property  for  the  use  of  the  army.  The 
charges  were  investigated  by  the  board  of  war, 
which  pronounced  them  "  cruel  and  groundless " 
and  entirely  exonerated  Arnold,  and  the  report 
was  confirmed  by  congress.  Nevertheless,  a  party 
hostile  to  Arnold  had  begun  to  grow  up  in  that 
body.  Gates  had  already  begun  to  intrigue  against 
Schuyler,  and  Charles  Lee  had  done  his  best  to  ruin 
Washington.  The  cabal  or  faction  that  afterward 
took  its  name  from  Conway  was  already  forming. 
Arnold  was  conspicuous  as  an  intimate  friend  of 
Schuyler  and  Washington,  and  their  enemies  be- 
gan by  striking  at  him.  This  petty  persecution  of 
the  commander-in-chief  by  slighting  and  insulting 
his  favorite  officers  was  kept  up  until  the  last  year 
of  the  war,  and  such  men  as  Greene,  Morgan,  and 
Stark  were  almost  driven  from  the  service  by  it. 
On  19  Feb.,  1777,  congress  appointed  five  new 
major-generals — Stirling,  Mifflin,  St.  Clair,  Stephen, 
and  Lincoln— thus  passing  over  Arnold,  who  was 
the  senior  brigadier.  None  of  these  officers  had 
rendered  servictes  at  all  comparable  to  his,  and,  com- 
ing as  it  did  so  soon  after  his  heroic  conduct  on 
Lake  Champlain,  this  action  of  congress  naturally 
incensed  him.  He  behaved  very  well,  however,  and 
expressed  his  willingness  to  serve  under  the  men 
lately  his  juniors,  while  at  the  same  time  he  re- 
quested congress  to  restore  him  to  his  relative  rank. 


ARNOLD 


ARNOLD 


95 


The  last  week  in  April  2,000  British  troops  under 
Gov.  Tryon  invaded  Connecticut  and  destroyed 
the  military  stores  at  Danbury.  They  were  opposed 
by  Wooster  with  600  men,  and  a  skirmish  ensued, 
in  which  that  general  was  slain.  By  this  time 
Arnold,  who  was  at  New  Haven,  on  a  visit  to  his 
family,  arrived  on  the  scene  with  several  hundred 
militia,  and  there  was  a  desperate  fight  at  Ridge- 
field,  in  which  Arnold  had  two  horses  shot  from  un- 
der him.  The  British  were  driven  to  their  ships, 
and  narrowly  escaped  capture.  Arnold  was  now  pro- 
moted to  the  rank  of  major-general  and  presented 
by  congress  with  a  fine  horse,  but  his  relative  rank 
was  not  restored.  While  he  was  at  Philadelphia 
inquiring  into  the  reasons  for  the  injustice  that  had 
been  done  him,  the  country  was  thrown  into  con- 
sternation by  the  news  of  Burgoyne's  advance  and 
the  fall  of  Ticonderoga.  At  Washington's  sug- 
gestion, Arnold  again  joined  the  northern  army, 
and  by  a  brilliant  stratagem  dispersed  the  army  of 
St.  Leger,  which,  in  cooperation  with  Burgoyne, 
was  coming  down  the  Mohawk  valley,  and  had  laid 
siege  to  Fort  Stanwix.  After  Schuyler  had  been 
superseded  by  Gates,  Arnold  was  placed  in  com- 
mand of  the  left  wing  of  the  army  on  Bemis 
heights.  In  the  battle  of  19  Sept.,  at  Freeman's 
farm,  he  frustrated  Burgoyne's  attempt  to  turn  the 
American  left,  and  held  the  enemy  at  bay  till  night- 
fall. If  properly  reenforced  by  Gates,  he  would 
probably  have  inflicted  a  crushing  defeat  upon  Bur- 
goyne. But  Gates,  who  had  already  begun  to  dis- 
like him  as  a  friend  of  Schuyler,"  was  enraged  by 
his  criticisms  on  the  battle  of  Freeman's  farm,  and 
sought  to  wreak  his  spite  by  withdrawing  from  his 
division  some  of  its  best  troops.  This  gave  rise  to 
a  fierce  quarrel.  Arnold  asked  permission  to  return 
to  Philadelphia,  and  Gates  granted  it.  But  many 
officers,  knowing  that  a  decisive  battle  was  immi- 
nent, and  feeling  no  confidence  in  Gates,  entreated 
Arnold  to  remain,  and  he  did  so.  Gates  issued  no 
order  directly  superseding  him,  but  took  command 
of  the  left  wing  in  person,  giving  the  right  wing 
to  Lincoln.  At  the  critical  moment  of  the  decisive 
battle  of  70ct.,  Arnold  rushed  upon  the  field  with- 
out orders,  and  in  a  series  of  magnificent  charges 
broke  through  the  British  lines  and  put  them  to 
flight.  The'credit  of  this  great  victory,  which  se- 
cured for  us  the  alliance  with  France,  is  due  chiefly 
to  Arnold,  and  in  a  less  degree  to  Morgan.  Gates 
was  not  on  the  field,  and  deserves  no  credit  what- 
ever. Just  at  the  close  of  the  battle  Arnold  was 
severely  wounded  in  the  leg  that  had  been  hurt  at 
Quebec.  He  was  carried  on  a  litter  to  Albany,  and 
remained  there  disabled  until  spring.  On  20  Jan., 
1778,  he  received  from  congress  an  antedated  com- 
mission restoring  him  to  his  original  seniority  in  the 
army.  On  19  June,  as  he  was  still  too  lame  for  field 
service,  Washington  put  him  in  command  of  Phila- 
delphia, which  the  British  had  just  evacuated.  The 
tory  sentiment  in  that  city  was  strong,  and  had 
been  strengthened  by  disgust  at  the  alliance  with 
France,  a  feeling  which  Arnold  seems  to  have 
shared.  He  soon  became  engaged  to  a  tory  lady, 
Margaret,  daughter  of  Edward  Shippen,  afterward 
chief  justice  of  Pennsylvania.  She  was  celebrated 
for  her  beauty,  wit,  and  nobility  of  character.  Dur- 
ing the  next  two  years  Arnold  associated  much  with 
the  tories,  and  his  views  of  public  affairs  were  no 
doubt  influenced  by  this  association.  He  lived  ex- 
travagantly, and  became  involved  in  debt.  He  got 
into  quarrels  with  many  persons,  especially  with 
Joseph  Reed,  president  of  the  executive  council  of 
the  state.  These  troubles  wrought  upon  him  until 
he  made  up  his  mind  to  resign  his  commission,  ob- 
tain a  grant  of  land  in  central  New  York,  settle  it 


with  some  of  his  old  soldiers,  and  end  his  days  in 
rural  seclusion.  His  request  was  favorably  enter- 
tained by  the  New  York  legislature,  but  a  long  list 
of  charges  now  brought  against  him  by  Reed  drove 
the  scheme  from  his  mind.  The  charges  were  in- 
vestigated by  a  committee  of  congress,  and  on  all 
those  that  affected  his  integrity  he  was  acquitted. 
Two  charges — first,  of  having  once  in  a  hurry  grant- 
ed a  pass  in  which  some  due  forms  were  overlooked, 
and,  secondly,  of  having  once  used  some  public 
wagons,  which  were  standing  idle,  for  saving  private 
property  in  danger  from  the  enemy — were  proved 
against  him ;  but  the  committee  thought  these 
things  too  trivial  to  notice,  and  recommended  au 
unqualified  verdict  of  acquittal.  Arnold  then, 
considering  himself  vindicated,  resigned  his  com- 
mand of  Philadelphia.  But  as  Reed  now  repre- 
sented that  further  evidence  was  forthcoming,  con- 
gress referred  the  matter  to  another  committee, 
which  shirked  the  responsibility  through  fear  of 
offending  Pennsylvania,  and  handed  the  affair 
over  to  a  court-martial.  Arnold  clamored  for  a 
speedy  trial,  but  Reed  succeeded  in  delaying  it 
several  months  under  pretence  of  collecting  evi- 
dence. On  2(j  Jan.,  1780,  the  court-martial  ren- 
dered its  verdict,  which  agreed  in  every  particular 
with  that  of  the  committee  of  congress;  but  for 


the  two  trivial  charges  proved  against  Arnold,  it  was 
decided  that  he  should  receive  a  reprimand  from 
the  commander-in-chief.  Washington,  who  con- 
sidered Arnold  the  victim  of  persecution,  couched 
the  reprimand  in  such  terms  as  to  convert  it  into 
eulogy,  and  soon  afterward  offered  Arnold  the 
highest  command  under  himself  in  the  northern 
army  for  the  next  campaign.  But  Arnold  in  an 
evil  "hour  had  allowed  himself  to  be  persuaded  into 
the  course  that  has  blackened  his  name  forever. 
Three  years  had  elapsed  since  Saratoga,  and  the 
fortunes  of  the  Americans,  instead  of  improving, 
had  grown  worse  and  worse.  France  had  as  yet 
done  but  little  for  us.  our  southern  army  had  been 
annihilated,  our  paper  money  had  become  worth- 
less, our  credit  abroad  had  hardly  begun  to  exist. 
Even  Washington  wrote  that  "  he  had  almost  ceased 
to  hope."  The  army,  clad  in  rags,  half-starved  and 
unpaid,  was  nearly  ripe  for  the  mutniy  that  broke 
out  a  few  months  later,  and  desertions  to  the  Brit- 
ish lines  averaged  more  than  100  a  month.  The 
spirit  of  desertion  now  seized  upon  Arnold,  with 
whom  the  British  commander  had  for  some  time 
tampered  through  the  mediation  of  John  Andr6  and 
an  American  lovalist,  Beverley  Robinson.  Stung 
by  the  injustice' he  had  suffered,  and  influenced  by 
his  tory  surroundings,  Arnold  made  up  his  mind 
to  play  a  part  like  that  which  Gen.  Monk  had 
played"  in  the  restoration  of  Charles  II.  to  the  Brit- 
ish throne.  By  putting  the  British  in  possession 
of  the  Hudson  river,  he  would  give  them  all  that 
they  had  sought  to  obtain   by  the  campaigns  of 


ARNOLD 


ARNOLD 


1776-'77 ;  and  the  American  cause  would  thus  be- 
come so  hopeless  that  an  opportunity  would  be 
offered  for  negotiation.  Arnold  was  assured  that 
Lord  North  would  renew  the  liberal  terms  already 
offered  in  1778,  which  conceded  everything  that 
the  Americans  had  demanded  in  1775.  By  render- 
ing a  cardinal  service  to  the  British,  he  might  hope 
to  attain  a  position  of  such  eminence  as  to  conduct 
these  negotiations,  end  the  war,  and  restore  Amer- 
ica to  her  old  allegiance,  with  her  freedom  from 
parliamentary  control  guaranteed.  In  order  to 
realize  these  ambitious  dreams,  Arnold  resorted  to 
the  blackest  treachery.  In  July,  1780,  he  sought 
and  obtained  command  of  West  Point  in  order  to 
surrender  it  to  the  enemy.  When  his  scheme  was 
detected  by  the  timely  capture  of  Andre,  he  fled  to 
the  British  at  New  York,  a  disgraced  and  hated 
traitor.  Instead  of  getting  control  of  affairs,  like 
Gen.  Monk,  he  had  sold  himself  cheap,  receiving  a 
brigadier-general's  place  in  the  British  army  and  a 
paltry  sum  of  money.  In  the  spring  of  1781  he 
conducted  a  plundering  expedition  into  Virginia ; 
in  September  of  the  same  year  he  was  sent  to  at- 
tack New  London,  in  order  to  divert  Washington 
from  his  southward  march  against  Cornwallis.  In 
the  following  winter  he  went  with  his  wife  to  Lon- 
don, where  he  was  well  received  by  the  king  and 
the  tories,  but  frowned  upon  by  the  whigs.  In 
1787  he  removed  to  St.  John's,  New  Brunswick, 
and  entered  into  mercantile  business  with  his  sons 
Richard  and  Henry.  In  17"Jl  he  returned  to  Lon- 
don and  settled  there  permanently.  In  1792  he 
fought  a  bloodless  duel  with  the  earl  of  Lauder- 
dale, for  a  remark  which  the  latter  had  made  about 
him  in  the  house  of  lords.  His  last  years  were  em- 
bittered by  remorse.  The  illustration  on  page  95 
is  a  view  of  Col.  Beverley  Robinson's  house,  oppo- 
site West  Point,  which  was  occupied  by  Arnold  as 
his  headquarters.  It  is  now  the  property  of  Hon. 
Hamilton  Fish.  His  life  has  been  written  by 
Sparks  in  vol.  iii.  of  his  "  American  Biographies," 
and  more  fully  by  Isaac  Newton  Arnold,  "  Life 
of  Benedict  Arnold,  his  Patriotism  and  his  Trea- 
son" (Chicago,  1880).— His  fifth  son,  Sir  James 
Robertson,  British  soldier,  b.  in  Philadelphia  in 
1780 ;  d.  in  London,  England,  27  Dec,  1854.  He 
entered  the  royal  engineers  in  1798,  and  attained 
the  rank  of  colonel.  From  1816  to  1823  he  was  at 
the  head  of  the  engineers  in  Nova  Scotia  and  New 
Brunswick.  In  1841  he  was  transferred  from  the 
engineers,  and  in  1851  was  made  lieutenant-general. 
He  served  with  credit  in  various  parts  of  the  world, 
displaying  especial  courage  in  the  attack  on  Suri- 
nam, where  he  received  a  severe  wound.  He  was 
aide-de-camp  to  both  William  IV.  and  Victoria. 
He  bore  a  strong  personal  resemblance  to  his  father. 
— Benedict's  seventh  son,  William  Fitch,  the  only 
one  that  left  issue,  b.  25  June,  1794,  was  a  captain  in 
the  British  army.  His  son,  Edwin  Gladwin,  rec- 
tor of  Barrow  in  Cheshire,  inherited  the  family  seat 
of  Little  Missenden  Abbey,  Buckinghamshire,  and 
the  grant  of  land  near  Toronto,  now  of  great  value. 
ARNOLD,  George,  author,  b.  in  New  York 
city,  24  June,  1834 ;  d.  at  Strawberry  Farms,  N.  J., 
3  Nov.,  1865.  While  he  was  still  an  infant  his 
parents  removed  to  Illinois,  but  in  1849  returned 
to  the  east  and  settled  at  Strawberry  Farms.  As 
he  showed  a  talent  for  drawing,  he  was  placed  m 
the  studio  of  a  portrait  painter  in  New  York  ;  but 
he  soon  abandoned  the  idea  of  becoming  an  artist, 
and  adopted  literature  as  a  profession.  He  became 
a  contributor  to  "  Vanity  Fair,"  the  "  Leader,"  and 
other  periodicals,  writing  stories,  poems,  sketches, 
and  art  criticisms.  Some  of  his  poems  are  of  re- 
markable sweetness.     He  was  best  known  during 


his  lifetime  as  the  author  of  the  "  McArone  "  pa- 
pers, which  established  his  reputation  as  a  humor- 
ist. These  were  begun  in  "  Vanity  Pair  "  in  18G0, 
and  continued  there  and  in  other  papers  until  his 
death.  He  was  also  the  author  of  several  bio- 
graphical works.  During  the  civil  war  Mr.  Arnold 
did  military  duty  for  a  long  time  at  one  of  the 
forts  on  Staten  Island.  His  poems  were  collected 
and  edited,  with  a  memoir,  by  William  Winter, 
appearing  in  two  volumes  (1 867-' 68),  afterward 
consolidated  in  one.  The  "  Jolly  Old  Pedagogue  " 
is  his  best-known  poem. 

ARNOLD,  Isaac  Newton,  lawyer,  b.  in  Hart- 
wick,  Otsego  CO.,  N.  Y.,  30  Nov.,  1815 ;  d.  in  Chi- 
cago, 24  April,  1884.  His  father,  Dr.  George  W. 
Arnold,  was  a  native  of  Rhode  Island,  whence  he 
removed  to  western  New  York  in  1800.  After 
attending  the  district  and  select  schools,  Isaac 
Arnold  was  thrown  on  his  own  resources  at  the 
age  of  fifteen.  For  several  years  he  taught  school 
a  part  of  each  year,  earning  enough  to  study  law, 
and  at  the  age  of  twenty  was  admitted  to  the  bar. 
In  1836  he  -emoved  to  Chicago,  where  he  spent  the 
rest  of  his  life,  and  was  prominent  as  a  lawyer  and 
in  politics.  He  was  elected  city  clerk  of  Chicago 
in  1837,  and,  beginning  in  1843,  served  several 
terms  in  the  legislature.  The  state  was  then 
heavily  in  debt,  and  Mr.  Arnold  became  the  ac- 
knowledged champion  of  those  who  were  opposed 
to  repudiation.  In  1844  he  was  a  presidential 
elector,  and  in  1860  was  elected  to  congress  as  a 
republican,  serving  two  terms.  At  the  battle  of 
Bull  Run  he  acted  as  volunteer  aide  to  Col. 
Hunter,  and  did  good  service  in  caring  for  the 
wounded.  While  in  congress  he  was  chairman  of 
the  committee  on  the  defences  and  fortifications  of 
the  great  lakes  and  rivers,  and  afterward  chairman 
of  the  committee  on  manufactures,  serving  also  as 
member  of  the  committee  on  roads  and  canals. 
He  voted  for  the  bill  abolishing  slavery  in  the  dis- 
trict of  Columbia,  and  in  March,  1862,  he  intro- 
duced a  bill  prohibiting  slavery  in  every  place  un- 
der national  control.  This  bill  was  passed  on  19 
June.  1862,  after  much  resistance,  and  on  15  Feb., 
1864,  Mr.  Arnold  introduced  in  the  house  of  rep- 
resentatives a  resolution,  which  was  passed,  declar- 
ing that  the  constitution  of  the  United  States  should 
be  so  amended  as  to  abolish  slavery.  His  ablest 
speech  in  congress  was  on  the  confiscation  bill,  and 
was  made  2  May,  1862.  In  1865  President  John- 
son appointed  him  sixth  auditor  to  the  U.  S. 
treasury.  Mr.  Arnold  was  an  admirable  public 
speaker,  and  delivered  addresses  before  various 
literary  societies,  both  at  home  and  abroad.  He 
had  been  intimate  with  Abraham  Lincoln  for 
many  years  before  Mr.  Lincoln's  election  to  the 
presidency,  and  in  1866  he  published  a  biogra- 
phy of  him  (new  ed.,  rewritten  and  enlarged, 
Chicago,  1885).  This  was  followed  in  1879  by  a 
"  Life  of  Benedict  Arnold,"  which,  while  acknowl- 
edging the  enormity  of  Arnold's  treason,  vindicates 
and  praises  him  in  other  respects.  The  author 
claimed  no  relationship  with  the  subject  of  his 
work.  His  life  of  Lincoln  is  valuable  for  the  clear- 
ness with  which  it  shows  the  historical  relations  of 
the  president  to  the  great  events  of  his  adminis- 
tration;  and  the  author's  death  is  said  to  have 
been  caused,  m  part,  by  his  persistent  labor  in  com- 
pleting his  last  revision  of  this  work.  Mr.  Arnold 
was  for  many  years  president  of  the  Chicago  his- 
torical society,  and  Hon.  E.  B.  Washburne  deliv- 
ered an  address  on  his  life  before  the  society,  21 
Oct.,  1884  (Chicago,  1884). 

ARNOLD,  Jonathan,  statesman,  b.  in  Provi- 
dence, R.   I.,  14  Dec,  1741 ;  d.  in  St.  Johnsbury, 


ARNOLD 


ARNOLD 


97 


Vt.,  2  Feb.,  1798.  He  studied  medicine,  and  began 
practice.  In  1774  he  was  a  charter  member  of  the 
Providence  grenadiers.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
general  assembly  in  1776,  and  author  of  the  act  of 
May,  1776,  repealing  the  law  providing  lor  the 
oath  of  allegiance  to  England.  During  the  revo- 
hitionary  war  he  was  a  surgeon  in  the  army,  and 
director  of  the  army  hospital  at  Providence.  After 
the  war  he  removecl  to  St.  Johnsbury,  Vt..  where  in 
1782  he  was  appointed  judge  of  the  Orange  co. 
■court,  an  office  which  he  held  until  his  death. 
From  1782  to  1784  he  was  a  member  of  the  con- 
tinental congress. — His  son,  Lemuel  Hastings, 
statesman,  b.  in  St.  Johnsbury,  Vt.,  29  Jan.,  1792; 
d.  in  Kingston,  R.  I.,  27  June.  1852,  was  graduated 
at  Dartmouth  in  1811,  studied  law,  and  practised 
in  Providence  from  1814  to  1821,  after  which  he 
engaged  in  manufactures.  From  1826  to  1831  he 
was  a  member  of  the  general  assembly  of  his  state. 
He  was  elected  governor  of  Rhode  Island  in  1881 
and  again  in  1832.  During  the  Dorr  rebellion  of 
1842,  he  was  a  member  of  the  executive  council. 
He  was  a  representative  in  congress  from  1  Dec, 
1845,  till  3  March,  1847.— Richard,  son  of  Lem- 
uel Hastings,  soldier,  b.  in  Providence,  R.  I.,  12 
April,  1828;  d.  on  Governor's  Island,  New  York 
harbor,  8  Nov.,  1882.  He  was  a  son  of  Gov.  L. 
H.  Arnold,  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1850. 
He  took  part  in  the  Northern  Pacific  railroad 
•exploration  in  1853,  and  was  aide  to  Gen.  Wool 
in  California  from  1855  to  1861.  At  the  begin- 
ning of  the  civil  war  he  was  made  captain  in 
the  5th  artillery,  and  served  at  Bull  Run  and 
through  the  peninsular  campaign.  On  29  June, 
1862,  "he  was  brevetted  major  for  services  at  the 
battle  of  Savage  Station,  Va.,  and  on  29  Nov.  he 
was  made  brigadier-general  of  volunteers.  On  8 
July,  1863,  he  was  brevetted  lieutenant-colonel  in 
the  regular  army  for  services  at  the  siege  of  Port 
Hudson.  He  commanded  a  cavalry  division  in 
Gen.  Banks's  Red  river  expedition  in  1864,  and  later 
in  the  same  year  rendered  important  services  at 
the  reduction  of  Fort  Morgan,  Mobile  bay,  for 
which,  on  22  Aug.,  1865,  he  was  made  brevet  major- 
general  of  volunteers.  For  his  services  through 
the  war  he  was,  on  13  March,  1865,  brevetted  colo- 
nel, brigadier-general,  and  major-general  in  the 
regular  army.  After  the  close  of  the  war  he  com- 
manded various  posts,  and  on  5  Dec,  1877,  was 
made  acting  assistant  inspector-general  of  the  de- 
partment of  the  east.  At  the  time  of  his  death 
he  was  major  in  the  5th  artillery. 

ARNOLD,  Lewis  G.,  soldier,  b.  in  New  Jersey 
in  December.  1815 ;  d.  in  South  Boston,  22  Sept., 
1871.  He  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1837. 
He  served  as  second  lieutenant  in  the  Florida  war  of 
1837-38  with  the  2d  artillery,  and  as  first  lieuten- 
ant in  the  same  regiment,  on  the  Canada  fron- 
tier, at  Detroit,  in  1838-39.  In  1846  he  accom- 
panied his  regiment  to  Mexico,  and  was  engaged 
on  the  southern  line  of  operations  under  Gen. 
Scott,  being  present  at  the  siege  of  Vera  Cruz,  in 
which  he  was  slightly  wounded ;  in  the  battles  of 
Cerro  Gordo  antl  Araozoque ;  the  capture  of  San 
Antonio,  and  the  battle  of  Churubusco.  In  the 
last-named  battle  he  led  his  company  with  con- 
spicuous gallantry,  and  in  the  storming  of  the  tete 
■de  pont  was  severely  wounded.  He  was  brevetted 
captain  20  Aug..  1847,  for  gallant  conduct  at  Con- 
treras  and  Churubusco,  and  major,  13  Sept.,  for 
gallant  conduct  at  Chapultepec.  He  served  again 
in  Florida  in  1856,  and  commanded  a  detachment 
in  a  conflict  with  a  large  force  of  Seminoles  at  Big 
Cypress  on  7  April  of  that  year.  The  breaking 
■out  of  the  war  in  1861  found"  Maj.  Arnold  at  the 

VOL.  I. — 7 


Dry  Tortugas,  whence  he  was  transferred  to  Fort 
Pickens  on  2  Aug.  He  remained  there  until  9 
May,  1862,  being  in  command  after  25  Feb.     On 

9  Oct.,  1861,  he  aided  in  repelling  the  attack  of  the 
confederates  on  Santa  Rosa  island,  and  command- 
ed a  detachment  sent  the  next  morning  to  pursue 
them  to  the  mainland.  In  the  successive  bombard- 
ments of  Fort  Pickens,  which  followed  in  Novem- 
ber, January,  and  May,  Maj.  Arnold,  as  executive 
officer  of  the  work,  distinguished  himself  by  his 
energy,  judgment,  and  gallantry.  In  recognition 
of  the  value  of  his  services  on  these  occasions  he 
was  brevetted  a  lieutenant-colonel,  to  date  from  22 
Nov.,  1861 ;  appointed  a  brigadier-general  of  vol- 
unteers, to  date  from  24  Jan.,  1862 ;  and  assigned 
to  the  command  of  the  department  of  Florida,  with 
his  headquarters  first  at  Fort  Pickens  and  after- 
ward at  Pensacola.  On  1  Oct.,  1862,  he  was  placed 
in  command  of  the  forces  at  New  Orleans  and  Al- 
giers, Louisiana,  which  command  he  retained  until 

10  Nov.,  when  he  was  disabled  by  a  stroke  of  pa- 
ralysis, from  which  he  never  recovered.  In  Febru- 
ary, 1864,  all  hope  of  his  restoration  to  active  life 
having  been  abandoned.  Gen.  Arnold  was  retired. 

ARNOLD,  Peleg-,  jurist,  b.  in  Smithfield,  R.  I., 
in  1752;  d.  there,  13  Feb.,  1820.  He  received  a 
liberal  education,  studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to 
the  Rhode  Island  bar.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
general  assembly  of  his  state,  and  from  9  April, 
1787,  to  1  Nov.,  1789,  was  a  delegate  to  congress 
under  the  confederation.  In  October,  1788,  he  re- 
turned to  Rhode  Island  especially  to  represent  to 
the  assembly  the  importance  of  immediate  action 
on  the  federal  constitution.  He  was  afterward 
chief  justice  of  the  Rhode  Island  supreme  court. 

ARNOLD,  Samuel  Greene,  historian,  b.  in 
Providence,  R.  I.,  12  April,  1821;  d.  there,  12 
Feb.,  1880.  He  was  graduated  at  Brown  in  1841, 
spent  two  yeai's  in  a  Providence  counting-house, 
and  visited  Europe.  On  his  return  he  studied 
law,  being  graduated  at  Harvard  law  school  in 
1845,  and  was  admitted  to  the  Rhode  Island  bar ; 
but  before  practising  he  again  travelled  extensively 
in  Europe,  the  east,  and  South  America.  In  1852 
he  was  chosen  lieutenant-governor  of  his  state, 
being  the  only  man  elected  on  the  whig  ticket, 
and  he  again  occupied  that  office  in  1861  and  1862. 
On  the  breaking  out  of  the  civil  war  he  was  for  a 
few  weeks  in  command  of  a  battery  of  artillery  and 
aide  to  Gov.  Sprague.  From  1  Dec,  1862,  to  3 
March,  1863,  he  served  in  the  U.  S.  senate,  hav- 
ing been  chosen  to  fill  out  the  term  of  J.  F.  Sim- 
mons, resigned.  He  published  a  valuable  "  His- 
toi-y  of  the  State  of  Rhode  Island  and  Providence 
Plantations  "  (2  vols..  New  York,  1860).  He  was 
the  author  of  "  The  Spirit  of  Rhode  Island  His- 
tory," a  discourse  delivered  on  17  Jan.,  1853,  be- 
fore the  Rhode  Island  historical  society,  of  which 
he  was  for  some  time  the  president,  an  address  be- 
fore the  American  institute  in  New  York  in  Octo- 
ber, 1850,  and  numerous  other  addresses,  and  arti- 
cles in  periodicals. 

ARNOLD,  Thomas  Dicltens,  lawyer,  b.  m 
Spottsylvania  co.,  Va.,  3  May,  1798;  d.  in  Jones- 
boro',  Tenn.,  26  May,  1870.  He  was  a  farmer  boy, 
and  his  education  was  obtained  almost  entirely  by 
his  own  efforts,  and,  to  stimulate  himself,  he  taught 
the  farmer's  children.  When  war  was  declared  in 
1812,  his  strong  physique  and  sturdy  appearance 
permitted  his  enlistment,  although  he  was  but 
fourteen  years  of  age.  During  the  march  to  Mo- 
bile a  young  soldier,  the  only  son  of  a  poor  widow, 
was  tried  by  court-martial  and  shot  by  order  of 
Gen.  Jackson  for  the  offence  of  straggling,  and  the 
circumstances  of  the  execution  made  a  deep  im- 


98 


AROSEMENA 


ARTAGUIETTE 


pression  on  the  mind  of  young  Arnold,  ■vrho  de- 
nounced the  act  as  unwarranted  tyranny,  and  in 
after  years  remembered  and  acted  upon  his  con- 
victions in  his  hostility  to  President  Jackson.  He 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Knoxville,  Tenn.,  in 
March,  1822,  and,  quickly  attaining  distinction  in 
his  profession,  was  elected  to  congress  in  1831 
on  the  whig  ticket  after  he  had  been  twice  de- 
feated. Taking  a  prominent  stand  on  the  political 
issues  of  the  day,  he  was  fearless  in  his  criticism, 
and  generally  opposed  the  administration.  On  14 
May,  1832,  he  made  a  speech  against  Senator  Hous- 
ton and  a  certain  Maj.  Morgan  A.  Heard,  who  had 
had  some  connection  with  the  western  army.  In 
this  speech  he  used  the  expression  "  capable  of  any 
crime,"  and  indulged  in  severe  personalities.  On 
leaving  the  capitol,  and  while  yet  in  the  midst  of 
more  than  200  senators  and  members,  he  was  as- 
saulted by  Heard,  who  fired  upon  him  with  a 
horse  pistol,  wounding  him  in  the  arm,  and  then 
struck  him  with  a  cane.  Arnold  knocked  his  as- 
sailant down,  wrenched  away  the  pistol,  and  car- 
ried it  off  as  a  trophy,  while  Heard  was  left  for 
several  hours  where  he  fell.  The  admirers  of  Mr. 
Arnold  presented  him  the  next  day  with  a  highly 
wrought  sword-cane  with  the  inscription,  "  Pre- 
sented to  Thomas  D.  Arnold  for  his  brave  defence 
against  the  attack  of  Morgan  A.  Heard."  In  1836 
he  was  elected  brigadier-general  of  Tennessee  mili- 
tia, and  in  1841  was  returned  to  congress,  serving 
from  31  May,  1841,  till  3  March,  1843.  when  he  re- 
tired from  political  life  and  devoted  himself  to  the 
practice  of  law.  He  had  a  notable  controversy  with 
William  0.  Brownlow. 

AROSEMENA,  Jiisto,  Colombian  jurist,  b.  in 
Panama  in  1817  ;  d.  in  Panama,  24  Feb..  1896.  He 
was  secretary  of  state  several  times,  president  of 
the  congress,  and  Colombian  minister  successively 
to  Venezuela,  Peru,  Bolivia,  Chili,  Central  Amer- 
ica, France,  England,  and  the  United  States. 

AKPIN,  Paul,  journalist,  b.  in  France  in  1811 ; 
d.  in  New  York  city,  18  May,  1865.  He  was  the 
oldest  French  journalist  in  the  United  States.  For 
many  years  he  edited  the  "  New  Orleans  Bee,"  and 
after  that  took  charge  of  the  New  York  "  Courrier 
des  Etats  Unis."  He  wrote  largely  for  the  "  Amer- 
ican Cyclopaedia,"  contributing  biographical  notices 
of  eminent  Frenchmen,  including  Lavoisier,  La 
Harpe,  Necker,  Pascal,  and  Palissy. 

ARRASCAETA,  Enrique  de  (ahr-ras-ah-a'-ta), 
Uruguayan  poet,  b.  in  Montevideo  in  1819.  He 
has  been  a  journalist,  deputy,  and  minister  of  the 
republic  of  Uruguay ;  but  his  highest  reputation 
comes  from  his  numerous  elegant  poems. 

ARRATE,  Jose  Felix  de,  Cuban  author,  b. 
in  Havana  in  1697 ;  d.  in  176G.  He  studied  law 
in  Mexico,  where  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and 
returned  to  his  native  city,  where  he  filled  some  im- 
portant offices.  In  1761  wrote  a  history  of  Ha- 
vana, the  first  historical  work  on  a  Cuban  subject, 
to  which  he  gave  the  title  of  "  Llave  del  Nuevo 
Mundo  y  Antenmral  de  las  Indias  Occidentales," 
alluding  to  the  important  geographical  and  stra- 
tegical situation  of  the  capital  of  Cuba.  This  work 
remained  unedited  until  1830,  when  it  was  pub- 
lished by  the  real  sociedad  economica  of  Havana. 
A  new  edition  was  brought  out  m  1876,  forming 
part  of  the  collection  entitled  "  Los  tres  primeros 
historiadores  de  Cuba."  Arrate  wrote  also  poems 
and  a  comedy,  which  are  lost. 

ARRIACxA,  Pablo  Jose  (ahr-ree-ah-ga),  Span- 
ish author,  b.  in  Vergara,  Spain,  in  1562.  He  was 
sent  to  Peru,  and  there  founded  several  Jesuit  col- 
leges, being  afterward  prefect  of  Arequipa  and 
Lima.    He  perished  in  a  shipwreck  in  1622,    Of 


the  works  that  he  left  finished  at  his  death,  those 
entitled  " Extirpacion  de  la  idolatria  de  los  indios 
del  Peru"  (Lima,  1621)  and  "  Directorio  espiritual " 
(1628)  are  the  most  important. 

ARRILLAOA,  Jose  Joaquin,  b.  in  Aya,  prov- 
ince of  Guipuzcoa,  Spain,  in  1750 ;  d.  at  Soledad 
Mission,  C!alifornia,  24  July,  1814.  In  his  youth 
Arrillaga  was  a  volunteer  in  Mexico,  rose  in  the 
service,  became  captain  in  1783,  and  in  the  same 
year  took  office  as  lieutenant-governor  of  the  two 
Californias.  In  1792,  on  the  death  of  Romeu,  he 
was  appointed  governor,  and  after  an  interval 
passed  once  more  as  lieutenant-governor,  from 
1794  to  1804,  he  received  a  permanent  appointment 
as  governor  of  Alta  California,  26  March,  1804, 
and  retained  the  office  initil  his  death.  Of  all  the 
Spanish  governors  of  the  newly  settled  land,  he 
was  the  most  uniformly  successful  in  winning  the 
approval  of  both  civilians  and  the  Catholic  clergv. 

ARRINUTON,  Alfred  W.,  lawyer,  b.  in  Ire- 
dell CO.,  N.  C,  28  Sept.,  1810;  d.  in  Chicago,  111., 
31  Dec,  1867.  He  was  the  son  of  Archibald  Ar- 
rington,  a  whig  member  of  congress  from  North 
Carolina  from  1841  to  1845.  In  1829  young  Ar- 
rington,  who  had  received  a  good  education  in  his 
native  state,  was  received  on  trial  as  a  Methodist 
circuit  preacher  in  Indiana,  and  in  1832-'33  he 
preached  as  an  itinerant  in  Missouri,  his  remarka- 
ble mental  powers  and  his  eloquence  everywhere 
drawing  crowds  to  hear  him.  In  1834  he  aban- 
doned the  ministry  and  studied  law,  being  admitted 
soon  after  to  the  Missouri  bar.  He  removed  in 
1835  or  1836  to  Arkansas,  attained  distinction  in 
his  profession,  and  was  sent  to  the  legislature.  In 
1844  he  was  nominated  an  elector  on  the  whig  tick- 
et, but  withdrew  his  name,  and  avowed  himself  a 
democrat.  Soon  afterward  he  removed  to  Texas, 
and  in  1850  was  elected  judge  of  the  12th  district 
court,  over  which  he  presided  till  1856.  His  health 
failing,  he  was  compelled  to  seek  a  more  northern 
climate  and  removed  to  Madison,  Wis.,  where  he 
remained  but  a  short  time.  In  1857  he  went  to 
Chicago,  which  thenceforward  was  his  home.  In 
that  city  he  soon  won  a  very  high  reputation  as  a 
constitiitional  lawyer,  practising  constantly  before 
the  U.  S.  district  and  circuit  courts  and  the  su- 
preme court  at  Washington.  His  death  was  hast- 
ened by  overvvork.  He  wrote  much  under  the  sig- 
nature of  "  Charles  Summerfleld,"  and  was  the  au- 
thor of  an  "  Apostrophe  to  Water,"  which  he  puts 
into  the  mouth  of  an  itinerant  Methodist  preacher, 
and  which  was  often  quoted  with  great  effect  by 
John  B.  Gough.  A  volume  of  his  poems,  with  a 
sketch  of  his  character  and  a  memoir,  was  published 
in  Chicago  in  1869.  His  works  in  book  form  include 
"Sketches  of  the  Southwest,"  and  "The  Rangers 
and  Regulators  of  the  Tanaha  "  (New  York,  1857). 

ARTAOUIETTE,  Diron  d',  French  soldier, 
came  to  Louisiana  as  intendant  commissary  of  the 
colony  in  1708.  Until  he  took  charge  of  affairs  and 
introduced  order,  the  settlement  could  not  be  called 
a  colony.  He  had  a  part  in  the  government  of 
Louisiana,  acting  as  Bienville's  principal  coadjutor 
until  1711,  when  he  returned  to  France,  later  be- 
coming a  director  in  Law's  Mississippi  company.— 
Diron  d'Artaguiette,  probably  the  son,  was  ap- 
pointed inspector-general  of  the  French  troops  in 
Louisiana,  and  from  1718  to  1742  rendered  impor- 
tant services  in  the  wars  with  the  Indians  and  in 
civil  affairs.  He  died  at  Cape  Francois,  St.  Do- 
mingo, where  he  filled  the  position  of  king's  lieu- 
tenant.—Pierre  d'Artaguiette,  a  younger  broth- 
er, distinguished  himself  in  the  Natchez  war,  and 
as  a  recognition  of  his  merit  was  in  1734  appoint- 
ed governor  of  the  Illinois  country,  with  post  at 


ARTEAGA 


ARTHUR 


99 


Fort  Chartres.  He  administered  the  affairs  of  this  '■ 
coniinand  for  two  years,  when  he  was  ordered  to 
collect  troops  to  lead  against  the  Chickasaws.  The 
expedition  sailed  in  February,  1734,  and  the  vil- 
lages were  reached  in  May.  The  expected  forces 
from  Louisiana  under  Bienville  had  not  appeared, 
and  D'Artaguiette  attacked  the  Indians  alone.  The 
French  were  at  first  successful,  but  were  finally 
overpowered,  and  with  Vincennes  and  others  he 
was  made  prisoner  and  burnt  at  the  stake. 

ARTEAUA,  Jos6  Maria  (ar-tay-ah'-ga),  Mexi- 
can soldier,  b.  in  Aguas  Calientes  in  1833 ;  d.  in 
Uruapan,  13  Oct.,  1886.  He  had  but  little  edu- 
cation, his  parents  being  very  poor,  and  at  once  be- 
gan to  learn  the  trade  of  a  tailor ;  but  when  nine- 
teen years  old  he  entered  the  army  as  a  sergeant. 
He  took  an  active  part  in  military  operations  dur- 
ing the  long  strifes  between  the  different  parties 
before  the  French  invasion,  and  then  he  fought  the 
invaders  bravely.  By  successive  promotions  he  at- 
tained the  rank  of  general.  The  troops  of  Maxi- 
milian captured  him  in  the  battle  of  Amatlan  and 
took  him  to  Uruapan,  where  he  was  executed. 

ARTEACtA,  Sebastian  de,  Mexican  painter, 
flourished  about  1G43.  He  was  one  of  the  best  art- 
ists of  the  old  Mexican  school.  Among  his  best 
works  are  the  "  Apostle  St.  Thomas "  and  the 
"  Marriage  of  the  Virgin  Mary,"  the  former  being 
in  the  museum  of  paintings  of  the  city  of  Mexico. 
He  was  a  high  officer  of  the  inquisition. 

ARTHUR,  Cliester  Alan,  twenty-first  presi- 
dent of  the  United  States,  b.  in  Fairfield,  Franklin 
CO.,  Vt.,  5  Oct.,  1830 ;  d.  in  New  York  city,  18  Nov., 
1886.  His  father  was  Rev.  William  Arthur  (given 
below).  His  mother  was  Malvina  Stone.  Her 
grandfather,  Uriah  Stone,  was  a  New  Hampshire 
pioneer,  who  about  1763  migrated  from  Hampstead 
to  Connecticut  river,  and  made  his  home  in  Pier- 
mont,  where  he  died  in  1810,  leaving  twelve  chil- 
dren. Her  father  was  George  Wasliingtim  Stone. 
She  died  16  Jan.,  1869,  and  her  husband  died  27  Oct., 
1875,  at  Newtonville,  N.  Y.  Their  children  were 
three  sons  and  six  daughters,  all  of  whom,  except 
one  son  and  one  daughter,  were  alive  in  1886. 

Chester  A.  Arthur,  the  eldest  son,  prepared  for 
college  at  Union  Village  in  Greenwich,  and  at 
Schenectady,  and  in  1845  he  entered  the  sopho- 
more class  of  Union.  While  in  his  sophomore 
year  he  taught  school  for  a  term  at  Schaghticoke, 
Rensselaer  co.,  and  a  second  tertn  at  the  same 
place  during  his  last  year  in  college.  He  joined 
the  Psi-Upsilon  society,  and  was  one  of  six  in  a 
class  of  one  hundred  who  were  elected  members 
of  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  society,  the  condition 
of  admission  being  high  scholarship.  He  was 
graduated  at  eighteen  years  of  age,  in  the  class 
of  1848.  While  at  college  he  decided  to  become 
a  lawyer,  and  after  graduation  attended  for  several 
months  a  law  school  at  Ballston  Spa,  returned  to 
Lansingburg,  where  his  father  then  resided,  and 
continued  his  legal  studies.  During  this  period 
he  fitted  boys  for  college,  and  in  1851  he  was  prin- 
cipal of  an  academy  at  North  Pownal,  Bennington 
CO.,  Vt.  In  1854,  James  A.  Garfield,  then  a  student 
in  Williams  college,  taught  penmanship  in  this 
academy  during  his  winter  vacation. 

In  1853,  Arthur,  having  accumulated  a  small 
sum  of  money,  decided  to  go  to  New  York  city. 
He  there  entered  the  law  office  of  Erastus  D.  Cul- 
ver as  a  student,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  during 
the  same  year,  and  at  once  became  a  member  of 
the  firm  of  Culver,  Parker  &  Arthur.  Mr.  Culver 
had  been  an  anti-slavery  member  of  congress  from 
Washington  county  when  Dr.  Arthur  was  pastor 
of  the  Baptist  church  in  Greenwich  in  that  county. 


Dr.  Arthur  had  also  enjoyed  the  friendship  of 
Gerrit  Smith,  who  had  often  been  his  guest  and 
spoken  from  his  pulpit.  Together  they  had  taken 
part  in  the  meeting  convened  at  Utica,  21  Oct., 
1835,  to  form  a  New  York  anti-slavery  society. 
This  meeting  was  broken  up  by  a  committee  of  pro- 
slavery  citizens ;  but  the  members  repaired  to  Mr. 
Smith's  home  in  Peterborough,  and  there  completed 
the  organization.  On  the  same  day  in  Boston  a 
women's  anti-slavery  society,  while  its  president 
was  at  prayer,  was  dispersed  by  a  mob,  and  William 
Lloyd  Garrison  was  dragged  through  the  streets 
with  a  rope  around  his  body,  threatened  with  tar  and 
feathers,  and  for  his  protection  lodged  in  jail  by  the 
mayor.  From  these  early  associations  Arthur  natu- 
rally formed  sentiments  of  hostility  to  slavery,  and 
he  first  gave  them  public  expression  in  the  Lemmon 
slave  case.  In  1852  Jonathan  Lemmon,  a  Virginia 
slave-holder,  determined  to  take  eight  of  the  slaves 
of  his  wife,  Juliet — one  man,  two  women,  and  five 
children — to  Texas,  and  brought  them  by  steamer 
from  Norfolk  to  New  York,  intending  to  re-ship 
them  from  New  York  to  Texas.  On  the  petition 
of  Louis  Napoleon,  a  free  colored  man,  on  6  Nov., 
a  writ  of  habeas  corpus  was  issued  by  Judge  Elijah 
Paine,  of  the  superior  court  of  New  York  city,  and 
after  arguments  by  Mr.  Culver  and  John  Jay  for 
the  slaves,  and  H.  D.  Lapaugh  and  Henry  L.  Clin- 
ton for  the  slave-holder.  Judge  Paine,  on  13  Nov., 
released  the  slaves  on  the  ground  that  they  had 
been  made  free  by  being  brought  by  their  master 
into  a  free  state.  The  decision  created  great  ex- 
citement at  the  south,  and  the  legislature  of  Vir- 
ginia directed  its  attorney-general  to  appeal  to  the 
higher  courts  of  New  York.  The  legislature  of 
New  York  passed  a  resolution  directing  its  gov- 
ernor to  defend  the  slaves.  In  December,  1857,  the 
supreme  court,  in  which  a  certiorari  had  been 
sued  out,  affirmed  Judge  Paine's  decision  (People 
V.  Lemmon,  5  Sandf.,  681),  and  it  was  still  further 
sustained  by  the  court  of  appeals  at  the  March 
term,  1860  (Lemmon  v.  People,  20  N.  Y.  Rep., 
562).  Arthur,  as  a  law  student,  and  after  his  ad- 
mission to  the  bar,  became  an  earnest  advocate  for 
the  slaves.  He  went  to  Albany  to  secure  the  in- 
tervention in  their  behalf  of  the  legislature  and 
the  governor,  and  he  acted  as  their  counsel  in  ad- 
dition to  attorney-general  Ogden  Hoffman,  E.  D. 
Culver,  Joseph  Blunt,  and  (after  Mr.  Hoffman's 
death)  William  M.  Evarts.  Charles  O'Conor  was 
employed  as  further  counsel  for  the  slave-holder, 
and  argued  his  side  before  the  court  of  appeals, 
while  Mr.  Blunt  and  Mr.  Evarts  argued  for  the 
slaves.  Until  1855  the  street-car  companies  of  New 
York  city  excluded  colored  persons  from  riding 
with  the  whites,  and  made  no  adequate  provision  for 
their  separate  transportation.  One  Sunday  in  that 
year  a  colored  woman  named  Lizzie  Jennings,  a  Sab- 
bath-school superintendent,  on  the  way  home  from 
her  school,  was  ejected  from  a  car  on  the  Fourth 
avenue  line.  Culver,  Parker  &  Arthur  brought  a 
suit  in  her  behalf  against  the  company  in  the  su- 
preme court  in  Brooklyn,  the  plaintiff  recovered  a 
judgment,  and  the  right  of  colored  persons  to  ride  in 
any  of  the  city  cars  was  thus  secured.  The  Colored 
People's  Legal  Rights  Association  for  years  cele- 
brated the  anniversary  of  their  success  in  t<iiis  case. 
Mr.  Arthur  became  a  Henry  Clay  whig,  and  cast 
his  first  vote  in  1852  for  Winfield  Scott  for  presi- 
dent. He  participated  in  the  first  republican  state 
convention  at  Saratoga,  and  took  an  active  part  in 
the  Fremont  campaign  of  1856.  On  1  Jan.,  1861, 
Gov.  Edwin  D.  Morgan,  who  on  that  date  entered 
upon  his  second  term,  and  between  whom  and  ]Mr. 
Arthur  a  warm  friendship  had  grown  up,  appointed 


^iOO/3/l 


100 


ARTHUR 


ARTHUR 


him  on  his  staff  as  engineer-in-chief,  with  the  rank 
of  brigadier-general.  He  had  previously  taken 
part  in  the  organization  of  the  state  militia,  and 
had  been  judge-advocate  of  the  second  brigade. 
When  the  civil  war  began,  in  April,  1861,  his  active 
services  were  required  by  Gov.  Morgan,  and  he  be- 
came acting  quartermaster-general,  and  as  such  be- 
gan in  New  York  city  the  work  of  preparing  and 
forwarding  the  state's  quota  of  troops.  In  Decem- 
ber he  was  called  to  Albany  for  consultation  con- 
cerning the  defences  of  New  York  harbor.  On  24 
Dec.  he  summoned  a  board  of  engineers,  of  which 
he  became  a  member ;  and  on  18  Jan.,  1862,  he  sub- 
mitted an  elaborate  report  on  the  condition  of  the 
national  forts  both  on  the  sea-coast  and  on  the  in- 
land border  of  the  state.  On  10  Feb.,  1862,  he  was 
appointed  inspector-general,  with  the  rank  of  briga- 
dier-general, and  in  May  he  inspected  the  New 
York  troops  at  Fredericksburg  and  on  the  Chicka- 
hominy.  In  June,  1862,  Gov.  Morgan  ordered  his 
return  from  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  and  he  acted 
as  secretary  of  the  meeting  of  the  governors  of  the 
loyal  states,  which  was  held  at  the  Astor  House, 
New  York  city,  28  June.  Tlie  governors  advised 
President  Lincoln  to  call  for  more  troops ;  and  on 
1  July  he  called  for  300,000  volunteers.  At  Gov. 
Morgan's  request,  Gen.  Arthur  resumed  his  former 
work,  resigned  as  inspector-general,  and  10  July 
was  appointed  quartermaster-general.  In  his 
annual  report,  dated  27  Jan.,  1863,  he  said : 
"  Through  the  single  office  and  clothing  depart- 
ment of  this  department  in  the  city  of  New  York, 
from  1  Aug.  to  1  Dec,  the  space  of  four  months, 
there  were  completely  clothed,  uniformed,  and 
equipped,  supplied  with  camp  and  garrison  equi- 
page, and  transported  from  this  state  to  the  seat  of 
war,  sixty-eight  regiments  of  infantry,  two  battal- 
ions of  cavalry,  and  four  battalions  of  artillery." 
He  went  out  of  office  31  Dec,  1862,  when  Horatio 
Seymour  succeeded  Gov.  Jlorgan,  and  his  succes- 
sor, Quartermaster-General  S.  V.  Talcott,  in  his  re- 
port of  31  Dec,  1863,  spoke  of  the  previous  admin- 
istration as  follows  :  "  I  found,  on  entering  on  the 
discharge  of  my  duties,  a  well-organized  system  of 
labor  and  accountability,  for  which  the  state  is 
chiefly  indebted  to  my  jaredecessor,  Gen.  Chester 
A.  Arthur,  who  by  his  practical  good  sense  and 
unremitting  exertion,  at  a  period  when  everything 
was  in  confusion,  reduced  the  operations  of  the 
department  to  a  matured  plan,  by  which  large 
amounts  of  money  were  saved  to  the  government, 
and  great  economy  of  time  secured  in  carrying  out 
the  details  of  the  same." 

Between  1862  and  1872  Gen.  Arthur  was  engaged 
in  continuous  and  active  law  practice — in  partner- 
ship with  Henry  G.  Gardner  from  1862  till  1867, 
then  for  five  years  alone,  and  on  1  Jan.,  1872,  he 
formed  the  firm  of  Arthur,  Phelps  &  Knevals. 
He  was  for  a  short  time  counsel  for  the  depart- 
ment of  assessments  and  taxes,  but  resigned  the 
place.  During  all  this  period  he  continued  to  take 
an  active  interest  in  politics  ;  was  chairman  in  1868 
of  the  central  Grant  club  of  New  York  ;  and  became 
c'hairman  of  the  executive  committee  of  the  repub- 
lican state  committee  in  1879. 

On  20  Nov.,  1871,  he  was  appointed  by  Presi- 
dent Grant  collector  of  the  port  of  New  York, 
and  assumed  the  office  on  1  Dec. ;  was  nomi- 
nated to  the  senate  6  Dec,  confirmed  12  Dec,  and 
commissioned  for  four  years  16  Dec.  On  17  Dec, 
1875,  he  was  nominated  for  another  term,  and  by 
the  senate  confirmed  the  same  day,  without  ref- 
erence to  a  committee — a  courtesy  never  before  ex- 
tended to  an  appointee  who  had  not  been  a  sena- 
tor.    He  was  commissioned  18  Dec,  and  retained 


the  office  until  11  July,  1878,  making  his  service 
about  six  and  two  thirds  years. 

The  New  York  republican  state  convention,  held 
at  Syracuse,  22  March,  1876,  elected  delegates  to 
the  national  convention  in  favor  of  the  nomination 
of  Senator  Conkling  for  president.  The  friends  of 
Mr.  Conkling  in  the  state  convention  were  led  by 
Alonzo  B.  Cornell,  then  naval  officer  in  the  New 
York  custom-house.  A  minority,  calling  them- 
selves reform  republicans,  and  favoring  Benjamin 
H.  Bristow  for  president,  were  led  by  George  Will- 
iam Curtis.  At  the  national  convention  at  Cincin- 
nati, 14  June,  sixty-nine  of  the  New  York  delegates, 
headed  by  Mr.  Cornell,  voted  for  Mr.  Conkling,  and 
one  delegate,  Mr.  Curtis,  voted  for  Mr.  Bristow. 
At  the  critical  seventh  ballot,  however,  Mr.  Conk- 
ling's  name  was  withdrawn,  and  from  New  York 
sixty-one  votes  were  given  for  Rutherford  B.  Hayes, 
against  nine  for  James  G.  Blaine ;  and  the  former's 
nomination  was  thus  secured.  At  the  New  York 
republican  state  convention  to  nominate  a  gov- 
ernor, held  at  Saratoga,  23  Aug.,  Mr.  Cornell  and 
ex-Gov.  Morgan  were  candidates,  and  also  William 
M.  Evarts,  supported  by  the  i-eform  republicans 
led  by  Mr.  Curtis.  Mr.  Cornell's  name  was  with- 
drawn, and  Gov.  Morgan  was  nominated.  In  the 
close  state  and  presidential  canvass  that  ensued, 
Messrs.  Arthur  and  Cornell  made  greater  exertions 
to  carry  New  York  for  the  republicans  than  they  had 
ever  made  in  any  other  campaign  ;  and  subsequent- 
ly Gen.  Arthur's  activity  in  connection  with  the 
contested  countings  in  the  southern  states  was  of 
vital  importance.  Nevertheless,  President  Hayes, 
in  making  up  his  cabinet,  selected  Mr.  Evarts  as 
his  secretary  of  state,  and  determined  to  remove 
Messrs.  Arthur  and  Cornell,  and  to  transfer  the 
power  and  patronage  of  their  offices  to  the  use  of  a 
minority  faction  in  the  republican  party.  The 
president  had,  however,  in  his  inaugural  of  5 
March,  1877,  declared  in  favor  of  civil  service  re- 
form— "  a  change  in  the  system  of  apijointment  it- 
self ;  a  reform  that  shall  be  thorough,  radical,  and 
complete ;  that  the  officer  should  be  secure  in  his 
tenure  so  long  as  his  personal  character  remained 
untarnished,  and  the  performance  of  his  duties 
satisfactory."  In  his  letter  of  acceptance  of  8 
July,  1876,  he  had  used  the  same  words,  and 
added :  *'  If  elected,  I  shall  conduct  the  admin- 
istration of  the  government  upon  these  princi- 
ples, and  all  constitutional  powers  vested  in  the 
executive  will  be  employed  to  establish  this  re- 
form." It  became  necessary,  therefore,  before  re- 
moving Arthur  and  Cornell,  that  some  foundation 
should  be  laid  for  a  claim  that  the  custom-house 
was  not  well  administered.  A  series  of  investiga- 
tions was  thereupon  instituted.  The  Jay  commis- 
sion was  appointed  14  April,  1877,  and  during  the 
ensuing  summer  made  four  reports  criticising  the 
management  of  the  custom-house.  In  September, 
Sec.  Sherman  requested  the  collector  to  resign,  ac- 
companying the  request  with  the  offer  of  a  foreign 
mission.  The  newspapers  of  the  previous  day 
announced  that  at  a  cabinet  meeting  it  had  been 
determined  to  remove  the  collector.  The  latter 
declined  to  resign,  and  the  investigations  were  con- 
tinued by  commissions  and  special  agents.  To  the 
reports  of  the  Jay  commission  Collector  Arthur 
replied  in  detail,  in  a  letter  to  Sec.  Sherman,  dated 
28  Nov.  On  6  Dec,  Theodore  Roosevelt  was  nomi- 
nated to  the  senate  for  collector,  and  L.  Bradford 
Prince  for  naval  officer;  but  they  were  rejected 
12  Dec,  and  no  other  nominations  were  made,  al- 
though the  senate  remained  in  session  for  more 
than  six  months.  On  11  July,  1878,  after  its  ad- 
journment, Messrs.  Arthur  and  Cornell  were  sus- 


ARTHUR 


ARTHUR 


101 


pended  from  office,  and  Edwin  A.  Merritt  was 
designated  as  collector,  and  Silas  W.  Burt  as  naval 
officer,  and  they  took  possession  of  the  offices. 
Their  nominations  were  sent  to  the  senate  3  Dec, 
1878.  On  15  Jan.,  1879,  Sec.  Sherman  communi- 
cated to  the  senate  a  full  statement  of  the  causes 
that  led  to  these  suspensions,  mainly  criticisms  of 
the  management  of  the  custom-house,  closing  with 
the  declaration  that  the  restoration  of  the  sus- 
pended officers  would  create  discord  and  conten- 
tion, be  unjust  to  the  president,  and  personally  em- 
embarrassing  to  the  secretary,  and  saying  that,  as 
Collector  Arthur's  term  of  service  would  expire  17 
Dec,  1879,  his  restoration  would  be  temporary,  as 
the  president  would  send  in  another  name,  or  sus- 
pend him  again  after  the  adjournment  of  the  senate. 
On  21  Jan.,  1879,  Collector  Arthur,  in  a  letter  to 
Senator  Conkling,  chairman  of  the  committee  on 
commerce,  before  which  the  nominations  were 
pending,  made  an  elaborate  reply  to  Sec  Sher- 
man's criticisms,  completely  demonstrating  the 
honesty  and  efficiency  with  which  the  custom-house 
had  been  managed,  and  the  good  faith  with  which 
the  policy  and  instructions  of  the  president  had 
been  carried  out.  A  fair  summary  of  the  merits 
of  the  ostensible  issue  is  contained  in  Collector  Ar- 
thur's letter  of  28  Nov.,  1877,  from  which  the  fol- 
lowing extract  is  taken :  "  The  essential  elements 
of  a  correct  civil  service  I  understand  to  be :  first, 
permanence  in  office,  which  of  course  prevents  re- 
movals except  for  cause ;  second,  promotion  from 
the  lower  to  the  higher  grades,  based  upon  good 
conduct  and  efficiency;  third,  prompt  and  thor- 
ough investigation  of  .all  complaints,  and  prompt 
punishment  of  all  misconduct.  In  this  respect  I 
challenge  comparison  with  any  department  of  the 
government  under  the  present,  or  under  any  past, 
national  administration.  I  am  prepared  to  demon- 
strate the  truth  of  this  statement  on  any  fair  in- 
vestigation." In  a  table  appended  to  this  letter  Col- 
lector Arthur  showed  that  during  the  six  years  he 
had  managed  the  office  the  yearly  percentage  of 
removals  for  all  causes  had  been  only  2f  per  cent, 
as  against  an  annual  average  of  28  per  cent,  under 
his  three  immediate  predecessors,  and  an  annual 
average  of  about  24  per  cent,  since  1857,  when  Col- 
lector Schell  took  office.  Out  of  923  persons  who 
held  office  when  he  became  collector,  on  1  Dec, 
1871,  there  were  531  still  in  office  on  1  May,  1877, 
having  been  retained  during  his  entire  term.  In 
making  promotions,  the  uniform  practice  was  to 
advance  men  from  the  lower  to  the  higher  grades, 
and  all  the  appointments  except  two,  to  the  one 
hundred  positions  of  $2,000  salary,  or  over,  were 
made  in  this  method.  The  expense  of  collecting 
the  revenue  was  also  kept  low ;  it  had  been,  under 
his  predecessors,  between  1857  and  1861,  -^  of  one 
per  cent,  of  the  receipts ;  between  1861  and  1864, 
-iVo;  in  1864  and  1865,  l-j^Ji, ;  between  1866  and 
1869,  fn%;  in  1869  and  1870,  ,^0  ;  in  1870  and 
1871,  T^;  and  under  him,  from  1871  to  1877,  it 
was  -^^  of  one  per  cent.  The  influence  of  the  ad- 
ministration, however,  was  sufficient  to  secure  the 
confirmation  of  Mr.  Merritt  and  Mr.  Burt  on  3 
Feb.,  1879,  and  the  controversy  was  remitted  to 
the  republicans  of  New  York  for  their  opinion. 
Mr.  Cornell  was  nominated  for  governor  of  New 
York  3  Sept.,  1879,  and  elected  on  4  Nov.;  and 
Mr.  Arthur  was  considered  a  candidate  for  U.  S. 
senator  for  the  term  to  begin  4  March,  1881. 

On  retiring  from  the  office  of  collector.  Gen.  Ar- 
thur resumed  law  practice  with  the  firm  of  Arthur, 
Phelps,  Knevals  &  Ransom.  But  he  continued  to 
be  active  in  politics,  and,  in  1880,  advocated  the 
nomination  of   Gen.  Grant  to  succeed  President 


Hayes.  He  was  a  delegate  at  large  to  the  Chicago 
convention,  which  met  2  June,  and  during  the 
heated  preliminary  contest  before  the  republican 
national  committee,  which  threatened  to  result  in 
the  organization  of  two  independent  conventions, 
he  conducted  for  his  own  side  the  conferences  with 
the  controlling  anti-third  term  delegates  relative 
to  the  choice  of  a  temporary  presiding  officer,  and 
the  arrangement  of  the  preliminary  roll  of  dele- 
gates in  the  cases  to  be  contested  in  the  con- 
vention. The  result  of  the  conferences  was  an 
agreement  by  which  all  danger  was  avoided,  and 
when,  upon  the  opening  of  the  convention,  an  at- 
tempt was  made,  in  consequence  of  a  misunder- 
standing on  the  part  of  certain  Grant  delegates,  to 
violate  this  agreement,  he  resolutely  adhered  to 
it,  and  insisted  upon  and  secured  its  observance. 
After  the  nomination,  10  June,  of  Gen.  Garfield 
for  president,  by  a  combination  of  the  anti-third 
term  delegates,  a  general  desire  arose  in  the  con- 
vention to  nominate  for  vice-president  some  advo- 
cate of  Grant  and  a  resident  of  New  York  state. 
The  New  York  delegation  at  once  indicated  their 
preference  for  Gen.  Arthur,  and  before  the  roll- 
call  began  the  foregone  conclusion  was  evident : 
he  received  468  votes  against  283  for  all  others, 
and  the  nomination  was  made  unanimous.  In 
his  letter  of  acceptance  of  5  July,  1880,  he  em- 
phasized the  right  and  the  paramount  duty  of  the 
nation  to  protect  the  colored  citizens,  who  were 
enfranchised  as  a  result  of  the  southern  rebellion, 
in  the  full  enjoyment  of  their  civil  and  political 
rights,  including  honesty  and  order,  and  excluding 
fraud  and  force,  in  popular  elections.  He  also 
approved  such  reforms  in  the  public  service  as 
would  base  original  appointments  to  office  upon 
ascertained  fitness,  fill  positions  of  responsibility 
by  the  promotion  of  worthy  and  efficient  officers, 
and  make  the  tenure  of  office  stable,  while  not  al- 
lowing the  acceptance  of  public  office  to  impair 
the  liberty  or  diminish  the  responsibility  of  the 
citizen.  He  also  advocated  a  sound  currency,  popu- 
lar education,  such  changes  in  tariff  and  taxation 
as  would  "  relieve  any  overburdened  industry  or 
class,  and  enable  our  manufacturers  and  artisans 
to  compete  successfully  with  those  of  other  lands," 
national  works  of  internal  improvement,  and  the 
development  of  our  water-courses  and  harbors 
wherever  required  by  the  general  interests  of  com- 
merce. During  the  canvass  he  remained  chair- 
man of  the  New  York  republican  state  commit- 
tee. The  result  was  a  plurality  for  Garfield  and 
Arthur  of  21,000  in  the  state,  against  a  plurality 
of  32,000  in  1876  for  Tilclen  and  Hendricks,  the 
democratic  candidates  against  Hayes  and  Wheeler. 
Vice-President  Arthur  took  tlie  oath  of  office 
4  March,  1881,  and  presided  over  the  extra  session 
of  the  senate  that  then  began,  which  continued  un- 
til 20  May.  The  senate  contained  37  republicans  and 
37  democrats,  while  Senators  Mahone,  of  Virginia, 
and  Davis,  of  Illinois,  who  were  rated  as  independ- 
ents, generally  voted,  the  former  with  the  repub- 
licans and  the  latter  with  the  democrats,  thus 
making  a  tie,  and  giving  the  vice-president  the 
right  to  cast  the  controlling  vote,  which  he  several 
times  had  occasion  to  exercise.  The  session  was 
exciting,  and  was  prolonged  by  the  efforts  of  the 
republicans  to  elect  their  nominees  for  secretary 
and  sergeant-at-arms,  against  dilatory  tactics  em- 
ployed by  the  democrats,  and  by  the  controversy 
over  President  Garfield's  nomination,  on  23  March, 
for  collector  of  the  port  of  New  York,  of  William 
H.  Robertson,  who  had  been  the  leader  of  the  New 
York  anti-third  term  delegates  at  the  Chicago  con- 
vention.    During  this  controversy  the  vice-presi- 


102 


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ARTHUR 


dent  supported  Senators  Conkling  and  Piatt  in 
their  opposition  to  the  confirmation.  On  28  March 
he  headed  a  remonstrance,  signed  also  by  the  sen- 
ators and  by  Postmaster-General  James,  addressed 
to  the  president,  condemning  the  appointment, 
and  asking  that  the  nomination  be  withdrawn. 
When  the  two  senators  hastily  resigned  and  made 
their  unsuccessful  contest  for  a  reelection  by  the 
legislature  of  New  York,  then  in  session  at  Albany, 
he  exerted  himself  actively  in  their  behalf  during 
May  and  June. 

President  Garfield  was  shot  2  July,  1881,  and 
died  19  Sept.  His  cabinet  announced  his  death  to 
the  vice-president,  then  in  New  York,  and,  at  their 
suggestion,  he  took  the  oath  as  president  on  the 
20th,  at  his  residence,  123  Lexington  avenue,  before 
Judge  John  R.  Brady,  of  the  New  York  supreme 
court.  On  the  22d  the  oath  was  formally  admin- 
istered again  in  the  vice-president's  room  in  the 
capitol  at  Washington  by  Chief-Justice  Waite,  and 
President  Arthur  delivered  the  following  inaugu- 
ral address : 

"  For  the  fourth  time  in  the  history  of  the  re- 
public its  chief  magistrate  has  been  removed  by 
death.  All  hearts  are  filled  with  grief  and  horror 
at  the  hideous  crime  which  has  darkened  our  land  ; 
and  the  memory  of  the  murdered  president,  his 
protracted  sufferings,  his  unyielding  fortitude,  the 
example  and  achievements  of  his  life,  and  the 
pathos  of  his  death,  will  forever  illumine  the  pages 
of  our  history.  For  the  fourth  time  the  officer 
elected  by  the  people  and  ordained  by  the  constitu- 
tion to  fill  a  vacancy  so  created  is  called  to  assume 
the  executive  chair.  The  wisdom  of  our  fathers, 
foreseeing  even  the  most  dire  possibilities,  made 
sure  that  the  government  should  never  be  imper- 
illed because  of  the  uncertainty  of  human  life. 
Men  may  die,  but  the  fabrics  of  our  free  institu- 
tions remam  unshaken.  No  higher  or  more  assur- 
ing proof  could  exist  of  the  strength  and  perma- 
nence of  popular  government  than  the  fact  that, 
though  the  chosen  of  the  people  be  str''  jk  down, 
his  constitutional  successor  is  peacefully  installed 
without  shock  or  strain,  except  the  sorrow  which 
mourns  the  bereavement.  All  the  noble  aspirations 
of  my  lamented  predecessor  which  found  expres- 
sion in  his  life,  the  measures  devised  and  suggested 
during  his  brief  administration  to  correct  abuses 
and  enforce  economy,  to  advance  prosperity  and 
promote  the  general  welfare,  to  insure  domestic  se- 
curity and  maintain  friendly  and  honorable  rela- 
tions with  the  nations  of  the  earth,  will  be  gar- 
nered in  the  hearts  of  the  people,  and  it  will  be  my 
earnest  endeavor  to  profit  and  to  see  that  the  na- 
tion shall  profit  by  his  example  and  experience. 
Prosperity  blesses  our  country,  our  fiscal  policy  is 
fixed  by  law,  is  well  grounded  and  generally  ap- 
proved. No  threatening  issue  mars  our  foreign  in- 
tercourse, and  the  wisdom,  integrity,  and  thrift  of 
our  people  may  be  trusted  to  continue  undisturbed 
the  present  assured  career  of  peace,  tranquillity, 
and  welfare.  The  gloom  and  anxiety  which  have 
enshrouded  the  country  must  make  repose  espe- 
cially welcome  now.  No  demand  for  speedy  legisla- 
tion has  been  heard ;  no  adequate  occasion  is  ap- 
parent for  an  unusual  session  of  congress.  The 
constitution  defines  the  functions  and  powers  of  the 
executive  as  clearly  as  those  of  either  of  the  other 
two  departments  of  the  government,  and  he  must 
answer  for  the  just  exercise  of  the  discretion  it  per- 
mits and  the  performance  of  the  duties  it  imposes. 
Summoned  to  these  high  duties  and  responsibili- 
ties, and  profoundly  conscious  of  their  magnitude 
and  gravity,  I  assume  the  trust  imposed  by  the 
constitution,  relying   for  aid  on   Divine  guidance 


and  the  virtue,  patriotism,  and  intelligence  of  the 
American  people." 

Pie  also  on  the  same  day  appointed  Monday,  26 
Sept.,  as  a  day  of  mourning  for  the  late  president. 
On  23  Sept.  he  issued  a  proclamation  convening 
the  senate  in  extraordinary  session,  to  meet  10  Oct., 
in  order  that  a  president  pro  tern,  of  that  body 
might  be  elected.  The  members  of  the  cabinet 
were  requested  to  retain  their  places  until  the  regu- 
lar meeting  of  congress  in  December,  and  did  re- 
main until  their  successors  were  appointed,  except 
Sec.  Windom,  who,  desiring  to  become  a  candidate 
for  senator  from  Minnesota,  resigned  from  the 
treasury  24  Oct.  Edwin  D.  Morgan  was  nomi- 
nated and  confirmed  secretary  of  the  treasury,  but 
declined  the  api)ointment ;  and  Cliarles  J.  Folger, 
of  New  York,  was  then  nominated  and  confirmed, 
was  commissioned  27  Oct.,  and  qualified  14  Nov. 
He  died  in  office,  4  Sept.,  1884.  The  other  mem- 
bers of  the  cabinet  of  President  Arthur,  and  the 
dates  of  their  commissions,  were  as  follows :  State 
department,  Frederick  T.  Frelinghuysen,  of  New 
Jersey,  12  Dec,  1881 ;  treasury,  Walter  Q.  Gresham, 
of  Indiana,  24  Sept.,  1884;  Hugh  McCulloch,  of 
Maryland,  28  Oct.,  1884;  war,  Robert  T.  Lincoln, 
of  Illinois,  5  March,  1881  (retained  from  Garfield's 
cabinet);  navy,  William  E.  Chandler,  of  Nevv' 
Hampshire,  12  April,  1882;  interior,  Henry  M. 
Teller,  of  Colorado,  6  April,  1882;  attorney-gen- 
eral, Benjamin  H.  Brewster,  of  Pennsylvania,  19 
Dec,  1881 ;  postmaster-general,  Timothy  0.  Howe, 
of  Wisconsin,  20  Dec,  1881  (died  in  office,  25  March, 
1883);  Walter  Q.  Gresham,  3  April,  1883;  Frank 
Hatton,  of  Iowa,  14  Oct.,  1884.  Messrs.  Freling- 
huysen, McCulloch,  Lincoln,  Chandler,  Teller, 
Brewster,  and  Hatton  remained  in  office  until  the 
end  of  the  presidential  term,  4  March,  1885. 

The  prominent  events  of  President  Arthur's  ad- 
ministration, including  his  most  important  recom- 
mendations to  congress,  may  be  here  summarized : 
Shortly  after  his  accession  to  the  presidency  he 
participated  in  the  dedication  of  the  monument 
erected  at  Yorktown,  Va.,  to  commemorate  the 
surrender  of  Lord  Cornwallis  at  that  place,  19  Oct., 
1781.  Representatives  of  our  French  allies  and  of 
the  German  participants  were  present.  At  the 
close  of  the  celebration  the  president  felicitously 
directed  a  salute  to  be  fired  in  honor  of  the  British 
flag,  "  in  recognition  of  the  friendly  relations  so 
long  and  so  happily  subsisting  between  Great 
Britain  and  the  United  States,  in  the  trust  and 
confidence  of  peace  and  good-will  between  the  two 
countries  for  all  the  centuries  to  come,  and  espe- 
cially as  a  mark  of  the  profound  respect  enter- 
tained by  the  American  people  for  the  illustrious 
sovereign  and  gracious  lady  who  sits  upon  the 
British'throne."  On  29  Nov.,  1881,  an  invitation 
was  extended  to  all  the  independent  countries  of 
North  and  South  America  to  participate  in  a 
peace  congress,  to  be  convened  at  Washington  22 
Nov.,  1882.  The  president,  m  a  special  message, 
18  April,  1882,  asked  the  opinion  of  congress  as  to 
the  expediency  of  the  project.  No  response  being 
elicited,  he  concluded,  9  Aug.,  1882,  to  postpone 
indefinitely  the  proposed  convocation,  believing 
that  so  important  a  step  should  not  be  taken  with- 
out the  express  authority  of  congress;  or  while 
three  of  the  nations  to  be  invited  were  at  war ;  or 
still,  again,  until  a  programme  should  have  been 
prepared  explicitly  indicating  the  oV)jects  and 
limiting  the  powers  of  the  congress.  Efl'orts  were 
made,  however,  to  strengthen  the  relations  of  the 
United  States  with  the  other  American  nationali- 
ties. Representations  were  made  by  the  adminis- 
tration with  a  view  to  bringing  to  a  close  the  de- 


ARTHUR 


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103 


vastating  war  between  Chili  and  the  allied  states 
of  Peru  and  Bolivia.  Its  friendly  counsel  was 
offered  in  aid  of  the  settlement  of  the  disputed 
boundary-line  between  Mexico  and  Guatemala,  and 
was  probably  influential  in  averting  a  war  between 
those  countries.  On  29  July,  1882,  a  convention 
was  made  with  Mexico  for  relocating  the  boundary 
between  that  country  and  the  United  States  from 
the  Rio  Grande  to  the  Pacific,  and  on  the  same  day 
an  agreement  was  also  effected  permitting  the 
armed  forces  of  either  country  to  cross  the  frontier 
in  pursuit  of  hostile  Indians.  A  series  of  recipro- 
cal commercial  treaties  with  the  cou, .tries  of  Amer- 
ica to  foster  an  unhampered  movement  of  trade 
was  recommended.  Such  a  treaty  was  made  with 
Mexico,  20  Jan.,  1883,  Gen.  U.  S.  Grant  and  Mr. 
Wm.  H.  Trescott  being  the  U.  S.  commissioners, 
and  was  ratified  by  the  senate  11  March,  1884. 
Similar  treaties  were  made  with  Santo  Domingo 
4  Dec,  1884 ;  and  18  Nov.,  1884,  with  Spain,  rela- 
tive to  the  trade  of  Cuba  and  Porto  Rico,  both  of 
which,  before  action  by  the  senate,  were  withdrawn 
by  President  Cleveland,  who,  in  his  message  of  8 
Dec,  1885,  pronounced  them  inexpedient.  In  con- 
nection with  commercial  treaties  President  Arthur 
advised  the  establishment  of  a  monetary  union  of 
the  American  countries  to  secure  the  adoption  of 
a  uniform  currency  basis,  and  as  a  step  toward  the 
general  remonetization  of  silver.  Provision  for  in- 
creased and  improved  consular  representation  in 
the  Central  American  states  was  urged,  and  the 
recommendation  was  accepted  and  acted  upon  by 
congress.  A  Central  and  South  American  commis- 
sion was  appointed,  under  the  act  of  congress  of  7 
July,  1884,  and  proceeded  on  its  mission,  guided 
by  instructions  containing  a  statement  of  the  gen- 
eral policy  of  the  government  for  enlarging  its  com- 
mercial intercourse  with  American  states.  Reports 
from  the  commission  were  submitted  to  congress 
in  a  message  of  13  Feb.,  1885.  Negotiations  were 
conducted  with  the  republic  of  Colombia  for  the 
purpose  of  renewing  and  strengthening  the  obliga- 
tions of  the  United  States  as  the  sole  guarantor  of 
the  integrity  of  Colombian  territory,  and  of  the 
neutrality  of  any  interoceanic  canal  to  be  con- 
structed across  the  isthmus  of  Panama.  By  cor- 
respondence upon  this  subject,  carried  on  with  the 
British  government,  it  was  shown  that  the  provi- 
sions of  the  Clayton-Bulwer  treaty  of  19  April, 
1850,  can  not  be  urged,  and  do  not  continue  in 
force  in  justification  of  interference  by  any  Euro- 
pean power,  with  the  right  of  the  United  States 
to  exercise  exclusive  control  over  any  route  of  isth- 
mus transit,  in  accordance  with  the  spirit  and  pur- 
pose of  the  so-called  "  Monroe  doctrine."  As  the 
best  and  most  practicable  means  of  securing  a  canal, 
and  at  the  same  time  protecting  the  paramount  in- 
terests of  the  United  States,  a  treaty  was  made  with 
the  republic  of  Nicaragua,  1  Dec,  1884,  which  au- 
thorized the  United  States  to  construct  a  canal, 
railway,  and  telegraph  line  across  Nicaraguan  ter- 
ritory by  way  of  San  Juan  river  and  Lake  Nica- 
ragua. This  treaty  was  rejected  by  the  senate,  but 
a  motion  was  made  to  reconsider  the  vote.  Before 
final  action  had  been  taken  it  was  withdrawn,  12 
March,  1885,  by  President  Cleveland,  who  withheld 
it  from  re-submission  to  the  senate,  and  in  his  mes- 
sage of  8  Dec,  1885,  expressed  his  unwillingness  to 
assert  for  the  United  States  any  claim  of  paramount 
privilege  of  ownership  or  control  of  any  canal 
across  the  isthmus.  Satisfaction  was  obtained 
from  Spain  of  the  old  claim  on  account  of  the 
"Masonic,"  an  American  vessel,  which  had  been 
seized  at  Manila  unjustly,  and  under  circumstances 
of  peculiar  severity.     From  the  same  government 


was  also  secured  a  recognition  of  the  conclusive- 
ness of  the  judgments  of  the  U.  S.  courts  natural- 
izing citizens  of  Spanish  nativity.  From  the 
British  government  a  full  recognition  of  the  rights 
and  immunities  of  naturalized  American  citizens 
of  Irish  origin  was  obtained,  and  all  such  that  were 
under  arrest  in  England  or  Ireland,  as  suspects, 
were  liberated.  Notice  was  given  to  England,  un- 
der the  joint  resolution  of  congress  of  3  March, 
1883,  of  the  termination  of  the  fishery  clauses  of 
the  treaty  of  Washington.  A  complete  scheme 
for  re-organizing  the  extra-territorial  jurisdiction 
of  American  consuls  in  China  and  Japan,  and  an- 
other for  re-organizing  the  whole  consular  service, 
were  submitted  to  congress.  The  former  recom- 
mendation was  adopted  by  the  senate.  The  bal- 
ance of  the  Japanese  indemnity  fund  was  returned 
to  Japan  by  act  of  22  Feb.,  1883,  and  the  balance 
of  the  Chinese  fund  to  China  by  act  of  3  March, 
1885.  A  bill  that  was  passed  by  congress  prohibit- 
ing the  immigration  of  Chinese  laborers  for  a  term 
of  twenty  years  was  vetoed,  4  April,  1882,  as  being 
a  violation  of  the  treaty  of  1880  with  China,  which 
permitted  the  limitation  or  suspension  of  immigra- 
tion, but  forbade  its  absolute  prohibition.  The 
veto  was  sustained  and  a  modified  bill,  suspend- 
ing immigration  for  ten  years,  was  passed  6  May, 
1882,  which  i-eceived  executive  approval,  and  also 
an  amendatory  act  of  5  July,  1884.  Outstand- 
ing claims  with  China  were  settled,  and  addition- 
al regulations  of  the  opium  traffic  established. 
Friendly  and  commercial  intercourse  with  Corea 
was  opened  under  the  most  favorable  auspices,  in 
pursuance  of  the  treaty  negotiated  on  22  May, 
1882,  through  the  agency  of  Com.  R.  W.  Shufeldt, 
U.  S.  N.  The  friendly  offices  of  the  United  States 
were  extended  to  Liberia  in  aid  of  a  settlement, 
favorable  to  that  republic,  of  the  dispute  concern- 
ing its  boundary-line,  with  the  British  possession 
of  Sierra  Leone.  The  flag  of  the  international  as- 
sociation of  the  Congo  was,  on  22  April,  1884,  rec- 
ognized first  by  the  United  States.  A  commercial 
agent  was  appointed  to  visit  the  Congo  basin,  and 
the  government  was  represented  at  an  international 
conference  at  Berlin,  called  by  the  emperor  of 
Germany,  for  the  promotion  of  trade  and  the  es- 
tablishment of  commercial  rights  in  the  Congo 
region.  The  renewal  of  the  reciprocity  treaty  with 
Hawaii  was  advised.  Remonstrances  were  ad- 
dressed to  Russia  against  any  proscriptive  treat- 
ment of  the  Hebrew  race  in  that  country.  The 
international  prime  meridian  of  Greenwich  was  es- 
tablished as  the  result  of  a  conference  of  nations, 
initiated  by  the  U.  S.  government,  and  held  at 
Washington.  1  Oct.  to  1  Nov.,  1884.  In  response 
to  the  appeal  of  C'ardinal  John  McCloskey,  of  New 
York,  the  Italian  government,  on  4  March,  1884, 
was  urged  to  exempt  from  the  sale  of  the  property 
of  the  propaganda  the  American  college  in  Rome, 
established  mainly  by  contributions  from  the  Unit- 
ed States,  and  in  consequence  of  this  interposition 
the  college  was  saved  from  sale  and  virtual  confis- 
cation. On  3  Aug.,  1882,  a  law  was  passed  for 
returning  convicts  to  Europe,  and  on  26  Feb..  1885, 
importation  of  contract-laborers  was  forbidden. 

The  suspension  of  the  coinage  of  standard  silver 
dollars,  and  the  redemption  of  the  trade  dollars, 
were  repeatedly  recommended.  The  repeal  of  the 
stamp  taxes  on  matches,  proprietary  articles,  play- 
ing-cards, bank  checks  and  drafts,  and  of  the  tax 
on  surplus  bank  capital  and  deposits,  was  recom- 
mended. These  taxes  were  repealed  by  act  of 
congress  of  3  March,  1883 ;  and  by  executive  order 
of  25  June,  1883,  the  number  of  internal  revenue  col- 
lection districts  was  reduced  from  126  to  83,     The 


104 


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ARTHUR 


tax  on  tobacco  was  reduced  by  the  same  act  of  con- 
gress ;  and  in  his  last  annual  message,  of  5  Dec, 
1884,  the  president  advised  the  repeal  of  all  internal 
revenue  taxes  except  those  on  distilled  spirits  and 
fermented  liquors.  Congress  was  advised  to  under- 
take the  revision  of  the  tariff,  but  "  without  the 
abandonment  of  the  policy  of  so  discriminating  in 
the  adjustment  of  details  as  to  afford  aid  and  pro- 
tection to  American  labor."  The  course  advised 
was  the  organization  of  a  tariff  commission,  which 
was  authorized  by  act  of  congress  of  15  May,  1882. 
The  report  of  the  commission  submitted  to  con- 
gress 4  Dec.  was  made  the  basis  of  the  tariff  revis- 
ion act  of  3  March,  1883.  On  13  July,  1882,  an  act 
became  a  law  enabling  the  national  banks,  which 
were  then  completing  their  twenty-year  terms,  to 
extend  their  corporate  existence.  Overdue  five  per 
cent,  bonds  to  the  amoimt  of  $469,651,050,  and 
six  per  cent,  bonds  to  the  amount  of  .$203,573,750, 
were  continued  (except  about  $56,000,000  which 
were  paid)  at  the  rate  of  3^  per  cent,  interest.  The 
interest-bearing  public  debt  was  reduced  $478,785,- 
950,  and  the  annual  interest  charge  $29,831,880 
during  the  presidential  term.  On  1  July,  1882, 
"  An  act  to  regulate  the  carriage  of  passengers  by 
sea"  was  vetoed  because  not  correctly  or  accurately 
phrased,  although  the  object  was  admitted  to  be 
meritorious  and  philanthropic.  A  modified  bill 
passed  congress,  and  was  approved  2  Aug.  The 
attention  of  congress  was  frequently  called,  to  the 
decline  of  the  American  merchant  marine,  and 
legislation  was  recommended  for  its  restoration, 
and  the  construction  and  maintenance  of  ocean 
steamships  under  the  U.  S.  flag.  In  compliance 
with  these  recommendations,  the  following  laws 
were  enacted:  26  June,  1884,  an  act  to  remove 
certain  burdens  from  American  shipping;  5  July, 
1884,  an  act  creating  a  bureau  of  navigation,  under 
charge  of  a  commissioner,  in  the  treasury  depart- 
ment ;  and  3  March,  1885,  an  amendment  to  the 
postal  appropriation  bill  appropriating  $800,000 
for  contmeting  with  American  steamship  lines  for 
the  transportation  of  foreign  mails.  Reasonable 
national  regulation  of  the  railways  of  the  country 
was  favored,  and  the  opinion  was  expressed  that 
congress  should  protect  the  people  at  large  in  their 
inter-state  traffic  against  acts  of  injustice  that  the 
state  governments  might  be  powerless  to  prevent. 

The  attention  of  eongi'ess  was  often  called  to 
the  necessity  of  modern  provisions  for  coast  de- 
fence. By  special  message  of  11  April,  1884,  an 
annual  appropriation  of  $1,500,000  for  the  arma- 
ment of  fortillcations  was  recommended.  In  the  last 
annual  message  an  expenditure  of  $60,000,000,  one 
tenth  to  be  appropriated  annually,  was  recommend- 
ed. In  consequence,  the  fortifications  board  was 
created  by  act  of  3  March,  1885,  which  made  an 
elaborate  report  to  the  49th  congress,  recommend- 
ing a  complete  system  of  coast  defence  at  an  ulti- 
mate cost  estimated  at  $126,377,800.  The  gun- 
^'oundry  board,  consisting  of  army  and  navy  officers, 
appointed  under  the  act  of  3  March,  1883,  visited 
Europe  and  made  full  reports,  advising  large  con- 
tracts for  terms  of  years  with  American  manufac- 
turers to  produce  the  steel  necessary  for  heavy  can- 
non, and  recommending  the  establishment  of  one 
army  and  one  navy  gun  factory  for  the  fabrication 
of  modern  ordnance.  This  plan  was  commended 
to  congress  in  a  special  message  26  March,  1884, 
and  in  the  above-mentioned  message  of  11  April ; 
also  in  the  annual  message  of  that  year.  In  the 
annual  message  of  1881  the  improvement  of  Missis- 
sippi river  was  recommended.  On  17  April,  1882, 
by  special  message,  congress  was  urged  to  provide 
for  "  closing  existing  gaps  in  levees,"  and  to  adopt 


a  system  for  the  permanent  improvement  of  the 
navigation  of  the  river  and  for  the  security  of  the 
valley.  Special  messages  on  this  subject  were  also 
sent  8  Jail,  and  2  April,  1884.  Appropriations  were 
made  of  $8,500,000  for  permanent  work  ;  and  in 
1882  of  $350,000,  and  in  1884  of  over  $150,000,  for 
the  relief  of  the  sufferers  from  floods,  the  amount  in 
the  latter  year  being  the  balance  left  from  $500,000 
appropriated  on  account  of  the  floods  in  the  Ohio. 
Tiiesc  i-i'licf  appropriations  were  expended  under  the 
personal  supervision  of  the  secretary  of  war.  On  1 
Aug.,  1882,  the  president  vetoed  a  river-and-harbor 
bill  making  appropriations  of  $18,743,875,  on  the 
gi'ound  that  the  amount  greatly  exceeded  "  the 
needs  of  the  country"  for  the  then  current  fiscal 
year,  and  because  it  contained  "  appropriations  for 
purposes  not  for  the  common  defence  or  general 
welfare,"  which  did  not  "  promote  commerce 
among  the  states,  but  were,  on  the  contrary,  entire- 
ly for  the  benefit  of  the  particular  localities  "  where 
it  was  "proposed  to  make  the  improvements." 
The  bill,  on  2  Aug.,  passed  congress  over  the  veto 
by  122  yeas  to  59  nays  in  the  house,  and  41  yeas  to 
16  nays  in  the  senate.  In  connection  with  this 
subject  it  was  suggested  to  congress,  in  the  annual 
messages  of  1882,  1883,  and  1884,  that  it  would  be 
wise  to  adopt  a  constitutional  amendment  allow- 
ing the  president  to  veto  in  part  only  any  bill  ap- 
propriating moneys.  A  special  message  of  8  Jan., 
1884,  commended  to  congress,  as  a  matter  of  great 
public  interest,  the  cession  to  the  United  States  of 
the  Illinois  and  Michigan  canal  in  order  to  secure 
the  construction  of  the  Hennepin  canal  to  connect 
Lake  Michigan  by  way  of  Illinois  river  with  the 
Mississippi.  Unlawful  intrusions  of  armed  settlers 
into  the  Indian  territory  for  the  purpose  of  locat- 
ing upon  lands  set  apart  for  the  Indians  were  pre- 
vented, or  the  intruders  were  expelled  by  the  army. 
On  2  July,  1884,  the  president  vetoed  the  bill  to 
restore  to  the  army  and  place  on  the  retired  list 
Maj.-Gen.  Fitz-John  Porter,  who,  on  the  sentence 
of  a  court-martial,  approved  by  President  Lincoln 
27  Jan.,  1863,  had  been  dismissed  for  disobedience 
of  orders  to  march  to  attack  the  enemy  in  his- 
front  during  the  second  battle  of  Bull  Run.  The 
reasons  assigned  for  the  veto  were,  (1)  that  the  con- 
gi'ess  had  no  right  "  to  impose  upon  the  president 
the  duty  of  nominating  or  appointing  to  office  any 
particular  individual  of  its  own  selection,"  and  (2)- 
that  the  bill  was  in  effect  an  annulment  of  a  final 
judgment  of  a  court  of  last  resort,  after  the  lapse 
of  many  years,  and  on  insufficient  evidence.  The 
veto  was  overruled  in  the  house  by  168  yeas  to  78 
nays,  but  was  sustained  in  the  senate  by  27  to  27. 

A  new  naval  policy  was  adopted  prescribing  a 
reduction  in  the  number  of  oificers,  the  elimina- 
tion of  drunkards,  great  strictness  and  impartiality 
in  discipline,  the  discontinuance  of  extensive  re- 
pairs of  old  wooden  ships,  the  diminution  of  navy- 
yard  expenses,  and  the  beginning  of  the  construc- 
tion of  a  new  navy  of  modern  steel  ships  and  guns 
according  to  the  plans  of  a  skilful  naval  ad- 
visory board.  The  first  of  such  vessels,  the  cruis- 
ers •'  Chicago,"  "  Boston,"  and  "  Atlanta,"  and  a 
steel  despatch-boat,  "  Dolphin,"  with  tlieir  arma- 
ments, were  designed  in  this  country  and  built  in 
American  workshops.  The  gun  foundry  board  re- 
ferred to  above  was  originated,  and  its  reports  were 
printed  with  tliat  of  the  department  for  1884.  A 
special  message  of  26  March,  1884,  urged  continued 
progress  in  the  reconstruction  of  the  navy,  the 
granting  of  authority  for  at  least  three  additional 
steel  cruisers  and  foiir  gun-boats,  and  the  finishing 
of  the  four  double-turreted  monitors.  Two  cruis- 
ers and  two  gun-boats  were  authorized  by  the  act 


ARTHUR 


ARTHUR 


105 


of  3  March,  1885.  An  Arctic  expedition,  consist- 
ing of  the  steam  whalers  "  Thetis  "  and  "  Bear," 
together  with  the  ship  "  Alert,"  given  by  the  Brit- 
ish admiralty,  was  fitted  out  and  despatched  under 
the  command  of  Commander  Winfield  Scott  Schley 
for  the  relief  of  Lieut.  A.  W.  Greely,  of  the  U.  S. 
army,  who  with  his  party  had  been  engaged  since 
1881  in  scientific  exploration  at  Lady  Franklin 
bay,  in  Grinnell  Land ;  and  that  officer  and  the 
few  other  survivors  were  rescued  at  Cape  Sabine 
22  June,  1884.  On  recommendation  of  the  presi- 
dent, an  act  of  congress  was  passed  directing  the 
return  of  the  "  Alert "  to  the  English  government. 

The  reduction  of  letter  postage  from  three  to 
two  cents  a  half  ounce  was  recommended,  and  was 
effected  by  the  act  of  3  March,  1883  :  the  unit  of 
weight  was  on  8  March,  1885,  made  one  ounce, 
instead  of  a  half  ounce ;  the  rate  on  transient 
newspapers  and  periodicals  was  reduced,  9  June, 
1884,  to  one  cent  for  four  ounces,  and  the  rate  on 
similar  matter,  when  sent  by  the  publisher  or  from 
a  news  agency  to  actual  subscribers  or  to  other 
news  agents,  including  sample  copies,  was  on  8 
March,  1885,  reduced  to  one  cent  a  pound.  The 
fast-mail  and  free-delivery  systems  were  largely 
extended  ;  and  also,  on  3  March,  1883,  the  money- 
order  system.  Special  letter  deliveries  were  estafj- 
lished  3  March,  1885.  The  star  service  at  the  west 
was  increased  at  reduced  cost.  The  foreign  mail 
service  was  improved,  the  appropriation  of  $800,- 
000,  already  alluded  to,  was  made,  and  various 
postal  conventions  were  negotiated. 

Recommendations  were  made  for  the  revision  of 
the  laws  fixing  the  fees  of  jurors  and  witnesses, 
and  for  prescribing  by  salaries  the  compensation 
of  district  attorneys  and  marshals.  The  prosecu- 
tion of  persons  charged  with  frauds  in  connection 
with  the  star-route  mail  service  was  pressed  with 
vigor  (the  attorney-general  appearing  in  person  at 
the  principal  trial),  and  resulted  in  completely 
breaking  up  the  vicious  and  corrupt  practices  that 
had  previously  flourished  in  connection  with  that 
service.  Two  vacancies  on  the  bench  of  the  su- 
preme court  were  filled — one  on  the  death  of 
Nathan  Clifford,  of  Maine,  by  Horace  Gray,  of 
Massachusetts,  commissioned  on  20  Dec,  1881. 
For  the  vacancy  occasioned  by  the  retirement  of 
Ward  Hunt,  of  New  York,  Roscoe  Conkling  was 
nominated  24  Feb.,  1882,  and  he  was  confirmed  by 
the  senate  ;  but  on  3  March  he  declined  the  office, 
and  Samuel  Blatchford,  of  New  York,  was  ap- 
pointed and  commissioned  23  March,  1882. 

Measures  were  recommended  for  breaking  up 
tribal  relations  of  the  Indians  by  allotting  to  them 
land  in  severalty,  and  by  extending  to  them  the 
laws  applicable  to  other  citizens ;  and  liberal  ap- 
propriations for  the  education  of  Lidian  children 
were  advised.  Peace  with  all  the  tribes  was  pre- 
served during  the  whole  term  of  the  administra- 
tion. Stringent  legislation  against  polygamy  in 
Utah  was  recommended,  and  under  the  law  en- 
acted 22  March,  1882,  many  polygamists  were 
indicted,  convicted,  and  punished.  The  Utah 
commission,  to  aid  in  the  better  government  of 
the  territory,  was  appointed  under  the  same  act. 
The  final  recommendation  of  the  president  in  his 
messages  of  1883  and  1884  was,  that  congress 
should  assume  the  entire  political  control  ot  the 
territory,  and  govern  it  through  comnnssioners. 
Legislation  was" urged  for  the  preservation  of  the 
valuable  forests  remaining  upon  the  public  do- 
main. National  aid  to  education  was  repeatedly 
urged,  preferably  through  setting  apart  the  pro- 
ceeds of  the  sales  of  public  lands. 

A  law  for  the  adjudication  of  the  French  spolia- 


tion claims  was  passed  20  Jan.,  1885,  and  prepara- 
tion was  made  for  carrying  it  into  effect.  Con- 
gress was  urged  in  every  annual  message  to  pass 
laws  establishing  safe  and  certain  methods  of  as- 
certaining the  result  of  a  presidential  election,  and 
fully  providing  for  all  cases  of  removal,  death,  res- 
ignation, or  inability  of  the  president,  or  any  of- 
ficer acting  as  such.  In  view  of  certain  decisions 
of  the  supreme  court,  additional  legislation  was 
urged  in  the  annual  message  of  1883  to  supple- 
ment and  enforce  the  14th  amendment  to  the  con- 
stitution in  its  special  purpose  to  insure  to  mem- 
bers of  the  colored  race  the  full  enjoyment  of  civil 
and  political  rights.  The  subject  of  reform  in  the 
methods  of  ';he  public  service,  which  had  been  dis- 
cussed by  the  president  in  his  letter  of  23  Nov., 
1877,  while  collector,  to  Sec.  Sherman,  and  in  his 
letter  of  15  July,  1880,  accepting  the  nomination  for 
vice-president,  was  fully  treated  in  all  his  annual 
messages,  and  in  special  messages  of  29  Feb.,  1884, 
and  11  Feb.,  1885.  The  "act  to  regulate  and  im- 
prove the  civil  service  of  the  United  States"  was 
passed  16  Jan.,  1883,  and  under  it  a  series  of  rules 
was  established  by  the  president,  and  the  law  and 
rules  at  all  times  received  his  unqualified  support, 
and  that  of  the  heads  of  the  several  departments. 
The  final  distribution  of  the  moneys  derived  from 
the  Geneva  award  among  meritorious  sufferers  on 
account  of  the  rebel  cruisers  fitted  out  or  harbored 
in  British  ports  was  provided  for  by  the  act  of  5 
June,  1882.  In  the  annual  message  of  1884  a 
suitable  pension  to  Gen.  Grant  was  recommended, 
and,  upon  his  announcement  that  he  would  not 
accept  a  pension,  a  special  message  of  3  Feb.,  1885, 
urged  the  passage  of  a  bill  creating  the  office  of 
general  of  the  army  on  the  retired  list,  to  enable 
the  president  in  his  discretion  to  appoint  Gen. 
Grant.  Such  a  bill  was  passed  8  March,  1885,  and 
the  president  on  that  day  made  the  nomination, 
and  it  was  confirmed  in  open  session  amid  demon- 
strations of  approval,  in  a  crowded  senate-chamber, 
a  few  minutes  before  the  expiration  of  the  session. 

The  president  attended,  as  the  guest  of  the  city 
of  Boston,  the  celebration  of  the  Webster  Histori- 
cal society  at  Marshfield,  Mass.,  and  made  brief 
addresses  in  Faneuil  Hall,  11  Oct.,  1882,  and  at 
Marshfield,  13  Oct.  He  commended  the  Southern 
Exposition  at  Louisville,  Ky.,  by  a  letter  of  9 
June,  1883,  attended  its  opening,  and  delivered  an 
address  on  2  Aug.  He  aided  in  many  ways  the 
World's  Industrial  and  Cotton  Centennial  Expo- 
sition at  New  Orleans ;  and  on  16  Dec,  1884,  in  an 
address  sent  by  telegraph  from  the  executive  man- 
sion in  Washington,  he  opened  the  exposition,  and 
set  in  motion  the  machinery  by  the  electric  current. 
On  25  Sept.,  1883,  he  was  present  at  the  unveil- 
ing of  the  Burnside  monument  at  Bristol,  R.  I. 
On  26  Nov.,  1883,  he  attended  the  unveiling  of  the 
statue  of  Washington  on  the  steps  of  the  sub- 
treasury  building  in  New  York  city ;  and  21  Feb., 
1885,  he  made  an  address  at  the  dedication,  at  the 
national  capital,  of  the  Washington  monument, 
which  had  been  completed  during  his  term. 

President  Arthur's  name  was  presented  to  the 
republican  presidential  convention  that  met  at 
Chicago  8  June,  1884,  by  delegates  from  New  York, 
Pennsylvania,  Mississippi,  North  Carolina,  and 
Louisiana.  On  the  first  ballot  he  received  278 
votes  against  540  for  all  others,  276  on  the  second, 
274  on  the  third,  and  207  on  the  fourth,  which  re- 
sulted in  the  nomination  of  James  G.  Blaine. 
He  at  once  telegraphed  to  Mr.  Blaine,  "  As  the  can- 
didate of  the  republican  party  you  will  have  my 
earnest  and  cordial  support,"  and  in  the  canvass 
which  ensued  he  rendered  all   possible  assistance 


106 


ARTHUR 


ARTHUR 


to  the  republican  cause  and  candidates.  The 
national  convention,  in  its  resolutions,  declared 
that  "  in  the  administration  of  President  Arthur 
we  recognize  a  wise,  conservative,  and  patriotic 
policy,  under  which  the  country  has  been  blessed 
with  remarkable  prosperity,  and  we  believe  his 
eminent  services  are  entitled  to  and  will  receive  the 
hearty  approval  of  every  citizen."  The  conven- 
tions in  all  the  states  had  also  unanimously  passed 
resolutions  commendatory  of  the  adiniiiist ration. 

Mr.  Arthur  married,  29  Oct.,  18.j9,  Ellen  Lewis 
Herndon,  of  Fredericksburg,  Va.,  who  died  12 
Jan.,  1880,  leaving  two  children,  Chester  Alan 
Arthur,  b.  25  July,  1865,  and  Ellen  Herndon  Ar- 
thur, b.  21  Nov.,  1871.  Their  first  child,  William 
L.  H.  Arthur,  was  b.  10  Dec,  1800,  and  d.  8  July, 
1863.  Mrs.  Arthur  was  the  daughter  of  Command- 
er William  Lewis  Herndon,  of  the  U.  S.  navy,  who, 
in  1851-'2,  explored  the  Amazon  river  under  or- 
ders of  the  government.  He  perished  in  a  gale 
at  sea,  12  Sept.,  1857,  on  the  way  from  Havana  to 
New  York,  while  in  command  of  the  merchant- 
steamer,  "  Central  America."     (See  Herndon.) 

In  person,  Mr.  Arthur  was  tall,  large,  well-projDor- 
tioned,  and  of  distinguished  presence.  His  man- 
ners were  always  affable.  He  was  genial  in  domestic 
and  social  life,  and  warmly  beloved  by  his  personal 
friends.  He  conducted  his  official  intercourse  with 
unvarying  courtesy,  and  dispensed  the  liberal  hos- 
pitalities of  the  executive  mansion  with  ease  and 
dignity,  and  in  such  a  way  as  to  meet  universal 
commendation  from  citizens  and  foreigners  alike. 
He  had  a  full  and  strong  mind,  literary  taste  and 
culture,  a  retentive  memory,  and  was  apt  in  il- 
lustration by  analogy  and  anecdote.  He  reasoned 
coolly  and  logically,  and  was  never  one-sided.  The 
style  of  his  state  papers  is  snnple  and  direct.  He 
was  eminently  conscientious,  wise,  and  just  in  pur- 
pose and  act  as  a  public  official ;  had  always  the 
courage  to  follow  his  deliberate  convictions,  and 
remained  unmoved  by  importunity  or  attack.  He 
succeeded  to  the  presidency  under  peculiarly  dis- 
tressing circumstances.  The  factional  feeling  in 
the  Republican  party,  which  the  year  before  had 
resulted  in  the  nomination  of  Gen.  Garfield  for 
president  as  the  representative  of  one  faction,  and 
of  himself  for  vice-president  as  the  representative 
of  the  other,  had  measurably  subsided  during  the 
canvass  and  the  following  winter,  only  to  break  out 
anew  immediately  after  the  inauguration  of  the 
new  administration,  and  a  fierce  controversy  was 
raging  when  the  assassination  of  President  Gar- 
field convulsed  the  nation  and  created  the  gravest 
apprehensions.  Cruel  misjudgments  were  formed 
and  expressed  by  men  who  would  now  hesitate  to 
admit  them.  The  long  weeks  of  alternating  hope 
and  fear  that  preceded  the  president's  death  left 
the  public  mind  perturbed  and  restless.  Doubt 
and  uneasiness  were  everywhere  apparent.  The 
delicacy  and  discretion  displayed  by  the  vice-presi- 
dent had  compelled  approval,  but  had  not  served 
wholly  to  disarm  prejudice,  and  when  he  took  the 
murdered  president's  place  the  whole  people  were 
in  a  state  of  tense  and  anxious  expectancy,  of 
which,  doubtless,  he  was  most  painfully  conscious. 
All  fears,  however,  were  speedily  and  happily  dis- 
pelled. The  new  president's  inaugural  was  ex- 
plicit, judicious,  and  reassuring,  and  his  purpose 
not  to  administer  his  high  office  in  the  spirit  of 
former  faction,  although  by  it  he  lost  some  friend- 
ships, did  much  toward  healing  the  dissensions 
within  the  dominant  party.  His  conservative  ad- 
ministration of  the  government  commanded  uni- 
versal confidence,  preserved  public  ordei%  and 
promoted   business  activity.      If   his    conduct   of 


affairs  be  criticised  as  lacking  aggressiveness,  it 
may  confidently  be  replied  that  aggressiveness 
would  have  been  unfortunate,  if  not  disastrous. 
Rarely  has  there  been  a  time  when  an  indiscreet 
president  could  have  wrought  more  mischief.  It 
was  not  a  time  for  showy  exploits  or  brilliant  ex- 
perimentation. Above  all  else,  the  people  needed 
rest  from  the  strain  and  excitement  into  which 
the  assassination  of  their  president  had  plunged 
them.  The  course  chosen  by  President  Arthur 
was  the  wisest  and  most  desirable  that  was  possible. 
If  apparently  negative  in  itself,  it  was  positive, 
far-reaching,  and  most  salutary  in  its  results.  The 
service  which  at  this  crisis  in  public  affairs  he  thus 
rendered  to  the  coimtry  must  be  accounted  the 
greatest  of  his  personal  achievements,  and  the 
most  important  result  of  his  administration.  As 
such,  it  should  be  placed  in  its  true  light  before 
the  reader  of  the  future  ;  and  in  this  spirit,  for  the 
purpose  of  historical  accuracy  only,  it  is  here  given 
the  prominence  it  deserves.  His  administration, 
considered  as  a  whole,  was  responsive  to  every 
national  demand,  and  stands  in  all  its  departments 
substantially  without  assatilt  or  criticism. 

He  died  suddenly,  of  apoplexy,  at  his  residence, 
No.  128  Lexington  avenue,  New  York,  Thursday 
morning,  18  Nov.,  1886.  The  funeral  services  were 
held  on  the  following  Monday,  at  the  Church  of 
the  Heavenly  Rest.  President  Cleveland  and  his 
cabinet,  Chief-Justice  Waite,  ex-President  Hayes, 
James  G.  Blaine,  Gens.  Sherman,  Sheridan,  and 
Schofield,  and  the  surviving  members  of  Presi- 
dent Arthur's  cabinet,  were  in  attendance.  On  the 
same  day  a  special  train  conveyed  his  remains  to 
Albany,  where  they  were  placed  by  the  side  of  his 
wife  in  the  family  burial-place  in  Rural  cemetery. 

ARTHUR,  Sii-  GeorgT,  Bart.,  British  states- 
man, b.  in  Plymouth,  England,  21  June,  1784 ;  d. 
19  Sept.,  1854.  He  entered  the  army  in  1804,  and 
served  in  Sir  James  Craig's  expedition  to  Italy  in 
1806.  The  following  year  he  went  to  Egypt,  and 
was  severely  wounded  in  the  attack  upon  Rosetta. 
He  served  as  a  captain  under  Sir  James  Kempt  in 
Sicily  in  1808,  and  in  the  Walcheren  expedition  in 
1809,  in  which  latter  he  so  greatly  distinguished 
himself  that  he  was  thanked  in  general  orders,  was 
appointed  a  deputy  assistant  adjutant-general  on 
the  field,  and  upon  his  return  to  England  had  the 
freedom  of  the  city  of  London  conferred  upon  him 
and  received  a  sword  of  honor.  He  was  afterward 
military  secretary  to  Sir  George  Don,  governor  of 
Jersey,"and  in  1812,  having  attained  his  majority 
in  the  7th  West  India  regiment,  he  joined  it  in 
Jamaica,  and  within  a  short  time  was  appointed 
assistant  quartermaster-general  of  the  forces  in 
that  island.  In  1814  he  was  appointed  lieutenant- 
governor  of  British  Honduras,  holding  at  the  saine 
time  the  rank  of  colonel  on  the  staff,  thus  exercis- 
ing the  military  command  as  well  as  the  civil  gov- 
ernment. While  acting  in  this  capacity  Col.  Ar- 
thur suppressed  a  serious  outbreak  of  the  slave 
population  of  Honduras.  His  despatches  relative 
to  the  revolt  and  the  subject  of  slavery  in  the  West 
Indies  attracted  the  attention  of  Mr.  Wilberforce 
and  other  philanthropists,  and  contributed  in  no 
slight  degree  to  the  subsequent  abolition  of  slavery 
within  the  British  empire^  In  1822  he  left  Hon- 
duras for  England,  and  in  1823  was  appointed 
lieutenant-governor  of  Van  Dieman's  Land  (then 
the  principal  British  penal  colony),  having  com- 
mand of  the  military  forces  as  well.  His  attempts 
at  introducing  reforms  in  the  transportation  system 
were  not  successful,  as  the  colonists  and  their 
friends  at  home,  who  were  determined  to  put  an 
end  to  the  system  altogether,  never  allowed   his 


ARTHUR 


ARZAO 


icy? 


plans  a  fair  trial.  He  returned  to  England  in 
March,  1837,  was  knighted,  and  at  the  close  of  that 
year  was  appointed  lieutenant-governor  of  Upper 
Canada,  having  also  the  rank  of  inajoi'-general  on 
the  staff.  The  state  of  Canada  at  this  time  was 
critical,  as  in  both  Upper  and  Lower  Canada  at- 
tempts had  been  made,  a  few  months  before  Col. 
Arthur's  arrival,  to  subvert  the  British  authority, 
and,  shortly  after  he  had  taken  charge  of  the  gov- 
ernment. Upper  Canada  was  invaded  by  a  band  of 
American  sympathizers.  The  invasion  was  no 
more  successful  than  the  preceding  attempts  at  re- 
volt, and  much  credit  was  awarded  to  Sir  George 
Arthur  for  his  successful  arrangements  for  the  de- 
fence of  the  colony.  The  union  of  Upper  and 
Lower  Canada  took  place  in  1841,  Lord  Sydenham 
being  the  first  governor-general,  and  at  his  request 
Sir  George  Arthur  continued  for  a  time  to  conduct 
the  administration  of  Upper  Canada  as  deputy  gov- 
ernor, it  being  specially  stipulated  by  him  that  he 
would  receive  no  remuneration  for  his  services.  He 
returned  to  England  in  1841,  and  was  created  a 
baronet  in  recognition  of  his  services  in  Canada. 
On  8  June,  1842,  he  assumed  the  office  of  governor 
of  the  Indian  presidency  of  Bombay,  which  he  re- 
tained until  1846.  During  this  period  (a  most 
critical  one  in  the  history  of  India)  he  displayed 
great  tact  and  ability,  and  assisted  very  materi- 
ally in  extending  and  strengthening  British  rule 
in  that  country.  The  suppression  of  the  insurrec- 
tion in  Kolapun  was  largely  due  to  his  judicious 
and  prompt  measures,  and  he  was  appointed  pro- 
visional governor-general,  but  did  not  assume  office, 
as  he  was  compelled  by  ill-health  to  leave  India  be- 
fore Lord  flardinge  vacated  the  governor-general- 
ship. Sir  George  Arthur,  during  his  administra- 
tion of  the  affairs  of  the  presidency,  perfected  the 
Deccan  survey,  the  object  of  which  was  to  equalize 
and  decrease  the  pressure  of  the  land  assessment  on 
the  cultivators  of  the  Deccan  ;  and  gave  his  hearty 
support  to  the  project  of  a  railway  line  from  Bom- 
bay to  Callian,  which  may  be  regarded  as  the  germ 
of  the  great  Indian  peninsular  railway,  while  during 
his  administration  the  reclamation  of  the  foreshore 
of  the  island  of  Bombay  was  projected.  On  his  re- 
turn to  England  in  1846  he  was  made  a  privy 
councillor,  and  in  1853  he  received  the  colonelcy  of 
the  50th  Queen's  own  regiment. 

ARTHUR,  Timothy  Shay,  author,  b.  near 
Newburg,  N.  Y.,  in  1809;  d.  in  Philadelphia,  6 
March,  1885.  When  he  was  about  eight  years  of 
age  his  parents  moved  to  Baltimore,  Md.,  where  he 
received  a  little  education,  was  apprenticed  to  a 
trade,  and  was  a  clerk  for  several  years.  In  1833 
he  visited  the  west  as  the  agent  of  a  banking  con- 
cern. He  had  meantime  eclueated  himself  by  read- 
ing and  study,  and  when  he  returned  to  Baltimore 
he  became  editor  of  "  The  Athenteum."  In  1841 
he  removed  to  Philadelphia,  where  the  rest  of  his 
life  was  passed,  and  where,  in  1852,  he  founded 
"  Arthur's  Home  Magazine,"  of  which  he  was  edi- 
tor until  within  a  few  weeks  of  his  death.  He  was 
a  voluminous  writer  of  tales  of  domestic  life,  and 
also  prepared,  with  the  aid  of  W.  H.  Carpenter,  a 
series  of  histories  of  the  different  states  of  the 
union.  The  entire  number  of  volumes  of  Mr.  Ar- 
thur's works  exceeds  one  hundred,  and  of  these 
more  than  half  have  been  republished  in  England, 
where  his  writings  have  had  a  large  circulation. 
Among  his  books  are  "Lights  and  Shadows  of 
Real  Life,"  "  Tales  for  Rich  and  Poor "  (6  vols.), 
"Library  for  the  Household"  (12  vols.),  "Ten 
Nights  in  a  Bar-Room,"  and  "  Steps  to  Heaven." 
His  stories  all  have  some  moral  end  in  view,  many 
of  them  being  devoted  to  the  support  of  the  tem- 


perance cause.  Although  they  do  not  possess  great 
merit  as  literature,  they  have  been  widely  read  and 
gained  him  much  popidarity.  His  book,  "  The 
Good  Time  Coming"  (1855),  was  accused  of  "verg- 
ing on  spiritualism  and  Swedenborgianism." 

ARTHUR,  William,  clergyman,  b.  in  Antrim, 
Ireland,  in  1796;  d.  in  Newtonville,  near  Albany, 
N.  Y.,  27  Oct.,  1875.  He  was  graduated  at  Belfast 
college,  came  to  the  United  States,  studied  law  for 
a  short  time,  and  was  then  called  to  the  Baptist 
ministry.  After  preaching  in  Vermont  and  west- 
ern New  York,  he  was  settled  as  pastor  of  the  Cal- 
vary Baptist  church  of  Albany,  N.  Y.,  where  he  re- 
mained from  1855  to  1863.  He  afterward  removed 
to  Schenectady,  where  he  published  a  magazine 
called  the  "  Antiquarian,"  to  whose  pages  he  con- 
tributed much  curious  learning  on  a  variety  of 
topics.  He  published  an  "  Etymological  Diction- 
ary of  Family  and  Christian  Names  "  (New  York, 
1857),  which  was  favorably  received  both  in  this 
country  and  in  Europe.  During  the  last  ten  years 
of  his  life  he  lived  in  retirement,  preaching  occa- 
sionally, and  giving  much  time  to  literary  pursuits. 
Dr.  Arthur  was  noted  for  his  attainments  in  the 
classics  and  in  history,  both  sacred  and  profane. 
His  son,  Chester  Alan  Arthur,  was  twenty-first 
president  of  the  United  States. 

ARTKtAS.  Jose  (ar-tee'-gas),  a  South  American 
soldier,  b.  in  Montevideo,  19  June,  1764 ;  d.  in  Para- 
guay, 23  Sept.,  1850.  He  was  the  son  of  a  wealthy 
landed  proprietor,  and  for  a  time  led  an  adventur- 
ous life  as  a  gmicho,  and  then  served  as  captain  in 
the  light  cavalry  of  the  provinces,  but  on  account 
of  some  difficulty  with  the  governor  passed  in  1811 
into  the  service  of  the  junta  of  Buenos  Ayres,  then 
in  insurrection  against  Spain.  At  the  head  of  a 
band  of  gauchos  he  defeated  the  Spaniards  in  sev- 
eral encounters,  and  vigorously  supported  the  re- 
publican army  that  besieged  the  Portuguese  troops 
from  Brazil,  who  then  occupied  Montevideo.  But, 
being  passionate  and  scheming,  he  soon  acted  in- 
dependently, and  finally  detached  his  men  from 
the  besieging  army,  whereupon  Posadas,  director 
of  the  junta,  outlawed  him  and  set  a  price  upon 
his  head.  But  the  gauchos  flocked  to  his  standard, 
and  Artigas,  having  defeated  the  troops  sent  against 
him,  oblTged  his  enemies  to  cede  to  him  the  whole 
of  Uruguay  (1814).  He  then  compelled  the  Portu- 
guese to  abandon  their  attempt  to  regain  possession 
of  Montevideo,  which  had  surrendered.  He  now 
acted  as  dictator  in  Uruguay,  and  in  1815  made  an 
unsuccessful  attempt  against  Buenos  Ayres.  After 
various  contests  he  was  twice  defeated,  in  1819  and 
1820,  and  fled  to  Paraguay,  where  Dr.  Francia,  the 
dictator,  banished  him  to  Candelaria.  Here  he  de- 
voted himself  to  husljandrvand  philanthropic  work. 

ARVELO,  Rafael  (arr-va'-lo),  Venezuelan 
statesman,  b.  in  Valencia,  1  June,  1784;  d.  16 
Oct.,  1862.  While  quite  young  he  went  to  Bogotii. 
where  he  finished  his  education.  After  returning 
to  his  own  country  he  soon  became  noted  for  his 
political  and  literary  abilities.  He  was  provincial 
governor,  minister  of  foreign  affairs,  and  president 
of  the  republic  of  Venezuela,  ad  interim.  But  his 
greatest  fame  in  that  country  he  owed  to  his  satiri- 
cal poems  and  epigrams,  which  are  very  popular. 

ARZAO,  Antonio  Rodrignez  (ar-thah'-o), 
Brazilian  traveller,  who  in  company  with  Antonio 
Suarez  explored  in  1714  the  deserts  of  Sao  Paulo, 
where  they  discovered  a  large  region  rich  in  gold 
and  diamonds,  which  the  Indians  called  Hyvi-turuy 
("  place  beaten  by  winds  "),  but  the  discoverers  gave 
it  the  name  of  Cerro  do  Frio.  Several  other  mem- 
bers of  Arzao's  family  made  similar  expeditions  and 
discoveries  m  the  interior  of  Brazil. 


108 


ASBOTH 


ASBURY 


ASBOTH,  Alexander  Sandor,  soldier,  b.  in 
Keszthely,  Hungary,  18  Dec,  1811 ;  d.  in  Buenos 
Ayres,  S.  A.,  21  Jan.,  1868.  He  was  educated  in 
Oldenburg,  and  served  for  some  time  as  a  cuirassier 
in  the  Austrian  army.  SuhsiMiucntly  he  studied  law 
at  Presburg,  and  then,  turning  his  attention  to  en- 
gineering, was  employed  upon  various  important 
works  in  the  Banat.  He  served  with  Kossuth  in 
the  Hungarian  war  of  1848-'9,  and  participated  in 
the  battles  of  Tomasovacz,  Kapolna,  and  Nagy 
Sarlo.  He  followed  Kossuth  to  Turkey,  shared  his 
confinement  at  Kutaieh,  and  on  his  release  came 
with  him  to  the  United  States  in  1851,  where  he 
soon  became  a  citizen.  He  pursued  various  occu- 
pations, and  on  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war  in 
1801  offered  his  services  to  the  government.  In 
July  he  was  sent  to  Missouri  as  chief  of  staff  to 
Gen.  Fremont,  and  on  20  Sept.  was  appointed 
brigadier-general  and  commanded  the  4th  division 
in  Fremont's  western  campaign.  He  was  next  as- 
signed to  the  command  of  a  division  in  Gen.  Cur- 
tis's  army,  and  during  the  Arkansas  campaign  oc- 
cupied Bentonville  and  Fayetteville.  He  partici- 
pated in  the  battles  of  Pea  Ridge,  and  was  severely 
wounded.  In  1803  he  was  placed  in  command  of 
Columbus,  Ky.,  and  in  August  of  the  same  year  was 
assigned  to  the  district  of  west  Florida,  with  head- 
quarters at  Fort  Pickens.  He  was  badly  wounded 
in  the  battle  of  Marianna,  27  Sept.,  1864,  his  left 
cheek-bone  being  broken  and  his  left  arm  fractured 
in  two  places.  For  his  services  in  Florida  he  was 
brevetted  major-general  13  March,  1865,  and  re- 
signed in  the  following  August.  In  1866  he  was 
sent  as  U.  S.  minister  to  the  Argentine  Republic 
and  Uruguay,  where  he  died  in  consequence  of  the 
wounds  in  his  face. 

ASBURY,  Francis,  M.  E.  missionary  bishop,  b. 
in  Ilandsworth,  Staffordshire,  England,  20  Aug., 
1745;  d.  in  Spottsylvania,  Va.,  21  March,  1816. 
His  parents,  devout  Methodists,  must  have  been 
among  the  earlier  disciples  of  Wesley.  Hands- 
worth  was  hardly 
a  day's  ride  from 
Oxford,  where  the 
Wesleys  organ- 
ized their  "  Holy 
Band."  and  the 
lad  nriist  have  im- 
bil)ed  Wesleyan- 
isin  from  the  time 
when  he  first  saw 
the  light.  He  was 
converted  at  the 
age  of  thirteen, 
through  the  influ- 
ence of  the  "  itin- 
erants," who  were 
a)  ready  beginning 
their  labors.  He 
received  the  rudi- 
ments of  an  edu- 
cation at  the  vil- 
lage school  of 
Barre,  and  was  indentured  to  a  maker  of  "  buckle 
chapes,"  or  tongues,  at  the  age  of  fourteen.  At  this 
time  the  Wesleys,  John  and  Charles,  had  well  in 
hand  the  movement  out  of  which  grew  the  great  reli- 
gious denomination  that  bears  their  name.  Method- 
ist chapels  were  being  founded  all  over  the  United 
Kingdom,  and  the  inspired  idea  of  "  itinerant  preach- 
ers," or  "  circuit  riders,"  was  making  its  power  felt. 
Under  such  conditions  the  latent  talents  of  young 
Asbury  speedily  developed.  At  sixteen  he  was  a 
local  preacher,  and  at  twenty-two  he  was  regularly 
^.nroUed  among  the  itinerants  by  Wesley  himself. 


/ 


e^'^fe^^^^ 


This  was  in  1707,  almost  before  the  spirit  of  politi- 
cal discontent  was  making  itself  felt  in  the  Ameri- 
can colonies,  where  Wesleyanism  had  already  been 
planted  in  a  congenial  soil.  In  1771  Asbury,  who 
by  that  time  had  begun  to  show  his  qualities  as  an 
executive  as  well  as  a  preacher,  was  designated  by 
Wesley  as  a  missionary  to  America,  and,  with  the 
Rev.  Richard  Wright  as  his  companion,  he  landed 
at  Philadelphia  27""Oct.,  1771.  The  first  Methodist 
meeting-house  in  America  was  only  three  years 
old,  and  altogether  there  were  only  about  300  com- 
municants in  the  country,  these  being  mainly  in 
New  York  and  Philadelphia.  During  the  follow- 
ing year  Asbury  was  appointed  "  general  assistant 
in  America,"  with  power  of  supervision  over  all  the 
preachers  and  societies,  but  was  superseded  in  1773 
by  an  older  minister,  Mr.  Thomas  Rankin.  By  this 
time  the  spirit  of  revolution  was  abroad,  and  Mr. 
Rankin,  unequal  to  the  crisis,  returned  to  England 
as  soon  as  the  storm  broke.  Asbury,  however,  with 
the  true  spirit  of  an  apostle,  remained  at  his  post. 
With  prophetic  vision  he  recognized  the  opportu- 
nity of  his  chosen  church,  and  determined  to  stand 
by  it  during  a  period  that  threatened  its  founda- 
tions. His  political  sympathies  were  fully  with 
the  patriot  cause,  but  he.  in  common  with  many 
other  Methodists,  fell  under  suspicion  of  toryism, 
because  of  their  refusal  to  take  the  prescribed  oath 
of  allegiance,  they  being  conscientiously  opposed  to 
all  oaths.  Several  writs  were  served  upon  Method- 
ist preachers  ;  but  Mr.  Asbury's  prudence  and  ad- 
dress were  such  that  he  avoided  trouble  until  1770, 
when  he  was  arrested  and  fined  five  pounds.  In 
March,  1778,  he  considered  himself  in  such  danger 
that  he  took  refuge  in  the  he  use  of  Judge  Thomas 
White,  of  Delaware,  and  there  remained  practically 
a  prisoner  for  two  years  befoi'e  he  ventured  freely 
to  resume  his  labors.  To  use  his  own  words,  it  was 
"  a  season  of  the  most  active,  the  most  useful,  and 
the  most  suffering  part  of  my  life."  At  last  the 
authorities  became  convinced  that  the  "  non- 
jurors," as  they  called  themselves,  were  acting 
from  religious,  not  political,  motives,  and  the  itin- 
erants were  permitted  to  resmne  their  circuits. 

On  the  restoration  of  peace  it  became  evident  to 
the  American  JMethodists  that  the  organization  of 
an  independent  church  was  necessary.  Until  this 
time  Wesley,  an  ordained  priest  of  the  English 
church,  had  loyally  maintained  his  ecclesiastical  re- 
lations and  recognized  only  the  bishops  of  the  "  es- 
tablishment "  as  authorized  to  administer  the  sac- 
rament. He  became  convinced,  however,  that  his 
American  disciples  would  not  long  submit  to  such 
leading-strings,  and  proceeded  wisely  to  study  the 
question  of  presbyter  and  bishop,  reaching  the  con- 
clusion that  in  the  primitive  church  the  two  offices 
were  identical.  He  therefore  assumed  the  office  of 
bishop,  formally  consecrated  the  Rev.  Thomas  Coke, 
LL.  D.,  of  Oxford,  and  sent  him  to  America  to 
perpetuate  the  apostolic  succession  in  its  Wesleyan 
aspect  on  this  side  of  the  water.  At  a  conference 
held  in  1784,  Dr.  Coke  appeared  in  his  robes  of 
office  and,  pursuant  to  Wesley's  instructions,  con- 
secrated Francis  Asbury  joint  bishop  with  hnnself 
over  the  American  church,  which  forthwith 
adopted  as  its  official  designation  "  The  Method- 
ist Episcopal  Church  in  the  United  States  of  Amer- 
ica." From  this  time  until  he  was  no  longer  able 
to  travel.  Bishop  Asbury's  labors  were  incessant, 
and  he  deserves  to  rank  with  the  great  evangelists 
of  all  time.  The  civil  history  of  tlie  United  States 
might  have  been  very  different  had  Asbury  failed 
to  be  on  the  ground  to  assume  the  office.  Like  a 
good  general,  he  even  kept  his  skirmishers — that  is, 
his  "circuit   riders " — abreast    with    the    leading 


ASGILL 


ASHBURTON 


109 


pioneers,  and  he  himself,  frequently  under  escort 
of  a  score  or  two  of  frontiersmen  to  guard  against 
Indians,  rode  to  and  fro,  often  in  the  advance  and 
always  near  enough  to  see  what  was  going  on.  The 
first  ordination  in  the  Mississippi  valley  was  per- 
formed by  him.  Rude,  unlettered  men  most  of 
these  itinerants  were,  and  the  bishop  himself  had 
but  a  slender  equipment  of  scholastic  knowledge. 
Nevertheless,  they  largely  shaped  the  destiny  of  the 
west.  There  is  nothing  authentic  in  frontier  litera- 
ture more  romantic  than  "  Asbury's  Journals "  (3 
vols..  New  York,  1853),  with  their  unconscious  rec- 
ord of  a  zeal  and  self-sacrifice  that  rivals  anything 
in  history.  In  spite  of  his  defective  early  educa- 
tion, he  managed  to  acquire  a  knowledge  of  Greek 
and  Hebrew,  and,  contrary  to  the  usual  impression, 
laid  during  the  first  year  of  his  episcopate  the  foun- 
dation of  the  first  Methodist  college,  that  at  Abing- 
don, Md.  Annually  he  rode  on  horseback  or  by 
primitive  conveyances  about  6,000  miles,  and  this, 
for  the  most  part,  over  the  rough  roads  and 
through  the  nearly  trackless  forests  that  covered 
the  continent  beyond  the  narrow  belt  of  sea-coast 
settlements.  In  character  and  temperament  he 
was  bold,  aggressive,  enthusiastic,  gentle  in  man- 
ners, but  of  unfiinching  firmness.  His  native  wis- 
dom and  intuitive  perceptions  made  good  the  lack 
of  artificial  training,  and  lent  him  an  insight  that 
was  well-nigh  infallible.  Wesley  could  never  have 
done  what  Asbury  did.  Indeed,  he  tried  to  do 
it,  and  failed,  not  comprehending  the  spirit  of 
freedom  that  was  abroad  in  the  American  air. 
Asbury  was  instantly  in  sympathy  with  that 
spirit,  and  two  million  American  Methodists  attest 
the  ability  with  which  he  fulfilled  his  mission.  The 
noblest  monument  to  his  memory  is  the  great  church, 
which  grew  under  his  personal  leadership  from  a 
scattered  band  of  316  members  and  four  preachers 
to  a  powerful  denomination  214,000  strong,  con- 
trolled by  bishops,  2,000  local  preachers,  and  700 
itinerants.  See  "Asbury's  .lournals"  (New  York, 
1852) ;  Bangs's  "  History  of  the  Methodist  Episco- 
pal Church  "  (1839) ;  Strickland's  "  Life  of  Asbury  " 
(1858);  Wakely's  "  Heroes  of  Methodism  "  (1859) ; 
Stevens's  "  Memorials  of  Methodism  "  ;  "  Centenary 
of  Methodism"  (1866);  and  Larrabee's  "Asbury 
and  his  Co-laborers  "  (2  vols.,  Cincinnati,  1853). 

ASlxILL,  Sir  Cli.arles,  soldier,  b.  in  England, 
7  April,  1762;  d.  there,  23  July,  1823.  He  was  a 
son  of  Sir  Charles  Asgill,  a  London  alderman,  first 
baronet  of  that  name.  When  sixteen  years  of  age 
he  entered  the  1st  foot  guards,  and  in  i781  became 
a  captain.  He  served  in  the  United  States  under 
Cornwallis,  and  was  included  in  the  surrender  at 
Yorktown.  Particular  interest  is  attached  to  this 
young  officer  on  account  of  his  narrow  escape 
from  death.  Capt.  Joseph  Huddy,  of  the  New  Jer- 
sey line,  had  been  captured,  falsely  charged  with 
having  been  concerned  in  the  death  of  Philip 
White,  a  desperate  tory,  who  was  killed  while  try- 
ing to  escape  from  his  guard,  and  then  hanged 
by" the  British  troops.  In  retaliation,  Washington 
was  authorized  by  congress  to  select  by  lot  from 
among  his  prisoners  an  officer  of  equal  rank  to  be 
executed  immediately,  and  Asgill  was  chosen,  but 
his  death  was  postponed  while  an  investigation  as 
to  the  exact  cause  of  Capt.  Huddy's  execution  was 
being  made  in  the  British  army.  Meanwhile  six 
months  elapsed,  and,  in  response  to  an  appeal  made 
by  the  queen,  Marie  Antoinette  of  Prance,  con- 
gress directed  that  Capt.  Asgill  be  set  at  liberty. 
After  his  return  to  England,  he  served  in  Flanders, 
and  later  was  in  command  of  the  garrison  in  Dub- 
lin during  the  rebellion  in  Ireland.  He  became 
colonel  of  the  11th   regiment,   and   in   1807  was 


made  general  in  the  British  army.  On  the  death 
of  his  father  he  succeeded  to  the  estate  and  the 
baronetcy.  His  story  was  made  the  ground-work 
of  a  tragic  drama  by  Madame  de  Sevigne. 

ASHBURN,  deorge  W.,  soldier,  b.  in  Geor- 
gia ;  d.  1  April,  1868.  During  the  civil  war  he 
was  a  strong  opponent  of  secession,  and  raised  a 
company  of  southern  loyalists,  subsequently  en- 
larged to  a  regiment,  of  which  he  was  colonel.  On 
his  return  home  after  the  war  he  boldly  advocat- 
ed the  congressional  plan  of  reconstruction.  He 
was  chosen  a  delegate  to  the  Georgia  constitutional 
convention  of  1867,  and  did  much  toward  perfect- 
ing the  constitution  of  his  state.  His  political  ene- 
mies, unsuccessful  in  provoking  him  to  violence, 
caused  his  death.  This  crime  was  investigated  by 
Gen.  Meade,  and  it  was  shown  conclusively  by 
whom  the  mui'der  was  committed. 

ASHBURNER,  Charles  Albert,  geologist,  b.  in 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  9  Feb.,  1854 ;  d.  in  Pittsburg,  Pa., 
24  Dec,  1889.  He  was  graduated  at  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania  in  1874.  During  the  summer  of 
1872  he  was  engaged  on  the  survey  of  Delaware 
river,  and  on  his  graduation  he  accepted  a  place 
in  the  light-house  survey  service.  In  1874  the 
geological  survey  of  Pennsylvania  was  reorganized 
with  the  appointment  of  Prof.  J.  P.  Lesley  as  state 
geologist,  and  Mr.  Ashburner  at  once  resigned  from 
the  U.  S.  service  to  become  an  assistant  on  the  sur- 
vey. He  was  actively  employed  during  the  latter 
part  of  1874  in  the  surveys  of  Mifflin  and  Juniata 
COS.,  and  in  1875  was  appointed  assistant  geologist, 
with  charge  of  the  surveys  in  McKean,  Elk,  Forest, 
and  Cameron  cos.  In  1880  he  was  appointed  geolo- 
gist in  charge  of  the  survey  of  the  anthracite  coal 
fields,  where  he  originated  a  method  for  surveying 
and  representing  the  geology  of  this  great  coal-bed 
which  has  received  the  approbation  of  mining  en- 
gineers and  geologists  both  in  the  United  States 
and  in  Europe.  The  ability  and  skill  with  which 
this  undertaking  was  performed  led  to  his  being 
appointed  in  1885  geologist  in  charge  of  all  the 
office  and  field  work  of  the  survey.  Mr.  Ashburner 
was  a  member  of  the  American  Philosophical  So- 
ciety, the  American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers, 
and  other  scientific  societies,  to  whose  proceedings 
he  contributed  valuable  papers.  He  also  contrib- 
uted to  the  scientific  and  technical  journals,  and 
prepared  more  than  twenty  of  the  reports  of  the 
geological  survey.     In  1889  he  was  made  Sc.  D. 

ASHBURTON,  Lord,  Alexander  Baring, 
statesman,  b.  in  England,  27  Oct.,  1774;  d.  at 
Longleat,  the  seat  of  the  marquis  of  Bath,  13  May, 
1848.  He  was  the  second  son  of  Sir  Francis  Bar- 
ing, described  by  Lord  Erskine  as  "  the  first  mer- 
chant in  the  world,"  and  was  educated  with  a  view 
to  succeeding  his  father  in  the  great  mercantile 
house  of  Baring  Brother's  &  Co.  Sir  Francis,  fore- 
seeing the  vast  commercial  interests  involved,  sent 
Alexander  to  America  to  study  the  commercial  out- 
look and  enlarge  the  business  relations  of  the  house. 
In  1798  he  married  the  daughter  of  senator  Will- 
iam Bingham,  of  Philadelphia,  and  shortly  after- 
ward returned  to  England  and  became  the  head 
of  the  house  when  his  father  died,  in  1810.  Two 
years  before  this  he  had  published  a  tract  entitled 
"  An  Inquiry  into  the  Causes  and  Consequences  of 
the  Orders  in  Council,  and  an  Examination  of  the 
Conduct  of  Great  Britain  toward  the  Neutral  Com- 
merce of  America,"  this  passed  rapidly  through 
several  editions,  but  failed  to  prevent  the  war  of 
1812.  Throughout  that  war  the  Barings,  as  the 
bankers  of  the  United  States  government,  con- 
tinued to  pay  the  interest  on  the  debt  as  held 
abroad,  without  remittances,  and  without  instruc- 


110 


ASHBY 


ASHLEY 


tions.  Mr.  Baring  was  raised  to  the  peerage  as 
Lord  Ashburton  in  1S'S5,  and  in  1842  he  was  sent 
as  special  minister  to  the  United  States  to  negoti- 
ate a  treaty  adjusting  the  northeastern  boundary. 
Da,niel  Webster  was  at  that  time  secretary  of  state. 
The  two  countries  were  on  the  vei'ge  of  war,  but 
through  tlie  friendly  consultations  of  these  two 
statesmen  an  amicable  arrangement  was  reached, 
which  was  ratified  9  Aug.,  1842,  and  is  known 
as  the  "Ashburton  Treaty."  See  Broughham's 
"  Speech  in  the  House  of  Lords  on  the  Ashbur- 
ton Treaty"  (London,  1843);  Featherstonhaugh's 
"  Observations  upon  tiie  Treaty  of  Washington " 
(London,  1843);  and  Lord  Palmerston's  "Speech 
in  the  House  of  Commons  on  the  Ashburton 
Treaty,"  quoted  in  Daniel  Webster's  works. 

A8HBY,  Turner,  soldier,  b.  at  Rose  Hill, 
Fauquier  co.,  Va.,  in  1824 ;  killed  in  action  near 
Harrisonburg,  6  June,  1862.  He  was  a  grandson 
of  Capt.  Jack  Ashby,  who  commanded  a  company 
in  the  3d  Virginia  regiment  in  the  revolutionary 
war.  During  early  life  lie  was  a  grain-dealer  in 
Markham,  Va.,  and  afterward  a  planter  and  local 
politician.  On  the  breaking  out  of  the  civil  war  he 
raised  a  regiment  of  cavalry,  and,  being  a  fine  horse- 
man, a  soldier  by  nature,  and  possessed  of  i-emark- 
able  personal  daring,  he  soon  distinguished  himself. 
He  was  made  a  brigadier-general  in  the  confeder- 
ate provisional  army  in  1862,  but  met  his  death 
shortly  afterward  in  a  skirmish  preceding  the  bat- 
tle of  Cross  Keys,  Va. 

ASHE,  John,  soldier,  b.  in  Grovelv,  Brunswick 
CO.,  N.  C,  in  1720 ;  d.  in  Sampson  co.,  24  Oct.,  1781. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  colonial  assembly  for  sev- 
eral years,  and  its  speaker  from  1762  to  1765.  He 
warmly  opposed  the  stamp-act,  and  by  the  aid  of 
an  armed  force  compelled  the  stamp-inaster  to  re- 
sign. In  1771  he  assisted  Gov.  Tryon  in  suppressing 
the  outbreak  of  the  regulators,  although  afterward 
he  became  a  zealous  whig.  Ho  warmly  espoused 
the  cause  of  the  colonists  at  the  beginning  of  the 
war,  and  in  1775,  at  the  head  of  500  men,  partici- 
pated in  tlie  attack  and  destruction  of  Fort  John- 
son, for  which  he  was  publicly  denounced  as  a  rebel. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  first  provincial  congress 
of  North  Carolina,  and  subsequently  raised  and 
equipped  a  regiment  at  his  own  expense.  On  23 
April,  1776,  he  was  appointed  brigadier-general  of 
the  Wilmington  district,  and  in  the  latter  part  of 
1778  joined  Gen.  Lincoln's  army  in  South  Carolina. 
Early  in  the  following  year  he  was  sent  to  drive  the 
British  from  Augusta,  but  on  4  March,  at  Brier 
creek,  he  was  surprised  and  totally  defeated  by  the 
enemy  under  Gen.  Prevost.  He  then  returned  to 
Wilmington,  but  was  captured  by  the  British  when, 
in  1781,  that  town  fell  into  their  hands.  Both  he 
and  his  family  were  cruelly  treated,  and  he  died 
from  the  effects  of  sroall-pox  contracted  while  in 
prison. —  His  brother,  Samuel,  jurist,  b.  on  Cape 
Fear  river,  N.  C,  in  1725 ;  d.  in  Rocky  Point,  3 
Feb.,  1813.  He  was  the  brother  of  Gen.  John  Ashe, 
and  a  lawyer  by  profession.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  council  of  safety  and  of  the  provincial  congress 
of  North  Carolina  during  1774-'6,  and  in  1777 
was  appointed  chief  justice,  which  office  he  held 
till  1796,  when  he  became  governor  of  the  state. 
Although  principally  employed  in  civil  capacities, 
yet  in  some  of  the  emergencies  of  the  times  he 
served  as  a  soldier. — Samuel's  son,  John  Baptista, 
soldier,  b.  in  Rocky  Point,  N.  C,  in  1748  ;d.  in 
Halifax,  N.  C,  27  Nov.,  1802,  became  a  captam  in 
the  continental  army  at  the  outbreak  of  the  revo- 
lutionary war,  and  served  continuously  iintil  the 
battle  of  Eutaw.  where  he  especially  distinguished 
himself  and  received  the  rank  of  colonel.     He  was 


a  member  of  the  house  of  commons  of  North 
Carolina  in  1786,  and  also  of  the  state  senate  in 
1789  and  1795.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the  last  con- 
tinental congress  in  1787-'8,  and  member  of  the 
first  and  of  the  second  congress,  1789-'93.  In 
1802  he  was  elected  governor  of  North  Carolina, 
but  died  before  his  inauguration. 

ASHE,  Thomas,  author.  He  is  supposed  to  be 
the  "  T.  A.,  gent.,"  who  visited  this  country  as  a 
clerk  on  board  his  majesty's  ship  "  Richmond,"  and 
on  his  return  to  England,  in  1682,  published  "  Caro- 
lina; or  a  Description  of  the  Present  State  of  that 
Country,  and  the  Natural  Excellencies  thereof: 
namely,  the  Healthfulness  of  the  Air,  Pleasantness 
of  the  Place,  Advantages  and  Usefulness  of  those 
Rich  Commodities  there,  Plentifully  Abounding, 
which  much  Increase  and  Flourish  by  the  Industry 
of  the  Planters  that  Daily  Enlarge  that  Colony." 
This  description  is  reprinted  in  "  Historical  Collec- 
tions of  South  Carolina"  (New  York,  1836). 

ASHE,  Tliomas,  author,  b.  near  Dublin,  Ire- 
land, 15  July,  1770;  d.  in  Bath,  England,  17  Dec, 
1835.  For  a  short  while  he  served  in  the  English 
army,  and  then  filled  a  clerical  position  in  Dublin. 
He  spent  several  years  in  foreign  travel,  and  pub- 
lished accounts  of  his  experiences,  among  wliicli, 
besides  his  "Memoirs  and  Confessions"  (3  v(,)ls., 
1815).  are  "  Memoirs  of  Mammoth  and  other  Bones 
found  in  the  Vicinity  of  the  Ohio"  (1806);  "Travels 
in  America  in  1806  "  (1808) ;  and  "  A  Commercial 
and  Geographical  Sketch  of  Brazil  and  Madeira " 
(1812).     He  also  wrote  several  novels. 

ASHLEY,  Cliester,  senator,  b.  in  Westfield, 
Mass.,  1  June,  1790 ;  d.  in  Washington,  D.  C,  27 
April,  1848.  At  an  early  age  he  was  removed  to 
New  York  and  settled  in  Hudson,  where  he  re- 
ceived a  liberal  education,  studied  law,  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  its  practice.  In  1817  he  went  to  Illinois, 
and  after  two  years  he  settled  in  Little  Rock,  then 
a  mere  landing,  in  the  territory  of  Arkansas.  On 
the  death  of  William  S.  Fullerton  he  was  elected 
to  fill  the  vacancy  in  the  U.  S.  senate,  and  took  his 
seat  4  Dec.  1844.     He  was  reelected  in  1846. 

ASHLEY,  James  Monroe,  congressman,  b. 
near  Pittsburg.  Pa.,  14  Nov.,  1824;  d.  in  Alma, 
Mich.,  16  Sept.,  1896.  His  education  was  acquired 
while  a  clerk  on  boats.  Later  he  worked  in  print- 
ing-offices, and  became  editor  of  the  "  Dispatch," 
and  afterward  of  the  "  Democrat,"  at  Portsmouth, 
Ohio.  He  then  studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  of  Ohio  in  1849,  but  never  practised.  Sub- 
sequently he  settled  in  Toledo,  where  he  became 
interested  in  the  wholesale  drug  business.  He  was 
elected  to  congress  as  a  republican  in  1859,  and 
was  reelected  four  times,  serving  continuously  from 
5  Dec,  1859,  till  3  March,  1869.  He  was  for  four 
terms  chairman  of  the  committee  on  territories, 
and  it  was  under  his  supervision  that  the  terri- 
tories of  Arizona,  Idaho,  and  Montana  were  organ- 
ized. He  was  nominated  for  the  41st  congress, 
but  was  defeated,  and  in  1869  was  appointed  gov- 
ernor of  Montana.  In  1866  he  was  a  delegate  to 
the  loyalist  convention  held  in  Philadelphia. 

ASHLEY,  WilHam  H.,  congressman,  b.  in 
Powhatan  co.,  Va.,  about  1778;  d.  near  Booneville, 
Mo.,  26  March.  1838.  He  received  a  public-school 
education,  and  in  1808  migrated  to  Upper  Louisi- 
ana (now  Missouri),  where  he  became  a  brigadier- 
general  of  militia.  He  was  an  enterprising  fur- 
trader,  and  in  1822  organized  a  company,  300 
strong,  which  peneti'ated  to  the  Rocky  mountains 
and  formed  trading  relations  with  the  Indian  tribes. 
He  realized  a  handsome  fortune  from  this  venture. 
He  was  lieiitenant-governor  of  Illinois  in  1820.  and 
he  represented  Missouri  in  congresses  in  1831-'7. 


ASHMEAD 


ASPINWALL 


111 


ASHMEAD,  Isaac,  printer,  b.  in  Germantown, 
Pa.,  22  Dec,  1790;  d.  in  Pliiladelphia,  1  March,  1870. 
He  was  apprenticed  to  William  llradt'ord,  andin  1821 
founded  what  isnowtheoldestjinntingestablishment 
in  Philadelphia.  He  set  up  the  first  power-presses 
ever  used  in  that  city,  and  introduced  composition 
rollers.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  American 
Sunday-School  Union,  and  printed  its  publications. 
He  also  aided  in  establishing  the  "  American  Pres- 
byterian "  and  the  "  Presbyterian  Quarterly." 

'ASHMUN,  eh  Porter,  senator,  b.  in  Bland- 
ford,  Mass.,  24  June,  1770;  d.  in  Northampton, 
Mass.,  10  May,  1819.  He  received  a  classical  edu- 
cation, and  the  honorary  degree  of  A.  M.  was  con- 
ferred upon  him  by  Middlebury  college  (1807)  and 
by  Harvard  (1809).  He  studied  law,  and  practised 
at  Blandford  several  years.  For  some  time  he  was 
a  member  of  the  state  legislature,  serving  on  vari- 
ous occasions  in  the  upper  and  lower  branches. 
He  was  U.  S.  senator  from  Massachusetts  from 
December,  181(),  till  May,  1818,  when  he  resigned. 

ASHMUN,  Georg-e,  statesman,  b.  in  Blandford, 
Mass.,  25  Dec,  1804 ;  d.  in  Springfield,  Mass.,  17 
July,  1870.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1823, 
studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1828  at 
Springfield,  Mass.     In  1833, 1835, 1836,  and  1841  he 

was  elected  a 
member  of  the 
lower  branch  of 
the  Massachu- 
setts legisla- 
ture, and  dur- 
ing the  last 
term  he  was 
speaker  of  the 
house.  He  was  a 
state  senator  in 
'38-'9.  He  was 
elected  to  con- 
gress in  1845, 
and  served  con- 
tinuously until 
1851,  being  a 
member  of  the 
committees  on 
the  Jtuliciary, 
Indian  affairs, 
and  rules.  He 
was  a  great  ad- 
mirer of  Daniel  Webster,  and  although  he  did  not 
follow  the  latter  in  his  abandonment  of  the  Wil- 
mot  proviso,  defended  him  in  the  ensuing  quarrels ; 
his  replies  to  Charles  J.  Ingersoll,  of  Pennsylvania, 
and  Charles  Allen,  of  Massachusetts,  when  they 
assailed  Webster  with  personal  and  political  bitter- 
ness, were  among  the  strongest  efforts  of  his  career 
in  congress.  Subsequent  to  his  retirement  from 
political  life  he  devoted  his  attention  to  the  prac- 
tice of  his  profession.  In  1860  he  was  president  of 
the  Chicago  convention  that  nominated  Lincoln 
for  president.  It  is  said  to  have  been  through  his 
influence  that  in  1861  Senator  Douglas,  of  Illinois, 
was  won  over  to  the  support  of  the  administration, 
and  the  results  of  a  subsequent  interview  at  the 
White  house  between  Lincoln,  Douglas,  and  Ash- 
mun,  were  of  great  importance  to  the  country.  In 
1866  he  was  chosen  a  delegate  to  the  national  union 
convention,  held  in  Philadelphia,  but  he  took  no 
part  in  its  deliberations.  He  was  also  for  some 
time  a  director  of  the  Union  Pacific  railroad. 

ASHMUN,  Jehudi,  missionary,  b.  in  Cham- 
plain,  N.  Y.,  in  April,  1794;  d.  in  Boston,  Mass., 
25  Aug.,  1828.  He  was  graduated  at  the  univer- 
sity of  Vermont  in  1816,  taught  for  a  short  time 
in  the  Maine  charity  school,  prepared  for  the  Con- 


jA..'7-l^ 


gregational  ministry,  and  became  a  professor  in 
the  Bangor  theological  seminary.  Removing  to 
the  District  of  Columbia,  he  united  with  the  Prot- 
estant Episcopal  church  and  became  editor  of  the 
"  Theological  Repertory,"  a  monthly  magazine 
published  in  the  interest  of  that  church.  His  true 
mission  was  inaugurated  when  he  became  agent 
of  the  colonization  society,  and  took  charge  of  a 
reenforcement  for  the  colony  at  Liberia,  on  the 
western  coast  of  Africa.  He  sailed  19  June,  1822, 
and  found  the  colony  in  a  wretched  state  of  disor- 
der and  demoralization,  and  apparently  on  the 
point  of  extinction  through  incursions  of  the 
neighboring  savages.  With  extraordinary  energy 
and  ability  he  undertook  the  task  of  reorganiza- 
tion. In  November  he  was  attacked  by  a  force  of 
savages,  whose  numbers  he  estimated  at  800.  With 
only  35  men  and  boys  to  help  him,  he  repelled  the 
attack,  which  was  renewed  by  still  greater  num- 
bers a  few  days  later,  with  a  like  result.  He  dis- 
played remarkable  personal  valor  throughout  these 
encounters,  and  when,  six  years  later,  his  health 
compelled  him  to  leave  Africa,  he  had  established 
a  comparatively  prosperous  colony  1,200  strong. 
He  died  almost  immediately  after  his  arrival  in 
the  United  States.  He  was  author  of  "  Memoirs  of 
Samuel  Bacon  "  (Washington,  1822),  and  of  many 
contributions  to  tlie  "  African  Repository."  His 
life  was  written  by  R.  R.  Gurley  (New  Yorlv,  1839). 

ASHMUN,  John  Hooker,  jurist,  b.  in  Bland- 
ford, Mass.,  3  July,  1800 ;  d.  in  Cambridge,  1 
April,  1833.  He  was  the  son  of  Senator  Eli  P. 
Ashmun,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1818,  and, 
on  the  establishment  of  the  law  department  of  that 
university,  appointed  its  first  professor,  under  the 
endowment  of  Isaac  Royall.  Prior  to  this  he  was 
associated  with  Judge  Howe  and  Elijah  J.  Mills  in 
establishing  a  law  school  in  Northampton.  Judge 
Story  pronounced  his  funeral  discourse,  and  spoke 
highly  of  his  professional  attainments. 

ASPER,  Joel  F.,  journalist,  b.  in  Adams  co., 
Pa.,  20  April,  1822 ;  d.  in  Chillicothe,  Mo.,  1  Oct., 
1872.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1844,  elected 
a  justice  of  the  peace  in  1846,  and  prosecuting  at- 
torney for  the  county  in  1847.  In  1849  he  edited 
the  "  Western  Reserve  Chronicle,"  and  in  1850  be- 
came editor  of  the  "Chardon  Democrat."  In  1861 
he  raised  a  company  and  was  commissioned  a 
captain.  He  was  wounded  in  the  battle  of  Win- 
chester, and,  after  being  promoted  lieutenant- 
colonel  in  1862,  was  mustered  out  in  1863  on  ac- 
count of  wounds.  In  1864  he  removed  to  Missouri 
and  founded  the  Chillicothe  "  Spectator."  He  was 
elected  to  congress  in  1868,  and  served  on  the  com- 
mittee on  military  affairs. 

ASPINWALL,  Thomas,  soldier,  b.  in  Brook- 
line,  Mass.,  23  May,  1786;  d.  11  Aug.,  1876.  He 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1804,  and  studied  law 
with  William  Sullivan.  He  was  major  of  the  9th 
U.  S.  infantry  in  the  war  of  1812,  and  for  gallant 
conduct  at  Sackett's  Harbor  received  the  brevet  of 
lieutenant-colonel,  and  that  of  colonel  for  the 
sortie  from'  Fort  Erie,  in  which  he  lost  an  arm. 
From  1815  to  1853  he  was  U.  S.  consul  at  London. 

ASPINWALL.  William,  phvsician,  b.  in 
Brookline,  Mass.,  23  Mav,  1743;  d.  there,  16  April, 
1823.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1764,  stud- 
ied medicine  in  Philadelphia,  and  practised  in 
Brookline.  He  fought  as  a  volunteer  at  Lexing- 
ton, and  afterward,  became  a  surgeon  in  the  revo- 
lutionary army,  and  had  partial  charge  of  a 
military  hospital  at  Jamaica  Plain.  After  the  war 
he  interested  himself  in  vaccination,  built  a  small- 
pox hospital  at  Brookline,  and  succeeded  in  estab- 
lishing that  remedy  into  American  practice.     He 


112 


ASPINWALL 


ASTOR 


was  a  prominent  Jeffersonian  republican,  and  a 
member  of  the  Massachusetts  legislature,  and  also 
of  the  executive  council. 

ASPINWALL,  William  Henry,  merchant,  b. 
in  New  York  city,  IG  Dec,  1807 ;  d.  there,  18  Jan., 
1875.  He  was  trained  in  the  house  of  G.  G.  &  S. 
Howland,  his  uncles,  and  taken  into  the  firm  in 
1832.  In  18i37  the  new  firm  of  Ilowland  &  Asi)inwall 
was  established.  This  house  had  the  largest  Pacific 
trade  of  any  firm  in  New  York,  besides  doing  an 
extensive  business  with  the  East  and  West  Indies, 
England,  and  the  Mediterranean.  In  1850  he  re- 
tired from  the  active  management  of  the  firm,  and 
secured  the  contract  for  a  line  of  mail  steamers 
from  the  isthmus  of  Panama  to  California,  and  a 
concession  from  the  government  of  New  Granada 
for  the  construction  of  a  railroad  across  the  isth- 
mus. The  road  was  completed  after  many  diffi- 
culties, and  opened  on  17  Feb.,  1855,  the  eastern 
terminus  being  named  Aspinwall.  Mr.  Aspinwall 
was  president  of  the  Pacific  mail  steamship  com- 
pany until  1856.  He  travelled  much  in  the  last 
twenty  years  of  his  life,  and  made  an  important 
collection  of  paintings,  which  were  sold  by  his  fam- 
ily.— His  son,  Lloyd,  b.  in  New  York  citv,  12  Dec, 
1834 ;  d.  in  Bristol,  R.  I.,  4  Sept.,  1886,  commanded 
the  22d  N.  Y.  militia  in  its  three  months'  service 
before  Gettysburg,  had  charge  of  the  purchase  of 
vessels  for  the  Newbern  expedition,  was  president 
of  a  board  to  revise  army  regulations,  was  Gen. 
Burnside's  aide  at  Fredericksburg,  and  after  the 
war  was  a  brigadier-general  in  the  national  guard. 
ASTOK,  John  Jacob,  merchant,  b.  in  Waldorf, 
near  Heidelberg,  Germany,  17  July,  1763;  d.  in 
New  York,  29  March,  1848.  He  was  the  fourth  son 
of  a  butcher  in  Waldorf,  and  until  he  was  sixteen 

years  of  age  he 
worked  with  his 
father.  He  then 
joined  an  elder 
brother  in  Lon- 
don, who  was 
employed  in  the 
piano  and  flute 
factory  of  their 
uncle,  of  the 
firm  of  Astor 
&  Broad  wood, 
widely  known 
afterward  as 
Broadwood  & 
Co.  His  broth- 
er Henry  had 
settled  in  New 
York,  and  his 
intention  was 
to  emigrate  to 
the  United  States  as  soon  as  he  could  save  enough 
money.  In  1783  he  sailed  for  Baltimore  with  a 
small  invoice  of  musical  instruments  to  sell  on 
commission.  On  shipboard  he  met  with  a  furriei, 
who  told  him  of  the  profits  to  be  made  in  buyint, 
furs  from  the  Indians  and  frontiersman  and  sell 
ing  them  to  the  large  dealers,  and,  in  order  to 
become  familiar  with  the  fur  business,  he  enteied 
into  the  employ  of  a  Quaker  furrier  in  New  Yoik 
and,  when  he  had  mastered  the  numerous  details 
of  the  trade,  began  business  on  his  own  account, 
opening  a  shop  in  Water  street,  in  which  he  worked 
early  and  late,  except  when  absent  on  his  pui- 
chasing  trips.  Soon  after  he  established  himself 
in  New  York  he  visited  London,  formed  connec- 
tions with  houses  in  the  fur  trade,  and  made  ar- 
rangements with  Astor  &  Broadwood  to  become 
their  agent  in  America.     After  his  return  to  New 


York  he  opened  a  wareroom  for  the  sale  of  musical 
instruments,  becoming  the  first  regular  dealer  in 
such  articles  in  the  United  States.  He  married 
Sarah  Todd,  who  brought  him  a  dowry  of  only 
$300,  but  who  possessed  a  frugal  mind  and  a  busi- 
ness judgment  that  he  declared  to  be  better  than 
that  of  most  merchants,  and  she  assisted  him  in  the 
practical  details  of  his  business.  Before  the  close  of 
the  century  Astor  possessed,  as  the  result  of  fifteen 
years  of  constant  work,  a  fortune  of  $250,000.  He 
then  for  the  first  time  took  a  house  separate  from 
his  store.  With  sagacious  management  the  busi- 
ness prospered  to  such  an  extent  that  he  was  able  to 
ship  furs  in  his  own  vessels  and  bring  back  Euro- 
pean goods.  He  made  frequent  voyages  up  the 
Mohawk,  to  buy  directly  from  the  Indians,  and  also 
dealt  largely  with  the  great  English  fur  companies. 
About  1809  he  conceived  a  national  scheme  to  ren- 
der American  trade  independent  of  the  Hudson 
bay  company,  and  to  carry  civilization  into  the 
wilderness,  for  which  he  asked  the  aid  of  congress. 
His  project  was  to  establish  a  chain  of  trading- 
posts  from  the  lakes  to  the  Pacific,  to  plant  a  cen- 
tral depot  at  the  mouth  of  Columbia  river,  and  to 
acquire  one  of  the  Sandwich  islands  and  establish  a 
line  of  vessels  between  the  western  coast  of  America 
and  the  ports  of  China  and  India.  Two  expeditions 
were  sent,  one  by  land  and  the  other  by  sea,  to  open 
up  intercourse  with  the  Indians  of  the  Pacific  coast. 
In  1811  the  settlement  of  Astoria  was  planted  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  river,  but  the  war  of 
1812  interfered  with  Astors  gigantic  enterprise  and 
caused  its  abandonment.  The  story  of  this  far- 
reaching  scheme  has  been  well  told  in  Irving's 
"  Astoria."  At  this  time  Astor  bought  American 
government  securities  at  GO  or  70cents,  which  after 
the  war  doubled  in  value.  After  the  conclusion  of 
peace  he  carried  on  his  operations  without  govern- 
ment support,  and  established  a  trade  with  many 
countries,  particularly  China,  but  never  realized  the 
project  of  founding  settlements  in  the  northwest. 
He  invested  his  gains  in  real  estate  outside  the 
compact  portion  of  the  city  of  New  York,  and  as 
the  city  extended  he  erected  many  handsome  build- 
ings. His  judgment  in  business  was  remarkably 
sagacious;  his  habits  industrious  and  methodical, 
and  his  memory  exceedingly  tenacious,  retaining 
the  slightest  details.  For  the  last  twenty-five  years 
of  his  life  he  lived  in  quiet  retirement.  In  this 
period,  in  consultation  with  literary  and  practical 
men,  he  matured  a  plan  for  establishing  a  public 
library  in  New  York,  the  first  suggestion  of  which 
had  come  from  Washington  Irving.  He  left, 
"  1,000  for  founding  the  Astor  library,  which  pro- 


>'    ..i/ji^TTf 


Tif^iY'  r  h^  »^^<'^  (' 


■vision  was  c  n  1 1  d  (  ut  b-v  his  son,  William  B  Astoi. 
He  made  other  bequests  for  benevolent  objects,  in 
addition  to  liberal  gifts  during  his  lifetime,  one  of 
which  was  $50,000  to  found  the  Astor  House  in 
Waldorf,  his  birthplace,  an  institute  for  the  edu- 


ASTOK 


ATAHUALPA 


113 


cation  of  poor  children,  combined  witli  an  asylum 
for  the  a£^ed  and  needv.  His  fortune  at  the  time 
of  his  death  was  estimated  at  120,000,000.  Fitz- 
Greene  Halleck,  the  poet,  who  was  his  secretary 
for  seventeen  years,  expressed  the  opinion  that  Mr. 
Astor  would  have  been  eminently  successful  in  any 
profession. — His  eldest  son,  William  Backliouse, 
capitalist,  b.  in  New  York,  li)  Sept.,  1792;  d.  in 
that  city,  24  Nov,,  1875.     Until  he  was  sixteen  he 

went  to  the 
public  schools, 
employing  his 
spare  hours  and 
vacations  in 
assisting  his 
father  in  the 
store.  He  was 
then  sent 

to  Heidelberg, 
and  after  two 
years  went  to 
Gottingen  in 
1810,  and  chose 
as  his  tutor  a 
student,  after- 
ward known  as 
the  Chevalier 
Bunsen,  with 
whom  he  also 
travelled.  On 
his  return  to 
New  York  at  the  age  of  twenty-three,  his  father 
engaged  in  the  China  trade,  and  took  him  into 
partnership.  The  house  was  known  as  John  Jacob 
Astor  &  Son  from  1815  till  1827.  In  the  hitter  year 
the  firm,  which  was  one  of  the  largest  in  tlie  China 
trade,  was  dissolved,  the  Astors  retired  from  the 
Canton  trade,  and  the  American  fur  company  was 
formed,  with  William  B.  Astor  as  its  president, 
though  the  father  took  the  more  active  part  in  tlie 
business,  which  for  several  years  yielded  large  pro- 
fits. Finally  tlie  elder  Astor  withdrew,  and  was  soon 
followed  by  his  son,  and  from  that  time  forth  neither 
of  them  engaged  again  in  commerce.  When  John 
Jacob  Astor  died  in  1848,  he  made  his  eldest  son  his 
sole  heir,  although  he  provided  well  for  his  other 
relatives.  William  was  already  rich,  having  been 
successful  in  business,  and  having  received  from 
his  uncle,  Henry,  a  fortune  of  $500,000,  and 
from  his  father  the  title  to  the  Astor  House  prop- 
erty as  a  gift.  William  B.  Astor,  then  fifty-six 
years  of  age,  gave  himself  to  the  preservation  and 
growth  of  the  vast  property.  He  added  to  the  be- 
quest of  his  father  for  the  Astor  library  the  sum  of 
$250,000,  of  which  he  'paid  during  his  lifetime 
$201,000  in  land,  books,  and  money.  The  edifice 
was  completed  under  his  directions  in  May,  1853. 
In  1855  he  presented  to  the  trustees  the  adjoining 
lot,  and  erected  thereon  a  similar  structure,  which 
was  completed  in  1859.  He  next  gave  $50,000  for 
the  purchase  of  books.  He  gave  much  patient  atten- 
tion for  many  years  to  the  administration  of  the 
library.  Following  the  example  of  his  father,  he 
invested  in  real  estate,  principally  situated  below 
Central  park,  between  4th  and  7th  avenues,  which 
rapidly  increased  in  value.  For  about  thirteen 
years  prior  to  1873  he  was  largely  engaged  in  build- 
ing, until  much  of  his  hitlierto  unoccupied  land 
was  covered  by  houses,  mostly  of  the  first  class. 
He  was  said  to  own  in  1867  as  many  as  720  houses, 
and  he  was  also  heavily  interested  in  railroad,  coal, 
and  insurance  companies.  Besides  other  charitable 
gifts,  he  gave  $50,000  to  St.  Luke's  hospital,  and  in 
his  will  he  left  $200,000  to  the  Astor  library,  in  ad- 
dition to  $49,000,  the  unexpended  balance  of  his 


earlier  donation.  His  estate,  estimated  at 
000,000,  was  divided  by  his  will  between  his  two 
sons,  John  Jacob  and  William  Astor,  who  were 
given  only  a  life  interest  in  the  residuary  estate, 
which  descends  to  their  children.  The  gifts  and 
bequests  of  William  B.  Astor  to  the  Astor  library 
amounted  altogether  to  about  $550,000.  In  1879 
his  eldest  son,  John  Jacob,  presented  three  lots 
adjoining  the  library  building,  and  erected  on  them 
a  third  structure  similar  to  the  others,  and  added 
a  story  to  the  central  building.  The  edifice  is 
represented  on  page  112.  His  outlay,  exclusive  of 
land,  was  about  $250,000,  making  the  entire  gift 
of  the  Astor  family  more  than  $1.000,000.— Will- 
iam Waldorf,  son  of  John  Jacob,  was  graduated 
at  Columbia  law  school  in  1875.  He  served  one 
term  in  the  New  York  state  senate,  and  was  an  un- 
successful candidate  for  congress.  He  was  U.  S. 
minister  to  Italy  from  1882  till  1885,  and  has  pub- 
lished "  Valentino,"  an  Italian  romance  (New  York, 
1886),  and  "  Sforza,,  a  Story  of  Milan  "  (1889). 

ATAHUALPA,  or  ATABALIPA  (ah  -ta  oo-al  - 
pa),  inca  of  Peru  at  the  time  of  the  invasion  of  the 
Spaniards,  d.  29  Aug.,  1533.  He  was  the  son  of 
Huayna  Capac.  The  laws  of  Peru  required  that 
the  principal  wives  of  the  incas  should  be  blood 
relatives,  and  that  no  children  of  other  parentage 
should  be  legitimate.  Atahualpa's  mother  had 
been  a  princess  of  Quito ;  nevertheless,  at  the  re- 
quest of  his  father,  the  heir  to  the  throne,  Huascar, 
consented  to  divide  the  kingdom  with  Atahualpa, 
on  condition  only  that  he  should  render  homage  to 
him,  and  not  make  conquests  beyond  his  own  do- 
minions. This  liberal  conduct  was  infamously  re- 
quited by  Atahualpa,  who,  having  secretly  got 
together  a  large  army,  attacked  Huascar  in  Cuzco, 
took  him  prisoner,  and  exterminated  all  his  adhe- 
rents, putting  his  family  and  immediate  depend- 
ents to  death  in  the  most  atrocious  tortures.  Such 
is  the  stoi-y  told  by  Spanish  annalists,  whose  testi- 
mony is  doubtful, 
seeing  that  the 
murder  of  Huas- 
car, their  pseudo- 
ally,  and  the  tyr- 
anny of  Atahu- 
alpa were  among 
the  causes  of  his 
own  execution. 
Pizarro  and  his 
followers  were 
now  in  Peru, 
and  Atahualpa 
opened  negotia- 
tions with  them. 
His  proposals 
were  received  in 
a  friendly  man- 
ner by  Pizarro, 
and  an  interview 
was        arranged 

(1532),  which  Atahualpa  attended,  followed  by  a 
large  number  of  unarmed  subjects.  Father  Vicente 
de  Valverde  explained  to  him,  through  an  interpre- 
ter, the  mysteries  of  religion,  and  that,  on  account  of 
their  heathenism,  the  pope  had  granted  his  kingdom 
to  the  Spaniards.  Atahualpa  professed  not  to  un- 
derstand the  tenor  of  this  discourse,  and  would  not 
resign  his  kingdom,  whereupon  a  massacre  of  the 
assembled  crowd  was  at  once  begun  by  the  Span- 
ish soldiers,  who  seized  Atahualpa  and  threw  him 
into  prison.  On  the  arrival  of  Almagro  the  cupid- 
ity of  the  adventurers  was  excited  by  the  magnifi- 
cent proposals  that  Atahualpa  made  for  his  ran- 
som, and  with  a  desire  of  seizing  the  whole  it  was 


_«^.  Pi 


X   f^^I\ 


114 


ATCHISON 


ATKINSON 


determined  to  put  him  to  death.  During  his  im- 
prisonment Atahualpa  gave  orders  for  the  execu- 
tion of  his  brother  Huascar,  which  were  obeyed. 
This  was  one  of  the  charges  against  him  on  the 
court  martial  by  which  he  was  tried,  and,  being 
found  guilty,  was  sentenced  to  be  burned,  a  penalty 
commuted  for  strangulation  by  the  garrote  on  his 
accepting  baptism  at  the  hands  of  the  priests  ac- 
C(jm])anving  the  invaders. 

ATCHISON.  Djivhl  II.,  senator,  b.  in  Frogtown, 
Ky.,  11  Aug.,  1807;  d.  in  Clinton  co..  Mo.,  2(3  Jan., 
1886.  He  studied  law  and  began  practice  in  Lib- 
erty CO.,  Mo.  In  1834  and  1838  he  sat  in  the  Mis- 
souri legislature.  In  1841  he  was  appointed  judge 
of  the  Platte  county  circuit  court,  and  in  1843 
appointed  U.  S.  senator  in  the  place  of  Lewis 
F.  Linn,  deceased,  and  was  subsequently  elected 
and  reelected,  sitting  until  1855.  He  was  prom- 
inent in  the  legislation  on  the  organization  of  the 
territories  of  Kansas  and  Nebraska,  and  was  a 
leader  of  the  pro-slavery  faction  in  the  Kansas 
troubles  of  1856-"7. 

ATEMPANECATL  (ah-tem-pah_-na-ka'tl),  one 
of  the  two  famous  generals  and  advisers  of  Mocte- 
ZAima  I.,  king  of  Mexico.  While  the  latter  was  at- 
tending to  the  wants  of  his  people  during  a  great 
famine,  AtempanecatI  and  CihuacoatI  continued 
the  pendinii-  wars  with  the  utmost  success. 

ATHERTON,  Charles  Gordon,  senator,  b.  in 
Amherst,  N.  H.,  4  July,  1804;  d.  in  Manchester, 
N.  H.,  15  Nov.,  1853.  He  was  graduated  at  Har- 
vard in  1822,  and  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1825. 
He  practised  at  first  in  Nashua  and  then  in  Dun- 
stable. After  being  a  democratic  mendier  of  the 
legislature  for  five  years,  and  for  four  years  speaker 
of  the  house,  he  was  elected  to  congress  in  1837 
and  sat  in  the  lower  house  until  1843.  He  intro- 
duced in  1838  the  resolution,  which  remained  in 
force  imtil  1845,  declaring  that  all  bills  or  peti- 
tions, of  whatever  kind,  on  the  subject  of  slavery, 
should  be  tabled  without  debate,  and  should  not  be 
taken  again  from  the  table.  This  was  called  "  the 
Atherton  gag."  From  1843  to  1849  he  was  a  sena- 
tor from  New  Hampshire,  and  in  1852  he  was  again 
elected  to  the  senate  and  served  as  chairman  of  the 
finance  committee. 

ATHERTON,  Charles  Humphrey,  lawyer,  b. 
in  Amherst,  N.  IL,  14  Aug.,  1773;  d.  in  Amherst, 
8  Jan.,  1853.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1794,  studied  law,  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  entered 
on  the  practice  of  his  profession  in  his  native  town. 
His  reputation  for  solid  attainments  and  exact 
habits  of  investigation  kept  him  at  the  head  of  the 
Hillsborough  co.  bar  for  years.  He  filled  the  office 
of  register  of  probate  for  thirty-nine  years  (1798- 
1837),  served  in  congress  from  15  Dec,  1815,  to  3 
March,  1817,  and  was  a  representative  in  the  legis- 
lature in  1823,  1838,  and  1839.  He  prepared  vari- 
ous papers  for  the  state  historical  society. 

ATHERTON,  Humphrey,  soldier,  d."  in  Boston, 
17  Sept.,  1601.  He  emigrated  from  England  about 
1636,  settled  at  Dorchester,  and  was  a  deputy  to 
the  general  court.  In  1654  he  succeeded  Robert 
Sedgwick  as  commander  of  the  military  forces, 
with  the  title  of  major-general,  and  was  much  em- 
ployed in  negotiations  with  the  Indians.  He  was 
killed  by  falling  from  his  horse  while  he  was  re- 
viewing the  militia  on  Boston  common. 

ATHERTON,  Joshua,  lawver,  b.  in  Harvard, 
Mass.,  20  June,  1737;  d.  in  Andierst,  N.  H.,  3  April, 
1809.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1762,  stud- 
ied law,  and  began  practice  in  Petersham.  Shortly 
afterward  he  removed  to  Litchfield,  and  in  1773, 
having  been  appointed  register  of  probate  in  Hills- 
borough CO.,  he  settled  in  Amherst.     Here  he  ac- 


cumulated much  property  and  was  successful  in 
his  profession.  During  the  revolutionary  war  he 
was  a  firm  loyalist,  and  suffered  in  consequence 
both  from  loss  of  property  and  from  cruel  indig- 
nities. In  1779  he  took  the  oath  of  allegiance  to 
New  Hampshire,  and  was  admitted  to  practice  in 
the  supreme  court.  Later  he  became  a  member  of 
the  convention  appointed  to  consider  the  federal 
constitution,  and  opposed  its  adoption  on  account 
of  the  provisions  concerning  slaves  and  slavery. 
Subsequently  he  was  elected  to  the  New  Hamp- 
shire legislature,  and  in  1793  he  was  made  attorney- 
general  of  the  state.  He  was  also  for  a  time  com- 
missioner for  the  U.  S.  direct  tax. 

ATKINS,  Henry,  navigator  of  the  18th  cen- 
tury. He  made  numerous  trading  voyages  to  Da- 
vis straits,  and  also  cx})l()i'cd  nuich  of  the  coasts  of 
Labrador  between  the  years  1729  and  1758.  An 
account  of  his  experiences  has  been  published  in 
the  "  Massachusetts  Historical  Collections." 

ATKINSON,  Edward,  economist,  b.  in  Brook- 
line,  Mass.,  10  Feb.,  1827.  His  education  was  ob- 
tained principally  at  private  schools,  and  his  repu- 
tation has  been  made  by  the  numerous  pamphlets 
and  papers  that  he  has  contributed  to  current  lit- 
erature on  economic  topics.  The  subjects  treated 
embrace  such  general  topics  as  banking,  competi- 
tion, cotton,  free  trade,  mechanical  arts,  and  pro- 
tection. The  most  important  of  his  addresses  are 
"Banking,"  delivered  at  Saratoga  in  1880  before 
the  American  Bankers'  Association  ;  "  Insufficiency 
of  Economic  Legislation,"  delivered  before  the 
American  Social  Science  Association ;  "  What  makes 
the  Rate  of  Wages,"  before  the  British  Association 
for  the  Advancement  of  Science ;  address  to  the 
chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics  at  their  con- 
vention in  Boston  in  1885 ;  vice-presidential  ad- 
dress on  the  "  Application  of  Science  to  the  Pro- 
duction and  Consumption  of  Food,"  before  the 
American  association  for  the  advancement  of  sci- 
ence, in  1885 ;  and  "  Prevention  of  Loss  by  Fire," 
before  the  millers  of  the  west,  in  1885.  His  pam- 
phlets and  books  include  the  following :  "  Cheap  Cot- 
ton by  Free  Labor  "  (Boston,  1801) ;  "  The  Collection 
of  Revenue  "  (1860) ;  "Argument  for  the  Conditional 
Reform  of  the  Legal-Tender  Act  "  (1874) ;  "  Our 
National  Domain"  (1879);  "Labor  and  C'apital — 
Allies,  not  Enemies  "  (New  York,  1880) ;  "  The  Fire 
Engineer,  the  Architect,  and  the  Underwriter" 
(Boston,  1880);  "The  Railroads  of  the  United 
States "  (1880) ;  "  Cotton  Manufacturers  of  the 
United  States  "  (1880) ;  "  Addresses  at  Atlanta,  Ga., 
on  the  International  Exposition  "  (New  York,  1881) ; 
"What  is  a  Bank?"  (1881):  " Right  Methods  of 
Preventing  Fires  in  Mill?  "  (Boston,  1881) ;  "  The 
Railway  and  the  Farmer"  (New  York,  1881);  "The 
Influence  of  Boston  Capital  upon  Manufactures," 
in  "  Memorial  History  of  Boston  "  (Boston,  1882) ; 
and  "  The  Distribution  of  Products  "  (New  York, 
1885).  In  1886  he  began  the  preparation  of  a  series 
of  monographs  on  economic  questions  for  periodi- 
cal publication.  Through  his  efforts  was  estab- 
lished the  Boston  manufacturers'  mutual  fire  in- 
surance company,  an  association  consisting  of  a 
number  of  manufacturers  who,  for  their  mutual 
protection,  adopted  rules  and  i-egulations  for  the 
economical  and  judicious  management  of  their 
plants.  He  has  invented  an  improved  cooking- 
stove,  called  the  "Aladdin  Cooker." 

ATKINSON,  Henry,  soldier,  b.  in  1782;  d.  at 
Jeft'erson  Barracks,  Mo.',  14  June,  1842.  At  the  age 
of  twenty-six  he  was  appomted,  from  North  Caro- 
lina, captain  in  the  3d  infantry.  On  25  April,  1813, 
he  was  made  inspector-general,  and  during  the  fol- 
lowing year  he  became  colonel  of  the  45th  infantr'/. 


ATKINSON 


ATTA-CULLA-CULLA 


115 


He  was  advanced  to  the  grade  of  brigadiei -general 
13  May.  1821,  and  was  made  adjutant-general  21 
June.  "  He  served  with  distinction  in  the  Black 
Hawk  war,  and  was  in  command  of  the  U.  S.  forces 
in  the  engagements  on  Bad  Axe  river,  1  and  2 
Aug..  1832,  where  the  Indians  were  defeated. 

ATKINSON,  John,  clergyman,  b.  in  Deerfield, 
N.  J.,  6  Sept..  1835;  d.  in  Haverstraw,  N.  Y.,  8 
Dec.  1897.  He  was  admitted  to  the  ministry  in 
the  New  Jersey  Methodist  Episcopal  conference 
in  1853,  and  was  pastor  of  churches  in  Paterson, 
Newark,  and  Jersey  City,  N.  J. ;  in  Chicago,  111. ; 
Bay  City  and  Adrian,  Mich. ;  and  in  Haverstraw. 
Illinois  Wesleyan  university  gave  him  the  degree 
of  D.  D.  in  1878.  He  was  the  author  of  the  well- 
known  hvmn  "  We  Shall  Meet  Beyond  the  River." 
Dr.  Atkinson  for  more  than  thirty  years  contrib- 
uted to  the  periodical  press,  especially  that  of  his 
•own  denomination.  He  published  "The  Living 
Way  "  (New  York,  1856) :  "  Memorials  of  Method- 
ism'in  New  Jersey"  (Philadelphia,  1860):  "The 
Garden  of  Sorrows  "  (New  York,  1868) ;  "  The  Class 
Leader  "  (1874) ;  "  The  Centennial  History  of  Amer- 
ican Methodism"  (New  York,  1884):  and  "The 
Wesleyan  Movement  in  America  "  (1896). 

ATKINSON,  Thomas,  bishop  of  tlie  Episcopal 
church,  b.  in  Mansfield.  Va.,  6  Aug..  1807 ;  d.  in 
Wilmington,  N.  C,  4  Jan.,  1881.     He  entered  Yale 

college,  but  left 
before  completing 
the  course,  and 
wentto  Hampdeii- 
Sidney  college, 
Virginia,  where 
he  graduated  in 
1825.  He  studied 
law,  was  admitted 
to  the  bar,  and 
practised  for  nine 
yens.  He  was  or- 
dained deacon  in 
Ndrtolk,  18  Nov., 
1836,  and  priest  in 
thefoUowingyear. 
Dr.  Atkinson  held 
several  rector- 
ships in  Virginia, 
and  was  rector  of 
St.  Peter's  church, 
Baltimore,  Md., 
at  the  time  of  his  election  to  the  episcopate  of 
North  Carolina,  26  May,  1853.  He  was  consecrat- 
ed bishop  in  St.  John's  chapel.  New  York,  17  Oct., 
1853.  Bishop  Atkinson  was  an  able  and  efficient 
administrator  of  his  diocese  and  prominent  in  the 
councils  of  the  church.  In  1873  he  was  given  an 
assistant.  Dr.  Theodore  Benedict  Lyman,  who  suc- 
ceeded liim  in  1881. 

ATLEE,  John  Light,  physician,  b.  in  Lancas- 
ter, Pa.,  2  Nov.,  1799 ;  d.  there,  1  Oct.,  1885.  He 
was  a  son  of  Col.  W.  P.  Atlee,  and  grandson  of 
Judge  W.  A.  Atlee.  He  studied  medicine  with  Dr. 
Samuel  Humes  in  Philadelphia,  and  was  graduated 
at  the  university  of  Pennsylvania  in  1820.  He  re- 
turned to  his  native  city,  began  practice,  and  soon 
became  successful,  especially  in  surgical  cases.  Dr. 
Atlee's  operation  for  double  ovariotomy,  in  1843, 
*was  the  first  in  the  history  of  medicine.  He  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  Lancaster  city  and 
county  medical  society  in  1843,  and  twice  served 
as  its  president.  He  assisted  in  organizing  the 
Pennsylvania  medical  society  in  1848,  and  became 
its  president  in  1857,  and  was  also  one  of  the  or- 
ganizers of  the  American  medical  association  in 
Philadelphia,  and  was    elected  vice-president    in 


^/(H^^-izu 


1865,  and  president  in  1882.  At  the  union  of 
Franklin  and  Marshall  colleges,  in  1853,  he  became 
professor  of  anatomy  and  physiology,  and  con- 
tinued there  until  1869.  He  was  a  school  director 
for  forty  years,  was  president  of  the  board  of  trus- 
tees of  the  Pennsylvania  state  lunatic  asylum  at 
Harrisburg,  was  elected  honorary  fellow  of  the 
American  gynaecological  society  in  1877,  and  was 
a  trustee  of  numerous  public  institutions. — His 
brother,  Washington  Lemuel,  surgeon  and  au- 
thor, b.  in  Lancaster,  Pa.,  22  Feb.,  1808;  d.  6 
Sept.,  1878.  At  the  age  of  fourteen  he  was  placed 
in  a  store,  where  he  remained  but  eighteen  months, 
when  he  entered  the  office  of  his  brother.  After 
studying  there  and  with  Dr.  George  McClellan, 
of  Philadelphia,  he  received  his  diploma,  in  1829, 
from  the  Jefferson  medical  college,  in  that  city. 
Soon  afterwaixl  he  married,  and  settled  in  the  vil- 
lage of  Mount  Joy,  where  he  practised  until  1834. 
During  the  next  ten  years  he  practised  in  his  na- 
tive place,  and  while  there  suggested  the  remark- 
able series  of  experiments  on  the  body  of  an 
executed  criminal,  which  are  described  in  the 
"  American  Journal  of  the  Medical  Sciences "  for 
1840.  In  1845  he  became  professor  of  medical 
chemistry  in  the  medical  department  of  Pennsyl- 
vania college  at  Philadelphia,  but  resigned  his 
chair  in  1853  and  devoted  himself  to  his  private 
practice,  which  became  very  large.  He  was  presi- 
dent of  the  Philadelphia  county  medical  association 
in  1874,  and  of  the  state  association  in  1875,  and 
was  also  vice-president  of  the  American  medica. 
association.  Dr.  Atlee  was  noted  for  his  advocacy 
of  the  difficult  operation  of  ovariotomy,  which  he 
was  one  of  the  first  to  practise.  He  ably  defended 
its  propriety  when  it  was  in  universal  disrepute, 
and,  by  his  great  skill  in  over  300  cases,  he  aided 
in  making  it  one  of  the  legitimate  operations  of 
surgery.  When  he  first  performed  this  operation 
in  Philadelphia  he  was  denounced  by  medical 
men  on  all  sides  as  a  dangerous  man.  Few  sur- 
geons dared  to  be  present  at  his  operations,  and 
there  was  even  talk  of  having  him  arrested.  Dr. 
Atlee  was  also  noted  for  his  skill  in  the  remov- 
al of  uterine  'fibroid  tumors.  He  was  a  brilliant 
speaker  and  debater,  and  a  copious  writer  on  medi- 
cine, chemistry,  and  botany,  having  published  over 
eighty  articles  in  various  journals.  Among  his 
writings  are  "Ovarian  Tumors"  (Philadelphia, 
1873) ;  an  address  before  the  Philadelphia  county 
medical  association,  1  Feb.,  1875,  on  "Struggles 
and  Triumphs  of  Ovariotomy  "  ;  a  paper  on  "  Fi- 
broid Tumors  of  the  Uterus,"  read  before  the  in- 
ternational medical  congress  in  Philadelphia  in 
September,  1876 ;  and  a  prize  essay  on  the  same 
subject.  , 

ATONDO  Y  ANTILLON,  Isidore,  Spanish 
navigator,  lived  in  the  latter  part  of  the  17th  cen- 
tury. He  was  placed  in  charge  of  an  expedition 
sent  to  California,  in  1678,  to  establish  colonies 
in  that  part  of  the  continent.  After  exploring  the 
coast,  he  founded  the  town  of  San  Bruno,  and 
took  possession  of  Lower  California  in  the  name  of 
the  king  of  Spain. 

ATTA-CULLA-CULLA,  Indian  chief,  lived  in 
the  18th  century.  About  1738  he  was  chosen  vice- 
king  under  Oconostota,  their  archimagus.  In  1755, 
three  years  after  the  outbreak  of  hostilities  between 
the  French  and  the  English,  he  was  party  to  a 
treaty  that  ceded  to  the  English  a  site  for  forts. 
The  tribe,  having  been  attacked  by  white  settlers  in 
retaliation  for  thefts  committed  in  the  Fort  Du- 
quesne  expedition,  made  war  upon  the  English,  and 
reduced  to  famine,  and  finally  massacred,  the  gar- 
rison of  Fort  Loudon.     Capt.  Stuart  was  saved  by 


116 


ATTUCKS 


AUCHMUTY 


Atta-Culla-CuUa  and  conducted  secretly  to  the 
British  headquarters  on  the  frontier  of  Virginia. 
Through  Atta-Culla-CuUa's  influence  Capt.  Stuart 
was  received  by  the  Cherokees,  after  peace  was  re- 
stored, as  the  British  agent  and  superintendent  of 
Indian  affairs  at  the  south. 

ATTUCKS,  Crispus,  a  mulatto,  or  half-breed 
Indian,  killed  5  March,  1770,  in  what  is  known  as 
the  Boston  massacre.  He  was  a  resident  of  Fram- 
ingham.  On  the  day  of  the  massacre  he  was  promi- 
nent in  a  crowd  of  people  who  were  jeering  at  the 
soldiers  and  annoying  them  in  every  possible  way. 
Finally  Preston,  the  captain  of  the  day,  ordered  his 
men  to  fire,  and  Attucks  was  the  first  to  fall. 
Preston  and  six  of  his  men  were  tried  and  acquitted 
by  a  Boston  jury.  John  Adams,  wlio  defended 
them,  charged  Attucks  with  having  "  undertaken 
to  be  the  hero  of  the  night,"  and  with  having  pre- 
cipitated a  conflict  by  his  "  mad  behavior."  He  is 
praised  by  others  for  his  courage,  and  is  said  to 
have  been  leaning  quietly  on  a  stick  at  the  moment 
he  was  killed.  He  was  about  fifty  years  of  age  at 
the  time  of  the  affair.  His  body,  together  with 
those  of  the  other  victims,  was  borne  in  great  pomp 
through  the  streets  of  Boston,  and  all  were  de- 
posited in  one  common  vaidt.  All  the  shops  were 
closed,  and  the  bells  of  the  city  and  neighboring 
towns  were  tolled.  See  Bancroft's  "  History  of  the 
United  States,"  and  also  an  article  on  Attucks  in 
the  "  American  Historical  Record  "  for  1872. 

ATWATER,  Caleb,  lawyer,  b.  in  North  Adams. 
Mass.,  25  Dec,  1778;  d.  in  Circleville,  Ohio,  18 
March,  1867.  He  was  graduated  at  Williams  college 
in  1804,  studied  law,  and  became  a  successful  prac- 
titioner. He  moved  to  Ohio  in  1811,  where  for 
some  years  he  was  a  member  of  the  state  legisla- 
ture, and  postmaster  of  Circleville.  He  was  also 
Indian  commissioner  under  Jackson.  He  published 
"A  Tour  to  Prairie  du  Chien  "  (1831);  "Western 
Antiquities  "  (1838) ;  "  Writings  of  Caleb  Atwater  " 
(1833) ;  "  History  of  Ohio  "  (1838) ;  and  an  "  Essay 
on  Education  "  (1841).  An  article  on  the  "  Writing's 
of  Caleb  Atwater  "  is  to  be  found  in  the  Cincinnati 
"  Western  Monthlv  Magazine  "  for  1884. 

ATWATER,  Lyman  Hotchkiss,  scholar,  b. 
in  New  Haven,  Conn.,  20  Feb.,  1818 ;  d.  in  Prince- 
ton. N.  J.,  17  Feb.,  1888.  He  was  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1831,  and  at  the  theological  seminary  in 
1884.  In  1833  he  was  a  tutor  in  Yale  college," and 
in  1835  became  pastor  of  the  Congregational 
church  at  Fairfield,  Conn.,  where  he  remained  un- 
til 1854,  contributing  meanwhile  to  various  re- 
ligious periodicals.  In  1854  he  was  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  mental  and  moral  philosophy  in  Princeton, 
and  in  1869  he  became  professor  of  logic  and  of 
moral  and  political  science,  and  editor  of  the 
"  Princeton  Review."  He  was  also  acting  president 
of  the  college  for  several  years.  He  published  a 
"  Manual  of  Elementary  Logic  "  (1867). 

ATWATER,  AVilbur  Oliii,  chemist,  b.  in 
Johnsburg,  N.  Y.,  3  May,  1844.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Wesleyan  university,  Middletown,  Conn., 
in  1865.  then  studied  chemistry  at  New  Haven,  and 
received  the  degree  of  Ph.  D.  from  Yale  in  1869, 
after  which  he  spent  some  time  at  the  universities 
of  Leipsic  and  Berlin,  Germany.  Subsequent  to 
his  return  to  the  United  States,  during  1871-2, 
he  held  the  chair  of  chemistry  in  East  Tennessee 
university,  and  in  1873  he  was  called  to  fill  a  simi- 
lar appointment  in  the  Maine  state  college.  In  the 
same  year  he  returned  to  Wesleyan  university  as 
professor  of  chemistry.  From  1875  to  1877  he  was 
director  of  the  Connecticut  agricultural  experi- 
mental station.  His  published  papers  are  very 
numerous,   and   have   appeared    in   the   scientific 


journals  of  Germany  and  France,  as  well  as  in 
those  of  the  United  States.  In  conjunction  with 
G.  B.  Goode  he  is  the  author  of  "  The  American 
Menhaden "  (New  York,  1879).  He  has  made  a 
special  study  of  the  composition  of  food  material, 
and  constructed  charts  to  show  the  relative  values. 
See  "Annual  Cyclopaedia"  for  1883. 

AUBER,  Pierre  Alexandre,  French  natural- 
ist, b.  in  Havre  in  1784;  d.  in  Cuba  in  1843.  He 
went  to  Cuba  in  1883,  and  was  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  botany  in  the  university  of  Havana  and 
director  of  the  botanic  garden.  He  projected  the 
first  railway  in  Cuba,  which  was  built  in  1885,  the 
first  in  any  Spanish-speaking  country. 

AUBER,  Virginia  Felicia,  Cuban  author,  b. 
in  Coruiia,  Spain,  in  1825.  She  went  to  Cuba  in 
1883  and  resided  there  until  1878,  when  she  re- 
turned to  Europe.  She  wrote  much  under  the  pen 
name  "Felicia,"  and  published  several  novels,  the 
best  of  which  are  "  Perseverancia,"  "  Otros  tiempos," 
"  Un  amor  misterioso,"  and  "  Una  habanera." 

AUBREY,  Lady  Letitia,  of  Worminghurst,  Sus- 
sex, England,  was  the  daughter  of  William  Penn, 
and  was  made  owner  and  ruler  of  the  "  Barony 
of  Nazareth,"  a  tract  of  5,000  acres  in  the  heart  of 
Northampton  co..  Pa.  Her  title  was  confirmed  by 
deed  of  her  half  brothers,  under  date  of  September, 
1781,  "on  yielding  and  paying  therefor,  to  the  said 
John  Penn,  Thomas  Penn,  and  Richard  Penn,  their 
heirs  and  assigns.  One  Red  Rose,  on  the  24th  day  of 
June  yearly,  if  the  same  shall  be  demanded,  in  full 
for  all  services,  customs,  and  rents."  Authentic 
copies  of  the  deed  are  in  existence,  and  according 
to  tradition  the  rent  was  formally  paid  with  due 
ceremony  by  Ijady  Letitia.  The  "  Red  Rose  Tav- 
ern "  was  until  1783  the  princiiDal  inn  of  the  barony. 
The  land  was  sold  to  the  Moravians  in  1741. 

AUBREY,  Capt.  d',  knight  of  St.  Louis,  d.  24 
Feb.,  1770.  He  was  an  officer  in  the  French  army. 
On  14  Sept.,  1758,  he  defeated  Maj.  Grant  at 
Fort  Duquesne.  In  1759  he  was  taken  prisoner  by 
Sir  William  Johnson  at  Niagara.  In  New  Orleans 
he  was  commandant,  and  on  4  Feb.,  1765,  succeeded 
to  the  government.  He  surrendered  the  colony  to 
Ulloa  in  March,  1766;  but,  after  the  expulsion  of 
that  governor  in  1768,  he  resumed  the  administra- 
tion until  Gen.  O'Reilly  came  in  July,  1769.  On 
his  return  voyage  to  France  he  was  wrecked  and 
drowned  in  the  Garonne. 

AUCHMUTY,  Robert  (ok-mu'-te),  lawyer,  b.  in 
Scotland;  d.  in  Boston,  Mass.,  m  April,  1750.  He 
was  descended  from  a  family  settled  in  Fife,  Scot- 
land, in  the  14th  century.  His  father  removed  to 
Ireland  in  1699,  and  the  son  emigrated  to  America 
and  settled  in  Boston,  where  he  practised  law  with 
success.  He  was  appointed  to  the  court  of  admi- 
ralty in  1703,  which  office  he  resigned  shortly  after- 
ward ;  but  he  was  reappointed  in  1733.  He  was  in 
England  in  1741  as  agent  for  the  colony,  and  in 
that  year  published  in  London  a  pamphlet  entitled 
"  The  Importance  of  Cape  Breton  to  the  British 
Nation,  and  a  Plan  for  Taking  the  Place." — His 
son,  Robert,  b.  in  Boston ;  d.  in  Marylebone,  Eng- 
land, in  December,  1788.  He  was  an  eloquent  and 
successful  advocate  in  Boston,  was  one  of  the  coun- 
sel for  the  soldiers  engaged  in  the  Boston  massacre, 
and  became  a  judge  of  adinii'alty  in  1769,  but  in  1776, 
being  a  zealous  loyalist,  withdrew  to  England.  His 
and  Hutchinson's  letters  from  Boston,  sent  over  by 
Franklin,  in  1778,  caused  great  excitement. — Anoth- 
er son,  Samuel,  clergyman,  b.  in  Boston,  16  Jan., 
1722;  d.  in  New  York,  6  March,  1777,  was  grad- 
uated at  Harvard  in  1742,  studied  theology  in 
England,  and  was  appointed  assistant  niinister  of 
Trinity  church  in  New  York.     In  1764  he  becam& 


AUDENRIED 


AUDUBON 


117 


c'ector,  and  had  charge  of  all  the  churches  in  the 
city.  He  continued  to  read  prayers  for  the  king 
during  the  revohition,  until  Loi-d  Stirling,  in  com- 
majid  at  New  York,  compelled  him  to  desist ;  where- 
upon he  locked  the  churches  and  withdrew  to  New 
Jersey,  ordering  that  no  services  should  be  held 
until  the  prayers  could  be  read  without  abridg- 
ment. When  the  British  captured  New  York  he 
passed  the  American  lines  amid  great  hardships. 
He  found  his  church  and  parsonage  burned  and 
the  church  records  destroyed.  The  exposure  that 
he  underwent  in  order  to  evade  the  American  sen- 
tries caused  his  death. — Sir  Samuel,  British  gen- 
eral, son  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Samuel,  b.  in  New  York, 
22  June,  1758 :  d.  in  Dublin,  Ireland,  11  Aug.,  1822, 
was  graduated  at  King's  college  in  1775,  and  volun- 
teered in  the  British  army  in  August,  1776  ;  was 
commissioned  for  gallant  conduct  at  the  battle  of 
Long  Island,  and  served  in  three  campaigns  against 
the  Americans.  He  obtained  a  captaincy,  and 
served  in  India  from  1783  to  1796.  In  1800  he  was 
adjutant-general  in  Abererombie's  Egyptian  expe- 
dition, in  1803  was  made  a  knight  of  the  bath  went 
in  1806  to  South  America  as  a  brigadier-general,  and 
in  February,  1807,  captured  Montevideo.  In  1810 
he  was  in  command  in  the  Carnatic,  and  in  1811  he 
reduced  Java.  Returning  to  England  in  1813,  he 
was  made  a  lieutenant-general,  and  in  1822  was 
appointed  commander-in-chief  in  Ireland. 

AUDENRIED,  Joseph  Craiii,  soldier,  b.  in 
Pottsville,  Pa.,  6  Nov.,  1839 ;  d.  in  Washington,  3 
J  une,  1880.  He  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1861, 
was  brevetted  second  lieutenant,  4th  cavalry,  and 
assisted  in  organizing  and  drilling  the  troops  then 
assembled  in  Washington.  He  took  piwt  in  the 
first  campaign  as  aide-de-camp  to  Gen.  Tyler,  and 
served  with  the  2d  artillery  till  March,  1862.  Dur- 
ing the  peninsular  campaign  he  was  acting  assist- 
ant adjutant-general  to  Gen.  Emory's  cavalry  com- 
mand. In  July,  1862,  he  became  aide-de-camp  to 
Gen.  Sumner,  commanding  2d  army  corps,  and 
acted  in  tliis  capacity  until  the  death  of  Gen.  Sum- 
ner in  March,  1863.  He  was  wounded  at  Antietara, 
and  brevetted  captain.  He  reported  as  aide-de- 
camp to  Gen.  Grant  in  June,  1863,  and  witnessed 
the  surrender  of  Vicksburg.  He  joined  the  staff 
of  Gen.  Sherman  at  Memphis  on  1  Oct.,  1863,  and 
shared  in  the  Chattanooga  and  Knoxville  cam- 
paign, that  to  Meridian,  the  Atlanta  campaign,  the 
march  to  the  sea,  and  that  through  the  Carolinas. 
He  accompanied  Gen.  Sherman  during  his  several 
tours  through  the  great  west,  among  the  Indians, 
and  through  Europe,  and  continued  to  discharge 
the  duties  of  aide-de-camp  to  the  general  of  the 
army  until  his  death. 

AUDUBON,  John  James,  naturalist,  b.  near 
New  Orleans,  La.,  4  May,  1780 ;  d.  near  New  York 
city,  27  Jan.,  1851.  His  grandfather  was  a  fisher- 
man of  La  Vendee,  in  France,  and  his  father,  who 
had  worked  his  way  up  to  the  command  of  a 
French  man-of-war,  and  had  acquired  a  plantation 
in  Louisiana,  inarried  there  a  lady  of  Spanish  de- 
scent, named  Anne  Moynette.  When  very  young, 
Audubon  lived  for  a  short  time  on  a  plantation  be- 
longing to  his  father  in  Santo  Domingo,  and,  after 
his  mother's  death  in  a  negro  insurrection,  was 
taken  to  France  to  be  educated.  His  parents  had 
encouraged  in  him  a  love  of  nature  almost  before 
he  was  able'to  walk,  and  he  had  long  amused  him- 
self by  trying  to  transfer  to  paper  the  graceful 
forms  of  the  tropical  birds  with  which  he  was  fa- 
miliar. Although  his  efforts  fell  so  far  short  of 
his  ideal  that  he  was  accustomed  to  make  a  bonfire 
of  them  on  each  birthday,  they  nevertheless  showed 
talent,  and  his  father  placed  him  in  the  studio  of 


^.^^^^^P 


the  celebrated  painter  David.  Here  he  was  set  to 
drawing  horses'  heads  and  the  limbs  of  giants,  in- 
stead of  his  favorite  birds.  He  persevered,  how- 
ever, in  this  one  study,  while  he  neglected  all  the 
others,  preferring  to  spend  his  time  in  excursions 
through  the  woods,  gathering  specimens  and  mak- 
ing drawings  of 
birds.  Seeing 
his  tastes,  his 
father,  who  had 
designed  him  for 
the  navy,  gave 
up  his  plan,  and 
sent  the  boy, 
then  seventeen 
years  old,  to  a 
farm  belonging 
to  him  at  Mill 
Grove,  near  Phil- 
adelphia. Here 
young  Audubon 
spent  his  time  in 
hunting,  fishing, 
drawing,  and 
collecting  speci- 
mens of  natural 
history.  A  visit 
to  France,  made  to  lay  before  his  father  some  griev- 
ances against  the  agent  who  had  charge  of  the  prop- 
erty, enabled  Audubon  to  add  largely  to  his  collec- 
tions. His  house  at  Mill  Grove  became  a  museum, 
filled  with  stuffed  animals,  and  decorated  with  fes- 
toons of  birds'  eggs,  and  with  drawings  of  birds 
and  beasts.  He  became  an  excellent  marksman, 
and  was  also  at  this  time  quite  a  dandy,  if  we  may 
credit  his  own  account.  While  at  Mill  Grove  he 
fell  in  love  with  Lucy  Bake  well,  daughter  of  an 
Englishman  who  had  come  to  America  a  few  years 
before,  and  whose  property  adjoined  that  of  Audu- 
bon. At  the  desire  of  Mr.  Bakewell,  who  thought 
him  somewhat  unpractical,  he  entered  the  employ 
of  a  firm  in  New  York,  where  he  soon  demon- 
strated his  lack  of  interest  in  anything  but  natural 
history,  collecting  specimens  with  his  usual  earnest- 
ness, and  letting  business  take  care  of  itself.  It  is 
related  that  his  neighbors  at  one  time  made  a  legal 
complaint  against  him  on  account  of  the  disagree- 
able odor  from  the  drying  bird-skins  in  his  room. 
He  soon  returned  to  his  home,  and,  thinking  he 
might  be  more  successful  in  the  west,  formed  a 
partnership  with  Ferdinand  Rosier,  a  friend,  and, 
having  sold  his  farm,  started,  in  1808,  for  Louis- 
ville, Ky.,  with  a  stock  of  goods  bought  with  the 
proceeds.  Before  setting  out  he  married  IMiss 
Bakewell,  and  the  journey  to  Louisville,  part  of 
which  was  made  in  a  flat-boat,  was  their  l^ridal 
tour.  In  Louisville,  Audubon  left  business  to  Ro- 
sier, and  spent  his  time  in  the  more  congenial  oc- 
cupation of  tramping  the  woods  in  search  of  birds 
and  in  drawing  pictures  of  them.  In  his  store  at 
Louisville  he  met  Alexander  Wilson,  the  celebrated 
ornithologist,  who  had  come  to  solicit'  Audubon's 
subscription  to  his  book  on  American  birds,  and 
was  naturally  astonished  when  he  was  shown  draw- 
ings superior  to  his  own,  some  of  them  represent- 
ing birds  he  had  never  seen.  Audubon  relates 
that  he  gave  Wilson  considerable  aid  in  his  search 
for  specimens,  but  the  latter  seems  to  have  been 
somewhat  jealous  of  the  rival  he  had  so  unex])ect- 
edly  discovered,  and  afterward  wrote  dispaiagingly 
of  his  visit  to  Louisville.  Audubon's  business  did 
not  prosper,  and,  after  two  removals  in  a  vain  search 
for  better  success,  the  partnership  was  dissolved  in 
1812,  and  Audubon  settled  with  his  wife  and  their 
son  Victor  at  Hendersonville,  where  his  second  son. 


118 


AUDUBON 


AUDUBON 


John,  was  afterward  born.  He  embarked  in  a  busi- 
ness venture  with  his  brother-in-law  at  New  Or- 
leans, and  was  again  unsuccessful.  During  this 
time  he  was  still  devoting  himself  completely  to 
natural  history,  making  long  excursions  into  the 
surrounding  country,  sometimes  tramping  for  days 
through  pathless  thickets  with  only  dog  and  gun 
for  companions,  and  all  the  time  adding  new  draw- 
ings to  his  collection.  Some  birds  he  was  obliged 
to  shoot,  afterward  ingeniously  supporting  them  m 
natural  positions  while  he  painted  them ;  others  he 
drew  with  the  aid  of  a  telescope,  representing  them 
amid  their  natural  surroundings. 

Audubon's  appearance  was  now  veiy  different 
from  that  of  the  young  proprietor  of  Mill  Gi'ove. 
After  some  of  his  long  tramps  through  the  forests, 
unshaven  and  unshorn,  his  rifle  on  his  shoulder  and 
his  color-box  strapped  on  his  Vjack,  he  looked  the 
veritable  "  American  woodsman  "  he  was  afterward 
so  fond  of  styling  himself.  He  seems  to  have  done 
all  this  with  no  incentive  but  the  love  of  nature ; 
the  idea  of  publication  had  not  yet  entered  his 
mind.  About  this  time  his  father  died,  leaving 
him  an  estate  in  France  and  the  sum  of  $17,000. 
The  latter  was  held  in  trust  by  a  friend  in  Rich- 
mond, Va.,  who  failed  shoi'tly  afterward,  and  Au- 
dubon received  not  a  penny.  Plis  devotion  to  his 
favorite  pursuit  continued  to  bring  him  into  finan- 
cial trouble,  and  he  was  obliged  to  earn  money  by 
giving  drawing  lessons  and  taking  crayon  portraits 
in  Louisville  and  Cincinnati.  His  friends  not  un- 
naturally looked  on  him  as  a  madman,  but  his  wife 
encouraged  and  assisted  him  in  every  way.  To  ob- 
tain money  for  the  education  of  her  children,  she 
became  a  governess  in  New  Orleans,  whither  her 
husband  went  in  1820,  and  where  she  joined  him  a 
year  later,  and  again  in  Natchez,  where  they  went 
in  1822.  She  afterward  established  a  school  at 
Bayou  Sara,  to  help  him  in  the  publication  of  his 
work,  and  in  this  school  he  aided  her,  for  some 
time,  by  teaching  music  and  dancing. 

The  idea  of  giving  his  collection  of  drawings  to 
the  world  was  first  suggested  to  him  by  Prince 
Canino,  son  of  Lucien  Bonaparte,  whom  he  met  in 
Philadelphia.  Audubon  had  gone  to  that  city  in 
1824,  after  earning  the  necessary  money  in  various 
ways,  on  one  occasion  by  painting  the  interior  of  a 
steamboat.  About  this  time  two  hundred  drawings, 
the  labor  of  years,  were  destroyed  in  a  single  night 
by  rats,  and  the  fact  that,  after  a  day  or  two  of 
natural  despondency,  he  went  bravely  to  work  to 
replace  his  loss,  illustrates  Audubon's  energy  and 
perseverance.  In  Philadelphia  he  met  several  noted 
artists,  but  the  idea  of  publication  seems  to  have 
had  little  encouragement.  After  returning  to 
Bayou  Sara,  where  he  had  left  his  wife,  he  sailed 
from  New  Orleans,  in  1826,  for  England,  intending 
to  seek  aid  there,  thovigh  he  had  not  a  friend  in  the 
country.  On  his  arrival  he  began  to  exhibit  his 
drawings  in  public,  and,  though  at  first  he  met  with 
discouragements,  the  value  and  merit  of  his  work 
was  soon  recognized  by  European  naturalists.  The 
friends  that  he  made  during  this  visit  included 
Herschel,  Sir  Walter  Scott,  and  "  Christopher 
North  "  in  Great  Britain,  and  Cuvier,  Humboldt,  and 
St.  Hilaire  in  Prance.  In  1827  he  issued  the  pros- 
pectus of  his  famous  work,  "  The  Birds  of  America," 
which  was  published  in  numbers,  each  containing 
five  plates.  The  whole  book  consisted  of  four  folio 
volumes  of  plates,  and  -f  1,000  was  the  price  of  each 
copy.  The  entire  cost  of  the  work  exceeded  $100,- 
000,  and,  at  the  time  when  the  prospectus  was  is- 
sued, Audubon  had  not  enough  money  to  ]iay  for 
the  first  number.  The  influence  of  Sir  Thomas 
Lawrence,  the  painter,  enabled   the  naturalist  to 


sell  several  pictures  at  fair  prices,  and  with  the 
proceeds  he  paid  the  engraver's  first  bill  of  £60. 
After  this  Audubon  painted  frequently,  often  sup- 
porting himself  entirely  in  this  way.  He  was 
obliged  not  only  to  be  his  own  publisher,  but  to 
keep  the  book  constantly  before  the  public  by  per- 
sonal solicitation.  In  1828  he  spent  two  months  in 
Paris  canvassing  for  subscribers,  and  in  1829  re- 
turned to  America  for  the  same  purpose ;  never- 
theless, owing  to  the  price  of  the  book,  people  were 
slow  to  give  him  their  names,  and  many  of  those 
who  did  so  did  not  scruple  to  witlidraw  them.  In 
this  way  he  lost  fifty  subscribers  during  the  prepa- 
ration of  the  first  volume.  But,  notwithstanding 
all  drawbacks,  the  work  went  steadily  forward. 
The  first  volume  was  issued  in  London  in  1830, 
and  the  last  in  1839.  Immediately  after  the  pub- 
lication of  the  first  volume  Audubon  began  to  write 
his  "  Ornithological  Biographies,"  consisting  of  the 
letter-press  to  the  "  Birds,"  together  with  reminis- 
cences of  personal  adventure  and  descriptions  of 
scenery  and  character.  The  work  consisted  of 
five  octavo  volumes  (Edinburgh,  1831-'9).  During- 
this  time  Audubon  continued  the  collection  of  ma- 
terial in  the  United  States,  and,  although  sea- 
voyages  were  misery  to  him,  made  several  trips  to 
England,  where  he  wrote  ratich  of  the  text  of  his 
work.  On  two  of  these  journeys  he  was  accom- 
panied by  his  wife,  and  she  frecpiently  travelled 
with  him  while  he  obtained  subscribers.  In  1840 
he  left  England  for  the  last  time,  and  thence- 
forward lived  with  his  two  sons  and  their  families 
at  his  house  on  Hudson  river.  The  place,  which 
he  named  Minniesland,  is  now  within  the  New  York 
city  limits,  in  what  is  known  as  "  Audubon  Park." 
From  1840  to  1844  he  was  occupied  with  the  pub- 
lication of  a  smaller  edition  of  his  work,  which  was 
completed  in  seven  octavo  volumes.  The  classi- 
fication of  the  matter  in  this  edition  adds  to  its 
scientific  value.  In  the  folio  edition  the  method 
of  publication  of  course  prevented  any  attempt  at 
orderly  arrangement,  and  the  only  effort  had  been 
to  make  the  numbers  uniform  in  interest.  Before 
tiie  publication  of  the  last  volume  of  the  "  Birds," 
Audubon  had  projected  a  similar  work  on  the 
"  Quadrupeds  of  America,"  and  with  the  help  of 
his  sons,  Victor  Gifford  and  John  Woodhouse,  and 
of  Rev.  John  Bachman,  of  Charleston,  S.  C,  had 
gathered  much  material.  He  had  planned  an  ex- 
tensive trip  to  the  Rocky  mountains  in  pursuance 
of  his  design,  but  was  persuaded  by  his  friends  to 
give  it  up,  as  he  was  now  an  old  man.  Much  of 
the  work  on  the  "  Quadrupeds  of  America "  was 
done  by  his  sons.  A  large  number  of  the  animals 
was  secured  and  painted  by  John,  while  nearly  all 
the  landscapes  are  the  work  of  Victor.  The  first 
volume  was  issued  in  1846,  and  the  last  in  1854, 
after  Audubon's  death,  under  the  superintendence 
of  his  son  John.  After  he  had  reached  his  sixty- 
seventh  year  Audubon's  mind  began  to  weaken, 
and  during  the  last  four  years  of  his  life  he  was 
able  to  do  little  work.  He  was  buried  in  Trinity 
church  cemeterv,  which  adjoined  his  property.  His 
son,  John  Woodhouse,  died  21  Feb..  1802,  while  pre- 
paring a  third  edition  of  the  "  Birds  of  America." 
Mrs,  Audubon  survived  her  husband  many  years, 
and  prepared  from  his  diary  a  biography,  which 
was  published  in  New  York  in  1868.  Mrs.  Audu- 
bon died  at  the  home  of  her  sister-in-law,  in  Shelby- 
ville.  Ky.,  19  June,  1874.  Audubon  was  a  man  of 
fine  personal  appearance.  He  seems  to  have  been 
attached  to  his  family,  and  to  have  been  happy  in 
his  home,  yet  he  chafed  under  the  confinement  of 
domestic  life,  and  longed  to  be  continually  in  the 
woods.     After  the  recognition  of  his  genius,  honors 


AUER 


AUSTEN 


119 


were  showered  upon  him.  At  the  time  of  his  death 
he  was  a  fellow  of  the  Limuean  and  zoological  so- 
cieties of  London,  of  the  natural  history  society  of 
Paris,  of  the  Wernerian  society  of  Edinburgh,  of 
the  lyceuin  of  natural  history  of  New  York,  and  an 
honorary  member  of  the  society  of  natural  history 
at  Manchester,  of  the  royal  Scottish  academy  of 
painting,  sculpture,  and  architecture,  and  of  many 
other  scientific  bodies.  See,  besides  works  already 
mentioned,  Dunlap's  "  History  of  the  Rise  and 
Progress  of  the  Arts  of  Design  "  (New  York,  1884); 
Griswold's  "  Prose  Writers  of  America"  (Philadel- 
phia, 1847);  Mrs.  Horace  St.  John's  "Audubon, 
the  Naturalist,  in  the  New  World"  (New  York, 
1856) ;  Samuel  Smiles's  "  Brief  Biographies  "  (Bos- 
ton, 1861);  and  "Audubon  and  his  Journals,"  by 
Maria  R.  Audubon  (2  vols.,  New  York,  1897). 

AUER,  John  (xOttHeb,  missionary  bishop  of 
the  Protestant  Episcopal  church,  b.  in  Wiirtem- 
berg,  Germany,  18  Nov.,  1832  ;  d.  16  Feb.,  1874.  He 
was  a  Lutheran  minister,  but  applied  for  and  took 
orders  in  the  Episcopal  church,  being  ordained  at 
Cavalla,  Africa,  in  1862.  At  a  special  meeting  of 
the  general  convention,  in  October,  1872,  Dr.  Auer 
was  elected  missionary  bishop  of  Cape  Palmas,  in 
Africa.  He  was  consecrated  17  April,  1873.  but 
was  stricken  down  with  fever,  and  his  term  of 
service  was  less  than  one  year. 

AU(xUR,  Christopher  Colon,  soldier,  b.  in  New 
York.  28  Dec,  1821;  d.  in  Washington,  D.  C,  16 
Jan.,  1898.  He  was  graduated  at  the  U.  S.  military 
academy  in  1843.  During  the  Mexican  war  he  was 
aide-de-camp  to  Gen.  Enos  D.  Hopping  and,  after 
his  death,  to  Gen.  Caleb  Cashing.  He  was  promot- 
ed in  1852, 
and  served 
with  distinc- 
tion in  a  cam- 
paign against 
the  Indians 
in  Oregon  in 
1856.  On 

14  May,  1861, 
he  was  ap- 
pointed ma- 
jor in  the 
13th  infant- 
ry, and  was 
for  a  time 
commandant 
of  cadets  at 
West  Point. 
In  November 
of  that  year 
he  was  com- 
missioned a 
brigadier-general  of  volunteers,  and  jonied  McDow- 
ell's corps.  In  July,  1862,  he  was  assigned  to  a  di- 
vision under  Gen.  Banks,  and  in  the  battle  of  Cedar 
Mountain,  9  Aug.,  was  severely  wounded.  He  sat 
on  the  military  court  that  investigated  the  sur- 
render of  Harper's  Perry.  He  was  promoted  major- 
general  9  Aug.,  1862,  and  in  November  joined  his 
corps  and  took  part  in  the  Louisiana  campaign.  At 
the  siege  of  Port  Hudson  he  commanded  the  left 
wing  of  the  army,  and  for  meritorious  services  on 
that  occasion  he  was  brevetted  brigadier-general  in 
the  U.  S.  army,  13  March,  1865,  receiving  on  the 
same  date  the  brevet  of  major-general  for  services 
in  the  field  during  the  rebellion.  From  13  Oct., 
1863,  to  13  Aug.,  1866,  he  was  commandant  of  the 
Department  of  Washington  ;  from  15  Jan.,  1867,  to 
13  Nov.,  1871,  of  the  Department  of  the  Platte ;  then 
of  the  Department  of  Texas  until  March,  1875;  of 
the  Department  of  the  Gulf  until  1  July,  1878,  and 


%-= 


^^iV 


-t^.<^ 


subsequently  of  the  Department  of  the  South  and 
the  Department  of  the  Missouri,  and  in  1885  was 
retired.  On  15  Aug.,  1886,  he  was  shot  and  dan- 
gerously wounded  by  a  negro  whom  he  attempted 
to  chastise  for  using  coarse  language  in  front  of  his 
house  in  Washington. —  Plis  son,  Jacob  Arnold,  is 
a  major  in  the  otli  U.  S.  cavalry. 

AUGUR,  Hezekiah,  sculptor,  b.  in  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  21  Feb.,  1791 ;  d.  there,  10  Jan.,  1858.  He  was 
unsuccessful  in  business,  and  turned  his  attention  to 
sculpture  and  mechanical  inventions.  He  was  al- 
most wholly  self-taught,  but  was  possessed  of  con- 
siderable native  talent.  His  best  work,  "  Jephtha 
and  his  Daughter,"  is  in  the  Trumbull  gallery,  Yale 
college.  His  most  important  invention  was  a  ma- 
chine for  carving  wood,  which  came  into  general 
use.  He  was  given  the  degree  of  A.  M.  by  Yale 
in  1833,  though  he  was  not  a  graduate. 

AUGUSTUS,  John,  philanthropist,  b.  in  1785; 
d.  in  Boston,  21  June,  1859.  He  was  a  shoemaker, 
doing  business  in  Boston,  and  devoted  his  means 
and  his  labors  to  aiding  and  reclaiming  the  poor 
and  the  vicious.  For  more  than  twenty  years  he 
was  a  constant  visitor  to  the  police  courts,  seeking 
subjects  for  his  charitable  efforts. 

AULICK,  John  Henry,  naval  oflTicer,  b.  in  Win- 
chester, Va.,  in  1789;  d.  at  Washington.  D.  C,  27 
April,  1873.  He  entered  the  navy  as  midshipman, 
and  in  1812  served  on  the  "  Enterprise  "  in  all  the . 
engagements  of  that  vessel,  carrying  into  port  the 
British  ship  "  Boxer "  and  the  privateers  "  Fly " 
and  "  Mars,"  which  the  "  Enterprise  "  captured. 
He  afterward  served  on  the  "  Saranac,"  "  Ontario," 
"  Constitution,"  and  "  Brandywine,"  and  was  in 
command  of  the  Washington  navy-yard  from  1843 
to  1846.  He  commanded  the  "  Vincennes  "  in  1847, 
and  the  East  India  squadron,  making  his  last  cruise 
in  1853.  In  1861  he  retired  with  the  rank  of  cap- 
tain, and  in  July,  1862,  was  made  a  commodore  on 
the  retired  list. 

AULNAY  DE  CHARNISE.     See  Charmse. 

AURELIO  I.,  Antonio,  the  name  assumed  by 
M.  de  Founens,  a  French  adventurer,  b.  about 
1830.  He  lived  among  the  Araucanians,  in  Chili, 
and  was  elected  king  by  them.  He  formed  a  con- 
stitution, and  his  movements  at  first  created  merri- 
ment in  Chili,  but  the  government  found  it  neces- 
sary to  get  rid  of  him.  Early  in  1862  disguised 
Chilians  were  sent  to  Araucania,  and,  when  they 
reached  the  place  where  the  so-called  king  held  his 
court,  a  policeman  seized  him,  put  him  upon 
his  horse,  and  succeeded  in  escaping  with  him  from 
the  pursuing  Indians.  The  adventurer  v/as  im- 
prisoned for  some  time. 

AURY,  Louis  de,  New  Grenadian  naval  officer, 
b.  about  1780.  He  became  a  lieutenant  in  the 
navy  of  his  native  country  in  1813,  and  command- 
ed the  naval  force  of  New  Grenada  at  the  siege  of 
Cartagena.  In  1816  he  went  to  Texas  with  Herrero 
as  commander  of  the  united  fleets,  and  was  ap- 
pointed governor  of  Texas  and  Galveston  island. 
In  July,  1817,  he  took  part  in  McGregor's  expedi- 
tion to  Florida,  and  afterward  he  was  engaged  in 
the  campaigns  of  the  revolted  South  American  re- 
publics. He  resided  some  time  in  New  Orleans, 
and  subsequently  went  to  Havana. 

AU-STEN,  Peter  Townsend,  chemist,  b.  in 
Clifton,  Staten  Island,  N.  Y.,  10  Sept.,  1852.  He 
was  graduated  at  C-olumbia  school  of  mines,  in  the 
course  in  analytical  and  applied  chemistry,  in 
1873.  He  then  studied  for  three  years  under  Prof. 
Ilofmann  in  the  university  of  Berlin,  and  received 
the  degree  of  Ph.  D.,  for  original  work,  trom  the 
university  of  Zurich.  On  his  return  from  Europe 
he  became  in  1876  instructor  in  chemistry  at  Dart- 


120 


AUSTIN 


AUSTIN 


mouth  college,  and  in  1877  professor  of  general 
and  applied  chemistry  in  Rutger's  college,  New 
Brunswick,  N.  J.  In  1872  he  was  chemist  to  the 
Richmond  co.,  N.  Y.,  board  of  health,  and  in  1885 
was  chemist  to  the  Newark  board  of  health.  Pie 
became  a  member  of  the  New  Brunswick  board  of 
health  in  1885.  Since  1884  he  has  been  president 
of  the  Union  Paint  Company,  Newark,  N.  J.  He  is 
a  member  of  the  London,  Paris,  Berlin,  St.  Peters- 
burg, and  other  chemical  societies,  and  also  a  fel- 
low of  the  American  association  for  the  advance- 
ment of  science.  Dr.  Austen  has  been  an  industri- 
ous worker,  and  while  much  of  his  investigation 
has  been  for  industrial  purposes,  he  has  found  time 
to  devote  some  attention  to  purely  scientific  re- 
search. His  papers,  which  inchute  nearly  fifty 
titles,  have  appeared  principally  in  the  proceedings 
of  the  Berlin  chemical  society,  and  in  the  "  Ameri- 
can Chemical  Journal."  He  is  a  regular  contribu- 
tor to  the  "  Textile  Colorist "  of  Philadelphia,  and 
to  the  "  Druggists'  Circular  "  of  New  York,  and  he 
has  published  "  Kurze  Einleitung  zu  den  Nitrover- 
bindungen "  (Leipsic,  1876).  "  Pinner's  Organic 
Chemistry"  was  translated  and  revised  by  him 
(New  York,  1883),  and  he  has  lectured  on  "  Science- 
teaching  in  Schools,"  "Scientific  Speculations," 
and  "  The  Chemical  Factor  in  History." 

AUSTIN,  Beiijaiuiii,  merchant,  b.  in  Boston, 
18  Nov.,  1753;  d.  there,  4  May,  1820.  He  was 
a  merchant  in  Boston,  and  was  a  political  writer 
before  the  revolution.  In  the  controversy  that 
raged  during  the  administration  of  John  Adams 
he  wrote  fierce  newspaper  articles,  filled  with  per- 
sonalities, in  advocacy  of  republican  views,  and 
was  bitterly  assailed  in  turn.  After  the  triumph 
of  the  republican  party  President  Jefferson  ap- 
pointed him  commissioner  of  loans  for  Massachu- 
setts. He  was  a  member  at  different  times  of  both 
houses  of  the  Massachusetts  legislature.  He  wrote 
a  series  of  articles  for  the  "  Independent  Chroni- 
cle," under  the  name  of  "  Honestus,"  and  another 
series  signed  "  Old  South."  The  latter  were  print- 
ed in  a  volume  in  1803.  His  son,  Charles  Austin, 
in  1806  assailed  Thomas  0.  Selfridge  in  State  street, 
Boston,  for  slandering  his  father,  and  was  killed 
by  Selfridge,  who  was  tried  and  acquitted.  A  re- 
port of  the  trial  was  published  in  Boston  in  1807. 

AUSTIN,  Coe  Finch,  botanist,  b.  in  Finch- 
Tille,  Orange  co.,  N.  Y.,  20  June,  1831 ;  d.  in  Clos- 
ter,  N.  J.,  18  March,  1880.  He  was  educated 
chiefly  at  Rankin's  academy,  Deckertown,  N.  J. 
Subsequent  to  his  graduation  he  devoted  some 
time  to  lecturing  on  chemistry  and  botany,  but 
afterward  settled  in  Closter,  where  he  resided  dur- 
ing the  latter  part  of  his  life.  For  many  years  he 
was  curator  of  the  herbarium  at  Columbia  college. 
He  was  recognized  as  an  authority  on  mosses,  both 
in  this  country  and  in  Europe.  His  published 
work  includes  "  Musci  Appalachiani "  (1870),  a  val- 
uable description  of  American  mosses,  for  the 
preparation  of  which  he  made  numerous  journeys 
through  the  eastern,  middle,  and  southern  states. 

AUSTIN,  David,  clergyman,  b.  in  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  in  1760;  d.  in  Norwich,  Conn.,  5  Feb.,  1831. 
He  was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1779,  and  in 
1788  was  settled  as  the  Presbyterian  minister  in 
Elizabethtown,  N.  J.  In  1795*  after  his  recovery 
from  a  fever,  he  began  to  preach  the  second  advent 
of  Christ,  which  he  prophesied  would  occur  in  May, 
1796.  When  the  day  passed  by  he  renewed  his 
predictions,  which  created  great  excitement,  and  in 
1797  he  was  dismissed  from  his  church.  After  re- 
covering from  his  delusion  he  was  installed,  in 
1815,  as  pastor  at  Bozrah,  Conn.,  where  he  offici- 
ated until  his  death.     He  published  "  The  Ameri- 


can Preacher,"  by  various  ministers  ;  "  The  Down- 
fall of  Bal)ylon":  a  "  Commentary  on  the  Bible," 
and  several  millennial  pamphlets  and  sermons. 

AUSTIN,  James  Trecothic,  lawyer,  b.  in 
Boston,  7  Jan.,  1784;  d.  there,  8  May,  1870.  He 
was  the  son  of  Jonathan  L.  Austin,  and  was  gradu- 
ated at  Harvard  in  1802.  In  1806  he  married  the 
daughter  of  Elbridge  Gerry.  He  was  town  ad- 
vocate in  1809,  member  of  the  state  legislature  and 
attorney  for  the  county  of  Suffolk  in  1812-32,  and 
attorney-general  of  Massachusetts  in  1882-'43.  He 
delivered  an  oration  at  Lexington  on  the  4th  of 
July,  1815,  and  subsequently  was  called  upon  for 
like  services  on  other  public  occasions.  Many  of 
these  orations  were  published,  and  he  published  a 
"Life  of  Elbridge  Gerry  "  (Boston,  1828).  In  [xili- 
tics  he  was  an  anti-federalist,  and  was  a  pronounced 
opponent  of  the  abolition  movement. 

AUSTIN,  Jonathan  Loring,  patriot,  b.  in  Bos- 
ton, 2  Jan.,  1748;  d.  there,  10  May,  1826.  He  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1766,  and  became 
a  merchant  in  Portsmouth,  N.  H,  When  Lang- 
don's  regiment  was  raised  he  became  its  major,  and 
subsequently  was  aide  to  Gen.  Sullivan.  He  was 
secretary  to  the  Massachusetts  board  of  war  until 
October,  1777,  and  was  sent  to  France  with  des- 
patches to  Dr.  Franklin  announcing  the  defeat  of 
Burgoyne  and  asking  for  clothing  and  stores  for 
the  army.  He  remained  with  Dr.  Franklin  as  his 
private  secretary,  being  sent  as  his  agent  to  Lon- 
don. In  May,  1779,  he  arrived  in  Philadelphia  with 
despatches  from  the  commissioners  to  congress. 
Fle  was  sent  to  Europe  again  in  January,  1780,  to 
negotiate  a  loan  for  the  state  of  Massachusetts,  and 
was  captured  on  the  way,  but  was  set  free  in  Eng- 
land. He  failed  to  secure  the  loan,  and  returned 
in  the  autumn  of  1781.  In  1786  he  delivered  the 
4th  of  July  oration  in  Boston.  He  was  a  state 
senator  for  several  terms,  and  elected  state  treas- 
urer, and  subsequently  secretary  of  state. 

AUSTIN,  Jonathan  Williams,  soldier,  b.  in 
Boston,  18  April,  1751 ;  d.  in  tlie  south  in  the  sum- 
mer of  1778.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1769,  studied  law  in  the  office  of  John  Adams, 
and  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1772.  In  the  Middle- 
sex convention  in  1774  he  was  chairman  of  the 
committee  that  drew  up  the  resolutions.  He 
served  as  a  major  in  the  revolutionary  war,  and 
was  commandant  at  Castle  William  in  1776. 

AUSTIN,  Moses,  Texan  pioneer,  b.  in  Durham, 
Conn. ;  d.  in  Louisiana,  10  June,  1821.  He  re- 
moved to  the  west  in  1798,  and  engaged  in  lead- 
mining.  In  1820  he  went  to  Texas,  and  from  Bex- 
ar forwarded  to  the  Mexican  commandant  at  Mon- 
terey a  petition  for  permission  to  colonize  800 
American  families  in  that  section.  Returning  to 
Missouri  in  search  of  emigrants,  he  was  robbed  and 
exposed  to  hardships  that  caused  his  death.  The 
Mexican  authorities  granted  a  tract  of  land  for  a 
colony,  and  his  son,  Stephen  P.  Austin,  founded 
the  settlement. 

AUSTIN,  Samuel,  clergyman,  b.  in  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  7  Oct.,  1760;  d.  in  Glastonbury,  Conn.,  4 
Dec,  1830.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1783, 
studied  theology,  was  ordained,  and  settled  for 
three  years  m  Fair  Haven,  Conn.  He  was  dis- 
missed 19  Jan.,  1790,  and  became  pastor  of  the 
First  Congregational  church  in  Worcester,  Mass., 
where  he  remained  until  1815.  In  1807  he  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  S.  T.  D.  from  Williams  college. 
After  leaving  Worcester  he  was  chosen  president 
of  the  university  of  Vermont,  where  he  remained 
until  1821,  when  he  resigned  on  account  of  ill 
health  and  removed  to  Newport,  and  there  preached 
for  several  years.     His  published  writings  include 


AUSTIN 


AVERELL 


121 


a  treatise  on  baptism,  a  number  of  controversial 
letters  (1805-'G),  and  occasional  sermons. 

AUSTIN,  Steplien  F.,  pioneer,  b.  about  1790 ; 
d.  in  Texas,  27  Dec,  1836.  He  was  the  son  of 
Moses  Austin,  an  enterprising  pioneer  from  Con- 
necticut, who  in  1830  obtained  from  Mexico  au- 
thority to  colonize  300  families  in  Texas,  but  died 
before  the  project  could  be  accomplished.  Stephen 
obtained  a  confirmation  of  the  grant,  and,  hav- 
ing already  selected  the  present  site  of  Austin,  he 
founded  what  soon  grew  into  a  thriving  settlement. 
He  was  entitled  to  a  large  tract  for  each  200  fami- 
lies induced  to  settle,  and  proved  himself  an  able 
diplomatist  by  inducing  unmarried  young  men  to 
pair  off  together  and  call  themselves  families.  In 
this  way  he  soon  acquired  a  large  tract  of  fertile 
land,  and,  being  clothed  with  almost  absolute  au- 
thority, he  practically  ruled  the  whole  connnunity, 
and  successfully  fought  the  warlike  tribes  of  In- 
dians in  the  vicinity.  In  1833  the  American  set- 
tlers, were  so  powerful  that  they  became  uneasy 
under  Mexican  rule,  and  Austin  went  so  far  that 
he  was  arrested  and  imprisoned  for  several  months. 
On  his  liberation  in  1835  he  took  jjart  with  the  revo- 
lutionists, was  appointed  commander-in-chief,  and 
straightway  undertook  to  expel  the  Mexicans,  send- 
ing for  Gen.  Sam.  Houston  to  lend  his  aid.  In 
November  of  that  year  he  was  sent  as  commission- 
er to  the  United  States  to  secure  recognition  from 
the  government  at  Washington.  In  this  capacity 
he  acted  with  prudence  and  patience,  and  in  his 
opinion  could  even  then  have  obtained  recognition 
of  Texan  independence  had  he  been  properly  pro- 
vided with  credentials.  In  July,  1830,  he  returned 
to  Texas  to  prosecute  the  work,  but  died  without 
witnessing  the  result  of  his  labors. 

AUSTIN,  William,  author,  b.  in  Charlestown, 
Mass.,  2  March,  1778  ;  d.  there,  27  June,  1841.  He 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1798,  and  studied 
law.  His  published  works  are  "  Oration  on  the  An- 
niversary of  the  Battle  of  Bunker  Hill "  (Charles- 
town,  1801) ;  '•  Letters  from  London "  (Boston, 
1804) ; "  Essav  on  the  Human  Character  of  Jesus 
Christ "  (1807) ;  "  Peter  Rugg,  the  Missing  Man," 
in  the  "  New  England  Galaxy,"  and  "  The  Late 
Joseph  Natterstone,"  in  the  "New  Englander." 
The  most  successful  of  these  was  "  Peter  Rugg,"  a 
legendary  tale,  which  made  a  great  sensation. 
About  1805  he  was  wounded  in  a  duel  with  James 
H.  Elliott,  caused  by  a  political  quarrel. 

AVELEDO,  Ag'ustin  (ah-va-lay'-do),  Venezue- 
lan scientist,  b.  in  Caracas,  31  Aug.,  1836.  He 
founded  a  meteorological  observatory  and  an  or- 
phan asylum,  and  later  became  the  director  of  the 
Colegio  de  Santa  Maria.  He  has  published  articles 
on  meteorological  subjects,  and  is  a  corresponding 
member  of  several  European  societies. 

AYELLANEDA,  Gertrndis  Gomez  de  (ah- 
vail-yahn-ay'-da),  Spanish  author,  b.  in  Puerto 
Principe,  Cuba,  in  1816 ;  d.  in  Madrid,  Spain,  1  Feb., 
1876.  Her  father  was  a  Spanish  naval  officer,  and 
after  his  death  she  went  to  Spain,  where  her  first 
drama,  "  Leoncia,"  was  favorably  received  at  Ma- 
drid in  1840.  In  1845  she  was  crowned  with  laurel 
in  the  presence  of  the  court  and  received  a  prize, 
for  a  poem  exalting  the  clemency  of  the  queen. 
In  1846  she  married  Pedro  Sabador,  a  young  Span- 
ish politician,  who  died  in  the  same  year,  and  she 
afterward  lived  in  retirement  at  Madrid  and  Se- 
ville. She  wrote  lyrical  poetry  (2  vols.,  2d  ed., 
Mexico,  1852),  sixteen  dramas,  and  eight  volumes 
of  prose,  which  gave  her  a  high  reputation. 

AYELLANEDA,  Nicolas,  Argentine  presi- 
dent, b,  1  Oct.,  1836.  When  only  twenty-five 
years  of  age   he  was  made  professor  of  political 


economy  in  the  university  of  Buenos  Ayres,  where 
he  had  studied  law,  as  he  had  studied  also  at  Cor- 
doba. Not  long  afterward  President  Sarmiento 
appointed  him  a  member  of  his  cabinet,  and  in 
1874  Avellaneda  himself  became  president  of  the 
republic.  His  administration  was  prosperous,  not- 
withstanding some  internal  troubles,  like  those 
which  gave  cause  for  a  campaign  against  the  In- 
dians in  1876.  Avellaneda  was  president  until  2 
Oct.,  1880,  when  his  minister  of  war.  Gen.  Roca, 
succeeded  him.  Avellaneda  gained  considerable 
fame  by  his  radical  reform  in  the  system  of  divis- 
ion of  public  lands ;  and  he  is  the  author  of  an 
important  work  on  that  subject,  entitled  "  Estudios 
sobre  tierras  publicas." 

AYERELL,  William  Woods,  soldier,  b.  in 
Cameron,  N.  Y.,  5  Nov.,  1832;  d.  in  Bath,  N.  Y.,  3 
Feb.,  1900.  His  grandfather  was  a  captain  in  the 
revolutionary  army  under  Sullivan.  Y''oung  Aver- 
ell  was  graduated  at  the  U.  S.  Military  Academy 
in  June,  1855,  and  assigned  to  the  mounted  riflemen. 
He  served  in  garrison  and  at  the  school  for  practice 
at  Carlisle,  Pa.,  until  1857,  when  he  was  ordered 
to  frontier  duty, 
and  saw  a  great 
deal  of  Indian 
fighting,  mainly 
against  the  Kio- 
was  and  Nava- 
jos.  He  was  se- 
verely wounded 
in  a  night  attack 
by  the  Navajos 
in  1859,  and  was 
on  sick-leave  un- 
til the  outbreak 
of  the  civil  war 
in  1861.  He  was 
promoted  to  be 
first  lieutenant 
of  the  mounted 
riflemen  14  May, 
1861,  and  was  on 
staff  duty  in  the 

neighborhood  of  Washington,  participating  in  the 
battle  of  Bull  Run  and  other  engagements  until  23 
Aug.,  1861,  when  he  was  appointed  colonel  of  the 
3d  Pennsylvania  cavalry,  and  commanded  the  cav- 
alry defences  in  front  of  Washington.  He  was  en- 
gaged with  the  army  of  the  Potomac  in  its  most  im- 
portant campaigns.  In  March,  1863,  he  began  the 
series  of  cavalry  raids  in  western  Virginia  that  made 
his  name  famous.  The  first  notable  one  was  on  the 
16th,  17th,  and  18th  of  March,  and  included  the 
battle  of  Kelly's  Ford,  on  the  upper  Rappahannock. 
In  August  he  drove  a  confederate  force  over  the 
Warm  Spring  mountains,  passed  through  several 
southern  comities,  and  near  White  Sulphur  Springs 
attacked  a  force  posted  in  Rocky  Gap,  for  the  pos- 
session of  which  a  fight  ensued,  lasting  two  days 
(26  and  27  Aug.).  Averell  was  repulsed  with  heavy 
loss,  but  made  his  way  back  to  the  union  lines 
with  150  prisoners.  On  5  Nov.  he  started  with 
a  force  of  5,000  men  and  drove  the  confeder- 
ates out  of  Greenbrier  co.,  capturing  three  guns 
and  about  100  prisoners.  In  December  he  was 
again  in  motion,  advancing  with  a  strong  force 
into  southwestern  Virginia.  On  16  Dec.  he  struck 
the  Virginia  and  Tennessee  railroad  at  Salem, 
Gen.  Longstreet's  base  of  supplies.  He  destroyed 
the  railroad,  severing  an  important  line  of  commu- 
nication between  the  confederate  generals  Lee  and 
Bragg,  and  burned  a  large  quantity  of  provisions, 
clothing,  and  military  equipuients.  When  he  be- 
gan his  retreat  the  alarm  had  been  given,  and  all 


Ma-.. 


122 


AVERILL 


AVEZZANA 


the  mountain  passes  were  held  by  the  confederates. 
He  captured  a  bearer  of  despatches,  learned  the 
enemy's  plans,  and  forced  the  |»isitiiin  defended  by 
Gen.  W.  S.  Jackson  ("  Mudvvall,"  as  he  was  called, 
to  distinguish  him  from  his  more  famous  name- 
sake). A  second  line  concentrated  to  cut  off  his 
retreat,  but  he  led  his  command  over  a  road  sup- 
posed to  be  impassable,  and  reached  the  federal 
lines  with  200  prisoners  and  150  horses,  having 
lost  11  men  killed  or  drowned  and  90  missing. 
"  My  command,"  he  said  in  his  report  (21  Dec, 
1863),  "  has  marched,  climbed,  slid,  and  swum 
three  hundred  and  forty  miles  since  the  8th  inst." 
After  the  exposure  and  hardships  of  this  raid  he 
was  obliged  to  ask  for  sick-leave,  extending  to 
February.  On  his  return  to  duty  he  was  placed  in 
command  of  the  2d  cavalry  division,  and  from  that 
time  until  September,  1864,  the  fighting  was  al- 
most continuous.  He  was  wounded  in  a  skirmish 
near  Wytheville,  but  was  in  the  saddle  and  under 
fire  again  two  days  afterward,  destroying  a  section 
of  the  Tennessee  railroad.  In  June  he  crossed  the 
Alleghany  mountains,  in  July  he  was  fighting  in 
the  Shenandoah  valley  and  at  Winchester.  In 
August  he  was  in  fights  at  Moorfield,  Bunker  Hill, 
Martinsburg,  and  elsewhere,  and  ended  the  cam- 
paign with  the  battles  of  Opequan  (19  Sept.),  Fish- 
er's Hill  (22  Sept.),  and  Mount  Jackson  (23  Sept). 
In  the  meantime  he  had  been  brevetted  through 
the  different  grades  of  his  regular  army  rank  until 
he  was  brevet  major-general.  On  18  May,  1865, 
he  resigned.  He  was  consul-general  of  the  United 
States  in  the  British  provinces  of  North  America 
from  1866  till  1869,  when  he  became  president  of  a 
large  manufacturing  company.  He  discovered  a 
process  for  the  manufacture  of  cast-steel  directly 
from  the  ore  in  one  operation  (1869-'70),  invented 
the  American  asphalt  pavement  (Jan.,  1879),  and 
the  Averell  insulating  conduits  for  wires  and  con- 
ductors (1884-'5),  and  also  a  machine  for  laying 
electric  conductors  underground  (1885). 

AYERILL.  John  Thomas,  b.  in  Alna,  Maine, 
1  March,  1825 ;  d.  in  St.  Paul,  Minn.,  4  Oct.,  1889. 
He  was  educated  at  Maine  Wesleyan  university, 
settled  in  St.  Paul,  Minn.,  aiul  engaged  in  manu- 
facturing. In  August,  1862,  he  entered  the  army 
as  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  6th  Minnesota  infantry. 
The  brevet  of  brigadier-general  was  conferred  on 
him  when  he  was  mustered  out  of  service.  He  was 
elected  to  congress  as  a  republican  in  1871,  by  a 
close  vote,  ajid  reelected  by  a  large  majority. 

AVERT,  Benjamin  Park,  journalist,  b.  in  New 
York  city  in  1829;  d.  in  Pekin,  China,  8  Nov., 
1875.  After  receiving  a  good  English  education 
and  learning  wood-engraving,  he  went  to  Califor- 
nia with  the  "  Argonauts  of  '49,"  and  engaged  for 
a  time  in  gold-mining.  In  1856  he  established  at 
North  San  Juan  a  weekly  paper  called  the  "  Hy- 
draulic Press."  In  1860  he  became  assistant  editor 
on  the  "  Marysville  Appeal,"  in  1861  was  chosen 
state  printer,  afterward  served  on  the  staff  of  the 
"  San  Francisco  Bulletin,"  and  in  1872  imdertook 
the  editorship  of  the  "  Overland  Monthly."  He 
was  appointed  minister  to  China  in  1874. 

AVERY,  Waightstill  or  Waitstill,  lawyer,  b. 
in  Groton,  Conn.,  3  May,  1745 ;  d.  in  Burke  co., 
N.  C,  in  1821.  He  was  graduated  at  Princeton  in 
1776,  and  went  to  Mecklenburg,  N.  C,  where  he 
became  a  lawyer.  In  1775  he  took  part  in  the  con- 
vention and  signed  the  paper  known  as  the 
*'  Mecklenburg  Declaration,"  and  in  the  same  year 
he  was  sent  to  the  Hillsborough  congress.  In  1776 
he  was  a  member  of  the  state  congress,  and  in 
1777  the  first  attorney-general  of  the  state.  In 
1779  he  was  a  colonel  of  militia  in  active  service. 


AVEZAC,  Augiiste  Genevieve  Valentin  d'» 

lawyer,  b.  in  Santo  Domingo  in  1777 ;  d.  15  Feb., 
1851.  He  belonged  to  a  French  family  settled  in 
Hayti,  who  were  driven  from  the  island  and  took 
refuge  in  the  United  States  in  consequence  of  the 
uprising  of  the  blacks.  He  was  educated  at  a 
military  school  in  France,  and  afterward  studied 
medicine  in  North  Carolina  and  practised  in  Acco- 
mac  CO.,  Va.  Following  the  advice  of  his  brother- 
in-law,  Edward  Livingston,  he  obtained  admission 
to  the  Louisiana  bar,  after  that  state  was  received 
into  the  union,  and  became  a  successful  advo- 
cate, especially  in  criminal  cases.  In  the  war  of 
1812  he  served  as  judge-advocate  when  Gen.  Jack- 
son was  in  Louisiana,  and  acted  as  aide  to  that 
general  at  the  battle  of  New  Orleans.  In  1829  he 
received  from  President  Jackson  the  appointment 
of  secretary  of  legation  at  the  Hague,  and  in  1831 
acted  as  charge  d'affaires.  On  returning  home  he 
took  up  his  residence  in  New  York,  and  was  elected 
to  the  legislature  of  that  state  in  1841  and  in  1843. 
From  1845  to  1849  he  was  again  charge  d'affaires 
at  the  Hague.  He  wrote  "  Reminiscences  of  Ed- 
ward Livingstone."— His  uncle,  Pierre  Valentin 
Dominique  Julian  d'Avezac,  son  of  Pierre  Valen- 
tin, a  Frencli  lawyer,  who  l)ecame  an  enterprising 
planter  in  Santo  Domingo,  was  born  in  Santo  Do- 
mingo in  1769.  and  remoA^ed  to  New  Orleans,  where 
he  devoted  himself  to  literary  pursuits.  He  trans- 
lated Scott's  "  Marmion  "  into  French,  and  made 
the  French  translation  of  the  penal  code  of  Louisi- 
ana. He  became  president  of  a  college  established 
in  New  Orleans,  and  died  in  1831.— Jean  Pierre 
Valentin  (b.  in  1756,  d.  in  Santo  Domingo  in 
1803),  another  son  of  Pierre  Valentin  d'Avezac, 
was  a  deputy  sent  from  the  colony  to  France  in 
1790  to  oppose  the  revolutionary  movement. 

AVEZZANA,  Giuseppe,  soldier,  b.  in  Chieri, 
Piedmont,  19  Feb.,  1797.  His  American  career  be- 
gan soon  after  the  restoration  of  Ferdinand  VII.  to 
the  Spanish  throne,  September,  1823.  Avezzana 
fought  agiiinst  the  restoration,  was  captured  and 
held  for  several  weeks  as  a  prisoner,  and  sailed  for 
America  on  being  set  free.  Prior  to  this  time  he 
served  under  Napoleon  I.  from  1813  until  the  fall 
of  the  empire,  and  then,  joining  the  Sardinian 
army,  found  himself  in  1815  arrayed  against  his 
old  leader,  who  had  made  his  escape  from  Elba. 
Wherever  there  was  a  chance  to  fight  for  liberty, 
Avezzana  was  at  hand,  and  hardly  was  he  fairly  es- 
tablished on  American  soil  when  he  found  himself 
called  upon  to  defend  the  state  of  Tamaulipas 
against  his  old  enemies  the  Spaniards,  who  invaded 
the  territory  under  Gen.  Barradas  in  June,  1827. 
He  was  obliged  to  retire  at  first  before  superior 
numbers,  but  soon  rallied  a  force  sufficient  to  over- 
throw the  invaders,  and  afterward  resumed  his 
peaceful  vocations.  In  1832  a  revolution  was  or- 
ganized by  Santa  Anna  against  the  government  of 
President  Bustamente,  and  Avezzana  was,  as  al- 
ways, ready  to  lead  the  revolt.  Left  in  command 
at  Tampico  by  Gen.  Montezuma,  who  went  to  stir 
up  the  revolutionists  elsewhere,  he  manoeuvred  so 
successfully  with  a  small  force  that  they  captured 
three  times  their  number  of  government  troops  at 
Ciudad  Victoria,  with  artillery  and  supplies.  From 
this  time  he  gave  the  enemy  no  rest,  but  retrieved  the 
disasters  that  had  befallen  Santa  Anna  and  Monte- 
zuma, and  mainly  through  his  able  military  lead- 
ership the  liberal  cause  triumphed.  Avezzana  im- 
mediately resigned  his  command,  and  in  1834  went 
into  business  in  New  York  city,  where  he  married 
an  Irish  lady  and  led  a  quiet  mercantile  life  until 
the  revolution  of  1848  fired  his  patriot  blood 
again,  and  he  promptly  responded  to  the  call  of 


AVILES 


AYRES 


123 


Italy.  He  was  absent  just  a  year,  and  only  returned 
to  America  after  he  had  fought  the  Austrians  and 
Sardinians  at  Genoa,  and  with  a  few  thousand  fol- 
lowers had  defended  Rome  for  two  months  against 
the  allied  armies,  100,000  strong.  Once  he  sought 
refuge  on  board  an  American  and  once  on  board  a 
British  man-of-war,  and  at  last,  when  the  cause  of 
freedom  was  hopelessly  crushed,  escaped  with  his 
usual  good  luck  to  America  and  resumed  his  mer- 
cantile life  in  New  York, 

AVILES,  Pedro  Menendez  de  (ah-vee-les ), 
Spanish  sailor,  b.  in  1523  ;  d.  in  1574.  He  rendered 
good  services  to  Emperors  Maximilian  and  Charles 
V.  when  fighting  under  letters  of  marque  against 
the  French  fleets.  He  was  appointed  captain-gen- 
eral of  the  route  to  the  West  Indies,  and  conquered 
Florida,  of  which  he  became  both  military  and 
civil  governor.  He  died  while  making  prepara- 
tions to  join  the  armada  that  was  sent  by  Philip 
II.  against  England. 

AXAYACATL  _(ah-sha-ya-ka'-tl),  the  eighth 
Mexican  kiug,  d.  in  1477.  He  effected  the  con- 
quest of  Tehuantepec  as  far  as  Huatulco.  The 
Tlaltelolcans  and  other  people  attacked  the  Mexi- 
cans again,  but  were  repulsed,  their  king,  Moqui- 
huix,  was  killed,  and  the  Tlaltelolco  country  re- 
mained under  Mexican  nUe.  Axayacatl,  having 
thus  united  the  two  kingdoms,  began  a  campaign 
against  the  inhabitants  of  the  Tolocan  and  Txtla- 
huaca  valleys,  but  it  was  ended  by  his  death. 

AXICOAT,  a  Zutuhil  king,  one  of  the  sons  of  the 
Quiche  king,  Axopil,  flourished  in  the  11th  century. 
Axicoat,  being  ambitious,  declared  war  against  his 
brother  Jintemal,  the  Oakchiquel  king,  and  their 
father  had  to  mediate  between  them  to  restore 
peace.  But  just  before  Axopil  died  he  gave  his  Quiche 
kingdom  to  Jintemal,  which  caused  a  new  and  ter- 
rible war  with  Axicoat,  both  wishing  to  possess  all 
the  tei-ritories  near  the  borders  of  Lake  Atitlan. 

AXOPIL,  son  and  successor  of  Nima-Quiche  (or 
Oreat-Qniche),  king  of  the  Quiche  tribes  that  went 
to  Centi'al  America  after  the  fall  of  the  Mexican 
empire  of  Tula,  about  1052.  Axopil  was  an  able 
chieftain,  who  extended  the  limits  of  his  nation 
and  promoted  its  civilization  and  prosperity.  In 
his  old  age  he  divided  his  dominions,  giving  the 
Cakchiquel  kingdom  to  his  son  Jintemal,  and  that 
of  Zutuhil,  or  Atitlan,  to  his  son  Axicoat,  keeping 
for  himself  the  kingdom  of  Quiche. 

AYALA,  Juaii  Bautista  de,  explorer,  known 
only  in  connection  with  the  early  exploration  of 
San  Francisco  bay  in  1775.  The  bay  had  been 
discovered  only  six  years  before.  Ayala  was  a 
Spanish  lieutenant,  in  command  of  the  transport 
"  San  Carlos,"  and  his  was  the  flrst  European  ves- 
sel to  enter  the  Golden  Gate.  He  i-emained  about 
forty  days,  making  surveys,  and  on  his  return  to 
Monterey  reportecl  concerning  the  excellent  char- 
acter of  the  harbor.  The  visit  of  Sir  Francis  Drake 
in  the  Kith  century  can  not  have  been  actually 
made  to  the  bay  of  San  Francisco,  hence  the  as- 
sured priority  of  Ayala  as  explorer  in  this  place. 

AVER,  James  Cook,  manufacturer,  b.  in  Gro- 
ton.  Conn.,  5  May,  1818 ;  d.  in  Winchendon,  Mass., 
3  July,  1878.  At  the  age  of  thirteen  he  removed 
to  Lowell,  and  there  resided  with  his  uncle.  His 
education  was  obtained  at  the  public  schools,  where 
at  one  time  he  was  a  classmate  of  Gen.  Butler,  and 
subsequently  at  the  Westford  academy,  after  which 
he  was  apprenticed  to  James  C.  Robbins,  a  drug- 
gist in  Lowell.  While  there  he  studied  medicine, 
and  later  he  was  graduated  at  the  medical  depart- 
ment of  the  university  of  Pennsylvania.  He  never 
practised,  but  devoted  his  principal  attention  to 
pharmaceutical  chemistry  and  the  compounding  of 


medicines.  His  success  in  this  line  was  very  great, 
and  soon  led  him  to  establish  in  Lowell  a  factory 
for  the  manufacture  of  his  medicinal  preparations, 
which  became  one  of  the  largest  of  its  kind  in  the 
world,  and  was  magnificently  equipped.  He  accu- 
mulated a  fortune  estimated  at  $20,000,000.  Much 
of  his  success  was  due  to  his  advertising,  and  he 
published  annually  an  almanac,  5,000,000  copies  of 
which  were  gratuitously  distributed  each  year. 
Editions  in  English,  French,  German,  Portuguese, 
and  Spanish,  were  regularly  issued.  In  1874  he 
accepted  the  republican  nomination  for  congress  in 
the  7th  Massachusetts  district,  but  was  defeated. 
Anxiety  and  care  brought  about  a  brain  difficulty, 
and  for  some  time  prior  to  his  death  he  was  con- 
fined in  an  asylum.     His  willow  died  3  Jan.,  1898. 

AYLLON,  Lucas  Vazquez  de  (ah-eel-yon), 
Spanish  adventurer,  d.  in  Virginia,  18  Oct.,  152(j. 
He  was  appointed  a  member  of  the  superior  court 
in  Santo  Domingo.  Cortes  sent  him  to  negotiate 
an  agreement  with  Velazquez,  but  he  did  not  suc- 
ceed in  effecting  it  either  with  Velazquez  or  with 
Narvaez,  who  commanded  the  fleet  of  the  latter. 
Ayllon  sent  an  expedition  to  Florida  in  1520,  under 
Gordillo,  who,  in  1521,  landed  in  lat.  33°  30',  and 
carried  oft'  into  slavery  seventy  Indians.  Ayllon 
obtained  a  grant  of  the  new  country,  fitted  out  an- 
other vessel,  which  restored  the  captives,  and  in 
1526  sailed  himself  with  500  colonists,  landed  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Santee;  sailed  northward  to  the 
Chesapeake,  and  on  the  site  of  Jamestown  founded 
the  settlement  of  San  Miguel  de  Guandape,  which, 
after  his  death  from  swamp  fever,  was  abandoned 
by  the  colonists,  only  150  of  whom  reached  San 
Domingo  alive. 

AYLMER,  Mathew,  soldier,  b.  in  England,  24 
May,  1775 ;  d.  in  London,  23  Feb.,  1850.  On  the 
death  of  his  father,  he  became  fifth  lord  Ayliner  m 
1785,  and  two  years  later  he  became  ensign  of  the 
49th  foot.  He  served  at  the  siege  of  Copenhagen 
in  1807,  and  in  Portugal  in  1809.  He  was  colonel 
of  the  18th  foot,  and  on  25  May,  1827,  was  raised 
to  the  rank  of  general.  From  1830  to  1833  he  was 
governor-general  of  Canada,  and  became  exceed- 
ingly popular.  During  his  administration  he 
caused  suitable  monuments  to  be  erected  to  Wolfe 
and  Montcalm  in  Quebec.  In  1825  he  assumed  the 
additional  surname  of  Whitworth. 

A  YOLAS,  Juau  de  (ay-o'-las),  Spanish  governor 
of  Paraguay,  d.  in  1538.*  He  was  a  companion  of 
Pedro  de  Mendoza  in  the  conquests  along  the  bor- 
ders of  Plata  river.  He  ascended  the  Parana  and 
Paraguay  rivers,  routed  the  Indians,  and  founded 
both  the  colony  and  the  city  of  Asuncion.  Then 
he  crossed  the  continent  with  200  men,  as  far  as 
to  the  borders  of  Peru,  and  was  killed  by  savages. 

AYRES.  Roiueyn  Beck,  soldier,  b.  at  East 
Creek,  N.  Y.,  20  Dec.  1825 ;  d.  in  Fort  Hamilton, 
N.  Y.,  4  Dec,  1888.  He  was  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1847,  going  at  once  to  Mexico  as  lieuten- 
ant in  the  3d  artillerv.  and  remaining  in  garrison 
at  Fort  Preble,  Mexico,  until  1850.  From  that 
time  till  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war  he  was  on 
frontier  and  garrison  duty  in  various  parts  of 
the  country.  In  1859-'61  he  was  at  the  artillery 
school  for  "practice  at  Fortress  Monroe.  In  May, 
1861,  he  was  promoted  to  be  captain  in  the  3d  ar- 
tillery, and  he  was  present  at  all  the  early  engage- 
ments of  the  war  about  the  defences  of  Washing- 
ton. After  serving  as  chief  of  artillery  in  W.  F. 
Smith's  division  and  of  the  6th  army  corps,  he  ac- 
companied the  army  of  the  Potomac  in  the  Penin- 
sular campaign  of  1862,  and  thence  to  the  jMary- 
land  campaign,  ending  with  the  battle  of  Antietam. 
He  was  obliged  to  take  a  sick-leave  of  nearly  three 


124 


AZANZA 


AZPILCUETA 


months,  but  was  in  the  saddle  again  in  December 
and  engaging  in  the  winter  campaign  on  the  Rap- 
pahannock. He  was  at  Fredericksburg,  Chancel- 
lorsvile,  and  the  intervening  engagements  of  less 
moment.  As  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  from 
29  Nov.,  1862,  he  commanded  a  division  of  the  5th 
corps  at  Gettysburg,  and  was  then  ordered  to  New 
York  city  to  suppress  the  draft  riots.  In  1864  he 
was  with  his  command  in  the  movement  against 
Richmond,  beginning  with  the  battles  of  the  Wil- 
derness (May,  1864).  He  was  wounded  at  the  siege 
of  Petersburg  in  June,  returned  to  duty  in  August, 
and  was  present  at  the  final  engagements,  ending 
with  the  surrender  of  Lee's  army  at  Appomattox, 
9  April,  1865.  During  this  period  he  received 
successive  promotions  and  brevets  in  his  regular 
army  grade  until  he  was  lietitenant-colonel  of  the 
28th  infantry  and  brevet  major-general.  He  was 
mustered  out  of  the  volunteer  service  as  major- 
general  30  April,  1866.  Since  the  war  he  had 
served  on  various  important  commissions  and 
boards.  He  was  promoted  in  regular  course  to  the 
colonelcy  of  the  3d  artillery,  18  July,  1879. 

AZANZA,  Mig'uel  Jose  (ah-than'-thah),  the 
54th  viceroy  of  Mexico,  b.  in  Navarre  in  1746  ;  d.  in 
1826.  After  service  to  Spain  as  a  diplomatist  and 
soldier,  he  was  appointed  viceroy  of  New  Spain  and 
took  command  at  Orizaba,  31  May,  1798.  Under 
his  rule  Mexican  commerce  and  industries,  espe- 
cially silk,  cotton,  and  woollen  manufacturing,  were 
very  much  promoted,  notwithstanding  several 
public  calamities  like  the  hurricane  that  almost 
destroyed  the  city  of  Acapulco  in  July,  1799,  and 
the  terrible  earthquake  of  March, 1800.  In  Novem- 
ber of  the  previous  year  a  great  conspiracy  to 
assassinate  the  wealthy  Spaniards  was  discovered. 
Azanza  was  recalled  to  Spain  in  May,  1800. 

AZARA,  Felix  de  (ath'-a-ra),  Spanish  natural- 
ist, b.  in  Aragon,  18  May,  1746;  d.  there  in  1811. 
He  became  a  brigadier-general  in  the  Spanish  army, 
and  was  wounded  in  the  war  against  the  Algerine 
pirates  (1775).  In  1781  he  went  to  South  America 
as  one  of  the  commissioners  to  settle  the  boundary 
between  the  Spanish  and  Portuguese  possessions ; 
and  his  researches,  prosecuted  for  twenty  years, 
made  him  an  authority  on  the  natural  and  political 
history  of  Paraguay  and  the  Plata  region.  His 
"  Essai  sur  I'histoire  naturelle  des  quadrupedes  de 
la  province  du  Paraguay"  was  first  published  in 
French  (Paris,  1801),  and  afterward  in  Spanish 
(Madrid,  1802),  under  the  auspices  of  his  brother, 
the  Chevalier  Jose  Nicolas  de  Azara  (b.  in  1731,  d. 
in  Paris  in  1804),  Spanish  ambassador  to  France, 
who  made  a  Spanish  translation  of  Middleton's 
Cicero.  Felix  de  Azara's  masterpiece,  "  Voyage 
dans  TAmerique  meridionale  depuis  1781  jusqu'en 
1801 "  (4  vols.,  Paris,  1809),  translated  by  Sonnini, 
was  edited  by  Walckenaer,  the  French  naturalist, 
whose  commentaries,  as  well  as  those  of  Sonnini 
and  Cuvier,  give  additional  value  to  the  work.  It 
contains  a  narrative  of  the  discovery  and  conquest 
of  Paraguay  and  the  Plata  river,  and  ornitho- 
logical descriptions.  A  Spanish  translation  by 
Varela  was  published  in  Montevideo. 

AZEVEDO.  Antonio  Aranjo  de  (ah-thay-vay- 
do),  count  of  Barca.  Portuguese  statesman,  b.  in 
1784;  died  in  1817.  After  cooperating  in  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  academy  of  sciences  at  Lisbon,  he 
represented  his  government  in  Holland,  France, 
Prussia,  and  Russia.  He  was  first  minister  of  John 
VI.,  whom  he  followed  to  Brazil  in  1807.  There  he 
was  minister  of  the  navy  and  of  foreign  affairs,  and 
took  great  interest  in  promoting  education  and  in- 
dustry. He  taught  the  Brazilians  how  to  manufac- 
ture  porcelain,  made  special  studies   and  experi- 


ments in  his  own  splendid  botanical  garden,  as  well 
as  the  first  trials  for  the  acclimatization  and  culture 
of  the  tea-plant  in  Brazil,  and  was  the  founder  of 
a  school  of  fine  arts.  His  works  include  two  trage- 
dies and  a  translation  of  Virgil's  pastorals. 

AZEVEDO  COUTINHO,  Joze  Joaquim  da 
Cunha  (ah-thay-vay'-do  cu-teen'-yo),  Portuguese 
bishop,  the  last  inquisitor-general  of  Portugal  and 
Brazil,  b.  in  Campos  dos  Goitacazes,  Brazil,  8  Sept., 
1742;  d.  12  Sept.,  1821.  He  studied  at  Coimbrain 
Portugal,  received  orders,  and  soon  became  promi- 
nent both  in  the  church  and  in  politics.  In  1794 
he  was  made  bishop  of  Pernambuco.  In  1818  he 
was  appointed  inquisitor-general,  and  shortly  be- 
foi"e  his  death  he  was  elected  to  the  cortes.  He 
published  "  Ensaio  economico  sobre  o  commercio 
de  Portugal  e  suas  colonias  "  (1792);  a  pamphlet 
against  the  proposed  abolition  of  the  slave-trade 
(1788);  and  a  memoir  on  the  conquest  of  Rio  de 
Janeiro  by  Duguay-Trouin  in  1711. 

AZEVEDO,  Igiiacius,  Portuguese  Jesuit,  b.  in 
Oporto  in  1527 ;  killed  at  sea  in  1570.  He  was  th& 
eldest  son  of  one  of  the  noblest  houses  in  Portugal, 
but  relinquished  his  rights  of  primogeniture  in  fa- 
vor of  his  brother  Francis,  and  entered  the  society 
of  the  Jesuits  at  Coimbi-a  in  1548.  Here  his  absti- 
nences and  mortifications  were  so  excessive  that  his; 
superiors  had  to  compel  him  to  moderate  them. 
Before  he  was  twenty  years  old  he  was  appointed 
rector  of  the  new  college  of  St.  Antony  at  Lisbon. 
Being  wearied  with  the  honors  paid  him  and  the 
marks  of  veneration  that  he  attracted,  he  asked  to 
be  sent  on  a  mission  to  the  Indians ;  he  embarked 
for  Brazil,  and  he  remained  there  three  years.  His- 
labors  in  civilizing  the  savages  were  very  success- 
ful. Being  recalled  by  his  superiors,  he  returned 
to  Lisbon,  'but  had  hardly  reached  the  city  when  he 
planned  another  voyage  to  America.  He  went  to 
Rome  to  give  an  account  of  his  journey,  obtained 
the  approval  of  the  pope  for  his  new  projects,  and 
received  permission  to  select  suitable  companions 
in  Spain  and  Portugal.  A  large  number  of  young 
Jesuits  agreed  to  follow  him  to  Brazil,  and  he  em- 
barked with  thirty-nine  of  them  on  board  a  mer- 
chant vessel  at  Lisbon,  leaving  the  others  to  follow. 
The  Portuguese  vessel  was  attacked  near  the  island 
of  Palma  by  Jacques  Sourie,  of  La  Rochelle,  vice- 
admiral  of  the  queen  of  Navarre,  and  a  fierce 
Calvinist.  The  Portuguese  captain,  not  thinking 
his  crew  suffieient  for  the  defence  of  the  ship, 
wanted  to  arm  the  Jesuits,  but  was  opposed  by 
Azevedo,  who  exhorted  the  sailors,  however,  to 
fight,  and  ordered  his  followers  to  attend  to  the 
other  needs  of  the  ship,  which  was  now  surrounded 
by  the  boats  of  Sourie.  Three  Frenchmen  attempt- 
ed to  board  the  Portuguese  vessel,  but,  not  being 
seconded  by  their  companions,  they  were  taken  by 
the  Portuguese,  decapitated,  and  thrown  into  the 
sea.  Sourie,  rendered  ftirious  by  this,  attacked  the 
vessel  with  greater  violence  than  ever,  and  the  cap- 
tain and  several  of  the  sailors  were  killed,  and  the 
rest  surrendered.  Sourie,  who  regarded  Azevedo 
and  his  Jesuits  as  the  authors  of  the  death  of  his 
three  sailors,  massacred  them  with  every  circum- 
stance of  crueltv,  and  threw  them  into  the  sea. 

AZPILCUETA,  Jnan (ath-peel-que-tah).  Span- 
ish missionary,  b.  in  Navarre  in  1515.  He  was  a 
member  of  both  the  families  to  which  Loyola  and 
Xavier  belonged,  and  became  a  Jesuit  in  1544.  He 
was  sent  to  Brazil,  where,  after  learning  the  lan- 
guage of  the  Indians,  he  surpassed  all  other  mission- 
aries in  effecting  conversions.  He  wrote  prayers 
and  religious  songs  in  that  language,  made  impor- 
tant geograpliical  discoveries  in  Brazil,  and  accom- 
paniexl  the  first  expedition  to  the  Minas  territory. 


BABBITT 


BxVBCOCK 


125 


B 


BABBITT,  Eihviu  Burr,  soldier,  b.  in  Con- 
necticut about  ISO'3;  d.  at  Fort  Monroe,  10  Dec, 
1881.  He  was  appointed  to  West  Point  from  In- 
diana, and  was  graduated  in  1826.  He  became 
first  lieutenant.  3d  infantry,  31  March,  1834,  as- 
sistant quartermaster,  10  March,  1836,  and  cap- 
toin,  3d  infantry,  1  July,  1839.  He  served  in  the 
Florida  war  of  1837-'8,  and  in  the  Mexican  war 
during  1847-8.  On  30  May,  1848,  he  was  bre- 
vetted  major  "  for  meritorious  conduct  while  serv- 
ing in  the  enemy's  country."  He  was  made  chief 
quartermaster  of  the  department  of  Oregon  14 
Nov.,  1800,  and  of  the  department  of  the  Pacific 
13  Sept.,  1861,  serving  there  until  29  July,  1866, 
when  he  was  retired  from  active  service,  being  over 
sixty-two  years  old.  He  was  brevetted  brigadier- 
general  for  his  services  on  13  March,  1865.  G-en. 
Babbitt,  notwithstanding  his  retirement,  served  as 
chief  quartermaster  of  the  department  of  the  Co- 
lumbia from  1866  till  1867,  and  had  charge  of  the 
clothing  depot  of  the  division  of  the  Pacific  from 
1867  till  1869. 

BABBITT,  Isaac,  inventor,  b.  in  Taunton, 
Mass.,  26  July,  1799;  d.  in  Somerville,  Mass.,  26 
May,  1862.  He  was  a  goldsmith  by  trade,  and 
early  turned  his  attention  to  the  production  of 
alloys,  and  in  1824  made  in  Taunton  the  first 
britannia  ware  raanufactui-ed  in  the  United  States. 
As  this  proved  financially  unsuccessful,  he  with- 
drew, and  in  1834  removed  to  Boston,  where  he 
engaged  with  the  South  Boston  Iron  Company,  bet- 
ter known  as  Alger's  foundries.  While  there  em- 
ployed, in  1839,  he  discovered  the  now  well-known 
anti-friction  metal  that  bears  his  name  and  is  so 
extensively  used  in  lining  boxes  for  axles  and  gud- 
geons. For  this  invention  he  received  in  1841  a 
gold  medal  from  the  Massachusetts  charitable  me- 
chanic's association,  and  afterward  congress  granted 
him  .f20,000.  He  subsequently  patented  this  ma- 
terial in  England  (1844)  and  in  Russia  (1847). 
For  some  time  he  devoted  his  attention  to  the 
production  of  the  metal,  and  he  was  also  engaged 
in  the  manufacture  of  soap. 

BABCOCK,  Charles  A.,  naval  officer,  b.  in 
New  York  city,  12  June,  1833;  d.  in  New  Or- 
leans, 29  June,  1876.  He  was  appointed  from 
Michigan,  as  a  midshipman,  8  April,  1850,  became 
passed  midshipman  in  1856,  lieutenant  in  1859, 
lieutenant-commander  in  1862,  and  commander  in 
liS69.  From  1862  to  1864  he  commanded  the 
steamer  "  Morse,"  of  the  North  Atlantic  blockad- 
ing squadron.  While  co-operating  with  the  array 
on  the  James,  York,  and  Pamunkey  rivers,  he  de- 
feated the  confederates  in  several  actions,  and  was 
highly  commended  by  Rear- Admiral  Lee,  who  in 

1864,  when  commanding  the  Mississippi  squadron, 
selected  Babcock   as   his   fleet-captain.     In   June, 

1865,  he  superintended  the  erection  of  an  ord- 
nance depot  at  Jefferson  barracks,  Missouri.  He 
was  afterward  attached  to  the  Pensacola  navy- 
yard,  and  in  1868-'9  commanded  the  steamer 
"  Nyack,"  of  the  South  Pacific  squadron. 

BABCOCK,  Henry,  soldier,  b.  in  Rhode  Island 
in  1736 :  d.  in  1800.  He  was  a  son  of  Chief  Justice 
Babcock,  of  Rhode  Island,  was  graduated  at  Yale 
in  1752,  entered  the  army,  became  a  captain  at 
eighteen  years  of  age,  and  at  nineteen  served  un- 
der Col.  Williams  at  Lake  George.  He  was  major 
in  1756,  lieutenant-colonel  in  1757,  and  in  1758 
colonel  of  a  Rhode  Island  regiment  that  took  part 
in  the  unsuccessful  attempt  to  capture  Ticondero- 


ga.  Here  he  was  wounded  in  the  knee.  He  was 
afterward  present  at  the  capture  of  the  place  by 
Sir  Jeffrey  Amherst,  in  1759.  He  settled  at  Ston- 
ington.  Conn.,  rmd  in  February,  1776,  was  made 
commander  of  the  troops  at  Newport,  R.  I.,  but 
in  May  was  removed  on  account  of  insanity. 

BABCOCK,  James  F.,  journalist,  b.  inConneo- 
ticut  in  1809 ;  d.  in  New  Haven,  Conn.,  18  June, 
1874.  He  began  newspaper  work  at  an  early  age, 
and  in  1830  became  editor  of  the  New  Haven 
"  Palladium,"  which  soon  began  to  issue  a  daily 
edition  and  which  he  conducted  for  thirty-one 
years.  He  controlled  the  nominations  of  the  whig 
party  for  many  years,  and,  though  hostile  to  the 
free-soil  party  at  its  inception,  he  finally  gave  it  a 
hearty  welcome  in  1854.  He  retained  his  prestige 
with  the  republican  party  for  some  years,  took  an 
active  part  in  furthering  the  national  cause  during 
the  war,  and,  shortly  after  his  resignation  as  editor 
of  the  "  Palladium,"  was  appointed,  by  President 
Lincoln,  collector  of  the  port  of  New  Haven.  He 
retained  that  office  under  President  Johnson,  whose 
policy  he  supported ;  and,  after  the  rupture  between 
the  president  and  the  republicans,  Mr.  Babcock 
acted  with  the  democratic  party,  and,  after  an  an- 
gry and  excited  contest,  was  nominated  by  them 
for  congress,  but  was  defeated  by  the  republican 
nominee.  He  was  elected  bv  the  democrats  to  the 
state  legislature  in  1873.  The  legislature  of  1874 
elected  him  judge  of  the  police  court  of  New  Haven. 

BABCOCK,  James  Francis,  chemist,  b.  in 
Boston,  23  Feb.,  1844;  d.  in  Dorchester,  Mass.,  19 
July,  1897.  He  was  educated  at  Lawrence  scien- 
tific school,  studying  chemistry.  Subsequently 
he  opened  a  laboratory  in  Boston,  and  he  has  since 
been  occupied  as  an  analytical  chemist,  also  testify- 
ing as  a  chemical  expert  in  important  capital  and 
patent  cases.  For  five  years  he  was  professor  of 
chemistry  in  the  Boston  university,  and  in  1881  he 
accepted  that  chair  in  the  Massachusetts  college  of 
pharmacy.  In  1870  he  was  inspector  of  milk  in  the 
city  of  Boston,  and  for  ten  years  he  filled  the  place 
of  state  assayer  of  liquors.  His  publications  have 
been  principally  official  reports  relating  to  the 
chemistry  of  food  and  on  sanitary  topics.  He  is 
well  known  as  the  inventor  of  a  fire-extinguisher. 

BABCOCK,  Orville  Elias,  soldier,  b.  in  E'rank- 
lin,  Vt.,  25  Dec,  1835  ;  drowned  in  Mosquito  Inlet, 
Fla.,  2  June,  1884.  He  graduated  at  West  Point, 
and  entered  the  engineer  corps  as  2d  lieutenant 
6  May,  1861.  Promoted,  17  Nov.,  1861,  to  a  first 
lieutenancy,  he  constructed,  in  February,  1862,  a 
pontoon  bridge  at  Harper's  Ferry  for  Banks's  move- 
ment to  Winchester.  He  was  made  a  captain  in 
the  engineer  corps  on  1  June,  1863,  and  was  with 
the  9th  corps  at  the  surrender  of  Vicksburg,  and 
in  the  east  Tennessee  campaign,  taking  part  in  the 
battle  of  Blue  Lick  Springs  and  subsequent  ac- 
tions, and  at  the  siege  of  Knoxville.  On  29  March, 
1864,  he  was  promoted  lieutenant-colonel  and  ap- 
pointed aide-de-camp  to  Gen.  Grant,  in  which  ca- 
pacity he  served  in  the  battles  of  the  Wilderness 
and  subsequent  operations  of  the  army  of  the  Po- 
tomac. On  13  March,  1865,  he  was  brevetted 
brigadier-general  of  volunteers.  At  the  surrender 
of  Lee  at  Appomattox  he  selected  the  place  where 
the  generals  met.  Pie  was  promoted  a  colonel  in 
the  regular  army  on  25  July,  1866,  and  served  as 
aide-de-camp  to  the  general-in- chief  until  Gen. 
Grant  was  inaugurated  president,  when  he  was  as- 
signed to  duty  with  the  president  and  acted  as  his 


126 


BABCOCK 


BACHE 


secretary.  He  was  appointed  superintending  engi- 
neer of  public  buildings  and  grounds  in  1871,  and 
supervised  tiie  construction  of  Washington  aque- 
duct, the  chain  bridge  across  the  Potomac,  Ana- 
costa  bridge,  and  the  east  wing  of  the  department 
offices,  and  also  the  plans  for  the  improvement  of 
Washington  and  treorgetown  harbors,  in  Janu- 
ary, 1876,  he  was  indicted  by  the  grand  jury  of  St. 
Louis  for  complicity  in  revenue  frauds.  He  de- 
manded a  court  martial,  but  was  brought  to  trial 
in  the  civil  court  in  February  and  acquitted,  with 
the  aid  of  a  deposition  by  President  Grant. 

BABCOCK,  Rufus,  clergyman,  b.  in  North 
Colebrook,  Conn.,  18  Sept.,  1798 ;  d.  in  Salem, 
Mass.,  4  May,  1875.  He  was  graduated  at  Brown 
in  1831,  and  acted  as  tutor  in  Columbian  college 
(now  university),  D.  C.  for  two  years.  He  was 
ordained  pastor  of  the  Baptist  church  in  Pough- 
keepsie  in  1823,  and  became  associate  pastor  with 
Dr.  Bolles,  of  the  first  Baptist  church  in  Salem, 
Mass.,  in  1826.  He  was  elected  president  of  Wa- 
terville  college,  Me.  (now  Colby  university),  in 
1833 ;  but  in  1836,  his  health  failing,  he  resigned 
and  soon  returned  to  ministerial  duties,  first  as 
pastor  of  the  Spruce  street  church  in  Philadelphia, 
where  he  remained  three  years  and  a  half,  then  of 
his  former  charge  in  Poughkeepsie,  and  finally 
as  pastor  of  the  first  Baptist  church  in  Paterson, 
N.  J.  For  many  years  he  took  a  leading  part  in 
the  great  movements  of  the  Baptist  denomination 
in  the  United  States.  He  was  three  times  elected 
corresponding  secretary  of  the  American  and  For- 
eign Bible  society.  He  was  also  corresponding 
secretary  of  the  Sunday-school  union  of  Philadel- 
phia, and  of  the  American  colonization  society,  and 
district  secretary  of  the  Baptist  publication  society, 
Philadelpliia.  Dr.  Babcock  founded,  and  for  five 
years  edited,  the  "  Baptist  Memorial,"  a  monthly 
magazine  of  biography  and  current  religious  in- 
telligence. He  published  "  Claims  of  Education 
Societies  "  (1829) ;  "  Review  of  Beckwith  on  Bap- 
tism" (1829);  "Making  Light  of  Christ"  (1830); 
"  Memoirs "  of  Andrew  Fuller  (1830),  George 
Learned  (1832),  Abraham  Booth,  and  Isaac  Back- 
us ;  "  History  of  Waterville  College  "  (1836) ;  "  Tales 
of  Truth  for  the  Young  "  (1837) ;  "  Personal  Recol- 
lections of  Dr.  John  M.  Peck  "  (1858) ;  and  "  The 
Emigrant's  Mother  "  (1859).  He  likewise  contrib- 
uted to  Sprague's  "  Annals  of  the  American  Pulpit." 

BABY,  Francois,  Canadian  engineer,  d.  5  Aug., 
1864.  He  did  much  toward  improving  the  naviga- 
tion of  the  lower  St.  Lawrence  by  building  wharves, 
providing  for  a  new  system  of  light-houses,  and 
introducing  steam  tugs.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
executive  and  legislative  council,  and  adjutant- 
general  for  the  province  of  Quebec. — His  grandson, 
Louis  Francois  G-eor^e,  Canadian  statesman,  b. 
in  Montreal,  26  Aug.,  1834.  He  is  descended  from 
Jacques  Baby  de  Ranville,  an  officer  in  the  cele- 
brated regiment  Carignan  SaUieres,  which  came 
to  Canada  in  1662.  He  was  educated  at  St.  Sulpice 
college,  Montreal,  and  at  the  college  of  Joilette ; 
studied  law.  and  was  called  to  the  bar  of  Lower 
Canada  in  1857.  He  was  elected  a  representative 
for  Joliette  in  1872,  re-elected  in  1874.  and  again  in 
1878,  and  on  28  Oct.  of  the  latter  year  was  sworn 
of  the  privy  council  as  minister  of  inland  revenue. 
He  is  a  conservative  in  politics. 

BACA,  Luis  (bah'-cah),  Mexican  composer,  b.  in 
Durango,  15  Dec,  1826;  d.  in  1855.  He  received 
his  fii'st  education  in  Mexico,  and  then  went  to 
Paris  to  study  medicine,  but  devoted  himself  en- 
tirely to  music.  In  Paris,  where  he  made  the  ac- 
quaintance of  Donizetti,  he  composed  two  operas, 
"  Leonor "  and   "  Giovanna  di  Castiglia,"  a  cele- 


brated "  Ave  Maria,"  and  other  popu'ar  pieces.    He 
soon  returned  to  Mexico,  and  died  t'lere. 

BACHE,  Theopliylact  (baitch),  merchant,  b.  in 
Settle,  in  the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  England, 
17  Jan.,  1734;  d.  in  New  York,  30  Oct.,  1807.  He 
landed  in  New  York  17  Sept.,  1751,  took  charge  of 
the  business  of  Paul  Richard,  who  died  in  1756,  be- 
came the  owner  of  merchant  vessels,  and  engaged 
in  privateering.  He  was  identified  with  the  resist- 
ance to  the  crown  in  1765,  and  in  1770  was  one  of 
the  committee  to  carry  out  the  resolutions  of  non- 
intercourse.  In  1774  he  was  one  of  the  committee 
of  correspondence  appointed  when  the  port  of  Bos- 
ton was  closed.  He  supported  the  first  continental 
congress ;  but  when  hostilities  actually  began  he 
remained  so  far  neutral  as  to  incur  the  suspicions 
of  the  committee  of  safety.  He  remained  in  New 
York  during  the  British  occupation  of  the  city, 
and  befriended  American  officers  held  there  as  pris- 
oners of  war.  In  1777  he  was  chosen  the  fifth  pres- 
ident of  the  New  York  chamber  of  commerce. — 
His  brother,  Richard,  b.  in  Settle,  12  Sept.,  1737, 
d.  in  Berks  co.,  Pa.,  29  July,  1811,  was  the  eigh- 
teenth child,  and  followed  Theopliylact  to  the  colo- 
nies. He  went  to  Philadelphia  in  1770,  and  estab- 
lished himself  in  business  as  his  brother's  agent, 
underwriting  marine  insurance  risks,  and  accumu- 
lating a  handsome  fortune.  At  the  beginning  of 
the  revolution  he  was  chairman  of  the  Republican 
Society  in  Philadelphia.  Pie  married  Sarah,  the 
only  daughter  of  Benjamin  Franklin,  3  Oct.,  1767. 
Franklin  appointed  him  secretary,  comptroller,  and 
register-general,  to  date  from  29  Sept.,  1775 ;  and 
this  office  he  held  until  November,  1776,  when  he 
became  postmaster-general,  and  continued  as  such 
till  1782.  He  was  an  earnest  patriot  during  the 
revolutionary  struggle. — Sarah,  philanthropist,  b. 
in  Philadelphia,  11  Sept.,  1744,  d.  5  Oct.,  1808, 
was  the  only  daughter 
of  Benjamin  Franklin 
and  the  wife  of  Richard 
Bache,  who  succeeded 
Dr.  Franklin  as  postmas- 
ter-general. She  was  the 
chief  of  the  patriotic 
l)and  of  ladies  who  made 
clothing  for  the  half -clad 
soldiers  and  sought  to 
mitigate  their  suiTerings 
during  the  severe  win- 
ter of  1780.  More  than 
2,200  women  were  at  one 
time  employed  under  her 
direction  in  sewing  for 
the  army.  For  this  work 
she  collected  large  sums, 
Morris  and  other  patri- 
ots being  among  the  contributors.  The  Marquis 
de  Chastellux,  then  visiting  Philadelphia,  was 
charmed  with  the  appearance  of  Mrs.  Bache,  and 
recommended  her  to  the  ladies  of  Europe  as  a 
model  of  domestic  virtues  and  feminine  patriotism. 
On  other  occasions  she  collected  medicines  and 
delicacies  for  the  soldiers  in  the  hospitals,  and 
nursed  the  sick  and  wounded  with  her  own  hands. 
She  had  eight  children. — Benjainiii  FrankHn, 
son  of  Richard,  journalist,  b.  in  Philadelphia,  12 
Aug.,  1769;  d.  there,  10  Sept.,  1798.  He  accom- 
panied his  grandfather,  Benjamin  Franklin,  to 
Paris,  and  received  his  education  in  France  and 
Geneva.  While  in  Paris  he  learned  printing  and 
type-founding  at  the  publishing  house  of  the  liroth- 
ers  Didot.  He  returned  to  the  United  States  in 
1785,  and  studied  for  a  time  in  the  college  of  Phila- 
delphia.   In  1790  he  began  publishing  the  "  General 


e/^ccc^ 


BACHE 


BACHE 


127 


Advertiser,"  afterward  known  as  the  "  Aurora," 
which  violently  opposed  the  administrations  of 
both  Washington  and  Adams,  and  was  one  of  the 
ablest  and  most  influential  journals  of  the  time. 
— Alexander  Dallas,  grandson  of  Richard,  b. 
in  Philadelpliia,  Pa.,  19  July,  1806;  d.  in  New- 
port, R.  I.,  17  Feb.,  1867.  lie  early  showed  an 
unusual  aptitude  for  learning,  and  his  first  in- 
struction was  received  at  a  classical  school  in 
Philadelphia.  At  the  age  of  fourteen  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  U.  S.  military  academy,  where,  al- 
though the  youngest  member  of  his  class,  he  was 
at  its  head  when  graduated  in  1825.  His  failure 
to  receive  a  demerit  during  the  four  years  is  cited 
as  one  of  the  few  instances  of  that  character  in 
the  history  of  the  academy,  so  noted  for  its  rigid 
discipline.  On  his  graduation  he  was  appointed 
lieutenant  in  the  corps  of  engineers,  but  was  re- 
tained at  the  academy  as  assistant  professor  of  en- 
gineering during  1826,  when,  until  1829,  he  served 
as  assistant  engineer  in  the  construction  of  Fort 
Adams,  at  Newport,  R.  I.,  under  Col.  J.  G.  Totten. 
Here  he  met  Miss  Nancy  Clarke  Fowler,  who  after- 
ward became  his  wife  and  also  his  associate  in  the 
preparation  of  much  of  his  published  material.  In 
1838  he  was  called  to  the  chair  of  natural  phi- 
losophy and  chemistry  at  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania, which 
he  occupied  un- 
til 1841.  His 
resignation  from 
the  army  is  dated 
1  June,  1829. 
Soon  after  his 
arrival  in  Phila- 
delphia he  be- 
came a  member 
of  the  Frank- 
lin Institute,  and 
at  once  actively 
participated  in 
its  work,  as  its 
"  Journal  "  be- 
tween 1826  and 
1886  abundant- 
ly testifies.  His 
most  important 
labor  at  this  time  was  undoubtedly  the  investi- 
gations relating  to  the  bursting  of  steam  boilers. 
His  valuable  researches  in  various  branches  of 
physics  and  chemistry,  published  in  the  "Trans- 
actions of  the  American  Philosophical  Society," 
of  which  he  was  a  prominent  member,  belong  to 
these  years,  and  his  first  meteorological  investiga- 
tions date  from  this  period.  In  1886  he  was  in- 
trusted with  the  organization  of  Girard  College, 
Philadelphia,  became  its  first  president,  and  was 
sent  to  Europe  to  study  the  systems  of  education 
and  methods  of  instruction  and  discipline  adopted 
there.  On  his  return  in  1889  the  results  were  em- 
bodied in  a  report  made  to  the  trustees,  which  did 
much  to  improve  the  theory  and  art  of  education 
in  this  country.  Owing  to  the  unfinished  condi- 
tion of  the  college,  and  in  consequence  of  some 
delay  in  the  adjustment  of  its  funds,  it  was  not 
deemed  advisable  to  organize  it  at  once  for  active 
operations ;  therefore  Prof.  Bache  offered  his  ser- 
•  vices  to  the  municipal  government.  He  became 
principal  of  the  high  school,  and  during  1841-2 
was  superintendent"  of  the  public  schools.  The 
system  developed  by  him  while  in  office  has  smce 
been  generally  regarded  as  a  model,  and  has  been 
introduced  in  several  cities  of  the  union.  While 
in  Philadelphia  he  established,  and  for  some  years 
directed,  a  magnetical  and  meteorological  observa- 


tory, -which  was  largely  supported  by  the  American 
Philosophical  Society.  In  1842,  having  satisfac- 
torily completed  his  labors  in  tlie  cause  of  public 
instruction,  he  returned  to  his  chair  at  the  univer- 
sity, where  he  remained  until  November,  1848, 
when  he  was  appointed  to  succeed  the  late  P. 
R.  Hassler  as  superintendent  of  the  coast  survey, 
which  place  he  held  until  his  death.  The  survey 
originally  recommended  to  congress  by  President 
Jefferson  in  1807  was  not  definitely  established 
until  ten  years  later,  when,  by  the  appointment  of 
Mr.  Hassler  as  superintendent,  its  actual  existence 
began.  Under  his  direction  it  flourished  at  times, 
and  the  work,  though  limited  in  scope,  continued 
until  his  death ;  but  with  the  advent  of  Prof. 
Bache  the  undertaking  assumed  larger  propor- 
tions, and  improved  plans  for  extended  operations 
were  put  into  execution.  During  his  able  admin- 
istration the  practical  value  of  the  survey  was  thor- 
oughly demonstrated.  In  the  accomplishment  of 
his  designs  he  was  not  only  aided  by  congress,  but 
his  efforts  were  likewise  greatly  encouraged  by  the 
approval  of  scientific  societies  and  their  leaders. 
During  the  civil  war  he  greatly  assisted  the  naval 
and  military  forces  by  placing  the  resources  of  the 
coast  survey  at  their  disposal,  and  from  June  to 
December,  1868,  he  was  chief  engineer  for  devising 
and  constructing  the  defences  of  Philadelphia, 
when  it  was  threatened  by  the  invasion  of  Penn- 
sylvania. In  addition  to  his  work  on  the  coast 
survey,  he  was  ex-officio  superintendent  of  weights 
and  measures,  and  served,  until  his  death,  on  the 
light-house  board.  He  was  one  of  the  incorpora- 
tors of  the  Smithsonian  Institute,  1846,  and  an- 
nually during  his  life  was  reelected  by  congress. 
He  was  active  in  its  direction  and  in  the  shaping  of 
its  policy.  During  the  civil  war  he  was  elected  a 
vice-president  of  the  U.  S.  Sanitary  Commission, 
and  rendered  efficient  aid  in  its  work.  The  Uni- 
versity of  New  York  in  1886,  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  in  1837,  and  Harvard  in  1851,  con- 
ferred upon  him  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  He  served 
as  president  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society, 
and  of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advance- 
ment of  Science,  and  was  the  first  presiding  officer 
of  the  National  Academy  of  Sciences,  as  well  as  one 
of  its  incorporators  and  most  active  members.  The 
Royal  Society  of  London,  the  Institute  of  France, 
the  Royal  Academy  of  Turin,  the  Imperial  Geo- 
graphical Society  of  Vienna,  and  many  similar  or- 
ganizations, included  him  among  their  honorary 
members.  The  excellence  of  his  work  on  the  coast 
survey  was  acknowledged  by  different  foreign  gov- 
ernments, and  he  was  the  recipient  of  several  med- 
als for  his  prommence  in  the  field  of  science.  His 
published  papers  include  more  than  150  titles  and 
include  various  topics  in  physics,  chemistry,  and 
engineering.  His  most  extensive  work  was  the 
"  Observations  at  the  Magnetic  and  Meteorological 
Observatory  at  the  Girard  College  "  (3  vols.,  1840- 
'7).  His  property,  to  the  extent  of  $42,000,  was 
left  in  trust  to  the  National  Academy  of  Sciences; 
the  income  is  to  be  devoted  to  physical  research. 
See  the  "  Memoir  of  Alexander  Dallas  Bache,"  by 
Joseph  Henry,  with  a  list  of  his  papers  published 
in  Volume  I.  of  the  " Biogi-aphieal  Memoirs"  of 
the  National  Academy  of  Sciences.  This  memoir 
appears  in  the  Smithsonian  Report  for  1870,  and 
also  as  a  special  issue  in  the  publications  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institute.— Franklin,  son  of  Benja- 
min Franklin  Bache,  physician,  b.  in  Philadel- 
phia, 25  Oct.,  1792;  d.  there,  19  March.  1864.  He 
was  graduated  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
in  1810,  and  received  his  medical  diploma  from 
the  same  university  in  1814.     In  1813  he  entereU 


128 


BACHB 


BACK 


the  army  as  assistant  surgeon,  and  in  1814  was 
appointed  surgeon.  In  1816  he  resigned,  and  be- 
g:an  the  practice  of  his  profession  in  Philadelphia. 
From  1824  to  1836  he  was  physician  to  the  Walnut 
street  prison ;  from  1826  to  1832,  professor  of 
chemistry  in  the  Franklin  Institute ;  from  1829 
to  1836,  physician  to  the  Eastern  penitentiary; 
from  1831  to  1841,  professor  of  chemistry  in  the 
Philadelphia  College  of  Pharmacy ;  and  from 
1841  to  his  decease  was  professor  of  chemistry  in 
Jefferson  Medical  College.  In  1854  and  1855  he 
was  president  of  the  American  Philosophical  So- 
ciety, and  at  the  time  of  his  death  president  of  the 
deaf  and  dumb  asylum  corporation.  In  1819  he 
published  a  "  System  of  Chemistry  for  the  Use  of 
Students  of  Medicine,"  and  in  connection  with  Dr. 
George  Wood  he  prepared,  in  1830,  a  "  Pharma- 
copojia "  that  was  adopted  by  a  national  conven- 
tion of  physicians,  and  became  the  basis  of  the 
present  U.  S.  Pharmacopoeia  and  U.  S.  Dispensa- 
tory. Of  the  latter  work  he  was  the  editor,  with 
Dr.  Wood,  from  1833  till  his  death.  He  published 
a  "  Supplement  to  Henry's  Chemistry "  (1823) ; 
"  Letters  on  Separate  Confinement  of  Prisoiiers  " 
(1829-'30) ;  and  "  Introductory  Lectures  on  Chem- 
istry" (1841-'52).  He  also  edited  several  works, 
from  1823  to  1832  was  one  of  the  editors  of  the 
"  North  American  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal," 
and  contributed  largely  to  scientific  journals.  A 
memoir  of  him  was  published  by  Dr.  George  B. 
Wood  (Philadelphia,  1865). — Hartman,  another 
son  of  Benjamin  Franklin  Bache,  engineer,  b.  in 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  in  1797;  d.  there,  8  Oct.,  1872. 
He  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1818,  and  made 
brevet  captain  of  staff,  and  assistant  topographical 
engineer.  For  forty-seven  years  he  was  constantly 
employed  on  topographical  surveys  and  works  of 
hydrographic  and  civil  engineering,  under  the  di- 
rection of  the  war  department,  till  7  March,  1867, 
when  he  was  placed  on  the  retired  list.  He  became 
brevet  major  of  engineers,  24  July,  1828;  major,  7 
July,  1838 ;  lieutenant-colonel,  6  Aug.,  1861 ;  colo- 
nel, 3  March,  1863 ;  and  on  13  March,  1865,  he  re- 
ceived the  brevet  of  brigadier-general,  the  highest 
grade  in  the  engineer  corps,  for  long,  faithful, 
and  meritorious  services.  Among  his  engineering 
works  of  conspicuous  merit  were  the  construction 
of  the  Delaware  breakwater  and  the  successful 
application  of  iron-sci'ew  piles  for  the  foundation 
of  light-houses  upon  sandy  shoals  and  coral-reefs. 
He  was  engineer  of  the  4th  light-house  district 
from  1859,  and  a  member  of  the  light-house  board 
from  1862  to  1870. — Benjamin  Franklin,  great- 
grandson  of  Benjamin  Franklin,  surgeon,  b.  in 
Monticello.  Va.,  7  Feb.,  1801 ;  d.  in  New  York  city, 
2  Nov.,  1881.  He  was  graduated  at  Princeton  in 
1819,  and  at  the  medical  department  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania  in  1823,  entered  the  navy 
as  assistant  surgeon  in  1824,  and  became  surgeon 
in  1828.  From  1832  to  1836  he  was  stationed  at 
Pensacola  navy-yard,  and,  while  on  leave  from  1838 
to  1841,  he  was  professor  of  natural  science  and 
natural  religion  in  Kenyon  College,  Ohio.  He  was 
fleet-surgeon  of  the  Mediterranean  squadron  in 
1841-'4,  and  of  the  Brazil  squadron  in  1847-50. 
From  1850  to  1854  he  was  at  the  New  York  naval 
hospital,  and  then  organized  at  New  York  the 
laboratory  that  furnishes  all  medical  supplies  to 
the  navy.  He  was  director  of  this  from  1853  to 
1871,  and  in  1861  did  great  service  to  the  govern- 
ment by  restocking  the  laboratory  on  his  own  re- 
sponsibility. In  1863  he  was  placed  on  the  retired 
list,  but  continued  to  act  as  superintendent  of  the 
laboratory  until  1871,  when  he  was  appointed  medi- 
cal director,  with  the  relative  rank  of  commodore, 


and  retired  from  active  service. — Henry  W.,  en- 
gineer, b.  in  1839 ;  d.  in  Bristol,  R.  I.,  7  Nov.,  1878. 
He  was  a  descendant  of  Sarah  Bache,  and  a  son  of 
Prof.  Henry  Bache,  of  the  U.  S.  coast  survey.  He 
was  engaged  in  the  same  work,  and  while  on  duty 
in  Floi'ida  contracted  a  malarial  fever  which  re- 
sulted in  his  death. 

BACHI,  Pietro,  educator,  b.  in  Sicily  in  1787; 
d.  in  Boston,  Mass.,  22  Aug.,  1853.  He  was  a  gradu- 
ate of  the  university  of  Padua  and  a  lawyer  by  pro- 
fession, was  implicated  in  Murat's  attempt  to  seize 
the  throne  of  the  two  Sicilies,  and  was  obliged  in 
consequence  to  flee  from  Italy  in  1815.  He  resided 
in  England  till  1825,  and  then  came  to  the  United 
States.  From  1826  to  1846  he  was  teacher  of  Italian, 
and  Spanish  in  Harvard  college.  He  was  the  au- 
thor of  several  grammars  and  phrase-books  and  a 
book  of  fables  for  learning  Italian,  and  of  "  A  Com- 
parative View  of  Spanish  and  Portuguese  Lan- 
guage "  (Cambridge). 

BACHILLER  Y  MORALES,  Antonio  (\mh- 
cheel'-yer-e-mo-ral'-les),  Cutian  author,  b.  in  Havana 
in  1812.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1839.  He 
edited  various  newspapers  and  reviews,  filled  suc- 
cessively several  chaii's  in  the  university  of  Havana, 
has  been  director  of  the  institute  of  higher  educa- 
tion, and  held  important  public  offices.  He  is  a 
corresponding  member  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries 
of  northern  Europe,  and  also  of  the  historical  soci- 
eties of  New  York  and  Pennsylvania.  His  princi- 
pal works  are  "  Prontuario  General  de  Agricultura," 
"  Filosofia  del  Derecho,"  "Tradiciones  Americanas  " 
(1845) ;  "  Antigiiedades  Americanas,"  "  Apuntes 
para  la  Historia  de  las  Letras  en  la  Isla  de  Cuba" 
(3  vols.,  1862);  "Cuba  Primitiva,"  on  the  origin, 
languages,  traditions,  and  history  of  the  Greater 
Antilles  and  the  Bahama  islands ;  and  "  Cuba : 
Monografia  Historica." 

BACHMAN,  Jolin,  naturalist,  b.  in  Dutchess 
CO.,  N.  Y.,  4  P'eb.,  1790;  d.  in  Charleston,  S.  C,  25 
Feb.,  1874.  He  was  associated  with  Audubon  in 
the  pi-eparation  of  his  work  on  ornithology,  and 
was  the  principal  author  of  the  "  Quadrupeds  of 
North  America,"  which  the  Audubons  illustrated. 
He  also  wrote  "  Two  Letters  on  Plybridity " 
(1850) ;  "  Defence  of  Luther  and  the  Reformation  " 
(Charleston,  1853) ;  "  Characteristics  of  Genera  and 
Species,  as  Applicable  to  the  Doctrine  of  the  Unity 
of  the  Human  Race  "  (1854) ;  "  Notice  of  the  Tvpes 
of  Mankind  by  Nott  and  Gliddon"  (1854);  "and 
"  Examination  of  Prof.  Agassiz's  Sketch  of  the 
Natural  Provinces  of  the  Animal  World,"  etc. 
(1855),  and  was  a  contributor  to  the  "  Medical 
Journal "  of  South  Carolina.  In  1813  he  was  li- 
censed to  preach,  and  from  1815  until  his  death 
was  pastor  of  the  Lutheran  church  in  Charles- 
ton. 

BACK,  Sir  George,  explorer,  b.  in  Stockport, 
England,  6  Nov.,  1796;  d.  in  London,  23  June, 
1878.  He  entered  the  British  navy  in  1808,  and  in 
1817  accompanied  the  Buchan  expedition  to  Spitz- 
bergen.  In  1819  he  accompanied  Sir  John  Frank- 
lin's expedition  to  the  Arctic  regions,  and  again  in 
1825.  In  1833  he  commanded  a  search  party  sent 
out  for  Sir  John  Ross,  then  in  the  polar  seas,  and 
in  1836  he  made  his  final  voyage  to  the  north  in 
command  of  the  "  Terror."  He  showed  gi-eat  sa- 
gacity in  his  management,  and  the  ultimate  return 
of  the  first  two  expeditions  was  credited  to  the 
ability  with  which  he  directed  the  forces  under  his 
charge.  He  received  a  gold  medal  from  the  geo- 
graphical society  in  1837,  and  two  years  later  was 
knighted.  He  was  made  rear  admiral  in  1857,  and 
admii'al  in  1867.  He  is  the  author  of  a  "  Narrative 
of   the   Arctic   Land   Expedition,"    etc.   (London. 


BACKUS 


BACON 


129 


1836),  and  of  a  "  Narrative  of  the  Expedition  in 
H.  M.  Ship  '  Terror '  "  (1838). 

BACKUS,  Azel,  educator,  b.  in  Norwich,  Conn., 
13  Oct.,  17G5;  d.  9  Dec,  1817.  His  parents  were 
Conc^rcgationalists,  but  while  at  Yale  he  imbiljed 
deistical  ojiinions.  He  was  graduated  in  1787 
with  a  high  reputation  for  scholarship,  and  taught 
school  for  a  time  at  Wethersfield,  Conn.  Under 
the  influence  of  his  uncle,  the  Rev.  Charles  Back- 
us, he  became  a  Christian  and  entered  the  minis- 
try, although  at  one  time  he  was  on  the  point  of 
joining  the  array.  He  was  licensed  to  preach  in 
1789,  and  in  179i  became  the  successor  of  Dr.  Bel- 
lamy at  Bethlehem,  Conn.,  where  he  also  carried  on  a 
successful  school.  Here  he  remained  until,  at  the 
foundation  of  Hamilton  college,  Clinton,  N.  Y.,  in 
1812,  he  was  chosen  its  first  president,  and  was  in- 
augurated on  3  Dec.  of  that  year.  Princeton  gave 
him  the  degree  of  S.  T.  D.  in  1810.  He  took  great 
interest  in  the  political  questions  of  the  day,  and 
published  a  number  of  sermons  (1797-1813),  among 
which  are  the  annual  "  election  sermon,"  delivered 
in  1798  before  the  Connecticut  legislature,  and  one 
on  the  death  of  Gov.  Wolcott  (1797). 

BACKUS,  Charles,  theologian,  b.  in  Franklin, 
Conn..  9  Nov.,  1749;  d.  in  Somers,  Conn.,  30  Dec, 
1803.  He  lost  his  parents  early  in  childhood,  and 
was  educated  by  his  friends.  After  his  graduation 
at  Yale  in  1709  he  studied  theology  under  Dr. 
Hart,  of  Preston,  was  licensed  to  preach  in  1773, 
and  on  10  Aug.,  1774,  became  pastor  of  the  Con- 
gregational church  in  Somers,  where  he  remained 
until  his  deatii.  Here  he  established  a  sort  of 
divinity  school,  receiving  theological  students  into 
his  family.  Nearly  fifty  were  thus  trained,  among 
them  Dr.  Woods,  of  Andover,  President  Moore, 
of  Amherst,  President  Davis,  of  Hamilton,  and 
other  eminent  divines.  Dr.  Backus  was  invited  to 
fill  the  chair  of  theology  at  Dartmouth,  and  after- 
ward that  at  Yale,  but  declined  in  both  cases.  He' 
was  a  plain  but  impressive  speaker,  and  a  fervent 
extemporaneous  preacher.  He  published  a  large 
number  of  sermons  (1795-1801),  including  one  to 
freemasons  (1795) ;  "  Five  Discourses  on  the  Truth 
of  the  Bible  "  (1797),  and  an  historical  discourse  on 
the  town  of  Somers  (1801).  He  also  published  a 
volume  on  regeneration.  An  article  on  his  divin- 
ity school,  by  J.  Vaill,  appeared  in  the  "  Congrega- 
tional Quarterly  "  for  1864. 

BACKUS,  Electiis,  soldier,  d.  7  June,  1813. 
He  was  appointed  major  of  light  dragoons  7  Oct., 
1808,  and  lieutenant-colonel  15  Feb.,  1804.  He 
•was  in  command  of  the  American  forces  at  Sack- 
ett's  Harbor  in  1813,  when,  hearing  of  a  projected 
attack  by  the  British,  he  summoned  Gen.  Brown, 
who  gathered  as  many  militia  as  possible  and  took 
cnief  command.  The  attack  was  made  on  29  May, 
and,  although  the  militia  behaved  badly,  the  British 
were  finally  defeated.  Col.  Backus  fell  mortally 
•wounded  while  fighting  bravely  at  the  head  of  his 
men. — His  son  Electiis  (b.  in  New  York  in  1804 ;  d. 
ill  Detroit,  Mich.,  7  June,  1862)  was  graduated  at 
West  Point  in  1824.  He  was  aide  to  Gen.  Hugh 
Brady  from  1828  to  1837,  and  became  captain  17 
Oct.,  1837.  In  1838-'40  he  served  in  the  Seminole 
war,  and  afterward  in  the  Mexican  war,  being 
brevetted  major  on  23  Sept.,  1846,  "  for  gallant  and 
meritorious  conduct  at  Monterey."  In  1847  he 
was  in  command  of  the  fortress  of  San  Juan 
d'UUoa.  He  became  major  in  the  3d  infantry  on 
10  June,  1850.  served  in  the  Navajo  expedition  in 
1858,  was  made  lieutenant-colonel  19  Jan.,  1859,  and 
colonel  6th  infantry  20  Feb.,  1862.  Just  before  his 
death,  in  the  early  part  of  the  civil  war,  he  was 
mustering  and  disbursing  officer  at  Detroit. 

VOL.   I. — 9 


BACKUS,  Franklin  Thomas,  lawyer,  b.  in 
Lee,  Mass.,  6  May,  1813 ;  d.  in  Cleveland,  Ohio, 
14  May,  1870.  He  lived  on  a  farm  near  Lansing, 
N.  Y.,  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1836,  studied 
law  in  Cleveland,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1839.  He  was  elected  prosecuting  attorney  of  the 
county  in  1841,  and  was  sent  to  the  Ohio  house 
of  representatives  in  1846,  and  to  the  state  senate 
in  1848.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the  peace  congress 
at  Washington  in  1861.  He  supported  McClellan 
for  president  in  1864,  and  was  a  delegate  to  the 
national  convention  that  met  at  Philadelphia  in 
1866  to  form  a  new  party.  He  gained  especial  dis- 
tinction in  the  early  part  of  his  career  as  prose- 
cuting attorney  at  the  trial  of  Brooks,  who  was 
sentenced  to  life-long  imprisonment  for  wrecking 
a  train,  and  as  attorney  for  the  Oberlin  rescuers, 
who  had  assisted  in  the  escape  of  a  slave.  In  his 
latter  years  he  was  much  consulted  in  railroad 
cases,  and  was  influential  in  settling  the  principles 
governing  the  Ohio  courts  regarding  railroads. 

BACKUS,  Isaac,  clergyman,  b.  in  Norwich, 
Conn.,  9  Jan.,  1724;  d.  20  Nov.,  1806.  He  became 
identified  with  the  "  Separatist "  movement,  began 
to  preach  in  1746,  was  ordained  in  Middleborough, 
Mass.,  13  April,  1748,  and  became  pastoral  Titicut, 
in  that  town,  of  a  new  Congregational  society, 
which  had  been  formed  in  consequence  of  a  dis- 
pute regarding  the  settlement  of  a  minister.  In 
1749  some  of  his  congregation  began  to  sympathize 
with  the  Baptists,  and  he  finally  united  with  these 
and  formed  a  Baptist  church  in  Middleborough  in 
1756,  having  been  immersed  in  1751.  He  held 
open  communion  for  some  years,  but  at  length 
abandoned  it.  Throughout  his  life  he  was  an  ear- 
nest and  consistent  advocate  of  the  utmost  relig- 
ious freedom.  In  1774  he  was  sent  as  the  agent  of 
the  Warren  association  of  Baptist  churches  to 
claim  from  congress,  for  the  Baptists,  the  same 
rights  as  those  accorded  other  churches.  He  vin- 
dicated his  course  by  a  paper  in  the  "  Boston 
Chronicle,"  2  Dec,  1779,  arguing  against  a  pro- 
posed article  in  the  Massachusetts  bill  of  rights. 
In  1788  he  was  a  delegate  to  the  convention  that 
adopted  the  federal  constitution,  and  made  a  speech 
in  its  favor.  Dr.  Backus  was  for.  thirty-four  years 
a  trustee  of  Rhode  Island  college,  now  Brown  uni- 
versity. He  was  a  voluminous  writer,  his  most  im- 
portant work  being  a  "  History  of  New  England, 
with  Special  Reference  to  the  Baptists "  (3  vols., 
1777-'96),  with  an  abridgment,  bringing  the  work 
down  to  1804.  A  new  edition,  carefully  edited  by 
Rev.  David  Weston,  of  Madison  university,  was 
published  under  the  auspices  of  the  Backus  histori- 
cal society  of  Newton  Centre,  Mass.  (2  vols.,  1871). 
This  work,  though  partisan,  is  still  valuable  to  the 
student  of  New  England  history.  Dr.  Backus  also 
wrote  a  history  of  Middleborough  in  the  3d  volume 
of  the  Massachusetts  historical  collections.  See 
Sprague's  "  Annals  of  the  American  Pulpit." 

BACON,  David,  missionary,  b.  in  Woodstock, 
Conn.,  in  1771 ;  d.  in  Hartford,  Conn.,  27  Aug., 
1817.  His  labors  and  sufferings  as  missionary  to 
the  Ojibbewa  Indians  in  the  territory  of  Michigan, 
and  afterward  as  founder  of  a  Christian  to'wn  at 
Tallmadge,  Ohio,  have  been  narrated  in  a  "  Sketch 
of  the  Rev.  David  Bacon,"  by  Rev.  Leonard  Ba- 
con, D.  D.  (Boston,  1876). — His  son,  Leonard, 
clergyman,  b.  in  Detroit,  Mich.,  19  Feb.,  1802 ;  d. 
in  New  Haven,  Conn.,  24  Dec,  1881.  He  was 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1820,  and  studied  theology  at 
Andover.  In  March,  1825,  he  was  ordained  pastor 
of  the  1st  church  in  New  Haven,  and  continued 
in  this  office  until  his  death — fifty-seven  years. 
From  1866,  being  relieved  of  the  main  burden  of 


130 


BACON 


BACON 


pastoral  work,  he  occupied  the  chair  of  didactic 
theology  in  Yale  until  1871,  and  thereafter  was 
lecturer  on  ecclesiastical  polity  and  American 
church  history.  He  was  a  representative  of  the 
liberal  orthodoxy  and  historic  polity  of  the  ancient 
New  England  churches.  His  life  was  incessantly 
occupied  in  the  discussion  of  questions  bearing  on 
the  interests  of  humanity  and  religion.  Probably 
no  subject  of  serious  importance  that  came  into 
general  notice  during  his  long  career  escaped  his 
earnest  and  active  attention.  A  public  question 
which  absorbed  much  of  his  thought  after  1823 
was  that  of  slavery.  His  constant  position  was 
that  of  resistance  to  slavery  on  the  one  hand,  and 
of  resistance  to  the  extravagances  of  certain  abo- 
litionists on  the  other;  and  he  thought  himself 
well  rewarded  for  forty  years  of  debate,  in  which, 
as  he  was  wont  to  say  of  himself,  quoting  the  lan- 
guage of  Baxter,  that,  "  where  others  had  had  one 
enemy  he  had  had  two,"  when  he  learned  that 
Abraham  Lincoln  referred  to  his  volume  on  slavery 
as  the  source  of  his  own  clear  and  sober  convictions 
on  that  subject.  He  was  a  strong  supporter  of  the 
union  throughout  the  civil  war,  and  took  active 

part  in  the  va- 
rious constitu- 
tional, econom- 
ical, and  moral 
discussions  to 
which  it  gave 
rise.  He  was  in- 
fluential in  se- 
curing the  re- 
peal of  the  "om- 
nibus clause  " 
in  the  Connec- 
ticut divorce 
law.  In  March, 
1874,  he  was 
moderator  of 
the  council  that 
rebuked  Henry 
Ward  Beecher  s 
society  for  ir- 
regularly expel- 
ling Theodore  Tilton,  and  in  February,  1876,  of  the 
advisory  council  called  by  the  Plymouth  society. 
During  his  later  years  he  was,  by  general  consent, 
regarded  as  the  foremost  man  among  American 
Congregationalists.  He  became  known  in  oral  de- 
bate, in  which  he  excelled,  by  his  books,  and  pre- 
eminently by  his  contributions  to  the  periodical 
press.  From  1826  till  1838  he  was  one  of'  the  edi- 
tors of  the  "  Christian  Spectator."  In  1843  he  aided 
in  establishing  "  The  New  Englander "  review,  to 
which  he  continued  to  contribute  copiously  until 
his  death.  In  that  publication  appeared  many 
articles  from  his  pen  denouncing,  on  religious  and 
political  grounds,  the  policy  of  the  government  in 
respect  to  slavery.  With  Drs.  Storrs  and  Thompson 
he  founded  the  "  Independent "  in  1847,  and  contin- 
ued with  them  in  the  editorship  of  it  for  sixteen 
years.  He  had  great  delight  in  historical  studies, 
especially  in  the  history  of  the  Puritans,  both  in 
England  and  in  America.  Besides  innumerable 
pamphlets  and  reviews,  he  published  "  Select 
Works  of  Richard  Baxter,"  with  a  biography 
(1830);  "Manual  for  Young  Church-Members" 
(1833) ;  "  Thirteen  Historical  Discourses "  on  the 
200th  anniversary  of  the  beginning  of  the  1st 
church  in  New  Plaven  (1839) ;  "  Views  and  Re- 
views ;  an  Appeal  against  Division  "  (1840) ;  "  Sla- 
very Discussed  in  Occasional  Essays  "  (1846) ; 
"  Christian  Self-Culture  "  (1862)  ;  ""Four  Com- 
memorative Discourses "  (1866) ;  "  Genesis  of  the 


New  England  Churches"  (1874);  "Sketch  of  Rev. 
David  Bacon  "  (1876) ;  and  "  Three  Civic  Orations 
for  New  Haven"  (1879).— Delia,  daughter  of 
Daviil,  author,  b.  in  Tallniadge,  Ohio,  2  Feb.,  1811 ; 
d.  in  Hartford,  Coim.,  2  Sept.,  1859.  She  was  a 
teacher,  resided  for  some  time  in  Boston,  and  there 
delivered  a  course  of  lectures.  She  published  anony- 
mously "  Tales  of  the  Puritans  "  (New  Haven),  and 
"  The  Bride  of  Fort  Edward,"  a  drama  (New  York, 
1839).  Later  she  published  in  London  and  Boston 
"  Philosophy  of  the  Plays  of  Shakespeare  Unfold- 
ed" (1857),  with  a  preface  by  Nathaniel  Haw- 
thorne, in  which  she  sought  to  prove  that  Lord 
Bacon,  conjointly  with  other  writers,  was  the 
author  of  the  Shakespearean  plays.  See  Haw- 
thorne's "  Recollections  of  a  Grif ted  "Woman  "  in  his 
"Our  Old  Home."  and  Mrs.  Farrar's  "Recollec- 
tions of  Seventy  Years." — Leonard's  son,  Leonard 
Woolsey,  clergyman,  b.  in  New  Haven,  Conn.,  1 
Jan.,  1830.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1850, 
then  studied  theology  at  Andover  and  Yale,  and 
medicine  at  Yale,  receiving  his  degree  in  1855. 
He  served  as  pastor  of  Congregational  or  Presby- 
terian churches  in  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  Litchfield  and 
Stamford,  Conn.,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  and  Baltimore, 
Md.,  and  then  spent  five  years  in  Europe,  chiefly 
at  Geneva.  Returning  in  1877,  he  served  as  pastor 
in  Norwich,  Conn.,  and  Philadelphia,  Pa.  He  has 
written  much  for  the  periodical  press,  and  pub- 
lished, besides  pamphlets  and  musical  composi- 
tions, "  The  Vatican  Council  "  (1872) ;  "  Church 
Papers "  (1876) ;  "  A  Life  worth  Living :  Life  of 
Emily  Bliss  Gould  "  (1878) ;  "  Sunday  Observance 
and  Sunday  Law,"  including  six  sermons  on  the 
Sabbath  question,  by  his  brother,  George  Blagdon 
Bacon  (1882) ;  "  The  Simplicity  that  is  in  Christ " 
(1886) ;  and  sundry  translations  from  the  French 
and  German,  and  compilations  of  psalmody. — An- 
other son,  Theodore,  lawyer,  and  his  five  brothers, 
"have  won  professional  and  literary  distinction. — A 
daughter,  Rebecca  Taylor,  became  distinguished 
by  her  philanthropic  labors  in  the  founding  of  the 
Hampton,  Va.,  institute  and  the  New  Haven  school 
of  nursing. 

BACON,  David  Francis,  physician,  b.  in  Pros- 
pect, Conn.,  30  Nov.,  1813;  d.  in  New  York,  23 
Jan.,  1866.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1831, 
and  at  the  medical  school  in  1836.  Soon  after  the 
completion  of  his  studies  he  was  sent  as  principal 
colonial  physician  to  Liberia  by  the  American 
colonization  society.  During  the  greater  part  of 
his  life  he  resided  in  New  York,  and  was  actively 
interested  in  politics.  He  was  a  frecpient  contrib- 
utor to  periodical  literature,  and  published  "  Lives 
of  the  Apostles  "  (New  York,  1835),  and  also  "  Wan- 
derings on  the  Seas  and  Shores  of  Africa  "  (1843). 

BACON,  David  William,  Catholic  bishop,  b. 
in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  in  1814;  d.  in  New  York,  5 
Nov.,  1874.  He  received  a  classical  training  in  the 
New  York  Roman  Catholic  schools,  whence  he 
proceeded  to  Mount  St.  Mary's  college  and  semi- 
nary, Emmettsburg,  Md.,  and  having  completed 
his  course  returned  to  New  York,  where  he  was  or- 
dained in  1838,  and  soon  afterward  became  pastor  of 
the  church  of  the  Assumption  in  Brooklyn.  He  was 
unwearied  in  his  efforts  for  the  extension  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  church  in  that  city,  and,  though 
his  own  congregation  was  the  largest  in  Brooklyn, 
he  was  not  satisfied  until  he  had  purchased  the 
land  and  erected  the  church  of  St.  Mary,  Star  of  the 
Sea,  at  the  corner  of  Court  and  Luqueer  streets, 
the  largest  church  edifice  in  the  city,  where  he  was 
pastor  during  the  last  years  of  his  residence  in 
Brooklyn.  In  1855  he  was  consecrated  bishop  of 
the  newly  created  diocese  of  Portland,  Me.,  which 


BACON 


BACON 


131 


embraced  the  states  of  Maine  and  New  Hampshire. 
His  labors  here  were  unremitting,  and  were  at- 
tended with  great  success.  In  August,  1874,  he  made 
a  voyage  to  Europe  for  his  health,  which  had  been 
impiiired  by  his  labors,  but  it  was  too  late  for  him 
to  be  benefited.  On  his  arrival  in  France  he  was 
obliged  to  go  immediately  into  the  hospital  at 
Brest,  where  he  remained  until  he  was  carried  on 
board  ship  to  return,  and,  on  his  arrival  in  New 
York,  was  carried  to  St.  Vincent's  hospital,  where 
he  died  the  next  evening.  He  was  a  man  of  fine 
personal  presence  and  an  accomplished  scholar. 

BACON,  Edmund,  lawyer,  b.  in  Virginia  in 
January,  1776;  d.  in  Edgefield,  S.  C,  2  Feb.,  1826. 
While  quite  young  he  was  chosen  by  the  citizens 
of  Augusta,  Ga.,  where  he  was  at  school,  to  wel- 
come Washington,  then  on  an  official  tour  through 
the  south  as  president.  "  This  delicate  and  honor- 
able task,"  says  a  contemporary  historian.  Judge 
O'Neall,  "  he  accomplished  in  an  address  so  fortu- 
nate as  to  have  attracted  not  only  the  attention  of 
that  great  man,  but  to  have  procured  from  him, 
for  the  orator,  a  present  of  several  law  books."  He 
was  graduated  at  the  Litchfield,  Conn.,  law  school 
and  settled  in  Savannah,  where  he  acquired  a  for- 
tune at  tiie  bar  before  attaining  the  age  of  thirty- 
three.  He  was  retained  in  the  settlement  of  the 
estate  of  Gen.  Nathaniel  Greene,  near  Savannah, 
and  it  is  a  curious  coincidence  that  a  quotation 
from  one  of  the  law  books  presented  to  Mr.  Bacon 
by  Gen.  Washington  enabled  him  to  gain  a  mooted 
point  for  the  succession  to  the  estate  of  the  second 
general  of  the  revolution.  Owing  to  ill  health,  he 
removed  in  search  of  a  more  healthful  location  to 
Edgefield,  where  he  soon  became  a  leading  practi- 
tioner. He  is  the  "Ned  Brace  "of  Judge  Long- 
street's  "  Georgia  Scenes,"  and  as  a  wit  and  humor- 
ist was  conspicuous  among  his  contemporaries.  He 
displayed  a  lavish  hospitality,  and  was  the  acknowl- 
edged autocrat  of  the  table,  insomuch  that  on  a 
certain  occasion,  when  the  learned  Dr.  Jonathan 
Maxcy,  president  of  South  Carolina  college,  was 
present  as  a  guest,  no  sooner  had  Mr.  Bacon  left 
the  room  than  Dr.  Maxcy  enthusiastically  ex- 
claimed, "  A  perfect  Garrick,  sir !  A  living,  breath- 
ing, acting  Garrick  ! " 

BACON,  Edwin  Munroe,  journalist,  b.  in 
Providence,  R.  I.,  20  Oct.,  1844.  He  was  educated 
in  private  schools,  finishing  his  studies  in  the 
academy  at  Foxboro,  Mass.  At  the  age  of  nine- 
teen he  was  appointed  on  the  staff  of  the  Boston 
"  Advertiser,"  and  has  since  been  connected  as  re- 
porter, correspondent,  managing  editor,  and  edi- 
tor-in-chief with  various  journals.  He  was  chief 
editor  of  the  Boston  "  Globe  "  during  its  career  as 
an  independent  paper.  In  May,  1866,  he  assumed 
the  editorial  control  of  the  Boston  "  Post."  The 
degree  of  A.  M.  was  conferred  on  him  by  Dart- 
mouth in  1879.  He  has  edited  several  works, 
among  them  "  King's  Hand-Book  of  Boston  "  and 
"  Boston  Illustrated,"  and  written  a  "  Dictionary 
of  Boston  "  (Boston,  1883,  new  ed.,  1886). 

BACON,  Ezekiel,  jurist,  b.  in  Boston,  Mass.,  1 
Sept.,  1776 ;  d.  in  Utica,  N.  Y.,  18  Oct.,  1870.  He 
was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1794,  studied  law 
in  the  Litchfield,  Conn.,  law  school,  and  began 
practice  at  Stockbridge,  Mass.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  legislature  in  1806-'7 ;  a  representative  in 
congress  from  1807  to  1813 ;  chief  justice  of  the 
court  of  common  pleas  for  the  western  district  of 
Massachusetts  in  1813,  and  from  that  year  till  1815 
first  comptroller  of  the  U.  S.  treasury.  He  re- 
moved to  Utica,  N.  Y.,  in  1816 ;  was  a  member  of 
the  legislature  of  that  state,  judge  of  the  court  of 
common  pleas,  and  a  member  of  the  state  constitu- 


tional convention  of  1821.  In  1824  he  was  a  demo- 
cratic candidate  for  congress,  but  was  defeated. 
He  published  "  Recollections  of  Fifty  Years  "  (1843). 

BACON,  Henry,  artist,  b.  in  Haverhill,  Mass., 
in  1840.  He  volunteered  in  the  13th  Massachusetts 
infantry  for  the  civil  war,  and  was  wounded.  In 
1864  he  went  to  Paris  and  entered  the  Ecole  des 
beaux  arts,  studying  also  under  Cabanel  and  Ed- 
ward Prere.  His  best-known  work  is  "  Boston  Boys 
and  General  Gage,"  which  was  first  exhibited  in 
the  Paris  salon  of  1875  and  at  the  Philadelphia 
centennial  in  1876.  His  favorite  subjects  are  fig- 
ures so  treated  as  to  tell  a  story,  historical  or  im- 
aginative, in  the  most  effective  manner.  His  pro- 
fessional residence  is  for  the  most  part  in  Paris, 
and  he  is  a  frequent  exhibitor  at  the  salon.  The 
titles  of  some  of  his  more  important  pictures  are 
"Paying  the  Scot"  (1870);  "Franklin  at  Home" 
(1876) ;  "  Les  Adieux  "  and  "  Land  !  Land  !  "  (1878) ; 
"  In  Normandy  "  (Paris  salon,  1878) ;  "  The  Luck 
of  Roaring  Camp  "  (1881) ;  and  "  Lover's  Quarrel " 
(1882) ;  "  Le  Plainariste." 

BACON,  John  Edmund,  lawyer,  b.  in  Edge- 
field C.  H.,  S.  C.,  3  March,  1832.  He  was  a  grand- 
son of  Edmund  Bacon,  was  graduated  at  South 
Carolina  college  in  1851,  and  studied  afterward  at 
Leipsic,  Germany.  He  read  law  at  Litchfield, 
Conn.,  and  soon  won  distinction  at  the  bar.  His 
aptitude  for  the  languages,  ancient  and  modern, 
led  to  his  appointment  as  secretary  of  legation  to 
St.  Petersburg  in  1858,  and  he  acted  as  charge 
d'affaires  until  the  arrival  of  the  Hon.  F.  W.  Pickens 
as  U.  S.  minister.  In  1859  he  married  at  St.  Peters- 
burg Rebecca  Calhoun,  youngest  daughter  of  Gov. 
Pickens.  While  on  his  wedding  tour  he  heard  of 
the  election  of  Mr.  Lmcoln  and  sent  his  resignation 
to  the  department  of  state.  In  1861  he  returned  to 
South  Carolina,  entered  the  confederate  army  as  a 
private,  and  rose  to  the  rank  of  major.  In  1866 
he  was  sent  with  Gov.  James  L.  Orr  to  arrange  with 
President  Johnson  for  the  restoration  of  South 
Carolina  to  the  union.  In  1867  he  was  elected  dis- 
trict judge,  but  was  soon  afterward  deposed  by  the 
federal  general  then  in  command  of  that  depart- 
ment. In  1872  he  was  a  democratic  nominee  for 
congress,  but  was  defeated  by  R.  B.  Elliott,  the 
able  negro  politician.  Judge  Bacon  has  travelled 
extensively  in  Russia,  and  has  occupied  his  leisure 
time  in  the  collection  and  preparation  of  materials 
for  a  future  history  of  that  country.  In  1886  he 
was  appointed  charge  d'affaires  for  the  United 
States  in  Uruguaj  and  Paraguay. 

BACON,  Nathaniel,  "  the  Virginia  rebel,"  a  co- 
lonial leader,  b.  in  Suffolk,  England,  2  Jan.,  1647 ; 
d.  in  October,  1676.  He  was  educated  in  the  inns 
of  court,  London,  and  settled  on  a  large  estate  near 
the  head  of  James  river  in  Virginia.  He  became  a 
member  of  the  council  in  1672,  and  gained  great 
popularity  by  his  winning  manners  and  eloquent 
speech.  The'  Virginians  were  dissatisfied  with  the 
measures  taken  by  Gov.  Berkeley  for  defence 
against  the  Indians,  and  chose  Bacon,  on  the  out- 
break of  a  fresh  Indian  war,  to  lead  the  colonial 
military  forces.  Although  the  governor  refused  to 
commission  him,  a  force  collected  and  defeated  the 
Indians.  On  29  May,  1676.  Gov.  Berkeley  pro- 
claimed Bacon  a  rebel,  and  sent  a  force  against 
him.  He  was  captured  and  tried  before  the  gov- 
ernor and  council  on  10  June,  when  he  was  ac- 
quitted, restored  to  his  seat  in  the  council,  and 
promised  a  commission  as  general  for  the  Indian 
war.  But  the  governor  refused  to  issue  the  prom- 
ised commission.  The  high  rates  of  taxation,  the 
attempts  of  the  governor  to  curtail  the  franchise, 
and  other  unpopular  measures,  in  conjunction  with 


132 


BACON 


BADGER 


his  inefficient  Indian  policy,  fed  the  popular  dis- 
content. Upon  compulsion  of  the  rebels,  Gov. 
Berkeley  in  July  dismantled  the  obnoxious  forts, 
dissolved  the  assembly,  and  issued  writs  for  a  new 
election.  When  he  failed  to  carry  out  his  prom- 
ises, Bacon  returned  at  the  head  of  500  men  and 
compelled  Berkeley  to  issue  the  promised  commis- 
sion. He  then  prosecuted  the  operations  against 
the  Indians  with  vigor;  but,  being  again  pro- 
claimed a  rebel,  he  issued  a  counter-manifesto,  6 
Aug.,  and,  marching  upon  Williamsburg,  drove  the 
governor  across  the  bay  to  Accomac.  In  Septem- 
ber he  again  routed  the  governor's  forces  and 
burned  Jamestown,  while  Gov.  Berkeley  was  obliged 
to  take  refuge  on  board  an  English  ship.  A  num- 
ber of  women,  wives  of  the  governor's  adher- 
ents, were  seized  and  held  as  hostages  by  the  rebels. 
Bacon  died  before  carrying  out  his  plans  for  at- 
tacking the  governor  at  Accomac,  and  Ingram,  who 
succeeded  in  the  command  of  the  colonial  forces, 
was  won  over  by  the  governor,  and,  after  the  execu- 
tion of  a  number  of  Bacon's  principal  adherents, 
the  rebellion  was  extinguished.  His  career  fur- 
nished the  subject  for  a  novel  by  William  Car- 
ruthers,  of  Virginia.  See  Force's  "  Tracts  Relating 
to  the  Origin,  Settlement,  and  Progress  of  the  Colo- 
nies "  ;  also  Sparks's  "  American  Biography." 

BACON,  Samuel,  clergyman,  b.  in  Stui-ljridge, 
Mass.,  23  July,  1781 ;  d.  in  Kent,  Cape  Shilling, 
Africa,  8  May,  1820.  He  was  graduated  at  Har- 
vard in  1808,  and  then  studied  law,  which  he  sub- 
sequently practised  in  Pennsylvania.  For  a  time 
he  edited  the  "  Worcester  Mgis"  and  later  the 
Lancaster,  Pa.,  "  Hive."  and  then  was  ordained 
in  the  Protestant  Episcopal  ministry.  In  1819  he 
was  appointed  by  the  U.  S.  government  one  of  three 
agents  to  colonize  Africa  with  negroes,  under  the 
auspices  of  the  American  colonization  society. 
The  expedition  sailed  for  Sierra  Leone,  reaching 
that  port  on  9  March,  1820,  and  a  settlement  was 
made  at  Campelar,  on  the  Sherboro  river.  Here 
his  two  associates  died,  and  he  in  declining  health 
was  removed  to  Kent,  where  his  last  days  were 
spent.  See  "  Memoirs  of  Rev.  Samuel  Bacon,"  by 
Jehudi  Ashmun  (1822). 

BACON,  William  Thompson,  clergyman,  b. 
in  Woodbury,  Conn.,  24  Aug.,  1814 ;  d.  in  Derby, 
Conn.,  18  May,  1881.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale 
in  1837,  delivering  the  valedictory  poem.  Then  he 
studied  at  the  Yale  divinity  school,  and  from  1842 
to  1845  was  pastor  of  the  Congregational  church 
in  Trumbull,  Conn.  For  some  time  he  was  one  of 
the  editors  of  the  "  New  Englander,"  and  during 
several  years  editor  and  proprietor  of  the  "  Journal 
and  Courier,"  of  New  Haven.  He  then  resumed 
his  ministerial  labors,  and  was  in  charge  of  parishes 
in  Kent  and  in  Derby,  Conn.  Two  volumes  of 
poems  written  by  him  were  published  in  Cam- 
bridge, the  first  in  1837  and  the  second  in  1848. 

BADEAU,  Adam,  author,  b.  in  New  York  city, 
29  Dec,  1831 ;  d.  in  Ridgewood,  N. J.,  20  March,  1895. 
His  education  was  received  at  a  boarding-school  in 
Tarrytown,  N.  Y.  He  volunteered  in  the  military  ser- 
vice of  tlie  United  States  in  1802,  and  was  appoint- 
ed aide  on  the  staff  of  Brig.-Gen.  Thomas  W.  Sher- 
man. In  that  capacity  he  served  in  Louisiana  until 
27  May,  1863,  when  he  was  severely  wounded,  al- 
most at  the  same  time  with  his  commanding  offi- 
cer, in  leading  an  assault  on  the  confederate  works 
at  Port  Hudson.  In  March,  1864,  he  was  appoint- 
ed military  secretary  to  Gen.  Grant,  with  the  rank, 
first  of  lieutenant-colonel  and  afterward  of  colonel. 
On  this  duty  he  accompanied  the  general  in  the 
Wilderness  and  Appomattox  campaigns,  and  re- 
mained on  his  staff  until  March,  1869,  when  he  was 


retired  from  the  army  with  the  full  rank  of  cap- 
tain and  the  brevet  rank  of  brigadier-general,  17. 
S.  A.  He  also  received  a  similar  brevet  in  the  vol- 
unteer service.  From  May  to  December,  1869,  he 
was  secretary  of  legation  at  London.  During  1870 
he  was  sent  to  Madrid  as  a  bearer  of  government 
despatches,  and  in  May  returned  to  London  as  con- 
sul-general, retaining  that  office  until  September, 
1881.  In  1877  and  1878  he  was  given  leave  of  ab- 
sence by  the  state  department  to  accompany  Gen. 
Grant  on  his  tour  round  the  world.  He  was  con- 
sul-general at  Havana  from  May,  1882,  until  April, 
1884,  and  then  resigned  because  he  was  not  permit- 
ted by  the  state  department  to  substantiate  charges 
of  coiTuption  of  which  he  accused  its  administra- 
tion. He  had  been  appointed  U.  S.  minister  to  Brus- 
sels in  1875,  and  to  Copenhagen  in  1881,  but  declined 
both  appointments.  He  published  "  The  Vaga- 
bond," a  collection  of  essays  (New  York.  1859) ; 
"  Military  History  of  Ulysses  S.  Grant "  (3  vols., 
1867-'81) ;  "  Conspii'acy :  a  Cuban  Romance  "  (1885) ; 
"  Aristocracy  in  England  "  (1886) ;  and  "  Grant  in 
Peace  "  (1886). 

BADtrER,  George  Edmund,  statesman,  b.  in 
Newbern,  N.  C,  13  April,  1795;  d.  in  Raleigh, 
N.  C,  11  May,  1866.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale 
in  1813,  and  studied  law  in  Raleigh.  In  1816  he 
was  elected  to  the  state  legislature,  and  devoted 
the  next  four  years  of  his  life  to  law  and  legisla- 
tion. From  1820  to  1825  he  was  judge  of  the 
North  Carolina  superior  court  at  Raleigh.  In  1840 
he  was  a  prominent  advocate  of  the  election  of 
Gen.  Harrison  to  the  presidency,  and  in  March, 
1841,  was  appointed  secretary  of  the  navy.  On  the 
death  of  President  Harrison,  and  the  separation  of 
Mr.  Tyler  from  the  whig  party,  Mr.  Badger  re- 
signed, giving  the  veto  of  President  Tyler  on  the 
second  bank  bill  as  his  reason.  The  whigs  of 
North  Carolina  returned  him  at  the  fli'st  opportu- 
nity to  the  senate.  He  was  elected  to  fill  a  vacan- 
cy in  1846,  and  in  1848  reelected  for  a  full  term. 
In  1853  President  Fillmore  nominated  him  as  a 
judge  of  the  U.  S.  supreme  court,  but  the  senate 
refused  to  confirm  the  nomination.  At  the  expi- 
ration of  his  senatorial  term  he  retired  from  pub- 
lic life  and  devoted  himself  wholly  to  his  profes- 
sion. In  February,  1861,  when  the  proposition  to 
hold  a  convention  for  the  purpose  of  seceding  from 
the  union  was  submitted  to  the  people  of  his  state, 
he  consented  to  serve  as  a  union  candidate  if  the 
convention  should  be  called.  The  proposition  was 
defeated  by  the  people ;  but  when,  in  May,  1861, 
the  convention  was  finally  called,  he  served  in  it 
as  a  representative  from  Wake  co.  He  spoke  ably 
in  defence  of  the  union,  and  after  the  ordinance  of 
secession  was  passed  was  known  as  a  member  of 
the  conservative  party.  Mr.  Badger  was  a  vigor- 
ous speaker,  but  wrote  little.  He  excelled  in  de- 
bate and  was  a  man  of  profound  research. 

BADGER,  Joseph,  soldier,  b.  in  Haverhill, 
Mass.,  11  Jan,  1722;  d.  4  April,  1803.  He  held 
several  civil  and  military  offices  in  his  native  place, 
but  removed  to  Oilman  ton,  N.  H.,  in  1763.  He  be- 
came a  colonel  in  the  revolutionary  army  in  1771, 
and  was  mustering  officer  of  troops  in  his  part  of 
the  state,  and  a  member  of  the  provincial  congress. 
He  was  appointed  brigadier-general  in  1780,  was 
judge  of  probate  from  1784  to  1797,  and  in  1788 
wasa  member  of  the  convention  that  adopted  the 
federal  constitution.  In  1784  and  1790-'l  he  was 
a  member  of  the  state  council.  He  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  Gilmanton  academy. 

BADGER,  Joseph,  missionary,  b.  in  Wilbra- 
hain,  Mass.,  28  Feb.,  1757;  d.  in  Perrysburg,  Oliio, 
5  May,  1846.     His  early  education  was  obtained 


BADGER 


BADIN 


133 


entirely  from  his  parents.  At  eighteen  ;>ears  of 
age  he  joined  the  revolutionary  army.  Four  years 
later  he  entered  the  family  of  Rev.  Mr.  Day,  father 
of  President  Day  of  Yale,  and  began  study  with 
boys  of  eight  or  nine  years.  Soon  afterward  he 
determined  to  become  a  clergyman,  and  entered 
Yale  college  in  1781.  He  at  first  supported  him- 
self by  manual  labor  and  afterward  by  teaching 
school,  the  sum  of  $200,  in  continental  money, 
which  he  had  saved,  scarcely  serving  to  buy  him  a 
coat.  He  was  graduated  in  1785,  studied  divinity, 
and  in  1787  became  pastor  at  Blandford,  Mass., 
where  he  remained  until  1800.  In  that  year  the 
missionary  society  sent  him  to  the  unsettled  part 
of  the  country  northwest  of  the  Ohio  river.  Here 
he  endured  great  hardships  for  thirty  years,  going 
from  settlement  to  settlement,  over  a  country  where 
there  were  neither  roads  nor  bridges,  and  often 
passing  the  night  in  the  branches  of  a  tree.  This 
mode  of  life  gave  him  great  familiarity  with  the 
country ,  which  was  of  use  to  the  American  army 
during  the  war  of  1813,  when  he  served  as  chap- 
lain. He  became  an  intimate  friend  of  Gen.  Har- 
rison, who  gave  him  his  appointment.  In  1835  he 
retired  and  lived  with  a  daughter  until  his  death. 
See  an  autobiographical  letter  in  the  "  American 
Quarterly  Register"  (vol.  xiii.,  Andover). 

BAIXtER,  Joseph,  clergyman,  b.  in  Gilman- 
ton,  N.  H.,  16  Aug.,  1792;  d.  12  May,  1852.  •  His 
father,  revolting  against  the  Calvinism  in  which  he 
had  been  educated,  had  become  a  deist,  and  Josejjh 
was  given  no  religious  ti'aining.  When  he  was 
ten  years  old  his  family  removed  to  Crompton, 
Canada,  then  almost  a  wilderness.  He  was  con- 
verted in  1811  while  visiting  his  native  place,  and 
in  1812  was  baptized  and  began  preaching  without 
connecting  himself  with  any  regular  church.  He 
travelled  for  a  time  with  a  young  man  named 
Adams,  who  shortly  afterward  united  with  the 
jMethodists ;  but  Badger  determined  to  "  go  forth 
and  preach  a  free  salvation  to  all  who  would  hear." 
After  laboring  for  two  years  in  Lower  Canada  with 
great  success.  Badger  received  ordination  at  the 
hands  of  the  Free-will  Baptists,  but  maintained  his 
independent  position.  In  1814  he  returned  to 
New  Hampshire  and  preached  with  remarkable 
success,  though  his  methods  made  him  unpopular 
with  the  Calvinists.  In  1817  he  preached  as  an 
itinerant  in  the  state  of  New  York,  and  the  churches 
that  he  founded  joined  the  denomination  known  as 
Christians.  After  a  preaching  tour  through  the 
west  in  1825  and  a  visit  to  Boston,  Mr.  Badger  re- 
turned to  New  York,  where  he  edited  the  "  Palla- 
dium," a+  that  time  the  organ  of  the  Christian  de- 
nomination. A  stroke  of  paralysis  forced  him  to 
give  up  work,  but  he  preached  again  for  some 
tinie  before  the  final  shock.  See  "  Life  of  Joseph 
Badger,"  by  E.  G.  Holland  (New  York,  1854). 

BADGER,  Milton,  clergyman,  b.  in  Coventry, 
Conn.,  6  May,  1800 ;  d.  in  Madison,  Conn.,  1  March, 
1878.  He  was  grad".ated  at  Yale  with  honor  in 
1823.  After  spending  a  year  in  teaching  in  New 
Canaan,  Conn.,  he  began  his  theological  studies  at 
Andover  theological  seminary,  but  in  1826  removed 
to  New  Haven  to  become  a  tutor  in  Yale  college, 
and  finished  his  preparation  for  the  ministry  there. 
He  was  ordained  3  Jan.,  1828,  as  pastor  of  the 
South  Congregational  church  in  Andover,  Mass., 
and  remained  there  until  1835,  when  he  became 
associate  secretary  of  the  American  home  mission- 
ary society.  He  was  soon,  by  the  resignation  of 
Dr.  Peters,  placed  in  the  position  of  senior  secre- 
tary, and  for  thirty-four  years  he  performed  the 
duties  of  his  office  with  great  faithfulness  and  skill. 
He  possessed  a  vigorous  constitution,  but  the  con- 


stant pressure  of  his  work  proved  too  jnuch  for 
him,  and  in  1869  he  was  compelled,  by  the  mani- 
festations of  the  disease  that  finally  ended  his  life, 
to  withdraw  from  active  duties. 

BADGER,  Oscar  C,  naval  officer,  b.  in  Wind- 
ham, Conn.,  12  Aug.,  1823  ;  d.  in  Concord,  Mass.,  20 
June,  1899.  He  entered  the  navy  as  a  midshipman, 
served  on  the  steamer  "  Mississippi  "  on  the  eastern 
coast  of  Mexico  during  the  war  with  that  country, 
and  participated  in  the  attack  on  Alvarado  in  1846. 
He  was  made  passed  midshipman  10  Aug.,  1847, 
from  that  time  until  1852  was  on  various  ships  of 
the  Pacific  sqtiadron,  and  in  1853-'4  at  the  naval 
observatory.  On  15  Sept.,  1855,  he  was  made  lieu- 
tenant, and,  while  attached  to  the  sloop  "  John 
Adams  "  in  1855-'6,  he  commanded  a  party  that 
attacked  and  destroyed  the  village  of  Vutia,  Feejee 
islands.  In  1861-'2  he  commanded  the  steamer 
"Anacostia,"  of  the  Potomac  flotilla,  and  Lieut, 
Wyman,  the  commander  of  the  flotilla,  often  men- 
tioned in  his  reports  the  precision  of  fire  of  Bad- 
ger's vessel.  He  was  made  lieutenant-commander 
on  16  July,  1862,  and  commanded  the  iron-clads 
"  Patapsco  "  and  "  Montauk  "  in  the  engagements 
with  the  forts  and  batteries  in  Charleston  harbor 
in  1863.  In  the  night  attack  on  Fort  Sumter,  1 
Sept.,  1863,  he  was  on  the  flag-ship  "  Weehawken," 
as  acting  fleet  captain,  when  he  was  severely 
wounded  in  the  leg  by  a  metallic  splinter.  After 
this  he  was  on  shore  duty  until  1866,  and  on  23 
July  of  that  year  was  made  commander.  From 
1866  to  1867  he  commanded  the  ''  Peoria,"  of  the 
North  Atlantic  squadron,  and  received  a  vote  of 
thanks  from  the  legislatures  of  the  islands  of  An- 
tigua and  St.  Kitts  for  services  rendered  to  the 
authorities.  From  1868  to  1870  he  was  at  the 
Portsmouth  navy-yard.  In  1872  he  was  made  cap- 
tain, and  on  15  Nov.,  1881,  commodore.  In  1885 
he  was  placed  on  the  retired  list. 

BADGER,  William,  governor  of  New  Hamp- 
shire, b.  in  Gilmanton,  N.  H.,  13  Jan.,  1779  ;  d. 
there,  21  Sept.,  1852.  In  his  youth  he  devoted  him- 
self to  business.  He  was  in  the  lower  house  of  the 
state  legislature  from  1810  to  1812,  and  from  1814 
to  1816  in  the  state  senate,  of  which  he  was  the 
president  in  1816.  He  was  associate  justice  of  the 
court  of  common  pleas  from  1816  to  1821,  and  from 
1822  to  1832  high  sheriflf  of  Strafford  co.  He  was 
governor  from  1834  to  1836. 

BADIN,  Etienne  TIi6odore,  clergyman,  b.  in 
Orleans,  F'rance,  in  1768;  d.  in  Cincinnati  in  1853. 
His  pai-ents  regarded  the  mental  qualities  that  he 
developed  in  his  boyhood  as  extraordinary,  and,  al- 
though very  poor,  gave  him  a  classical  education. 
He  was  sent  for  three  years  to  the  college  Mon- 
tagti  in  Paris,  where  he  acquired  a  thorough  classi- 
cal training,  and  entered  the  Sulpician  seminary 
at  Tours  in  1789,  with  the  object  of  becoming  a 
priest.  He  immigrated  to  the  United  States  in  1792 
and  was  ordained  by  Bishop  Carroll  in  the  old  ca- 
thedral of  Baltimore  in  1793,  being  the  first  priest 
ordained  in  the  United  States.  He  went  to  George- 
town college  soon  afterward  to  perfect  himself  in 
the  knowledge  of  the  English  language,  and  was 
then  appointed  to  do  missionary  work  in  Ken- 
tucky, which  at  that  period  formed  a  part  of  the 
diocese  of  Baltimore.  He  took  up  his  residence  in 
Scott  CO.,  occasionally  making  excursions  to  the 
Catholic  settlements  in  other  parts  of  the  territory. 
His  mission  extended  over  hundreds  of  miles,  and 
he  was  obliged  to  be  almost  constantly  on  horse- 
back, in  which  way  he  travelled  more  than  100,000 
miles.  In  1796,  when  his  sufferings  and  hardships 
were  greatest,  he  was  offered  the  rectorship  of  St. 
Genevieve  by  the  Spanish  governor  of  the  town. 


134 


BADLAM 


BAFFIN 


but  did  not  even  return  an  answer.  Father  Badin 
was  for  about  three  years  the  only  priest  in  Ken- 
tucky. In  1797  Bishop  Carroll  appointed  him 
vicar-general,  and  sent  him  an  assistant,  who  died 
in  the  following  year.  The  death  or  withdrawal  of 
other  priests,  who  had  been  assigned  to  the  same 
mission,  left  Father  Badin  alone  again  in  Kentucky 
in  1803,  and  as,  through  emigration  from  Mary- 
land, the  Catholic  population  was  rapidly  increas- 
ing, his  missionary  duties  were  of  a  very  exhaust- 
ing nature.  In  1805  he  published  his  "  Principles 
of  Catholics,"  the  first  Catholic  work  printed  in  the 
west.  He  organized  a  mission  at  Louisville  in  1806, 
and  in  1811  built  the  church  of  St.  Louis  in  that 
city.  In  1812  he  erected  the  church  of  St.  Peter  in 
Lexington,  principally  through  the  aid  of  his  Prot- 
estant friends.  Owing  to  a  misunderstanding 
between  him  and  Bishop  Flaget  as  to  the  settle- 
ment of  title  to  certain  properties  that  had  been 
acquired  by  Father  Badin  for  the  church  before 
the  creation  of  the  diocese  of  Bardstown,  the  latter 
left  Kentucky  in  1819,  and  spent  nine  years  travel- 
ling through  Europe.  On  his  return  he  took 
charge  of  the  Monroe  mission,  Michigan  territory, 
for  a  year  and  a  half.  From  1830  to  1836  he 
was  connected  with  the  Pottawattamie  Indians  on 
St.  Joseph's  river,  Indiana.  He  was  successful,  not 
only  in  converting  them  to  Christianity,  but  in 
forming  them  to  the  habits  of  civilized  life.  He 
established  schools  among  them,  and  in  a  few  years 
all  the  young  people  of  the  tribe  had  learned  to 
read  English.  The  last  three  years  of  Father  Ba- 
din's  life  were  spent  in  Cincinnati  as  the  guest  of 
Archbishop  Purcell.  Father  Badin  was  the  author 
of  several  Latin  poems  in  hexameter  verse.  The 
principal  are  "  Carmen  Sacrum,"  a  translation  of 
which  was  printed  at  Frankfort;  the  "Epice- 
dium,"  written  on  the  death  of  Col.  Joe  Daviess  at 
the  battle  of  Tippecanoe,  translated  by  Dr.  Mitch- 
ell, of  New  York ;  and  "  Sanctissimge  Trinitatis 
Laudes  et  Invocatis  "  (Louisville,  1843). 

BADLAM,  Ezra,  soldier,  b.  in  Milton,  Mass.,  25 
May,  1746;  d.  in  Dorchester,  Mass.,  5  April,  1788. 
He  was  a  brother  of  Gen.  Stephen  Badlam,  was  a 
captain  in  Grilley's  artillery  regiment  at  the  siege 
of  Boston  in  1775,  was  in  L.  Baldwin's  regi- 
ment in  1776,  was  present  at  Trenton  and  Prince- 
ton, and  from  7  July,  1777,  to  31  Dec,  1780, 
was  lieutenant-colonel  of  Bailey's  regiment,  the  2d 
Massachusetts.  He  was  in  M.  Jackson's  regiment 
from  1780  to  1782,  and  was  taken  prisoner  by  the 
British  Col.  Norton  at  White  Plains,  3  Feb.,  1780. 
He  afterward  served  as  a  colonel  in  the  suppression 
of  Shays's  rebellion. — His  brother,  Stephen,  sol- 
dier, b.  in  Milton,  Mass.,  25  March,  1748;  d.  in 
Dorchester,  Mass.,  25  Aug.,  1815.  He  entered  the 
army  in  1775,  became  lieutenant  of  artillery,  and 
soon  rose  to  the  rank  of  major,  commanding  the 
artillery  in  the  department  of  Canada.  In  July, 
1776,  he  took  possession  of  the  eminence  opposite 
Ticonderoga,  naming  it  Mount  Independence  on 
the  18th  of  that  month,  on  receipt  of  the  news  that 
the  declaration  had  been  adopted  by  congress.  In 
August,  1777,  he  did  good  service  at  Fort  Stanwix 
under  Willet,  and  in  1799  was  made  brigadier-gen- 
eral of  militia.  When  a  captain  in  New  York  he 
became  acquainted  with  Alexander  Hamilton,  who 
frequently  asked  his  advice  in  matters  of  tactics. 
He  was  throughout  his  life  a  great  admirer  and 
supporter  of  Gen.  Washington,  by  whom  he  was 
much  esteemed.  His  later  years  were  passed  in 
Dorchester,  Mass.,  where  he  was  prominent  in  local 
affairs  and  in  the  church. 

BAENA,  Antonio  Lartislao  Monteiro  (bah- 
ay'-na),  Portuguese  hislorian,  d.  about  1851,     He 


went  to  Brazil,  and  was  for  many  years  in  the  mili- 
tary service  of  that  empire.  He  made  explora- 
tions in  the  province  of  Para,  and  published  a  full 
description  of  it,  in  a  book  entitled  "  Ensaio  Coro- 
grafico  sobi'e  a  Provinzia  do  Para"  (1839),  and 
other  valual)le  works. 

BAERLE,  or  BARL^US,  Gaspard  van, 
Dutch  author,  b.  in  Antwerp  in  1584 ;  d.  in  1648.  He 
was  professor  of  philosophy  and  theology  in  Ley- 
den  (1617)  and  Amsterdam  (1631).  His  works  are : 
"  Poemata  Epistolae "  (2  vols.),  and  "  Rerum  in 
Brasijia  gestarom  Historia"  (Amsterdam.  1647). 

BAEZ,  Bnenaventura  (bah'-eth),  president  of 
the  Dominican  republic,  b.  in  Azua,  Santo  Do- 
mingo, early  in  the  19th  century.  He  inherited  a 
large  fortune  from  his  father,  a  mulatto,  who  was 
prominent  in  the  revolution  of  1808;  cooperated 
with  Santana  in  the  establishment  of  Dominican 
independence;  and  was  president  from  1849  till 
1853,  when  he  was  supplanted  by  Santana,  who  ex- 
pelled him  from  the  country.  After  the  deposi- 
tion of  Santana  in  May,  1856,  Baez,  who  had  spent 
the  interval  in  New  York,  resumed  the  presidency, 
6  Oct.,  1856 ;  but  was  again  supplanted  by  San- 
tana, 11  June,  1858,  and  obliged  to  remain  abroad 
till  after  the  evacuation  of  Dominica  by  the  Span- 
iards in  1865.  In  December  of  that  year  he  was 
elected  for  a  third  term.  This  was  interrupted  in 
March,  1866,  by  an  insurrection  led  by  Gen.  Pimen- 
tel  in  favor  of  Cabral,  in  consequence  of  which 
Baez  was  banished  to  St.  Thomas.  A  new  revolu- 
tion in  December,  1867,  drove  Cabral  from  power 
and  restored  Baez.  After  various  direct  and  indi- 
rect negotiations,  he  signed,  29  Nov.,  1869,  two 
treaties  with  President  Grant,  one  for  the  cession 
of  the  bay  of  Samana,  and  the  other  for  the  annex- 
ation of  the  Dominican  republic  to  the  United 
States,  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  people  of  the 
republic,  which  was  ostensibly  obtained  in  an  elec- 
tion (decreed  by  Baez,  16  Feb.,  1870)  held  under  the 
protection  of  American  men-of-war.  The  U.  S. 
senate,  however,  refused  to  ratify  the  treaty.  A 
commission,  ai^pointed  by  President  Grant,  under 
authority  of  congress,  to  visit  and  examine  the 
island,  reported  in  April,  1871,  in  favor  of  annexa- 
tion ;  but  the  measure  was  pressed  no  further.  Its 
failure  encouraged  Cabral  and  Pimentel  to  renew 
the  civil  war. 

BAFFIN,  William,  navigator,  supposed  to  have 
been  born  in  London  about  1584 ;  d.  in  Kishm,  Per- 
sia, 23  Jan.,  1622.  He  is  first  mentioned  in  1612  as 
pilot  of  the  "  Patience,"  one  of  the  vessels  that  ac- 
companied James  Hall  in  his  voyage  of  discovery 
to  Greenland.  An  account  of  the  expedition  was 
written  by  him  on  his  return,  part  of  which,, pub- 
lished by  Purehas,  has  been  preserved.  In  1613, 
having  entered  the  service  of  the  Muscovy  Com- 
pany, he  became  chief  pilot  of  seven  vessels,  and 
visited  the  Spitzbergen  coast  for  fishing.  Purehas 
also  preserved  an  account  of  this  voyage,  written 
by  Baffin.  Again,  in  1614,  he  made  a  similar  trip. 
In  1615  he  piloted  the  "  Discovery,"'  commanded  by 
Robert  Bylot,  in  her  search  for  the  northwest  pas- 
sage. His  original  manuscript  description  of  this 
voyage,  containing  much  valuable  information,  is 
preserved  in  the  British  museum.  In  1616  he  again 
sailed  with  the  "Discovery,"  passed  up  through 
Davis  strait,  reaching  as  far  as  78°  N.  latitude,  and 
cruised  around  the  open  sea  now  known  as  Baffin's 
bay.  His  narrative  of  this  voyage  was  published 
by"  Purehas,  probably  in  an  iinperfect  form,  and 
his  opinion  is  there  recorded  against  the  existence 
of  a  northwest  passage.  He  then  joined  the  East 
India  Company  and  made  voyages  to  the  east  un- 
der Capt.  Shilling  in  1617  "and  1620.      His  final 


BAGBY 


BAILEY 


135 


voyage  was  made  as  master  of  the  "  London  "  in 
1021,  sent  out  for  the  purpose  of  driving  the  Portu- 
guese from  Ormuz.  During  the  siege,  while  en- 
gaged in  making  measurements,  he  was  shot,  and 
died  almost  immediately.  Baffin  was  the  first  to 
determine  longitude  by  observing  the  time  of  the 
moon's  eulmination.  See  "  Tlie  Voyages  of  William 
Baffin,  l(il2-'22,"  edited,  with  notes  and  an  intro- 
duction, by  Clements  R.  Marlvham,  C.  B.,  F.  R.  S., 
publislicd  by  the  Hakluyt  society  (London,  1881). 

BAUBY,  Arthur  Pendleton,  governor  of  Ala- 
bama, b.  in  Virginia  in  1794;  d.  in  Mobile,  Ala., 
21  Sept.,  1858.  He  received  a  liberal  education, 
and  settled  in  Alabama  in  1818.  He  soon  gained 
a  reputation  as  a  criminal  lawyer,  and  in  1820-'2 
was  sent  to  the  legislature,  where  he  was  chosen 
speaker  of  the  house.  He  was  governor  from  1837 
to  1841,  when  he  was  sent  as  a  democrat  to  the  U. 
S.  senate  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused  by  the  resigna- 
tion of  Clement  C.  Clay.  Here  he  served  until  16 
June,  1848,  when  he  accepted  the  office  of  minister 
to  Russia.  On  14  May,  1849,  he  withdrew  and  re- 
turned home.  He  was  afterward  one  of  the  com- 
mission appointed  to  codify  the  laws  of  Alabama. 

BACxBY,  treorg-e  William,  author,  b.  in  Buck- 
ingham CO.,  Va.,  13  Aug.,  1828 ;  d.  in  Richmond, 
Va.,  29  Nov.,  1883.  He  was  educated  at  Edgehill 
school,  Princeton,  N.  J.,  and  at  Delaware  college, 
Newark,  Del.,  leaving  the  latter  at  the  end  of  his 
sophomore  year.  Subsequently  he  studied  medi- 
cine and  was  graduated  at  the  medical  department 
of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania.  In  1853  he  be- 
came editor  of  the  Lynchburg  (Va.)  daily  "  Ex- 
press," and  was  for  some  time  the  Washington 
correspondent  of  the  New  Orleans  "  Crescent," 
Charleston  "  Mercury,"  and  Richmond  "  Dispatch." 
Prom  1859  he  was,  until  its  suspension  near  the 
end  of  the  war,  editor  of  the  "  Southern  Literary 
Messenger,"  and  at  the  same  time  associate  editor 
of  the  Richmond  "  Whig,"  and  a  frequent  contribu- 
tor to  the  "  Southern  Illustrated  News."  From  1 
Jan.,  1870,  to  1  July,  1878,  he  was  state  librarian  of 
Virginia.  He  lectured  frequently,  and  met  with 
success  as  a  humorist  in  many  parts  of  Virginia 
and  Maryland.  He  was  the  author  of  many  hu- 
morous articles  published  under  the  pen  name  of 
^'  Mozis  Addums."  His  sketches  were  collected  and 
publislicd  V)y  Mrs.  Bagby,  as  "The  Writings  of 
Dr.  Bagby  ""(3  vols.   Richmond,  1884-'6). 

BA(tI()LI,  Antonio,  musician,  b.  in  Bologna, 
Italy,  in  1795 ;  d.  in  New  York,  11  Feb.,  1871.  He  be- 
gan the  study  of  music  early  in  life,  and,  after  a  pre- 
paratory course  in  several  schools,  entered  the  con- 
servatory at  Naples,  and  remained  there  for  several 
years  under  Zingarelli.  In  1832  he  arrived  in  New 
York  as  musical  director  of  the  Montresor  troupe, 
the  first  Italian  opera  company  that  ever  visited 
the  United  States.  After  a  successful  season  the 
opera  troupe  went  to  Havana;  but  Bagioli  re- 
mained in  New  York  and  established  himself  as  a 
teacher  of  music,  attaining  a  success  probably  un- 
surjyassed  by  any  professor  in  this  country.  He 
published  "One  Hour  of  Daily  Study  for  the  Ac- 
quirement of  a  Correct  Pronunciation  of  the  Vow- 
els, which  is  the  only  Method  to  become  a  Perfect 
Vocalist "  (New  York,  1864). — His  only  daughter, 
Theresa,  married  Gen.  Daniel  E.  Sickles. 

BA(tLEY,  John  Judson,  politician,  b.  in  Me- 
dina, N.  Y.,  24  July,  1832 ;  d.  in  San  Francisco, 
Cal.,  27  July,  1881,  He  received  a  common-school 
education  in  Loekport,  N.  Y.,  and  in  early  life  emi- 
grated with  his  father,  settling  in  Constantine, 
Mich.  At  the  age  of  fifteen  he  went  to  Detroit  and 
secured  employment  in  a  tobacco  factory.  On  at- 
taining his  majority  he  began  a  business  of  his  own 


in  the  same  line,  and  was  continuously  engaged 
with  it  until  his  death,  accumulating  a  large 
property.  He  held  numerous  positions  of  public 
trust  in  the  Detroit  city  government,  and  in  1868- 
'9  was  chairman  of  the  republican  state  central 
committee,  gaining  great  credit  for  the  ability  with 
which  he  conducted  the  presidential  canvass  of 
1868.  In  1872  he  was  the  republican  candidate  for 
governor,  and  was  elected  by  a  majority  exceeding 
that  of  the  Grant  electors.  He  was  reelected  in 
1874.  His  administrations  were  marked  by  his  in- 
terest in  all  measures  tending  to  the  public  good. 
The  educational  and  charitable  institutions  were 
benefited  by  the  judicious  legislation  urged  by 
him,  and  the  status  of  the  liquor  traffic  owes  its  im- 
proved condition  to  his  recommendations.  In  1881 
he  was  prominently  mentioned  as  a  candidate  for 
the  U.  S.  senate,  but  lost  the  nomination  in  the  re- 
publican caucus  by  a  single  vote.  He  was  actively 
identified  with  the  Unitarian  church  in  Detroit, 
and  his  donations  to  various  charitable  institutions 
were  large  and  numerous. 

BAtrOT,  Sir  Charles,  British  diplomatist,  b.  in 
Blithfield,  Stafford  co.,  England,  23  Sept.,  1781 ;  d. 
in  Kingston,  Canada,  18  May,  1843.  He  was  the 
second  son  of  William,  first  Lord  Bagot.  In  1807 
he  was  made  under  foreign  secretary  of  state ;  in 
1814  was  sent  on  a  special  mission  to  Paris ;  was 
minister-plenipotentiary  at  Washington  from  1816 
to  1819 ;  in  1820  was  appointed  ambassador  to 
Russia;  in  1824  was  sent  on  a  similar  mission  to 
Holland ;  and  in  1834  was  sent  as  a  special  ambas- 
sador to  Austria.  On  10  June,  1842,  after  the 
death  of  Lord  Sydenham,  he  became  governor-gen- 
eral of  British  North  America,  which  office  he  re- 
tained until  his  death. 

BAHNSON,  Georg-e  Frederick,  Moravian 
bishop,  b.  in  Christiansfeld,  Denmark,  16  Sept., 
1805;  d.  in  Salem,  N.  C,  11  Sept.,  18G9.  He  was 
educated  at  the  Moravian  college  and  the  theologi- 
cal seminary  in  Germany,  and  in  1829  emigrated  to 
the  United  States  and  entered  the  boarding-school 
at  Nazareth,  Pa.,  as  a  tutor.  Five  years  later  he 
began  his  ministerial  career.  The  two  churches  in 
which  he  labored  longest  and  with  most  success 
were  those  at  Lancaster,  Pa.,  and  Salem,  N.  C.  He 
was  consecrated  to  the  episcopacy  at  Bethlehem, 
13  May,  1860,  and  presided  over  the  southern  dis- 
trict. In  1869  he  went  to  Europe  to  attend  the 
general  synod  of  the  Moravian  church,  and  in  the 
course  of  the  journey  his  health  failed,  and  he  died 
a  few  weeks  after  his  return.  Bishop  Bahnson  was 
a  man  of  commanding  presence,  a  powerful  preach- 
er, and  a  ripe  scholar. 

BAILEY,  Ann,  scout,  d.  in  Harrison  township, 
Gallia  co.,  Ohio,  23  Nov.,  1825.  She  was  reputed 
to  have  been  born  in  Liverpool,  England,  about 
1725,  to  have  been  kidnapped  at  the  age  of  nine- 
teen, carried  off  to  Virginia  and  sold,  and  to  have 
married  a  man  named  Trotter  when  thirty  years  of 
age.  Trotter  was  a  member  of  Col.  Lewis's  regi- 
ment, and  was  killed  by  the  Indians  in  the  battle 
of  Point  Pleasant  on  10  Oct.,  1774.  His  widow, 
moved  by  revenge,  assumed  male  clothing  and 
adopted  the  life  of  a  scout  and  spy,  and  was  often 
employed  to  convey  information  to  the  command- 
ants of  forts.  In  1790  she  married  a  soldier  named 
John  Bailey,  stationed  at  Fort  Clendenin,  on  Kana- 
wha river.  She  was  exceedingly  expert  with  the 
rifle,  possessed  a  black  horse  of  remarkable  intelli- 
gence, and  made  many  perilous  journeys  from  the 
settlements  on  the  James  and  Potomac  rivers  to 
Fort  Clendenin  and  other  distant  outposts.  On 
one  occasion  she  rescued  the  garrison  of  the  fort 
from  destruction  by  bringing  a  supply  of  ammu- 


136 


BAILEY 


BAILEY 


nition  from  Fort  L^nion,  now  Lewisburg.  After 
the  Indian  war,  during  which  her  second  husband 
was  killed,  she  lived  with  her  son,  William  Trot- 
ter, on  Kanawha  river,  and  removed  with  hitn  in 
1818  to  Ohio,  where,  in  old  age,  she  taught  school, 
displaying  great  mental  and  physical  vigor. 

BAILEY,  Anna  Warner,  known  as  "  Mother 
Bailey,"  patriot,  b.  in  Groton,  Conn.,  11  Oct.,  1758  ; 
d.  there  in  1850.  She  was  the  wife  of  Capt.  Elijah 
Bailey,  of  Groton.  She  witnessed  the  massacre  at 
Fort  Griswold  on  6  Sept.,  1781,  and  on  7  Sept. 
walked  to  the  scene  of  carnage,  three  miles,  to 
search  for  an  uncle,  whom  she  found  fatally 
wounded.  At  his  request  to  see  his  wife  and  child 
she  ran  home,  saddled  a  horse  for  the  feeble 
mother,  and  carried  the  child  herself  to  the  dying 
patriot.  In  July,  1818,  when  the  British  threat- 
ened to  attack  New  London,  Mother  Bailey  ren- 
dered great  aid  to  its  defenders  by  tearing  up  flan- 
nel garments  for  cartridges. 

BAILEY,  Ebenezer,  educator,  b.  in  West  New- 
bury, Mass.,  25  June,  1795 ;  d.  in  Lynn,  Mass.,  5 
Aug.,  1839.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1817, 
after  which  he  taught  school,  and  also  entered  his 
name  as  a  law  student.  Afterward  he  became  a 
tutor  in  Virginia,  biit  in  1819  returned  to  New- 
buryport,  and  there  opened  a  private  school  for 
young  ladies.  In  1823  he  was  appointed  master  of 
the  Franklin  grammar  school,  and  in  1825  teacher 
of  the  Boston  high  school  for  girls.  This  school 
proved  unsuccessful,  and  Josiah  Quincy,  then 
mayor,  pronounced  it  an  entire  failure.  Mr.  Bailey 
at  once  replied  with  vigor  in  a  "  Review  of  the 
Mayor's  Report  upon  the  High  School  for  Girls  " 
(Boston,  1828).  Subsequently  he  had  charge  of  the 
young  ladies'  high  school,  and  in  1830  was  active 
in  the  establishment  of  the  American  Institute  of 
Education,  afterward  filling  various  offices  in  that 
body.  In  1838  he  establislied  a  boys'  school  at 
Roxlniry,  which,  in  1839,  was  moved  to  Lynn. 
Mr.  Bailey  was  the  successful  competitor  for  the 
prize  ode  delivered  at  the  Boston  theatre  in  com- 
memoration of  Washington's  death.  Afterward 
he  was  on  several  occasions  poet  at  the  *  B  K  an- 
niversaries of  Harvard.  Mr.  Bailey  was  at  various 
times  a  member  of  the  city  council  of  Boston,  di- 
rector of  the  home  of  reform,  president  of  the  Bos- 
ton lyeeum,  and  director  of  the  Boston  mechanics' 
institute.  He  was  a  frequent  contributor  to  the 
Boston  "  Courier  "  and  other  periodicals,  and  edited 
"  The  Young  Ladies'  Class-Book  "  (Boston,  1831) ; 
"  Blakewell's  Philosophical  Conversations  "  (1832) ; 
and  "  First  Lessons  on  Algebra  "  (1833). 

BAILEY,  (xamaliel,  journalist,  b.  in  Mount 
Holly,  N.  J.,  3  Dec,  1807;  d.  at  sea,  5  June, 
1859.  He  studied  medicine  in  Philadelphia,  and 
after  obtaining  his  degree  in  1828  sailed  as  a  ship's 
doctor  to  China.  He  began  his  editorial  career  in 
the  office  of  the  "  Methodist  Protestant "  in  Balti- 
more, but  in  1831  he  removed  to  Cincinnati,  where 
he  served  as  hospitid  physician  during  the  cholera 
epidemic.  His  sympathies  being  excited  on  the  oc- 
casion of  the  expulsion  of  a  number  of  students  on 
account  of  anti-slavery  views  from  Lane  seminary, 
he  became  an  active  agitator  against  slavery,  and 
in  1836  he  associated  himself  with  James  G.  Birney 
in  the  conduct  of  the  "  Cincinnati  Philanthropist," 
the  earliest  anti-slavery  newspaper  in  the  west,  of 
which  in  1837  he  became  sole  editor.  Twice  in  that 
year,  and  again  in  1841,  the  printing-office  was 
sacked  by  a  mob.  He  issued  the  paper  regularly 
until  after  the  presidential  election  of  1844,  when 
he  was  selected  to  direct  the  publication  of  a  new 
abolitionist  organ  at  Washington.  The  first  num- 
ber of  the  "National  Era,"  published  under  the 


auspices  of  the  American  and  foreign  anti-slavery 
society,  appeared  1  Jan.,  1847.  In  1848  an  angry 
mob  laid  siege  to  the  office  for  three  days,  and 
finally  separated  under  the  influence  of  an  elo- 
quent harangue  by  the  editor.  The  "  Era,"  in 
which  "  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin  "  originally  appeared, 
ably  presented  the  opinions  of  the  anti-slavery 
party.  Dr.  Bailey  died  while  on  a  voyage  to  Eu- 
rope for  his  health. 

BAILEY,  (irilbert  Stephen,  clergyman,  b.  in 
Dalton,  Pa.,  17  Oct.,  1822.  He  was  educated  at 
Oberlin,  and,  after  studying  theology,  became  a  Bap- 
tist clergyman,  holding  pastorates  in  various  places 
in  New  York  and  Illinois  till  1863,  when  he  was 
made  superintendent  of  the  Baptist  missions  in 
Illinois,  and  from  1867  till  1875  was  secretary  of  the 
Baptist  Theological  Union  in  Chicago.  The  system 
of  "  minister's  institutes,"  now  prevalent  in  the 
Baptist  denomination,  was  originated  by  him  in 
1864,  and  they  were  subsequently  conducted  by 
him  in  Chicago,  Upper  Alton,  and  Bloomingdale, 
111.  He  resumed  his  preaching  and  had  charge  of 
churches  in  Pennsylvania,  Michig.-n,  and  Iowa, 
was  a  secretary  of  the  Italian  Bilile  ;iiid  Sunday- 
school  mission  in  1880-'l,  and  missionary  in 
southern  California  in  1885-'6.  Besides  numerous 
tracts  and  uncollected  poems,  he  has  published  a 
"  History  of  the  Illinois  River  Baptist  Association  " 
(New  York,  1857) ;  "  Caverns  of  Kentucky '"  (Chi- 
cago, 1863) ;  *'  Manual  of  Baptism  "  (Philadelphia, 
1863) ;  "  The  Trials  and  Victories  of  Religious 
Liberty  in  America  "  (1876) ;  "  Three  Discourses  on 
the  History,  Wonders,  and  Excellence  of  the  Bible  '' 
(Ottumwa,  1882) ;  "  The  Word  and  Works  of  God  " 
(Philadelphia,  1883) ;  "  Prize  Discourse  on  Slander  " 
(Washington,  1884) ;  and  "  Ingersollism  Exposed  " 
(Ottumw^i,  1884). 

BAILEY,  tlnilford  Dndley,  soldier,  b.  in  Mar- 
tinsburg,  N.  Y.,  4  June,  1834;  killed  in  action, 
31  May,  1862.  He  was  graduated  at  West  Point 
in  1856,  and  assigned  to  the  2d  artillery.  He  served 
on  frontier  and  garrison  duty,  was  at  Fort  Leaven- 
worth during  the  Kansas  disturbances  of  1857-'9, 
and  at  West  Point  as  instructor  for  a  short  time  in 
1859.  When  the  civil  war  began  he  was  stationed 
at  Fort  Brown,  Texas,  but,  with  his  immediate 
superior,  Capt.  Stoneman,  refused  to  surrender 
when  Gen.  Twiggs  attempted  to  give  up  his  en- 
tire command  to  the  confederates,  and  effected  his 
escape  into  Mexico.  Reporting  for  duty  as  soon  as 
he  could  reach  the  north,  he  was  sent  with  Hunt's 
battery  to  the  relief  of  Fort  Pickens,  Fla.  Re- 
turning on  account  of  sickness,  he  oi'ganized  and 
was  appointed  colonel  of  the  1st  N.  Y.  light  artil- 
lery volunteers  (25  Sept.,  1861),  joined  the  Army  of 
the  Potomac,  was  detailed  as  chief  of  artillery  in 
Gen.  Casey's  division  during  the  Peninsular  cam- 
paign, and  was  killed  among  his  guns  at  the  battle 
of  Seven  Pines.  A  monument  has  been  raised  to 
his  memory  in  the  cemetery  at  Poughkeepsie. 

BAILEY,  Jacob,  soldier,  b.  in  Newburv,  Mass., 
2  Julv,  1728:  d.  in  Newbury,  Vt.,  1  March,  1816. 
He  settled  in  Ilampstead  in  1745.  and  served  as  a 
captain  during  the  French  war  in  1756.  He  was 
with  Col.  Munroe  in  the  siege  of  Fort  William 
Henry,  and  was  among  those  who  escaped  the 
subsequent  massacre  on  7  Aug.,  1757.  He  was  also 
present  at  the  capture  of  Ticonderoga  and  Crown 
Point  in  1759.  In  1764  he  removed  to  Vermont, 
and  there  oljtained  a  township.  Later  he  was  ap- 
pointed Ijrigadier-general  of  militia  by  the  state 
of  New  York.  During  the  revolutionary  war  he 
was  commissary-general  of  the  northern  depart- 
ment, and  in  tliat  capacity  did  much  in  benefiting 
the  cause  of  the  Americans. 


BAILEY 


BAILEY 


137 


BAILEY,  Jacob,  clergymiin,  b.  in  Rowley,  Mass., 
16  April,  1731 ;  d.  in  Annapolis.  N.  8..  2(3  July,  1808. 
He  was  graduated  at  Harvai-d  in  1755,  after  which 
he  visited  England,  was  ordained  a  priest  in  the 
<3hui-ch  of  England,  and  became  a  missionary  in 
Pownalborough,  now  Wiseasset,  Maine.  During 
the  revolutionary  war  he  was  a  loyalist,  and  in 
1779  he  retired  to  Nova  Scotia.  He  was  called  to 
the  rectorship  of  St.  Luke's  church  in  Annapolis, 
where  he  remained  until  his  death.  See  "  Memoir 
of  tlie  Life  of  tlie  Kev.  -Jacob  Bailey,  A.  M.,"  by 
William  S.  Bartlet  (Boston,  1854). 

BAILEY,  Jacob  Whitman,  naturalist,  b.  in 
Ward  (now  Auburn),  Mass.,  29  April,  1811 ;  d.  in 
West  Point,  N.  Y.,  26  Feb.,  1857.  He  received  a 
common-school  education  at  Providence,  R.  I.,  and 
then  studied  at  West  Point,  where  he  was  gradu- 
ated in  1832.  He  was  appointed  lieutenant  in  the 
artillery,  and  during  the  following  six  years  served 
at  various  military  stations  in  South  Carolina  and 
Virginia.  From  1834  until  his  death  he  was  succes- 
.sively  assistant,  acting,  and  full  professor  of  chem- 
istry, mmeralogy,  and  geology,  at  the  military  acad- 
emy. His  scientific  reputation  was  achieved  princi- 
pally by  his  researches  in  microscopy,  and  he  may 
be  regarded  as  the  pioneer  in  this  means  of  investi- 
gation in  the  United  States.  The  indicator  bear- 
ing his  name,  and  other  improvements  in  the  con- 
struction of  the  microscope,  were  devised  by  him. 
He  made  numerous  collections ;  that  of  microscopic 
objects  containing  over  3,000  slides,  and  his  collec- 
tion of  algfe  about  4,500  specimens.  These,  to- 
gether with  his  books  and  papers,  were  bequeathed 
to  the  Boston  society  of  natural  history.  In  1856 
he  was  elected  president  of  the  American  associa- 
tion of  the  advancement  of  science,  and  he  was  a 
member  of  many  other  scientific  bodies  both  in  this 
country  and  Europe.  He  was  the  author  of  more 
than  fifty  papers,  which  appeared  in  the  "  Ameri- 
can Journal  of  Science  and  Arts,"  "  Ti-ansaetions 
of  the  Association  of  Geologists  and  Naturalists," 
"The  Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Knowledge," 
and  "Journal  of  Microscopic  Science,"  and  also  of 
a  volume  of  "  Microscopic  Sketches,"  which  con- 
tained about  3,000  original  figures,  and  a  paper  on 
infusorial  fossils  in  California  in  the  reports  of 
the  Pacific  railway  survey.  See  the  sketch  of 
his  life  and  scientific  labors  given  in  the  "Ameri- 
can Journal  of  Science  and  Arts  "(2d  series,  voL 
XXV.)— His  son,  Loriiig'  Woart,  chemist  and 
geologist,  b.  in  West  Pohit,  N.  Y.,  28  Sept.,  1839, 
studied  at  Brown  university  and  then  at  Harvard, 
where  he  was  graduated  in  1859.  In  1861  he  was 
appointed  professor  of  chemistry  and  natural  his- 
tory in  the  university  of  New  Brunswick,  at  Fred- 
ericton.  For  many  years  he  has  been  connected 
with  the  geological  survey  of  Canada,  to  whose 
reports  he  has  regularly  contributed  accounts  of 
his  work.  He  has  written  scientific  papers  for 
the  "  Canadian  Naturalist "  and  "  Canadian  Rec- 
ord," and  has  published  "  Mines  and  Minerals  of 
New  Brunswick "  (1864)  and  the  "  Geology  of 
Southern  New  Brunswick  "  (1865). — Another  son, 
William  Whitman,  botanist,  b.  in  West  Point, 
N.  Y.,  22  Feb.,  1843,  was  graduated  at  Brown  in 
1864,  after  which  he  devoted  special  attention  to 
botany  at  Harvard  under  tha  direction  of  Prof. 
Asa  Gray  and  Prof.  G.  L.  Goodale.  In  1867  he 
served  as  botanist  to  the  U.  S.  geological  survey 
of  the  40th  parallel,  and  from  1869  to  1871  was 
assistant  librarian  of  the  Providence  athena?um. 
In  1877  he  became  instructor  of  botany  at  Brown, 
and  in  1881  professor.  He  is  a  contributor  of  prose 
and  verse  to  periodicals,  and  has  published  a  "  Bo- 
tanical Collector's  Hand-Book  "  (Boston,  1881). 

VOL.    I. — 10 


BAILEY,  James  E.,  senator,  b.  in  Montgomery 
CO.,  Tenn.,  15  Aug.,  1822;  d.  in  Clarksville,  Tenn., 

29  Dec,  1885.  He  was  educated  at  the  university 
of  Nashville,  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  began 
the  practice  of  law  at  Clarksville  in  1843.  In  1853 
he  was  elected  to  the  Tennessee  house  of  represen- 
tatives. He  served  in  the  confederate  army,  though 
not  an  original  secessionist.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  court  of  arbitration  in  1874,  by  appointment  of 
the  governor  of  Tennessee,  and  was  elected  U.  S. 
senator  from  Tennessee  in  place  of  Andrew  John- 
son, serving  from  29  Jan.,  1877,  till  3  March,  1881. 

BAILEY,  James  Montg'omery,  author,  b.  in 
Albany,  N.  Y.,  25  Sept.,  1841 ;  d.  in  Danbury,  Conn., 
4  March,  1894.  He  early  became  a  carpenter,  and 
in  1860  he  removed  to  Danbury,  Conn.,  where  he 
worked  at  his  trade  for  two  years,  occasionally  con- 
tributing to  the  newspapers,  and  then  enlisted  in  the 
17th  Connecticut  regiment,  with  which  he  served 
until  the  end  of  the  war.  After  his  return  he 
purchased,  in  1865,  the  Danbury  "  Times,"  which 
he  afterward  consolidated  with  the  "  Jeffersonian," 
acquired  in  1870,  under  the  name  of  the  Danbury 
"  News."  For  this  paper  he  wrote  short,  humorous 
articles,  generally  descriptive  of  every-day  mishaps, 
which  were  reprinted  in  other  journals  throughout 
the  country.  In  1873  a  demand  for  his  paper  was 
found  outside  of  Danbury,  and  its  circulation  rose 
to  30,000  copies.  His  first  printed  book  was  "  Life 
in  Danbury  "  (Boston,  1873),  a  collection  of  articles 
from  his  newspaper.  The  same  year  he  published 
"  The  Danbury  News  Man's  Almanac."  In  1874 
he  visited  Europe  for  his  health,  and  after  his  re- 
turn delivered  a  lecture  which  was  published  in  a 
volume  in  1878,  with  the  title  "  England  from  a 
Back  Window."  He  published  in  1877  "  They  All 
do  it,"  in  1879  "  Mr.  Phillips's  Goneness,"  and  in 
1880  "  The  Danbury  Boom." 

BAILEY,  John,  soldier,  b.  in  Hanover,  Mass., 

30  Oct.,  1730;  d.  there.  27  Oct.,  1810.  He  was 
lieutenant-colonel  of  the  Plymouth  regiment  at  the 
beginning  of  the  revolutionary  war,  and  succeeded 
Col.  John  Thomas  in  its  command.  When  the 
continental  army  was  organized  he  became  colonel 
of  the  2d  Massachusetts,  in  which  command  he  re- 
mained during  the  war,  earning  distinction,  espe- 
cially in  the  campaign  against  Burgoyne. 

BAILEY,  Joseph,  farmer,  b.  in  Salem,  Ohio.  28 
April,  1827 ;  killed  near  Nevada,  Newton  co..  Mo., 
21  March,  1867.  He  entered  the  military  service 
of  the  United  States  2  July,  1861,  as  captain  in  the 
4th  Wisconsin  infantry.  The  regiment  was  or- 
dered to  Maryland  and  assigned  to  the  expedition 
under  Gen.  B.  F.  Butler,  which  occupied  New  Or- 
leans after  its  reduction  by  Farragut's  fleet,  in 
April,  1862.  Bailey  was  appointed  acting  engi- 
neer of  the  defences  of  New  Orleans  in  December, 
1862,  and  while  so  detailed  was  promoted  to  be 
major  (30  May,  1863).  A  month  later  (June  24)  he 
became  lieutenant-colonel.  In  August.  1863,  the 
regiment  was  changed  from  infantry  to  cavalry, 
and  Lieut.-Col.  Bailey  was  sent  home  on  recruiting 
service,  retui'uing  to  duty  with  his  regiment  in 
February,  1864,  in  time  to  accompany  the  army  of 
Gen.  N.  P.  Banks  in  the  Red  river  campaign. 
Here  occurred  the  opportunity  that  enabled  Lieut.- 
Col.  Bailey  to  achieve  one  of  the  most  brilliant 
feats  ever  accomplished  in  military  engineering. 
The  expedition  had  been  carefully  timed  to  co- 
incide with  the  regular  annual  spring  rise  in  Red 
river,  in  order  that  the  navy  might  cooperate 
and  the  river  serve  as  a  base  of  supplies.  The 
army,  under  Gen.  Banks,  advanced  south  of  the 
river,  accompanied  and  supported  by  a  fleet  of 
twelve  gun-boats  and  thirty  transports.     The  ad- 


138 


BAILEY 


BAILEY 


vance  suffered  a  defeat  at  Sabine  Cross  Roads  on 
8  April,  and  retreated  to  Alexandria,  where  it 
was  found  that  the  water  had  fallen  so  much  that 
it  was  impossible  for  the  fleet  to  pass  below  the 
falls.  Kear-Admiral  Porter,  commanding  the 
squadron,  was  reluctantly  making  preparations  to 
save  what  stores  he  could  and  to  destroy  his  gun- 
boats, preparatory  to  retreating  with  the  army,  as 
he  was  advised  that  the  land  position  was  not  ten- 
able, when  Lieut.-Col.  Bailey  proposed  to  build  a 
dam  and  deepen  the  water  in  mid-channel  so  that 
the  gun-boats  could  pass.  The  regular  engineers 
condemned  the  project  as  impracticable ;  but 
Lieut.-Col.  Bailey  persevered,  and,  in  the  face'  of 
discouraging  opposition  and  indifference  on  the 
part  of  the  navy,  finally,  on  30  April,  procured  the 
necessary  authority  from  Gen.  Banks.  When  the 
work  was  actually  begun,  there  was  no  lack  of  men 
or  of  zeal.  Gen.  Jas.  Grant  Wilson,  then  a  mem- 
ber of  Gen.  Banks's  staff,  strongly  advocated  the 
scheme,  and  aided  in  the  construction  of  the  dam. 
Details  of  3,000  soldiers  wei-e  kept  at  work  night 
and  day,  and  several  hundred  lumbermen  from 
Maine  regiments  did  good  service  in  felling  and 
moving  trees.  The  fatigue  parties  relieved  one  an- 
other at  regular  intervals,  all  working  with  re- 
markable endurance,  often  up  to  their  necks  in 
water,  and  under  a  semi-tropical  sun.  The  rapids 
to  be  deepened  were  about  a  mile  long  and  from 
700  to  more  than  1,000  feet  wide,  with  a  current 
of  ten  miles  an  hour.  On  the  north  bank  a  ti'ee 
dam  was  built,  while  on  the  south  side,  there  being 
no  timber,  a  series  of  heavy  cribs  were  con- 
structed from  material  obtained  by  demolishing 
several  old  mills,  while  the  brick,  iron,  and  stone 
required  to  sink  and  hold  them  in  place  were  pro- 
cured by  tearing  down  two  sugar-houses  and  tak- 
ing up  a  quantity  of  railroad  iron  buried  in  the 
vicinity.  The  dams,  thus  built  on  both  sides  of 
the  river,  left  an  opening  of  sixty-six  feet.  So  en- 
ergetically and  systematically  was  the  work  pushed 
that  on  the  morning  of  12  May  the  whole  fleet 
passed  safely  down  the  falls  without  loss.  The 
Mississippi  squadron  was  saved  through  the  native 
engineering  skill  of  a  Wisconsin  farmer.  His  ser- 
vices received  prompt  recognition,  and  on  7  June 
he  was  brevetted  brigadier-general,  and  on  30  June 
was  promoted  to  the  full  grade  of  colonel,  and 
subsequently  received  the  formal  thanks  of  con- 
gress. The  officers  of  the  fleet  presented  him  with 
a  sword  and  a  purse  of  $3,000.  After  this  feat 
Gen.  Bailey's  military  record  was  highly  creditable. 
In  November,  1864,  he  was  promoted  brigadier- 
general  of  volunteers,  and  had  command  of  the 
engineer  brigade  of  the  military  division  of  the 
west  Mississippi  and  of  different  cavalry  brigades 
until  he  resigned,  7  July.  18(55.  After  leaving  the 
army  he  settled  as  a  farmer  in  Newton  co.,  jMo., 
and  was  elected  sheriff,  an  office  which  he  filled 
with  his  accustomed  firmness  and  daring.  He 
met  his  death  at  the  hands  of  two  desperadoes, 
upon  whom  he  had  personally  served  warrants, 
and  whom,  with  characteristic  fearlessness,  he  was 
escorting  to  the  county-seat  without  assistance.  It 
is  interestmg  to  know  that  che  main  portion  of  the 
dam,  constructed  under  such  haste,  was  in  place 
twenty-two  years  afterward,  and  bade  fair  to  last 
indefinitely.  It  is  still  known  as  "  Bailey's  Dam." 
BAILEY,  Joseph  Mead,  jurist,  b.  in  Middle- 
bury,  Vt.,  23  June,  1833 ;  d.  in  Preeport,  111.,  15 
Dec,  1895.  He  was  graduated  in  1854,  and  in 
1856  began  the  practice  of  law  at  Freeport,  111. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Illinois  legislature  in 
1866-70  and  presidential  elector  of  the  same  state 
in  1876.     He  was  chosen  a  judge  in  the  13th  judi- 


cial circuit,  Illinois,  in  1877.  judge  of  the  first 
division  appellate  court  in  1878.  and  chief  justice 
of  that  court  in  1879.  He  became  a  trustee  of  the 
university  of  Chicago  in  1878. 

BAILEY,  Riifus  William,  educator,  b.  in 
North  Yarmouth,  Me.,  13  April,  1793  ;  d.  in  Hunts- 
ville,  Tex.,  25  April,  1863.  He  was  graduated  at 
Dartmouth  college  in  1813,  and  taught  in  the 
academies  at  Salisbury,  N.  H.,  and  Blue  Hill,  Me., 
then  studied  law  with  Daniel  Webster,  but  at  the 
end  of  a  year  entered  Andover  theological  semi- 
nary, and  on  the  completion  of  his  studies  was  li- 
censed, and  began  preaching  at  Norwich  Plain,  at 
the  same  time  filling  the  place  of  teacher  of  moral 
philosophy  in  the  military  school.  In  1824  he  was 
installed  pastor  of  the  church  in  Pittsfield,  Mass., 
where  he  remained  four  years.  He  was  then 
obliged  to  remove  to  the  south  for  the  sake  of  his 
health,  and  subsequently  taught  for  more  than 
twenty  years  in  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina, 
and  Virginia,  in  the  latter  state  travelling  at  one 
time  extensively  as  agent  of  the  colonization  so- 
ciety. In  1854  he  was  elected  professor  of  languages 
in  Austin  college,  at  Huntsville,  Texas,  and  in 
1858  became  its  president.  He  was  the  author  of 
a  series  of  newspaper  letters  on  slavery,  subse- 
quently published  in  a  volume  under  the  title  of 
"  The  Issue  "  ;  also  of  a  volume  of  sermons  entitled 
"  The  Family  Preacher  "  ;  of  letters  to  daughters,^ 
entitled  "  The  Mother's  Request  "  ;  of  a  "  Primary 
Grammar,"  and  of  a  "  Manual  of  English  Gram- 
mar," used  extensively  in  southern  schools. 

BAILEY,  Silas,  clergyman,  b.  in  Massachusetts 
about  1812;  d.  in  Paris,  France,  11  June,  1874. 
He  was  graduated  at  Brown  in  1834,  studied  at 
Newton  theological  seminary,  and  was  for  a  time  a. 
pastor  in  Massachusetts.  He  became  principal  of 
Worcester  academy  about  1840,  and,  after  several 
years,  was  elected  president  of  Granville  college, 
afterward  Dennison  university,  Granville,  Ohio, 
where  he  remained  for  ten  years.  He  then  became 
president  of  the  newly  established  college  at  Frank- 
lin, Ind.,  where  he  remained  until  his  health  failed. 
After  filling  a  pastorate  at  Lafayette  for  three 
years  he  accepted  the  professorship  of  theology 
at  Kalamazoo  college.  Mich.  He  bequeathed  his 
library  to  Franklin  college.  Dr.  Bailey  published 
sermons,  addresses,  and  reviews. 

BAILEY,  Theodorus,  senator,  b.  in  Dutchess 
CO.,  N.  Y.,  12  Oct.,  1758;  d.  in  New  York  city,  6 
Sept.,  1828.  He  was  a  representative  in  congress 
from  New  York  from  1793  to  1797,  and  from  1799 
to  1803.  In  1803  he  was  chosen  a  senator  from 
New  Y^ork,  but  resigned  in  the  following  year  and 
accepted  the  postmastership  of  New  York  city, 
whicii  office  he  held  until  his  death. — His  nephew, 
Tlieodorus,  naval  officer  (b.  in  Chateaugay,  N.  Y., 
12  April,  1805;  d.  in  Washington,  D.  C,  10  Feb., 
1877),  was  appointed  a  midshipman  from  New 
York,  1  Jan.,  1818,  and  received  his  commission  as 
lieutenant  3  March,  1827.  His  first  cruise  was  on 
board  the  "  Cyane,"  Capt.  Trenchard,  which  cap- 
tured several  slavers  on  the  coast  of  Africa  in 
1820-'l.  He  then  made  a  three  years'  cruise  in 
tlie  Pacific  on  the  "  Franklin."  '  In  1833-'6  he 
sailed  on  a  cruise  round  the  world  on  board  the 
"  Vincennes."  After  serving  on  the  frigate  "  Con- 
stellation," in  which  he  again  sailed  round  the 
-world,  he  was  placed  in  command  of  the  store- 
ship  "  Lexington  "  in  1846,  in  which,  on  the  break- 
ing out  of  the  Mexican  war,  he  conveyed  to  Cali- 
fornia, by  way  ot  Cape  Horn,  an  artillery  company 
and  several  officers  who  afterward  became  famous, 
including  Henrv  W.  Halleck,  William  T.  Sherman, 
and  E.  O.  C.  Orel.     Lieut.  Bailey  rendered  efficient 


BAILEY 


BAILY 


139 


J^^jL^Trc^Sl^aAXJiA^  y 


aid  to  the  Pacific  squadron  by  fitting  out  and  lead- 
ing numerous  expeditions.  He  made  use  of  iiis 
vessel,  an  old  razee,  as  an  armed  cruiser,  and,  after 
landing  the  troops  at  Monterey,  blockaded  and 
captured  San  Bias,  and  was  actively  employed 
with  the  land  forces  in  the  conquest  of  California. 
He  was  commissioned  as  commander  6  March, 
1849,  and  as  captain  15  Dec,  1855.  On  6  Sept., 
1853,  he  was  assigned  to  the  command  of  the  "  St. 
Mary's,"  of  the  Pacific  squadron,  and  cruised  for 

three  years.  Ar- 
I'iving  oppor- 
tunely at  Pana- 
ma during  the 
riots,  he  took 
steps  to  sup- 
press them  that 
were  success- 
ful and  satis- 
factory alike 
to  the  citizens 
and  the  gov- 
ernment. On 
the  same  cruise 
he  was  instru- 
mental in  re- 
storing friendly 
relations  with 
the  inhabitants 
of  the  Fiji  isl- 
ands. At  the 
beginning  of  the  civil  war  he  was  placed  in  com- 
mand of  the  frigate  "  Colorado,"  of  the  western 
Gulf  blockading  squadron,  and  on  2  May,  1861, 
(■(iriiicratt'd  with  Gen.  Harvey  Brown  in  the  opera- 
tions before  Pensacola.  He  reconnoitred  the  posi- 
tion of  the  "  Judah,"  going  up  to  her  side  in  his 
gig  on  the  night  of  13  Sept.,  1861,  and  matured 
the  plan  by  which  Lieut.  Russell  cut  out  and 
burned  that  confederate  privateer  a  few  hours 
later.  Joining  Parragut's  squadron  at  New  Or- 
leans, as  second  in  command,  he  led  the  attack 
in  April,  1863,  commanding  the  right  column  of 
the  fleet  in  the  passage  of  the  forts  St.  Philip  and 
Jackson,  and  leading  the  fleet  in  the  capture  of  the 
Chalmette  batteries  and  of  the  city.  He  led  the 
attack  in  the  gunboat  "  Cayuga,"  passing  up,  ahead 
of  the  fleet,  through  the  fire  of  five  of  the  forts, 
sustaining  unaided  the  attack  of  the  confederate 
vessels,  rams,  and  fire,  and  passed  through  them 
to  the  city.  Admiral  Farragut  sent  Bailey  to  de- 
mand the  surrender  of  New  Orleans.  Accom- 
panied by  Lieut.  George  H.  Perkins,  he  passed 
through  the  streets  in  the  midst  of  a  hooting  mob, 
who  threatened  the  officers  with  drawn  pistols  and 
other  weapons.  In  his  official  report  of  the  vic- 
tory, dated  34  April,  1863,  Capt.  Bailey  used  the 
famous  phrase :  "  It  was  a  contest  of  iron  hearts 
in  wooden  ships  against  iron-clads  with  iron  beaks 
— and  the  iron  hearts  won."  The  important  part 
actually  taken  by  Bailey  was  not  adequately  recog- 
nized in  the  first  official  account,  though  Admiral 
Farragut  commended  his  gallantry  and  ability  in 
the  official  report,  and  sent  him  to  Washington 
with  the  despatches  announcing  the  victory.  The 
mistake  was  afterward  rectified  by  Admiral  Farra- 
gut, and  the  correction  appended  to  the  report  of  the 
secretary  of  the  navy  for  1869.  He  was  promoted 
commodore  after  the  capture  of  New  Orleans,  re- 
ceiving his  commission  16  July,  1863,  and  was  as- 
signed to  the  command  of  the.eastern  Gulf  blockad- 
ing squadron.  Although  his  health  was  impaired, 
he  displayed  energy  and  perseverance  in  breaking 
up  blockade-running  on  the  Florida  coast,  and 
within  eighteen  months  more  than  150  blockade- 


I'unners  were  captured  through  his  vigilance.  After 
the  war  he  was  commandant  of  the  Portsmouth 
navy-yard  from  1865  to  1867.  On  25  July,  1866, 
he  was  commissioned  as  rear-admiral,  and  on  10 
Oct.,  1866,  he  was  placed  on  the  retired  list. 

BAILLAIRGE,  George  Frederick,  Canadian 
engineer,  b.  in  Quebec,  16"0ct.,  1824.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  seminary  of  Quebec,  and  in  1844  en- 
tered the  civil  service  of  Canada  in  the  department 
of  engineering.  In  1871  he  was  appointed  assist- 
ant chief  engineer  of  the  department  of  public 
works.  He  was  superintending  engineer  of  the 
Ottawa  and  St.  Lawrence  canals  in  1877-'8,  and 
in  1879  became  de}>uty  minister  of  public  works. 

BAILLARGEON,  Charles  Francis,  arch- 
bishop of  Quebec,  b.  at  Crane  Island,  District  of 
Quebec,  26  April,  1798  ;  d.  13  Oct.,  1870.  He  was 
educated  at  the  college  of  St.  Nicolet,  where  he 
distinguished  himself  and  pursued  a  superior  course 
of  studies.  In  1850  he  was  sent  to  Home  by  the 
bishops  of  the  province  of  Quebec,  as  their  agent 
in  some  important  religious  questions,  and  was 
there  consecrated  a  bishop  in  part.,  23  Feb.,  1851, 
by  Cardinal  Franzoni,  prefect  of  the  Propaganda. 
Subsequently  he  became  bishop,  and  then  arch- 
bishop of  Quebec  in  1867,  and  went  three  times  to 
Rome  in  the  interest  of  his  diocese,  and  also  to 
assist  at  the  oecumenical  council  held  in  that  city 
in  1868-'9.  He  established  the  temperance  and 
St.  Vincent  de  Paul  societies  in  Quebec  in  1846, 
and  afterward  the  brothers'  school  and  St.  John 
the  Baptist  church,  and  also  contributed  largely 
to  many  charitable  institutions.  He  published  a 
translation  of  the  New  Testament,  catechism,  and 
other  works. — His  brother,  Pierre,  Canadian  phys- 
ician, b.  at  Crane  Island,  province  of  Quebec,  8 
Nov.,  1813 ;  d.  in  Quebec,  15  Dec,  1891.  He  was 
educated  at  Nicolet  college,  and  received  the  de- 
gree of  M.  D.  from  Harvard  college.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Boston  medical  association,  a  visit- 
ing physician  to  the  Quebec  general  hospital,  and 
president  of  the  dental  association  of  Quebec.  He 
was  called  to  the  senate  on  26  March,  1874. 

BAILLY,  Joseph  A.,  sculptor,  b.  in  Paris, 
France,  in  1825;  d.  13  June,  1883.  He  began  his 
career  as  a  wood-carver,  came  to  Philadelphia,  and 
pursued  his  occupation  with  success.  Later  he  ap- 
plied himself  to  marble  sculpture,  and  became  a 
professor  in  the  Pennsylvania  academy  of  fine  arts. 
He  has  produced  a  statue  of  Washington,  which 
was  placed  in  front  of  the  Philadelphia  state-house 
in  1869 ;  a  colossal  statue  of  Witherspoon ;  the 
companion  groups  called  "  The  First  Prayer  "  and 
"Paradise  Lost";  portrait  busts  of  Gen.  Grant 
and  Gen.  Meade ;  an  equestrian  statue  of  President 
Blanco  of  Venezuela,  and  "  Spring." 

BAILY,  John,  clergyman,  b.  near  Blackburn, 
Lancashire,  England,  24  Feb.,  1644;  d.  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  12  Dec,  1697.  He  began  preaching  at  the 
age  of  twenty-two  at  Chester,  but  was  thrown  into 
jail  on  account  of  his  congregational  doctrines. 
After  his  release  he  went  to  Ireland  and  continued 
his  ministry  in  Limerick,  where  at  the  end  of  fourteen 
years  he  was  again  imprisoned  for  nonconformity. 
Set  free  on  the  condition  of  leaving  the  country, 
and  prohibited  even  from  preaching  a  farewell  dis- 
course to  his  church,  he  came  to  New  England 
about  1684  and  was  ordained  minister  of  the  church 
at  Watertown,  6  Oct.,  1685.  In  1692  he  returned 
to  Boston,  and  in  July  of  the  following  year  be- 
came assistant  minister  of  the  first  church  in  that 
city.  A  volume,  issued  in  Boston  in  1689,  contains 
sketches  of  a  series  of  his  sermons  and  a  reprint  of 
a  letter  of  farewell,  addressed  to  his  congregation 
at  Limerick  in  lieu  of  a  parting  sermon. 


140 


BAINBRIDGE 


BAINBRIDGE 


BAINBRIDGE,  Henry,  soldier,  b.  in  New 
York  in  1808 ;  d.  at  sea  near  Galveston,  81  May, 
1857.  He  was  appointed  to  West  Point  from  Massa- 
chusetts, was  graduated  in  1831,  served  as  lieuten- 
ant on  frontier  duty,  became  a  captain  15  Juni', 
1836,  and  served  in  the  Florida  war,  in  the  military 
occupation  of  Texas,  and  in  the  war  with  Mexico. 
For  gallantry  at  Monterey,  where  he  was  severely 
wounded  in  storming  the  enemy's  works,  he  was 
brevetted  major,  23  Sept.,  1846.  He  became  major 
in  the  7th  infantry  16  Feb.,  1847,  and  was  engaged 
in  Contreras  and  t'hurubusco,  gaining  the  brevet 
of  lieutenant-colonel  for  gallant  conduct,  and  in 
the  assault  and  capture  of  Mexico.  In  1849  and 
1850  he  served  in  the  Seminole  war.  He  was  pro- 
moted to  a  lieutenant-colonelcy  11  June,  1851,  and 
served  in  Texas  until  his  death  on  board  the 
steamer  "  Louisiana,"  burned  in  Galveston  bay. 

BAINBRIDGE,  William,  naval  officer,  b.  in 
Princeton,  N.  J.,  7  May,  1774;  d.  in  Philadelphia, 
28  July,  1838.  His  ancestor,  who  in  1700  settled 
in  New  Jersey,  was  the  son  of  Sir  Arthur  Bain- 
bridge,  of  Durham  co.,  England.  Capt.  Bainbridge's 
father  was  a  descendant  in  the  fifth  generation 
from  Sir  Arthur.  William,  his  fourth  son,  was  dis- 
tinguished for  his  adventurous  disposition  in  early 
youth,  and,  with  a  good  education,  he  elected  to 

follow  the  sea. 
He  entered  the 
merchant  ma- 
rine at  the  age 
of  fifteen,  and 
at  nineteen  be- 
came command- 
er of  a  mer- 
chant ship.  In 
1796,  while  com- 
manding the 
ship  "  Hope," 
on  his  passage 
from  Bordeaux 
to  the  island 
of  St.  Thom- 
as, he  was  at- 
tacked by  a 
British  schoon- 
er of  eight 
guns  and  thir- 
ty men.  Bain- 
bridge  returned 
the  fire  and 
kept  it  up  until 
the  schooner  struck  her  colors.  The  armament  of 
the  "  Hope  "  consisted  of  foiir  9-pounders  and  nine 
men.  He  could  have  retained  the  schooner  as  a 
prize,  but  he  merely  hailed  the  captain  and  told 
him  to  "  go  about  his  business  and  report  to  his 
masters  that  if  they  wanted  his  ship  they  must 
send  a  greater  force  to  take  her,  and  a  more  skil- 
ful commander."  This  performance  gave  him  a 
reputation  in  Philadelphia,  and  he  could  have  had 
command  of  any  ship  sailing  from  that  port.  On 
one  occasion,  when  the  English  razee  "  Indefati- 
gable," under  the  command  of  Sir  Edward  Pellew. 
afterward  Lord  Exmouth,  impressed  a  seaman  from 
on  board  the  "  Hope,"  Bainbridge  boarded  the  first 
English  merchantman  he  encountered  at  sea  and 
took  out  of  her  the  best  seaman  she  had  on  board  ;  he 
then  told  the  British  captain  that  he  might  report 
that  William  Bainbridge  had  taken  one  of  his 
majesty's  subjects  in  retaliation  for  a  seaman  taken 
from  the  American  ship  "  Hope,"  by  Lieut.  Norton, 
of  the  "  Indefatigable."  Though  this  afforded  no 
redress  for  the  original  injury,  it  was  designed  to 
show  British  naval  officers  that  the  risrhts  of  Ameri- 


can citizens,  as  far  as  they  were  entrusted  to  Capt. 
Bainbridge's  care,  were  not  to  be  molested  with 
impunity.  In  1798  Bainbridge  married,  at  the 
island  of  St.  Bartholomew,  Miss  Susan  llyleger, 
(laugiiter  of  a  respectable  merchant,  and  grand- 
daughter of  John  Hyleger,  of  Holland,  for  many 
years  governor  of  St.  Eustatia. 

On  the  organization  of  a  navy  in  1798,  to  pro- 
tect American  commerce  against  French  cruisers, 
his  character  for  bravery  and  intelligence  se- 
cured for  Bainbridge  the  command  of  the  schooner 
"  Retaliation,"  with  the  rank  of  lieiitenant-com- 
mandant.  He  was  soon  afterward  captured  by 
the  French  frigates  "  Volontier  "  and  "  Insurgent," 
but  the  schooner  was  returned  to  Bainljridge  by 
the  governor  of  Guadaloupe,  and  he  proceeded  with 
her  to  the  United  States,  carrying  many  American 
prisoners,  for  whom,  by  his  tact,  he  had  obtained 
their  liberty.  For  his  services,  Bainbridge  was  pro- 
moted to  the  rank  of  master-commandant,  and  given 
the  command  of  the  brig  "  Norfolk,"  of  eighteen 
guns.  The  "  retaliation  act "  against  French  citizens 
captured  on  the  ocean,  in  the  quasi  war  with  France, 
passed  at  that  time  (1798),  was  due  to  Bainbridge's 
report  of  the  outrages  committed  on  American 
prisoners  in  the  island  of  Guadaloupe.  The  "  Nor- 
folk "  was  sent  to  tiie  West  Indies  to  report  to  Com. 
Christopher  R.  Perry,  and  performed  most  impor- 
tant service,  captiuing  the  French  lugger  "  Re- 
publican "  and  destroying  other  vessels.  As  an 
acknowledgment  of  these  services,  the  merchants 
of  Havana  presented  him  with  a  most  compliment- 
ary letter  when  he  left  the  station.  In  May,  1800, 
Bainbridge  was  ordered  to  take  command  of  the 
frigate  "  George  Washington,"  to  carry  tribute  to 
the  Dey  of  Algiers.  On  his  arrival  at  Algiers,  much 
to  his  disgust,  Bainbridge  felt  obliged  to  accede 
to  a  demand  of  the  Dey  to  carry  presents  to  Con- 
stantinople, and  also  an  ambassador  to  the  Ottoman 
porte.  A  refusal  to  comply  with  this  demand 
would  have  resulted  in  depredations  by  the  Alge- 
rines  on  American  commerce,  the  American  govern- 
ment not  having  realized  the  degradation  entailed 
on  it  by  paying  tribute  so  that  its  merchant 
ships  might  pursue  their  vocations  without  being 
boarded  by  pirates.  At  Constantinople  Bainbridge 
was  received  very  kindly,  and  while  there  he  paved 
the  way  to  the  first  treaty  between  the  United 
States  and  the  porte.  Returning,  he  arrived  off  Al- 
giers 21  Jan.,  1801,  and  the  Dey  did  all  he  could  to 
entice  him  into  his  power  and  force  him  to  return 
to  Constantinople  with  presents,  etc. ;  but  the 
"  George  Washington  "  was  anchored  beyond  reach 
of  the  guns  of  the  forts,  and  there  remained  until 
the  Dey  had  given  a  solemn  promise  (after  Moslem 
fashion)  that  he  would  not  require  Bainbridge  to 
return.  On  this  occasion  Bainbridge  had  the  pleas- 
ure of  bringing  an  order  from  the  sultan  ftir  the 
liberation  of  400  Maltese,  Venetians,  and  Sicilians, 
and,  on  his  presenting  a  firman  from  the  Capudan 
pacha  at  Constantinople  (a  great  friend  of  Bain- 
bridge), the  Dey  from  that  moment  treated  him 
with  great  consideration. 

On  20  jNIay,  1801,  Bainbridge  was  appointed  to 
eonnnand  the  "Essex,"  forming  part  of  the  squad- 
ron under  Com.  Richard  Dale,  to  cruise  against  the 
Barbary  powers.  In  1803  he  was  employed  in  su- 
perintending the  construction  of  the  "  Syren  "  and 
"  Vixen,"  after  which,  on  20  May,  he  was  ordered 
to  command  the  "  Philadelphia,"  of  44  guns,  of 
Com.  Preble's  squadron,  fitting  out  to  cruise  against 
Tripolitan  corsairs.  Bainbridge  sailed  before  the 
rest  of  the  fleet,  and,  on  his  arrival  in  the  ]\[editcr- 
ranean,  cajitured  the  Moorish  ship-of-war  "Mesh- 
boha,"   of  22   guns,   for   molesting  an   American 


BAINBRIDGE 


BAINBRIDGE 


141 


vessel.  He  also  recaptured  the  American  brig 
"Ceiica,"  and  this  seasonable  check  to  Moorish  ra- 
pacity prevented  further  depredations  upon  Ameri- 
can commerce  by  the  Moors.  On  liain  bridge's 
arrival  off  Tripoli  he  gave  chase  to  a  Tripolitan 
corsair  and  struck  on  a  rock,  by  which  the  "  Phila- 
delphia" was  wrecked,  and  she  was  then  sur- 
rounded by  Tripolitan  gun-boats  and  forced  to  sur- 
render, not  being  able  to  use  her  guns.  This 
happened  on  1  Nov.,  1804.  The  "  Philadelphia  "  was 
floated  off  the  rock  by  the  Tripolitans  anil  carried 
into  the  port  of  Tripoli,  where  she  was  afterward 
burned  by  Decatur.  The  first  suggestion  for  destroy- 
ing the  "  Philadelphia  "  is  said  to  have  been  sent  to 
Com.  Preble  in  a  letter  from  Bainbridge  while  he 
was  a  prisoner.  Bainbridge  and  his  officers  and 
crew  remained  prisoners  for  nineteen  months  during 
the  Tripolitan  war,  suffering  many  privations,  and 
being  subjected  to  all  the  dangers  of  the  Are  from 
the  American  fleet.  When  peace  was  restored  and 
they  obtained  their  liberty,  a  court  of  inquiry  was 
held  on  Bainbridge,  and  he  was  acquitted  of  all 
blame  for  the  loss  of  the  "  Philadeljjhia." 

A  short  time  after  his  return  to  the  United 
States  Bainbridge  was  ordered  to  command  the 
navy-yard  at  New  York ;  but  his  embarrassed  cir- 
cumstances, owing  to  his  long  captivity,  obliged 
him  to  obtain  a  furlough  and  once  more  enter  the 
merchant  service,  where  he  continued  until  1808. 
In  anticipation  of  a  war  with  England  he  was  or- 
dered back  to  the  service  in  March,  1808,  and  in 
December  was  placed  in  command  of  the  frigate 
"  President,"  in  which  he  sailed  on  a  cruise  in  the  fol- 
lowing year.  No  war  occurring,  he  again  obtained  a 
furlough,  and  proceeded  on  a  voyage  in  a  merchant 
ship  to  St.  Petersburg.  He  continued  in  the  mer- 
ciiaut  service  until  1811,  when,  hearing  that  an  en- 
gagement had  taken  place  between  the  "  President " 
ami  the  British  ship-of-war  "  Little  Belt,"  he  left 
his  ship  at  St.  Petersburg  and  returned  to  the 
United  States.  In  anticipation  of  the  war  with 
Gre'it  Britain  the  government  had  determined  to 
lay  up  all  the  ships  of  the  navy  in  ordinary ;  but, 
owing  to  the  representations  of  Capts.  Bainbridge 
and  Stewart,  this  idea  was  abandoned.  Bainbridge 
was  now  ordered  to  command  the  Charlestown  navy- 
yard  ;  but  on  the  declaration  of  war,  8  June,  1812, 
he  solicited  the  command  of  a  frigate,  and  his  re- 
quest was  complied  with  by  giving  him  command 
not  only  of  the  "  Constitution,"  but  of  the  frigate 
"  Essex,"  Capt.  David  Porter,  and  the  sloop  "  Hor- 
net," Capt.  James  Lawrence.  Bainbridge  took  the 
"  Constitution  "  immediately  after  Hull  arrived  in 
her  from  his  victory  over  the  "  Guerriere." 

The  "  Constitution "  parted  company  with  the 
"  Hornet "  off  St.  Salvador  on  26  Dec,  1812,  and 
three  days  later  fell  in  with  the  British  frigate 
"  Java,"  of  49  guns  and  upward  of  400  men.  After 
an  action  of  one  hour  and  fifty-five  minutes  the 
'•Java"  surrendered,  having  been  completely  dis- 
mantled and  not  having  a  single  spar  standing. 
Her  loss  was  60  killed  and  101  wounded,  while  the 
"  Constitution  "  lost  but  9  killed  and  25  wounded. 
Among  the  latter  was  Com.  Bainbridge,  who  was 
struck  twice  during  the  engagement.  The  "  Java  " 
was  blown  up  after  the  prisoners  were  removed.  In 
his  treatment  of  the  prisoners  Bainbridge  was  most 
magnanimous,  and  he  received  many  acknowledg- 
ments for  his  kindness.  On  his  return  to  the 
United  States  he  was  received  with  high  honors 
and  ordered  to  command  the  Charlestown  navy- 
yard,  where  he  laid  the  keel  of  the  line-of-battle- 
ship  "  Independence."  No  squadron  of  equal 
strength  ever  sailed  from  any  country  and  accom- 
plished the  results  that  the  three  historic  vessels 


of  Com.  Bainbridge's  command,  the  "  Constitu- 
tion," "  Essex,"  and  "  Hornet "  realized. 

While  Bainbridge  was  in  command  at  Charles- 
town the  British  blockaded  Boston  harbor,  and  his 
views  for  the  defence  of  that  port  encountered 
great  opposition.  Polities  ran  high,  and  the  oppo- 
sition party  was  indifferent  with  regard  to  the  pub- 
lic property,  which  they  said  belonged  to  the  ad- 
ministration, while  the  commodore  insisted  that  it 
belonged  to  the  nation  and  should  be  protected  at 
all  hazards.  The  governor  and  council  of  Massa- 
chusetts appointed  a  committee  to  consult  with 
Bainbridge,  and,  on  its  presuming  to  dictate  to 
him,  he  informed  it  that  he  should  defend  his  com- 
mand to  the  last  extremity,  let  the  consequences  be 
what  they  might,  and  that  if  the  citizens  of  Bos- 
ton chose  to  make  their  Interests  separate  from 
those  of  the  nation,  the  terrible  consequences  might 
fall  where  they  deserved ;  to  him,  duty  and  honor 
dictated  the  course  he  should  pursue.  Great  diver- 
sity of  opinion  existed  in  Massachusetts  with  re- 
gard to  defending  the  harbors  along  the  coast,  and 
even  Boston  itself ;  but,  owing  to  Bainbridge's  pa- 
triotic importunities  and  devoted  zeal  as  an  officer, 
sustained  as  he  was  by  many  eminent  citizens  of 
Boston,  a  proper  system  of  defence  was  adopted 
and  the  danger  was  averted. 

Com.  Bainbridge  was  the  first  that  advocated  a 
board  of  commissioners  for  the  navy.  His  long  ex- 
perience in  naval  concerns  satisfied  him  that  the 
administration  of  the  navy  could  never  be  wisely 
conducted  without  a  preponderance  of  professional 
men  in  connection  and  working  in  accord  with  the 
civil  element.  Shortly  after  the  beginning  of  the 
war  with  Gi-eat  Britain,  war  was  declared  against 
the  United  States  by  Algiers,  and  on  the  conclusion 
of  peace  with  Great  Britain  congress  declared  war 
against  the  regency  of  Algiers  and  fitted  out  a  large 
squadron  under  the  command  of  Bainbridge,  in 
1815,  to  protect  American  commerce  in  the  Medi- 
terranean. Peace  was  soon  settled  honorably  by 
Decatur,  and  at  the  same  time  Bainbridge  brought 
the  Bashaw  of  Tripoli  to  a  sense  of  the  resources 
of  the  United  States,  and  exhibited  his  large  force 
in  all  the  ports.  The  only  way  in  which  peace 
could  be  maintained  with  these  people,  so  faithless 
in  regard  to  political  obligations,  was  by  operating 
on  their  fears.  After  making  the  necessary  ar- 
rangements for  the  protection  of  American  com- 
merce in  the  Mediterranean,  Bainbridge  returned 
to  the  United  States  on  15  Nov.,  1815.  A  month 
later  the  commodore  established  the  first  naval 
school  (in  the  Boston  yard)  for  officers,  and  in  1817 
he  was  appointed  one  of  a  board  to  locate  navy- 
yards.  In  October,  1819,  the  first  board  convened 
for  the  examination  of  young  officers  for  promo- 
tion that  had  ever  been  assembled  in  the  United 
States,  under  Bainbridge  as  presiding  officer.  In 
November  of  the  same  year  he  was  ordered  to  the 
command  of  the  new  line-of-battle-ship  "  Colum- 
bus," and  appointed  to  command  the  Mediterranean 
squadron.  On  his  return  to  the  United  States  af- 
ter his  cruise  in  1821,  he  was  ordered  to  the  Phila- 
delphia station,  where  his  professional  abilities  were 
brought  into  play  in  fitting  out  the  ship-of-the- 
line  "North  Carolina."  In  1828  he  was  changed 
to  the  command  of  the  Boston  station,  and  soon 
afterward  was  appointed  naval  commissioner. 

At  the  time  of  the  difficulty  between  Decatur 
and  Barron,  Bainbridge  was  in  Washington  city, 
and  acted  as  Decatur's  second  in  the  duel  that  led 
to  his  death  and  to  Barron's  being  severely  wounded. 
After  severing  his  connection  with  the  board  of 
commissioners,  Com.  Bainbridge  commanded  sev- 
eral navy-yards,  until  in  the  latter  part  of  his  life 


142 


BAINES 


BAIRD 


he  became  a  great  sufferer  from  physical  troubles. 
In  1833  he  was  attacked  by  pneumonia,  and  died 
on  28  July  of  that  year.  His  remains  were  in- 
terred in  Christ  church  buryiiifi-iii-dund,  in  Phila- 
delphia. Com.  Bainbridge  was  a  model  of  a  naval 
officer.  He  was  six  feet  in  height,  and  had  a  finely 
moulded  and  muscular  frame,  which  enabled  him 
to  endure  any  amount  of  fatigue.  His  complexion 
was  rather  fair,  his  beard  dark  and  strong,  his  eyes 
black,  animated,  and  expressive.  His  deportment 
was  commanding,  his  dress  always  neat ;  his  tem- 
perament was  ardent  and  somewhat  impetuous, 
though  he  could  qualify  it  with  the  greatest  cour- 
tesy and  the  most  attractive  amenity. 

BAINES,  Allen  Mackenzie,  Canadian  physi- 
cian, b.  in  Toronto,  12  May,  1853.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Cobourg,  and  at  Upper  Canada  college, 
Toronto,  studied  medicine,  received  degrees  from 
both  Trinity  college,  Toronto,  and  Toronto  univer- 
sity, and  afterward  attended  medical  lectures  and 
hospitals  in  London,  England,  where  he  took  the 
degree  of  L.  R.  C.  P.  He  returned  to  Canada  in 
1882  and  settled  as  a  physician  in  Toronto.  Dr. 
Baines  is  examiner  in  toxicology  and  medical  juris- 
prudence in  Trinity  college,  and  likewise  physician 
for  the  home  for  incurables,  Toronto,  and  the  in- 
fants' home  in  tiie  same  city. 

BAIRD,  Absalom,  soldier,  b.  in  Washington, 
Pa.,  20  Aug.,  1824.  He  was  graduated  at  Wash- 
ington college  in  1841  and  studied  law.  In  1845 
he  entered  the  West  Point  academy,  was  graduated 
in  1849,  and  served  as  second  lieutenant  in  the 
Florida  hostilities  from  1850  to  1853.  He  was 
promoted  first  lieutenant  24  Dec,  1853,  and  from 
1853  to  1859  was  stationed  at  West  Point  as  assist- 
ant professor  of  mathematics.  In  March,  18G1, 
he  took  command  of  the  light  battery  for  the  de- 
fence of  Washington,  and  on  11  May  was  brevet- 
ted  captain  and  appointed  assistant  in  the  adju- 
tant-general's department.  In  July,  1861,  he 
served  as  adjutant-general  of  Tyler's  division  in 
the  defence  of  Washington  and  in  the  Manassas 
campaign,  being  present  at  Blackburn's  Ford  and 
at  Bull  Run.  He  was  promoted  captain  3  Aug., 
1801,  served  as  assistant  adjutant-general  and  was 
promoted  major  12  Nov.,  1861,  and  served  as 
assistant  inspector-general  and  chief  of  staff  of  the 
fourth  army  corps  in  the  peninsular  campaign, 
where  he  was  engaged  in  the  siege  of  Yorktown 
and  the  battle  of  Williamsburg.  He  commanded 
a  brigade  of  the  Army  of  the  Ohio  from  May  to 
September,  1862,  and  was  engaged  in  the  capture 
of  ( 'umberland  Gap.  From  October,  1862,  to  June, 
1863,  he  commanded  the  3d  division  of  the  Army  of 
Kentucky  about  Lexington  and  Danville  and  in 
the  operations  of  Gen.  Rosecrans  in  Tennessee, 
being  engaged  at  Tullahoma,  the  capture  of  Shel- 
byville,  Dutch  Gap,  Pigeon  Mountain,  and  Chicka- 
mauga.  For  gallant  and  meritorious  services  in 
the  last  action  he  received  the  brevet  of  lieuten- 
ant-colonel. In  operations  about  Chattanooga  he 
commanded  a  division  of  the  14th  army  corps  and 
gained  the  brevet  rank  of  colonel.  He  was  en- 
gaged in  the  battle  of  MissionaiT  Ridge,  was  in 
numerous  skirmishes  in  pursuit  of  the  enemy  in 
the  invasion  of  Georgia,  and  was  present  at  the 
surrender  of  Atlanta.  He  was  brevetted  major- 
general  of  volunteers  for  services  in  the  capture  of 
Atlanta,  in  the  pursuit  of  Hood's  army  and  the 
march  to  the  sea,  and  the  capture  of  Savannah. 
He  participated  in  the  march  thi'ough  the  Caro- 
linas,  was  engaged  at  Benton ville  and  Raleigh,  and 
was  jiresent  at  the  surrender  of  Johnston's  army 
at  Durham  station.  For  his  services  in  the  At- 
lanta campaign   he  received   the   brevet  rank  of 


brigadier-general  in  the  regular  army  on  13  March, 
1865,  with  that  of  major-general  for  services  during 
the  rebellion.  He  served  as  inspector-general  of 
the  department  of  the  lakes  from  1866  to  1868,  of 
the  department  of  Dakota  till  1870,  of  the  division 
of  the  south  till  1872,  and  subsequently  as  assistant 
inspector-general  of  the  division  of  the  Missouri. 

BAIRD,  Henry  Carey,  author,  b.  in  Brides- 
burg,  Pa.,  10  Sept.,  1825.  In  1845  he  became  a 
partner  in  the  publishing  house  of  Carey  &  Hart, 
of  Philadelphia,  and  in  1849  established  the  new 
house  of  Henry  Carey  Baird  &  Co.,  which  has  pub- 
lished a  large  number  of  technical  industrial  works 
and  various  economical  treatises.  He  was  at  first 
a  whig,  and  subsequently  a  republican  in  politics, 
but  in  1875  he  joined  the  national  greenback  party 
and  became  one  of  its  leaders.  He  has  written  on 
economical  questions,  advocating  views  similar  to 
those  of  Henry  C.  Carey,  his  uncle.  He  published 
a  collection  of  his  works  in  Philadelphia  in  1875. 

BAIRD,  Robert,  clergyman,  1).  in  Fayette  co.. 
Pa.,  6  Oct.,  1798;  d.  in  Yonkers,  N.  Y.,  15  March, 
1863.  He  was  graduated  at  Jefferson  college,  Pa., 
in  1818,  and  taught  a  year  at  Bellefont,  where  he 
began  his  career  as  a  newspaper  writer.  He  stud- 
ied theology  at  Princeton,  1819-'22,  and  taught 
an  academy  there  for  five  years,  preaching  occa- 
sionally. In  1827 
he  became  agent 
in  New  Jersey 
for  the  Ameri- 
can Bible  society, 
engaged  in  the 
distribution  of 
Bibles  among  the 
poor,  and  also 
labored  among 
the  destitute 
churches  of  the 
Presbyterian  de- 
nomination as  an 
agent  of  the  New 
Jersey  mission- 
ary society.  In 
1829  he  became 
agent  for  the 
American  Sun- 
day-school union, 
and  travelled  ex- 
tensively for  the 

society.  In  1835  he  went  to  Europe,  where  he  re- 
mained eight  years,  devoting  himself  to  the  promo- 
tion of  Protestant  Christianity  in  southern  Europe, 
and  subsequently  to  the  advocacy  of  temperance 
reform  in  northern  Europe.  On  the  formation 
of  the  foreign  evangelical  society,  since  merged  in 
the  American  and  foreign  Christian  union,  he  be- 
came its  agent  and  corresponding  secretary.  In 
1842  he  published  "  A  View  of  Religion  in  Amer- 
ica" in  Glasgow.  In  1843  he  returned  home, 
and  for  three  years  engaged  in  promoting  the 
spread  of  Protestantism  in  Europe.  In  1846  he 
visited  Europe  to  attend  the  world's  temperance 
convention  in  Stockholm  and  the  meeting  of  the 
evangelical  alliance  in  London,  and  on  his  return 
he  delivered  a  series  of  lectures  on  the  "  Continent 
of  Europe."  In  1862  he  vindicated  in  London  be- 
fore large  audiences  the  cause  of  the  union  against 
secession  with  vigorous  eloquence.  Among  his 
other  published  works  are  a  "  View  of  the  Valley 
of  the  Mississippi  "  (1832) ;  "  History  of  the  Tem- 
perance Societies"  (1836);  "Visit  to  Northern 
Europe  "  (1841) ;  "  Protestantism  in  Italy  "  (Bos- 
ton, 1845) ;  "  Impressions  and  Experiences  of  the 
West  Indies  and  North  America  in  1849  "  (Phila- 


/^ ,     ^cyui^tM  . 


BAIRD 


BAKER 


143 


delphia,  1850),  revised,  with  a  supplement,  in  1855 ; 
"  History  of  the  Albigenses,  Waldenses,  and  Vau- 
dois."  French,  Dutch,  German,  Swedish,  Finnish, 
and  Russian  translations  were  made  of  the  "  His- 
tory of  the  Temperance  Societies,"  and  French, 
German,  Dutch,  and  Swedish  translations  of  the 
'•  View  of  Religion  in  America."  See  "  Life  of  the 
Rev.  R.  Baird,"  by  H.  M.  Baird  (New  York,  1865). 
— His  son,  Charles  Washington  Baird,  b.  in 
Princeton,  N.  J.,  28  Aug.,  1828 ;  d.  in  Rye,  N.  Y., 
10  Feb.,  1887.  He  was  graduated  at  the  univer- 
sity of  the  city  of  New  York  in  1848  and  at  the 
Union  theological  school  in  1852.  He  officiated  as 
American  chaplain  at  Rome  till  1853,  was  subse- 
quently settled  over  the  Dutch  Reformed  church 
of  Bergen  Hill,  Brooklyn,  and  after  1861  over  the 
Presbyterian  church  at  Rye,  N.  Y.  A  translation 
of  Malon's  "Romanism"  (New  York,  1844),  and 
one  of  Merle  d'Aubigne's  "Discourses  and  Essays" 
(1846),  were  his  first  literary  productions.  He 
published  anonymously  "  Eutaxia,  or  the  Presby- 
terian Liturgies"  (New  York,  1855),  revised  aiid 
reprinted  under  the  title  "A  Chapter  of  Liturgies" 
(London,  1856);  "A  Book  of  Public  Prayer,  com- 
piled from  the  Authorized  Formularies  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church  "  (1857).  Mr.  Baird  was  rec- 
ognized as  the  first  investigator  and  collector  of 
the  Presbyterian  liturgies.  He  afterward  gave  his 
attention  to  other  subjects,  and  published  "  Chron- 
icles of  a  Border  Town,  a  History  of  Rye,  N.  Y." 
(New  York,  1871) ;  "  History  of  Bedford  Church  " 
(New  York,  1882) ;  "  History  of  the  Huguenot  Emi- 
gration to  America  "  (1885),  a  French  version  of 
which  was  subsequently  issued  in  Toulouse,  France. 
— Henry  Martyn  Baird,  another  son,  b.  in  Phila- 
delphia. Pa.,  17  Jan.,  1832  ;  after  graduation  at  the 
university  of  the  city  of  New  York  in  1850,  studied 
in  (Iroece,  and.  after  pursuing  a  course  of  theology  in 
Union  and  Princeton  seminaries,  became  a  tutor  in 
1855,  and  in  1859  professor  of  Greek  at  Princeton 
college.  He  published  "Narrative  of  a  Residence 
and  Travels  in  Modern  Greece"  (New  York.  185(5): 
"  Life  of  Robert  Baird,  D.  D."  (1865) ;  a  "  History 
of  the  Rise  of  the  Huguenots"  (1879);  and  "The 
Huffuenots  and  Henry  of  Navarre"  (2  vols.,  1886). 

BAIRD,  Samuel  John,  author,  b.  in  Newark, 
Ohio,  in  1817;  d.  in  Clifton  Forge.  Va.,  10  April, 
1893.  He  studied  theology  at  New  Albany,  and 
preached  in  various  pulpits  until,  in  1865,  he  re- 
tirt'd  from  the  ministry,  owing  to  declining  health. 
He  made  a  special  study  of  Presbyterian  eeclesi- 
asticai  polity,  and  {)ublished  "  The  Assembly's 
Digest";  "The  Church  of  Christ,  its  Constitution 
and  Order "  ;  "A  History  of  the  Early  Polity  of 
the  Presbyterian  Church  in  the  Training  of  Minis- 
ters " ;  "A  History  of  the  New  School  and  of  the 
Questions  involved  in  the  Disruption " ;  "  The 
Sdcinian  Apostasy  of  the  English  Presbyterian 
Church";  "The  First  Adam  and  the  Second"; 
"The  Elohim  revealed  in  the  Creation  and  Re- 
demption of  Man  "  (Philadelphia) ;  "  Collection  of 
the  Acts,  Deliverances,  and  Testimonies  of  the 
Supreme  Judicatory  of  the  Presbyterian  Church, 
from  its  Origin  in  America  to  the  Present  Time  " 
(1855);  and  "History  of  the  New  School"  (1868). 

BAIRD,  Spencer  Fullerton,  naturalist,  b.  in 
Reading,  Pa.,  3  Feb.,  1823;  d.  in  Wood's  HoU, 
Mass.,  19  Aug.,  1887.  He  was  graduated  at  Dick- 
inson college  in  1840,  and  in  1842  followed  a  course 
at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  New 
York.  In  1845  he  became  professor  of  natural 
sciences  in  Dickinson  College,  and  a  few  years  later 
assumed  also  the  chair  of  chemistry.  At  the  age 
of  twenty-seven  he  was  appointed  assistant  secre- 
tary of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  and  after  the 


death  of  Prof.  Henry  in  May,  1878,  he  succeeded  to 
the  full  secretaryship.  In  1871  he  was  nominated 
U.  S.  commissioner  of  fish  and  fisheries,  and  after 
his  appointment  very  much  of  his  time  was  devoted 
to  the  duties  of  that  office.  He  received  the  honor- 
ary degrees  of  M.  D.  in  1848  from  the  Philadelphia 
Medical  College,  that  of  doctor  of  physical  science 
in  1856  from  Dickinson  College,'  and  that  of  LL.  D. 
from  Columbian  University  in  1875.  His  work 
in  connection  with  the  fisheries  received  univer- 
sal recognition,  and  he  was  awarded  several  medals 
and  decorations  from  foreign  powers.  He  was 
an  honorary  member  of  many  scientific  societies, 
and  a  member  of  the  National  Academy  of  Sci- 
ences from  its  organization,  a  fellow  of  the  Ameri- 
can Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science 
during  many  years,  and  was  its  permanent  secre- 
tary in  1850  and  1851.  His  literary  work  was 
very  extensive,  and  a  complete  bi!)liographv  from 
1843  to  1882.  including  nearly  1,200  titles,  was 
prepared  by  George  Brown  Goode,  and  published 
as  No.  20  of  the  "  Bulletins  of  the  U.  S.  National 
Museum."  His  works  include  the  editing  and 
translations  of  the  "  Iconographic  Encyclopa?dia  " 
(New  York,  1852) ;  "The  Birds  of  North  America," 
with  John  Cassin  (Philadelf)hia,  1860) ;  "  Mam- 
mals of  North  America"  (Philadelphia,  1859),  and 
"  Review  of  American  Birds  in  the  Museum  of 
the  Smithsonian  Institution "  (1864).  More  re- 
cently he  was  engaged  upon  a  "History  of  North 
American  Birds,"  in  connection  with  F.  M.  Brewer 
and  R.  Ridgeway  (5  vols.,  Boston,  1874-'84).  From 
1870  to  1878  he  was  the  scientific  editor  of  Harper 
&  Brothers'  periodicals,  including  the  "  Annual 
Record  of  Science  and  Industry,"'  which  appeared 
for  the  years  1872-'8.  The  annual  reports  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institution,  from  1878  till  his  death, 
were  edited  by  him,  and  also  the  various  reports 
of  the  U.  S.  Commission  of  Fish  and  Fisheries. 

BAKER,  Abijah  Richardson,  clergyman,  b.  in 
Franklin,  Mass.,  30  Aug.,  1805;  d.  in  Dorchester, 
Mass.,  30  April,  1876.  He  was  graduated  at  Am- 
herst college  in  1830,  and  became  principal  of 
Dorchester  academy,  and,  after  his  graduation  at 
Andover  theological  seminary  in  1835,  a  teacher 
of  the  English  department  of  Phillips  academy. 
He  was  pastor  of  several  churches,  and  in  South 
Boston  in  1864-6.  While  teaching  in  Andover  he 
prepared  "The  School  History  of  the  United 
States,"  combining  history  with  geography.  Dur- 
ing his  pastorate  at  Medford  he  published  "  The 
Catechism  Tested  by  the  Bible,"  graduated  ques- 
tion -  books  on  the  "  Westminster  Shorter  Cate- 
chism "  for  Sunday-school  classes,  of  which  100,000 
copies  were  sold  the  first  year,  and  translations 
were  made  into  French,  Arabic,  Armenian,  and 
Hawaii.  At  Lynn  he  edited,  with  his  wife's  coop- 
eration, "  The  Mother's  Assistant "  and  "  The 
Happy  Home,"  two  monthly  magazines.  He  sub- 
sequently removed  to  Wellesley,  Mass.,  and  then 
to  South  Boston.  He  published  numerous  Sunday- 
school  books,  edited  an  American  edition  of  Cob- 
bin's  "  Child's  Commentary,"  and  prepared  an 
elaborate  "  Exposition  of  the  Sermon  on  the 
Mount,"  in  connection  with  which  he  wrote  a 
treatise  on  prayer  and  one  on  Christian  character. 
A  "  Question-Book  on  the  Sermon  on  the  Mount " 
was  issued  in  1863. — His  wife,  Harriette  Newell, 
daughter  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Leonard  Woods,  presi- 
dent of  Andover,  b.  in  1815  ;  d.  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y., 
26  April,  1893.  She  published,  under  the  pen-name 
of  "  Mrs.  Madeline  Leslie,"  in  1855,  "  The  Courte- 
sies of  Wedded  Life,"  followed  by  "  Cora  and  the 
Doctor,"  printed  anonymously,  and  has  since  issued 
nearly  200  moral  and  religious  tales  for  Sunday- 


144 


BAKER 


jBAKER 


schools ;  some  of  them  appeared  under  her  own 
name  or  initials,  some  under  that  of  "  Aunt  Hat- 
tie,"  but  most  of  them  under  her  pen-name.  They 
include  the  "  Home  Life,"  "  Silver  Lake,"  "  Golden 
Spring,"  "  Leslie  Stories,"  "  Brookside,"  and  "  Tim  " 
series,  the  latter  containing  the  popular  tale  of 
"  Tim,  tlie  Scissors-Grinder." 

BAKER,  Benjafniii  Franklin,  musician,  b.  in 
Weuham,  Mass.,  10  July,  1811;  d.  in  Boston,  11 
March,  1889.  He  studied  music,  for  eight  years 
was  musical  director  in  Dr.  Channing's  church  in 
Boston,  and  in  1841  he  inaugurated  a  series  of  suc- 
cessful musical  conventions.  From  1842  to  1848 
he  was  superintendent  of  musical  instruction  in 
the  grammar  schools,  and  met  8,000  pupils  a  week. 
He  introduced  music  into  the  public  schools  of 
Lowell  and  Lawrence,  became  editor  of  the  Boston 
"  Musical  Journal,"  and,  from  its  foundation  in 
1857,  was  principal  of  the  Boston  music  school. 

BAKER,  Daniel,  soldier,  b.  about  1775 ;  d.  in 
Detroit,  Mich.,  10  Oct.,  1886.  He  was  appointed 
ensign  of  the  IGth  infantry  8  Jan.,  1799,  was  made 
adjutant  in  1802,  captain  in  1812,  and  the  same 
year  was  brevetted  major  for  gallantry  in  the  dis- 
astrous affair  at  Brownstown,  Mich.  (5  Aug.,  1812), 
known  as  Van  Home's  defeat.  Recovering  from 
the  wounds  received  at  that  time,  he  was  promoted 
to  be  major  15  Ajiril,  1814,  and  was  in  the  engage- 
ment at  Lyon's  Creek,  19  Oct.,  1814.  After  the 
war  of  1812  he  was  promoted  lieutenant-colonel  of 
the  6th  infantry,  and  commanded  that  regiment  at 
the  battle  of  the  Bad  Axe  river,  in  the  Black  Hawk 
war,  1  Aug.,  1832. 

BAKER,  Daniel,  clergyman,  b.  in  Midway, 
Liberty  co.,  Ga.,  17  Aug.,  1791 ;  d.  in  Austin, 
Texas,  10  Dec,  1857.  He  was  graduated  at  Prince- 
ton in  1815,  studied  theology  in  Winchester,  and 
on  5  March,  1818,  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  Pres- 
byterian church  in  Harrisburg,  Va.  This  charge 
he  resigned  in  1821,  and  soon  afterward  went  to 
Washington,  D.  C,  where  he  remained  until  1828. 
He  gained  such  a  reputation  as  an  effective  preacher 
that  his  services  were  in  demand  as  a  revivalist. 
After  1830  he  continued  as  an  evangelist,  travel- 
ling in  the  south,  and  at  last  settled  in  Austin, 
Texas,  where  he  founded  a  college  and  became  its 
first  president.  Among  his  published  works  are 
"  A  Scriptural  View  of  Baptism  "  ;  '•  An  Affectionate 
Address  to  Mothers,"  and  one  to  "  Fathers  "  ;  "  Bap- 
tism in  a  Nutshell,"  and  "  Revival  Sermons."  His 
memoirs,  prepared  by  his  son,  were  published  in 
Philadelphia  in  1859. 

BAKER,  David  Jewett,  lawyer,  b.  in  East 
Haddam.  Conn.,  7  Sept.,  1792;  d.'in  Alton,  HI.,  6 
Aug.,  1869.  In  his  boyhood  he  worked  on  a  farm, 
but  secured  a  classical  education,  was  graduated  at 
Hamilton  college  in  1816,  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1819.  He  began  practice  in  Kaskaskia,  111., 
attained  a  high  position  in  the  state  bar,  and  was 
made  probate  judge  of  Randolph  co.,  although 
he  so  strenuously  opposed  the  introduction  of 
slavery  into  the  state  that  his  life  was  threatened. 
In  1830-'l  he  was  U.  S.  senator,  and  carried 
through  congress  the  important  measure  of  selling 
the  public  lands  to  actual  settlers  m  tracts  of  forty 
acres.  He  was  U.  S.  district  attorney  for  Illinois 
from  1833  to  1841,  and  afterward  resumed  the 
practice  of  law. 

BAKER,  Edward  Dickenson,  soldier,  b.  in 
London,  England,  24  Feb.,  1811 ;  killed  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Ball's  "Bluff,  21  Oct.,  1861.  He  came  to  the 
United  States  at  the  age  of  five  with  his  father, 
who  died  in  Philadelphia  while  Edward  was  yet  a 
youth.  The  boy  supported  himself  and  his  younger 
brother  by  working  as  a  weaver,  and  occuijied  his 


(jur/lci/)^ 


leisure  hours  in  study.  Impelled  to  seek  his  for- 
tune in  the  far  west,  he  removed  with  his  brother 
to  Springfield,  111.,  where  he  studied  and  soon  be- 
gan the  practice  of  law.  His  genius  for  oratory 
rai^idly  gained  hini  distinction  and  popularity,  and. 
entering  the  political  field  as  a  whig,  he  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  legislature  in  1837,  of  the  state  sen- 
ate in  1840,  and  representative  in  congress  in  1844. 
When  the  Mexican  war  began  he  raised  a  regiment 
in  Illinois  and  marched  to  the  Rio  Grande.  Tak- 
ing a  furlough 
to  s})eak  and 
vote  in  favor  oi 
the  war  in  the 
house  of  rep- 
resentatives, he 
returned  and 
overtook  his 
regiment  on  the 
march  from  Ve- 
ra Cruz.  He 
fought  with  dis- 
tinction in  ev- 
ery action  on  the 
route  to  Mex- 
ico, and  after 
the  wounding 
of  Gen.  Shields 
at  Cerro  Gordo 
commanded  the 
brigade  and  led 
it  during  the 
rest  of  the  war. 

On  his  return  to  Galena,  111.,  he  was  again  elected 
to  congress,  serving  from  3  Dec.  1849,  fill  3  March, 
1851 ;  but,  becoming  intei'ested  in  the  Panama  rail- 
road, he  declined  a  renomination  in  1850.  In  1851 
he  settled  in  San  Francisco,  where  he  took  rank  as 
the  leader  of  the  California  bar  and  the  most 
eloquent  orator  in  the  state.  The  death  of  Sena- 
tor Broderick,  who  fell  in  a  duel  in  1859,  was  the 
occasion  of  a  fiery  oration  in  the  public  square 
of  San  Francisco.  He  received  a  republican  nomi- 
nation to  congress,  but  failed  of  election.  Remov- 
ing to  Oregon,  he  was  elected  to  the  U.  S.  senate 
in  1860  by  a  coalition  of  republicans  and  Douglas 
democrats.  The  firing  upon  Fort  Sumter  prompt- 
ed him  to  deliver  a  passionate  address  in  Union 
square.  New  York,  in  which  he  pledged  his  life 
and  his  declining  strength  to  the  service  of  the 
union.  He  raised  the  California  regiment  in  New 
York  and  Philadelphia,  but  declined  a  commission 
as  general  of  brigade.  In  the  disastrous  assault  at 
Ball's  Bluff  he  commanded  a  brigade,  and,  exposing" 
himself  to  the  hottest  fire,  fell  mortally  wounded 
while  leading  a  charge. 

BAKER,  (ieorgre  Ang'ustus,  painter,  b.  in  New 
York  city  in  1821 ;  d.  there,  2  April,  1880.  His  artis- 
tic education  was  begun  by  his  father,  an  artist  of 
merit,  and  his  first  professional  years  were  devoted 
to  the  then  popular  miniatures  on  ivory ;  but  he 
soon  became  a  portrait  painter  of  rare  excellence, 
his  favorite  subjects  being  women  and  children. 
In  1844  he  went  to  Europe  and  spent  two  years  in 
study.  Returning  to  New  York,  he  opened  a  stu- 
dio, and  soon  ranked  among  the  best  portrait  paint- 
ers of  the  time.  He  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
national  academy  of  design  in  1851.  During  the 
last  twenty-five  years  of  his  life  he  had  few  rivals. 
His  portraits  are  characterized  by  a  wonderful  rich- 
ness of  coloring  and  a  life-like  rendering  of  flesh- 
tints.  They  are  chiefly  in  private  collections.  The 
best  knowri  of  his  ideal  works  are  "  Love  at  First 
Sight,"  '•  Wild  Flowers,"  "  Children  of  the  AVood," 
"  Faith,"  and  "  The  May  Queen." — His  son,  George. 


BAKER 


BAKER 


145 


Aiig'ustus,  was  graduated  at  the  College  of  the 
City  of  New  York,  and  from  the  Columbia  College 
law"  school,  in  1870,  at  present  practising  in  New 
York  city.  Pie  has  published  "  Point  Lace  and 
Diamonds,"  a  volume  of  vers  de  societe  (New  York, 
1875),  and  "  Bad  Habits  of  Good  Society  "  (1876). 

BAKER,  Grcorg'e  Bernard,  Canadian  states- 
man, b.  in  Dunham,  province  of  Quebec,  29  Jan., 
1834.  He  was  graduated  at  the  university  of  Bish- 
op's college,  Lennoxville,  in  1855,  studied  law,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1860.  He  represented 
Missisquoi  in  the  house  of  commons  from  1870  until 
1874,  when  he  retired,  was  elected  by  acclamation 
to  the  Quebec  legislature  in  1875,  and  in  1876  was 
appointed  a  member  of  the  executive  council  and 
solicitor-general.  In  1878  he  was  elected  to  the 
dominion  parliament.    He  is  a  liberal-conservative. 

BAKER,  Henry  Brooks,  surgeon,  b.  in  Brat- 
tleborough,  Vt.,  29  Dec,  1887.  He  received  a  com- 
mon-school education,  and  studied  medicine  at  the 
University  of  Michigan  in  1861-'2.  He  served 
through  the  civil  war  with  the  20th  Michigan  in- 
fantry, and  from  July,  1864,  was  its  assistant  sur- 
geon. He  was  graduated  at  Bellevue  Hospital 
Medical  College  in  1866,  and  then  began  to  prac- 
tise in  Lansing,  Mich.,  where  he  has  since  per- 
formed important  operations.  In  1870  he  took 
charge  of  the  vital  statistics  of  Michigan,  and  in 
1873  he  became  secretary  of  the  State  Board  of 
Health.  In  his  official  capacity  he  has  edited  and 
published  "  Statistics  of  Michigan  "  (Lansing,  1870), 
"  Vital  Statistics  of  Michigan,"  registration  re- 
ports (1870-'6),  and  the  "  Reports  of  the  State 
Board  of  Health"  (1872-85).  His  own  papers, 
which  are  quite  numerous,  principally  on  sanitary 
subjects,  have  appeared  in  various  medical  jour- 
nals, chiefly  those  of  Detroit.  Dr.  Baker  has  devoted 
much  time  to  studies  relative  to  the  causation  of 
diphtheria,  typhoid  fever,  cholera,  and  pneumonia. 
The  results  thus  far  obtained  have  appeared  in  the 
"  Transactions  of  the  American  Public  Health  As- 
sociation "  and  "  Transactions  of  the  American  Cli- 
matological  Association,"  1886.  Pie  is  a  member 
of  the  American  Climatological  Association,  the 
Royal  Meteorological  Society  of  England,  and  the 
French  Society  of  Hygiene. 

BAKER,  James  H.,  soldier,  b.  in  Monroe,  But- 
ler CO.,  Ohio,  6  May,  1829.  He  was  educated  at 
the  Wesleyan  university  of  Ohio.  Subsequently  he 
tecame  a  teacher,  and  took  charge  of  a  female 
semmary  at  Richmond,  Ind.  In  1853  he  purchased 
the  "  Scioto  Gazette,"  and  became  its  editor.  He 
was  elected  secretary  of  state  for  Ohio  in  1855,  and 
became  afterward  secretary  of  state  for  Minnesota. 
He  served  as  a  colonel  in  the  army  in  1862-'3,  was 
appointed  provost-marshal  for  the  department  of 
Missouri,  and  served  in  this  capacity  until  the  close 
of  the  war,  receiving  the  brevet  of  brigadier-gen- 
eral of  volunteers.  After  the  war  he  was  appointed 
register  of  public  lands  at  Booneville,  Missouri,  and 
retained  the  office  two  years,  after  which  he  retired 
to  his  farm  in  Minneso'ta.  From  1871  to  1875  he 
was  commissioner  of  pensions. 

BAKER,  Lafayette  Charles,  of  the  U.  S.  se- 
cret service,  b.  in  Stafford,  Genesee  co.,  N.  Y.,  13 
Oct.,  1826 ;  d.  in  Philadelphia,  2  July,  1868.  His 
grandfather,  Remember  Baker,  was  one  of  Ethan 
Allen's  captains.  Baker's  father  inherited  the  curi- 
ous baptismal  name  of  the  Green  Mountain  Boy,  as 
well  as  his  adventurous  spirit,  and  in  1839  removed 
to  Michigan  and  settled  where  Lansing,  the  capital, 
now  stands.  Young  Baker  took  part  in  the  work 
of  making  a  home  in  the  wilderness,  but  in  1848 
went  to  New  York  and  Philadelphia,  and  in  1853 
to  San  Francisco,  in  each  of  these  cities  working  as 


a  mechanic.  When  the  lawless  element  became 
dominant  in  San  Francisco  in  1856,  Mr.  Baker 
joined  the  vigilance  committee  and  took  an  active 
part  in  the  summary  proceedings  that  restored 
order  in  the  city.  He  went  to  New  York  on  busi- 
ness in  1861,  expecting  to  return  at  once,  but  the 
civil  war  intervened,  and  he  went  to  Washington 
and  offered  his  services.  At  the  suggestion  of  Gen. 
Hiram  Walbridge,  of  New  York,  he  was  introduced 
to  Gen.  Scott,  and,  as  a  result  of  the  interview, 
he  started  on  foot  for  Richmond,  where,  in  spite 
of  arrest,  imprisonment,  and  several  interviews 
with  Jefferson  Davis,  while  under  suspicion  as 
a  spy,  he  succeeded  in  collecting  much  informa- 
tion and  returning  to  Washington  after  an  ab- 
sence of  three  weeks.  This  was  but  the  first  of  a 
series  of  adventures  involving  high  executive  ability 
and  a  wonderful  talent  for  tracing  conspirncy  and 
frustrating  the  designs  of  confederate  spies  and 
agents.  As  soon  as  his  abilities  were  demonstrated 
to  the  satisfaction  of  the  government,  he  was  placed 
at  the  head  of  the  bureau  of  secret  service,  with 
almost  unlimited  resources  at  his  command,  and  in 
February,  1862,  the  bureau  was  transferred  to  the 
war  department.  Mr.  Baker  was  commissioned 
colonel,  and  subsequently  brigadier-general.  His 
duties  naturally  made  him  enemies  in  influential 
quarters,  and  charges  of  a  serious  nature  were 
several  times  preferred  against  him,  but  were  never 
substantiated.  When  President  Lincoln  was  assas- 
sinated. Col.  Baker  organized  the  pursuit  of  the 
murderer,  and  was  present  at  his  capture  and  death. 
His  agents  effected  the  capture  of  the  other  par- 
ticipants in  the  plot.  Gen.  Baker  published  a 
"  History  of  the  United  States  Secret  Service " 
(Philadelphia,  1868),  which  is  necessarily  semi-bio- 
graphical, and  touches  authoritatively  many  dis- 
puted passages  in  the  secret  history  of  the  civil  war. 

BAKER,  Marcns,  explorer,  b.  in  Ostemo,  Kala- 
mazoo CO.,  Mich.,  23  Sept.,  1849.  He  was  educated 
at  Kalamazoo  College  and  the  L^niversity  of  Michi- 
gan, graduating  in  1870  ;  in  1870-'l  was  made  pro- 
fessor of  mathematics  in  Albion  College,  and  in 
1871-'3  tutor  of  mathematics  in  the  University  of 
Michigan.  In  1873  he  became  connected  with  the 
U.  S.  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey,  attaining  in  1886 
the  grade  of  assistant  geographer.  During  this 
time  he  spent  several  years  in  explorations  and 
surveys  in  Alaska,  and  traversed  the  entire  Pacific 
coast  from  southern  California  to  the  Arctic  ocean. 
Prom  July,  1882,  to  August,  1884,  he  was  in  charge 
of  the  Los  Angeles  magnetic  observatory,  estab- 
lished by  the  U.  S.  signal  service.  He  has  devoted 
much  time,  with  William  II.  Dall,  to  the  com- 
pilation of  material  for  a  Coast  Pilot  of  Alaska, 
and  also  to  the  "  Alaska  Coast  Pilot,  Appendix  I., 
Meteorology  and  Bibliography"  (Washington,  1879). 
Mr.  Baker  has  contributed  mathematical  papers  to 
the  scientific  journals,  and  has  been  one  of  the  sec- 
retaries of  the  Philosophical  society,  "Washington. 

BAKER,  Nathaniel  Bradley,  governor  of 
New  Hampshire,  b.  in  Hillsborough  (now  Henniker), 
N.  H.,29  Sept.,  1818;  d.  in  Des  Moines,  Iowa,  11 
Sept.,  1876.  He  was  educated  at  Phillips  Exeter 
academy  and  Harvard  college,  being  graduated  in 
1839,  studied  law  in  the  office  of  Franklin  Pierce, 
and  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1842.  For  three  years 
he  was  joint  proprietor  and  editor  of  the  "  New 
Hampshire  Patriot."  In  1845  he  was  appointed 
clerk  of  the  court  of  common  pleas,  and  in  1846 
clerk  of  the  superior  court  of  judicature  for  Merri- 
mac  CO.  He  was  elected  to  the  legislature  in  1851, 
was  chosen  speaker  of  the  house,  and  served  two 
terms.  He  was  a  presidential  elector  in  1852,  and 
in  1854  was  elected  governor  of  the  state  on  the 


146 


BAKER 


BALBOA 


democratic  ticket.  Ilis  term  expired  in  1855,  and 
in  1856  he  removed  to  Clinton,  Iowa,  and  engaged 
in  the  practice  of  law.  lie  was  elected  to  the  legis- 
lature in  1859,  and  acted  with  the  republicans  in 
the  session  of  1800  and  the  extra  session  of  1861. 
In  July,  1861,  he  was  appointed  adjutant-general  of 
Iowa,  which  office  he  held  until  the  time  of  his 
death.  In  this  capacity  he  was  noted  for  his  effi- 
ciency during  the  war,  and  was  very  popidar  with  the 
soldiers,  to  whose  comfort  and  welfare  he  greatly 
eontriljuted.  When  grasshoppers  devastated  large 
portions  of  the  noithwest,  and  many  families  were 
threatened  with  starvation,  Gen.  Baker's  measures 
for  tlieir  relief  were  energetic  and  effective. 

BAKER,  Osiuou  Cleaiider,  clergyman,  b.  in 
Marlow,  N.  H.,  30  July,  1813  ;  d.  in  Concord,  N.  II., 
20  Dec,  1871.  Having  received  good  preliminary 
training,  Mr.  Baker,  at  the  age  of  fifteen,  entered 
the  academy  at  Wilbraham,  Mass.,  and  remained 
there  as  a  student  for  three  years.  At  tliat  time 
(1831)  the  Kev.  Wilbur  Fisk  was  principal  of  the 
academy,  and,  as  one  of  the  leading  educators  of 
the  Methodist  church,  was  invited  to  become  presi- 
dent of  Wesleyan  university,  newly  chartered,  at 
Middletown,  by  the  state  of  Connecticut.  Mr. 
Baker  entered  as  one  of  the  first  class,  and  studied 
for  three  years,  failing,  through  ill  health,  to  com- 
plete the  full  course.  Such  was  his  proficiency, 
however,  that  he  received  the  usual  degree.  In 
1834  he  accepted  an  invitation  to  teach  in  the  semi- 
nary at  Newbury,  Vt.,  and  from  1839  till  1844  was 
its  principal.  During  this  period  he  became  first  a 
local  and  afterward  an  itinerant  preacher,  and,  un- 
der the  conviction  that  his  duty  lay  in  this  direc- 
tion, he  resigned  the  charge  of  the  seminary,  and 
for  the  next  three  years  was  engaged  in  pastoral 
work  in  the  neighborhood  of  Rochester  and  Man- 
chester, N,  H.  In  1847  he  was  appointed  presid- 
ing elder,  and  the  same  year  was  chosen  a  pro- 
fessor in  the  general  biblical  institute  in  Concord, 
N.  11.,  which  has  since  become  the  school  of  the- 
ology of  Boston  university.  This  chair  he  ac- 
cepted with  great  reluctance,  such  was  his  devotion 
to  pastoral  work,  but  filled  it  so  acceptably  that  he 
was  elected  president  of  the  school,  and  remained 
there  until  1852,  when  he  was  elected  bishop  by  the 
quadriennial  general  conference  of  the  Methodist 
Episfdpal  church.  He  was  by  nature  a  scholarly, 
unassuiniiig  man,  but  an  excellent  presiding  and 
adnnnistrative  officer,  and  proved  himself  highly 
efficient.  As  a  preacher  he  was  able,  though  not 
impassioned,  and  was  an  earnest  advocate  of  thor- 
ough theological  training  for  all  ministers.  He 
Bublished  "  Guide-Book  in  the  Administration  of 
'iscipline  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church " 
(New  York.  1855). 

BAKER,  Remember,  pioneer,  b.  in  Woodbury, 
Conn.,  about  1740;  d.  near  Isle  aux  Noix,  Lake 
Champlain,  in  August,  1775.  He  served  in  the 
French  war  of  1757-'9,  and  was  in  the  bloody  at- 
tack on  Ticonderoga  in  1758.  He  went  to  Arling- 
ton, in  the  New  Hampshire  grants,  in  1764,  settled 
there,  and  became  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  "  Green 
Mountain  Boys,"  aiding  Ethan  Allen  in  his  struggles 
against  the  claims  of  New  York  to  that  part  of  the 
country.  He  was  outlawed  by  Gov.  Tryon,  of  New 
York,  a  price  being  set  upon  his  head,  and  on  one  oc- 
casion he  was  actually  captured,  but  was  rescued  on 
the  same  day,  after  he  had  been  cruelly  maimed. 
He  was  with  Ethan  Allen  at  the  capture  of  Ticon- 
deroga, 10  May,  1775,  and  with  Seth  Warner  at 
Crown  Point  two  days  afterward.  He  met  his 
death  at  the  hands  of  the  Indians  when  on  a  scout- 
ing expedition  on  Richelieu  river,  the  outlet  of 
Lake  Champlain. 


BAKER,  William  Bliss,  artist,  b.  in  New  York 
city  in  1859 ;  d.  in  Hoosic  Falls,  N.  Y.,  20  Nov.,  1886. 
He  studied  art  at  the  national  academv  of  design 
from  1876  till  1880.  He  took  the  first  prize  in  the 
antique  school  of  the  academy  in  1879,  and  was 
awarded  the  third  Hallgarten  prize,  of  $100,  in  1884 
for  his  "  Woodland  Brook."  Among  his  recent 
paintings  exhibited  at  the  National  Academy  are 
"  In  the  Old  Pasture " ;  "  Pleasant  Day  at  Lake 
George  "  (1883) ;  "  October  Morning  "  (1884) ;  "  Soli- 
tude "  (18S5) ;  and  "  Under  the  Apple-Trees  "  (1886). 

BAKER,  William  H.,  artist,  b.  in  1825;  d.  in 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y..  29  May,  1875.  He  was  brought 
up  to  mercantile  pursuits  in  New  Orleans,  after- 
ward studied  art,  and  became  a  poi-trait  painter 
there.  He  removed  in  1865  to  New  York,  where 
he  painted  portraits  and  ideal  subjects.  Mr.  Baker 
exhibited  in  the  national  academy  "  Cupid  Dis- 
armed"  (1866) ;  "A  Floral  Offering"  (1869);  and 
"Cupid  Reprimanded"  (1871).  In  1869  he  re- 
moved to  Brooklyn  and  became  principal  of  the 
free  school  of  design  of  the  Brooklyn  art  associa- 
tion. He  exhibited  there  "  May  Flowers  "  (1870) ; 
"Red  Riding-Hood"  (1871);  "Morning  Glories," 
"  Home  Regatta,"  and  "  Cherry  Time "  (1872) ; 
"Lilies  of  the  Field"  (1873);  aiid  "Truants  from 
School "  (1875).  One  of  his  best  portraits  is  that 
of  Bishop  Quintard,  of  Tennessee,  painted  for  the 
Episcopal  general  convention.  Mr.  Baker  was  a 
successful  art  teacher.  As  a  painter  he  was  pains- 
taking, but  never  achieved  greatness. 

BAKER,  William  Muml'ord,  author,  b.  in 
Washington,  I).  C,  27  June,  1825  ;  d.  in  Soutli  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  20  Aug.,  1883.  He  was  graduated  at 
Princeton  in  1846,  studied  theology  for  two  years 
with  his  father,  the  Rev.  Daniel  Baker,  and  spent 
one  year  in  the  Princeton  seminary.  He  then 
joined  his  father  in  Texas,  and  was  a  pastor  in  Gal- 
veston, and  subsequently  in  Austin,  from  1850  to 
1865.  After  fifteen  years  of  service  in  Texas,  Mr. 
Baker  accepted  a  charge  at  Zanesville,  Ohio,  whence 
he  was  transferred  to  Nc\v})uryiiort,  Mass.  In  1874 
he  became  pastor  of  a  Presbyterian  church  in  South 
Boston.  His  most  important  work  was  "  Inside  :  A 
Chronicle  of  Secession  "  (New  York,  1866),  written 
secretly  during  the  war,  while  he  lived  in  Austin, 
and  giving  a  peculiarly  vivid  picture  of  southern 
life  and  sentiment  at  that  time.  It  was  published 
under  the  name  of  "G.  F.  Harrington."  He  also 
wrote  the  "  Life  and  Labors  "  of  his  father  (Phila- 
delphia, 1858),  which  had  a  large  circulation.  His 
other  books  are  mostly  tales,  including  "  Oak  Mot " 
(Philadelphia,  1868) ;  "  Mose  Evans  "  (Boston,  1874) ; 
"  Carter  Quarterman  "  (New  York,  1876) ;  "  A  Year 
worth  Living "  (Boston,  1878) ;  "  Colonel  Dun- 
woodie"  (New  York,  1878);  "The  Virginians  in 
Texas"  (New  York,  1878);  "Thirlmore."  and  "The 
New  Timothy"  (New  York,  1870);  "His  Majesty 
Myself"  (Boston,  1879);  and  "Blessed  Saint  Cer- 
tainty "  (Boston,  1881).  Many  of  these  were  pub- 
lished as  serials.  "  The  Ten  Theophanies ;  or,  The 
Manifestations  of  Christ  before  His  Birth  in  Beth- 
lehem "  (New  York,  1883),  was  completed  shortly 
before  his  death,  and  is  regarded  hj  those  who 
knew  him  as  in  some  sort  a  record  of  the  writer's 
own  religious  experiences  and  struggles.  Since 
his  death  has  appeared  "  The  Making  of  a  Man  " 
(Boston,  1884). 

BALBOA,  Vasco  Nuiiez  de,  Spanish  discov- 
erer, b.  in  Xeres  (le  los  Caballeros,  Extremadura, 
Spain,  in  1475;  d.  in  Castilla  de  Oro,  Darien,  in 
1517.  He  was  a  bankrupt  nobleman  who  cscii|)ed 
from  his  creditors  to  Hispaniola  and  afterward 
joined  an  expedition  under  Martin  Fernandez  de 
Enciso,  one  of  Ojeda's  lieutenants,  to  the  latter's 


BALBUENA 


BALCH 


147 


Darien  colony  of  San  Sebastian.  After  meeting 
with  misfortune  through  shipwreck  and  hostile 
natives,  and  learning  of  the  destruction  and  aban- 
donment of  the  colony,  they  finally  founded  a  town, 
which  they  called  Santa  Maria  tie  la  Antigua  de 
Darien.  Enciso  forbade  his  men  to  trade  with 
the  natives,  and  was  deposed  by  Balboa,  who  claimed 
that  they  were  no  longer  within  the  boundaries  of 
Ojeda's  province,  and  hence  owed  his  lieutenant  no 
obedience.  The  settlement  split  into  factions,  and 
finally  Enciso  and  Zamudio,  the  latter  as  Balboa's 
representative,  were  sent  to  Spain  to  lay  their  griev- 
ances before  the  king.  In  the  meanwhile  Balboa 
explored  the  country,  gained  the  good  will  of  the 
natives  by  his  treatment  of  them,  and  was  told  of 
a  sea  that  lay  southward,  and  of  a  land  where 
gold  abounded  (Peru).  He  was  now  commis- 
sioned as  governor  of  Antigua  by  Admiral  Diego 
Columbus ;  but,  hearing  from  Spain  that  the  king 
inclined  to  side  with  Enciso,  he  determined  to  dis- 
cover the  new  sea  of  which  he  had  heard,  and  so 
atone  for  his  faults.  He  left  Antigua  for  this  pur- 
pose on  1  Sept.,  1513,  and  after  laboring  on  for  many 
days  amid  tangled  forests,  up  rugged  heights,  fight- 
ing the  natives  continually,  until  the  explorers  were 
exhausted,  foot-sore,  and  famished,  they  ascended  a 
mountain  on  the  morning  of  the  25th,  whence  he  saw 
the  new  sea.  Balboa  named  it  "  Mai-  del  Sur,"  and 
took  possession  of  it  and  all  its  coasts  in  the  name 
of  his  royal  master  and  mistress.  Three  days  later 
he  reached  the  beach  at  a  place  still  known  by  the 
name  he  gave  it,  the  gulf  of  San  Miguel.  After  a 
short  voyage  of  exploration  and  the  collection  of 
tribute  from  neighboring  tribes,  he  set  out  for 
hiime,  and  reached  Antigua  in  safety  in  January, 
1514,  after  what  must  be  considered  a  wonderful 
exploit  when  we  take  into  account  his  small  force 
and  the  almost  insurmountable  difficulties  of  the 
route.  But  Balboa's  exploit  was  in  vain.  A  new 
governor,  Pedrarias,  arrived  at  Antigua  in  the  fol- 
lowing June,  and  his  predecessor  was  put  on  trial 
on  various  charges,  lie  was  ;u(iuitted  of  the  most 
serious,  but  was  sentenced  to  pay  a  large  fine.  Soon 
after  this  the  king  of  Spain,  hearing  of  Balboa's 
great  discovery,  gave  him  a  special  commission  to 
explore  the  shore  of  the  "  southern  sea,"  and  made 
him  governor  of  Panama  and  Coyba.  Pedrarias 
withheld  this  commission  at  first,  but,  becoming 
reconciled  to  Balboa,  finally  allowed  him  to  begin 
preparations  for  his  voyage,  and  promised  him  his 
daughter  in  marriage.  Vessels  were  built,  though 
with  difficulty,  on  the  Pacific  side  of  the  isthmus,  and 
Balboa,  after  making  a  few  unimportant  discover- 
ies, sent  his  friend  Garabito  to  investigate  a  rumor 
that  Pedrarias  had  been  superseded.  The  rumor 
was  untrue,  and  Garabito,  proving  a  false  friend, 
told  the  governor  that  Balboa  had  no  idea  of  mar- 
rying his  daughter,  but  intended  to  found  for  him- 
self a  government  on  the  shores  of  the  Pacific. 
Pedrarias  was  enraged  at  this,  enticed  Balboa  with- 
in his  grasp,  and  secured  his  conviction  on  a  charge 
of  treason,  together  with  charges  on  which  he  had 
previously  been  acquitted.  The  next  day  Balboa 
with  four  of  his  companions  was  executed,  pro- 
testing to  the  last  his  innocence  and  loyalty.  See 
Quintana's  "  Vidas  de  Espanoles  celebres  "  (3  vols., 
1807-34) ;  Irving's  "  Voyages  and  Discoveries  of 
the  Companions  of  Columbus  "  (New  York,  1831) ; 
and  Winsor's  "  Narrative  and  Critical  History  of 
America"  (Boston,  1884). 

BALBUENA,  Bernardo  de  (bahl-bwa'-na), 
Spanish  poet,  b.  in  Valdepenas  in  1568 ;  d.  in 
Porto  Rico  in  1627.  He  was  educated  in  Mexico, 
became  provost  in  Jamaica,  and  in  1620  bishop  of 
Porto  Rico.     He  wrote  "  El  Siglo  de  Oro  "  ("  The 


Age  of  Gold "),  a  pastoral  romance,  the  scene  of 
which  is  laid  in  the  new  world ;  "  La  Grandeza  Me- 
jicana  "  (new  ed..  1821) ;  and  "  El  Bernardo  "  (8  vols., 
Madrid,  1624 ;  new  ed..  1808),  an  epic,  which  is  one 
of  his  most  finished  productions.  He  had  a  fine 
library,  which  was  lost  when  the  Dutch  sacked 
Porto  Rico  in  1625. 

BALCARRES,  Alexander  Lindsay,  earl  of, 
British  soldier,  b.  in  1752  ;  d.  in  London,  27  March. 
1825.  He  was  the  eldest  son  of  the  fifth  earl  of 
Balcarres,  whom  he  succeeded  in  1767.  He  be- 
came an  ensign  in  the  53d  foot,  and  was  made 
major,  9  Dec,  1775.  In  this  country  he  saw  three 
years  of  service  under  Carleton  and  Burgoyne.  He 
was  present  at  the  defeat  of  the  Americans  under 
Gen.  Thomson  at  Three  Rivers,  1  June,  1776,  and 
commanded  the  light  infantry  at  Ticonderoga  and 
at  Hubbardton,  Vt.,  7  July,  1777.  At  the  latter  place 
he  was  wounded,  thirteen  balls  passing  through  his 
clothes.  On  19  Sept.  he  commanded  the  advanced 
corps  of  the  army  on  the  heights  of  Saratoga,  and 
on  the  death  of  Gen.  Eraser,  8  Oct.,  at  Stillwater, 
was  made  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  24th  foot.  He 
became  major-general  in  1793,  commander  at  Ja- 
maica, lieutenant-governor  of  that  island  in  1794, 
lieutenant-general  in  1798,  and  general  in  1803. 

BALCH,  George  Beall,  naval  officer,  b.  in 
Tennessee,  3  Jan.,  1821.  He  was  appointed  a  mid- 
shipman from  Alabama,  30  Dec,  1837,  and  was  as- 
signed to  the  sloop  "  Cyane,"  of  the  Pacific  squad- 
ron. He  was  promoted  to  passed  midshipman,  29 
June,  1843,  and  remained  on  special  duty  until  the 
war  with  Mexico,  when  he  was  assigned  to  active 
duty,  and  engaged  in  the  first  attack  on  Alvarado 
by  Com.  Connor,  1  Nov.,  1846.  Throughout  this 
war  he  was  with  the  naval  squadron,  serving  at 
the  successful  attack  upon  Vera  Cruz  and  in  the 
"  mosquito  fleet  "  under  Com.  Tatnall.  In  1849-'50 
he  was  at  the  naval  observatory,  Washington,  and 
was  promoted  lieutenant,  16  Aug.,  1850.  While 
with  the  sloop  "  Plymouth,"  in  the  Pacific  squad- 
ron, he  was  wounded  during  a  fight  between  Chinese 
imperialists  and  rebels,  and  from  this  date  until  the 
outbreak  of  the  civil  war  he  was  on  duty  with  the 
various  home  and  foreign  squadrons.  In  1860, 
while  in  command  of  the  frigate  "  Sabine,"  he  fell 
in  with  the  U.  S.  transport  "  Governor  "  in  a  sinking 
condition,  and  rescued  nearly  400  marines  under 
Lieut.-Col.  Reynolds,  the  transport  sinking  just  af- 
ter the  transfer  was  made.  In  1861-'2  he  was  in 
command  of  the  "  Pocahontas,"  in  the  south  At- 
lantic squadron,  and  volunteered  to  command  boats 
taking  possession  of  Tybee  island.  Commissioned 
as  commander,  16  July,  1862,  he  was  actively  en- 
gaged along  the  South  Atlantic  coast,  and  eflfect- 
ively  cooperated  with  the  land  forces  on  various 
occasions,  especially  on  16  July,  1862,  when,  in 
command  of  the  "  Pawnee,"  he  repelled  an  attack 
by  two  batteries  of  artillery.  In  this  affair  the 
"  Pawnee  "  was  struck  forty-six  times.  While  in  com- 
mand of  this  vessel.  Commander  Balch  captured 
two  confederate  guns,  and  was  engaged  in  the  com- 
bined operations  of  the  navy  under  Rear  Admiral 
Dahlgren  and  the  army  under  Gen.  Foster  in  Stone 
river,  and  on  9  Feb.,  1865,  with  two  other  vessels 
ascended  Togoda  creek,  S.  C,  and  silenced  three 
batteries.  On  25  July,  1866,  he  was  promoted  cap- 
tain. He  was  with  the  North  Atlantic  squadron 
in  1868-'9,  and  on  shore  duty  at  Washington  un- 
til 1872.  He  became  commodore  13  Aug.,  1872, 
rear  admiral  5  June,  1878,  and  was  superintendent 
of  the  naval  academy  until  1880,  when  he  went  on 
his  last  cruise,  terminating  in  January,  1883,  and 
was  placed  on  the  retired  list,  having  attained  the 
limit  of  age  for  active  service. 


148 


BALDWIN 


BALDWIN 


BALDWIN,  Abraham,  statesman,  b.  in  Guil- 
ford, Conn.,  6  Nov.,  1754;  d.  in  Washington,  D.  C, 
4  March,  1807.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1772, 
and  held  a  tutorship .  there  from  1775  to  1779. 
From  1777  until  the  close  of  the  war  he  was  a  chap- 
lain in  the  army. 
At  Gen.  Greene's 
request,  he  re- 
moved in  1784  to 
Savannah,  where 
he  was  admitted 
to  the  Georgia 
bar,  and  in  the 
same  year  sent  to 
the  state  legisla- 
ture. Here  he 
originated  the 
plan  of  the  uni- 
versity of  Geor- 
gia, drew  up  the 
charter  by  which 
it  was  endowed 
with  40,000  acres 
of  land,  and,  not- 
withstanding the 
prejudices  of 

many  members  of 
the  assembly  against  the  project,  secured  its  suc- 
cess. He  was  afterward  president  of  the  univer- 
sity for  several  years.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the 
continental  congress  from  1785  to  1788,  and  was 
a  member  of  the  constitutional  convention,  25 
May  to  17  Sept.,  1787,  taking  an  active  part  in 
its  discussions.  He  was  a  representative  in  con- 
gress from  1789  until  1799,  and  was  then  sent  to 
the  senate,  where  he  remained  until  his  death, 
serving  again  as  its  president  i)ro  tempore  in  1801 
and  in  1802.  While  in  congress  he  voted  in  favor  of 
locating  the  seat  of  government  on  the  Potomac. 
After  the  death  of  his  father,  in  1787,  he  took 
cliurge  of  his  six  half-brothers  and  sisters  and  edu- 
cated  them.  One  of  these  was  Henry  Baldwin, 
noticed  below ;  another  was  the  wife  of  Joel  Bar- 
low, the  poet.  A  large  number  of  needy  young  men 
owed  to  him  the  means  of  obtaining  an  education. 
BALDWIN,  Ashbel,  clergyman,  b.  in  Litch- 
field, Conn.,  7  March,  1757 ;  d.  in  Rochester,  N.  Y., 
8  Feb.,  1846.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in 
1776,  and  was  a  quartermaster  in  the  revolutionary 
army.  On  3  Aug.,  1785,  he  was  ordained  to  the 
diaconate  by  Bishop  Seabury  in  Middletown.  This 
was  the  first  Episcopal  ordination  in  the  United 
States.  He  was  ordained  priest  in  September  fol- 
lowing, and  became  rector  of  St.  Michael's  church, 
Litchfield,  where  he  remained  till  1793.  From 
1793  to  1824  he  was  rector  of  Christ  church,  Strat- 
ford. He  then  held  parishes  in  Wallingford,  Meri- 
den.  North  Haven,  and  Oxford,  until  in  1832  he 
became  disabled  by  age.  His  records  show  that  he 
had  preached  10,000  times,  and  baptized  3,010  per- 
sons. He  was  secretary  of  the  general  convention, 
and  also  of  the  diocesan  convention  of  Connecticut. 
BALDWIN,  Charles  H.,  naval  officer,  b.  in  New 
York  city,  3  Sept.,  1822;  d.  there,  17  Nov.,  1888. 
He  entered  the  navy  in  1839,  and  became  passed 
midshipman  2  July,  1845.  In  the  war  with  Mexico 
he  served  on  the  frigate  "  Congress,"  and  was  in 
two  shore  engagements  near  Mazatlan  while  that 
place  was  occupied  by  the  U.  S.  forces.  In  Novem- 
ber, 1853,  he  was  made  lieutenant,  and  on  28  Feb., 
1854,  he  resigned.  He  re-entered  the  service  in 
1861,  and  commanded  the  steamer  "Clifton,"  of 
the  mortar  flotilla,  at  the  passage  of  forts  Jackson 
and  St.  Philip,  24  April,  1862,  and  at  the  first  at- 
tack on  Vicksburg,  28  June,  1862.     On  18  Nov., 


1862,  he  became  commander,  and  in  1868  and  1869 
was  fleet-captain  of  the  North  Pacific  squadron. 
He  was  made  captain  in  1869,  and  in  1869  and 
1871  was  ordnance  inspector  at  Mare  island,  CaU 
On  8  Aug.,  1876,  he  was  made  commodore,  and 
from  1876  to  1879  was  a  member  of  the  board  of  ex- 
aminers. On  31  Jan.,  1883,  he  was  raised  to  the  rank 
of  rear  admiral,  and  assigned  to  the  command  of 
the  Mediterranean  squadron.  He  attended  offi- 
cially the  coronation  of  the  emperor  of  Russia, 
and  in  1884  was  placed  on  the  retired  list. 

BALDWIN,  (ieorge  Colfax,  clergyman,  b.  in 
Pompton,  N.  J.,  21  Oct.,  1817.  He  was  graduated 
at  Madison  university,  Hamilton,  N.  Y.,  and  has 
been  for  many  years  pastor  of  the  First  Baptist 
church  in  Troy,  N.  Y.  He  is  author  of  "  Repre- 
sentative Women  of  the  Bible  "  (New  York,  1855) ; 
"  Representative  Men  of  the  New  Testament  "■ 
(1859) ;  "  The  Model  Prayer  " ;  a  volume  of  lectures- 
(Boston,  1870),  and  other  works. 

BALDWIN,  Henry,  'jurist,  b.  in  New  Haven,, 
Conn.,  14  Jan.,  1780;  *d.  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  21 
April,  1844.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in. 
1797,  studied  law,  and  became  a  prominent  mem- 
ber of  the  bar.  Removing  to  Pennsylvania,  he  set- 
tled at  Pittsburg,  and  in  1817  was  sent  to  congress 
as  a  federalist,  and  was  twice  reelected.  He  re- 
signed in  1822,  and  in  1830  was  made  justice  of 
the  U.  S.  supreme  court.  In  the  same  year  Yale 
college  gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  He  was  the 
author  of  '•  A  General  View  of  the  Origin  and  Na- 
ture of  the  Constitution  and  Government  of  the 
United  States  "  (Philadelphia,  1837). 

BALDWIN,  Henry  Porter,  governor  of  Michi- 
gan, b.  in  Coventry,  R.  I.,  22  Feb.,  1814;  d.  in  De- 
troit, Mich.,  31  Dec,  1892.  He  became  a  clerk  in 
Pawtucket,  where  he  remained  eight  years,  and  on 
becoming  of  age  engaged  in  business  on  his  own 
account  in  Woonsocket.  In  1838  he  moved  to 
Detroit,  where  he  became  a  prominent  merchant 
and  president  of  the  second  national  bank,  and 
was  in  1861  and  1862  a  member  of  the  state  senate. 
He  was  governor  from  1869  to  1873,  and  in  1879 
was  appointed  to  the  U.  S.  senate  to  fill  the  vacancy 
caused  by  the  death  of  senator  Zaehariah  Chandler,^ 
serving  until  1881.  While  governor  he  secured  an 
appropriation  for  the  enlargement  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Michigan,  and  projected  the  state  capitol  at 
Lansing.  Mr.  Baldwin  was  a  prominent  member 
of  the  Episcopal  church  and  well  kno^n  lor  his 
many  acts  of  liberality  and  public  spirit. 

BALDWIN,  Jeduthan,  soldier,  b.  in  Woburn,, 
Mass.,  13  Jan.,  1732;  d.  in  Brookfield,  Mass.,  4 
June,  1788.  He  commanded  a  company  during 
the  French  and  Indian  war,  and  served  in  the  ex- 
pedition against  Crown  Point  during  the  autumn 
of  1775.  In  the  siege  of  Boston  he  displayed  engi- 
neering ability,  designing  the  defences  of  the  Ameri- 
can forces,  and  on  16  March,  1776,  was  made  as- 
sistant engineer,  with  the  rank  of  captain,  to  the 
continental  troops.  He  was  subsequently  ordered 
to  New  York  and  became  lieutenant-colonel  26 
April,  1776.  In  September,  1776,  he  was  sent  to 
Canada,  and  later  was  made  engineer,  with  the 
rank  of  colonel.  He  served  under  Gen.  St.  Clair 
at  Ticonderoga  in  1777,  and  with  his  regiment  was 
at  West  Point  in  1780.  He  resigned  from  the 
army  on  26  April,  1782.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Massachusetts  provincial  congress  in  1774-'5.  He 
bequeathed  £100  to  Leicester  (Mass.)  academy. 

BALDWIN,  John  Denison,  journalist,  b.  in 
North  Stonington,  Conn.,  28  Sept.,  1809 ;  d.  in 
Worcester,  Mass..  8  July,  1883.  He  supported 
himself  from  the  age  of  fourteen,  pursued  academi- 
cal, legal,  and  theological  studies  in  New  Haven, 


BALDWIN 


BALDWIN 


149 


and  received  the  honorary  degree  of  master  of  arts 
from  Yale  college.  He  was  licensed  to  preach  in 
1883,  was  pastor  of  a  church  in  North  Branford. 
Conn.,  for  several  years,  and  made  a  special  study 
of  archaeology.  He  became  editor  of  the  "  Repub- 
lican," an  anti-slavery  journal,  published  in  Hart- 
ford, and  subsequently  of  the  "  Commonwealth," 
published  in  Boston.  From  1859  he  owned  and 
edited  the  "  Worcester  Spy."  He  was  elected  to 
congress  in  1863,  and  reelected  twice.  He  pub- 
lished "  Raymond  Hill,"  a  collection  of  poems 
{Boston,  1847) ;  "  Prehistoric  Nations  "  (New  York, 
1809) ;  and  "  Ancient  America  "  (1872). 

BALDWIN,  Joseph  Gr.,  jurist,  b.  in  Sumter, 
Ala. ;  d.  in  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  30  Sept.,  18(54. 
From  1857  to  1863  he  was  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  California,  and  he  was  chief  justice  from 
January,  1863,  until  January,  1864.  He  was  the 
author  "of  "Flush  Times  in  Alabama  and  Missis- 
sippi "  (New  York,  1853),  a  popular  book,  "  Party 
Leaders"  (1854),  and  a  volume  of  humorous  legal 
sketches  (San  Francisco,  1879). 

BALDWIN,  Loamini,  engineer,  b.  in  Woburn, 
Mass.,  21  Jan.,  1745 ;  d.  there,  20  Oct.,  1807.  He 
received  a  common-school  education,  and,  subse- 
quentlv  devoting  his  attention  to  mathematics, 
studied  at  Harvard  under  Prof.  Winthrop,  after 
which  he  became  a  surveyor  and  engineer.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  Middlesex  co.  convention  held  in 
August,  1774.  During  the  revolutionary  war  he 
entered  the  service  as  a  major,  and  was  in  the  bat- 
tle at  Lexington,  in  the  battle  of  Long  Island,  and 
took  part  in  the  surprise  of  the  Hessians  at  Tren- 
ton ;  but  after  reaching  the  rank  of  colonel  he  was 
compelled,  in  1777,  to  retire  in  consequence  of 
failing  health.  From  1780  to  1794  he  was  sheriff 
of  Middlesex  co.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts state  legislature  from  1778  to  1779,  and 
again  in  1780.  From  1794  to  1804  he  was  superin- 
tendent of  the  Middlesex  canal,  and  one  of  its 
principal  owners.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the 
American  Academy  of  Sciences. — His  son,  Loammi, 
b.  in  Woburn,  16  May,  1780,  d.  in  Charlestown, 
Mass.,  30  June,  1838,  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
in  1800,  studied  law,  and  became  a  civil  engineer. 
The  dry  docks  at  Charlestown  and  at  Newport  were 
constructed  under  his  supervision.  Since  his  death 
a  memorial  of  him,  and  of  his  father,  has  appeared 
from  the  pen  of  a  grandson. — Another  son,  James 
Fowle,  engineer,  b.  in  Woburn,  Mass.,  29  April, 
1782,  d.  in  Boston,  20  May,  1862,  was  educated 
at  the  academies  in  Billerica  and  Westford,  after 
which  he  entered  on  mercantile  pursuits  in  Boston, 
but  later  joined  his  brother  in  the  construction  of 
the  dry  dock  at  the  Charlestown  navy-yard.  In 
1828  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  commissioners 
to  make  a  survey  for  a  railroad  from  Boston  to 
Albany,  and  from  1830  to  1835  he  was  engaged  on 
the  construction  of  the  Boston  and  Lowell  rail- 
road. He  was  appointed  in  1837  one  of  the  com- 
missioners to  examine  and  report  upon  the  means 
of  supplying  Boston  with  pure  water,  and  recom- 
mended Long  Pond.  His  plan  was  adopted  in 
1846,  and  the  work  was  completed  in  1848.  He 
was  at  one  time  state  senator  from  Suffolk  co.,  and 
also  for  some  years  water  commissioner. 

BALDWIN,  Matthias  William,  manufactu- 
rer, b.  in  Elizabethtown,  N.  J..  10  Dec,  1795  ;  d.  in 
Philadelphia,  7  Sept.,  1866.  Having  a  natural  in- 
clination for  mechanical  contrivances,  he  was  ap- 
prenticed at  the  age  of  sixteen  to  a  firm  of  jewel- 
lers in  Frankford,  Pa.  On  the  expiration  of  his 
service  he  became  a  journeyman,  and  in  1819  he 
established  his  own  business.  While  thus  occupied 
he  devised  and  patented  a  process  for  plating  with 


gold,  which  has  since  been  universally  adopted. 
He  then  undertook  the  manufacture  of  book-bind- 
ers' tools  and  calico-printers'  rolls,  and  his  factory 
was  the  first  to  render  this  country  independent  of 
foreign  supply.  About  1828  his  attention  was  di- 
rected to  the  manufacture  of  steam-engines,  and  at 
this  time  he  constructed  a  five-horse-power  engine, 
which  was  employed  in  his  own  works.  The  com- 
mendations that  the  new  engine  received  induced 
him  to  enter  into  the  manufacture  of  stationary 
engines,  and  his  business  became  extensive  and 
profitable.  In  the  latter  part  of  1830  he  was  per- 
mitted to  see  a  locomotive  which  had  just  been  re- 
ceived fi'om  England,  and  after  four  months'  labor 
he  succeeded  in  producing  a  beautiful  model,  which 
was  exhibited  in  Philadelphia.  His  first  loco- 
motive, called  the  "  Ironsides,"  was  made  for  the 
Philadelphia  and  Germantown  railway,  and  was 
placed  on  the  road  23  Nov.,  1832.  It  was  a  success, 
and  "  Poulson's  American  Advertiser  "  of  that  pe- 
riod contains  the  following  notice  :  "  The  locomo- 
tive-engine, built  by  M.  W.  Baldwin,  of  this  city, 
will  depart  daily,  when  the  weather  is  fair,  with  a 
train  of  passenger-cars.  On  rainy  days  horses  will 
be  attached."  During  the  next  three  years  he  re- 
ceived orders  for  nine  or  ten  locomotives,  and  in 
1835  he  moved  to  the  corner  of  Broad  and  Hamil- 
ton streets.  His  inventions  and  improvements  in 
the  construction  of  locomotives  are  very  numerous, 
and  among  these  perhaps  the  most  important  was 
the  flexible  truck  locomotive,  patented  in  August, 
1842.  His  works  have  acquired  a  world-wide  repu- 
tation, and  his  locomotives  have  been  sent  to 
nearly  every  foreign  country.  It  is  estimated  that 
over  1,500  locomotives  left  these  works  completed 
prior  to  his  death.  Mr.  Baldwin  was  a  member  of 
the  constitutional  convention  of  1837,  and  in  1853 
of  the  state  legislature.  He  was  also  for  several 
years  president  of  the  Horticultural  Society  of  Phil- 
adelphia. An  extended  sketch  of  his  life,  by  the 
Rev.  Wolcott  Calkins,  has  been  privately  printed. 

BALDWIN,  Robert,  Canadian  statesman,  b. 
in  Toronto,  12  May,  1804 ;  d.  at  Spadina,  near  To- 
ronto, 9  Dec,  1858.  He  entered  upon  the  practice 
of  law  in  1825,  and  continued  this  profession  during 
his  political  career ;  was  elected  to  the  Upper  Cana- 
da assembly  in  1829  as  a  liberal ;  visited  England 
in  1836  in  the  interests  of  responsible  government, 
and  while  there  endeavored  to  impress  upon  Lord 
Glenelg  the  need  there  was  of  applying  the  English 
principle  of  responsibility  to  the  Canadian  execu- 
tive. Though  he  found  an  able  advocate  in  Lord 
Durham,  his  mission  was  a  failure,  as  it  was  many 
years  before  Canada  was  granted  responsible  gov- 
ernment. On  18  Feb.,  1836,  Mr.  Baldwin  was  first 
sworn  in  as  an  executive  councillor ;  in  1840  he  be- 
came solicitor-general,  and  in  1842  premier  and 
attorney-general  of  Upper  Canada  in  the  Hincks- 
Baldwin  administration,  which  portfolio  he  re- 
tained until  the  following  year.  In  1848  he  re- 
sumed office  under  the  Baldwin-Lafontaine  gov- 
ernment, finally  quitting  official  life  in  1851. 
Though  regarded  as  the  father  of  the  reform  party 
in  Canada,  he  was  not  an  extremist,  and  his  politi- 
cal views  were  more  nearly  in  accord  with  those  of 
the  present  liberal-conservatives  than  with  those 
that  were  held  by  the  successors  of  the  reform  par- 
ty in  Canada. 

BALDWIN,  Ro^er  Sherman,  jurist,  b.  in  New 
Haven,  Conn.,  4  Jan.,  1793  ;  d.  there,  19  Feb.,  1863. 
He  affords  an  admirable  instance  of  all  that  is  best 
in  the  intellectual  and  moral  life  of  New  England. 
By  descent  and  education  he  was  of  genuine  Puritan 
stock.  His  father,  Simeon  Baldwin,  was  descended 
from  one  of  the  original  New  Haven  colonists,  and 


150 


BALDWIN 


BALFOUR 


his  mother  was  the  daughter  of  Roger  Sherman,  a 
signer  of  the  dechiration  of  independence,  both 
families  being  from  the  eai'liest  times  identified 
with  the  cause  of  civil  and  religious  liberty.  Roger 
Sherman  Baldwin  entered  Yale  at  the  age  of  four- 
teen, and  was  graduated  with  high  honors  in  1811. 
Beginning  his  legal  studies  in  his  father's  office,  he 
finished  them  in  the  then  famous  law  school  of 
Judges  Reeve  and  Gould,  at  Litchfield,  Conn.     By 

the  time  that  he 
was  ready  for  ad- 
mission to  the 
bar,  in  1814,  he 
had  developed  a 
mastery  of  the 
principles  of  law 
that  was  consid- 
ered very  remark- 
able in  so  young 
a  man.  His  hab- 
its of  concentra- 
tion, his  com- 
mand of  pure 
and  elegant  Eng- 
lish, the  precis- 
ion and  definite- 
ness  of  his  meth- 
ods, soon  brought 
him  into  promi- 
nence in  his  pro- 
fession, and  at 
a  comparatively 
early  age  he  at- 
tained distinction  at  the  bar.  His  preference  was  for 
cases  involving  the  great  principles  of  jurisprudence 
rather  than  those  that  depended  upon  appeals  to  the 
feelings  of  jurymen.  Nevertheless,  he  commanded 
rare  success  as  a  jury  lawyer,  being  gifted  with  a 
certain  dignified  and  lofty  eloquence  that  carried 
conviction  and  sustained  tlie  current  belief  that  he 
would  not  undertake  the  defence  of  a  cause  of 
whose  justice  he  was  not  personally  convinced.  One 
of  the  most  famous  cases  in  which  he  was  engaged 
was  that  of  the  "  Amistad  captives "  (1839),  now 
well-nigh  forgotten,  but  which  assumed  interna- 
tional importance  at  the  time.  A  shipload  of 
slaves,  bound  to  Cuba,  had  gained  possession  of 
the  vessel.  They  were  encountered  adrift  on  the 
high  seas  by  an  American  vessel  and  brought  into 
New  York,  where  they  were  cared  for.  The  Span- 
ish authorities  claimed  them  as  the  property  of 
Spanish  subjects,  and  the  anti-slavery  party  at  the 
north,  then  becoming  a  formidable  element  in  na- 
tional politics,  interested  itself  in  their  behalf. 
The  case  was  first  tried  in  a  Connecticut  district 
court,  decided  against  the  Spanish  claim,  and  car- 
ried to  the  supreme  court  of  the  United  States. 
The  venerable  John  Quincy  Adams  and  Mr.  Bald- 
win were  associated  as  counsel,  the  latter  practi- 
cally conducting  the  case.  His  plea  on  this  occa- 
sion showed  such  a  grasp  of  the  legal  technicalities 
involved,  that  such  men  as  Chancellor  Kent  rated 
him  with  the  leading  jurists  of  the  time.  After 
serving  his  own  state  in  assembly  and  senate  (1837- 
'41),  he  was  elected  governor  in  1844,  and  reelected 
for  the  following  term.  In  1847  he  was  appointed 
to  fill  the  unexpired  term  of  Jabez  W.  Huntington 
as  U.  S.  senator.  He  at  once  took  a  leading  place 
among  the  statesmen  of  the  period,  was  reelected 
for  a  second  term,  and  always  advocated  the  cause 
of  equal  rights  for  all  during  the  heated  controver- 
sies preceding  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war.  In 
1860  he  was  one  of  the  two  electors  "  at  large  "  for 
the  choice  of  Mr.  Lincoln,  and  in  1860  was  ap- 
pointed by  Gov.  Buckingham  a  member  of  the 


"  peace  congress  "  of  1861,  consisting  of  five  dele- 
gates f]'om  each  state,  who,  it  was  hoped,  would 
devise  a  basis  of  amicable  settlement  of  the  differ- 
ences between  north  and  south.  In  his  opening 
address,  John  Tyler,  of  Virginia,  president  of  the 
congress,  said :  "  Connecticut  is  here,  and  she 
comes,  I  doubt  not,  in  the  spirit  of  Roger  Sher- 
man, whose  name,  with  our  very  childi-en,  has  be- 
come a  household  word,  and  who  was  in  life  the 
embodiment  of  that  sound,  practical  sense  which 
befits  the  great  law-giver  and  constructor  of  govern- 
meiits."  The  labors  of  the  congress  came  to  naught, 
owing  mainly  to  the  precipitancy  with  which  some 
of  the  southern  states  passed  ordinances  of  seces- 
sion. This  was  the  last  public  service  undertaken 
by  Mr.  Baldwin  other  than  the  personal  assistance 
which  every  patriotic  citizen  lent  to  his  country 
during  the  early  years  of  civil  war. 

BALDWIN,'  Theroii,  clergyman,  b.  in  Goshen, 
Conn.,  31  July,  1801 ;  d.  in  Orange,  N.  J.,  10  April, 
1870.  After  graduation  at  Yale  in  1827,  he  studied 
for  two  years  in  the  theological  school  of  that  col- 
lege, and  was  ordained  as  a  home  missionary  in 
1829.  He  was  settled  for  two  years  at  Vandalia, 
111.,  as  a  Congregational  minister,  and  became 
prominent  in  furthering  the  cause  of  education. 
Largely  throug-h  his  efforts  the  charter  of  Illinois 
college  was  procured.  In  1831  he  was  appointed 
agent  of  the  home  missionary  society  for  Illinois. 
He  organized  in  1838,  and  for  five  years  conducted, 
the  female  seminary  near  Alton,  111.,  at  the  same 
time  serving  as  pastor  of  the  Congregational  church. 
The  formation  of  the  "  society  for  the  promotion  of 
collegiate  and  theological  education  in  the  west," 
popularly  known  as  the  "  western  college  society," 
was  the  result  of  his  labors,  and  he  became  its  cor- 
responding secretary,  performing  the  duties  of  the 
office  until  shortly  before  his  death.  To  him  chiefly 
are  due  the  higher  educational  facilities  attainable 
in  every  part  of  the  west. 

BALDWIN,  Thomas,  clergyman,  b.  in  Bozrah, 
Conn.,  23  Dec.  1753;  d.  in  Waterville,  Me.,  29 
Aug.,  1825.  He  removed  to  Canaan,  N.  H.,  which 
town  he  represented  in  the  legislature,  united  with 
the  Baptist  church  in  1780.  was  ordained  as  an 
evangelist  in  June,  1783,  and  was  a  travelling 
minister  among  the  scattered  settlements  of  New 
Hampshire  until  November,  1790,  when  he  was  in- 
stalled pastor  of  the  second  Baptist  church  in  Bos- 
ton. In  1803  he  began  the  publication  of  the  "  Mas- 
sachusetts Baptist  Slissionary  Magazine,"  afterward 
the  "American  Baptist  Missionary  Magazine," 
which  he  edited  until  his  death.  He  published 
"  Open  Communion  Examined  "  (1789),  and  other 
writings  on  the  subject  of  communion  and  bap- 
tism, the  chief  of  which  was  a  "  Series  of  Friendly 
Letters  in  which  the  Distinguishing  Sentiments  of 
the  Baptists  are  Explained  and  Vindicated  "  (Bos- 
ton, 1810),  besides  numerous  sermons. 

BALESTIER,  Wolcott,  author,  b.  in  Rochester, 
N.  Y.,  13  Dec,  1861 ;  d.  in  Dresden,  Germany,  6 
Dec,  1891.  His  school  life  was  passed  in  various 
parts  of  the  country,  with  one  year  at  Cornell,  and 
his  first  production  was  entitled  "  A  Patent  Phil- 
ter." published  serially  in  the  New  York  "  Tribune  " 
in  1884.  "A  Fair  Device  "  and  a  "  Life  of  James 
G.  Blaine"  (New  York,  1884),  "A  Victorious  De- 
feat "  (1886),  "  A  Common  Story  "  (1891),  with  Rud- 
yard  Kipling,  "  The  Naulahka  "  (1892),  and  "  Bene- 
fits Forgot "  (1894). 

BALFOUR,  Nisbet,  soldier,  b.  in  Dunbog, 
county  Fife,  Scotland,  in  1743;  d.  there  in  Octo- 
ber, 1823.  As  one  of  Cornwallis's  most  trusted 
officers,  he  won  high  distinction  in  the  British  ser- 
vice during  the  revolution.     He  was  the  third  son 


BALFOUR 


BALLIVIAN 


151 


of  Lord  Balfour  of  Burleigh,  was  a  lieutenant  in 
the  4th  regiment  of  foot  at  the  battle  of  Bunker 
Hill,  and  was  severely  wounded  in  that  engage- 
ment. He  also  participated  in  the  engagements 
preceding  the  capture  and  occupation  of  New  York, 
and  in  the  battles  of  Elizabethtown,  Brandywine, 
and  Germantown,  and  was  made  lieutenant-colo- 
nel of  the  28d  regiment  in  1778.  He  accompanied 
Cornwallis  to  Charleston,  and  as  commandant  of 
that  city  rendered  himself  very  obnoxious  to  the 
inhabitants  by  the  severity  of  "his  treatment.  He 
was  promoted  major-general  in  1798,  served  in  the 
war  with  France,  and  in  Flanders  in  1794,  and 
when  he  died  was  sixth  in  the  list  of  major-gen- 
erals in  the  British  arm  v. 

BALFOUR,  Walter,  clergyman,  b.  in  St.  Nini- 
an's,  Scotland,  in  1770;  d.  in  Charlestown,  Mass.,  3 
Jan.,  1852.  In  early  youth  he  was  befriended  by 
Robert  Haldane,  and  at  his  expense  was  educated 
for  the  ministry  of  the  church  of  Scotland.  After 
several  years  of  service  there  as  a  preacher  he 
came  to  the  United  States,  and  became  a  Bap- 
tist about  1806.  He  remained  in  that  denomina- 
tion until  1823,  when  he  went  over  to  the  Univer- 
salists,  and  there  seems  to  have  found  a  congenial 
sphere,  for  he  became  prominent  as  a  preacher  and 
writer  in  that  sect.  liis  best-known  book  is  enti- 
tled "  Essays  on  the  Intermediate  State  of  the 
Dead "  (Charlestown,  1828).  A  memoir  by  A. 
Whittemore,  was  published  in  Boston  in  1830. 

BALFOUR,  Williain,  British  soldier,  b.  in 
1758;  d.  in  Fredericton,  N.  B.,  21  Dec,  1811.  He 
was  a  captain  when  Col.  Carleton  assumed  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  province  in  1784,  and  rose  to  be 
major-general  and  commander-in-chief.  In  1811 
he  was  appointed  administrator  of  New  Brunswick. 

BALL,  Oyer,  pliysician,  b.  in  West  Boylston, 
Mass.,  3  .lune,  1790;  d.  in  Canton,  China,  27 
March,  1800.  He  studied  at  Phillips  Andover 
academy  and  at  Yale,  and  was  graduated  at  Union 
college  in  1820.  He  studied  theology  at  Yale  and 
Andover,  was  licensed  to  preach  in  1828,  and  was 
ordained  in  1831,  after  which  he  taught  school  at 
St.  Augustine,  Fla.,  and  elsewhere  at  the  south 
until  1837,  having  in  the  meantime  received  the 
degree  of  M.  D.  from  the  medical  institution  at 
Charleston.  He  sailed  for  Singapore  25  May,  1838, 
thence  to  Macao  in  1841,  to  Hong  Kong  in  1843, 
and  to  Canton  in  1845.  where  he  passed  the  re- 
mainder of  his  life  in  missionary,  medical,  and 
educational  labor,  his  medical  acquirements  add- 
ing much  to  his  moral  influence  with  the  native 
inhabitants.  He  published  a  Chinese  almanac  for 
many  years. 

BALL,  Ephraim,  inventor,  b.  in  Greentown, 
Ohio,  12  Aug.,  1812 ;  d.  in  Canton,  Ohio,  1  Jan., 
1872.  His  education  was  of  the  most  rudimentary 
character,  and  from  his  fifteenth  year  he  supported 
himself,  following  the  trade  of  carpentry.  In 
1840  he  directed  his  energies  toward  the  establish- 
ment of  a  foundery  for  making  plough-castings 
and  a  shop  for  stocking  ploughs.  He  had  invented 
a  plough,  which  later,  under  the  name  of  "  Ball's 
Blue  Plough,"  met  with  a  lai'ge  sale.  But  his  first 
invention  was  a  turn-top  stove,  which  he  himself 
made  in  Greentown  and  sold  during  several  years. 
In  1851,  having  become  associated  with  Cornelius 
Aultman  and  Lewis  Miller,  the  little  shop  at  Green- 
town was  abandoned,  and  the  great  firm  of  Ball, 
Aultman  &  Co.  established  their  factories  at  Can- 
ton. "  The  Ohio  Mower "  was  invented  by  Mr. 
Ball  in  1854,  and  afterward  he  devised  the  "  World 
Mower  and  Reaper,"  and  in  1858  the  "  Buckeye 
Machine  "  was  brought  out,  all  of  which  have  sold 
extensively.     Afterward   the  firm   dissolved,  and 


from  1858  Mr.  Ball  devoted  his  attention  princi- 
pally to  the  manufacture  of  his  "  New  American 
Harvester,"  which  attained  great  popularity.  In 
1805  it  was  estimated  that  10,000  of  these  machines 
were  produced  amiually.  During  the  later  years 
of  his  life,  although  his  inventions  were  used  exten- 
sively, Mr.  Ball  was  financially  embarrassed,  while 
the  owners  of  his  patents  acquired  great  wealth. 

BALL,  Thomas,  sculptor,  b.  in  Charlestown, 
Mass.,  3  June,  1819.  In  early  life  he  was  a  singer 
of  basso  parts  in  oratorios,  and  a  portrait  painter 
in  Boston.  About  1852  he  devoted  himself  to 
modelling,  and  made  a  miniatui-e  bust  of  Jenny 
Lind,  another  of  Daniel  Webster,  and  a  life-size 
statue  of  the  statesman.  He  studied  in  Europe 
for  several  years,  executing  there  "  Truth,"  "  Pan- 
dora," and  the  "  Shipwrecked  Sailor-Boy,"  and 
after  his  return  to  Boston  made  a  bust  of  Rufus 
Choate,  statuettes  of  Webster  and  Clay,  and  an 
equestrian  statue  of  Washington,  His  later  works 
are  the  statue  of  Forrest  as  "  Coriolanus,"  of  he- 
roic size  ;  "  Eve  "  ;  a  statuette  of  Lincoln ;  a  bust  of 
Edward  Everett ;  statues  of  Gov.  Andrew  of  Massa- 
chusetts, Webster,  Sumner,  Josiah  Quincy,  and  the 
group  called  "  Emancipation,"  the  original  of  which 
is  in  Washington,  and  a  replica  in  Boston.  His 
statue  of  Webster,  in  the  Central  Park,  is  his  nob- 
lest work.  It  was  placed  there  at  an  expense  of 
about  $00,000,  through  the  munificence  of  a  New 
York  merchant. 

BALLARO,  Bland,  pioneer,  b.  in  Fredericks- 
burg, Va.,  10  Oct.,  1701 ;  d.  in  Shelby  co.,  Ky.,  5 
Sept.,  1853.  Wnen  eighteen  years  old  he  joined  a 
band  of  emigrants  to  Kentucky,  then  the  battle- 
ground of  advancing  civilization,  and  was  promi- 
nent in  the  Indian  warfare  of  the  time.  As  a  ma- 
jor of  Kentucky  volunteers  he  led  an  expedition 
against  the  British  and  Indians  at  the  river  Raisin, 
in  Michigan,  in  1814,  where  he  was  wounded  and 
taken  prisoner.  He  was  for  several  terms  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Kentucky  legislature.  Ballard  co.,  Ky., 
and  Blandville,  its  capital,  commemorate  his  ser- 
vices during  the  early  history  of  the  state. 

BALLARD,  Harlan  Hoge,  educator,  b.  in 
Athens,  Oliio,  20  May,  1853.  He  was  graduated  at 
Williams  college  in  1874,  and  became  principal  of 
the  Lenox  (Mass.)  high  school.  In  1880  he  was 
appointed  principal  of  the  Lenox  academy.  Dur- 
ing 1875  he  organized,  in  connection  with  the  high 
school,  where  he  was  then  teaching,  the  "  Agassiz 
Association  "  for  the  observation  and  study  of  nat- 
ural objects,  and  in  1880  a  general  invitation  was 
issued  to  all  interested  to  unite  in  the  work  and  to 
form  local  branches  of  the  association.  The  mem- 
bership has  since  increased  to  more  than  10,000, 
disti-iiiiilcd  in  nearly  1,000  chapters,  located  in 
nearly  every  state  and  territory,  as  well  as  in  Cana- 
da, Great  Britain,  South  America,  and  Japan. 

BALLARD,  Henry  E.,  naval  officer,  b.  in 
Maryland,  in  1785 ;  d.  in  Annapolis,  23  May,  1855. 
He  was  the  son  of  Maj.  Ballard,  of  the  revolution- 
ary army ;  was  appointed  midshipman  2  Nov.,  1804 ; 
lieutenant,  26  Aprd,  1810 ;  master,  27  April,  1816, 
and  captain,  3  March,  1825.  He  was  a  lieutenant 
on  board  the  U.  S.  frigate  "  Constitution  "  in  her 
famous  action  with  the  British  cruisers  "  Cyane " 
and  "  Levant "  in  the  bay  of  Biscay,  20  Feb.,  1815. 
After  the  capture  of  both  vessels  by  the  "  Constitu- 
tion "  he  was  placed  with  a  prize  crew  on  board 
the  "  Levant "  and  took  her  to  the  Cape  Verde  isl- 
ands, but  was  captured  by  a  British  squadron  in 
Porto  Praya,  in  defiance  of  the  neutral  flag,  whose 
protection  he  claimed. 

BALLIVIAN,  Adolfo  (bal-lyay'-ve-an),  presi- 
dent of  Bolivui,  d.  m  Oruro,  14  Feb.,  18  r4.     After 


152 


BALLOU 


BALLOU 


being  very  prominent  in  political  life  for  many 
years,  he  succeeded  Gen.  Morales  on  liis  death  in 
1873.  Balliviiin's  administration  iK'gan  in  Ajjril  of 
that  year,  and  lasted  ten  months  only,  when  his  sud- 
den death  caused  profound  regret  and  great  alarm. 
BALLOU,  Hosea,  clergyman,  b.  in  Richmond, 
N.  H.,  30  April,  1771 ;  d.  in  Boston,  Mass.,  7  June, 
1852.  Maturin  Ballon,  father  of  Hosea,  was  a  Bap- 
tist minister  with  a  large  family,  two  of  whom,  be- 
sides the  subject  of  this  notice,  became  Universalist 
ministers.  Mr.  Ballon,  Sr.,  received  no  salary  for 
his  services  as  preacher,  and  was  so  poor  that  he 
could  neither  send  his  children  to  school  nor  fur- 
nish them  with  materials  wherewith  to  learn  to 
write.  Hosea,  the  future  author  of  numerous 
books,  learned  to  make  his  letters  with  a  bit  of 
charcoal  on  a  piece  of  birch-bark.  He  united  with 
Jiis  father's  church  at  the  age  of  eighteen,  but 
never  attended  school  until  he  was  twenty,  and  for 
this  last  privilege  he  seems  to  have  been  indebted 
to  an  accident  that  temporarily  incapacitated  him 
for  physical  labor.  Hardly  had  he  become  a  Bap- 
tist when  his  inquiring  mind  suggested  questions 
and  doubts  to  which  no  satisfactory  answers  were 
forthcoming,  and  he  became  a  Restorationist,  or,  as 
is  usually  said,  a  Universalist,  a  sect  then  gaining 
a  foothold  in  this  country.  He  began  to  preach  as 
soon  as  he  came  of  age,  supporting  himself  by 
teaching  school,  and  in  1794  became  pastor  of  a 
congregation  in  Dana,  Mass.,  where  he  remained 
until  1802,  when  he  removed  to  Barnard,  Vt.,  to 
officiate  for  that  and  the  neighboring  towns  of 
Woodstock,  Hartland,  and  Bethel.  Here  he  wrote 
and  published  the  first  of  his  numerous  works  on 
theological  topics,  "  Notes  on  the  Parables  "  (1804). 
Other  works  on  kindred  topics  followed  at  short 
intervals,  and  in  1807  he  became  pastor  of  the 
Universalist  society  in  Portsmouth,  N.  H.  Here 
he  remained  until  1815,  when,  after  a  short  stay  in 
Salem,  Mass.,  he  was  installed  pastor  of  the  second 
Universalist  society  of  Boston,  and  the  period  of 
his  greatest  activity  and  usefulness  began.  For 
more  than  thirty -five  years,  beginning  17  Dec, 
1817,  he  remained  pastor  of  this  church,  founding 
the  "  Universalist  Magazine  "  (afterward  the  "  Trum- 
pet "),  later  the  "  Universalist  Expositor,"  and  still 
later  the  "  Universalist  Quarterly  Review."  In 
these  undertakings  he  was  assisted  by  his  grand- 
nephew,  Hosea  Ballon,  second  grandson  of  his  elder 
brother  Benjamin.  He  was  strongly  impressed 
with  the  necessity  of  providing  a  denominational 
literature  to  meet  the  growing  demands  of  the  sect, 
which  he  had  already  done  so  much  to  establish  in 
America,  and  to  this  end  he  contributed  hymns, 
essays,  and  controversial  papers  to  the  magazines 
and  other  publications.  His  "  Examination  of  the 
Doctrine  of  Future  Retribution  "  (1834)  was  among 
the  most  noteworthy  of  his  books,  which,  counting 
sermons,  lectures,  and  verses,  most  of  them  in- 
cluded in  the  "  Universalist  Collection,"  number 
many  volumes.  His  life  has  been  written  by  his 
son,  'M.  M.  Ballon,  and  by  the  Rev,  Thomas  Whit- 
temore. — His  grand-nephew,  Hosea,  clergyman  (b. 
in  Halifax,  Vt.,  18  Oct.,  179G;  d.  in  S'oinerville, 
Mass.,  27  May,  1801),  was  educated  in  his  native 
town,  prepared  for  the  Universalist  ministry,  and 
was  settled  as  pastor  of  a  society  in  Stafford,  Conn., 
about  1815.  Thence,  in  1821,  he  removed  to  Rox- 
bury,  where  he  remained  till  June,  1838.  as  pastor 
of  a  church.  During  this  time  he  was  associated 
with  his  uncle  in  the  editorship  of  the  "  Universal- 
ist Magazine  "  and  other  denominational  publica- 
tions. In  1829  he  published  "  The  Ancient  His- 
tory of  Universalism  "  (republished  in  1842).  In 
1838  he  edited  an  edition  of  Sismondi's  "  History 


of  the  Crusades."  His  editorship  of  the  periodicals 
referred  to  continued  during  most  of  his  active 
life.  He  was  for  a  time  a  non-resident  professor 
in  the  Unitarian  divinity  school.  Meadville,  Pa. 
Removing  from  Roxbury  in  answer  to  an  invitation 
from  Medford,  Mass.,  he  became  pastor  of  the  so- 
ciety in  that  place,  and  in  1853  was  elected  first 
president  of  Tufts  college,  which  he  was  largely 
instrumental  in  founding.  After  a  visit  to  Europe 
for  the  purpose  of  studying  foreign  collegiate 
methods,  he  assumed  the  active  duties  of  his  office, 
and  performed  them  acceptably  until  just  before 
his  death.  In  1844  he  received  the  degree  of  S.  T.  D. 
from  Harvard. — His  son,  Maturin  Murray,  b.  in 
Boston,  Mass.,  14  April,  1820 ;  d.  in  Cairo,  Egypt, 
27  March.  1895,  went  to  the  Boston  high  school, 
and  passed  his  entrance  examination  at  Harvard, 
but  did  not  join  his  class.  In  early  life  he  was 
for  five  years  a  clerk  in  the  Boston  post-office,  and 
subsequently  for  five  years  in  the  U.  S.  Treasury 
department.  In  1888  he  became  connected  with 
the  "  Olive  Branch,"  a  weekly  publication,  and 
was  remarkably  successful  in  this  and  other  liter- 
ary undertakings.  He  was  editor  and  proprietor 
of  '•  (rleason's  Pictorial "  and  "  Ballou's  Monthly." 
He  became  largely  engaged  in  building  operations 
in  the  business  quarter  of  Boston.  These  under- 
takings included  the  St.  James  hotel,  at  the  time 
one  of  the  most  costly  structures  in  Boston,  and 
several  of  the  finest  stores  on  Winter  street.  He 
travelled  extensively  in  both  of  the  American  con- 
tinents, and  in  Africa,  China,  India,  Japan,  the 
Pacific  islands,  and  in  the  summer  of  1886  under- 
took a  voyage  to  the  polar  regions.  In  the  inter- 
vals of  travel  his  literary  and  journalistic  labors 
have  been  unremitting.  He  became  in  1872  one 
of  the  original  proprietors,  and  was  for  many  years 
chief  editor,  of  the  "  Boston  Daily  Globe."  He 
edited  and  owned,  either  in  part  or  altogether, 
"  Ballou's  Pictorial,"  "  The  Flag  of  our  Union," 
and  the  "  Boston  Sunday  Budget."  His  connec- 
tion with  the  Boston  press  lasted  more  than  forty 
years.  He  is  the  author  of  "  Due  West,"  "  Due 
South,"  "The  History  of  Cuba"  (Boston,  1854); 
"  Biography  of  the  Rev.  Hosea  Ballon,"  and 
"  Life  Story  of  Hosea  Ballon."  He  edited  and 
compiled  "  Pearls  of  Thought "  (Boston,  1881) ; 
"  Notable  Thoughts  about  Women  " :  and  "  Edge 
Tools  of  Speech"  (1886). — Moses,  clergyman,  grand- 
son of  Hosea  the  elder,  b.  in  Monroe,  Mass.,  24 
March,  1811;  d.  in  Atco,  N.  J.,  19  May.  1879. 
Educated  at  the  Brattleboro  (Vt.)  academy,  he  was 
ordained  to  the  Universalist  ministry  in  1835.  His 
pastoral  engagements  were  in  Bath  and  Ports- 
mouth, N.  H.,  Hartford,  and  New  Haven,  Conn., 
New  York  city,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  and  Atco,  N.  J. 
In  1837  he  was  married  to  Almena  D.  Giddings. 
He  wrote  "A  Memoir  of  the  Rev.  Merritt  San- 
ford  "  (New  York,  1850),  and  "  The  Divine  Char- 
acter Vindicated,"  a  review  of  Dr.  Edward  Beech- 
er's  "  Conflict  of  Ages  "  (1854). 

BALLOU,  Latimer  W.,  merchant,  b.  in  Cum- 
berland, R.  I.,  1  March,  1812.  He  was  educated 
in  the  public  schools  and  academies  in  the  neigh- 
borhood ;  went  to  Cambridge,  Mass.,  in  1828,  and, 
after  learning  printing  at  the  University  Press,  es- 
tablished "  The  Cambridge  Press  "  in  1835,  continu- 
ing in  the  business  until  1842,  when  he  engaged  in 
mercantile  pursuits  in  Woonsocket,  R.  I.  In  1850 
he  was  chosen  cashier  of  the  Woonsocket  Falls 
bank,  and  for  twenty-five  years  was  treasurer  of 
the  "Woonsocket  institution  for  savings.  He  took 
an  active  part  in  the  organization  of  the  republi- 
can party,  was  president  of  the  Fremont  club  in 
Woonsocket  in  1856,  presidential  elector  on  the 


BALMACEDA 


BALTIMORE 


153 


Lincoln  ticket  in  1860,  delegate  to  the  republican 
convention  that  nominated  Grant  and  Wilson  in 
1872,  and  was  a  representative  from  Rhode  Island 
in  the  forty-fourth  and  forty-fifth  congresses. 

BALMACEDA,  Jose  Maiuiel  (bal-niah-thay'- 
da),  Chilian  statesman,  b.  in  1840;  d.  by  his  own 
hand,  in  Santiago,  Chili,  19  Sept.,  1891.  He  re- 
ceived a  good  education,  and  early  distinguished 
himself  as  a  political  orator,  his  speeches  favoring 
radical  reforms  in  the  constitution  of  1883.  He  was 
deputy  in  five  consecutive  legislatures,  was  elected 
senator  in  1885,  and  was  from  12  April,  1882,  minis- 
ter of  the  Interior,  appointed  by  President  Santa 
Maria.  He  was  in  1868  one  of  the  founders,  to- 
gether with  the  brothers  Matta.  Isidoro  Errazuriz, 
and  other  liberal  Chilians,  of  the  reform  club,  and 
in  1874  boldly  but  unsuccessfully  advocated  in  con- 
gress the  separation  of  church  and  state.  As  pre- 
mier, in  1884,  Balraaceda  succeeded,  however,  in  in- 
troducing civil  marriage  and  other  liberal  laws.  As 
Chilian  minister  at  Buenos  Ayres,  Balmaceda  ren- 
dered his  country  a  great  service  by  gaining  the 
good  will  of  the  Argentine  Republic  during  the  war 
between  Chili  and  Peni.  He  was  nominated  at  the 
convention  of  18  Jan.  in  Santiago,  and  subsecjuent- 
ly  elected  president,  18  Sept.,  1886.  In  Jan.,  1891, 
he  proclaimed  himself  dictator. 

BALMASEDA,  Francisco  J.  (bahl-mah-say'- 
da),  Cuban  writer,  b.  in  Remedios,  Cuba,  in  1833. 
In  1846  he  published,  at  Havana,  "  Rimas  Cuba- 
nas " ;  in  1861,  "  Fabulas  Morales."  Some  years 
later  he  printed  "  Misterios  de  una  Cabaiia,"  a 
novel ;  a  work  on  political  economy,  and  another 
on  agriculture.  In  1869  Balmaseda  was  banished 
and  sent  to  Fernando  Po  with  many  other  revo- 
lutionists, and  in  1871  he  published  a  narrative  un- 
der the  title  of  "  Los  Confinados  a  Fernando  Po." 

BALMES,  Francisco  Javier  (bahl'-mess), 
Spanish  surgeon.  In  1803  he  sailed  from  Coruila 
and  visited  the  West  Indian  colonies,  in  order  to 
extend  the  use  of  vaccination.  Afterward  he  went 
to  the  Philippine  islands  and  China,  where  he 
studied  the  indigenous  plants,  and  made  valuable 
colored  drawings,  which  he  gave  to  the  library  of 
the  Museum  of  natural  sciences  in  Madrid. 

BALTA,  Jose,  president  of  Peru,  d.  in  Lima, 
Peru,  26  July,  1872.  At  the  beginning  of  his  pub- 
lic career  he  took 
part  in  the  mili- 
tary operations 
consequent  on 
the  invasion  of 
Peru  by  Presi- 
dent Santo  Cruz, 
of  Bolivia,  in 
1836.  He  was  an 
actor  in  the  va- 
rious Peruvian 
revolutions,  was 
distinguished  in 
the  defeat  of  the 
S] laniards  on  3 
I\iay.  lS(i6,  and  in 
1867  led  a  revolt 
against  the  dic- 
tator -  president, 
Prado,  and  drove 
him  into  tempo- 
rary exile  in  Chili. 
Col.  Balta  was 
elected  president 
for  four  years  by  a  large  majority  in  April,  1868, 
and  inaugurated  on  2  Aug.  His  administration 
was  on  the  whole  prospei'ous  and  populai  ;  but 
he  burdened  the  country  with  immense  loans  for 


the  purpose  of  building  railroads.  In  the  presi- 
dential contest  of  1872  the  vote  was  so  close  that 
the  election  was  thrown  into  the  congress,  and 
when  it  became  evident  that  Dr.  Arenas,  the  ad 
ministration  candidate,  would  be  defeated.  Balta 
was  strongly  urged  by  Gen.  Gutierrez,  his  min- 
ister of  war,  to  declare  himself  dictator.  But 
the  president  refused  to  do  this,  and  made  public 
his  intention  of  resigning  his  ofRce,  on  the  ex- 
piration of  his  term,  to  the  successor  appointed 
by  congress.  This  did  not  suit  Gutierrez,  and  he 
immediately  seized  and  imprisoned  Balta,  and 
proclaimed  himself  supreme  chief  of  the  repub- 
lic. This  usurpation  was  of  brief  duration.  The 
new  dictator  had  few  sympathizers,  and  four  days 
after  his  coup  d'etat  a  disturbance  took  place  in 
which  Silvestre  Gutierrez,  his  brother  and  min- 
ister of  war,  was  killed.  In  revenge,  the  usurper 
gave  orders  to  kill  Balta,  and  the  latter  was  shot 
in  his  prison  as  he  lay  ill,  July  22  (others  say  26), 
1872.  That  night  the  populace  of  Lima  rose  in 
insurrection.  Gutierrez,  after  a  vain  attempt  to 
escape,  was  killed,  and  the  legal  president,  Pardo, 
w^as  inaugurated  soon  afterward. 

BALTES,  Peter  Joseph,  clergyman,  b.  in  Ens- 
heim,  Rhenish  Bavaria,  7  April,  1827 ;  d.  in  Alton, 
111.,  lo  Feb.,  1886.  He  studied  at  the  college  of 
the  Holy  Cross,  Worcester,  Mass.,  at  St.  Ignatius 
college,  Chicago,  and  at  Lavalle  university,  Mon- 
treal, and  was  ordained  priest  in  1853,  and  conse- 
crated bishop  of  Alton  in  1870.  He  was  the  author 
of  "  Pastoral  Instruction  "  (jSTew  York,  1875  ;  3d 
ed.,  enlai'ged,  1S80). 

BALTIMORE,  Lords,  proprietors  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Maryland. — Sir  Oeorg-e  Calvert,  first 
Baron  Baltimore,  b.  in  Kipling,  Yorkshire,  Eng- 
land, about  1582 ; 
d.  in  London,  15 
April,  1632.  He 
was  graduated  at 
Oxford  in  1597, 
and  was  then  sent 
abroad  to  travel. 
On  his  return  he 
became  secretary 
to  Robert  Cecil, 
who  afterward 
obtained  for  him 
a  clerkship  of 
the  privy  coun- 
cil. In  1617  he 
was  knighted  by 
James  I.,  who  es- 
teemed him  high- 
ly, and  gave  him 
a  pension  in  1620. 
He  had  previous- 
ly been  made  a 
secretary  of  state, 

but  resigned  the  office  in  1624,  having  become  a 
Roman  Catholic.  He  did  not,  however,  lose  the 
king's  favor,  but  continued  at  court  in  the  ca- 
fiacity  of  privy  councillor,  and  from  this  fact, 
in  connection  with  James's  hatred  of  apostasy, 
some  have  concluded  that  he  was  always  a  Ro- 
man Catholic,  but  there  are  many  evidences  that 
he  was  actually  converted.  In  1625  the  king 
made  him  a  peer  of  Ireland.  He  had  for  some 
time  been  interested  in  the  colonization  of  the 
New  World,  having  been  a  member  of  the  great 
company  for  Virginia,  and  in  1621  obtained  from 
the  king  a  patent  for  the  southern  promontory  of 
Newfoundland,  which  he  named  Avalon.  Here 
he  spent  money  lavishly  in  building  warehouses 
and  a  splendid  mansion.     He  visited  his  colony 


154 


BALUFFI 


BANCROFT 


after  the  death  of  James,  and  again  in  1G29,  when 
he  captured  some  French  ships  that  had  been  har- 
assing the  colonists.  He  was  much  disappointed, 
however,  to  find  the  climate  so  severe,  and  wrote 
to  Charles  I.,  desiring  another  grant  farther  south. 
In  1628  he  visited  Virginia  and  explored  Chesa- 
peake bay.  Plis  reception  in  Virginia  was  unfa- 
vorable, on  account  of  his  religion,  for  church-of- 
England  men  had  full  control  there.  Notwith- 
standing this,  he  was  delighted  with  the  country, 
and,  although  the  king  tried  to  dissuade  him  from 
founding  another  colony,  he  was  persistent  in  his 
entreaties.  Charles  finally  yielded,  and  in  1632  a 
new  patent  was  drawn  up,  giving  Baltimore  that 
part  of  the  country  now  included  in  the  states  of 
Maryland  and  Delaware.  But  before  the  papers 
were  completed  Lord  Baltimore  died,  leaving  his 
son  to  reap  the  benefit  of  the  grant.  The  first 
Lord  Baltimore  seems  to  have  been  a  man  of  miich 
wisdom  and  moderation.  He  was  liked  by  all  par- 
ties, and.  although  a  strong  supporter  of  royal  pre- 
rogative in  England,  he  favored  popular  institu- 
tions and  liberty  of  conscience  in  the  colonies.  It 
is  supposed  that  many  of  the  provisions  of  the 
Maryland  charter  were  due  to  him,  and  it  is  even 
tliought  that  he  may  have  drawn  up  the  entire 
pajier.  Ills  design,  as  shown  by  the  charter,  was 
to  found  a  state  whei'e  there  shcndd  be,  on  the  one 
hand,  a  hereditary  landed  aristocracy  and  many 
features  of  the  feudal  system,  and,  on  the  other, 
an  assembly  of  freemen  whose  consent  should  be 
necessary  to  all  laws.  For  a  list  of  books  relating 
to  George  Calvert,  see  "  Proceedings  of  the  Mary- 
land Historical  Society,  1880."  See  also  Winsor's 
"  Narrative  and  Critical  History  of  America " 
(Boston,  1886). — Cecilius  (or  Cecil)  Calvert,  sec- 
ond Lord  Baltimore,  b.  about  1005  ;  d.  in  London, 
30  Nov.,  1675.  Little  is  known  of  his  early  life. 
About  1628  he  married  Anne  Arundel,  whose  name 
is  still  borne  by  one  of  the  counties  of  Maryland. 
On  20  June,  1632,  the  charter  that  had  been  in- 
tended for  his  father  was  issued  to  him.  It  grant- 
ed to  him,  as  lord  proprietor,  manj'  of  the  rights  of 
a  feudal  sovereign,  but  provided  for  popular  gov- 
ernment, and  exempted  the  colonists  from  taxa- 
tion. In  November,  1633,  Cecil  sent  an  expedition 
under  his  brother  Leonard  (see  Calvert,  Leonard) 
to  his  new  domain.  He  never  visited  it  himself, 
but  governed  it  by  deputies  for  forty-three  years, 
and  was  imiversally  commended  for  his  modera- 
tion toward  both  colonists  and  natives. — Charles 
Calvert,  third  Lord  Baltimore,  b.  in  London  in 
1629  ;  d.  there,  24  Feb.,  1714.  His  father  sent  him 
to  Maryland  as  governor  in  1662,  and  he  succeeded 
to  the  proprietorship  in  1675.  He  left  Maryland  in 
1684,  and  never  returned.  During  his  life  the 
province  was  disturbed  by  insurrections,  caused 
by  opposition  to  the  feudal  supremacy  of  the  pro- 
prietor, and  by  the  influence  of  the  Anglican 
church,  whose  adherents  wished  it  to  become  the 
established  church  of  the  country.  By  steadfastly 
resisting  their  demands.  Lord  Baltimore  was  of 
service  to  the  cause  of  religious  freedom.  See  "  The 
Foundation  of  IMaryland."  published  by  the  Mary- 
land Historical  Society  (Baltimore,  1883). 

BALUFFI,  Ciraetano,  Italian  ecclesiastic,  b.  in 
Ancona.  29  Marcli,  17i).S;  d.  in  Imola,  11  Nov., 
1866.  He  was  papal  nuncio  in  New  Granada,  and 
discovered  inedited  documents  at  Bogota,  which 
he  incorporated  in  a  "  Religious  History  of  Amer- 
ica "  (Rome,  1848).  He  afterward  became  bishop 
of  Imola.  a  cardinal,  and  in  1860  an  archbishop. 

BANCROFT,  Aaron,  clergvman,  b.  in  Reading, 
Mass.,  10  Nov.,  1755 ;  d.  in  Worcester,  Mass.,  19  Aug., 
1839.    While  pursuing  his  studies  during  the  revolu- 


tionary struggle  he  frequently  served  as  a  minute- 
man,  and  was  present  at  both  Lexington  and  Bunker 
Hill.  In  1778  he  was  graduated  at  Harvard  col- 
lege. He  taught  school,  studied  theology,  was  li- 
censed to  preach,  and  spent  three  years  as  a  mis- 
sionary at  Yarmouth,  Nova  Scotia.  In  1785  he 
was  settled  in  Worcester  as  pastor  of  the  Congre- 
gational church,  and  remained  in  the  same  post 
until  his  death.  He  was  prominent  in  church  coun- 
cils and  conventions.  In  middle  life  his  theologi- 
cal views  imderwent  a  change  in  the  direction  of 
Arminianism.  By  his  effective  advocacy  of  liberal 
tenets  he  was  a  conspicuous  leader  in  the  early 
period  of  the  Unitarian  schism.  He  published  ser- 
mons in  defence  of  religious  liberty ;  a  eulogy  of 
Washington  (1800) ;  a  "  Life  of  Washington " 
(1807,  reprinted  in  England  in  1808) ;  and  a  vol- 
ume of  sermons  directed  against  the  doctrine  of 
election  (1822).  Although  he  was  president  of  the 
American  Unitarian  association,  he  adhered  to  the 
name  and  the  system  of  Congregationalism  to  the 
close  of  his  life. 

BANCROFT,  Edward,  author,  b.  in  Westfield, 
Mass.,  9  Jan.,  1744;  d.  in  England,  8  Sept.,  1820. 
He  had  but  little  schooling,  and  was  apprenticed 
to  a  trade.  Running  away  while  in  debt  to  his 
master,  he  went  to  sea,  but  on  his  return  paid  what 
he  owed.  After  going  to  sea  again,  he  settled  in 
Guiana,  and  practised  medicine  there  in  1763.  He 
then  removed  to  England  and  published  a  "  Natu- 
ral History  of  Guiana  "  (London,  1769),  containing 
some  new  information,  particidarly  about  the  ivoo- 
rali,  or  vegetable  poison,  used  by  the  Indians  on 
their  arrows.  He  afterward  wrote  a  novel  called 
"  Charles  Wentworth,"  vilifying  the  Christian  re- 
ligion. He  became  intimate  with  Priestley  and 
Benjamin  Franklin,  and  the  latter  obtained  for 
him  a  place  on  the  "  Monthly  Review,"  for  which 
he  wrote  reviews  of  publications  relating  to  Ameri- 
ca. In  1777,  suspected  of  complicity  in  an  attempt 
to  burn  the  Portsmouth  dock-yard,  he  fled  to  Passy, 
France,  and  then  went  to  Paris,  where  an  old 
teacher  of  his,  Silas  Deane,  was  commissioner  of 
the  continental  congress.  Deane  confided  to  him 
an  account  of  the  intercourse  between  France  and 
the  congress  in  relation  to  the  furnishing  of  sup- 
plies, and  Bancroft  communicated  the  whole  to  the 
British  ministry,  thus  enabling  the  British  ambas- 
sador to  hinder  the  shipment.  It  is  impossible 
to  tell  how  long  Bancroft  was  in  British  pay ;  he 
had  previously  received  money  as  an  American  spy. 
After  the  close  of  the  war  he  obtained  patents  in 
France  and  England  giving  him  the  exclusive  right 
to  import  yellow  oak-bark,  used  in  dyeing,  which 
made  him  rich.  He  published  "  Experimental  Re- 
searches concerning  Permanent  Colors  "  (1794;  2d 
ed.,  with  additional  volume,  1813).  This  work  was 
translated  into  German.  He  also  wrote  articles  on 
the  relations  between  France  and  America,  which 
were  translated  into  French.  Bancroft  was  a  fel- 
low of  the  royal  society  and  a  member  of  tlie  royal 
college  of  physicians  in  London. 

BANCROFT,  Greorge,  historian,  b.  in  Worces- 
ter, Mass..  3  Oct.,  1800;  d.  in  Washington,  D.  C, 
17  Jan.,  1891.  He  was  prepared  for  college  at 
Exeter,  N.  H.,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1817,  and 
went  to  Germany.  At  Gottingen,  where  he  resided 
for  two  years,  he  studied  German  literature  under 
Benecke ;  French  and  Italian  literature  under  Ar- 
taud  and  Bunsen ;  Arabic,  Hebrew,  and  Scripture  in- 
terpretation under  Eichhorn';  history  under  Planck 
and  Heeren ;  natiiral  history  under  Blumenbach ; 
and  the  antiquities  and  literature  of  Greece  and 
Rome  under  Dissen,  with  whom  he  took  a  course 
of  Greek  philosophy.     In  writing  from  Leipsic,  28 


tX>.  ISCOVLC/L 


BANCROFT 


BANCROFT 


155 


Aug.,  1819,  to  Mrs.  Prescott,  of  Boston,  Dr.  Joseph 
G.  Cogswell  remarks  :  "  It  was  sad  parting,  too, 
from  little  Bancroft.  He  is  a  most  interesting 
youth,  and  is  to  make  one  of  our  great  men." 

In  1820  Bancroft  was  given  the  degree  of  Ph.  D. 
by  the  university  of  Gottingen.  At  this  time  he 
selected  history  as  his  special  branch,  having  as  one 
of  his  reasons  the  desire  to  see  if  the  observation  of 
masses  of  men  in  action  would  not  lead  by  the  in- 
ductive method  to  the  establishment  of  the  laws  of 
morality  as  a  science.  Removing  to  Berlin,  he  became 
intimate  with  Schleiermacher,  William  von  Hum- 
boldt, Savigny,  Lappenberg,  and  Varnhagen  von 
Bnse,  and  at  Jena  he  made  the  acquaintance  of 
Goethe.  He  studied  at  Heidelberg  with  the  his- 
torian Schlosser.  In  1822  he  returned  to  the  United 
States  and  accepted  for  one  year  the  office  of  tutor 
of  Greek  in  Harvard.  He  delivered  several  ser- 
mons, which  produced  a  favorable  impression ;  but 
the  love  of  literature  proved  the  stronger  attach- 
ment. His  first  publication  was  a  volume  of  poems 
(Cambridge,  1823).  In  the  same  year,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  Dr.  Joseph  G.  Cogswell,  he  opened  the 
Round  Hill  school  at  Northampton,  Mass. ;  in  1824 
published  a  translation  of  Heeren's  "  Politics  of 
Ancient  Greece  "  (Boston),  and  in  1826  an  oration, 
in  which  he  advocated  universal  suffrage  and  the 
foundation  of  the  state  on  the  power  of  the  whole 
people.  In  1880,  without  his  knowledge,  he  was 
elected  to  the  legislature,  but  refused  to  take  his 
seat,  and  the  next  year  he  declined  a  nomination, 
though  certain  to  have  been  elected,  for  the  state 
senate.  In  1834  he  publislied  the  first  volume  of 
his  "  History  of  the  United  States  "  (Boston).  In 
1835  he  drafted  an  address  to  the  people  of  Massa- 
chusetts at  the  request  of  the  young  men's  demo- 
ci'atic  convention,  and  in  the  same  year  he  removed 
to  Springfield,  Mass.,  where  he  resided  for  three 
years,  and  completed  the  second  volume  of  his  his- 
tory. In  1838  he  was  appointed  by  President  Van 
Buren  collector  of  the  port  of  Boston.  In  1844  he 
was  nominated  by  the  democratic  party  for  gov- 
ernor of  Massachusetts,  and  received  a  very  large 
vote,  though  not  sufficient  for  election.  After  the 
accession  of  President  Polk,  Mr.  Bancroft  became 
secretary  of  the  navy,  and  signalized  his  adminis- 
tration by  the  establishment  of  the  naval  academy 
at  Annapolis,  and  other  reforms  and  improvements. 
This  institution  was  devised  and  completely  set  at 
work  by  Mr.  Bancroft  alone,  who  received  for  the 
purpose  all  the  appropriations  for  which  he  asked. 
Congress  had  never  been  willing  to  establish  a  na- 
val academy.  He  studied  the  law  to  ascertain  the 
powers  of  the  secretary,  and  found  that  he  could 
order  the  place  where  midshipmen  should  wait  for 
orders ;  he  could  also  direct  the  instructors  to  give 
lessons  to  them  at  sea,  and  by  law  had  power  to 
follow  them  to  the  place  of  their  common  residence 
on  shore.  With  a  close  economy,  the  appropria- 
tion of  the  year  for  the  naval  service  would  meet 
the  expense,  and  the  secretary  of  war  could  cede 
an  abandoned  tnilitary  post  to  the  navy.  So  when 
congress  came  together  they  foTind  the  midshipmen 
that  were  not  at  sea  comfortably  housed  at  An- 
napolis, protected  from  the  dangers  of  idleness  and 
city  life,  and  busy  at  a  regular  course  of  study. 
Seeing  what  had,  been  done,  they  accepted  the 
school,  which  was  in  full  operation,  and  granted 
money  for  the  repairs  of  the  buildings.  Mr.  Ban- 
croft was  also  influential  in  obtaining  additional 
appropriations  for  the  Wasliington  observatory  and 
in  introducing  some  new  professors  of  great  merit 
into  the  corps  of  instructors,  and  he  suggested  a 
method  by  which  promotion  should  depend,  not  on 
age  alone,  but  also   on   experience  and  capacity ; 


but  this  scheme  was  never  fully  developed  or  ap- 
plied. While  secretary  of  the  navy  Mr.  Bancroft 
gave  the  order,  in  the  event  of  war  with  Mexico,  to 
take  immediate  possession  of  California,  and  con- 
stantly renewed  the  order,  sending  it  by  every  pos- 
sible channel  to  the  commander  of  the  American 
squadron  in  the  Pacific;  and  it  was  fully  carried 
into  effect  before  he  left  the  navy  department.  No 
order,  so  far  as  is  known,  was  issued  from  any 
other  department  to  take  possession  of  t-alifornia. 
See  "  Life  of  James  Buchanan,"  by  G,  T.  Curtis, 
vol.  i.  During  his  term  of  office  he  also  acted  as 
secretary  of  war  pro  tern,  for  a  month,  and  gave 
the  order  to  march  into  Texas,  which  caused  the 
first  occupation  of  Texas  by  the  United  States. 
From  1846  to  1849  Mr.  Bancroft  was  minister  to 
Great  Britain,  where  he  successfully  urged  upon 
the  British  ministry  the  adoption  of  more  liberal 
laws  of  navigation  and  allegiance.  In  May,  1867, 
he  was  appointed  minister  to  Prussia ;  in  1868  he 
was  accredited  to  the  North  German  confedera- 
tion, and  in  1871  to  the  German  empire,  from 
which  he  was  recalled  at  his  own  request  in  1874. 
While  still  minister  at  Berlin  he  rendered  impor- 
tant services  in  the  settlement  with  Great  Britain 
of  the  northwestern  boundary  of  the  United  States. 
In  the  I'eference  to  the  king  of  Prussia,  which  was 
proposed  by  Mr.  Bancroft,  the  argument  of  the 
United  States,  and  the  reply  to  the  argument  of 
Great  Britain,  were  written,  every  word  of  them,  by 
Mr.  Bancroft.  Great  Britain  had  long  refused  to 
concede  that  her  emigrants  to  the  United  States, 
whether  from  Great  Britain  or  Ireland,  might 
throw  off  allegiance  to  their  mother  country  and 
become  citizens  of  the  United  States.  The  princi- 
ple involved  in  this  question  Mr.  Bancroft  dis- 
cussed with  the  government  of  Prussia,  and  in  a 
treaty  obtained  the  formal  recognition  of  the  right 
of  expatriation  at  the  will  of  the  individual  emi- 
grant, and  negotiated  with  the  several  German 
states  a  corresponding  treaty.  England  watched 
the  course  of  negotiation,  resolving  to  conform 
herself  to  the  principles  that  Bismarck  might  adopt 
for  Prussia,  and  followed  him  in  abandoning  the 
claims  to  perpetual  allegiance.  After  the  expira- 
tion of  the  English  mission  in  1849,  INIr.  Bancroft 
took  up  his  residence  in  the  city  of  New  York  and 
continued  work  on  his  history.  The  third  volume 
had  appeared  in  1840,  and  volumes  4  to  10  at  inter- 
vals from  1852  to  1874.  In  1876  the  work  was  re- 
vised and  issued  in  a  centenary  edition  (6  vols.,  12mo, 
Boston).  Volumes  11  and  12  were  published  first 
under  the  title  "  History  of  the  Formation  of  the 
Constitution  of  the  United  States "  (New  York, 
1882).  The  last  revised  edition  of  the  whole  work 
appeared  in  six  volumes  (New  York,  1884-'85). 

Mr.  Bancroft  had  been  correspondent  of  the  royal 
academy  of  Berlin,  and  also  of  the  French  insti- 
tute ;  was  made  D.  C.  L.  at  Oxford  in  1849,  and 
Doctor  Juris  by  the  university  of  Bonn  in  1868,  and 
in  September,  1870,  celebrated  at  Berlin  the  fiftieth 
anniversary  of  receiving  his  first  degree  at  Gottin- 
gen. His  minor  publications  include  "  An  Ora- 
tion delivered  on  the  4th  of  July,  1826,  at  North- 
ampton, Mass."  (Northampton,  1826) ;  "  History  of 
the  Political  System  of  Europe,"  translated  from 
Heeren  (1829) ;  "  An  Oration  delivered  before  the 
Democracy  of  Springfield  and  Neighboring  Towns, 
July  4,  1836"  (2d  ed.,  with  prefatory  remarks, 
Springfield,  1836) ;  "  History  of  the  Colonization  of 
the  United  States  "  (Boston,  1841,  12mo,  abridged) ; 
"  An  Oration  delivered  at  tlie  Commemoration,  in 
Washington,  of  the  Death  of  Andrew  Jackson,  June 
27,  1845";  "The  Necessity,  the  Reality,  and  the 
Promise  of  the  Progress  of  the  Human  Race  "  ;  "  An 


156 


BANCROFT 


BANDELIER 


Oration  delivered  before  the  New  York  Historical 
Society,  November  20,  1854"  (New  York,  1854); 
"  Proceedings  of  tlie  First  Assembly  of  Virginia, 
1619 ;  Communicated,  with  an  Introductory  Note, 
by  George  Hanci'oft " ;  "  Collections  of  the  New 
York   Historical  Society,"   second  sei'ies,  vol.  iii., 

Kart  i.  (New  York,  1857) ;  "  Literary  and  Historical 
liscellanies  "  (New  York,  1855) ;  "  Memorial  Ad- 
dress on  the  Life  and  Character  of  Abraham  Lin- 
coln, delivered  at  the  request  of  both  Houses  of 
the  Congress  of  America,  before  them,  in  the  House 
of  Representatives  at  Washington,  on  the  12th  of 
February,  1866  "  (Washington,  1866) ;  and  "  A  Plea 
for  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  of  Amer- 
ica, Wounded  in  the  House  of  its  Guardians,"  by 
George  Bancroft,  Veritati  Unice  Litarem  (New 
York,  1886).  Among  his  other  speeches  and  ad- 
dresses may  be  mentioned  a  lecture  on  "  The  Cul- 
ture, the  Support,  and  the  Object  of  Art  in  a  Re- 
public," in  the  course  of  the  New  York  historical 
society  in  1852 ;  one  on  "  The  Office,  Appropriate 
Culture,  and  Duty  of  the  Mechanic " ;  and  to  the 
"American  Cyclopsedia"  Mr.  Bancroft  contributed 
a  biography  of  Jonathan  Edwards.  Among  those 
the  least  satisfied  with  the  historian  have  been  some 
of  the  descendants  of  eminent  patriots  (Greene, 
Reed,  Rush,  and  others),  whose  merits  have  not, 
in  the  opinions  of  his  censors,  been  duly  recog- 
nized by  Mr.  Bancroft.  That  there  should  be  en- 
tire agreement  as  regards  the  accuracy  and  candor 
of  the  narrator  of  the  events  of  so  many  years,  and 
those  years  full  of  the  excitement  of  party  faction, 
is  not  to  be  expected.  The  merits  of  the  work  are 
considered  at  length  in  a  biography  of  Mr.  Bar- 
croft  by  the  present  writer  (see  All'ibone's  "  Dic- 
tionary of  Authors  "),  where  the  following  opinions 
of  eminent  critics  are  quoted :  Edward  Everett 
says :  "  A  history  of  the  United  States  by  an 
American  writer  possesses  a  claim  upon  our  atten- 
tion of  the  strongest  character.  It  would  do  so 
under  any  circumstances ;  but  when  we  add  that 
the  work  of  Mr.  Bancroft  is  one  of  the  ablest  of 
that  class  which  has  for  years  appeared  in  the  Eng- 
lish language ;  that  it  compares  advantageously 
with  the  standard  British  historians  ;  that  as  far  as 
it  goes  it  does  such  justice  to  its  noble  subject  as 
to  supersede  the  necessity  of  any  future  work  of 
the  same  kind,  and,  if  completed  as  commenced, 
will  unquestionably  forever  be  regarded  both  as  an 
American  and  as  an  English  classic,  our  readers 
would  justly  think  us  unpardonable  if  we  failed  to 
offer  our  humble  tribute  to  its  merit."  Prof.  Heeren 
writes :  "  We  know  few  modern  historic  works  in 
which  the  author  has  reached  so  high  an  elevation 
at  once  as  an  historical  inquirer  and  an  historical 
writer.  The  great  conscientiousness  with  which 
he  refers  to  his  authorities,  and  his  careful  criti- 
cism, give  the  most  decisive  proofs  of  his  compre- 
hensive studies.  He  has  founded  his  narrative  on 
contemporary  documents,  yet  without  neglecting 
works  of  later  times  and  of  other  countries.  His 
narrative  is  everywhere  worthy  of  the  subject.  The 
reader  is  always  instructed,  often  more  deeply  in- 
terested than  by  novels  or  romances.  The  love  of 
country  is  the  muse  which  inspires  the  author,  but 
this  inspii'ation  is  that  of  the  severe  historian, 
which  springs  from  the  heart."  William  H.  Pres- 
cott  says :  "  We  must  confess  our  satisfaction  that 
the"  favorable  notice  we  took  of  Mr.  Bancroft's  la- 
bors on  his  first  appearance  has  been  fully  ratified 
by  his  countrymen,  and  that  his  colonial  history 
establishes  his  title  to  a  place  among  the  great  his- 
torical writers  of  the  age.  The  reader  will  find  the 
pages  of  the  present  volume  filled  with  matter  not 
less  interesting  and  important  than  the  preceding. 


He  will  meet  with  the  same  brilliant  and  daring 
style,  the  same  pictui-esque  sketches  of  character 
and  incident,  the  same  acute  reasoning  and  com- 
pass of  erudition."  George  Ripley  writes :  "  Mr. 
Bancroft  is  eminently  a  philosophical  historian. 
He  brings  the  wealth  of  a  most  varied  learning  in 
systems  of  thought  and  in  the  political  and  moral 
history  of  mankind  to  illustrate  the  early  experi- 
ences of  his  country.  He  catalogues  events  in  a 
manner  which  shows  the  possession  of  ideas,  and 
not  only  describes  popular  movements  picturesque- 
ly, but  also  analyzes  them  and  reveals  their  spir- 
itual signification."  Baron  Bunsen  says :  "  I  read 
last  night  Bancroft  with  increasing  admiration. 
What  a  glorious  and  interesting  history  has  he 
given  to  his  nation  of  the  centuries  before  the  in- 
dependence ! "  Von  Raumer  remarks  :  "  Bancroft, 
Prescott,  and  Sparks  have  effected  so  much  in  his- 
torical composition  that  no  living  European  histo- 
rian can  take  precedence  of  thum,  but  rather  might 
be  proud  and  grateful  to  be  admitted  as  a  compan- 
ion." Mr.  Bancroft's  last  address  was  given  at  the 
opening  of  the  third  meeting  of  the  American 
historical  association,  of  which  he  was  president^ 
at  Washington,  27  April,  1886.  It  was  printed  in 
the  "Magazine  of  American  History"  for  June. 
In  a  letter  to  the  author  of  this  article,  dated 
Washington.  D.  C,  30  May,  1882,  he  wrote:  "  1  was 
trained  to  look  upon  life  here  as  a  season  for  labor. 
Being  more  than  fourscore  years  old,  I  know  the 
time  for  my  release  will  soon  come.  Conscious  of 
being  near  the  shore  of  eternity,  I  await  without 
impatience  and  without  dread  the  beckoning  of 
the  hand  which  will  summon  me  to  rest." 

BANCROFT,  Hubert  Howe,  historian,  b.  in 
Granville,  Ohio,  5  May,  18o2.  He  entered  the 
book-store  of  his  brother-in-law,  in  Buffalo,  N.  Y., 
in  1848,  and  in  1852  was  sent  to  California  to  es- 
tablish a  branch  of  the  business  there.  He  soon 
began  to  collect  and  preserve  all  available  books 
and  documents  relating  to  the  history  of  the  Paci- 
fic states.  As  his  affairs  prospered,  Mr.  Bancroft's 
library  increased,  and  in  1868,  resigning  to  his 
brother,  A.  L.  Bancroft,  the  management  of  his 
business,  he  devoted  himself  to  the  arrangement 
and  publication  of  the  material  he  had  gathered. 
This  consisted  of  books,  maps,  and  printed  and 
manuscript  documents,  including  a  large  number 
of  narratives  dictated  to  j\Ir.  Bancroft  or  his  as- 
sistants by  pioneers,  settlers,  and  statesmen.  The 
indexing  of  this  vast  collection  employed  six  per- 
sons for  ten  years.  The  library  was  removed  in 
1881  to  a  fire-proof  building,  and  now  numbers 
about  45,000  volumes.  Mr.  Bancroft's  plan  is  to 
publish  thirty-nine  volumes,  embracing  the  history 
of  the  whole  Pacific  coast,  from  Central  America 
to  Alaska,  and  about  one  third  of  these  have  already 
appeared.  The  last  volume  published  is  the  fifth  of 
the  history  of  California  (San  Francisco,  1886).  Mr. 
Bancroft  employs  collaborators  for  the  preliminary 
work,  revising  it  all,  and  writing  the  most  impor- 
tant chapters  himself.  In  1886  the  publishing 
establishment  of  A.  L.  Bancroft  &  Company  w^as 
burned,  and  the  sheets  of  seven  volumes  of  the  his- 
torv  were  destroyed. 

BANDELIER,  Adolph  Francis  Alphonse, 
archjEologist,  b.  in  Bern,  Switzerland,  6  Aug.,  1840. 
His  early  education  was  very  slight,  and  he  never 
attended  school  after  his  eighth  year.  After  set- 
tling in  the  United  States,  he  became  interested  in 
several  kinds  of  business,  but  without  much  suc- 
cess. His  attention  was  then  turned  to  archaeo- 
logical pursuits,  and  his  principal  work  has  been 
ptTforined  under  the  direction  of  the  Arclueologi- 
eal  Institute  of  America.     From  1880  to  1885  he 


BANDINI 


BANISTER 


157 


was  engaged  in  examining  the  ruins  of  the  ancient 
Pueblos,  and  in  studying  the  sedentary  Indians  of 
New  Mexico.  Revisited  Central  America  in  1881, 
and  for  a  time  during  1883-84  was  in  northern 
Mexico  and  Arizona.  His  papers  and  reports  of 
progress  have  been  published  in  the  "  Proceedings 
of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement 
■of  Science,"  and  among  the  "  Papers  of  the  Archaeo- 
logical Institute  of  America."  He  is  the  author  of 
"  Art  of  War  and  Mode  of  Warfare "  (Boston, 
1877) ;  "  Tenure  of  Lands,  and  Inheritances  of  An- 
■cient  Mexicans  "  (1878) ;  "  Social  Organization  and 
Government  of  Ancient  Mexicans  "  (1878) ;  and 
"  An  Arehasological  Tour  into  Mexico  "  (1880). 

BANDINI,  Juan,  politician,  b.  in  Lima,  Peru, 
in  1800 ;  d.  in  Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  in  1859.  In  1831 
he  took  part  in  a  revolution  against  Gov.  Victoria. 
In  1834  he  was  connected  with  a  famous  and  dis- 
astrous Mexican  scheme  for  a  new  colony  in  Cali- 
fornia, and  in  1836-'38  he  was  leader  of  the  south- 
ern opposition  to  Alvarado.  These  latter  years  were 
the  culmination  of  his  political  activity,  and  with 
his  failure  in  the  conflict  with  Alvarado  he  retired 
from  party  leadership.  But  he  continued  to  hold 
various  minor  offices,  and  early  espoused  the  cause 
of  the  Americans  in  1846. 

BANCxS,  Francis  Cannon,  actor,  b.  in  Alex- 
andria. Va.,  13  Oct.,  1833.  His  first  appearance  on 
the  stage  was  in  1852,  in  the  Old  National  thea- 
tre, Washington,  D.  C.  He  played  in  New  York 
for  the  first  time,  at  Laura  Keene's  theati'e,  in  the 
spring  of  1858,  at  Wallack's  in  December  of  that 
year,  and  at  the  Winter  Garden  in  1860,  after 
which  he  retired  from  the  stage  until  1865,  when 
he  appeared  as  William  Tell  at  the  National  thea- 
tre, Washington.  He  played  Old  Tom  in  "  After 
Dark  "  at  Niblo's  Garden  in  November,  1868,  and 
in  1869  appeared  as  the  Duke  of  Alva  in  "  Patrie  " 
at  the  Grand  Opera-House.  He  took  part  in  the 
Shakesperian  revival  at  Booth's  theatre  in  1875, 
and  afterward  played  with  Charles  Thorne  in  the 
"Corsican  Brothers."  In  1884  he  appeared  in  the 
role  of  Willie  Denver  in  "  The  Silver  King." 

BANGrS,  Nathan,  clergyman,  b.  in  Stratford, 
Conn.,  2  May,  1778 ;  d.  in  New  York  city,  3  May, 
1862.  He  received  a  limited  education,  taught 
school,  and  in  1799  went  to  Canada,  where  he 
spent  three  years  as  a  teacher  and  land-surveyor. 
Uniting  with  the  Methodist  church,  he  labored  for 
six  years  as  an  itinerant  minister  in  the  Canadian 
provinces,  and,  on  returning  to  New  York,  took  a 
prominent  part  in  the  councils  of  the  denomina- 
tion. In  1820  he  was  transferred  from  a  pastorate 
in  New  York  to  the  head  of  the  Methodist  book 
concern.  Under  his  management  debts  were  paid 
off  and  the  business  much  extended.  He  was  also 
editor  of  the  "  Methodist  Magazine."  In  1828  he 
was  appointed  editor  of  the  "  Christian  Advocate." 
When  the  "  Methodist  Quarterly  Review  "  replaced 
the  "  Methodist  Magazine "  in  1832,  the  general 
conference  continued  Dr.  Bangs  in  the  editorship. 
He  was  the  principal  founder  and  secretary  of  the 
Methodist  missionary  society.  Besides  his  editorial 
labors  he  exei'cised  the  censorship  over  all  the  pub- 
lications of  the  book  concern.  When  appointed 
secretary  of  the  missionary  society  in  1836.  he  de- 
voted his  chief  energies  to  its  service,  until  ap- 
pointed president  of  the  Wesleyan  university,  at 
Middletown,  Conn.,  in  1841.  In  1842  he  resumed 
pastoral  work  in  New  York,  and  in  1852  retired  and 
employed  himself  during  his  remaining  years  chief- 
ly in  literary  labors.  His  most  important  work  was 
a  "  History  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 
from  its  Origin  in  1776  to  the  General  Conference 
of  1840  "  (4  vols.,  New  York,  1839-'42).     His  other 


published  works  were  a  volume  directed  against 
"  Christianism,"  a  new  sect  in  New  England  (1809) ; 
"  Errors  of  Hopkinsianism  "  (1815) ;  "  Predestina- 
tion Examined"  (1817);  "Reformer  Reformed" 
(1818) ;  "  Methodist  Episcopacy  "  (1820) ;  "  Life  of 
the  Rev.  Freeborn  Garettson  "  (1832) ;  "  Authentic 
History  of  the  Missions  Under  the  Care  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  "  (1832) ;  "  Letters  to 
a  Young  Preacher  "  (1835) ;  "  The  Original  Church 
of  Christ "  (1836) ; "  Essay  on  Emancipation  "  (1848) ; 
"  State  and  Responsibilities  of  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church  "  (1850) ;  "  Letters  on  Sanctification  " 
(1851) ;  "  Life  of  Arminius  " ;  "  Scriptural  Vindica- 
tion of  the  Oi'ders  and  Powers  of  the  Ministry  of 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  "  ;  and  numerous 
occasional  sermons.  See  "  Life  and  Times  of  Na- 
than Bangs.  D.  D.,"  by  Abel  Stevens  (New  York, 
1863). — His  son,  Francis  Neliemiah,  lawyer,  b.  in 
New  York  city,  23  Feb.,  1828 ;  d.  in  Ocala,  Florida, 
30  Nov.,  1885.  He  was  educated  at  Wesleyan  uni- 
versity, Middletown,  Conn.,  and  at  the  university 
of  the  City  of  New  York,  where  he  was  graduated 
in  1845.  He  then  studied  at  Yale,  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  New  York  in  1850,  formed  a  partnership 
with  John  Sedgwick,  and  soon  became  prominent 
in  his  profession,  with  abundance  of  business  in 
bankruptcy  cases.  On  his  elevation  to  the  bench  in 
1871,  Judge  Sedgwick  retired  from  the  firm,  which 
was  afterward  known  as  a  railroad  law  firm,  in 
charge  of  several  important  international  cases. 
Mr.  Bangs  was  active  in  the  Cesnola  suits,  the 
Havermeyer  estate  suits,  and  various  phases  of  the 
litigation  growing  out  of  the  failure  of  Grant  & 
Ward.  He  displayed  great  activity  in  his  profes- 
sional career  from  its  beginning  to  its  close,  and 
it  is  believed  that  his  death  resulted  from  over- 
work. He  was  one  of  the  original  members  of  the 
Bar  Association  of  New  York,  and  was  its  presi- 
dent in  1882  and  1883.  He  was  active  in  the  pro- 
ceedings instituted  by  the  bar  against  Judges  Bar- 
nard and  Cardozo  in  1872,  and  was  a  witness  at 
the  trial  of  Barnard,  who  was  convicted  on  every 
charge  in  regard  to  which  Mr.  Bangs  testified.  In- 
teresting anecdotes  are  related  of  his  courage  and 
address  in  resisting  some  of  the  acts  of  Judge  Bar- 
nard and  Judge  McCunn  during  the  period  of  ring 
rule.  Mr.  Bangs  was  a  republican  in  politics,  and 
was  one  of  the  originators  of  the  Union  League 
Club  in  New  York  citv. 

BANISTER,  Jolni,  botanist,  b.  in  England;  d. 
in  Virginia  in  1692.  He  is  said  to  have  been  an 
English  clergyman,  who,  after  spending  some  years 
in  the  West  Indies,  emigrated  to  America,  and 
settled  near  Jamestown,  Va.  Here  he  devoted 
himself  almost  exclusively  to  botanical  pursuits, 
and  wrote  a  natural  history  of  Virginia.  He  was 
killed  by  a  fall  while  on  a  botanical  expedition. 
To  the  second  volume  of  Ray's  "  History  of  Plants  " 
he  contributed  a  catalogue  of  plants  discovered  by 
him  in  Virginia.  Among  his  other  publications 
are  "  Observations  on  the  Natural  Productions  of 
Jamaica";  "The  Insects  of  Virginia"  (1700); 
"Curiosities  in  Virginia";  "Observations  on  the 
Musca  lupus  "  ;  "  On  Several  Sorts  of  Snails  "  ;  and 
"  A  Description  of  the  Snakeroot,  Pistolochia  or 
Serpentaria  Virginiania." — His  son,  Jolin,  soldier, 
b.  in  Virginia ;  d.  near  Hatcher's  Run,  Dinwiddle 
CO.,  Va.,  in  1787,  received  a  classical  education  in 
England,  studying  law  at  the  Temple.  After  his 
return  to  America  he  was  prominent  in  the  patri- 
otic movements  just  before  the  revolution,  and 
during  the  war  a  colonel  in  the  Virginia  line.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  state  assembly,  and  of  the 
continental  congress  from  16  March,  1778,  to  24 
Sept.,  1779.    In  1781,  as  lieutenant-colonel  of  Vir- 


158 


BANKHEAD 


BANKS 


ginia  cavalry,  he  took  an  active  part  in  repelling 
the  British  from  his  state.  It  is  said  that  on  one 
occasion  he  supplied  a  body  of  soldiers  with  blank- 
ets at  his  own  expense.  Several  of  his  letters  are 
preserved  in  the  Bland  papers  (Petersburg,  Va., 
1840),  and  in  Sparks's  "  Revolutionary  Correspond- 
ence." See  also  Campbell's  "  History  of  Virginia" 
(Philadelphia.  1860). 

BANKHEAD,  James,  soldier,  b.  in  Virginia  in 
1783;  d.  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  11  Nov.,  1856.  He 
was  a  son  of  James  Bankhead,  of  Port  Royal,  an 
officer  in  the  revolution;fty  army.  He  was  ap- 
pointed captain  in  the  5th  infantry  on  18  June, 
1808 :  was  brigade  major  to  Gen.  Smyth  in  1812 ; 
became  assistant  adjutant-general,  5  March,  1813 ; 
major  4th  infantry,  15  Aug.,  1813 :  adjutant-gen- 
eral, 9  Sept.,  1813  ;  and  lieutenant-colonel.  3d  artil- 
lery, 26  April,  1832.  On  7  July,  1838,  he  was  brevet- 
ted  colonel  for  meritorious  conduct  in  the  Florida 
campaign,  and  on  16  Sept.  commanded  the  2d  ar- 
tillery. He  distinguished  himself  at  the  siege  of 
Vera  Cruz,  and  in  return  for  his  services  on  that 
occasion  was  brevetted  brigadier-general  on  29 
March,  1847.  In  January,  1848,  he  was  command- 
er of  the  department  of  Orizaba,  Mexico,  and  at 
the  time  of  his  death  commanded  the  military  de- 
partment of  the  east. — His  son,  John  Pine,  naval 
officer,  b.  in  South  Carolina,  3  Aug.,  1821 ;  d.  near 
Aden,  Arabia,  27  April,  1867.  He  entered  the 
navy  as  a  midshipman  6  Aug.,  1838,  and  became 
lieutenant  in  1852.  During  the  civil  war  he  was 
on  duty  on  the  "  Susquehanna,"  and  at  the  capture 
of  Port  Royal,  7  Nov.,  1861,  he  commanded  the 
"Pembina,"  and  also  the  "Florida"  at  the  capture 
of  Fernandina,  3  May,  1862.  In  the  same  year 
was  made  commander,  and  commanded  the  famous 
"  Monitor  "  when  she  foundered  off  Cape  Hatteras 
on  the  morning  of  31  Dec,  1862,  on  which  occasion 
he  displayed  much  courage.  The  vessel  was  filling 
rapidly,  and  Bankhead  ordered  the  crew  to  leave 
on  the  "  Rhode  Island's  "  boat,  which  was  approach- 
ing. While  the  sea  was  breaking  over  the  "  Moni- 
tor's "  deck,  already  partially  submerged.  Bankhead 
held  the  painter  until  the  boat  was  full  of  men, 
and  did  not  leave  the  vessel  so  long  as  he  could  do 
anything  for  the  safety  of  the  crew.  He  was  made 
captain  in  1866,  and  after  the  war  commanded  the 
"  Wyoming,"  of  the  East  India  squadron.  In 
March,  1867,  ill-health  compelled  him  to  resign, 
and  he  died  on  board  the  steamer  that  was  bring- 
ing him  home. 

"banks,  David,  publisher,  b.  in  Newark,  N.  J., 
in  1786 ;  d.  in  New  York  city,  13  Oct.,  1871.  He 
began  the  study  of  law  in  New  York  in  1806,  in 
the  office  of  Charles  Brainard,  whose  partner  he 
afterward  became.  In  1809  he  began  the  business 
of  publishing  law  books  with  Stephen  Gould,  and 
the  establishment  of  Banks  &  Gould  was  soon 
known  as  the  most  extensive  of  the  kind  in  the 
country.  The  business  is  still  continued  by  sons 
of  Mr.  Banks.  For  nearly  ten  years  he  held  the 
offices  of  alderman  and  assistant  alderman,  being 
president  of  the  board  of  aldermen  part  of  that 
time.  During  the  later  years  of  his  life  he  was 
president  of  the  East  river  bank. 

BANKS,  Natlianiel  Prentice,  statesman,  b.  in 
Waltham,  Mass.,  30  Jan.,  1816;  d.  there,  1  Sept., 
1894.  He  was  early  employed  in  a  cotton  fac- 
tory, of  which  his  father  was  superintendent,  and 
learned  the  trade  of  a  machinist.  He  was  ambi- 
tious to  fit  himself  for  a  wider  field  of  work,  and 
studied  diligently  during  his  leisure  hours,  secur- 
ing engagements  to  lecture  before  meetings  and 
assemblies  at  an  early  age.  He  became  editor  of 
the  local  paper  at  Waltham,  studied  law,  was  ad- 


cJ-^S. 


'-/j'^t^'-y 


mitted  to  the  bar,  and  in  1849  was  selected  to  rep- 
resent his  native  town  in  the  legislature  of  Massa- 
chusetts. At  this  time  the  ancient  power  of  the 
whig  ))arty  was  waning  in  New  England,  and  the 
free-soil  ])arty  was  making  its  influence  felt.  Mr. 
Banks  advocated 
a  coalition  be- 
tween the  demo- 
crats and  the  new 
party,  and  was 
elected  speaker 
of  the  state  as- 
sembly in  1851 
and  re-elected  in 
1852.  In  1853 
he  was  a  dele- 
gate to  the  Mas- 
sachusetts con- 
stitutional con- 
vention, and  was 
selected  to  be  its 
chairman.  On 
the  tide  of  suc- 
cess that  attend- 
ed this  political 
combination,  he 
was  in  1853  elect-  "^ — -'TTP 

ed  to  congress  as 

a  coalition-democrat.  During  this  term  of  service 
he  withdrew  from  the  democratic  party  and  iden- 
tified himself  with  the  American  or  "  Know  noth- 
ing" party,  and  by  an  overwhelming  vote,  as 
against  the  whig  and  democratic  candidates  in  his 
district,  he  was  re-elected  to  congress.  In  the  pre- 
ceding congress  he  had  demonstrated  his  ability, 
and  he  was  now  nominated  for  speaker  of  the  house 
of  representatives.  A  contest  lasting  more  than 
two  months  followed,  and  he  was  elected  by  a  small 
majority  on  the  133d  ballot,  when  the  dead-lock 
had  been  broken  by  the  adoption  of  the  plurality 
rule.  The  American  party  went  out  of  existence, 
and  Mr.  Banks  was  elected  to  the  35th  congress  as 
a  republican  by  a  larger  majority  than  before,  and 
served  until  4  Dec,  1857,  when,  having  been  elected 
governor  of  Massachusetts,  he  resigned  his  seat  in 
congress.  He  was  re-elected  governor  in  1858  and 
1859.  In  1860  he  accepted  the  presidency  of  the 
Illinois  central  railroad,  succeeding  General  (then 
Captain)  George  B.  McClellan  in  that  capacity,  but 
gave  up  the  olfice  when  the  civil  war  began  in  the  fol- 
lowing year,  and  was  commissioned  a  major-general 
of  volunteers  and  assigned  to  the  command  of  the 
5th  corps  in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac.  For  this 
duty  he  was  in  a  degree  qualified  by  experience  in 
the  state  militia.  His  first  active  service  was  on 
the  upper  Potomac  and  in  the  Shenandoah  valley, 
where  a  part  of  his  corps  acquitted  itself  well  at 
the  battle  of  Winchester.  23  March,  1862.  He  was 
left  in  April  and  May  to  guard  the  Shenandoah 
with  two  divisions.  The  exigencies  of  the  service 
caused  the  withdrawal  of  one  of  these  (Shields's), 
and  Gen.  Banks  was  left  with  about  8,000  men. 
Upon  this  force  "  Stonewall "  Jackson  made  one  of 
his  sudden  onslaughts  with  his  whole  corps,  and  the 
command  only  escaped  capture  by  rapid  and  well- 
ordered  marching  and  stubborn  fighting.  Through 
good  generalship  the  bulk  of  the  army  crossed  the 
Potomac  at  Front  Royal  on  26  May,  and  the  con- 
federate leader  failed  to  realize  his  apparently  rea- 
sonable expectation  of  capturing  the  entire  force. 
Gen.  Pope  was  placed  in  command  of  the  army  of 
Virginia,  27  June,  1862,  and  concentrated  his  forces 
in  the  neighborhood  of  Culpepper  Court-House  early 
in  August.  Gen.  Banks's  corps  was  ordered  to  the 
front  on  9  Aug.,  and  late  in  the  afternoon  of  that 


BANKS 


BANVARD 


159 


day  a  severe  fight  took  place,  known  as  the  battle 
of  Cedar  mountain,  which  lasted  well  into  the 
night.  Banks's  corps  held  the  position  against  a 
largely  superior  force,  was  strengthened  during 
the  night,  and  before  the  morning  of  Aug.  11th 
the  confederates  retreated  to  the  Rapidan.  After 
participating  in  Gen.  Sigel's  campaigns  in  Septem- 
ber, Gen.  Banks  was  placed  in  command  of  the 
defences  of  Washington  while  preparations  were 
secretly  made  to  despatch  a  strong  expedition  by 
sea  to  New  Orleans.  He  was  assigned  to  the  com- 
mand of  this  expedition,  which  sailed  from  New 
York  in  November  and  December,  and  on  reaching 
New  Orleans  he  succeeded  Gen.  B.  F.  Butler  in 
command  of  the  department.  Baton  Rouge  was  oc- 
cupied with  a  strong  force,  and  during  the  winter 
reconnoissances  were  made  toward  Port  Hudson 
and  other  points  in  the  vicinity.  Early  in  April 
of  1863  he  led  the  army  up  the  Teche  country,  en- 
countering no  very  formidable  opposition,  as  far 
as  the  Red  river.  Thence  he  crossed  the  Missis- 
sippi and  invested  Port  Hudson  in  connection  with 
the  fleet  under  Farragut.  Several  unsuccessful  at- 
tempts were  made  to  storm  the  works,  involving 
heavy  losses  to  the  assaulting  columns.  In  July 
the  news  of  the  surrender  of  Vicksburg  was  re- 
ceived, and  on  the  9th  of  that  month  the  garrison 
of  Port  Hudson,  6,000  sti'ong,  capitulated,  and  the 
Mississippi  river  was  once  more  open  to  the  sea. 
No  military  movements  of  great  importance  were 
undertaken  in  the  department  until  the  succeeding 
spring,  when  Gen.  Banks's  army,  supported  by  a 
powerful  fleet,  was  sent  up  the  Red  river  with  the 
intention  of  regaining  control  of  western  Louisi- 
ana. At  the  same  time  Gen.  A.  J.  Smith  with  10,- 
000  men  descended  the  Mississippi,  reaching  the 
rendezvous  first,  and  was  joined  by  Gen.  Banks, 
who  assumed  command  of  the  whole  force  at 
Alexandria.  The  army  advanced  along  the  south 
bank  of  Red  river  as  far  as  Sabine  Cross-roads, 
when  it  suffered  a  defeat  by  the  confederates  im- 
der  Gen.  Richard  Taylor,  and  was  obliged  to  fall 
back  to  Pleasant  Hill,  having  sustained  heavy 
losses  in  men  and  material.  Here  on  the  following 
day  the  confederates  renewed  the  attack,  but  were 
repelled  with  great  loss,  and  the  national  army 
retreated  without  further  serious  molestation  to 
Alexandria,  where  a  new  complication  arose  in 
consequence  of  the  subsidence  of  the  Red  river  af- 
ter the  spring  freshets.  The  gun-boats  were  un- 
able to  descend  the  river  owing  to  shoal  water, 
and  were  only  saved  by  the  engineering  skill  of 
Lieut.-Col.  Joseph  Bailey  {q.  v.).  The  whole  force 
then  retreated  to  the  Mississippi.  Gen.  Banks  has 
been  censured  for  the  failure  of  this  expedition, 
but  it  was  undertaken  contrary  to  his  advice  and 
in  spite  of  his  protest.  During  his  command  of 
the  department  of  the  Gulf  he  endeavored  to  reor- 
ganize the  civil  government  of  Louisiana,  but  did 
not  accomplish  it  in  a  manner  satisfactory  to  the 
inhabitants.  He  was  relieved  of  his  command  in 
May,  1864,  resigned  his  commission,  and,  returning 
to  Massachusetts,  was  elected  to  congress  from  his 
old  district.  He  was  reelected  to  the  successive 
congresses  until  1877,  failing  only  in  1872,  when  he 
was  active  in  behalf  of  Horace  Greeley,  the  liberal- 
democratic  candidate  for  president.  He  served  for 
a  long  time  as  chairman  of  the  committee  on  for- 
eign relations.  He  was  again  elected  to  congress 
in  1888,  and  in  1891  he  received  a  pension. — His 
daughter,  Maud,  after  a  coarse  of  study  and  train- 
ing at  the  New  York  school  of  acting,  went  upon 
the  stage  in  1886.  making  her  first  appearance  at 
Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  in  the  character  of  Parthenia 
in  "  Ingomar." — His  brother,  trardner,  soldier,  b. 


in  Waltham,  Mass. ;  d.  there,  9  July,  1871.  At  the 
beginning  of  the  civil  war  he  raised  a  company  for 
the  16th  Massachusetts  regiment,  in  which  he  rose 
to  the  rank  of  colonel  in  1862.  He  was  with  his 
regiment  at  Fair  Oaks,  Glendale,  Malvern  Hill, 
Kettle  Run.  Chantilly,  and  Fredericksburg.  Lieut. 
Hiram  B.  Banks,  his  brother,  was  killed  by  his  side 
in  the  second  Bull  Run  battle.  Gen.  Hooker  said, 
in  a  letter  to  Gov.  Andrew :  "  There  is  no  doubt 
but  at  Glendale  the  16th  Massachusetts  saved  the 
army."  From  constant  exposure  Col.  Banks  con- 
tracted an  inflammatory  rheumatism,  which  com- 
pletely disabled  him  for  active  service.  The  battle 
of  Fredericksburg  was  the  last  he  shared  with  his 
comrades  of  the  16th.  In  1864,  after  an  illness  of 
several  months  at  Waltham,  he  went  as  a  planter 
to  Louisiana,  where  he  remained  until  his  return 
home  four  days  before  his  death. 

BANNEKER,  Benjamin,  mathematician,  b.  at 
Ellicott's  Mills.  Md.,  9  Nov.,  1731;  d.  in  Baltimore, 
in  October,  1806.  He  was  of  African  descent,  and 
learned  to  read  from  his  grandmother,  a  white 
woman  who  had  freed  and  married  one  of  her 
slaves.  He  studied  mathematics  and  astronomy 
while  working  in  the  field,  when  past  middle  life, 
and  prepared  and  published  almanacs  for  Mary- 
land and  the  adjoining  states  in  1792  and  subse- 
quent years  until  his  death.  He  assisted  EUicott 
in  surveying  the  site  of  Washington  and  the  boun- 
daries of  the  District  of  Columbia.  His  biography, 
by  J.  H.  B.  Latrobe,  was  published  in  1845,  and 
another  bv  J.  S.  Norris  in  1854. 

BANNISTER,  E.  M.,  artist,  b.  in  St.  Andrews, 
New  Brunswick,  in  1833.  He  studied  art  at  the 
Lowell  institute,  Boston,  and  spent  the  greater 
part  of  his  professional  life  there.  In  1871  he  re- 
moved to  Providence,  R.  I.  He  has  contributed 
regularly  to  the  Boston  art  club  exhibitions.  His 
picture  ■'  Under  the  Oaks "  was  awarded  a  first- 
class  medal  at  the  centennial  exhibition  of  1876. 

BANVARD,  John,  artist^  b.  in  New  Y^ork  citv, 
15  Nov.,  1815  ;  d.  in  Watertown,  S.  D.,  26  May,  1891. 
He  was  educated  at  the  New  York  high  school, 
and  at  an  early  age  showed  talent  for  drawing. 
When  fifteen  years  old  his  father  lost  a  large  sum 
of  money.  John  then  went  to  Louisville,  Ky.,  and, 
after  some  experience  as  clerk  in  a  drug-store,  led 
a  life  of  adventure,  supporting  himself  by  paint- 
ing pictures  and  exhibiting  them  at  New  Orleans, 
Natchez,  Cincinnati,  and  other  towns,  travelling 
from  place  to  place  in  a  boat.  At  one  time  he  exe- 
cuted a  panorama  of  Venice,  and  exhibited  it  with 
success.  Finally  the  idea  occurred  to  him  to  paint 
a  panorama  of  the  entire  Mississippi  river.  He  be- 
gan this  task  in  1840,  travelling  thousands  of  miles 
alone  in  an  open  skiff,  living  on  what  game  he  could 
shoot,  and  earning  money  to  buy  drawing  materials 
by  painting  and  exhibiting  pictures.  When  he  had 
made  the  preliminary  drawings  they  were  trans- 
ferred to  canvas  in  a  building  erected  for  the  pur- 
pose in  Louisville,  Ky.  When  finished,  the  pano- 
rama covered  about  half  a  mile  of  canvas,  though 
it  was  advertised  and  became  known  as  the  "  three- 
mile  picture."  He  afterward  exhibited  it  in  this 
country  and  abroad.  The  artistic  merits  of  the 
painting  were  not  great,  but  it  was  a  faithful 
picture  of  the  Mississippi,  and  as  such  attracted  a 
great  deal  of  attention.  He  afterward  travelled  ex- 
tensively in  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa,  and  painted 
many  pictures,  which  he  exhibited.  During  the 
war  Mr.  Banvard  pointed  out  to  Gen.  Fremont 
how  Island  No.  10  could  be  passed  by  a  canal  and 
certain  bayous,  and  made  charts  showing  the 
route.  These  suggestions  were  successfully  fol- 
lowed out  by  Fremont's  successor.    Mr.  Banvard 


160 


BARAGA 


BARAGA 


was  the  author  of  about,  1,700  poems,  more  than 
200  of  which  have  appeared  in  magazines  in  this 
country  and  Great  Britain,  and  he  was  preparing 
to  publish  a  collection  of  them.  He  published 
"Description  of  the  Mississijjpi  River "  (London, 
1849) ;  "  Pilgrimage  to  the  Holy  Land  "  (New  York, 
1852) ;  "  Amasis,  or  the  Last  of  the  Pharaohs  "  (Bos- 
ton, 1864);  "The  Private  Life  of  a  King"  (New 
York,  1876);  and  "The  Tradition  of  the  Temple," 
a  poem  (New  York,  188:^).  He  also  published 
several  dramas,  two  of  which  have  been  acted: 
"  Amasis "  at  the  Boston  theatre  in  1864,  and 
"  Carrinia "  at  the  Broadway  theatre.  New  York, 
in  1875.  Mr.  Banvard  painted  the  picture  from 
which  the  first  chromo  made  in  America  was  taken. 
It  was  entitled  "  The  Orison  "  (New  York,  1861).— 
His  brother,  Joseph,  author,  b.  in  New  York 
city,  9  May,  1810;  d.  in  Neponset,  Mass.,  28  Sept., 
1887.  He  was  graduated  at  Newton  theological  in- 
stitute in  1835,  and  was  pastor  of  Baptist  churches 
in  Salem,  Boston,  and  West  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Paw- 
tucket,  R.  L,  Patai-son,  N.  J.,  and  Independence,  Mo. 
He  was  chosen  president  of  the  National  theolog- 
ical institute  and  university  at  Washington,  D.  C, 
but  resigned.  He  wrote  "  Priscilla,"  an  historical 
tale  (New  York,  1854) ;  "  Novelties  of  the  New 
World  "  ;  "  The  Romance  of  American  History  " ; 
"  Tragic  Scenes  in  the  History  of  Maryland  "  (New 
York,  1856) ;  "  The  American  Statesman,"  a  memoir 
of  Daniel  Webster  (1853);  "Wisdom.  Wit,  and 
Whims  of  the  Old  Philosophers"  (1854) ;  "Plym- 
outh and  the  Pilgrims  "  ;  many  books  for  children 
on  natural  history,  and  a  large  number  of  Sunday- 
school  question-books. 

BAR AOA.  Frederick,  R.C.  bishop,  b.  in  Treffen, 
Carniola,  29  June,  1797;  d.  in  Marquette,  Mich..  19 
Jan.,  1868.  His  family,  a  younger  branch  of  the 
house  of  Hapsburg,  was  the  most  distinguished  in 
lUyria.  He  began  his  studies  in  the  college  of 
Leibac,  the  capital  of  his  native  province,  where 
he  learned  to  speak  French,  Italian,  and  German 
fluently,  in  addition  to  the  ordinary  branches.  At 
the  end  of  his  course  he  went  to  Vienna  to  study 
law,  and  after  graduation,  in  1821,  determined  to 
devote  himself  to  the  priesthood.  He  entered  the 
ecclesiastical  seminary  of  Leibac.  and  was  ordained 
in  1823.  He  exercised  his  ministry  for  the  next 
seven  years  in  Carniola,  and,  in  the  interval  of  his 
missionar)'  duties,  composed  works  of  devotion  in 
the  Sclavonic  dialect  for  the  people.  The  present 
improved  condition  of  this  language  is  chiefly  at- 
tributed to  the  efforts  of  Father  Baraga.  Having 
determined  on  spending  his  life  among  the  Indians 
of  the  United  States,  he  transferred  his  estates  to 
his  brothers,  reserving  to  himself  an  annuity  of 
$300.  and  arrived  in  New  York  in  December,  1830. 
He  spent  some  months  in  Ohio,  studying  English 
and  the  Ottawa  dialect,  and  set  out  in  May  for 
Arbre  Croche,  a  village  of  Ottawa  Indians  on  the 
peninsula  of  Michigan.  The  inhabitants,  although 
they  had  relapsed  into  barbarism,  retained  some 
traditions  of  the  Jesuits  of  the  17th  century,  and 
received  Father  Baraga  with  welcome,  and  under 
his  guidance  the  community  entered  upon  the  pub- 
lic practice  of  a  Christian  life.  In  a  little  more 
than  a  year  he  built  a  church  and  two  schools,  and 
had  an  Indian  congregation  of  more  than  700.  He 
next  extended  his  labors  as  far  as  the  Castor  isl- 
ands and  beyond  Lake  Michigan,  erecting  several 
churches,  as  well  as  schools,  in  Green  Bay  and  St. 
Joseph's.  In  1832  he  published  at  Detroit  a  prayer- 
and  hymn-book  in  the  Ottawa  language,  the  first 
of  a  remarkable  series  of  works  in  the  Indian  dia- 
lects, which  have  been  found  very  useful  by  philolo- 
gists.    He  visited   Grand   river  in   the  spring  of 


1833,  and  baptized  more  than  100  of  the  natives ; 
l)ut  his  efforts  were  counteracted  by  the  white 
li(juor-dealers  and  the  Indians  whom  they  had  de- 
moralized. His  enemies  petitioned  the  govern- 
ment for  his  removal,  and,  although  he  was  sus- 
tained by  the  governor  of  Michigan,  he  was  forced 
to  seek  other  fields.  He  began  his  laboi-s  among 
the  Chippewas  at  Lapointe  in  1835,  and  continued 
them  successfully  for  eighteen  years.  His  success 
was  mainly  owiiig  to  the  assistance  he  received 
from  the  Leopoldine  society  in  his  native  country. 
He  next  visited  the  Indians  of  Fond  du  Lac,  seventy 
miles  from  Lapointe,  and  the  Indians  of  Bad  river, 
seventeen  miles  to  the  south,  both  of  whom  led  a  rov- 
ing life.  During  the  winter  of  1836-'37  he  travelled 
six  miles  every  day  to  insti-uct  them,  on  their  re- 
turn to  their  wigwams,  until  he  had  them  all  ready 
to  receive  baptism.  During  this  period  he  also 
wrote  the  "  Ojibway  Prayer-  and  Hymn-Book  and 
Catechism";  the  "  Extracts  of  the  History  of  the 
Old  and  New  Testaments,  with  the  Gospels  of  the 
Year,"  in  the  same  dialect ;  "  The  H  istory.  Char- 
acter, Manners,  and  Customs  of  the  North  Ameri- 
can Indians,"  in  German :  and  a  devotional  work 
for  his  countrymen  in  Sclavonic.  He  went  to 
Eurojie  in  1837  to  collect  money  for  his  mission, 
and  was  so  successful  that  he  was  also  enabled  to 
have  his  Indian  books  printed  in  Paris.  On  his 
return  to  the  United  States  he  was  able,  with  the 
means  in  hand,  to  conduct  his  operations  more 
systematically.  In  1843,  as  the  missions  he  had 
established  no  longer  needed  his  personal  super- 
vision, he  resolved  to  make  the  "  Ance  " — an  old 
trading-post  of  the  American  Fur  Company,  be- 
tween Pointe  Abbaye  and  Keweenau  Point — the 
centre  of  his  labors.  The  Indians  here  were  steeped 
in  idolatry  and  intemperance.  But,  though  threats 
were  made  against  his  life,  he  succeeded  in  convert- 
ing some  of  their  medicine  men,  and  this  was  fol- 
lowed by  the  conversion  of  many  others.  He  built 
a  church  and  parsonage,  erected  thirty  houses  for 
his  converts,  and  i)urchased  a  large  tract  of  land, 
on  which  he  located  them.  In  1850  all  the  Indians 
had  become  Christians,  and  so  prosperous  that 
numerous  families  came  to  settle  on  the  Ance. 
Here  he  wrote  his  grammar  and  dictionary  of  the 
Otchipwe  (Chippeway)  language  (1851-'53),  perhaps 
the  most  important  contribution  to  Indian  phi- 
lology made  hitherto.  The  demand  for  his  Lidian 
books  in  the  United  States  and  Canada  contributed 
materially  to  his  resources,  and  enabled  him  to  in- 
crease still  further  the  village  on  the  Ance.  The 
discovery  of  the  copper  mines  on  the  upper  penin- 
sula of  Michigan  in  1845  added  to  Father  Baraga's 
difficulties.  A  large  mining  population  from  all 
parts  of  the  world  was  scattered  among  his  Indian 
villages,  and  he  found  it  necessary  to  obtain  more 
pi'iests.  For  this  purpose,  as  well  as  to  secure  the 
publication  of  his  works,  he  went  to  Cincinnati  in 
1853,  where  he  lectured  on  the  mining  resources  of 
the  upper  peninsula,  and  on  the  harvest  that  was 
open  for  missionary  zeal  there.  In  November  of 
the  same  year  he  was  made  vicar-apostolic  of  up- 
per Michigan.  In  1854  he  went  to  Europe  to  pro- 
cure missionaries,  and  returned  with  twelve  priests. 
He  also  introduced  the  brothers  and  sisters  of  Saint 
Francis,  and  intrusted  them  with  the  education  of 
the  Indians.  In  1856  Saut  St.  Mary  was  erected 
into  an  episcopal  see,  and  Dr.  Baraga  was  appointed 
its  bishop  in  the  following  year.  The  see  having 
been  transferred  to  Marquette  in  1865,  he  was  cre- 
ated bisliop  of  Mai-quctte  and  Saut  St.  Mary.  His 
health  began  to  fail,  but  his  brethren  could  not 
prevail  on  him  to  moderate  his  austerities  or 
slacken  his  labors.     He  slept  on  the  ground,  and 


BARALT 


BARBER 


161 


often  walked  forty  miles  a  day  on  snow-shoes 
when  visiting  his  Indians.  He  was  stricken  with 
apoplexy  while  in  attendance  on  the  council  of 
Baltimore  in  180G,  and  returned  to  his  diocese 
liroken  in  health,  but  continued  to  perform  his 
iiiiuistorial  duties  till  a  few  days  before  his  death. 

BARALT,  Rafael  Maria' (bar-ahlf),  Spanish 
American  poet,  b.  in  Maracaibo,  Venezuela,  2  July, 
1810.  He  studied  in  Bogota  and  Caracas,  took 
part  in  politics,  and  entered  the  Venezuelan  army, 
in  which  he  served  with  distinction.  In  1843  he 
went  to  Spain,  where  he  held  several  important 
public  offices,  and  won  literary  fame.  His  most 
im{)ortant  works  are  "  Historia  antigua  y  moderna 
de  Venezuela  "  ;  "  Diecionario  de  Galicismos  "  ;  and 
sevei'al  masterly  poems,  specially  the  odes  to  Co- 
lumbus and  to  Spain. 

BARANDA,  Pedro  Sainz  de  (bah-ran'-dah), 
Mexican  naval  officer,  b.  in  Campeche,  13  March, 
1787;  d.  in  Merida,  Yucatan,  16  Se}3t.,  1845.  He 
studied  in  Ferrol,  Spain,  and  served  in  the  Spanish 
navy  during  the  war  with  England,  being  present 
at  Trafalgar  and  other  battles.  During  the  revo- 
lutionary war  of  Mexico,  Baranda  left  the  service 
of  Spain,  was  appointed  chief  of  the  Mexican  naval 
forces,  and  besieged  the  castle  of  San  Juan  de 
Ulua,  still  held  by  the  Spaniards,  luitil  they  sur- 
rendered to  the  military  chief  Barragan.  After 
that  Baranda  retired  from  the  naval  service  and 
filled  several  important  civil  offices. 

BARANOFF,  Alexander  Aiidrevitch,  gov- 
ernor of  Russian  America,  b.  in  174G;  d.  at  sea, 
near  Java,  28  April.  1819.  In  eai'ly  life  he  was  a 
merchant  in  Siberia,  but  in  August,  1790,  he  went 
to  the  island  of  Kodiak  and  opened  trade  there 
with  the  natives.  In  1796  he  established  a  trading- 
post  at  Bering  strait.  In  1799  the  Russian  Com- 
pany was  formed,  by  the  consolidation  of  all  the  com- 
panies in  the  territory,  and  established  a  line  of  forts 
and  trading-posts  on  the  coast.  With  its  assistance, 
Baranoff,  overcoming  many  natural  obstacles,  took 
possession  of  the  largest  of  the  Sitka  group  of 
islands,  now  known  by  his  name,  and  the  Em- 
peror Alexander  gave  him  a  title  of  nobilit)'. 
After  losing,  and  again  recovering,  in  October, 
1804,  the  fortress  at  Sitka,  he  built  a  factory  there, 
a/id  traded  with  Canton,  Manila,  the  Sandwich 
islands.  New  York,  Boston,  and  California,  and 
even  founded  a  colony  (of  which  no  traces  remain) 
near  San  Francisco,  then  a  Spanish  mission.  As  his 
life  of  hardship  began  to  affect  his  health,  he  ap- 
plied to  the  government  for  leave  to  return  to  Rus- 
.sia;  but  this  was  not  granted  him  until  1818,  and 
he  died  in  the  vessel  that  was  carrying  him  home. 

BARB  A,  Pedro,  the  first  governor  of  Havana 
when  Hernan  Cortes  undertook  the  conquest  of 
Mexico  in  1519.  He  refused  to  arrest  Cortes,  not- 
withstanding the  strict  orders  of  Diego  Velasquez ; 
but  he  went  to  Mexico  to  help  Panfilo  Narvaez, 
and  was  made  a  prisoner  by  an  officer  of  Cortes, 
who  intrusted  Barba  with  the  command  of  a  com- 
pany and  afterward  of  a  brigantine,  in  which  he 
took  part  in  the  famous  fight  of  the  four  thousand 
Indian  canoes.  He  died  of  a  wound  received  in 
the  storming  of  the  city  of  Mexico. 

BARBACENA,  Fesberto  Caldeira  Brant 
(bar-bah-thay'-na),  marquis  of,  Brazilian  statesman, 
b.  in  Sabora  in  1772;  d.  in  Rio  Janeiro,  Brazil,  13 
June,  1841.  He  was  already  distinguished  in  both 
the  land  and  sea  service  of  Portugal,  when  Pedro, 
the  prince-regent  of  Brazil,  on  becoming  emperor, 
appointed  him  to  negotiate  with  the  mother  coun- 
try for  the  independence  of  that  pi-ovince.  His 
success  gained  him  the  title  of  marquis.  When 
Pedro  gave  up  the  crown  of  Portugal  to  his  infant 

VOL.  I. — 11 


daughter,  Barbacena  accompanied  the  young  queen 
to  Lisbon.  He  was  twice  Brazilian  minister  of 
finance,  and  was  a  zealous  defender  of  the  interests 
of  Dom  Pedro  II.  During  the  latter's  minority, 
Barbacena  promoted  many  improvements  in  Brazil, 
and  introduced  into  the  country  the  printing-press, 
steamboats,  and  steam-engines. 

BARBEE,  William  J,,  author,  b.  in  Winches- 
ter, Ky.,  in  1S16:  d.  there,  27  Oct.,  1892.  He  re- 
moved to  Paris,  Ky.,  where  he  lived  until  his  twen- 
ty-first year.  He  was  educated  at  Miami  university, 
Oxford,  Ohio,  and  studied  medicine  with  Dr.  Drake, 
of  Cincinnati,  where  he  practised  from  1836  to 
1846.  He  afterward  taught  school  in  Kentucky, 
Tennessee, and  Missouri,  and  also  became  apreacher 
of  the  Christian  or  Canipbellite  denomination. 
He  has  published  "  Physical  and  Moral  Aspects  of 
Geology  "  (Philadelphia,  1859) ;  "  The  Cotton  Ques- 
tion "  (New  York,  1867) ;  "  The  Scriptural  Doctrine 
of  Confirmation  "  ;  "  Life  of  the  Apostle  Peter,"  etc. 

BARBER,  Francis,  soldier,  b.  in  Princeton, 
N.  J.,  in  1751  ;  d.  in  Newburg,  N.  Y.,  11  Feb., 
1783.  He  was  of  Irish  parentage,  was  graduated 
at  Princeton  in 
1767,  and  in  1769 
became  princi- 
pal of  the  acad- 
emy in  Eliza- 
bethtown,  Mdiere 
he  had  among 
his  pupils  Alex- 
ander Hamil- 
ton and  others 
who  became  dis- 
tinguished. In 
February,  1776, 
he  was  commis- 
sioned a  nuijor 
in  the  3d  New 
Jersey  artillery, 
and  in  Novem- 
ber of  that  yeara 
lieutenant- colo- 
nel. In  1777  he 
became  assist- 
ant inspector- 
general  under 
Baron  Steuben. 

He  served  with  his  regiment  under  Gen.  Philip 
Schuyler,  in  the  northern  army,  and  fought  in  the 
battles  of  Trenton,  Princeton,  Brandywine,  and  Ger- 
mantown,  and  was  wounded  severely  at  Monmouth. 
During  his  recovery  he  performed  valuable  service 
in  obtaining  intelligence  of  the  enemy's  movements, 
the  importance  of  which  was  acknowledged  in  let- 
ters of  Gen.  Washington  that  are  still  preserved.  He 
accompanied  Sullivan's  Indian  expedition  in  1779 
as  adjutant-general,  and  received  a  severe  wound 
at  Newtown.  He  also  took  part  in  the  action  at 
Springfield.  In  1780  Gen.  Washington  intrusted 
to  him  the  task  of  enforcing  a  requisition  for 
grain  and  cattle  in  Gloucester  co.,  N.  J.,  and  in 
1781  selected  him  for  the  delicate  duty  of  quelling 
the  mutiny  of  the  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania 
troops.  In  Lafayette's  Virginia  campaign  of  1781 
he  performed  effective  service  at  the  head  of  a 
battalion  of  light  infantry.  He  was  present  at  the 
battle  of  Yorktown,  and  was  killed  at  the  close  of 
the  war  by  a,  falling  tree. 

BARBER,  John  Jay,  painter,  b.  in  Sandusky, 
Ohio,  21  Sept.,  1840.  He  studied  law,  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1862,  joined  the  volunteer  army  in 
1863.  returned  sick,  and  vipon  recovery  determined 
to  devote  himself  to  painting.  He  received  no  in- 
struction in  art,  but  settled  in  Columbus,  Ohio,  in 


162 


BARBER 


BARBOUR 


1871,  and  opened  a  studio.  He  devoted  himself  at 
first  to  landscapes,  delineating  scenes  in  the  Musk- 
ingum valley.  Subsequently  he  executed  cattle 
pieces,  and  after  1881  exhibited  in  the  National 
Academy  in  New  York.  In  1881  he  painted  the 
"  Elysium  of  the  Herd  "  ;  in  1882,  "  Pride  of  East- 
wood Jerseys,"  and  "  A  Thirsty  Party  "  ;  in  1883, 
"  Tlie  Thirsty  Herd,"  and  "  Jersey  Herd  " ;  in  1884, 
"  The  Passing  Shower,"  and  "  In  Pastures  Green  " ; 
in  1885,  "  The  Cool  Retreat." 

BARBER,  John  Warner,  historian,  b.  in 
Windsor.  Conn.,  2  Feb.,  1798;  d.  in  New  Haven  in 
June.  1885.  He  published  "  Historical  Scenes  in 
the  United  States  "  (1827) ;  "  History  and  Antiqui- 
ties of  New  Haven  "  (1831) ;  "  Religious  Events  " 
(1832) ;  "  Historical  Collections "  of  Connecticut 
(183(1)  and  of  Massachusetts  (Worcester,  1839); 
"  History  and  Antiquities  of  New  England,  New 
York,  and  New  Jersey  "  (1841) :  ••  Elements  of  Gen- 
eral History"  (New  "Haven,  1844);  "Incidents  in 
American  History  "  (New  York,  1847) ;  "  Religious 
Emblems  and  Allegories  "  (1848) ;  "  European  His- 
torical Collections  "  (1855) ;  and  "  Our  Whole  Coun- 
try, Historical  and  Descriptive"  (Cincinnati.  18G1). 
With  Henry  Howe,  of  New  Haven,  he  also  published 
"Historical  Collections"  of  New  York  (1841),  New 
Jersey  (1844),  Virginia  (1844),  and  Ohio  (1847),  and, 
with  Elizabeth  G.  Barber,  "  Historical,  Poetical, 
and  Pictorial  American  Scenes  "  (1850).  See  "  The 
Picture  Preacher,"  by  Henry  Howe  (Philadelphia). 

BARBER,  Mary  Augrnstine,  educator,  b.  in 
Newtown,  Conn.,  in  1789  ;  d.  in  Mobile,  Ala.,  in  1860. 
She  entered  th«  Roman  Catholic  church  with  her 
husband,  who  had  been  an  Episcopalian  clergyman, 
and  in  1817,  shortly  afterward,  determined  to  be- 
come a  nun,  while  her  husband  was  anxious  to  enter 
the  society  of  JesHs.  They  had  five  children ;  but 
Mr.  Barber  visited  Rome,  promised  to  make  suitable 
provision  for  them,  and  so  succeeded  in  his  pvir- 
pose.  Mrs.  Barber  entered  the  visitation  convent 
of  Georgetown  in  1818  with  her  four  daughters. 
She  was  a  woman  of  superior  education,  and  the 
convent  and  school  progressed  rapidly  during  her 
residence.  In  183(5  she  founded  a  convent  of  the 
visitation  in  Kaskaskia,  111.,  where  she  remained 
until  1844.  She  was  peculiarly  successful  in  train- 
ing the  younger  sisters  to  be  accomplished  teachers, 
and  was  engaged  in  this  occupation  in  the  convent 
of  St.  Louis  ti-om  1844  till  1848,  and  in  Mobile  up 
to  the  time  of  her  death. 

BARBOUR,  James,  statesman,  b.  in  Orange 
CO.,  Va.,  10  June,  1775 ;  d.  there,  8  June,  1842. 
He  was  a  son  of  Col.  Thomas  Barbour.  While 
serving  as  a  deputy  sheriff  he  acquired  a  knowl- 
edge of  the  law,  and  was  admitted  to  practice 
at  the  age  of  nineteen.  He  sat  in  the  Virginia 
house  of  delegates  from  1796  until  1812,  when  he 
was  elected  governor.  He  was  the  author  of  the 
anti-duelling  act,  and  bore  a  prominent  part  in  all 
important  legislation,  occupying  for  the  latter  part 
of  the  period  the  speaker's  chair.  After  a  term  in 
the  governorship  he  was  elected  in  1815  to  the 
U.  S.  senate,  where  he  was  repeatedly  appointed 
chairman  of  the  committee  on  foreign  relations. 
In  1825  President  John  Q.  Adams  made  him  his 
secretary  of  war.  In  1828  he  went  to  England  as 
American  minister ;  but  upon  the  accession  of 
President  Jackson,  in  the  following  year,  he  was 
recalled.  He  vigorously  opposed  the  democratic 
party,  and  in  1839  presided  over  the  whig  conven- 
tion at  Harrisburg,  which  nominated  Gen.  Harrison 
for  president. — His  brother,  PhiHp  Pendleton, 
jurist,  b.  in  Orange  co..  Va.,  25  May,  1783  ;  d.  in 
Washington.  D.  C,  24  Feb.,  1841.  He  attended 
the  schools  of  his  native  county  until  sixteen  years 


of  age,  when  he  read  law  at  home.  In  October. 
1800,  being  sent  by  his  father  to  Kentucky  ou 
business  connected  with  some  land-claims,  and 
meeting  with  delays  and  difficulties,  he  was  cast 
off  and  left  to  take  care  of  himself.  He  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar,  and,  after  practising  successfully 
for  some  months,  he  borrowed  money  and  entered 
William  and  Mary  college  as  a  law  student.  In 
1802  he  practised  in  Orange  co.,  Va.,  and  soon  made 
a  wide  reputation.  F'rom  1812  till  1814  he  was  a 
member  of  the  legislature,  where  he  was  the  leader 
of  the  war  party.  He  was  elected  in  1814  to  con- 
gress, where  in  1821  he  was  speaker  of  the  house. 
In  February,  1825,  he  resigned  and  became  a  judge 
of  the  Virginia  general  court.  At  the  foundation 
of  the  university  of  Virginia  in  1824  he  was  offered 
the  professorship  of  law,  but  declined  it.  He  was 
sent  again  to  congress  in  1827,  and  in  1829  was 
president  of  the  Virginia  constitutional  convention. 
In  1830,  while  making  a  speech  in  congress,  he  was^ 
attacked  by  a  haemorrhage  that  nearly  ended  his 
life,  and  he  resigned  on  31  May  of  that  year.  He 
was  appointed  by  Jackson  judge  of  the  U.  S.  cir- 
cuit court  for  the  eastern  district  of  Virginia,  and 
on  15  Mai'ch,  1836,  was  made  associate  justice  of 
the  U.  S.  supreme  court,  where  he  remained  until 
his  death.  In  1831  he  was  president  of  the  Phila- 
delphia free-trade  convention.  Judge  Barbour  was- 
noted  for  his  solidity  of  character  and  his  powers  of 
analysis  and  argument.  In  congress  he  opposed 
all  appropriations  for  public  improvements  and  all 
import  duties,  and  strongly  took  the  southern  side 
of  the  Missouri  question.  In  the  democratic  con- 
vention at  Baltimore  in  1832  he  received  forty-six 
votes  for  viee-jiresident. 

BARBOUR,  John  Merrett,  jurist,  b.  in  Cam- 
bridge. Washington  co.,  N.  Y.,  5  Sept.,  1807:  d.  in 
New  York  city,  8  Dec,  1881.  He  studied  law  in 
New  York  and  went  to  Michigan  when  a  very  young 
man  ;  was  first  elected  a  justice  of  the  peace,  then 
was  made  commissioner  of  internal  improvements, 
and  after  the  expiration  of  his  term  was  elected 
county  judge,  in  which  capacity  he  served  eight 
years.  He  subsequently  moved  to  Saratoga  Springs, 
N.  Y.,  and  then  to  Washington,  D.  C,  where  he 
was  clei-k  in  the  office  of  the  solicitor  of  the  treas- 
ury. In  1850  he  removed  to  New  York,  where  he 
advanced  slowly  to  the  front  rank  of  his  profes- 
sion. In  1861  he  was  elected  judge  of  the  superior 
court,  and  in  1867  was  reelected  by  a  heavy  ma- 
jority. On  the  death  of  Chief  Justice  Robertson, 
Judge  Barbour  was  unanimously  chosen  to  preside 
in  his  place.  He  was  an  able  and  well-read  law- 
yer, oftener  excelling  in  the  more  quiet  branches 
of  the  law  than  in  the  active  contests  that  come 
before  a  jury. — His  brother,  OHver  Lorenzo,  law- 
yer, b.  in  Cambridge,  Washington  co.,  N.  Y.,  12 
July,  1811 ;  d.  in  Saratoga  Springs,  N.  Y.,  18  Dec, 
1889.  In  1827  he  studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1832.  He  was  reporter  of  the  New  York 
court  of  chancery  from  1847  to  1849,  and  of  the 
state  supreme  court  from  1848  to  1876.  Hamilton 
college  gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  in  1859.  He 
published  "Equity  Digest"  (4  vols.,  Springfield, 
Mass.,  1836-'41) ; "  "  Treatise  on  Criminal  Law  " 
(Albany  and  New  York,  1841 ;  3d  ed.,  2  vols., 
1883);  "Treatise  on  the  Law  of  Set-Off  "  (Albany 
and  New  York,  1841) ;  "  Treatise  on  the  Practice- 
of  the  Court  of  Chancery  "  (2  vols.,  1843 ;  2d  ed., 
3  vols.,  1874-5) ;  "  Reports  of  Cases  decided  in  the 
Court  of  Chancery  of  the  State  of  New  York  "  (3 
vols.,  1847-"9) ;  "  Reports  of  Cases  decided  in  the 
Supreme  Court  of  the  State  of  New  York "  (67 
vols.,  1848-76,  Digest  in  3  vols.,  1880) ;  "  A  Sum- 
mary of  the  Law  of  Parties  to  Actions  at  Law  " 


BARBOUR 


BARCO  CENTENERA 


163 


(Albany,  1864;  2d  ed.,  1884) ;  and  "  Digest  of  New 
York  Reports"  (2  vols.,  1877).  He  also  edited, 
with  notes.  "  Collyer  on  Partnership "  (Spring- 
field, Mass.,  1838) ;  "  Chitty  on  Bills  "  (1839) ;  and 
Cowen's  "  Civil  Jurisdiction  of  Justices  of  the 
Peace  "  (2  vols.,  Albany,  1844). 

BARBOUR,  John  Strode,  b.  in  Culpeper  coun- 
ty, Va.,  8  Aug.,  1790;  d.  there,  12  Jan.,  1855.  He 
was  the  son  of  a  revolutionary  officer,  and  was  at 
William  and  Mary  college,  afterward  studying  law 
with  Gov.  James  Barbour.  In  the  war  of  1812  he 
was  aide  to  Gen.  Madison.  He  afterward  became 
a  member  of  the  state  legislature,  and,  as  chair- 
man of  the  committee  on  courts  and  justice,  re- 
ceived the  unusual  honor  of  a  vote  of  thanks.  He 
was  elected  to  congress  in  1823,  and  was  reelected 
four  times,  serving  until  3  March,  1833.  Here,  as 
in  the  legislature,  he  was  known  as  an  able  debater. 
Although  a  strong  states-rights  man,  he  spoke  in 
congress  in  defence  of  McDuffie's  proposition  to 
break  up  the  system  of  voting  for  president  by 
states  and  in  its  place  to  establish  the  method  of 
voting  for  chief  magistrate  by  districts.  He  was  an 
active  member  of  the  Virginia  constitutional  con- 
vention.— His  son,  John  Strode,  senator,  b.  in  Cul- 
peper countv,  Va.,  29  Dec,  1820 ;  d.  in  Washington, 
D.  C,  14  MaV,  1892.  He  was  educated  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Virginia,  adopted  the  profession  of  law, 
and  was  active  in  state  politics.  He  was  elected  to 
congress  as  a  democrat  in  1880,  and  served  three 
terms.  In  1883  he  became  chairman  of  the  demo- 
cratic organization  in  Virginia,  succeeded  in  pre- 
venting the  reelection  of  Gen.  William  Mahone,  and 
secured  the  defeat  of  the  readjuster  party.  He  con- 
tinued chairman  of  the  Virginia  democratic  com- 
mittee in  1884-'8,  and  was  active  in  the  canvass  for 
tlie  election  of  Grover  Cleveland  to  the  presidency. 
In  1888  he  was  chosen  U.  S.  senator  as  a  democrat. 
He  was  active  in  railroad  matters,  and  was  presi- 
dent of  the  Virginia  midland  railroad  company. 

BARCA,  Francisco,  Spanish  statesman,  b.  in 
Puerto  Real,  near  Cadiz,  in  1831 ;  d.  V^y  his  own 
hand  in  New  York,  29  July,  1883.  He  had  filled 
several  public  offices  when  elected  deputy  to  the 
cortes,  in  1858.  He  took  high  rank  as  a  parliamen- 
tary orator,  and  in  1868  was  appointed  director- 
genei'al  of  administration  under  Posada  Herrera's 
government.  When  Alfonso  XII.  was  proclaimed 
king,  Barca  took  the  office  of  sub-secretary  of  the 
interior,  which  he  resigned  a  year  and  a  half  later 
on  account  of  his  sympathies  with  the  liberal  oppo- 
sition. Pie  accepted,  in  1881,  the  office  of  Spanish 
minister  at  Washington.  His  published  works  in- 
clude, a  "  Diccionario  de  Politica  y  Administracion." 

BARCENA.  Alfonso  de,  Spanish  missionary, 
b.  in  Cordoba.  Spain,  in  1666;  d.  in  1723.  He  was 
sent  as  a  Jesuit  missionary  to  Peru,  where  his  zeal 
and  success  won  for  him  the  title  of  "  The  Apostle 
of  Peru."  He  left  several  valuable  works,  among 
them  a  "  Lexicon,"  a  "  Doetrina  Cristiana,"  and  a 
"  Libro  de  Oraciones  "  (prayer-book)  in  five  dialects, 
for  the  use  of  the  South  American  Indians. 

BARCENA,  Mariano  de  la  (barth'-en-a),  Mexi- 
can engineer,  b.  in  Guadalajai'a,  Mexico,  26  July, 
1853.  Prom  early  youth  he  has  been  devoted 
to  study  and  research  in  natural  sciences.  Many 
of  his  works  have  been  translated  into  German  and 
French.  Barcena  is  a  member  of  several  European 
and  American  scientific  associations,  and  is  direc- 
tor of  the  meteorological  observatory  of  Mexico. 
He  has  discovered  and  classified  many  Mexican 
plants,  and  published  an  excellent  book  on  the 
natural  products  of  the  state  of  Jalisco,  and  a  trea- 
tise on  geology.  Barcena  represented  his  nation  at 
the  New  Orleans  exhibition  in  1885. 


BARCIA,  Andres  Oonzalez  de,  Spanish  his- 
torian, d.  in  1743.  He  published  "  General  History 
of  Florida "  (Madrid,  1723),  and  "First  Historians 
of  the  West  Indies,"  issued  in  sections,  and  pub- 
lished collectively  after  his  death  (3  vols.,  folio, 
1749).  He  also  edited  works  by  Herrera,  de  la 
Vega,  and  Torquemada. 

BARCLAY,  Robert,  governor  of  East  New 
Jersey,  b.  in  Gordonstown,  Morayshire,  Scotland,  23 
Dec.,'l648 ;  d.  at  Ury,  3  Oct.,  1690.  He  was  one  of 
the  twenty-four  original  proprietaries  of  East  New 
Jersey,  and  in  1682  was  elected  governor  of  the 
province  for  life,  with  permission  to  rule  by  deputy. 
He  never  visited  America.  He  was  the  first  mem- 
ber of  the  society  of  Friends  to  advocate  their  re- 
ligious views  with  force  and  ability.  It  was  mainly 
through  his  infiuence  that  large  numbers  of  Scot- 
tish emigrants,  many  of  them  Quakers,  settled  in 
the  province.  The  titles  of  his  works  and  the  con- 
troversies concerning  them  occupy  several  pages 
in  the  catalogue  of  the  British  museum.  "  Barclay 
of  Ury,"  celebrated  in  Whittier's  poem,  was  Robert 
Barclay's  father.  See  H.  Mill's  "  Life  and  Writ- 
ings of  Robert  Barclay "  (1812) ;  also  his  life  by 
W.  Armistead  (1850) ;  also  "  East  Jersey  under  the 
Proprietarv  Government,  by  George  Scott  of  Pit- 
lochie"  (1685  ;  reprint,  Newark,  N.  J.,  1875). 

BARCLAY,  Robert  H.,  British  naval  officer,  b. 
in  Scotland ;  d.  in  Edinburgh,  8  May,  1837.  He 
served  imder  Nelson  at  Trafalgar,  where  he  lost  an 
arm,  and  in  1813  had  charge  of  fitting  out  the  Brit- 
ish armament  on  Lake  Erie,  a  task  which  he  ful- 
filled with  energy.  But  the  fleet  of  which  he  took 
command  was  poorly  manned,  mostly  with  Canadian 
boatmen  and  soldiers,  and  to  this  fact  was  probably 
due,  in  part,  his  defeat  by  the  American  fleet  under 
Perry,  in  the  famotis  battle  of  10  Sept.,  1813.  In 
number  of  men  and  guns  Barclay  had  the  superi- 
ority, and  though  Perry's  guns  were  heavier,  Bar- 
clay's were  of  longer  range.  In  the  battle  Barclay 
was  dangerously  wounded,  and  finally  surrendered 
with  his  whole  force.  It  was  Barclay  who  gave  the 
order  to  train  all  the  available  guns  on  the  small 
boat  in  which  Perry  was  crossing  from  the  dis- 
abled "  Lawrence  "  to  the  "  Niagara."  Barclay  was 
afterward  tried  by  a  court-martial  for  surrendering, 
but  was  honorably  acquitted. 

BARCLAY,  Thomas,  adjutant-general  of  Nova 
Scotia,  b.  in  New  York,  12  Oct..  1753;  d.  there  in 
April,  1830.  He  was  a  son  of  Henry  Barclay,  D. 
D.,  rector  of  Trinity  church.  New  York,  was  a 
graduate  of  King's  college,  and  studied  law  under 
John  Jay.  At  the  beginning  of  the  American 
revolution  he  joined  the  British  army  under  Sir 
William  Howe,  with  the  rank  of  captain  in  the 
loyal  American  regiment,  and  became  a  major  in 
1777.  He  continued  in  active  service  until  the 
peace,  when  he  fled  with  his  family  to  Nova  Scotia. 
In  that  province  he  was  for  some  time  speaker  of 
the  house  of  assembly,  and  adjutant-general  of 
militia.  Successively  he  was  a  commissioner  un- 
der Jay's  treaty,  consul-general  for  the  northern 
and  eastern  states,  and  commissary  for  the  care 
and  exchange  of  prisoners.  At  the  close  of  the 
war  of  1812,  between  the  United  States  and  Great 
Britain,  he  was  appointed  commissioner  vmder  the 
4th  and  5th  articles  of  the  treaty  of  Ghent. 

BARCO  CENTENERA,  Martin  del,  Spanish 
poet,  b.  in  Extremadura  in  1535 ;  d.  in  Lisbon  in 
1603.  He  took  an  active  part  in  the  conquest  of 
South  America  from  1572  to  1596.  the  history  of 
which  he  wrote  in  an  epic  entitled  "  Argentina  y 
Conquista  del  Rio  de  la  Plata,  Tucuman  y  otros 
sucesos  del  Peru"  (Lisbon,  1602).  He  also  left 
another  work  called  "'  Desenganos  del  Mundo." 


164 


BARD 


BARKER 


BARD,  John,  physician,  b.  in  Burlington,  N. 
J.,  1  Feb.,  1710 ;  d.  in  Hyde  Park,  N.  Y.,  30  March, 
1799.  He  was  tlie  son  of  a  New  Jersey  magistrate 
of  Huguenot  origin,  and  after  attending  a  classical 
school  was  apprenticed  to  a  surgeon  of  Philadelphia. 
Establishing  himself  in  New  York  in  1746,  he  soon 
took  rank  as  one  of  the  ablest  of  American  medical 
men.  In  1759,  when  an  epidemic  of  malignant 
fever  threatened  New  York,  having  been  commis- 
sioned to  devise  means  to  check  the  spread  of  the 
disease,  he  recommended  the  purchase  of  Bedlow's 
island  for  the  isolation  of  cases  of  infectious  dis- 
ease, and  was  placed  in  charge  of  the  hospital  that 
was  built  in  accordance  with  his  suggestion.  He 
was  the  first  president  of  the  New  York  medical 
society.  He  left  a  paper  on  malignant  pleurisy, 
and  several  treating  of  yellow  fever,  all  of  which 
were  published  in  the  "  American  Medical  Regis- 
ter."— His  son,  Samuel,  physician,  b.  in  Phila- 
delphia, 1  April,  1742;  d.  iii  Hyde  Park,  N.  Y., 
24  May,  1831.  He  was  graduated  at  King's  (now 
Columbia)  college  in  1768,  and  studied  medicine  in 
Edinburgh.  After  receiving  his  doctor's  degree  in 
1765  he  travelled  in  Europe  extensively.  In  1767 
he  began  practice  in  New  York  in  partnership  with 
his  father.  Through  his  exertions  a  medical  school 
in  connection  with  King's,  now  Columbia,  college 
was  established  the  year  after  his  return.  In  1769 
a  hospital  was  built,  but  its  loss  by  fire  caused  a 
delay  in  its  establishment  until  1791.  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  the  practice  of  medicine  in  the  medical 
college,  and  subsequently  dean  of  the  faculty. 
While  the  seat  of  government  remained  in  New 
York  he  was  Gen.  Washington's  physician.  In  1798 
he  retired  to  Hyde  Park,  where  he  occupied  himself 
with  agricultural  and  scientific  pursuits  during  the 
remainder  of  his  life,  returning,  however,  to  render 
charitable  services  during  the  prevalence  of  yellow 
fever,  on  which  occasion  he  contracted  the  disease. 
When  the  Columbia  college  medical  school  was  or- 
ganized as  a  separate  institution,  under  the  name 
of  the  college  of  physicians  and  surgeons,  in  1813, 
Dr.  Bard  became  its  first  president,  and  he  held 
that  station  during  the  rest  of  his  life.  He  was  the 
author  of  a  treatise,  "  De  Viribus  Opii  "  (1765) ;  one 
on  "  Angina  Suffocativa,"  printed  in  the  "  Trans- 
actions of  the  American  Philosophical  Society  "  ; 
one  on  "  The  Use  of  Cold  in  HaMnorrhage "  ;  a 
"  Manual  of  Midwifery  "  (1807) ;  and  "  The  Shep- 
herd's Guide."  He  entered  into  the  speculation  of 
raising  merino  sheep,  introduced  into  the  United 
States  by  his  friends  Chancellor  Livingston  and  Col. 
Humphrey,  and  in  the  last-mentioned  book  he  gave 
the  fruits  of  his  knowledge  and  experience  regard- 
ing the  prevention  of  the  infectious  diseases  to 
which  they  were  subject.  A  biography  of  him  was 
written  by  John  McVickar  (New  York,  1822).— 
William,  son  of  Samuel,  b.  in  New  York  in  Octo- 
ber, 1777 ;  d.  17  Oct.,  1853,  was  a  pioneer  in  life  in- 
surance in  the  United  States,  and  for  twelve  years 
from  its  foundation  in  1830  the  president  of  the  New 
York  life  insurance  and  trust  company. — Another 
son,  John,  b.  in  Hyde  Park,  N.  Y.,  2  Julie,  1819,  was 
the  founder  of  St.  Stephen's  college,  at  Annandale, 
N.  Y.,  a  diocesan  training-school  for  students  for 
the  ministry  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  church, 
preparatory  to  entrance  in  the  general  theological 
seminary  in  New  York  city.  His  wife,  jMargaret, 
a  sister  of  Jolm  Taylor  Johnston,  co-operated  zeal- 
ously with  him  in  his  religious  benefactions.  She 
died  in  Rome,  Italy,  lO' April,  1875.  Mr.  Bard 
died  in  Washington,"  D.  C,  12  Feb.,  1899. 

BARKER,  Fordyce,  physician,  b.  in  Wilton, 
Me.,  2  May,  1819 ;  d.  in  New  York  city,  30  May, 
1891.     He  was  graduated  at  Bowdoin,  and  studied 


medicine  at  Harvard  and  in  Edinburgh  and  Paris, 
finishing  his  studies  in  the  latter  city  in  1844. 
He  began  the  practice  of  his  profession  m  Nor- 
wich in  1845,  and  at  the  same  time  was  appoint- 
ed professor  of  midwifery  in  the  medical  depart- 
ment of  Bowdoin  College.  From  1850  till  1857 
he  filled  a  similar  place  in  the  New  York  Medical 
College,  and  from  1860  in  Bellevue  Hospital  Medi- 
cal College.  In  1856  he  was  made  president  of  the 
New  York  State  Medical  Society,  and  in  1882  presi- 
dent of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine.  He 
was  the  author  of  several  works,  including  a  series 
of  clinical  lectures  "On  Puerperal  Diseasf  s"  (New 
York,  1S72).  and  "On  Sea-Sickness"  (1870). 

BARKER,  Gteorg'e  Frederic,  physicist,  b.  in 
Charlestovvn,  Mass.,  14  July,  1835.  He  received  an 
academical  education  and  was  apprenticed  to  a 
manufacturer  of  philosophical  apparatus  in  Bos- 
ton, with  whom  he  remained  until  he  became  of 
age.  In  1856  he  entered  the  Yale,  now  Sheffield, 
Scientific  School,  and  was  graduated  two  years 
later.  While  in  his  final  year  he  was  made  assistant 
in  chemistry  under  Prof.  Silliman,  and  during  the 
winters  of  1858-'9  and  in  1860-'l  he  was  assist- 
ant to  Dr.  John  Bacon,  professor  of  chemistry  in 
Harvard  Medical  College.  In  1861  he  became  pro- 
fessor of  natural  sciences  in  Wheaton  (111.)  College. 
A  year  later  he  was  acting  professor  of  chemistry 
in  Albany  Medical  College,  where  he  remained  for 
several  years,  and  at  the  same  time  pursued  a 
course  of  medical  studies,  being  graduated  in  1863. 
He  was  then  called  to  the  chair  of  natural  sciences 
in  the  Western  UniA'ersity  of  Pennsylvania  at  Pitts- 
burg. In  1865  he  became  demonstrator  of  chemis- 
try in  the  medical  department  of  Yale  College,  oc- 
cupying Prof.  Silliman's  chair  during  his  absence 
in  l866-'7,  and  in  1867  was  placed  in  charge  of 
the  department  of  physiological  chemistry  and 
toxicology  at  the  same  institution.  Since  1873  he 
has  been  professor  of  physics  at  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania,  Philadelphia.  He  was  one  of  the 
commissioners  of  the  United  States  to  the  Inter- 
national Electrical  Exhibition  in  Paris  in  1881,  and 
a  delegate  to  the  International  Congress  of  Electri- 
cians held  at  that  time.  The  French  government 
conferred  on  him  the  decorations  of  the  Legion  of 
Honor,  with  the  rank  of  commander.  In  1884  he 
was  appointed  by  the  president  a  member  of  the 
U.  S.  Electrical  Commission.  Prof.  Barker  has  fre- 
quently been  called  upon  to  testify  in  important 
patent  cases,  and  he  was  requested  by  the  depart- 
ment of  justice  to  act  as  one  of  the  government 
experts  in  the  suit  against  the  American  Bell  Tele- 
phone Company.  The  toxicological  and  chemical 
evidence  given  by  him  in  the  Lydia  Sherman  poi- 
soning case  in  1872  was  remarkable  for  its  clearness, 
and  has  been  inserted  as  a  typical  case  in  Whar- 
ton's and  Stille's  "  Medical  Jurisprudence."  Dur- 
ing the  winter  of  1859  he  gave  a  series  of  public 
lectures  in  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  and  his  "  Lecture  on  the 
Forces  of  Nature,"  delivered  in  1863  before  the 
chemical  society  of  Union  College,  has  been  pub- 
lished. In  December,  1871,  his  lecture  "  On  the 
Correlation  of  Vital  and  Physical  Forces,"  before 
the  American  Institute  of  New  York,  attracted 
universal  attention,  and  it  was  afterward  repub- 
lished in  France.  In  1859  Prof.  Barker  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  American  Association  for  the  Ad- 
vancement of  Science,  and  he  has  filled  the  offices 
of  vice-president  (1872)  and  president  (1879).  In 
1876  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  National 
Academy  of  Sciences.  His  published  papers  have 
appeared  principally  in  the  "  American  Journal  of 
Science  and  Arts,"  the  "  American  Chemist,"  and 
more  recently  in  the  "  Proceedings  of  the  Ameri- 


BARKER 


BARLOW 


165 


can  Philosophical  Society."  Besides  the  lectures 
mentioned,  his  two  presidential  addresses  before 
the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of 
Science  ai'e  valuable  contributions  to  scientific  lit- 
erature. For  many  years  he  has  been  one  of  the 
editors  of  the  "  American  Journal  of  Science,"  and 
in  1874-'5  he  vi^as  editor  of  the  "Journal  of  the 
Franklin  Institute."  For  several  years  he  also  has 
edited  the  annual  record  of  progress  in  physics 
published  in  the  Smithsonian  reports.  Prof. 
Barker  is  the  author  of  a  "  Text-Book  of  Element- 
ary Chemistry"  (New  Haven,  1870),  which  has 
passed  through  eight  editions,  and  has  been  trans- 
lated into  French  and  Japanese. 

BARKER,  Jacob,  financier,  b.  on  Swan  island. 
Me.,  7  Dec,  1779;  d.  in  Philadelphia,  26  Dec, 
1871.  He  was  of  Quaker  parentage.  He  began 
his  business  cai'eer  in  the  employ  of  Isaac  Hicks,  a 
commission  merchant  of  New  York,  and  before  he 
was  twenty-one  years  of  ago  he  possessed  five  trad- 
ing-vessels and  controlled  a  large  credit.  In  1801 
he  lost  his  fortune  by  a  succession  of  mishaps. 
Obtaining  a  contract  for  supplying  the  govern- 
ment with  oil,  he  made  large  gains,  and,  on  the 
breaking  out  of  the  war  of  1812,  undertook  to  raise 
a  loan  of  $5,000,000  for  the  government.  He  was 
one  of  the  original  members  of  the  society  of  Tam- 
many Hall,  and  was  elected  a  state  senator.  A 
legal  opinion  in  an  insurance  case,  delivered  by 
him  when  sitting  in  the  court  of  errors,  was  sus- 
tained on  appeal,  though  opposed  to  that  of  Chan- 
cellor Kent.  He  founded  the  "  Union  "  newspaper 
for  the  purpose  of  supporting  the  candidacy  of 
Gov.  Clinton.  In  1815  he  established  the  Exchange 
bank  in  Wall  street,  and  entered  into  stock  specula- 
tions. His  bank  failed  in  1819 ;  but  he  was  sus- 
tained in  his  extensive  speculations  by  other  finan- 
cial institutions  in  different  states.  His  finan- 
cial methods  provoked  intense  ill  -  will  among 
rival  operators.  When  the  life  and  fire  insur- 
ance company  failed  lie  was  indicted  with  other 
directors  for  fraud,  and  conducted  his  own  defence 
with  great  ability.  He  was  convicted,  but  a  new 
trial  was  granted,  and  subsequently  the  indictment 
was  quashed.  In  1884  he  established  himself  in 
New  Orleans.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and 
took  a  prominent  part  in  business  and  political 
affairs.  A  large  fortune  that  he  accumulated 
there  was  mostly  swept  away  through  the  civil 
war.  His  later  years  were  passed  with  his  son, 
Wharton  Barker,  in  Philadelphia.  See  "  Incidents 
in  the  Life  of  Jacob  Barker  from  the  year  1800  to 
1855  "  (New  York,  1855). 

BARKER,  James  Nelson,  author,  b.  in  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.,  17  June,  1784;  d.  in  Washington,  D.  C, 
9  March,  1858.  In  the  war  of  1812  he  rose  to  the 
rank  of  major  in  the  army.  In  1814  he  was  severe- 
ly wounded  in  a  duel.  From  1814  till  1817  he  was 
assistant  adjutant-general  of  the  4th  military  dis- 
trict. He  then  entered  civil  life,  was  chosen  alder- 
man, and  in  1820  was  mayor  of  Philadelphia.  From 
1829  till  1838  he  was  collector  of  customs  for  the 
port,  and  from  1838  till  1858  comptroller  of  the 
U.  S.  treasury.  During  his  active  life  he  con- 
tributed largely  to  the  public  journals,  and  some 
of  his  poems  attracted  general  attention,  notably 
"The  Sisters"  and  "Little  Red  Riding  Hood." 
His  dramatic  writings  include  "  Marmion,"  "  The 
Indian  Princess,"  "  Superstition,"  a  tragedy,  and 
"Smiles  and  Tears,"  a  comedy.  He  also  published 
"  A  Sketch  of  the  Primitive  Settlements  on  Dela- 
ware River  "  (1827). 

BARKER,  James  William,  merchant,  b.  in 
White  Plains,  N.  Y.,  5  Dec,  1815;  d.  in  Rahway, 
N.  J.,  26  June,  1869.    He  began  his  business  career 


in  1828  as  a  clerk  in  a  large  mercantile  house,  and 
subsequently  entered  into  business  for  himself, 
where  his  energy  and  good  management  soon  made 
him  wealthy.  In  1859  he  established  an  extensive 
house  in  Pittsburg,  and  transacted  annually  a  very 
large  business.  Mr.  Barker  took  an  interest  in 
politics  as  an  earnest  and  zealous  whig  until  the 
disorganization  of  that  party.  In  1854  he  was  the 
"  Knownothing "  candidate  for  mayor  of  New 
York  city,  but  was  defeated  in  a  closely  contested 
election  by  Fernando  Wood.  He  was  very  active 
in  the  founding  of  the  "  Order  of  the  Star  Spangled 
Banner,"  a  secret  organization,  having  for  its  ob- 
ject the  prevention  of  the  political  ascendancy  of 
the  foreign-born  inhabitants  of  the  United  States, 
and  was  its  principal  officer  in  1853.  In  1860  he 
united  with  the  supporters  of  Mr.  Lincoln,  and 
was  ever  after  a  member  of  the  republican  party. 
From  1867  till  his  death  he  was  president  of  the 
Eclectic  Life  Insurance  company.  New  York. 

BARKER,  Josiah,  ship-builder,  b.  in  Marsh- 
field,  Mass.,  16  Nov.,  1763 :  d.  in  Charlestown, 
Mass.,  23  Sept.,  1843.  He  enlisted  in  the  revolu- 
tionary army  when  only  thirteen  years  old,  and 
served  at  intervals  until  1781.  In  1782-'3  he 
served  nine  months  in  the  "  Dean  "  frigate  among 
the  West  India  islands.  Mr.  Barker  learned  ship- 
building on  the  North  river,  near  Pembroke,  Mass., 
where  his  father's  home  was,  and  built  his  first 
ships  at  St.  Andrews  and  St.  Johns  in  1786-'7. 
In  1795  he  opened  a  ship-yard  in  Charlestown,  on 
the  site  of  the  present  U.  S.  navy-yard,  removed  it 
in  1799,  and  again  a  few  years  afterward  to  the 
foot  of  Washington  street,  where  he  built  many 
fine  merchant  vessels.  He  was  appointed  U.  S. 
naval  constructor  about  1810,  and  built  the  "  Vir- 
ginia "  in  1818,  the  "  Warren  "  in  1826,  the  "  Cum- 
berland "  in  1842,  and  other  men-of-war.  He  also 
rebuilt  the  "  Constitution  "  in  1834,  and  furnished 
the  plans  for  the  "  Portsmouth."  He  was  ordered 
to  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  in  1843,  and  retired  9  July, 
1846.  A  "  Memorial  of  Josiah  Barker,"  by  Harry 
H.  Edes,  was  printed  privately  in  Boston  in  1871. 

BARKSDALE,  William,  soldier,  b.  in  Ruther- 
ford CO.,  Tenn.,  21  Aug.,  1821 ;  d.  at  Gettysburg, 
Pa.,  2  July,  18(J3.  He  was  educated  at  Nashville 
university,  studied  law  in  Columbus,  Miss.,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  before  he  was  of  age.  He 
soon  became  a  successful  practitioner,  and  was 
prominent  as  an  advocate  of  state  rights.  He  be- 
came editor  of  the  Columbus  "  Democrat,"  and 
ably  set  forth  his  political  views  in  its  columns. 
His  first  military  experience  was  as  a  member  of 
the  non-commissioned  staff  of  the  2d  Mississippi 
volunteers  in  the  Mexican  war.  In  1851  he  served 
as  a  member  of  the  state  convention  held  to  con- 
sider the  compromise  measures  then  before  the 
country.  Two  years  afterward  he  was  elected  to 
congress,  and  at  once  became  prominent  among 
the  pro-slavery  democrats.  When  Preston  S. 
Brooks  made  his  assault  upon  Charles  Sumner  in 
the  senate  chamber,  Mr.  Barksdale  was  present, 
and  prevented  the  interference  of  bystanders. 
When  his  state  seceded  he  left  his  seat  in  congress 
and  accepted  the  command  of  the  13th  regiment 
of  Mississippi  volunteers,  participated  in  the  cam- 
paigns of  Virginia,  and  rose  to  the  rank  of  briga- 
dier in  the  confederate  service.  He  commanded 
the  8d  brigade  of  Early's  division,  during  the  sec- 
ond day's  fight  at  Gettysburg,  and  fell  while  lead- 
ing his  men  in  the  assault  on  the  national  left. 

BARLOW,  Arthur,  navigator,  b.  about  1550 : 
d.  about  1620.  He  was  sent  out  by  Sir  Walter  Ra- 
leigh in  1584  in  command  of  an  expedition  bound 
upon  a  voyage  of  discovery  for  the  purpose  of  colo- 


166 


BARLOW 


BARLOW 


nization,  and  Queen  Elizabeth  gave  him  a  special 
charter  constituting  him  a  lord  proprietary  with 
almost  unlimited  powers.  The  intention  was  to 
colonize  a  more  southerly  latitude  than  up  to  that 
time  had  been  occupied  by  PCnglish  settlers.  Two 
ships,  one  commanded  by  Barlow  and  the  other  by 
Philip  Amidas,  set  sail  on  27  April.  They  took 
the  southerly  course,  touching  at  the  Canaries  and 
the  West  Indies,  and  made  their  way  northward 
along  the  coast.  Early  in  July  they  neared  land, 
and  perceived  a  fragrance  coming  oti'  the  coast  "  as 
if  they  had  been  in  the  midst  of  some  delicate 
garden,"  abounding  with  all  kinds  of  odoriferous 
flowers.  On  13  July  they  entered  Ocracoke  inlet 
and  landed  on  Wocoken,  the  southernmost  of  the 
islands  forming  the  entrance  to  what  is  now  called 
Pamlico  sound.  The  beauty  of  the  climate,  the 
heavily  wooded  shores,  the  abundance  of  game, 
and  the  friendliness  of  the  natives  so  captivated 
Barlow  and  his  fellow- voyagers  that,  after  explor- 
ing Pamlico  and  Albemarle  sounds,  they  returned 
to  England  in  September  and  gave  such  glowing 
accounts  of  their  discoveries  that  the  queen  named 
the  territory  Virginia,  in  delicate  compliment  to 
her  own  unmarried  state,  and  preparations  for  per- 
manent settlement  were  at  once  begun. 

BARLOW,  Francis  Glianniiig^,  soldier,  b.  in 
Brooklyn.  X.  Y.,  19  Oct..  1884 :  d.  in  New  York  city, 
11  Jan.,  18'J0.  lie  was  graduated  at  Harvard,  stud- 
ied law  in  the  office  of  William  Curtis  Noyes,  New 
York,  and  began  practice  in  that  city.  For  a  time 
he  was  on  the  editorial  staff  of  the  "Tribune." 
In  1861  he  enlisted  as  a  private  in  the  12th  regi- 
ment New  York  state  national  guard,  and  went  to 
the  front  on  the  first  call  for  troops  to  defend  the 
capital.  At  the  end  of  the  three  months'  term  of 
service  he  had  been  promoted  lieutenant.  He  at 
once  reentered  the  service  as  lieutenant-colonel 
of  the  61st  New  York  volunteers,  was  promoted 
colonel  during  the  siege  of  Yorktown,  and  distin- 
guished himself  at  the  battle  of  Fair  Oaks  or  Seven 
Pines  (31  May  and  1  June,  1862),  for  which  he  was 
afterward  (19  Sept.)  promoted  brigadier-general. 
He  brought  his  regiment  in  good  form  through 
the  trying  "  change  of  base  "  from  the  Chickahom- 
iny  to  the  James  river.  At  Antietam  (17  Sept.)  his 
command  captured  two  sets  of  confederate  colors 
and  300  prisoners,  but  he  was  severely  wounded, 
and  carried  apparently  dead  from  the  field.  At 
Chancellorsville  (2  May,  1863)  he  commanded  a 
brigade  in  the  11th  corps,  but  was  not  involved  in 
the  discreditable  surprise  of  its  commanding  offi- 
cer, having  been  detached  early  in  the  day  to  harass 
"  Stonewall "  Jackson  in  his  flank  movement  on 
the  national  right.  At  the  battle  of  Gettysburg 
(1  July,  1863)  he  was  severely  wounded  and  taken 
prisoner  during  the  first  day's  fight ;  but  he  was 
exchanged,  and  recovered  in  time  to  take  the  field 
again  the  following  spring.  At  Spottsylvania 
Court-House,  12  May,  1864,  the  2d  corps  (Gen.  Han- 
cock's) was  ordered  to  storm  the  confederate  works 
at  dawn.  Gen.  Barlow  commanded  the  1st  divis- 
ion, which,  with  the  3d,  formed  the  advance  line. 
The  works  were  carried  with  a  rush,  and  3,000  pris- 
oners captured,  comprising  almost  an  entire  divis- 
ion, with  two  general  officers,  Ed.  Johnson  and 
G.  H.  Steuart.  This  opened  one  of  the  most  san- 
guinary and  stubbornly  contested  engagements  of 
the  civil  war,  and  was  the  first  substantial  suc- 
cess won  during  the  campaign.  Gen.  Barlow  par- 
ticipated in  the  final  campaigns  of  the  Potomac 
army  under  Gen.  Grant,  was  present  at  the  assault 
on  Petersburg,  and  at  the  surrender  of  the  con- 
federate forces  in  April,  1865,  and  was  mustered 
out  of  the  militarv  service  on   the  conclusion  of 


peace.  He  was  elected  secretary  of  the  state  of 
New  York  in  1865,  and  served  until  1868,  when 
president  Grant  appointed  him  U.  S.  marshal  of 
the  southern  district  of  the  state.  He  resigned  in 
October,  1869.  In  November,  1871,  he  was  elected 
attorney-general  of  the  state,  serving  through 
1872-3.  Since  that  date  he  has  practised  law  in 
New  York  city.  Gen.  Barlow  married  Miss  Ara- 
bella Griffith,  who,  while  her  husband  was  in  the 
field,  was  highly  efficient  in  the  hospitals  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  U.  S.  sanitary  commission.  She  died  27 
July,  1864,  of  fever  contracted  in  the  hospitals  of 
the  Army  of  the  Potomac.  His  second  wife  is  a 
daughter  of  Francis  G.  Shaw. 

BARLOW,  JoeL  author,  b.  in  Redding,  Conn., 
24  March,  1754;  d.  near  Cracow,  Poland,  24  Dec, 
1812.  He  entered  Dartmouth  college  in  1774,  but 
soon  removed  to  Yale,  where  he  was  graduated  in 
1778,  delivering  the  commencement  poem,  "  Pros- 
pect of  Peace  "  (published  in  "  American  Poems," 
Litchfield,  Conn., 
1793).  In  1780  he 
became  chaplain 
of  Poor's  brigade 
of  the  Massachu- 
setts line,  having 
previously  spent 
his  vacations 
with  the  army, 
and  fought  at 
White  ^Plains. 
On  the  disband- 
ment  of  the 
army,  in  1783, 
Barlow  settled  at 
Hartford,  stud- 
ied law,  and  was 
adniitted  to  the 
bar  in  1786.  He 
founded  with 
Elisha  Babcock 
the  "  American 
Mercury,"a  polit- 
ical and  literary 

weekly,  and.  joining  the  Hartford  wits,  wrote  much 
satirical  verse.  In  1785  he  edited  and  imposed  the 
"  Book  of  Psalmody  "  then  in  use  in  the  Congrega- 
tional churches  of  Connecticut,  contributing  gen- 
eral versions  of  psalms  never  before  attempted. 
Two  years  later  he  published  at  Hartford  his  epic 
poem.  "  The  Vision  of  Columbus."  which  made  him 
famous.  As  a  result  he  was  offered  the  agency  of 
the  Scioto  Land  Company,  which,  under  cover  of  the 
Ohio  Land  Company,  had  purchased  the  right  of  re- 
demption to  nearly  3,500,000  acres  of  government 
land  in  Ohio,  which  it  now  desired  to  sell  abroad. 
Barlow  accepted,  and  sailed  for  France  in  May, 
1788.  Not  succeeding  in  his  agency,  he  turned  to 
politics  and  letters.  As  a  Girondist  he  contributed 
largely  to  tlie  political  literature  of  France  in  1789- 
'91.  Becoming  interested  in  English  politics,  he 
crossed  over  to  England  in  1791,  and  resided  for 
nearly  two  years  in  London,  one  of  a  circle  of  art- 
ists, poets,  wits,  journalists,  and  pamphleteers  who 
formed  the  Constitutional  society,  and  were  in- 
tensely republican  in  tone.  West,  Copley,  Trum- 
bull, Hayley,  Home  Tooke,  and  Priestley  were 
among  his  associates.  In  London  he  published 
several  political  works,  the  most  important  being 
his  "  Advice  to  the  Privileged  Orders,"  which 
Burke  attacked  and  Fox  openly  eulogized  in  par- 
liament, and  which  the  British  government  pro- 
scribed. Taking  refuge  in  France,  Barlow  m 
1792-'3  accompanied  a  deputation  of  the  national 
convention  into  Savoy  for  the  purpose  of  erecting  it 


BARLOW 


BARNARD 


167 


into  the  84th  department  of  France,  and  was  there 
nominated  for  depnty,  but  was  defeated.  In  Cham- 
bery,  in  this  province,  he  wrote  his  "  Hasty  Pud- 
ding," his  most  popular  poem.  Returning  to  Paris, 
Barlow  forswore  politics  and  devoted  himself  to 
advancing  his  private  fortunes,  and  by  mercantile 
pursuits  and  speculations  soon  became  wealthy. 
He  was  appointed  U.  S.  consul  at  Algiers  in  1795, 
and  spent  a  year  and  a  half  at  the  capital  battling 
with  the  plague  and  the  caprices  of  the  dey,  and 
succeeded  in  effecting  the  object  of  his  mission,  the 
liberation  of  American  captives  and  the  signing  of 
a  treaty.  Returning  to  Paris,  he  lived  for  eight 
years  the  life  of  a  man  of  letters,  writing  his  poem 
"  The  Columbiad,"  and  making  extensive  prepara- 
tions for  a  history  of  the  American  revolution  and 
one  work  on  the  French  revolution.  During  this 
period,  too,  he  exerted  himself  to  heal  the  rupture 
between  the  United  States  and  France  caused  by 
the  mutual  jealousy  and  suspicion  of  the  federal 
party  and  the  French  directory.  In  the  heated  po- 
litical campaign  of  1799-1800,  in  America,  he  ad- 
dressed to  his  countrymen  two  forcible  and  digni- 
fied epistles  on  the  measures  of  the  party  in  power, 
which  had  their  due  effect  in  determining  the  re- 
sult. Returning  to  America  in  1805,  he  established 
himself  at  Kalorama,  near  Washington,  and,  de- 
clining all  political  honors,  devoted  himself  to  lit- 
erary and  pastoral  pursuits  and  the  society  of  emi- 
nent men.  In  1807  his  epic,  '"  The  Columbiad  " — 
the  "  Vision  of  Columbus  "  enlarged — was  issued  at 
Philadelphia.  Of  this  book  an  impartial  critic  has 
said :  "  It  abounds  in  beautiful  passages,  but  is 
overburdened  with  political  and  philosophical  dis- 
cjuisitions,  and  disfigured  by  singularities  of  ex- 
pression." In  1811,  his  coiuitry  being  apparently 
■on  the  verge  of  war  with  France,  Barlow  was  pre- 
vailed on  to  accept  the  post  of  minister  to  the 
French  court  in  the  hope  of  preserving  peace,  and 
went  there  in  the  U.  S.  frigate  '•  Constitution," 
•commanded  by  Capt.  Isaac  Hull,  accompanied  by 
Mrs.  Barlow  and  her  sister.  Miss  Baldwin.  After 
nine  months  of  diplomacy  he  was  invited  by  Napo- 
leon, then  absent  on  his  Russian  campaign,  to  meet 
him  at  Wilna,  Poland,  where  the  treaty,  whose 
provisions  had  been  agreed  on,  would  be  signed. 
Barlow  set  out,  but  on  reaching  Wilna  found  the 
French  army  in  full  retreat  on  the  town  from 
Moscow.  Becoming  involved  in  the  retreat,  he  was 
overcome  by  cold  and  privation,  and  died  at  Yar- 
misica,  in  Poland.  See  "  Life  and  Letters  of  Joel 
Barlow,"  by  Charles  Burr  Todd  (New  York,  1886). 

BARLOW,  Samuel  Latham  Mitchell,  lawyer, 
b.  in  Granville,  Mass.,  5  June,  1826 ;  d.  in  Glen  Cove, 
N.  Y.,  10  July,  1889.  He  was  educated  in  New 
York  city,  where  he  practised  law  for  forty  years. 
He  gave  much  time  to  the  collection  of  rare  and 
curious  books.  His  library  of  Americana  was  among 
the  largest  in  the  country,  and  only  surpassed  by 
the  Brinley,  Carter-Brown,  and  Lenox  collections. 
In  connection  with  Henry  Harrisse  he  edited 
"  Notes  on  Columbus,"  an  invaluable  work  for  the 
biography  and  bibliography  of  the  discoverer  of  the 
new  world  (New  York,  privately  printed,  1806). 

BARLOW,  Thomas  Harris,  inventor,  b.  in 
Nicholas  co.,  Ky.,  5  Aug.,  1789 :  d.  in  Cincinnati, 
Ohio,  in  1865.  He  settled  in  Lexington,  Ky.,  in 
1835,  and  in  1851  finished  his  first  planetarium 
which  is  now  in  Transylvania  university  in  that 
town.  This  ingenious  and  useful  piece  of  mechan- 
ism is  now  in  use  at  West  Point,  the  Washington 
observatory,  and  other  institutions. 

BARNARD,  Charles,  author,  b.  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  13  Feb.,  1838.  He  attended  the  common 
schools  until  he  was  sixteen  years  of  age,  devoting 


his  leisure  hours  to  the  assistance  of  his  father,  the 
Rev.  C.  F.  Barnard,  then  in  charge  of  the  Warren 
street  mission  chapel,  Boston.  Then  turning  his 
attention  to  business,  for  a  while  he  was  employed 
as  a  clerk,  but,  this  occupation  being  uncongenial, 
he  began  to  study  for  the  ministry,  when  ill-health 
compelled  him  to  relinquish  this  intention,  and  he 
became  a  florist.  At  the  age  of  twenty-one  he 
undertook  by  private  studies  to  educate  himself, 
and  has  since  devoted  his  attention  almost  exclu- 
sively to  writing.  As  a  journalist,  he  has  filled 
at  various  times  the  place  of  assistant  editor  of  the 
Boston  "  Journal  of  Commerce,"  editor  of  "  Vox 
Humana,"  musical  editor  of  the  Boston  "  Post," 
editor  of  "  World's  Work  Department "  in  the 
"  Century  "  magazine,  and  its  only  contributor  for 
nine  years.  His  short  stories  and  articles,  exceed- 
ing one  hundred  and  fifty  in  number,  have  ap- 
pea^red  in  A^arious  periodicals.  His  principal  books 
are:  "My  Ten-Rod  Farm,"  "Farming  by  Inches," 
"  The  Strawberry  Garden,"  and  "  A  Simple  Flower 
Garden  "  (Boston,  1869-'71) ;  "  The  Tone  Masters  " 
(3  vols.,  1871);  "The  Soprano"  (1872);  "  Legilda 
Romanief  "  (1880) ;  "  Knights  of  To-day  "  (New 
York,  1881) ;  "  Co-operation  as  a  Business  "  (1881) ; 
and  "A  Dead  Town"  (London,  1884).  Mr.  Bar- 
nard is  superintendent  of  instruction  to  the  Chau- 
tauqua town  and  country  club,  a  branch  of  the 
Chautauqua  university,  and  as  such  has  published 
"  Talks  about  the  Weather  "  (1885),  "  Talks  about 
the  Soil  "  (1886).  and  "  Talks  about  Our  Useful 
Plants  "  (1886),  all  issued  by  the  Cliiiutauquan  Press, 
Boston.  He  has  written  several  operas  and  dramas 
for  amateurs,  among  which  are  "  The  Triple  Wed- 
ding," "  Too  Soon,"  "  Eugenea,"  "  The  Dream- 
Land  Tree,"  and  "  Katy  Neal "  (New  York,  1884-'5). 
He  was  also  associated  in  the  authorship  of  the 
play  "  We,  Us.  and  Co." 

BARNARD,  Daniel  Dewey,  lawyer,  b.  in  Shef- 
field, Mass.,  16  July,  1797;  d.  in  Albany,  N.  Y.,  24 
April,  1861.  He  was  graduated  at  Williams  col- 
lege in  1818,  studied  law,  and  in  1821  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar,  and  began  its  practice  in  Roches- 
ter, N.  Y.  In  1826  he  was  elected  district  attorney 
for  Monroe  co.,  N.  Y.,  and  in  1827  was  elected  rep- 
resentative to  congress.  After  travelling  for  some 
time  abroad,  he  settled  in  Albany,  N.  Y.,  and 
served  in  the  state  legislature.  He  was  again  in 
congress  from  1839  to  1845,  when  he  was  chairman 
of  the  judiciary  committee.  From  1850  to  1853  he 
was  U.  S.  minister  to  Prussia.  He  was  the  author 
of  numerous  reviews  and  speeches. 

BARNARD,  Edward  Emerson,  astronomer, 
b.  in  Nashville,  Tenn.,  16  Dec,  1857.  He  was 
graduated  at  Vanderbilt  university  in  1886.  His 
discoveries  in  astronomy  include  the  following: 
Comet  (Barnard),  VI,  1881 ;  Comet  (Barnard),  III, 
1882 ;  the  duplicity  of  the  companion  to  )3  Capri- 
corni  (6  Nov.,  1883) ;  Comet  (Barnard),  II,  1884 ; 
Comet  (Barnard),  II,  1885;  Comet  (Barnard),  — , 
1886,  and  also  independently  Comet  V,  1885.  Up 
to  June,  1886,  he  had  discovered  twenty-one  nebu- 
lae. Since  1883  he  has  had  charge  of  the  astro- 
'nomical  observatory,  and  he  is  also  assistant  in 
practical  astronomy  at  Vanderbilt  university.  His 
publications  consist  of  astronomical  contributions 
to  the  "  Sidereal  Messenger,"  "  Observatory,"  "  Sci- 
ence Observer,"  "  Astronomische  Nachrichten,"  and 
other  technical  journals. 

BARNARD,  Frederick  Augustus  Porter, 
educator,  b.  in  Sheffield,  Mass.,  5  May,  1809 ;  d.  in 
New  York,  27  April,  1889.  He  was  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1828,  in  1831  teacher  in  the  asylum  for  the 
deaf  and  dumb  at  Hartford,  and  in  1832  in  that  of 
New  York.     From  1837  to  1848  he  was  professor  of 


168 


BARNARD 


BARNARD 


mathematics  and  natural  philosophy  in  the  uni- 
versity of  Alabama,  and  afterward  of  chemistry 
till  1854.  The  same  year  he  took  orders  in  the 
Episcopal  church.  He  then  became  professor  of 
mathematics  and  astronomy  in  the  university  of 
Mississippi,  of  which  institution   iie  was   elected 

president  in 
1856.  In  1861 
Dr.  Barnard 
left  Mississip- 
pi, and  in  1864 
hebecamepres- 
ident  of  Co- 
lumbia college, 
New  York.  He 
was  U.  S.  com- 
missioner to 
the  univer- 
sal exposition 
at  Paris  in 
1867,  and  pub- 
lished an  elab- 
orate "  Report 
on  Machinery 
and  Industrial 
Arts "  (New 
York,  1869) ; 
and  he  was  also 
U.  S.  assistant 
commissioner- 
general  to  the 
Paris  exposition  of  1878.  His  other  principal  works 
are  :  "  Treatise  on  Arithmetic  "  (1880) ;  "  Analytic 
Grammar  with  Symbolic  Illustration  "  (1836),  ori- 
ginating a  system  still  used  in  the  principal  insti- 
tutions for  the  deaf  and  dumb ;  various  reports, 
essays,  etc.,  on  collegiate  and  university  education, 
including  a  volume  of  "  Letters  on  Collegiate  Gov- 
ernment "  (1855) ;  "  Ilistoiy  of  the  United  States 
Coast  Survey  "  (1857) ;  "  Recent  Progress  of  Science  " 
(1869) ;  "  The  Metric  System  "  (1871) ;  and  "  Imagi- 
nary Metrological  System  of  the  Great  Pyramid  " 
(1884).  In  1860  he  was  a  member  of  the  expedition 
to  observe  the  eclipse  of  the  sun  in  Labrador ;  in  1862 
was  engaged  in  reducing  observations  of  stars  in  the 
southern  hemisphere;  and  in  isi;:]  had  charge  of  the 
publication  of  charts  and  maps  of  the  U.  S.  coast  sur- 
vey. In  1860  he  was  elected  president  of  the  Ameri- 
can association  for  the  advancement  of  science,  in 
1865  of  the  board  of  experts  of  the  American  bureau 
of  mines,  and  in  1872  of  the  American  institute.  He 
was  one  of  the  original  corporators  named  in  the 
charter  of  the  national  academy  of  sciences,  and 
from  1874  to  1880  was  foreign  secretary  of  that 
body.  In  1855  he  received  the  degree  of  LL.  D. 
from  Jefferson  college.  Miss.,  and  in  1859  from 
Yale ;  in  1861  that  of  D.  D.  from  the  university  of 
Mississippi ;  and  in  1872  that  of  doctor  of  literature 
from  the  regents  of  the  university  of  the  state  of 
New  York.  He  contributed  to  the  "  American 
Journal  of  education  "  from  its  beginning,  and  to 
"  Silliman's  Journal  "  since  1837.  The  engraving 
gives  a  partial  view  of  the  old  and  the  new  build- 
ings of  Columbia  college. 

BARNARD,  Henry,  educator,  b.  in  Hartford, 
Conn.,  24  Jan.,  1811.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in 
1830,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1835,  and  from 
1837  to  1840  sat  in  the  Connecticut  legislature, 
where  he  advocated  reforms  in  prisons,  insane  asy- 
lums, and  the  common  schools.  He  effected  a  re- 
organization of  the  public-school  system,  introduc- 
ing school-houses  of  improved  construction,  high 
schools,  teachers'  institutes,  a  normal  academy,  and 
new  methods  of  instruction.  He  also  secured  the 
adoption  of  similar  reforms  in  other  states.     From 


1838  to  1842  he  was  secretary  of  the  board  of 
school  commissioners  in  Connecticut ;  from  1843 
to  1849  school  commissioner  of  Rhode  Island ; 
from  1850  to  1854  superintendent  of  the  Connecti- 
cut state  schools ;  from  1857  to  1859  president  of 
the   state   university  of  Wisconsin ;   in   1865  and 

1866  of  St.  John's  college  in  Annapolis ;  and  from 

1867  till  1870  U.  S.  commissioner  of  education. 
In  Rhode  Island,  where  the  right  of  taxation  for 
school  purposes  had  been  denied  for  200  years,  he 
revolutionized  public  opinion  so  completely  that 
a  system  of  public  education  as  complete  as  in  any 
of  "the  original  New  England  states  was  adopted 
by  the  vote  of  two-thirds  of  the  tax-payers  in  each 
town.  While  secretary  of  the  school  board  he 
established  the  "  Coiniecticut  Common  School 
Journal,"  and  while  in  Rhode  Island  he  issued  the 
"  Rhode  Island  School  Journal."  In  1855  he  began 
the  publication  of  the  "  American  Journal  of  Edu- 
cation." His  published  works  aie  "School  Archi- 
tecture" (1839  ;  10th  ed..  Hartford,  1886) ;  "  Nation- 
al Education  "  (1840) ;  "  Practical  Illustrations  of 
School  Architecture,"  "'  Report  on  Public  Schools 
in  Rhode  Island  "  (1845  and  1848) ;  "  Documentary 
History  of  Public  Schools  in  Providence  "  ;  "  Edu- 
cation and  Employment  of  Children  in  Factories  "  ; 
"  Normal  Schools  and  Teachers'  Institutes  "  (1850) ; 
'■National  Education  in  Europe"  (New  York, 
1854) ;  "  Normal  Schools  in  the  United  States  and 
Europe " ;  "  History  of  Education  in  Connecti- 
cut from  1638  to  1854";  "Educational  Biogra- 
phy" (1857);  "Papers  for  Teachers";  "Military 
Schools  " ;  "  Technical  and  Scientific  Education  " ; 
"  American  Pedagogy  "  ;  "  Discourses  on  the  Life 
and  Character  of  T,  H.  Gallaudet " ;  "  Tribute  to 
Dr.  Gallaudet,  with  History  of  the  American 
Asylum " ;  "  Hints  and  Methods  for  the  Use  of 
Teachers";  "American  Teachers";  "Elementary 
and  Secondary  Instruction  in  Switzerland,  France, 
Belgium,"  etc. ;  "  English  Pedagogy  "  ;  "  French 
Teachers,  Schools,  and  Pedagogy " ;  "  German 
Teachers  and  Educational  Reformers  "  ;  "  Life  of 
Ezekiel  Cheever,  and  Notes  on  the  Free  Schools  of 
New  England  "  ;  "  American  Journal  of  Educa- 
tion" (1856-86);  "Kindergarten  and  Child  Cul- 
ture Papers  "  ;  "  Object-Teachmg  and  Oral  Lessons 
on  Social  Science  and  Common  Things"  (New 
York,  1861) ;  "  Pestalozzi  and  Pestalozzianism  " 
(1861) ;  "  Primary  Schools  and  Elementary  Instruc- 
tion "  ;  "  School  Codes  "  ;  "  Science  and  Art "  ; 
"  Superior  Instruction  in  Different  Countries." 
From  1873  till  1886  Mr.  Barnard  devoted  himself 
to  revising  his  special  treatises  and  completing 
others  begun  and  developed  in  the  "Journal  of 
Education."  In  1886  he  announced  a  collected 
edition  of  his  publications,  under  the  title  "  The 
American  Library  of  Schools  and  Education,"  in 
52  volumes,  comprising  over  800  individual  trea- 
tises, each  of  which  is  also  published  separately. 

BARNARD,  Isaac  Daiiington,  senator,  b.  in 
Aston,  Pa.,  18  July,  1791 ;  d.  in  Westchester,  Pa..  28 
Feb.,  1834.  He  began  to  study  law  in  Chester,  Pa., 
after  receiving  a  common-school  education;  but 
the  war  of  1812  intervening  before  he  was  quali- 
fied for  the  bar,  he  accepted  a  captaincy  in  the 
14th  infantrv,  12  March,  1812.  He  served  with 
distinction  at  the  capture  of  Fort  George,  Canada 
(27  Mav,  1813),  and  at  Lyon's  creek  (19  Oct.,  1814), 
after  which  engagement  he  was  promoted  major. 
In  1815  he  resumed  his  legal  studies,  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1816,  and  appointed  deputy  attorney- 
general  in  1817.  Three  years  later  he  was  elected 
to  the  state  senate.  In  1826  he  became  secretary 
of  state  for  Pennsylvania,  and  m  1827  was  chosen 
U.  S.  senator,  resigning  in  1831. 


BARNARD 


BARNARD 


169 


BARNARD,  John,  clergyman,  b.  in  Boston, 
6  Nov.,  1681 ;  d.  24  Jan.,  1770.  He  was  baptized 
on  the  day  of  his  birth,  and  was  from  the  very  first 
destined  for  the  pulpit  by  his  parents.  He  entered 
the  class  of  1700  at  Harvard,  and  was  graduated  in 
due  course.  His  biographers  guardedly  intimate 
that  he  was  "  thoughtless  "  during  his  college  ca- 
reer ;  but  he  was  converted  before  graduation,  and 
began  at  once  to  study  theology.  He  preached 
his  first  sermon  within  a  year  of  receiving  his 
degree,  and  became  temporarily  the  assistant  of 
Dr.  Coleman,  of  the  Brattle  street  Congregational 
church,  Boston.  In  1707  he  was  appointed  by 
Gov.  Dudley  chaplain  to  one  of  the  regiments  sent 
to  reduce  the  forts  at  Port  Royal,  Nova  Scotia  (now 
Annapolis),  then  held  by  the  French  in  defiance  of 
the  British  crown.  A  warlike  expedition  precisely 
suited  Barnard's  temperament,  and  his  personal 
bravery  made  him  useful  aside  from  his  clerical 
capacity.  He  visited  England  in  1709,  where  his 
person  and  accomplishments  made  such  a  favora- 
ble impression  in  court  circles  that  he  was  offered 
an  official  chaplaincy  under  Lord  Wharton,  but  de- 
clined, not  being  able  to  accept  the  39  articles. 
Returning  to  America,  he  preached  as  a  candidate 
in  many  pulpits ;  but  being,  in  a  sense,  under  the 
patronage  of  the  very  unpopular  Gov.  Dudley,  he 
encountered  public  disfavor,  and  could  not  find  a 
congregation  that  would  accept  him  until  1716, 
when  he  was  ordained  as  the  assistant  of  the  Rev. 
Samuel  Cheever,  at  Marblehead.  There  he  re- 
mained during  the  rest  of  his  life.  In  the  bitter 
ecclesiastical  controversy  that  arose  throughout 
New  England  about  1741,  mainly  in  consequence 
of  Whitefield's  powerful  advocacy  of  Calvinistic 
Methodism,  Mr.  Barnard  took  a  middle  course, 
and  he  is  by  some  authorities  credited  with  being 
the  first  of  the  Trinitarian  Congregationalists  to 
deviate  from  Calvinism.  He  published  a  large 
number  of  sermons ;  "  A  History  of  the  Strange 
Adventures  of  Philip  Ashton  "  (1725) ;  "  A  Version 
of  the  Psalms  "  (1752) ;  and  an  edition  of  the  first 
Dudleian  (Harvard)  lecture  ever  published  (1756). 
He  is  desci'ibed  in  the  funeral  discourse  as  a  man 
of  extraordinarily  impressive  personality.  "  His 
presence,"  said  the  speaker,  "  restrained  eveiy  im- 
prudent sally  of  youth,  and  when  the  aged  saw  him 
they  arose  and  stood  up."  By  all  accounts  he  was 
a  fine  type  of  the  dignified  New  England  minister, 
who  exacted  and  received  all  the  punctilious  re- 
spect tlien  so  generally  accorded  to  the  clergy. 

BARNARD,  John  Gross,  soldier,  b.  in  Shef- 
field, Mass.,  19  May,  1815 ;  d.  in  Detroit,  Mich.,  14 
May,  1882.  He  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in 
1838,  standing  second  in  a  class  of  forty-three 
members,  was  ordered  to  duty  at  Newport,  R.  I.,  as 
brevet  second-lieutenant  of  the  corps  of  engineers, 
and  was  soon  sent  to  the  gulf  coast,  where,  as  as- 
sistant and  principal  engineer,  he  was  engaged  on 
the  fortifications  of  Pensacola  and  New  Orleans. 
He  was  also  employed  on  various  harbor  improve- 
ments, and  had  reached  the  grade  of  captain  of 
engineers  when  the  war  with  Mexico  called  him  to 
active  service.  He  superintended  the  construction 
of  the  defences  of  Tampico,  and  surveyed  the  bat- 
tle-fields about  the  city  of  Mexico.  For  these 
services  he  was  brevetted  major  30  May,  1848.  Two 
years  afterward  he  was  appointed  by  the  president 
chief  of  a  scientific  commission  to  survey  the  isth- 
mus of  Tehuantepec,  with  a  view  to  the  construc- 
tion of  a  railroad  from  ocean  to  ocean.  His  re- 
port of  this  commission,  edited  by  J.  T.  Williams, 
was  the  first  full  topographical  account  of  the 
isthmus.  In  1852  he  was  engaged  in  surveying 
the  mouths  of  the  Mississippi  river  with  a  view  to 

VOL.    I.— 12 


their  permanent  improvement.  He  was  superin- 
tendent of  the  U.  S.  military  academy  from  1855 
to  1856,  and  was  then  placed  in  charge  of  the  forti- 
fications of  New  York  harbor.  He  was  promoted 
major  of  engineers  13  Dec,  1858.  The  foregoing 
list  of  his  services  before  the  civil  war  includes 
only  the  more  prominent ;  he  was  constantly  de- 
tailed on  minor  works  of  importance — too  many  for 
enumeration  here.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  war  Gen. 
Barnard  served  as  chief  engineer  of  the  department 
of  Washington  from  April  to  July,  1861,  and  then 
as  chief  engineer  to  Gen.  McDowell  in  the  first  Bull 
Run  campaign.  Next,  with  the  rank  of  brigadier- 
general,  he  acted  as  chief  engineer  to  the  Army  of 
the  Potomac  in  the  Virginia  peninsular  campaign 
of  1862.  When  the  confederate  army  advanced 
into  eastern  Virginia,  he  was  appointed  chief 
engineer  of  the  defences  of  Washington,  and 
was  promoted  lieutenant-colonel  of  engineers  31 
March,  1863.  In  January,  1864,  he  was  appointed 
chief  engineer,  and  was  on  the  staff  of  Gen.  Grant 
in  the  Richmond  campaign.  At  the  end  of  the 
war  he  was  made  brevet  major-general,  U.  S.  army, 
"  for  gallant  and  meritorious  services  in  the  field," 
and  was  promoted  colonel  of  the  corps  of  engineers 
28  Dec,  1865.  The  president  nominated  him,  on 
the  death  of  Gen.  Totten,  to  succeed  the  latter  as 
brigadier-general  and  chief  of  engineers  in  April, 
1864 ;  but,  at  Gen.  Barnard's  request,  the  nomina- 
tion was  withdrawn  before  it  came  up  for  con- 
firmation by  the  senate.  He  was  made  a  member 
of  the  joint  board  of  army  and  navy  officers  on 
harbor  defences,  torpedoes,  etc.,  and  served  as  sen- 
ior member  of  the  board  of  engineers  for  perma- 
nent fortifications,  as  a  member  of  the  U.  S.  light- 
house board,  and  on  other  important  duties 
connected  with  the  engineering  branch  of  the 
service,  until  shortly  before  his  death.  Gen.  Bar- 
nard was  not  only  a  brave  soldier,  but,  like  his 
brother,  the  president  of  Columbia  college,  an  ac- 
complished mathematician  and  author.  The  uni- 
versity of  Alabama  conferred  the  degree  of  A.  M. 
in  1838,  and  in  1864  he  received  that  of  LL.  D. 
from  Yale.  He  was  one  of  the  original  corporators 
of  the  national  academy  of  sciences  appointed  by 
act  of  congress,  3  March,  1863.  His  works  include 
"Survey  of  the  Isthmus  of  Tehuantepec"  (1852); 
"  Phenomena  of  the  Gyroscope"  (1858) ;  "  Dangers 
and  Defences  of  New  York"  (1859);  "Notes  on 
Sea-coast  Defence "  (1861) ;  "  The  Confederate 
States  of  America  and  the  Battle  of  Bull  Run" 
(1862) ;  "  Reports  of  the  Engineer  and  Artillery 
Operations  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  "  (1863) ; 
"Eulogy  on  General  Totten"  (1866);  and  many 
scientific  and  military  memoirs  and  reports. 

BARNARD,  William  Stebbins,  naturalist,  b. 
in  Canton,  111.,  28  Feb.,  1849.  He  studied  at  the 
Canton  high  school,  university  of  Michigan,  Cor- 
nell university  (B.  S.,  1871),  university  of  Leipsic, 
and  at  the  university  of  Jena  (Ph.  D.,  1873).  In  1870 
he  accompanied  the  scientific  exploring  expedition 
to  Brazil  as  assistant  geologist.  On  his  return 
from  Europe  he  lectured  in  1874  at  Cornell  uni- 
versity, and  during  the  summer  at  the  school  on 
Penikese  island.  Since  then  he  has  lectured  on 
natural  history  at  Mississippi  agricultural  college 
(1874-'5) ;  Illinois  teachers'  summer  school  (1875) ; 
Wisconsin  state  normal  school  (1875) ;  Oskaloosa 
college  (1876-'8);  Cornell  university  (1878-'80) ; 
and  Drake  Christian  university  (1886).  During 
1880-'5  he  was  entomologist  at  the  U.  S.  depart- 
ment of  agriculture,  Washington.  Dr.  Barnard 
has  made  investigations  in  his  specialties,  and 
papers  by  him  have  appeared  in  scientific  journals. 
His  reports  as  entomologist  have  been  published  by 


170 


BARNES 


BARNES 


^UyLc^cyU^^^ 


AJ^^ 


the  government,  and  he  has  contributed  to  the  pro- 
ceedings and  transactions  of  the  scientific  societies 
of  which  he  is  a  member.  He  has  made  inven- 
tions of  harvesters,  both  for  corn  and  cotton,  and 
also  of  means  and  appliances  for  the  destruction  of 
injurious  insects.  He  also  devised  the  Harvard 
book-rack,  improved  paper-file  holders,  and  similar 
articles.  Dr.  Barnard  has  made  several  hundred 
plates  and  figures,  some  on  stone,  for  the  illustra- 
tion of  his  papers. 

BARNES,  Albert,  theologian,  b,  in  Rome,  N. 
Y.,  1  Dec,  1798;  d.  in  Philadelphia,  24  Dec,  1870. 
He  was  graduated  at  Hamilton  college  in  1820, 
studied  theology  at  Princeton  seminary,  was  li- 
censed to  preach  in  1823,  and  became  pastor  of  the 
first  Presbyterian  church  in  Philadelphia  in  1830, 
where  he  remained  until  18G7,  when  poor  health 

and  partial  blind- 
ness eaused  him 
to  resign.  His 
annotations  on 
various  parts  of 
the  Scriptures, 
originally  pre- 
pared as  lectures 
to  his  congrega- 
tion, were  pub- 
lished and  at- 
tained a  wide  cir- 
culation, being 
adapted  for  the 
use  of  Sunday- 
schools.  He  was 
tried  for  heresy 
on  account  of 
certain  passages 
in  his  commen- 
tary on  the  Epis- 
tle to  the  Ro- 
mans, and  was  acquitted  ;  but  was  advised  to  alter 
the  phraseology  of  his  notes,  which  was  accordingly 
done.  He  was  a  leader  of  the  new-school  Presby- 
terians, when,  soon  after  his  trial,  a  definitive  rup- 
ture occurred  in  the  denomination.  Of  Barnes's 
"  Notes  "  more  than  1,000,000  volumes  were  sold 
before  the  last  revised  edition,  in  six  volumes,  was 
issued  (New  York,  1872).  His  other  writings  were 
"  Scriptural  Views  of  Slavery "  (Philadelphia, 
1846) ;  "  The  Way  of  Salvation  "  (1863) ;  "  Manual 
of  Prayers";  "The  Atonement";  "Claims  of 
Episcopacy  "  ;  "  Church  Manual "  ;  "  Practical  Ser- 
mons for  Vacant  Congregations  and  Families "  ; 
"  Closet  Companion  "  (New  York,  1854) ;  "  How 
shall  Man  be  Just  with  Godr'  (1855);  "The 
Church  and  Slavery"  (1856);  "Miscellaneous  Es- 
says and  Reviews  "  (1855) ;  "  Way  of  Salvation  Il- 
lustrated "  (1856) ;  "  Inquiries  and  Suggestions  in 
regard  to  the  Foundation  of  Faith  in  the  Word  of 
God  "  ;  "  Life  at  Three  Score  "  (1858) ;  "  The  Atone- 
ment "  ;  "  Lectures  on  the  Evidences  of  Christian- 
ity in  the  Nineteenth  Century  "  (1868) ;  and  "Pray- 
ers for  Family  Worship."  The  "  Defence  "  that  he 
made  at  his  trial  on  charges  of  heresy  has  also  been 
published  (New  York),  and  a  report  of  the  trial 
(Philadelphia).  He  published  besides  several  vol- 
umes of  sermons  and  a  series  of  question-books  for 
Sunday-schools.  A  collection  of  liis  "  Theological 
Works  "  was  published  in  New  York  in  1875. 

BARNES,  Daniel  Henry,  educator,  b.  in  Ca- 
naan, N,  Y.,  25  April,  1785  ;  d.  near  Troy,  N.  Y., 
27  Oct.,  1828.  He  was  graduated  at  Union  with 
high  honors  in  1809.  After  devoting  some  time  to 
the  study  of  Hebrew  he  was  called  to  take  charge 
of  the  academy  in  Poughkeepsie,  and  during  the 
same  year  united  with   the  Baptist  church.      In 


1813  he  was  licensed  to  preach,  and  in  the  following 
year  became  principal  of  an  institution  in  Cincin- 
nati, Ohio,  which  was  expected  to  become  a  col- 
lege. His  health  failed,  and  he  returned  to  Schenec- 
tady and  took  charge  of  the  classical  school  con- 
nected with  Union  college,  where  he  remained  for 
more  than  three  years.  Among  his  pupils  were 
President  Francis  Wayland,  Bishop  Alonzo  Pot- 
ter, and  Dr.  Erskine  Mason.  For  a  time  he  was 
professor  of  languages  in  the  Baptist  theological 
seminary.  New  York,  and  then  he  opened  an  Eng- 
lish and  classical  school  in  that  city,  with  which  he 
was  eminently  successful.  In  1824  he  was  ap- 
pointed associate  principal  of  the  New  Yoi'k  high 
school  for  boys.  He  was  chosen  president  of 
Waterville  college.  Me.,  and  later  (in  1827)  of  Co- 
lumbian college,  Wasliington,  D.  C,  both  of  which 
he  declined.  In  addition  to  his  attainments  as  a 
classical  scholar  and  j)hilologist,  he  became  eminent 
as  a  conchologist,  as  is  showri  by  his  papers  in  the 
"  American  Journal  of  Science  and  Arts."  Of  these, 
the  most  important  are  "  Geological  Section  of  the 
Canaan  Mountain,"  "  Memoir  on  the  Genera  Unio 
and  Alasmodonta,"  "  Five  Species  of  Chiton," 
"  Memoir  on  Bati-achian  Animals  and  Doubtful 
Reptiles,"  "  On  Magnetic  Polarity,"  and  "  Recla- 
mation of  Unios."  He  also  assisted  Dr.  Webster 
in  the  preparation  of  his  dictionary.  His  death 
was  the  result  of  an  accident. 

BARNES,  Demas,  merchant,  b.  in  Canandaigua, 
N.  Y.,  4  April,  1827:  d.  in  New  York  city,  1  May, 
1888.  His  education  was  acquired  at  the  public 
schools  until  he  was  fifteen,  when  he  Ijecame  a  clerk 
in  a  country  store,  and  subsequently  began  busi- 
ness for  himself.  In  1849  he  removed  to  New 
York  city,  where  he  followed  the  wholesale  drug 
business,  in  which  he  made  a  large  fortune.  Mr. 
Barnes  crossed  the  United  States  in  a  wagon,  ex- 
amining the  mineral  resources  of  Colorado,  Nevada, 
and  California,  and  described  his  experiences  in  a 
series  of  letters  to  the  newspapers.  Later  he  was 
an  active  advocate  of  the  building  of  the  Union 
Pacific  Railroad.  In  1866  he  was  elected  as  a 
democrat  to  congress,  and  served  from  4  March,. 
1867,  till  3  March.  1869.  During  his  career  in 
Washington  he  was  a  member  of  the  committee 
on  banking  and  currency,  and  education  and  labor, 
and  secured  legislation  for  the  construction  of  the 
Brooklyn  bridge,  the  New  York  post-office,  and 
similai'  important  works.  In  1870  he  retired  from 
mercantile  business.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Brooklyn  Board  of  Education,  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Brooklyn  bridge,  member  of  the  art  associa- 
tion, and  director  in  various  institutions.  He  es- 
tablished and  edited  the  Brooklyn  "Argus,"  a  jour- 
nal devoted  to  the  interests  of  municipal  reform. 
Besides  numerous  contributions  to  the  daily  press,, 
he  published  "From  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific" 
(New  York,  1865). 

BARNES,  James,  soldier,  b.  about  1809 ;  d.  in 
Springfield,  Mass.,  12  Feb.,  1869.  He  was  gradti- 
ated  at  West  Point  in  1829,  standing  fifth  in  his 
class.  Among  his  classmates  were  Robert  E.  Lee, 
Joseph  E.  Johnston,  0.  McKnio^ht  Mitchell,  Thomas^ 
Swords,  and  a  dozen  others  distinguished  in  after- 
life. He  remained  in  the  army  seven  years,  ad- 
vancing to  the  rank  of  first  lieutenant  of  the 
4th  artillery,  when  he  resigned  and  became  a 
railroad  engineer  and  superintendent  on  the  West- 
ern railroad  of  Massachusetts  from  1836  to  1848, 
and  chief  engineer  of  the  Seaboard  and  Roanoke- 
railroad  from  1848  to  1852.  He  also  constructed,, 
either  wholly  or  in  part,  the  Rome  and  Watertown, 
the  Sackett's  Harbor  and  Ellisburg,  the  Buffalo, 
Corning,  and  New  York,  the  Terre  Haute,  Alton- 


BARNES 


BARNEY 


171 


and  St.  Louis,  and  the  Potsdam  and  Watertown 
railroads,  between  1848  and  1857.  During  the  civil 
war  he  was  colonel  of  the  18th  Massachusetts  vol- 
unteers from  26  July,  1861,  to  29  Nov..  1862,  par- 
ticipating in  most  of  the  battles  of  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac  during  that  period.  He  was  promoted  to 
be  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  29  Nov.,  1862, 
and  was  at  Fredericksburg,  Chancellorsville,  the 
skirmishes  of  Aldie  and  Upperville,  and  the  battle 
of  Gettysburg,  where  he  commanded  a  division 
and  was  severely  wounded.  Subsequently  he  was 
on  court-martial  duty  or  in  command  of  posts  un- 
til the  close  of  the  war,  and  was  bre vetted  major- 
general  of  volunteers  13  March,  1865.  He  was 
mustered  out  of  the  service  15  Jan.,  1866.  His 
health  was  permanently  impaired  by  wounds  and 
exposure,  and,  though  he  interested  himself  some- 
what in  railroad  affairs,  he  was  never  able  to  en- 
gage regularly  in  any  business. 

BARNES,  Joseph  K.,  surgeon-general  U.  S.  A., 
b.  in  Philadelphia,  21  July,  1817;  d.  in  Washing- 
ton, D.  C,  5  April,  1883.  After  preliminary  school- 
ing at  Dr.  Cogswell's  "  Round  Hill "  school  at 
Northampton,  Mass.,  he  entered  the  academical 
department  at  Harvard,  but  was  obliged,  on  ac- 
count of  his  health,  to  leave  college.  He  began 
his  medical  studies  under  Surgeon-General  Harris, 

U.  S.  N.,  and  was 
graduated  in  the 
medical  depart- 
ment of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Penn- 
sylvania in  1838, 
practising  for 
two  years  in  his 
native  city.  In 
1840  he  was  ap- 
pointed an  as- 
sistant sui"geon 
in  the  army,  and 
assigned  to  duty 
at  West  Point. 
At  the  close  of 
the  year  he  was 
transferred  to 
Florida,  where 
for  two  years  he 
was  with  Gen. 
Harney's  expedi- 
tion against  the  Seminoles.  Thence,  iii  1842,  he 
went  to  Fort  Jessup,  La.,  where  he  served  four 
years.  When  the  Mexican  war  began,  Surgeon 
Barnes  was  appointed  chief  medical  officer  of  the 
cavalry  brigade,  and  he  was  in  active  service 
throughout  the  war.  He  was  assigned  to  duty 
again  at  West  Point  in  1854,  and  remained  there 
for  several  years.  At  the  beginning  of  the  civil 
war  he  was  in  Oregon,  and  was  among  the  first 
summoned  to  Washington.  In  1861  he  was  as- 
signed to  duty  in  the  office  of  the  surgeon-general, 
where  his  experience  in  field  and  hospital  service 
was  of  great  value.  Two  years  later  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  a  medical  inspectorship,  with  the  rank 
of  colonel,  and  in  September,  1863,  he  was  pro- 
moted at  the  request  of  the  secretary  of  war  to  fill 
a  vacancy  in  the  surgeon-general's  department, 
with  the  rank  of  brigadier-general.  In  1865  he 
was  brevetted  major-general.  For  the  position  of 
chief  medical  officer  of  the  army  he  had  been  fitted 
by  twenty  years  of  experience  under  all  the  condi- 
tions afforded  by  our  military  service.  Under  his 
care  the  medical  department,  then  organized  on  a 
gigantic  scale,  attained  an  admirable  degree  of 
efficiency  and  discipline.  It  was  at  his  suggestion 
and  tlu'ough  his  influence  that  the  army  medical 


m. 


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<XAyiy\-C^O 


museum  and  the  library  of  the  surgeon-general's 
office  were  established,  and  the  medical  and  sur- 
gical history  of  the  war  was  compiled.  He  was 
present  at  the  death-bed  of  Lincoln,  attended  Sec- 
retary Seward  when  he  was  wounded  by  the  knife 
of  a  confederate  assassin,  and  attended  Mr.  Gar- 
field through  his  long  confinement.  He  was  a 
trustee  of  Peabody  educational  fund,  a  commis- 
sioner for  the  Soldiers'  Home,  and  the  custodian  of 
other  important  public  trusts.  The  royal  medical 
societies  of  London  and  Paris  and  Moscow  made 
him  an  honorary  member,  as  did  also  many  of  the 
other  important  European  schools.  He  was  buried 
at  Oak-Hill  cemetery,  Georgetown,  D.  C,  with  the 
military  honors  befitting  his  rank.  He  was  placed 
on  the  retired  list  the  year  before  his  death. 

BARNES,  Phinehas,  politician,  b.  in  Orland, 
Me.,  11  Jan.,  1811 ;  d.  in  Portland,  Me.,  21  Aug., 
1871.  He  studied  first  at  Phillips  Andover  Acade- 
my and  then  at  Bowdoin,  where  he  was  graduated 
in  1829.  For  some  time  after  leaving  college  he 
was  employed  in  a  book-store,  and  then  he  edited 
a  paper  in  Bangor ;  but  these  occupations  not 
being  to  his  taste,  he  became,  in  1834,  professor  of 
Greek  and  Latin  in  Waterville  (Me.)  College,  where 
he  remained  for  five  years.  In  1839  he  took  up 
the  study  of  law,  and,  after  his  admission  to  the 
bar,  established  himself  in  Portland.  He  was  at 
various  times  solicitor  for  the  Grand  Trunk  rail- 
road, director  of  the  Portland  savings  bank,  trustee 
of  the  Atlantic  and  St.  Lawrence  railroad  sinking 
fund,  of  the  Maine  General  Hospital,  of  the  State 
Agricultural  College,  and  a  member  of  the  board  of 
overseers  of  Bowdoin  College.  For  six  years  he 
edited  the  Portland  "  Advertiser,"  and  was  largely 
interested  in  the  political  movements  of  the  day. 
He  was  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  whig  party,  and 
a  candidate  for  governor  of  the  state  on  the  Bell 
and  Everett  (or  Constitutional-Union)  ticket  in 
1860. — His  son,  Phineas,  engineer,  b.  in  Portland, 
Me.,  10  Jan.,  1842.  He  studied  at  the  Lawrence 
Scientific  School,  Cambridge,  Mass.  (1865),  and  at 
the  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Institute,  Troy,  N.  Y. 
(1866).  Mr.  Barnes  has  made  a  specialty  of  the 
construction  of  iron  and  steel  works,  and  for  some 
time  has  been  associated  with  the  American  Iron 
and  Steel  Works  in  Pittsburg,  Pa.  He  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers, 
to  whose  transactions  he  has  frequently  contributed 
papers  of  technical  value. 

BARNES,  Thurlow  Weed,  author,  b.  in  Al- 
bany, N.  Y,  28  June,  1853.  He  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1876;  was  chairman  of  the  Albany 
general  committee  in  1886 ;  travelled  in  Europe 
in  1882 ;  and  made  the  tour  round  the  world  in 
1884— '5.  He  is  a  grandson  of  Thurlow  Weed,  and 
is  the  author  of  the  second  volume  of  the  "  Life 
of  Thurlow  Weed  "  (2  vols.,  Boston.  1884),  and  of 
"  Souvenir  of  Albany  Bicentennial "  (Albany,  1886). 

BARNEY,  Joshua,  naval  officer,  b.  in  Balti- 
more, Md.,  6  July  1759 ;  d.  in  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  1 
Dec,  1818.  He  left  his  father's  farm  while  yet  a 
child  to  go  to  sea,  and  navigated  a  vessel  when 
but  sixteen  years  old.  He  was  made  master's  mate 
of  the  '■  Hornet,"  one  of  the  first  cruisers  fitted  out 
by  the  continental  congress,  and  took  part  in 
Com.  Hopkins's  descent  upon  New  Providence 
and  capture  of  British  stores,  in  February,  1776. 
He  was  made  a  lieutenant  for  gallantry  in  the 
action  between  the  schooner  "  Wasp "  and  the 
British  brig  "Tender"  in  Delaware  bay,  and  was 
assigned  to  the  sloop  "  Sachem,"  which  captured  a 
British  privateer.  While  prize-master  on  board  a 
captured  vessel  he  was  taken  prisoner,  but  was 
soon  exchanged.     In  the  spring  of  1777  he  took 


172 


BARNEY 


BARNUM 


part  on  boai'd  the  "Andrea  Doria"  in  the  defence 
of  the  "  Delaware."  He  was  lieutenant  of  the 
frigate  "Virginia,"  which,  before  she  got  to  sea, 
ran  aground  in  Chesapeake  bay  and  was  captured 
by  the  enemy  on  30  March,  1778.     After  having 

been  again  ex- 
changed in  Au- 
gust, 1778,  he 
joined  a  pri- 
vateer which 
brought  into 
Philadeljihia  a 
valuable  prize 
In  1779.  He 
was  again  cap- 
tured and  ex- 
changed in 
1779,  and  after- 
ward served  on 
board  the  sloop- 
of-war  "Sarato- 
ga," and,  in  the 
capture  of  the 
ship  "  Charm- 
ing Molly  "with 
two  brigs,  he 
led  the  board- 
ing-party. The 
day  after,  when 
he  was  in  charge  of  one  of  the  prizes,  the  three 
vessels  were  re-taken  by  the  "Intrepid,"  of  74 
guns.  He  was  confined  in  Portsmouth  prison 
until  May,  1781,  when  he  made  his  escape.  He 
was  re-taken,  but  again  escaped,  and  reached  Phila- 
delphia in  March,  1782.  He  was  placed  in  com- 
mand of  the  "  Hyder  Ally,"  of  16  guns,  fitted  out 
by  the  state  of  Pennsylvania,  for  the  purpose  of 
clearing  the  Delaware  of  British  privateers.  On  8 
April,  1783,  he  captured  a  British  sloop  of  war,  the 
"  General  Monk,"  of  18  guns,  off  Cape  May,  after 
a  severe  engagement.  For  this  exploit  Capt.  Bar- 
ney was  voted  a  sword  by  the  Pennsylvania  legis- 
lature. He  was  made  commander  of  the  captured 
ship.  He  sailed  for  France  in  the  "  General 
Monk,"  in  November,  1782,  with  despatches  for 
Dr.  Franklin,  and  returned  with  the  information 
that  preliminaries  of  peace  had  been  signed,  and 
bringing  a  large  sum  lent  by  the  French  govern- 
ment. After  the  war  he  engaged  in  commerce 
and  travelled  in  the  west.  In  1793  he  was  cap- 
tured by  an  English  'brig  and  imprisoned  as  a 
pirate.  He  declined  the  command  of  one  of  the 
frigates  built  to  resist  the  depredations  of  the  Al- 
gerine  corsairs.  In  1794  he  accompanied  Monroe 
to  France,  was  the  bearer  of  the  American  flag  to 
the  national  convention,  and  entered  the  service 
of  the  French  government,  which  gave  him  a 
captain's  commission  and  made  him  comm^ander 
of  a  squadron.  In  1800  he  resigned  and  re- 
turned to  America.  In  the  first  year  of  the  war 
of  1812-'15  he  engaged  in  privateering.  On  24 
April,  1814,  he  was  commissioned  a  captain  in 
the  navy  and  appointed  to  the  command  of  the 
flotilla  for  the  defence  of  Chesapeake  bay.  He  was 
ordered  to  the  defence  of  Washington  in  July,  and 
severely  wounded  and  taken  prisoner  in  the  battle 
of  Bladensburg.  For  his  gallant  conduct  in  the 
defence  of  the  capital  he  received  a  sword  from 
the  city  of  Washington  and  a  vote  of  thanks  from 
the  Georgia  legislature.  The  ball  in  his  thigh  was 
never  extracted,  and  the  distress  from  the  wound 
obliged  him  to  return  from  a  mission  to  Europe  in 
October,  1815.  He  resided  on  his  farm  at  Elk- 
ridge  until  1818,  when,  after  a  visit  to  the  west, 
he  purchased  a  large  tract  in  Kentucky,  and  was 


on  the  way  thither  when  he  was  taken  ill  at  Pitts- 
burg and  died.  See  "  Memoirs  of  Commodore 
Barney  "  by  Mary  Barney  (Boston,  1832). — His  son, 
John,  member  of  congress  from  Baltimore  from 
1825  to  1829,  d.  in  Washington,  D.  C,  26  Jan., 
1856,  aged  seventy-two  years.  He  left  unfinished 
a  record  of  "  Personal  Recollections  of  Men  and 
Things  "  in  America  and  Europe. 

BARNS,  William,  clergyman,  b.  near  Cooks- 
town,  county  Tyrone,  Ireland,  about  1795;  d.  in 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  25  Nov.,  1865.  He  received  his 
early  education  from  excellent  schools  in  his  native 
country,  but  before  he  attained  his  majority  he 
came  to  the  United  States  and  settled  in  Balti- 
more, where  for  a  time  he  was  an  ornamental 
painter.  At  the  age  of  nineteen  he  united  with 
the  Methodist  church,  and,  believing  it  to  be  his 
duty  to  preach,  studied  under  the  Rev.  George 
Roszel,  presiding  elder  of  the  Baltimore  district, 
and  in  1817  was  licensed  to  preach.  His  ministry 
for  the  first  eight  years  was  in  the  bounds  of  the 
Baltimore  conference ;  then  he  passed  to  the  Pitts- 
burg conference,  whence  he  was  transferred  to  the 
Philadelphia  conference,  in  which  he  spent  the  re- 
mainder of  his  ministry,  closing  it  in  charge  of  the 
cliurch  in  Bristol,  Pa.  He  was  very  successful  in 
his  preaching,  and  during  his  various  pastorates 
large  accessions  were  inade  to  the  churches  under 
his  direction.  Among  these  charges  were  several  of 
the  largest  in  Philadelphia  and  Harrisburg. 

BARNUM,  Henry  A.,  soldier,  b.  in  Jamesville, 
Onondaga  co.,  N.  Y.,  24  Sept.,  1833  ;  d.  in  New  York 
city,  29  Jan.,  1892.  In  1856  he  became  a  tutor  in 
the  Syracuse  institute.  He  then  studied  law  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bai'.  He  enlisted  as  a  private 
in  the  12th  New  York  volunteers  in  April,  1861, 
was  elected  captain  of  company  I,  and  went  to  the 
front  with  his  regiment,  which  was  the  first  under 
fire  at  Blackburn's  Ford  in  the  fighting  prelimi- 
nary to  the  battle  of  Bull  Run.  He  was  promoted 
to  major  in  October,  1861,  and,  after  being  for  a 
short  time  on  Gen.  Wadsworth's  staff,  rejoined  his 
regiment  and  served  through  the  peninsular  cam- 
paign. When  on  Gen.  Butterfield's  staff  at  ]\lal- 
vern  Hill,  he  received  a  wound  from  which  he  has 
never  fully  recovered,  and  was  left  for  dead  on  the 
field.  A  body,  supposed  to  be  his  was  buried,  and 
a  funeral  oration  was  delivered  at  his  home.  He 
was  taken  to  Libby  prison,  where  he  remained  till 
18  July,  1862.  He  was  on  leave  till  the  following 
December,  when  he  was  commissioned  colonel,  and 
led  his  regiment  at  Gettysburg  and  at  Lookout 
Mountain,  where  he  was  wounded  again,  and  where 
his  regiment  captured  eleven  battle-flags.  He  was 
again  wounded  in  the  Atlanta  campaign,  com- 
manded a  brigade  on  Sherman's  marcia  to  the  sea, 
and  was  the  flrst  officer  to  enter  Savannah.  He 
was  brevetted  major-general  on  13  March,  1865. 
On  9  Jan.,  1866,  he  resigned,  having  declined  a 
colonelcy  in  the  regular  army,  and  became  inspector 
of  prisons  in  New  York.  He  was  deputy  tax  com- 
missioner from  1869  till  1872,  and  was  for  five 
years  harbor-master  of  New  York.  In  1885  he  was 
elected  as  a  republican  to  the  state  assembly. 

BARNUM,  Pliineas  Taylor,  exhibitor,  b.  in 
Bethel,  Conn.,  5  July,  1810;  d.  in  Bridgeport, 
Conn.,  7  April,  1891."  His  father  was  an  inn- 
keeper, who  died  in  1825,  and  from  the  age  of 
thirteen  to  eighteen  the  son  was  in  business  in  va- 
rious places,  part  of  the  time  in  Brooklyn  and  New 
York  city.  Having  accumulated  a  little  money, 
he  returned  to  Bethel  and  opened  a  small  store. 
Here  he  was  very  successful,  especially  after  tak- 
ing the  agency  for  a  year  of  a  lottery  chartered  by 
the  state  for  building  theGroton  Monument,  oppo- 


BARNUM 


BARNWELL 


173 


site  New  London.  When  the  lottery  charter  ex- 
pired, he  built  a  larger  store  in  Bethel,  but  through 
bad  debts  the  enterprise  proved  a  failure.  After 
his  marriage  in  1829  he  established  and  edited  a 
weekly  newspaper  entitled  "  The  Herald  of  Free- 
dom," and  for  the  free  expression  of  his  opinions 
he  was  imprisoned  sixty  days  for  libel.  In  1834 
he  removed  to  New  York,  his  property  having  be- 
come much  reduced.  He  soon  afterward  visited 
Philadelphia,  and  saw  there  on  exhibition  a  colored 
slave  woman  named  Joyce  Heth,  advertised  as  the 
nurse  of  George  Washington,  one  hundred  and 
sixty-one  yeai's  old.  Her  owner  exhibited  an  an- 
cient-looking, time-colored  bill  of  sale,  dated  1727. 
Mr.  Barnum  bought  her  for  $1,000,  advertised  her 
extensively,  and  his  receipts  soon  reached  $1,500  a 
week.  Within  a  year  Joyce  Heth  died,  and  a 
post-mortem  examination  proved  that  the  Virginia 

Slanter  had  added  about  eighty  years  to  her  age. 
laving  thus  acquired  a  taste  for  the  show  busi- 
ness, Mr.  Barnum  travelled  through  the  south  with 
small  shows,  which  were  generally  unsuccessful. 
In  1841,  although  without  a  dollar  of  his  own,  he 
purchased  Scudder's  American  Museum,  named  it 
Barnum's  Museum,  and,  by  adding  novel  curiosities 
and  advertising  freely,  he  was  able  to  pay  for  it 
the  first  year,  and  in  1848  he  had  added  to  it  two 
other  extensive  collections,  besides  several  minor 
ones.  In  1842  he  first  heard  of  Charles  S.  Stratton, 
of  Bridgeport,  Conn.,  then  less  than  two  feet  high 
and  weighing  only  sixteen  pounds,  who  soon  be- 
came known  to  the  world,  under  Mr.  Barnum's 
direction,  as  Gen.  Tom  Thumb,  and  was  exhibited 
in  the  United  States  and  Europe  with  great  suc- 
cess. In  1849  Mr.  Barnum,  after  long  negotiations, 
engaged  Jenny  Lind  to  sing  in  America  for  150 
nights  at  $1,000  a  night,  and  a  concert  company  was 
formed  to  support  her.  Only  ninety-five  concerts 
were  given  ;  but  the  gross  receipts  of  the  tour  in  nine 
months  of  1850  and  1851  were  $712,101,  upon  which 
Mr.  Barnum  made  a  large  profit.  In  1855,  after 
being  connected  with  many  enterprises  besides 
those  named,  he  retired  to  an  oriental  villa  in 
Bridgeport,  which  he  had  built  in  1846,  He  ex- 
pended large  sums  in  improving  that  city,  built 
up  the  city  of  East  Bridgepoi-t,  made  miles  of 
streets,  and  therein  planted  thousands  of  trees. 
He  encouraged  manufacturers  to  remove  to  his 
new  city,  which  has  since  been  united  with  Bridge- 
port. But  in  1856-7,  to  encourage  a  large  manu- 
facturing company  to  remove  there,  he  became  so 
impressed  with  confidence  in  their  wealth  and  cer- 
tain success  that  he  endorsed  their  notes  for  near- 
ly $1,000,000.  The  company  went  into  bankruptcy, 
wiping  out  Mr.  Barnum's  property;  but  he  had 
settled  a  fortune  upon  his  wife.  He  went  to  Eng- 
land again  with  Tom  Thumb,  and  lectured  with 
success  in  London  and  other  English  cities,  i-e- 
turning  in  1857.  His  earnings  and  his  wife's  as- 
sistance enabled  him  to  emerge  from  his  financial 
misfortunes,  and  he  once  more  took  charge  of  the 
old  museum  on  the  corner  of  Broadway  and  Ann 
street,  and  conducted  it  with  success  till  it  was 
burned  on  13  July,  1865.  Another  museum  which 
he  opened  was  also  burned.  He  then,  in  the  spring 
of  1871,  established  a  great  travelling  museum  and 
menagerie,  introducing  rare  equestrian  and  athletic 
performances,  which,  after  the  addition  of  a  repre- 
sentation of  the  ancient  Roman  hippodrome  races, 
the  great  elephant  Jumbo,  and  other  novelties,  he 
called  "  P.  T.  Barnum's  Greatest  Show  on  Earth." 
Mr.  Barnum  has  been  four  times  a  member  of  the 
Connecticut  legislature,  and  mayor  of  Bridgeport, 
to  which  city  he  presented  a  public  park.  His 
other  benefactions  have  been  large  and  numerous. 


among  them  a  stone  museum  building  presented  to 
Tufts  college  near  Boston,  Mass.,  filled  with  speci- 
mens of  natural  history.  He  has  delivered  hundreds 
of  lectures  on  temperance  and  the  practical  affairs 
of  life.  He  has  published  his  autobiography  (New 
York,  1855;  enlarged  ed.,  Hartford,  1869,  with 
yearly  appendices),  "  Humbugs  of  the  World  "  (New 
York,  1865) :  and  "  Lion  Jack,"  a  story  (1876). 

BARNUM,  William  H.,  senator,*b.  in  Boston 
Corners,  N.  Y..  17  Sept.,  1818;  d.  in  Lime  Rock, 
Conn.,  30  April,  1889.  He  was  educated  at  the 
public  schools,  and  was  for  many  years  engaged  in 
the  manufacture  of  car-wheels,  and  in  the  produc- 
tion of  iron  from  the  ore.  He  was  elected  to  the 
state  legislature  in  1852,  was  a  delegate  to  the 
union  national  convention  at  Philadelphia  in  1866, 
was  sent  to  congress  as  a  democrat  in  1866,  and  re- 
tained his  seat  by  successive  re-elections  till  1876, 
in  which  year  he  was  elected  to  the  U.  S.  senate  to 
fill  the  term  of  Orris  S.  Ferry,  deceased,  ending  4 
March.  1879. 

BARNUM,  Zenas,  capitalist,  b.  near  Wilkes- 
barre.  Pa.,  9  Dec,  1810;  d.  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  5 
April,  1865.  He  was  a  civil  engineer,  but  became 
proprietor  of  Barnum's  Hotel  in  Baltimore,  in  the 
management  of  which  he  acquired  a  large  fortune. 
Later  he  became  president  of  the  Baltimore  central 
railroad,  and  devoted  his  entire  energies  to  its  re- 
organization, a  task  in  which  he  was  thoroughly 
successful.  Mr.  Barnum  was  largely  interested  in 
the  development  of  the  telegraph,  and  was  the  first 
president  of  the  American  Telegraph  Company. 
He  was  also  president  of  the  Magnetic  Telegraph 
Company  at  the  time  of  his  death. 

BARNWELL,  Joliii,  soldier,  b.  in  Ireland  about 
1671;  d,  about  June,  1724,  in  Beaufort,  S.  C.  In 
1712  a  formidable  conspiracy  was  formed  by  the 
Tuscarora  Indians  in  North  Carolina  against  the 
white  settlers  of  the  colony.  In  the  neighborhood 
of  Roanoke  alone  137  whites  were  killed  in  one 
night.  Col.  Barnwell  was  sent  by  Gov.  Craven,  of 
South  Carolina,  with  a  regiment  of  600  Carolinians 
and  several  hundred  friendly  Indians  to  punish 
the  offenders.  He  marched  through  an  unbroken 
wilderness  without  provision  trains  or  any  regular 
source  of  supplies.  The  advance  was  conducted 
with  great  expedition  and  skill.  Barnwell's  force 
overtook  the  Tuscaroras  and  killed  300  in  the  first 
engagement.  The  survivors  were  driven  into  their 
fortified  town,  besieged,  and  finally  reduced  to 
submission.  Nearly  1,000  of  them  were  killed  or 
captured,  and  the  remnant  abandoned  their  heredi- 
tary lands  and  joined  the  Five  Nations  of  New  York. 
This  was  the  first  crushing  blow  dealt  against  the 
Indians  by  the  white  settlers  in  the  Carolinas,  and 
Barnwell  is  to  this  day  known  to  his  descendants 
as  "Tuscarora  John."  In  1722  he  was  sent  to 
England  as  agent  for  the  colony  of  South  Caro- 
lina.— His  grandson,  Robert,  b.  in  Beaufort,  S.  C, 
in  1762;  d.  in  1814,  He  volunteered  for  the  revo- 
lutionary war  when  sixteen  years  old,  and  was 
dangerously  wounded  in  a  fight  at  Port  Royal 
shortly  afterward.  He  was  taken  prisoner  and 
confined  in  a  prison  ship  in  Cape  Fear  river,  N.  C, 
but  with  his  fellow  prisoners  organized  a  revolt, 
overpowered  the  guards,  captured  the  ship  and 
made  their  escape.  Mr.  Barnwell  was  afterward  a 
member  of  the  convention  in  South  Carolina  on 
the  adoption  of  the  federal  constitution,  was  a 
member  of  congress  from  1791  till  1792.  He  de- 
clined reelection,  but  was  a  member  of  the  state 
legislature  for  many  years  afterward.  He  was 
speaker  of  the  house  of  representatives  of  South 
Carolina  in  1795,  and  president  of  the  senate  in 
1805. — His  son,  Robert  Woodward,  statesman. 


174 


BARR 


BARRE 


b.  in  Beaufort,  S.  C,  10  Aug.,  1801 ;  d.  in  Columbia, 
S.  C,  25  Nov.,  1882.  After  graduation  at  Harvard 
in  1821,  he  studied  law,  and  practised  in  his  native 
state.  He  was  a  representative  in  congress  from 
1829  till  1833.  In  1835  he  was  elected  president 
of  the  South  Carolina  college.  He  resigned,  on 
account  of  his  health,  in  1841.  He  declined  re- 
election, but  was  appointed  U.  S.  senator  in  place 
of  F.  H.  Elmore,  deceased,  and  in  this  capacity  he 
served  in  1850-'51.  In  December,  1860,  after  the 
passage  of  the  ordinance  of  secession  by  South 
Carolina,  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  commission- 
ers to  go  to  Washington  to  treat  with  the  national 
government  for  U.  S.  property  within  the  state. 
He  was  a  delegate  to  the  convention  of  the  seced- 
ing states  at  Montgomery,  Ala.,  and  his  was  the 
casting  vote  that  made  Jefferson  Davis  president 
of  the  southern  coiircdoraey.  He  was  also  a  mem- 
ber of  the  coniVilt'i-air  senate. 

BARR,  Amelia  Edith,  author,  b.  in  Ulverstone, 
Lancashire,  England,  29  March,  1831.  She  was 
the  daughter  of  the  Rev.  William  Iluddleston,  and 
was  educated  in  Glasgow  high  school.  In  1850  she 
married  Robert  Barr,  son  of  the  Rev.  John  Barr, 
of  the  Scottish  Free  Kirk.  She  came  to  the  United 
States  in  1854,  and,  after  a  residence  of  several 
years  in  Austin,  Texas,  removed  to  Galveston, 
where  in  1867  her  husband  and  three  sons  died  of 
yellow  fever.  She  came  to  New  York  in  1869  with 
her  three  daughters,  and,  after  teaching  for  two 
years,  began  to  write  for  publication,  producing 
chiefly  sketches  and  miscellaneous  articles  for  the 
magazines  and  newspapers.  Her  first  book  was 
"  Romance  and  Reality "  (New  York,  1872) ; 
"  Young  People  of  Shakespeare's  Time  "  (1882) ; 
"  Cluny  McPherson  "  and  "  Scottish  Sketches  " 
(1883);  "The  Hallam  Succession"  (1884);  "The 
Lost  Silver  of  Briffault "  and  "  Jan  Vedder's  Wife  " 
(1885) ;  "  A  Daughter  of  Fife,"  "  The  Last  of  the 
McAllisters,"  and  "  A  Bow  of  Orange  Ribbon " 
(1886) ;  and  "  Remember  tiie  Alamo  "  (^^1888). 

BARRADAS,  Isidro  (bar-rah'-das),  Spanish 
soldier.  On  27  July,  1829,  he  landed  on  the  coast 
of  Tamaulipas  with  3,500  men  and  invaded  that 
section  of  Mexico  by  order  of  King  Ferdinand  VII., 
in  revenge  for  the  expulsion  of  Spaniards  by  Prest. 
Guerrero,  Barradas  took  Tampico  and  other  places, 
where  he  resisted  the  attacks  of  Mexican  troops  un- 
til 9  Sept.,  1829,  when,  after  defending  themselves 
bravely  for  twelve  hours  against  the  Mexican  army 
commanded  by  Generals  Santa  Anna  and  Teran,  the 
Spaniards  capitulated.  Barradas  departed  for  the 
United  States  and  his  soldiers  were  sent  to  Havana, 
This  was  the  end  of  the  Spanish  invasion. 

BARRAGAN,  Miguel  (bar-rah-gan'),  tenth 
president  of  Mexico,  b.  in  the  state  of  San  Luis 
Potosi  in  1789 ;  d.  in  Mexico,  1  March,  1835.  He 
entered  the  army,  and  soon  won  several  promotions. 
In  1821  he  was  under  the  command  of  Iturbide, 
but  was  opposed  to  his  coronation.  Being  ap- 
pointed commander  of  Vera  Cruz  in  1824,  he  held 
the  Spaniards  entirely  isolated  in  the  San  Juan  de 
Ulua  castle  until  famine  and  epidemics  forced  them 
to  surrender.  Political  troubles  soon  compelled 
Barragiin  to  leave  the  country ;  but  afterward  he 
was  recalled  by  Santa  Anna,  and  in  the  absence  of 
this  general  he  was  intrusted  with  the  presidency 
of  the  republic,  which  he  filled  with  remarkable 
ability  until  his  death. 

BARRAS,  Charles  M.,  actor,  b.  in  1826;  d. 
in  Cos  Cob,  Conn.,  31  March,  1873.  He  made  a 
reputation  by  his  various  impersonations  on  the 
stage.  His  delineations  of  the  character  of  the 
"  Hypochondriac,"  an  adaptation  from  Moliere, 
being  especially  noteworthy.     He  was  the  author 


of  a  well-known  spectacular  play  called  "  The 
Black  Crook,"  from  which  he  derived  a  large  in- 
come. His  eccentric  character  and  unconscious 
drollery  made  him  extremely  popular. 

BARRAS,  Louis,  Count'de,  French  naval  offi- 
cer, b.  in  Aries,  Provence,  Prance ;  d.  near  Aries 
in  1789.  He  was  lieutenant-general  of  marine  at 
the  time  of  his  retirement  from  active  service  in 
1783,  a  grade  corresponding  to  that  of  admiral  in 
modern  navies.  He  was  with  Ternay  in  command 
of  the  French  relief  squadron  in  1781.  and  with 
Count  d'Estaing,  who  succeeded  to  the  command 
after  Ternay's  death.  De  Barras  was  chosen  to 
represent  the  navy  at  the  conference  between  Wash- 
ington and  Rochambeau  at  Wethersfield,  Conn., 

23  May,  1781,  but  was  prevented  from  attending 
by  the  appearance  of  the  British  squadron  off  Block 
island.  He  participated  in  the  encounters  and  dis- 
asters tliat  befell  the  two  fleets  during  a  terrible 
gale  that  followed.  Later  in  the  season  he  was 
left  in  command  at  Newport,  and  he  sailed  thence 
in  September  to  effect  a  junction  with  De  Grasse 
in  the  Chesapeake.  The  French  fleet,  thus  strength- 
ened, lay  in  the  mouth  of  the  Chesapeake  during 
the  siege  of  Yorktown  by  the  allied  forces  of  Wash- 
ington and  Rochambeau.  But  for  its  presence 
there  the  British  fleet  would,  no  doubt,  have  come 
to  the  rescue  of  Cornwallis,  and  the  final  surrender 
might  have  been  indefinitely  postponed.  Count  de 
Barras  was  afterward  engaged  in  active  operations 
in  the  West  Indies,  and  especially  distinguished 
himself  in  1782  by  capturing  the  island  of  Mont- 
serrat  from  the  Bi-itish. 

BARRAZA,  Jos§  Loreto  (bar-rah'-thah),  Mex- 
ican Jesuit,  b.  in  Santiago  Papasquiaro,  Durango, 

24  June,  1787;  d.  tJiere  early  in  October,  1843. 
He  was  a  profoiind  scholar  and  a  brilliant  orator, 
and  obtained  a  professorship  of  theology  and  the 
rectorship  of  the  seminary  of  Durango.  He  was 
also  a  senator  in  the  general  congress  from  1824  till 
1826,  and  a  representative  of  his  state  from  1836 
till  1842.  Barraza's  very  great  influence  among  the 
clergy,  and  also  among  the  leading  men  of  every 
political  party,  enabled  him  to  render  many  impor- 
tant services  to  his  country. 

BARRE,  Antoine  Joseph  Le  Fevre  de  la 
(del-la-bar),  naval  officer,  b.  in  Picardy  about  1625  ; 
d.  in  Paris,  4  May,  1688.  His  American  career  be- 
gan with  his  appointment  as  governor  of  Guiana 
in  1663.  In  1664  he  retook  Cayenne,  the  capital, 
from  the  Dutch,  and  in  1667  he  defeated  the  Eng- 
lish in  the  Antilles  and  compelled  them  to  raise 
the  blockade  of  St.  Christopher.  In  1682  he  was 
appointed  governor  of  Canada,  succeeding  Fronte- 
nac,  and  led  a  military  expedition  up  the  Ottawa 
river  to  intimidate  and  compel  the  tribes  to  trade 
with  Montreal  rather  than  with  New  York.  He 
was  forced  to  sue  for  peace.  For  this  failure  he 
was  recalled  to  France.  He  published  "  Descrip- 
tion de  la  France  equinoxiale,  ci-devant  appelee  la 
Guiane  et,  par  les  Espagnols,  El  Dorado"  (Paris, 
1666) ;  "  Journal  d'un  voyage  a  Cayenne."  which 
was  printed  at  the  end  of  "  Relation  de  ce  que  c'est 
passe  dans  les  iles  et  la  terre  ferrae  de  I'Amerique 
pendant  la  derniere  guerre  avec  I'Angleterre  en 
1666-'67",(  Paris.  1671). 

BARRE,  Isaac,  soldier,  b.  in  Dublin,  Ireland, 
in  1726;  d.  in  London,  20  July,  1802.  He  was 
graduated  at  Trinity  college,  Dublin,  in  1745,  and 
joined  the  army  as  an  ensign  the  following  year. 
His  American  experience  began  with  the  expedi- 
tion against  Louisburg  in  1755,  and  he  attracted 
the  attention  of  Gen.  Wolfe,  who  promoted  him 
major  of  brigade  in  1758  and  adjutant-general  of 
the  army  in  1759.     He  was  at  Wolfe's  side  when 


BARREDA 


BARRETT 


175 


that  officer  fell  on  the  heights  of  Abraham,  and  his 
figure  is  conspicuous  in  Benjamin  West's  famous 
painting  of  tlie  scene.  At  this  time  he  was  severe- 
ly wounded  in  the  cheek.  He  received  further 
promotion  under  Lord  Amherst  in  1760,  carried  to 
England  the  news  of  the  capture  of  Montreal,  and 
there  remained,  entering  parliament  and  becoming 
the  terror  of  all  opponents  through  his  frightful 
powers  of  invective.  In  1848  John  Britton  pub- 
lished a  volume  to  prove  that  Barre  wrote  the 
"Letters  of  Junius"  He,  however,  solemnly  de- 
nied the  autiiorship  to  his  friend  Samuel  Bayard. 

BARREDA,  Oabino  (bar-ray'-dah),  Mexican 
physician,  b.  in  Puebia  in  February,  1820 ;  d.  in 
the  city  of  Mexico  in  March,  1881.  In  1843  he 
became  a  medical  student,  and  won  special  honors 
-as  such,  and  during  the  war  with  the  United  States 
he  entered  tlie  army  as  a  captain,  fighting  in  the 
battles  and  acting  as  surgeon  afterward.  He  was 
a  pupil  of  Auguste  Comte  in  Paris,  returned  to 
Mexico  in  1851,  and  was  graduated  as  an  M.  D. 
In  1854  he  won  in  competition  the  chair  of  medi- 
cal philosophy,  as  assistant  professor,  and  then 
that  of  natural  history  at  the  same  school.  He 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  house  of  representa- 
tives in  1861,  and  again  in  1867.  The  national 
preparatory  school  being  established  to  unify  the 
studies  necessary  to  enter  any  of  the  professional 
schools,  Barreda  was  appointed  its  director.  He 
also  filled  its  chair  of  natural  history,  and  that 
of  logic.  This  was  the  first  time  that  positivist 
philosophy  was  taught  in  Mexico.  The  govern- 
ment also  appointed  him  professor  of  general  pa- 
thology when  this  branch  was  for  the  first  time 
taught  in  the  national  school  of  medicine.  For 
ten  years  he  devoted  himself  to  introducing  his 
new  philosophical  teachings  in  opposition  to  the 
old  doctrines,  and  he  was  for  some  time  president 
of  the  "  Sociedad  Metodofila."  In  1878  he  repre- 
sented his  government  at  tlie  postal  union  confer- 
ence in  France,  was  also  appointed  minister  to 
Germany.  Most  of  his  writings  are  to  be  found  in 
the  "  Gaeeta  de  Medicina  de  Mexico,"  to  whose  edi- 
torial statt'  he  belonged ;  in  the  "  Periodico  de  la 
Sociedad  Humboldt":  in  the  "Periodico  de  la  So- 
ciedad Metodofila  Gabino  Barreda,"  and  in  other 
scientific  journals.  He  separately  puljlished  his 
"  Carta  al  Sr.  D.  Mariano  Riva  Palacio,"  in  which 
are  treated  all  subjects  relating  to  public  instruc- 
tion, and  a  method  for  scientific  education. 

BARRETT.  Benjamin  Fisk.  clergyman,  b.  in 
Dresden,  'Sh\.  24  June,  1808:  d.  in  Germantown,  Pa., 
6  Aug.,  1892.  He  was  graduated  at  Bowdoin.  and 
at  the  Cambridge  Unitarian  seminary.  He  adopted 
the  Swedenborgian  doctrines.  From  1840  to  1848 
he  officiated  as  pastor  of  the  new  church  society 
in  New  York,  and  then  in  Cincinnati  until  1850, 
when  he  retired  from  the  pulpit,  owing  to  poor 
health.  He  pursued  a  mechanical  trade  in  Chicago, 
and  in  four  years  regained  his  health  and  acquired 
a  property.  He  then  took  charge  of  the  first  Swe- 
denborgian church  in  Philadelphia,  at  the  same  time 
editing  the  "  New  Church  Monthly."  He  is  the 
author  of  "A  Life  of  Swedenborg  "  ;  "Lectures  on 
the  Doctrines  of  the  New  Jerusalem  Church  "  (New 
York,  1842) ;  "  Lectures  on  the  New  Dispensation  "  ; 
"  Letters  on  the  Divine  Trinity  " ;  "  The  Golden 
Reed"  (New  York,  1855);  "Catholicity  of  the  New 
Church  "  ;  "  The  Visible  Church  " ;  "  Beauty  for 
Ashes"  (1856);  "  Episcopalianism "  (1871);  "On 
Future  Life"  (Philadelphia,  1872);  "The  Golden 
City  "  ;  "  The  New  Church,  its  Nature  and  Where- 
about "  ;  "  Swedenborg  and  Channing  "  ;  "A  New 
View  of  Hell  "  (1872) ;  "  Report  of  the  Inquiry  into 
the   Allegations   against   B.   F.   Barrett"    (1867); 


about  fifty  pamphlets  and  smaller  treatises,  and 
numerous  magazine  articles.  His  collected  works 
were  issuctl  in  Philadelphia  (1875).  He  has  edited 
the  "Sweilenhorg  Library,"  in  twelve  volumes,  con- 
taining the  substance  of  Swedenborg's  teachings  in 
extracts  (Philadelphia,  1870,  et  seq.). 

BARRETT,  Edward,  naval  officer,  b.  in  Louisi- 
ana in  1828:  d.  in  March,  1880.  When  thirteen 
years  old  he  joined  the  sloop  "  Preble  "  as  a  mid- 
shipman, and  served  on  foreign  stations  until  Feb- 
ruary, 1846,  when  he  was  ordered  to  the  naval 
academy  at  Annapolis  (established  in  1845),  and 
was  graduated  in  August  of  the  same  year,  in  time 
to  participate  in  the  war  with  Mexico  as  a  passed 
midshipman.  He  was  present  at  the  operations 
about  Vera  Cruz,  took  part  in  the  expedition  to 
Laguna,  and  was  sent  as  master  with  a  valuable 
prize  to  New  Orleans.  In  1848  he  was  placed  in 
command  of  the  sloop  "  Jamestown  "  and  sent  to 
the  African  coast.  In  1854  he  acted  as  flag  lieu- 
tenant to  Com.  Breeze,  was  promoted  lieutenant 
14  Sept.,  1855,  and  after  further  service  on  the 
African  coast  and  in  the  East  Indies  was  appointed 
instructor  of  gunnery.  In  1862  he  was  tried  by 
court-martial  for  disloyalty,  but  was  fully  exon- 
erated alike  by  the  court  and  the  reviewing  au- 
thority. In  July,  1862,  he  was  promoted  lieuten- 
ant-commander, and  in  1868-'4  commanded  the 
gun-boat  "  Massasoit."  In  1864-'5  he  commanded 
the  monitor  "  Catskill,"  and  captured  the  "  Deer," 
the  only  blockade-runner  captui'ed  by  a  monitor. 
He  was  in  the  first  expedition  that  ascended  the 
Yang-tse-Kiang  river  as  far  as  Hangkow,  and  took 
the  first  man-of-war  through  the  Eads  jetties  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi. 

BARRETT,  (iteorg'e  Hooker,  comedian,  b.  in 
Exeter,  England,  9  June,  1794;  d.  in  New  York 
city,  5  Sept.,  1860.  His  father,  Giles  Leonard  Bar- 
rett, first  appeared  on  the  American  stage  at  the 
Haymarket,  Boston,  28  Dec,  1796,  as  "  Ranger." 
His  mother  was  an  actress.  In  1806  he  played 
"  Young  Norval "  in  the  Park  theatre.  New  York. 
He  became  manager  in  1826,  jointly  with  E.  Gil- 
fert,  of  the  Bowery  theatre.  New  York.  From 
1830  to  1833  he  was  manager  of  the  Tremont  thea- 
tre in  Boston,  and  in  1837  performed  at  the  Drury 
Lane  theatre  in  London.  In  1847  he  opened  the 
Broadway  theatre.  New  York,  which  had  then  re- 
cently been  built,  and  for  a  time  was  stage  mana- 
ger, during  1852-3,  in  Charleston,  S.  C.  In  1855 
he  retired  from  the  stage.  His  forte  was  in  genteel 
comedy,  though  he  succeeded  in  low  comedy  and 
farce.  By  his  elegance  and  stateliness  he  became 
known  as  "  Gentleman  George."  His  wife,  an  act- 
ress, died  in  Boston,  Mass.,  22  Dec,  1853. 

BARRETT,  Lawrence,  actor,  b.  in  Paterson, 
N.  J.,  4  April,  1838;  d.  in  New  York  city,  20 
March.  1891.  His  first  appearance  was  in  1853. 
After  a  year's  experience  in  playing  minor  parts, 
he  spent  a  short  season  in  Pittsburg.  He  then 
acted  in  St.  Louis,  Chicago,  and  elsewhere,  until 
December,  1856,  when  he  was  engaged  at  the  Cham- 
bers Street  theatre.  New  York,  where  he  appeared 
as  Sir  Thomas  Clifford  in  "  The  Hunchback."  He 
was  engaged  by  Mr.  Burton  early  in  1857,  and 
acted  under  his  management  for  nearly  two  years, 
supporting  Charlotte  Cushman,  Edwin  Bootli,  and 
other  prominent  actors.  In  1858  he  was  engaged 
for  leading  parts  at  the  Boston  museum,  and  later 
at  the  Howard  athenaeum  of  that  city,  where  he 
played  with  Miss  Cushman,  Barry  Sullivan,  and  E. 
L.  Davenport.  On  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war  in 
1861,  Mr.  Barrett  accepted  a  captaincy  in  the  28th 
Massachusetts  infantry  and  served  with  distinction. 
Afterward  he  acted  at  Philadelphia,  at  Washing- 


176 


BARRIGER 


BARRIOS 


ton,  and  then  at  the  Winter  Garden  in  New  York, 
where  he  was  engaged  by  Mr.  Booth  to  play  Othello 
to  his  lago.  The  elder  Wallack  considered  his  im- 
personation of  this  character  the  most  striking  per- 
formance he  had  seen  in  twenty  years.  Mr.  Bar- 
rett then  bec&me  associated  in  the  management  of 
the  Varieties  theatre  in  New  Orleans,  playing  lead- 
ing parts,  and  for 
the  first  time  act- 
ing as  Richelieu, 
Hamlet,  and  Shy- 
lock.  About  this 
time  he  met  Ed- 
win Forrest,  and 
was  led  to  make 
a  careful  study  of 
the  history  and 
literature  of  the 
stage,  a  circum- 
stance which  af- 
terward was  of 
great  value  to 
him.  In  1864  he 
purchased  "Rose- 
dale  "  from  Les- 
ter Wallack,  and, 
after  acting  the 
leading  character 
in  it  at  New  Or- 
leans, made  his 
first  tour  as  a 
star  actor.  In  1867  he  played  with  great  success 
at  Maguire's  opera-house  in  San  Francisco,  where 
he  remained  as  manager  of  the  California  theatre 
until  1870,  when  lie  again  appeared  in  New  York. 
Late  in  1870  he  played  with  Mr.  Booth  in  opposite 
characters  at  Booth's  theatre.  In  1871-2  he  man- 
aged the  New  Varieties  theatre  in  New  Orleans, 
and  in  December,  1873.  he  played  Cassius  to  Booth's 
Brutus  in  New  York.  During  1873-'4  he  made 
successful  tours  through  the  United  States,  vis- 
iting the  leading  cities.  The  season  of  1875  be- 
gan with  a  magnificent  revival  of  "  Julius  Caesar  " 
at  Booth's  theatre,  where  he  again  appeared  as  Cas- 
sius and  later  as  King  Lear.  He  took  the  part  of 
Daniel  Druee,  and  was  the  first  actor  to  appear  in 
Mr.  Gilbert's  play  of  that  name  in  the  United 
States.  Later  he  produced  "  Yoriek's  Love  "  at  the 
Park  theatre  in  New  York.  His  latest  success  was 
in  George  H.  Boker's  "  Francesca  di  Rimini,"  which 
he  brought  out  in  1882  at  the  Chestnut  street 
theatre,  Philadelphia.  He  acted  the  Hunchback, 
Lanciotto,  with  great  intelligence  and  rare  power. 
In  the  autumn  of  1883  this  play  ran  for  nine  weeks 
at  the  Star  theatre.  New  York,  where  it  was  pre- 
sented on  a  verv  complete  scale  and  attracted  much 
enthusiasm.  In  1867,  1881,  1883,  and  1884.  Mr. 
Barrett  visited  England,  and  during  his  last  visit 
appeared  in  many  of  his  prominent  roles,  which 
were  favorably  received.  He  was  the  author  of  a 
life  of  Edwin  Forrest  (Boston,  1881). 

BARRIGER,  John  Walker,  soldier,  b.  in  Shel- 
by CO.,  Ky.,  9  July,  1832.  He  was  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1856.  and  was  commissioned  second  lieu- 
tenant of  artillery.  He  participated  in  the  Manas- 
sas campaign  in  1861,  receiving  the  brevet  of  cap- 
tain for  gallantry  at  Bull  Run,  and  subsequently 
served  as  chief  of  commissariat  for  Indiana  and 
for  West  Virginia,  and  from  17  Nov.,  1863.  to  15 
Aug.,  1865,  as  chief  commissary  of  the  Army  of  the 
Ohio,  with  the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel  in  the 
staff  of  the  volunteer  army.  On  13  March.  1865, 
he  was  brevetted  brigadier-general  for  faithful  and 
meritorious  services.  From  1867  to  1873  he  served 
as  chief  of  commissariat  in  the  department  of  the 


Platte,  and  subsequently  as  assistant  commissary- 
general  in  Washington,  with  the  rank  of  major. 
He  is  the  author  of  "  Legislative  History  of  the 
Subsistence  Department  of  the  United  States  Army 
from  June  16.  1875,  to  August  15,  1876." 

BARRlNdiER,  Daniel  Moreau,  diplomatist, 
b.  in  Cabarras  co.,  N.  C,  in  1807;  d.  at  White  Sul- 
phur Springs,  Va.,  1  Sept.,  1873.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  the  university  of  North  Carolina  in  1826, 
and  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1829.  The  same  year 
he  was  elected  to  the  state  house  of  commons,  and 
returned  for  several  successive  terms.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  state  constitutional  convention  in 
1835,  and  elected  for  three  successive  terms  to  con- 
gress, 1843-'9.  He  received  the  appointment  of 
minister  to  Spain  from  President  Taylor  in  1849, 
and  served  until  4  Sept.,  1853,  when  he  returned 
home  and  was  reelected  to  the  state  legislature. 
In  1855  he  declined  renomination  and  retired  to 
private  life  until  chosen  to  represent  his  state  at 
the  peace  congress  in  Washington  (1861).  After 
the  war  he  was  sent  as  a  delegate  to  the  national 
union  convention  in  Philadelphia,  August,  1866. 

BARRIONUEVO,  Francisco  de  (bah-rio-noo- 
ay'-vo),  Spanish  ofiicer,  b.  in  Spain,  lived  in  the- 
16th  century.  He  went  to  Santo  Domingo  when 
the  population  of  that  island  were  in  rebellion 
in  1532.  With  only  thirty  Spaniards  and  the  same- 
number  of  faithful  Indians,  he  restored  order  and 
entirely  subdued  the  rebels  in  a  few  days. 

BARRIOS,  (Jerardo  (bah'-re-os),  president  of 
Salvador,  b.  in  that  country ;  executed  in  August, 
1865.  His  administration  was  noted  for  its  liberal 
and  progressive  character.  In  1859  President  Bar- 
rios reestablished  the  government  in  the  city  of 
San  Salvador,  which  had  been  abandoned  for  some 
time  on  account  of  earthquakes ;  and  between  that 
time  and  1861  the  new  civil,  criminal,  and  pena'i 
codes  were  prepared  and  promulgated.  Education,, 
commerce,  and  public  works  had  the  special  atten- 
tion of  Barrios,  and  the  foreign  debt  was  paid.  A 
war  with  Guatemala  resulted  in  the  fall  of  Bar- 
rios, who  was  replaced  by  Duenas.  While  trying 
to  effect  a  revolution,  in  order  to  become  president 
again,  he  was  captured  in  Nicaragua,  sent  to  Salva- 
dor, tried  by  court-martial,  and  shot. 

BARRIOS,  Justo  Ruflno  Central  American 
statesman,  b.  in  San  Lorenzo,  department  of  San 
Marcos,  Guate- 
mala, 17  July, 
1835;d.inChal- 
chuapa,  2  April, 
1885.  He  was 
educated  for 
the  bar,  being 
graduated  m 
1862;  but  dur- 
ing the  revolu- 
tionary move- 
ments of  1867  he 
gathered  a  band 
of  mountaineers 
at  Los  Altos, 
near  Quezalte- 
nango.  Begin- 
ning in  a  small 
way,  taking  one 
town  and  an- 
other, though 
defeated  several 
times  and  driv- 
en    across     the 

frontier  into  Mexico  or  forced  to  hide  in  his  na- 
tive mountains,  he  always  came  back  with  re- 
doubled energy.     In  May,  1871,  Gen.  Miguel  Gar- 


BARRIOS 


BARRIOS 


177 


eia  Granados  joined  him  against  the  government 
of  Vicente  Cerna,  and  on  3  July  they  issued  the 
"  Plan  de  Patzicia."  After  the  encounters  in  Ta- 
canii,  Retalhulen,  Chiche,  Tierra  Blanca,  Cochin, 
and  San  Lucas,  in  which  he  showed  great  cour- 
age and  military  ability,  Barrios  entered  the  capi- 
tal and  put  an  end  to  the  regime  established  by 
Carrera  in  1840,  called  "  the  thirty  years."  Gen. 
Garcia  Granados  filled  the  presidential  office,  and 
Barrios  remained  as  chief  of  the  army  at  Los 
Altos.  But  a  revolution  against  the  new  gov- 
ernment soon  broke  out,  and  Barrios  defeated 
the  insurgents  in  the  battles  of  Cerro  Gordo  and 
Santa  Rosa.  On  11  Dec,  1872,  began  another 
revolution  headed  by  Gen.  .Jose  Maria  Medina, 
president  of  Honduras,  who  intended  to  reinstate 
the  reactionary  party.  The  governments  of  Sal- 
vador and  Guatemala  effected  a  union,  and  Gen. 
Garcia  Granados  left  the  capital,  taking  command 
of  the  army.  Barrios  was  left  in  charge  of  the 
presidency,  and  at  once  decreed  the  freedom  of  the 
press  (8  June)  and  the  suppression  of  religious  or- 
ders, after  which  Garcia  Granados  resumed  his 
functions  as  president  and  Barrios  continued  his 
as  chief  of  the  army.  A  new  revolution  broke  out 
in  the  east  and  was  quelled  by  Barrios,  who  cap- 
tured Melgar,  Fuente,  and  other  leading  insur- 
gents. On  8  May  of  tliat  year  the  constituent  as- 
sembly, instituted  by  Garcia  Granados,  proclaimed 
that  Barrios  was  elected  president  for  the  first 
constitutional  term.  He  entered  office,  4  June, 
1873,  and  a  month  later  there  was  another  insur- 
rection headed  by  Enrique  Palacios,  accompanied 
by  other  revolutionary  movements  in  the  moun- 
tain region  ;  but  in  four  weeks  peace  was  reestab- 
lished, which  lasted  till  1876,  when  President  Gon- 
zalez, of  Salvador,  and  President  Leiva,  of  Hon- 
duras, cooperated  with  the  reactionary  party  of 
Guatemala  against  Barrios.  Gonzalez  was  de- 
posed, and  his  successor,  Andres  Valle,  in  a  con- 
ference held  at  Chingo,  agreed  to  leave  the  ques- 
tions at  issue  to  be  arranged  by  Dr.  Marco  Aurelio 
Soto  with  the  aid  of  Salvador  and  Guatemala. 
Owing  to  the  influence  of  Gonzalez  the  agreement 
was  not  fulfilled.  Barrios  went  in  person  to  at- 
tack Salvador,  and  after  the  battles  of  Platanar, 
Chalchuapa,  Apanica,  and  Pasaquina,  the  Salva- 
dorians,  having  resisted  for  two  months  without 
success,  capitulated.  In  1876  the  national  assem- 
bly approved  the  acts  of  Barrios.  An  attempt  was 
made  to  assassinate  him  in  1877  while  he  was  visit- 
ing at  San  Pedro  Jacopilas,  near  the  Mexican  fron- 
tier. The  conspirators  called  themselves  the  "  so- 
ciety of  death,"  and  their  purpose  was  to  kill  Bar- 
rios and  several  of  his  ministers,  and  even  women 
and  children ;  but  the  whole  plot  was  discovered, 
1  Nov.,  1877,  and  the  chief  instigators  were  shot. 
Another  assembly  met  in  Guatemala  in  1879  and 
decreed  (11  Dec.)  the  first  constitution  of  the  re- 
public, a  very  liberal  one,  which  was  put  in  opera- 
tion 1  March,  1880,  and  Gen.  Barrios  was  reelected 
for  six  years  ;  but  he  declined,  saying  that  power 
should  not  be  too  long  in  the  hands  of  one  man, 
that  Guatemala  needed  new  rulers  not  so  tired  as 
he  was  of  public  life  and  who  could  completely  es- 
tablish republican  principles.  The  assembly,  how- 
ever, would  not  accept  his  refusal,  and  he  was  in- 
augurated. The  boundary  question  with  IMexico 
was  again  brought  forward,  and  Barrios  proposed 
the  intervention  of  the  United  States  in  1881.  On 
seeing  that  Gonzalez,  president  of  Mexico,  insisted 
upon  agitating  the  subject,  Mr.  Romero,  Mexican 
minister  at  Washington,  agreed  to  that  proposal, 
leaving  the  final  determination  of  limits  between 
Mexico  and  Guatemala   to  the   president  of  the 


United  States.  The  negotiations  were  far  ad- 
vanced, conducted  by  Secretary  Frelinghuysen  and 
Ministers  Romero  and  Montufar,  when  Gen.  Bar- 
rios came  specially  authorized  by  the  assembly  of 
Guatemala  to  settle  the  question  at  issue ;  but 
some  misunderstanding,  chiefly  between  Barrios 
and  Montufar,  brought  the  negotiations  to  an  end 
here,  and  the  question  was  arranged  in  accordance 
with  the  original  conditions,  by  which  Guatemala 
ceded  the  Chiapas  and  Soconusco  districts  to  Mexi- 
co. After  travelling  through  the  United  States 
and  in  Europe,  Barrios  returned  to  Guatemala,  and 
on  13  April,  1884,  there  was  another  attempt  to 
kill  him,  a  bomb  being  exploded  near  him.  On  28 
Feb.,  1885,  with  the  assent  of  the  national  assem- 
bly, his  ministers,  President  Zaldivar,  of  Salvador, 
and  President  Bogran,  of  Honduras,  Gen.  Barrios 
published  his  proclamation  intended  to  effect  the 
union  of  all  the  Central  American  nations  in  one 
republic,  and  on  6  March  issued  a  decree  with  di- 
rections as  to  the  way  of  effecting  said  union.  The 
people  and  the  army  congratulated  Gen.  Barrios 
and  offered  him  their  support,  and  the  proclama- 
tion of  the  union  produced  luiiversal  joy.  One 
week  afterward  confusion  began,  and  troops  were 
sent  against  Salvador ;  Barrios  himself  went  to  the 
front,  but  for  several  days  no  hostilities  occurred. 
Salvador  and  Honduras  had  agreed  to  the  union 
months  before,  while  Costa  Rica  and  Nicaragua 
held  back  from  dread  of  Barrios.  But  Zaldivar, 
president  of  Salvador,  now  receded  from  his  prom- 
ises and  revealed  himself  as  the  foe  of  Barrios  and 
the  union.  Barrios  did  not  begin  the  war  until 
Zaldivar,  made  bold  by  the  help  he  fancied  Mex- 
ico would  give  him,  ordered  his  troops  to  cross 
the  frontier  and  attack  the  Guatemalan  forces. 
Zaldivar  was  deceived  as  to  assistance  from  the 
Mexicans.  They  protested  against  Barrios's  ty- 
rannical action  in  attempting  to  annex  the  other 
Central  American  states  to  Guatemala,  but  did 
nothing.  When  Barrios  heard  that  Gen.  Diaz 
was  opposed  to  a  Central  American  union  he 
said :  "  I  want  for  my  country  the  union  that 
gives  strength  and  leads  to  progress  and  pros- 
perity. I  made  a  revolution  in  1871  to  deliver 
my  country  from  misery,  oppression,  and  igno- 
rance, and  wish  now  to  consummate  the  work 
of  the  immortal  Morazan.  I  did  not  expect  Diaz, 
who  imbrued  with  blood  the  Mexican  soil,  to  find 
fault  with  me  as  a  revolutionist  when  I  try  to 
effect,  peacefully  if  possible,  the  union  of  these 
small  countries."  The  Salvador  troops  were  speedi- 
ly repelled,  and  Barrios  entered  the  enemy's  coun- 
try and  proceeded  to  attack  Santa  Ana,  by  that 
time  garrisoned  by  about  7,000  men  and  defended 
by  earthworks.  The  actual  fighting  began  on  30 
March,  the  day  when  the  Salvador  troops  crossed 
the  frontier;  but  by  2  April  Barrios  had  taken 
the  fortress,  and  all  Zaldivar's  troops  had  fled  into 
the  interior.  There  was  nothing  now  to  prevent  the 
Guatemalan  troops  from  overrunning  the  whole  of 
Salvador,  and  Honduras  was  already  despatching 
a  force  to  join  them.  As  they  approached  the  vil- 
lage a  timid  officer  was  afraid  to  lead  his  regiment 
in  first,  dreading  an  ambuscade.  Barrios  accord- 
ingly put  himself  at  their  head  and  was  the  first 
to  enter  the  streets.  The  main  body  of  the  garri- 
son had  fled,  but  some  sharp-shooters  were  left  in 
the  church-tower  and  on  the  roofs  of  the  houses. 
A  bullet  from  one  of  these  struck  Barrios  down, 
and  at  the  same  moment  his  son  was  killed  by  his 
side.  This  happened  at  Chalchuapa  between  nine 
and  ten  in  the  morning.  When  the  foremost  Gua- 
temalan troops  saw  Barrios  fall  they  were  seized 
with  panic  and  fled,  meeting  the  rest  of  the  advanc- 


178 


BARRIOS 


BARRON 


ing  army  and  throwing  them  t(io  into  confusion ; 
and  though  the  officers  fired  among  them  to  com- 
pel them  to  turn  and  advance  again,  the  panic 
spread,  and  soon  the  whole  army  was  in  disordered 
flight  and  the  greater  part  of  it  scattered.  The 
day  his  body  was  brought  into  Guatemala  all  the 
road  for  miles  out  was  lined  with  people,  mostly  of 
the  lower  classes,  weeping  and  sorrowful.  His 
widow  left  Guatemala  directly  after  the  funeral 
for  New  York,  where  Barrios  owned  a  fine  house 
in  Fifth  avenue.  lie  had  been  for  some  time  put- 
ting his  money  into  American  securities  and 
mortgaging  all  his  property  in  the  country.  His 
son,  by  a  special  act  of  congress,  is  a  cadet  at 
the  U.  S.  military  academy.  No  doubt  some  of 
Barrios's  measures  were  harsh  and  at  times  even 
cruel,  but  they  attained  their  end  as  no  other 
measures  could.  His  cruelties  have  been  enor- 
mously exaggerated  and  the  wildest  tales  have 
been  invented  about  him  ;  and  in  those  cases  where 
cruelty  can  be  clearly  proved  it  can  generally  be 
traced  rather  to  his  lieutenants  than  directly  to 
himself.  Still,  he  probably  did  not  care  to  exam- 
ine too  closely  into  the  manner  in  which  his  orders 
were  carried  out  by  his  subordinates  so  long  as  his 
end  was  gained.  He  took  the  keenest  interest  in 
all  that  concerned  his  army,  and  his  troops  were 
better  dressed,  better  equipped,  and  better  disci- 
plined than  is  usually  the  case  in  Spanish- Ameri- 
can states.  There  were  many  barracks  in  the  capi- 
tal, most  of  them  in  the  immediate  neighborhood 
of  his  palace,  and  there  were  usually  from  three  to 
four  thousand  troops  in  the  city.  He  organized  a 
system  of  militia  throughout  the  country,  so  that 
every  man  was  drilled  except  the  pure  Indians, 
and  these  local  militia  were  called  out  once  or 
twice  a  month  for  exercise  and  drill  on  Sunday 
mornings.  By  this  means  he  had  a  force  of  from 
20,000  to  30,000  men  ready.  He  made  the  city  of 
Guatemala  one  of  the  cleanest,  pleasantest,  and 
most  habitable  cities  in  Spanish  America,  and  fur- 
nished it  with  a  good  and  efficient  police,  bringing 
an  inspector  from  New  York  to  organize  it.  He 
sent  men  to  the  United  States  to  study  post-office 
and  telegraph  management,  and  reorganized  those 
services  thoroughly  with  the  experience  thus 
gained.  Before  Barrios's  time  there  was  no  tele- 
graph in  Guatemala.  He  built  the  first  railway  in 
the  country,  and  also  began  tlie  northern  railroad 
to  establish  communication  with  the  Atlantic  coast. 
In  order  to  make  this  enterprise  national  he  de- 
creed that  every  Guatemalan  earning  over  $8  a 
month  must  be  a  stockholder.  He  built  safe 
bridges,  made  and  improved  many  of  the  chief 
roads,  and  did  innumerable  things  of  the  kind. 
He  spoke  no  language  but  Spanish,  but  he  fully 
appreciated  the  value  of  various  kinds  of  knowledge 
in  others.  He  took  great  interest  in  the  colleges 
and  schools,  and  did  much  for  education  all  over 
the  country.  One  of  his  latest  decrees  was  to  the 
efliect  that  no  one  should  be  admitted  to  practise 
as  a  lawyer  or  a  doctor  who  had  not  passed  a  suffi- 
cient examination  in  English  and  French.  He 
owned  estates  all  over  the  country,  cattle  haciendas, 
coffee  plantations,  houses,  and  every  sort  of  property 
worth  having,  and  was  proud  of  their  condition, 
trying  to  set  an  example  of  proper  cultivation  and 
management  to  other  people.  He  established  the 
institutes  of  Quezaltenango  and  Chiquimula  and  a 
normal  school  department  in  that  of  the  capital, 
founded  the  industrial  and  agriculture  schools, 
built  street  railways  in  the  city  of  Guatemala,  a 
penitentiary  in  the  capital  and  another  m  Quezal- 
tenango according  to  the  modern  system,  and  made 
many  improvements  in  the  national  theatre  and 


other  public  buildings.  Personally  he  was  a  man 
of  simple  tastes  and  habits,  rising  early,  dining 
simply,  and  living  in  most  respects  like  a  soldier. 
His  extravagances  were  in  horses  and  estates.  He 
was  of  mixed  Spanish  and  Indian  blood,  and  the 
Indian  rather  predominated  in  his  countenance. 
He  was  short,  with  dark  complexion. 

BARK  ITT,  Frances  Fuller,  poet,  b.  in  Rome, 
N.  Y.,  in  1826.  Under  her  maiden  name,  Frances 
Fuller,  she  early  won  repute  as  a  writer.  She  lived 
witli  her  parents,  moving  westward  from  her  birth- 
place successively  to  western  Pennsylvania,  Ohio, 
and  Michigan.  In  the  latter  state  she  married.  In 
1855  she  went  farther  west  with  her  husband,  but 
subsequently  returned  to  New  York  city.  When 
only  fourteen  years  old,  she  began  writing  for  pub- 
lication, and  at  twenty-two  was  a  favorite  contrib- 
utor of  the  "  Home  Journal,"  under  the  manage- 
ment of  N.  P.  Willis.  "Azlea,"  a  tragedy,  was 
written  about  this  time,  and  published  in  1851  in 
a  volume  entitled  "  Poems  of  Imagination  and 
Sentiment,"  by  herself  and  her  sister  Metta  (Mrs. 
Victor),  edited  by  Rufus  W.  Griswold. 

BARROETA  Y  ANGEL,  Pedro  Antonio 
(bar-ro-ay  -tah),  Spanish  prelate,  b.  in  Ezcaray,  Lo- 
grono,  about  1700;  d.  in  Grenada,  Spain,  22  May, 
1775.  He  studied  theology  at  Cuenca,  and  soon 
became  noted  for  his  learning.  After  filling  sev- 
eral high  offices  at  Coria  and  Malaga  he  was  ap- 
pointed archbishop  of  Lima,  and  consecrated  25 
June,  1751.  He  at  once  began  to  promote  reforms 
among  the  clergy  and  in  the  church  administra- 
tion, devoting  himself  entii'ely  to  that  purpose  and 
to  charity.  Barroeta  distributed  all  his  revenues 
among  the  needy,  and  when  transferred  to  the  see 
of  Grenada,  in  1758,  he  was  so  poor  that  his  broth- 
er had  to  pay  the  expenses  of  the  voyage. 

BARRON,  James,  naval  officer,  b.  in  Virginia 
in  1709;  d.  in  Norfolk,  Va.,  21  April,  1851.  Com. 
Barron  is  chiefly  known  to  the  present  generation 
from  his  encounter  when  in  command  of  the 
'•  Chesapeake  "  with  the  British  frigate  "  Leopard  " 
in  time  of  peace,  and  the  duel  in  which  he  killed 
Com.  Decatur.  He  was  a  seaman  from  early  boy- 
hood, entered  the  navy  in  1798  as  a  lieutenant,  was 
promoted  captain  in  1799,  and  was  commodore 
when  placed  in  command  of  the  "  Chesapeake  "  (38 
guns)  in  June,  1807.  War  with  France  was  immi- 
nent, and  the  frigate  liad  been  undergoing  liasty 
repairs  at  the  Washington  navy-yard.  Her  men 
and  stores  were  hurried  on  board,  and  she  sailed 
on  22  June,  the  intention  being  to  clear  the  decks 
and  drill  the  crew  during  the  voyage  across  the  At- 
lantic. As  soon  as  she  was  fairly  at  sea  the  British 
frigate  "  Leopard  "  (50  guns),  which  had  been  wait- 
ing for  her,  ranged  alongside,  with  her  crew  at 
quarters,  and  her  captain  demanded  ceitain  alleged 
British  deserters  said  to  be  among  the  "  Chesa- 
peake's" crew.  Com.  Barron  declined  to  surren- 
der the  men,  whereupon  the  "  Leopard "  opened 
fire.  By  great  exertion,  a  single  American  gun 
was  fired  by  Lieut.  Allen,  with  a  live  coal  brought 
from  the  galley  fire :  but  in  the  meantime  the  shot 
of  the  "  Leopard  "  had  killed  three  and  wounded 
eighteen  of  the  "  Chesapeake's  "  crew.  As  the  one 
shot  was  discharged  the  American  ensign  was 
hauled  down,  and  after  some  further  parley  the 
alleged  deserters  were  carried  off.  The  action  of 
the  British  captain  was  repudiated  by  his  govern- 
ment, the  "  deserters "  were  formally  restored  on 
board  the  "  Chesapeake,"  and  a  money  indemnity 
was  paid.  Popular  indignation  ran  very  high. 
Com.  Barron  was  tried  by  court-martial,  and  sus- 
pended from  rank  and  pay  for  five  years,  though, 
in  point  of  fact,  the  blame  belonged  to  the  navy 


BARRON 


BARRUNDIA 


179 


department  rather  than  to  him.  On  his  retnrn  to 
duty  he  was  refused  an  active  command,  and  in 
1820,  Com.  Decatur  having  been  instrumental  in 
keeping  him  on  shore,  he  challenged  that  officer  to 
fight  a  duel,  killed  him,  and  was  at  the  same  time 
himself  severely  wounded.  The  remainder  of  his 
life  he  passed  on  shore  duty  and  waiting  orders. 
He  became  senior  officer  of  the  navy  in  1839. 

BARRON,  Samuel,  naval  officer,  b.  in  Hamp- 
ton, Va,.,  about  1763;  d.  there,  29  Oct.,  1810.  In 
1798  he  was  placed  in  command  of  the  brig  "  Au- 
gusta," which  was  equipped  by  the  people  of  Nor- 
folk, Va.,  to  resist  E'rench  aggressions.  In  1805  he 
was  in  command  of  the  squadron  of  ten  vessels 
operating  against  Tripoli.  He  sent  three  small 
vessels  to  aid  Haraet,  the  deposed  bashaw ;  but, 
after  the  capture  of  Derne  by  Gen.  Eaton  and 
Capt.  Hull,  27  April,  1805,  he  refused  further 
direct  aid,  for  fear  that  the  usurping  bashaw 
would  retaliate  with  the  massacre  of  Capt.  Bain- 
bridge  and  his  men,  then  held  in  captivity.  He 
soon  afterward  returned  to  the  United  States,  ow- 
ing to  declining  health,  being  succeeded  in  the 
command  of  the  fleet  by  Com.  Rodgers.  He  was 
appointed  to  the  command  of  the  navy-yard  at 
Gosport.  Va.,  but  died  immediately  afterward. — 
His  son,  Saiuiiel,  b.  in  llam})ton,  Va.,  in  1802;  d.  in 
Essex  CO.,  Va.,  26  Feb.,  1888.  He  entered  the  navy 
in  1812,  attained  the  rank  of  lieutenant  8  March, 
1827,  of  commander  15  July,  1847,  and  of  captain 
in  1855.  He  was  appointed  chief  of  the  bureau  of 
detail  in  the  navy  department  when  the  southern 
states  seceded,  but  had  already  accepted  a  commis- 
sion as  commodore  in  the  confederate  navy.  He 
superintended  the  defences  of  North  Carolina  and 
Virginia.  Being  present  at  the  attack  upon  Forts 
Clark  and  Hatteras,  28  Aug.,  1861,  he  assumed 
direction  of  the  defence  by  request  of  the  officers 
of  the  forts,  and,  after  the  surrender,  was  a  pris- 
oner of  war  in  New  York  until  exchanged  in  1862. 
He  then  went  to  England,  where  he  engaged  in 
fitting  out  blockade-runners  and  privateers.  After 
the  war  he  became  a  farmer  in  Virginia. 

BARROW,  Alexander,  senator,  b.  near  Nash- 
ville, Tenn.,  in  1801 ;  d.  in  Baltimore.  Md.,  29  Dec  , 
1846.  He  entered  West  Point  in  1816,  but  was  not 
graduated ;  studied  law  at  Nashville,  and,  after  be- 
ing admitted  to  the  bar,  removed  to  Louisiana. 
Here  he  practised  a  few  years  and  then  became  a 
planter.  He  served  for  several  years  in  the  legisla- 
ture, and  was  chosen  to  the  U.  S.  senate  as  a  whig, 
serving  from  31  May,  1841,  till  his  death. 

BARROW,  Frances  Elizabeth,  author,  b.  in 
Charleston,  S.  C.  22  Fel).,  1822 ;  d.  in  New  York 
city,  7  May,  1894.  "  Aunt  Fanny  '"  was  the  daugh- 
ter of  Charles  Benton  Mease,  of  Charleston,  and 
Sarah  Matilda  Graham,  of  Boston.  She  was  edu- 
cated in  New  York  city,  where  the  greater  part 
of  her  life  was  passed.  She  married,  7  Dec,  1841, 
James  Barrow,  Jr.,  of  New  York.  In  1855  she 
began  to  write  and  publish  books,  and  during 
the  next  fifteen  years  something  like  twenty-five 
volumes  bearing  her  name  were  brought  out  by 
different  publishers.  The  most  popular  of  these 
are  "  Aunt  Fanny's  Story  Book  " ;  "  Six  Night- 
caps"; "Six  Mittens";  "Six  Popguns";  "Four 
good  little  Hearts " ;  "  Life  among  the  Chil- 
dren "  ;  "  Take  Heed  " ;  and  a  novel,  "  The  Wife's 
Stratagem."  The  juveniles  had  a  phenomenal  suc- 
cess among  English  readers,  and  some  of  them, 
notably  "  Six  Nightcaps,"  were  translated  into 
French,  German,  and  Swedish.  Her  miscellaneous 
literary  productions  have  appeared  in  numerous 
periodicals.  Her  work  is  characterized  by  a  pecu- 
liarly bright  and  captivating  way  of  presenting 


homely,  every-day  scenes  and  sayings.  Perhaps 
her  most  famous  story  is  "  The  Letter  G,"  pub- 
lished in  a  leading  magazine  in  1864.  The  story 
was  very  clever  in  itself,  but  gained  a  world-wide 
reputation  through  the  manufacturers  of  a  certain 
sewing-machine,  then  recently  placed  on  the  mar- 
ket and  known  by  a  trade-mark  identical  with  the 
title  of  the  story.  These  enterprising  dealers  took 
advantage  of  the  gratuitous  advertisement,  and 
scattered  the  story  broadcast  over  the  world. 

BARROW,  Washington,  congressman,  b.  in 
Davidson  co.,  Tenn.,  5  Oct.,  1817 ;  d.  in  St.  Louis, 
Mo.,  19  Oct.,  1866.  He  received  a  classical  educa- 
tion, studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar. 
He  was  American  charge  d'affaires  in  Portugal 
from  16  Aug.,  1841,  to  24  Feb.,  1844,  and  was 
elected  to  congress  from  Tennessee  as  a  whig,  serv- 
ing from  1847  to  1849.  He  edited  the  Nashville 
"  Banner,"  was  a  state  senator  in  1860-'l,  and 
was  a  member  of  the  commission  that  on  4  May, 

1861,  negotiated  a  military  league  with  the  south- 
ern  confederacy.      He   was   arrested,   28    March, 

1862,  by  order  of  Andrew  Johnson,  governor  of 
Tennessee,  on  the  charge  of  disloyalty,  and  was 
imprisoned  in  the  penitentiary  at  Nashville,  but 
was  released  in  the  following  week,  by  the  order 
of  President  Lincoln. 

BARROWS,  Elijah  Porter,  clergyman,  b.  in 
Mansfield,  Conn.,  5  Jan.,  1807  :  d.  in  Oberlin,  Ohio, 
14  Sept.,  1888.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale,  and, 
after  teaching,  was  ordained,  and  in  1835  he  be- 
came pastor  of  the  first  free  Presbyterian  church 
in  New  York  city.  Here  he  remained  until  1837, 
when  he  accepted  the  professorship  of  sacred  litera- 
ture in  Western  Reserve  college  (1837-'52).  In 
1853  he  was  appointed  professor  of  Hebrew  lan- 
guage and  literature  in  Andover  theological  semi- 
nary, retaining  the  office  until  1866.  In  1872  he 
accepted  a  like  appointment  in  Oberlin,  Ohio,  theo- 
logical seminary.  Besides  twenty-five  articles  in 
the  "  Bibliotheca  Sacra,"  he  has  published  "  A  Me- 
moir of  Evertin  Judson  "  (1852) ;  "  Companion  to 
the  Bible "  (1869)  ;  and  "  Sacred  Geography  and 
Antiquities  "  (1872).  He  has  also  been  one  of  the 
editors  of  the  American  Tract  Society's  "  Bible 
with  Notes." 

BARROWS,  Willard,  civil  engineer,  b.  in 
Monson,  Mass.,  in  1806 ;  d.  in  Davenport,  Iowa,  3 
Jan.,  1868.  His  early  youth  was  spent  in  New 
England,  after  which  he  became  a  teacher  in  Eliza- 
beth, N.  J.,  but  this  occupation  he  soon  relin- 
quished for  the  profession  of  civil  engineering. 
He  accomplished  the  government  survey  of  the 
Choctaw  purchase,  in  Mississippi,  finishing  that 
work  in  1835.  Later  he  explored  Cedar  river, 
which  at  that  time  was  scarcely  known,  and  in 
1837  was  engaged  on  the  first  surveys  of  Iowa. 
In  1840  he  surveyed  the  islands  in  Mississippi 
river  between  Rock  Island  and  Quincy.  During 
the  suspension  of  the  surveys  he  settled  in  Rock- 
ingham ;  but  in  1843,  when  the  surveys  were  re- 
sumed, he  was  sent  into  the  Kickapoo  country. 
From  1845  till  1850  he  was  engaged  in  government 
work  and  on  county  surveys  in  Iowa.  During  the 
latter  year  he  made  a  journey  to  the  Rocky  moun- 
tains, and  afterward  was  connected  with  a  banking 
firm  in  Davenport.  He  published  several  accounts 
of  his  experiences,  including  "  Barrows's  New  Map 
of  Iowa,  with  Notes  "  (1854),  and  "  Historical  Sketch 
of  Scott  County  "  (1859). 

BARRUNDIA,  Jose  Francisco  (bar-roon- 
de-a).  Central  American  statesman,  b.  in  Guatema- 
la about  1780;  d.  in  New  York,  4  Aug.,  1854. 
Many  members  of  his  family  were  eminent  in  the 
service  of  Spain,  but  he  early  opposed  the  mother 


180 


BARRY 


BARRY 


country,  and  in  1813  was  sentenced  to  death  for 
treason.  He  and  his  fellow-conspirators  hid  them- 
selves in  the  mountains  for  six  years,  when  Bar- 
rundia  placed  himself  at  the  head  of  the  revolu- 
tionary party  of  Guatemala.  He  was  conspicuous 
in  the  struggle  for  independence,  and  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  first  republican  constituent  assembly. 
On  10  April,  1824,  he  introduced  and  carried  a  de- 
cree for  the  immediate  abolition  of  slavery  through- 
out the  republic,  and  he  subsequently  procured  the 
adoption  of  a  code  modelled  after  that  of  Living- 
ston for  the  state  of  Louisiana,  which  he  had 
translated  into  Spanish.  In  1825  he  declined  the 
office  of  vice-president,  but  in  1829  accepted  that 
of  president,  and  devoted  himself  to  educational 
and  other  reforms.  When  in  1852  three  of  the 
iive  states  that  had  composed  the  old  republic 
again  united,  he  was  unanimously  chosen  presi- 
dent ;  but,  as  two  of  the  states  seceded,  he  resigned, 
and  employed  himself  in  preparing  a  narrative  of 
Central  American  events.  In  the  hope  of  regain- 
ing his  ascendancy  in  Guatemala  through  Ameri- 
can influence,  he  set  out  in  1854  for  Washington  as 
minister  of  Honduras,  with  the  alleged  design  of 
negotiating  for  its  annexation  to  the  United 
States,  but  died  of  apoplexy. 

BARRY,  Henry  W.,  soldier,  b.  in  New  York 
city;  d.  in  Washington,  D.  C,  7  June,  1875.  He 
was  self-educated  in  the  city  of  his  birth,  and 
so  improved  his  opportunities  that  in  early  man- 
hood he  became  principal  of  the  Locust  Grove 
academy,  Kentucky.  He  then  studied  law  and 
was  graduated  at  the  Columbian  law  college,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.  He  entered  the  union  army  as  a 
private  early  in  the  civil  war,  and  organized  the 
first  regiment  of  colored  troops  raised  in  Kentucky. 
He  commanded  a  brigade,  and  for  a  time  a  divi- 
sion, and  was  brevetted  major-general  of  volun- 
teers. As  a  member  of  the  state  constitutional 
convention  of  Mississippi  in  1867,  he  was  active 
during  the  reconstruction  period  and  was  chosen 
state  senator  in  18G8,  and  elected  to  congress  the 
same  year.  Reelected  for  successive  terms  by  the 
votes  of  the  colored  republicans  of  Mississippi,  he 
retained  his  seat  in  congress  until  his  death.  Dur- 
ing his  last  term  he  was  chairman  of  the  committee 

on  postal  ex- 
penditures. 

BARRY, 
John,  naval 
officer,  b.  in 
Tacumshane, 
county  Wex- 
ford, Ireland, 
in  1745  ;  d. 
in  Philadel- 
phia, 13  Sept., 
IM):!.  He  fol- 
lowed the  sea 
from  child- 
hood, and, 
making  his 
home  in  Phil- 
adelphia at 
the  age  of 
fifteen,  ac- 
quired wealth 
as  the  master 
of  a  vessel. 
He  offered  his 
services  to  congress  at  the  opening  of  the  revolu- 
tionary war,  "abandoning  the  finest  ship  and  the 
first  employ  in  America  "  (his  own  words),  and,  in 
February,  1776,  was  given  the  command  of  the 
"  Lexington,"  in  which  he  made  the  first  capture  of  a 


British  war  vessel  accomplished  by  an  American 
cruiser,  that  of  the  tender  "Edward."  He  was 
then  transferred  to  the  frigate  "  Effingham." 
During  the  winter  of  1776-'7,  while  navigation 
was  closed,  he  commanded  a  company  of  volun- 
teers and  assisted  in  the  operations  at  Trenton 
with  some  heavy  artillery.  In  1777,  with  four 
boats,  he  captured  a  British  war-schooner  in  the 
Delaware  without  losing  a  man.  For  some  time 
he  acted  as  aide-de-camp  to  Gen.  Cadwalader. 
When  the  British  occupied  Philadelphia  in  the 
latter  part  of  1777,  he  took  the  "Effingham"  up 
the  Delaware  to  save  her  from  capture.  The  ene- 
my oifered  him  a  heavy  bribe  to  deliver  up  the 
ship,  and  finally  succeeded  in  destroying  her  by 
fire.  In  1778  he  was  assigned  to  the  command  of 
the  "  Raleigh,"  which  was  pursued  and  driven  on 
shore  by  a  British  squadron,  after  making  a  gal- 
lant resistance.  In  February,  1781,  in  the  "Alli- 
ance "  he  conveyed  Col.  Laurens  on  a  special  mis- 
sion to  France,  and  cruised  with  success  until  he 
put  in  for  repairs  in  October.  In  a  desperate  com- 
bat he  captured  the  "  Atalanta  "  and  the  "  Tre- 
passy,"  and  was  severely  wounded.  After  carry- 
ing Lafayette  and  Noailles  to  France,  he  cruised 
in  the  West  Indies,  and  in  the  early  part  of  1782 
fought  a  sharp  battle  with  an  English  ship,  until 
the  appearance  of  a  superior  force  compelled  him 
to  desist,  to  avoid  capture.  On  the  establishment 
of  the  new  navy  in  1794,  he  was  named  the  senior 
officer,  with  the  rank  of  commodore.  lie  com- 
manded the  frigate  "  United  States,"  the  building 
of  which  he  had  superintended. 

BARRY,  John,  R.  C.  bishop,  b.  in  the  county 
Wexford,  Ireland,  in  1799 ;  d.  in  Paris,  France,  21 
Nov.,  1859.  While  yet  an  ecclesiastical  student  he 
emigrated  to  America  and  finished  his  studies  in 
the  theological  seminary  of  Charleston,  S.  C,  under 
Bishop  England.  He  was  ordained  in  1825,  and 
appointed  pastor  of  the  church  of  the  Holy  Trinity 
in  Augusta.  Ga.  During  the  cholera  epidemic  of 
1832  he  turned  his  house  into  a  hospital,  and  after- 
ward into  an  asylum  for  the  orphans  made  by  the 
pestilence.  Bishop  England  made  him  his  vicar 
in  Georgia  in  1839,  and  he  was  promoted  to  the 
vicar-generalship  of  the  diocese  of  Charleston,  and 
appointed  superior  of  the  theological  seminary  in 
1844.  He  was  the  first  to  establish  a  Catholic  day- 
school  in  Georgia.  He  was  present  at  the  council 
of  Baltimore  as  theologian  in  1846,  and  was  ap- 
pointed vicar-general  of  the  diocese  cf  Savannah 
in  1853,  where  he  volunteered  to  nurse  the  victims 
of  the  yellow  fever.  On  the  death  oi  Bishop  Gart- 
land  from  the  epidemic,  he  was  appointed  admin- 
istrator of  the  see,  and  in  1857  was  created  bishop. 
He  had  never  fully  recovered  from  the  exhaustion 
brought  on  by  his  labors  in  the  epidemics  of  1853 
and  1855,  and  he  visited  Europe  for  the  benefit  of 
his  liealtii  in  1859. 

BARRY,  John  Stewart,  governor  of  Michigan, 
b.  in  Amiierst,  N.  IL,  29  Jan.,  1802;  d.  in  Con- 
stantine,  Mich.,  14  Jan.,  1870.  He  attended  a  com- 
mon school,  and,  when  a  young  man,  went  to  At- 
lanta, Ga.,  where  he  lived  until  1832,  and  then  re- 
moved to  Michigan.  He  had  studied  law,  but  be- 
came a  merchant  at  Constantine,  Mich.,  and  was 
active  in  politics  there.  On  the  admission  of  ]\Iichi- 
gan  into  the  union,  in  1836,  he  was  a  member  of 
the  constitutional  convention,  and  was  also  chosen 
a  state  senator,  an  office  which  he  again  held  in 
1840.  In  the  latter  year  he  became  interested  in 
the  cultivation  of  the  sugar-beet,  and  went  to  Eu- 
rope to  study  the  best  methods  of  preparing  the 
sugar.  He  was  elected  governor  in  1841.  and  was 
twice  reelected,   serving  from   1842   to  1846  and 


B^RRY 


BARRY 


181 


from  1850  to  1853.  He  was  again  a  candidate  in 
1860,  but  was  defeated.  In  his  successful  cam- 
paigns he  sustained  the  "  Wilinot  Proviso,"  in- 
tended to  prohibit  slavery  in  the  territories.  Dur- 
ing the  civil  war  he  was  in  sympathy  with  the  ultra 
wing  of  the  democratic  party,  and  was  a  member 
of  the  Cliicago  convention  of  August,  1864,  which 
nominated  Gen.  McClellan  to  the  presidency. 

BARRY,  Patrick,  horticulturist,  b.  near  Bel- 
fast, Ireland,  in  May,  1816 ;  d.  in  Rochester,  N.  Y., 
28  June,  1890.  He  was  employed  as  a  teacher  in  Ire- 
land, and  on  his  arrival  in  America  in  1836  became 
a  clerk  for  Prince  &  Co.,  nurserymen,  of  Flushing, 
L.  I.  In  1840  he  entered  into  the  nursery  business 
in  partnership  with  George  EUwanger.  at  Roches- 
ter, N.  Y.  The  firm  took  the  lead  in  the  importa- 
tion of  the  dwarf  varieties  of  pears,  grafted  on 
quince  roots,  from  France,  and  extended  their 
business  until  their  nurseries  were  the  largest  in 
the  country.  Through  their  enterprise,  various 
wild  species  of  shade-trees  have  been  introduced 
into  cultivation,  hardy  exotics  acclimatized,  and 
improved  varieties  of  fruits  and  flowering  plants 
developed  by  culture  or  introduced  from  abroad. 
Mr.  Barry  edited  the  "  Genesee  Farmer  "  from  1844 
to  1852,  and  from  1852  to  1854  the  "Horticul- 
turalist."  He  published  a  "  Treatise  on  the  Fruit 
Garden "  (New  York,  1851 :  new  ed.,  1872),  and 
wrote  extensively  on  subjects  connected  with  po- 
mology and  flower-gardening.  He  also  prepared 
the  complete  and  valuable  "  Catalogue  of  the 
American  Pomological  Society." 

BARRY,  William,  author,  b.  in  Boston,  Mass., 
10  Jan.,  1805 ;  d.  in  Chicago,  111.,  17  Jan.,  1885.  He 
was  graduated  at  Brown  in  1822  and  studied  law, 
but  entered  Cambridge  divinity  school  in  1826,  and 
after  two  years  there  spent  two  more  in  study  in 
Gottingen  and  Paris.  He  was  ordained  pastor  of 
the  South  Congregational  church,  Lowell,  Mass.,  in 
1830,  and  in  1835  took  charge  of  the  1st  church  at 
Framingham.  Failing  health  forced  him  to  give 
up  his  charge  in  1844,  and  he  travelled  in  Europe 
and  Asia  till  1847,  when  he  returned  and  took 
charge  of  another  church  in  Lowell.  In  1853  his 
health  compelled  him  to  cease  work  again,  and  he 
removed  to  Chicago.  Here  he  organized  the  Chi- 
cago historical  society  in  1856,  and  was  its  secre- 
tary and  librarian  till  1868.  Mr.  Barry  was  one  of 
the  most  accomplished  scholars  and  ablest  writers 
in  the  west.  It  was  in  his  office  that  President 
Lincoln  obtained  the  data  for  his  memorable  ad- 
dress in  Cooper  institute.  New  York.  Among  his 
publications  are  "  Rights  and  Duties  of  Neighbor- 
ing Churches "  ;  "  Thoughts  on  Christian  Doc- 
trine "  (Lowell,  Mass.,  1845) ;  "  History  of  Fram- 
ingham "  (Boston,  1847) ;  "  Antiquities  of  Wiscon- 
sin "  (in  Wisconsin  Historical  Collections,  vol.  iii.) ; 
and  '*  Letters  from  the  East." — His  brother,  John 
Stetson,  author,  b.  in  Boston,  Mass.,  26  March, 
1819,  d.  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  11  Dec,  1872,  was  edu- 
cated in  his  native  city,  and  was  ordained  pastor  of 
the  Universalist  church  in  West  Amesbury,  Mass., 
in  1838.  He  preached  at  Weymouth,  Mass.,  from 
1839  to  1841,  at  West  Seituate,  Mass.,  from  1841  to 
1844,  and  subsequently,  for  a  brief  period,  until  the 
failure  of  his  health,  at  Pawtucket,  R.  I.  He  pub- 
lished "  Stetson  Genealogy  "  (Boston,  1847) ;  "  His- 
tory of  Hanover,  Mass."  (1853) ;  and  "  History  of 
Massachusetts"  (3  vols.,  1855-7).  From  1858  till 
1860  he  was  pastor  of  the  church  at  Needham, 
Mass.,  and  editor  of  "  The  Universalist,"  in  Boston. 

BARRY,  William  Far(inliar,  soldier,  b.  in  New 
York  citv,  8  Aug.,  1818 ;  d.  in  Fort  McHenry,  Bal- 
timore, Md.,  18  July,  1879.  He  was  graduated 
at  West  Point  in  1838,  and  in  that  year  assisted 


Maj.  Ringgold  to  organize  the  first  battery  of  light 
artillery  formed  in  the  U.  S.  army.  After  doing 
garrison  duty  at  different  stations,  he  went  with 
the  army  to  Mexico,  remaining  there  from  1846  to 
1848.  He  was  in  the  battle  of  Tampico,  and  served 
in  Gen.  Patterson's  division,  and  also  as  aide-de- 
camp to  Gen.  Worth.  From  1849  to  1851  he  was 
stationed  at  Fort  McHenry,  and  was  made  a  cap- 
tain in  the  2d  artillery  on  1  July,  1852.  He  served 
in  the  war  against  the  Seminoles  in  Florida  in 
1852-'3,  and  during  the  Kansas  disturbances  of 
1857-'8  was  stationed  at  Fort  Leavenworth.  Dur- 
ing 1858  he  was  a  member  of  the  board  to  revise 
the  system  of  light  artillery  practice,  and  the  revis- 
ion was  adopted  on  6  March,  1860.  On  the  break- 
ing out  of  the  civil  war,  he  went  into  active  service, 
assisting  in  the  defence  of  Fort  Pickens,  Fla.,  as 
major  of  the  5th  artillery.  He  was  chief  of  artillery 
in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  from  27  July,  1861,  to 
27  Aug.,  1862,  and  organized  its  artillery.  On  20 
Aug.,  1861,  he  was  appointed  brigadier-general  of 
volunteers,  took  a  leading  part  in  the  Virginia 
peninsular  campaign  until  August,  1862,  being  in 
the  siege  of  Yorktown,  at  the  battle  of  Gaines's 
Mill,  the  skirmish  of  Mechanicsville,  the  battle  of 
Charles  City  Cross-Roads,  the  Malvern  Hill  con- 
test, and  at  Harrison's  Landing.  From  the  end  of 
that  campaign  until  1864  he  was  chief  of  artillery 
of  the  defences  of  Washington,  D.  C,  having  been 
appointed  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  1st  artillery  on 
1  Aug.,  1863.  He  was  assigned  to  the  command  at 
Pittsburg,  Pa.,  and  Wheeling,  W.  Va.,  against  a 
threatened  cavalry  raid  in  May,  1863,  and  was 
next  appointed  chief  of  artillery  on  Gen.  Sherman's 
staff,  commanding  the  military  division  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi from  March,  1864,  to  June,  1866.  From 
May  to  September,  1864,  he  was  with  the  army  in 
Georgia,  and  took  part  in  the  siege  of  Atlanta,  and 
also  in  the  northern  Georgia,  Alabama,  and  Caro- 
lina campaigns.  On  1  Sept.,  1864,  he  was  made 
brevet  major-general  of  volunteers,  and  colonel 
by  brevet  for  gallant  conduct  at  Rocky-Faced 
Ridge.  On  13  March,  1865,  he  was  made  brevet 
brigadier-general,  U.  S.  army,  for  his  services  in 
the  campaign  ending  with  the  surrender  of  the 
army  under  Gen.  J.  E.  Johnston,  and  on  the  same 
day  was  made  brevet  major-general  for  gallant 
conduct  in  the  field.  On  11  Dec,  1865,  he  was 
appointed  colonel  in  the  2d  artillery,  and  was  in 
command  of  the  northern  frontier  pending  the 
Fenian  raids  of  1866.  On  15  Jan.  of  that  year  he 
was  mustered  out  of  the  volunteer  service.  He 
served  on  the  northern  frontier  to  September,  1867, 
and  then  commanded  the  artillery  school  of  prac- 
tice at  Fortress  Monroe  to  5  March,  1877,  when  he 
was  appointed  to  the  command  at  Fort  McH&nry. 
During  the  labor  riots  of  1877  he  rendered  valua- 
ble service  at  Camden  Station.  He  was  the  author, 
in  conjunction  with  Gen.  Barnard,  of  "  Reports  of 
the  Engineer  and  Artillery  Operations  of  the  Army 
of  the  Potomac  from  its  Organization  to  the  Close 
of  the  Peninsular  Campaign  "  (New  York,  1863). 

BARRY,  William  Taylor,  statesman,  b.  in 
Lunenburg,  Va.,  5  Feb..  1785;  d.  in  Liverpool, 
England,  30  Aug.,  1835.  He  went  to  Kentucky  in 
1796,  was  graduated  at  William  and  Mary  college 
in  1807,  studied  law,  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and 
practised  at  Lexington,  Ky.,  where  his  eloquence 
soon  brought  him  into  notice.  He  served  in  both 
branches  of  the  Kentucky  legislature,  and,  in  De- 
cember, 1810,  was  elected  to  congress  to  fill  a  va- 
cancy, serving  until  3  March,  1811.  In  the  war  of 
1812"  he  was  aide  to  Gov.  Shelby,  and  was  present 
at  the  battle  of  the  Thames,  5  Oct.,  1813.  He  was 
appointed  to  the  U.  S.  senate,  in  February,  1815,  to 


182 


BARRY 


BARTHOLDI 


^^^ 


fill  a  vacancy,  and  resigned,  in  1816,  to  become  a 
judge  of  the  Kentucky  supreme  court.  lie  was 
afterward  lieutenant-governor,  state  secretary,  and 
chief  justice  of  the 
state.  On  9  March, 
1829,  he  was  appoint- 
ed postmaster  -  gen- 
eral. The  incumbent 
of  this  office  was  not 
then  a  cabinet  minis- 
ter. President  Jack- 
son elevated  him  to 
that  rank  in  order  to 
gratify  his  friend  Maj. 
Barry.  Much  dissatis- 
faction was  expressed 
with  his  management 
of  the  department, 
and  he  was  severely 
denounced  on  the 
floor  of  the  house  by 
William  Cost  John- 
son, of  Maryland,  and 
others.  A  son  of  Maj. 
Barry,  then  a  lieuten- 
ant in  the  army,  challenged  Johnson,  but  the  chal- 
lenge was  withdrawn  after  its  acceptance.  On  10 
April,  1835,  he  resigned,  to  accept  the  office  of  min- 
ister to  Spain,  and  died  on  his  way  to  that  country. 
His  remains  were  brought  home  by  order  of  the 
Kentucky  legislature,  and  buried  at  Frankfort,  8 
Nov.,  1854. 

BARRY,  William  Taylor  Sullivan,  lawyer, 
b.  in  Columbus,  Miss.,  lO'  Dec,  1831  ;  d.  there,  29 
Jan.,  18G8.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1841, 
then  studied  law,  and  practised  in  Columbus  for  a 
few  years.  From  1849  to  1851  he  was  a  member 
of  the  legislature.  He  owned  plantations  in  Ok- 
tibbeha and  Sunflower  counties,  and  in  1853  re- 
moved to  the  latter  place.  Pie  was  elected  to  con- 
gress as  a  democrat,  serving  from  5  Dec,  1853,  to 
3  March,  1855.  On  18  Dec,  1854,  he  made  an  ef- 
fective speech  against  the  "  Know-Nothing  "  party. 
After  the  expiration  of  his  term  he  devoted  him- 
self to  his  law  practice  in  Columbus,  and  was  again 
sent  to  the  legislature,  being  speaker  of  the  house 
in  1855.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Charleston  demo- 
cratic national  convention  in  April,  I860,  and  was 
one  of  those  that  withdrew  because  the  conven- 
tion did  not  expressly  deny  in  its  platform  the 
power  of  the  federal  government  to  legislate 
against  slavery.  In  1861  he  presided  over  the 
Mississippi  secession  convention,  and  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  provisional  confederate  congress  until 
1862,  when  he  resigned  to  enter  the  army.  In  the 
spring  of  that  year  he  raised  the  35th  Mississippi 
regiment,  which  he  led  until  captui'ed  at  Mobile, 
9  April,  1865.  Col.  Barry's  regiment  took  an  ac- 
tive part  in  the  defence  of  Vicksburg,  where  it 
was  surrendered,  and  afterward  in  the  Georgia 
campaign.  After  the  war  he  practised  law  in  Co- 
lumbus until  his  death.  See  Lvnch's  "  Bench  and 
Bar  of  Mississippi "  (New  York,'  1881). 

BARRYMORE,  William,  actor,  d.  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  in  1847.  His  first  appearance  was  at  Drury 
Lane  theatre,  London,  19  Nov.,  1827.  He  came  to 
the  United  States  in  1836,  and  was  stage  manager 
of  the  Bowery  theatre.  His  first  appearance  here 
as  an  actor  was  28  Jan.,  1832,  at  the  Walnut 
street  theatre,  Philadelphia,  in  the  pantomime  of 
"  Mother  Groose." — His  wife,  whose  maiden  name 
was  Adams,  made  her  dehut  in  America,  29  Aug., 
1831,  as  the  Dumb  Savoyard  and  Miss  Jane  Tran- 
sit, at  the  Park  theatre,  New  York.  She  died  in 
England,  30  Dec,  1862. 


BARSTOW,  William  Augustus,  b.  in  Plain- 
field,  Conn.,  13  Sept.,  1813;  d.  in  New  York  city,  13 
Dec,  1865.  He  was  governor  of  Wisconsin  from 
January,  1854,  to  January,  1856.  When  the  civil 
war  began  he  called  upon  Gen.  Fremont,  then  com- 
mander of  the  western  department,  and  offered  to 
raise  a  cavalry  regiment  in  Wisconsin.  After 
raising  it  he  was  made  colonel,  and  the  regiment 
served  with  credit  in  the  southwest ;  but,  owing  to 
the  failing  health  of  Col.  Barstow,  during  most  of 
his  military  term  he  was  sitting  on  courts-martial 
at  St.  Louis,  where  he  rendered  valuable  service. 
On  13  March,  1865,  he  was  brevetted  brigadier- 
general  of  volunteers. 

BARSTOW,  Wilson,  soldier,  b.  in  1830 ;  d.  in 
New  York  city,  16  March,  1869.  During  the  early 
part  of  the  civil  war  he  was  successively  on  the 
stafi's  of  Gens.  Dix  and  Hooker,  and  subsequently 
chief  commissary  of  musters  of  the  department  of 
the  east.  He  served  from  the  first  year  of  the  war 
until  its  close  with  zeal  and  ability,  entering  the 
service  as  a  lieutenant,  and,  passing  through  the 
successive  grades,  attained  the  brevet  rank  of 
brigadier-general  on  13  March,  1865.  When  mus- 
tered out  he  was  appointed  assistant  appraiser  of 
the  port  of  New  York  under  Mr.  McElrath. 

BARSTOW,  Zedekiah  Smith,  educator,  b.  in 
Canterbury,  Conn.,  4  Oct.,  1790 ;  d.  in  Keene,  N.  H., 
1  March,  1873.  His  father  was  in  Gates's  army 
and  a  witness  of  Burgoyne's  surrender.  He  was 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1813,  studied  theology  under 
President  Dwight,  and  was  principal  of  Hopkins 
grammar  school  in  New  Haven  from  1813  to  1816. 
He  was  then  chosen  tutor  and  college  chaplain  of 
Hamilton  college,  Clinton,  N.  Y.,  where  he  re- 
mained two  years,  and  was  offered  a  professor- 
ship, but  declined  it.  In  July,  1818,  he  became 
pastor  of  a  Congregational  church  in  Keene,  N.  H. 
He  continued  to  teach  the  classics  after  his  set- 
tlement at  Keene.  and  the  late  Chief-Justice  Chase 
was  one  of  his  pupils.  He  was  from  1834  to 
1871  a  trustee  of  Dartmouth  college,  secretary  for 
many  years  of  the  general  association  of  New 
Hampshire,  a  corporate  member  of  the  American 
board  of  commissioners  for  foreign  missions,  and 
prominent  in  many  of  the  educational  and  religious 
movements  of  the  day.  In  1868  and  1869  he  was  a 
member  of  the  New  Hampshire  legislature,  and 
chaplain  of  that  body.  He  published  many  ser- 
mons, dissertations,  and  essays,  and  was  a  frequent 
contributor  to  religious  periodicals.  Dartmouth 
college  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.  D.  in  1849. 

BARTHOLDI,  Frederic  Auguste,  French 
sculptor,  1).  in  Colmar,  Alsace,  2  April,  1834.  He 
studied  painting  with  Ary  Scheffer  in  Paris,  but 
afterward  turned  his  attention  to  sculpture,  which 
has  since  exclusively  occupied  him.  Among  his 
works  are  "  Francesca  da  Rimini "  (1852) :  "  Monu- 
ment to  Martin  Schongauer  "  (1863) ;  "  Le  Vigne- 
ron"  (1870):  and  "  Vercingetorix "  (1872).  His 
statue  of  "Lafayette  arriving  in  America"  was 
executed  in  1872,  and  in  1876  was  placed  in  Union 
square.  New  York.  He  was  one  of  the  French 
commissioners  in  1876  to  the  Philadelphia  centen- 
nial exhibition,  and  there  exhibited  bronze  statues 
of  "  The  Young  Vine-Grower  "  ;  "  Genie  Funebre  " ; 
"  Peace  "  ;  and  "  Genius  in  the  Grasp  of  Misery," 
for  which  he  received  a  bronze  medal.  "  Liberty 
enlightening  the  World,"  the  colossal  statue  on 
Bedlow's  island,  in  New  York  harbor,  is  his  work. 
Soon  after  the  establishment  of  the  present  form 
of  government  in  France,  the  project  of  building 
sorne  suitable  memorial  to  show  the  fraternal  feeling 
existmg  between  the  two  great  republics  was  sug- 
gested, and  in  1874  the  "  French- American  Union  " 


BARTHOLOMEW 


BARTLETT 


183; 


was  established.  Among  its  members  were  Labou- 
laye,  De  Remusat,  Waddington,  Henri  Martin,  De 
Lesseps,  De  Rochambeau,  Lafayette,  and  Barthol- 
di.  The  plan  of  Bartholdi  having  been  approved, 
more  than  1,000,000  francs  were  raised  by  sub- 
scription throughout  France  for  the  building  of 
the  statue.  On  4  July,  1880,  it  was  formally  de- 
livered to  the  American  minister  in  Paris,  the 
event  being  celebrated  by  a  great  banquet.  Mean- 
while the  United  States  had  set  apart  Bedlow's 
island  as  a  site  for  the  monument,  and  funds  were 
collected  throughout  this  country  for  the  build- 
ing of  the  pedestal, 
about  $300,000  be- 
ing raised.  In  Oc- 
tober, 1886,  the 
structure  was  pre- 
sented to  the  na- 
tion as  the  joint 
gift  of  the  French 
and  American  peo- 
ple. This  statue 
is  151  feet  and  1 
inch  high,  and  the 
top  of  the  torch 
will  be  at  an  ele- 
vation of  '305  feet 
11  inches  from 
mean  low-water 
mark.  It  is  the 
largest  work  of  its 
kind  that  has  ever 
been  completed. 
The  famous  "  Co- 
lossus of  Rhodes," 
according  to  the 
proportions  which 
the  legends  attribute  to  it-,  was  but  a  miniature  in 
comparison.  The  "Lion  of  Belfort,"  a  colossal 
statue,  erected  in  commemoration  of  the  siege  sus- 
tained by  that  city  during  the  Franco-Prussian 
war  of  i870-'l,  was  made  by  Bartholdi  and  ex- 
hibited in  plaster  at  the  salon  of  1878.  _  His 
"Qribeauval,"  exhibited  in  the  same  year,  is  the 
property  of  the  French  nation,  from  whom  he  has 
received  the  cross  of  the  legion  of  honor.  Sec  "  Bar- 
tholdi and  the  Great  Statue  "  (New  York,  1886). 

BARTHOLOMEW,  Edward  Sheffield,  sculp- 
tor, b.  in  Colchester,  Conn.,  in  1823  ;  d.  in  Naples, 
Italy,  2  May,  1858.  As  a  child  he  evinced  a  taste 
for  art,  but"  qualified  himself  to  be  a  dentist  and 
began  to  practise  that  profession  in  Hartford.  He 
soon  abandoned  it,  however,  first  for  painting  and 
afterward  for  sculpture,  in  which  latter  branch  he 
attained  eminence.  He  had  charge  of  the  Wads- 
worth  gallery,  Hartford,  from  1845  till  1848. 
After  studying  for  a  year  in  the  national  acade- 
my of  design.  New  York,  he  went  to  Italy,  and 
after  1850  made  Rome  his  home.  Among  his  best- 
known  works  are  "  Blind  Homer  led  by  his  Daugh- 
ter"; "Eve";  "Campagna  Shepherd  Boy":  "Ge- 
nius of  Painting  " ;  "  Youth  and  Old  Age  " ;  "  Even- 
ing Star";  "Eve  Repentant";  " Washington  and 
Flora  ";  "  A  Monument  to  Charles  Carroll ";  "  Beli- 
sarius  at  the  Porta  Pincinia"  and  "Ganymede." 
The  Wadsworth  gallery,  Hartford,  Conn.,  contains 
a  large  number  of  his  works. 

BARTHOLOW,  Roberts,  physician,  b.  in 
Howard  co.,  Md.,  18  Nov.,  1831.  He  was  graduat- 
ed at  Calvert  College  in  1850,  and  received  his 
medical  degi-ee  from  the  University  of  Maryland 
in  1852.  Shortly  after  graduation  he  entered  the 
regular  army,  where  he  remained  until  1864.  He 
served  at  the  different  army  stations  in  the  west, 
and  during  the  civil  war  was  in  charge  of  general 


hospitals  in  Baltimore,  Washington,  and  elsewhere. 
After  his  resignation  he  settled  in  Cincinnati, 
where  he  practised,  and  also  filled  various  chairs 
in  the  medical  college  of  Ohio  from  1864  to  1878. 
In  1878  he  became  professor  of  materia  medica 
and  therapeutics  in  Jefferson  medical  college, 
Philadelphia.  He  is  a  member  of  various  medical 
societies,  among  which  are  the  American  medical 
association,  the  Ohio  state  medical  society,  and 
the  Cincinnati  academy  of  medicine.  Dr.  Bar- 
tholow's  medical  works  include  the  following: 
"  Materia  Medica  and  Therapeutics  "  (New  York, 
1874) ;  "  Practice  of  Medicine  "  (1879) ;  "  Hypoder- 
matic Medication  "  (1882) ;  "  Medical  Electricity  " 
(1881) ;  and  "  Antagonism  between  Medicines  and 
between  Remedies  and  Diseases  "  (1881). 

BARTLETT,  Elisha,  physician,  b.  in  Smith- 
field,  R.  I.,  in  1805 ;  d.  there,  18  July,  1855.  He 
was  graduated  in  medicine  at  Brown  in  1826, 
and  practised  in  Lowell,  Mass.  He  lectured  on 
pathological  anatomy  at  the  Berkshire  medical 
institute  in  Pittsfield,  and  in  1839  at  Dartmouth 
college.  He  was  professor  in  Transylvania  college,, 
Lexington,  Ky.,  in  1841,  and  then  successively  in 
the  university  of  Maryland,  at  Lexington  again, 
in  Louisville,  and  in  the  university  of  New  York, 
and  after  1851  in  the  college  of  physicians  and 
surgeons  in  New  York,  where  he  filled  the 
chairs  of  materia  medica  and  medical  jurispru- 
dence. He  also  lectured  in  the  Vermont  medical 
college  from  1843  to  1852.  He  was  the  author  of  an 
"  Essay  on  the  Philosophy  of  Medical  Science  " 
(Philadelphia,  1844);  "Inquiry  into  the  Degree  of 
Certainty  in  Medicine  "  (1 848) ;  "  A  Discourse  on 
the  Life  and  Labors  of  Dr.  Wells,  the  Discoverer  of 
the  Philosophy  of  Dew  "  (1849) ;  "  The  Fevers  of 
the  United  States "  (1850) ;  "  Discourse  on  the 
Times,  Character,  and  Works  of  Hippocrates " 
(1852) ;  and  a  volume  of  poems  entitled  "  Simple 
Settings  in  Verse  for  Portraits  and  Pictures  in 
Mr.  Dickens's  Gallery  "  (1855).  He  was  editor  of  the 
"Monthly  Journal  of  Medical  Literature,"  pub- 
lished at  Lowell. 

BARTLETT.  Ichabod,  lawver,  b.  in  Salisburv. 
N.  H.,  24  July,  1786;  d.  in  Portsmouth.  N.  H.,  19 
Oct.,  1853.  He  was  graduated  at  Dartmouth  col- 
lege in  1808,  and  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1811.  He 
practised  for  a  few  years  at  Durham,  N.  H.,  but  in 
1816  removed  to  Portsmouth,  where  he  soon  at- 
tained a  high  rank  in  his  profession,  although  hav- 
ing for  his  competitors  such  men  as  Webster  and 
Mason.  He  was  an  olficer  of  the  state  militia,  and 
in  thirty-two  years  was  seven  times  elected  to  the 
legislature,  of  which  he  was  speaker  in  1821.  He 
was  clerk  of  the  state  senate  in  1817-'8,  and  solicitor 
of  Rockingham  county  from  1819  till  1821.  He  was 
elected  to  congress  as  an  anti-democrat  in  1823, 
and  twice  re-elected,  serving  until  3  March,  1829. 
and  being  a  member  of  the  committee  on  naval 
affairs.  On  the  establishment  of  the  New  Hamp- 
shire court  of  common  pleas,  in  1825,  he  was  ap- 
pointed its  chief  justice,  but  declined,  preferring 
to  remain  in  congress.  He  was  nominated  for 
governor  by  the  whigs  in  1832,  but  defeated,  and 
in  1850  a  member  of  the  convention  that  adopted 
a  new  state  constitution. 

BARTLETT,  John,  editor,  b.  in  Plymouth, 
Mass.,  14  June,  1820.  He  was  educated  in  his  na- 
tive town,  and  began  business  life  as  a  publisher  in 
Cambridge,  Mass.,  in  1836,  succeeding  to  the  man- 
agement of  the  business  there  in  1849,  and  con- 
ducting it  for  ten  years.  He  was  appointed  vol- 
unteer paymaster  in  the  U.  S.  navy  in  November, 
1862,  and  served  until  July,  1863.  A  business 
connection  was  formed  with  the  Boston  publishing- 


184 


BARTLETT 


BARTLETT 


house  of  Little,  Brown  &  Co.  in  1865,  and  he  became 
senior  partner  in  1878.  He  received  the  degree  of 
A.  M.  from  Harvard  in  1871.  His  best  known  and 
most  valuable  literary  work  is  "  Familiar  Quota- 
tions" (Boston,  1854;  8th  ed.,  1883).  This  has 
been  enlarged  in  pach  successive  edition,  and  is 
one  of  the  most  valuable  of  reference-books.  His 
"  New  Method  of  Chess  Notation  "  was  published 
in  Cambridge  in  1857,  appearing  in  connection 
with  the  annals  of  the  chess  tournament  in  New 
York  city.  His  other  works  are  "  The  Shakespeare 
Phrase-Book  "  (Boston,  1882) ;  and  a  "  Catalogue 
of  Books  on  Angling,  including  Ichthyology,  Pis- 
ciculture," etc.  (1882) ;  with  a  supplement  to  the 
latter  (1886). 

BARTLETT,  John  Russell,  author,  b.  in  Provi- 
dence, R.  I.,  23  Oct.,  1805  ;  d.  there,  28  May,  1886. 
He  was  educated  for  a  mercantile  career,  entered 
the  banking  business  at  an  early  age,  and  was  for 
six  years  cashier  of  the  Globe  bank  in  Providence. 
His  natural  bent  appears  to  have  been  in  the  direc- 
tion of  science  and  belles-lettres,  for  he  was  promi- 
nent in  founding  the  Providence  athenjeum,  and 

an  active  mem- 
ber of  the  Frank- 
lin society.  In 
1837  he  engaged 
in  business  with  a 
New  York  house, 
but  was  not  suc- 
cessful, and  en- 
tered the  book- 
importing  trade 
under  the  style  of 
Bartlett  &  Wel- 
ford.  He  became 
a  member,  and 
was  for  several 
years  correspond- 
ing secretary,  of 
the  New  York  his- 
torical society, 
and  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Amer- 
ican ethnographi- 
cal society.  In 
1850  President  Taylor  appointed  him  one  of  the 
commissioners  to  fix  the  boundary  between  the 
United  States  and  Mexico,  under  the  treaty  of 
Guadaloupe  Hidalgo.  This  service  occupied  him 
until  1853,  when  he  was  obliged  to  leave  the  work 
incomplete,  owing  to  the  failure  of  the  appro- 
priation. He  became  secretary  of  state  for  Rhode 
Island  in  May,  1855,  and  held  the  office  until 
1872.  The  titles  of  his  published  works  are : 
"  The  Progress  of  Ethnology  "  (New  York,  1847) ; 
"  A  Dictionary  of  Americanisms  "  (Boston,  1850  ; 
revised  ed.,  1859  and  1877) ;  "  Records  of  the 
Colony  of  Rhode  Island  and  the  Providence  Plan- 
tations "  (10  vols..  Providence,  1856-65) ;  "  Bibliog- 
raphy of  Rhode  Island"  (1864);  "Index  to  the 
Acts,  etc.,  of  the  General  Assembly  of  Rhode  Isl- 
and." 1758-1862  (1863);  "Literature  of  the  Rebel- 
lion "  (Boston,  1866) ;  "  Memoirs  of  Rhode  Island 
Officers  in  the  War  of  the  Rebellion  "  (1867) ;  "  Pri- 
meval Man  "  (1868) ;  "  History  of  the  Wanton  Fam- 
ily of  Newport,  R.  I."  (1878) ;  and  "  Genealogy  of 
the  Russell  Family  "  (1879).  He  had  charge  of  the 
John  Carter  Brown  Library  in  Providence  for  sev- 
eral years,  and  prepared  a  tour-volume  catalogue 
of  it,  of  which  one  hundred  copies  were  printed  in 
the  highest  style  of  the  art. — His  son,  John  Rus- 
sell, b.  26  Sept.,  1843,  was  appointed  to  the  naval 
academy  from  Rhode  Island  in  1859,  and  in  1861 
was  attached  to  the  steam  sloop  "  Mississippi,"  in 


which  he  served  at  the  passage  of  Forts  JaeksoE 
and  St.  Philip,  the  capture  of  New  Orleans,  and 
the  attack  on  Vicksburg  in  June,  1862.  He  became 
ensign  8  Sept.,  1863,  and  lieutenant  22  Feb.,  1864. 
While  attached  to  the  steam  sloop  "  Susquehanna  " 
he  took  part  in  both  attacks  on  Fort  Fisher,  was  one 
of  the  assaulting  party  of  15  Jan.,  1865,  and  was 
specially  mentioned  in  the  reports  of  Com.  Godon 
and  Lieut.-Commander  Blake.  He  was  commis- 
sioned as  lieut.-commander  25  July,  1866,  and 
spent  two  more  years  at  the  naval  academy,  from 
1867  to  1869.  He  became  commander  on  25  April, 
1877.  and  was  aftervvaixl  attached  as  hydrographer 
to  the  bureau  of  navigation  in  Washington,  D.  C. 

BARTLETT,  John  Sherren,  journalist,  b.  in 
Dorsetshire,  England,  in  1790;  d.  in  New  Jersey, 
24  Aug.,  1863.  He  received  a  medical  education  in 
London,  and  was  appointed  surgeon  in  the  British 
navy  in  1812.  During  his  passage  to  the  West  In- 
dies in  the  "  Swallow  "  he  was  captured  by  the  U, 
S.  frigates  "  President  "  and  "  Congress "  under 
Com.  Rodgers,  and  was  taken  as  prisoner  to  Bos- 
ton, where  he  was  under  surveillance  until  his  dis- 
charge in  1813.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he  mar- 
ried a  lady  of  Boston,  and  began  the  practice  of 
his  profession  in  that  city.  He  subsequently  re- 
moved to  New  York,  and,  on  22  June,  1822,  estab- 
lished "  The  Albion,"  widely  known  as  an  organ  of 
English  conservative  politics.  After  conducting 
this  journal  with  great  ability,  he  relinquished  tlie 
editorship  in  1848,  and  in  1855  established  a  pa- 
per of  similar  character  in  Boston,  "  The  Anglo- 
Saxon,"  which  continued  about  two  years.  Pie 
subsequently  published  at  Liverpool  "  The  Euro- 
pean," designed  to  furnish  a  weekly  summary  of 
foreign  news  for  American  circulation.  In  1857 
he  became  British  consul  in  Baltimore. 

BARTLETT,  Joseph,  adventurer,  b.  in  Plym- 
outh, Mass.,  10  June,  1762 ;  d.  in  Boston,  20  Oct., 
1827.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1782,  and 
took  the  master's  degree  four  years  later.  After 
studying  law  in  Salem,  Mass.,  he  went  to  England. 
It  is  related  that,  while  attending  one  of  Gen.  Bur- 
goyne's  plays,  in  which  the  former  occupations  of 
some  American  officers  are  ridiculed,  Bartlett,  ris- 
ing from  his  seat,  cried  out,  "  Hurrah !  Great 
Britain  beaten  by  barbers,  tailors,  and  tinkers  ! " 
This  was  taken  in  good  part,  and  obtained  him 
the  acquaintance  of  many  of  the  young  bloods  of 
the  day.  Bartlett  now  gambled  and  spent  his 
money  until  he  brought  up  in  a  debtors  prison. 
He  made  money  enough  for  his  release  by  writing 
a  play,  and  afterward,  taking  the  name  of  Mait- 
land,  went  upon  the  stage  at  Edinburgh.  After 
this  he  embarked  for  the  United  States  with  a 
quantity  of  goods  which  he  had  bought  on  credit, 
and  was  shipwrecked  on  Cape  Cod.  In  Boston  he 
became  a  merchant,  but  failed,  and  then  figured 
for  a  while  as  captain  of  volunteers  in  Shays's  re- 
bellion without  seeing  any  active  service.  He  then 
opened  a  law  office  in  Woburn,  Mass.,  where,  as 
an  advertisement,  he  painted  his  house  black  and 
called  it  "  The  Coffin."  After  this  he  removed  to 
Cambridge,  where  in  1799  he  delivered  before  the 
Harvard  Phi  Beta  Kappa  society  a  satirical  poem 
entitled  "  Physiognomy,"  in  which  he  is  said  to 
have  portrayed  wdl-known  men  of  the  day,  though 
no  names  are  mentioned.  This  poem,  accompanied 
by  a  number  of  aphorisms,  was  published  in  Bos- 
ton in  1823  and  dedicated  to  John  Quincy  Adams. 
In  1823  Bartlett  delivered  a  fourth-of-July  oration 
at  Boston,  and  recited  a  poem  entitled  "  The  New 
Vicar  of  Bray,"  which  became  celebrated.  He 
next  went  to  Maine,  where  he  was  sent  to  the  legis- 
lature, and  became  a  candidate  for  congress. 


BARTLETT 


BARTLETT 


185 


BARTLETT,  Joseph  Jackson,  soldier,  b.  in 
Binghainton,  N.  Y.,  4  Nov.,  IHoi ;  d.  in  Baltimore, 
Md.,  14  Jan.,  1893.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  and 
began  practice  in  1858.  In  May,  1861,  he  entered 
the  ai-my  as  major  of  the  27th  New  York  infantry, 
in  September  following  was  made  colonel,  and  in 
October,  1862,  was  commissioned  brigadier-general. 
He  commanded  brigades  and  divisions  in  the  array 
of  the  Potomac,  and  was  present  at  the  surrender 
of  Appomattox,  with  the  rank  of  major-general. 
Under  Johnson  he  held  the  office  of  U.  S.  minister 
to  Sweden,  and  during  Cleveland's  first  adminis- 
tration he  was  deputy  commissioner  of  pensions. 

BARTLETT,  Josiall,  signer  of  the  declaration  of 
independence,  b.  in  Amesbury,  Mass.,  21  Nov.,  1729  ; 
d.  in  New  Hampshire,  19  May,  1795.  He  received 
the  rudiments  of  a  classical  education,  and  when 
only  sixteen  began  the  study  of  medicine  with  his 
relative.  Dr.  Ordway,  of  Amesbury.  Young  Bart- 
lett  worked  so  earnestly  that  he  soon  exhausted 
the  scanty  library  of  his  instructor,  and  was  obliged 
to  have  recourse  to  that  of  a  neighboring  clergy- 
man. In  1750  he  began  to  practise  at  Kingston, 
N.  H.  When  prostrated  by  a  fever  in  1752  he  was 
cured  by  treatment  of  his  own,  when  that  of  the 
local  physicians  had  failed,  and,  learning  from  this 
experience  the  value  of  freedom  from  dogmatical 
rules  in  practice,  he  soon  became  eminent  in  his  pro- 
fession. During 
the  prevalence 
of  an  alarming 
throat  disease 
in  1754  he  used 
Peruvian  bark 
with  great  suc- 
cess, although 
this  course  was 
opposed  to 

usage.  Dr.Bart- 
lett  began  po- 
litical life  in 
1765  as  a  dele- 
gate to  the  leg- 
islature, an  of- 
fice which  he 
filled  annually 
until  the  revo- 
lution. Here  he 
frequently  op- 
posed the  royal 
policy,andGov. 
Wentworth,  hoping  to  gain  his  support,  appointed 
him  a  magistrate,  and  later,  in  1770,  to  the  com- 
mand of  a  militia  regiment.  He  continued  a  zeal- 
ous whig,  however,  and  in  February,  1775,  was  de- 
prived for  this  reason  of  both  offices.  In  1774  the 
loss  of  his  house  by  fire  compelled  him  to  decline 
an  election  to  the  proposed  general  congress.     In 

1775,  Grov.  Wentworth  having  left  the  province, 
Dr.  Bartlett  became  a  member  of  the  committee  of 
safety,  upon  which  for  some  time  the  government 
practically  devolved,  and  in  September  of  that 
year  he  accepted  a  commission  as  colonel  of  the 
7th  regiment.  He  was  chosen  to  the  continental 
congress  on  23  Aug.,  1775,  and  again  on  23  Jan., 

1776.  He  was  the  first  to  give  his  vote  for  the 
declaration  of  independence,  and  was  the  sec- 
ond to  sign  it.  In  June,  1776,  he  was  appointed 
general  naval  agent,  and  resigned  from  congress 
soon  afterward.  In  1777  he  was  with  Stark  at 
Bennington,  engaged  as  agent  of  the  state  in  pro- 
viding the  New  Hampshire  troops  with  medical 
supplies.  In  March,  1778,  Dr.  Bartlett  was  again 
elected  to  congress,  and  still  again  in  the  following 
August.     In  October  he  obtained  leave  of  absence 


m^a/.  /Sa.^^^ 


to  attend  to  his  private  business,  and  from  that 
time  was  prominent  in  state  rather  than  national 
affairs.  He  became  chief  justice  of  the  court  of 
common  pleas  in  1779,  muster  master  of  troops  in 
1780,  justice  of  the  superior  court  in  1782,  and 
chief  justice  in  1788.  In  the  last-named  year  he 
was  an  active  member  of  the  state  convention  that 
adopted  the  federal  constitution.  In  1789  the 
death  of  his  wife  greatly  depressed  his  spirits,  and 
he  declined  an  election  to  the  U.  S.  senate,  plead- 
ing his  advanced  age.  He  was,  however,  chosen 
president  of  the  state  by  the  legislature  in  1790 
and  in  1791  and  1792  by  popular  election.  In 
1793  he  became  the  first  governor  of  New  Hamp- 
shire under  the  new  state  constitution,  which  of- 
fice he  held  till  1794. 

BARTLETT,  Samiu'l  Colcord,  educator,  b.  in 
Salisbury,  N.  H.,  25  Nov.,  1817;  d.  in  Hanover, 
N.  II.,  16  Nov.,  1898.  His  early  life  was  spent  on 
a  farm,  where  he  worked  hard.  He  was  graduated 
in  1836  at  Dartmouth,  acting  as  a  tutor  in  1838-'9, 
and  then  studied  at  Andover  theological  seminary, 
graduating  in  1842.  He  was  ordained  on  2  Aug., 
1843,  and  was  pastor  of  the  Congregational  church, 
Monson,  Mass.,  until  1846,  when  he  became  pro- 
fessor of  intellectual  philosophy  and  rhetoric  in 
Western  Reserve  college.  From  1852  till  1857  he 
was  in  charge  of  the  i^ranklin  street  church,  Man- 
chester, N.  H.,  and  from  1857  to  1859  pastor  of  the 
New  England  church  in  Chicago.  Meanwhile,  in 
1858,  he  had  become  professor  of  biblical  literature 
in  Chicago  theological  seminary,  where  he  continued 
until  1877,  when  he  was  elected  president  of  Dart- 
mouth college.  He  crossed  the  desert  of  El  Tih  to 
Palestine  in  1874,  with  a  view  to  comparing  in  de- 
tail all  the  circumstances  and  conditions  of  the 
region  with  the  narrative  of  the  journey  of  the 
children  of  Israel.  Besides  numerous  articles  in 
periodicals,  orations  at  the  centennial  of  the  battle 
of  Bennington,  the  quarter  millennial  celebration 
of  Newburyport,  the  dedication  of  the  Webster 
statue  at  Concord,  and  at  literary  anniversaries,  he 
has  published  "  Life  and  Death  Eternal,  a  Refuta- 
tion of  the  Doctrine  of  Annihilation "  (Boston, 
1866;  2  ed.,  1878);  "Sketches  of  the  Missions  of 
the  A.  B.  C.  F.  M."  (1872);  "Future  Punishment" 
(1875) ;  "  From  Egypt  to  Palestine,  Observations 
of  a  Journey "  (New  York,  1879) ;  and  "  Sources 
of  Plistory  in  the  Pentateuch "  (1883). — His  son, 
Edwin  Jnlins,  b.  in  Hudson,  Ohio,  16  Feb.,  1851, 
was  graduated  at  Lake  Forest  academy  in  1868, 
and  at  Dartmouth  in  1872,  after  which  he  studied 
at  Rush  medical  college,  receiving  his  degree  in 
1879.  From  1879  till  1883  he  was  associate  pro- 
fessor of  chemistry  in  Dartmouth  college,  and  in 
1883  he  became  full  professor. 

BARTLETT,  Wasliin^ton  Allen,  Californian 
official,  b.  about  1820 ;  d.  in  1871.  He  was  the 
first  alcalde  at  San  Francisco  after  the  American 
conquest  in  1846.  He  had  been  lieutenant  on 
board  one  of  the  vessels  of  the  American  fleet, 
and  was  selected  for  his  new  office  because  of  his 
knowledge  of  Spanish.  His  position  was  extreme- 
ly difficult,  but  he  succeeded  in  giving  general  sat- 
isfaction. During  a  revolt  of  the  native  Californi- 
ans  in  the  early  months  of  1847.  he  was  captured 
by  an  irregular  party  and  held  for  some  time  as 
prisoner.  After  his  release  he  served  once  more 
for  some  years  in  the  navy,  and  after  1855  lived 
in  New  York  city.  His  daiighter  married  Signer 
Oviedo,  a  rich  Cuban,  in  1859,  and  the  ceremony  • 
was  celebrated  with  such  magnificence  that  it  was 
popularly  known  as  the  "  Diamond  Wedding." 
Under  this  title  a  poem  descriptive  and  satirical 
was  written  by  Edmund  C.  Stedman,  which  had  o- 


186 


BARTLETT 


BARTLETT 


great  run,  and  nearly  involved  its  author  in  a  duel 
with  the  en  raided  father  of  the  bride. 

BARTLETT,  William,  philanthropist,  b.  in 
Newburyport,  Mass.,  31  Jan.,  1748;  d.  there,  8 
Feb.,  1841.  He  had  little  education  in  youth,  but 
his  deficiencies  in  this  respect  were  supplied  by 
shrewdness  and  caution.  Entering  on  a  mercan- 
tile career,  before  the  revolution,  he  succeeded, 
with  economy,  in  amassing  a  fortune,  which  he 
largely  spent  in  charity,  and  for  the  advancement 
of  religion  and  morals.  At  the  foundation  of  An- 
dover  theological  seminary,  in  1807,  he  gave  it 
$30,000,  endowed  a  professorship,  and  built  a  house 
for  the  use  of  the  incumbent.  He  afterward  built 
another  professor's  house,  a  hall,  and  a  chapel,  and 

Slid  the  president's  salary  for  five  or  six  years. 
;is  gifts  to  this  institution  reached  $250,000,  and 
he  also  gave  largely  toward  temperance  work,  mis- 
sions, ami  tlic  education  of  ministers. 

BARTLETT,  William  Francis,  soldier,  b.  in 
Haverhill,  Mass.,  6  Jan.,  1840;  d.  in  Pittsfield, 
Mass.,  17  Dec,  1876.  Mr.  Bartlett  was  a  student 
at  Harvard  when  the  first  call  of  the  president 
came  for  troops  in  1861.  He  at  once  left  college, 
enlisted  in  the  4th  battalion  of  Massachusetts  vol- 
unteers, and  learped  his  manual  of  arms  and  com- 
pany drill  in  Port  Independence,  Boston  harbor. 
Returning  to  college  for  a  brief  period,  he  was 
offered  a  captaincy  in  the  20th  Massachusetts  vol- 
unteers. In  September  the  regiment  was  in  camp 
in  front  of  Washington,  and  on  21  Oct.  the  young 
captain  was  for  the  first  time  under  fire  at  Ball's 
Bluff.  His  aptitude  for  military  service  was  so 
evident  that  he  was  soon  an  acting  field  officer. 
In  the  spring  of  18G2  he  was  severely  wounded  at 
Yorktown,  and  suffered  amputation  of  his  leg.  He 
recovered  sufficiently  to  be  present  with  his  class 
when  it  graduated,  and  received  a  degree  In  Sept., 
1862,  he  accepted  the  duty  of  organizing  the  49th 
Massachusetts  volunteers  recruiting  at  Pittsfield, 
and  was  soon  made  its  colonel  in  spite  of  his 
physical  disability.  The  regiment  was  ordered  to 
Louisiana  with  Gen.  Banks's  expedition.  Col. 
Bartlett  was  obliged,  owing  to  the  loss  of  his  leg, 
to  remain  mounted  whenever  his  regiment  needed 
his  presence,  and  exposed  himself  on  all  occasions 
with  the  most  reckless  daring.  It  is  even  said  that 
the  confederate  officers,  in  admiration  of  his  bra- 
very, endeavored  to  prevent  their  men  from  aiming 
at  him.  He  was,  nevertheless,  twice  wounded  in 
the  assault  on  Port  Hudson,  27  May.  Returning 
to  the  north,  he  organized  the  57th  Massachusetts 
volunteers  in  time  to  lead  it  in  the  Wilderness 
campaign,  where  he  was  again  wounded.  He  was 
promoted  brigadier-general,  and  was  in  the  field 
again  as  soon  as  he  could  sit  his  horse,  but,  ex- 
posing himself  with  his  usual  recklessness,  was 
taken  prisoner  after  the  explosion  of  the  mine  be- 
fore Petersburg,  30  July,  1864.  After  several  weeks 
of  suffering  in  Libby  prison  and  elsewhere,  he  was 
exchanged  in  September,  placed  in  command  of 
the  1st  division  of  the  9th  corps,  and  in  1865  was 
brevetted  major-general.  His  military  career  is 
among  the  most  brilliant  on  record.  His  frequent 
wounds  testified  to  his  bravery,  and  the  success 
with  which  he  managed  his  men  so  long  as  he  re- 
mained uidiurt  marked  him  as  a  born  leader. 
After  the  war  he  engaged  for  a  time  in  business 
with  the  Tredegar  Iron  Works  at  Richmond,  Va., 
but  eventually  returned  to  the  north,  and  married 
a  lady  whose  acquaintance  he  had  formed  while 
recruiting  his  regiment  at  Pittsfield,  Mass.  In 
that  city  he  engaged  in  business,  and  made  his 
residence.  In  1875  he  won  a  sudden  and  deserved 
reputation  as  an  orator  by  an  address  delivered  at 


the  battle-field  of  Lexington,  on  the  centennial  an- 
nivorsarv  of  the  fight.  See  "  Memoir  of  William 
Francis  "Bartlett,"  by  P.  W.  Palfrey  (Boston,  1878). 

BARTLETT,  William  Holms  Chambers, 
jnathematician,  b.  in  Lancastei',  Pa.,  in  1809  ;  d.  in 
Yonkers,  N.  Y.,  10  Feb.,  1893.  He  early  removed 
to  Missouri,  and  was  appointed  to  the  U.  S.  mili- 
tary academy  from  that  state.  During  the  last  two 
years  of  his  cadetship  he  served  as  acting  professor 
of  mathematics.  He  was  graduated  in  1826  at  the 
head  of  his  class,  and  was  one  of  the  few  who  have 
passed  through  the  rigid  course  at  West  Point  with- 
out any  demerit  marks.  He  was  at  once  commis- 
sioned second  lieutenant  of  engineers.  For  two 
years,  1827-'9,  he  was  assistant  professor  of  engi- 
neering at  West  Point.  From  1829  till  1834  he  was 
on  engineering  duty,  constructing  the  principal 
coastwise  fortifications.  His  permanent  appoint- 
ment as  professor  of  natural  and  experimental  plii- 
losophy  at  the  military  academy  was  made  20  April, 
1836.  He  received  the  honorary  degree  of  A.  M. 
from  Princeton  in  1837,  and  of  LL.  D.  from  Ge- 
neva, N.  Y.  (now  Hobart),  college  in  1847.  He  was 
the  author  of  many  contributions  to  '•  Silliman's 
Journal,"  and  of  an  elaborate  paper  on  rifled  guns, 
published  in  the  memoirs  of  the  national  academy 
of  sciences,  of  which  association  he  was  one  of  the 
original  incorporators.  In  1840  he  was  sent  abroad 
to  procure  instruments  for  the  astronomical  observ- 
atory at  West  Point,  and  visited  the  principal  ob- 
servatories of  the  world.  He  was  retired  from 
military  service  at  his  own  request  in  1871,  with 
the  rank  of  colonel,  and  shortly  afterward  ac- 
cepted the  place  of  actuary  for  the  Mutual  Life 
Insurance  Co.  of  New  York.  He  prepared  several 
text-books  f'^r  the  use  of  the  cadets,  which  have 
been  adopted  in  many  of  the  best  colleges.  Their 
titles  are  as  follows :  "  Treatise  on  Optics "  (New 
York,  1839) ;  "  Synthetical  Mechanics  "  (1850),  con- 
taining some  of  his  original  theorems,  notably  that 
of  the  conservation  of  work,  applicable  to  all 
branches  of  scientific  study ;  "  Analytical  Mechan- 
ics "  (1853) ;  and  "  Spherical  Astronomv  "  (1855). 

BARTLETT,  William  Lehman  Ashmead 
Burdett-Coutts,  b.  in  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  in 
1851.  He  is  the  son  of  Ellis  Bartlett.  an  American 
merchant.  In  1861,  shortly  after  his  father's  death, 
he  removed  to  England,  where  he  was  educated. 
He  studied  first  at  Uppingham  school,  and  then 
entered  Keble  college,  Oxford,  in  1870,  where  he 
held  a  scholarship,  subsequently  graduating  at 
Christ  church,  after  which  he  studied  law.  Dur- 
ing his  college  life  he  became  acquainted  with  the 
Baroness  Burdett-Coutts,  to  whom  he  afterward 
became  private  secretary,  and  during  the  Turko- 
Russian  war  of  1877-'8  he  acted  as  her  almoner 
in  connection  with  the  "  Turkish  Compassionate 
Fund."  He  has  also  had  some  journalistic  expe- 
rience, and  at  one  time  was  connected  with  a 
weekly  paper  called  "  England."  On  his  return 
from  the  east  he  published  a  book  on  the  Turko- 
Rusyian  war.  Later  he  assisted  the  Baroness 
Coutts  in  the  distributing  of  her  charities  in  Ire- 
land, and  on  12  Feb.,  1881,  he  married  her.  This 
event  caused  much  comment,  not  only  from  the 
fact  that  the  bride  was  thirty-seven  years  older 
than  the  groom,  but  by  her  act  it  was  understood 
that  she  relinquished  a  large  portion  of  the  wealth 
she  had  inherited  until  she  should  marry  or  die. 
Subsequent  to  the  marriage  he  became  a  member 
of  parliament,  and  in  1886  was  reelected  as  a  con- 
servative by  an  increased  majority,  and  by  royal 
license  assumed  the  name  of  Burdett-Coutts. — His 
bi-otlier,  Ellis  Ashmead,  b.  in  Philadelphia,  was 
educated  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  where  he  dis- 


BARTLETT 


BARTON 


187 


tinguished  himself  as  a  scholar.  He  also  became 
known  as  a  famous  athlete,  and  represented  his 
college  in  the  contests  against  Cambridge.  Later 
he  became  a  member  of  parliament  from  Eye,  and 
in  1886  was  re-elected  to  parliament  as  a  conserva- 
tive, and  appointed  to  office  in  the  admiralty  under 
the  Salisbury  government. 

BARTLETT,  William  Pitt  Oreenwood, 
mathematician,  b.  in  Boston,  Mass.,  27  Oct.,  1837 ; 
d.  in  Cambridge,  Mass.,  13  Jan.,  1865.  He  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1858,  and  was  one  of  the 
proctors  of  the  college  from  1859  till  1863.  He 
became  one  of  the  corps  of  computers  for  the 
"  Nautical  Almanac,"  and  the  character  of  his 
work  is  shown  by  the  fact  that,  owing  to  the  con- 
dition in  which  it  was  left  at  his  death,  another 
computer  was  able  to  take  it  up  without  the  loss 
of  any  of  Mr.  Bartlett's  labor.  He  published  sev- 
eral papers  on  the  elements  of  quaternions  in  the 
"  Mathematical  Monthly,"  and  on  interpolation  in 
the  "  Memoirs  of  the  American  Academy." 

BARTLEY,  Elias  Hudson,  chemist,  b.  in 
Bartleyville,  N.  J.,  6  Dec,  1849.  His  early  life 
was  spent  on  a  farm  in  Hlinois,  and  after  attend- 
ing the  high  school  in  Princeton,  111.,  he  was 
graduated  at  Cornell  in  1873.  During  1874-'5  he 
was  instructor  at  that  university,  and  from  1875 
till  1878  professor  of  chemistry  at  Swarthmore 
college.  In  the  winter  of  1877-8  he  lectured  be- 
fore the  Franklin  institute,  Philadelphia,  and  in 

1879  he  rernoved  to  Brooklyn.  He  was  graduated 
at  Long  Island  college  hospital  in  1879,  and  from 

1880  till  1885  was  lecturer  on  physiological  and 
practical  chemistry  in  that  college,  when  he  be- 
came professor  of  chemistry  and  toxicology.  In 
1882  he  was  appointed  chief  chemist  to  the  health 
department,  Brooklyn.  He  is  also  consulting  sani- 
tarian to  the  hospital  for  nervous  diseases,  and 
visiting  physician  to  the  sheltering  arms  nursery. 
Dr.  Bartley  is  a  member  of  numerous  medical  and 
-other  scientific  societies,  and  president  of  the 
American  Society  of  Public  Analysts.  He  has 
contributed  several  articles  to  Wood's  "  Household 
Practice  of  Medicine"  (New  York,  1885),  and  is 
the  author  of  "  A  Text-Book  of  Medical  Chemis- 
try "  (Philadelphia,  1885). 

BARTLEY,  Mordecai,  governor  of  Ohio,  b.  in 
Fayette  co..  Pa.,  16  Dec,  1783 ;  d.  in  Mansfield, 
Ohio,  10  Oct.,  1870.  He  attended  school,  and 
worked  on  his  father's  farm  until  1809,  when  he 
moved  to  Ohio.  In  the  war  of  1812  he  served  in 
the  northwest,  under  Gen.  Harrison,  as  captain 
and  adjutant.  He  settled  in  Richland  co.  in  1814, 
and  remained  there  till  1834,  when  he  removed  to 
Mansfield  and  engaged  in  mercantile  pursuits.  Mr. 
Bartley  was  elected  to  the  Ohio  senate  in  1817,  and 
in  1818  was  chosen,  by  the  legislature,  registrar  of 
the  laud-office  of  Virginia  military  district  school 
lands.  He  resigned  his  registrarship  in  1823,  hav- 
ing been  elected  member  of  congress,  where  he  re- 
mained until  3  March,  1831.  In  1844  he  was 
elected  governor  of  Ohio  on  the  whig  ticket.  Dur- 
ing the  Mexican  war,  when  the  president  issued 
his  call  for  troops,  Gov.  Bartley,  though  opposed 
to  the  war,  promptly  responded,  superintending 
their  organization  in  person.  In  1846  he  retired 
to  private  life,  declining  a  renoraination.  He  re- 
mained a  whig  until  the  disruption  of  that  party, 
and  suljsequently  acted  with  the  repuljlicans. 

BARTOL,  Cyrus  Augustus,  clergyman,  b.  in 
Freeport,  Me.,  30  April,  1813.  He  was  graduated 
at  Bowdoin  in  1832,  and  at  Cambridge  divinity 
school  in  1835.  In  1837  he  was  settled  as  col- 
league pastor  with  the  Rev.  Charles  Lowell,  D.  D., 
of  the  West  church  (Unitarian)  in  Boston.     He 


became  sole  pastor  in  1861,  and  has  been  active 
in  philanthropic  movements.  Dr.  Bartol  has  pub- 
lished "  Discourses  on  the  Christian  Spirit  and 
Life  "  (Boston,  1850 ;  2d  ed.,  revised,  1854) ;  "  Dis- 
courses on  Christian  Body  and  Form "  (1854) ; 
'•  Pictures  of  Europe  Framed  in  Ideas  "  (1855),  a 
work  combining  graphic  sketches  with  philosophi- 
cal reflections ;  "  History  of  the  West  Church  and 
its  Ministers  "  (1858) ;  "  Church  and  Congregation  " 
(1858) :  "  Word  of  the  Spirit  to  the  Church  "  (1859) ; 
"  Radical  Problems  "  (1872) ;  "  The  Rising  Faith  " 
(1874);  and  "Principles  and  Portraits"  (1880). 
He  has  also  published  many  occasional  essays,  and 
some  poetry.  Dr.  Bartol's  writings  are  full  of 
rich  and  quaint  imagery,  and  deeply  religious,  but 
more  ethical  and  social  than  theological. 

BARTOL  ACHE,  Jose  Ignacio  (bar-to-lah'- 
chay),  Mexican  mathematician,  b.  in  Guanajuato, 
Mexico,  30  March,  1739 ;  d.  9  June,  1790.  Among 
his  works  are  :  "  Lecciones  de  Matematicas  " ;  "  Ob- 
servaeiones  astronomicas  del  Paso  de  Venus  por  el 
Disco  del  Sol "  (written  by  Bartolache  and  Alzate) ; 
and  "  Instruccion  para  la  Cura  de  las  Viruelas." 

BARTON,  Clara,  philanthropist,  b.  in  Oxford, 
Mass.,  about  1830.  She  is  the  daughter  of  Capt. 
Stephen  Barton,  and  was  educated  in  Clinton, 
N.  Y.  Early  in  life  she  became  a  teacher,  and 
founded  a  free  school  in  Bordentown,  N.  J.  When 
this  was  opened  it  was  attended  by  only  six  pupils ; 
but  when  Miss  Barton  left  it  the  attendance  num- 
bered more  than 
600.  She  entered 
the  patent  office 
as  a  clerk  in  1854, 
and  remained 
there  until  the 
war  began,  when 
she  determined 
to  devote  herself 
to  the  care  of 
wounded  soldiers 
on  the  battle- 
field. In  1864 
she  was  appoint- 
ed by  Gen.  Butler 
" lady  in  charge " 
of  the  hospitals 
at  the  front  of 
the  Army  of  the 
James.     In  1865 

she  went  to  Andersonville,  6a.,  to  identify  and  mark 
the  graves  of  the  union  prisoners  buried"  there,  and 
in  the  same  year  was  placed  by  President  Lincoln 
in  charge  of  the  search  for  the  missing  men  of  the 
union  armies.  She  lectured  during  the  years  1866 
and  1867  on  her  war  experiences,  and  afterward 
went  to  Switzerland  for  her  health.  At  the  be- 
ginning of  the  Franco-German  war,  in  1870,  she 
assisted  the  grand  duchess  of  Baden  in  the  prepa- 
ration of  military  hospitals,  and  gave  the  red 
cross  society  much  aid  during  the  war.  At  the 
joint  request  of  the  German  authorities  and  the 
Strasburg  "  Comite  de  Secours,"  she  superintended 
the  supplying  of  work  to  the  poor  of  that  city  in 
1871,  after  the  siege,  and  in  1872  had  charge  of  the 
public  distribution  of  supplies  to  the  destitute 
people  of  Paris.  At  the  close  of  the  war  she  was 
decorated  with  the  golden  cross  of  Baden  and  the 
iron  cross  of  Germany.  In  1881,  on  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  American  red  cross  society,  she  became 
its  president.  The  treaty  granting  protection  to 
red  cross  agents  was  signed  16  March,  1882.  The 
American  society  is  modelled  after  its  European 
namesake,  and  its  object  is  stated  by  the  constitu- 
tion to  be  "  to  organize  a  system  of  national  relief, 


/C^Ja/yoL^  ?3a/?^£f? 


£f?t^ 


188 


BARTON 


BARTON 


and  apply  the  same  in  niitigatinj?  suffering  caused 
by  war,  pestilence,  famine,  and  other  calamities." 
In  1884,  as  official  head  of  the  society,  Miss  Barton 
had  charge  of  the  expedition  for  the  relief  of  the 
sufferers  from  the  flood  in  the  Oiiio  and  Missis- 
sippi rivers,  and  in  the  same  year  she  was  the  rep- 
resentative of  tlie  government  at  the  red  cross 
conference  in  Geneva,  Switzerland.  In  1883  Gov. 
Butler  appointed  her  superintendent,  treasurer,  and 
steward  of  the  reformatory  prison  for  women  at 
Sherborn,  Mass.  Miss  Barton  was  also  delegate  to 
the  international  peace  convention  at  Geneva  in 
1884,  and  was  special  commissioner  for  foreign  ex- 
hibits at  the  New  Orleans  exhibition.  In  1883,  by 
request  of  the  senate  committee  on  foreign  rela- 
tions, she  prepared  a  "  History  of  the  Red  Cross," 
which  was  published  at  the  government  printing- 
office,  Washington. 

BARTON,  David,  senator,  b.  about  1785;  d. 
near  Booneville,  Mo.,  28  Sept.,  1837.  Of  his  early 
age  nothing  is  known,  except  that  he  went  from 
Waco  CO.,  Ky.,  and  was  one  of  the  earliest  emi- 
grants to  the  territory  of  Missouri.  He  was  presi- 
dent of  the  convention  that  met  19  July,  1820,  to 
frame  the  state  constittition  of  Missouri.  He  was 
U.  S.  senator  from  Missouri  in  1821-'31,  serving  as 
chairman  of  the  committee  on  public  lands. 

BARTON,  Thomas,  clergyman,  b.  in  county 
Monaghan,  Ireland,  in  1730 ;  d.  in  New  York,  25 
May,  1780.  His  family  was  of  English  descent, 
who,  having  obtained  extensive  grants  of  land  in 
Ireland,  settled  there  during  the  commonwealth. 
Mr.  Barton  was  graduated  at  the  University  of 
Dublin,  and  in  1751  settled  in  Philadelphia  "and 
became  tutor  in  the  academy,  afterward  the  College 
of  Philadelphia,  now  University  of  Pennsylvania. 
In  1754  he  went  to  England,  and  was  there  or- 
dained in  the  Established  church.  He  returned  to 
America  the  next  year,  and  was  for  nearly  twenty 
years  rector  of  St.  James  church,  Lancaster,  Pa. 
His  death  occurred  in  New  York,  where  he  had 
returned  on  account  of  his  unwillingness  to  take 
the  oath  of  allegiance,  and  he  was  interred  in  the 
chancel  of  St.  George's  chapel  in  that  city.  He 
married  the  sister  of  the  celebrated  mathematician 
and  astronomer,  David  Rittenhouse. — His  son, 
Beiijaiuin  Smith,  phvsician,  b.  in  Lancaster,  Pa., 
10  Feb.,  1766 ;  d.  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  19  Dec, 
1815.  After  a  course  of  general  studies  under  Dr. 
Andrews,  at  York,  Pa.,  he  followed  the  instruction 
given  at  the  Philadelphia  college,  now  University 
of  Pennsylvania.  Then  during  1786-'8  he  studied 
medicine  and  the  natural  sciences  in  Edinburgh 
and  London,  and  received  his  medical  d(>gree  from 
the  University  of  Gottingen,  Germany.  On  his 
return  he  settled  in  Philadelphia,  where  he  soon 
acquired  an  extensive  and  lucrative  practice.  In 
1789  he  was  appointed  professor  of  natural  history 
and  botany,  and  in  1795  of  materia  medica  in  the 
College  of  Philadelphia.  In  1813  he  succeeded  Dr. 
Benjamin  Rush  as  professor  of  the  theory  and 
practice  of  medicine  in  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. He  was  elected  president  of  the  Philadel- 
phia Medical  Society  in  1809,  and  was  some  time 
vice-president  of  the  American  Philosophical  So- 
ciety, and  also  a  member  of  many  other  American 
and  European  societies.  He  contributed  numer- 
ous papers  to  the  "  Transactions  of  the  American 
Philosophical  Society,"  and  to  the  "Medical  and 
Physical  Journal,"  which  was  published  by  him. 
His  most  important  works  are :  "  Observations  on 
Some  Parts  of  Natural  History  "  (London,  1787) : 
'•  New  Views  on  the  Origin  of  the  Tribes  of  Amer- 
ica" (1797);  "Elements  of  Botany"  (Philadelphia, 
1803 ;  2d  ed.,  2  vols.,  1812-'4) ;  an  edition  of  Cul- 


len's  "  Materia  iMedica,"  "  Eulogy  on  Dr.  Priestley," 
"  Discourse  on  tiie  Principal  Desiderata  of  Natural 
History"  (Pliiladelphia,  1807);  and  "Collections 
toward  a  Materia  Medica  of  the  United  States " 
(3d  ed.,  Philadelphia,  1810).  See  "Biography  of 
Benjamin  S.  Barton,"  by  his  nephew,  W.  P.  C. 
Barton  (Phihideiphia,  1815).— Thomas  Poiuiaiit, 
son  of  Benjamin  Smith,  b.  in  Philadelphia  in  1803; 
d.  there,  5  April,  1869.  He  married  in  1833  Cora, 
daughter  of  Edward  Livingston,  and  in  June  of 
that  year  was  appointed  secretary  of  legation  at 
Paris.  He  was  a  man  of  cultivated  literary  taste, 
and  gathered  a  Shakespearean  library  of  great 
value,  comprising  2,000  of  the  rarest  editions,  and 
forming,  with  about  10,000  miscellaneous  books, 
one  of  the  most  important  private  collections  in 
America.  He  provided  by  will  that  this  should  be 
sold  after  his  death  to  some  institution  that  could 
prevent  its  dispersion.  His  widow  carried  out  his 
wishes  in  a  liberal  spirit,  and  the  collection  was 
acquired  by  the  public  library  of  Boston,  which  set 
apart  a  special  room  for  its  accommodation.  A  cata- 
logue of  the  Shakespeareana  has  been  issued,  and 
one  is  in  preparation  of  the  whole  collection,  pref- 
aced by  a  memoir  of  Mr.  Barton. — William  Paul 
Ci'illoii,  nephew  of  Thomas  Pennant,  botanist,  b. 
in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  17  Nov.,  1786  ;  d.  there,  29  Feb., 
1856.  He  was  gi-aduated  at  Princeton  in  1805, 
While  there  each  member  of  his  class  assumed  the 
name  of  some  celebrated  man  :  that  which  he  took 
was  Count  Paul  Crillon,  and  the  initials  P.  C.  were 
retained  by  him  through  life.  He  studied  medicine 
at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  imder  the  direc- 
tion of  his  uncle.  Dr.  Benjamin  Smith  Barton,  and 
received  his  degree  in  1808.  His  thesis  was  on 
"  Nitrous  Oxide  Gas  "  ;  it  was  considered  worthy 
of  publication,  and  for  many  years  was  accepted 
as  the  standard  treatise  on  that  subject.  After 
practising  medicine  in  Philadelphia,  he  became 
surgeon  to  the  Pennsylvania  hospital,  and  soon 
afterward  he  was  appointed  surgeon  in  the  navy. 
The  U.  S.  naval  bureau  of  medicine  and  surgery 
was  organized  by  him,  and  he  was  the  first  chief 
clerk  of  that  bureau.  He  was  stationed  at  vari- 
ous places  on  shore,  several  times  at  the  Philadel- 
phia navy-yard,  and  he  also  saw  a  great  deal  of  sea 
duty.  At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  senior  sur- 
geon of  the  navy.  On  the  death  of  his  uncle,  Dr. 
B.  S.  Barton,  he  became  professor  of  botany  at  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  and  was  for  several 
years  professor  of  materia  medica  and  botany  at 
Jeft'erson  Medical  College.  Dr.  Barton  was  a  fel- 
low of  the  college  of  physicians  in  Philadelphia, 
president  of  the  Linnjean  society,  and  a  member 
of  the  American  philosophical  society,  and  other 
scientific  societies.  His  published  works  include 
"  The  Influence  of  a  Change  in  Climate  in  curing 
Disease,"  translated  from  the  Latin  of  Prof.  Greg- 
ory by  Dr.  Barton  (Philadelphia,  1815);  "Floras 
Philadelphiic  Prodromus"  (1815);  "Vegetable  Ma- 
teria Medica  of  the  United  States  "  (2  vols.,  1817- 
'25) ;  "  Plans  for  Marine  Hospitals  in  the  United 
States "  (1817) ;  "  Compendium  Floras  Philadel- 
phitE  "  (2  vols.,  1818) ;  "  Flora  of  North  America  " 
(1821-'3) ;  "  Outlines  of  Lectures  on  Materia  Medi- 
ca and  Botany "  (2  vols.,  1823) ;  "  Letter  to  the 
Trustees  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  rela- 
tive to  introducing  the  Professorship  of  Botany 
into  the  Medical  Faculty  "  (1825) ;  "  Hints  to  Naval 
Officers  cruising  in  the  West  Indies  "  (1830) ;  and 
"  Medical  Botany  "  (2  vols.). 

BARTON,  William,  soldier,  b.  in  Warren, 
Bristol  CO.,  R.  I.,  26  May,  1748 ;  d.  in  Providence, 
R.  I.,  22  Oct.,  1831.  He  received  a  common-school 
education,  and  when   the  war  began  was  work 


BARTRAM 


BASCOM 


189 


ing  at  his  trade,  that  of  a  hattei'.  On  hearing  of 
the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill,  he  shouldered  a  musket 
and  joined  the  army.  In  1777  he  conceived  the 
exploit  that  made  him  famous,  that  of  capturing 
the  British  general,  Robert  Prescott,  who  had  made 
himself  ofEensive  to  the  Rhode  Island  whigs  by  his 
overbearing  conduct.  On  the  night  of  10  July, 
with  thirty-eight  men  in  four  whale-boats.  Barton 
crossed  Narragans^tt  bay,  passed  unobserved  three 
British  frigates,  and,  landing  about  half  way  be- 
tween Newport  and  Bi'istol  ferry,  went  to  the 
farm-house,  represented  in  the  engraving,  where 
Prescott  had  his  headquarters.     The  guards  were 


m^^^'K.       '"'  ^^ 


surprised,  the  door  of  Prescott's  room  was  broken 
in  by  a  negro  in  the  party,  who  used  his  head  as  a 
battering-rara,  and  the  general  was  hurried  away 
half  dressed  and  taken  to  Warwick  point,  and 
afterward  to  Washington's  headquarters  in  New 
Jersey.  For  this  exploit  congress  gave  Barton  a 
sword,  and  he  was  brevetted  colonel.  He  was  very 
proud  of  his  deed,  and  it  is  said  that  at  the  reti-eat 
of  the  British  from  Warren,  in  1778,  he  called  after 
one  of  the  enemy's  officers,  challenging  him  to 
single  combat,  and  announcing  himself  as  "  the 
man  who  took  Prescott."  During  this  same  re- 
treat Barton  was  wounded  and  disabled  for  some 
time.  He  was  afterward  a  member  of  the  state 
convention  that  adopted  the  federal  constitution. 
Some  time  later  Barton's  right  to  a  piece  of  land 
in  Vermont  was  contested,  and,  as  he  refused  to 
pay  a  judgment,  he  was  detained  in  Danville,  Vt., 
for  fourteen  years.  Lafayette,  on  his  visit  in  1825, 
paid  the  claim  without  Barton's  knowledge,  and 
set  him  free.  It  is  said  by  some  writers  that  the 
land  in  question  was  granted  to  Barton  by  con- 
gress; but  Mrs.  Catharine  R.  Williams,  in  her  life 
of  Barton  ("  Biographies  of  Revolutionary  Heroes," 
Providence,  1839),  savs  that  he  purchased  it. 

BARTRAM,  Johii,  botanist,  b.  near  Darby,  Pa., 
23  March,  1G99 :  d.  in  Kingsessing,  Pa.,  22  Sept., 
1777.  He  acquired  a  knowledge  of  medicine  and 
surgery,  became  interested  in  the  study  of  plants, 
and  was  finally  cited  by  Linn;pus  as  the  great- 
est natural  botanist  in  the  world.  In  1728_  he 
founded  the  first  botanical  garden  in  the  United 
States,  at  Kingsessing,  on  the  banks  of  the  Schuyl- 
kill, not  far  from  Philadelphia.  His  enthusiasm 
for  collecting  led  him  to  make  numerous  excur- 
sions through  the  then  little  explored  regions  of 
North  America.  In  1743  he  visited  the  shores 
of  Lake  Ontario,  and  wrote  "  Observations  on  the 
Inhabitants,  Climate,  Soil,  Rivers,  Productions, 
Animals,  and  other  Matters  Worthy  of  Notice, 
made  by  Mr.  John  Bartram  in  his  Travels  from 
Pennsylvania  to  Onondaga,  Oswego,  and  the  Lake 
Ontario,  in  Canada"  (London,  1751).  During  the 
winter  of  1765-6  he  visited  East  Florida,  and  an 
account  of  this  trip  was  published  with  his  journal 
(London,  1766).      He  made  extensive  collections, 


and  sent  specimens  of  new  and  curious  American 
plants  to  foreign  bolanists,  who  in  return  supplied 
him  with  books  and  apparatus.  He  secured  the 
appointment  of  American  botanist  to  George  III., 
and  was  a  member  of  several  foreign  scientific  socie- 
ties, as  well  as  a  contributor  of  papers  to  the  "  Philo- 
sojihical  Transactions,"  London.  See  "  Memoirs  of 
John  Bartram,"  by  William  Bartram.  See  "  Memo- 
rials of  John  Bartram  and  Humphrey  Marshall," 
by  William  Darlington  (Philadelphia,  1849).— His 
son,  William,  botanist,  b.  in  Kingsessing,  Pa.,  9 
Feb.,  1739  ;  d.  there,  22  July,  1823.  He  removed  to 
North  Carolina  and  there  became  engaged  in  busi- 
ness. This  he  abandoned  before  reaching  the  age  of 
thirty,  and,  accompanying  his  father  to  Florida,  set- 
tled on  the  banks  of  St.  John's  river,  where  for  sev- 
eral years  he  cultivated  indigo.  In  1771  he  returned 
to  the  botanical  gardens,  and  subsequently  devoted 
his  attention  almost  entirely  to  botany.  From  1773 
till  1778  he  travelled  extensively  through  the  south- 
ern states,  in  order  to  examine  the  natural  products 
of  the  eoiuitry.  An  account  of  his  experiences,  un- 
der the  title  of  "  Travels  through  North  and  South 
Carolina,  Georgia,  East  and  West  Florida,  the 
Cherokee  Country,  the  extensive  Territories  of  the 
Muscogules  or  Creek  Confederacy,  and  the  Country 
of  the  Choctaws,"  was  published  (Philadelphia,  1791, 
and  London,  1792-4).  In  1782  he  was  elected  pro- 
fessor of  botany  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
but  declined  the  place  on  account  of  his  health. 
In  1786  he  became  a  member  of  the  American  philo- 
sophical society,  and  he  was  also  connected  with  oth- 
er scientific  bodies.  Mr.  Bartram  was  the  author 
of  "  Anecdotes  of  a  Crow,"  "  Description  of  Cer- 
thia,"  and  "  Memoirs  of  John  Bartram."  In  1789  he 
wrote  "  Observations  on  the  Creek  and  Cherokee 
Indians,"  which  was  published  in  1851  ("Transac- 
tions American  Ethnological  Society,"  vol.  iii.).  He 
drew  the  illustrations  in  Barton's  "Elements  of 
Botany,"  and  many  of  the  most  curious  and  beau- 
tiful plants  of  North  America  were  illustrated  and 
first  made  known  by  him.     He  also  published  the 


<*'■"  ji^S^Syx* ' 


most  complete  list  of  American  birds  previous  to 
Alexander  Wilson,  whom  he  greatly  assisted  at 
the  outset  of  his  career.  The  engraving  shows  the 
Bartram  homestead,  on  the  Schuylkill. 

BASCOM,  Henry  Bidleman,  M.  E.  bishop,  b. 
in  Hancock,  Delaware  co.,  N.  Y..  27  May,  1796;  d. 
in  Louisville,  Ky.,  8  Sept.,  1850.  He  was  descend- 
ed from  a  Huguenot  family.  He  had  but  little  edu- 
cation, but  before  the  age  of  eighteen  he  was  licensed 
to  preach,  and  admitted  to  the  Ohio  conference, 
where  he  did  hard  work  on  the  frontier,  preaching 
in  one  year  400  times,  and  receiving  a  salary  of 
$12.10.  "  His  style  being  too  florid  to  suit  the  taste 
of  those  to  whom  he  preached,  he  was  transferred, 
in  1816,  to  Tennessee ;  but,  after  filling  appoint- 
ments there  and  in  Kentucky,  he  returned  to 
Ohio  in  1822,  and  in  1823  Henry  Clay  obtained 


190 


BASCOM 


BASSETT 


for  him  the  appointment  of  chaplain  to  congress. 
At  the  close  of  the  session  of  that  body  he  visited 
Baltimore,  where  his  fervid  oratory  made  a  great 
sensation.  He  was  first  president  of  Madison  col- 
lege, Uniontown,  Pa.,  in  1827-'8,  and  from  1829 
till  1831  was  agent  of  the  colonization  society. 
From  that  time  until  1841  he  was  professor  of 
moral  science  and  belles-lettres  at  Augusta  college, 
Ky.  He  became  president  of  Transylvania  uni- 
versity, Kentucky,  in  1842,  having  previously  de- 
clined the  presidency  of  two  other  colleges.  Dr. 
Bascom  was  a  member  of  the  general  conference 
of  1844,  which  suspended  Bishop  Andrew  because 
he  refused  to  manumit  his  slaves ;  and  the  pro- 
test of  the  southern  members  against  the  action  of 
the  majority  was  drawn  up  by  him.  In  1845  he 
was  a  member  of  the  Louisville  convention,  which 
organized  the  Methodist  Church  South,  and  was 
the  author  of  its  report ;  and  he  was  chairman  of 
the  commission  appointed  to  settle  the  differences 
between  the  two  branches  of  the  church.  In  1846 
he  became  editor  of  the  "  Southern  Methodist 
Quarterly  Review,"  and  in  1849  he  was  chosen 
bishop,  being  ordained  in  May,  1850,  only  a  few 
months  before  his  death.  Dr.  Bascom  was  a  pow- 
erful speiiker,  but  was  fond  of  strong  epithets  and 
rather  extravagant  metaphors.  He  was  the  author 
of  "  Sermons  from  the  Pulpit,"  "  Lectures  on  In- 
fidelity," "  Lectures  on  Moral  and  Mental  Science," 
and  "  Methodism  and  Slavery."  A  posthumous 
edition  of  his  works  was  edited  by  Rev.  T.  N.  Ral- 
ston (Nashville,  Tenn.,  1850  and  1856).  See  "  Life 
of  Bishop  Bascom,"  by  Rev.  Dr.  M.  M.  Henkle 
(Nashvill(\  1854). 

IJASCOM,  John,  educator,  b.  in  Genoa,  N.  Y., 
1  May,  IS'JT.  He  was  graduated  at  Williams  in 
1849,  and  at  Andover  theological  seminary  in 
1855.  He  was  a  tutor  in  Williams  college  from 
1852  to  1853,  and  from  1855  to  1874  held  the  pro- 
fessorship of  rhetoric  there,  also  acting  as  pastor 
of  the  church  at  North  Pownal,  Vt.,  fro  in  1856  to 
1864.  In  1874  he  became  president  of  the  uni- 
versity of  Wisconsin,  holding  also  the  professor- 
ship of  mental  and  moral  philosophy,  and  on  23 
June,  1886,  handed  in  his  resignation,  to  take  effect 
at  the  end  of  the  college  year  in  1887.  Dr.  Bascom 
has  contributed  much  to  periodical  literature,  and 
is  also  a  powerful  pulpit  orator.  He  has  pub- 
lished the  following  works  :  "  Political  Economy  " 
(New  York,  1859) ;  ^"  .Esthetics  "  (1862) ;  "  Philoso- 
phy of  Rhetoric  "  (1865) ;  "  Principles  of  Psychol- 
ogy "  (1869) ;  "  Science,  Philosophy,  and  Religion  " 
(1871)  ;  "  Philosophy  and  English  Literature  " 
(1874) ;  "  A  Philosophy  of  Religion  "  (1876) ;  "  Com- 
parative Psvchology"  (1878);  "Ethics"  (1879); 
"Natural  Theology"  (1880);  "Science  of  Mind" 
(1881);  "The  Words  of  Christ"  (1884);  "Prob- 
lems in  Philosophy  "  (1885). 

BASHFORD,  Coles,  governor  of  Wisconsin,  b. 
near  Cold  Spring,  Putnam  co.,  N.  Y.,  24  Jan., 
1816 ;  d.  25  A^pril,  1878.  He  was  educated  at  the 
Wesleyan  seminary  (now  Genesee  college),  Lima, 
N.  Y.,  studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1841.  He  was  elected  district  attorney  for  Wayne 
CO.  in  1847,  and  in  1850  resigned  and  removed  to 
Algonia,  now  a  part  of  Oshkosh,  Wis.  lie  was  a 
member  of  the  whig  state  convention  in  1851,  and 
in  1852  was  chosen  for  the  state  senate,  from  which 
he  resigned  in  1855.  He  was  the  first  republican 
governor  of  the  state,  serving  from  1855  to  1857, , 
and  declining  a  renomination.  He  practised  law 
in  Oshkosh  till  1863,  when  he  removed  to  Tucson, 
Arizona.  He  was  attorney-general  of  the  territory 
from  1864  till  1867,  was  president  of  the  first  ter- 
ritorial convention,  and  in  1866  was  elected  dele- 


gate to  congress,  serving  from  March,  1867,  to 
March,  1869.  He  was  appointed  secretary  of  the 
territory  in  1869,  and  served  till  1876,  when  he  re- 
signed, and  resvimed  the  practice  of  his  profession. 

BASS,  Edward,  P.  E.  bishop,  b.  in  Doiciiester, 
Mass.,  23  Nov.,  1726;  d.  in  Newburyport,  10  Sept., 
1803.  Pie  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1744,  for 
some  years  was  engaged  in  teaching,  and  received 
a  license  to  preach  among  the  ^ongregationalists, 
but  in  1752  applied  for  orders  in  the  Episcopal 
church.  He  went  to  England,  and  was  ordained 
both  deacon  and  priest  by  Dr.  Sherlock,  bishop  of 
London.  This  was  in  May,  1752,  and,  on  his  re- 
turn home,  he  became  rector  of  St.  Paul's  church, 
Newburyport,  which  place  he  retained  during  his 
life.  When  the  revolution  began,  Mr.  Bass  yielded 
to  the  current  patriotic  sentiment,  gave  up  pray- 
ing for  the  royal  family,  and  in  consequence  lost 
the  stipend  heretofore  received  from  the  society 
for  propagating  the  gospel  in  foreign  parts.  With 
such  help  as  he  could  obtain,  he  continued  the 
services  of  the  church  until  the  war  was  over ;  but, 
when  he  applied  for  arrearages  of  stipend  to  the 
society,  his  application  was  refused.  This  led  to 
his  publishing  a  pamphlet  in  self-defence  (London^ 
1786).  The  degree  of  D.  D.  was  conferred  upon 
him  by  the  university  of  Pennsylvania  in  1789. 
The  Episcopal  church  having  been  organized  in 
Maosachusetts,  a  convention  of  clerical  and  lay 
deputies  was  held  in  Boston  in  1796,  and  Dr.  Bass 
was  unanimously  chosen  to  become  bishop.  He 
was  consecrated  in  Philadelphia,  7  May,  1797.  His 
jurisdiction  was,  by  request,  extended  over  the 
churches  in  Rhode  Island  and  New  Hampshire, 
and  he  continued,  in  connection  with  his  labors  as 
a  bishop,  to  perform  the  duties  of  a  parish  piiest. 

BASSETT,  Ebeiiezer  Don  Carlos,  diplomatist, 
b.  in  Litchfield,  Conn.,  in  1833.  He  was  educated 
at  the  Connecticut  normal  school,  and  served  for 
fourteen  years  as  a  teacher  in  Philadelphia.  He 
was  U.  S.  minister  to  Hayti  in  1869-77,  and  since 
1879  has  been  Haytian  consul  in  New  York  city. 

BASSETT,  James,  missionary,  b.  near  Hamil- 
ton, Canada,  31  Jan.,  1834.  He  was  graduated  at 
Wabash  in  1856,  and  at  Lane  theological  seminary 
in  1859.  He  served  as  chaplain  in  the  U.  S.  vol- 
unteer army  in  1862-'3.  From  1863  until  1871 
he  held  pastorates  in  the  Presbyterian  churches  of 
Newark  and  Englewood,  N.  J.,  and  in  1871  be- 
came a  missionary  for  the  Presbyterian  board.  He 
travelled  extensively  in  Europe,  passed  many  years 
in  Turkey  and  Persia,  and  was  the  first  American 
to  settle  in  Teheran,  and  the  first  known  to  have 
travelled  as  far  east  as  the  alleged  tomb  of  Ilaroun- 
al-Raschid  at  Mashhad.  As  a  pioneer  of  missionary 
work,  he  gained  a  wide  acquaintance  with  the 
manners  and  customs  of  central  and  eastern  Per- 
sia. He  is  the  author  of  "Hymns  in  Persian" 
(Teheran,  1875  and  1884) ;  "  A  Grammatical  Note 
on  the  Simnuni  Dialects  of  the  Persian,"  from  the 
"  Journal  of  the  Royal  Asiatic  Society  "  (London, 
1884) ;  "  Among  the  Turcomans  "  ("  Leisure  Hour," 
London,  1879-'80) ;  "  Persia  the  Land  of  the  Imams  " 
(New  York,  1886) ;  and  a  translation  of  the  gospel 
according  to  Matthew  into  Gaghatti  Tartar  (Lon- 
don, 1880). 

BASSETT,  Richard,  governor  of  Delaware,  b. 
in  Delaware ;  d.  in  September,  1815.  He  was  a 
lawyer,  and  a  member  of  congress  under  the  old 
confederation  in  1787,  and  was  also  a  member 
of  the  convention  that  framed  the  federal  consti- 
tution. From  1789  to  1793  he  was  a  U.  S.  sena- 
tor, and  was  the  first  member  that  cast  his  vote  in 
favor  of  locating  the  capital  on  the  Potomac. 
Chosen  presidential  elector  in  1797,  he  voted  for 


BASSIN] 


BATEMAN 


191 


John  Adams :  from  1798  till  1801  he  was  governor 
of  his  state.  In  1801  and  1802  he  was  a  U.  S.  cir- 
cuit judge.  Ilis  daughter  became  the  wife  of 
James  A.  Bayard,  signer  of  the  treaty  of  Ghent. 

BASSINI,  Carlo,  musician,  b.  in  Cuneo,  Pied- 
mont, Italy,  in  1812;  d.  in  Irvington,  N.  J.,  26 
Nov.,  1870.  His  pafents  being  musicians,  he  was 
placed  at  an  early  age  under  the  best  masters  in 
training  for  a  violinist,  and  in  his  twentieth  year 
had  already  attained  to  some  distinction  as  an  in- 
strumentalist. Soon  afterward  he  went  with  a 
Genoese  operatic  company  to  South  America,  and 
was  elected  director  of  the  troupe  shortly  after 
their  arrival  abroad.  With  the  money  earned  in 
South  America  he  came  to  New  York  city  and 
undertook  to  give  a  concert,  which  proved  a  failure 
and  exhausted  his  resources.  In  this  dilemma  he 
set  about  giving  lessons  in  vocal  music,  thereby 
relinquishing  his  prospects  as  a  brilliant  orchestral 
leader.  For  years  he  worked  untiringly,  often  be- 
ginning at  seven  in  the  morning  and  working  un- 
til ten  at  night.  He  had  not  a  rich  voice,  but  was 
an  admirable  trainer.  Among  his  works  are :  "  Art 
of  Singing  "  (Boston,  1857) ;  "  jMelodie  Exercises  " 
(1865);  "  Method  for  the  Tenor"  (1866);  "  Method 
for  the  Baritone"  (1868);  and  "New  Method" 
(1869).  Some  of  the  best  of  his  compositions  are 
"  A  te  Accanto,"  a  love  song,  dedicated  to  his  wife 
shortly  before  his  marriage ;  "  0  Salutaris,"  a 
prayer  for  a  soprano  voice,  and  "  There  is  Light  in 
the  Sky,"  composed  shortly  before  his  death. 

BASTIDAS,  Rodriguez  de,  explorer,  b.  about 
1460 ;  d.  in  Santo  Domingo.  Shortly  after  the  dis- 
covery of  America  he  associated  with  Juan  de  la 
Casa  in  the  prosecution  of  new  explorations.  Be- 
ing ordered  by  the  king  of  Spain  to  receive  twenty 
missionaries  on  board  his  ship,  he  sailed  along  the 
coast  of  Central  America  and  New  Grenada  in 
search  of  a  fit  situation  for  a  colony,  and  finally 
selected  the  district  in  New  Grenada  that  after- 
ward bore  the  name  of  St.  Martha,  and  there  he 
founded  the  city  of  St.  Martha.  Its  prosperity  was 
so  great  that  in  less  than  two  years  it  was  erected 
into  a  bishopric,  and  Bastidas  was  appointed  gov- 
ernor. Endeavoring  to  check  the  cupidity  and 
cruelty  of  his  soldiers  in  their  dealings  with  the 
natives,  he  was  wounded  in  a  sedition,  and  obliged 
to  fly  to  Santo  Domingo,  where  he  was  arrested  by 
the  governor,  Bovadilla,  who  charged  him  with 
making  a  treaty  with  the  Indians  without  author- 
ity. He  was  honorably  acquitted,  but  died  of  his 
wounds  soon  afterward. 

BASTIDE,  John  Henry,  British  soldier,  b. 
about  1710.  He  was  employed  as  chief  engineer 
in  Nova  Scotia  and  Newfoundland  in  1742,  and  in 
April,  1745.  Massachusetts  granted  him  £140  for 
services  in  the  repair  and  construction  of  the  forts 
in  that  province,  particularly  Castle  William  and 
Governor's  island  in  Boston  harbor,  Marblehead, 
Cape  Ann,  and  Falmouth  (now  Portland,  Me.). 
His  services  were  of  great  value  in  preparing  the 
plans  and  the  means  for  the  capture  of  Louisburg 
in  1745,  and  were  acknowledged  by  Gov.  Shirley, 
of  Massachusetts,  in  a  message  to  the  house  of 
representatives.  He  was  afterward  employed  in 
the  reduction  of  Canada  from  1756  to  1760,  and  in 
1761-'2  fortified  the  harbor  of  Halifax  and  im- 
proved its  dockyard.  He  became  lieutenant-gen- 
eral in  the  British  army,  3  April,  1770. 

BATCHELDER,  Jblin  Putnam,  phvsician,  b. 
in  Wilton,  N.  II.,  6  Aug.,  1784;  d.  in  New  York 
city,  8  April,  1868.  He  was  a  great-nephew  of 
Gen.  Israel  Putnam.  After  an  academical  educa- 
tion, he  began  the  study  of  medicine,  and  in  1807 
was  licensed  to  practise.     He  did  not  receive  the 


degree  of  M.  D.,  however,  until  1815,  after  attend- 
ance on  the  lectures  of  Harvard  medical  school. 
He  began  jiractiee  in  Charlestown,  N.  H.,  removed 
thence  to  Pittsficld,  Mass. ;  afterward  to  Utica,  N. 
Y.,  and  in  1843  to  New  York  city.  He  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  anatomy  in  Castleton  college, 
Vt.,  in  1817,  and  soon  afterward  professor  of  sur- 
gical anatomy  in  the  Berkshire  medical  institution 
at  Pittsfield.  He  was  a  successful  surgeon,  and 
performed  many  operations  of  great  importance, 
and  requiring  extraordinary  skill  and  daring.  For 
many  years  he  made  the  treatment  of  diseases  of 
the  eye  a  specialty.  He  was  president  of  the  Acad- 
emy of  Medicine,  and  of  the  New  York  medical 
association  in  1858.  He  published  "  Thoughts  on 
the  Connection  of  Life,  Mind,  and  Matter"  (Utica, 
N.  Y.,  1845),  besides  essays  and  uu'dical  treatises. 

BATCHELDER,  Samuel,  inventor,  b.  in  Jat- 
frey,  N.  H.,  8  June,  1784 ;  d.  in  Cambridge,  Mass., 
5  Feb.,  1879.  His  early  life  was  spent  in  New  Ips- 
wich, whither  his  parents  had  removed,  and  in  1808 
he  became  interested  in  a  cotton  factory  at  this 
place,  which  was  the  second  that  was  erected  in 
New  Hampshire.  In  1825  he  removed  to  Lowell, 
where  he  superintended  the  erection  of  the  Hamil- 
ton Company's  mills.  In  1831  he  was  called  on  to 
undertake  the  erection  of  a  cotton-mill  for  the 
York  Manufacturing  Company  in  Saco,  Me.,  and 
to  superintend  its  operations.  The  mills  under  his 
management  were  very  successful,  and  the  plant 
and  capital  were  greatly  enlarged.  In  1846  he  re- 
moved to  Cambridge,  Mass.,  where  he  continued  to 
reside,  and,  although  a  representative  in  the  Massa- 
chusetts state  legislature,  he  yet  for  many  years 
continued  his  relations  with  the  mills,  being  presi- 
dent of  the  Hamilton  Manufacturing  Company, 
the  Appleton  Company,  the  Essex  Company,  the 
Everett  Mills,  the  York  Manufacturing  Company, 
and  the  Exeter  Manufacturing  Company — having 
an  aggregate  capital  of  about  $5,000,000.  About 
1832  he  devised  the  first  stop-motion  to  the  draw- 
ing-frame, which  has  since  been  used  in  this  coun- 
try and  England.  In  1832  he  patented  the  steam- 
cylinders  and  connections  now  universally  used  in 
dressing-frames  for  drying  yarns.  His  greatest  in- 
vention was  the  dynamometer  used  for  ascertaining 
the  power  for  driving  machinery.  It  was  first  used 
in  the  York  mills  in  1837,  and  was  considered 
preferable  to  any  known  apparatus  for  determin- 
ing the  power  actually  used  in  driving  machinery. 
In  early  life  he  contributed  to  the  "  Boston  Month- 
ly Anthology"  and  to  the  "Port  Folio,"  and  he 
was  the  author  of  the  "Responsibilities  of  the 
North  in  Relation  to  Slavery  "  (Cambridge,  1856), 
and  "  Introduction  and  Early  Progress  of  the  Cot- 
ton Manufacture  in  the  United  States"  (Boston, 
1863).  A  sketch  of  his  life  was  published  in  pam- 
phlet form  (Lowell,  1885). 

BATEMAN,  Ephraim,  U.  S.  senator,  b.  in 
Cedarville,  Cumberland  co.,  N.  J.,  in  1770;  d.  there, 
29  Jan.,  1829.  After  receiving  a  public-school  edu- 
cation he  became  a  mechanic's  apprentice,  but, 
leaving  his  employment,  studied  medicine,  and 
afterward  was  noted  in  his  profession.  He  was 
for  many  years  a  member  of  the.state  legislature, 
and  was  elected  to  congress  as  a  democrat.  He 
was  thrice  re-elected,  serving  altogether  from  4 
Dec,  1815,  to  3  March,  1823,  and  was  a  member  of 
the  committees  on  post-offices  and  accoimts.  In 
1826,  as  president  of  the  council  of  the  state  legis- 
lature, he  gave  the  casting  vote  that  elected  him 
to  the  U.  S.  senate  over  Theodore  Frelinghuysen. 
A  committee  of  the  senate  afterward  reported  that 
this  action  was  perfectly  legal,  and  he  remained  in 
the  senate  until  he  resigned  in  January,  1829. 


192 


BATEMAN 


BATES 


BATEMAN,  Kate  Josephine,  actress,  b.  in 
Baltimore,  Md.,  7  Oc-t.,  1842.  Her  father,  H.  L. 
Bateinan,  was  a  well-known  theatrical  manager, 
and  her  mother,  Frances,  an  actress,  manager,  and 
the  author  of  several  dramas.  Kate  and  her  sister 
Ellen  (Mrs.  Greppo)  were  educated  for  the  stage 
from  childhood.  The  two  girls  made  their  first 
appearance,  when  Kate  was  only  three  years  old, 
at  Louisville,  Ky.,  in  "  The  Babes  in  the  Wood," 
and  for  ten  years  played  together  as  "  The  Bate- 
man  (Children."  Miss  Bateman  retired  from  the 
stage  in  1856,  but  reappeared  on  19  March,  1860, 
as  Evangeline  in  her  mother's  drama  of  that  name 
at  Winter  Garden,  New  York.  In  December,  1862, 
she  appeared  in  Boston  as  Leah,  a  part  in  which 
she  has  made  her  reputation,  and  which  she  played 
in  all  the  large  cities  of  the  United  States,  ller 
first  appearance  abroad  was  made  on  1  Oct.,  1868, 
at  the  Adelphi  theatre,  London,  where  "  Leah " 
had  a  run  of  211  nights.  After  a  provincial  tour 
and  a  reappearance  at  the  Adelphi  as  Julia  in  the 
"  Hunchback,"  Miss  Bateman  took  a  farewell  of 
the  English  public  at  her  Majesty's  theatre,  in  the 
character  of  Juliet,  22  Dec,  1865.  In  October, 
1866,  she  married  George  Crowe,  formerly  editor  of 
the  "  London  News."  She  returned  to  the  stage  in 
1868,  and  in  1872  made  a  success  in  "  Medea."  In 
March,  1875,  Miss  Bateman's  father,  who  had  been 
for  some  years  manager  of  the  Lyceum  theatre, 
died,  and  her  mother  continued  the  management, 
opening  the  season  with  a  revival  of  "  Macbeth," 
in  which  Miss  Bateman  and  Henry  Irving  took  the 
principal  parts.  In  April,  1876,  she  took  the  title 
role  in  Tennyson's  "  Queen  Mary,"  which,  though 
an  artistic  success,  proved  a  failure  financially. 
Some  time  after  this  Miss  Bateman  became  lessee 
of  the  Sadler's  Wells  theatre.  Her  sisters,  Isabel 
and  Virginia  Frances,  are  also  actresses. — Isabel, 
who  was  born  near  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  28  Dec,  1854, 
was  educated  in  England,  appeared  on  the  stage 
in  Liverpool  when  fifteen  years  of  age,  and  has 
played  Juliet,  Lady  Teazle,  Portia,  and  Pauline. 

BATEMAN,  Newton,  educator,  b.  in  Fairfield, 
N.  J.,  27  July,  1822;  d.  in  Galesburg.  111..  22  Oct., 
1897,  was  graduated  at  Illinois  college,  Jackson- 
ville, in  1843.  After  studying  for  a  time  in  Lane 
theological  seminary,  he  travelled  extensively  in  the 
United  States  and  then  became  principal  of  a  St. 
Louis  school.  He  was  professor  of  mathematics 
at  St.  Charles  college,  Missouri,  from  1847  to  1851, 
and  then  became  the  head  of  the  Jacksonville,  111., 
public  free  school,  acting  at  the  same  time  as  super- 
intendent of  the  city  schools  and  commissioner  for 
the  county.  In  1858  he  was  pi'incipal  of  the  Jack- 
sonville female  academy,  and  in  the  same  year  was 
chosen  state  superintendent  of  public  instruction. 
Here  he  served  altogether  ten  years,  publishing 
five  valuable  reports  and  being  active  in  establish- 
ing the  state  normal  university.  He  had  charge 
of  the  correspondence  of  the  state  provost-marshal 
general  from  1862  to  1864,  and  afterward  resumed 
his  place  as  state  superintendent.  In  1875  he  be- 
came president  of  Knox  college,  Galesburg,  111. 
Dr.  Bateman  was  a  member  of  the  state  board  of 
health  for  more  than  twenty  years,  and  he  served 
three  terms  as  its  president. 

BATES,  Arlo,  author,  b.  in  East  Machias,  Me., 
16  Dec,  1850.  He  was  graduated  at  Bowdoin  in 
1876,  after  which  he  removed  to  Boston  and  en- 
gaged in  literary  work.  In  January,  1878,  he  be- 
came secretary  of  the  young  men's  republican  com- 
mittee, of  Massachusetts,  and  editor  of  the  "  Broad- 
side," a  paper  devoted  to  civil-service  reform.  In 
August,  1880,  he  became  editor  of  the  Boston  "  Sun- 
day Courier."    Besides  numerous  magazine  articles 


he  has  published  '"Patty's  Perversities"  (Boston, 
1881) ;  "  F.  Sevmour  Havden  and  Engraving "  (a 
pamphlet,  1882) ;  '-Mr.  Jacobs  "  (1883) ;  "The  Pa- 
gans "  (New  York,  1884) ;  "A  Wheel  of  Fire  "  (1885) ; 
"  Old  Salem,"  edited  (Boston,  1886) ;  and  "  Ber- 
ries of  the  Brier,"  poems  (1886). 

BATES,  Barnabas,  postal  reformer,  b.  in  Ed- 
monton, Knglaiiil,  in  1785;  d.  in  Boston,  11  Oct., 
185o.  While  yet  a  child  he  came  to  the  United 
States,  and  became  a  Baptist  preacher  in  Rhode 
Island,  where  he  was  also  for  some  time  collector 
of  the  port  of  Bristol  under  President  Adams.  He 
became  a  Unitarian,  and  established  in  New  York 
in  1825  a  weekly  paper  called  the  "  Christian  In- 
quirer." During  the  administration  of  President 
Jackson  he  received  an  appointment  in  the  New 
York  post-office,  and  was  for  some  time  acting 
postmaster.  Here  he  became  interested  in  the 
cheapening  of  letter  postage,  and  advocated  it  in 
every  way  for  many  years,  first  investigating  the 
subject  thoroughly  and  then  writing  and  speaking 
on  it  continually.  He  finally  succeeded  in  re- 
ducing the  rate  of  land  postage,  and  at  the  time  of 
his  death  was  laboring  for  a  corresponding  reduc- 
tion in  ocean  postage. 

BATES,  Charlotte  Fiske,  author,  b.  in  New 
York  city,  30  Nov.,  1838.  Her  father  died  in  her 
infancy,  and  after  1847  she  lived  in  Cambridge, 
Mass.  Miss  Bates  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools  of  that  city,  began  to  write  poetry  early 
in  life,  contributing  to  "  Our  Young  Folks  "  and 
other  magazines,  and  published  a  volume  of  her 
collected  verses,  entitled  "  Risk,  and  other  Poems  " 
(Boston,  1879).  She  edited  the  "  Longfellow  Birth- 
day-Book "  and  "  The  Seven  Voices  of  Sympathy" 
(1881),  compilations  of  Longfellow's  prose  and 
poetry,  and  the  "  Cambridge  Book  of  Poetry  and 
Song  "  (1882),  a  volume  of  poetical  selections  from 
English  and  American  authors.  She  also  wrote 
some  prose,  which  has  not  yet  been  published  in 
a  collected  form.  Miss  Bates  assisted  Longfellow 
in  compiling  his  "  Poems  of  Places,"  making  ten 
translations  expressly  for  the  work.  In  1891  she 
married  Adolphe  Roge,  who  died  in  1896. 

BATES,  David,  author,  b.  in  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
about  1810 ;  d.  there,  25  Jan.,  1870.  He  was  the 
author  of  numerous  meritorious  poems,  many  of 
which  were  published  in  book  form  under  the  title 
"The  Eolian"  (Philadelphia,  1848).  He  was  the 
author  of  the  well-known  poem  "  Speak  Gently," 
about  which,  shortly  after  its  publication,  there 
was  a  notable  controversy  and  counter-claims  as  to 
its  authorship.  "  Childhood "  is  another  of  his 
best-known  pieces.  A  complete  edition  of  his 
poems  was  edited  by  his  son  (Philadelphia,  1870). 

BATES,  David  Stanhope,  engineer,  b.  near 
Morristown,  N.  J.,  10  June,  1777;  d.  in  Rochester, 
N.  Y.,  28  Nov.,  1839.  He  was  the  son  of  a  revolu- 
tionary officer,  and  was  trained  under  the  tuition 
of  Dr.  Witherspoon,  being  intended  for  the  minis- 
try. He  preferred  a  business  career,  became  a 
clerk,  then  agent  for  the  Scotchman  George  Scriba, 
proprietor  of  the  settlement  at  Rotterdam,  in 
Oneida  co.,  N.  Y.,  afterward  sui^erintendent  of  the 
iron-mills  established  there  by  eastern  capitalists, 
judge  of  common  pleas  of  Oneida  co.,  and  in  1818- 
'24  was  assistant  engineer  on  the  middle  division 
of  the  Erie  canal.  The  first  aqueduct  at  Roches- 
ter, N.  Y.,  was  designed  and  superintended  by  him, 
though  the  red  sandstone  of  which  it  was  built  was 
adopted  contrary  to  the  advice  of  all  the  engineers, 
who  recommended  limestone,  the  material  of  the 
present  structure,  which  was  erected  after  the  first 
aqueduct  had  been  carried  away.  He  was  after- 
ward employed  by  the  state  of  Ohio  to  survey  a 


BATES 


BATES 


193 


route  for  a  canal  from  Lake  Eric  to  the  Ohio  river, 
and  was  made  prmcipal  engineer  of  tlie  canal  sys- 
tem of  Ohio,  holding  that  office  from  1835  till  1829. 
At  the  same  time  he  served  as  chief  engineer  of 
the  Louisville  and  Portland  canal.  In  1829  he  was 
appointed  chief  engineer  of  the  surveys  and  loca- 
tion of  the  Chenango  canal  from  Utica  to  Bing- 
hamton.  and  in  1830  was  commissioned  to  survey 
the  route  of  the  Genesee  Valley  canal.  The  line  of 
the  Auburn  and  Rochester  railroad,  afterward  a 
part  of  the  New  York  Central,  was  surveyed  by 
iiim  in  1830.  For  the  next  four  years  he  was  en- 
gaged in  surveys  with  reference  to  utilizing  the 
water-power  of  Niagara  river,  and  in  1834  was  en- 
gaged to  make  surveys  for  the  Erie  and  Kalamazoo 
railroad  in  Michigan,  but  in  1835  returned  to  his 
home  in  Rochester  with  broken  health. 

BATES,  Dewey,  painter,  b.  in  Philadelphia  in 
1851.  At  an  early  age  he  wont  abroad  to  study 
art,  first  entering  the  schools  of  the  royal  academy 
of  Antwerp,  and  subsequently  spending  several 
years  as  a  student  in  the  Ecole  des  beaux  arts  in 
Paris  and  as  a  pupil  of  Gerorae.  His  residence 
and  studio  are  in  Philadelpiiia,  and  his  pictures 
are  to  be  seen  in  all  the  principal  exhibitions. 

BATES,  Edward,  statesman,  b.  in  Belmont, 
Goochland  co.,  Ya.,  4  Sept.,  1793 ;  d.  in  St.  Louis, 
Mo.,  25  March,  1869.  He  was  of  Quaker  descent, 
and  received  most  of  his  education  at  Charlotte 
Hall.  Maryland,  finishing  under  the  care  of  a  pri- 
vate tutor.  In  1812  he  received  a  midshipman's 
warrant,  and  was  only  prevented  from  going  to  sea 
by  his  mother's  in- 
fluence. From  Feb- 
'i^  ruary    till     October, 

1813,  he  served  in 
the  Yirginia  militia 
at  Norfolli;.  His  elder 
brother,  Frederick 
Bates,  having  been 
appointed  secretary 
of  the  new  territory 
of  Missouri,  Edward 
emigrated  thither  in 

1814,  and  soon  en- 
tered upon  the  jsrac- 
tice  of  law.  As  early 
as  1816  he  was  ap- 
pointed prosecuting 
attorney  for  the  St. 
Louis  circuit,  and  in 
1820    was   elected   a 

delegate  to  the  state  constitutional  convention. 
Toward  the  close  of  the  same  year  he  was  appoint- 
ed attorney-general  of  the  new  state  of  Missouri, 
wliicli  oflice  he  held  for  two  years.  He  was  elected 
to  the  legislature  in  1822,  and  in  1824  became  state 
attorney  for  the  Missouri  district.  About  this  time 
he  became  the  political  friend  of  Henry  Clay.  In 
1826,  while  yet  quite  a  young  man,  he  was  elected 
a  representative  in  congress  as  an  anti-democrat, 
serving  but  one  term.  For  the  next  twenty-five 
years  he  devoted  himself  to  his  profession,  but 
served  in  the  legislature  again  in  1830  and  1834. 
In  1847  Mr.  Bates  was  a  delegate  to  the  convention 
for  internal  improvement,  held  in  Chicago,  and 
here  made  a  favorable  impression  upon  the  coun- 
try at  large.  In  1850  President  Fillmore  offered 
him  the  portfolio  of  secretary  of  war,  which  he  de- 
clined. Three  years  later  he  accepted  the  office  of 
judge  of  the  St.  Louis  land  court.  In  1856  he  pre- 
sided over  the  whig  convention  held  in  Baltimore. 
When  the  question  of  the  repeal  of  the  Missouri 
compromise  was  agitated,  he  earnestly  opposed  it, 
and  thus  became  identified  with  the  "  free-labor  " 

VOL.  I.  — 13 


party  in  Missouri,  opposing  with  them  the  admission 
of  Kansas  under  tiie  Lecompton  constitution.  Mr. 
Bates  became  more  and  more  prominent  as  an  anti- 
slavery  man,  until  in  1859  he  was  mentioned  as  a 
candidate  for  the  presidency.  He  was  warmly  sup- 
ported by  his  own  state,  and  for  a  time  it  seemed 
that  the  opposition  to  Gov.  Seward  might  concen- 
trate upon  him.  In  the  National  republican  con- 
vention of  1860  lie  received  48  votes  on  the  1st  bal- 
lot ;  but  when  it  became  apparent  that  Mr.  Lincoln 
was  the  favorite,  his  name  was  withdrawn.  When 
Mr.  Lincoln,  after  his  election,  decided  upon  select- 
ing for  his  cabinet  the  leading  men  of  the  republi- 
can party,  including  those  who  had  been  his  prin- 
cipal competitors,  Mr.  Bates  was  appointed  attor- 
ney-general. In  the  cabinet  he  played  a  dignified, 
safe,  and  faithful,  but  not  conspicuous,  part.  In 
1864  he  resigned  his  office  and  returned  to  his 
home  in  St.  Louis.  From  this  time  he  never  again 
entered  into  active  politics. — His  brother,  Freder' 
ick,  was  appointed  by  President  Jefferson,  in  1805, 
first  U.  S.  judge  for  the  territory  of  Michigan,  was 
afterward  secretary  of  the  territory  of  Missoui'i, 
and  was  governor  of  the  state  from  1824  to  1826. 

BATES,  Henry  Walter,  English  naturalist,  b. 
in  Leicester,  England,  8  Feb..  1825.  He  was  edu- 
cated for  a  commercial  career  at  private  schools  in 
Leicestershire,  and  in  May,  1848,  undertook,  in  com- 
pany with  Alfred  R.  Wallace,  a  natural  history  ex- 
ploration of  the  valley  of  the  Amazons.  Mr.  Wal- 
lace left  in  1852,  but  Mr.  Bates  remained  and  ex- 
plored the  upper  Amazons  until  June,  1859.  In  a 
paper  read  to  the  Linna?an  society  on  21  Nov., 
1861,  he  described  the  phenomena  of  "  mimetic  re- 
semblances "  in  animals,  and  suggested  an  explana- 
tion. This  was  printed  in  the  transactions  of  the 
society  (vol.  xxiii.,  p.  495).  He  has  been  assistant 
secretary  of  the  Royal  Geographical  Society,  Lon- 
don, since  April,  1864,  and  has  edited  the  journal 
and  proceedings  of  tlie  society  during  that  period. 
He  was  made  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  in  1881. 
Mr.  Bates  has  published  "  The  Naturalist  on  the 
River  Amazons "  (London,  1863) :  "  Illustrated 
Travels  "(6  vols.,  London,  1866-'72);  "The  Ger- 
man Arctic  Expedition  of  1869-'70"  (English  trans- 
lation, London,  1874) ;  "  Central  America,  West 
Indies,  and  South  America "  (1878) ;  and  other 
works  on  natural  history  and  geography. 

BATES,  Isaac  Chapman,  statesman,  b.  in 
Granville,  Mass.,  14  May,  1780;  d.  in  Washington, 
D.  C,  16  March,  1845.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale 
in  1802,  studied  law,  and  practised  in  Northampton, 
Mass.  While  here  he  was  a  member  at  dift'erent 
times  of  the  executive  council  of  the  state,  and  of 
both  branches  of  the  legislature.  He  was  chosen  to 
congress  as  an  anti-Jackson  man,  and  was  reelected 
three  times,  serving  altogether  from  3  Dec,  1827, 
till  3  March,  1835.  In  1836  and  1840  he  was  a 
presidential  elector,  and  in  January,  1841,  he  was 
elected  to  the  senate  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused  by 
the  resignation  of  Gov.  Joiin  Davis,  where  he  re- 
mained "until  his  death,  filling  the  place  of  chair- 
man of  the  committee  of  pensions.  A  few  days 
before  his  death  he  made  an  able  speech,  opposing 
the  admission  of  Texas  to  the  union.  Thi-oughout 
his  public  life  he  was  a  champion  of  the  protective 
system,  and  in  February,  1844,  made  a  defence  of 
it  in  the  senate.  He  published  several  addresses 
and  speeches. — His  son,  Isaac  Chapman,  b.  22 
Oct.,  1817 ;  d.  24  Sept.,  1875,  was  a  prominent  Bos- 
ton merchant,  and  secretary  of  the  board  of  trade. 

BATES,  Joshua,  educator,  b.  in  Cohasset,  Mass., 
20  March,  1776  :  d.  in  Dudley,  Mass  ,  14  Jan.,  1854. 
His  father  was  a  farmer  and  storekeeper,  and 
Bates's  early  life  was  spent  on  the  farm  and  as 


194 


BATES 


BATLLE 


clerk  in  the  store.  He  liad  little  regular  schooling, 
but,  with  the  assistance  of  the  Congregational  min- 
ister in  his  native  town,  prepared  himself  for  Har- 
vard, entering  as  a  sophomore  in  1797.  At  college, 
altliougli  he  had  to  support  himself  by  teaching, 
lie  took  a  high  stand  and  was  graduated  with 
h;)nor  in  1800.  He  then  became  a  teacher  in  Phil- 
lips Andover  academy,  studying  theology  mean- 
while with  the  Kev.  Jonathan  French.  On  16 
March,  1808,  he  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  church 
at  Dedham,  Mass.  Early  in  his  ministry  here  he 
brought  himself  into  notice  by  iiis  able  defence  of 
his  friend,  the  Rev.  John  Codman,  who  had  be- 
come involved  in  difficulty  for  refusing  to  exchange 
pulpits  with  clergymen  of  liberal  views.  In  March, 
1818,  he  accepted  the  presidency  of  Middlebury 
college,  Vt.,  and  in  the  same  year  he  received  the 
degree  of  S.  T.  D.  from  Yale.  He  resigned  on  ac- 
count of  age  in  1839.  He  then  visited  his  daugh- 
ters in  the  south,  and  when  in  Washington,  on  his 
way  thither,  was  chosen  chaplain  to  congress,  and 
ofRciated  until  the  close  of  the  session.  After  sup- 
plying pvdpits,  first  in  Portland,  Me.,  and  then  at 
Northborough,  Mass.,  he  was  installed,  22  March, 
1843,  as  minister  at  Dudley,  Mass.,  where  he  re- 
mained until  his  death.  He  published  a  large  num- 
ber of  discourses  and  other  writings,  among  which 
are  two  sermons  on  intemperance  (1813) ;  "  Inau- 
gural Oration  at  Middlebury  "  (1818) ;  "  Lectures  on 
Christian  Character  "  (1846) ;  "  A  Discourse  on  John 
Quincy  Adams"  (1848);  and  "Reminiscences  of 
Dr.  Codman  "  (1853). 

BATES,  Joshua,  financier,  b.  in  Weymouth, 
Mass.,  in  1788 ;  d.  in  London,  England,  24  Sept., 
1864.  He  came  of  an  old  Massachuse1;ts  family, 
and  his  father  was  a  colonel  in  the  revolutionary 
army.  At  the  age  of  fifteen  he  entered  the  count- 
ing-house of  William  Gray  &  Son,  of  Boston, 
where  he  displayed  so  much  aptitude  for  business 
that  in  a  few  years  both  father  and  son  trusted 
him  with  their  most  complicated  affairs.  When 
twenty-one  years  of  age  he  entered  into  partner- 
ship with  a  Mr.  Beckford,  but,  on  account  of  the 
war  of  1813,  he  was  unsuccessful,  and  returned  to 
the  Grays,  who  sent  him  to  Europe  as  their  agent. 
Here  he  was  thrown  into  intimate  relations  with  the 
Hopes  and  Barings  and  other  great  commercial 
houses,  and,  as  he  continued  to  have  the  control  of 
Mr.  Gray's  affairs  throughout  Europe  for  several 
years  after  the  peace,  these  houses  l)ecame  impressed 
with  his  business  abilities.  In  1826  he  formed  a 
partnership  in  London  with  John  Baring,  and  two 
years  later  they  both  were  received  into  the  firm  of 
Baring  Brothers  &  Co.,  of  which  Mr.  Bates  in  due 
time  became  senior  partner.  In  1854,  when  a  joint 
commission  was  appointed  to  make  a  final  settle- 
ment of  claims  between  citizens  of  Great  Britain 
and  the  United  States,  arising  from  the  war  of 
1812,  Mr.  Bates  was  appointed  umpire  between  the 
British  and  American  commissioners  in  all  cases 
where  they  could  not  agree.  The  justice  of  his 
numerous  decisions  has  never  been  called  in  ques- 
tion in  either  country,  and  some  of  them  contain 
full  discussions  of  important  questions  in  interna- 
tional law.  Mr.  Bates,  in  his  youtli,  liad  felt  the 
necessity  for  a  good  public  library,  and,  though  he 
succeeded  in  obtaining  the  books  that  he  needed,  he 
never  forgot  the  difficulties  encountered  for  want 
of  them.  Hence,  when  he  learned,  in  1852,  that 
the  city  of  Boston  was  about  taking  measures  for 
the  establishment  of  a  free  public  library,  he  im- 
mediately offered  150,000  toward  such  a  library, 
on  the  sole  condition  that  the  interest  of  the  money 
should  be  spent  in  the  purchase  of  books  of  perma- 
nent value  and  authority,  and  that  the  city  should 


always  provide  comfortable  accommodations  for 
its  use  day  and  night  by  at  least  one  hundred 
readers.  He  afterward  gave  to  the  library  about 
30,000  volumes,  raising  the  value  of  the  entire  gift 
to  fully  twice  the  original  amount.  After  his 
death  the  large  hall  of  the  library  was  called,  in 
his  honor.  Bates  Hall.  His  interest  in  his  native 
country  continued  to  the  close  of  his  life,  and 
during  the  civil  war  his  sympathies  with  the  gov- 
ernment were  freely  manifested.  See  "Memorial 
of  Joshua  Bates  "  (Boston,  1865). 

BATES,  Joshua  H.,  soldier,  b.  in  Massachu- 
setts about  1817.  He  was  gi-aduated  at  West 
Point  in  1837  and  served  as  a  lieutenant  of  artil- 
lery in  the  Florida  war,  in  removing  the  Cherokees 
to  the  west  in  1838,  and  at  Cleveland,  Ohio,  during 
the  Canada  border  disturbances  of  1839-'41.  He 
resigned  his  commission,  20  July,  1842,  and  became 
a  lawyer  in  Cincinnati.  In  the  beginning  of  the 
civil  war  he  was  commissioned  a  brigadier-general 
of  volunteers,  on  27  April,  1861,  and  organized  the 
Ohio  volunteers  in  Camps  Harrison  and  Dennison, 
until  mustered  out  of  the  service  on  27  Aug.,  1861. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  sanitary  commission,  and 
when  Cincinnati  was  threatened  by  the  confeder- 
ates in  1863,  he  commanded  a  division.  After  his 
discharge  from  the  army  he  practised  law  in  Cin- 
cinnati, and  in  1864  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
Ohio  state  senate. 

BATES,  Martin,  senator,  b.  in  Salisburv, 
Litchfield  co..  Conn.,  24  Feb.,  1787 ;  d.  in  Dover, 
Del.,  1  Jan.,  1869.  He  was  educated  for  a  physi- 
cian, and  taught  school  for  a  time,  but  afterward 
studied  law  and  removed  to  Delaware,  where  he 
practised  in  Dover.  He  served  several  terms  in 
the  legislature,  and  was  a  member  of  the  state  con- 
stitutional convention  of  1850.  After  the  death 
of  John  M.  Clayton  he  was  chosen  to  the  U.  S. 
senate  as  a  democrat,  and  served  from  6  Dec,  1858, 
until  3  March,  1859,  acting  as  a  member  of  the 
committee  on  pensions. 

BATES,  Samuel  Penniman,  educator,  b.  in 
Mendon,  Worcester  co.,  Mass.,  29  Jan.,  1827.  He 
taught  school  in  Milford,  Mass.,  when  only  sixteen 
years  of  age,  was  graduated  at  Brown  in  1851.  and, 
after  acting  for  a  time  as  tutor  in  a  private  family, 
became,  in  1852,  principal  of  the  Meadville,  Pa., 
academy.  Here  he  organized,  in  1853,  a  class  of 
teachers,  to  whom  he  delivered  a  course  of  lectures 
on  the  theory  and  practice  of  teaching,  which  was 
continued  until  1857,  and  gave  the  first  impulse 
toward  establishing  normal  schools  in  that  part  of 
the  state.  In  the  latter  year  he  was  chosen  super- 
intendent of  schools  in  Crawford  co..  Pa.,  and  in 
1860  became  deputy  state  superintendent.  While 
he  held  this  office,  he  was  given  the  delicate  task  of 
visiting  the  colleges  of  the  state  and  reporting  on 
their  condition.  His  reports  appeared  in  the  jour- 
nals of  the  day,  but  have  not  been  published  in 
book  form.  In  1866  he  was  appointed  by  Gov. 
Curtin  state  historian  of  Pennsylvania.  His  pub- 
lications include  "  Lectures  on  Moral  and  Mental 
Culture  "  (New  York,  1859) ;  "  Liberal  Education," 
an  address  before  the  National  Teachers'  Associa- 
tion (18G4) :  "  History  of  Pennsylvania  Volunteers  " 
(5  vols.,  1866-'73)*;  "Lives  of  the  Governors  of 
Pennsylvania"  (1873);  "Battle  of  Gettysburg" 
(1878) ;  "  Life  of  Gen.  0.  B.  Knowles  "  (1878) ;  and 
"  Battle  of  Chancellors  ville  "  (1882). 

BATLLE,  Lorenzo  (baht'-lyay),  president  of 
Uruguay,  b.  in  1812.  He  was  minister  of  war  un- 
der Gen.  Flores,  provisional  president  of  Uruguay 
in]866-'8.  and  was  elected  president  of  that  repub- 
lic after  the  assassination  of  Flores,  28  Feb.,  1868. 
BatUe   belonged   to  the   liberal  party  and   main- 


BATTELLE 


BAUTISTA 


195 


tained  a  long  struggle  against  the  conservatives, 
until  an  arrangement  was  effected,  in  January, 
1872,  by  which  he  left  the  executive  power  in  the 
hands  of  the  president  of  the  Uruguayan  senate. 

BATTELLE,  Gordon,  clergyman,  b.  in  New- 
port, Ohio,  14  Nov.,  1814 ;  d.  in  camp,  7  Jan.,  1862. 
He  was  graduated  at  Alleghany  college  in  1840, 
and  licensed  as  a  Methodist  preacher  in  1842. 
From  1843  to  1851  he  was  principal  of  the  academy 
at  Clarksburg,  Va.  During  this  time  he  was,  in 
1847,  ordained  deacon,  and  in  1849  elder,  in  the 
Methodist  church.  As  preacher  and  presiding 
elder  he  occupied  most  of  his  time  from  1851  to 
1800,  and  was  a  member  of  the  general  conference 
of  1856  and  1860.  His  influence  in  western  Vir- 
ginia was  very  great,  and  at  the  beginning  of  the 
civil  war  in  1861  he  was  appointed  an  official  visitor 
to  the  military  camps.  The  needs  of  the  time  de- 
manding attention  to  the  political  situation,  he 
became  a  member  of  the  convention  that  met  24 
Nov.,  1861,  and  framed  the  constitution  of  the 
new  state  of  West  Virginia.  To  him,  more  largely 
probably  than  to  any  other  man,  was  due  the  aboli- 
tion of  slavery  in  that  region.  In  Nov.,  1861,  he 
was  chosen  chaplain  of  the  1st  Virginia  regiment, 
and  so  continued  till  his  death  of  typhoid  fever 
after  a  service  of  but  a  few  weeks. 

BATTERSHALL,  Jesse  Park,  chemist,  b.  in 
Troy.  N.  Y.,  26  May,  1851  :  died  in  Poughkeepsie, 
N.  Y.,  12  Jan.,  1891.  His  chemical  studies  were 
begun  in  1867,  and  continued  in  Germany,  where 
for  a  year  he  worked  in  the  chemical  laboratory  in 
Gottingen  under  Wohler,  then  in  1870-'l  under 
Kolbe  at  Leipsie.  Two  years  later  he  received  the 
degree  of  doctor  of  natural  sciences  from  the  Uni- 
versity of  Tubingen,  and  subsequently  he  attend- 
ed the  chemical  course  of  lectures  by  Marignac  at 
Geneva.  On  his  return  to  this  country  he  was  en- 
gaged for  some  time  as  analytical  and  consulting 
chemist  to  various  firms  in  New  York.  In  1879  he 
entered  the  government  service,  and  afterward  had 
charge  of  the  analytical  department  of  the  U.  S. 
laboratory  at  New  York.  Dr.  Battershall  was  a  fel- 
low of  the  London  chemical  society,  a  member  of 
the  American  chemical  society,  and  of  other  scien- 
tific bodies.  He  contributed  papers  to  chemical 
journals,  was  the  translator  of  Naquet's  "  Legal 
Chemistry  "  (New  York,  1876),  and  the  author  of 
"  Adulteration  of  Food  and  Drink  "  (New  York, 
1886).  and  numerous  papers  to  scientific  associations. 

BATTEY,  Robert,  physician,  b.  in  Augusta, 
Ga.,  26  Nov.,  1828 ;  d.  in  Rome,  Ga.,  8  Nov.,  1891. 
He  was  educated  at  Phillips  Andover  academy,  and 
studied  in  Booth's  laboratory,  Philadelphia,  and  in 
the  Philadelphia  college  of  pharmacy,  graduating 
in  1856  at  the  university  of  Pennsylvania  and  at 
the  Jefferson  medical  college,  from  which  he  re- 
ceived his  medical  degree  "in  1857.  He  entered 
upon  the  practice  of  medicine  at  Rome,  Ga.,  where 
he  long  resided.  During  the  civil  war  he  served 
as  a  surgeon  in  the  confederate  army,  at  first  in 
the  field,  and  later  in  charge  of  various  hospitals. 
In  August,  1872,  he  originated  and  successfully 
performed  what  is  known  as  Battey's  operation 
for  the  removal  of  the  ovaries,  with  a  view  to 
effect  the  change  of  life  in  women,  thereby  reme- 
dying certain  otherwise  incurable  maladies.  He 
has  been  successful  in  the  execution  of  a  number 
of  difficult  surgical  operations  on  the  urinary  or- 
gans of  both  sexes.  Of  the  methods  used,  several 
were  original  with  himself.  From  1873  to  1875  he 
was  professor  of  obstetrics  in  the  Atlanta  medical 
college,  and  from  1873  to  1876  he  edited  the  "At- 
lanta Medical  and  Surgical  Journal."  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Georgia  medical  association,  and 


was  its  president  in  1876 ;  also  a  member  of  the  At- 
lanta academy  of  medicine,  the  American  gynae- 
cological society,  and  the  American  medical  asso- 
ciation. He  has  written  numerous  papers  and  re- 
ports of  cases,  which  have  been  contributed  to  the 
medical  press  both  in  this  countrv  and  England. 

BATTLE,  WiUiain  Horn,  jurist,  b.  in  Edge- 
combe CO.,  N.  C,  17  Oct.,  1802 ;  d.  at  Chapel  Hill,  N. 
C,  17  March,  1879.  He  was  graduated  at  the  uni- 
versity of  North  Carolina  in  1820,  with  high  honors, 
studied  law  under  Chief-Justice  Henderson,  and 
after  admission  to  the  bar  opened  an  office  in 
Louisburg.  He  represented  B'rankJin  co.  in  the 
house  of  commons  in  1833-'4.  In  1835  he  was  as- 
sociated with  Gov.  Iredell  and  Judge  Nash  in  pre- 
paring a  revision  of  the  statutes  of  North  Caro- 
lina, and  personally  superintended  the  printing  of 
the  work  in  Boston.  In  1839  he  was  a  delegate  to 
the  convention  that  nominated  William  Henry  Har- 
rison for  the  presidency.  He  received  the  appoint- 
ment of  associate  judge  of  the  superior  court,  was 
elected  to  the  professorship  of  law  in  the  state  uni- 
versity in  1845,  and  held  the  chair  until  the  failure 
of  the  institution  in  1871.  In  1852  he  Vjecame  as- 
sociate judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  his  state,  and 
so  remained  tintil  1868.  In  1872-'3  he  made  a 
second  revision  of  the  statutes,  but  did  it  alone,  and 
it  failed  to  attain  to  the  rank  of  the  previous  one. 

BAUGHER,  Henry  Louis,  educator,  b.  in  Ab- 
bottstown,  Pa.,  about  1805 ;  d.  in  Gettysburg,  Pa., 
14  April,  1868.  He  was  graduated  at  Dickinson 
college,  Carlisle:  studied  theology  at  Princeton 
and  Gettysburg ;  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the 
Maryland  Lutheran  synod ;  was  chosen  pastor  at 
Boonesboro,  Md.,  in  1829,  and  took  charge  of  a 
classical  school  in  Gettysburg  in  1830.  The  school 
expanded  into  a  college  in  1832,  and  Mr.  Baugher 
became  professor  of  the  Greek  language  and  belles- 
lettres,  was  elected  to  the  presidency  of  the  college 
in  1850,  and  continued  in  that  office  until  his  death. 
He  was  an  able  executive,  a  strict  disciplinarian,  an 
eloquent  preacher,  and  a  graceful  writer.  He  con- 
tributed to  the  "  Evangelical  Review  "  and  Luth- 
eran papers,  and  published  addresses  and  essays. 

BAUM,  Friedrlch,  soldier,  d.  of  wounds  in 
Bennington,  Vt..  18  Aug.,  1777.  He  arrived  in  Cana- 
da in  1776,  was  a  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  Bruns- 
wick dragoons  in  Burgoyne's  expedition,  and  was 
sent  out  witli  800  men  and  two  pieces  of  artillery  to 
procure  cattle  and  horses  to  mount  Riedesel's  dra- 
goons, and  complete  his  corps  of  loyalists.  Ap- 
proaching Bennington,  Vt.,  he  cast  up  intrench- 
ments,  but  was  attacked  by  Col.  Stark,  command- 
ing the  New  Hampshire  militia.  In  the  engage- 
ment that  followed,  Baum  attempted  to  cut 
through  the  encircling  lines  of  the  Americans, 
when  "his  command  was  defeated  and  he  mortally 
wounded..  He  died  two^davs  later. 

BAUSA,  or  BAUZA,  Felipe  (bah-oo-sah'), 
Spanish  navigator,  b.  in  Spain  about  1769 ;  d.  in 
England  in  1833.  He  began  his  naval  career  in 
1789,  went  to  Peru  with  the  expedition  of  tlie  cor- 
vettes "Atrevida"  and  "  Descubierta "  in  1790, 
made  many  charts  and  plans,  and  corrected  others. 
His  charts  of  the  South  American  seas  and  coasts 
were  recognized  as  the  best  in  existence,  and  official- 
ly adopted  by  several  European  nations.  Bausa 
was  director  of  the  hydrographic  depot  of  Madrid, 
but  had  to  emigrate  to  England  for  political  rea- 
sons, and  died  there. 

BAUTISTA,  Jos6  (bow-tees'-tah),  Mexican 
monk,  lived  in  the  latter  half  of  the  16th  cen- 
tury. He  belonged  to  the  Franciscan  order,  was 
superior  of  the  convent  of  Texcoco,  and  taught  the- 
ology.    He  wrote  the  following  works  :  "  Informa- 


196 


BAUTISTA 


BAYARD 


tiones  Confessariorum  in  India  vel  America,"  "  De 
Miseria  et  Brevitate  Vit;«,"  and  "  Platicas  Morales 
de  los  Indios." 

BAUTISTA,  Juan.  Mexican  linguist,  b.  in  the 
city  of  Mexico  in  1555;  d.  about  1012.  He  en- 
tered the  Franciscan  oi'der,  soon  mastered  philoso- 
phy and  theology,  and  became  superior  of  the  con- 
vents of  Texcoco  and  Tlaltelolco.  Bautista,  being 
of  Spanish  parentage,  did  not  know  the  Mexican 
language;  but  he  undertook  its  study,  and,  hav- 
ing become  'thoroughly  acquainted  with  it,  wrote 
many  books  in  JMexiean,  and  translated  others  from 
the  Spanish.  His  writings  make  a  great  number 
of  volumes,  all  intended  to  enlighten  the  Indians 
and  teach  them  religion  and  moral  philosophy. 
Bautista  is  considered  as  having  no  equal  as  a 
writer  in  Mexican  for  elegance  and  jiurity  of  style. 

BAXTER,  Elisha,  governor,  b.  in  Rutherford 
CO.,  N.  C.  1  Sept.,  1827;  d.  in  Batesville,  Ark.,  2 
June,  1899.  He  was  educated  in  his  native  county, 
and  moved  to  Arkansas,  wliere  he  was  mayor  of 
Batesville  in  1853.  He  was  a  member  of  the  legis- 
lature in  1854  and  1858,  and  in  1868  served  as 
colonel  of  the  4th  Arkansas  mounted  infantry  in 
the  national  army.  He  was  elected  U.  S.  senator 
in  1864,  but  not  allowed  to  take  his  seat,  on  the 
gi'ound  that  the  state  had  not  been  legally  recon- 
structed. Prom  1868  till  1872  he  was  judge  of  the 
third  judicial  district  court  of  Arkansas.  In  the 
spring  of  1872  Mr.  Baxter  was  nominated  for  gov- 
ernor by  the  wing  of  the  republican  party  that  ap- 
proved President  Grant's  administration,  the  lib- 
eral, or  Greeley  wing,  nominating  Joseph  Brooks. 
The  democrats  made  no  nomination,  but  favored 
Brooks.  On  6  Jan.,  1873,  the  vote  was  canvassed 
by  the  general  assembly,  and  Baxter  was  declared 
elected.  Meanwhile  Brooks  had  alleged  fraud  at 
the  polls,  and  after  unsuccessfully  applying  to  the 
U.  S.  circuit  court,  the  legislature,  and  the  state 
supreme  court,  brought  suit  against  Baxter  in  a 
state  circuit  court,  and  on  15  April,  1874,  Baxter's 
counsel  being  absent,  obtained  judgment  in  his 
favor,  and  proceeded  at  once  forcibly  to  eject 
Baxter  from  office.  It  was  claimed  by  Baxter  that 
the  taking  up  of  the  case  in  the  absence  of  his 
counsel  was  in  violation  of  an  express  agreement. 
Both  Brooks  and  Baxter  now  issued  proclamations 
and  each  had  armed  adherents.  There  was  some 
bloodshed,  and  more  was  prevented  only  by  the 
presence  of  federal  troops.  Both  parties  appealed 
to  the  president,  but  he  refused  to  interfere  until 
15  May,  when,  acting  on  an  elaborate  opinion  of 
Attorney-General  Williams,  he  recognized  Baxter 
as  governor,  and  Brooks  immediately  disbanded 
his  forces.  In  a  message  to  congress  on  8  Feb., 
1875,  however.  President  Grant  expressed  the 
opinion  that  Brooks  had  been  legally  elected. 
Baxter  continued  to  hold  the  governorship  until 
the  adoption  of  a  new  state  constitution  in  the 
autumn  of  1874.  By  this  the  term  of  office  was 
reduced  from  four  to  two  years,  and  the  I'e- 
publieans  condemned  Baxter  for  giving  up  his 
office  before  the  expiration  of  the  term  for  which 
he  had  been  elected. — His  brother,  Jolin,  judge  of 
the  U.  S.  circuit  court  for  the  sixth  judicial  circuit, 
died  in  Hot  Springs,  Ark.,  2  March,  1866. 

BAXTER,  Henry,  soldier,  b.  in  Sidney  Plains, 
Delaware  co.,  N.  Y.,  8  Sept.,  1821 ;  d.  in  Jonesville, 
Hillsdale  co.,  Mich.,  30  Dec,  1873.  He  received 
an  academic  education,  and  in  1849  went  to  Cali- 
fornia with  a  company  of  thirty  men,  with  ox- 
teams,  and  was  chosen  as  their  captain.  He  vol- 
unteered as  a  private  early  in  1861,  and  was  active 
in  raising  a  company,  of  whicli  he  was  elected  cap- 
tain, and  which  was  mustered  into  the  7th  Michi- 


gan infantry  in  August.  He  was  made  lieutenant- 
colonel  22  May,  1862,  and  while  in  command  of 
his  regiment,  at  Fredericksburg,  volunteered  to 
cross  the  river  and  dislodge  a  company  of  confeder- 
ate sharp-shooters.  Col.  Baxter  was  shot  through 
the  lung  in  the  attempt  to  cross,  but  the  movement 
was  successful,  and  he  was  promoted  to  brigadier- 
general  on  12  March,  1863.  He  participated  in 
most  of  the  battles  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac, 
and  was  wounded  at  Antietam,  and  again  in  the 
Wilderness,  where  two  horses  were  killed  under 
him.  For  gallantry  at  the  Wilderness,  Dabney's 
Mills,  and  Five  Forks,  he  was  brevetted  major- 
general  1  April,  1865.  From  1866  till  1869  Gen. 
Baxter  was  U.  S.  minister  to  Honduras. 

BAXTER,  Lydia,  poet,  b.  in  Petersburg,  Rens- 
selaer CO.,  N.  Y'..  2  Sept.,  1809 ;  d.  in  New  York 
city,  23  Jan.,  1874.  She  was  the  author  of  many 
popular  Sunday  -  school  hymns,  and  published  a 
collection  of  religious  and  domestic  verses  called 
"  Gems  by  the  Wayside  "  (New  York,  1855).  She 
wrote  the  well-known  hymn  "  The  Gates  Ajar." 

BAXTER,  William,  clergyman,  b.  in  Leeds, 
England,  about  1823.  He  came  to  the  United 
States  with  his  parents  in  1828,  was  graduated  at 
Bethany  college  in  1845,  entered  the  Christian 
(Disciple)  church  and  preached  in  various  places 
in  Mississippi  and  Arkansas,  until  he  became 
president  of  Arkansas  college,  in  Fayetteville. 
During  the  civil  war  the  college  was  destroyed. 
In  1863  he  removed  to  Cincinnati  and  devoted 
himself  to  preaching  and  literary  work.  He 
published  a  volume  of  poems  in  1852,  contrib- 
uted largely  to  periodical  litei'ature,  and  has 
also  aided  in  the  preparation  of  several  books, 
one  of  the  most  important  being  a  large  volume, 
"  The  Loyal  West  in  the  Times  of  the  Rebellion." 
Of  his  '•  Pea  Ridge  and  Prairie  Grove,  or  Scenes 
and  Incidents  of  the  War  in  Arkansas,"  several 
editions  were  issued.  His  "  War  Lyrics,"  appear- 
ing originally  in  "  Harper's  Weekly,"  became  wide- 
ly known  and  were  recited  at  mass  meetings  by 
Murdoch  and  other  popular  elocutionists.  His 
hymn  "  Let  Me  Go "  appeared  in  many  hymn- 
books  and  collections  of  sacred  music. 

BAYARD,  George  Dasliiell,  soldier,  b.  in 
Seneca  Falls,  N.  Y.,  18  Dec,  1835  ;  d.  14  Dec,  1862. 
His  parents  removed  to  Iowa  in  his  early  youth, 
and  he  attended  a  military  school  kept  by  Maj. 
Dorn.  He  learned  fencing  from  Col.  Korponay, 
an  exiled  Hungarian  soldier,  and  from  him  ac- 
quired the  military  spirit  that  led  him  to  seek  an 
appointment  as  a  cadet.  After  graduation  at  the 
U.  S.  military  academy  in  1856  he  was  assigned  to 
the  1st  cavalry.  Four  years  were  passed  in  frontier 
and  garrison  duty.  He  was  severely  wounded  in  a 
fight  with  the  Kiowa  Indians.  In  1861  he  was 
cavalry  instructor  at  West  Point,  and  on  16  March 
of  that  year  was  promoted  to  first  lieutenant  in  the 
3d  cavalry ;  captain  4th  cavalry,  20  Aug.,  and  was 
granted  leave  of  absence,  to  become  colonel  of  the 
1st  Pennsylvania  cav^alry  volunteers,  14  Sept.,  1861. 
He  became  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  28  April, 
1862,  and  served  in  the  arduous  campaigns  of  the 
Shenandoah,  northern  Virginia,  and  on  the  Rappa- 
hannock, distinguishing  himself  by  the  dash  and 
bravery  of  his  recdiiiinissances.  He  was  mortally 
wounded  at  Fredericksburg,  13  Dec,  1862,  and 
died  the  following  day.  He  was  buried  with  mil- 
itary honors  at  "Princeton,  N.  J.  A  memorial 
volume  by  his  father,  Samuel  J.  Bayard,  was  pub- 
lished in  iSI^ew  York  in  1874. 

BAYARD,  James  Aslieton,  statesman,  b.  in 
Philadeli)hia,  28  July,  1767;  d.  in  Wilmington, 
Del.,  6  Aujr.,  1815.     He  was  the  son  of  Dr.  James 


BAYARD 


BAYARD 


197 


/:^.j^a^^^^ 


Asheton  Bayard,  and  nephew  of  Col.  John  Bayard, 
into  whose  family  he  was  adopted  after  his 
father's  death,  which  occurred  on  8  June,  1770. 
?Ie  was  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1784,  studied 
law  under  Gen.  Joseph  Reed  and  Jared  IngersoU, 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1787,  and  settled  in 
Wilmington,  Del.,  where  he  acquired  a  high  repu- 
tation. In  1796  he  was  elected  a  representative  in 
congress  as  a  federalist.    He  was  distinguished  as  an 

orator  and  consti- 
tutional lawyer  and 
became  a  leader  of 
the  party  in  the 
house.  In  1797  he 
distinguished  him- 
self by  his  man- 
agement of  the 
impeachment  of 
William  Blount, 
of  Xorth  Carolina, 
who  was  expelled 
from  the  senate 
for  instigating  the 
Creeks  and  Chero- 
kees  to  assist  the 
English  in  their 
aim  of  conquering 
the  Spanisli  pcjs- 
sessions  in  Louisi- 
ana. In  1801,  when 
the  choice  between 
Burrand  Jefferson  in  the  undecided  presidential  elec- 
tion of  1800  devolved  upon  the  house  of  representa- 
tives. Bayard  stood  at  tlie  head  of  the  federalists, 
and  his  inffuence,  combined  with  that  of  Alexan- 
der Hamilton,  contributed  chiefly  to  bring  about 
the  election  of  Jefferson.  President  Adams  ap- 
pointed him  minister  to  France  before  the  acces- 
sion of  the  new  administration  in  1801.  and  the 
senate  confirmed  the  nomination,  but  the  appoint- 
ment was  declined.  In  the  8th  congress,  which 
met  7  Dec,  1801,  he  opposed,  with  great  force,  on 
constitutional  grounds,  the  repeal  of  tlie  judiciary 
bill,  enacted  by  federalist  votes  in  the  preceding 
session.  He  served  in  the  house  of  representatives 
from  15  May,  1797,  till  3  March,  1803.  In  1804 
he  was  chosen  the  successor  of  William  Hill  Wells 
when  the  latter  resigned  his  seat  as  representative 
of  Delaware  in  the  U.  S.  senate.  He  sat  in  the 
senate  from  15  Jan.,  1805,  to  3  March,  1813,  and 
opposed  the  declaration  of  war  against  Great  Brit- 
ain in  1812.  In  1813  he  was  selected  by  President 
Madison  joint  commissioner  with  Albert  Gallatin 
(who  was  afterward  rejected  by  the  senate),  and 
John  Quincy  Adams,  to  conclude  a  peace  with 
Great  Britain,  through  the  mediation  of  Russia. 
He  left  Pliiladelphia  8  May,  1813,  and  met  his 
fellow-commissioner,  Mr.  Adams,  at  that  time  en- 
voy to  Russia,  at  St.  Petersburg  in  July  of  that 
year.  After  the  refusal  of  Great  Britain  to  treat 
at  St.  Petersburg,  he  was  included  in  the  new 
commission,  constituted  18  Jan.;  consisting,  be- 
sides himself  and  John  Q.  Adams,  of  Henry  Clay 
and  Jonathan  Russell,  Albert  Gallatin  being  added 
in  the  following  month.  Going  to  Holland,  he 
took  a  prominent  part  in  the  negotiations  that 
resulted  in  the  treaty  of  peace  signed  at  Ghent, 
24  Dec,  1814.  He  received  the  appointment  of 
minister  to  the  court  of  St.  Petersbm-g,  but  de- 
clined the  mission,  declaring  that  he  had  no  desire 
to  serve  the  administration  except  where  his  servi- 
ces were  necessary  for  the  good  of  the  country. 
When  about  to  proceed  to  London  to  continue  the 
work  of  the  commission  wliich  included  the  nego- 
tiation of   a  treaty  of  commerce,  he  was  taken 


alarmingly  ill  and  returned  home,  only  to  die  im- 
mediately after  his  arrival.  His  wife,  daughter  of 
Gov.  Richard  Bassett,  of  Delaware,  died  10  Dec, 
1854,  aged  seventy-six.  Senator  Bayard's  speech 
on  the  foreign  intercourse  bill  was  published  in 
1798,  and  another  on  the  repeal  of  the  judiciary 
bill  in  a  volume  of  the  speeches  of  1802. 

BAYARD,  James  Asheton,  statesman,  b.  in 
Wilmington,  Del.,  15  Nov.,  1799  ;  d.  there,  13  June, 
1880.  He  was  a  son  of  the  preceding,  and  the 
younger  brother  of  Richard  Henry  Bayard.  He 
received  a  classical  education,  studied  law,  and 
practised  in  Wilmington,  taking  a  high  rank  in 
his  profession.  During  the  administration  of  Presi- 
dent Van  Buren  was  U.  S.  attorney  for  Delaware. 
In  1851  he  was  elected  by  the  democrats  a  U.  S. 
senator  to  succeed  John  Wales,  a  whig,  and  was 
re-elected  in  1857,  and  again  in  1862.  In  1863,  on 
taking  his  seat  in  the  senate,  when  required  to 
take  the  "  iron-clad "  oath,  he  resented  it  as  an 
indignity  and  an  invasion  of  the  sovereign  rights 
of  the  states ;  but,  after  uttering  a  protest  against 
its  constitutionality,  he  took  the  oath,  and  imme- 
diately resigned  his  seat.  George  R.  Riddle,  who 
was  elected  in  his  place,  died  soon  afterward,  and 
Mr.  Bayard  consented  to  serve  through  his  own 
unexpired  term,  from  1  April,  1867,  to  3  March, 
1869.  In  1869  his  son,  Thomas  F.  Bayard,  suc- 
ceeded him  as  senator  from  Delaware.  After  his 
retirement  from  public  life  he  resided  in  Wilming- 
ton. Mr.  Bayard  was  for  a  long  time  chairman  of 
the  committee  on  the  judiciary  in  the  senate.  He 
was  eminent  as  a  constitutional  lawyer,  and  was 
highly  esteemed  for  hie  refined  sense  of  public 
honor,  which  was  manifested  in  a  noted  instance 
upon  his  receiving  an  offer  of  stock  of  the  Credit 
Mobilier  in  1868,  in  reply  to  which  he  wrote :  "  I 
take  it  for  granted  that  the  corporation  has  no  ap- 
plication to  make  to  congress  on  which  I  should 
be  called  upon  to  act  officially,  as  I  could  not,  con- 
sistently with  my  views  of  duty,  vote  upon  a  ques- 
tion in  which  I  had  a  pecuniary  interest." 

BAYARD,  John,  patriot,  b.  at  Bohemia  Manor, 
Cecil  CO.,  Md.,  11  Aug.,  1738;  d.  in  New  Bruns- 
wick, N.  J.,  7  Jan.,  1807.  He  was  the  great  great- 
grandson  of  Samuel  Bayard,  a  rich  merchant  of 
Amsterdam,  of  French  Huguenot  extraction,  who 
married  a  sister  of  Peter  Stuyvesant,  the  last  gov- 
ernor of  New  Amsterdam.  The  widow  of  Samuel, 
with  her  three  sons  and  a  daughter,  accompanied 
Stuyvesant,  who  was  himself  married  to  Judith 
Bayard,  a  sister  of  Samuel,  to  the  new  world  in 
1647.  His  grandson  Samuel,  son  of  Peter,  one  of 
the  three  brothers  who  came  to  New  York  with 
their  uncle  Stuyvesant,  lived  in  New  York  and 
alienated  his  relatives  by  joining  the  sect  of  the 
Labadists,  removed  in  1698  to  Bohemia  Manor, 
Md.  His  grandson,  John,  was  christened  John 
Bubenheim,  but  afterward  dropped  the  middle 
name.  James  Asheton,  twin  brother  of  the  latter, 
became  a  physician  and  died  8  Jan.,  1770,  leaving 
James  Asheton  negotiator  of  the  treaty  of  Ghent, 
and  three  other  children.who  were  adopted  and  edu- 
cated by  their  uncle.  John  Bayard  went  with  his 
brother  "to  Philadelphia  at  the  age  of  eighteen,  en- 
tered the  counting-house  of  John  Rhea,  a  merchant, 
and,  in  the  course  of  a  few  years,  became  one  of 
the  leading  merchants  in  the  city.  He  was  among 
tlie  signers  of  the  non-importation  agreement  of 
25  Oct..  1765,  was  a  member  of  the  provincial  con- 
gress held  in  July,  1774,  and  in  January,  1775,  of 
the  convention  of  the  province,  which  had  for  its 
object  the  care  of  the  conduct  of  the  assembly. 
He  early  joined  the  Sons  of  Liberty,  organized  in 
1766,  aiid  was  a  leader  of  the  movement  for  in- 


198 


BAYARD 


BAYARD 


dependence  in  Philadelphia.  Ilis  firm,  llodge  & 
Bayard,  was  engaged  in  furnishing  arms  to  con- 
gress, and  the  privateer  that  took  one  of  the  first 
valuable  prizes  was  fitted  out  by  him  and  a  friend. 
In  September,  1 776,  he  was  appointed  a  member  of 
the  council  of  safety  by  the  constitutional  conven- 
tion, and  was  continued  in  that  place  by  the  assem- 
bly the  following  year.  When  three  regiments  of 
infantry  were  raised  in  Philadelphia  in  1775,  he 
was  chosen  colonel  of  the  second.  In  the  winter 
of  1776-'7  he  was  in  the  field.  He  was  present 
at  the  battles  of  Brandywine,  Germantown,  and 
Princeton,  and  for  his  gallantry  in  the  last  action 
was  personally  complimented  by  Gen.  Washington. 
On  18  March,  1777,  Col.  Bayard  was  appointed  a 
member  of  the  state  board  of  war,  and  on  17  March 
was  elected  speaker  of  the  house  of  assembly,  to 
which  office  he  was  re-elected  the  year  following. 
He  removed  his  family  for  safety  to  a  farm  at 
Plymouth,  on  the  Schuylkill,  before  the  capture  of 
Philadelphia  by  the  British  in  September,  1777. 
When  Princeton  college  was  broken  up,  his  son, 
James  Asheton  (b.  5  May,  1760 ;  d.  at  sea  in  June, 
1788),  was  arrested  while  returning  home  and 
committed  to  prison  in  Philadelphia,  but  was  re- 
leased as  being  a  non-combatant.  When  a  British 
detachment  passed  over  the  Schuylkill  at  Swede's 
Ford,  they  plundered  Bayard's  house  at  Plymouth. 
In  1780  Col.  Bayard  was  appointed  on  a  commit- 
tee to  inquire  into  the  causes  of  the  falling  oflf  in 
the  revenue  of  the  state.  In  1781  he  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  supreme  executive  council,  and  in  1785 
he  was  elected  to  the  continental  congress,  then 
holding  its  sessions  in  New  York.  In  1780  he  lost 
his  wife,  Margaret  llodge,  and  in  1781  married 
the  widow  of  John  Hodgson,  of  South  Carolina. 
His  second  wife  died  suddenly  in  1785,  and  two 
years  later  he  married  Johannah  White,  sister  of 
Gen.  Anthony  W.  White,  of  New  Brunswick,  N.  J. 
In  1788,  having  retired  from  active  business  in 
Philadelphia,  and  having  been  compelled  to  part 
with  his  estate  in  Cecil  co.,  Md.,  in  cons''  juence  of 
his  patriotic  sacrifices  during  the  war,  he  removed 
to  New  Brunswick,  and  built  there  a  handsome 
house,  in  which  he  entertained  many  distinguished 
guests.  In  1790  the  citizens  elected  him  mayor  of 
New  Brunswick.  A  few  years  later  he  was  ap- 
pointed presiding  judge  of  the  court  of  common 
pleas  of  Somerset  co.  He  was  niterested  with  his 
friend  Alexander  Hamilton,  Judge  Patterson,  his 
brother-ia-law,  and  others,  in  a  company  organized 
in  1791  to  manufacture  cotton  in  Paterson,  but  it 
was  dissolved  in  1795.  Col.  Bayard  was  a  firm 
federalist,  with  strong  aristocratic  predilections. 
Bancroft  says  that  he  was  "  a  patriot  of  singular 
purity  of  character."  See  "  Col.  John  Bayard  and 
the  Bavard  Family  of  America,"  by  Gen.  Jas. 
Grant  Wils<in  (New  York,  1885). 

BAYARD,  Nicholas,  colonial  official,  b.  in 
Alphen,  Holland,  about  1644;  d.  in  New  York  city 
in  1707.  He  accompanied  his  widowed  mother, 
sister  of  Gov.  Stuyvesant,  to  America,  landing  in 
New  Amsterdam  on  11  May,  1647.  His  father, 
Samuel  Bayard,  of  Amsterdam,  who  died  a  wealthy 
merchant  in  tliat  city,  was  the  grandson  of  a 
Huguenot  clergyman,  Nicholas  Bayard,  who  signed 
the  articles  of  the  Walloon  synod  in  1580,  and  fled 
from  F'rance  to  escape  religious  persecution.  Mrs. 
Bayard,  who  was  highly  accomplished,  practi- 
cal, and  energetic,  instructed  her  three  sons  in 
the  useful  branches  of  education.  The  old  Bayard 
mansion  stood  on  the  west  side  of  the  Bowery,  and, 
with  the  surrounding  premises,  was.  in  1798,  con- 
verted by  a  Frenchman  named  Delacroix  into  a 
popular  resort,  known  as  "  Vauxhall  Garden."   The 


Astor  Library  is  built  on  a  part  of  the  estate,  origi- 
nally consisting  of  some  two  hundred  acres.  The 
only  other  residences  within  sight  in  pre-revolution- 
ary  days  were  the  DeLancey  home,  on  the  west  side 
of  the  Bowery,  and  the  residences  of  the  Stuyve- 
sants,  to  the  north.  Not  far  distant  rose  "  Bayard's 
Mount,"  or,  as  it  was  called  after  1776,  "  Bunker's 
Hill,"  from  the  fortifications  on  its  summit.  It 
was  the  highest  elevation  near  the  city,  and  aiford- 
ed  an  extensive  prospect.  In  its  neighborhood 
were  also  groves,  the  relics  of  what  in  Madame  Bay- 
ard's time  were  known  as  Bayard's  woods.  The 
Dutch  family  Bible,  a  massive  folio  with  clasp  and 
corner-pieces  brought  from  Holland,  is  in  the  pos- 
session of  her  descendent,  Mrs.  Jas.  Grant  Wil- 
son, of  New  York.  In  1664  Nicholas  was  appoint- 
ed to  the  clerkship  of  the  common  council,  and 
soon  afterward  he  became  private  secretary  to 
Gov.  Stuyvesant,  and  received  the  additional  ap- 
pointment of  surveyor  of  the  province.  On  28  May, 
1666,  he  married  Judith  Verlet,  who  in  1662  had 
sufliered  imprisonment  as  a  witch  at  the  hands  of 
the  Puritans  of  Hartford,  Conn.,  and  whose  brother 
was  married  to  his  mother,  widow  of  Samuel  Bay- 
ard. After  the  re-conquest  of  New  York  by  the 
Dutch  in  1673,  Nicholas  Bayard  became  secretary 
of  the  province.  Under  the  second  English  regime, 
in  1685,  when  Dongan  was  governor.  Bayard  was 
mayor  of  New  York  and  a  member  of  the  gover- 
nor's council,  and  drew  up  the  Dongan  charter 
that  was  granted  in  that  year.  In  1688  he  received, 
at  the  head  of  the  regiment  of  militia  of  which  he 
was  colonel,  the  restored  Gov.  Andros.  As  one  of 
the  three  resident  members  of  the  governor's  coun- 
cil, and  commander-in-chief  of  the  militia  of  the 
province,  he  was  the  object  of  Leisler's  hatred,  and 
when  the  insurrection  headed  by  the  latter  was  in 
progress  he  fled  to  Albany  to  escape  assassination. 
Returning  to  attend  an  only  son  on  his  sick-bed, 
he  was  arrested  and  thrown  into  prison.  He  was 
nominated,  with  Nicolls,  a  councillor  of  Gov.Slough- 
ter,  appointed  by  William  III.,  and  both  were  re- 
leased upon  the  arrival  of  the  new  governor.  When 
Lord  Bellomont,  who  became  governor  in  1698,  and 
several  of  the  jn'ominent  men  of  the  colony,  were 
suspected  of  complicity  in  the  piracies  of  Capt. 
Kidd,  Col.  Bayard  went  to  England  to  clear  him- 
self of  the  imputation.  Accused  by  the  Leisler 
faction  of  a  scheme  to  introduce  popery  and 
slavery  into  New  York,  as  well  as  of  piracy,  he 
was  tried  for  high  treason  before  Chief-Justice 
Atwood  and  sentenced  to  death ;  but  after  the 
death  of  King  William  and  the  flight  of  the  vin- 
dictive judge  who  had  sentenced  him,  the  pro- 
ceedings were  annulled  by  an  order  in  council,  and 
he  was  reinstated  in  his  property  and  honors.  A 
rare  brochure,  of  which  but  two  copies  are  known 
— one  in  the  British  JMuseum,  the  other  included 
in  the  valuable  Americana  of  Mrs.  John  Carter 
Brown,  of  Providence — was  published  in  London 
in  1693.  It  is  a  "Journal  of  the  Late  Actions  of 
the  French  at  Canada,"  Col.  Bayard  and  his  friend 
Lieut.-Col.  Charles  Lodowick  being  the  joint  au- 
thors. The  work  was  rei)rinted  in  New  York  in  1866. 
BAYARD,  Richard  Henry,  statesman,  b.  in 
Wilmington,  Del.,  in  1796  ;  d.  in  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
4  March,  1868.  He  was  the  eldest  son  of  James 
A.  Bayard,  the  federalist  leader,  was  graduated  at 
Princeton  in  1814,  studied  law,  was  admitted  to 
the  bar,  and  practised  in  his  native  city.  On  20 
June,  1836,  he  entered  the  U.  S.  senate  as  a  whig, 
having  been  elected  to  supply  the  vacancy  caused 
by  the  resignation  of  Arnold  Naudam.  He  served 
till  September.  1839,  when  he  resigned  to  accept 
the  office  of   chief  justice   of  Delaware,  but  was 


BAYARD 


BAYLES 


199 


again  elected  a  senator,  took  his  seat  2  Dee.,  1839, 
and  served  till  the  end  of  his  term,  3  March,  1845. 
He  was  appointed  charge  d'affaires  at  Brussels,  10 
Dec,  1850,  and  represented  the  United  States  there 
until  12  Sept.,  1853.  His  widow,  a  grand-daughter 
of  Charles  Carroll,  of  CarroUton,  who  was  celebrated 
for  her  beauty,  died  in  1885. 

BAYARD,  Samuel,  jurist,  b.  in  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  11  Jan.,  17G7;  d.  in  Princeton,  N.  J.,  12  May, 
1840.  He  was  the  fourth  son  of  Col.  John  Bayard, 
a,nd  was  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1784,  delivering 
the  valedictory  oration.  He  studied  law  with  Will- 
iam Bradford',  whose  law-partner  he  became,  and 
practised  for  seven  years  in  Philadelphia.  In  1791 
he  was  appointed  clerk  of  the  U.  S.  supreme  court. 
After  the  ratification  of  Jay's  treaty  with  Great 
Britain,  signed  19  Nov.,  1794,  he  was  appointed  by 
Washington  agent  of  the  United  States  to  prose- 
cute American  claims  before  the  British  admiralty 
courts,  and  in  that  capacity  he  lived  in  London 
four  years.  After  his  return  he  resided  several 
years  "at  New  Rochelle,  N.  Y.,  and  while  there  was 
appointed  by  Gov.  Jay  presiding  judge  of  West- 
chester CO.  In  1803  he  removed  to  New  York 
citv,  and  resumed  the  practice  of  law.  He  was  one 
of  the  founders  of  the  New  York  historical  society, 
organized  in  1804.  In  180(3  he  purchased  an  estate 
at  Princeton,  N.  J.  For  several  years  he  was  a 
member  of  the  New  Jersey  legislature,  and  for  a 
long  period  presiding  judge  of  the  court  of  coin- 
mon  pleas  of  Somerset  co.  He  was  interested  in 
religious  enterprises,  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
Princeton  theological  seminary,  and  joined  with 
Elias  Boudinot  in  establishing  the  American  Bible 
society  and  the  New  Jersey  Bible  society.  In  1814 
he  was  nominated  by  the  federalists  for  congress, 
but  was  defeated.  He  published  a  funeral  oration 
on  Gen.  Washington  (New  Brunswick,  1800) ;  "  A 
Digest  of  American  Cases  on  the  Law  of  Evidence, 
intended  as  Notes  to  Peake's  Compendium  "  (Phila- 
delphia, 1810) ;  "  An  Abstract  of  the  Laws  of  the 
United  States  which  relate  to  the  Duties  and  Au- 
thority of  Judges  of  Inferior  State  Courts  and  Jus- 
tices of  the  Peace  "  (New  York,  1834) ;  and  "  Let- 
ters on  the  Sacrament  of  the  Lord's  Supper" 
(Philadelphia,  1825;  2d  ed..  1840).  See  "Samuel 
Bayard  and  his  London  Diarv,  1791-'4,"  by  Gen. 
Jas.  Grant  Wilson  (Newark,  1885). 

BAYARD,  Thomas  Francis,  statesman,  b.  in 
Wilmington,  Del.,  29  Oct.,  1828;  d.  in  Dedham, 

Mass..  28  Sept., 
1898.  He  was 
educated  in  the 
Flushing  school 
established  by 
the  Kev.  Dr.  F. 
L.  Hawks,  and, 
being  intended 
for  mercantile 
life,  was  placed 
in  a  business 
house  in  New 
York  city.  Af- 
ter the  death  of 
his  elder  brother 
in  1848,  he  re- 
turned to  Wil- 
mington, stud- 
ied law,  and  was 
admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1851.  He 
was  appointed 
U.  S.  district  at- 
torney for  Delaware,  but  resigned  in  the  foUowhig 
3'ear.     In  1855  he  removed  to  Philadelphia,  where 


^y^^t'<^C~' 


he  became  the  partner  of  William  Shippen  and 
practised  for  two  years,  but  then  returned  to  Wil- 
mington and  continued  in  the  practice  of  the  law 
until  he  was  elected  in  1868  to  succeed  his  father 
in  the  U.  S.  senate.  In  18(il,  at  a  public  meeting 
in  Dover,  he  delivered  a  memorable  speech  in  favor 
of  peace  with  the  south.  He  took  his  seat  4  March, 
1869,  and,  being  re-elected  for  a  second  term  in 
January,  1875,  and  again  in  1881,  served  continu- 
ously until  he  became  secretary  of  state,  4  March, 
1885.  On  the  day  on  which  he  was  elected  to  the 
senate  for  a  full  term  his  father  was  also  re-elected 
a  senator  from  Delaware  to  serve  for  the  unexpired 
part  of  his  original  term.  This  is  the  only  case  of 
a  father  and  son  being  voted  for  by  the  same  legis- 
lature to  fill  the  senatorial  office.  In  the  senate  he 
served  on  the  committees  on  finance,  judiciary, 
private  land  claims,  library,  and  revision  of  laws. 
In  October,  1881,  he  was  elected  president  pro  tem- 
pore  of  the  senate.  He  was  a  member  of  the  elec- 
toral commission  of  1876-'7,  and  a  conspicuous 
upholder  in  congress  of  democratic  doctrines  and 
state  rights,  and  was  voted  for  in  national  conven- 
tion as  a  candidate  for  the  presidency  in  1880  and 
again  in  1884.  In  appointing  his  cabinet  in  March, 
1885,  Mr.  Cleveland  selected  Mr.  Bayard  for  the 
post  of  secretary  of  state.  Including  his  great- 
grandfather. Gov.  Bassett,  he  is  the  fifth  member 
of  his  family  who  have  occupied  seats  in  the  U.  S. 
senate.  In  1893  he  was  appointed  by  Mr.  Cleve- 
land first  ambassador  to  Great  Britain. 

BAYARD,  WiUiam,  merchant,  b.  in  New  York, 
1  June,  1729 ;  d.  in  Southampton,  England,  in 
1804.  He  joined  the  Sons  of  Liberty,  but  his  prin- 
ciples would  not  permit  him  to  aid  the  movement 
for  independence,  and  he  sailed  for  England,  re- 
siding near  Southampton.  At  the  period  of  his 
departure  Col.  Bayard  was  among  the  most  promi- 
nent and  opulent  merchants  of  New  York.  His 
ancestral  country-seat  at  Castle  Point  included 
nearly  all  the  land  on  which  the  present  city  of 
Hoboken  is  built.  The  estate  was  confiscated  and 
sold,  but  by  marriage  has  again  passed  into  the 
possession  of  a  Bayard.  Two  of  his  four  sons  en- 
tered the  British  army — Lieut.-Col.  John  Bayard, 
and  Maj.  Samuel  Vetch  Bayard.  His  third  son, 
William,  was  the  head  of  the  leading  mercantile 
house  of  New  York  in  the  early  part  of  the  present 
century,  the  firm  l)eing  Bayard,  Leroy  &  McEvers. 

BAtFIELD,  Henry  Wolsey,  English  naval 
officer,  b.  in  Hull,  21  Jan.,  1795;  d.  in  Prince  Ed- 
ward island,  10  Feb.,  1885.  He  entered  the  British 
navy  in  1806,  and  during  the  war  of  1812  had  com- 
mand of  an  English  gun-boat  on  the  lakes.  In 
1815  he  made  a  survey  of  Lake  Ontario,  and  from 
1817  till  1823  was  engaged  similarly  on  Lakes  Erie 
and  Huron.  In  1827  he  surveyed  the  river  and 
gulf  of  St.  Lawrence ;  and  his  charts  are  of  great 
value.  In  1834  he  was  made  captain,  in  1863  rear- 
admiral,  and  in  1867  admiral  on  the  retired  list. 

BAYLES,  James  Copper,  journalist,  b.  in  New 
York  city,  3  July,  1845.  He  pursued  a  course  of 
technical"  studies  until  1862,  when,  shortly  after  the 
iDeginning  of  the  civil  war,  he  entered  the  U.  S. 
service  as  a  lieutenant  of  artillery.  His  health 
having  been  impaired  by  exposure  and  injuries,  he 
resigned  in  1864  and  turned  his  attention  to  jour- 
nalism. He  was  editor  of  the  New  York  "  Citizen  " 
in  1865-7,  of  the  New  York  "  Commercial  Bulle- 
tin "  in  1868-9.  In  1870  he  became  editor  of 
"The  Iron  Age,"  and  in  1874  established  "The 
Metal  Worker,"  of  which  he  also  became  editor, 
Mr.  Bayles  has  devoted  much  time  and  careful 
study  to  the  special  topics  of  which  his  journals 
treat,  and  has  made  numerous  varied  and  success- 


300 


BAYLEY 


BAYLEY 


fill  experiments  in  electro-metallurgy,  and  also  in 
the  microscopic  analysis  of  metals,  the  results  of 
whicli  have  appeared  in  different  technical  jour- 
nals, notably  in  a  paper  on  "  Microscopic  Analysis," 
which  was  publislied  in  the  "  Transactions  of  the 
American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers."  He 
was  among  the  first  to  examine  health  problems 
from  an  American  standpoint,  and  liis  study  of 
sanitary  conditions  in  New  Jersey,  where  he  re- 
sides, made  him  prominent  as  an  authority  on  such 
suV)jccts.  lie  has  delivered  lectures  on  sanitary 
topics  in  New  Yorlv,  and  in  all  of  the  prominent 
cities  of  the  union,  and  is  tlie  autlior  of  the  first 
standard  American  worlv  on  the  mechanics  of  hy- 
giene, "  House  Drainage  and  Water  Service  "  (New 
York,  1876),  of  which  seven  editions  have  been  is- 
sued. In  1883  he  was  elected  president  of  the  New 
Jersey  State  Sanitary  Association,  and  was  appoint- 
ed a  comniissioncr  to  (h'vise  a  system  of  sewers  and 
sanitary  improvements  tor  the  city  of  Trenton.  He 
is  an  active  member  of  the  American  Institute  of 
Mining  Engineers,  and,  besides  other  oiBces,  has 
twice  filled  that  of  president  (1884  and  1885).  His 
addresses  before  this  body  liave  been  well-consid- 
ered and  thoughtful  essays  on  "  The  Study  of  Iron 
and  Steel  "  (1884) ;  "  Causes  of  Industrial  Depres- 
sion "  (1884);  "Industrial  Competition"  (1885); 
"Iron  Manufacture  in  tlie  Soutiieni  States"  (1885); 
"The  Engineer  and  the  Wage-Earner"  (1885); 
"  Professional  Ethics"  (1886).  He  was  also  active 
in  the  founding  of  the  American  Institute  of  Me- 
chanical Engineers,  and  was  one  of  its  original 
members.  In  1886  he  became  a  non-resident  lec- 
turer at  the  Sibley  School  of  Engineering  in  Cor- 
nell, and  has  delivered  a  series  of  lectures  on  "  The 
Labor  Problem  "  before  that  institution.  In  con- 
nection with  that  subject  he  has  published  "  The 
Shop  Council "  (New  York,  1886),  in  which  he 
strives  to  reconcile  the  views  of  the  employer  and 
the  wage-earner. 

BAYLEY,  James  Koosevelt,  R.  C.  archbish- 
op, b.  in  New  York  city,  28  Aug.,  1814 ;  d.  in  New- 
ai'k,  N.  J.,  3  Oct.,  1877.  He  i-eceived  his  early  edu- 
cation in  Mount  Pleasant  school  near  Amherst, 
and  then  entered  Trinity  college,  Hartford,  where 
he  graduated  in  1835.  As  his  father  and  grand- 
father had  been  eminent  members  of  the  medical 
profession,  he  determined  to  follow  in  their  foot- 
steps. But  after  studying  medicine  for  a  year,  he 
abandoned  it  for  theology,  with  the  intention  of 
entering  the  ministry  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
church.  His  theological  studies  were  pursued 
under  the  direction  of  the  Rev.  Samuel  F.  Jarvis 
at  Middletown,  Conn.,  and  on  their  conclusion  he 
was  appointed  rector  of  the  Episcopal  chxirch  in 
Harlem,  where  he  remained  during  1840-'l,  At 
this  time  the  cliolera  was  ravaging  the  city,  and 
Mr.  Bayley's  devotion  to  its  victims  excited  much 
admiration.  He  had  become  dissatisfied  with  some 
of  the  doctrines  of  the  Episcopal  church,  and  tow- 
ard the  end  of  1841  resigned  his  charge  and  visited 
Europe.  He  was  received  into  the  Catholic  church 
at  Rome  in  1842,  and  entered  the  seminary  of  St. 
Sulpice,  Paris,  the  same  year,  to  prepare  himself 
for  the  priesthood.  He  was  recalled  by  Bishop 
Hughes  and  ordained  in  1844,  and  tiien  sent  to 
St.  John's  college,  Eordham,  and  became  vice- 
president  of  that  institution  until  1845,  and  acting 
president  in  1846.  He  was  next  appointed  pastor 
of  a  church  on  Staten  Island,  near  the  lower  quar- 
antine, and  also  chaplain  to  the  ship-fever  hos- 
pital. Bisliop  Hughes  made  him  his  private  secre- 
tary in  December,  184G,  and  he  did  much  to  secure 
the  success  of  the  bishop's  plans  for  the  progress 
of  the  Catholic  church  in  New  York.     He  also  col- 


lected a  mass  of  valuable  information  in  regard  to 
the  early  history  of  the  Catholic  church  in  New 
York,  much  of  which  would  have  perished  but  for 
his  researches.  In  1853,  on  the  recommendation 
of  Archbishop  Hughes  and  his  suffragans,  he  was 
created  the  first  bishop  of  Newark.  He  took  pos- 
session of  his  diocese  on  1  Nov.  of  the  same  year, 
and  found  it  was  a  poorly  cultivated  missionary 
district,  with  few  priests  and  no  Catholic  institu- 
tions ;  but  he  soon  made  it  one  of  the  most  pros- 
perous dioceses  in  the  United  States.  One  of  his 
first  efforts  was  to  establish  Seton  Hall  college  at 
South  Orange,  in  1856.  A  theological  seminary 
was  next  attached  to  the  college,  from  which  a 
large  number  of  graduates  have  entered  the  minis- 
try. He  brought  a  colony  of  nuns  from  Europe, 
by  whose  aid  he  founded  the  convent  at  Madison, 
N.  J.,  for  the  instruction  of  young  girls.  He  in- 
troduced throughout  the  diocese  the  religious 
orders  of  Passionists,  Dominicans,  Augustinians, 
and  others.  He  was  an  extensive  traveller,  and 
made  several  journeys  to  Europe  and  the  Holy 
Land ;  visited  Rome  officially  in  1862  for  the  can- 
onization of  the  Japanese  martyrs,  and  in  1867  for 
the  centenary  of  the  apostles.  In  1869  he  took 
part  in  the  deliberations  of  the  oecumenical  coun- 
cil. His  observations  during  his  travels  took  the 
form  of  lectures  delivered  in  his  diocese  and  else- 
where. By  a  papal  brief  he  was  translated  to  the 
see  of  Baltimore  in  1872,  which  is  the  highest  in 
rank  in  the  United  States.  His  health  steadily 
declined ;  but  he  worked  as  earnestly  as  ever,  and 
through  his  exertions  the  cathedral  of  Baltimore 
was  freed  from  debt,  and  he  was  thus  enabled  to 
consecrate  it  after  his  installation.  He  was  created 
apostolic  delegate  in  1875,  and  in  this  capacity  im- 
posed the  beretta  on  Cardinal  McCloskey.  He 
went  to  Europe  in  April,  1877,  hoping  to  derive 
benefit  from  the  Vichy  waters ;  but  grew  worse,  and 
returned  to  America  to  die.  He  published  a 
"  Sketch  of  the  History  of  the  Catholic  Cliurch  on 
the  Island  of  New  York "  (New  York,  1853 ;  re- 
vised ed.,  1869) ;  "  Memoirs  of  Simon  Gabriel 
Brute,  First  Bishop  of  Vincennes "  (1860) ;  and 
"  Pastorals  for  the  People." 

BAYLEY,  Ricliard,  physician,  b.  in  Fairfield, 
Conn.,  in  1745  ;  d.  on  Staten  Island,  N.  Y.,  17  Aug., 
1801.  He  studied  medicine  under  Dr.  Charlton,  and 
afterward  in  the  hospitals  of  London.  In  1772  he 
returned  to  New  York  and  began  to  practise.  At 
this  pei'iod  he  devoted  special  attention  to  the  pa- 
thology of  croup,  and  suggested  a  new  method  for 
its  treatment.  His  views  became  universally  ac- 
cepted, and  he  published  "  A  View  of  the  Croup  " 
(1781).  In  1775  he  revisited  England,  where  he 
studied  and  practised  under  Dr.  Plunter,  and  in 
the  spring  of  1776  returned  to  this  country  as  sur- 
geon in  the  English  army  under  Gen.  Howe.  This 
office  he  resigned  in  tlie  following  year,  but  re- 
mained in  New  I'ork  and  continued  in  the  practice 
of  his  profession  until  his  death.  In  1787  he  began 
the  delivery  of  lectures  on  surgery,  and  in  1788  his 
collection  of  specimens  illustrating  morbid  anat- 
omy were  totally  destroyed  by  the  "  doctor's 
mob."  He  was  elected  the  first  professor  of  anat- 
omy in  Columbia  college  (1792),  a  chair  which  he 
afterward  (1793)  exchanged  for  that  of  surgery. 
For  some  time  he  was  health  officer  of  the  port  of 
New  York,  and  in  that  capacity  he  strenuously 
exerted  himself  to  obtain  the  passage  of  proper 
quarantine  laws,  in  which  he  was  finally  success- 
ful. The  causes  of  yellow  fever  were  very  care- 
fully studied  by  him,  and  in  1797  he  published  a 
work  in  which  he  contended  that  its  origin  was 
due  entirely  to  local  causes,  and  therefore  that  it 


BAYLIES 


BAYNE 


201 


was  not  contagions.  His  death  was  the  resnlt  of 
ship  fever  contracted  while  visiting  an  emigrant 
ship  that  was  crowded  with  passengers  wlio  had 
slept  tiiere  during  the  night  without  ventilation. 

BAYLIES,  Nicholas,  jurist,  b.  in  Uxbridge, 
Mass.,  in  1772;  d.  in  Lyndon,  Vt.,  17  Aug.,  1847. 
He  was  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1794,  studied 
law,  and  practised  in  Woodstock  and  Montpelier. 
Prom  1831  to  1834  he  was  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  Vermont.  He  published  "A  Digested 
Index  to  the  Modern  Reports  of  the  Courts  of 
Common  Law  in  England  and  the  United  States  " 
(3  vols.,  1814),  and  an  "  Essay  on  Free  Agency." 

BAYLIES,  William,  physician,  b.  in  Ux- 
bridge, Mass.,  5  Dec,  1743  ;  d.  in  Dighton,  Mass., 
17  June,  1836.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1760,  studied  medicine,  and  settled  in  Dighton, 
where  he  practised  with  success.  lie  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  provincial  congress  of  Massachusetts  in 
177o,  and  also  a  member  of  the  state  convention 
that  adopted  the  federal  constitution.  In  1783  he 
was  a  state  senator,  and  in  1801  was  a  member  of 
the  electoral  college.  From  1805  till  1809  he 
served  as  a  representative  from  Massachusetts  in 
congress.  Dr.  Baylies  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society  and  a  member 
of  the  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  and  of  the 
State  Historical  Society.  His  two  sons,  William 
and  Francis  Baylies,  were  distinguished  lawyers.— 
Francis,  b.  in  Taunton,  Mass.,  16  Oct.,  1783 ;  d. 
there,  28  Oct.,  1852,  studied  law  in  the  office  of  his 
brother,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  From  1812 
till  1820  he  was  register  of  probate  in  Bristol  co., 
Mass.,  and  from  1827  till  1832,  and  again  in  1835, 
he  was  a  member  of  the  Massachusetts  state  legis- 
lature. He  was  elected  to  congress  and  served 
continuously  for  three  terms,  from  1821  till  1827. 
In  1832  he  was  appointed  charge  d'affaii-es  to  the 
Argentine  Republic,  but  soon  returned  home.  He 
was  the  author  of  a  valuable  "  Historical  Memoir 
of  the  Colony  of  New  Plymouth  "  (2  vols.,  Boston, 
1830),  which  has  been  repul)lished,  with  notes  and 
additions,  by  S.  G-.  Drake  (Boston,  1866). 

BAYLOR,  Frances  Courtenay,  author,  b.  in 
Payettoville,  Ark.,  20  Jan.,  1848.  Her  home  has 
been  in  the  south,  with  the  exception  of  a  resi- 
dence in  England  during  the  years  1865-7  and 
1873-'4.  Her  writings  have  been  principally  for 
periodicals,  in  which  two  of  hor  short  stories — "  The 
Perfect  Treasure  "  and  "  On  Tliis  Side  " — attracted 
wide  attention,  and  were  pu))lished  in  book  form 
as  one  narrative,  "  On  Both  Sides  "  (Piiiladelphia, 
1886;  republished  in  Edinburgh).  Miss  Baylor 
has  travelled  extensively  both  at  home  and  abroad. 

BAYLOR,  (reorg'e,  soldier,  b.  in  Newmarket, 
Va.,  12  Jan.,  1752 ;  d.  in  Bridgetown,  Barbadoes, 
W.  I.,  in  March,  1784.  He  served  continuously 
throughout  the  revolutionary  war,  beginning  with 
his  appointment,  15  Aug.,  1775,  as  aide-de-camp 
to  Gen.  Washington.  He  participated  in  the  sur- 
prise of  the  Hessians  at  Trenton,  carried  the  news 
of  the  victory  to  congress,  and  was  presented  by 
that  body  with  a  horse,  and  advanced  to  the  rank 
of  colonel  in  the  dragoons,  8  Jan.,  1777.  During 
the  following  year  (17  Sept.,  1778)  his  command 
was  surprised  near  Tappan  at  midnight  by  a  Brit- 
ish force  under  Gen.  Grey,  who  killed  sixty-seven 
of  his  men  and  captured  the  remainder,  including 
Col.  Baylor.  Later  he  rejoined  the  colonial  forces, 
and  served  with  them  until  the  end  of  the  war, 
after  which  he  continued  for  some  time  in  com- 
mand of  the  Virginian  cavalry.  The  winter  of 
1783-4  he  spent  in  the  West  Indies  on  account  of 
his  liealth,  being  a  great  sufferer  from  a  bayonet- 
wound  through  "the  lungs,  received  at  Tappan. 
VOL.   I. — 14 


BAYLOR,  Robert  Emmett  Bledsoe,  jurist,  b. 
in  Lincoln  co.,  Ky.,  10  May,  1793 ;  d.  at  Gay  Hill, 
Texas,  6  Jan.,  1874.  He  was  the  son  of  Walker 
Baylor,  who  conmianded  Washington's  life  guards 
at  the  battle  of  Germantown,  and  was  a  nephew  of 
Col.  George  Baylor.  He  studied  law  with  his  ma- 
ternal uncle,  the  Hon.  Jesse  Bledsoe.  He  served 
in  the  war  of  1812  under  Col.  Boswell,  and  was  in 
the  fight  near  Fort  Meigs.  When  peace  was  re- 
stored he  returned  to  Kentucky,  was  admitted  to 
the  bar,  and  soon  acquired  a  large  practice.  In 
1819  he  was  elected  to  the  state  legislature,  but 
during  the  following  year  removed  to  Alabama, 
where  he  became  prominent  in  the  legal  profession. 
He  was  elected  to  the  state  legislature  in  1824,  and 
in  1829  was  sent  as  a  representative  from  Alabama 
to  the  21st  congress,  serving  till  3  March,  1831. 
During  the  Creek  war  he  commanded  a  regiment 
of  Alabama  volunteers,  and  rendered  efficient  ser- 
vice in  terminating  the  war  on  the  borders  of  that 
state.  Subsequent  to  his  career  in  congress  he 
emigrated  to  the  republic  of  Texas,  where  he  was 
immediately  elected  a  judge  of  the  district  and  of 
the  supreme  court.  Judge  Baylor,  being  a  warm 
friend  of  annexation,  after  the  change  of  govern- 
ment was  elected  a  member  of  the  convention 
that  formed  the  present  state  constitution.  Later 
he  was  again  appointed  one  of  the  district  judges, 
and  held  the  office  for  twenty-five  years.  He  was 
a  devoted  Baptist,  and  at  one  time  a  licensed 
preacher  of  that  denomination.  In  1845  a  charter 
for  a  Baptist  college,  to  be  located  at  Independence, 
was  granted  by  the  congress  of  Texas,  and  it  re- 
ceived the  name  of  Baylor  university,  an  honor 
warranted  by  the  gifts  of  land  and  money  made  by 
Judge  Baylor.  One  of  the  counties  of  Texas  was 
also  named  for  him. 

BAYNAM,  William,  surgeon,  b.  in  Caroline 
CO.,  Va.,  in  December,  1749 ;  d.  in  Essex,  Va.,  8 
Dec,  1814.  He  studied  medicine  under  Dr.  Walk- 
er, and  in  1769  went  to  London,  where  he  became 
very  proficient  in  anatomy  and  surgery.  For  sev- 
eral years  he  was  assistant  demonstrator  in  St. 
Thomas's  hospital,  London.  After  sixteen  years' 
residence  in  England  he  returned  in  1785  to  the 
United  States  and  settled  in  Essex.  He  was  very 
successful  as  a  surgeon,  and  as  an  anatomist  he  had 
no  superior.  The  best  preparations  in  the  muse- 
ums of  Cline  and  Cooper,  in  London,  were  made 
by  him.     lie  contributed  to  the  medical  journals. 

"  BAYNE,  Herbert  Andrew,  educator,  b.  in 
Londonderry,  Nova  Scotia,  16  Aug.,  1846;  d.  in 
Pictou,  16  Sept.,  1886.  He  was  principal  of  Pictou 
academy  from  1865  till  1867,  and  from  1869  till 
1873.  Meanwhile  he  was  graduated  at  Dalhousie 
college  in  1869.  He  studied  from  1873  till  1875  at 
the  university  in  Leipsic,  and  at  Heidelberg  in 
1875-'6,  where  he  received  the  degree  of  doctor  of 
philosophy.  During  1876-7  he  studied  at  Berlin 
and  Paris.  On  his  return  to  Nova  Scotia  he  be- 
came professor  of  mathematics  at  the  Halifax  high 
school,  and  at  the  same  time  professor  of  organic 
chemistry  at  Dalhousie  college.  In  1880  he  was 
appointed  professor  of  physics  and  chemistry  in 
the  Royal  military  college  of  Canada,  in  Kingston. 
He  was  appointed,  in  1885,  a  member  of  the  car- 
tridge commission  appointed  by  the  Dominion 
government,  and  has  performed  much  chemical 
work  in  connection  with  the  investigations  of  that 
board.  Dr.  Bayne  is  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society 
of  Canada,  of  the  American  Association  for  the 
Advancement  of  Science,  and  other  scientific  so- 
cieties. 

BAYNE,  John,  Canadian  clergyman,  b.  in 
Greenock,  Scotland,  16  Nov.,  1806 ;  d."  in  Gait,  On- 


202 


BAYNES 


BEACH 


tario,  3  Nov.,  1859.  He  entered  the  university  of 
Glasgow  in  November,  1819,  and  completed  his 
theological  studies  at  Edinburgh  university.  He 
removed  to  Canada  about  1835,  and  was  pastor  of 
the  Gait  Presbyterian  church  at  the  time  of  his 
death.  He  was  one  of  the  leaders  in  the  disruption 
from  the  church  of  Scotland  in  1843,  and  in  the 
formation  of  the  free  church  of  Canada.  In  July, 
1846,  he  was  appointed  moderator  of  the  synod  that 
met  at  Hamilton.  As  a  preacher  he  was  singu- 
larly eloquent  and  effective.  He  was  the  author 
of  a  little  book  entitled  "  Was  the  Recent  Disrup- 
tion of  the  Synod  of  Canada  in  Connection  with 
the  Church  of  Scotland  called  for  1 "  and  also  of  an 
essay  entitled  "  Is  Man  Responsible  for  his  Belief  ?  " 

BAYNES,  Edward,  British  soldier,  d.  in  Sid- 
mouth,  England,  2  Feb.,  1829.  He  was  made  en- 
sign of  the  82d  regiment  on  13  May,  1783,  was 
aide-de-camp  to  Sir  James  Craig  from  1794  till 
1806,  became  adjutant-general  of  the  forces  in 
North  America,  20  Aug.,  1807,  and  was  conspicu- 
ous in  the  campaign  on  the  Niagara  frontier  in  the 
war  of  1812.  He  had  served  in  the  West  Indies, 
at  the  capture  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  in  1795, 
at  the  capture  of  a  Dutch  force  in  Saldanha  bay 
in  September,  1796,  in  the  East  Indies,  in  Malta, 
and  in  Sicily. 

BAZAINE,  Francjois  Acliille,  French  soldier, 
b.  in  Versailles,  13  Feb.,  1811 ;  d.  in  exile  in  Madrid, 
Spain,  23  Sept.,  1888.  He  became  lieutenant  in 
Algeria  in  1835,  captain  after  two  years'  service 
with  the  foreign  legion  against  the  Carlists  in 
Spain,  lieutenant-colonel  in  1848  after  nine  years' 
service  in  Algeria  and  Morocco,  colonel  of  the  for- 
eign legion  in  1850,  and  general  of  brigade  in  the 
Crimean  war,  acting  as  commander  of  Sebastopol 
after  its  capture.  He  became  general  of  division 
in  1855,  and  participated  in  the  capture  of  Kin- 
burn.  Subsequently  he  was  military  inspector  in 
France.  In  the  Italian  campaign  he  was  wound- 
ed, 8  June,  1859,  wliile  commanding  a  division  in 
the  attack  upon  Melcgnano,  and  he  took  a  con- 
spicuous part  in  the  battle  of  Solferino.  In  1862 
he  commanded  in  Mexico  the  first  division  of  the 
French  army,  and  by  defeating  Comonfort  com- 
pelled the  surrender  of  Puebla,  18  May,  1863, 
shortly  after  which  the  French  entered  the  capi- 
tal. On  1  Oct.,  1863,  he  succeeded  Forey  as  com- 
mander-in-chief, acting  as  civil  administrator  of 
the  occupied  districts ;  and  the  rank  of  marshal 
was  conferred  on  him  in  1864.  In  February,  1865, 
he  captured  the  town  of  Oaxaca,  together  with  a 
Mexican  army  of  7,000  men  under  Diaz.  Though 
he  persuaded  Maximilian  to  issue  the  most  rigor- 
ous decrees  against  the  Juarists,  and  himself  re- 
lentlessly executed  them,  he  was  generally  be- 
lieved to  be  engaged  in  secret  plottings  with  the 
enemies  of  the  emperor,  in  pursuance  of  ambitious 
personal  schemes.  He  married  a  rich  Mexican 
lady,  whose  family  espoused  the  cause  of  Juarez. 
In  February,  1867,  he  withdrew  with  his  forces 
from  the  capital,  declaring  Maximilian's  position 
to  be  untenable,  and  soon  afterward  embarked  at 
Vera  Cruz.  On  his  arrival  in  France,  though  ex- 
posed to  violent  public  denunciations,  he  took  his 
seat  in  the  senate,  and  was  appointed  commander 
of  the  3d  array  corps  ;  and  in  October,  1869,  after 
the  death  of  St.  Jean  d'Angely,  he  became  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  imperial  guard  at  Paris. 
At  the  beginning  of  the  Franco-German  war  in 
1870  he  was  placed  in  command,  near  Metz,  of  the 
3d  corps.  After  the  defeats  of  Worth  and  Forbach 
he  assumed,  on  8  Aug.,  command  of  the  mam  French 
armies,  in  place  of  the  Emi)eror  Napoleon,  and  be- 
gan his  retreat  from  Metz,  14  Aug.,  hoping  to  effect 


a  junction  with  the  army  near  Chalons  and  with 
the  new  forces  gathering  under  MacMahon.  But 
he  was  attacked  on  the  same  day,  while  still  in 
front  of  the  fortress,  and  after  the  bloody  battles 
of  Mars-la-Tour  (16  Aug.)  and  Gravelotte  (18  Aug.) 
was  forced  to  retire  within  the  fortifications,  and 
was  soon  shut  in  by  Prince  Frederick  Charles.  He 
made  several  futile  attempts  to  break  through  the 
investing  army,  that  of  31  Aug.  to  1  Sept.  proving 
very  disastrous.  After  the  capitulation  of  Sedan 
he  renewed  these  attempts  (7,  8  Oct.)  to  escape 
from  Metz,  and  then  tried  to  negotiate  with  the 
Germans  at  Versailles  through  his  adjutant.  Gen. 
Boyer,  and  in  the  interest,  it  was  thought,  of  the 
deposed  dynasty;  but  he  was  compelled,  on  27 
Oct.,  to  surrender  to  Prince  Frederick  Charles  his 
entire  force  of  173,000  men,  who  by  the  terms  of 
the  capitulation  all  became  prisoners  of  war,  Ba- 
zaine  himself  being  permitted  to  join  the  ex-em- 
peror at  Cassel.  After  the  preliminary  treaty  of 
peace  he  removed  to  Geneva,  in  March,  1871. 
Having  been  charged  with  treason  by  Gambetta, 
he  defended  himself  in  his  "  Rapport  sommaire  sur 
les  operations  de  I'armee  du  Rhin  du  13  Aout  au 
29  Octobre."     He  was  placed  under  arrest  14  May, 

1872,  and  at  the  conclusion  of  his  trial,  10  Dec, 

1873,  the  judges  declared  him  guilty  and  unani- 
mously sentenced  him  to  degradation  and  death. 
But  all  the  members  of  the  court,  presided  over 
by  the  Duke  d'Aumale,  signed  an  appeal  for  mercy, 
which  the  duke  presented  in  person  to  President 
MacMahon,  who  commuted  the  sentence  to  twenty 
years  seclusion.  He  was  sent  to  a  fortress  in  the 
island  of  Ste.  Marguerite  :  but,  through  the  etforts 
of  his  wife,  he  effected  his  escape  at  midnigjit.  9 
Aug.,  1874.  He  took  refuge  in  Spain,  where  he 
ever  after  resided,  in  verv  reduced  circumstances. 

BAZIN,  John  Stephen,  b.  in  France  in  1796 ; 
d.  in  Vincennes  in  1847.  He  was  educated  and 
ordained  in  France,  and  came  to  America  about 
1830.  He  was  shortly  afterward  stationed  at  Mo- 
bile, Ala.,  where  he  gained  the  affection  of  all 
classes  and  creeds.  He  was  appointed  vicar-gen- 
eral of  Mobile,  and  gave  most  of  his  time  to  the 
creation  of  charitable  institiitions,  one  of  which,  a 
Catholic  orphan  asylum  society,  was  especially  suc- 
cessful. He  visited  France  in  1846  for  the  purpose 
of  obtaining  a  body  of  Jesuits  to  take  charge  of  the 
college  at  Spring  Hill,  and  also  securing  the  ser- 
vices of  the  brothers  of  the  Christian  schools  for  a 
male  orphan  asylum,  in  both  of  which  he  succeed- 
ed. In  1847  the  council  of  Baltimore  recommend- 
ed his  appointment  to  the  see  of  Vincennes,  but  he 
died  a  few  days  after  his  consecration. 

BEACH,  Abraliani,  clergyman,  b.  in  Cheshire, 
Conn.,  9  Sept.,  1 740 ;  d.  near  New  Brunswick,  N. 
J.,  14  Sept.,  1828.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in 
1757  with  the  honors  of  the  valedictory,  became  a 
convert  to  the  Episcopal  faith,  and  studied  theolo- 
gy under  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson  and  his  relative, 
John  Beach.  In  1767  he  went  to  England,  and 
there  received  ordination  to  the  priesthood.  He 
was  appointed  missionary  to  New  Brunswick,  and 
entered  upon  his  work  in  September,  1767.  Dur- 
ing the  revolutionary  war  his  position  between  the 
two  armies  was  exceedingly  embarrassing.  In  con- 
sequence his  church  was  closed,  and  he  did  not 
officiate  until  December,  1781,  when,  in  accordance 
with  the  suggestions  of  the  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury, it  became  permissible  to  conduct  public  wor- 
ship with  the  omission  of  the  prayers  for  the  king 
and  parliament.  In  1784  he  became  the  assistant 
minister  of  Trinity  church  in  New  York,  and  con- 
tinued an  active  worker  in  the  diocese  of  New  York 
until  1813.    He  was  on  many  occasions  a  delegate 


BEACH 


BEAL 


203 


to  the  general  conventions,  and  in  1801,  1804,  and 
1810  was  president  of  the  house  of  lay  and  clerical 
delegates.  Of  Rutgers  college,  established  in  1770 
at  New  Brunswick,  he  was  an  early  trustee.  In 
178(3  he  was  elected  a  regent  of  the  university  of 
the  state  of  New  York,  and  in  1787  a  trustee  of 
Columbia  college,  from  which  institution  he  re- 
ceived the  honorary  degree  of  D.  D.  in  1789.  He 
was  likewise  actively  associated  with  many  of  the 
benevolent  institutions  of  New  York.  Subsequent 
to  his  resignation  from  Trinity  parish  he  retired 
to  his  farm  on  Raritan  river,  near  New  Brunswick, 
where  he  resided  until  his  death.  His  only  publi- 
cations were  sermons. 

BEACH,  Henry  Harris  Aubrey,  physician,  b. 
in  Middlctown,  Conn.,  18  Dec,  1848.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Cambridge,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
medical  school  in  July,  18G8,  settling  in  Boston 
soon  afterward.  He  is  a  member  of  many  medical 
associations,  and  in  1873  was  president  of  the 
Boylston  medical  society.  He  became  assistant 
demonstrator  of  anatomy  in  Harvard  medical 
school  in  1868,  and  surgeon  in  the  Massachusetts 
general  hospital  in  1872.  He  has  contributed 
many  papers  to  medical  periodicals,  and  was  at 
one  time  assistant  editor  of  the  "  Boston  Medical 
and  Surgical  .Journal." 

liEACH,  Moses  Yale,  inventor,  b.  in  Walling- 
ford.  Conn.,  7  Jan.,  1800 :  d.  there,  19  July,  1868. 
In  early  life  he  displayed  mechanical  ability,  and 
at  the  age  of  fourteen  was  apprenticed  to  a  cabi- 
net-maker in  Hartford,  and  by  his  industry  he  suc- 
ceeded in  purchasing  his  freedom  before  the  ex- 
piration of  his  time.  He  then  established  himself 
in  the  cabinet  business  in  Northainpton,  but  was 
unsuccessful,  and  removed  to  Springfield.  There 
he  endeavored  to  manufacture  a  gunpowder  engine 
for  propelling  balloons ;  but  this  enterprise  was 
also  a  failure.  He  next  attempted  to  open  steam 
navigation  on  Connecticut  river  between  Hart- 
ford and  Springfield,  and  would  have  succeeded  if 
financial  difficulties  had  not  obliged  liim  to  cease 
operations  before  his  steamer  was  completed.  Mr. 
Beacli  then  invented  a  rag-cutting  machine,  which 
has  since  Ijeen  generally  used  in  paper-mills,  but 
from  which  he  received  no  pecuniary  benefit  on 
account  of  his  delay  in  procuring  a  patent.  He 
then  settled  in  Ulster  co.,  N.  Y.,  where  he  became 
interested  in  an  extensive  paper-mill,  and  was  at 
first  successful,  but  after  seven  years  was  compelled 
to  abandon  it.  About  1835  he  i-emoved  to  New 
York,  where  he  acquired  an  interest  in  the  •'  Sun," 
the  pioneer  of  the  penny  press,  of  which  he  soon 
made  himself  sole  proprietor.  During  the  Mexi- 
can war,  President  Polk  sent  him  to  Mexico  to  ar- 
range a  treaty  of  peace  ;  but  the  negotiations  were 
broken  off  by  a  false  report  announcing  the  defeat 
of  Gen.  Taylor  by  Santa  Anna.  In  1857  he  with- 
drew from  active  business. — His  son,  Alfred  Ely, 
b.  in  1826,  d.  in  New  York  city,  1  Jan..  1896,  was 
for  fifty  years  active  in  the  editorial  management 
of  the  "Scientific  American."  He  founded  the 
Beach  Institute  for  Freedman  in  Georgia. 

BEACH,  William  Aiisjustiis,  lawyer,  b.  in 
Saratoga  Springs,  N.  Y.,  13  Dec  ,  1809;  d.  in  Tarry- 
town,  28  June,  1884.  He  studied  law,  was  admitted 
to  the  bar,  began  practice  in  his  native  town,  and  in 
1840  was  elected  district  attorney  of  Saratoga  co. 
In  1855  he  removed  to  Troy,  and  continued  active 
in  his  profession  until  1870,  when  he  settled  in 
New  York.  Here  he  established  the  law  firm  of 
Beach  &  Brown,  and  attained  a  high  reputation, 
becoming  one  of  the  most  prominent  advocates  of 
his  time.  He  was  engaged  in  many  notable  cases, 
was  counsel  for  Col.  North  in  his  trial  by  court- 


martial  during  the  civil  war,  and  later  was  counsel 
for  Theodore  Tilton  in  his  celebrated  suit  against 
Henry  Ward  Beecher.  He  defended  Judge"  Bar- 
nard during  his  trial  for  impeachment,  and  was  as- 
sociated in  the  trial  of  E.  S.  Stokes  for  the  murder 
of  James  Fisk,  Jr.,  and  in  the  Vanderbilt  will  case. 

BEADLE,  William  Henry  Harrison,  educa- 
tor, b.  in  Liberty,  Ind.,  1  Jan.,  1838.  He  was 
graduated  at  the  "University  of  Michigan  in  1861, 
entered  the  army  as  first  lieutenant  in  the  31st  In- 
diana infantry,  served  continuously  during  the 
civil  war,  and  in  1864  was  brevetted  brigadier- 
general.  He  was  graduated  at  the  law  department 
of  the  University  of  Michigan  in  1867,  practised 
for  two  years  in  Wisconsin,  and  in  1869  was  ap- 
pointed surveyor-general  of  Dakota.  Since  then 
he  has  devoted  his  attention  to  the  development  of 
the  resources  of  that  territory.  From  1879  to  1885 
he  was  superintendent  of  public  instruction  of 
Dakota,  and  under  his  direction  the  entire  school 
system  was  organized. 

BEAKMAN,  Daniel  Frederick,  b.  in  New 
Jersey  about  1760;  d.  in  Sandusky,  N.  Y.,  5 
April,  1869.  He  was  the  last  surviving  soldier  of 
the  revolution  on  the  pension  list.  His  early  life 
was  spent  in  the  Mohawk  valley,  whither  his  par- 
ents had  removed  shortly  after  his  birth.  In  1778 
he  was  enrolled  in  the  militia,  and  then  served  in 
the  war.  About  1845  he  removed  to  Cattaraugus 
CO.,  where  the  remainder  of  his  life  was  spent.  His 
married  life  extended  over  eighty-five  years,  and 
his  wife  reached  the  age  of  one  hundred  and  five. 
In  1867  congress  passed  a  special  act  giving  him  a 
pension  of  $500  during  the  remainder  of  his  life. 
He  was  an  active  member  of  the  Lutheran  church. 

BEAL,  Ahraliam,  pliilanthropist,  b.  in  Chat- 
ham, England,  about  ISO;!;  d.  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y., 
25  Feb.,  1873.  Early  in  life  he  became  interested 
in  the  condition  of  the  unfortunate,  and  while  in 
London  noticed  the  great  injury  caused  by  intem- 
perance among  workingmen.  .  For  a  time  he  de- 
voted himself  to  the  cause  of  tot;il  abstinence,  but 
encountered  much  opposition  and  persecution.  He 
frequently  appeared  in  court  as  the  advocate  of 
those  who,  by  intemperance,  had  become  ci'iminals, 
and  in  this  manner  became  known  as  "  the  prison- 
er's friend."  In  1848  he  emigrated  to  the  United 
States,  and  for  some  yejirs  engaged  in  business; 
but  his  interest  continued  with  the  unfortunate 
prisoners.  He  became  very  familiar  with  the  crimi- 
nal laws  of  New  York  and  other  states,  and  in  1863 
assumed  the  general  agency  of  the  New  York  Prison 
Association.  He  was  for  many  years  an  efficient 
officer  of  the  New  York  Port  Society. 

BEAL,  Foster  Ellenborougli  Lascelles,  natu- 
ralist, b.  in  South  Groton  (now  Aver),  Mass.,  9  Jan., 
1840.  He  was  graduated  at  the  Massachusetts  In- 
stitute of  Technology  in  1871.  During  1874-'5  he 
was  assistant  professor  of  mathematics  in  the  U.  S. 
Naval  Academy  at  Annapolis,  Md.,  and  from  1876 
till  1882  professor  of  civil  engineering  in  Iowa 
Agricultural  College,  where  from  1879  till  1882  he 
was  also  acting  professor  of  zoology  and  compara- 
tive anatomy,  and  in  1888  professor  of  geology. 
His  writings,  principally  on  topics  of  natural  his- 
tory, include  the  articles  "  Birds  of  Iowa"  (1881-2) ; 
"Value  of  the  Seed-eating  Birds"  (1882). 

BEAL,  (ifeorge  Lafayette,  soldier,  b.  in  Nor- 
wav,  Me.,  21  May,  1825;  d.  there,  11  Dec,  1896. 
He"  left  Portland,  on  6  Oct.,  1861,  as  colonel  of  the 
10th  Maine  regiment.  He  was  appointed  by  the 
president  brigadier-general  of  volunteers,  30  Nov., 
1864,  and  was  mustered  out  of  the  service  on  15 
Jan..  1866.  He  was  adjutant-general  of  Maine  in 
1880-'5,  and  state  treasurer  in  1888-'94. 


204 


BEAL 


BEALL 


IJEAL,  William  James,  botanist,  b.  in  Adrian, 
Mich.,  11  March,  18:3;5.  He  was  graduated  at  the 
University  of  Michigan  in  1859,  and  at  Law- 
rence scientific  school  in  1865  with  the  degree  of 
B.  S.  Prom  1860  till  1863  he  taught  in  the  Friends' 
academy  and  in  the  Howland  school  in  Union 
Springs.  During  1809-'70  ho  was  professor  of 
natural  sciences  in  Chicago  university,  and  in  1870 
he  became  professor  of  l)()tany  in  the  State  agricul- 
tui-al  college  of  Michigan  and  lectured  on  forestry 
and  horticulture.  Prof.  Beal  is  a  member  of  nu- 
merous societies,  and  was  vice-president  of  the  sec- 
tion on  biology  of  the  American  association  for  the 
advancement  of  science  in  1883  ;  he  was  also  presi- 
dent of  the  Michigan  state  teachers'  association  in 
1881,  and  of  the  Society  for  the  promotion  of  agri- 
cultural science  in  1880  and  1881.  He  has  con- 
tributed numerous  original  papers  to  the  "  Ameri- 
can Naturalist,"  "  American  Journal  of  Sciences," 
and  to  the  reports  of  the  State  board  of  agricul- 
ture, State  horticultural  society,  and  American  po- 
mological  society.  He  is  the  author  of  "  The 
New  Botany"  (Philadelphia,  1881),  and  "The 
Grasses  of  North  America"  (Lansing,  1886  et  seg.). 

BE  ALE,  Edward  Fitzfjerald,  soldier,  b.  in 
Washington,  D.  C,  4  Fcl).,  1822  ;  d.  there,  22  April, 
1893.  His  father  and  grandfather  were  in  the  U. 
S.  navy,  and  received  medals  of  honor  from  con- 
gress. His  education  was  begun  in  Georgetown 
college,  where  he  remained  until  he  was  appointed 
a  cadet  at  the  U.  S.  naval  academy,  and  was 
graduated  in  1843.  During  the  war  with  Mexico 
he  distinguished  himself  by  conspicuous  gallant- 
ry, and  was  presented  with  a  sword  by  his  brother 
officers,  in  recognition  of  his  services  as  a  bearer 
of  despatches  through  the  enemy's  lines.  For  the 
same  act  he  was  officially  complimented  by  Com. 
Stockton.  At  the  conclusion  of  the  wjir  with 
Mexico  he  resigned  his  commission  and  was  ap- 
pointed superintendent  of  Indian  affairs  for  Cali- 
fornia and  New  Mexico.  At  the  request  of  Maj.- 
Gen.  Wool,  he  was  commissioned  brigadier-general 
and  deputed  to  terminate  an  Indian  war  in  Cali- 
fornia. During  the  decade  preceding  the  civil 
war  he  conducted  many  important  explorations  in 
the  far  west,  and  in  1861  was  appointed  surveyor- 
general  of  California  by  President  Lincoln,  but  of- 
fered his  services  in  a  military  capacity  as  soon  as 
the  war  of  secession  began.  In  1876  he  was  ap- 
pointed U.  S.  minister  to  Austria  by  President 
Grant.  In  1877  he  resigned,  and  afterward  chiefly 
personally  superintended  his  large  sheep  and  cattle 
ranch  in  southern  California. 

BEALE,  Richard  Lee  Tarberville,  soldier,  b. 
in  Hickory  Hill,  Va.,  22  May,  1819 ;  d.  in  Hague, 
Va.,  18  April,  1893.  He  was  educated  at  Dickin- 
son college,  was  graduated  at  the  law  school  of  the 
university  of  Virginia,  and  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1839.  He  served  in  congress  as  a  democrat  from 
6  Dec,  1847,  till  March,  1849,  but  declined  a  re- 
election. He  was  a  delegate  to  the  state  reform 
convention  of  1850,  and  in  1857  a  member  of  the 
state  senate.  At  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war 
he  entered  the  confederate  army,  and  in  1863  was 
colonel  of  the  9th  Virginia  cavalry.  In  February, 
1865,  Gen.  Beale  commanded  a  brigade  in  Lee's 
cav^alry  division.  Army  of  northern  Virginia. 

BEALL,  Benjamin  Lloyd,  soldier,  b.  in  the 
District  of  Columbia,  about  1800 ;  d.  in  Baltimore, 
Md.,  16  Aug.,  1863.  He  was  a  son  of  Maj.  Beall 
of  Maryland,  and  appointed  a  cadet  at  West  Point 
in  1814,  but  did  not  graduate.  He  was  made  cap- 
tain of  the  Washington  city  volunteers  in  June, 
1836,  in  a  regiment  raised  for  the  Florida  Indian 
war ;  captain  of  2d  U.  S.  dragoons  8  June,  1836 ; 


brevetted  major  15  March,  1837,  for  gallantry 
in  the  Florida  campaign;  and  appointed  major 
1st  U.  S.  dragoons  16  Feb.,  1847.  He  took  part 
in  the  Mexican  war,  and  on  16  March,  1848,  was 
brevetted  lieutenant-colonel  for  bravery  at  the 
battle  of  Santa  Cruz  de  Royales.  He  became  lieu- 
tenant-colonel of  the  1st  U.  S.  dragoons  3  ]\Iarch, 
1855,  and  served  for  several  years  on  the  western 
frontier.  He  was  in  command  as  general  in  Cali- 
fornia after  its  annexation  to  the  United  States, 
and  while  so  serving  built  all  the  forts  from  the 
western  frontier  of  Texas  to  the  Pacific.  He  also 
served  for  two  years  at  Vancouver's  island.  When 
the  civil  war  began  he  was  ordered  to  Baltimore  as 
a  mustering  officer,  w-as  commissioned  colonel  1st 
U.  S.  dragoons  in  May,  1861,  and  was  placed  on  the 
retired  list  15  Feb.,  1862,  because  of  his  long  and 
arduous  service.  He  had  two  sons  in  the  national 
army  and  one  in  the  confederate. 

BEALL,  John  Young',  guerilla,  b.  in  Virginia, 
1  Jan.,  1835 ;  d.  on  Governor's  island.  New  York 
harbor,  24  Feb.,  1865.  He  was  of  good  family  and 
received  a  classical  education.  Joining  the  navy 
of  the  confederate  states,  he  was  appointed  acting 
master,  3  March,  1863.  On  16  Dec,  1864,  he  was 
arrested  in  the  railroad  station  at  Suspension 
Bridge,  N.  Y.  Charges  and  specifications  were 
drawn  up,  reciting  in  substance  that  he  was  act- 
ing in  the  twofold  capacity  of  a  spy  and  guerilla, 
carrying  on  irregular  warfare  against  the  United 
States.  A  military  commission,  with  Brig.-Gen. 
Fitz  Henry  Warren  as  president  and  Maj.  John  A. 
BoUes  as  judge-advocate,  was  convened  at  Fort 
Lafayette  for  his  trial.  James  T.  Brady  acted  as 
counsel  for  the  accused.  It  appeared  from  the 
testimony  that  Beall,  in  company  with  other  men 
in  the  dress  of  civilians,  boarded  the  Lake  Erie 
steamer  "  Philo  Parsons  "  on  19  Sept.,  1864,  in  the 
character  of  passengers ;  that  at  a  signal  they  pro- 
duced arms,  and,  acting  under  the  orders  of  the 
accused  and  others,  they  seized  the  boat,  driving 
all  hands  below  as  prisoners.  They  then  captured 
and  subsequently  sank  another  boat,  the  "  Island 
Queen."  It  also  appeared  that  Beall  was  engaged 
with  others  in  an  attempt  to  wreck  a  railway 
train  near  Buffalo  on  the  night  of  his  arrest.  The 
defence  was  based  on  the  declaration  of  the  ac- 
cused that  he  was  engaged  in  legitimate  warfare 
under  specific  instructions  from  the  confederate 
government,  and  he  was  permitted  to  correspond 
with  the  authorities  at  Richmond  to  procure  evi- 
dence to  this  effect.  A  proclamation  was  issued 
by  Jefferson  Davis  under  date  of  24  Dec,  1864,  cer- 
tifying that  the  confederate  government  assumed 
"  the  responsibility  of  answering  for  the  acts  and 
conduct  of  any  of  its  officers  engaged  in  said  expe- 
dition," namely,  that  in  which  Beall  was  con- 
cerned. It  was  proved  that  he  had  perpetrated 
acts  of  war  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  United 
States,  wearing  at  the  time  no  visible  badge  of 
military  service.  Among  civilized  nations  the 
penalty  for  such  acts  is  death,  and  Beall  was  hanged 
in  accordance  with  the  finding  of  the  court. 

BEALL,  Reazin,  soldier,  b.  in  Pennsylvania 
10  Aug.,  1770:  d.  in  Wooster,  Ohio,  20  Feb.,  1843. 
He  was  appointed  ensign  in  the  U.  S.  army  7 
March,  1792.  and  battalion-adjutant  and  quarter- 
master in  1793,  and  was  an  officer  under  Gen.  An- 
thony Wayne  in  his  campaign  against  the  Indians. 
In  September,  1812,  he  was  made  brigadier-general 
of  Ohio  volunteers.  He  also  filled  many  important 
civil  offices,  and  from  1813  till  1815  was  representa- 
tive from  Ohio  in  congress. 

BEALL,  Samuel  Wootton,  lawver,  b.  in  Mont- 
gomerv,  Md.,  26  Sept.,  1807 ;  d.  in  Helena,  Monta- 


BE  ALL 


BEARD 


205 


na,  26  Sept.,  1868.  He  was  graduated  at  Union 
in  1827,  and  studied  law  at  Litchfield.  During 
the  same  year  he  married  Miss  Elizabeth  Feni- 
more  Cooper,  and,  through  the  influence  of  Chief- 
Justice  Taney,  a  personal  friend  of  the  family,  was 
appointed,  in  1827,  receiver  for  the  sale  of  public 
lands  in  the  northwest,  having  his  office  in  Green 
Bay,  Wis.  He  returned  to  Cooperstown  in  1884, 
and  lived  for  some  years  in  a  beautiful  residence 
called  "  Woodside,"  gathering  around  him  a  brill- 
iant circle  of  cultured  and  refined  society,  promi- 
nent among  whom  were  J.  Fenimore  Cooper,  Wash- 
ington Irving,  James  Watson  Webb,  and  the  Eng- 
lish ballad-singer  Henry  Russell.  Later  he  returned 
to  Wisconsin,  and  was  engaged  in  agriculture,  be- 
ing the  first  to-  introduce  blooded  cattle  into  the 
northwest.  About  this  time  his  mother  died  in 
Maryland,  leaving  him  over  thirty  slaves  and  some 
slight  property.  Southerner  though  he  was,  and 
straitened  in  circumstances  in  comparison  with  his 
earlier  life,  the  spirit  of  the  free  west  led  him  to 
liberate  his  slaves.  He  further  devoted  the  entire 
proceeds  obtained  from  the  sale  of  the  property  to 
the  support  of  these  slaves  as  long  as  the  means 
lasted,  or  until  they  were  able  to  earn  a  living  for 
themselves.  Li  1846  he  was  elected  to  the  constitu- 
tional convention  from  the  county  of  Marquette, 
and  was  prominent  in  the  organization  of  the  state 
government.  Again,  in  1847-'8,  he  served  similar- 
ly in  the  convention  then  assembled,  and  in  1850 
became  lieutenant-governor  of  the  state,  serving 
for  two  years.  He  then  became  Indian  agent,  and 
was  among  the  first  to  take  chiefs  of  tribes  under 
his  care  to  Washington.  Among  these  were  the 
sachems  of  Munsees  and  Stockbridge  tribes.  One 
chief  of  the  latter  tribe,  John  Quincey,  created 
much  interest  and  wonder  by  the  delivery  of  an 
eloquent  speech,  now  recorded  iir  history  as  a  sam- 
ple of  remarkable  power  and  pathos.  This  speech 
was  written  by  Mr.  Beall,  and  taught  word  by  word 
to  the  chief,  even  to  the  questions,  who  proved  an 
apt  scholar  to  so  able  a  teacher.  The  original 
manuscript  is  still  carefully  preserved  among  the 
family  possessions.  In  1859  he  led  a  party  to 
Pike's  Peak,  and  while  on  this  expedition  with 
others  located  the  city  of  Denver.  This  place  im- 
mediately started  into  rapid  growth,  and  during 
the  following  winter  Mr.  Beall  was  sent  to  Wasli- 
ington  to  obtain  a  charter  for  the  city.  He  resid- 
ed in  Denver  until  1861,  when  he  returned  to  Wis- 
consin. At  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war  he  was 
appointed  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  18th  Wisconsin 
regiment,  and  he  was  in  the  various  engagements 
from  Shiloh  to  Vicksburg.  Having  been  severely 
wounded,  he  was  then  transferred  to  the  invalid 
corps.  Shortly  after  the  war  he  settled  at  Helena, 
where  he  was  shot  during  an  altercation. 

BEALL,  William  Dent,  soldier,  b.  in  Mary- 
land in  1755 ;  d.  in  Prince  G-eorge  co.,  Md.,  24 
Sept.,  1829.  He  was  a  major  in  the  revolutionary 
army,  and  was  distinguished  for  his  services  both 
at  Long  Island  and  at  Camden,  S.  C.  On  8  Jan., 
1799,  he  was  appointed  major  of  the  9th  infantry, 
and  in  the  following  year  deputy-adjutant-general 
and  deputy-inspector-general.  He  was  made  lieu- 
t^nant-colonel  of  the  5th  infantry  12  Dec,  1808, 
and  on  30  Nov.,  1810,  colonel  of  the  3d  infantry, 
from  which  he  was  transferred  in  April,  1812,  back 
to  the  5th.  He  resigned  15  Aug.,  1812,  but  com- 
manded a  regiment  of  militia  at  the  battle  of  Bla- 
densburg  in  1814.  He  was  afterward  sheriff  of 
Prince  George  county. 

BEAN,  William,  the  first  white  settler  west  of 
the  Alleghanies.  He  was  a  companion  of  Daniel 
Bocne  in  his  visit  to  Kentucky  in  1760,  and  re- 


turned in  1768  and  settled  with    his  family  on 
Boone's  creek,  a  small  tributary  of  the  Watauga. 

BEARD,  dreorge  Miller,  physician,  b.  at  M^ont- 
ville,  Conn.,  8  May,  1839 ;  d.  in  JSTew  York,  23  Jan., 
1883.  His  father  was  a  clergyman.  The  son  stud- 
ied at  Phillips  Andover  academy,  and  was  gradu- 
ated at  Yale  in  1862.  He  studied  a  year  in  the 
medical  department  of  Yale,  and  in  1866  obtained 
his  medical  degree  at  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons,  New  York.  For  eighteen  months,  in 
1863-'4,  he  was  assistant  surgeon  on  the  gun-boat 
"New  London,"  in  the  western  gulf  blockading 
squadron.  In  1865  he  settled  in"  New  York  antl 
made  diseases  of  the  nervous  system  his  specialty. 
He  introduced  several  new  methods  of  electriza- 
tion, and  was  the  first  to  point  out  and  exemplify 
the  tonic  effects  of  electricity.  With  Dr.  Rock- 
well he  published  a  work  on  "  General  Electriza- 
tion "  (1867).  He  also  published  an  essay  on  "  The 
Longevity  of  Brain-Workers  "  (1867).  In  1868  he 
translated  from  the  German  and  edited  Tobold's 
"  Chronic  Diseases  of  the  Larynx,"  and  in  the  fol- 
lowing year  published  "  Our  Home  Physician."  In 
1871  he  published  with  Dr.  Rockwell  "Medical  and 
Surgical  Uses  of  Electricity,"  which  was  translated 
into  German  by  Viiter,  of  Prague ;  also  two  popular 
treatises,  entitled  "  Stimulants  and  Narcotics  "  and 
"  Eating  and  Drinking,"  based  on  a  study  of  the 
customs  of  all  ages  and  races.  At  this  time  he  in- 
troduced the  method  of  central  galvanization,  and 
published  the  results  of  experiments  in  the  electri- 
cal treatment  of  diseases  of  the  skin.  In  1873  he 
published  with  Dr.  Rockwell  "  Clinical  Researches 
in  Electro-Surgery,"  and  a  paper  on  "  Atmospheric 
Electricity  and  Ozone,  their  Relation  to  Health 
and  Disease."  He  was  the  author  of  an  impor- 
tant monograph  on  "  Legal  Responsibility  in  Old 
Age "  (1874),  based  on  physiological  researches 
into  the  relation  of  age  to  work.  He  founded 
the  "  Archives  of  Electrology  and  Neurology,"  a 
semi-annual  journal,  which  was  continued  two 
years  (1874-'6).  In  1874  he  entered  on  a  system- 
atic study  of  animal  magnetism,  spiritualism,  clair- 
voyance, and  mind-reading,  in  their  relation  to 
the  nervous  system.  He  explained  the  perform- 
ances of  the  famous  Eddy  brothers,  and  also  of 
Brown  the  "  mind-reader,"  maintaining  that  what 
was  called  mind-reading  was  nothing  more  than 
the  unconscious  action  of  mind  on  body.  In  1876 
he  published  a  work  on  "  Hay  Fever,"  advancing 
the  nerve  theory  of  that  disease,  and  in  1877  papers 
on  "  The  Scientific  Basis  of  Delusions,"  on  "  Mental 
Therapeutics,"  and  on  the  "  Physiology  of  Mind- 
Reading  " ;  in  1878-9  monographs  on  "  The  Sci- 
entific Study  of  Human  Testimony  and  P]xperi- 
ments  with  Living  Human  Beings,"  and  ••  The 
Psychology  of  Spiritism."  In  1879  he  gave  the  re- 
sults of  a  long  study  of  writer's  cramp,  and  in  1880 
a  monograph  on  the  "  Problems  of  Insanity,"  and 
a  systematic  treatise  on  "  Nervous  Exhaustion 
(Neurasthenia) "  ;  also  a  work  on  '•  Seasickness,  its 
Nature  and  Treatment."  Dr.  Beard  gave  much 
attention  to  the  functional  nervous  disease  known 
as  inebriety,  and  published  papers  making  clear 
the  distinction  between  the  vice  of  drinking  and 
the  disease,  and  indicating  the  treatment  by  seda- 
tives and  tonics.  He  lectured  on  nervous  diseases 
in  the  university  of  New  York  in  1868.  and  in  1879 
was  a  delegate  to  the  British  medical  association 
at  Cork,  where  he  presented  a  paper  on  "  Inebriety 
and  allied  Nervous  Diseases  of  America."  He  was 
a  frequent  contributor  to  periodical  literature  on 
topics  relating  to  psychology  and  the  nervous  sys- 
tem, and  also  delivered  popular  lectures  on  psycho- 
logical and  neurological  subjects.  • 


206 


BEARD 


BEARDSLEY 


BEARD.  James  Henry,  painter,  b.  in  Buffalo. 
N.  Y.,  in  1814;  d.  in  Flushing,  L.I.,  4  April,  189;3. 
He  was  descended  from  Sir  James  Beard,  of  Eng- 
land, and  on  his  mother's  side  from  the  Jlacleans, 
of  Scotland.  His  family  removed  when  he  was  a 
child  to  Ohio,  and  he  eventually  settled  in  Cincin- 
nati, where  he  devoted  himself  for  many  years  to 
portrait  painting,  Henry  Clay,  John  Quincy  Adams, 
and  other  distinguished  persons  being  among  his 
sitters.  He  went  to  New  York  in  184G  and  ex- 
hibited his  "Carolina  Emigrants"  at  tlie  national 
academy,  of  which  he  became  an  honorary  mem- 
ber in  1848.  In  1870  he  settled  permanently  in 
New  York,  and  in  1872  was  elected  a  full  memV)er 
of  the  academy.  Of  late  years  he  devoted  him- 
self chiefly  to  animal  painting,  in  which  branch  of 
art  he  achieved  success.  Among  his  best-known 
works  are  "  Peep  at  Growing  Danger "  (1871) ; 
"The  Widow"  (1872);  "Mutual  Friend,"  "Par- 
son's Pets"  (1875);  "Attorney  and  Clients,"  "Out 
all  Night,"  "  There's  many  a  Slip  "  (1876) ;  "  Con- 
sultation," "  Blood  will  Tell  "  (1877) ;  "  Don  Quix- 
ote and  Sancho  Panza  "  (1878) ;  "  Don't  you  know 
Me?"  (1879);  "Heirs  at  Law"  (1880) ;""  Which 
has  Preemption"?"  (1881);  "You  can't  have  this 
Pup  "(1882);  "My  Easter's  all  Spoilt,"  "I  don't 
believe  one  Word  of  It  "  (1883) ;  "  Detected  Poach- 
er "  (1884) :  "  Don't  you  come  Here."  "  The  Missis- 
sippi Flood  "  (1885) ;  "  Barn  Yard,"  and  "  '11  yer 
gimme  some  ?  Say  ! "  (1886).— His  brother,  Will- 
iam Holbrook,  painter,  b.  in  Painesville,  Ohio,  13 
April,  1825  :  d.  in  New  York  city,  20  Feb.,  1900,  be- 
gan his  professional  career  in  1846.  and  after  travel- 
ling five  years  settled  in  Buffalo.  In  1856  he  vis- 
ited Europe,  studied  one  summer  in  Diisseldorf,  and 

painted  in  Italy, 
Switzerland,  and 
France.  On  his 
return  home  he 
worked  for  a 
time  in  Buffalo, 
and  there  mar- 
ried Miss  John- 
son, who  died 
within  a  year.  He 
settled  in  1860  in 
New  York  city, 
and  was  elected 
a  member  of  the 
Academy  in  1862. 
Several  years  af- 
terward he  mar- 
ried the  daughter 
of  Thomas  Le 
Clear,  the  por- 
trait-painter. He 
has  painted  some 
genre  and  allegorical  pictures,  but  of  late  years 
has  devoted  himself  almost  exclusively  to  the 
painting  of  animals,  whose  habits  he  humanizes 
in  a  pleasing,  satirical  manner  with  much  suc- 
cess. He  has  made  many  studies  for  decorative 
architecture,  evincing  great  originality  of  concep- 
tion. Among  his  best  and  most  characteristic 
works  are  :  "  Kittens  and  Guinea  Pig,"  "  Power  of 
Death  "  (1859) ;  "  Susanna  and  the  Elders,"  "  Swan 
and  Owls"  (1860);  "Bears  on  a  Bender"  (1862); 
"  Bear-Dance  "  (1865) ;  "  March  of  Silenus  "  (1866) ; 
"Flaw  in  the  Title,"  "Fallen  Landmark"  (1867); 
"  The  Good  Shepherd  and  the  Delectable  Moun- 
tains," biblical  (1869) ;  "  Diana  and  her  Nymphs  " — 
deer ;  "  Darwin  expounding  his  Theories  " — mon- 
keys ;  "  Morning  and  Evening  " — cranes ;  "  Rain- 
ing Cats  and  Dogs " ;  "  Dickens  and  his  Char- 
acters " — portrait  (1871) ;   "  Lost  Balloon,"  "  Deer 


Tr^.'y^ 


in  Wood,"  "Runaway  Match"  (1876);  "Divorce 
Court "  (1877) ;  "  Bulls  and  Bears  in  Wall  Street " 
(1879) ;  "  Voices  of  the  Night "  (1880) ;  "  Spreading 
the  Alarm  "  (1881) :  "  In  the  Glen  "  (1882) ;  "  Cattle 
upon  a  Thousand  Hills  "  (1883) ;  "  Eavesdi-oppers." 
"Wine  Tasters,"  "Who's  Afraid?"  (1884);  "His 
Majesty  receives,"  and  "  Office-Seekers "  (1886). 
He  published  "  Humor  in  Animals,"  a  collection 
of  his  sketches  (New  York,  1885). — James  Henry 
has  four  sons,  all  of  them  artists  :  James  Carter, 
artist  and  author,  has  made  spirited  drawings  of 
birds  and  animals,  which  are  to  be  found  in  the 
best  illusti'ated  books  and  periodicals  of  the  day. — 
Henry,  the  second  son,  b.  in  Ohio  in  1841,  d.  in 
New  York  city,  19  Nov.,  1889,  was  a  captain  in  the 
30th  Missouri  volunteers  at  twenty-one  years  of  age. 
He  painted  genre  subjects  in  oils  and  water-colors, 
and  made  the  designs  for  many  of  Prang's  pub- 
lications.— Frank,  the  tliird  son,  was  a  special 
artist  for  Harper  &  Brothers  during  the  civil  war. 
He  devotes  himself  particularly  to  character- 
sketches,  in  the  production  of  which  he  has  at- 
tained remarkable  facility.  He  lectures  on  various 
topics,  accompanying  himself  with  crayon  sketciies 
on  the  blackboard.  He  was  for  a  time  professor  of 
the  tine  arts  in  Syracuse  university.  He  has  pub- 
lished "  The  Blackboard  and  the  Sunday  School  " 
(New  York,  1880).— Daniel,  the  fourth  son,  was 
educated  for  a  civil  engineer,  but,  like  the  rest  of 
the  family,  became  an  artist.  He  has  an  extraor- 
dinary talent  for  allegory  as  applied  to  decoration, 
and  introduces  animals  and  natural  objects  in 
singularly  quaint  and  suggestive  combinations. 
He  has  published  "  The  American  Boys'  Handy 
Book  "  (New  York,  1882). 

BEARD,  Richard,  educator,  b.  in  Sumner  co., 
Tenn.,  27  Nov.,  1799  ;  d.  in  Lebanon,  Tenn.,  2  Dec, 
1880.  He  was  graduated  at  Cumberland  univer- 
sity, Tennessee,  in  1832,  was  professor  of  languages 
in  the  college  from  1832  to  1838,  when  he  went  to 
Sharon  college.  Miss.,  as  professor  of  languages, 
but  returned  to  Cumberland  and  became  president 
of  the  university  in  1843.  On  the  founding  of  the 
theological  school  of  the  university  in  1853,  he  re- 
signed the  presidency  of  the  university  and  took 
the  chair  of  systematic  theology,  being  in  reality 
for  the  next  twenty-five  years  both  principal  and 
professor.  He  was  a  leader  in  the  Cumberland 
Presbyterian  organization,  and  published  "  Syste- 
matic Theology,"  also  "  Biographical  Sketches," 
and  "  Why  I  am  a  Cumberland  Presbyterian." 

BEARDSLEY,  Arthur,  engineer,  b.  in  Esopus, 
Ulster  CO.,  N.  Y^,  1  Nov.,  1843.  Early  in  life  he 
learned  the  bookbinder's  trade  at  Poughkeepsie, 
and  also  began  his  studies  at  the  Dutchess  county 
academy  in  the  same  town.  After  a  year's  study 
at  Bowdoin  college  (1862-3)  he  entered  the  Rens- 
selaer polytechnic  institute,  and  was  graduated  in 
1867  with  the  degree  of  C.  E.  During  1867-8  he 
was  assistant  engineer  at  the  Hoosae  tunnel, 
Mass.,  and  from  1863  till  1872  professor  of  civil 
engineering  and  industrial  mechanics  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Minnesota.  In  1872  he  became  profes- 
sor of  civil  and  mechanical  engineering  in  Swarth- 
more  college,  where  he  organized  a  manual  training 
de))artment,  of  which  he  is  director. 

BEARDSLEY,  Eben  Edwards,  clergyman,  b. 
in  Stepney,  Conn.,  in  1808  ;  d.  in  New  Haven,  Conn., 
22  Dec,  1891.  The  son  of  a  farmer,  he  was  gradu- 
ated at  Trinity  college,  Hartford,  taking  the  high- 
est honors  in  his  class.  He  studied  theology,  was 
ordained  10  Aug.,  1835,  and  took  charge  of  St. 
Peter's  church,  C'he.shire,  Conn.  On  the  death  of 
the  rector  and  principal  of  the  Cheshire  Episcopal 
academy,  Mr.  IJeardsley  accepted  a  temporary  ap- 


BEARDSLEY 


BEASLEY 


207 


pointinent,  which  continued,  however,  for  several 
years.  During  this  time  a  new  church  edifice  was 
erected,  and  after  its  completion  he  retired  from 
the  rectorship  of  the  parish  and  confined  himself 
exclusively  to  the  academy  until  1844,  when  he  re- 
signed and  resumed  the  rectorship  of  the  church. 
He  was  made  rector  of  St.  Thomas's  church,  New 
Haven,  in  1848.  During  his  ministry  there  the 
congregation  grew  from  a  small  number  gathered 
in  a  rented  room  to  one  occupying  one  of  the  finest 
stone  churches  in  the  state.  In  1854  the  degree  of 
D.  D.  was  conferred  upon  him  by  Trinity  college, 
and  in  1874  Columbia  gave  him  that  of  LL.  D. 
Dr.  Beardsley  devoted  much  time  to  historical 
research,  especially  in  Episcopal  church  matters 
in  Connecticut.  He  published  "The  History  of 
the  Episcopal  Church  in  Connecticut  from  the 
Settlement  of  the  Colony  to  the  Death  of  Bishop 
Brownell  in  1865"  (2  vols..  New  York,  1865); 
"  Memoir  of  Rev.  John  Eaton  Smith  "  (1871) ; 
"  Life  and  Correspondence  of  Samuel  Johnson, 
D.  D.,  Missionary  of  the  Church  of  England  in 
Connecticut,  and"  First  President  of  King's  Col- 
lege, New  York  "  (1874) ;  "  Life  and  Times  of  Will- 
iam Samuel  Johnson.  LL.  D.,  First  Senator  in 
Congress  from  Connecticut,  and  President  of  Co- 
lumbia College,  New  York"  (Boston,  1876);  and 
*'  Life  and  Correspondence  of  the  Rt.  Rev.  Samuel 
Seabury,  D.  D.,  First  Bishop  of  Connecticut,  and 
of  the  Episcopal  Church  in  the  United  States  of 
America '"  (1881). 

BEARDSLEY,  John,  clergyman,  b.  in  1730;  d. 
in  Kingston,  New  Brunswick,  in  1810.  Dui'ing  the 
revolutionary  war  he  was  chaplain  of  Col.  Beverley 
Robinson's  regiment  of  New  York  loyalists.  He 
emigrated  with  the  loyalists  to  New  Brunswick,  re- 
ceived a  lot  in  Parr  Town,  now  St.  John's,  became 
rector  of  Maugerville  in  1784,  and  resided  in 
Kingston  after  1802,  receiving  a  pension  from  the 
British  government. — His  grand-nephew,  Levi, 
lawyer,  b.  in  Hoosie,  Rensselaer  co.,  N.  Y.,  13  Nov., 
178o;  d.  in  New  York,  19  March,  1857.  He  re- 
ceived a  common-school  education,  studied  law, 
and  in  1812  was  admitted  to  practice.  In  1825 
he  was  elected  to  the  state  assembly  that  passed  the 
first  railroad  charter  in  the  United  States.  He  was 
elected  to  the  state  senate  in  1829,  reelected  in  1834, 
and  was  president  of  the  senate  in  1838,  and  for 
many  years  judge  of  the  court  of  errors  of  New 
York.  He  removed  to  Oswego,  N.  Y.,  in  1839,  to 
Columbus,  Ohio,  in  1842,  and  returned  to  New 
York  in  1846.  Mr.  Beardsley's  influence  was  al- 
ways on  the  side  of  liberal  legislation.  Besides 
his  legal  opinions,  he  published  an  autobiographi- 
cal volume  entitled  "  Reminiscences  "  (New  York, 
1852).— Samuel,  jurist,  brotlier  of  Levi,  b.  in 
Hoosie,  Rensselaer  co..  N.  Y.,  9  Feb.,  1790 ;  d.  in 
Utica,  6  May,  1860.  He  received  a  common-school 
education,  and  began  to  study  medicine,  but  soon 
relinquished  it  and  studied  law.  In  1813  he  joined 
the  militia  that  went  to  the  defence  of  Sackett's 
Harbor.  Pie  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1815, 
made  judge-advocate  of  the  militia,  and  began 
the  practice  of  law  in  Watertown,  but  at  the  end 
of  a  year  returned  to  Rome.  In  February,  1821, 
he  v/as  appointed  district  attorney  of  Oneida  co. 
At  the  first  election  held  under  the  constitution 
of  1822  he  was  chosen  senator  from  the  fifth  dis- 
trict, but  in  the  arrangement  of  classes  by  lot  his 
term  of  service  was  limited  to  the  single  year  of 
1823.  During  this  year  he  transferred  his  resi- 
dence to  Utica.  President  Jackson  ai)pointed  him 
U.  S.  attorney  for  the  northern  district  of  New 
York,  which  office  he  held  till  1830,  when  he  was 
elected  as  a  democrat  to  congress,  and  reelected 


in  1832  and  1834,  and  again  elected  in  1842.  In 
April,  1834,  during  the  United  States  Bank  ex- 
citement, he  delivered  a  speech  on  the  currency 
question  which  by  its  vehemence  attracted  atten- 
tion throughout  the  country.  About  the  same 
time  he  opposed  successfully  a  measure  to  restrain 
the  freedom  of  the  reporters  of  congress.  A  va- 
cancy occurring  in  the  judgeship  of  the  fifth  New- 
York  circuit,  Mr.  Beardsley  was  nominated  by 
Gov.  Mar?y,  and  signified  his  intention  of  resign- 
ing his  seat  in  congress  and  accepting  the  place ; 
but,  as  President  Jackson  sent  for  him,  and  in  the 
presence  of  his  cabinet  and  various  eminent  mem- 
bers of  both  houses  urged  him  to  decline,  he  de- 
cided to  remain  in  congress.  In  1836,  on  the  ex- 
piration of  his  congressional  term,  he  accepted  the 
office  of  attorney-general  of  the  state  of  New  York, 
his  term  closing  with  the  year  1838,  when  he  re- 
sumed his  legal  practice.  He  was  again  elected  to 
congress  in  1842,  but  withdrew  in  February,  1844, 
to  become  an  associate  judge  of  the  supreme  court 
of  New  Y^ork,  and  in  June,  1847,  was  appointed 
chief  justice  on  the  retirement  of  Judge  Bronson. 
The  degree  of  LL.  D.  was  conferred  on  him  in  1849 
by  Hamilton  college.  Returning  to  private  life 
he  devoted  himself  to  his  profession,  but  still  re- 
mained a  political  power  and  carried  the  delega- 
tion that,  in  the  Cincinnati  convention  of  1856, 
controlled  the  choice  of  that  body  and  made  James 
Buchanan  the  candidate.— Samuel  Raymond, 
lawver,  eldest  son  of  Levi,  b.  in  C^herry  Vallev, 
Otsego  CO.,  N.  Y.,  31  Dec,  1814  ;  d.  in"  Stevens- 
burg,  Va.,  28  Dec,  1863.  He  was  graduated  at 
Union  in  1836,  studied  law,  and  practised  in  Al- 
bany and  in  Oswego,  N.  Y.  He  afterward  engaged 
in  milling,  owning  the  Premium  Mills  in  Oswego. 
He  was  appointed  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  48th 
N.  Y.  militia  in  1851,  and  colonel  in  1854.  He  was 
elected  mayor  of  Oswego  in  1852 ;  appointed  post- 
master in  1853,  and  was  defeated  as  a  candidate 
for  the  assembly  in  1858.  He  was  commissioned 
lieutenant-colonel  of  the  24th  New  Y^ork  volun- 
teers in  1861,  was  wounded  at  Chancellorsville, 
and  was  promoted  to  the  colonelcy  in  1863.  When 
the  regiment  was  mustered  out  in  1863,  he  was 
appointed  adjutant-general  on  Gen.  Meade's  staff. 
He  died  of  disease  contracted  in  the  service. 

BEASLEY,  Frederick,  clergyman,  b.  near 
Edenton,  N.  C,  in  1777 ;  d.  in  Elizabetlitown.  N.  J., 
2  Nov.,  1845.  His  father  was  a  planter,  and  sent 
the  son  to  Nassau  Hall,  afterward  Princeton,  where 
he  was  graduated  in  1797.  For  three  years  he 
was  tutor  in  the  college,  and  at  the  same  time 
studied  theology.  He  was  ordained  in  the  Episco- 
pal church  in  1801,  and  became  pastor  of  St.  John's 
church,  Elizabethtown,  in  1803,  rector  of  St.  Peter's, 
Albany,  in  1804,  and  co-rector  in  St.  Paul's,  Bal- 
timore, in  1809.  From  1813  till  1828  he  was  pro- 
vost of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  and  also 
professor  of  mental  and  moral  philosophy,  and  be- 
came favorably  known  by  his  metaphysical  work  in 
defence  of  the  philosophy  of  Locke.  In  1815  the 
degree  of  D.  D.  was  conferred  on  him  by  both  Co- 
lumbia college  and  the  university  of  Pennsylvania. 
He  retired  from  the  college  in  1829,  and  took 
charge  of  a  church  in  Trenton,  where  he  remained 
until  1836.  His  health  failing,  he  removed  to 
Elizabethtown  and  passed  the  remainder  of  his 
days  in  retirement,  pursuing  literary  and  theologi- 
cal studies.  His  principal  publisiied  writings  are : 
"  American  Dialogues  of  the  Dead  "  (1815) ;  "  An 
Examination  of  the  Oxford  Divinity,"  published 
during  the  Tractarian  controversy;  "  A  Search 
of  Truth  in  the  Science  of  the  Human  Mind" 
(vol.  i.,  1822  ;-  vol.  ii.  left  complete  in  MS.) ;  "  Vin- 


208 


BEASELEY 


BEATTY 


dication  of  the  Argument  a  priori  in  Proof  of 
the  Being  and  Attributes  of  God,  from  the  Ob- 
jection of  Dr.  Waterland  "  (1825) ;  "  Review  of 
Brown's  Philosophy  of  the  Human  Mind  "  (1825) ; 
"  A  Vindication  of  the  Fundamental  Principles 
of  Truth  and  Order  in  the  Cliurch  of  Christ,"  a 
reply  to  tlie  views  of  Dr.  Manning  (1830) ;  "  An 
Examination  of  No.  90  of  the  Tracts  for  the 
Times  "  (1841).  He  also  contributed  to  periodical 
literature  on  moral  and  metaphysical  sciences. 

BEASELEY,  Nathaniel,  pioneer,  b.  in  1751 ; 
d.  in  Knox  co.,  Oliio,  27  March,  1835.  He  was  a 
large  and  powerful  man,  a  noted  Indian  fighter, 
and  performed  valuable  services  in  the  St.  Clair 
and  Wayne  campaigns.  He  afterward  settled  in 
Chillicothe,  Ohio,  was  a  member  of  the  general  as- 
sembly in  1819-'20  from  Adams  co.,  and  senator 
from  Brown  in  1820-'2.  He  was  also  canal  com- 
missioner and  major-general  of  militia. 

BEATTY,  Charles,  clergyman,  b.  in  county 
Antrim,  Ireland,  about  1715  ;  d.  inBridgeton,  Bar- 
badoes,  13  Aug.,  1772.  While  very  young  he  sailed 
for  America,  and,  with  other  passengers,  was  land- 
ed on  Cape  Cod  in  a  nearly  famished  condition, 
the  ship  having  run  short  of  provisions.  Making 
his  way  to  the  neighborhood  of  Philadelphia,  he 
began  peddling  in  the  vicinity.  On  one  of  his  ex- 
cursions he  stopped  at  the  "  Log  College  "  near 
Neshaminy,  and  fell  into  conversation  with  its 
founder,  the  Rev.  William  Tennent,  who,  discover- 
ing that  the  young  peddler  had  a  classical  educa- 
tion, and  possessed  the  true  missionary  spirit,  per- 
suaded him  to  study  for  the  ministry,  and  he  was 
ordained  on  13  Oct.,  1742.  He  became  pastor  of 
the  Presbyterian  cliurcli  at  the  Porks  of  Nesha- 
miny, Pa.,  26  May,  1743.  The  Presbyterians 
were  at  tliat  time  divided  into  two  factions,  the 
"  Strict "  or  "  Old  Side  "  and  the  "  New  Side,"  and 
Mr.  Beatty  joined  the  former.  He  was  associated 
with  David  Brainerd  in  some  of  his  missionary 
labors  among  the  Indians,  and  accompanied  Frank- 
Jin  as  chaplain  on  a  military  expedition  to  estab- 
lish frontier  posts  in  the  northwest,  in  1755. 
Franklin  relates,  in  his  account  of  the  expedition, 
that,  noting  the  punctual  attendance  of  the  soldiers 
when  the  daily  allowance  of  grog  was  served  out, 
and  contrasting  it  with  their  dilatory  attendance 
at  the  regular  religious  services,  he  suggested  to 
the  chaplain  the  expediency  of  serving  this  i^opu- 
lar  ration  immediately  after  prayers.  The  chap- 
lain thought  the  idea  good,  accepted  the  task,  and, 
adds  Franklin,  "  never  were  prayers  more  generally 
and  punctually  attended,  so  that  I  think  this  meth- 
od preferable  to  punishment  inflicted  by  severe 
military  laws  for  non-attendance  on  divine  ser- 
vices." In  1706  Mr.  Beatty  made  a  prolonged  mis- 
sionary tour  through  the  frontier  settlements  of 
Pennsylvania.  Some  of  his  sermons  were  printed, 
and  he  published  the  "  Journal  of  a  Two  Months' 
Tour  among  the  Frontier  Inhabitants  of  Pennsyl- 
vania "  (London,  1768),  also  a  letter  to  the  Rev. 
John  Erskine,  advocating  the  tlieory  that  the  Amer- 
ican Indians  are  the  descendants  of  the  lost  Hebrew 
tribes.  He  was  much  interested  in  raising  money 
for  the  struggling  college  of  New  Jersey  (Prince- 
ton), and  died  of  yellow  fever  while  on  a  visit  to 
Barbiidoes  with  this  object  in  view. 

BEATTY,  or  BEATTIE,  Erkuries,  soldier,  b. 
9  Oct.,  1759 ;  d.  in  Princeton,  N.  J.,  23  Feb.,  1823. 
He  was  the  son  of  Charles  Beatty,  chaplain,  to 
whom  he  owed  his  singular  name,  compounded  from 
the  Greek  (E  and  Kvpios  "  from  the  Lord ").  He 
was  apprenticed  to  a  resident  of  Elizal)ethtown, 
N.  J.,  when  the  war  for  independence  began,  and 
enlisted  at  once.     He  served  at  the  battle  of  Long- 


Island  under  Lord  Stirling,  was  acting  sergeant  at 
White  Plains,  and  ensign  in  the  4th  regiment  of 
the  Pennsylvania  line,  3  Jan.,  1777.  He  was  pro- 
moted 1st  lieutenant  2  May,  and  was  in  the  battles 
of  Brandywine,  Germantown  vwhere  he  was  wound- 
ed), Monmouth,  and  Newtown,  besides  participat- 
ing in  the  hardships  of  Valley  Forge  and  the 
campaigns  of  Van  Schaick  and  Sullivan.  When 
the  Pennsylvania  line  was  reorganized  after  the 
mutiny  in  1781,  he  went  south  with  Gen.  Wayne, 
joined  Lafayette  on  the  Rappahannock,  fought  at 
Jamestown  (6  July,  1781),  and  was  pi'esent  at  York- 
town  and  the  surrender  of  Cornwallis.  Until  3 
Nov.,  1783,  he  was  on  duty  guarding  prisoners  at 
Lancaster,  Pa.,  and  was  then  mustered  out  of  ser- 
vice. After  serving  for  a  time  as  clerk  in  the  war 
department,  he  was  appointed  1st  lieutenant  in 
the  regular  army,  24  July,  1784.  From  1786  until 
1788  he  was  acting  paymaster  of  the  western  army, 
and  during  the  two  years  succeeding  was  in  com- 
mand at  Fort  St.  Vincent  (now  Vincennes,  Ind.). 
He  was  a  nuijor  under  Gen.  St.  Clair,  but  escaped 
the  defeat  of  that  officer  4  Nov.,  1791,  having  been 
sent  to  Fort  Jefferson  with  a  detachment.  He 
resigned  from  the  army  during  Wayne's  western 
campaign  in  1793,  and  went  to  Princeton,  N.  J. 
His  journal  as  paymaster  of  the  western  army  was 
published  in  the  "  Magazine  of  American  History," 
vol.  i.,  from  the  original  manuscript  in  the  posses- 
sion of  the  New  York  Historical  Society.  Maj. 
Beatty  had  three  brothers,  all  of  whom  were  offi- 
cers in  the  revolutionary  army. — His  son,  Charles 
Clinton  Beatty,  D.  D.,  was  the  founder  of  the  Steu- 
benville,  Ohio,  female  seminary,  and  president  of 
the  board  of  trustees  of  the  Western  Theological 
Seminary  at  Allegheny,  Pa. 

BEATTY,  John,  phvsician,  b.  in  Bucks  co., 
Pa.,  19  Dec,  1749  ;  d.  in  Trenton,  N.  J.,  30  April, 
1826.  He  was  a  son  of  Charles  Beatty,  was  grad- 
uated at  Princeton  in  1769,  studied  medicine  with 
the  celebrated  Dr.  Rush,  of  Philadelphia,  joined 
the  army  early  in  the  war  for  independence,  and  in 
September,  1776,  held  the  rank  of  lieutenant-colo- 
nel in  the  Pennsylvania  contingent.  He  was  taken 
prisoner  by  the  British  at  the  capture  of  Fort 
Washington,  N.  Y.,  17  Nov.,  1776,  and  during  his 
confinement  suffered  greatly  in  health,  owing  to 
harsh  treatment.  Having  been  exchanged  early 
in  1778,  he  was  appointed,  28  May,  commissary- 
general  of  prisoners,  with  the  rank  of  colonel, 
On  31  March,  1780,  he  resigned  and  settled  as  a 
physician  at  Princeton,  N.  J.  He  was  a  delegate 
to  the  continental  congress  in  1783-'5,  served  in 
both  branches  of  the  state  legislature,  was  a  dele- 
gate to  the  constitutional  convention,  and  a  mem- 
ber of  congress  in  1793-'5.  From  1795  till  1805 
he  was  secretary  of  state  for  New  Jersey,  and  he 
was  president  of  the  Trenton  bank  in  1815-'26. 

BEATTY,  John,  soldier,  b.  near  Sandusky, 
Ohio,  16  Sept..  1828.  He  received  a  common-school 
education  and  entered  on  a  business  career  in  a 
banking-house  at  an  early  age.  He  took  an  active 
part  in  public  affairs,  and  was  identified  with  the 
free-soil  party  until  it  was  merged  in  the  republi- 
!  can.  In  1860  he  was  a  republican  presidential 
elector.  In  1861  he  enlisted  as  a  private  'n  the  3d 
Ohio  infantry,  and  was  appointed  successively  cap- 
tain and  lieiitenant-coloneL  He  took  part  in  the 
early  western  Virginia  campaigns,  became  colonel 
in  1862,  and  commanded  a  brigade  in  the  three 
days'  fight  at  Stone  river,  31  Dec,  1862,  to  2  Jan., 
1863.  In  1803  he  was  commissioned  brigadier- 
general  and  served  through  the  Tennessee  and 
Chattanooga  campaigns.  He  was  elected  to  the 
fortieth  congress  for  the  unexpired  term  of  a  de- 


BEATTY 


BEAUMARCHAIS 


209 


ceased  member,  and  was  twice  re-elected.  In  1884 
he  was  republican  presidential  elector  at  large.  In 
1885-6  he  was  a  me7nher  of  the  board  of  state 
charities.  He  has  written  "  The  Citizen  Soldier  " 
(Cincinnati,  1876)  and  "The  Belle  o'  Beckefs 
Lane  "  (Philadelphia.  1882). 

BEATTY,  Samuel,  soldier,  b.  in  Mifflin  co..  Pa., 
16  Dec,  1820 ;  d.  in  Jackson,  Stark  co.,  Ohio,  26 
May.  1885.  He  removed  with  his  father,  a  native 
of  Ireland,  to  Jackson,  Ohio,  in  1827.  received  a 
limited  education  in  the  common  schools,  and  be- 
came a  farmer.  He  served  nearly  two  years  in  the 
Mexican  war  as  1st  lieutenant  in  the  3d  Ohio  vol- 
unteers, was  elected  sheriff  of  his  county  in  1857, 
re-elected  in  1859,  and  on  16  Nov.,  1861,  became 
colonel  of  the  19th  Ohio  volunteers.  He  was  made 
'  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  on  29  Nov.,  1862, 
commanded  a  division  in  the  battle  of  Stone  River, 
and  was  brevetted  major-general  on  13  March, 
1865.  In  1866  he  returned  to  his  farm  in  Jackson, 
where  he  spent  the  rest  of  his  life. 

BEAUCHAMP,  William,  clergvman,  b.  in 
Kent  CO.,  Del.,  26  April,  1772 ;  d.  in  Paoli,  Ind.,  7 
Oct.,  1824.  He  was  the  son  of  a  Methodist  circuit- 
rider,  his  boyhood  was  passed  in  the  western  part 
of  Virginia,  and  he  united  with  his  father's  church 
at  an  early  age.  He  taught  school  at  the  age  of 
eighteen,  began  preaching  at  nineteen,  and  at 
twenty-one  was  travelling  under  the  direction  of 
the  presiding  elder.  Impressed  with  the  impor- 
tance of  reading  and  study  for  a  minister  of  the 
gospel,  he  devoted  all  possible  time  to  intellectual 
improvement,  often  studying  by  torchlight,  and 
became  an  accomplished  classical  and  Hebrew 
scholar.  In  1794  he  joined  the  itinerants,  his  cir- 
cuit lying  between  the  south  branches  of  the  Poto- 
mac. In  1796  he  was  ordained  deacon,  the  next 
year  elder,  and  stationed  in  New  York,  and  from 
this  time  he  had  the  varied  experiences  of  a  Meth- 
odist preacher,  being  stationed  in  Boston,  Ohio, 
Nantucket,  Virginia,  Illinois,  Indiana,  and  else- 
where. In  1801  he  married  Mrs.  Frances  Russell 
of  Nantucket,  a  widow,  who  thereafter  became  an 
important  help  to  him  in  his  ministerial  work. 
Everywhere  he  preached  with  great  success,  and, 
being  a  man  of  wonderful  versatility,  he  turned 
his  hand  to  every  useful  work  that  could  bring 
him  into  contact  with  and  give  him  influence  with 
the  people.  In  1815  he  took  editorial  charge  of 
the  "  Western  Christian  Monitor,"  then  the  only 
Methodist  Episcopal  publication  issued  in  the 
country ;  and  in  this,  as  in  everything  that  he  un- 
dertook, he  achieved  a  decided  success.  In  1817  he 
began  to  build  up  the  town  of  Mount  Carmel,  111., 
and  during  its  early  days  acted  as  pastor,  teacher, 
civil  engineer,  lawyer,  and  master  mechanic.  In 
1823  he  was  appointed  presiding  elder  of  the  Indi- 
ana district,  then  embracing  nearly  the  whole 
state.  He  exerted  a  marked  influence  wherever 
he  went,  and  always  proved  himself  a  natural 
leader  of  men.  In  1811  he  published  "  Essays  on 
the  Truth  of  the  Christian  Religion,"  and  a  series 
of  "  Letters  on  the  Itinei'ancy,"  with  an  introduc- 
tion by  Bishop  Soule.  appeared  after  his  death. 

BEAUtiRAND,  Honore,  Canadian  journalist, 
b.  in  Lanoraie,  county  Berthier,  province  Quebec, 
24  March,  1848.  He  was  educated  at  Joliette  col- 
lege, and  at  the  military  school,  entering  the  latter 
in  1865,  joined  the  French  force  under  Gen.  Ba- 
zaine  in  Mexico,  and,  after  the  imfortunate  termi- 
nation of  the  attempt  to  install  Maximilian  as 
emperor  of  that  country,  returned  with  the  French 
troops  to  their  own  country.  After  remaining 
nine  months  in  France  he  went  to  New  Orleans 
in  1868  and  became  a  journalist.      Subsequently 


he  was  connected  with  the  press  in  St.  Louis,  Bos- 
ton, Chicago,  Lowell,  and  Fall  River.  In  1878  he 
returned  to  Canada  and  founded  "  La  Patrie  "  in 
JMontreal,  in  place  of  "  Le  National,"  which  had 
recently  been  discontinued.  He  is  well  known  as 
a  magazine  and  political  writer,  has  been  decorated 
by  the  academy  of  France,  and  in  1885  received 
the  cross  of  the  legion  of  honor  from  President 
Grrevy  of  the  French  republic.  M.  Beaugrand  has 
been  mayor  of  Montreal  for  several  years,  and  be- 
came conspicuous  by  his  prohibition  of  the  Orange 
procession  in  that  city  in  1878. 

BEAUHARNAIS,  Alexandre  de  (bo-har  -nav), 
soldier,  b.  in  Martinique  in  1760 ;  d.  in  Paris,  23 
July,  1794.  This  officer,  a  viscount  of  France, 
held  a  major's  commission  under  Rochambeau  in 
the  French  contingent  during  the  revolutionary 
war.  Returning  to  France,  he  married  Josephine 
de  la  Pagerie,  was  chosen  deputy  to  the  states-gen- 
eral from  the  city  of  Blois,  joined  the  tiers-etat^ 
became  president  of  the  national  assembly,  general 
of  division  in  the  army  of  the  Rhine  in  1792,  and 
minister  of  war  in  1793.  During  the  reign  of  ter- 
ror he  fell  under  the  suspicion  of  the  revolutionary 
tribunal,  was  falsely  accused  of  having  treacherous- 
ly promoted  the  surrender  of  Mentz,  and  "guillo- 
tined." His  widow  became  the  first  wife  of  Napo- 
leon Bonaparte,  then  a  general  in  the  French  army, 
and  with  him  ascended  the  throne  of  France. 

BEAUHARNAIS,  Charles  de  la  Boische 
de,  soldier,  b.  about  1670;  d.  12  June,  1749.  He 
entered  the  navy  as  a  boy.  and  was  rapidly  pro- 
moted to  the  rank  of  commodore.  He  was  made 
a  marquis  of  France,  governor  and  lieutenant- 
general  of  New  France,  11  Jan.,  1726 ;  com- 
mander of  the  order  of  St.  Louis,  21  April,  1732 ; 
chevalier,  lieutenant-general  des  armies  navales, 
1  Jan.,  1748,  at  which  time  he  was  also  governor 
of  Quebec.  He  was  thus  for  more  than  twenty 
years  military  commander  of  the  French  posses- 
sions in  America.  When  war  was  declared  against 
Great  Britain  by  Louis  XV.  in  1744,  he  took  effi- 
cient measures  to  fortify  the  approaches  to  Cana- 
da, and  ordered  the  construction  of  the  fort,  after- 
ward famous,  at  Crown  Point. 

BEAUJEU,  Hjacintlie  Marie  L.  de  (\w- 
zhuh),  soldier,  b.  in  Montreal.  9  Aug.,  1711 ;  killed 
in  action,  9  July,  1755.  His  first  military  experi- 
ence was  in  the  French  navy,  where  he  attained 
the  rank  of  captain  and  was  awarded  the  cross  of 
St.  Louis  for  distinguished  services.  He  obtained 
the  seigniory  of  La  Colle  on  Chambly  river,  Cana- 
da, in  1733,  succeeded  Contrecour  in  command  at 
Fort  Duquesne  in  1755,  and  planned  the  ambus- 
cade that  resulted  in  Braddock's  defeat,  9  July. 
Beaujeu  was  in  command  of  the  French  and  In- 
dians, and  was  killed  by  the  first  fire  of  the  British. 
See  "  Relations  diverse  sur  la  battaille  de  Monon- 
gahela,"  collected  by  J.  M.  Shea  (New  York,  1860). 

BEAUJOUR,  .Louis  Felix  de  (deb-o-zhoor), 
author,  diplomatist,  b.  in  Provence  in  1765 ;  d.  in 
July,  1836.  After  serving  as  secretary  of  legation 
for  France,  at  Munich  and  Dresden,  and  as  consul- 
general  in  Sweden  and  Gi-eece,  he  was  appointed 
consul-general  and  charge  d'affaires  in  the  United 
States  in  1804.  During  his  residence  in  Ainerica 
he  prepared  "  A  Sketch  of  the  United  States  at  the 
Commencement  of  the  Nineteenth  Century,"  which, 
with  an  admirable  map,  was  published  in  1814,  and 
is  still  consulted  as  one  of  the  more  trustworthy 
of  the  earlv  foreign  books  about  America. 

BEAUMARCHAIS,  Pierre  Augustin  Caron 
de,  French  author,  b.  in  Paris,  24  Jan.,  1732;  d.  18 
May,  1799.  He  was  the  son  of  a  watchmaker 
named  Caron,  and  his  inventive  and  musical  tal- 


210 


BEAUMONT 


BEAUREGARD 


ents  gained  him  admission  to  the  court.  Through 
business  associations  with  the  financier  Duverney 
he  acqviired  a  fortune,  whicli  he  augmented  by  a 
wealthy  marriage.  His  eloquent  pleadings  in  a 
suit,  broughl  against  him  by  the  heir  of  his  part- 
ner Duverney,  rendered  him  conspicuous  as  a 
victim  of  injustice  and  a  ciiampion  of  liberty.  In 
1775  he  memorialized  the  king  in  advocacy  of  aid- 
ing the  American  colonies  in  their  struggle  with 
the  British  crown.  He  held  negotiations  with 
Arthur  Lee,  agent  of  the  colonists,  and  finally  per- 
suaded the  prime  minister,  Maurepas,  to  sanction  a 
loan  of  1,000,000  livres  and  to  secure  the  advance 
of  an  equal  sum  from  the  Spanish  government. 
Arms  and  ammunition  for  the  Americans  were  de- 
livered from  the  public  arsenals  to  Beaumarchais, 
operating  under  the  firm  name  of  Roderique  Hor- 
talez  &  Co.,  on  his  entering  into  an  obligation  to 
replace  them.  In  the  early  part  of  1777  he  shipped, 
in  three  of  his  own  vessels,  200  guns,  25,000 
muslcets,  and  200,000  pounds  of  gunpowder,  and 
sent  over  on  the  "Amphritrite  "  50  European  offi- 
cers, among  the  number  La  Rouerie,  Pulaski,  and 
Baron  Steuben.  The  shipments  were  continued, 
but,  owing  to  an  erroneous  impression  that  the 
supplies  were  a  gift  from  the  French  government, 
congress  failed  to  make  remittances,  and  the 
French  government  advanced  another  million 
francs  to  relieve  Beaumarchais  from  his  embar- 
rassments, and  he  persevered  in  forwarding  sup- 
plies until  1779.  The  United  States  were  indebted 
to  Beaumarchais  at  the  end  of  the  transactions  in 
the  sum  of  4,000,000  francs,  an  obligation  which 
the  American  government  was  unable  to  meet,  and 
which  was  finally  compromised  in  1835,  by  the 
payment  of  800,000  francs  to  his  heirs.  He  en- 
gaged in  a  variety  of  financial  speculations,  such 
as  establishing  a  national  bank  of  discount,  supply- 
ing Paris  with  water,  publishing  the  collected 
works  of  Voltaire,  etc.,  which  were  generally 
successful.  His  writings  are  remarkable  for  their 
literary  qualities,  and  some  of  them  for  their  in- 
fluence on  events.  The  drama  "  Eugenie  "  (1768) 
was  founded  on  experiences  that  befell  his  sister ; 
*'  Le  Barbier  de  Seville  "  (1775)  was  very  success- 
ful; "  Le  Mariage  de  Figaro"  (1784)  brilliantly 
satirized  the  aristocracy.  During  the  French  revo- 
lution he  fell  under  the  suspicions  of  the  Monta- 
gnards  and  fied  to  England,  whence  he  issued  a 
memoir,  entitled  "  Mes  six  epoques,"  vindicating 
his  attachment  to  the  cause  of  liberty.  He  re- 
turned and  died  suddenly  during  the  directory. 
See  "  Beaumarchais  and  his  Times,"  by  M.  de  Lo- 
menie,  Paris,  1850 ;  "  Notice  sur  la  vie  de  Beau- 
marchais," by  Saint-Marc  Girardin  ;  "  Vie  de  P.  A. 
Caron  de  Beaumarchais,"  by  Cousin  d'Avalon 
(1802) ;  and  "  Essai  sur  la  vie  et  les  ouvrages  de 
Beaumarchais,"  by  E.  Berger.  His  collected  works 
were  published  by  Gudin  de  la  Brenellerie  (7  vols., 
Paris,  1809  ;  new  ed.,  1821-7).     . 

BEAUMONT,  John  d.,  naval  officer,  b.  in 
Pennsylvania,  27  Aug.,  1821 ;  d.  2  Aug.,  1882.  He 
entered  the  navy  as  midshipman,  1  March,  1838, 
and  obtained  promotion  as  master,  30  Aug.,  1851 ; 
lieutenant,  29  Aug.,  1855  ;  commander,  July,  1862 ; 
captain,  1872.  He  participated  as  commander  of 
the  steamer  "  Aroostook,"  of  the  North  Atlantic 
blockading  squadron,  in  the  severe  engagement 
with  the  confederate  batteries  at  Fort  Darling, 
was  attached  to  the  South  Atlantic  blockading 
squadron  in  1862-'3,  was  engaged  as  commander 
of  a  monitor  in  attacks  on  the  fortifications  in 
Charleston  harbor,  and  took  a  prominent  part  in 
the  capture  of  Fort  Wagner.  He  commanded  the 
steamer  "Mackinaw,"  of  the  North  Atlantic  block- 


ading squadron,  in  the  two  attacks  on  Fort  Fisher, 
when  his  vessel  was  badly  injured  by  the  shot  and 
shell  from  the  enemy's  batteries. 

BEAUMONT,  Williaiii,  physician,  b.  in  Leba- 
non, Conn.,  in  1796;  d.  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  25  April, 
1853.  He  was  a  surgeon  in  the  U.  S.  army,  and 
when  stationed  at  Mackinac,  Mich.,  in  1822,  had 
occasion  to  treat  a  young  man  named  Alexis  St. 
Martin,  who  had  received  the  discharge  of  a  shot- 
gun in  his  left  side.  By  good  care  the  wound  was 
healed,  but  an  opening  remained,  about  two  and 
a  half  inches  in  diameter,  penetrating  into  the 
stomach.  Through  this  aperture  Dr.  Beaumont 
was  able  to  watch  the  process  of  digestion  and  to 
make  experiments,  extending  over  a  series  of  years, 
regarding  the  digestibility  of  the  different  kinds  of 
food  and  the  effect  upon  the  stomach  of  alcohol" 
and  various  drugs ;  and  he  was  the  first  to  obtain 
the  gastric  juice  and  study  its  properties.  The  re- 
sults of  these  physiological  experiments  were  ])ub- 
lished  in  1833,  and  attracted  much  attention  in 
America  and  Europe.  After  resigning  from  the 
army.  Dr.  Beaumont  practised  medicine  in  St. 
Louis,  and  he  continued  the  experiments  upon  St. 
Martin  until  his  own  death.  ^ 

BEAUMONT  DE  LA  BONNIERE,  Gnstare 
Augiiste  de,  French  author,  grandson  of  La- 
fayette, b.  at  Beaumont-la-Chatre,  department  of 
Sarthe,  6  Feb.,  1802;  d.  in  Paris,  22  Feb.,  1866, 
He  was  commissioned,  with  M.  de  Toequeville,  to 
investigate  the  penal  institutions  of  the  United 
States,  came  to  this  country  for  that  purpose  in 
1831,  and  published  a  report  on  "  The  Penitentiary 
System  of  the  United  States  and  its  Application  in 
France  "  (1832).  He  married  his  cousin,  the  grand- 
daughter of  Lafayette,  in  1836.  He  was  elected  to 
the  chamber  in  1840,  was  a  member  of  the  constit- 
uent assembly  of  1848,  and  was  sent  by  Cavaignac 
as  ambassador  to  England.  In  1851  he  was  im- 
prisoned for  opposing  the  coup  d'etat  of  2  Dec. 
His  principal, other  published  wi'itings  are  "L'Es- 
clavage  aux  Etats-Unis  "  (1835),  of  which  a  trans- 
lation has  appeared  in  the  United  States,  and 
"L'Irlande,  sociale,  politique,  et  religieuse"  (1839). 

BEAUREUARl),  Pierre  (iustave  Tontant, 
soldier,  h.  near  New  Orleans,  La.,  28  May,  1818  ;  d. 
there,  20  Feb., 
1893.  He  was 
graduated  at 
West  Point  in 
1838.  Among 
his  classmates 
were  the  future 
confederate  gen- 
erals Hardee  and 
Sibley  and  the 
federal  generals 
Barry,  Nichols, 
Granger,  and  Mc- 
Dowell. He  was 
assigned  first  to 
the  artillery  and 
then  to  the  en- 
gineers, and  in 
1838-9  was  as- 
sistant in the con- 
struct] on  of  Fort 
Adams,  New- 
port. He  was  on 
engineeringduty 
at  Barataria  bay. 
La.,  in  1840-'l,  at  the  passes  of  the  Mississippi  in  1841 
-'4,  and  at  Fort  McHenry,  Md.,  in  1844-'5.  At  the 
beginning  of  the  war  with  Mexico,  he  was  engaged 
in  the  construction  of  defences  at  Tampico  (1846-"7), 


^<z^^^^4 


BEAUREGARD 


BEAVER 


211 


siege  operations  at  Vera  Cruz  (9  to  29  March,  1847), 
Cerro  Gordo  (April  17,  18),  Contreras  (Aug.  19,  20), 
Chapul  tepee  (Sept.  13),  and  city  of  Mexico  (Sept. 
13,  14),  where  he  was  twice  wounded.  Shortly 
afterward  he  was  brevetted  major.  He  attained 
the  full  rank  of  captain  of  engineers,  3  March, 
1853,  for  fourteen  years  of  continuous  service  as 
lieutenant.  Returning  to  the  United  States,  he  was 
assigned  to  duty  in  the  vicinity  of  New  Orleans, 
superintending  the  construction  and  repair  of 
fortifications  in  Mobile  harbor  and  on  the  Missis- 
sippi river,  also  of  harbor  construction  in  Lake 
Pontchartrain,  and  as  constructing  engineer  of  the 
custom-house  in  New  Orleans.  His  supervisory 
duties  extended  over  the  gulf  coast  from  Florida 
to  the  Rio  Grande.  On  23  Jan.,  1801,  he  was  de- 
tailed as  superintendent  of  the  military  academy 
at  West  Point,  but  held  the  place  only  a  few  days, 
resigning  his  commission  20  Feb.,  18(31.  This  ends 
his  record  as  a  military  officer  of  the  United  States. 
He  at  once  ofEered  his  services  to  the  southern 
confederacy,  then  organizing  to  resist  the  author- 
ity of  the  federal  government,  and  was  placed  in 
command  of  the  defences  of  Charleston,  S.  C.  On 
the  refusal  of  Maj.  Robert  Anderson  to  evacuate 
Fort  Sumter,  he  opened  fire  soon  after  daylight  on 
the  morning  of  12  April,  1861.  After  a  cannonade 
of  several  hours,  during  which,  according  to  the 
official  reports,  not  a  single  life  was  lost  on  either 
side,  Fort  Sumter,  with  ammunition  and  provisions 
nearly  exhausted,  capitulated  to  Gen.  Beauregard, 
and  the  garrison  marched  out  with  the  honors  of 
war.  Beauregard  was  almost  immediately  ordered 
to  Virginia,  where  he  was  practically  in  command 
at  the  battle  of  Bull  Run  (July  21),  though  super- 
seded at  the  last  moment  by  Gen.  J.  E.  Johnston. 
Here  he  was  again  victorious.  In  the  spring  of 
1862  he  was  ordered  to  Tennessee,  as  second  in 
command  to  Gen.  A.  S.  Johnston,  and  when  that 
officer  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Shiloh,  April  G, 
Beauregard  took  command  and  nearly  succeeded 
in  routing  the  northern  army.  The  next  day, 
however,  the  federals  having  been  re-enforced,  he 
was  compelled  to  retreat  by  Gen.  Grant,  falling 
back  in  good  order  to  Corinth,  Miss.,  where  he 
made  a  successful  defence  until  29  May,  when  he 
evacuated  the  place,  destroying  all  his  stores,  and 
retreating  southward  along  the  Mobile  and  Ohio 
railroad.  Gen.  Beauregard's  health  failed  after 
this  campaign,  and  he  was  on  leave  of  absence  un- 
til August,  when,  with  the  full  rank  of  general,  he 
was  again  pliieed  in  command  at  Charleston,  which 
for  a  year  and  a  half  (Sept.,  1862,  till  April,  1864) 
he  defended  against  the  formidable  siege  operations 
under  Gen.  Gillmore  and  Admirals  Dupont  and 
Dahlgren.  In  May,  1864,  when  Gen.  Grant  was 
closing  in  upon  the  approaches  to  Richmond, 
Beauregard  re-enforced  Lee,  defeated  Butler  at 
Drury's  Bluff,  and  held  Petersburg  against  the 
federal  advance.  In  October  he  was  appointed 
commander  of  the  military  division  of  the  west, 
and  sent  to  Georgia  to  resist  the  march  of  the 
federals  under  Sherman.  The  attempt  proved  fu- 
tile, and,  joining  forces  with  Gen.  J.  E.  Johnston  in 
North  Carolina," he  surrendered  with  that  officer  to 
Gen.  Sherman  in  April,  1865.  Alter  the  war  he 
became  president  of  the  New  Orleans,  Jackson,  and 
Mississippi  railroad,  adjutant-general  of  the  state, 
and  manager  of  the  Louisiana  state  lottery.  See 
"  Military  Operations  of  Gen.  Beauregard  in  the  War 
between  the  States,  1861-'5,"  by  Col.  Alfred  Roman 
(New  York,  1884).  Gen.  Beauregard  is  the  author 
of  "Principles  and  Maxims  of  the  Art  of  War" 
(Charleston,  1863),  and  "  Report  of  the  Defence  of 
Charleston  "  (Richmond,  1864). 


BEAUREPAIRE-ROHAN,  Henry  de  (bo-re- 
pair-ro-on),  Brazilian  traveller,  b.  in  Piauhy,  Bra- 
zil, about  1818.  He  explored  Paraguay  in  1845-6, 
visited  Bonpland  at  Borja,  and  published  "  De- 
scripgiio  de  uma  viagem  de  Cuyaba  ao  Rio  de  Ja- 
neiro "  (Rio,  1846).  He  was  promoted  in  1850  to 
the  rank  of  major  of  engineers,  and  charged  by 
the  government  with  the  exploration  of  central 
Brazil,  and  has  since  published  several  works  on 
the  geography  and  history  of  parts  of  that  empire. 

BEAVER,  James  Addams,  soldier,  b.  in  Millers- 
town,  Perry  co..  Pa.,  21  Oct.,  1837.  The  founders 
of  the  family  came  from  Alsace  in  1740 — Hugue- 
nots seeking  religious  liberty  in  America.  They 
settled  in  Chester  co..  Pa.,  and  became  leaders  in 
the  affairs  of  the  infant  commonwealth.  They 
have  furnished  soldiers  for  every  American  war 
since  the  middle  of  the  last  century,  and  in  times 
of  peace  have  been  among  the  most  highly  re- 
spected and  influential  families  of  the  state. 
James  was  educated  by  his  mother  (his  father 
having  died  in  1840)  until  1846,  when  the  fam- 
ily removed  to  Belleville,  Mifflin  co.,  and  he  was 
sent  to  school.  In  1852  he  entered  Pine  Grove 
academy,  and  in  1854  joined  the  junior  class  in 
Jefferson  college,  Cannonsburg,  Pa.  After  gradua- 
tion in  1856  he  read  law  in  the  office  of  H.  N. 
McAllister,  at  Bellefonte,  Pa.,  and  was  taken  into 
partnership  by  him  almost  as  soon  as  he  was  of 
age.  During  this  period  of  his  life  he  joined  a 
local  military  company — the  "  Bellefonte  Fenci- 
bles,"  under  Capt.  Andrew  G.  Curtin,  afterward 
war  governor  of  Pennsylvania.  He  made  a  thor- 
ough study  of  tactics,  and,  when  the  president  called 
for  volunteers  to  suppress  the  rebellion  in  1861, 
he  was  second  lieutenant  of  the  company,  which 
promptly  marched  for  the  defence  of  the  national 
capital.  On  the  organization  of  the  45th  Pennsyl- 
vania volunteers,  he  became  its  lieutenant-colonel, 
and  first  saw  active  service  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Hilton  Head  and  Port  Royal,  S.  C.  A  new  call  for 
volunteers  was  issued  in  1862,  and  Lieut-Col. 
Beaver  was  commissioned  colonel  of  the  148th 
Pennsylvania  volunteers,  recruited  in  the  vicinity 
of  his  home.  He  had  by  this  time  developed  high 
qualities  as  a  disciplinarian,  and  his  men  nuide  it 
their  boast  tliat  they  were  often  mistaken  for  regu- 
lars. The  regiment  joined  the  army  of  the  Poto- 
mac just  alter  the  battle  of  Fredericksburg,  was 
assigned  to  Hancock's  corps,  and  first  met  the  ene- 
my at  the  battle  of  Chancellorsville  (2  and  3  May, 
1863),  where  it  held  an  advanced  position,  and  lost 
very  heavily.  Col.  Beaver  being  among  the  wounded. 
He  "had  not  recovered  when  the  third  call  for  troops 
was  issued ;  but,  at  his  own  request,  he  was  placed 
on  recruiting  service,  in  command  of  Camp  Curtin. 
He  was  able  to  rejoin  his  regiment  just  before  the 
battle  of  Gettysburg,  but,  still  weak  from  his 
wound,  was  not  permitted  to  take  command  dur- 
ing the  fight.  He  led  his  regiment  throughout  the 
Wilderness  campaign  in  May,  1864,  and  took  part 
in  the  successful  assault  upon  the  confederate 
works  at  Spottsylvania  Court-House,  his  regiment 
being  among  the  first  to  scale  the  earthworks.  At 
the  battle  of  Cold  Harbor  (3  June,  1864)  he  was 
left  in  command  of  the  brigade.  Gen.  Brooke  being 
wounded,  and  later  he  was  himself  slightly  wound- 
ed, but  not  disabled,  and  remained  at  his  post  dur- 
ing the  rest  of  the  day,  holding  an  advanced  posi- 
tion close  to  the  enemy's  works,  and  constantly 
under  fire.  On  16  June,'l864,  he  was  again  wound- 
ed while  leading  his  brigade  in  the  first  assault 
upon  the  works  at  Petersburg.  Returning  to  duty 
before  his  wound  was  fairly  healed,  he  rode  to  the 
battle-field  of  Ream's  Station  in  an  ambulance,  and 


212 


BEBIAN 


BECK 


had  scarcely  reached  the  front  and  assumed  com- 
mand at  the  advanced  line  when  his  right  leg  was 
shattered  by  a  rifle-ball.  Amputation  followed, 
and,  although  his  life  was  saved,  he  was  no  longer 
capable  of  active  military  service.  lie  was  brevet- 
ted  brigadier-general  of  volunteers,  10  Nov.,  1SG4, 
and  mustered  out  of  service  at  his  own  request  on 
23  Dec.  of  that  year,  refusing  to  remain  in  the 
army  on  light  duty  as  he  was  urged  to  do.  He  re- 
peatedly declined  promotion  that  would  have  taken 
him  away  from  his  own  regiment,  feeling  bound  to 
remain  with  the  men  whom  he  liad  enlisted.  In 
civil  life  Gen.  Beaver  has  attended  closely  to  his 
practice  at  the  bar.  He  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  board  of  trustees  of  the  Pennsylvania  State 
College,  in  1873,  and  has  been  very  influential 
in  increasing  its  usefulness  and  prosperity.  He 
has  taken  active  part  as  a  speaker  in  the  cam- 
paigns of  the  republican  party,  and  at  the  state 
convention  of  June,  1882,  was  nominated  as  its 
candidate  for  governor  of  Pennsylvania,  and  again 
nominated  for  the  same  office  in  1886.  He  is  a 
prominent  member  of  the  Grand  army  of  the  re- 
public. See  "  Life  of  James  A.  Beaver,"  by  Frank 
A.  Burr  (Philadelphia.  1882). 

BEBIAN,  Roch  Aiubroise  Augiiste,  educa- 
tor, b.  on  the  island  of  Guadeloupe  in  1789;  d. 
there  in  1834.  He  was  the  son  of  a  merchant,  and 
was  encouraged  to  devote  himself  to  the  instruction 
of  the  deaf  and  dumb  by  his  godfather,  the  Abbe 
Sicard,  under  whose  direction  he  qualified  himself 
for  the  task.  Pie  published  "  Essai  sur  les  sourd- 
muets  et  sur  le  langage  naturel "  (1817),  and 
afterward  became  a  professor  in  the  royal  institu- 
tion for  deaf-nmtes.  His  zeal  for  reform  excited 
much  jealousy,  and,  in  1825,  he  was  compelled  to 
resign  his  professorship  and  return  to  his  native 
island.  His  other  publications  were  "Mimogra- 
phie,  ou  Essai  d'ecriture  mimique  "  (Paris,  1822) ; 
"  Manuel  d'enseignement  pratique "  (1827) ;  and 
"  Eloge  historique  de  I'abbe  de  I'Epee." 

BECERRA,  Diego,  Spanish  navigator,  d.  in 
1533.  He  was  an  officer  in  the  army  of  Cortes, 
conqueror  of  Mexico.  When  the  ship  "  Concep- 
cion,"  was  built  at  Tehuantepec  by  order  of  Cortes, 
Becerra  was  given  command  of  her,  and  went,  30 
Nov.,  1533,  to  explore  the  coasts  of  the  southern 
sea.  A  short  time  after  he  had  begun  the  work  his 
pilot  treaclierously  assassinated  him. 

BECERRA,  Francisco  (be-ther'-rah),  Spanish 
architect,  lived  in  the  latter  part  of  the  16th  cen- 
tury. He  established  himself  in  Puebla  de  los  An- 
geles, Mexico,  and  built  there  the  cathedral  and  sev- 
eral convents.  The  famous  cathedral  of  Lima,  the 
church  of  Cuzco,  and  several  bridges,  are  also 
numbered  among  his  works,  which  rank  with  the 
best  specimen  of  architecture  in  Spanish  America. 

BECH  liKR,  John  Christian,  Moravian  bishop, 
b.  on  the  island  of  Oesel,  7  Jan.,  1784;  d.  in  Herrn- 
hut,  Saxony,  18  April,  1857.  He  was  educated  at 
the  Moravian  college  and  theological  seminary  in 
Germany,  came  to  the  United  States  in  1806.  and 
entered  the  boarding-school  of  Nazareth  Hall,  at 
Nazareth,  Pa.,  as  a  tutor.  In  the  following  year 
the  American  Moravian  theological  seminary  was 
founded,  and  he  was  appointed  one  of  its  first  pro- 
fessors. Afterward  he  accepted  the  principalship 
of  Nazareth  Hall,  and  subsequently  had  charge  of 
various  churches  in  Pennsylvania  and  on  Staten 
Island.  He  was  consecrated  to  the  episcopacy  at 
Lititz,  Pa.,  17  May,  1835,  and  presided  over  the 
southern  district.  In  the  following  year  he  went 
to  Europe  as  a  member  of  the  general  synod,  and 
did  not  return,  but  proceeded  to  Russia,  where  he 
stood  at  the  head  of  the  Moravian  establishment 


at  Sarepta,  and  subsequently  was  the  principal  of 
a  similar  establishment  at  Zeist,  in  Holland.  Bishop 
Bechler  was  endowed  with  rare  musical  talent,  and 
composed  various  anthems  and  tunes,  some  of 
wliicli  are  still  in  use. 

BECK,  Cliarles,  educator,  b.  in  Heidelberg, 
Germany,  19  Aug.,  1798 ;  d.  in  Cambridge,  JVIass., 
19  March,  1866.  After  completing  his  theological 
studies  at  Berlin  and  Tubingen,  he  was  employed 
for  some  time  as  tutor  at  the  university  of  Basle, 
Switzerland;  but  his  republican  sentiments  en- 
dangered his  liberty,  and  he  took  refuge  in  the 
United  States,  arriving  in  New  York  in  December, 
1824.  Soon  afterward  he  became  connected,  as 
teacher,  with  the  Round  Hill  school  at  Northamp- 
ton, Mass.,  until,  in  1830,  he,  in  connection  with 
two  other  teachers,  established  a  school  at  Phillips- 
town,  on  the  Hudson,  opposite  West  Point.  In 
1832  Prof.  Beck  was  elected  to  the  chair  of  Latin 
language  and  literature  at  Cambridge,  and,  on  his 
retirement  from  that  professorship  in  1850,  he  de- 
voted himself  to  literary  pursuits  and  classical 
studies.  In  1863  he  published  "  The  Manuscripts 
of  the  Satyricon  of  Petronius  Arbiter,  described 
and  collated."  He  was  for  two  years  a  representa- 
tive of  Cambridge  in  the  state  legislature.  He  was 
specially  interested  in  the  soldiers'  fund,  the  sani- 
tary commission,  and  the  agencies  for  the  care  and 
education  of  the  freedmen. 

BECK,  George,  poet,  b.  in  England  in  1749; 
d.  in  Lexington,  Ky.,  24  Dec,  1812.  He  was  in- 
structor in  mathematics  at  Woolwich  from  1776, 
but  was  afterward  dismissed.  He  emigrated  to 
the  United  States  in  1795,  and  was  employed  in 
painting  pictures.  He  wrote  short  poems,  made 
poetic  translations  from  Anacreon,  Homer,  Virgil, 
and  Horace,  and  in  1812  published  "  Observations 
on  the  Comet."  In  1795  he  served  as  a  scout  in 
Wayne's  campaign  against  the  Indians.  With  his 
wife,  who  was  also  an  artist,  he  conducted  for  many 
years  a  femttle  seminary  in  Lexington,  Ky. 

BECK,  James  Burnie.  U.  S.  senator,  b.  in  Dum- 
friesshire, Scotland,  13  Feb.,  1822;  d.  in  Washing- 
ton, D.  C,  3  May,  1890.  He  received  an  academic 
education  in  his  native  country,  and,  with  his  par- 
ents, settled  in  Lexington,  Ky.,  and  was  graduated 
at  the  law  school  of  Transylvania  university  in  that 
place  in  1846.  He  then  practised  law  in  Lexington, 
and  in  1866  was  elected  to  congress,  serving  four 
successive  terms,  from  1867  till  1875.  In  May,  1876, 
he  was  appointed  a  member  of  the  commission  to 
define  the  Virginia  and  Maryland  boundary,  and  in 
the  same  year  was  elected  to  the  U.  S.  senate.  He 
took  his  seat  on  4  March,  1877.  was  re-elected  in 
1882  for  the  term  ending  in  March,  1889,  and  was 
re-elected  for  a  third  term.  During  his  congres- 
sional career  Mr.  Beck  served  on  important  com- 
mittees, and  was  prominent  in  important  debates. 
He  was  specially  interested  in  questions  relating  to 
the  taritt'  and  the  currency. 

BECK,  Panl,  philanthropist,  b.  in  Philadelphia 
about  1760;  d.  there,  22  Dec,  1844.  His  father 
emigrated  from  Nuremberg  in  1752.  The  son 
acquired  a  large  fortune  in  the  wine-trade,  and  for 
several  years  filled  the  office  of  port  warden  of 
Philadelphia.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Philadelphia  academy  of  fine  arts,  a  benefactor 
of  the  deaf  and  dumb  institution  of  that  city, 
president  of  the  American  Sunday-school  Union, 
and  a  contributor  to  various  other  charitable  and 
religious  undertakings. 

BECK,  Tlieodoric  Romeyn,  phvsician,  b.  in 
Schenectady,  N.  Y.,  11  April,  1791 ;  d.  iii  Utica,  N.  Y., 
19  Nov.,  1855.  He  was  a  son  of  Caleb  Beck,  and  of 
English  descent.     He  was  graduated  at  Union  in 


BECK 


BECKFORD 


213 


1807,  and,  after  graduation  at  the  College  of  phy- 
sicians and  surgeons  in  New  Y^ork.  began  to  prac- 
tise in  Albany  in  1811.  In  1813  he  presented  to 
the  Albany  society  of  arts  a  comprehensive  paper 

on    the    mineral 
resources  of   the 
United  States.  In 
1815   he  was  ap- 
pointed professor 
of  the   institutes 
of  medicine,  and 
lecturer  on  medi- 
cal jurisprudence 
in  the  College  of 
physicians      and 
surgeons  of  west- 
ern   New    York, 
at   Fairfield.     In 
1817   he    became 
principal   of   the 
Albany  academy, 
which  he  direct- 
ed until  1848.  He 
was   also   profes- 
sor   of     medical 
jurisprudence   in 
Fairfield  medical 
college  from  1826  till  1836,  and  professor  of  materia 
raedica  in  that  institution  from  1836  till  1840,  and 
in  Albany  medical   college   from   1840  till   1854. 
He  was  chosen  president  of  the  New  York  state 
medical  society  in  1829,  and  became  a  manager  of 
the  state  lunatic  asylum,  and  in  1854  president  of 
the  board  of  managers.     He  collected  statistics  on 
deaf-mutes,   which   influenced   the   legislature   to 
pass  laws  for  the  education  of  that  class.      From 
1849  to  1853  he  edited  the  "American  Journal  of 
Insanity."     His  principal  work  was  "  Elements  of 
Medical  Jurisprudence,"  in  which  he  was  aided  by 
his   brother,   John  Brodhead.      The   first   edition 
was  printed  in  1823 ;  a  seventh  edition,  with  notes 
by  Dunlap  and  Darwell,  was  issued  in  London  in 
1842,  and  a  tenth  in  Albany  in   1850.     Dr.  Beck 
also  contrilmted  to  scientific  journals. — His  broth- 
er,  John   Brodliead,   physician,  b.  in  Schenec- 
tady, N.  Y.,  18  Sept.,  1794 ;  d.  in  Rhinebeck,  N. 
Y.,  9  April,  1851.     He  was  a  nephew  of  the  Rev. 
John   B.  Romeyn,  in  whose   house   he  was  edu- 
cated.  He  was  graduated  at  Columbia  in  1813,  and 
began  the   practice   of   medicine  in  1817.     From 
1822   till    1829   he  edited  the  "  New  York  Medi- 
cal and  Physical  Journal."     He  became  professor 
of  materia   medica  and  of  botany  in  the  college 
of  physicians  and  surgeons  in  1826,  but  exchanged 
the    chair    of    botany  subsequently   for    that   of 
medical   jurisprudence.     He   assisted   T.  Romeyn 
Beck   in   the   preparation  of   his   great   work   on 
medical  jurisprudence  (1823),  and  published  "  Medi- 
cal Essays"  (1843),  "Infant  Therapeutics"  (1849), 
and   "  Historical   Sketch   of    the   State   of   Medi- 
cine  in  the   Colonies"  (1850). — Another   brother, 
Lewis  Caleb,  scientist,  b.  in  Schenectady,  N.  Y., 
4  Oct.,  1798 ;  d.  in  Albany,  N.  Y.,  20  April,  1853. 
He  was  graduated  at  Union  in  1817,  studied  medi- 
cine, and  began  practice  in  Schenectady  in  1818. 
During  1820-'l  he  resided  in  St.  Louis,  but  soon 
returned   and   settled   in    Albany.     He   was   suc- 
cessively professor   of   botany  in   the   Rensselaer 
Polytechnic   Institute  (1824-'9)   professor  of  bot- 
any and  chemistry  in  the  Vermont  Academy  of 
Medicine  (1826-32),   professor  of   chemistry  and 
natural   history  at  Rutgers  College  (1830-'7  and 
1838-53),  and  professor  of  chemistry  and  phar- 
macy at  Albany  Medical  College  (1841-'53).      He 
also  delivered  a  course  of  chemical  lectures  at  Mid- 


dlebury  in  1827,  and  was  appointed  mineralogist 
to  the  geological  survey  of  New  York  in  1837.  His 
published  works  include  "A  Gazetteer  of  Illinois 
and  Missouri"  (1823);  "An  Account  of  the  Salt 
Springs  at  Salina"  (1826):  "  A  Manual  of  Chemis- 
try" (1831);  "Mineralogy  of  New  York"  (1842), 
probably  his  most  important  contribution  to  sci- 
entific literature  ;  "  On  Adulterations  "  (New 
York,  1846) :  and  "  Botany  of  the  United  States 
North  of  Virginia"  (1848).  Gross's  "American 
Medical  Biography." 

BECKER,  George  Ferdinand,  geologist,  b. 
in  New  York  city,  5  Jan.,  1847.  He  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  in  1868,  studied  at  Heidelberg,  receiv- 
ing the  degree  of  Ph.  D.  in  1869,  and,  two  years 
later,  passed  the  final  examination  of  the  Roval 
School  of  Mines  in  Berlin.  From  1875  till  1879"he 
was  instructor  of  mining  and  metallurgy  in  the 
University  of  California,  and  in  1879  he  became 
connected  with  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  and 
later  was  placed  in  charge  of  the  California  divi- 
sion of  geology.  In  1880  he  was  appointed  special 
agent  of  the  10th  census,  and  in  1882  was  further 
appointed  special  agent  in  charge  of  the  investiga- 
tion of  the  precious-metal  industries.  His  most 
important  writings  are  "Geometrical  Form  of 
Volcanic  Cones"  (1885);  "Notes  on  the  Stratig- 
raphy of  California"  (1885);  "Cretaceous  Meta- 
morphic  Rocks  of  California  "  (1886) ;  "  A  Theo- 
rem of  Maximum  Dissipativity "  (1886),  which  is 
a  new  fundamental  law  of  mechanics,  and  one  of 
its  consequences  is  "  A  New  Law  of  Thermo-Chem- 
istry  "  (1886),  which  embraces  the  previously  known 
laws  of  this  science  and  makes  an  important  addi- 
tion to  them.  He  has  also  written  "  Atomic- 
Weight  Determinations ;  A  Digest  of  the  Investi- 
gations published  since  1814  "  (Washington,  1880) ; 
"  Geology  of  the  Comstock  Lode  "  (1882) ;  "  Sta- 
tistics and  Technology  of  the  Precious  Metals," 
with  S.  F.  Emmons  ("1885) ;  and  "  Geology  of  the 
Quicksilver  Deposits  of  the  Pacific  Slope"  (1886). 

BECKER,  Thomas  Albert,  R.  C.  bishop,  b.  in 
Pittsburg,  Pa.,  12  June,  1832;  d.  in  Washington, 
Ga.,  29  May,  1899.  He  studied  at  the  Propaganda, 
Rome,  and  was  ordained  in  1859.  On  his  return 
he  went  to  Richmond.  Va.,  and  was  afterward  sent 
to  Martinsburg  and  Berkeley  Springs.  At  the 
close  of  the  war  he  returned  to  Baltimore,  and  was 
for  some  time  on  duty  at  St.  Peter's  church.  He 
was  afterward  appointed  professor  of  theology, 
ecclesiastical  history,  and  sacred  scriptures  in  St. 
Mary's  college,  Emmettsburg,  and  was  one  of  the 
chief  secretaries  of  the  plenary  council  assembled 
at  Baltimore.  He  was  then  stationed  at  the  ca- 
thedral of  Richmond,  where  he  remained  until 
created  bishop  of  the  new  diocese  of  Wilmington, 
Del.,  23  Aug.,  1868.  He  was  transferred  to  the 
see  of  Savannah  in  May,  1886.  Dr.  Becker  has 
contributed  largely  to  reviews  and  periodicals,  and 
his  series  of  articles  in  the  "  American  Catholic 
Quarterly,"  on  the  idea  of  a  true  university,  at- 
tracted wide  attention. 

BECKFORD,  AVilliani,  West  Indian  planter, 
b.  in  Jamaica  in  December,  1709 ;  d.  in  London,  21 
June,  1770.  After  receiving  his  education  in  Eng- 
land, he  fell  heir  to  large  plantations  in  the  West 
Indies,  and,  entering  public  life,  became  a  member 
of  parliament  and  alderman  of  London,  and  in 
1762,  and  again  in  1768,  was  elected  lord  mayor  of 
London.  With  John  Wilkes,  he  led  the  popular 
opposition,  and  on  23  May,  1770,  delivered  a  mem- 
orable remonstrance  to  the  king,  complaining  of 
the  falsification  of  election  returns.  He  left  estates 
worth  £100,000  a  year,  and  a  million  of  money. 
His  son  was  the  author  of  "  Vathek." 


214 


BECKWITH 


BEDEL 


BECKWITH,  Amos,  soldier,  b.  in  Burlinfrton, 
Vt.,  4  Oct.,  1825  ;  d.  in  St.  Louis,  Mo..  26  Oct.,  1894. 
He  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1850,  and  served 
in  the  Seminole  war.  During  the  civil  war  he  was 
chief  depot-commissary  in  Washington,  chief  of 
commissariat  of  the  military  division  of  the  ]Missis- 
sippi,  on  the  staff  of  Gen.  Sherman  in  the  Atlanta 
campaign,  and,  after  the  war,  chief  commissary  of 
the  department  of  the  gulf.  He  was  brevetted 
brigadier-general  in  the  U.  S.  army  on  13  March, 
1865,  and  promoted  lieutenant-colonel  on  the  gen- 
eral staff.  28  June,  1874.  In  1888  he  became  full 
colonel,  and  was  retired  in  1889. 

BECKAVITH,  Edward  (iriffln,  soldier,  b.  in 
Cazenovia,  N.  Y.,  25  June,  1818 ;  d.  in  Clifton,  N. 
Y.,  22  June,  1881.  He  was  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1842,  served  in  the  war  with  Mexico  at 
Tampico  and  Vera  Cruz,  and  was  employed  in  Pa- 
cific railroad  reconnoissances  in  1858-'4,  the  rec- 
ords of  which  survey  were  published  by  congress. 
In  the  civil  war  he  served  as  chief  of  commissariat 
of  the  5th  army  corps,  and  of  the  army  of  Vir- 
ginia, and  in  fitting  out  Gen.  Banks's  Louisiana 
expedition.  He  was  provost-marshal-general  of 
the  department  of  the  gulf  in  1868,  in  command 
of  the  defences  of  New  Orleans  from  25  Aug., 
1863,  till  12  Jan.,  1864,  also  for  a  time  chief  com- 
missary of  the  department,  was  made  major  on  8 
Feb.,  1864,  and  received  the  brevet  rank  of  briga- 
dier-general, U.  S.  army,  on  18  March,  1865,  for 
faithful  and  meritorious  services  during  the  war. 

BECKWITH,  Sir  George,  English  soldier,  b. 
in  1758 :  d.  in  London,  20  March,  1828.  He  came 
to  America  in  1771  as  ensign,  and  rose  to  the  rank 
of  major  in  1781.  He  commanded  the  British 
forces  at  the  taking  of  Elizabethtown  and  New 
Brunswick,  and  bore  a  distinguished  part  in  other 
engagements.  From  1787  till  1791,  the  period 
when  there  was  no  British  minister  to  the  United 
States,  he  was  entrusted  with  an  important  confiden- 
tial mission.  In  1797  he  was  appointed  governor 
of  Bermuda,  in  1804  of  St.  Vincent,  and  in  1808 
of  Barbadoes.  In  1809  he  conquered  the  French 
possession  of  Martinique,  and  in  the  following 
year  he  drove  the  French  out  of  Guadeloupe.  In 
1814  he  returned  to  England,  and  in  1816  took 
command  of  the  military  forces  in  Ireland. 

BECKWITH,  George  Cone,  clergvman.  b.  in 
1800:  d.  in  Boston,  Mass..  12  May,  18^  He  was 
a  Congregational  minister,  who  devoted  himself 
to  the  service  of  the  American  peace  society,  of 
which  he  was  for  thirty-three  years  corresponding 
secretary.  He  also  edited  its  magazine,  "  The  Ad- 
vocate of  Peace,"  and  wrote  the  appeals  issued  in 
its  name,  in  favor  of  peace  congresses  and  the  ar- 
bitration of  international  disputes. 

BECKWITH,  James  Carroll,  painter,  b.  m 
Hannibal,  i\Io.,  23  Sept.,  1852.  He  is  a  son  of  N. 
M.  Beekwith,  who  was  U.  S.  commissioner-general 
at  the  international  exhibition  of  Paris  in  1867. 
He  studied  art  for  two  years  in  the  national  acad- 
emy, New  York,  and  for  five  years  in  the  atelier  of 
Carolus  Duran,  and  in  the  Paris  school  of  arts, 
under  Yvon.  His  works  include  "Judith,"  por- 
traits, exhibited  at  the  New  York  academy  of  de- 
sign, and  "  The  Falconer,"  sent  to  the  Paris  expo- 
sition of  1878.     His  studio  is  in  New  York. 

BECKWITH,  John  Watrns,  P.  E.  bishop,  b.  in 
Raleigh,  N.  C,  9  Feb.,  1831 ;  d.  in  Atlanta,  Ga.,  24 
Nov.,  1890.  He  was  graduated  at  Trinity  college, 
Hartford,  in  1852,  ordained  deacon  24  May,  1854, 
and  priest  in  May.  1855.  He  entered  upon  work 
in  Wadesboro,  N.  C,  but  soon  removed  to  Anne 
Arundel  co.,  Md.  In  1861  he  removed  to  Mississi[)pi 
and  thence  to  Alabama,  where  he  became  rector  of 


Trinity  church  in  Demopolis.  At  the  close  of  the 
war  he  became  rector  of  Trinity  church,  New 
Orleans,  and 
while  there  was 
elected  bish- 
op of  Georgia. 
He  received  the 
degree  of  S.  T. 
D.  from  Trini- 
ty in  1867.  He 
was  consecrat- 
ed bishop  in  St. 
John's  church, 
Savannah,  2 
April,  1868.  It 
is  largely  due 
to  his  untir- 
ing labors  that 
the  Episcopal 
church  in  Geor- 
gia has  stead- 
ily gained  in 
influence  and 
strength.  He 
was  a  most  elo- 
quent and  pow- 
erful preaciier,  and  in  this  respect  had  no  superior 
in  the  church  of  which  he  was  a  member.  He  pub- 
lished several  sermons  and  addresses. 

BECKWOURTH,  James  P.,  pioneer,  b.  in  Vir- 
ginia about  1800 ;  d.  in  1867.  He  was  a  mulatto. 
About  1850  he  discovered  the  pass  through  the 
Sierra  Nevada  mountains  that  bears  his  name. 
During  his  adventurous  life  he  was  at  one  time 
chief  among  the  Crow  Indians,  and  he  figures  in 
many  books  of  western  travel.  In  1845  he  was 
among  the  Americans  that  took  part  in  the  revo- 
lution against  Gov.  Micheltorena  in  California. 

BEDARl),  Pierre,  Canadian  jurist,  b.  in  Que- 
bec in  1763 ;  d.  in  1827.  He  was  one  of  the  first 
natiA'e  Canadians  to  be  admitted  to  the  bar. 
During  the  administration  of  Gov.  Craig  he  led 
the  opposition  in  the  assembly,  founded  "  Le  Ca- 
nadien  "  newspaper,  and  suffered  a  term  of  impris- 
onment for  assailing  the  executive  in  that  jour- 
nal.    In  later  life  he  was  a  district  judge. 

BEDEL,  John,  soldier,  b.  in  the  Indian  Stream 
territorv,  northern  New  Hampshire,  8  Julv,  1822; 
d.  in  B'ath,  N.  H.,  26  Feb.,  1875.  His  father  was 
Gen.  Moody  Bedel.  The  son  enlisted  as  a  private 
in  the  Mexican  war  in  1847,  and  became  captain 
in  1849.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1850,  and 
practised  in  Bath  until  1853,  when  he  entered  the 
treasury  department  at  Washington,  and  remained 
there  until  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war.  He 
was  then  appointed  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  3d 
New  Hampshire  volunteers,  27  June,  1862,  was 
wounded,  10  July,  1863,  and  captured  at  Fort 
Wagner,  18  July,  1863.  He  was  promoted  colonel 
of  that  regiment,  while  a  prisoner  of  war,  6  April, 
1864,  and  paroled  on  9  Dec.  He  was  made  a 
brigadier-general  of  U.  S.  volunteers,  by  brevet, 
dating  from  13  March,  1865,  for  gallant  and  meri- 
torious services,  and  was  mustered  out  of  service 
20  July,  1865.  He  represented  the  town  of  Bath 
in  the  legislature,  and  was  several  times  the  un- 
successful democratic  candidate  for  governor. 

BEDEL,  Timothy,  soldier,  b.  in  Salem,  N.  H., 
about  1740;  d.  in  H'averhill,  N.  II.,  in  February, 
1787.  He  served  as  a  lieutenant  in  the  French 
war.  On  6  July,  1775,  he  was  appointed  captain 
of  rangers,  and  on  13  Jan.,  1776,  colonel  of  the  1st 
New  Hampshire  regiment,  joining  the  northern 
army  under  Schuyler.  He  was  with  Montgomery 
at  the  taking  of  St.  John's,  on  the  Sorel,  and  was 


BEDELL 


BEDINGER 


215 


in  command  of  the  force  at  the  Cedars,  near  Mont- 
real, which  was  attacked  by  Brant's  Indians  and 
surrendered  without  resistance  ■  by  order  of  Capt. 
Butterfleld,  the  subordinate  officer  in  command 
during  the  absence  of  Col.  Bedel,  who  lay  ill  at 
Lachine.  Gen.  Arnold  threw  the  blame  on  Bedel, 
who  was  deprived  of  his  command,  but  was  sub- 
sequently reinstated.  He  was  afterward  major- 
general  of  New  Hampshire  militia. 

BEDELL,  (irearory  Thurston.  P.  E.  bishop,  b. 
in  Hudson,  N.  Y.,  17  Aug.,  1817;  d.  in  New  York, 
11  March,  1893.  His  father  was  a  clergyman,  and 
an  author  of  much  reputation.  At  the  age  of  nine 
years  the  son  entered  Rev.  Dr.  Muhlenberg's  school 
at  Flushing,  L.  I.,  remaining  until  he  was  seven- 
teen under  the  guidance  of  that  instructor.  He 
was  graduated  at  Bristol  college,  Pennsylvania,  in 
1830,  and  at  the  Virginia  theological  seminary 
in  1840.  He  was  ordained  deacon,  19  July,  1840, 
and  priest  in  August,  1841.  He  became  rector  of 
Trinity  church,  West  Chester,  Pa.,  in  1841,  and  in 
1843  was  called  to  the  rectorship  of  the  Church  of 
the  Ascension,  New  York  city.  While  there  he 
was  elected  assistant  bishop  of  Ohio,  and  was  con- 
secrated 13  Oct.,  1859,  in  St.  Paul's  church,  Rich- 
mond, Va.  On  the  death  of  Bishop  Mcllvaine,  in 
1873,  he  became  bishop  of  the  diocese.  The  year 
following  he  gave  his  consent  to  the  division  of 
his  extensive  jurisdiction,  and  the  diocese  of  south- 
ern Ohio  was  formed  and  a  bishop  chosen  for  it  in 
1875.  His  ecclesiastical  position  was  that  of  the 
American  evangelicals,  Mcllvaine.  Tyng,  East- 
burn,  and  others.  Bishop  Bedell  published  numer- 
ous sermons  and  addresses,  and  also  "  Renuncia- 
tion "  (a  work  of  his  father's,  with  additions) ;  "  The 
Pastor,"  a  manual  on  pastoral  theology  (1880) ;  a 
"  Memorial  of  Rev.  Dr.  Stephen  H.  Tyng "  (New 
York,  1866) ;  and  "  Centenary  of  the  American 
Episcopate  "  (London,  1884). 

BEDELL,  Gregory  Townsend,  clergvman,  b. 
on  Staten  Island,  N.  Y.,  28  Oct.,  1793;  dVin  Balti- 
moi'B,  Md.,  30  Aug.,  1834.  His  early  education 
was  obtained  chietly  at  the  Episcopal  academy, 
Cheshire,  Conn.  He  was  graduated  at  Columbia 
college  in  1811,  studied  for  the  ministry  of  the 
Episcopal  church,  and  was  ordained  by  Bishop  Ho- 
bart,  4  Nov.,  1814.  His  first  charge  was  at  Hud- 
son, N.  Y.,  where  he  remained  three  years.  In 
1818  he  accepted  a  call  to  Fayetteville,  N.  C,  but, 
as  his  health  was  delicate  and  the  climate  did 
not  suit  him,  he  removed  to  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
in  May,  1822.  St.  Andrew's  church  was  estab- 
lished through  his  labors,  and  he  acquired  great 
pojmlarity  as  a  preacher.  In  a  few  years,  how- 
ever, his  health  failed,  and  the  end  came  to  him  in 
Baltimore,  while  on  his  return  home  from  Bedford 
Springs,  Pa.  Dr.  Bedell  published  and  was  the 
author  of  sacred  poems  and  musical  compositions. 
Among  his  works  are,  "  Bible  Studies "  (2  vols., 
.1829) ;  "  Ezekiel's  Vision  "  ;  "  Onward,  or  Christian 
Progression  "  ;  "  Waymarks  "  ;  "  Is  it  well  ? ''  and 
"  It  is  well."  The  Rev.  Stephen  H.  Tyng,  D.  D., 
published  his  sermons,  with  a  memoir,  in  1836. 

BEDFORD,  Gunning,  patriot,  b.  in  Philadel- 
phia about  1730 ;  d.  in  Newcastle,  Del.,  30  Sept., 
1797.  He  was  a  lieutenant  in  the  French  war, 
and  entered  the  revolutionary  army  as  major,  20 
March,  1775.  As  lieutenant-colonel  of  Haslet's 
regiment  he  was  wounded  at  White  Plains.  On 
18  June,  1776,  he  was  appointed  muster-master- 
general.  He  was  a  delegate  from  Delaware  to  the 
old  congress,  1783-'5,  and  in  1796  was  elected  gov- 
ernor of  Delaware. — His  cousin,  Cruniiing,  Jr.,  b. 
in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  in  1747,  d.  in  Wilmington, 
Del,,  30  March,  1812,  was  graduated  at  the  College 


of  New  Jersey  in  1771,  delivering  the  valedictory 
oration.  After  graduation  he  studied  in  the  law- 
office  of  Joseph  Reed,  of  Philadelphia,  was  admit- 
ted to  the  bar,  and  practised  law  at  Dover  and 
afterward  at  Wilmington,  Del.  During  the  revo- 
lutionary war  he  acted  for  a  short  time  as  aide-de- 
camp to  Gen.  Washington.  Resuming  his  prac- 
tice after  the  close  of  the  war,  he  was  in  the 
course  of  a  few  years  elected  to  the  Delaware 
house  of  representatives.  He  represented  Dela- 
ware in  the  continental  congress  from  1783  till 
1786,  and  was  also  a  member  of  the  constitutional 
convention,  in  which  he  took  an  active  part,  and 
by  his  eloquence  influenced  the  decision  of  the 
convention  to  give  the  same  representation  in 
the  senate  to  large  and  small  states.  He  was  a 
presidential  elector  in  1789  and  in  1793.  He  be- 
came attorney-general  of  the  state,  and  remained 
in  that  office  until  the  organization  of  the  gov- 
ernment in  1789,  when  President  Washington  ap- 
pointed him  U.  S.  judge  for  the  district  of  Dela- 
ware, which  place  he  hl'ld  until  his  last  illness. — A 
grand-nephew  of  the  latter.  Gininiiig'  Samuel,  b. 
in  Ikiltimore,  Md.,  in  1806;  d.  in  New  York  city, 
5  Sept.,  1870,  was  graduated  at  Mount  St.  Mary's 
college,  Emmettsburg,  Md.,  in  1825,  with  the  high- 
est honors  of  his  class.  He  received  his  medical 
diploma  from  Rutgers  medical  college  in  1829,  and 
soon  afterward  visited  Europe,  where  for  two  years 
he  continued  his  medical  studies.  On  his  return, 
in  1833,  he  was  appointed  professor  in  the  medical 
college  at  Charleston,  S.  C,  and  subsequently  was 
called  to  a  professorship  in  the  new  medical  college 
founded  by  Dr.  Alden  March,  in  Albany,  N.  Y. 
He  removed  to  New  York  about  1836,  and  soon 
commanded  a  large  practice  in  obstetrics.  In  con- 
cert with  the  late  Dr.  Valentine  Mott,  his  former 
preceptor,  and  for  many  years  his  colleague.  Dr. 
Bedford  projected  the  university  medical  college 
in  1840,  and  took  the  chair  of  obstetrics,  which  he 
retained  until  1862.  Dr.  Bedford  first  introduced 
into  the  United  States  obstetrical  clinics  for  the 
gratuitous  treatment  of  poor  women.  He  was  the 
author  of  two  standard  treatises  on  his  special  de- 
partment of  medicine.  His  "  Diseases  of  Women 
and  Children  "  passed  through  ten  editions  in  this 
country,  and  his  "  Principles  and  Practice  of  Ob- 
stetrics "  five  editions ;  and  both  have  been  repub- 
lished in  England,  and  translated  into  French  and 
German. — His  son,  Dr.  Henry  Moore,  d.  at  Rich- 
field Springs,  20  Aug.,  1880,  was  his  assistant  in 
the  obstetrical  clinic,  the  establishment  of  which 
was  accomplished  against  strong  opposition. 

BEDINGER,  George  Michael,  soldier,  b.  in 
Virginia  about  1750 ;  d.  at  Lower  Blue  Licks,  Ky., 
about  1830.  He  was  one  of  the  early  emigi'ants  to 
Kentucky,  and  served  as  adjutant  in  the  expedi- 
tion of  1779  against  Chillicothe,  as  major  at  the 
battle  of  Blue  Licks  in  1782,  and  did  valuable  ser- 
vice as  an  Indian  spy  throughout  the  war.  He 
commanded  the  Winchester  battalion  of  sharp- 
shooters in  St.  Clair's  expedition  of  1791,  and  was 
a  major  of  U.  S.  infantry  in  1792-'3.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Kentucky  legislature  in  1792,  and 
represented  that  state  in  congress  from  1803  till 
1807. — His  son,  Henry  (diplomatist),  was  born  near 
Shepherdstown,  Va.,  in  1810,  and  died  there  26 
Nov.,  1858.  He  practised  law  in  Shepherdstown, 
and  afterward  in  Charlestown,  in  1845  succeeded 
his  partner  and  brother-in-law.  Gen.  George  Rust, 
as  member  of  congress,  and  was  re-elected  for  the 
following  term.  From  1853  till  1858  he  was  U.  S. 
minister  to  Denmark,  and  while  at  Copenhagen  he 
negotiated  a  treaty  that  settled  the  question  of 
the  Sound  dues. 


216 


BEDLE 


BEECHER 


BEDLE,  Joseph  D.,  jurist,  b.  in  Monmouth 
county,  N.  J.,  3  Jan.,  1831 ;  d.  in  New  York  city, 
21  Oct.,  1894.  lie  practised  law  in  Matteawan, 
and  subsequently  in  Freehold,  N.  J.,  and  in  18G5 
was  apponited  a  judge  of  the  superior  court.  In 
1874  he  was  elected  governor  of  the  state  of  New 
Jersey,  making  an  excellent  record.  After  com- 
pleting his  term  he  resumed  practice. 

BEDON,  Pedro,  South  American  clergyman,  b. 
in  (juito,  Ecuador;  d.  there  in  1621.  He  entered 
4  the  novitiate  of  the  Dominican  order  at  the  age  of 
fourteen,  completed  his  studies  in  Lima,  and  was 
then  appointed  professor  of  philosophy  in  the  col- 
lege of  that  city.  In  early  life  he  had  cultivated 
painting,  and  when  afterward  he  had  recovered 
from  a  dangerous  malady,  he  resolved  to  devote 
his  leisure  to  painting  pictures  of  the  Blessed  Vir- 
gin. Several  of  his  works  are  in  the  convents  of 
Quito  and  Santa  Fe,  and  are  said  to  justify  the 
title  his  countrymen  gave  him  of  the  Fra  Angelico 
of  Ecuador.  He  founded  the  convent  of  La  Peiia 
in  Quito,  and  then  went  to  Rio-Bomba,  where  he 
founded  another  convent,  but  returned  to  Quito 
on  learning  that  he  had  been  elected  prior  of  La 
Pena.  In  1619  he  was  chosen  provincial  of  his 
order,  which  office  he  held  until  his  death. 

BEE,  Thomas,  patriot,  b.  in  South  Carolina  in 
1740;  d.  in  Pendleton,  S.  C,  18  Feb.,  1812.  He 
practised  law  in  his  native  province,  and  became  a 
member  of  the  assembly  and  of  the  privy  council. 
He  was  active  in  the  popular  cause  at  the  outbreak 
of  the  revolution,  was  a  member  of  the  council  of 
safety,  and  a  large  part  of  his  property  was  lost 
through  the  war.  He  became  lieutenant-governor 
of  South  Carolina,  and  was  a  member  of  the  Con- 
tinental congress  in  1780-'2,  and  afterward  judge 
of  the  U.  S.  court  for  the  district  of  South  Caro- 
lina, being  appointed  by  Washington.  Judge  Bee 
was  president  of  the  Charleston  literary  society, 
and  also  of  the  board  of  trustees  of  the  college  of 
Charleston.  He  published  "  Reports  of  the  Dis- 
trict Courts  of  South  Carolina  "  (1810). — His  grand- 
son, Bernard  Elliott,  soldier,  b.  in  Charleston, 
S.  C,  8  Aug.,  1824 ;  killed  in  the  battle  of  Bull 
Run,  21  July,  1861.  He  was  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1845,  and  served  as  a  lieutenant  in  the 
military  occupation  of  Texas  and  in  the  war  with 
Mexico,  being  wounded  at  Cerro  Gordo,  and  I'eceiv- 
ing  the  brevet  of  captain  for  gallantry  at  Chapul- 
tepec.  Pie  served  as  captain  on  frontier  duty  in 
Minnesota,  on  the  Utah  expedition,  and  in  Dakota 
until  3  March,  1861,  when  he  resigned  and  entered 
the  confederate  service.  He  held  the  rank  of  briga- 
dier-general, and  commanded  a  brigade  of  South 
C'arolina  troops  at  Bull  Run.  To  inspire  his  men 
to  follow  Gen.  Joseph  T.  Jackson,  who  was  lead- 
ing, he  pointed  to  him  and  exclaimed :  "  Look ! 
there  is  Jackson,  who  is  standing  like  a  stone 
wall.  Let  us  determine  to  die  here,  and  we  will 
conquer." 

BEEBE,  Bezaleel,  soldier,  b.  in  Litchfield, 
Conn.,  28  April,  1741 ;  d.  there,  29  May,  1824.  In 
1758,  having  joined  the  army,  he  was  stationed  for 
some  time  at  Fort  St.  George.  Afterward,  as  one 
of  Rogers's  celebrated  rangers,  he  was  engaged  in 
the  bloody  fight  where  Putnam  was  captured,  and 
he  was  also  at  the  capture  of  Montreal  in  1760. 
At  the  close  of  the  French  war  he  I'etired  to  his 
farm,  but  in  1775  was  commissioned  lieutenant, 
and  sent  to  Boston  soon  after  the  battle  of  Lexing- 
ton. In  July,  1775,  he  accompanied  an  expedition 
to  man  the  forts  on  Lake  Champlain.  He  was 
made  captain  in  1776,  attached  to  Hinman's  regi- 
ment, and  saw  active  service  in  New  York  and 
New  Jersey.     He  was  taken  prisoner  at  the  capture 


of  Fort  Washington,  and  was  confined  in  New 
York  nearly  a  year,  dui-ing  which  time,  when  on 
parole,  he  often  met  and  consulted  with  his  fellow- 
prisoner,  Ethan  Allen.  After  being  exchanged, 
he  was  made  major  13  Aug.,  1777,  became  lieu- 
tenant-colonel in  1780,  colonel  early  in  1781,  and 
soon  afterward  was  appointed  to  the  command  of 
all  the  Connecticut  troops  raised  for  sea-coast  de- 
fence, with  the  duties  and  pay  of  a  brigadier-gen- 
eral. After  the  war  he  was  frequently  a  member 
of  the  legislature.  His  son,  Ebenezer  (major  U. 
S.  army),  died  in  service  during  the  war  of  1812. 

BEECHER,  Lyman,  clergyman,  b.  in  New  Ha- 
ven, Conn.,  2  Oct.,  1775 ;  d.  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  10 
Jan.,  1863.  His  ancestor  in  the  fifth  ascent  emi- 
grated to  New  England,  and  settled  at  New  Haven 
in  1638.  His  father,  David  Beecher,  was  a  black- 
smith. His  mother  died  shortly  after  his  birth,  and 
he  was  committed  to  the  care  of  his  uncle  Lot  Ben- 
ton, by  whom  he  was  adopted  as  a  son,  and  with 
whom  his  early  life  was  spent  between  blacksmith- 
ing  and  farming.  But  it  was  soon  found  that  he 
preferred  study.  He  was  fitted  for  college  by  the 
Rev.  Thomas  W.  Bray,  and  at  the  age  of  eighteen 
entered  Yale,  where,  besides  the  usual  classical 
course,  he  studied  theology  under  President  Dwight 
and  was  graduated  in  1797.  After  this  he  con- 
tinued his  studies  until  September,  1798,  when  he 
was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  New  Haven  West 
Association,  entered  upon  his  clerical  duties  by 
supplying  the  pulpit  in  the  Presbyterian  church  at 
East  Hampton,  Long  Island,  and  was  ordained  in 
1799.  Here  he  married  his  first  wife,  Roxana  Foote. 
His  salary  was  $300  a  year,  after  five  years  increased 
to  $400,  with  a  dilapidated  parsonage.  To  eke  out 
his  scanty  income,  his  wife  opened  a  private  school, 
in  which  the  husband  also  gave  instruction.  Mr. 
Beecher  soon  became  one  of  the  foremost  preachers 
of  his  day.  A  sermon  that  he  delivered  in  1804,  on 
the  death  of  Alexander  Hamilton,  excited  great  at- 
tention. Finding  his  salary  wholly  inadequate  to 
support  his  increasing  family,  he  I'esigned  the 
charge,  and  in  1810  was  installed  pastor  of  the  Con- 
gregational church  in  Litchfield,  Conn.  Here  he 
remained  for  sixteen  years,  during  which  he  took 
rank  as  the  foremost  clergyman  of  his  denomina- 
tion. In  his  autobiography  he  says  this  jiastorate 
was  "  the  most  laborious  part  of  his  life."  The  vice 
of  intemperance  had  become  common  in  New  Eng- 
land, even  the  formal  meetings  of  the  clergy  being 
not  unfrequently  accompanied  by  gross  excesses, 
and  Mr.  Beecher  resolved  to  take  a  stand  against 
it.  About  1814  he  delivered  and  published  six  ser- 
mons on  intemperance,  which  contain  eloquent  pas- 
sages hardly  exceeded  by  anything  in  the  English 
language.  They  were  sent  broadcast  through  the 
QnitedStates,  ran  rapidly  through  many  editions  in 
England,  and  were  translated  into  several  languages 
on  the  continent,  and  have  had  a  large  sale  even 
after  the  lapse  of  fifty  years.  His  eloquence,  zeal, 
and  courage  as  a  preacher,  and  his  leading  the  way 
in  the  organization  of  the  Bible,  missionary,  and 
educational  societies,  gave  him  a  high  reputation 
throughout  New  England.  During  his  residence 
in  Litchfield  arose  the  Unitarian  controversy,  in 
which  he  took  a  prominent  part.  Litchfield  was 
at  this  time  the  seat  of  a  famous  law  school  and 
several  other  institutions  of  learning,  and  Mr. 
Beecher  (now  a  doctor  of  divinity)  and  his  wife  un- 
dertook to  supervise  the  training  of  several  young 
women,  who  were  received  into  their  family.  But 
here  too  he  found  his  salary  ($800  a  year)  inade- 
quate. The  rapid  and  extensive  defection  of  the 
Congregational  churches  in  Boston  and  vicinity, 
under  the  lead  of  Dr.  Channing  and  others  in  sym- 


BEECHER 


BEECHER 


217 


pathy  with  him,  had  excited  much  anxiety  tlirough- 
out  New  England ;  and  in  1836  Mr.  Beecher  received 
a  call  to  become  pastor  of  the  Hanover  street  church 
in  Boston.  At  the  urgent  request  of  his  clerical 
brethren,  he  took  the  charge  for  the  purpose  of  up- 
holding the  doctrines  of  Puritanism,  and  remained 
in  this  church  six  years  and  a  half.  His  sermons 
at  this  time  were  largely  controversial ;  he  flung 
himself  into  the  thickest  of  the  fray,  and  was  sus- 
tained by  an  immense  following.  About  this  time 
the  religious  public  had  become  impressed  with  the 
growing  impoi'tance  of  the  great  west ;  a  theologi- 
cal seminary  had  been  founded  at  Walnut  Hills, 
near  Cincinnati,  0.,  and  named  Lane  Seminary,  after 
one  of  its  principal  benefactors,  and  a  large  amount 
of  money  was  pledged  to  the  institution  on  condi- 
tion that  Dr.  Beecher  accept  the  presidency,  which 
he  did  in  1832.  He  retained  the  place  for  twenty 
years,  and  his  name  was  continued  in  the  seminary 
catalogue,  as  president,  until  his  death.  He  was 
also,  during  the  first  ten  years  of  his  presidency, 
pastor  of  the  Second  Presbyterian  church  in  Cin- 
cinnati. Soon  after  his  removal  thither  he  startled 
the  religious  public  in  the  east  by  a  tract  call- 
ing attention  to  the  danger  of  Roman  Catholic  su- 
premacy in  the  west.  The  French  revolution  of 
1880,  the  agitation  in  England  for  reform  and 
against  colonial  slavery,  and  the  punishment  by 
American  courts  of  citizens  who  had  dared  to  at- 
tack the  slave-trade  carried  on  under  the  American 
flag,  had  begun  to  direct  the  attention  of  American 
philanthropists  to  the  evils  of  American  slavery, 
and  an  abolition  convention  met  in  Philadelphia  in 
1833.  Its  president,  Arthur  Tappan,  through  whose 
liberal  donations  Dr.  Beecher  had  been  secured  to 
Lane  seminary,  forwarded  to  the  students  a  copy 
of  the  address  issued  by  the  convention,  and  the 
whole  subject  was  soon  under  discussion.  Many 
of  the  students  were  from  the  south ;  an  effort  was 
made  to  stop  the  discussions  and  the  meetings ; 
slaveholders  went  over  from  Kentucky  and  incited 
mob  violence ;  and  for  several  weeks  Dr.  Beecher 
lived  in  a  turmoil,  not  knowing  how  soon  the  rab- 
ble might  destroy  the  seminary  and  the  houses  of 
the  professors.  The  board  of  trustees  interfered 
during  the  absence  of  Dr.  Beecher,  and  allayed  the 
excitement  of  the  mob  by  forbidding  all  further 
discussion  of  slavery  in  the  seminary,  whereupon 
the  students  withdrew  en  masse.  A  very  few  were 
persuaded  to  return  and  remain,  while  the  seceders 
laid  the  foundation  of  Oberlin  College.  For  seven- 
teen years  after  this.  Dr.  Beecher  and  his  able  co- 
worker, Prof.  Stowe,  remained  and  tried  to  revive 
the  prosperity  of  the  seminary,  but  at  last  aban- 
doned it.  The  great  project  of  their  lives  was  de- 
feated, and  they  returned  to  the  eastern  states.  In 
1835  Dr.  Beecher,  who  had  been  called  "  a  moder- 
ate Calvinist,"  was  arraigned  on  charges  of  hy- 
pocrisy and  heresy  by  some  of  the  stronger  Calvin- 
ists.  The  trial  took  place  in  his  own  church  ;  and 
he  defended  himself,  while  burdened  with  the 
cares  of  his  seminary,  his  church,  and  his  wife  at 
home  on  her  death-bed.  The  trial  resulted  in  acquit- 
tal, and,  on  an  appeal  to  the  general  synod,  he  was 
again  acquitted ;  but  the  conti-oversy  engendered 
by  the  action  went  on  until  the  Presbyterian  church 
was  rent  in  twain.  In  the  theological  controversies 
that  led  to  the  excision  of  a  portion  of  the  general 
assembly  of  the  Presbyterian  church  in  1837-'8, 
Dr.  Beecher  took  an  active  part,  adhering  to  the 
new  school  branch.  In  1852  he  resigned  the  presi- 
dency of  Lane  Seminary,  and  returned  to  Boston, 
purposing  to  devote  himself  mainly  to  the  revisal 
and  publication  of  his  works.  But  his  intellectual 
powers  began  to  decline,  while  his  physical  strength 


was  unabated.  About  his  eightieth  year  he  suffered 
a  stroke  of  paralysis,  and  thenceforth  his  mental 
powers  only  gleamed  out  occasionally  with  some 
indications  of  their  former  splendor.  The  last  ten 
years  of  his  life  were  passed  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  in 
the  home  of  his  son,  Henry  Ward  Beecher.  Dr. 
Beecher  was  a  man  of  great  intellectual  power, 
though  not  a  profound  scholar.  His  sermons  were 
usually  extemporaneous,  as  far  as  form  was  con- 
cerned, but  were  carefully  thought  out,  often  while 
he  was  engaged  in  active  physical  exercise  ;  but  his 
writings  were  elaborated  with  the  utmost  care.  He 
stood  unequalled  among  living  divines  for  dialectic 
keenness,  pungent  appeal,  lambent  wit,  vigor  of 
thought,  and  concentrated  power  of  expression. 
He  possessed  intense  personal  magnetism,  and  an 
indomitable  will,  and  was  thoroughly  devoted  to 
his  chosen  work.  The  sincerity  and  spirituality  of 
his  preaching  were  generally  acknowledged,  and 
were  attended  by  tangible  results.  He  was  bold  to 
the  point  of  audacity,  and  it  was  this  feature  of  his 
character,  probably  more  than  any  positive  errors, 
that  made  him  a  subject  of  anxiety  to  the  more 
conservative  class  of  the  theologians  of  his  own  de- 
nomination. His  great  boldness  in  denouncing 
laxity  in  regard  to  the  standard  of  the  Christian 
orthodoxy  made  a  deep  impress  on  the  public 
mind.  The  degree  of  A.  M.  was  conferred  on  him 
by  Yale  in  1809,  and  that  of  D.  D.  by  Middlebury 
College  in  1818.  When  he  became  president  of  Lane 
Seminary,  he  took  also  the  chair  of  sacred  theology. 
He  was  the  author  of  a  great  number  of  printed 
sermons  and  addresses.  His  published  works  are : 
"  Remedy  for  Duelling  "  (New  York,  1809) ;  '•  Plea 
for  the  West,"  "  Six  Sermons  on  Temperance," 
"  Sermons  on  Various  Occasions,"  (1842),  "  Views  in 
Theology,"  "  Skepticism,"  "  Lectures  on  Various 
Occasions,"  "  Political  Atheism."  He  made  a  col- 
lection of  those  of  his  works  which  he  deemed  the 
most  valuable  (3  vols.,  Boston,  1852).  He  was  three 
times  married — in  1799,  1817,  and  1830 — and  had 
thirteen  children.  Most  of  his  children  have  at- 
tained literary  or  theological  distinction.  All  his 
sons  became  Congregational  clergymen,  viz.,  Will- 
iam Henry,  Edward,  George,  Henry  Ward,  Charles, 
Thomas  Kinnicut,  and  James  Chaplin.  The  daugh- 
ters are  Catherine  Esther,  Harriet  Beecher  Stowe, 
Mary  Beecher  Perkins,  and  Isabella  Beecher  Hook- 
er. He  was  proverbially  absent-minded,  and  after 
having  been  wrought  up  by  the  excitement  of 
preaching  was  accustomed  to  relax  his  mind  by 
playing  ""  Auld  Lang  Syne "  on  the  violin,  or 
dancing  the  "  double  shuffle  "  in  his  parlor.  His 
autobiography  and  correspondence  was  edited  by 
the  Rev.  Charles  Beecher  (New  York,  1863).  See 
also  "  Life  and  Services  of  Lvman  Beecher,"  by 
the  Rev.  D.  H.  Allen  (Cincinnati,  1863).— His 
eldest  child,  Catherine  Esther,  educator,  b.  in 
East  Hampton,  Long  Island,  6  Sept.,  1800;  d.  in 
Elmira,  N.  Y.,  12  May,  1878.  The  death  of  her 
mother  when  Catherine  was  about  sixteen  years  of 
age  brought  upon  her  domestic  responsibilities 
that  lasted  until  lier  father's  second  marriage,  two 
years  later.  Her  education  was  received  in  the 
seminary  at  Litchfield.  She  was  betrothed  to 
Prof.  Fisher,  of  Yale,  who  was  lost  with  the  "  Al- 
bion "  off  the  coast  of  Ireland,  while  on  a  voyage 
to  Europe,  and  she  never  married.  Her  brother, 
Henry  Ward  Beecher,  says  the  shock  was  so  great 
that  it  nearly  destroyed  her  religious  faith,  and 
her  only  consolation  was  in  a  life  of  earnest  ac- 
tivity. In  1823  she  opened  a  school  for  young 
ladies  in  Hartford,  Conn.,  with  such  success  that, 
under  her  supervision,  with  the  assistance  of  her 
sister,   Harriet   (afterward   Mrs.  Stowe),   it   num- 


218 


BEECHER 


BEECHER 


bered  160  pupils.  It  was  maintained  for  ten  years. 
Comprehending  the  deficiencies  of  existing  text- 
books, she  prepared,  primarily  for  use  in  her  own 
school,  some  elementary  books  in  arithmetic,  a 
work  on  theology,  and  a  third  on  mental  and 
moral  philosophy.  The  last  was  never  published, 
although  printed  and  used  as  a  college  text-book. 
The  gist  of  her  theories  on  the  subject  of  teaching 
was  that  the  physical  and  moral  training  of  her 
pupils  was  quite  as  important  as  the  development 
of  their  intellectual  powers.  She  also  claimed  that 
a  housekeeper  is  responsible  for  the  health  of  all 
the  inmates  of  her  family,  especially  of  children 
and  servants  who  have  not  the  needful  knowledge 
and  discretion.  She  was  constantly  making  ex- 
periments, and  practising  them  upon  the  girls, 
weighing  all  their  food  before  they  ate  it,  holding 
that  Graham  flour  and  the  Graham  diet  were  bet- 
ter for  them  than  richer  food.  Ten  of  her  pupils 
invited  her  to  dine  with  them  at  a  restaurant.  She 
accepted  the  invitation,  and  the  excellent  dinner 
changed  her  views.  Thereafter  they  were  served 
with  more  palatable  food.  In  1832  Miss  Beecher 
went  to  Cincinnati  with  her  father,  who  had  ac- 
cepted the  presidency  of  Lane  Theological  Semi- 
nary, and  in  that  city  she  opened  a  female  semi- 
nary, which,  on  account  of  failing  health,  was 
discontinued  after  two  years.  She  then  devoted 
herself  to  the  development  of  an  extended  plan 
for  the  physical,  social,  intellectual,  and  moral 
education  of  women,  to  be  promoted  through  a 
national  board;  and  for  nearly  fortj'  years  she 
labored  perseveringly  in  this  work,  organizing  so- 
cieties for  training  teachers ;  establishing  plans 
for  supplying  the  territories  with  good  educators ; 
writing,  pleadmg,  and  travelling  with  persistent 
energy  and  earnestness.  Her  object,  as  described 
by  herself,  was,  "  to  unite  American  women  in  an 
effort  to  provide  a  Christian  education  for  2,000,000 
children  in  our  country  "  who  were  destitute  of 
schools.  She  made  her  field  of  labor  especially  in 
the  west  and  south,  and  sought  the  aid  of  educated 
women  throughout  the  land.  She  was  for  many 
years  engaged  with  ex-Governor  Slade,  of  Vermont, 
in  a  scheme  for  introducing  woman  teachers  into 
the  west.  The  name  given  to  the  organization 
was  "  The  National  Board  of  Popular  Education  " ; 
and  it  was  claimed  that  hundreds  of  the  best  teach- 
ers the  west  received  went  there  under  the  patron-, 
age  of  this  system.  To  a  certain  extent  the  plans 
succeeded,  and  were  found  beneficial ;  but  the  ca- 
reers of  the  teachers  were  mostly  short,  for  they 
soon  married.  She  had  a  mind  full  of  original  vigor, 
but  without  much  imagination  ;  it  was  perhaps  the 
want  of  this  that  made  some  of  her  schemes  im- 
practicable. She  had  a  great  deal  of  racy  humor 
and  mother-wit,  with  patience,  magnanimity,  and 
unbounded  good-nature.  Her  conversation  was 
full  of  fresh  comments  on  persons  and  things, 
without  the  least  bitterness  or  malice.  It  was  her 
rule  to  make  her  own  common  sense  the  standard 
of  judgment,  and  she  doubted  the  value  of  any- 
thing not  commended  by  that.  She  continued  in 
her  old  age  the  accomplishments  of  her  youth, 
singing,  and  playing  the  piano  and  the  guitar ;  but 
her  performances  were  those  of  a  past  generation, 
as  she  had  no  belief  in  modern  or  classic  music. 
She  believed  that  what  she  could  not  comprehend 
could  not  exist.  It  was  so  also  in  art.  The  work 
of  the  masters  and  medieval  art  had  no  meaning 
for  her.  She  spoke  of  a  house  where  rare  speci- 
mens of  art  were  collected  as  "  full  of  Virgins  and 
Son,"  with  "  a  picture  of  Christ  all  rubbed  out," 
"a  Psyche  with  the  top  of  her  head  knocked 
in,"  and  "  Venus  without  arms."    She  occasionally 


wrote  verses,  and  was  sometimes  an  attendant  at 
women's  conventions  and  congresses.  For  many 
years  she  suffered  from  lameness  and  weakness  of 
nerve  and  body,  and  all  her  work  was  carried  on 
under  great  bodily  ditficulties.  In  early  life  she 
was  Calvinistic  in  belief,  but  in  her  later  years  be- 
came a  communicant  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
church.  Miss  Beecher's  published  works  include 
"  Letters  on  the  Difficulties  of  Religion "  (Hart- 
ford, 1836) ;  "  The  Moral  Instructor  "  (Cincinnati, 
1838) ;  "  Treatise  on  Domestic  Economy  "  (Boston, 
1842) ;  "  Housekeeper's  Receipt-Book  "  (New  York, 
1845) ;  "  Duty  of  American  Women  to  their  Coun- 
try "  (1845) ;  "  True  Remedy  for  the  Wrongs  of 
Women,  with  a  History  of  an  Enterprise  having 
that  for  its  Object "  (Boston,  1851) ;  "  Letters  to 
the  People  on  Health  and  Happiness  "  (New  York, 
1855)  ;  "  Physiology  and  Calisthenics  "  (1856)  ; 
"Common  Sense  applied  to  Religion"  (1857),  a 
book  containing  many  striking  departures  from 
the  Calvinistic  theology;  "An  Appeal  to  the  Peo- 
ple, as  the  Authorized  Interpreters  of  the  Bible " 
(I860) ;  "  Religious  Training  of  Children  in  the 
School,  the  Family,  and  the  Church "  (1864) ; 
"  Woman's  Profession  as  Mother  and  Educator, 
with  Views  in  Opposition  to  Woman  Suffrage " 
(Philadelphia,  1871) ;  "  Housekeeper  and  Health- 
keeper  "  (New  York,  1873) ;  and  with  her  sister,  Mrs. 
Harriet  Beecher  Stowe,  "The  American  Woman's 
Home  "  (New  York,  1869) ;  "  Principles  of  Domestic 
Science  as  applied  to  the  Duties  and  Pleasures  of 
Home "  (1870) ;  and  also  a  "  Domestic  Receipt- 
Book,"  of  which  numerous  editions  have  been  sold. 
Apart  from  the  books  relating  to  her  special  edu- 
cational purpose,  she  wrote  memoirs  of  her  brother, 
George  Beecher  (1844) ;  and  "  Truth  Stranger  than 
Fiction  "  (Boston,  1850),  an  account  of  an  infelicitous 
domestic  affair  in  which  some  of  her  friends  were 
involved.  She  left  an  autobiography  nearly  com- 
pleted.— His  eldest  son.  William  Henry,  clergy- 
man, b.  in  East  Hampton.  L.  1.,  15  Jan.,  1802;  d.  in 
Chicago,  111.,  23  June,  1889.  His  education  was  ob- 
tained at  home,  and  then  he  studied  theology  under 
his  father  and  at  Andover.  In  1833  he  received  the 
honorary  degree  of  A.  M.  from  Yale.  For  many 
years  he  was  a  home  missionary  on  the  Western 
Reserve,  and  held  charges  in  Putnam,  Toledo,  and 
Chillicothe,  Ohio,  and  in  Reading,  and  North  Brook- 
field,  Mass. — Another  son,  Edward,  clergyman,  b. 
in  East  Hampton,  L.  I.,  27  Aug.,  1803;  d.  in  Brook- 
lyn, N.  Y.,  28  July,  1895.  He  was  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1822,  studied  theology  at  Andover  and  New 
Haven,  became  tutor  in  Yale  in  1825,  and  then  re- 
moved to  Boston  to  take  charge  of  the  Park  street 
congregation.  Here  he  remained  fyom  1826  till 
1830,  when  he  was  elected  president  of  Illinois  Col- 
lege, Jacksonville.  In  1844  he  returned  to  Bos- 
ton, as  pastor  of  Salem  street  church,  and  in  1855 
he  became  pastor  of  the  Congregational  cluirch 
at  Galesburg,  111.,  where  he  remained  until  1870. 
For  some  years  he  was  professor  of  exegesis  in 
the  Chicago  Theological  Seminary.  In  1872  he  re- 
tired from  the  ministry  and  removed  to  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.  The  title  of  D.  D.  was  conferred  on  him  by 
Marietta  College  in  1841.  He  was  a  constant  con- 
tributor to  periodicals,  was  senior  editor  of  "  The 
Congregationalist "  for  the  first  six  years  of  its 
existence,  and  after  1870  was  a  regular  contribu- 
tor to  the  •'  Christian  Union."  His  two  works  on 
the  "  Ages  "  gave  rise  to  much  discussion,  and  have 
modified  doctrinal  statements  as  to  the  origin  of 
human  depravity.  The  central  idea  presented  is, 
that  man's  present  life  upon  earth  is  the  outgrowth 
of  a  former  life  as  well  as  the  prelude  to  a  future 
one;   that   during   the   ages   a  conflict   has  been 


BExLCHER 


BEECHER 


219 


goins'  on  between  good  and  evil,  which  will  not  be 
terminated  in  this  life,  but  that  sooner  or  later 
all  the  long  strifes  of  ages  will  become  harmonized 
into  an  everlasting  concord.  He  has  published 
"Address  on  the  Kingdom  of  God"  (Boston,  1827); 
"  Six  Sermons  on  the  Nature,  Importance,  and 
Means  of  Eminent  Holiness  throughout  the 
Church"  (New  York,  1835);  "History  of  Alton 
Riots  "  (Cincinnati,  1837) :  "  Statement  of  Anti- 
Slavery  Pi'inciples  and  Address  to  People  of  Illi- 
nois "  (1837) ;  "  Baptism,  its  Import  and  Modes  " 
(New  York,  1850):  "Conflict  of  Ages"  (Boston, 
1853) ;  "  Papal  Conspiracy  exposed  "  (New  York, 
1855) ;  "  Concord  of  Ages  "  (1860) ;  "  History  of 
Opinions  on  the  Scriptural  Doctrine  of  Future 
Retribution  "(1878). — Another  son,  Georg-e,  clergy- 
man, b.  in  East  Hampton,  L.  I.,  6  May,  1809  ;  d. 
in  ChiUicothe,  Ohio,  1  July,  1843.  was  graduated 
at  Yale  in  1828,  after  which  he  studied  theology. 
Subsequent  to  his  ordination  in  the  Presbyterian 
church  he  filled  pulpits  at  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  and 
afterward  at  ChiUicothe.  Ohio.  His  death  was 
caused  by  an  accidental  discharge  of  a  gun  while 
shooting  birds  in  his  own  garden.  See  the  "  Mem- 
oirs of  George  Beecher,"  by  his  sister  Catherine 
(New  York,  1844). — Another  son,  Henry  Ward, 
clergyman,  b.  in  Litchfield,  Conn.,  24  June,  1813  ; 
d.  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  8  March,  1887.  At  an  early 
age  he  had  a  strong  desire  for  a  seafaring  life,  which 
he  renounced  in  consequence  of  a  deep  religious  im- 
pression experienced  during  a  revival.  He  studied 
at  the  Boston  Latin-school,  in  Mount  Pleasant  in- 
stitute, was  graduated  at  Amherst  in  1834.  and  then 
studied  theology  at  Lane  seminary,  under  the  tui- 
tion of  his  father,  who  was  president  of  the  institu- 
tion. He  first  settled  as  a  Presbyterian  minister 
in  Lawrenceburgh,  Indiana,  in  1837,  and  married 
Eunice  White,  daughter  of  Dr.  Arteraas  Bullard ; 
then  removed  to  Indianapolis  in  1839,  where  he 
preached  until  1847.  In  that  year  he  received 
a  call  from  Plymouth  church,  a  new  Congrega- 
tional society  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  and  almost  from 
the  outset  he  began  to  acquire  that  reputation  as  a 
pulpit  orator  which  he  maintained  for  more  than 
a  third  of  a  century.  The  church  and  congrega- 
tion under  his  charge  were  among  the  largest  in 
America.  The  edifice  has  a  seating  capacity  of 
nearly  3,000.  Mr.  Beecher  discarded  many  of  the 
conventionalities  of  the  clerical  profession.  In  his 
view,  humor  had  a  place  in  a  sermon,  as  well  as 
argument  and  exhortation,  and  he  did  not  hesitate 
sometimes  to  venture  so  near  the  comic  that 
laughter  was  hardly  to  be  restrained.  He  was 
fond  of  illustration,  drawing  his  material  from 
every  sphere  of  human  life  and  thought,  and  his 
manner  was  highly  dramatic.  Though  his  keen 
sense  of  humor  continually  manifested  itself,  the 
prevailing  impression  given  by  his  discourses  was 
one  of  intense  earnestness.  The  cardinal  idea  of 
his  creed  was  that  Christianity  is  not  a  series  of 
dogmas,  philosophical  or  metaphysical,  but  a  rule 
of  life  in  every  phase.  He  never  hesitated  to 
discuss  from  the  pulpit  the  great  social  and  politi- 
cal crimes  of  the  day,  such  as  slavery,  intemper- 
ance, avarice,  and  political  abuses.  In  1878  he 
announced  that  he  did  not  believe  in  the  eternity 
of  punishment.  He  now  held  that  all  punishment 
is  cautionary  and  remedial,  and  that  no  greater 
cruelty  could  be  imagined  than  the  continuance  of 
suffering  eternally,  after  all  hope  of  reformation 
was  gone  ;  and  in  1882  he  and  his  congregation  for- 
mally withdrew  from  the  association  of  Congrega- 
tional churches,  since  their  theology  had  gradually 
changed  from  the  strictest  Calvinism  to  a  com- 
plete disbelief  in  the  eternity  of  future  punishment. 


His  sermons,  reported  by  stenographers,  for  sev- 
eral years  formed  a  weekly  publication  called  the 
"  Plymouth  Pulpit."  He  early  became  prominent  as 
a  platform  orator  and  lecturer,  and  as  such  had  a 
long  and  success- 
ful career.  His  ^^-^^ 
lectures  came  to 
be  in  such  de- 
mand, even  at 
the  rate  of  $500 
a  night,  that  he 
was  obliged  to 
decline  further 
engagements,  as 
they  interfered 
with  his  minis- 
terial duties,  and 
for  a  long  time 
he  refused  all 
applications  for 
public  addresses 
except  for  some 
special  occasion. 
InJanuary.1859, 
he  delivered  an 
oration    at    the 

celebration  of  the  centennial  anniversary  of  the 
birthday  of  Robert  Burns,  which  is  considered 
one  of  his  most  eloquent  efforts.  He  became  a 
member  of  the  Republican  party  on  its  forma- 
tion, and  delivered  many  political  sermons  from 
his  pulpit,  also  addressing  political  meetings,  es- 
pecially in  1856,  when  he  took  an  active  part  in 
the  canvass,  not  only  with  his  pen  but  by  speak- 
ing at  meetings  thoughout  the  northern  states. 
During  the  presidential  canvass  of  1884,  Mr. 
Beecher  supported  the  Democratic  candidate,  and 
by  his  action  estranged  many  of  his  political  ad- 
mirers. In  the  long  conflict  with  slavery  he  was 
an  early  and  an  earnest  worker.  In  1863  he  visited 
Europe,  and  addressed  large  audiences  in  the  prin- 
cipal cities  of  Great  Britain  on  the  questions  in- 
volved in  the  civil  war  then  raging  in  the  United 
States,  with  a  special  view  to  disabuse  the  British 
public  in  regard  to  the  issues  of  the  great  struggle. 
His  speeches  exerted  a  wide  influence  in  changing 
popular  sentiment,  which  previously  had  been 
strongly  in  favor  of  the  southern  Confederacy, 
and  were  published  in  London  as  "  Speeches  on 
the  American  Rebellion"  (1864).  In  April,  1865, 
at  the  request  of  the  government,  he  delivered  an 
oration  at  Fort  Sumter  on  the  anniversary  of  its 
fall.  In  1878  he  was  elected  chaplain  of  the  13th 
regiment,  N.  G.  S.  N.  Y.,  and  appeared  on  parade 
in  the  customary  uniform.  In  1871  one  of  his 
parishioners,  Henry  W.  Sage,  founded  a  lecture- 
ship of  pi'eaching,  called  "  The  Lyman  Beecher 
Lectureship,"  in  Yale  college  divinity  school,  and 
the  first  three  annual  courses  were  delivered  by 
Mr.  Beecher.  In  the  summer  of  1874,  Theodore 
Tilton,  formerly  Mr.  Beecher's  associate,  after- 
ward his  successor,  in  the  editorship  of  the  "  In- 
dependent," charged  him  with  criminality  with 
Mrs.  Tilton.  A  committee  of  Plymouth  congre- 
gation reported  the  charges  to  be  without  foun- 
dation ;  but  meanwhile  Mr.  Tilton  instituted 
a  civil  suit  against  Mr.  Beecher,  laying  his 
damages  at  $100,000.  The  trial  lasted  six  months, 
and  at  its  close  the  jury,  after  being  locked  up  for 
more  than  a  week,  failed  to  agree  on  a  verdict. 
They  stood  three  for  the  plaintiff  and  nine  for  the 
defendant.  Mr.  Beecher  was  of  stout  build,  florid, 
and  of  strong  physical  constitution.  He  was  fond 
of  domestic  and  rural  life  ;  a  student  of  nature  ;  a 
lover  of  animals,  flowers,  and  gems  ;  an  enthusiast 


220 


BEECMER 


BEECHER 


in  music,  and  a  judge  and  patron  of  art.  He  owned 
a  handsome  residence  at  Peekskill  on  the  Hudson, 
which  he  occupied  during  a  part  of  every  summer. 
In  188G  he  made  a  lecturing  tour  in  England,  his 
first  visit  to  that  country  after  the  war.  Dur- 
ing his  theological  course  in  1836,  for  nearly  a 
year  Mr.  Beecher  edited  the  "  Cincinnati  Jour- 
nal," a  religious  weekly.  While  pastor  at  In- 
dianapolis he  edited  an  agricultural  journal,  "  The 
Farmer  and  Gardener,"  his  contributions  to  which 
were  afterward  published  under  the  title  "  Plain 
and  Pleasant  Talk  about  Fruits,  Flowers,  and 
Farming "  (New  York,  1859).  He  was  one  of 
the  founders  and  for  nearly  twenty  years  an  edi- 
torial contributor  of  the  New  York  "Independ- 
ent," and  from  1861  till  1863  was  its  editor.  His 
contributions  to  this  were  signed  with  an  asterisk, 
and  many  of  them  were  afterward  collected  and 
published  as  "  Star  Papers ;  or,  Experiences  of 
Art  and  Nature  "  (New  York,  1855),  and  as  "  New 
Star  Papers  ;  or.  Views  and  Experiences  of  Re- 
ligious Subjects  "  (1858).  The  latter  has  been  re- 
published in  England  under  the  title  of  '"Sum- 
mer in  the  Soul."  On  the  establishment  of  the 
"  Christian  Union "  in  1870,  he  became  its  editor- 
in-chief.  To  a  series  of  papers  in  the  "  New  York 
Ledger"  he  gave  the  title  "Thoughts  as  they 
Occur,"  by  "One  who  keeps  his  eyes  and  ears 
open,"  and  they  were  afterward  published  imder 
the  title  of  "Eyes  and  Ears  "  (Boston,  1864).  In 
addition  to  the  foregoing,  Mr.  Beecher  published 
"  Lectures  to  Young  Men  on  Various  Important 
Subjects"  (Indianapolis,  1844,  revised  ed..  New 
York,  1850) ;  "  Freedom  and  War :  Discourses 
suggested  by  the  Times  "  (Boston,  1863) ;  "  Aids 
to  Prayer  "  (New  York,  1864) ;  "  Norwood  ;  or,  Vil- 
lage Life  in  New  England  "  (1867) ;  "  Overture  of 
Angels"  (1869),  being  an  introductory  installment 
of  "  Life  of  Jesus  the  Christ ;  Earlier  Scenes " 
(1871);  "Lecture-Room  Talks:  A  Series  of  Famil- 
iar Discourses  on  Themes  of  Christian  Experience  " 
(1870) ;  "  Yale  Lectures  on  Preaching "  (3  vols., 
1872-4) ;  "  A  Summer  Parish :  Sermons  and  Morn- 
ing Services  of  Prayer"  (1874);  "Evolution  and 
Religion"  (1885).  Also,  numerous  addresses  and 
separate  sermons,  such  as  "  Army  of  the  Republic  " 
(1878);  "The  Strike  and  its  Lessons"  (1878); 
"  Doctrinal  Beliefs  and  Unbeliefs  "  (1882) ;  "  Com- 
memorative Discourse  on  Wendell  Phillips  "  (1884) ; 
"  A  Circuit  of  the  Continent,"  being  an  account  of 
his  trip  through  the  west  and  soiith  (1884) ;  and 
"Letter  to  the  Soldiers  and  Sailors"  (1866,  re- 
printed with  introduction,  1884).  He  edited 
"  Plymouth  Collection  of  Hymns  and  Tunes " 
(New  York,  1855),  and  "  Revival  Hymns  "  (Boston, 
1858).  Numerous  compilations  of  his  utterances 
have  been  prepared,  among  which  are :  "  Life 
Thoughts  "  (New  York,  1859),  by  Edna  Dean  Proc- 
tor ;  "  Notes  from  Plymouth  Pulpit "  (1859),  by 
Augusta  Moore ;  both  of  the  foregoing  have  been  re- 
printed in  England ;  "  Pulpit  Pungencies  "  (1866) ; 
"  Royal  Truths  "  (Boston,  1866),  reprinted  from  a 
series  of  extracts  prepared  in  England  without  his 
knowledge ;  "  Prayers  from  Plymouth  Pulpit " 
(New  York,  1867);  "Sermons  by  Henry  Ward 
Beecher :  Selected  from  Published  and  Unpub- 
lished Discourses,"  edited  by  Lyman  Abbott  (2 
vols.,  1868) ;  "  Morning  and  Evening  Devotional 
Exercises,"  edited  by  Lyman  Abbott  (1870);  "Com- 
forting Thoughts"  (1884),  by  Irene  Ovington.  Mr. 
Beecher  had  completed  the  second  and  concluding 
volume  of  his  "  Life  of  Christ,"  which  is  to  be 
published  this  year  (1887),  with  a  re-publication  of 
the  first  volume.  His  biography  has  been  written 
by  Lyman  Abbott  (New  York,  i883).     A  new  life, 


to  be  written  by  his  son,  William  C.  Beecher,  will 
include  an  unfinished  autobiography.  Mr.  Beecher 
was  buried  in  Greenwood  cemetery,  and  a  move- 
ment was  immediately  begun  for'  a  monument, 
to  be  paid  for  by  popular  subscription. — Eunice 
White,  wife  of  llenry  Ward,  b.  in  West  Sutton, 
Worcester  co.,  Mass.,  26  Aug.,  1812 ;  d.  in  Stam- 
ford, Conn.,  8  March,  1897.  When  Mr.  Beecher 
settled  in  his  pastorate  in  Lawrenceburgh,  Ind., 
he  returned  to  the  east  to  claim  his  bride,  after  an 
engagement  extending  over  seven  years.  Mrs. 
Beecher  was  a  contributor,  chiefly  on  domestic 
subjects,  to  various  periodicals,  and  some  of  her 
articles  have  been  published  in  book  form.  During 
a  long  and  tedious  illness  in  her  earlier  married 
life,  she  wrote  a  series  of  reminiscences  of  her  first 
years  as  a  minister's  wife,  afterward  published 
with  the  title  "  From  Dawn  to  Daylight :  A  Simple 
Story  of  a  Western  Home  "  (1859),  under  the  pen- 
name  of  "  A  Minister's  Wife."  She  also  published 
"Motherly  Talks  with  Young  Housekeepers" 
(New  York,  1875);  "Letters  from  Florida"  (1878); 
"  All  Around  the  House ;  or.  How  to  Make  Homes 
Happy"  (1878);  and  "Home"  (1883).— Another 
son  of  Lyman,  Charles,  clergyman,  b.  in  Litch- 
field, Conn.,  7  Oct.,  1815,  studied  at  the  Boston 
Latin  School  and  Lawrence  Academy  in  Groton, 
Mass.,  and  graduated  at  Bowdoin  in  1834.  After 
a  theological  course  in  Lane  Seminary,  Ohio,  he 
was  ordained  pastor  of  the  Second  Presbyterian 
church  in  Fort  Wayne  in  1844.  He  was  dismissed 
in  1851.  and  became  pastor  of  the  First  Congrega- 
tional church  in  Newark,  N.  J.,  where  he  remained 
three  years.  In  1857  he  took  charge  of  the  First 
Congregational  church  in  Georgetown,  Mass.  From 
1870  till  1877  he  resided  in  Florida,  where  for  two 
years  he  was  state  superintendent  of  public  in- 
struction, and  later,  acting  pastor  at  Wysox,  Pa. 
Mr.  Beecher  is  an  excellent  musician,  and  he  se- 
lected the  music  for  the  "  Plymouth  Collection." 
He  has  published  "The  Incarnation,  or  Pictures 
of  the  Virgin  and  her  Son"  (New  York,  1849); 
"  David  and  his  Throne  "  (1855) ;  "  Pen  Pictures  of 
the  Bible"  (1855);  "Autobiography  and  Corre- 
spondence of  Lyman  Beecher  "  (1863) ;  "  Redeemer 
and  Redeemed  "  (Boston,  1864) ;  "  Spiritual  Mani- 
festations "  (1879) ;  and  "  Eden  Tableau  "  (1880).— 
Another  son,  Tlioiuas  Kinnicut,  clergvman,  b. 
in  Litchfield,  Conn.,  10  Feb.,  1824.  was  gradu- 
ated in  1843  at  Illinois  college,  of  which  his  broth- 
er Edward  was  then  president,  was  principal  of 
the  Northeast  grammar-school  in  Philadelphia  in 
1846-'8,  and  then  became  principal  of  the  Hart- 
ford (Conn.)  High  School.  Removing  to  Williams- 
burg, now  a  part  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  in  1852,  he 
gathered  and  became  pastor  of  the  New  England 
Congregational  church,  and  in  1854  he  removed  to 
Elmira,  N.  Y.,  to  take  charge  of  the  Independent 
Congregational  church,  afterward  the  Park  church. 
He  is  known  as  an  influential  sjieaker  and  writer, 
and  is  distinguished  for  philanthropy.  He  wholly 
ignores  sectarian  feeling,  and  seeks  to  promote  a 
fraternal  spirit  among  the  various  Christian  de- 
nominations. Since  his  residence  in  Elmira  he  has 
devoted  himself  wholly  to  the  duties  of  a  teacher 
of  righteousness  and  religion  in  that  city  and 
immediate  vicinity.  For  many  years  he  edited  a 
weekly  "  Miscellany,"  first  in  the  Elmira  "  Ad- 
vertiser," and  afterward  in  the  "  Gazette,"  discuss- 
ing as  they  came  up  all  the  current  questions  of 
the  day.  Among  these,  in  1874,  were  a  series  of 
papers  in  which  he  took  the  ground  that  the  peo- 
ple of  the  United  States  never  had  been,  and  were 
not  at  the  time,  in  favor  of  universal  suffrage. 
He   has   lectured   in   the   principal   cities   of   the 


BEECHEY 


BEEKMAN 


221 


United  States,  and  against  his  wishes  and  counsel 
he  has  been  nominated  tor  political  office  by  the 
greenback,  the  democratic,  the  prohibition,  and 
the  republican  parties,  but  has  never  been  elected 
to  any  office.  He  was  chosen  chaplain  of  the  141st 
New  York  volunteers  in  1863,  and  served  with  the 
army  of  the  Potomac  four  months.  He  has  pro- 
nounced mechanical  and  scientific  tastes,  and  is 
a  lover  of  art  as  well  as  a  keen  critic.  He  made  a 
tour  of  England  and  France  in  1858,  visited  South 
America  in  1864-'5,  England  again  in  1873,  and 
California  in  1884.  He  has  published  in  book 
form,  "  Our  Seven  Churches "  (New  York,  1870), 
a  series  of  lectures,  one  of  which  has  been  widely 
circulated  as  a  tract,  with  the  title  "  A  Weil-Con- 
sidered Estimate  of  the  Episcopal  Church."  The 
other  prints  but  rarely  published  are  sermons  and 
lectures  for  the  use  of  the  Park  Church  Bible 
School. — Another  son,  James  Chaplin,  clergyman, 
b.  in  Boston,  Mass.,  8  Jan.,  1828 ;  d.  in  Elmira, 
N.  Y.,  25  Aug.,  1886,  was  graduated  at  Dart- 
mouth in  1848,  studied  theology  at  Andover,  and 
on  10  May,  1856,  was  ordained,  a  Congregational 
clergyman.  Until  1861  he  was  chaplain  of  the  Sea- 
men's Bethel  in  Canton  and  Hong  Kong,  China. 
During  the  civil  war  he  was  chaplain  of  the  1st 
New  York  infantry  (1861-'2) :  lieutenant-colonel 
of  the  141st  (1862-'3) ;  colonel  of  the  35th  U.  S. 
colored  troops  (1863-6),  and  was  mustered  out  of 
service  in  1866  as  brevet  brigadier-general.  Later, 
he  held  pastorates  in  Owegc,  N.  Y.  (1867-70); 
Poughkeepsie  (1871-'3);  and  Brooklyn  (1881-'2). 
After  three  years  of  acute  suffering  because  of  in- 
curable hallucinations,  the  shadows  of  which  had 
been  hovering  about  him  since  1864,  he  died  by 
his  own  hand  at  the  Water  Cure  in  Elmira. — 
Charles's  son,  Frederick  Henry,  soldier,  b.  in 
New  Orleans,  La.,  22  June,  1841  ;'d.  on  the  upper 
Republican  river,  Kansas,  17  Sept.,  1868.  He  was 
graduated  at  Bowdoin  in  1862,  immediately  en- 
tered the  military  service,  and  became  successively 
sergeant,  second  and  first  lieutenant.  He  was  in 
the  battles  of  the  array  of  the  Potomac  from 
Fredericksbur-g  to  Gettysburg ;  was  twice  severely 
wounded,  but  could  not  be  persuaded  to  remain 
away  from  his  command.  The  severe  nature  of 
his  wounds  necessitated  his  transfer  to  the  2d  bat- 
talion veteran  reserve  corps,  where  he  sei-ved  as 
lieutenant  and  acted  as  adjutant-general  under 
Gen.  E.  Whittlesey  of  the  Freedmen's  Bureau, 
until  commissioned  in  the  regular  army  in  1864. 
He  was  transferred  to  the  3d  U.  S.  infantry  in 
November,  1864,  and  made  first  lieutenant  in  July, 
1866.  He  served  with  distinction  on  the  western 
borders,  and  was  killed  by  the  Indians  while  on  a 
scouting  party  some  distance  from  Fort  Wallace. 

BEECHEY,  Frederick  William,  English 
geographer,  b.  in  London,  17  Feb.,  1706;  d.  there, 
29  Nov.,  1856.  He  was  the  son  of  Sir  William 
Beechey,  the  artist.  Entering  the  navy  in  1806, 
he  saw  some  service  in  the  Channel,  on  the  coast 
of  Portugal,  and  in  the  East  Indies,  and  in  1814  was 
appointed  to  the  "  Tonnant,"  Sir  Alexander  Coch- 
rane's  flag-ship.  He  took  part  in  the  battle  of 
New  Orleans,  8  Jan.,  1815,  and  on  10  March  was 
made  a  lieutenant  for  his  services  on  that  occa- 
sion. On  14  Jan.,  1818,  he  was  appointed  to 
the  "  Trent,"  commanded  by  Lieut,  (afterward  Sir 
John)  Franklin,  and  acted  as  artist  to  the  Arctic 
expedition  of  that  year,  which  he  afterward  de- 
scribed in  his  "  Vovage  of  Discovery  toward  the 
North  Pole"  (London.  1843).  Beechey  was  em- 
ployed on  the  survev  of  the  north  coast  of  Africa 
in  1821-2,  and  published  in  connection  with  his 
brother,  Henry  W.  Beechey,  "  Proceedings  of  the 


Expedition  to  explore  the  Northern  Coast  of 
Africa"  (London,  1828).  He  was  made  com- 
mander on  25  Jan.,  1822,  in  January,  1825,  was 
assigned  to  the  "  Blossom,"  and  for  four  years  was 
engaged  in  the  Pacific  and  in  attempting  to  co- 
operate with  the  polar  expeditions  from  the  east. 
In  August,  1826,  he  went,  in  boats,  as  far  as  lat. 
71°  23'  31"  N.,  long.  156°  21'  30"  W.,  a  point  only 
146  miles  from  Franklin's  extreme  northern  point 
reached  about  tjie  same  time ;  but  as  neither  ex- 
plorer knew  of  the  other's  position,  the  opportu- 
nity to  cooperate  was  lost.  In  1827  he  was  made 
post-captain,  and  discovered  the  harbors  of  Port 
Clarence  and  Grantley,  near  Bering  strait.  A 
narrative  of  his  voyages  in  the  years  1825-'8  was 
published  by  him  (London,  1831).  From  1835  till 
1847  he  was  chiefly  engaged  in  surveys  on  the  coast 
of  South  America  and  Ireland,  and  after  this  he 
lived  in  London  until  his  death.  In  1854  he  be- 
came rear-admiral  of  the  blue.  In  1855  he  was 
elected  president  of  the  geographical  society, 

BEEKMAN,  Gerardus,  colonial  governor  of 
New  York,  d.  in  New  York  city  about  1728.  He 
was  a  physician  and  a  wealthy  land-holder  in  New 
York  city,  a  major  under  Jacob  Leisler,  and  a 
member  of  his  council  at  the  time  of  the  revolution 
of  1688.  After  the  arrival  of  Gov.  Sloughter,  when 
Leisler  was  condemned  and  executed  for  treason- 
able conduct  in  refusing  to  give  up  the  fort  at  New 
York,  Beekman  was  one  of  eight  that  were  con- 
demned with  him,  but  recommended  to  the  gov- 
ernor's mercy.  He  wrote  several  petitions  for  re- 
lease both  to  the  governor  and  the  queen,  saying 
in  one  of  them  that  he  wished  to  visit  some  patients 
on  Long  Island  who  were  "  very  dangerous."  He 
was  at  length  set  at  liberty,  and  in  1700  became  lieu- 
tenant-colonel of  a  militia  regiment  under  Gov. 
Bellomont.  He  was  a  commissioner  in  the  case  of 
the  claim  of  the  Mohecan  Indians  to  land  in  Con- 
necticut, and  afterward  a  member  of  Gov.  Corn- 
bury's  council.  After  the  removal  of  Gov.  In- 
goldsby,  Beekman  was  president  of  the  council, 
and  acting  governor  until  the  arrival  of  Gov.  Hunt- 
er, from  10  April  till  14  June,  1710.  While  hold- 
ing this  place  he  granted,  on  his  own  responsibility, 
permission  to  the  Rev.  Mr.  Freeman  to  officiate  in 
the  churches  of  "  Flatbush  and  Brookland,"  jointly 
with  the  pastor.  Rev.  Vincentius  Antonides.  The 
latter,  and  most  of  his  flock,  objected,  and,  as  Gov. 
Beekman  refused  to  withdraw  the  obnoxious  per- 
mission, the  council  broke  up.  Soon  after,  Beek- 
man had  a  quarrel  on  this  same  subject  with  one 
Squire  Filkins,  who,  in  a  letter  dated  June,  1710, 
says  that  as  they  were  drinking  wine  together  in 
the  ferry-house,  having  just  crossed  the  ferry,  Beek- 
man "  gave  me  afl'ronting  words,  calling  me  pitti- 
full  fellow,  dog,  rogue,  rascal,  &c.,  which  caused 
me,  being  overcome  with  passion,  to  tell  him  that 
I  had  a  good  mind  to  knock  him  off  his  horse/' 
Beekman  was  afterward  a  member  of  Hunter's 
council,  holding  that  office  till  his  death. 

BEEKMAN,  James  William,  b.  in  New  York 
city,  22  Nov.,  1815 ;  d.  there,  15  June,  1877.  He 
was  descended  from  William  Beekman,  who  sailed 
with  Peter  Stuyvesant  to  New  Netherlands,  and 
was  an  officer  of  the  West  India  company,  and 
afterward  an  alderman,  under  English  rule.  After 
studying  under  a  private  tutor,  Mr.  Beekman 
was  graduated  at  Columbia  college  in  1834, 
and  studied  law  with  John  L.  Mason,  but  never 
became  a  member  of  the  bar.  His  father's  death 
in  1833  left  hun  a  fortune,  and  the  death  of  his 
uncle,  James  Beekman,  added  to  this  the  family  es- 
tate on  the  East  river  near  Fifty-second  street,  in- 
cluding the  old  Beekman  mansion,  a  place  of  his- 


BEERS 


BEISSEL 


torie  interest  from  its  prominence  in  revolutionary 
times.  Thus  made  independent,  Mr.  Beekraan 
travelled  extensively,  making  a  careful  study  of  the 
workings  of  different  European  governments.  He 
was  chosen  state  senator  in  1<S50,  and  served  two 
terms.     In    18(jl    he,   with   Erastus  Corning  and 

Thurlow  Weed, 
was  appointed 
by  a  meeting 
of  conservative 
men  in  New 
York  to  go 
to  Washington 
and  urge  Presi- 
dent Buchanan 
to  relieve  Fort 
Sumter.  Mr. 
Beekman  was 
vice  -  president 
of  the  New 
York  hospital, 
president  of  the 
woman's  hospi- 
ff                   ^y  tal,   and   a   di- 

0>«W-,.»»-^   ^  /oW^^x.-.**.^       rector    of    the 
•■ ^  New  York  dis- 

pensary. He 
was  also  one  of  the  early  members  of  the  New  York 
historical  society,  before  which  he  delivered  a  cen- 
tennial discourse  in  1871  and  read  papers  at  differ- 
ent times.  On  4  Dec,  1869,  he  delivered  an  ad- 
dress before  the  St.  Nicholas  society  on  ''The 
Founders  of  New  York,"  which  was  afterward  pub- 
lished (New  York,  1870).  See  "  Memoir  of  James 
William  Beekman,"  by  Edward  F.  De  Lancey  (New 
York,  1877).  In  February,  1876,  he  published  a 
report  on  a  village  of  hospitals. 

BEERS,  Ethel  Lynn,  author,  b.  in  Goshen, 
Orange  co.,  N.  Y.,  13  Jan.,  1827 ;  d.  in  Orange,  N.  J., 
10  Oct.,  1879.  Her  maiden  name  was  Ethelinda 
Eliot,  and  she  was  a  descendant  of  John  Eliot,  the 
apostle  to  the  Indians.  Her  earliest  writings  bore 
the  pen-name  of  "  Ethel  Lynn,"  and  after  her  mar- 
riage with  William  H.  Beers  she  wrote  her  name  as 
it  is  now  known.  Her  most  noted  poem  is  "  All 
Quiet  along  the  Potomac,"  suggested  by  an  oft- 
repeated  despatch  during  the  first  year  of  the  civil 
war.  Its  authorship  was  warmly  disputed ;  but,  as 
is  usual  in  such  cases,  only  one  of  the  claimants  had 
written  other  verses  of  equal  merit.  That  was  Mrs. 
Beers,  and  there  is  now  no  further  doubt  as  to  the 
genuineness  of  her  title.  The  lines  originally  ap- 
peared in  "  Harper's  Weekly  "  for  30  Nov.,  1861,  with 
the  caption  "  The  Picket  Guard."  Mrs.  Beers  says 
in  a  private  letter  :  "  The  poor  '  Picket '  has  had  so 
many  authentic  claimants  and  willing  sponsors, 
that  I  sometimes  question  myself  whether  I  did 
really  write  it  that  cool  September  morning,  after 
reading  the  stereotyped  announcement  '  All  Quiet,' 
etc.,  to  which  was  added  in  small  type  '  A  Picket 
Shot.'  "  The  most  popular  of  her  other  pieces  are 
"  Weighing  the  Baby,"  "  Which  shall  it  be  %  "  and 
"  Baby  looking  out  for  Me."  She  had  long  had  a 
premonition  that  she  would  not  survive  the  print- 
ing of  her  collected  poems,  and  she  died  the  same 
day  the  volume  was  issued,  "  All  Quiet  along  the 
Potomac,  and  other  Poems"  (Pliiladcljihia,  1879). 

BEERS,  Henry  Aiiarustin,  autlior,  b.  in  Buf- 
falo, N.  Y.,  2  Julv,  1847.  He  was  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1869,  was  "tutor  there  from  1871  till  1875, 
and  was  chosen  assistant  professor  of  English  in 
1875.  He  spent  five  months  in  study  abroad, 
mainly  at  Heidelberg,  and  was  made  full  professor 
in  1880.  He  has  published  "  Odds  and  Ends,"  a 
collection  of  verses  (Boston,  1878) ;  "  A  Century  of 


American  Literature  "  (New  York,  1878) ;  "Life  of 
N.  P.  Willis"  (Boston,  1885);  "Selections  from 
Willis's  Prose  Writings  "  (New  York,  1885) ;  "  The 
Thankless  Muse,"  a  collection  of  verses  (Boston. 
1885) ;  "  Introduction  to  Readings  from  Ruskin  ' 
(1885) ;  and  "  An  Outline  Sketch  of  English  Litera- 
ture "  (New  York,  1886). 

BEEST,  Albert  van,  artist,  b.  in  Rotterdam, 
Holland,  11  June,  1820;  d.  in  New  York  city,  8 
Oct.,  1860.  When  quite  young  he  accompanied 
Prince  Henry  of  the  Netherlands  on  a  three  years' 
journey  to  the  east.  In  1845  he  came  to  the  United 
States,  where  he  made  a  reputation  as  a  marine 
painter  and  teacher,  living  mainly  in  Boston  and 
New  York.  As  an  artist  he  was  self-taught. 
Among  his  pupils  were  William  Bradford  and  R. 
Swain  Gifford. 

BEHAIM,  or  BEHEM,  Martin,  German  geog- 
rapher, b.  in  Nuremberg  about  1459 ;  d.  in  Ijisbon, 
29  July,  1506.  When  a  boy  he  was  much  inter- 
ested in  astronomy  and  mathematics.  He  engaged 
in  the  manufacture  of  cloth  in  Flanders  in  1477, 
and  in  1480  the  commercial  relations  between  that 
country  and  Portugal,  as  well  as  his  interest  in  the 
maritime  discoveries  of  the  Portuguese,  led  him  to 
visit  Lisbon.  Here  he  became  a  pupil  of  Johann 
Mliller  (Regiomontanus),  and  a  friend  of  Christo- 
pher Columbus,  whose  views  in  regard  to  a  west- 
ern passage  to  India  he  supported.  He  was  one  of 
a  committee  appointed  in  1483  to  construct  an 
astrolabe  and  tables  of  declension,  and  for  his 
services  was  made  a  knight  in  1484.  He  was  cos- 
mographer  on  the  expedition  of  Diego  Cam,  which 
sailed  along  the  west  coast  of  Africa  to  the  mouth 
of  the  Congo.  He  established  a  Flemish  colony  at 
Fayal  in  1486,  married  the  governor's  daughter, 
and  remained  there  until  1490  when,  returning  to 
Nuremberg,  he  made  a  large  terrestrial  globe,  on 
which  historical  notices  were  written.  This  globe 
is  a  valuable  record  of  the  geographical  knowledge 
of  his  time.  It  is  made  of  papier-mache,  covered 
with  gypsum,  and  over  this  a  parchment  surface 
receives  the  drawing.  The  Behaim  family  caused 
it  to  be  repaired  in  1825,  and  it  is  now  in  the  city 
hall  at  Nuremberg.  Behaim  placed  on  his  globe 
an  island  far  to  the  west  of  Fayal,  and  this  is 
thought  by  some  to  have  been  on  the  Brazilian 
coast,  which  would  make  Behaim,  instead  of  Co- 
lumbus, the  discoverer  of  America.  It  is  probable, 
however,  that  he  simply  represented  the  general 
impression  that  some  such  island  existed.  In  1493 
Behaim  returned  to  Portugal,  and,  being  sent  on 
a  diplomatic  mission  to  the  Low  Countries,  was 
captured  by  English  cruisers,  and  carried  to  Eng- 
land, bvit  afterward  escaped  to  the  continent.  See 
Yon  Murr's  "  Diplomatische  Geschichte  des  Ritters 
M.  Behaim"  (1778),  and  Ghillany's  "Geschichte 
des  Seefahrers  Ritter  Martin  Behaim  "  (1853). 

BEHRENS,  James,  naturalist,  b.  in  Lubeck, 
Germany,  30  June,  1824.  He  was  graduated  at  the 
gymnasium  of  Lubeck  in  1841,  and  in  1853  came 
to  the  United  States.  He  settled  in  California, 
where  he  has  since  remained,  and  has  become  a 
recognized  authority  on  entomology.  Mr.  Behrens 
has  contributed  papers  to  scientific  journals,  and 
is  a  member  of  many  scientific  societies  in  the 
United  States  and  Europe. 

BEISSEL,  Johann  Conrad,  German  religion- 
ist, b.  in  Eberbach,  in  the  Palatinate,  in  1690 :  d. 
in  Ephrata,  Lancaster  co..  Pa.,  in  1768.  After 
studying  theology  at  Halle,  he  became  a  Dunker, 
was  forced  to  leave  his  native  country,  and  settled 
in  Pennsvlvania  about  1720.  While  a  member  of 
the  Dunker  society  at  Mlihlbach  (Mill  Creek),  Pa., 
he  published  (1725)  a  tract  to  prove  that  the  sev- 


BELANGER 


BELCHER 


223 


enth  day  was  the  only  true  sabbath.  This  caused 
some  division  in  the  society,  and  Beissel  retired  to 
a  lierniitage  on  the  banks  of  the  Cocalico.  His 
frieiids  soon  joined  him,  and  in  1728  they  founded 
the  first  community  of  Seventli-day  Bunkers,  or 
German  Seventh-day  Baptists.  In  1738  Beissel 
established,  at  what  is  now  the  village  of  Ephrata, 
a  monastic  society,  which  at  one  time  numbered 
neai'ly  300.  The  habit  of  the  Capuchins  was 
adopted  by  both  sexes,  and  celibacy  was  considered 
a  virtue,  though  not  made  obligatory.  Each  mem- 
ber adopted  a  new  name,  and  Beissel  was  called 
Friedsam,  to  which  the  community  afterward 
added  the  title  of  Gottrecht.  He  seems  to  have 
been  sincerely  devout,  though  whimsical,  was  an 
excellent  musician,  and  composed  and  set  to  music 
several  volumes  of  hymns  in  German  and  Latin 
(1766-'73).  He  also  published  a  mystical  disserta- 
tion on  the  fall  of  man,  and  a  volume  of  letters. 
He  left  several  curiously  decorated  manuscript  vol- 
umes. Soon  after  the  death  of  its  founder,  the 
society  at  Ephrata  began  to  decline,  and  few  of  the 
original  features  are  now  to  be  found  there.  The 
principal  settlement  of  the  sect  founded  by  Beissel 
is  at  Snowhill,  Franklin  co..  Pa. 

BELAiSdrER,  Solomon,  Canadian  voyager,  d. 
in  the  parish  of  St.  Jacques  de  I'Archigan,  Quebec, 
in  April,  1863.  He  was  one  of  the  French  Cana- 
dians that  accompanied  Sir  John  Franklin  in  his 
first  expedition  toward  the  north  pole,  and  on  one 
occasion  (14  Sept.,  1821)  saved  the  explorer's  life. 
A  canoe  in  which  they  were  crossing  a  rapid  stream 
overset,  and  Belanger  held  it  while  Franklin  and 
a  companion  took  their  positions  again.  Owing  to 
the  violence  of  the  current,  Belanger  was  obliged 
to  remain  in  the  water  and  was  rescued  with  great 
difficulty.  On  another  occasion  he  was  accused  by 
Franklin  of  attempting  to  persuade  one  of  his 
hunters  to  leave  him,  before  which  he  had  been 
esteemed  highly  by  the  explorer.  See  Franklin's 
"  Journev  to  the  Shores  of  the  Polar  Sea  in  1819- 
'22  "(London,  1823). 

BELCHER,  Jonathan,  governor  of  Massachu- 
setts and  New  Jersey,  b.  8  Jan.,  1681 ;  d.  in  Eliza- 
bethtown,  N.  J.,  31  Aug.,  1757.  He  was  the  son 
of  Andrew  Belcher,  one  of  the  provincial  council, 
and  a  gentleman  of  large  estate.  Jonathan  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1699,  spent  s'x  years  in 
Europe,  where  he  visited  the  court  of  Hanover 
twice,  and  by  making  the  acquaintance  of  the 
Princess  Sophia  and  her  son,  afterward  George  I. 
of  England,  prepared  the  way  for  his  future  ad- 
vancement. Having  returned  to  Boston  and  be- 
come a  merchant  there,  in  1729  he  was  sent  to 
England  as  the  agent  of  the  colony,  and  on  Gov. 
Burnet's  death  in  1730  he  was  appointed  governor 
of  Massachusetts  and  New  Hampshire,  which  office 
he  held  for  eleven  years,  distinguishing  himself  by 
his  hospitality  and  style  of  living.  He  wished  the 
assembly  to  vote  him  a  fixed  salary  of  $5,000  a 
year,  and  dissolved  it  when  it  refused  to  do  so; 
but,  although  he  tried  to  gain  over  members  of  in- 
fluence by  the  distribution  of  offices,  he  was  finally 
obliged  to  accept  a  grant  for  one  year  only.  This 
contest,  together  with  some  unnecessary  assump- 
tion of  authority  and  freedom  in  censure,  gained 
him  many  enemies,  and  in  consequence  of  popular 
clamor  he  was  removed  in  1741.  It  is  also  claimed 
that  his  enemies  resorted  to  unfair  means.  How- 
ever this  may  be,  he  easily  succeeded  in  vindicat- 
ing himself  at  court,  whither  he  went  immediate- 
ly, was  promised  the  first  vacancy  in  America,  and 
in  1747  was  appointed  governor  of  New  Jersey. 
Here  his  government  was  successful,  for,  though 
he  found  the  province  in  confusion  and  the  two 


branches  of  the  legislature  at  odds,  by  prudence 
and  firmness  he  secured  comparative  quiet.  He 
enlarged  the  charter  of  the  college  of  New  Jersey, 
and  was  its  chief  patron  and  benefactor,  giving  it, 
among  other  presents,  his  valuable  library.  See 
Hutchinson's  "  History  of  Massachusetts  Bay " 
(Boston,  1764) ;  Smith's  "  History  of  the  Colony  of 
New  Jersey  "  (Burlington,  1765) ;  Belknap's  "  His- 
tory of  New  Hampshire"  (Philadelphia,  1784) ;  and 
Belcher's  letters,  1731-'40,  in  the  "  New  England 
Historical  and  Genealogical  Register"  (1865). — 
His  son,  Jonathan,  jurist,  b.  in  Boston,  28  July, 
1710;  d.  in  Halifax,  N.  S.,  29  March,  1776.  He 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1728,  and  then  went 
to  London,  where  he  studied  law  in  the  Temple 
and  attained  eminence  at  the  English  bar.  He 
was  one  of  the  first  settlers  at  Chibucto  (afterward 
called  Halifax),  and  in  1760,  being  senior  coun- 
cillor, was  appointed  lieutenant-governor  on  the 
death  of  Gov.  Lawrence.  He  held  this  office  until 
1763,  and  in  1761  was  also  appointed  chief  justice 
of  the  province.  In  the  same  year,  as  commander- 
in-chief,  he  made  a  treaty  with  the  Indians. — An- 
drew, son  of  the  second  Jonathan,  was  a  prominent 
citizen  of  Halifax,  and  a  member  of  the  council  in 
1801. — Sir  Edward,  son  of  Andrew,  British  explor- 
er, b.  in  Halifax,  N.  S.,  in  1799 ;  d.  18  March,  1877. 
He  entered  the  royal  British  navy  as  a  midshipman 
at  the  age  of  thirteen,  was  present  at  the  battle  of  Al- 
giers, and  served  afterward  on  the  African  station, 
whence  he  returned  home  invalided  in  1820.  Hav- 
ing next  served  on  the  North  American  station  for 
three  years,  he  was  selected  in  1825  as  assistant 
surveyor  to  Capt.  F.  W.  Beechey,  then  about  to 
sail  for  Behring  strait  in  the  "  Blossom  "  on  his 
voyage  of  discovery.  Belcher  was  made  a  com- 
mander in  1829,  was  engaged  in  1830  upon  a  sur- 
vey of  the  coast  of  Africa,  and  from  1836  till  1842 
on  a  survey  of  the  Pacific  in  H.  M.  S.  "  Sulphur." 
During  this  voyage  he  circumnavigated  the  globe 
and  did  important  work  in  taking  soundings  of 
the  Canton  river.  He  was  rewarded  with  a  com- 
mission as  post-captain  and  the  companionship  of 
the  order  of  the  bath  in  1841,  and  was  knighted  in 
1843.  Pie  was  engaged  chiefiy  on  the  East  Indian 
station  from  1842  till  1849,  and  was  severely 
wounded  while  assisting  to  subdue  the  pirates  of 
Borneo.  In  1852  he  was  appointed  to  command 
an  expedition  to  the  Arctic  ocean  in  search  of  Sir 
John  Franklin.  This  was  an  unfortunate  appoint- 
ment, for  Belcher,  though  an  able  officer,  was  per- 
sonally impopular,  and  the  expedition  did  not 
succeed  in  its  object,  though  it  brought  back  Mc- 
Clure's  party,  who  had  been  ice-bound  for  three 
years.  Four  of  Belcher's  ships  were  abandoned  in 
the  ice  with  what  has  been  thought  unnecessary 
haste.  One  of  these,  the  "  Resolute,"  was  after- 
ward found  floating  in  open  water  by  Capt.  Bud- 
dington,  of  New  London,  Conn.,  and  was  pur- 
chased by  congress,  refitted,  and  presented  to  the 
British  government.  On  his  return  Belcher  was 
tried  by  court-martial  and  acquitted ;  but  he  was 
never  employed  again,  though  he  rose,  in  course  cf 
seniority,  to  the  rank  of  admiral  in  1872.  He  was 
also  made  a  K.  C.  B.  in  1867.  He  published  a 
"  Treatise  on  Nautical  Surveying,"  which  was  long 
a  standard  work  (1835) ;  "  Narrative  of  a  Voyage 
round  the  World  "  (1843) ;  "  Narrative  of  the  Voy- 
age of  H.  M.  S.  Samarang"  (1848);  "The  Last 
of  the  Arctic  Voyages"  (1855);  and  "Horatio 
Howard  Brenton,  a" Naval  Novel"  (1856).  He  also 
edited  Smvth's  "Naval  Word-Book"  (1867). 

BELCHER,  Josej>h,  author,  b.  in  Birmingham, 
England,  5  April,  1794 ;  d.  in  Philadelphia,  10  July, 
1859.     He  was  a  Baptist  clergyman,  and  came  to 


224 


BELDEN 


BELKNAP 


the  United  States  in  1844.  lie  is  said  to  have 
published  more  religious  volumes  than  any  other 
author  of  the  present  century,  his  works  number- 
ing nearly  200.  lie  wrote  lives  of  Whitefield  and 
Robert  Hall ;  "  The  Baptist  Pulpit  of  the  United 
States  "  (New  York,  1850) ;  "  The  Clergy  of  Amer- 
ica" (1855);  a  "  Plistory  of  Religious  Denomina- 
tions in  the  United  States  "  (Indianapolis,  Ind., 
1856) ;  "  Sketches  from  Life "  ;  and  "  Poetical 
Sketches  of  Biblical  Subjects."  His  last  book  was 
"  Hymns  and  their  Authors  "  (Philadelphia,  1859). 

IJELDEN,  Josiali,  pi(meer,  b.  in  Connecticut 
in  1815.  He  went  with  one  of  the  earliest  over- 
land emigrant  parties,  that  of  1841.  He  was  the 
first  mayor  of  San  Jose  in  1850,  was  noted  as  mer- 
chant and  politician,  and  took  part  in  the  raising 
of  the  American  flag  at  the  time  of  Com.  Jones's 
attempted  seizure  of  California  in  1843. 

BELEHETZI,  or  BELEJETZI  (bel-e-het  -tee), 
king  of  Quiche,  killed  by  order  of  Alvarado  in 
1524,  after  the  Spaniards  had  conquered  from  the 
Indians  that  part  of  Central  America.  Belehetzi 
was  implicated  in  a  great  conspiracy  against  Al- 
varado, whom  the  Indians  had  called  to  Utatlan, 
under  false  promises  of  peace  and  friendship,  really 
intending  a  massacre  of  the  invaders. 

BEL(xRANO,  Manuel,  South  American  patri- 
ot, b.  in  Buenos  Ayres  in  1770;  d.  2'6  June,  1820. 
His  parents  had  emigrated  from  Italy,  and  were 
wealthy.  After  completing  his  education  in  the 
university  of  Salamanca,  Spain,  young  Belgrano 
was  appointed  to  office  in  his  native  city.  There 
he  joined  the  revolutionists,  and  was  a  member 
of  their  provisional  committee,  elected  25   May, 

1810.  He  was  given  the  command  of  an  army  in 

1811,  and  was  defeated  by  Spanish  troops  at  Cerro 
Porteiio,  near  Paraguari,  in  Paraguay.  The  revo- 
lutionary authorities  raised  him  to  the  rank  of 
general  in  1812,  and  he  again  undertook  an  unsuc- 
cessful expedition  to  annex  Paraguay  to  Buenos 
Ayres  ;  but  on  4  Sept.  of  the  same  year  he  gained 
a  victory  over  the  royalists  commanded  by  Gen. 
Tristan  at  Tucuman,  and  on  13  Feb.,  1813,  he 
again  defeated  that  general  at  Salta.  But  Gen. 
Pezuela  attacked  and  routed  the  revolutionary 
troops  under  Belgrano,  at  Villapucio,  1  Oct.,  1813, 
and  again  at  Ayoma  in  the  same  year.  Belgrano 
was  superseded  by  Gen.  San  Martin. 

BELKNAP,  Gieorg-e  Eugene,  naval  officer,  b. 
in  Newport,  N.  H.,  22  Jan.,  1832.  He  was  ap- 
pointed midshipman  from  New  Hampshire,  7  Oct., 
1847;  became  passed  midshipman,  10  June,  1853, 
master  in  1855 ;  was  commissioned  lieutenant,  16 
Sept.,  1855  ;  lieutenant-commander,  15  July,  1862  ; 
and  commander,  25  July,  1866.  As  lieutenant  he 
commanded  a  launch  at  the  capture  of  the  Barrier 
forts  at  the  mouth  of  the  Canton  river,  China,  in 
November,  1856,  and  assisted  in  undermining  and 
blowing  up  the  four  forts.  He  commanded  the 
boats  of  the  "  St.  Louis  "  at  the  reenforcement  of 
Fort  Pickens  in  April,  1861,  and  was  commanding 
officer  of  the  iron-clad  "  New  Ironsides  "  in  heT 
various  engagements  with  the  fortifications  in 
Charleston  harbor  from  1862  till  1864.  He  was 
highly  praised  by  Admirals  Dupont  and  Dahlgren 
for  ability  in  making  the  attacks  and  managing 
his  vessel  under  fire.  In  1864  he  commanded  the 
gun-boat  "Seneca"  of  the  North  Atlantic  block- 
ading squadron,  and  afterward  the  iron-clad  "  Ca- 
nonicus  "  in  the  two  actions  with  Howlett  House 
battery  in  December,  1864,  and  in  the  attacks  on 
Fort  Fisher  in  that  and  the  following  month.  Aft- 
er the  capture  of  the  fort  he  went  to  Charleston, 
and  was  present  at  the  evacuation.  He  com- 
manded the  same  vessel  in  Admiral  Godon's  expe- 


dition to  Havana  in  search  of  the  confederate  iron- 
clad "  Stonewall."  His  name  was  associated  with 
those  of  Commanders  Parrott  and  Calhoun  and 
Lieut.  Weaver  in  a  commendatory  letter  of  Ad- 
miral Porter  declaring  that  these  oflicers  had 
given  a  world-wide  reputation  to  the  monitors  by 
their  efficient  handling  of  the  new  type  of  vessel. 
In  1867-'8  Commander  Belknap  commanded  the 
flag-ship  "  Hartford  "  of  the  Asiatic  squadron  ;  in 
1869  he  was  on  navigation  duty  at  the  Boston 
navy-yard ;  in  1874  he  was  engaged  in  command 
of  the  steamer  "  Tuscarora "  in  taking  deep-sea 
soundings  in  the  North  Pacific  ocean,  with  the  ob- 
ject of  finding  a  route  for  a  submarine  cable  be- 
tween the  United  States  and  Japan.  He  was  made 
commodore,  2  March,  1885,  and  appointed  superin- 
tendent of  the  naval  observatory. 

BELKNAP,  Jeremy,  clergvman,  b.  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  4  June,  1744;  d."  there.  20  June,  1798.  He 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1762,  and,  after 
teaching  school  and  studying  theology,  was  or- 
dained 18  Feb.,  1767,  paster  of  the  Congregational 
church  in  Dover,  N.  H.  On  4  April,  1787,  he  took 
charge  of  the  Federal  street  church,  Boston,  where 
he  remained  until  his  death.  From  his  fifteenth 
year  he  kept  notes  of  his  reading,  and  also  a  diary, 
in  a  series  of  curious  interleaved  almanacs.  Soon 
after  going  to  Dover  he  began  his  "  History  of 
New  Hampshire"  (1st  vol.,  Philadelphia,  1784;  2d 
and  3d  vols.,  Boston,  1791-2),  which  takes  high 
rank  for  accuracy,  thoughtfulness,  and  agreeable 
style,  though  the  part  relating  to  the  natural  his- 
tory of  the  state  is  worth  little,  owing  to  the  au- 
thor's deficient  knowledge.  The  pi'ogress  of  the 
work  was  somewhat  delayed  by  the  revolution, 
during  which  Mr.  Belknap  was  an  ardent  patriot. 
The  work  did  not  pay  expenses,  and  the  author 
was  granted  the  sum  of  £50  in  its  aid  by  the  legis- 
lature of  New  Hampshire.  In  1792  he  was  given 
the  degree  of  S.  T.  D.  by  Harvard,  and  made  an 
overseer  of  the  college.  On  23  Oct.  of  that  year 
he  delivered  before  the  Massachusetts  historical 
society,  which  he  had  founded  two  years  before,  a 
tercentennial  discourse  on  the  discovery  of  Amer- 
ica. He  published  a  life  of  Watts  (1793) ;  two  vol- 
umes of  "American  Biographies"  (1794,  1798); 
and  a  collection  of  psalms  and  hymns  (1795),  of 
which  several  were  written  by  himself.  In  1796 
he  published  "  The  Foresters,  an  American  Tale," 
a  humorous  apologue,  which  had  originally  ap- 
peared in  the  "  Columbian. Magazine,"  and  was  in- 
tended to  portray  the  history  of  the  country,  with 
special  reference  to  the  formation  of  the  constitu- 
tion. He  was  also  the  author  of  many  miscellaneous 
pieces,  among  them  several  essays  on  the  African 
slave-trade,  to  which  he  was  strongly  opposed.  A 
life  of  Dr.  Belknap,  with  selected  letters,  was  pub- 
lislied  bv  his  granddaughter  (New  York,  1847). 

BELKNAP,  WiUiani  Goldsmith,  soldier,  b. 
in  Newburgh,  N.  Y.,  7  Sept.,  1794:  d.  near  Fort 
Washita,  Tex.,  10  Nov.,  1851.  He  was  a  lieuten- 
ant in  the  war  of  1812;  was  wounded  in  the 
sortie  from  Fort  Erie  on  17  Sept.,  1814;  became 
captain,  1  Feb.,  1822;  brevet  major,  1  Feb.,  1832; 
major,  31  Jan.,  1842 ;  and  was  brevetted  lieuten- 
ant-colonel, 15  March,  1842,  for  his  services  in  the 
Florida  war.  In  1828  Capt.  Belknap  established 
Fort  Leavenworth  in  Kansas.  For  gallantry  in 
Gen.  Taylor's  Rio  Grande  campaign  he  received 
the  brevet  of  colonel.  He  acted  as  inspector-gen- 
eral at  the  capture  of  Monterey,  became  lieutenant- 
colonel  26  Sept.,  1847,  and  was  brevetted  brigadier- 
general  for  services  at  Buena  Vista,  23  Feb.,  1847. 
He  was  commandant  at  Fort  Gibson  from  Decem- 
ber,  1848,  till    May,    1851.— His    son,    William 


BELL 


BELL 


225 


Worth,  lawyer,  b.  in  Newbiirgfh,  N.  Y.,  22  Sept., 
1829;  d.  in  Washington,  I).  C,  12  Oet..  1890.  He 
was  graduated  at  Princeton,  studied  law  at  Keokuk, 
Iowa,  where  he  settled,  and  was  elected  to  the  legis- 
lature as  a  democrat  in  1857.  At  the  beginning  of 
the  civil  war  he  joined  the  army  as  major  of  the  15th 
Iowa  volunteers.  He  was  engaged  at  Sliiloh,  Corinth, 
and  Vicksburg,  became  prominent  in  Sherman's  At- 
lanta campaign,  receiving  promotion  as  brigadier- 
general  on  SOJuly,  1864,  and  was  brevetted  major- 
general  on  18  March,  1865.  After  the  war  he  was 
collector  of  internal  revenue  in  Iowa  from  1865  till 
13  Oct.,  1869,  when  he  was  appointed  secretary  of 
war.  This  office  he  retained  during  Gen.  Grant's 
second  administration  until  7  March,  1876,  when, 
in  consequence  of  charges  of  official  corruption,  he 
resigned.  He  was  impeached  and  tried  before  the 
senate  for  receiving  bribes  for  the  appointment  of 
post-traders,  and  was  acquitted  on  the  technical 
ground  of  want  of  jurisdiction. 

BELL,  Alexander  Graham,  physicist,  b.  in 
Edinburgh,  Scotland,  3  March,  1847.  He  is  a 
son  of  Alexander  Melville  Bell,  mentioned  below, 
and  was  educated  at  the  Edinburgh  high  school 
and  Edinburgh  university,  receiving  special  train- 
ing in  his  father's  system  for  removing  impedi- 
ments in  speech.  He  removed  to  London  in  1867, 
and  entered  the  university  there,  but  left  on  ac- 
count of  his  health,  and  went  to  Canada  with  his 
father  in  1870.  In  1872  he  took  up  his  residence 
in  the  United  States,  introducing  with  success  his 
father's  system  of  deaf-mute  instruction,  and  be- 
came professor  of  vocal  physiology  in  Boston  uni- 
versity. He  had  been  interested  for  many  years  in 
the  transmission  of  sound  by  electricity,  and  had 
devised  many  forms  of  apparatus  for  the  purpose, 
but  the  first  public  exhibition  of  his  invention  was 
at  Philadelphia  in  1876.  Its  complete  success  has 
made  him  wealthy.  His  invention  of  the  "  pho- 
tophone,"  in  which  a  vibratory  beam  of  light  is 
substituted  for  a  wire  in  conveying  speech,  has 
also  attracted  much  attention,  but  has  never  been 
practically  used.  It  was  first  described  by  him 
before  the  American  association  for  the  advance- 
ment of  science  in  Boston,  27  Aug.,  1880.  After 
the  shooting  of  President  Garfield,  Prof.  Bell,  to- 
gether with  Sumner  Tainter,  experimented  with 
an  improved  form  of  Hughes's  induction  balance, 
and  endeavored  to  find  the  exact  location  of  the 
ball,  but  failed.  Prof.  Bell  has  put  forth  the  the- 
ory that  the  present  system  of  educating  deaf- 
mutes  is  wrong,  as  it  tends  to  restrict  them  to  one 
another's  society,  so  that  marriages  between  the 
deaf  are  common,  and  therefore  the  number  of 
deaf-mute  children  born  is  on  the  increase.  His 
latest  experiments  relate  to  the  recording  of  speech 
by  means  of  photographmg  the  vibrations  of  a  jet 
of  water.  He  is  a  member  of  various  learned  so- 
cieties, and  has  published  many  scientific  papers. 
He  has  lived  for  some  time  in"  Washington,  D.  C. 

BELL,  Alexander  3Ielville,  educator,  b.  in 
Edinburgh,  Scotland,  1  March,  1819.  He  was  edu- 
cated under  the  care  of  his  father.  Alexander  Bell, 
the  inventor  of  a  method  for  removing  impedi- 
ments of  speech.  From  1843  till  1865  he  lectured 
in  Edinburgh  at  the  university  and  at  New  college, 
and  in  the  latter  year  was  appointed  lecturer  at 
university  college,  London.  He  removed  to  Can- 
ada in  1870,  and  became  instructor  at  Queen's 
college,  Kingston.  He  is  the  inventor  of  "  Visible 
Speech,"  a  method  of  instruction  in  orthoepy, 
which  has  also  been  successfully  used  in  teaching 
deaf-mutes  to  speak.  He  has  published  "  Princi- 
ples of  Speech  and  Elocution  "  (Edinburgh,  1849) ; 
"  Popular  Stenography,"  and  other  books  on  short- 

VOL.  I. 15 


hand;  "Visible  Speech  and  Universal  Alphabet- 
ics " ;  "  Line  Writing  on  the  Basis  of  Visible 
Speech  " ;  "  Faults  of  Speakers  "  (Salem,  Mass.) ; 
"  The  Standard  Elocutionist " ;  and  other  works. 
In  1881  he  removed  to  Washington,  D.  C.  He  now 
(1886)  has  in  press,  to  be  published  in  New  York, 
"  Essays  and  Postscripts  on  Elocution  "  ;  "  Lec- 
tures on  Phonetics  "  ;  and  "  English  Line  Writing." 

BELL,  Charles  Hejer,  admiral,  b.  in  New 
York,  15  Aug.,  1798;  d.  in  New  Brunswick,  N.  J., 
19  Feb.,  1875.  He  entered  the  U.  S.  navy  as  mid- 
shipman, 12  June,  1812,  and  served  with  Com. 
Decatur  in  1813  and  in  Com.  Chauncey's  squadron 
on  Lake  Erie  in  1814.  In  the  war  with  Algiers  he 
was  again  with  Decatur  on  board  the  "Macedo- 
nian." He  became  a  lieutenant  in  1820,  and  in 
1824  commanded  the  schooner  "  Ferret,"  which 
capsized  at  sea.  After  remaining  twenty-one 
hours  on  the  wreck,  he  was  saved,  with  other  sur- 
vivors, by  Com.  McKeever.  He  was  attached  to 
the  "  Erie,"  in  the  West  Indies,  in  1829,  and  com- 
manded one  of  the  boats  that  cut  out  the  piratical 
schooner  "  Federal "  from  under  the  guns  of  tlie 
forts  at  Guadeloupe.  In  1839  he  commanded  the 
brig  "  Dolphin,"  which  ascended  an  African  river 
and  compelled  a  chief  to  pay  for  goods  taken  from 
an  American  vessel.  He  was  promoted  com- 
mander on  20  Sept.,  1840,  and  in  1844-'6  com- 
manded the  sloop  "Yorktown,"  on  the  coast  of 
Africa,  and  captured  three  slavers,  one  of  them 
with  903  slaves  on  board.  He  was  commissioned 
captain  in  1854.  He  commanded  at  Norfolk  navy- 
yard  in  1859,  in  1860  was  assigned  to  the  Mediter- 
ranean squadron,  and  was  ordered  home  at  the 
beginning  of  the  civil  war.  After  the  capture  of 
the  British  mail-steamer  "Trent,"  in  November, 
1861,  he  was  sent  to  Panama  to  take  command  of 
the  Pacific  squadron,  in  anticipation  of  difficulties 
with  England,  and  there  he  remained  for  nearly 
three  years.  The  rank  of  commodore  was  given 
him  16  July,  1862.  He  returned  shortly  before 
the  close  of  the  war,  and  was  assigned  to  special 
duty  on  the  James  river.  He  took  command  of 
the  Brooklyn  navy-yard  in  May,  1865,  and  held 
it  three  years.  He  was  commissioned  rear-admiral, 
25  July,  1866,  and  placed  on  the  retired  list  after 
fifty-two  years  and  eight  months'  service. 

BELL,  Charles  Henry,  b.  in  Chester,  N.  H.,  18 
Nov.,  1823  ;  d.  in  Exeter,  N.  H.,  11  Nov..  1893.  His 
father,  John  Bell — b.  in  Londonderry,  N.  II.,  about 
1765 ;  d.  in  Chester,  N.  H.,  22  March,  1836— was 
a  brother  of  Gov.  Samuel  Bell,  and  was  himself 
governor  of  New  Hampshire  in  1829-"30.  Charles 
Henry  was  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1844  and 
studied  law.  He  presided  over  both  branches  of 
the  New  Hampshire  legislature,  and  from  March 
till  June,  1879,  by  the  governor's  appointment, 
filled  a  vacancy  in  the  U.  S.  Senate.  From  1881 
till  1883  he  was  governor  of  New  Hampshire, 
elected  on  the  Republican  ticket.  He  practised 
law  twenty  years,  during  ten  of  which  he  was 
prosecuting  attorney  for  Rockingham  co.,  and  was 
president  of  the  New  Hampshire  historical  soci- 
ety since  1867.  He  published  "  Men  and  Things 
of  Exeter,  N.  H."  (Exeter,  1871);  "Exeter  in 
1776"  (1876);  "John  Wheelwright"  (published 
by  the  Prince  society,  Boston,  1876);  "Phillips 
Exeter  Academy  "  (Exeter,  1883) ;  "  Memorial  of 
John  T.  Gilman,  M.  D.  (1885) ;  and  various  public 
addresses. 

BELL,  Clark,  lawyer,  b.  in  Rodman.  Jefferson 
CO.,  N.  Y,.  12  March,  i832.  He  was  fitted  for  col- 
lege at  Franklin  Academy,  Prattsburg,  but  ill 
health  prevented  the  completion  of  his  studies. 
Subsequently  he  studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to 


226 


BELL 


BELL 


the  bar  in  1853,  after  which  he  practised  for  some 
time  in  Ilammondsport,  and  was  postmaster  there 
during  Lincohi's  administration.  Later  he  moved 
to  Bath,  N.  Y.,  where  he  followed  his  profession 
with  great  success.  In  18(54  he  removed  to  New 
York,  where  he  has  since  resided.  About  this  time 
he  became  the  attorney  and  counsel  of  the  Union 
Pacific  railway,  and  assisted  in  preparing  the  act 
of  congress  under  which  the  road  was  constructed. 
He  has  been  employed  in  several  important  suits  in 
New  York,  and  as  attorney  for  numerous  corpora- 
tions and  (irgani/ations.  Mr.  liellwas  t  lie  originator 
and  president  of  the  "  Saturday  Niglit  Club."  Since 
1870  he  has  devoted  special  attention  to  medical 
jurisprudence,  having  in  that  year  joined  the  Medi- 
co-legal Society  of  New  York.  For  six  years  he  was 
its  president,  and  its  success  is  largely  due  to  his 
energy.  In  1883  he  founded  the  "  Medico-Legal 
Journal,"  and  is  still  its  editor.  His  writings  on 
medical  jurisprudence  include  the  inaugural  and 
retiring  addresses  during  the  years  he  was  i  iresident 
of  the  medico-legal  society,  and  also  the  following- 
named  pamphlets :  "  The  Coroner  System  and  its 
Needed  Reforms  "  (1881) ;  "  Suicide  and  Legisla- 
tion" (1882);  "The  Rights  of  the  Insane"  (1883); 
"  Madness  and  Crime  "  (1884) ;  "  Shall  we  hang  the 
Insane  who  commit  Homicide  ?  "  (1885) ;  and  "  Clas- 
sification of  JMcntal  Diseases  as  a  Basis  of  Insan- 
ity" (1880).  He  has  also  contributed  largely  to 
the  daily  press. 

BELii,  Cieorg'e,  soldier,  b.  in  Maryland,  about 
1832.  He  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1853. 
During  the  civil  war  he  served  as  assistant  in  the 
organization  of  the  subsistence  department  for  the 
Manassas  campaign,  as  principal  assistant  com- 
missary to  the  Array  of  the  Potomac,  and  in  charge 
of  subsistence  depots,  and  as  chief  of  commissariat 
of  the  departments  of  Washington  and  the  Poto- 
mac. On  9  April,  1865,  he  was  brevetted  briga- 
dier-general for  services  during  the  war. 

BELL,  Henry  Haywood,  naval  officer,  b.  in 
North  Carolina,  about  1808;  drowned  at  the  mouth 
of  Osaka  river,  Japan,  11  Jan  ,  1808.  He  was  ap- 
pointed a  midshipman  from  North  Carolina  in 
August,  1823,  and  during  more  than  forty-five 
years  of  service  saw  much  severe  fighting.  He 
was  on  board  of  the  •'  Grampus  "  when  she  was  en- 
gaged in  clearing  the  coast  of  Cuba  of  pirates.  He 
was  connected  with  the  East  India  squadron  for 
many  years,  and  commanded  one  of  the  vessels  of 
the  squadron  which,  in  November,  1856,  captured 
and  destroyed  the  four  barrier  forts  near  Canton, 
China.  Early  in  the  civil  war  he  was  appointed 
fleet-captain  of  the  Western  Gulf  squadron.  At 
the  capture  of  New  Orleans  he  commanded  one  of 
the  three  divisions  of  the  fleet,  and  was  sent  to  take 
formal  possession  of  the  city  by  raising  the  U.  S. 
flag  over  the  custom-house  and  city  hall.  For  a 
time  in  1863-'4,  after  the  recapture  of  Galveston 
by  the  Confederates,  he  was  in  command  of  the 
Western  Gulf  blockading  squadron.  In  July,  1865, 
he  was  ordered  to  the  command  of  the  East  India 
squadron,  his  rank  being  then  that  of  commodore. 
In  July,  1866,  he  was  promoted  to  be  rear-admiral, 
and  in  1867  he  was  retired ;  but  Rear-Admiral  S. 
C.  Rowan,  who  was  to  have  relieved  him,  had  not 
arrived  when  he  was  drowned  in  attempting  to  en- 
ter the  Osaka  river  in  a  boat  from  the  "  Hartford," 
his  flag-ship      His  widow  died  in  1886. 

BELL,  Hiram  Parks,  lawyer,  b.  in  Jackson  co., 
6a.,  27  Jan.,  1827.  He  received  an  academic  edu- 
cation, taught  school  for  two  years,  read  law,  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1849,  and  has  since  prac- 
tised at  Gumming,  Ga.  He  was  a  candidate  for 
presidential  elector  on  the  Bell  ticket  in  186C,  and 


opposed  the  secession  ordinance  in  the  convention 
of  1861.  He  was  a  member  of  the  state  senate  in 
1861,  and  resigned  to  enter  the  confederate  army, 
being  commissioned  captain  in  March,  1862.  He 
became  colonel  of  the  43d  Georgia  regiment,  was 
dangerously  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Chickasaw 
Bayou,  Miss.,  29  Dec,  1862,  and  resigned  soon  af- 
terward. He  was  a  member  of  the  Confederate 
congress  in  1864  and  1865,  and  served  in  the  U.  S. 
House  of  Representatives  from  1873  till  1875,  and 
again  from  1877  till  1879.  He  was  a  delegate  to 
the  St.  Louis  convention  of  1876,  which  nominated 
Mr.  Tilden  for  the  presidency.  In  congress  Mr. 
Bell  favored  using  the  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  pub- 
lic lands  for  educational  purposes, 

BELL,  John,  physician,  b.  in  Ireland  in  1796 ;. 
d.  in  1872.  He  emigrated  to  the  United  States  in 
1810,  was  graduated  at  the  university  of  Pennsyl- 
vania in  1817,  was  for  several  years  a  lecturer  on 
the  institutes  of  medicine  in  the  Philadelphia  med- 
ical institute,  and  afterward  professor  of  the  theory 
and  practice  of  medicine  in  the  medical  college  of 
Ohio,  He  was  widely  known  as  a  lecturer  and 
popular  medical  writer.  His  principal  works  are 
"  Baths  and  Mineral  Waters  "  (Philadelphia,  1831) ; 
"  Health  and  Beauty  "  (1838) ;  "  Regimen  and  Lon- 
gevity "  (1842);  *'  Lectures  on  the  Practice  of  Phys- 
ic "  (4th  ed.,  1848) ;  "  Baths  and  the  Water  Regi- 
men "  (1849) ;  and  "  Mineral  and  Thermal  Springs 
of  the  United  States  and  Canada  "  (1855).  Dr.  Bell 
was  editor  of  several  medical  journals. 

BELL,  John,  statesman,  b.  near  Nashville,, 
Tenn.,  15  Feb.,  1797;  d.  at  Cumberland  Iron 
Works,  Tenn.,  10  Sept.,  1869.  His  father  was  a. 
farmer  in  fair  circumstances.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Cumber- 
land college  (now 
the  university 
of  Nashville)  in 
1814,  studied  law, 
settled  at  Fi-ank- 
lin,  Tenn.,  and 
was  elected  to 
the  state  senate 
in  1817.  Declin- 
ing a  re-election, 
he  adhered  to  his 
profession  until 
1827,  when,  after 
an  excited  can- 
vass, he  was  elect- 
ed to  congress 
over  Felix  Grun- 
dy, by  a  thou- 
sand majority, 
although  Grundy 
had  the  support  of  Gen.  Jackson,  then  a  presi- 
dential candidate.  Bell  was  re-elected  six  times,, 
serving  in  the  house  of  representatives  until  1841, 
and  for  ten  years  he  was  chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee on  Indian  affairs.  He  was  at  first  a  free- 
trader, but  changed  his  views  and  became  an 
earnest  protectionist.  He  was  opposed  to  nullifi- 
cation, and,  although  voting  against  the  bill  to 
charter  the  United  States  bank  in  1832,  he  pro- 
tested against  the  removal  of  the  deposits,  and 
this  course  led  to  a  breach  between  him  and  Presi- 
dent Jackson.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
whig  party.  This  change  was  marked  by  his  elec- 
tion in  1834  to  the  speakership  of  the  house,  m  op- 
position to  James  K.  Polk,  whom  the  democrats 
supported.  He  joined  with  Judge  White  in  the 
anti-Van  Buren  movement  in  Tennessee,  which 
completed  his  sins  in  the  estimation  of  President 
Jackson,  who  could  not,  however,  prevent  his  re- 


BELL 


BELL 


turn  to  congress,  as  his  popularity  in  his  district 
remaineti  unshaken.  When  petitions  for  the  abo- 
lition of  slavery  in  the  District  of  Columbia  were 
presented  in  the  house  of  representatives  in  1886. 
Mr.  IJell  voted  to  receive  them,  and  he  also  opposed 
the  •' Atherton  gag"  in  1888.  In  this  course  he 
was  supported  by  his  constituents,  though  assailed 
in  his  position.  President  Harrison  made  him 
secretary  of  war  in  1841,  but  he  resigned  with  the 
rest  of  the  cabinet  (Mr.  Webster  only  excepted) 
wheu  President  Tyler  separated  from  the  whig 
party.  Declining  the  U.  S.  senatorship,  offered 
him  by  the  Tennessee  legislature,  he  remained  in 
retirement  until  1847,  when  he  was  chosen  to  the 
state  senate  and  immediately  afterward  to  the  na- 
tional senate,  where  he  remained  until  8  March, 
1859.  He  was  prominent  in  his  opposition  to  the 
policy  of  annexation.  When  the  Kansas-Nebraska 
bill  was  brought  forward,  in  1854,  Mr.  Bell  opposed 
its  passage  with  all  his  power,  not  only  as  violating 
the  Missouri  compact,  to  which  the  honor  of  the 
south  was  pledged,  but  as  unsettling  the  compro- 
mise of  1850,  to  which  both  the  great  parties  had 
solemnly  subscribed.  Four  years  later  he  was 
equally  earnest  in  his  opposition  to  the  Lecompton 
constitution  that  had  been  framed  for  Kansas.  In 
1860  Mr.  Bell  was  nominated  for  the  presidency 
by  the  "  constitutional  union "  party,  Edward 
Everett  receiving  the  nomination  for  the  vice- 
presidency.  This  ticket  had  no  chance  of  success, 
but  it  was  well  supported,  receiving  the  electoral 
votes  of  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  Tennessee.  At 
the  beginning  of  the  civil  war,  Mr.  Bell  was  one  of 
those  who  condemned  secession,  but  were  also  op- 
posed to  all  "  coercion."  On  18  April,  1861,  with 
seven  other  citizens  of  Tennessee,  he  issued  an  ad- 
dress recommending  his  state  to  preserve  an  armed 
neutrality,  and  on  28  April,  in  a  speech  at  Nash- 
ville, he  favored  standing  by  the  southern  states. 

BELL,  Robert,  Canadian  geologist,  b.  in  To- 
ronto, Canada,  8  .June,  1841.  He  was  educated  at 
the  university  of  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  and  at  Mc- 
Gill  university,  Montreal,  where  he  received  the  de- 
gree of  C.  E.  'in  1861,  M.  D.  in  1878,  and  B.  A.  Sc. 
in  1884.  Queen's  university  gave  him  the  degree 
of  LL.  D.  in  1888.  He  has  been  connected  with 
the  geological  survey  of  Canada  since  1856,  and 
was  appointed  assistant  director  of  the  survey 
about  1877.  He  has  been  longer  in  the  service 
than  any  other  member  of  the  staff.  From  1 868  till 
1868  he  was  professor  of  chemistry  and  the  natu- 
ral sciences  in  Queen's  university.  He  has  travelled 
extensively  through  Canada  in  connection  with  the 
geological  survey.  He  strongly  advocated  the 
building  of  the  Canada  Pacific  railway  in  1869, 
since  1877  has  favored  the  opening  of  the  Hud- 
son bay  route,  and  has  surveyed  the  principal 
water-ways  between  Hudson  bay  and  the  great 
lakes,  part  of  both  shores  of  Hudson  bay,  and 
various  rivers  in  the  province  of  Quebec.  In  1884 
he  accompanied  the  Hudson  bay  expedition  in 
the  "  Neptune "  as  scientist  and  medical  officer, 
and  made  a  valuable  collection  of  geological  and 
other  specimens.  Dr.  Bell  has  taken  much  inter- 
est in  Canadian  university  affairs.  He  was  the 
graduates'  representative  fellow  in  McGill  univer- 
sity, from  1880  till  1886,  and  was  one  of  the  eighty 
original  fellows  of  the  Canadian  royal  society. 
He  has  been  a  life  fellow  of  the  geological  society 
of  London,  England,  since  1865,  and  is  a  member  of 
several  other  learned  societies.  He  published  re- 
ports on  geology  and  natural  history  in  the  prog- 
ress reports  of  the  geological  survey,  nearly  every 
year,  from  1857  till  1885;  numerous  articles  in 
American,  Canadian,  and  English  journals,  on  ge- 


ology, mining,  geography,  natural  history,  medi- 
cine, and  forestry,  from  1859  till  1886  ;  and  wrote 
the  chapter  on  the  progress  of  science  in  Canada, 
in  the  "Dominion  Annual  Register,"  from  1878 
till  1884,  inclusive. 

BELL,  Samuel,  governor  of  New  Hampshire, 
b.  in  Londonderry,  N.  H.,  9  Feb.,  1770;  d.  in  Ches- 
ter, N^  H.,  23  Dec,  1850.  His  family  emigrated 
from  Scotland  to  Ireland,  whence  his  grandfather, 
John  Bell,  came  to  New  Hampshire  in  1722.  Sam- 
uel worked  on  his  father's  farm  when  a  boy,  and 
then  went  to  Dartmouth  college,  graduating  in 
1793.  He  studied  law,  and  in  1796  was  admitted 
to  the  bar,  where  he  attained  distinction.  He  was 
sent  to  the  legislature  in  1804,  was  twice  re-elected, 
serving  till  1808,  and  during  his  last  two  terms  he 
was  speaker.  In  1807  he  declined  the  office  of  at- 
torney-general, and  sat  in  the  state  senate  for  a 
year.  He  was  a  member  of  the  executive  council 
in  1809,  and  from  1816  till  1819  judge  of  the  state 
supreme  court.  He  then  served  five  successive 
terms  as  governor,  from  1819  till  1823,  and  from 
4  March,  1828,  till  3  March,  1835,  was  a  member 
of  the  U.  S.  senate.  In  1885  he  retired  from 
public  life  to  his  farm  in  Chester,  N.  H.  Gov. 
Bell  had  five  sons  that  became  eminent. — His 
son,  Samuel  Dana,  jurist,  b.  in  Francestown, 
N.  H.,  9  Oct.,  1798;  d.  in  Manchester,  N.  H.,  31 
July,  1868.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1816,  read  law  with  George  Sullivan,  of  Exeter, 
and  began  practice  in  Meredith.  He  removed  to 
Chester,  N.  H.,  in  1820,  ten  years  later  to  Concord, 
and  in  1839  to  Manchester,  where  he  lived  until 
his  death.  He  was  a  member  of  the  legislature 
about  1825,  and  for  several  years  clerk  of  that 
body,  was  solicitor  for  Rockingham  co.  from  1828 
till  1828,  and  in  1830,  1842,  and  1867  was  one  of 
the  commissioners  appointed  to  revise  the  state 
statutes.  He  was  appointed  justice  of  the  supe- 
rior court,  and  in  1855,  on  the  reorganization  of 
the  court,  chosen  justice  of  the  supreme  court.  In 
1859  he  was  appointed  chief  justice  of  the  same 
court,  which  office  he  resigned  1  Aug.,  1864.  In 
1861  he  was  the  unsuccessful  democratic  candidate 
for  congress,  in  the  2d  New  Hampshire  district. 
He  received  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  from  Dartmouth 
college  in  1854.  He  was  one  of  the  early  members 
of  the  New  Hampshire  historical  society,  and  the 
establishment  of  the  Manchester  public  library 
was  due,  in  a  large  measure,  to  his  personal  efforts. 
— Another  son,  John,  a  physician  of  great  prom- 
ise, was  b.  5  Nov.,  1800 ;  d.  in  La  Fouche,  La.,  29 
Nov.,  1830.  He  was  graduated  at  Union  in  1819, 
studied  medicine  in  Boston  and  Paris,  and  received 
his  diploma  from  Bowdoin  in  1822.  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  anatomy  at  the  university  of  Vermont, 
and  editor  of  the  "  New  York  Medical  and  Surgical 
Journal." — Another  son,  James,  senator,  was  b.  in 
Francestown,  N.  H.,  13  Nov.,  1804 ;  d.  in  Laconia, 
N.  H.,  26  May,  1857.  He  was  graduated  at  Bowdoin 
in  1822,  and  "studied  law  with  his  brother,  Samuel 
Dana  Bell,  and  afterward  at  the  Litchfield,  Conn., 
law  school.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1825, 
and  began  to  practise  at  Gilmanton,  N.  II..  in  1831 
he  removed  to  Exeter,  N.  H..  and  in  1846  repre- 
sented that  town  in  the  legislature.  In  that  same 
year  he  removed  to  Gilford,  where  he  took  charge 
of  the  enterprise  of  damming  the  outlets  of  Lake 
Winnipiseogee  and  other  lakes,  so  that  the  large 
mills  on  the  Merrimac  might  not  suffer  from  a  di- 
minished water-supply  during  the  dry  season.  By 
prudent  management  he  gained  over  those  prop- 
erty-owners whose  interests  seemed  to  be  threat- 
ened, and  the  scheme  was  successful.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  state  constitutional  convention  in 


228 


BELL 


BELLEROSB 


1850,  and  in  1854  and  1855  the  unsuccessful  whig 
candidate  for  governor.  In  1855  he  was  elected 
to  the  U.  S.  senate,  where  he  served  until  his 
death. — Another  son,  Luther  Vose,  physician,  b. 
in  Chester,  N.  I-J.,  20  Dec,  1800  ;  d.  in  camp  near 
Budd's  Ferry,  Md.,  11  Feb.,  1862,  was  graduated 
at  Bowdoin"in  1823,  and,  after  studying  medi- 
cine with  his  elder  brother  John  in  New  York 
city,  received  his  diploma  from  Dartmouth  in 
1826.  He  began  to  practise  in  New  York,  but  re- 
turned to  New  Hampshire  after  his  brother's  death 
in  1830.  He  became  noted  as  a  practitioner  and 
writer,  taking  two  Cambridge  Boylston  prizes  by 
his  essays  before  he  was  thirty  years  of  age.  One 
of  his  earlier  operations,  the  amputation  of  the 
femur,  was  successfully  performed,  in  default  of 
any  other  accessible  instruments,  with  the  patient's 
razor,  a  tenon-saw,  and  a  darning-needle  for  a 
tenaculum.  Di".  Bell  early  became  interested  in 
the  establishment  of  hospitals  for  the  insane,  and 
was  elected  twice  to  the  legislature  for  the  defence 
of  his  favorite  plan.  Although  he  was  not  suc- 
cessful, he  brought  himself  into  public  notice,  and 
in  1837  was  chosen  superintendent  of  the  McLean 
insane  asylum  at  Charlestown,  Mass.  In  1845,  at 
the  request  of  the  trustees  of  the  Butler  hospital 
for  the  insane,  at  Providence,  R.  I.,  he  visited  Eu- 
rope for  the  purpose  of  studying  recent  improve- 
ments in  lunatic  asylums,  and,  after  three  months' 
absence,  completed  the  plan  of  their  present  build- 
ing. While  at  Charlestown,  he  brought  to  notice 
a  form  of  disease  peculiar  to  the  insane,  which  is 
now  known  as  "  Bell's  disease,"  and  was  also  called 
upon  frequently  to  testify  in  the  courts  as  an  ex- 
pert. In  1850  he  was  a  member  of  the  state  coun- 
cil, and  in  1853  of  the  convention  for  I'evising  the 
state  constitution.  In  1852  he  was  nominated  by 
the  whigs  for  congress,  and  in  1856  for  governor  of 
the  state,  but  was  defeated  both  times.  In  1856 
he  resigned  his  place  in  Charlestown,  and  when 
the  civil  war  began  he  entered  the  army  as  sur- 
geon of  the  11th  Massachusetts  volunteers.  At 
the  time  of  his  death  he  was  medical  director  of 
Hooker's  division.  Dr.  Bell  published  "An  At- 
tempt to  investigate  some  Obscure  Doctrines  in 
Relation  to  Small-Pox  "  (1830),  and  "  External  Ex- 
ploration of  Diseases"  (1836),  and  also  described 
his  investigations  of  alleged  spiritual  manifesta- 
tions.— Another  son,  Louis,  soldier,  was  b.  in 
Chester,  N.  H.,  in  1836 ;  d.  near  Fort  Fisher,  N.  C,  16 
Jan., 1865.  He  was  graduated  at  Brown  in  1853,  and 
began  the  practice  of  law  at  Farmington,  N.  H. 
In  1860  he  was  appointed  solicitor  for  Strafford  co. 
In  April,  1861,  he  was  offered  the  captaincy  of  a 
company  of  the  1st  New  Hampshire  regiment  of 
three  months'  men,  and  served  his  term  of  enlist- 
ment. Returning  home,  he  was  appointed  lieu- 
tenant-colonel of  the  4th  New  Hampshire  volun- 
teers, and  became  colonel  in  March,  1862.  Col. 
Bell  was  for  some  time  a  member  of  Gen.  Thomas 
W.  Sherman's  staff,  and  was  inspector-general  of 
the  department  of  the  south  from  November, 
1861,  till  March,  1862.  Prior  to  the  Wilmington 
expedition  he  had  been  several  times  temporarily 
a  brigade  commander,  and  had  participated  in  the 
engagements  at  Pocotaligo  (21  Oct.,  1862)  and  Fort 
Wagner  (July,  1863).  In  the  attack  on  Fort  Fish- 
er (15  Jan.,  1865),  he  commanded  a  brigade  of  Gen. 
Ames's  division,  and  was  mortally  wounded  while 
leading  his  men  in  an  assault  upon  one  of  the 
traverses  of  that  work.  He  died  on  the  day  fol- 
lowing the  engagement. — Samuel  Dana's  son,  Sam- 
uel Newell,  lawyer,  b.  in  Chester,  N.  H.,  25  March, 
1829,  was  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1847,  was  a 
member  of  the  42d  and  44th  congresses,  and  in 


1874  was  appointed  by  the  governor  and  council 
chief  justice  of  the  superior  court,  but  declined. 
He  retired  from  practice  in  1876. 

BELLAMY,  Emily  Whitfield,  author,  b.  in 
Quincy,  Gadsden  co.,  Fla.,  17  April,  1839.  Her 
maiden  name  was  Croom.  She  was  educated  at 
Spingler  institute,  New  York  city,  taught  in  a  semi- 
nary for  girls  in  Eutaw,  Ala.,  contributed  to  peri- 
odicals short  prose  articles  and  poems,  and  has  pub- 
lished, under  the  pen-name  of  "  Kampa  Thorpe," 
two  novels,  "  Four  Oaks "  (New  York,  1867),  and 
"  Little  Joanna  "  (1876). 

BELLAMY,  John,  publisher.  He  was  a  Lon- 
don bookseller,  who  issued  Mourt's  "Journal  of  the 
Plymouth  Colony  "  (1622),  and  from  that  time  was 
for  twenty-five  years  the  principal  publisher  of 
books  relating  to  New  England. 

BELLAMY,  Joseph,  clergyman,  b.  in  Cheshire, 
Conn.,  in  1719;  d.  in  Bethlehem,  Conn.,  6  March, 
1790.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1735,  and 
when  only  eighteen  years  old  licensed  to  preach 
by  the  association  of  New  Haven  co.  He  supplied 
for  some  time  the  pulpit  of  the  church  at  Bethle- 
hem, Conn,,  was  ordained  its  pastor  in  1740,  and 
remained  there  until  his  death.  During  the  re- 
vival of  1742  he  preached  as  an  itinerant  in  Con- 
necticut and  the  neighboi'ing  colonies,  and  after 
the  excitement  was  over  he  returned  to  his  parish 
and  established  a  divinity  school,  which  soon  be- 
came noted.  Many  of  the  most  eminent  clergy- 
men in  New  England  were  trained  by  him.  His 
system  of  divinity  resembled  that  of  Jonathan  Ed- 
wards, with  whom  he  was  very  intimate.  His 
method  of  instruction  was  peculiar.  He  first  gave 
out  questions,  indicating  at  the  same  time  a  course 
of  reading  that  would  enable  his  pupils  to  answer 
them,  and  then,  after  examining  and  assisting  the 
students  constantly  in  their  work,  he  required 
them  to  write  essays  on  the  points  that  had  occupied 
their  attention.  He  also  encouraged  them  to  read 
the  works  of  the  most  acute  and  learned  opponents 
of  Christianity.  In  1768  he  received  the  degree  of 
D.  D.  from  the  university  of  Aberdeen,  Scotland. 
Dr.  Bellamy  was  a  man  of  commanding  presence 
and  possessed  much  natural  humor.  His  works 
are :  "  True  Religion  Delineated  "  (1750) ;  "  Theron, 
Paulinus,  and  Aspasia,"  a  collection  of  letters  and 
dialogues  (1759) ;  "  A  Letter  to  Seripturista " 
(1760) ;  "  The  Nature  and  Glory  of  the  Gospel " 
(1762) ;  "  The  Law  our  Schoolmaster  "  (1762) ;  "  The 
Half- Way  Covenant "  (1769) ;  "  Four  Dialogues 
between  a  Minister  and  his  Parishioner  "  (1769) ; 
and  a  large  number  of  sermons.  An  edition  of 
his  entire  works  appeared  after  his  death  (3  vols., 
New  York,  1811),  and  another,  with  a  memoir  by 
Dr.  T.  Edwards,  was  published  by  the  doctrinal 
tract  society  (2  vols.,  1850). 

BELLEROSE,  Joseph  Hyacinthe,  Canadian 
senator,  b.  in  Three  Rivers  in  1820.  He  has  been 
long  and  prominently  connected  with  the  volun- 
teer militia  in  Lower  Canada,  being  the  first  to 
organize  companies  in  the  rural  districts  after  the 
passing  of  the  militia  act  of  1854,  and  later  became 
lieutenant-colonel,  commanding  Laval  reserve  mili- 
tia. In  1858  he  accepted  a  captaincy  in  the  100th 
regiment  of  the  British  army,  but  soon  resigned. 
He  was  elected  for  Laval  as  a  conservative,  and 
represented  it  in  the  Canada  assembly  from  1863 
till  1867,  and  from  that  date  until  1873  (when  he 
was  elected  to  the  senate)  represented  the  same 
constituency  in  the  house  of  commons.  He  also 
represented  Laval  in  the  Quebec  assembly  from 
the  union  (1867)  until  the  general  election  in  1875, 
when  he  retired.  During  the  whole  of  that  time 
he  had  been  chairman  of  the  contingent  commit- 


BELLINGHAM 


BELLOMONT 


229 


tee,  and  as  such  effected  great  reductions  in  the 
expenses  of  the  house.  On  two  occasions  he  de- 
clined important  appointments  under  government, 
and  after  the  death  of  Sir  George  E.  Cartier  re- 
fused a  seat  in  the  cabinet,  principally  on  account 
of  the  Pacific  railway  changes  then  pending. 

BELLINGHAM,"  Richard,  colonial  governor 
of  Massachusetts,  b.  in  England  in  1592  ;  d.  7  Dec, 
1G72.  Pie  was  a  lawyer,  and  one  of  the  original 
patentees  of  the  colony.  He  came  to  Boston  in 
1634,  was  one  of  a  committee  of  seven  to  divide 
the  town-lands,  and  in  1635  made  deputy-gov- 
ernor. In  1641  he  was  elected  governor,  in  op- 
position  to  Winthrop,  by  a  majority  of  only  six 
votes.  He  was  chosen  again  in  1654,  and  again  in 
May,  1665,  after  the  death  of  Gov.  Endicott,  con- 
tinuing in  office  for  the  remainder  of  his  life.  He 
served  altogether  thirteen  years  as  deputy-gov- 
ernor and  ten  years  as  governor.  In  1664  he  was 
chosen  major-general,  and  in  the  same  year  the 
four  commissioners  sent  by  Charles  II.  to  inquire 
into  the  state  of  the  colony  ordered  him,  with 
others  who  were  obnoxious  to  the  duke  of  York, 
to  go  to  England  and  account  for  his  conduct. 
By  authority  of  the  general  court,  however,  he  re- 
fused compliance  with  this  command,  and  the 
king  was  pacified  by  the  present  of  a  ship-load  of 
masts.  After  the  death  of  his  wife,  in  1641,  Bel- 
lingham  married  again,  performing  the  ceremony 
himself.  For  this  reason,  and  because  the  banns 
were  not  properly  published,  he  was  prosecuted  for 
violating,  the  law,  but  escaped  by  refusing  to  leave 
the  bench,  and  lihus  officiating  at  his  own  trial. 
At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  the  only  surviving 
patentee  of  the  colony.  His  will  provided  that, 
after  the  decease  of  his  wife,  of  his  son  by  a  former 
wife,  and  of  his  granddaughter,  the  bulk  of  his 
property  should  be  spent  for  the  maintenance  "  of 
godly  ministers  and  preachers "  attached  to  the 
principles  of  Congregationalism  ;  but  this  will  was 
set  aside  by  the  general  court  as  interfering  with 
the  rights  of  his  family.  Bellingham  was  very  ob- 
stinate, but  a  man  of  integrity,  and,  although  con- 
tinually in  conflict  with  his  fellow-officiats,  they 
respected  his  motives.  He  was  opposed  to  innova- 
tions in  religion,  and  especially  severe  toward  the 
Quakers,  At  times  he  suffered  from  aberration 
of  mind.  His  sister,  widow  of  William  Hibbens,  an 
assistant,  was  executed  as  a  witch  in  June,  1656. 

BELLMARE,  Raphael,  Canadian  author,  b.  in 
Yaraachiche,  Quebec,  22  Feb.,  1821.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  college  of  Nicolet,  in  which  institution 
he  was  professor  of  belles-lettres  in  1845-'7.  After 
leaving  college  he  edited  "  La  Minerve  "  newspaper 
from  1847  till  1855,  and,  while  acting  in  this  ca- 
pacity, ably  supported  the  cause  of  religious  in- 
struction in  the  schools,  in  opposition  to  those  who 
desired  their  secularization.  At  the  confederation 
of  the  provinces  he  was  appointed  inspector  of  in- 
land revenue,  district  of  Montreal.  Mr.  Bellmare 
assisted  in  organizing  the  Canadian  zouaves,  which 
corps  distinguished  itself  in  the  papal  service  dur- 
ing the  troubles  in  Italy.  He  is  a  corresponding 
member  of  la  societe  des  antiquaires  de  Norman- 
die,  is  one  of  the  founders  of  the  societe  histo- 
rique  de  Montreal,  is  an  indefatigable  worker  in 
the  field  of  historical  research,  and  possesses  a 
valuable  collection  of  rare  books. 

BELLO,  Andres  (bayl'-yo),  Spanish-American 
poet,  b.  in  Caracas,  Venezuela,  30  Nov.,  1781;  d. 
in  October,  1865.  When  the  Venezuelian  revolu- 
tion began  in  1810  Bello  was  an  official  in  the  ser- 
vice of  the  Spanish  captain-general ;  but  he  soon 
joined  the  revolutionary  party  and  went  to  Eng- 
land with  Bolivar  and  Lopez  Mendez  to  negotiate 


for  British  co-operation.  Bello  remained  in  Lon- 
don, married  an  English  lady,  and  lived  there  for 
nineteen  years.  Atiev  returning  to  South  Amer- 
ica, he  established  himself  in  Santiago,  Chili,  where 
he  filled  many  high  offices,  among  them  that  of 
rector  of  the  university  during  the  rest  of  his  life. 
His  works  include  "  Teoria  del  Entendimiento," 
"  Principios  de  Derecho  internacional,"  and  a  fa- 
mous Spanish  grannnar.  The  poem  entitled  "  La 
Agricultura  de  la  Zona  Torrida  "  is  one  of  his  best. 
BELLOMONT,  or  BELLAMONT,  Richard 
Coote,  earl  of,  colonial  governor  of  New  York 
and  Massachusetts,  b.  in  1636 ;  d.  in  New  York,  5 
March,  1701.  His  father  was  raised  to  the  Irish 
peerage,  as  Baron  Coote,  for  services  at  the  restora- 
tion of  Charles  II.  Richard,  the  eldest  son,  was  a 
member  of  parliament  in  1688,  and  one  of  the  first 
adherents  of  the  prince  of  Orange.  In  1689  he 
was  attainted  by  the  parliament  held  by  James  II. 
in  Dublin,  but  in  the  same  year  made  earl  of  Bel- 
lomont  by  William  III.,  and  appointed  treasurer 
and  receiver-general  to  Queen  Mary.  He  was  ap- 
pointed governor  of  New  York  in  May,  1695,  and, 
shortly  afterward,  of  Massachusetts.  Piracy  and 
unlawful  trade  had  been  on  the  increase,  and  New 
York  was  "  remarkably  infected  with  those  two 
dangerous  diseases,"  so  that  a  man  of  strong  will 
and  great  honesty  was  required  for  the  place.  In 
notifying  Bellomont  of  his  appointment,  the  king 
said  that  "  he  thought  him  a  man  of  resolution  and 
integrity,  and  with  those  qualifications  more  likely 
than  any  other  he  could  think  of  to  put  a  stop  to 
that  illegal  trade  and  to  the  growth  of  piracy ;  for 
which  reason  he  made  choice  of  him  for  that  gov- 
ernment, and  for  the  same  reason  intended  to  put 
the  government  of  New  England  into  his  hands." 
The  new  governor  did  not  reach  this  country  until 
May,  1698.  Party  disputes  detained  him  for  a 
year  in  the  province  of  New  York,  after  which  he 
went  to  Boston,  where  he  arrived  on  26  May,  1699, 
and  was  received  with  great  enthusiasm.  As  Bel- 
lomont had  been  specially  appointed  to  suppress 
piracy,  and  as  none  of  the  king's  ships  could  then  be 
placed  at  his  disposal,  the  governor,  before  leaving 
England,  had  determined  to  accomplish  the  mat- 
ter by  private  enterprise,  and,  with  the  king's  sanc- 
tion, formed  a  company  and  sent  out  a  sloop  under 
the  command  of  William  Kidd,  an  adventurer. 
Bellomont  had  not  been  long  in  this  country  when 
the  news  came  that  Kidd  had  himself  turned  pirate, 
and  the  governor  was  even  accused  of  complicity 
with  him.  Kidd  was  finally  captured,  sent  to  Eng- 
land for  trial,  and  executed  there  in  1701.  Soon 
after  the  May  session  of  the  general  court  in  1700, 
Bellomont  returned  to  New  York,  where  he  attacked 
the  illegal  traders  with  such  vigor  that  a  petition 
against  him  wa^  sent  to  England.  The  annoyance 
thus  caused  hastened  his  death.  He  was  buried  at 
the  Battery,  and  now  lies  in  St.  Paul's  church-yard, 
New  York.'  Macaulay  says  he  was  a  man  "  of  emi- 
nently fair  character,  upright,  courageous,  and  in- 
dependent." Though  his  fearless  course  in  New 
York  made  him  enemies  there,  in  Massachusetts 
he  was  very  popular.  His  stay  there  lasted  but 
fourteen  months,  yet  he  was  granted  a  larger  sum 
than  had  been  given  to  any  previous  governor,  re- 
ceiving altogether  £1,875.  He  seems  to  have  done 
all  in  his  power  to  ingratiate  himself  with  the  peo- 
ple of  Boston.  Though  a  churchman,  he  attended 
the  weekly  lecture  regularly  with  the  general  court, 
and  professed  great  regard  for  the  preachers,  and, 
on  this  account,  he  has  been  charged  by  Hutchin- 
son with  hypocrisy.  See  "  The  Life  and  Adminis- 
tration of  Richard,  Earl  of  Bellomont,"  by  Frederio 
De  Peyster  (New  York,  1879). 


230 


BELLOT 


BELLOWS 


BELLOT,  Joseph  Ren^,  explorer,  b.  in  Paris, 
France,  in  March,  1826;  lost  on  an  ice-floe  18 
Aug.,  1858.  He  was  a  midshipman  at  the  siege  of 
Vera  Cruz  in  1838,  and  rose  to  be  a  lieutenant  in 
1851.  In  1853  he  joined  Belcher's  English  expe- 
dition to  search  for  Franklin.  While  carrying 
despatches  over  the  ice  he  was  overtaken  by  a 
storm,  and  the  ice  on  which  he  stood  was  severed 
from  the  land.  Leaving  his  two  companions,  he 
crossed  a  hummock  to  reconnoitre,  and  was  never 
seen  more.  His  diary,  narrating  his  arctic  adven- 
tures, was  published  in  1855. 

BELLOWS,  Albert  F.,  painter,  b.  in  Milford, 
Mass.,  29  Nov.,  1829 ;  d.  in  Auburndale,  Mass.,  24 
Nov.,  1883.  He  was  taken  as  a  child  to  Salem, 
and,  when  sixteen  years  old,  entered  an  architect's 
office  in  Boston,  where  he  remained  three  years. 
He  then  went  into  partnership  with  an  archi- 
tect of  established  reputation,  but,  in  1840,  decid- 
ed to  give  his  entire  attention  to  painting.  He 
accepted  in  that  year  the  principalship  of  the 
New  England  school  of  design,  and  held  it  until 
1846,  when  he  went  abroad  and  studied  for  many 
years  in  Europe,  especially  in  Paris  and  Antwerp. 
His  early  works,  mostly  genre  pictures  in  oil,  in- 
clude "  The  First  Pair  of  Boots,"  ''  The  Sorrows 
of  Boyhood,"  and  "The  Lost  Child."  In  1865 
he  turned  his  attention  to  water-color  painting, 
studying  chiefly  in  England,  and  he  has  excelled 
in  this  branch  of  the  art,  especially  in  his  land- 
scapes. Among  his  later  water-colors  are  "  The 
Notch  at  Lancaster  "  (1867) ;  "  Afternoon  in  Sur- 
rey" (1868);  "The  Thames  at  Windsor";  "The 
Reaper's  Child  "  ;  "  New  England  Homestead  "  ; 
and  "  A  Devonshire  Cottage."  His  "  Sunday  in 
Devonshire  "  (in  oils)  and  his  "  Study  of  a  Plead," 
"  Autumn  Woods,"  and  "  Sunday  Afternoon  in 
New  England  "  (in  water-colors),  were  sent  to  the 
exhibition  at  Philadelphia  in  1876.  To  the  Paris 
exhibition  of  1878  he  sent  "  A  New  England  Vil- 
lage SeliDol "  (in  oil)  and  "  A  New  England  Home- 
stead "  (in  water-colors).  Other  pictu'"  s  by  his 
hand  are  "  The  Willow  Wagon,"  "  The  Nook," 
"  Salem  Turnpike,"  "  The  Christening  Party,"  and 
"  Coasting  in  New  England."  About  a  dozen  of 
his  pictures  have  been  engraved.  Most  of  his 
work  in  this  country  was  done  in  New  York  and 
Boston.  He  was  elected  associate  of  the  national 
academy  in  1859,  academician  in  1861,  and  in 
1868  honorary  member  of  the  royal  Belgian  soci- 
ety of  water-colorists — an  honor  rarely  bestowed 
upon  foreigners.  He  was  also  one  of  the  early 
members  of  the  American  society  of  painters  in 
water-colors.  Mr.  Bellows  frequently  painted  in 
oils  with  the  spatula,  without  using  a  brush — a 
method  that  gives  great  purity  to  the  tints,  but  is 
only  productive  of  good  results  in, the  hands  of  a 
skilful  artist.  In  water-color  painting  he  followed 
almost  entirely  the  old  school,  which,  for  the  high 
lights  of  the  picture,  depends  on  the  color  of  the 
paper  on  which  it  is  painted. 

BELLOWS,  Benjamin,  b.  in  Walpole,  N.  H., 
6  Oct.,  1740;  d.  there  in  June,  1802.  He  was 
chosen  town  cleric  when  only  nineteen  years  old, 
and  held  the  office  till  1776.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  colonial  and  afterward  of  the  state  legislature, 
and  was  appointed  a  delegate  to  the  continental 
congress  in  1781,  but  his  business  forced  him  to  de- 
cline. He  was  a  member  of  the  state  convention 
that  ratified  the  federal  constitution  in  1788.  He 
presided  over  the  New  Hampshire  electoral  col- 
lege that  voted  for  Washington  in  1788,  and  was  a 
member  of  the  one  that  voted  for  John  Adams  in 
1796.  He  was  active  in  the  colonial  and  state  mi- 
litia, rising  from  the  rank  of  corporal  to  that  of 


brigadier-general,  and  served  during  the  revolu- 
tionary war  as  a  colonel. 

BELLOWS,  Henry  Adams,  jurist,  b.  in  Wal- 
pole, N.  II.,  in  October,  1803 ;  d.  in  Concord,  N. 
H.,  11  March,  1873.  His  father's  death  in  1819  left 
him  to  support  his  mother  and  a  younger  brother 
and  sister.  The  family  owned  a  house  in  West- 
minster, Vt.,  a  small  village  on  the  western  bank 
of  Connecticut  river,  and,  living  there,  young  Bel- 
lows taught  in  one  of  the  public  schools  of  Wal- 
pole, crossing  the  river  daily.  An  opportunity 
ofliered  for  him  to  study  law  in  the  office  of  Will- 
iam C.  Bradley,  a  leading  man  of  his  day,  and  al- 
though the  time  that  must  necessarily  be  devoted 
to  study  seriously  curtailed  the  family  income,  the 
struggle  was  bravely  maintained,  until,  in  1826,  he 
was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and,  in  1828,  opened  an 
office  in  Littleton,  N.  II.  Throughout  these  years 
of  hardship  his  mother  nobly  seconded  his  efforts. 
For  many  years  the  young  lawyer's  life  was  a  con- 
tinual struggle  with  poverty ;  but  his  unswerving 
rectitude  and  professional  devotion  to  the  interests 
of  others  at  last  won  recognition.  He  removed  to 
Concord  in  1850,  a  favorable  opportunity  offering 
through  the  appointment  of  Ira  Perley  to  the  su- 
preme bench,  and  there  he  soon  acquired  a  large 
practice.  Pie  could  never  bring  himself  to  the  ex- 
tortionate methods  so  common  in  the  profession, 
and  such  was  his  generosity  that  his  actual  receipts 
were  largely  consumed  for  the  benefit  of  others. 
He  was  especially  liberal  in  sustaining  the  Unita- 
rian church  society  of  Concord,  and  gave  more 
than  a  tenth  of  his  income  to  its  support.  He  was 
appointed  associate  judge  of  the  supreme  court  in 
1859,  and  after  ten  years  of  service  in  that  capaci- 
ty, became  chief  justice  on  the  death  of  Judge 
Perley.  An  unusual  fairness  of  mind  marked  all 
his  decisions.  He  never,  either  as  a  practising  law- 
yer or  on  the  bench  of  the  supreme  court,  would 
lend  his  influence  to  defend  an  unjust  cause  or 
shield  a  criminal.  Without  extraordinary  mental 
brilliance,  he  had,  by  nature,  a  rare  thoroughness 
of  method  and  soundness  of  judgment. 

BELLOWS,  Henry  Whitney,  clergyman,  b.  in 
Boston,  Mass.,  11  June,  1814;  d.  in  New  York 
city,  30  Jan.,  1882.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
in  1832,  and  at  Cambridge  divinity  school  in  1837, 
was  ordained  pastor  of  the  first  Congregational 
church  in  New 
York,  2  Jan.,  1839, 
and  attained  a 
reputation  as  a 
ready  and  elo- 
quent pulpit  ora- 
tor and  also  as 
a  lecturer  on  so- 
cial questions. 
The  name  of 
the  church  was 
changed,  upon 
its  removal  from 
Chambers  street 
to  Broadway,  to 
the  church  of 
the  Divine  Unity, 
and  after  its  sec- 
ond removal  to 
All  -  Souls.  In 
1846  he  founded 
the      "  Christian 

Inquirer,"  a  weekly  Unitarian  paper,  of  which  he 
was  the  principal  writer  till  1850.  He  was  also  as- 
sociated in  the  editorship  of  the  "  Christian  Ex- 
aminer" and  the  "Liberal  Christian."  In  1853  he 
delivered  a  notable  "  Phi   Beta  Kappa  Oration," 


/^  9y  /?cJA, 


BELL-SMITH 


BEMAN 


231 


afterward  published.  In  1854  ITarvard  university 
conferred  the  degree  of  D.  D.  upon  him.  In  1857 
he  delivered  before  the  Lowell  Institute  in  Boston 
a  course  of  lectures  on  "  The  Treatment  of  Social 
Diseases,"  and  the  same  year  he  made  before  the 
dramatic  fund  society  in  New  York  an  address  in 
defence  of  the  drama,  entitled  "  The  Relation  of 
Public  Amusements  to  Public  Morality,  especially 
of  the  Theatre  to  the  Highest  Interests  of  Hu- 
manity," both  of  which  were  issued  in  New  York. 
In  18(j0  he  published  "  Kestatements  of  Christian 
Doctrine,  in  Twenty-five  Sermons,"  and  in  1868,  a 
book  of  travels  entitled  "  The  Old  World  in  its 
New  Face."  During  the  war  he  was  the  chief  pro- 
moter and  the  president  of  the  U.  S.  sanitary  com- 
mission, in  which  capacity  he  showed  distinguished 
administrative  ability  in  directing  the  distribution 
of  $15,000,000  in  sujaplies  and  the  disbursement  of 
f  5,000,000  in  money.  He  held  the  place  from  1861 
till  1878.  In  June,  1886,  a  bronze  tablet,  executed 
by  Augustus  St.  Gaudens,  was  erected  to  the  mem- 
ory of  Dr.  Bellows  in  All-Souls  church,  where  he 
was  jjastor  forty-three  years.  It  represents  a  full- 
length  front  view  of  the  preacher  in  bas-relief. 

BELL-SMITH,  Frederick  Marlett,  Canadian 
artist,  b.  in  London,  England,  26  Sept.,  1846.  He 
studied  drawing  at  South  Kensington,  and  went 
to  Canada  in  1866.  He  is  one  of  the  original 
members  of  the  Royal  Canadian  academy,  the  On- 
tario society  of  artists,  and  the  old  society  of  Ca- 
nadian artists,  which  latter  was  organized  in  Mont- 
teal  in  1867,  with  Mr.  Bell-Smfth,  Sr.,  as  first 
president.  Mr.  Bell-Smith  has  directed  the  art 
department  at  Alma  college,  St.  Thomas,  Ontario, 
for  several  years,  and  is  well  known  as  an  elocu- 
tionist and  cartoon  artist. 

BELMONT,  Aug-ust.  financier,  b.  in  Alzey, 
Hesse-Darmstadt,  in  1816;  d.  in  New  York  city,  24 
Nov.,  1889.  He  was  educated  in  Frankfort,  and 
for  several  years  was  in  the  eiuploy  of  tlie  Roths- 
childs in  their  banking-house  in  that  city,  and  also 
in  Naples.  In  18ii7  he  settled  in  New  York  and 
became  the  agent  of  his  former  employers.  A 
quarrel  concerning  a  lady  led  to  a  duel,  in  which 
he  was  shot  and  lamed  for  life.  From  1844  till 
1850  he  was  consul-general  at  New  York  for  the 
Austrian  government,  but,  owing  to  his  disap- 
proval of  the  treat  ment  received  by  Hungary  from 
Austria,  he  resigned  his  office.  In  1853  he  was 
appointed  United  States  charge  d'affaires  at  the 
Hague,  and  in  1854  became  minister  resident.  He 
resigned  in  1858,  having  first  negotiated  a  highly 
important  consular  convention,  for  which,  with 
other  diplomatic  services,  he  received  the  special 
thanks  of  the  department  at  Washington.  For 
many  years  he  resided  in  New  York,  where  he 
was  engaged  in  banking.  He  was  well  known  as 
a  patron  of  arts,  and  his  collection  of  paintings 
was  one  of  the  finest  in  the  city.  Mr.  Belmont 
showed  much  interest  in  politics ;  he  was  a  dele- 
gate to  the  democratic  convention  of  1860,  and 
from  that  year  until  1872  was  the  chairman  of 
the  national  democratic  committee.  For  twenty 
years  he  was  president  of  the  American  jockey 
club,  and  a  most  prominent  member  of  the  union 
and  other  clubs  of  New  York.  He  married  a 
daughter  of  Com.  Matthew  C.  Perry,  and  was  in- 
strumental in  erecting  a  bronze  statue  of  him  at 
Newport,  R.  I. — His  son.  Perry,  b.  in  New  York 
city,  28  Dec,  1851,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1872,  and  at  Columbia  college  law  school  in  1876. 
After  being  admitted  to  the  bar,  he  practised  in 
New  York  until  1881,  when  he  was  elected  as  a 
democrat  to  congress,  serving  from  5  Dec.  1881, 
till  4  March,  1887.     During  his  first  term  in  con- 


gress he  was  a  member  of  the  committee  on  foreign 
affairs,  and  in  that  capacity  came  into  notice  by 
his  cross-examination  of  James  G-.  Blaine,  then 
late  secretary  of  state,  concerning  his  relations 
with  a  syndicate  of  American  capitalists  interested 
in  the  development  of  certain  guano  deposits  in 
Peru.  An  attempt  was  made  to  show  that  Mr. 
Blaine's  efforts  toward  mediation  between  Chili 
and  Peru  were  from  interested  motives.  Mr.  Bel- 
mont was  appointed  chairman  of  the  committee  on 
foreign  affairs  in  1885. 

BELMONT,  Francis  Yaclion  de,  French  mis- 
sionary, d.  in  Montreal,  Canada,  in  1732.  He  was 
of  noble  birth  and  highly  accomplished,  but  em- 
braced the  life  of  a  missionary  in  the  Canadian 
wilds,  and  in  1680  took  charge  of  a  school  connect- 
ed with  the  Iroquois  mission  in  Montreal.  The  fol- 
lowing year  he  built  for  himself  a  church.  After 
1701  he  was  superior  of  the  seminary  in  Montreal. 
He  wrote  a  "  Histoire  du  Canada,"  printed  in  the 
collections  of  the  Quebec  historical  society. 

BELTON,  Francis  S.,  soldier,  b.  in  Maryland 
about  1790 ;  d.  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  10  Sept.,  1861. 
He  was  appointed  2d  lieutenant  in  the  U.  S.  army, 
27  March,  1812,  and  became  1st  lieutenant  in  1813, 
regimental  paymaster,  20  June,  1813,  and  sub- 
sequently aide  to  Gen.  Gaines,  distinguishing 
himself  in  the  defence  of  Fort  Erie.  He  was 
appointed  assistant  adjutant-general  in  1814,  and 
assistant  inspector-general  in  May,  1816 ;  became  a 
captain  in  July,  1817 ;  major,  16  Sept.,  1838,  and  lieu- 
tenant-colonel, 13  Oct.,  1845.  In  the  war  with  Mex- 
ico he  commanded  a  regiment  and  distinguished 
himself  at  the  capture  of  the  city  of  Slexico. 
For  gallantry  at  Contreras  and  Churubusco  he  was 
brevetted  colonel.  He  was  commissioned  colonel 
in  June,  1857,  and  retired  in  September,  1861. 

BELTRAMI,  Giacomo  Constantino,  Italian 
explorer,  b.  in  Bergamo,  Italy,  in  1779  ;  d.  there  in 
February,  1855.  He  held  a  judicial  office  under 
the  government,  but  was  exiled  in  1821,  and  came 
to  the  United  States.  He  ascended  the  Mississippi 
river,  and  discovered  one  of  its  principal  sources. 
He  published  an  account  of  his  discoveries,  re- 
printed at  Philadelphia  in  1824,  and,  on  his  return, 
published  this  and  other  works  in  London. 

BELTRAN  DE  SANTA  ROSA,  Fray  Pedro 
(bel-tran'),  Mexican  author,  b.  in  Yucatan  early  in 
the  18th  century.  He  belonged  to  the  Franciscan 
order,  filled  many  important  offices,  and  was  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy,  theology,  and  the  jMaya  lan- 
guage. His  most  important  works  are  "  Arte  y 
Seinilexicon  Yucateco  "  (1746),  "  Declaracion  de  la 
Doctrina  Cristiana,"  and  "  Catecismo,"  all  written 
in  the  Indian  language  of  Yucatan,  or  Maya. 

BEMAN,  Nathaniel  Sydney  Smith,"  clergy- 
man, b.  in  New  Lebanon,  N.  Y.,  26  Nov.,  1785;  d. 
in  Carbondale,  111.,  8  Aug.,  1871.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Middlebury  in  1807,  studied  theology,  and 
about  1810  was  ordained  pastor  of  a  Congregation- 
al church  in  Portland,  Me.  A  few  years  later  he 
went  as  a  missionary  to  Georgia,  where  he  devoted 
himself  to  the  work  of  establishing  educational  in- 
stitutions. He  became  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian 
church  in  Troy,  N.  Y.,  in  1822,  and  continued  as 
such  for  upward  of  forty  years.  He  was  actively 
interested  in  the  temperance,  moral  reform,  revival, 
and  anti-slavery  movements  of  his  time.  In  1831 
he  was  moderator  of  the  general  assembly  of  the 
Presbyterian  church,  and  during  the  discussions 
that,  in  1837,  led  to  the  division  in  that  church,  he 
was  the  leader  of  the  new-school  branch.  Fwesign- 
ing  his  pastorate  in  1863,  he  passed  the  remainder 
of  his  life  in  retirement  in  Troy  and  in  Carbondale. 
Besides  sermons,  essays,  and  addresses,  which  have 


232 


BEMISS 


BENEDICT 


been  separately  published,  he  was  the  author  of  a 
volume  entitled  "  Four  Sermons  on  the  Atone- 
ment." He  was  also  one  of  the  compilers  of  tlie 
hymn-book  adopted  by  the  new-school  branch  of 
the  Presbyterian  church. 

BEMISS,  Samuel  Merrifleld,  physician,  b.  in 
Nelson  co.,  Ky.,  15  Oct.,  1821,  He  received  his 
early  education  from  his  father.  Dr.  John  Bemiss, 
and  from  private  tutors,  and  was  graduated  at  the 
medical  department  of  the  University  of  New  York 
in  1846.  He  practised  in  Bloomfield,  Ky.,  until 
1853,  when  he  removed  to  Louisville,  and  in  1858 
became  connected  with  the  medical  department  of 
the  University  of  Louisville,  filling  various  chairs, 
and  at  times  was  its  secretary  and  vice-president. 
From  1862  till  1865  he  was  a  surgeon  in  the  con- 
federate army.  After  the  war  he  settled  in  New 
Orleans,  and  in  1866  he  became  professor  of  the 
theory  and  practice  of  medicine  in  the  University 
of  Louisiana.  He  is  a  member  of  the  state  board 
of  health  and  of  the  American  medical  association, 
being  its  vice-president  in  1868,  and  of  other  medi- 
cal societies.  Dr.  Bemiss  has  contributed  papers 
to  the  literature  of  his  profession,  among  which 
are  "  Essay  on  Croup  "  and  "  Report  on  Consan- 
guineous Marriages."  He  is  the  editor  of  the 
"  New  Orleans  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal." 

BENADE,  Andrew,  Moravian  bishop,  b.  in 
Kleinwelke,  Saxony,  20  Feb.,  1769  ;  d.  in  Bethlehem, 
Pa.,  'SI  Oct.,  1859.  He  was  educated  at  the  Ger- 
man Moravian  college  and  theological  seminary, 
and  in  1795  came  to  the  United  States  and  entered 
the  boarding-school  at  Nazareth  Hall,  Nazareth, 
Pa.,  as  a  tutor.  Pour  years  later  he  was  appointed 
principal  of  the  young  ladies'  seminary  at  Bethle- 
hem, and  subsequently  senior  pastor  of  the  church 
at  Lititz.  In  1828  he  was  made  president  of  the 
southern  district  of  the  Moravian  church,  was 
consecrated  on  15  Sept.,  and  established  himself  at 
Salem,  N.  C.  In  1836  he  became  the  presiding 
bishop  of  the  northern  district,  and  removed  to 
Bethlehem.  At  the  age  of  seventy-nine  years  he 
resigned  this  office  and  spent  the  evening  of  his 
life  in  retirement.  Bishop  Benade  was  endowed 
with  remarkable  executive  ability.  As  a  preacher 
he  ranked  high,  speaking  English  and  German 
with  equal  facilitv. 

BENALCAZAR,  or  BELALCAZAR,  Sebas- 
tian de  (bay-nal-cah'-thar),  Spanish  soldier,  b.  in 
Benalcazar  in  the  latter  part  of  the  15th  century  ; 
d.  in  Popayan,  Colombia,  in  1550.  He  left  Spain 
in  1514  and  joined  Pedraria's  expedition,  but  re- 
fused to  give  his  real  family  name,  Moyano,  and 
for  this  reason  his  companions  called  him  after  his 
native  town.  When  he  reached  America  he  soon 
became  noted  for  his  gallantry,  and  formed  a 
friendship  with  Pizarro.  He  took  the  city  of 
Quito  in  1533,  and  then  made  an  expedition  to  the 
Territories  now  belonging  to  Colombia,  where  he 
met,  at  Cundinamarca,  three  other  Spanish  lead- 
ers, who  had  gone  to  that  place  from  ditferent 
points.  After  conquering  Popayan,  he  was  ap- 
pointed governor  of  that  part  of  the  country  in 
1538.  Some  years  later  he  was  compelled  to  re- 
sign, and  then  became  involved  in  legal  proceed- 
ings and  other  troubles,  which  caused  his  death  be- 
fore he  could  return  to  Spain. 

BENAVENTE  BENAVIDES,  Bartolomg 
(bay-nah-ven'-te),  Spanish  prelate,  b.  in  Madrid  in 
1593;  d.  in  Oajaca,  Spain,  in  1652.  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  theology  in  the  university  of  Lima,  Peru, 
and  canon,  dean,  and  inspector  or  visitor  of  that 
archbishopric.  In  1639  he  was  consecrated  bishop 
of  Oajaca,  Mexico.  He  rebuilt  the  convent,  and 
reorganized  the  collegiate  seminary  of  that  city. 


Benavente  was  the  first  prelate  invested  by  the 
pope  with  the  special  faculties  that  under  the 
name  of  "  solitas  "  are  now  conferred  upon  all  the 
bishops  of  America. 

BENAVIDES,  Alfonso,  or  Alonso  de  (bay- 
nah-vee'-des),  Franciscan  friar,  b.  in  Spain.  He 
lived  in  the  first  half  of  the  17th  century,  and  was 
noted  for  his  great  learning  in  theology  and  his- 
tory. He  was  the  author  of  "  Relacion  de  los 
Tesoros  descubiertos  en  Mejico,"  a  memoir  ad- 
dressed to  the  king  of  Spain,  which  Benavides 
was  ordered  by  the  viceroy  of  Mexico,  in  1627,  to 
prepare  for  the  information  of  the  court  as  to  the 
real  condition,  material  and  moral,  of  that  part  of 
America.  The  work  was  published  in  Madrid  in 
1630,  nine  years  after  its  autlior  had  been  elected 
"  custodian  "  of  his  chapter  of  New  Mexico. 

BENAVIDES  Y  DE  LA  CUEVA,  Diego  Oay- 
nah-vee-des),  count  of  Santistebau  del  Puerto, 
Spanish  soldier,  b.  about  1600 ;  d.  in  Lima,  Peru, 
17  March,  1666.  He  was  a  descendant  of  Alfonso 
VII.  of  Castile.  He  studied  at  Salamanca,  and 
entered  the  army,  distinguishing  himself  in  the 
Italian  war  in  1637 ;  was  afterward  governor  of 
Galicia,  viceroy  of  Navarre,  member  of  the  war 
council,  and  one  of  the  plenipotentiaries  that 
signed  the  treaty  of  peace  between  Spain  and 
France,  and  arranged  the  marriage  of  the  Spanish 
infanta  Maria  Teresa  to  Louis  XIV.  of  France,  for 
which  Philip  IV.  gave  him  the  title  of  marquis  of 
Solera.  He  was  appointed  viceroy  of  Peru,  entered 
Lima,  31  July,  1661,  re-established  order  at  La  Paz 
in  December  of  that  year,  sent  an  expedition  to 
Chili  under  Gov.  Angel  Pereda,  appointed  a  special 
board  to  regulate  Indian  labor,  which  jarevented 
many  abuses  and  afforded  great  benefits  to  the  In- 
dians, and  endowed  a  chair  of  mathematics  in  the 
universitv  of  Lima. 

BENDIX,  John  E.,  soldier,  b.  28  Aug.,  1818 ; 
d.  in  New  York  city,  8  Oct.,  1877.  The  birthplace 
of  Gen.  Bendix  lies  between  the  United  States  and 
Canada,  as  he  was  born  on  board  the  "  Sarah,"  one 
of  the  first  steamers  that  navigated  St.  Lawrence 
river.  He  learned  the  trade  of  a  machinist  in 
New  York,  joined  the  9th  regiment  New  Yoi'k  state 
militia  in  1847,  and  when  the  civil  war  began,  in 
1861,  he  organized  the  7th  regiment  of  New  York 
volunteer  infantry.  He  participated  in  the  battles 
of  Antietam  (16-17  Sept.,  1862),  Fredericksburg  (13 
Dec,  1862),  and  the  Wilderness  (5-6  May,  1864), 
besides  the  engagements  of  the  intervening  cam- 
paigns.  He  was  promoted  brigadier-general  in  1865. 

BENEDICT,  Abner  R.,  soldier,  b.  about  1830  ; 
d.  15  May,  1867.  At  the  beginning  of  the  civil 
war  he  volunteered  as  a  private  in  the  12th  regi- 
ment, New  York  state  militia,  which  was  one  of 
the  three  that  first  started  from  New  York  for  the 
seat  of  war.  In  August,  1861,  he  was  commis- 
sioned second  lieutenant  in  the  4th  regular  infant- 
ry. In  March,  1862.  he  embarked  for  the  penin- 
sula, and  through  the  battles  of  the  Potomac  army 
was  conspicuous  for  gallantry.  At  Fredericksburg 
he  commanded  forty  men  of  the  strong  picket- 
line  that,  during  the  night  of  13  Dec,  1862,  was 
pushed  up  to  the  enemy's  position,  while  the  de- 
feated federals  were  retreating  across  the  river. 
The  orders  were  to  hold  the  position  until  relieved, 
and  the  intention  was  to  withdraw  the  picket-line 
before  daylight  shoidd  reveal  it  to  the  enemy.  By 
some  mistake  the  line  was  not  withdrawn  as  di- 
rected, and  at  daylight  the  enemy  opened  fire  at 
short  range.  While  encouraging  his  men  by 
voice  and  example.  Major  Benedict  fell,  shot 
through  the  lungs,  but  was  carried  ofl"  the  field  by 
his  soldiers.     The  wound  was  considered  mortal. 


BENEDICT 


BENEDICT 


233 


but,  before  the  scar  was  fairly  healed,  in  three 
months,  he  reported  for  duty  at  Washington.  He 
joined  his  regiment  at  Chancellorsville  while  the 
battle  was  in  progress.  At  Gettysburg  his  supe- 
riors were  all  killed  or  wounded,  leaving  him  in 
command,  and  he  handled  the  regiment  dui'ing 
that  battle  with  great  credit  to  himself.  Shortly 
after  Gettysburg  his  health  began  to  fail,  as  a  re- 
sult of  his  wound  ;  but  in  spite  of  this  he  refused 
to  give  up  active  service,  and  for  some  time  com- 
manded the  4th  infantry,  as  Gen.  Grant's  head- 
quarters guard  during  the  Petersburg  campaign. 
After  the  war  he  remained  on  the  active  list  in 
spite  of  his  disability  from  his  wound,  and  in  the 
depth  of  winter,  shortly  before  his  death,  was  on 
duty  at  Plattsburg,  N.  Y.,  one  of  the  coldest  of  the 
eastern  army  posts.  He  secured  a  change  of  sta- 
tion in  the  hope  of  benefit  from  a  warmer  climate, 
but  died  from  the  effects  of  the  wound  received 
live  vears  before. 

BiENEDICT,  David,  clergyman,  b.  in  Nor- 
walk,  Conn.,  10  Oct.,  1779;  d.  in  Pawtucket,  R.  I., 
5  Dec,  1874.  Early  in  life  he  learned  the  shoe- 
maker's trade ;  but,  after  becoming  interested  in 
religion,  he  prepared  for  college,  and  was  gradu- 
ated at  Brown  in  1806.  While  a  student,  he  had 
preached  at  Pawtucket ;  and,  on  the  completion  of 
his  course,  he  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  first  Bap- 
tist church  at  that  place,  where  he  remained  for 
twenty-five  years.  Although  he  was  not  attached 
to  any  regular  pastorate,  he  afterward  preached 
until  near  the  close  of  his  life,  and  a  sermon  deliv- 
ered on  his  ninety-second  birthday  is  said  to  have 
been  remarkable  for  its  ability  and  clearness,  and 
for  the  vigor  with  which  it  was  delivered.  Much 
■of  his  time  was  devoted  to  historical  research,  and 
he  is  the  author  of  several  valuable  works,  among 
which  are  "  History  of  the  Baptists  "  (1813) ;  abridg- 
ment of  Robinson's  "  History  of  Baptism  "  (1827) ; 
abridgment  of  his  "  History  of  the  Baptists  "  (1820) ; 
"  History  of  all  Religions  "  (1824);  "  History  of  the 
Baptist  Denominations  in  America  and  all  Parts 
of  the  World"  (1848);  "Fifty  Years  among  the 
Baptists  "  (1860) ;  and  "  A  Compendium  of  Ecclesi- 
astical History  "  and  "  History  of  the  Donatists," 
which  were  ready  for  the  press  at  the  time  of  his 
■death.  He  was  likewise  the  author  of  several 
poems,  including  "  The  Watery  War,"  and  com- 
piled a  "  Conference  Hymn-Book,"  which  has  had 
a  large  circulation. 

BENEDICT,  Erastus  Cornelius,  lawyer,  b.  in 
Branford,  Conn.,  19  March,  1800 ;  d.  in  New  York 
city,  22  Oct.,  1880.  He  was  a  son  of  the  Rev.  Joel 
T.  Benedict,  who,  a  few  years  after  the  birth  of 
Erastus,  settled  in  New  York,  having  charge  suc- 
cessively of  churches  in  New  Windsor,  Franklin, 
and  Chatham.  Early  in  life,  young  Benedict  be- 
3ame  a  teacher  in  a  district  school,  and  at  the  age 
of  eighteen  he  entered  the  sophomore  class  at 
Williams,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1821.  He 
was  principal  of  an  academy  in  Jamestown,  N.  Y., 
and  later  in  Newburg,  N.  Y. ;  after  which  he  was 
tutor  at  Williams.  Meanwhile  he  had  studied 
law,  and  in  1824  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  Dur- 
ing the  same  year  he  became  a  deputy  clerk  under 
the  U.  S.  district  judge  of  southern  New  York. 
Here  his  attention  was  directed  to  admiralty  law, 
and  for  half  a  century  he  was  considered  a  leader 
in  admiralty  cases.  In  1840  he  was  elected  assist- 
ant alderman  from  the  15th  ward  in  New  York 
city.  Ten  years  later  he  became  a  member  of  the 
board  of  education,  and  was  its  president  continu- 
ously until  his  resignation  in  1863.  He  was  a 
meinber  of  the  assembly  in  1848  and  in  1864,  and 
a  state  senator  in  1873.     He  was  chosen  a  trustee 

VOL.  I. — 16 


of  Williams  in  1855,  and  in  the  same  year  became 
a  regent  of  the  University  of  the  State  of  New 
York,  succeeding  to  the  chancellorship  of  that 
body  in  1878.  He  was  actively  interested  in  vari- 
ous charitable  organizations  of  New  York,  and  a 
governor  of  the  New  York  State  Woman's  Hospi- 
tal from  its  incorporation,  and  was  also  for  many 
years  a  prominent  member  of  the  New  York  His- 
torical Society.  Of  his  writings,  besides  numerous 
addresses  before  historical  and  scientific  societies, 
the  most  important  are  "American  Admiralty" 
(New  York,  1850);  "A  Run  through  Europe" 
(1860);  and  "The  Hymn  of  Hildebert  and  other 
Medieval  Hymns  "  (1861). 

BENEDliDT,  George  Grenville,  soldier,  b.  in 
Burlington,  Vt.,  10  Dec,  1826.  He  was  graduated 
at  the  university  of  Vermont  in  1847,  and  in  1853 
became  editor  of  the  Burlington  "  Free  Press,"  for 
many  years  the  leading  republican  journal  of  the 
state.  He  was  postmaster  at  Burlington  in  1860, 
but  enlisted  in  the  12th  Vermont  regiment  at  the 
beginning  of  the  civil  war,  and  was  commissioned 
lieutenant.  In  1863  he  was  appointed  aide  on  a 
brigade  staff  in  the  1st  corps.  On  the  third  day 
of  the  battle  of  Gettysburg  he  participated  in  the 
repulse  of  the  desperate  charge  delivered  by  the 
confederates  under  Longstreet.  Gen.  Hancock 
was  severely  wounded  in  the  moment  of  victory, 
and  Lieut.  Benedict,  with  another  officer,  caught 
him  as  he  fell  from  his  horse.  After  the  civil  war 
he  served  on  the  governor's  staff,  was  in  the  state 
senate  from  1869  till  1871,  postmaster  of  Burling- 
ton from  1871  till  1874,  secretary  of  the  state  uni- 
versity from  1865,  and  president  of  the  Vermont 
press  association  in  18S(;,  licing  senior  editor  of  the 
state  at  that  time.  He  has  puljlished  "  Vermont  at 
Gettysburg"  (Albanv,  1866;  new  ed.,  1870);  "Ver- 
mont" in  the  Civil  War"  (2  vols.,  1886-'8);  and 
"Array  Life  in  Virginia"  (1895). 

BENEDICT,  George  Wyllys,  educator,  b.  in 
North  Stamford,  Conn.,  11  Jan.,  1796;  d.  in  Bur- 
lington, Vt.,  23  Sept.,  1871.  He  was  graduated  at 
Williams  in  1818.  and  became  principal  of  an 
academy  in  Westfield,  Mass.  From  1819  till  1822 
he  was  tutor  at  Williams,  and  then  became  prin- 
cipal of  the  academy  in  Newburg,  N.  Y.  He  was 
professor  at  the  University  of  Vermont  from  1825 
till  1847;  but  failing  health  forced  his  resigna- 
tion, and  he  became  associated  with  Ezra  Cornell 
in  the  construction  of  the  Troy  and  Canada  junc- 
tion telegraph  line,  becoming  the  first  superin- 
tendent of  that  company.  He  subsequently  en- 
gaged independently  in  telegraph-building,  and 
contracted  for  the  erection  of  several  lines.  He 
purchased  the  Burlington  "  Free  Press  "  in  1853, 
and  remained  its  editor  and  publisher  until  1866. 
During  1854  and  1855  he  was  a  member  of  the 
Vermont  senate,  serving  as  chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee on  education.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
State  Historical  Society,  and  also  of  the  Editors' 
and  Publishers'  Association. 

BENEDICT,  Lewis,  soldier,  b.  in  Albany,  N. 
Y.,  2  Sept.,  1817;  d.  at  Pleasant  Hill,  La.,  9  April, 
1864.  After  graduation  at  Williams,  in  1837,  he 
studied  law  in  Albany  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1841.  In  1845-'6  he  was  city  attorney  at 
Albany;  in  1847  judge  advocate ;  from  1848  untd 
1852  surrogate  of  Albany.  In  1860  he  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  state  assembly,  but  entered  the 
military  service  for  the  civil  war  in  June,  1861,  as 
lieutenant-colonel  of  the  73d  New  York  volun- 
teers. He  served  in  the  peninsular  campaign, 
and  was  taken  prisoner  at  Williamsburg,  Va. 
After  several  months'  confinement  in  Libby  and 
Salisbury  prisons,  he  was  exchanged,  and,  as  colo 


234 


BENET 


BENJAMIN 


nel  of  the  162d  New  York  volunteers,  accompanied 
Banks's  expedition  to  Louisiana  in  September, 
1863.  He  was  brevetted  brigadier-general  for  gal- 
lantry in  the  assault  on  Port  Hudson,  14  June, 
IHi;:].  In  the  Red  river  campaign  of  1864  he  par- 
ticipated in  the  various  engagements,  and  was 
mortally  wounded  while  in  command  of  a  brigade 
at  the  battle  of  Pleasant  Hill.  His  death  was  made 
the  subject  of  a  poem  by  Alfred  B.  Street.  See 
'•  Memorial  of  Brevet  Brigadier-General  Lewis 
Benedict,  Colonel  of  the  162d  N.  Y.  V.  I."  (Albany, 
18()4,  printed  privately). 

BENET,  Stephen  Vincent,  soldier,  b.  in  St. 
Augustine,  Fla.,  22  Jan.,  1827.  He  studied  at 
Hallowell's  school  in  Alexandria,  Va.,  then  at  the 
University  of  Georgia,  and  at  the  U.  S.  military 
academy,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1849,  stand- 
ing third  in  his  class.  He  was  appointed  to  the 
ordnance  corps,  and  served  at  the  Watervliet  arse- 
nal, at  Washington,  at  Frankford  arsenal,  again  at 
Washington,  and  then  at  the  St.  Louis  arsenal.  In 
185!)  he  became  assistant  professor  of  geography, 
history,  and  ethics  at  West  Point,  and  from  1861 
till  1864  was  instructor  of  ordnance  and  the  sci- 
ence of  gunnery,  after  which,  until  1869,  he  was  in 
command  of  Frankford  arsenal.  In  1869  he  was 
made  assistant  to  the  chief  of  ordnance,  and  in 
1874,  on  the  death  of  the  chief  of  the  department, 
he  succeeded  to  the  place,  with  the  rank  of  briga- 
dier-general. He  translated  Jomini's  "  Political 
and  Military  History  of  the  Campaign  of  Water- 
loo "  (New  York,  1853),  and  he  is  the  author  of  a 
treatise  on  *'  Military  Law  and  the  Practice  of 
Courts-Martial"  (1862),  and  "Electro-Ballistic  Ma- 
chines and  the  ScJuiltze  Chronoseope  "  (1866). 

BENEZET,  Anthony,  philanthropist,  b.  in  St. 
Quentin.  France,  81  Jan.,  1714;  d.  in  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  3  May,  1784.  He  was  descended  from  wealthy 
French  parents,  who  fled  hastily  from  France  to 
Holland  in  1685,  after  the  revocation  of  the  edict 
of  Nantes,  and  thence  to  England  in  1715.  In 
London  his  relatives  became  Quakers,  and  in  1731 
they  settled  in  Philadelphia.  He  apprenticed  him- 
self to  a  cooper,  but  in  1743  became  instructor 
in  the  Friends'  English  school,  and  continued  to 
teach  until  near  the  end  of  his  life.  He  devoted 
much  attention  to  the  abolition  of  the  slave-trade, 
and  advocated  the  emancipation  and  education  of 
the  colored  population,  opening  for  that  purpose 
an  evening  school.  During  the  revolutionary  war 
and  the  occupation  of  Philadelphia  by  the  British 
army,  he  was  active  in  alleviating  the  sufferings  of 
the  prisoners.  He  published  tracts,  which  were 
gratuitously  distributed  throughout  the  country, 
the  most  important  being  "A  Caution  to  Great 
Britain  and  her  Colonies,  in  a  Short  Representa- 
tion of  the  Calamitous  State  of  the  Enslaved  Ne- 
groes in  the  British  Dominion"  (Philadelphia, 
1766);  "Some  Historical  Account  of  Guinea,  with 
an  Inquiry  into  the  Rise  and  Progress  of  the  Slave- 
Trade "  (1771) ;  "Observations  on  the  Indian  Na- 
tives of  this  Continent"  (1784);  "A  Short  Ac- 
count of  the  Society  of  Friends"  (1780);  and 
"Dissertation  on  the  Christian  Religion"  (1782). 
See  "Memoir  of  Anthony  Benezet,"  by  Roberts 
Vaux  (New  York,  1817). 

BENHAM,  Henry  Washington,  soldier,  b.  in 
Connecticut,  8  April,  1813;  d.  in  New  York,  1 
June,  1884.  He  was  graduated  at  West  Point 
in  1837,  assigned  to  the  corps  of  engineers,  and 
for  a  year  assistant  in  charge  of  improvements 
in  Savannah  river.  In  July,  1838,  he  was  pro- 
moted first  lieutenant,  and  from  1839  till  1844 
was  superintending  engineer  of  the  repairs  of 
Fort  Marion  and  of  the  sea-wall  at  St.  Augustine, 


Fla.  During  the  three  years  succeeding  he  was 
engaged  upon  government  works  in  Pennsylva- 
nia. Maryland,  and  elsewhere.  He  was  with  the 
army  in  Mexico  in  1847-'8,  and  brevetted  cap- 
tain for  gallant  and  meritorious  services  in  the 
battle  of  Buena  Vista,  23  Feb.,  1847.  After  the 
Mexican  war  he  was  engaged  for  a  time  on  engi- 
neering duty  in  New  York  harbor,  and  promoted 
to  the  rank  of  captain  in  May,  1848.  He  was  also 
in  charge  of  several  other  works  of  importance  at 
Boston,  Washington,  and  Buffalo,  from  1848  to 
1853.  In  the  latter  year  he  was  assistant  in 
charge  of  the  coast  survey  office  at  Washington, 
and  sent  to  Europe  on  duty  connected  therewith. 
During  the  following  seven  years  he  was  occupied 
in  professional  work  for  the  government  at  Bos- 
ton, Newport,  and  Sandy  Hook,  and  on  the  Poto- 
mac aqueduct.  At  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war 
in  1861,  Capt.  Benham  entered  upon  active  ser- 
vice;  was  on  Gen.  Morris's  staff  as  engineer  of 
the  department  of  the  Ohio ;  was  brevetted  colo- 
nel for  gallantry  at  the  battle  of  Carrick's  Ford, 
Va.,  13  July,  1861 ;  in  August  was  made  briga- 
dier-general of  volunteers,  and  was  engaged  in  the 
Virginia  campaigns,  including  the  actions  at  New 
Creek  (16  Aug.)  and  Carnifex  Ferry  (10  Sept.).  In 
1862  he  was  present  at  the  capture  of  Fort  Pu- 
laski (10-11  April)  and  James  Island  (16  June). 
Later  in  the  year  he  superintended  fortifications  in 
Boston  and  Portsmouth  harbors,  and  was  in  com- 
mand of  the  northern  district  of  the  department  of 
the  south.  He  proved  very  efficient  in  throwing 
pontoon-bridges  across  the  Rappahannock,  the 
Potomac,  and  the  James  rivers,  and  was  in  com- 
mand of  the  pontoon  department  at  Washington 
in  1864.  In  the  mean  time  he  had,  through  the 
regular  stages  of  promotion,  attained  the  full  rank 
of  lieutenant-colonel  of  engineers,  and  in  March, 
1865,  was  brevetted  brigadier-general  and  major- 
general  U.  S.  army,  and  major-general  U.  S.  volun- 
teers, for  gallant  services  during  the  rebellion  and 
in  the  campaign  that  terminated  with  the  surren- 
der of  Lee's  army.  In  1868  (7  March)  he  was  pro- 
moted colonel  of  engineers,  and  during  that  year 
was  engaged  in  government  works  on  the  coast  of 
New  England,  and  from  October,  1869,  till  July, 
1877,  was  similarly  occupied  in  the  works  on  Long 
Island  Head.  Sulasequent  to  this  he  was  in  charge 
of  the  defences  of  New  York.  He  was  placed  on 
the  retired  list,  30  June,  1882.  He  invented  the 
picket-shovel  used  by  troops  in  the  field,  and  was 
an  expert  in  pontoon-bridges,  in  the  management 
of  whicli  he  devised  important  improvements. 

BENITO,  Fray  Marcos  (bay-nee'-to),  Spanish 
missionary,  b.  in  Valencia,  Spain,  in  the  17th  cen- 
tury. He  was  a  Dominican  monk,  and  went  as  a 
missionary  to  the  Spanish  -  American  countries. 
His  best  known  works  are  the  "  Arte  de  la  Lengua 
Mije."  and  "  Devocionario  en  Dialecto  Mije." 

BENJAMIN,  Georg'e,  Canadian  statesman,  k 
in  England  in  1799;  d.  in  Belleville,  Ontario, 
6  July,  1864.  He  resided  for  a  time  in  Liverpool^ 
was  engaged  in  commercial  pursuits,  and  travelled 
extensively.  In  his  early  manhood  he  went  to  New 
Orleans,  and  in  1830  removed  to  Canada,  and  set- 
tled in  Belleville,  where  he  remained  until  his 
death.  For  a  number  of  years  he  conducted  the 
Belleville  "  Intelligencer."  He  became  warden  of 
Hastings  on  the  introduction  of  municipal  insti- 
tutions by  Lord  Sydenham,  and  so  continued  for 
many  years,  and  was  also  for  several  years  registrar 
of  the  county.  In  1856  he  was  elected  member  for 
North  Hastings,  and  represented  that  constituency 
in  that  and  the  succeeding  parliament,  until  he 
retired  in  1861.     He  was  elected  grand  master  of 


BENJAMIN 


BENJAMIN 


235 


the  Orangemen  of  British  North  America  in  1848, 
and  retained  that  office  for  several  years.  When 
the  project  of  annexing  Canada  to  the  United 
States  was  mooted,  Mr.  Benjamin  issued  a  mani- 
festo, in  which  he  urged  Orangemen  to  oppose  it. 

BENJAMIN,  John  Forbes,  soldier,  b.  in 
Cicero,  N.  Y.,  23  Jan.,  1817;  d.  in  Washington, 
D.  C,  8  March,  1877.  He  received  a  common- 
school  education,  and,  after  three  years  spent  in 
Texas,  went  to  Missouri,  where  he  studied  law, 
was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  began  practice  at 
Shelbyville  in  1848.  He  was  a  member  of  the  legis- 
lature in  1850  and  1853,  and  presidential  elector 
on  the  democratic  ticket  in  1856.  He  entered  the 
national  army  as  a  private  in  the  Missouri  cav- 
alry in  1861,  was  made  captain  in  January,  1862, 
major  in  May,  and  lieutenant-colonel  in  Septem- 
ber. He  resigned  to  become  provost-marshal  of 
the  8th  distrfct  of  Missouri  in  1863.  In  1864  he 
was  elected  to  congress,  where  he  served  three  suc- 
cessive terms,  from  4  Dec,  1865,  till  3  March,  1871. 
After  this  he  practised  law  and  was  a  banker  in 
Washington  until  his  death. 

BENJAMIN,  Jiidah  Pliilip,  lawyer,  b.  in  St. 
Croix,  W.  I.,  11  Aug.,  1811 ;  d.  in  Paris,  6  May, 
1884.  His  parents  were  English  Jews,  who  in 
1811  sailed  from  England  to  settle  in  New  Or- 
leans. The  mouth  of  the  Mississippi  being  block- 
aded by  the  British  fleet,  they  landed  at  St.  Croix, 
where  Mr.  Benjamin  was  born.  His  boyhood  was 
passed  in  Wilmington,  N.  C,  and  in  1825  he  en- 
tered Yale,  but  left  college  three  years  later,  with- 
out receiving  a  degree.     He  then  studied  law  in 

New  Orleans  in 
a  notary's  of- 
fice, and  was 
admitted  to  the 
bar  11  Dec, 
1832.  For  some 
time  he  was  en- 
gaged in  teach- 
ing school,  and 
in  compiling  a 
digest  of  cases 
decided  in  the  lo- 
cal courts.  This, 
at  first  only  in- 
tended for  his 
personal  use, 
was  subsequent- 
ly cnlai-gcd  and 
/^   Z'  ^-^  publisiicil  as  "A 

Cl^.    J'.  C>;^-^~^  Digest    of    Re- 

ported Decis- 
ions of  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  the  late  Territory  of  Orleans  and  of 
the  Supreme  Court  of  Louisiana  "  (1834).  He  soon 
rose  to  the  head  of  his  profession,  and  in  1840 
became  a  member  of  the  firm  of  Slidell,  Benja- 
min &  Conrad,  having  an  extensive  practice  in 
planters'  and  cotton  merchants'  cases.  He  was  a 
whig,  and  in  1845  a  member  of  the  convention 
held  to  revise  the  constitution  of  the  state,  in 
wliicii  body  he  advocated  the  addition  of  an  article 
requiring  the  governor  to  be  a  citizen  born  in  the 
United  States.  In  1847  a  U.  S.  commissioner  was 
appointed  to  investigate  the  Spanish  land-titles, 
under  which  the  early  settlers  in  California 
claimed  their  property,  and  Benjamin  was  re- 
tained as  counsel.  On  his  return  he  was  admitted 
to  practice  in  the  U.  S.  supreme  court,  and  for  a 
time  much  of  his  business  was  with  that  body  at 
Washington.  In  1848  he  became  one  of  the  presi- 
dential electors  at  large  from  Louisiana,  and  was 
elected  to  the  U.  S.  senate  in  1853,  and  again  in 


1857,  but  on  the  secession  of  Louisiana  he  with- 
drew from  the  senate,  with  his  colleague,  John 
Slidell,  4  Feb.,  1861.  During  his  senatorial  career 
he  had  attained  pre-eminence  in  the  southern  wing 
of  the  democratic  party.  A  sharp  personal  contro- 
versy between  himself  and  Jefferson  Davis  seemed 
likely  to  cause  a  duel,  when  the  latter  apologized 
on  the  floor  of  the  senate  for  the  harsh  language 
he  had  used.  He  advocated  the  Kansas-Nebraska 
bill  of  Mr.  Douglas  in  1854,  but  afterward  insisted 
that  the  principle  of  popular  sovereignty  had  been 
definitely  set  aside  by  the  declaration  of  the  su- 
preme court  in  the  Dred-Scott  case,  which,  he  con- 
tended, should  be  accepted  as  conclusive.  His  firm 
advocacy  of  the  legal  claims  of  slavery  brought 
from  Senator  Wade,  of  Ohio,  the  remark  that  Mr. 
Benjamin  was  "  a  Hebrew  with  Egyptian  princi- 
ples." On  the  formation  of  the  provisional  gov- 
ernment of  the  confederate  states,  he  was  ap- 
pointed attorney-general,  and  in  August,  1861,  was 
transferred  to  the  war  department,  succeeding  L. 
P.  Walker.  Having  been  accused  of  incompetence 
and  neglect  of  duty  by  a  committee  of  the  con- 
federate congress,  he  resigned  his  office,  but  im- 
mediately became  secretary  of  state,  which  place 
he  held  until  the  final  overthrow  of  the  confederate 
government.  He  had  the  reputation  of  being  "  the 
brains  of  the  confederacy,"  and  it  is  said  that  Mr. 
Davis  was  in  the  habit  of  sending  to  him  all  work 
that  did  not  obviously  belong  to  the  department 
of  some  other  minister.  It  was  his  habit  to  begin 
work  at  8  a.  m.,  and  he  was  often  occupied  at  his 
desk  until  3  o'clock  next  morning.  On  the  fall  of 
the  confederacy  he  fled  from  Richmond  with  other 
members  of  the  cabinet,  and,  on  becoming  separated 
from  the  party,  escaped  from  the  coast  of  Florida 
to  the  Bahamas  in  an  open  boat,  thence  going  to 
Nassau,  and  in  September,  1865,  reached  Liverpool. 
He  at  once  began  the  study  of  English  law,  and 
was  entered  as  a  student  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  13  Jan., 
1866.  In  the  following  summer  he  was  called  to 
the  English  bar,  at  the  age  of  fifty-five.  At  first 
his  success  was  slight,  and  he  was  compelled  to  re- 
sort to  journalism  for  a  livelihood.  In  1868  he  pub- 
lished "  A  Treatise  on  the  Law  of  Sale  of  Personal 
Property,"  which  is  now  the  authority  on  this  sub- 
ject in  "English  law  (3d  ed.,  London,  1883).  His 
practice  then  grew  rapidly,  and  in  June,  1872,  he 
was  made  queen's  counsel,  after  which  his  busi- 
ness soon  became  as  large  and  remunerative  as 
that  of  any  lawyer  in  the  land.  Among  his  many 
arguments,  the  "one  most  generally  known  is  that 
which  he  delivered  before  the  court  for  crown 
cases  reserved,  on  behalf  of  the  captain  of  the 
"  Franconia."  His  last  great  nisi  prius  case  was 
that  of  Anson  and  others  against  the  London  and 
northwestern  railway.  After  this  he  accepted  only 
briefs  upon  appeal,  and  appeared  solely  before  the 
house  of  lords  and  the  privy  council.  Early  in  1883 
he  was  compelled  by  failing  health  to  retire  from 
practice,  and  a  famous  farewell  banquet  was  given 
him  in  the  hall  of  the  Inner  Temple,  London,  30 
June,  1883.  He  then  went  to  Paris,  where  his  wife 
and  daughter  resided,  and  rapidly  failed  until  his 
death.  See  life  hv  Francis  Lawley  (London,  1898). 
BENJAMIN,  Nathan,  missionary,  b.  in  Cats- 
kill,  N.  Y.,  14  Dec,  1811 ;  d.  in  Constantinople, 
Turkey,  27  Jan.,  1855.  He  was  graduated  at  Will- 
iams, in  1832,  and  at  Andover  theological  seminary 
in  1835,  was  appointed  as  missionary  to  Greece 
and  Turkey  by  the  American  board,  and  went  to 
Argos  in  1836.  He  removed  to  Athens  m  1838, 
and  there  labored  for  six  years,  chiefly  in  con- 
nection with  the  press.  From  1843  till  1845  he 
was  acting  U.  S.  consul  at   Athens,  and  he  then 


286 


BENJAMIN 


BENNER 


entered  upon  the  Armenian  mission  at  Trebizond, 
but  returned  to  the  United  States  in  1845.  Subse- 
quently he  was  summoned  to  a  new  mission,  and 
arrived  at  Smyrna,  7  Dec,  1847,  where  he  devoted 
his  attention  to  the  printing  of  the  Bible  and 
tracts  in  the  Armenian  language.  In  1852  this 
work  was  transferred  to  Constantinople,  where  he 
also  preached  steadily  in  the  Greek  and  English 
languages.  He  translated  numerous  works  into 
Greek  and  Armenian,  including  "  Pilgrim's  Prog- 
ress "  and  Daubigny's  "  Reformation,"  and  also 
established  the  first  newspaper  ever  published  in 
the  Armenian  tongue,  "  The  Morning  Star,"  which 
is  still  issued. — His  wife,  Mary  Gladding'  Wheel- 
er, b.  in  Providence,  R.  1.,  1  March,  1814;  d.  in 
Medford,  Mass.,  8  March,  1871,  translated  several 
small  works  into  Greek,  and  contributed  poems  to 
periodicals.  She  also  published  "  The  Missionary 
Sisters"  (New  York,  1859). — Their  son,  Samuel 
Grreene  Wheeler,  author,  b.  in  Argos,  Greece,  18 
Feb.,  1887,  was  graduated  at  Williams  in  1859. 
Shortly  afterward  he  became  the  assistant  libra- 
rian in  the  state  library,  Albany,  N.  Y.,  where  he 
remained  from  1861  till'  1864.  In  February,  1888, 
he  was  appointed  U.  S.  minister  at  the  court  of 
Persia,  and  established  the  legation  at  Teheran, 
lie  resigned  in  July,  1885.  Mr.  Benjamin's  con- 
tributions to  periodical  literature  have  been  very 
numerous.  For  some  time  he  was  the  art  editor 
of  the  New  York  "  Evening  Mail  "  and  the  "  Maga- 
zine of  Art."  Among  his  books  are  "  Constanti- 
nople, Isle  of  Pearls,  and  other  Poems "  (Boston, 
1860) ;  "  Ode  on  the  Death  of  Abraham  Lincoln  " 
(1865) ;  '•  The  Turk  and  the  Greek  "  (1867) ;  "  Tom 
Roper  "  (Philadelphia,  1868) ;  "  Muretus's  Advice 
to  his  Son,"  a  metrical  translation  from  the  Latin 
(Albany,  1870) ;  "  The  Choice  of  Paris ;  a  Romance 
of  the  Troad"  (Boston,  1870);  "What  is  Art?" 
(1875) ;  "  Contemporary  Art  in  Europe "  (New 
York,  1877) ;  "  The  Atlantic  Islands  "  (1869) ;  "  Art 
in  America "  (1879) ;  "  The  Multitudinous  Seas  " 
(1879) ;  "  Our  American  Artists  "  (Boston,  1st  series, 
1879  ;  2d  series,  1881) ;  "  The  World's  Paradises  " 
(New  York,  1880) ;  "  Troy,  its  Legend,  Literature, 
and  Topography  "  (1880) ;  "  A  Group  of  Etchers  " 
(1882) ;  "  Cruise  of  the  Alice  May  "  (1888) ;  "  The 
Story  of  Persia  "  (1886) ;  and  "  Persia  and  the  Per- 
sians "  (Boston,  1886).  He  has  drawn  many  illus- 
trations for  magazines,  an  illustrated  edition  of 
Longfellow's  poems,  and  other  books.  His  paint- 
ings include  "  Home  of  the  Sea  Birds "  (1875) ; 
"  Porta  da  Cruz,  Madeira  "  (1876) ;  "  The  C^orbiere, 
or  Sailor's  Dread  "  (1876) ;  "  The  Wide,  Wide  Sea  " 
(1877);  "Yachts  Struck  by  a  Squall"  (1879); 
"  Among  the  Breakers  "  (1879) ;  and  "  In  the  Roar- 
ing Forties  "  (1882). 

BENJAMIN,  Park,  journalist,  b.  in  Demerara, 
British  Guiana,  18  Aug.,  1809 ;  d.  in  New  York 
city,  12  Sept.,  1864.  His  father  was  born  in  Con- 
necticut, but  removed  to  Demerara,  and  there  car- 
ried on  business.  At  an  early  age  Park  was  sent 
to  New  England  for  medical  advice  and  to  be 
iducated.  He  studied  for  two  years  at  Hai'vai"d, 
and  then  at  Trinity,  where  he  was  graduated  in 
1829,  after  which  he  studied  law  and  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  Boston  in  1882.  His  tastes  inclined 
more  toward  literature  than  to  law,  and  he  became 
one  of  the  original  editors  of  the  "  New  England 
Magazine."  In  1887  he  removed  to  New  York  and 
edited,  in  connection  with  Charles  Fenno  Hoffman, 
the  "  American  Monthly  Magazine."  Later  he  was 
associated  with  Horace  Greeley  as  editor  of  the 
"  New-Yorker,"  and  for  a  short  time  had  charge  of 
the  "  Brother  Jonathan."  a  literary  weekly  paper. 
In  1840  he  established  the  "  New  World,"  and  edit- 


ed it  nearly  five  years,  in  connection  with  Epes 
Sargent  and  Rufus  W.  Griswold.  He  afterward 
edited  and  published,  for  a  short  time  only,  "  The 
Western  Continent "  and  "  The  American  Mail  " ; 
but  these  periodicals  were  not  altogether  success- 
ful, and  he  withdrew  from  all  publication.  The 
remainder  of  his  life  was  spent  in  New  York,  de- 
voted to  literary  pursuits.  He  contributed,  both 
in  prose  and  verse,  to  various  periodicals,  and  de- 
livered lectures  and  read  poems  in  public.  "  The 
Meditation  of  Nature  "  (1882),  "  Poetry,  a  Satire  " 
(1882),  and  "Infatuation"  (1844),  are  the  best 
known  of  his  longer  poems,  and  "  The  Tired  Hunt- 
er," "  The  Nautilus,"  "  To  One  Beloved,"  "  The 
Departed,"  and  "  The  Old  Sexton,"  are  the  most 
successful  of  his  shorter  poems.  No  collected  edi- 
tion of  his  writings  has  been  pviblished.  Mr.  Ben- 
jamin was  in  person  a  man  of  full  chest  and  pow- 
erful arms,  but  was  completely  lame  below  the 
hips. — His  son,  Park,  patent  expert,  b.  in  New 
York  city,  11  May,  1849,  was  graduated  at  the 
U.  S.  naval  academy  in  1867.  He  was  ordered 
to  the  "  Fi'anklin,"  Admiral  Farragut's  flag-ship, 
and  with  it  spent  two  years  in  Europe.  In  18(59 
he  was  advanced  to  the  grade  of  ensign,  but  he 
soon  resigned,  and  studied  law  at  the  Albany  Law 
School,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1870.  From 
1872  till  1878  he  was  associate  editor  of  the  "  Sci- 
entific American,"  and  since  that  time  has  been 
occupied  as  scientific  expert  or  expert  counsel  in 
patent  cases.  Among  his  short  stories  are  "  The 
End  of  New  York  "  and  "  The  Story  of  the  Tele- 
gust."  His  books  include  "  Shakings — Etchings 
for  the  Naval  Academy  "  (Boston,  1867) ;  "  Wrin- 
kles and  Receipts  "  (New  York,  1875) ;  "  Appletons' 
Cyclopaedia  of  Applied  Mechanics,"  edited  (1880) ; 
and  "  The  Age  of  Electricity  "  (1886). 

BENJAMIN,  Samuel  Nicoll,  soldier,  b.  in 
New  York  city,  13  Jan.,  1889  ;  d.  on  Governor's 
island.  New  York  harbor,  15  May,  1886.  He  was 
gi-aduated  at  the  U.  S.  military  academy  in  1861, 
and  became  a  2d  lieutenant  in  the  2d  artillery.  He 
served  continuously  throughout  the  civil  war,  was 
at  Bull  Run.  Malvern  Hill,  and  Fredericksburg,  in 
command  of  a  battery  at  Covington,  in  command 
of  the  reserve  artillery  of  the  9th  army  corps,  14 
Aug.  till  24  Oct.,  1863,  and  was  chief  of  artillery, 
9th  army  corps,  in  the  East  Tennessee  and  Rich- 
mond campaigns ;  was  at  the  battle  of  the  Wil- 
derness and  also  at  Spottsylvania,  where  he  was 
severely  wounded.  He  was  brevetted  lieutenant- 
colonel  18  May,  1865,  and  major  8  March,  1875, 
On  recovery  from  his  wounds  he  became  assistant 
professor  of  mathematics  at  the  U.  S.  military 
academy,  and  from  1869  till  1875  he  was  at  the 
artillery  school  for  practice.  Fort  Monroe,  Va. 
Then,  having  been  transferred  to  the  staff,  he  was 
made  assistant  adjutant-general,  and  was  on  duty 
first  at  Washington,  and  later  became  adjutant- 
general  of  the  department  of  Arizona.  In  June, 
1885,  he  was  made  assistant  adjutant-general  of 
the  division  of  the  Atlantic,  and  assigned  to  army 
headquarters  on  Governor's  island.  Col.  Benjamin 
was  one  of  the  very  few  officers  that  held  the  con- 
gressional medal  for  conspicuous  bravery  in  the 
field.     He  married  a  daughter  of  Hamilton  Fish. 

BENNER,  Philip,  iron-maker,  b.  in  Chester 
CO.,  Pa.,  19  May,  1762;  d.  in  Centre  co.,  Pa.,  27 
July,  1882.  He  served  in  the  revolutionary  war, 
and  it  is  said  that  his  mother  quilted  money  into 
the  back  of  his  vest,  for  use  in  case  he  was  cap- 
tui-ed.  After  the  war  he  engaged  in  the  iron 
business  in  Coventry,  and  in  1792  he  purchased 
the  "  Rock  Forge  lands,"  where  he  established 
works.    In  1794  he  erected  a  forge,  the  first  in  that 


BENNET 


BENNETT 


237 


vicinity,  and  manufactured  iron  during  the  year. 
At  the  beginning  of  the  century  he  had  increased 
his  phint  by  the  erection  of  a  grist-mill,  and  had 
begun  the  building  of  a  larger  forge,  afterward 
adding  a  nail-mill,  furnaces,  and  other  improve- 
ments. The  development  of  the  iron  industry  in 
the  western  part  of  Pennsylvania  is  largely  due  to 
his  enterpi'ise.  The  output  from  his  works  was 
packed  on  horses  and  sent  to  Pittsburg,  where  for 
many  years  he  enjoyed,  without  competition,  the 
trade  in  what  he  called  "  Juniata  iron."  The  bor- 
ough of  Bellefonte  was  greatly  indebted  to  his  en- 
terprise and  liberality.  He  acquired  a  large  prop- 
erty, and  built  some  of  the  finest  residences  in  the 
town.  He  also  contributed  largely  for  the  building 
of  the  water-works.  In  politics  he  was  a  democrat 
and  was  twice  a  presidential  elector,  notably  on  the 
Jackson-Calhoun  ticket  of  1824.  In  1827  he  estab- 
lished the  "  Centre  Democrat  "  at  Bellefonte,  in  the 
interest  of  Gen.  Jackson.  He  was  major-general  of 
the  Pennsvlvania  militia,  and  left  a  valuable  estate. 

BENNET,  Orlando,  wrecker,  b.  in  Ithaca,  N. 
Y.,  4  Oct.,  1818 ;  d.  in  Bellport,  Long  Island,  N.  Y., 
10  July,  1880.  He  was  associated  with  his  father, 
Phineas  Bennet,  and  William  D.  Andrews,  in  a 
company  engaged  in  the  recovery  of  indestructible 
goods  from  wrecks.  In  this  work  he  succeeded  in 
raising  two  steamers  which  had  been  sunk  in  sixty 
feet  of  water  in  the  North  river,  and  recovered  a 
cargo  of  quicksilver  from  a  wreck  covered  by 
many  feet  of  sand.  During  the  civil  war  he  was 
employed  by  the  U.  S.  government  to  clear  the 
harbors  of  Charleston  and  Savannah  from  monitors, 
torpedoes,  and  other  obstructions.  By  this  means 
a  sea-way  was  opened  to  supply  Gen.  William  T. 
Sherman's  army  after  its  march  to  the  sea. 

BENNET,  or  BENNETT,  Ricliard,  colonial 
governor  of  Virginia  in  the  17th  century.  He  was 
a  Virginia  planter  who,  with  William  Clayborne, 
was  appointed  by  the  "Long  parliament"  in  1651 
to  act  with  English  commissioners  in  reconciling 
the  colony  to  the  administration  of  Oliver  Crom- 
well in  England.  Many  of  the  colonists  favored 
the  Stuarts,  and  the  parliament  wisely  sought  to 
conciliate  rather  than  coerce  them.  Bennet  was 
a  Roundhead,  as  was  also  his  fellow-commissioner. 
All  opposition  did  not  disappear,  however,  until 
the  British  frigate  '•  Guinea "  arrived,  in  March, 
1652,  with  orders  to  carry  out  the  instructions  of 
the  commissioners,  and  if  necessary  to  enforce  the 
authority  of  parliament.  Virtual  independence 
was,  in  fact,  guaranteed  to  Virginia,  and  it  was 
agreed  that  the  people  should  have  all  the  liberties 
of  free-born  Englishmen,  should  enact  their  own 
laws,  should  remain  unquestioned  as  to  their  past 
loyalty,  and  should  have  "  as  free  trade  as  the  peo- 
ple of  England."  So  much  was  granted  by  parlia- 
ment, but  an  article  confirming  her  ancient  bounds, 
prohibiting  taxation  without  representation,  and 
agreeing  that  no  forts  should  be  erected  without 
the  consent  of  the  colony,  was  never  approved. 
Until  the  restoration,  Virginia  was  nominally  in- 
dependent, although  actually  under  the  rule  of  the 
commissioners.  The  executive  officer  became  elec- 
tive, and  Bennet  was  chosen  governor.  Members  of 
the  house  of  burgesses  were  required  to  take  oath 
that  they  would  especially  provide  for  the  "  gen- 
eral good  and  prosperity  "  of  Virginia  and  its  inhab- 
itants. Gov.  Bennet  had  been  treated  oppressively 
by  the  late  royalist  govei-nor.  Sir  William  Berke- 
ley, but  nobly  refrained  from  taking  the  revenge 
that  was  made  easy  by  his  official  position.  Under 
Bennet's  administration  the  house  of  burgesses 
claimed  the  right  to  define  the  powers  of  the  gov- 
ernor and  council,  and  declared  "  that  the  right  of 


electing  all  the  officers  of  this  colony  should  apper- 
tain to  the  burgesses  as  the  representatives  of  the 
people."  Maryland  was  not  so  easily  pacified,  being 
more  aggressively  loyal,  and  Bennet  with  Clay- 
borne  went  over  in  the  "  Guinea  "  frigate  with  the 
English  commissioners,  and  enforced  submission. 
In  1654  the  Maryland  royalists  or  proprietaries, 
under  the  instigation  of  Lord  Baltimore,  again 
revolted,  and  overthrew  the  parliamentarians,  and 
intercolonial  hostilities  followed  by  land  and  sea, 
resulting  in  victory  for  the  Virginians  under  Gov. 
Bennet.  The  decisive  action  took  place  on  25 
March,  1655,  and  many  prisoners,  including  the 
royalist  Gov.  Stone,  were  taken  captive.  At  least 
four  of  these  were  executed.  During  the  same 
year  Gov.  Bennet  retired  from  public  life. 

BENNETT,  Charles  Wesley,  educator,  b.  in 
East  Bethany,  N.  Y.,  18  July,  1828 ;  d.  in  Evans- 
ton,  111.,  17  April,  1891.  He  was  graduated,  and, 
after  teaching  for  several  years,  became  a  Methodist 
minister  in  1862.  In  1864  he  resumed  teaching  as 
principal  of  the  Genesee  Wesleyan  seminary  at 
Lima,  N.  Y.  Prom  1866  till  1869  he  studied  in  the 
university  of  Berlin,  Germany,  and,  after  preach- 
ing two  years,  became,  in  1871,  professor  of  history 
and  logic  in  Syracuse  university.  From  1872  till 
1876  he  was  art  editor  of  the  "  Ladies'  Repository," 
and  after  that  of  the  "  National  Repository."  He 
published,  besides  reports,  lectures,  and  numerous 
contributions  to  reviews  and  encyclopasdias,  "A 
Digest  of  the  Laws  and  Resolutions  of  Congress 
relative  to  Pensions,  Bounty-Lands,  Pay  of  the 
Army,  etc.,  with  Complete  Forms  of  Application  " 
(Washington,  1854),  and  "  National  Education  in 
Italy,  France,  Germany,  England,  and  Wales, 
popularly  considered  "  (Syracuse,  1879). 

BENNETT,  De  Robigne  Mortimer,  freethink- 
er, b.  in  Springfield,  N.  Y.,  26  Dec,  1818 ;  d.  in 
New  York  city,  6  Dec,  1882.  He  received  a  com- 
mon-school education  at  Cooperstown,  N.  Y.,  and 
in  September,  1833,  became  a  Shaker  and  settled 
in  New  Lebanon,  N.  Y.,  where  he  remained  for 
thirteen  years,  studying  and  practising  medicine. 
In  1846  he,  with  several  others,  decided  to  leave 
the  community,  and  subsequently  was  engaged 
in  business  pursuits.  Later  he  became  an  out- 
spoken freethinker,  and  in  1873  established  "  The 
Truth-Seeker,"  in  which  he  combated  with  vigor 
what  he  considered  the  errors  of  orthodox  theology. 
From  1877  until  his  death  he  was  persecuted  for 
his  radical  opinions.  He  was  arrested  three  times, 
and  for  a  year  was  confined  in  the  Albany  peni- 
tentiary, having  been  convicted  of  selling  an  ob- 
scene book.  A  petition  bearing  200,000  names,  and 
asking  for  his  release,  was  sent  to  President  Hayes, 
who  failed  to  act  on  it.  The  freethinkers  of  the 
United  States  erected  a  fine  monument  to  his 
memory  in  Greenwood  cemeterj'.  He  published 
numerous  works,  among  which  were  "  The  World's 
Sages,  Thinkers,  and  Reformers"  (New  York, 
1876);  "Champions  of  the  Church"  (1880);  "The 
Gods  and  Religions  of  Ancient  and  Modern 
Times  "  (1881) ;  "  From  Behind  the  Bars  "  (1881) 
— the  last  two  were  written  in  prison  ;  "  An  Infi- 
del Abroad  "  (1881) ;  and  "  A  Truth-Seeker  Around 
the  World  "  (4  vols.,  1882). 

BENNETT,  Emerson,  author,  b.  in  Monson, 
Hampden  co.,  Mass.,  16  March,  1822.  His  father 
died  in  1835,  and  after  remaining  three  years 
longer  on  the  homestead  farm  young  Bennett  pre- 
pared for  college,  but  at  the  age  of  seventeen  went 
to  New  York  city,  where  he  published  a  poem 
called  "The  Brigand,"  in  an  Odd-Fellows' journal. 
After  visiting  Philadelphia  and  Baltimore,  he 
went  to  Cincinnati,  where  he  first  became  travel- 


238 


BENNETT 


BENNETT 


ling  agent  for  a  magazine,  and  then  wrote  stories 
for  the  "  Daily  Commercial."  He  also  founded  a 
magazine  called  "  The  Casket,"  but  it  lived  only 
nine  months.  In  1850  Mr.  Bennett  moved  to 
Philadelphia.  His  writings  include  about  forty 
romances  and  many  hundred  sketches  of  American 
frontier  life,  which  have  appeared  in  the  New 
York  "  Ledger,"  the  Philadelphia  "  Evening  Post," 
and  other  papers.  In  1860  he  established  the 
"  Dollar  Monthly,"  which  was  a  failure.  Among 
his  novels  are  "  Viola "  and  "  Waldo  Warren " 
(Philadelphia,  1852);  "Clara  Moreland "  (1853); 
and  "  The  Artist's  Bride  "  (New  York,  1857).  His 
most  popular  books  have  been  "  Prairie  Flower  " 
and  "  Leni  Leoti,"  which  have  had  a  circulation  of 
100,000  copies.  A  uniform  edition  of  his  novels 
was  recently  begun,  but  only  three  volumes  have 
been  published,  "  The  Outlaw's  Daughter "  and 
"  Villetta  Lindon  "  (Philadelphia,  1873),  and  "  The 
Phantom  of  the  Forest "  (1874). 

BENNETT,  James  (xordoii,  journalist,  b.  in 
New  Mill,  near  Keitli,  Scotland',  1  Sept.,  1795; 
d.  in  New  York  city,  1  June,  1872.  His  parents 
were  Roman  Catholics  of  French  descent,  and 
when  he  was  fourteen  years  old  he  was  sent 
to  Aberdeen  to  study  for  the  priesthood ;  but, 
convinced  that  he  had  mistaken  his  vocation,  he 
determined  to  emigrate,  and  in  April,  1819,  he 
landed  at  Halifax,  N.  S.,  where  he  attempted  to 
earn  a  living  by  teaching  book-keeping.  Failing 
in  that,  he  made  his  way  to  Boston,  where  he 
found  employment  as  a  proof-reader.  About  1822 
he  went  to  New  York,  and  contributed  to  the 
newspapers,  then  became  assistant  in  the  office  of 
the  Charleston  "  Courier,"  and  in  1824  returned  to 
New  York  and  attempted  to  establish  a  commercial 
school,  and  then  to  lecture  on  political  economy, 
but  was  unsuccessful,  and  again  turned  to  the 
newspapers,  becoming  a  reporter,  paragraphist, 
and  contributor  of  poetry  and  all  kinds  of  articles. 
In  1825  he  bought  on  credit  the  "  Sunday  Courier," 
but  soon  gave  it  up.  The  next  year  he  became  con- 
nected with  the  "  National  Advocate,"  but  left  it 
because  of  its  advocacy  of  the  election  of  John  Q. 
Adams,  and  became  associate  editor  on  Noah's 
"  Enquirer."  About  this  time  he  joined  the  Tam- 
many society.  In  1828  he  went  to  Washington  as 
coiTespondent  for  the  "  Enquirer,"  and  sent  a  series 
of  lively  personal  letters  that  were  widely  copied. 
At  his  suggestion  the  "  Enquirer  "  was  consolidated 
with  another  paper,  becoming  the  "Courier  and 
Enquirer,"  which,  with  James  Watson  Webb  for 
editor  and  Bennett  as  his  assistant,  became  the 
leading  American  newspaper.  When  it  deserted 
Jackson  for  Nicholas  Biddle,  Bennett  left  it,  and 
started  a  cheap  party  paper  that  existed  only 
thirty  days,  and  then  a  Jackson  organ  in  Phila- 
delphia called  the  "  f  eansylvanian."  He  appealed 
to  the  party  to  sustain  this  paper,  and,  being 
refused,  returned  to  New  York,  and,  determined 
to  trust  no  more  to  politicians,  on  6  May,  1835, 
issued  the  first  number  of  the  "  Herald,"  a  small 
four-page  sheet,  sold  for  a  cent  a  copy.  Two  young 
printers,  Anderson  and  Smith,  agreed  to  print  it, 
and  share  the  profits  and  losses  with  the  editor. 
Bennett  wrote  the  entire  newspaper,  making  up 
for  the  lack  of  news  by  sensational  opinions,  fic- 
titious intelligence,  and  reckless  personal  attacks. 
The  paper  became  popular,  although  it  offended 
all  parties  and  all  creeds.  On  13  June,  1835,  he 
introduced  a  money-article,  then  a  novel  feature  in 
American  journalism.  The  next  month  the  print- 
ing-office was  burned,  and  Smith  and  Anderson 
abandoned  the  enterprise ;  but  on  31  Aug.  Bennett 
revived  the  paper,  of  which  he  was  thenceforth 


sole  proprietor.  The  great  fire  of  16  Dec,  1835, 
was  reported  with  the  fulness  of  incident  and 
detail  that  has  since  become  characteristic  of 
American  newspaper  reports.  In  1838  he  engaged 
European  journalists  as  regular  correspondents, 
and  extended  the  system  to  the  principal  Ameri- 
can cities.  He  systematically  employed  newsboys 
to  distribute  his  paper.  The  personal  encounters 
in  which  he  became  involved  through  his  lampoons 
were  described  in  the  same  lively  and  picturesque 
style.  In  1841  the  income  of  the  paper  was  at  least 
$100,000.  In  1846  a  long  speech  by  Clay  was  tele- 
graphed to  the  "  Herald."  During  the  civil  war 
its  circulation  more  than  doubled.  It  employed 
sixty-three  war  correspondents.  Its  expenditures 
for  correspondence  and  news  were  disproportionate 
to  its  payment  for  editorial  and  critical  matter. 
It  was  as  a  collector  of  news  that  Mr.  Bennett 
mainly  excelled.  He  had  an  unerring  judgment  of 
its  pecuniary  value.  He  knew  how  to  select  the 
subject  that  engrossed  the  interest  of  the  people, 
and  to  give  them  all  the  details  they  could 
desire.  He  had  also  a  method  of  impressing  the 
importance  of  news  upon  others  in  his  employ.  No 
exchange  editor  was  so  close  a  reader  as  he  of  the 
great  papers  c^  the  country.  He  clipped  passages 
for  insertion  or  for  texts  for  editorials  or  special 
articles,  and  when  he  visited  the  office  it  was  to 
unpack  his  mind  of  the  suggestions  stored  there  by 
reading  the  exchanges.  He  seldom  gave  an  edi- 
torial writer  more  than  the  suggestions  for  an 
article,  and  he  required  his  co-laborers  to  meet 
him  daily  for  consultation  and  the  distribution  of 
topics.  When  another  person  presided,  the  several 
editors  made  suggestions ;  when  Bennett  himself 
was  present,  the  editors  became  mere  listeners, 
and  wrote,  as  it  were,  at  his  dictation.  The  "  Me- 
moirs of  J.  Gr.  Bennett  and  his  Times  "  was  pub- 
lished in  New  York  in  1855.  See  Hudson's  "  Jour- 
nalism in  the  United  States"  (New  York,  1872). 
On  6  June,  1840,  Mr.  Bennett  married  Miss  Henri- 
etta Agnes  Crean,  a  poor,  but  accomplished,  music- 
teacher  in  New  York.  She  died  in  Italy,  31  March, 
1873.— James  (xordoii,  Jr.,  b.  in  New  York  city, 
10  May,  1841,  the  only  son  of  the  founder  of 
the  "  Herald,"  became  the  proprietor  of  the  news- 
paper upon  the  death  of  his  father.  He  resides 
mostly  in  Paris,  and  gives  his  attention  chiefly 
to  superintending  the  collection  of  foreign  news. 
He  added  to  the  fame  of  his  paper  by  publishing 
in  England  storm-warnings  transmitted  from  the 
United  States,  by  fitting  out  the  "  Jeanette  "  polar 
expedition,  by  sending  Henry  M.  Stanley  in  search 
of  Livingstone,  and  by  other  similar  enterprises. 
In  1883  he  associated  "himself  with  John  W.  Mac- 
kay  in  forming  the  commercial  cable  company  and 
laying  a  new  cable  between  America  and  Europe, 
to  compete  with  the  combined  English  and  French 
lines.  He  has  taken  miich  interest  in  sports,  es- 
pecially in  yachting,  and  in  1866  he  took  part  in  a 
memorable  race  from  Sandy  Hook  to  the  Needles, 
Isle  of  Wight,  which  was  won  by  his  schooner,  the 
"  Henrietta,"  in  13  days  21  hours  and  55  minutes, 
against  two  competing  yachts.  In  1870  he  sailed 
another  race  across  the  Atlantic  from  Queenstown 
to  New  York  in  his  yacht,  the  "  Dauntless,"  but 
was  beaten  by  the  English  "  Cambria,"  which  ar- 
rived onlv  two  hours  in  advance. 

BENNETT,  Milo  Lyman,  jurist,  b.  in  Sharon, 
Conn.,  in  1790 ;  d.  in  Taunton,  Mass.,  7  July,  1868. 
He  attended  at  V/illiams  and  also  Yale,  where  he 
was  graduated  in  1811.  He  studied  law  at  the 
Litchfield  law  school,  and  entered  upon  the  prac- 
tice of  his  profession  in  Burlington,  Vt.,  where  he 
resided  until   his  death.     He  became  in  1839  an 


BENNETT 


BENTON 


239 


associate  justice  of  the  supreme  court  of  the  state, 
and  retained  that  office  for  twenty  years.  He  was 
the  author  of  several  legal  text-books,  the  last  of 
which  was  "  The  Vermont  Justice." 

BENNETT,  Thomas  W.,  soldier,  b.  in  Union 
CO.,  Ind.,  16  Feb.,  1831 ;  d.  2  Feb.,  1893.  He  was 
graduated  at  the  law-school  of  Indiana  Asbury  uni- 
versity, and  began  practice.  He  was  elected  to  the 
state  senate  in  1858,  and  resigned  in  1861  to  enter 
the  national  service.  He  was  captain  in  the  15th 
Indiana  volunteers  in  April,  1861,  major  of  the 
36th  regiment  in  September,  colonel  of  the  69th 
in  August,  1862,  and  commissioned  brigadier-gen- 
eral on  5  March,  1865.  Pie  was  again  chosen  to 
the  state  senate  in  October,  1864,  and  served  till 
March,  1867.  He  was  mayor  of  Richmond,  Ind., 
from  May,  1869,  till  1871,  and  in  September  of  the 
latter  year  appointed  governor  of  Idaho  territory. 
He  resigned  this  office  4  Dec,  1875,  supposing  that 
he  had  been  elected  delegate  to  congress  as  a  re- 
publican :  but  the  house  gave  the  seat  to  his  demo- 
cratic opponent. 

BENNETT,  William  Zebiiia,  chemist,  b.  in 
Montpelier,  Vt.,  25  Feb.,  1856.  He  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  in  1878,  and  became  assistant  in  chem- 
istry at  that  university  in  September  of  the  same 
year.  He  continued  as  such  until  January,  1880, 
when  he  became  master  of  sciences  and  mathe- 
matics at  I)e  Veany  College.  During  1879  and 
1880  he  was  assistant  teacher  in  the  summer  school 
of  chemistry.  In  1880  he  became  assistant  pro- 
fessor of  chemistry,  and  in  1883  succeeded  to  the 
chair  of  natural  sciences  in  the  University  of 
Wooster.  Besides  numerous  contributions  to  sci- 
entific periodicals,  he  has  published  "  A  Plant 
Analysis  "  (Wooster,  1885). 

BENSEL,  James  Berry,  author,  b.  in  New 
York  city,  2  Aug.,  1856;  d.  there,  3  Feb.,  1886. 
When  about  eight  years  old  he  removed  with  his 
parents  to  Lynn,  Mass.,  and  most  of  his  life  was 
passed  in  that  city.  His  literary  tastes  developed 
early,  and  his  first  poems  appeared  in  print  when 
he  was  but  seventeen.  A  novel  by  him.  called 
"  King  Cophetua's  Wife,"  was  published  as  a  serial 
in  the  "  Overland  Monthly  "  in  1883,  and  a  small 
volume  of  his  poems  was  issued  in  January,  1886, 
with  the  title  "  In  the  King's  Garden."  A  second 
and  enlarged  edition  of  this  appeared  in  the  sum- 
mer of  1886.  His  life  was  full  of  hardships  and 
sorrows  more  than  most  men  are  called  to  en- 
dure, and  this  circumstance  imparted  a  tinge  of 
melancholy  to  many  of  his  poems.  His  verse  is 
always  musical,  often  highly  finished,  and  is  not 
lacking  in  either  strength  of  thought  or  delicacy 
of  expression.  Long  and  seemingly  hopeless  strug- 
gles against  adversity  and  ill  health  affected  his 
spirits  and  prevented  him  from  realizing  the  full 
extent  of  his  powers.  His  death,  in  his  thirtieth 
year,  removed  from  the  world  one  of  the  most 
promising  of  the  younger  American  poets. 

BENSON,  Eg'bert,  jurist,  b.  in  New  York  city, 
21  June,  1746 ;  d.  in  Jamaica,  Long  Island,  24  Aug., 
1833.  He  was  graduated  at  King's  college  in 
1765,  and  became  distinguished  for  eloquence  as  a 
pleader,  and  for  legal  learning.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  revolutionary  committee  of  safety,  was 
appointed  in  1777  the  first  attorney-general  of  the 
state,  and  was  elected  the  same  year  to  the  first 
state  legislature.  In  1783  he  was  one  of  the  three 
commissioners  appointed  to  direct  the  embarkation 
of  loyalists  for  Nova  Scotia  in  June  of  that  year. 
In  1788  he  took  the  lead  in  the  legislature  in  advo- 
cating the  acceptance  of  the  federal  constitution. 
He  ceased  to  be  attorney-general  of  New  York  in 
1789.     He  was  a  member  of  the  continental  con- 


gress from  1784  till  1788,  and  was  returned  to  the 
first  and  to  the  second  congress,  taking  an  active 
part  in  the  deliberations.  He  was  judge  of  the 
supreme  court  of  New  York  from  1794  till  1802, 
and  also  sat  for  a  time  on  the  federal  bench  as  a 
circuit  judge.  He  was  a  member  of  congress  again 
in  1813-'5.  From  1789  to  1802  he  was  a  regent 
of  the  New  York  university.  In  1808  he  received 
the  degree  of  LL.  D.  from  Harvard,  and  in  1811 
from  Dartmouth.  He  was  the  first  president  of 
the  New  York  historical  society,  and  author  of  a 
"  Vindication  of  the  Captors  of  Major  Andre  "  (New 
York,  1817),  and  of  a  monograph  entitled  "  Memoir 
on  Dutch  Names  of  Places  "  (1835). 

BENSON,  Eug-ene,  painter,  b.  in  Hyde  Park, 
N.  Y.,  in  1837.  He  entered  the  national  academy, 
New  York,  about  1856.  and  studied  also  with  J. 
H.  Wright,  portrait-painter,  and  afterward  in 
Paris,  Venice,  and  Rome,  devoting  himself  partic- 
ularly to  the  Venetian  masters.  His  professional 
life  has  been  for  the  most  part  spent  on  the  conti- 
nent and  in  travels  in  the  east,  Egypt,  Syria,  etc. 
He  established  his  studio  in  Florence  in  1871,  and 
removed  to  Rome  in  1883.  He  was  elected  an  as- 
sociate of  the  national  academy  in  1862.  Among 
the  better  known  of  his  pictures  are  "  Cloud  Tow- 
ers "  ;  "  Strayed  Maskers  "  (1873) ;  "  Interior  of  St. 
Mark's";  "Reverential  Anatomist "  (1876) ;  "Ba- 
zaar at  Cairo";  "Hay- Boats";  "Peasants  of  Ca- 
dore  at  Religious  Worship  "  ;  "  Market- Place, 
Egypt "  (1877) ;  "  Study  of  Girl  in  Blue  "  ;  "  Hash- 
ish-Smokers " ;  "  Slave's  Tower  "  (1878) ;  "  Thoughts 
in  Exile  "  ;  "  Reverie  "  ;  "  Making  the  Best  of  It " ; 
"Dead  Calm  on  the  Hill";  "Fire- Worshippers" 
(1879) ;  "  Mountain  Torrent  "  (1881) ;  "  Distin- 
guished Company  in  Titian's  Garden  "  ;  "  State 
Secret  in  Venice  "  (1882) ;  "  Spring  " ;  "  Art  and 
Love  "  ;  "  Afternoon  on  the  Lagoon  "  ;  "  Ariadne  " 
(1883).  Mr.  Benson  has  been  a  frequent  contribu- 
tor to  periodicals,  and  has  published  two  books  en- 
titled "  Gaspara  Stampa ;  the  Story  of  Her  Life," 
and  "  Art  and  Nature  in  Italy  "  (Boston,  1881). 

BENSON,  Henry  Clark,  clergyman,  b.  in  Ohio 
in  1815.  He  became  a  Methodist  minister  in  1842, 
joining  the  Indiana  conference,  and  in  1850  was 
elected  professor  of  Greek  in  Indiana  Asbury  uni- 
versity. In  1852  he  removed  to  California.  He 
was  editor  of  the  "  Pacific  Christian  Advocate " 
at  Portland,  Oregon,  from  1864  to  1868,  in  which 
year  he  became  editor  of  the  "  California  Advo- 
cate." For  several  years  he  labored  among  the 
Choctaw  Indians  as  a  missionary,  and  he  has  re- 
lated his  experiences  in  a  book  called  "  Life  among 
the  Choctaws."  He  has  also  published  an  essay 
on  "The  Lord's  Day,  or  the  Christian  Sabbath  the 
First  Day  of  the  Week,  not  the  Seventh." 

BENSON.  James  Rea,  Canadian  capitalist,  b. 
in  1807 :  d.  in  St.  Catherine's,  Out.,  18  March,  1885. 
He  engaged  in  commercial  pursuits  for  many 
years,  was  a  director  of  the  Imperial  bank  of  Can- 
ada, and  of  the  London  and  Canadian  loan  agency 
company,  vice-president  of  the  international  sus- 
pension bridge  company,  and  held  various  other 
offices  of  trust  in  the  commercial  world.  In  1867 
he  was  elected  to  the  Canadian  parliament  by  ac- 
clamation for  the  Niagara  division,  which  con- 
stituency he  represented  until  the  year  following, 
when  he  was  sent  to  the  senate. 

BENTON,  Jacob,  congressman,  b.  in  Water- 
ford,  Vt..  19  Aug.,  1814 ;  d.  in  Lancaster,  N.  H.,  30 
Sept.,  1892.  After  teaching  school  for  several  years 
he  studied  law  with  Chief -Justice  Bellows,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1843.  He  began  prac- 
tice at  Lancaster,  N.  II.,  made  a  high  reputation  as 
a  successful  advocate,  and  early  became  an  earnest 


240 


BENTON 


BENTON 


member  of  the  whig  party,  and  was  elected  to  the 
legislature  in  1854,  1855,  and  1856.  He  was  a 
delegate  to  the  Chicago  convention  of  1860,  and 
afterward  commanded  the  state  volunteers  as 
brigadier-general.  He  was  elected  to  congress 
from  New  Hampshire,  serving  two  terms,  from  4 
March,  1867,  till  3  March,  1871.  While  in  con- 
gress, Mr.  Benton  favored  all  efforts  to  reduce  the 
expenses  of  the  government  and  to  equalize  taxa- 
tion. Although  a  clear  and  convincing  public 
speaker,  Mr.  Benton  rarely  addi'essed  the  house. 

BENTON,  James  trilchrist,  soldier,  b.  in  Leb- 
anon, N.  H.,  15  Sept.,  1820;  d.  in  Springfield, 
Mass.,  23  Aug.,  1881.  His  father,  Calvin  Benton, 
was  a  wool-merchant  and  introduced  merino  sheep 
into  New  England.  The  son  was  graduated  at 
the  U.  S.  military  academy  in  1842,  brevetted  2d 
lieutenant  of  ordnance,  served  at  Watervliet,  N.  Y., 
arsenal  until  1848,  was  promoted  to  the  full  rank 
of  second  lieutenant,  3  March,  1847,  and  trans- 
ferred to  the  ordnance  bureau  in  Washington, 
where  he  assisted  in  preparing  the  "  System  of  Ar- 
tillery for  the  Land  Service  "  and  the  "  Ordnance 
Manual."  He  was  made  first  lieutenant,  25  March, 
1848,  served  at  Harper's  Ferry  armory  in  1849,  and 
in  the  San  Antonio  ordnance  depot,  Texas,  from 
1849  till  1852,  was  assistant  inspector  of  arsenals 
and  armories,  and  commanded  the  Charleston,  S.  C, 
arsenal  in  1853.  From  this  time  until  1857  he  was 
on  special  duty  in  Washington,  engaged  princi- 
pally in  making  experiments  that  led  to  the  adop- 
tion of  the  Springfield  rifled  musket  in  place  of 
the  old  smooth-bore.  He  was  also  a  member  of 
the  ordnance  boards  of  1854  and  1856,  then  pro- 
moted to  a  captaincy  after  fourteen  years'  continu- 
ous service,  and  appointed  instructor  of  ordnance 
and  gunnery  at  West  Point,  where  he  remained 
until  the  begirming  of  the  civil  war.  He  also  de- 
signed the  first  wrought-iron  sea-coast  gun-car- 
riage made  in  this  country,  which  was  adopted  by 
the  government,  and  has  been  in  use  ever  since. 
In  April,  1861,  Capt.  Benton  went  to  Washington 
as  principal  assistant  to  Gen.  James  W.  Ripley, 
chief  of  ordnance,  was  promoted  major  of  ord- 
nance in  1863,  and  in  the  same  year  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  ordnance  board,  when  he  was  put  in 
command  of  Washington  arsenal,  where  he  re- 
mained until  1866.  Soon  after  he  assumed  com- 
mand, when  an  explosion  took  place  in  the  old 
penitentiary,  which  had  been  transformed  into  a 
storehouse  for  ammunition,  he  entered  the  build- 
ing, and,  with  the  assistance  of  a  single  man,  suc- 
ceeded, with  his  feet  and  hands,  in  putting  out  the 
fire  in  the  loose  tow  and  rope-handles  of  the  boxes 
before  the  arrival  of  the  fire  department.  In  July, 
1864,  he  performed  another  act  of  valor  on  the  oc- 
casion of  a  similar  explosion,  when  he  entered  a 
magazine,  stripped  off  his  coat,  threw  it  over  an 
open  barrel  of  powder  that  was  in  dangerous  prox- 
imity to  the  flames,  and  carried  the  whole  in  his 
arms  to  a  place  of  safety.  For  these  services  he 
was  brevetted  lieutenant-colonel  and  colonel,  13 
March,  1865.  Among  the  improvements  made  by 
Col.  Benton  in  the  arsenal  grounds  was  cleaning 
the  canal,  an  important  sanitary  measure ;  but  the 
stirring  of  the  muddy  deposits  engendered  mala- 
ria, from  the  effects  of  which  he  never  recovered. 
In  June,  1866,  he  was  ordered  to  the  command  of 
the  national  armory  at  S]iringfield,  Mass.,  where 
he  remained  until  his  death.  The  various  models 
of  the  Springfield  rifle,  known  as  the  models  of 
1866,  1868,  1873,  and  1879,  were  made  under  his 
direction.  In  1873,  with  Cols.  Laidley  and  Cris- 
pin, he  went  under  orders  from  the  U.  S.  govern- 
ment to  Europe  to  collect  information  in  regard 


to  the  construction  of  heavy  cannon  and  other 
ordnance  manufactures.  His  report  on  this  mat- 
ter, as  well  as  his  report  on  "  Experiments  made  at 
the  National  Armory  for  the  purpose  of  revising 
and  improving  the  System  of  Small  Arms,"  was- 
published  l)y  the  government  "for  use  in  the  army 
and  (lislrihutioii  to  the  militia."  He  never  took 
out  a  patent  tor  his  inventions,  holding  that,  as  he 
had  been  educated  by  the  government,  it  was  en- 
titled to  benefit  in  every  way  by  his  time  and  tal- 
ents. Among  his  inventions  was  the  application 
of  electricity  to  determine  velocity.  Discovering, 
after  a  series  of  carefully  conducted  experiments, 
that  the  Navez  electro-ballistic  pendulum  was  too 
delicate  and  complicated  for  general  purposes,  he 
devised  an  appai'atus  with  two  pendulums  of  sim- 
ple construction,  known  as  the  Benton  electro- 
ballistic  pendulum.  This  was  adopted  by  the 
government,  and  came  largely  into  use  in  private 
factories  for  testing  powder.  Among  his  other 
inventions  were  an  improvement  in  callipers  for 
inspecting  shells ;  a  cap-filling  machine ;  the 
thread  velocimeter  for  determining  the  velocity  of 
projectiles ;  a  system  for  loading  and  manoeuvring 
barbette  guns  vinder  cover  from  the  enemy's  fire, 
by  depressing  the  muzzle  of  the  piece  and  using  a 
jointed  ramrod ;  re-enforcing-cup  for  cartridge- 
case  ;  and  spring-dynamometer.  He  published  "  A 
Course  of  Instruction  in  Ordnance  and  Gunnery" 
(New  York,  1861 ;  3d  ed.,  1873). 

BENTON,  Joel,  author,  b.  in  Amenia,  Dutch- 
ess CO.,  N.  Y.,  29  May,  1832.  He  was  educated  at 
Amenia  seminary,  leavnig  the  school  in  1851,  and 
has  devoted  himself  for  the  most  part  to  philo- 
sophic and  literary  pursuits.  As  an  essayist  and 
as  a  poet  he  has  contributed  largely  to  periodical 
literature.  Soon  after  Ralph  Waldo  Emerson's 
death  he  made  valuable  contributions  to  the  study 
of  his  works,  and  published  "  Emerson  as  a  Poet " 
(New  York,  1883). 

BENTON,  Nathaniel  Soley,  politician,  b.  in 
Cheshire  county,  N.  II.,  19  Feb.,  1792;  d.  in  Little 
Falls,  N.  Y.,  29  June,  1869.  He  was  educated  at 
Fryeburg  academy,  Maine,  having  for  one  of  his 
instructors  Daniel  Webster,  who  was  then  princi- 
pal of  the  institution.  Enlisting  in  the  war  of 
1812,  as  a  private,  he  passed  rapidly  through  the 
grades  of  ensign,  lieutenant,  and  adjutant,  and  on 
two  occasions  while  at  Plattsburg  acted  as  judge 
advocate-general.  At  the  conclusion  of  the  war 
he  studied  law,  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  in  1816 
removed  to  Little  Falls,  N.  Y.,  entering  on  the 
practice  of  his  profession.  In  1821  he  became  sur- 
rogate of  Herkimer  co.,  but  resigned  in  1828  to 
take  a  seat  in  the  state  senate.  From  1831  till 
1841  he  was  U.  S.  district  attorney  for  the  norths 
ern  district  of  New  York,  an  office  from  which  he 
was  removed  by  President  Harrison.  In  1842 
he  received  the  appointment  from  Gov.  Marcy 
of  the  judgeship  of  Plerkimer  co.,  he  being  the 
first  in  the  series  of  judges  in  that  county.  In 
1845  he  was  elected  secretary  of  state,  in  which 
office  he  contiiuied  until  by  the  adoption  of  the 
new  state  constitution  a  change  was  effected.  At 
that  time  the  state  superintendency  of  the  public 
schools  was  an  ex  officio  duty  of  the  secretary  of 
state,  but  generally  devolved  on  one  of  his  depu- 
ties. Mr.  Benton  gave  his  personal  attention  to 
the  whole  department,  and  wrought  many  bene- 
ficial changes.  From  1848  till  1855  he  was  out  of 
office,  when  he  transferred  his  allegiance  to  the 
American  party,  and  was  their  candidate  for  canal 
commissioner,  and  again  for  lieutenant-governor. 
The  party  succeeded  in  1855  in  carrying  the  state; 
as  well  as  electing  a  majority  of  the  canal  board  , 


l^€^(^^/ 


BENTON 


BENTON 


241 


and  Mr.  Benton  was  made  auditor  of  the  canal 
department.  He  immediately  secured  the  passage 
of  certain  legislative  enactments  increasing  the 
duties  as  well  as  the  power  of  the  office,  and  effect- 
ing radical  changes  and  improvements.  When 
the  "  American  party  "  died„Mr.  Benton  allied  his 
fortunes  with  the  republicans,  but  retained  his 
office  of  auditor  until  1868. 

BENTON,  Thomas  Hart,  statesman,  b.  near 
Hillsborough,  Orange  co.,  N.  C,  14  March,  1782 ; 
d.  in  Washington,  10  April,  1858.  He  was  the  son 
of  Col.  Jesse  Benton,  lawyer,  of  North  Carolina, 
who  was  private  secretary  to  Gov.  Tryon,  the  last 
of  the  royal  governors  of  North  Carolina.  His 
mother  was  Ann  Gooch,  of  the  Gooch  family  of 
Virginia.  He  was  a  cousin  of  the  wife  of  Henry 
Clay,  and  was  consequently  often  quoted  during 
his  public  life  as  a  I'elative  of  the  great  statesman 
himself.  He  lost  his  father  before  he  was  eight 
years  of  age,  and  was  left  with  a  large  family  of 
brothers  and  sisters,  all  of  tender  age,  to  the  care 
of  his  mother.  As  Thomas  was  the  eldest,  his 
opportunities  for  study  were  few.  He  was  for  some 
time  at  a  grammar-school,  and  afterward  at  the 
university  of  North  Carolina,  but  did  not  com- 
plete a  course  of  study  there,  as  his  mother  re- 
moved to  Tennessee  to  occupy  a  tract  of  40,000 
acres  that  had  been  acquired  by  his  father.  The 
family  settled  twenty-five  miles  south  of  Nashville, 
where  for  several  years  the  main  work  was  the 
opening  a  farm  in  the  wilderness.  The  place,  a 
tract  of  3,000  acres,  was  known  as  "  The  Widow 
Benton's  Settlement,"  and  was  on  the  extreme 
verge  of  civilization.  The  great  war-trail  of  the 
southern  tribes  led  through  the  estate.  Settlers 
gradually  came,  and  with  them  a  better  assured  pro- 
tection. The  place  was  called  Bentontown,  and  the 
name  is  retained  to  this  day.  Thomas  studied  law 
with  St.  George  Tucker,  entered  the  LT.  S.  army  in 
1810,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Nashville  in 
1811  under  the  patronage  of  Andrew  .Jackson,  at 
that  time  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court,  and  one  of 
his  warmest  friends.  He  was  elected  to  the  legis- 
lature, where  he  obtained  the  passage  of  a  law  for 
the  reform  of  the  judicial  system  of  the  state,  and 
another  by  which  the  right  of  trial  by  jury  was 
given  to  slaves.  In  the  war  of  1812  he  was  Jackson's 
aide-de-camp,  and  he  also  raised  a  regiment  of 
volunteers.  Owing  to  a  quarrel  in  which  his  brother 
Jesse  and  William  (afterward  Gen.)  Carroll  be- 
came involved,  he  and  his  long-time  friend  Gen. 
Jackson  became  bitterly  estranged  for  many  years. 
A  duel  had  been  arranged  between  Jesse  Benton  and 
Carroll,  and  Gen.  Jackson  was  Carroll's  second. 
Jesse  sent  an  offensive  account  of  the  matter  to 
Thomas,  who  was  then  serving  under  Gen.  Jackson 
in  his  military  capacity.  On  4  Sept.,  1813,  Jackson 
with  some  friends  happened  to  meet  the  Benton 
brothers  in  the  streets  of  Nashville.  Jackson  ad- 
vanced upon  Col.  Benton  and  struck  him  with  a 
horse-whip ;  a  melee  followed,  and  pistols  and  knives 
were  freely  used,  and  Jackson  received  a  ball  in  his 
left  shoulder,  while  Jesse  Benton  received  severe 
dirk-wounds  and  thrusts  from  a  sword-cane.  The 
president  appointed  Col.  Benton,  in  1813,  a  lieuten- 
ant-colonel in  the  U.  S.  army,  and  he  set  out  to 
serve  in  Canada,  but  peace  having  been  declared, 
he  returned  and  resigned  his  commission.  In  1815 
he  took  up  his  residence  in  St.  Louis,  and  resumed 
the  practice  of  law.  He  established  a  newspaper,  the 
"  Missouri  Inquirer,"  by  which  he  became  involved 
in  several  duels,  and  in  one  of  them  killed  his  op- 
ponent, a  Mr.  Lucas.  He  deeply  regretted  the  event, 
and  carefully  destroyed  all  the  private  papers  con- 
nected with  the  matter.    His  journal  took  a  vigor- 


ous stand  in  favor  of  the  admission  of  Missouri  to 
the  union,  notwithstanding  her  slavery  constitu- 
tion, and  at  the  end  of  the  controversy  he  was  re- 
warded for  his  eiforts  by  being  chosen,"in  1820,  one 
of  the  senators  from  the  new  state.  For  a  year  he 
devoted  himself  to  a  close  study  of  the  Spanish  lan- 
guage, in  order  to  accomplish  his  work  more  thor- 
oughly. Possessed  of  a  commanding  intellect  and 
liberal  culture,  an  assiduous  student,  resolute,  tem- 
perate, industrious,  and  endowed  with  a  memory 
whose  tenacity  was  marvellous,  he  soon  placed 
himself  among  the  leaders  in  the  national  councils. 
One  of  his  earliest  efforts  was  to  secure  a  reform 
in  the  disposition  of  the  government  lands  to  set- 
tlers. A  pioneer  himself,  he  sympathized  with 
the  demands  of  the  pioneer,  and  in  1824,  1826, 
and  1828  advocated  new  land  laws.  The  general 
distress  that  prevailed  throughout  the  country, 
and  bore  with  especial  hardship  on  the  land-pur- 
chasers of  the  west,  forced  attention  to  this  sub- 
ject. Col.  Benton  demanded :  1,  a  pre-emptive 
right  to  all  actual  settlers ;  2,  a  periodic  reduc- 
tion according  to  the  time  the  land  had  been  in 
the  market,  so  as  to  make  the  prices  correspond 
to  the  quality ;  3,  the  donation  of  homesteads  to 
impoverished  but  industrious  persons,  who  would 
cultivate  the  land  for  a  given  period  of  years. 
He  presented  a  bill  embracing  these  features,  and 
renewed  it  every  year  until  it  took  hold  upon 
the  public  mind,  and  was  at  length  substantially 
embodied  in  one  of  President  Jackson's  messages, 
which  secured  its  final  adoption.  By  his  earnest- 
ness in  advocating  this  bill  and  securing  its  final 
adoption,  he  gained  the  lasting  friendship  of  every 
pioneer  and  settler  in  the  great  west.  His  position 
in  the  senate,  and  his  firmness  as  a  supporter  of 
Jackson's  administration,  gave  him  great  influence 
with  the  democratic  party,  and  he  impressed  his 
views  upon  the  president  on  every  occasion. 

Col.  Benton  also  caused  the  adoption  of  a  bill 
throwing  the  saline  and  mineral  lands  of  Missouri, 
which  belonged  to  the  United  Statos,  open  for  oc- 
cupancy. There  was  at  this  time  a  certain  tribute 
levied  on  the  people  of  the  Mississippi  valley,  which 
proved  in  many  cases  a  most  unequal  burden  and 
was  frequently  oppressive.  One  part,  which  met 
with  more  hostility  than  any  other,  was  known  as 
the  salt-tax.  Benton  took  up  the  matter,  and  in 
the  session  of  1829-'30  delivered  such  elaborate  ar- 
guments against  the  tax,  and  followed  them  up 
with  such  success,  that  it  was  repealed.  He  was 
one  of  the  earliest  advocates  of  a  railroad  to  the 
Pacific,  and  was  prominent  in  directing  adventure 
to  explorations  in  the  far  west,  in  encouraging 
overland  transit  to  the  Pacific,  and  in  working  for 
the  occupancy  of  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia.  As 
early  as  1819  he  had  written  largely  on  these  sub- 
jects, and  on  his  entry  into  congress  renewed  his 
efforts  to  engage  the  nation  in  these  great  enter- 
prises. He  first  elaborated  the  project  of  overland 
connection,  listened  to  the  reports  of  trappers  and 
voyageurs,  and  as  science  expanded,  and  knowl- 
edge of  the  great  wilderness  toward  the  mountains 
became  more  definite,  his  views  took  form  in  the 
proposals  that  culminated  in  the  opening  of  the 
great  central  Pacific  railway.  He  also  favored 
the  opening  up  and  protection  of  the  trade  with 
New  Mexico ;  encouraged  the  establishment  of 
military  stations  on  the  Missouri,  and  throughout 
the  interior ;  and  urged  the  cultivation  of  amica- 
ble relations  with  the  Indian  tribes,  and  the  fos- 
tering of  the  commerce  of  our  inland  seas.  He 
turned  his  attention  to  the  marking  out  of  the 
great  system  of  post-roads,  and  providing  for  theii 
permanent  maintenance. 


242 


BENTON 


BENTON" 


In  the  first  annual  message  of  President  Jack- 
son strong  ground  was  taken  against  the  United 
States  bank,  then  the  depository  of  the  national 
moneys,  and  subsequently,  when  he  directed  the 
withdrawal  of  the  deposits  and  their  removal  to 
certain  state  banks,  the  'result  was  disastrous  to 
the  business  of  the  country.  Benton  took  up  the 
matter,  addressed  himself  to  a  consideration  of  the 
whole  question  of  finance,  circulating  medium, 
and  exchange,  and  urged  the  adoption  of  a  gold 
and  silver  currency  as  the  true  remedy  for  the  ex- 
isting embarrassments.  He  made  on  this  subject 
some  of  the  most  elaborate  speeches  of  his  life, 
wliich  attracted  attention  throughout  the  United 
States  and  Europe,  and  the  name  of  "  Old  Bullion  " 
was  given  to  him.  His  style  of  oratory  at  this 
period  was  unimpassioned  and  very  deliberate,  but 
overflowing  with  facts,  figures,  logical  deduction, 
and  historical  illustration.  In  later  life  he  was 
characterized  by  a  peculiar  exuberance  of  wit  and 
raciness  that  increased  with  his  years.  The  elabo- 
ration of  his  views  on  the  national  finances  paved 
the  way  for  subsequent  legislation,  and  did  much 
to  bring  about  the  present  sub-treasury  system  of 
the  United  States. 

To  Col.  Benton  is  to  be  given  the  credit  of  mov- 
ing the  famous  "  expunging  resolutions."  A  for- 
midable combination  had  been  effected  in  the  sen- 
ate, headed  by  Calhoun,  Clay,  and  Webster,  and  a 
resolution  condemning  the  president's  course  had 
been  adopted.  Benton  took  it  upon  himself  to 
have  the  resolution  expunged  from  the  records. 
From  1841  till  1851,  under  Presidents  Tyler,  Polk, 
and  Taylor,  he  participated  in  the  discussions  that 
arose  in  regard  to  the  Oregon  boundary,  the  an- 
nexation of  Texas,  and  other  important  subjects. 
The  democratic  administration  of  Mr.  Polk  was 
nominally  in  favor  of  lat.  54°  40'  N.  as  the  bound- 
ary of  Oregon,  and  his  party  had  promised  this  in 
its  platform,  but  was  opposed  with  so  much  force 
by  Mr.  Benton,  that  Mr.  Polk  acquiesced  in  his 
views  and  accepted  lat.  49°  N.  as  the  line.  By 
this  the  United  States  relinquished  a  piece  of  ter- 
ritory that  would  now  make  its  possessions  con- 
tinuous to  Alaska  and  give  it  every  harbor  on  the 
Pacific  coast.  During  the  Mexican  war  Col.  Ben- 
ton's services,  and  intimate  acquaintance  with  the 
Spanish  provinces  of  the  south,  proved  most  useful 
to  the  government.  On  his  suggestion  the  policy 
of  a  "  masterly  inactivity,"  at  first  determined 
upon  by  the  president,  was  abandoned,  and  that  of 
a  vigorous  prosecution  of  the  war  adopted  in  its 
stead.  At  one  time  it  was  proposed  by  President 
Polk  to  confer  upon  him  the  title  of  lieutenant- 
general  with  full  command  of  the  war,  in  order 
that  he  might  carry  out  his  conceptions  in  person. 
Questions  in  regard  to  slavery  were  brought  on  by 
the  acquisition  of  Mexican  territory.  These  were 
adjusted  by  the  compromise  acts  of  1850,  which 
were  introduced  by  Mr.  Clay,  were  opposed  by 
Col.  Benton,  and  defeated  as  a  whole,  but  passed 
separately.  In  the  nullification  struggle,  Benton 
became  Calhoun's  leading  democratic  opponent, 
and  their  opposition  to  each  other  increased  into  a 
life-long  animosity.  The  compromise  of  1833 
brought  a  lull  in  the  storm ;  but  the  same  views 
soon  reappeared  in  connection  with  the  far  more 
complicated  question  of  slavery.  The  Calhoun 
doctrine  was  introduced  into  the  discussion  of  the 
abolition  petitions  in  the  house  of  representatives 
in  1835,  and  was  definitely  {)resented  in  the  session 
ot  1846-'7.  On  19  Feb.,  1847,  Mr.  Calhoun,  in 
answer  to  the  "  Wilmot  proviso."  which  excluded 
slavery  from  all  territory  subsequently  to  be  ac- 
quired, introduced  resolutions  that   embodied  his 


doctrine  as  to  state  rights.  Col.  Benton,  although 
representing  a  slave  state,  would  not  deviate  from 
the  positions  he  had  maintained  on  former  occa- 
sions. He  denotinced  Calhoun's  resolution  as  a 
"  fire-brand."  Calhor.n  expressed  his  surprise, 
saying  he  expected  Benton's  support  because  he 
represented  a  slave  state.  Benton  replied  that  he 
had  no  right  to  expect  any  such  thing,  and  from 
this  moment  the  two  intellectual  giants  were 
matched  in  a  ferocious  warfare  against  each  other's 
ideas  and  interests.  The  resolutions  never  came 
to  a  vote,  but  they  were  sent  to  the  legislature  of 
every  slave  state,  were  adopted  by  several  of  them, 
and  were  made  the  basis  of  after-conflict  and  party 
organization.  It  was  Calhoun's  determination  to 
make  them  a  basis  of  instruction  to  senators  in 
congress,  and  in  his  hostility  to  Benton  he  con- 
fided them  to  certain  democrats  in  the  Missouri 
legislature  whom  he  knew  to  be  unfriendly  to  his 
re-election.  By  skilful  management  the  resolu- 
tions were  passed  in  both  branches  without  Col, 
Benton's  knowledge,  and  a  copy  was  sent  to  Wash- 
ington. He  promptly  denoiuieed  them  as  not  ex- 
pressing the  sense  of  the  people,  and  containing 
disunion  doctrines  designed  to  produce  separation 
and  disaster,  and  declared  that  he  would  appeal 
from  the  legislature  to  the  people.  On  the  ad- 
journment of  congress  he  returned  to  Missouri 
and  canvassed  every  section  of  the  state  in  a  series 
of  speeches  famed  for  their  bitterness  of  denuncia- 
tion, strength  of  exposition,  and  caustic  wit.  The 
result  was  the  return  of  a  legislature  in  1849-'50 
with  Benton  nien  in  the  plurality,  but  composed 
of  opposite  wings,  and  he  was  defeated  by  a  coali- 
tion between  his  democratic  opponents  (known  as 
"  anties  ")  and  the  whigs.  At  the  close  of  his  term 
he  therefore  retired  from  the  senate,  after  six  suc- 
cessive elections  and  thirty  years'  continuous  ser- 
vice. In  1852  he  announced  himself  a  candidate 
for  congress,  made  a  direct  appeal  to  the  people  in 
his  congressional  district,  and  was  elected  over  all 
opposition.  He  gave  his  warm  support  to  the  ad- 
ministration of  Franklin  Pierce;  but  when  the 
Calhoun  party  obtained  the  ascendency  he  with- 
drew. The  administration  then  turned  on  him, 
and  displaced  from  office  all  his  friends  through- 
out Missouri.  Soon  afterward  the  Kansas-Ne- 
braska bill  was  brought  up,  and  he  exerted  him- 
self with  all  his  strength  against  it,  delivering  a 
memorable  speech,  which  did  much  to  excite  the 
country  against  the  act,  but  failed  to  defeat  its 
passage.  At  the  next  election  he  was  not  returned 
to  congress.  Retiring  from  active  politics,  he  de- 
voted two  years  to  literary  pursuits,  when  he  be- 
came a  candidate  for  governor  in  1856,  his  old 
friends  rallied  to  his  political  standard,  and  his 
course  became  a  triumphal  procession  ;  but  a  third 
ticket  was  in  the  field,  and  by  the  dividing  of  forces 
his  election  was  lost.  In  the  presidential  election 
of  the  same  year  Col.  Benton  supported  Mr.  Bu- 
chanan in  opposition  to  his  own  son-in-law.  Col. 
Fremont,  giving  as  a  reason  that  Mr.  Buchanan,  if 
elected,  would  restore  the  principles  of  the  Jack- 
son administration,  while  he  feared  that  the  suc- 
cess of  Fremont  would  engender  sectional  parties 
fatal  to  the  permanence  of  the  union.  Afterward, 
during  the  Buchanan  administration,  he  modified 
many  of  his  opinions,  and  in  several  instances  took 
a  decided  stand  in  opposition. 

The  first  volume  of  his  '•  Thirty  Years'  View  " 
of  the  workings  of  the  government  (New  York, 
1854)  presented  a  connected  narrative  of  the  time 
from  Adams  to  Pierce,  and  dealt  particularly  with 
the  secret  political  history  of  that  period.  The 
second  and  last  volume  appeared  in  1856.      He 


/ 


a^j 


X^c^U^tc^. 


BENTON 

then  vmdertook  the  task  of  abridging  the  debates 
of  congress  from  the  foundation  of  the  government. 
Although  at  the  advanced  age  of  seventy-six,  he 
labored  at  this  task  daily,  and  brought  the  work 

down  to  the 
conclusion  of 
the  great  com- 
promise debate 
of  1850,  in 
which,  with 
Clay,  Calhoun, 
Webster,  and 
Seward,  he  had 
himself  borne 
a  conspicuous 
part.  The  last 
pages  were  dic- 
tated in  whis- 
pers after  he 
had  lost  the 
power  of  speak- 
ing aloud.  The 
work  was  pub- 
lished under  the 
title  of  "  An 
Abridgment  of  the  Debates  of  Congress  "  (15  vols.. 
New  York).  Having  completed  this  work,  Mr. 
Benton  sent  for  several  old  friends  to  bid  them 
farewell.  Among  them  was  the  president,  whom 
he  thanked  for  taking  an  interest  in  his  child,  and 
to  whom  he  said  :  "  Buchanan,  we  are  friends.  1 
supported  you  in  preference  to  Fremont,  because 
he  headed  a  sectional  party,  whose  success  would 
have  been  the  signal  for  disunion.  I  have  known 
you  long,  and  I  knew  you  would  honestly  endeavor 
to  do  right."  A  week  before  his  death  he  wrote  to 
friends  in  congress  requesting  that  neither  house 
should  take  notice  of  his  death ;  but  congress, 
nevertheless,  adjourned  for  his  funeral. 

After  becoming  senator  Col.  Benton  married 
Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Col.  James  McDowell,  of 
Virginia.  In  1H44  she  suffered  a  stroke  of  paraly- 
sis, and  from  that  time  he  was  never  known  to  go 
to  any  place  of  festivity  or  amusement.  She  died 
in  1854,  leaving  four  daughters,  the  second  of 
whom  married  Gen.  John  C.  Fremont.  Notwith- 
standing the  temptations  to  which  his  public  life 
subjected  him,  he  abstained  wholly  from  the  use 
of  tobacco,  gaming,  and  liquors,  saying  that  his 
mother  had  wished  it,  and  he  should  adhere  to  her 
wishes  through  life.  Besides  his  works  already 
mentioned,  he  published  "  An  Examination  of  the 
Dred-Scott  Case."  A  fine  bronze  statue  of  him 
has  been  erected  in  the  park  in  St.  Louis.  The 
steel  portrait  represents  him  in  early  life ;  that  in 
the  text,  as  he  appeared  in  later  years. 

BENTON,  William  Pliiiiimer,  soldier,  b.  near 
Newmarket,  Frederick  co.,  Md.,  35  Dec,  1828 ;  d.  in 
New  Orleans,  14  March,  18G7.  His  father  died 
when  he  was  four  months  old,  and  his  mother  re- 
moved to  Indiana  in  1836.  At  the  beginning  of 
the  Mexican  war,  being  then  eighteen  years  of  age, 
he  enlisted  as  private  in  a  regiment  of  mounted 
riflemen,  and  took  part  in  the  battles  of  Contreras, 
Churubusco,  Chapultepec,  and  the  capture  of  the 
city  of  Mexico.  On  his  return  to  Richmond,  Ind., 
he  re-entered  college,  finished  his  studies  as  a  law- 
yer, was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1851,  in  1852  ap- 
pointed prosecuting-attorney,  and  in  185G  made 
judge  of  the  common  pleas  court.  When  Fort 
Sumter  was  fired  upon.  Judge  Benton  was  the  first 
man  in  Wayne  co.  to  respond  to  the  president's 
call  for  75,000  men.  Twenty-four  hours  after  he 
had  begun  to  raise  his  company  he  was  on  his 
way  to  Indianapolis,  where  it  was  mustered   into 


BERG 


243 


service,  being  the  first  offered  by  Indiana.  He  was 
soon  promoted  colonel  of  the  8th  Indiana  volun- 
teers, and  commanded  at  Rich  Mountain,  where  he 
distinguished  himself  by  personal  bravery.  After 
three  months  he  was  authorized  to  re-enlist  and  re- 
organize the  regiment,  and  did  so,  reporting  to 
Gen.  Fremont,  14  Sept.,  1861.  The  regiment  was 
placed  in  the  vanguard  of  Fremont's  army,  and 
served  in  the  campaign  in  Missouri  and  Arkansas. 
He  commanded  a  brigade  at  Pea  Ridge,  and  was 
promoted  to  brigadier-general  for  gallantry.  He 
was  in  the  battles  of  Port  Gibson,  Jackson,  Cham- 
pion Hills,  Black  River  Bridge,  the  siege  of  Vicks- 
burg,  and  Mobile.  At  Jackson,  Miss.,  he  was 
wounded.  At  the  close  of  the  war  Gen.  Benton 
resigned  his  commission  and  returned  to  Richmond, 
Ind.,  to  resume  the  practice  of  law.  In  1866  he 
went  to  New  Orleans  under  government  appoint- 
ment, where  he  died. 

BENZONI,  Grirolamo,  traveller,  b.  in  Italy 
about  1520.  He  spent  many  years  in  America,  and 
in  1565  published  an  account  of  his  travels  and  ad- 
ventures, from  1541  until  1556,  entitled  "  History 
of  the  New  Worid,"  translated  by  W.  H.  Smith, 
and  republished  by  the  Hakluyt  society  (1857). 

BERARD,  Claudius,  educator,  b.  in  Bordeaux, 
Prance,  21  March,  1786;  d.  at  West  Point,  N.  Y., 
6  May,  1848.  He  was  educated  in  his  native  land, 
and  became  an  eminent  Greek  and  Latin  scholar. 
He  was  conscripted  into  the  army  of  Napoleon,  but 
had  no  taste  for  a  military  life,  and  his  father  pur- 
chased a  substitute.  From  earliest  youth  his  mind 
was  given  to  books,  and  the  martial  ardor  that 
animated  most  young  Frenchmen  in  the  days  of 
Napoleon  failed  to  affect  him.  Learning  that  his 
substitute  had  been  killed  in  the  Spanish  cam- 
paign of  1805,  he  determined  to  remove  to  the 
United  States.  He  arrived  in  New  York  in  the 
spring  of  1807,  and  soon  afterward  became  pro- 
fessor of  ancient  languages  in  Dickinson  college, 
at  Carlisle,  Pa.,  where  he  remained  until  his  ap- 

E ointment,  in  1815,  as  professor  of  French  in  the 
^  S.  military  academy  at  West  Point.  He  held 
this  chair  until  his  death,  a  period  of  over  thirty- 
three  years.  He  was  conversant  with  the  language 
and  literature  of  most  of  the  countries  of  Europe, 
and  possessed,  at  one  time,  a  copy  of  the  Bible  in 
nearly  every  language  into  which  it  had  been 
translated.  He  published  "  Legons  Frangais,"  long 
in  use  at  the  militaiy  academy  (1824),  and  "A 
Grammar  of  the  French  Language '"  (1826). — His 
daughter,  Augusta  Blanche^  b.  in  West  Point, 
N.  Y.,  29  Oct.,  1824,  has  devoted  her  life  mostly  to 
teaching  and  study,  principally  at  West  Point, 
where,  for  many  years,  she  has  been  in  charge  of 
the  post-oflice.  Miss  Berard  has  published  a 
"School  History  of  the  United  States"  (1854); 
a  "  School  History  of  England  "  (1861) ;  a  "  Manual 
of  Spanish  Art  and  Literature "  (1868) ;  and  has 
edited  and  revised  "  Goodrich's  Child's  History  of 
the  United  States  "  (1878). 

BERGr,  Joseph  Frederick,  clergyman,  b.  at 
Grace  Hill,  in  the  island  of  Antigua,  in  1812 ;  d.  in 
New  Brunswick,  N.  J..  20  July,ls71.  His  father 
was  a  Moravian  missionary,  anii  his  early  education 
was  obtained  in  the  Moravian  schools  in  England. 
In  1825  he  came  to  the  United  States  and  con- 
tinued his  studies  in  the  Moravian  school  at  Naz- 
areth, Pa.,  where  he  remained  a  few  years  as  pro- 
fessor of  chemistry.  In  1835  he  was  ordained  by 
the  synod  of  the  German  Reformed  church,  in  1837 
licensed  to  preach,  and  became  pastor  of  the  Race 
street  German  Reformed  church  in  Philadelphia, 
which  relation  he  continued  until  1852,  when  he 
became   pastor   of   the  second   Reformed   Dutch 


344 


BERGEN 


BERGH 


churcli  in  that  city.  He  was  elected  in  1861  by  the 
general  synod  of  the  Reformed  church  professor  of 
didactic  and  polemic  theology  in  the  seminary  at 
New  Brunswick,  which  chair  he  held  until '  his 
death.  In  the  early  part  of  his  ministry  he 
preached  wholly  without  notes,  and  as  many  as 
two  hundred  persons  have  applied  for  membership 
in  his  church  at  one  time.  A  challenge  was  once 
given  the  clergy  of  the  city  of  Philadelphia  by 
George  Barker,  a  noted  infidel  debater  and  orator, 
to  discuss  the  inspiration  and  authenticity  of  the 
scriptures.  Two  able  clergymen  had  already  been 
defeated  in  the  debate,  when  Dr.  Berg  entered  the 
lists.  In  the  discussion,  so  completely  was  Barker 
defeated  that  he  gave  up  the  contest,  and,  as  a 
result  of  Dr.  Berg's  reasoning,  shortly  after  was 
converted,  and  became  an  active  advocate  of  the 
faith  he  had  so  long  labored  to  destroy.  Dr.  Berg 
published  "  Lectures  on  Romanism "  (1840) ; 
"  Synopsis  of  the  Theology  of  Peter  Dens,"  trans- 
lated from  the  Latin  with  notes  (1840) ;  "  Papal 
Rome  "  (1841) ;  anonymous  pamphlets  :  "  A  Voice 
from  Rome";  "History  of  the  Holy  Robe  of 
Treves " ;  "  Oral  Controversy  with  a  Catholic 
Priest "  (1843) ;  "  Rome's  Policy  toward  the  Bible  " 
(1844) ;  "  The  Pope  and  the  Presbyterians  "  (1844) ; 
"  Old  Paths ;  or,  a  Sketch  of  the  Order  and  Dis- 
cipline of  the  Reformed  Church  before  the  Refor- 
mation "  (Philadelphia,  1845) ;  "  Plea  for  the  Divine 
Law  against  Murder"  (1846);  "Mysteries  of  the 
Inquisition  and  other  Secret  Societies,"  translated 
from  the  French  (1846);  "Reply  to  Archbishop 
Hughes  on  the  Doctrines  of  Protestantism  "  (1850) ; 
"  Expose  of  the  Jesuits  "  ;  "  The  Inquisition  " ; 
"Church  and  State;  or,  Romish  Influence,"  a 
prize  essay ;  "  Farewell  Words  to  the  German  Re- 
formed Church,"  and  a  vindication  of  the  same  in 
reply  to  J.  W.  Nevin  (1852) ;  "  Prophecy  and  the 
Times  "  (1856) ;  "  The  Stone  and  the  Image  "  (1856) ; 
"  Demons  and  Guardian  Angels."  being  a  refuta- 
tion of  spiritualism  (1856);  "The  Olive-Branch ; 
or,  White-Oak  Farm,"  a  conservative  view  of 
slavery,  a  novel  (1857);  and  translations  of  Van 
Horn's  German  tales,  "  P]urope  and  America  in 
Prophecy  "  (1858).— His  only  son,  Herman  Casper, 
a  clergyman  of  the  Reformed  church,  who  was 
graduated  at  Rutgers  in  1866,  was  in  charge  of  a 
congregation  at  College  Point,  N.  Y.,  in  1886. 

BERGEN,  Joseph  Young,  Jr.,  educator,  b.  in 
Red  Beach,  Me.,  22  Feb.,  1851.  He  was  graduated 
at  Antioch  College  in  1872,  after  which  he  spent 
some  time  on  the  Ohio  Geological  Survey.  Later  he 
became  professor  of  natural  sciences  in  Lombard 
University,  becoming,  in  1883,  principal  of  the  Pea- 
body  (Mass.)  High  School.  He  is  a  regular  con- 
tributor to  the  "Journal  of  Education,"  and  has 
written  for  the  "Engineering  and  Mining  Jour- 
nal." He  is  joint  author  with  his  wife  of  "  The 
Development  Theory  :  the  Study  of  Evolution  sim- 
plified for  General  Readers  "  (Boston,  1884). — His 
wife,  Fanny  Dickerson,  educator,  b.  in  Mansfield, 
Ohio,  4  Feb.,  1846,  was  graduated  at  Antioch  col- 
lege in  1875.  In  1876  she  organized  a  day-school 
of  individual  instruction  in  connection  with  the 
Chicago  Athenjeum,  which  subsequent  illness  com- 
pelled her  to  relinquish.  She  also  taught  in  Mans- 
field, in  Cleveland,  Ohio,  for  some  time  in  Antioch 
College,  and  afterward  in  Chicago,  where  she  had 
charge  of  the  natural  sciences  in  a  large  private 
school,  but  was  compelled  through  illness  to  give 
up  teaching.  Mrs.  Bergen  has  dramatized  Long- 
fellow's poem  of  "  Miles  Standish  "  (Boston,  1883). 
She  is  a  regular  contributor  to  the  "American 
Teacher"  and  the  "Journal  of  Education,"  and 
has  written  for  other  periodicals. 


BERGH,  Henry,  founder  of  the  American  so- 
ciety for  the  prevention  of  cruelty  to  animals,  b.  in 
New  York  city,  8  May,  1820 ;  d.  there,  12  March, 
1888.  His  father,  Christian,  was  ship-builder  for 
several  years  in  the  service  of  the  government,  and 
died  in  1843,  leaving  his  fortune  to  his  three  chil- 
dren. Henry  entered  Columbia,  but,  before  he  had 
finished  the  course,  made  a  visit  to  Europe,  where 
he  remained  about  five  years.  In  1862  he  was  ap- 
pointed secretary  of  legation  at  St.  Petersburg, 
and  acting  vice-consul.  Being  obliged  by  reason 
of  the  severity  of  the  climate  to  resign  his  oflBce  in 
1864,  he  travelled 
extensively  in 
Europe  and  the 
east.  On  his  re- 
turn he  deter- 
mined to  devote 
the  remainder  of 
his  life  to  the  in- 
terests of  dumb 
animals.  Alone, 
in  the  face  of  in- 
difference, oppo- 
sition, and  ridi- 
cule, he  began  a 
reform  that  is 
now  recognized 
as  one  of  the  be- 
neficent move- 
ments of  the  age. 
Through  his  ex- 
ertions as  a 
speaker  and  lec- 
turer, but  above 
all     as    a    bold 

worker  in  the  street,  in  the  court-room,  and  before 
the  legislature,  the  cause  he  had  espoused  gained 
friends  and  rapidly  increased  in  influence.  Cruel- 
ties witnessed  in  Europe  first  suggested  his  mission. 
The  legislature  passed  the  laws  prepared  by  him, 
and  on  10  April,  1866,  the  society  was  legally  organ- 
ized, with  him  as  president.  The  association  moved 
steadily  forward,  and  by  August  was  in  a  flour- 
ishing condition  financially,  having  received  a 
vahuxble  property  from  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Bergh.  The 
work  of  the  society  covers  all  cases  of  cruelty  to 
all  sorts  of  animals.  It  employs  every  moral 
agency,  social,  personal,  and  legislative ;  it  touches 
points  of  vital  concern  to  health  as  well  as  to 
hximaTiity ;  it  looks  after  the  transportation  of 
cattle  intended  for  market ;  it  examines  into  the 
purity  of  milk ;  and  fixes  the  times  and  manner  of 
slaughtering  animals  for  food.  The  society  has  a 
large  and  influential  membership,  and  it  has  made 
many  friends  and  received  many  gifts.  In  the  city 
of  New  York  its  officers  are  constituted  special 
policemen,  with  authority  to  arrest  any  person 
found  practising  cruelty  of  any  kind  to  animals. 
In  1871  a  Parisian,  Louis  Bonard,  who  lived 
with  extreme  simplicity  in  New  York,  died  and 
left  $150,000  to  the  society,  which  permitted  a 
removal  to  quarters  larger  and  better  adapted  to 
the  work.  A  building  at  the  corner  of  Fourth 
avenue  and  22d  street.  New  York  city,  was  pur- 
chased and  altered  to  make  it  suitable  for  the  pur- 
poses of  the  society.  By  the  courtesy  of  the  district 
attorney  of  New  York  Mr.  Bergh  was  authorized 
by  the  attorney  general  to  represent  him  in  all 
cases  appertaining  to  the  laws  for  the  protection  of 
animals.  During  1873  he  made  a  lecturing  tour  in 
the  west,  which  resulted  in  the  formation  of  several 
societies  similar  to  that  in  New  York.  He  spoke 
before  the  Evangelical  Alliance  and  Episcopal  con- 
vention, and  was  the  means  of  having  a  new  canon 


BERGIN 


BERKELEY 


245 


confirmed,  to  the  eiJect  that  Protestant  Episcopal 
clergyman  should  at  least  once  a  year  preach  a 
sermon  on  cruelty  and  mercy  to  animals.  One  of 
the  outgrowths  of  his  work  is  the  ambulance  corps 
for  removing  disabled  animals  from  the  street,  and 
a  derrick  to  rescue  them  from  excavations  into 
which  they  may  fall.  He  is  also  the  originator  of  an 
ingenious  invention,  which  substitutes  artificial  for 
live  pigeons  as  marks  for  the  sportsman's  gun.  Mr. 
Bergh  receives  no  salary,  but  gives  his  time  and  en- 
ergies freely  to  the  work.  At  the  beginning  of  this 
reform,  no  state  or  territory  of  the  United  States 
contained  any  statute  relating  to  the  protection  of 
animals  from  cruelty.  At  present  (1886)  thirty- 
nine  states  of  the  Union  have  adopted  substantially 
the  original  laws  procured  by  him  from  the  legisla- 
ture of  New  York ;  to  which  may  be  added  Brazil 
and  the  Argentine  Republic.  The  society  is  now  in 
the  twenty-first  year  of  its  existence,  is  out  of  debt 
and  self-sustaining.  By  reason  of  its  fidelity,  dis- 
cretion, and  humanity,  it  is  everywhere  recognized 
as  a  power  in  the  land  for  good.  In  1874  he  rescued 
a  little  girl  from  inhuman  treatment,  and  this  led 
to  the  founding  of  a  Society  for  the  Prevention  of 
Cruelty  to  Children.  Mr.  Bergh  has  written  sev- 
eral plays,  one  of  which  was  acted  in  Philadelphia. 
He  has  also  published  a  volume  of  tales  and  sketches 
entitled  "  The  Streets  of  New  York  "  ;  a  drama  en- 
titled "  Love's  Alternative  "  ;  "  The  Portentous 
Telegram  "  ;  "  The  Ocean  Paragon,"  and  "  Married 
Off,"  a  poem  (London,  1859). 

BERCJIN,  Darby,  Canadian  physician,  b.  in 
Toronto,  7  Sept.,  1830.  He  was  graduated  in  med- 
icine at  McGill  college  in  1847.  He  entered  the 
volunteer  military  service  as  captain  of  a  com- 
pany raised  by  him  during  the  "  Trent "  difficulty 
in  1861 ;  became  a  major  in  1866,  and  promoted 
in  1869  to  be  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  59th  Stor- 
mount  and  Glengarry  battalion.  He  was  appoint- 
ed surgeon-general  of  the  Dominion  troops  during 
the  Riel  rebellion  of  1885.  He  entered  parlia- 
ment as  a  conservative  in  1872,  and  was  returned 
for  the  same  constituency  (Cornwall)  in  1878.  In 
1881  he  was  elected  president  of  the  medical  coun- 
cil of  Ontario,  and  in  1885  president  of  the  college 
of  physicians  and  surgeons  of  Ontario. 

BERGMANN,  Carl,  musician,  b.  in  Ebersbach, 
Saxony,  in  1821 ;  d.  in  New  York,  10  Aug.,  1876. 
The  rebellion  of  1848  obliged  him  to  flee  his  na- 
tive land,  and  he  came  to  New  York.  In  1850-'2 
he  was  the  conductor  of  the  Gerraania  society. 
He  organized  and  conducted  the  great  German 
music  festival,  held  in  the  Winter  Garden  theatre, 
in  1855,  and  in  1856  introduced  German  opera  at 
Niblo's  garden.  He  afterward  became  the  con- 
ductor of  German  and  Italian  opera  in  New  York, 
and  was  for  a  time  the  leader  of  the  Arion  (sing- 
ing) society.  Prof.  Bergmann  excelled  as  a  player 
of  the  violoncello  and  the  piano,  and  composed  or- 
chestral pieces.  He  was  conductor  of  the  concerts 
of  the  philharmonic  society  in  New  York  for  sev- 
eral vears  preceding  his  death. 

BERGOSA  Y  JORDAN,  Antonio  (ber-go  -sa), 
Spanish  prelate,  b.  in  Jaca,  Spain,  late  in  the  18th 
century.  He  was  reporting  counsellor  to  the  su- 
preme inquisition,  inquisitor  of  the  court  of  New 
Spain,  bishop  of  Oaxaca,  and  then  archbishop  of 
Guatemala  and  Mexico.  During  the  invasion  of 
Spain  by  the  French  and  the  captivity  of  King 
Ferdinand  VII.  in  1808,  Archbishop  Bergosa  was 
for  some  time  also  governor  ad  interim  of  the  ter- 
ritories that  were  under  liis  religious  jurisdiction. 

BERING,  Vitus,  navigator,  b.  in  Horsens,  Den- 
mark, in  1680:  d.  on  Behring  island,  8  Dec,  1741. 
He  entered  the  Russian  navy  in  1704,  was  made  a 


captain  by  Peter  the  Great,  and  distinguished  him- 
self in  the  war  with  Sweden.  He  commanded  an 
expedition  to  the  northern  seas  in  1725,  and  in 
1728  Peter  the  Great,  who  was  anxious  to  find  out 
whether  the  continents  of  Asia  and  America  were 
connected,  sent  him  on  an  expedition  for  that  pur- 
pose. The  exploration  was  continued  for  several 
years,  and  Bering  discovered  the  strait  that  bears 
his  name.  On  4  June,  1741,  he  set  sail  again  with 
two  vessels,  and  discovered  a  part  of  the  North 
American  coast,  supposed  to  be  New  Norfolk.  Al- 
though Bering  never  knew  that  he  had  seen  Amer- 
ica, his  discoveries  were  the  foundation  of  Russia's 
claim  to  the  northwestern  part  of  the  continent. 
On  this  last  expedition  Bering  sailed  as  far  north 
as  lat.  69°;  but  stormy  weather  and  sickness  among 
his  crew  compelled  him  to  return,  and  he  was 
wrecked  on  the  desolate  island  that  is  now  known 
by  his  name.  Bering  also  founded  the  settlement 
of  Petropaulovski  in  Kamtchatka.  See  "Nou- 
velles  decouvertes  faites  des  Russes  entre  I'Asie  et 
I'Amerique  "  (Paris,  1781). 

BERISTAIN,  Joaquin  (ber-is-tine'),  Mexican 
musician,  called  the  Mexican  Bellini,  b.  in  the  city 
of  Mexico,  20  Aug.,  1817;  d.  there  in  October, 
1839.  He  left  several  beautiful  compositions,  es- 
pecially an  overture  called  "  La  Primavera  "  and  a 
mass,  which  are  still  played.  His  melodies  are  del- 
icate and  full  of  pathos.  "Versos  de  Orquesta 
en  octavo  tono  obligados  a  piston "  is  the  name 
given  by  Beristain  to  another  of  his  sacred  pieces. 

BERISTAIN,  Mariano  (bay-ris-tine'),  Mexican 
bibliographer,  b.  in  Puebla.  23  March,  1756  ;  d.  in 
the  city  of  Mexico,  23  March,  1817.  He  studied  in 
his  native  city,  went  to  Spain  to  finish  his  educa- 
tion, and  was  graduated  there  in  theology.  Charles 
III.  appointed  him  professor  of  theology  in  the 
university  of  Valladolid,  and  afterward  Beristain 
went  to  Mexico  to  fill  several  high  offices  in  the 
cathedral  and  in  the  archbishopric,  which  he 
twice  governed  ad  interim.  He  was  strongly  op- 
posed to  the  Mexican  revolution.  He  left  a  work 
entitled  "  Biblioteca  Hispano-Americana  septentri- 
onal," a  collection  of  biographical  and  biblio- 
graphical articles,  the  first  book  of  the  kind  pub- 
lished in  Mexico  or  Central  America. 

BERKELEY,  George,  British  clergyman,  b.  in 
Kilcrin,  near  Thomastown,  Kilkenny,  Ireland,  12 
March,  1684;  d.  in  Oxford,  England,  14  Jan.,  1753. 
He  was  educated  at  Trinity  college,  Dublin,  and 
in  1707  became  a  fellow  in  that  institution  and  a 
clergyman  of  the  established  church.  He  made 
two  prolonged  tours  on  the  continent,  and  in  1724 
became  dean  of  Derry.  The  dean  issued  in  1725 
"  a  proposal  for  the  better  supplying  of  churches  in 
our  foreign  plantations,  and  for  converting  the 
savage  Americans  to  Christianity,  by  a  college  to 
be  erected  in  the  Summer  islands,  otherwise  called 
the  isles  of  Bermudas."  The  concluding  sen- 
tence of  the  proposal  is  this :  "  A  benefaction  of 
this  kind  seems  to  enlarge  the  very  being  of  a 
man,  extending  it  to  distant  places  and  future 
times ;  inasmuch  as  unseen  countries  and  after- 
ages  may  feel  the  effects  of  his  bounty,  while  he 
himself  reaps  the  reward  in  the  blessed  society  of 
all  those  who,  having  turned  many  to  righteous- 
ness, shine  as  tlie  stars  for  ever  and  ever."  The 
project  inspired  the  well-known  verses,  "On  the 
Prospect  of  Planting  Arts  and  Learning  in  Amer- 
ica"— four  lines  of  which  are  familiar  to  all  who 
know  the  history  of  education  in  the  new  world  : 

"  Westward  the  course  of  empire  takes  its  way ; 
The  first  four  acts  already  past, 
A  fifth  shall  close  the  drama  with  the  day ; 
Time's  noblest  offspring  is  the  last." 


246 


BERKELEY 


BERKELEY 


These  lines  were  quoted  by  Gulian  C.  Verplanck. 
of  New  York,  in  an  adfli-ess  delivered  in  1818, 
with  the  remark  tliat  he  did  not  remember  hav- 
ing "  seen  or  heard  the  verses  referred  to  in  this 
country."  In  spite  of  opposition  from  Sir  Rob- 
ert Walpole,  then  cliief  minister,  Berkeley  per 
suaded  the  English  government  to  promise  a 
grant  of  £20,000,  for  the  foundation  of  the  pro- 
posed college  of  St.  Paul's  in  the  Bermudas,  and 
full  of  enthusiasm  and  courage  ho  sailed  from 
Gravesend  17  Sept.,  1728,  expecting  to  begin  the 
seminary  and  assume  its  presidency.  He  arrived 
at  Newport,  R.  L,  23  Jan.,  1729,  "  with  a  view  at 
settling  a  correspondence  there  for  supplying  his 
college  with  provisions,"  and  awaiting  also  the 
promised  financial  support.  He  bought  a  farm, 
which  he  named  Whitehall,  erected  upon  it  a 
small  house,  engaged  in  correspondence  and  study, 
composed  one  of  his  most  famous  treatises,  "  Alci- 
phron,  or  the  Minute  Philosopher,"  preached  oc- 
casionally, and  longed  in  vain  for  the  expected  en- 
dowment. It  is  said  that  he  became  convinced 
that  the  Bermudas  was  not  the  best  site,  and  that 
he  woidd  have  gladly  substituted  for  it  some  place 
upon  the  mainland.  It  appears  that  he  learned 
but  little  of  this  country  by  travel,  but  many 
leading  men  came  to  see  him  in  his  philosopher's 
retreat,  and  gave  him  just  ideas  of  the  state  of 
religion  and  education.  Foremost  among  this 
number  was  Samuel  Johnson,  then  a  minister  of 
the  Episcopal  church  at  Stratford,  Conn.,  formerly 
a  tutor  at  Yale,  and  afterward  president  of  King's 
college,  New  York  (now  Columbia).  Jared  Eliot, 
a  Congregationalist  minister  in  Connecticut,  and  a 
trustee  of  Yale,  was  another  of  Berkeley's  Amer- 
ican friends.  To  them,  but  especially  to  Dr.  John- 
son, the  credit  seems  due  of  interesting  Berkeley 
in  Yale.  Wearied  by  the  long  delays  of  the  gov- 
ernment, and  at  length  assured  that  Walpole  had 
no  intention  of  giving  him  the  promised  support, 
Berkeley  gave  up  his  residence  in  Newport  and  set 
sail  for  England,  embarking  at  Boston  i'"i  Septem- 
ber, 1731,  just  three  years  after  his  departure  from 
England.  In  the  summer  after  his  return  to  his 
native  land,  Berkeley  executed  an  instrument  by 
which  he  conveyed  to  Yale  the  Whitehall  farm ; 
and  after  some  slight  changes  in  the  conditions 
had  been  agreed  on,  he  renewed  the  deed  and 
dated  it  17  Aug.,  1733.  This  indenture  provided 
that  the  income  from  the  property  should  be  ap- 
plied to  the  maintenance  of  three  students  of  the 
said  college,  during  the  time  between  their  first 
and  second  degree,  such  students  to  be  known  as 
"  scholars  of  the  house,"  to  be  elected  by  the  head 
of  the  college  jointly  with  the  senior  Episcopal 
missionary  of  Connecticut,  after  an  examination 
in  Latin  and  Greek.  Other  details  were  prescribed, 
and  the  instrument  is  a  very  interesting  paper, 
as  introducing  to  this  country  the  usage  of  gradu- 
ate scholarships  and  of  competitive  examinations 
for  special  honors.  Any  sui-plus  of  money,  aris- 
ing from  vacancies  in  the  scholarships,  was  to 
be  laid  out  in  Greek  and  Latin  books  for  the 
encouragement  of  undergraduates  who  should 
exhibit  their  skill  in  Latin  composition.  The 
Berkelian  scholarships  and  prizes  thus  established 
have  been  regularly  awaixled  since  1738,  and 
the  list  of  those  who  have  received  these  honors 
includes  the  names  of  some  of  the  most  distin- 
guished graduates  of  Yale.  The  Whitehall  farm 
was  rented  by  the  college  in  1762  for  a  period  of 
999  years.  In  addition  to  this  gift,  Berkeley  sent 
to  Yale  a  collection  of  books,  given  by  himself  and 
several  gentlemen  who  had  been  subscribers  to  his 
pi'ojeeted   college.     This  was  doubtless   the  best 


collection  of  books  that  had  then  been  brought  to 
this  country.  Its  value  was  estimated  at  £500. 
It  included  copies  of  the  chief  classical  writings, 
folio  editions  of  the  apostolic  fathers,  great  histori- 
cal works  like  Baronius,  the  Acta  Eruditorum,  the 
Elzevir  republics,  important  apparatus  for  the  study 
of  the  Bible,  books  of  mathematical,  physical,  and 
medical  science,  modern  English  literature,  Shake- 
speare, Milton,  Addison,  Ben  Jonson,  Pope,  Gay, 
etc.  Most  of  the  volumes  may  still  be  identified 
in  the  library  of  Yale.  Berkeley  also  gave  some 
valuable  books  to  Harvard,  and  wrote  a  letter  of 
advice  in  respect  to  the  establishment  of  a  college 
in  New  York.  Three  years  after  his  return  to  the 
old  world  he  became  bishop  of  Cloyne,  and  many 
years  later  he  declined  to  be  translated  to  the  see  of 
Clogher.  His  health  having  been  impaired,  he  re- 
moved in  1752  to  the  university  of  Oxford,  where 
he  died.  His  body  is  buried  in  Christ  church. 
His  philosophical  writings  are  still  widely  read. 
The  name  of  Berkeley  is  honored  not  only  in  New 
Haven,  where  a  memorial  window  in  the  Battell 
chapel  has  lately  been  placed,  and  where  his 
prizes  are  annually  bestowed,  but  also  in  other 
seminaries  far  and  wide  through  the  land.  A 
school  of  divinity,  established  at  Middletown, 
Conn.,  by  Bishop  Williams,  bears  the  name  of 
Berkeley.  Another  interesting  tribute  to  his  mem- 
ory has  been  given  by  the  promoters  of  liberal 
education  in  California.  The  site  of  the  state 
university,  opposite  the  Golden  Gate,  is  named 
Berkeley.  Upon  one  of  its  walls  hangs  a  full- 
length  ])ortrait  of  the  philosopher,  copied  by  John 
F.  Weir,  from  Smybert's  portrait,  which  is  owned 
by  Yale.  Thanks  to  the  suggestions  of  Frederick 
Billings,  who  proposed  the  name  and  gave  the 
portrait,  Berkeley,  whose  enterprise  upon  the  At- 
lantic seaboard  came  to  naught  in  the  middle  of 
the  last  century,  is  now  held  in  perpetual  remem- 
brance upon  the  Pacific  coast  by  the  grateful  stu- 
dents of  a  thriving  university.  Berkeley's  influence 
at  Newport  in  the  formation  of  the  Redwood  library 
should  not  be  forgotten,  nor  his  gift  of  an  organ 
to  Trinity  church.  In  1886  a  memorial  chapel 
was  dedicated  at  Newport,  R.  I.,  Bishop  Clark  offi- 
ciating. The  funds  for  its  erection  were  raised  by 
private  subscription,  largely  among  the  summer 
residents  of  Newport.  It  is  beautifully  decorated 
with  memorial  windows,  and  is  a  fitting  tribute  to 
the  memory  of  the  distinguished  man  whose  name 
it  bears,  and  whose  influence  was  so  closely  identi- 
fied with  the  early  history  of  the  town.  Valuable 
original  papers  by  Dean  Berkeley  are  in  the  posses- 
sion of  Yale  college.  See  Beardsley's  "  Ecclesiasti- 
cal History  of  Connecticut  "  (New  York,  1865) ;  and 
his  "Life  of  Samuel  Johnson"  (1874);  papers  by 
D.  C.  Oilman  in  "Hours  at  Home"  (1865),  and  in 
the  "  Proceedings  of  the  New  Haven  Colony  His- 
torical Society"  (1865);  letters  of  Berkeley  in  the 
"  Churchman's  Magazine  "  (vol.  vii.) ;  Prof.  Eraser's 
"Life  and  Works  of  Berkeley"  (4  vols.,  Oxford, 
England,  1871);  and  Noah  Porter's  discourse  on 
"Bishof)  George  Berkeley"  (New  York,  1885). 

BERKELEY,  John,"  iron-founder.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  family  whose  seat  is  Beverstone 
Castle,  Gloucester,  England,  and  became  manager 
of  the  first  iron-works  established  in  America. 
These  works  were  undertaken  by  the  London  com- 
pany, which  in  1619  sent  over  150  skilled  artisans 
froiii  Warwickshire,  Staffordshire,  and  Sussex. 
The  establishment  was  on  the  west  bank  of  Falling 
creek,  a  branch  of  James  river.  Va.,  about  thirty-two 
miles  from  the  sea.  Three  of  the  master-workmen 
died,  and  in  1621  Berkeley  with  his  son  Maurice 
and  a  re-enforcement  of  twenty  men  came  over  to 


BERKELEY 


BERNARD 


247 


advance  the  enterprise.  A  considerable  village 
grew  up  around  Palling  creek :  but  in  May,  1622, 
at  a  time  of  supposed  peace,  the  Indians  fell  upon 
the  settlement,  and  out  of  a  total  population  of  347 
persons  only  a  boy  and  a  girl  escaped  the  general 
massacre.  The  iron -works  and  a  glass-furnace 
were  demolished,  and  many  years  passed  before 
any  attempt  was  made  to  revive  these  industries. 

BERKELEY,  Sir  William,  colonial  governor 
of  Virginia,  b.  near  London,  England,  July,  1GU8  ; 
d.  in  Twickenham,  13  July,  1677.  He  was  a  son  of 
Sir  Maurice  Berkeley,  and  brother  of  Lord  John 
Berkeley,  of  Stratton,  colonial  proprietary.  He 
was  graduated  at  Oxford  in  1623,  and  devoted  him- 
self to  extensive  travel  in  Europe.  In  1630  he  re- 
turned, an  accomplished  cavalier  and  courtier ;  was 
made  one  of  the  commissioners  of  Canada  in  1632, 
and,  returning  to  England  with  a  high  reputation 
for  knowledge  and  experience,  became  a  gentle- 
man of  the  privy  chamber  to  Charles  I.  On  9 
Aug.,  1641,  he  was  commissioned  governor  of  Vir- 
ginia. In  1642  he  arrived,  and,  by  various  salutary 
measures,  aided  by  his  prepossessing  manners,  ren- 
dered himself  acceptable  to  the  people.  Diu-ing 
the  Cromwellian  disturbances  in  England,  Gov. 
Berkeley  took  the  royal  side,  and,  when  the  parlia- 
mentarians gained  the  ascendency,  he  offered  an 
asylum  in  Virginia  to  gentlemen  who  had  been 
loyal  to  the  king.  The  new  parliament  immedi- 
ately sent  a  fleet  to  the  colony  to  punish  him ;  but, 
unable  to  offer  resistance,  he  displayed  such  shrewd- 
ness as  well  as  courage,  that  when  the  fleet  ap- 
peared in  James  river,  in  1651,  he  succeeded  in 
making  terms  so  satisfactory  to  both  parties  that, 
although  he  was  forced  to  resign  his  authority,  he 
received  permission  to  remain  on  his  own  plan- 
tation. Through  his  management  Virginia  was 
among  the  last  of  the  colonial  possessions  to  ac- 
knowledge the  authority  of  Cromwell.  On  the 
death  of  Samuel  Mathews,  governor  of  Virginia. 
Berkeley  was  elected  to  the  office,  and  received 
his  commission  from  Charles  IL  soon  after  the 
restoration.  His  conduct  in  reference  to  the  so- 
called  rebellion  of  Natlianiel  Bacon,  in  refusing  a 
commission  and  liampering  Bacon  by  every  means 
in  his  power;  his  faithlessness  and  obstinacy  in 
dealing  with  the  Indian  question,  which  had  be- 
come of  vital  moment  to  the  settlers ;  and  his 
extreme  severity  to  the  followers  of  Bacon  after 
Bacon's  death,  which  in  itself  was  not  without 
suspicion,  caused  him  to  lose  popularity.  This 
intensified  his  bitterness,  and  he  caused  Bacon's 
adherents  to  be  arrested,  tried,  and  executed  in 
such  a  hurried  and  indecent  manner  that  the  as- 
sembly arose  in  remonstrance.  The  king  himself 
is  reported  to  have  exclaimed,  "  The  old  fool  has 
taken  more  lives  in  his  naked  country  than  I  have 
taken  for  my  father's  murder,"  and  in  1665  de- 
manded his  return.  Nevertheless,  Berkeley  con- 
tinued to  administer  the  affairs  of  Virginia  for  the 
next  eleven  years.  Religious  tolerance  was  not 
one  of  his  virtues,  and  the  state  papers  show  that 
he  put  much  pressure  on  Quakers.  A  board  of 
commissioners  was  sent  out  by  royal  mandate  to 
examine  into  the  condition  of  the  colony,  and  in 
one  of  his  replies  he  is  quoted  as  saying,  "  Thank 
God !  there  are  no  free  schools  nor  printing- 
presses,  and  I  hope  there  will  be  none  for  a  hun- 
dred years ;  for  learning  has  brought  disobedience, 
and  heresy,  and  sects  into  the  world,  and  printing 
has  divulged  these  and  other  libels."  Through  the 
influence  of  the  planters  he  was  obliged  to  obey 
the  recall,  and  in  1676  he  returned  to  England, 
but  died  before  he  had  an  interview  with  the  king. 
He  published  "  The  Lost  Lady ;  a  Tragi-Comedy  " 


(London,  1638),  which  is  included  in  the  first  and 
fourth  editions  of  Dodsley's  "  Old  Plays,"  and  "  A 
Description  of  Virginia"  "(1663). 

BERLINER,  Eniile,  inventor,  b,  in  Hanover, 
Germany,  20  May,  1851.  He  was  graduated  at 
Samson  college,  Wolfenbilttel,  in  1865.  He  came 
to  this  country  in  1870  and  settled  in  Washington, 
D.  C,  in  1882.  From  1879  to  1882  he  was  chief 
instrument  inspector  of  the  Bell  telephone  com- 
pany. He  discovered  early  in  1877  the  loose  con- 
tact principle  of  the  modern  telephone  transmitter, 
independently  made  known  by  Hughes  in  England 
in  the  autumn  of  that  year.  He  also  introduced 
the  use  of  induction-coils  in  telephone  transmit- 
ters and  is  the  patentee  of  other  inventions. 

BERMUDEZ,  Jose  Manuel  (ber-moo'-deth), 
Peruvian  scholar,  b.  in  Tarma  about  1760;  d.  in 
Lima  in  1830.  He  was  vicar  of  Huanecico  for  four- 
teen years,  then  went  to  Lima,  filling  several  im- 
portant offices ;  was  appointed  canon  in  1812,  dep- 
uty for  Tarma,  and  judge  of  the  provincial  dep- 
utation from  1814  till  1820,  and  chancellor  of  the 
university  in  1819.  When  Viceroy  La  Serna  or- 
ganized the  board  of  pacification  during  the  revo- 
lutionary war,  Bermiidez,  being  a  distinguished 
orator,  thoroughly  acquainted  with  all  the  ques- 
tions then  at  issue  and  with  the  history  of  his 
country,  was  made  a  member.  He  made  a  special 
study  of  the  Quechua  language,  and  wrote  a  gram- 
mar, an  orthographical  treatise,  and  a  correct  and 
rich  dictionary  of  that  language.  These  works  were 
published  in  1793. 

BERMUDEZ,  Juan  (ber-moo'-deth),  Spanish 
navigator  of  the  16th  century.  His  fame  is  chiefly 
due  to  his  discovery  of  the  Bermuda  islands  (1522), 
which  are  named  in  his  honor. 

BERNAL,  Calixto  (berr-nahl'),  Cuban  jurist,  b. 
in  Puerto  Principe,  Cuba,  in  1804.  He  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1822.  In  1841  he  went  to 
Madrid,  Spain,  where  he  spent  the  remainder  of 
his  life.  There  he  published  his  "  Impresiones  y 
Recuerdos "  (1844) ;  "  Pensamientos  sobre  Refor- 
mas  Sociales"  (1847),  published  also  in  French 
under  the  title  of  "  De  la  deraocratie  au  xix. 
siecle  " ;  "  Teoria  de  la  Autoridad  "  (1846) ;  and 
"  El  Derecho  "  (1877). 

BERNARD,  Sir  Francis,  governor  of  Massa- 
chusetts Bay,  b.  in  Nettleham,  Lincoln  eo.,  Eng- 
land, in  1714;  d.  in  Aylesbury,  England.  16  June, 
1779.  He  was  graduated  at  Oxford  in  1736,  studied 
law,  and  admitted  to  the  bar  at  the  Middle  Tem- 
ple, of  which  he  afterward  became  a  bencher. 
He  was  elected  steward  of  the  city  of  Lincoln,  and 
recorder  of  the  city  of  Boston  in  England.  In  1768 
he  was  appointed  governor  of  the  province  of  New 
Jersey,  whence  aft  cv  two  years  of  successfid  rule 
he  was  transferred  to  the  colony  of  Massachusetts 
Bay,  arriving  on  5  Aug.,  1760.  The  earlier  part  of 
his  administration  of  nine  years  was  successful,  as 
was  shown  by  the  salary  of  £1,300  voted  to  him, 
and  the  grant  of  the  island  of  Mount  Desert,  off  the 
coast  of  Maine,  both  of  which  were  confirmed  by 
the  king.  In  1764  the  library  of  Harvard  was  de- 
stroyed by  fire,  and  about  6,000  volumes  were  lost. 
Gov.  Bernard  took  a  special  interest  in  the  college, 
and  successfully  exerted  himself  in  raising  funds 
in  its  behalf.  When  two  parties  arose — the  advo- 
cates for  the  crown,  and  the  defenders  of  the  rights 
of  the  people — Bernard  determined  to  strengthen 
the  royal  authority  in  the  colonies,  and  he  proba- 
bly did  more  than  any  other  one  man  toward  pre- 
cipitating the  war  of  the  revolution.  He  mani- 
fested an  unhappy  facility  for  wounding  the  amour 
propre  of  the  colonists.  One  of  his  first  acts  that 
aroused  indignation  was  the  appointment  of  Mr„ 


248 


BERNARD 


BERNARD 


Hutchinson  as  chief  justice,  instead  of  Col.  Otis,  of 
Barnstable,  to  whom  the  office  had  been  pledged. 
This  breach  of  faith  drew  on  him  the  hostility  of 
James  Otis,  the  son  of  Col.  Otis,  who  soon  became 
a  popular  leader.  Gov.  Bernard  also  gave  special 
offence  by  refusing  to  confirm  the  nomination  of 
several  members  of  the  council.  He  seemed  to 
have  no  talent  for  conciliation,  and,  failing  in  his 
preliminary  measures  of  attempted  coercion  to  his 
views,  he  made  such  representations  to  the  govern- 
ment that  troops  were  ordered  to  Boston.  He  in- 
tended to  overawe  the  people,  and  the  act  greatly 
excited  the  entire  population  of  Massachusetts  Bay, 
and  gave  an  enormous  impetus  to  the  growing  dis- 
affection. The  assembly  requested  the  removal  of 
the  king's  ships  and  troops,  but  Bernard  refused, 
and  business  was  brought  to  a  stand-still.  His  con- 
duct drew  on  him  the  indignation  of  the  province, 
but  procured  him.  in  1769,  a  baronetcy  in  England 
as  a  reward  for  his  "  firmness  and  administrative 
ability."  He  had  little  command  of  his  temper, 
could  not  conceal  his  resentments,  nor  restrain  his 
censures.  One  of  his  last  public  measures  was  to 
prorogue  the  general  court  in  July,  in  consequence 
of  their  refusal  to  make  provision  for  the  support 
of  the  king's  troops.  But  before  his  decree  had 
gone  into  effect  the  general  court  had  drafted  reso- 
lutions and  petitioned  the  king  for  his  removal. 
The  English  government  deemed  it  wise  to  recall 
him,  although  claiming  that  it  was  only  on  the 
plea  of  consulting  him  in  reference  to  the  general 
condition  of  the  province.  He  continued  nominally 
governor  for  two  years  longer,  but  never  returned 
to  America.  He  published  "  Letters  to  the  Min- 
istry" (1769);  "Letters  to  the  Earl  of  Hills- 
borough" (1769);  and  "Select  Letters  on  the 
Trade  and  Government  of  America,  and  the  Prin- 
ciples of  Law  and  Polity  applied  to  the  American 
Colonies  "  (2d  ed.,  1774).  He  also  edited  "  Antonii 
Alsopi  ^dis  Christi  olim  Alumni  Odarum  libri 
duo"  (1752).  His  "Letter  Books"  were  bought 
by  Dr.  Jared  Sparks  in  1848,  and  by  his  will  be- 
queathed to  the  library  of  Harvard. — His  son.  Sir 
Joliii,  bart.,  was  b.  in  England  in  1744 ;  d.  in  the 
West  Indies  in  1809.  At  the  close  of  the  war  of 
independence,  his  sympathies  having  been  with  the 
colonists  in  their  struggle  with  the  mother  country, 
he  did  not  return  to  England.  After  suffering  the 
extremes  of  poverty  for  some  time,  the  legislature 
of  Massachusetts,  in  consideration  of  his  conduct 
during  the  war,  restored  to  him  half  of  the  island 
of  Mount  Desert,  part  of  his  father's  property, 
which  had  been  confiscated.  Little  is  known  of  his 
subsequent  career  in  the  United  States.  Afterward 
he  held  offices  under  the  British  government  at 
Barbadoes  and  St.  Vincent.  At  the  death  of  his 
father,  in  1779,  he  succeeded  to  the  title. — Sir 
Thomas,  bart.,  third  son  of  Sir  Francis  Bernard, 
was  b.  in  England  about  1746;  d.  there  in  1818. 
When  his  father  was  appointed  governor  of  New 
Jersey,  he  accompanied  the  family  to  America,  and 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1767.  Subsequently 
he  went  to  England  and  married  a  lady  of  fortune. 
On  the  death  of  his  brother.  Sir  John,  he  succeeded 
to  the  title.  He  was  the  author  of  several  essays, 
written  to  improve  the  condition  of  the  humbler 
classes,  and  was  noted  for  his  benevolence. 

BERNARD,  John,  actor,  b.  in  Portsmouth, 
England,  in  1756;  d.  m  London,  29  Nov.,  1828. 
He  was  educated  at  Chichester.  His  father,  a  lieu- 
tenant in  the  navy,  tried  to  check  his  son's  aspira- 
tions for  the  stage  by  placing  him  in  a  solicitor's 
office ;  but  at  the  age  of  seventeen  he  ran  away 
from  home,  joined  a  travelling  company,  and  made 
his  first  professional  appearance  as  Jatfier  at  Chew 


Magna,  Somerset  co.,  in  a  theatre  improvised  in  a 
malt-house.  He  was  married  in  the  following  year, 
and,  after  various  experiences  common  to  strolling 
actors,  in  1787  he  made  his  first  aj)pearance  in 
London  at  Covent  Garden,  playing  Archer  in  "  The 
Beaux'  Stratagem  "  to  the  Mrs.  Sullen  of  his  wife. 
One  reason  of  his  success  was  his  extreme  conviv- 
iality. He  lost  his  wife  in  1792,  and  in  1797  came 
to  the  United  States.  He  made  his  American  debut 
4  June,  1797,  as  Goldfinch  in  "  The  Road  to  Ruin  " 
at  the  Greenwich  street  theatre,  New  York.  The 
following  winter  he  went  to  Philadelphia,  and  in 
1803  to  Boston.  Li  1806  he  was  associated  with 
Powers  in  the  management  of  the  Federal  street 
theatre,  Boston,  and  went  to  England  for  a  com- 
pany. He  remained  in  the  United  States  as  actor 
and  manager  of  various  theatres  for  about  twenty 
years,  and  took  final  leave  of  the  stage  in  1820  at 
Boston  in  his  favorite  character  of  Lord  Agk'by, 
when  he  returned  to  England,  and  died  in  poverty. 
A  selection  from  his  voluminous  "Retrospections 
of  the  Stage  "  appeared  two  years  after  his  death 
(2  vols.,  1830),  and  a  further  selection,  edited  by 
his  son,  appeared  in  1850-'l. — His  son,  WilHain 
Bayle,  dramatist,  was  b.  in  Boston,  27  Nov.,  1807 ; 
d.  in  London,  England,  5  Aug.,  1875.  At  the  age  of 
thirteen  he  went  with  his  father  to  England,  and 
studied  at  Uxbridge.  In  1826  he  Avas  apjiointed 
to  a  clerkship  in  the  army  accounts  office,  which 
he  retained  until  1830,  when  the  office  was  atol- 
ished.  In  1827  he  produced  a  nautical  drama, 
"  The  Pilot,"  for  which  he  received  £3,  and,  as  an 
incentive  "  to  prompt  him  to  further  exertions,"  he 
was  presented  with  £2  more  when  the  play  reached 
its  hundredth  night.  At  the  age  of  twenty-one  he 
wrote  "The  Freebooter's  Bride"  (5  vols.,  1828). 
The  following  year  he  compiled  "  Retrospections 
of  the  Stage,"  from  memoranda  found  among  his 
father's  papers.  At  the  age  of  twenty-three  he  en- 
tered fully  on  the  career  of  a  professional  drama- 
tist, and  produced  plays  and  farces  with  an  unex- 
ampled rapidity.  The  total  number  of  them  is 
114,  not  half  of  which  have  been  printed.  The 
best  known  are  "  Rip  Van  Winkle,"  "  The  Nervous 
Man,  and  the  Man  of  Nerve,"  "  The  Man  About 
Town,"  "  Marie  Ducange,"  "  His  Last  Legs," 
"  Dumb  Belle,"  "  The  Boarding-School,"  "  The 
Middy  Ashore,"  "  The  Round  of  Wrong,"  "  A 
Life's  Trials,"  and  "A  Splendid  Investment."  His 
last  play  was  "  The  Doge  of  Venice."  He  also 
published  a  life  of  Samuel  Lover  (London,  1874). 

BERNARD,  Simon,  baron,  French  soldier,  b.  in 
Dole,  France,  28  April,  1779  ;  d.  in  Paris,  5  Nov., 
1839.  He  was  educated  by  charity  in  his  native 
town,  and  was  appointed  to  the  polytechnic  school 
of  Paris,  whither  he  went  on  foot  and  would  have 
died  of  cold  in  the  streets  but  for  the  kindness  of 
an  humble  woman  who  sheltered  him  and  took 
him  to  his  destination.  Plis  instructors  were  La- 
place, Haiiy,  Berthollet,  Pourcroy,  and  Monge, 
and  he  obtained  the  second  position  in  the  class  of 
engineering.  He  was  appointed  in  the  corps  de 
gmie,  and  first  served  in  the  army  of  the  Rhine 
and  led  the  assault  upon  Ivrea  in  1800.  In  1805  he 
was  sent  on  a  secret  service  to  Germany,  and  on 
his  return  was  promoted  chief  of  battalion.  When 
a  lieutenant-colonel  he  was  engaged  in  fortifying 
Antwerp  in  1810-'12,  and  was  promoted  colonel  of 
engineers  and  aide-de-camp  to  Napoleon.  21  Jan., 
1813.  His  leg  was  shattered  in  the  retreat  of  the 
grand  army  from  the  field  of  Leipsic  in  1813.  The 
same  year  he  threw  himself  into  Torgau  with  8,000 
men,  superintending  the  defence  of  that  place  for 
three  months  during  a  terrible  siege.  Napoleon 
conferred  on  him  the  title  of  brigadier-general  of 


BERNARDINO 


BERRY 


249 


engineers,  in  which  capacity  he  attained  distinc- 
tion. He  gave  in  his  adherence  to  Louis  XVIII. , 
and  he  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  topographi- 
cal bureau.  He  again  fought  on  the  side  of  Na- 
poleon at  Waterloo,  and  once  more  entered  the 
service  of  Louis  XVIII. ;  but,  having  been  ordered 
to  leave  Paris  for  Dole,  he  obtained  permission 
from  the  king  to  go  to  the  United  States.  Under 
a  resolution  of  congress,  which  resolution  was  ap- 
proved 29  April,  1816,  President  Madison  issued  a 
commission,  dated  16  Nov.,  1816,  appointing  Ber- 
nard an  "  assistant  in  the  corps  of  engineers  of  the 
United  States,  with  the  rank  of  brigadier-general 
by  brevet."  Some  bitter  feeling  was  naturally  en- 
gendered in  military  engineering  circles  by  this  in- 
vitation of  a  foreigner,  and  one  of  the  results  was 
the  resignation  of  Gen.  Joseph  Gr.  Swift,  chief  en- 
gineer, and  of  another  distingviishcd  officer.  Col. 
William  McRee.  In  1824  Gen.  Bernard  arrived 
with  Lafayette,  and  soon  entered  upon  duty  as 
chief  engineer  of  the  army,  although  his  title  was 
"  assistant  engineer,"  as  in  the  congressional  reso- 
lution. He  had  as  an  associate  Col.  Joseph  G. 
Totten,  and  the  two  constituted  a  permanent  board 
upon  whom  devolved  the  labor  of  working  out  the 
fundamental  principles  of  the  system,  and  of  elabo- 
rating the  project  of  defence  for  the  great  sea- 
ports. Naval  officers  of  rank  were  associated  with 
them  whenever  required,  and  resident  engineer 
officers  had  a  voice  in  relation  to  their  own  par- 
ticular works.  The  principal  work  planned  and 
executed  by  him  was  the  building  of  Port  Mon- 
roe at  the  mouth  of  James  river.  He  also  had  a 
prominent  part  in  the  inauguration  of  some  of 
the  mammoth  civil  engineering  woi'ks  of  the  day, 
notably  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  canal,  and  the 
Delaware  breakwater.  On  the  breaking  out  of  the 
revolution  of  1830,  he  returned  to  France,  and  was 
appointed  aide-de-camp  to  the  king  and  lieutenant- 
general  of  engineers,  15  Oct.,  1831.  He  was  strong- 
ly in  favor  of  the  system  of  detached  forts  that 
was  afterward  carried  out.  In  1834  he  was  created 
baron  and  a  peer  of  France,  being  appointed  min- 
ister of  war,  and  nd  interim  of  foreign  affairs,  and 
he  was  minister  of  war  from  1836  till  1839. 

BERNARDINO,  Fray.     See  Cifuentes. 

BERNAYS,  Augustus  Charles,  physician,  b. 
in  Highland,  111.,  13  Oct.,  1854.  He  was  graduated 
at  McKendree  college  in  1872,  after  which  he  stud- 
ied medicine  in  Heidelberg,  Germany,  and  in  1876 
received  the  degree  of  M.  D.  Subsequently  he 
spent  some  time  at  the  hospitals  in  Berlin,  Vienna, 
and  London,  and  in  November,  1877,  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons.  Soon 
after  his  return  to  the  United  States  he  settled  in 
St.  Louis,  and  in  1883  became  professor  of  anatomy 
in  the  St.  Louis  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons. Dr.  Bernays  is  the  author  of  two  embryo- 
logical  monographs — one  on  the  development  of 
the  valves  of  the  heart,  and  one  on  the  develop- 
ment of  the  knee-joint  and  joints  in  general ;  and 
also  of  a  series  of  surgical  papers,  which  appeared 
between  the  years  1880  and  1886.  under  the  title  of 
"  Chips  from  a  Surgeon's  Workshop." 

BERRIAN,  William,  clergyman,  b.  in  New 
York  city  in  1787 ;  d.  there,  7  Nov.,  1862.  He  was 
graduated  at  Columbia  in  1808,  ordained  in  the 
Episcopal  church  in  1810,  and  became  assistant 
minister  of  Trinity  parish  in  1811 ;  was  elected 
rector  of  Trinity  church  in  1830,  and  trustee  in 
1832,  both  of  which  offices  he  held  until  his  death. 
His  continuous  connection  with  tliis  parish  em- 
braced a  period  of  fifty-one  years,  broken  only  by 
a  brief  settlement  in  "Belleville,  N.  J.,  and  two 
journeys  abroad.   He  published  "  Travels  in  France 


and  Italy  "  (New  York,  1820) ;  "  Devotions  for  the 
Sick  Room  " ;  "  Enter  Thy  Closet  "  ;  "  Family  and 
Private  Prayers  "  ;  "  Historical  Sketch  of  Trinity 
Church  "  (New  York,  1847) ;  "  Recollections  of  De- 
parted Friends  "  (1850) ;  "  On  Communion  "  ;  and 
"  The  Sailor's  Manual."  He  also  edited  the  works 
of  Bishop  J.  H.  Hobart,  with  a  memoir  (3  vols.. 
New  York,  1833). 

BERRIEN,  John  Macpherson,  statesman,  b. 
in  New  Jersey,  23  Aug.,  1781 ;  d.  in  Savannali, 
Ga.,  1  Jan.,  1856.  He  was  a  son  of  Maj.  John 
Berrien,  who  served  in  the  war  of  independence. 
He  was  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1796,  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar 
of  Georgia  at  the 
age  of  eighteen, 
and  attained  a 
high  reputation 
as  a  lawyer.  He 
was  solicitor  of 
the  eastern  dis- 
trictofGeorgiain 
1809,  and  judge 
of  the  same  dis- 
trict from  1810 
till  1821 ;  served 
in  the  Georgia 
senate  in  1822-'3; 
and  was  U.  S. 
senator  in  1825- 
'9,  and  again  in 
1840-52.  He  was 
attorney- genera  1 
of  the  United 
States  from  1829 
till  1831,  when  he  resigned  on  account  of  the 
inharmonious  condition  of  President  Jackson's 
cabinet.  In  1844  he  was  a  delegate  from  Georgia 
in  the  convention  at  Baltimore  that  nominated 
Henry  Clay  for  the  presidency.  He  was  one  of 
the  board  of  regents  of  the  Smithsonian  institute. 
In  January,  1829,  he  submitted  a  "  protest "  against 
certain  measures  before  congress,  backed  by  a  speech, 
so  clear  and  impressive  that  the  title  of  "  American 
Cicero  "  was  given  him. 

BERRIEN,  John  M.,  naval  officer,  b.  in  Geor- 
gia in  1802;  d.  in  Pliiladelphia,  20  Nov.,  1883. 
On  receiving  his  appointment  as  midshipman  he 
joined  the  frigate  "  Constellation,"  of  the  West  In- 
dia squadron,  in  1827,  was  subsequently  trans- 
ferred to  the  frigate  "  Guerriere,"  of  the  Pacific 
squadron,  and  then  to  the  sloop  "  Vincennes."  He 
was  promoted  to  passed  midshipman  in  1831,  and 
joined  the  West  India  squadron,  commissioned 
lieutenant  in  1837,  and  served  on  various  vessels  in 
the  Pacific  and  Brazil  stations.  In  September, 
1844,  he  was  ordered  to  the  frigate  "Potomac," 
and  in  1847  commanded  the  schooner  '"  Bonito " 
at  the  capture  of  the  city  of  Tobasco,  Mexico. 
Lieut.  Berrien  received  his  commission  as  com- 
mander, 13  March,  1856,  and  during  1858-'9  was 
attached  to  the  navy-yard  at  Portsmouth,  N.  H. 
In  February,  1860,  he  was  ordered  to  Hong-Kong, 
China,  where  he  took  command  of  the  slooji  of 
war  "John  Adams,"  was  commissioned  captain  in 
1863,  and  sent  to  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  as  assistant  in- 
spector of  ordnance  at  the  Fort  Pitt  Works.  He 
commanded  at  Norfolk,  Va.,  in  1865,  and  was  light- 
house inspector  in  1866-'9.  He  was  commissioned 
commodore,  20  Sept.,  1866,  and  in  December  was 
placed  on  the  retired  list. 

BERRY,  Abraham  J.,  physician,  b.  in  New 
York  city  in  1799;  d.  in  Williamsburg  (now  Brook- 
lyn), 22  Oct.,  1865.  He  was  educated  as  a  physi- 
cian, and  at  an  early  age  obtained  prominence  in 


250 


BERRY 


BERTRAND 


his  profession.  At  the  time  of  the  desolation  of 
New  York  by  Asiatic  cholera  in  1832,  he  was 
among  the  few  that  remained  at  the  post  of  duty. 
He  labored  night  and  day,  and  his  courage  and 
zeal  resulted  in  many  expressions  of  respect  and 
admiration  from  all  classes,  as  well  as  a  public  ac- 
knowledgment by  the  city  authorities.  For  more 
than  a  century  a  considerable  part  of  Williamsburg 
had  belonged  to  his  family.  He  identified  himself 
with  the  interests  of  the  place  when  it  was  made  a 
city,  and  became  its  first  mayor.  He  also  assisted 
very  materially  in  the  establishment  of  the  im- 
portant ferries  connecting  with  New  York.  In 
1861  Dr.  Berry,  although  over  sixty  years  of  age, 
went  out  as  surgeon  of  the  38th  New  York  in- 
fantry. When  Gen.  McClellan  retreated  to  Har- 
rison's Landing  in  July,  1862,  Dr.  Berry  had  more 
than  300  patients  in  his  care  near  White  House ; 
but  in  the  confusion  incident  to  the  moving  of  the 
army  he  and  they  were  forgotten.  When  he  found 
that  the  army  had  departed,  he  performed  the  her- 
culean task  of  carrying  the  sick  and  convalescent 
safely  through  to  the  James  river,  and  when  he 
reached  it  the  additions  of  sick  and  wounded  had 
swelled  his  train  to  more  than  800.  His  death  was 
the  result  of  fever  contracted  at  that  period. 

BERRY,  Hiram  treorge,  soldier,  b.  in  Thomas- 
ton  (now  Rockland),  Me.,  27  Aug.,  1824:  d.  at 
Chancellorsville,  Va.,  2  May,  1863.  He  learned  the 
carpenter's  trade,  and  afterward  engaged  in  navi- 
gation. He  represented  his  native  town  in  the 
state  legislature  several  times,  and  was  mayor  of 
the  city  of  Rockland.  He  originated  and  com- 
manded for  several  years  the  Rockland  guard,  a 
volunteer  company,  which  attained  a  high  reputa- 
tion for  drill  and  discipline.  At  the  beginning  of 
the  civil  war  he  entered  the  service  as  colonel  of 
the  4th  Maine  infantry.  He  took  part  in  the  bat- 
tle of  Bull  Run  and  the  siege  of  Yorktown,  was 
made  a  brigadier-general  4  April,  1862,  his  com- 
mission dating  from  17  March,  1862,  and  was  given 
command  of  the  3d  brigade  of  the  3d  division  of 
Heintzelman's  3d  army  corps.  He  was  present  at 
the  battles  of  Wilhamsburg  and  Fair  Oaks,  bore  a 
conspicuous  part  in  the  seven  days'  fight,  and  was 
in  the  second  Bull  Run  campaign  and  Chantilly. 
In  January,  1863,  he  was  nominated  by  the  presi- 
dent as  major-general  of  volunteers,  with  rank 
dating  from  29  Nov.,  1862,  confirmed  by  the  sen- 
ate on  9  March,  1863.  and  placed  in  command 
of  the  2d  division  of  the  3d  army  corps,  succeed- 
ing Gen.  Sickles.  At  a  critical  juncture  in  the 
battle  of  Chancellorsville  Gen.  Berry  received 
an  oi'der  from  Gen.  Hooker  to  charge  upon  the 
advancing  foe.  It  read  :  "  Go  in,  general ;  throw 
your  men  into  the  breach  ;  don't  fire  a  shot — -.they 
can't  see  you — but  charge  home  with  the  bayonet.'" 
They  did  charge  home,  and  for  three  hours  Gen. 
Berry's  division,  almost  alone,  withstood  the  attack 
of  the  enemy  flushed  with  previous  victory,  drove 
them  back,  and  regained  a  portion  of  their  lost 
ground.  The  battle  was  renewed  the  next  morn- 
ing, and  again  Berry  and  his  division  were  in  the 
front,  and  receiving  the  first  assault.  Intent  upon 
driving  them  back,  he  headed  one  of  his  brigades 
in  several  successful  Ijayonet  charges,  and  in  one 
of  them  was  killed  1)V  a  shot  from  the  enemy. 

BERRY,  Nathaniel  Springer,  governor,  b.  in 
Bath,  Me.,  1  Sept.,  1796;  d.  in  Bristol,  N.  H.,  27 
April,  1894.  His  father  was  a  ship-builder ;  his 
grandfather,  John  Berry,  captain  of  infantry  in 
the  revolutionary  war.  His  mother  was  Betsy, 
daughter  of  Nathaniel  Springer,  a  captain  of  artil- 
lery in  the  same  war,  killed  in  battle.  When  he 
was  six  years  old  his  father  died,  and  the  condition 


of  the  family  was  such  that  his  lot  was  cast  among 
strangers,  and  his  educational  advantages  were 
limited.  He  became  an  apprentice  as  a  tanner  and 
currier  at  Bath,  N.  H.,  at  sixteen,  and  served  until 
twenty-one.  In  \pril,  1818,  he  moved  to  Bristol, 
N.  H.,  and  in  1820  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of 
leather,  which  business  he  followed  about  thirty- 
five  years.  He  was  colonel  of  the  34th  regiment  of 
New  Hampshire  militia  for  two  years,  was  a  judge 
of  the  court  of  common  pleas  from  June,  1841,  till 
June,  1850,  and  judge  of  probate  for  the  five  years 
ending  5  June,  1861.  In  1828, 1833, 1834,  and  1837 
he  represented  Bristol  in  the  state  legislature,  in 
1854  represented  the  town  of  Hebron,  and  in  1835 
and  in  1836  was  a  state  senator  for  the  11th  dis- 
trict. Politically  he  acted  with  the  democratic 
party  for  twenty-two  years,  and  was  a  delegate  to 
its  national  convention  at  Baltimore  in  1840 ;  but 
the  action  of  this  convention  on  the  subject  of 
slavery  caused  him  to  break  his  party  ties,  and  he 
became  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  free-soil  party 
in  New  Hampshire.  At  its  first  state  convention, 
in  1845,  he  was  nominated  for  governor,  and  re- 
ceived votes  enough  to  prevent  an  election  by  the 
people.  He  was  re-nominated  at  the  four  succeed- 
ing conventions.  In  March,  1861,  he  was  elected 
governor  liy  the  republican  party,  inaugurated  in 
June  following,  and  re-elected  in  Mai'ch,  1862, 
serving  until  June,  1863.  He  was  indefatigable  in 
his  efforts  to  aid  the  general  government  in  the 
svippression  of  the  rebellion  ;  and  enlisted,  armed, 
equipped,  and  forwarded  to  the  seat  of  war  more 
than  16,000  men.  He  signed,  with  the  other  north- 
ern war-governors,  the  letter  of  28  June,  1862,  to 
President  Lincoln,  upon  which  he  made  the  call  of 
1  July,  1862.  for  300,000  volunteers.  In  1823  Mr. 
Berry  became  a  member  of  the  Methodist  Episco- 
pal church,  and  in  1872  was  a  delegate  to  the  gen- 
eral conference.  He  lost  his  wife  in  1857,  and  was 
residing  with  his  son  in  Bristol  when  he  died. 

BERTHIER,  Louis  Alexandre  (bare-te-a), 
prince  of  Wagram,  French  soldier,  b.  in  Versailles, 
20  Nov.,  1753;  d.  in  Bamberg,  1  June,  1815.  He 
was  educated  as  a  soldier  by  his  father,  chief  of 
topographical  engineers  under  Louis  XVI.,  and 
went  into  active  service  first  as  a  staff-lieutenant, 
and  afterward  as  a  captain  of  dragoons,  with  which 
latter  rank  he  came  to  America  under  Lafayette, 
and  served  during  the  war  for  independence,  1778- 
'82.  Of  this  period  of  his  life  little  is  known.  On 
his  return  to  France  he  served  the  royal  family 
until  the  revolution,  when  his  talents  made  them- 
selves felt  and  he  became  one  of  Bonaparte's  gen- 
erals of  division,  and  subsequently  his  chief  of 
staff,  the  most  confidential  of  all  positions  for  a 
military  aide.  He  followed  the  fortunes  of  Napo- 
leon to  the  last,  and  was  without  a  peer  in  his  spe- 
cial line  of  staff  duty.  He  is  said  to  have  been 
murdered  by  six  men  in  masks ;  but  some  doubt 
has  been  thrown  upon  tins  story.  His  memoirs 
were  published  in  Paris  (1826). 

BERTRAND,  Saint  Louis,  b.  in  Valencia, 
Spain,  in  1526 ;  d.  there  in  1581.  He  joined  the 
Dominicans  in  1544,  and  obtained  permission  from 
his  general  to  preach  to  the  Indians  when  he  had 
finished  his  studies.  He  arrived  in  Carthagena  in 
15()2.  and,  after  a  short  stay  in  the  convent  of  St. 
Joseph,  was  ordered  to  preach  the  gospel  among 
the  savage  tribes  that  dwelt  between  the  river 
Magdalena  and  the  Cordilleras.  As  he  knew  no 
other  language  than  Spanish,  the  task  seemed  in- 
surmountable. It  is  said  that,  in  answer  to  his 
prayers,  he  was  able  to  make  himself  understood 
by  his  hearers,  though  speaking  only  his  native 
language,  and  that  he  also  received  the  gifts  of 


BESSELS 


BETETA 


251 


prophecy  and  miracles.  In  less  than  three  months 
he  converted  more  than  10,000  Indians  in  the 
province  of  Tubara.  Leaving-  some  of  his  com- 
panions to  complete  his  work,  he  next  went  among 
the  Indians  of  Cipacoa,  whom  he  found  threatened 
with  famine,  owing  to  the  absence  of  rain.  This 
danger  having  been  averted,  as  the  natives  be- 
lieved, by  the  prayers  of  the  missionary,  they  all 
embraced  Christianity.  After  attempting  unsuc- 
cessfully to  evangelize  the  Caribs,  he  turned  his 
attention  to  the  savages  of  the  St.  Martha  moun- 
tains, whom,  to  the  number  of  15,000,  he  formed 
into  a  civilized  community.  Similar  results  at- 
tended his  labors  in  the  province  of  Monpox  and 
in  the  island  of  St.  Thomas.  Although  his  efforts 
to  Christianize  the  natives  were  hindered  by  some 
of  his  countrymen  whose  vices  he  denounced,  he 
succeeded  in  converting  all  the  Indians  of  New 
Grenada.  He  then  decided  on  returning  to  Spain, 
with  the  object  of  enlisting  novices  for  the  Ameri- 
can mission.  But  the  entreaties  of  the  Indians, 
combined  with  his  election  as  prior  of  the  convent 
of  Santa-Fe-de-Bogota,  changed  his  plans.  He 
set  out  from  Carthagena ;  but  the  vessel  which  car- 
ried him  was  wrecked  on  an  island  in  the  Magda- 
lena,  and  he  was  obliged  to  return.  Here  he  was 
met  by  a  summons  from  the  general  of  the  Do- 
minicans to  return  to  Europe.  A  few  days  later 
he  put  to  sea,  reaching  Valencia  in  the  month  of 
October,  ISOO.  He  was  placed  at  the  head  of  a  no- 
vitiate, and  spent  the  rest  of  his  life  in  training 
missionaries  for  the  Indian  mission. 

BESSELS.  Eniil,  scientist,  b.  in  Heidelberg, 
Germany,  2  June,  1847 ;  d.  in  Stuttgart.  30  March, 
1888.  He  was  educated  at  the  university  of  his 
native  place,  was  made  an  assistant  at  the  Royal 
museum  of  Stuttgart,  and  there  became  interested 
in  arctic  discovery.  In  1869  he  made  the  voyage 
with  August  Petermann  into  waters  between  Spitz- 
bergen  and  Nova  Zembla.  By  his  observations  he 
traced  the  influence  of  the  gulf  stream  east  of 
Spitzbergen,  adding  to  the  scanty  knowledge  of 
that  region.  He  was  chief  of  the  scientific  depart- 
ment of  the  "  Polaris  "  expedition  of  1870-'3,  and 
in  1876  edited  the  first  three  volumes  of  scientific 
results  of  that  expedition,  devoted  to  hydrography, 
meteorology,  and  astronomy.  He  was  also  in  the 
expedition  of  Dorst  and  Weyprecht,  and  edited  re- 
ports of  the  U.  S.  naval  institute.  Dr.  Bessels  re- 
turned to  Washington,  where  he  prepared  articles 
on  arctic  and  zoological  subjects,  and  projected  a 
work  on  the  Eskimo,  but  all  his  manuscripts  were 
destroyed  by  fire  in  1885.  Soon  after  he  sailed  for 
his  native  land,  where  he  settled  in  Stuttgart,  oc- 
cupying his  time  in  literary  pursuits,  in  the  study  of 
art,  and  in  geographical  instruction  and  lectures. 

BETANCOURT,  Agustin  (bay  -  tahn  -  coor'), 
Mexican  monk  of  the  Franciscan  order,  b.  in  the 
city  of  Mexico  in  1620 ;  d.  in  1700.  He  was  an  ex- 
cellent scholar  and  a  famous  teacher  of  the  Mexi- 
can language.  Among  his  works  are  "  Arte  de 
Lengua  Mejicana,"  "  Via  Crucis,"  in  Mexican,  and 
"  Cronografia  sacra."  The  best  is  his  •'  Teatro  Me- 
jicano,"  a  rich  chronicle  of  Mexican  history  down 
to  about  the  end  of  the  17th  century. 

BETANCOURT,  Jos6  Ramon,  Cuban  lawyer, 
b.  in  Puerto  Principe,  Cuba,  in  1823;  d.  24  June, 
1890.  He  was  educated  in  Havana,  and  in  1847 
was  admitted  to  the  bar.  In  1869  he  removed  to 
Madrid,  Spain,  where  he  represented  Cuba  several 
times  in  the  Spanish  Cortes.  He  published  a  novel 
entitled  "  Una  Feria  de  la  Caridad,"  a  well-drawn 
picture  of  Cuban  customs  and  manners.  His  other 
works-are  "  Cartera  de  Viajes,"  "Juicios  criticos," 
and  "  Polemicas  y  otras  Cosas." 


BETANZOS,  Domingo  de  (bay-tan'-thos).  mis- 
sionary, b.  in  Leon,  Spain,  in  1480;  d.  in  Valla- 
dolid,  10  Sept.,  1549.  He  was  educated  at  the  uni- 
versity of  Salamanca,  and  spent  whatever  time  he 
could  spare  from  his  studies  in  visiting  the  hos- 
pitals and  in  other  charitable  offices.  At  the  end 
of  his  course  he  sold  his  possessions,  distributed 
the  proceeds  among  the  poor,  and  begged  his  way 
to  a  hermitage  in  Catalonia.  He  led  a  solitary 
life  for  some  months,  and  then  set  out  for  Rome, 
to  consult  the  pope  on  his  future  vocation.  From 
Rome  he  went  to  the  island  of  Ponzo,  near  Naples, 
where  he  lived  for  five  years,  seeing  nobody  but  a 
fisherman  who  brought  him  the  vegetables  that 
formed  his  sole  support.  He  finally  became  a 
Dominican  in  the  convent  of  St.  Stephen,  Sala- 
manca, and  was  sent  to  Santo  Domingo.  After 
studying  the  language  of  the  natives,  he  devoted 
himself  to  their  conversion.  He  excited  the  hos- 
tility of  the  Spaniards  by  his  efforts  to  protect  the 
Indians  from  their  cruelty.  After  a  stay  of  twelve 
years  in  Santo  Domingo  he  was  summoned  to 
Mexico,  where  the  mission  of  the  Dominicans  was 
almost  ruined,  all  its  members  having  died  except 
two.  The  preaching  of  Father  de  Betanzos  was  so 
effective  with  several  young  Spaniards,  who  had 
come  to  America  in  search  of  riches,  that  he  soon 
had  a  large  number  of  novices.  He  founded  a 
convent  of  his  order  in  the  city  of  Mexico,  and 
afterward,  as  every  vessel  that  touched  on  the  coast 
afforded  him  recruits,  was  able  to  found  others  in 
the  cities  of  Tlascala,  Puebla,  and  Oaxaca.  Satis- 
fied that  his  followers  would  complete  his  work  in 
Mexico,  he  set  out  on  a  journey  of  300  miles  for 
Guatemala,  with  two  companions,  travelling  on 
foot.  He  did  not  remain  long  in  Guatemala,  hav- 
ing been  recalled  to  Mexico  in  1530;  but  during 
his  stay  he  built  a  church  and  convent  and  made  such 
an  impression  upon  the  natives  that  his  name  was 
afterward  a  protection  to  other  missionaries.  The 
reason  of  his  recall  was  a  claim  set  up  by  the  Do- 
minican province  of  Santo  Domingo  to  jurisdiction 
over  the  convents  of  the  order  in  Mexico.  Father 
de  Betanzos  was  sent  to  Rome  to  defend  the  rights 
of  the  province  of  Mexico,  was  successful,  and  on 
his  return  was  elected  the  first  provincial  of  the 
province  of  Santiago  of  Mexico.  His  next  step 
was  to  establish  a  college  for  the  study  of  the  In- 
dian dialects,  which  varied  not  only  in  different 
pi'ovinces,  but  in  different  villages.  He  also  erect- 
ed schools  in  the  pueblas  with  the  same  object. 
He  was  named  bishop  of  Guatemala,  but  declined 
the  appointment.  His  death  occurred  as  he  was 
returning  from  Rome,  where  he  had  gone  on  a 
mission  connected  with  the  affairs  of  his  order. 

BETANZOS,  Pedro  (bay-tan'-thos),  Spanish 
missionary,  b.  in  Betanzos,  Galicia,  Spain,  early 
in  the  16th  century;  d.  in  Chomez,  Nicaragua,  in 
1570.  He  was  the  first  missionary  that  went  to 
Central  America,  and  founded  the  province  of 
Nicaragua.  In  eight  years  he  learned  fourteen  In- 
dian languages  in  Central  America,  and  then  went 
to  Mexico  to  learn  Mexican.  He  also  was  the  first 
missionary  that,  in  his  sermons  and  teachings  to 
Indians,  substituted  the  Spanish  word  "  Dios " 
(God)  for  the  Indian  "  Cabovil."  This  course  was 
opposed  by  other  missionaries,  and  created  much 
discussion  between  the  Dominicans  and  Franciscans 
of  Guatemala ;  but  Betanzos's  opinion  prevailed. 

BETETA,  Oregorio  (bay - tay- tah),  Spanish 
missionary,  b.  in  Leon,  Spain,  about  1500;  d.  in 
Toledo  in  1562.  At  the  age  of  seventeen  he  began 
his  novitiate  in  the  convent  of  St.  Stephen,  Sala- 
manca. He  finished  his  course  in  the  university 
of  the  same  city,  and,  after  gaining  distinction  as 


252 


BETHENCOURT 


BETHUNE 


a  professor  and  preacher,  yolunteered  for  the  mis- 
sion of  New  G-ranada.  He  remained  in  the  island 
of  Santo  Domingo  from  1524  till  1529,  studying 
the  Indian  dialects  and  fitting  himself  otherwise 
for  his  work  as  a  missionary.  His  success  in  New 
Granada  was  remarkable.  He  preached  trrst  in 
the  valley  of  the  Uruba,  where  the  Indians  were 
noted  for  their  ferocity,  and  in  a  short  time  convert- 
ed the  inhabitants.  Ambitious  of  martyrdom,  he 
penetrated  into  Florida;  but,  as  the  natives  would 
neither  kill  him  nor  listen  to  him,  he  was  forced 
to  return  to  New  Granada.  He  traversed  every 
part  of  the  country,  his  efforts  in  civilizing  the 
natives  being  so  successful  as  to  attract  the  favor- 
able notice  of  the  Spanish  court.  He  was  nom- 
inated bishop  of  Carthagena  in  1555,  endeav- 
ored to  decline  the  honor,  and  only  submitted 
under  threat  of  censure.  He  set  out  for  Rome, 
finally  received  permission  to  surrender  his  bish- 
opric, and  then  retired  to  a  convent  in  Toledo. 

BETHENCOURT,  Pedro,  Spanish  philanthro- 
pist, b.  in  Chasma,  island  of  Teneriffe,  in  1619 ;  d. 
in  Guatemala,  25  April,  1667.  He  was  a  descend- 
ant of  Juan  Bethencourt,  conqueror  and  king  of 
the  Canary  islands;  went  to  Guatemala  in  1651, 
and  devoted  himself  to  literary  studies.  There  he 
entered  the  Franciscan  order,  bought  a  building, 
which  was  first  used  for  a  school,  and  then  for  a 
convent,  a  hospital,  and  a  church.  In  that  house 
Bethencourt  founded  the  hospital  order  of  the 
Bethlehemites,  and  soon  extended  its  benevolent 
services  to  the  rest  of  America.  He  also  made 
numerous  other  religious  foundations,  giving  all  his 
time  to  charitable  work,  and  after  an  early  death 
he  was  beatified. 

BETHISY,  Jules  Jaques  Eleonore  (bet  e-sy), 
Vicomte  de,  French  soldier,  b.  in  Calais,  France, 
in  1747 ;  d.  in  Paris  in  1816.  He  entered  the  navy, 
and  in  1768  was  transferred  first  to  the  regiment 
BrafEremont,  and  then  to  the  Royal  Auvei'gne, 
which  he  joined  in  America.  He  became  '•  colonel 
en  second  "  of  this  corps,  a  rank  corresponding  to 
a  junior  field  officer  of  modern  battalions.  With 
this  regiment  he  served  during  the  campaigns  of 
1779-'82.  At  the  unsuccessful  siege  of  the  British 
in  Savannah,  in  August,  1779,  by  the  combined 
French  and  American  forces  under  D'Estaing  and 
Lincoln,  Bethisy  was  five  times  wounded,  and 
while  returning  home  received  two  more  wounds 
in  a  sea-fight.  At  the  close  of  the  American 
war  he  was  decorated  with  the  cross  of  St.  Louis 
and  the  order  of  the  Cincinnati,  and  was  made 
"  colonel  en  second  "  of  the  Royal  Grenadiers  of 
Picardy.  Emigrating  in  1791,  he  served  in  the 
army  of  Conde,  179t'7,  and  lived  afterward  in 
Vienna  till  the  restoration  of  Louis  XVIII,  who 
promoted  him  a  lieutenant-general,  1  June,  1814. 
His  death  was  the  result  of  several  severe  wounds 
received  in  action. 

BETHUNE,  Alexander  Neil,  Canadian  bishop, 
b.  in  Williamstown,  county  of  Glengarry,  Ontario, 
in  August,  1800 ;  d.  in  Toronto  in  February,  1879. 
His  family  was  of  Scottish  origin,  and  had  settled 
in  Canada  with  a  band  of  U.  E.  loyalists  in  1783. 
He  received  his  early  educational  training  at  Corn- 
wall grammar-school,  but,  the  war  of  1812  break- 
ing up  this  school,  he  resumed  his  studies  in  Mont- 
real, where  his  parents  then  resided.  Acting  for 
some  time  as  classical  tutor,  he  was  admitted  to 
deacon's  orders  in  1823,  and  in  the  year  following 
was  ordained  priest.  After  spending  a  few  years 
in  Grimsby,  he  became  rector  of  Cobourg,  in  1847 
was  appointed  archdeacon  of  York,  and  in  1867 
was  consecrated  coadjutor  bishop  in  St.  James's  ca- 
thedral, Toronto,  it  being  provided  at  the  time  of 


his  consecration  that  he  should  succeed  Bishoj: 
Strachan  on  the  death  of  the  latter.  While  at 
Cobourg  he  edited  a  church  newspaper,  and  subse- 
quently wrote  several  works,  the  most  important  of 
which  is  a  "  Memoir  of  the  Right  Reverend  John 
Strachan.  D.  I).,  LL.  D.,  First  Bishop  of  Toronto." 
—His  son,  Charles  James  Stewart,  clergyman, 
b.  in  West  Flamboro',  Ontario,  11  Aug.,  1838,  was 
educated  at  private  schools  at  Cobourg,  and  at 
Upper  Canada  college,  and  was  graduated  at  Trin- 
ity college,  Toronto,  in  1859.  He  was  ordained  a 
priest  in  the  church  of  England  in  1852,  and,  after 
officiating  as  curate  and  rector  for  several  years, 
was,  in  September,  1870,  appointed  head  master 
of  Trinity  college  school  at  Port  Hope.  He  has 
given  much  attention  to  scientific  subjects,  and 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  entomological  so- 
ciety of  Canada,  and  its  president  from  1870  till 
1875.  He  was  entomological  editor  of  the  "  Can- 
ada Farmer"  for  nine  years,  and  editor  of  the 
"  Canadian  Entomologist "  from  its  beginning  in 
1868  till  1873.  He  has  written  on  practical  and 
scientific  entomology,  and  has  contributed  to  the 
yearly  report  on  insects  presented  to  the  provincial 
legislature.  He  is  a  fellow  of  the  American  asso- 
ciation for  the  advancement  of  science. 

BETHUNE,  Georgre  Washington,  clergyman, 
b.  in  New  York  city  in  March.  1805;  d.  in"  Flor- 
ence, Italy,  27  April,  1862.  His  parents  were  dis- 
tinguished for  devout  Christianity  and  for  chari- 
table deeds.  His 
father,  Divie  Be- 
thune,  was  an  emi- 
nent merchant, 
well  known  as  a 
philanthropist.  He 
was  graduated  at 
Dickinson  college, 
Carlisle.  Pa.,  in 
1822,  studied  the- 
ology at  Princeton, 
and  after  complet- 
ing his  course  was 
ordained  as  a  min- 
ister in  the  Pres- 
byterian church  in 
1825.  He  accepted 
an  appointment  as 
chaplain  to  seamen  in  the  port  of  Savannah,  but 
in  1826  returned  to  the  north  and  transferred  his 
ecclesiastical  allegiance  to  the  Reformed  Dutch 
church,  settling  soon  after  at  Rhinebeck,  N.  Y., 
where  he  remained  four  years,  when  he  was  called 
to  the  pastorate  of  the  first  Reformed  Dutch 
church  in  Utica.  In  1834  his  reputation  as  an 
eloquent  preacher  and  an  efficient  pastor  led  to  an 
invitation  from  a  Reformed  Dutch  church  in  Phila- 
delphia. He  remained  in  that  city  till  1848,  his 
character  as  a  preacher  and  scholar  steadily  grow- 
ing, and  then  became  pastor  of  the  newly  organ- 
ized "  Reformed  Dutch  Church  on  the  Heights " 
in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  For  eleven  years  he  continued 
in  the  pastorate  of  this  church,  but  in  1859  im- 
paired health  led  hira  to  resign  and  visit  Italy. 
In  Rome  he  sometimes  preached  in  the  American 
chapel,  at  that  time  the  only  Protestant  place  of 
worship  in  the  city.  He  returned  in  1860  with  im- 
proved health,  and  was  for  some  months  associate 
pastor  of  a  Reformed  Dutch  church  in  New  York 
city;  but,  his  health  again  becoming  impaired,  he 
returned  to  Italy  in  the  summer  of  1861,  and,  after 
some  months'  residence  in  Florence,  died  from  apo- 
plexy. Dr.  Bethune,  though  best  remembered  by 
his  literary  work,  exercised  a  wide  influence  as  a 
clerygman  and  a  citizen.     One  of  his  latest  public 


BETH  LINE 


BEVERIDGE 


253 


efforts  before  leaving  his  native  city  for  his  last 
voyage  to  Europe  was  an  address  delivered  at  the 
great  mass  meeting  in  Union  square,  New  York, 
20  April,  1861,  in  which  with  extraordinary  fire 
and  eloquence  he  urged  the  duty  of  patriotism  in 
the  trying  crisis  that  then  threatened  the  nation. 
A  memoir  by  A.  R.  Van  Nest,  D.  D.,  was  published 
in  1867.  Dr.  Bethune  was  an  accomplished  student 
of  English  literature,  and  distinguished  himself  as 
a  writer  and  editor.  He  published  an  excellent 
edition  of  the  "  British  Female  Poets,  with  Bio- 
graphical and  Critical  Notices "  (Philadelphia, 
1848) ;  and  Izaak  Walton's  "  Complete  Angler," 
for  which  last  he  was  peculiarly  qualified  by  his 
fondness  for  fishing.  Among  his  original  works 
are  "  Lays  of  Love  and  Faith "  (Philadelphia, 
1847);  "Orations  and  Discourses"  (1850);  "Me- 
moirs of  Joanna  Bethune "  (New  York,  1863) ; 
"  Fruits  of  the  Spirit,"  a  volume  of  sermons ;  and 
two  smaller  works,  "  Early  Lost,  Early  Saved,"  and 
"  The  History  of  a  Penitent." 

BETHUNE,  James,  Canadian  lawyer,  b.  in 
Glengarry,  Ontario,  7  July,  1840 ;  d.  18  Dec,  1884. 
He  was  descended  from  two  old  Scottish  families, 
and  was  the  great-grandson  of  Angus  Bethune,  a 
loyalist,  who  removed  from  the  United  States  and 
settled  in  Glengarry  in  1778.  James  Bethune  en- 
tered Queen's  college,  Kingston,  and,  after  a  two 
years'  course  there,  attended  University  college, 
Toronto,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1861.  Con- 
currently with  his  university  pursuits,  he  studied 
law,  first  in  Cornwall  and  afterward  in  the  office 
of  Edward  Blake,  Toronto,  and  was  called  to  the 
bar  of  Upper  Canada  in  1862,  and  to  the  bar  of 
Quebec  in  1869.  He  began  practice  at  Cornwall, 
and  in  1872  was  elected  to  represent  the  county  of 
Stormont  in  the  legislature  of  Ontario ;  was  re- 
elected at  the  general  elections  of  1875,  and  repre- 
sented this  constituency  until  June,  1879,  when  he 
declined  to  become  a  candidate.  In  November, 
1870,  he  removed  to  Toronto,  and,  in  conjunction 
with  Edward  Blake,  S.  H.  Blake,  and  J.  K.  Kerr, 
established  the  firm  of  Blake,  Kerr  &  Bethune. 
Subsequently  he  joined  Messrs.  P.  Osier  and 
Charles  Moss,  and  formed  the  firm  of  Bethune, 
Osier  &  Moss.  On  the  elevation  of  Mr.  Osier  to 
the  bench,  the  firm  was  known  as  Bethune,  Moss, 
Palconbridge  &  Hayles,  and  as  such  became  one 
of  the  most  successful  legal  firms  in  Canada.  Mr. 
Bethune  was  elected  a  bencher  of  the  law  society 
of  Ontario  in  1875,  and  was  for  some  years  lecturer 
for  that  body. 

BETTS,  Samuel  Rossiter,  jurist,  b.  in  Rich- 
mond, Berkshire  co.,  Mass.,  in  1787 ;  d.  in  New 
Haven,  Conn.,  3  Nov.,  1868.  He  was  the  son  of  a 
farmer,  and  was  graduated  at  Williams  in  1806. 
He  studied  law  in  Hudson,  N.  Y.,  was  admitted  to 
the  bar,  and  began  practice  in  Sullivan  co., 
where  he  was  earning  a  fair  reputation  at  the  out- 
break of  the  war  of  1812.  After  a  term  of  service 
in  the  army,  he  was  appointed  judge-advocate  by 
Gov.  Tompkins.  In  1815  he  was  elected  to  con- 
gress for  the  district  comprising  Orange  and  Sulli- 
van COS.,  N.  Y.  At  the  close  of  the  term  he 
declined  a  re-election,  and  returned  to  the  study 
and  practice  of  his  profession.  He  was  for  sev- 
eral years  district  attorney  of  Orange  co.  At 
that  time  the  bar  of  the  state  of  New  York  _  con- 
tained a  somewhat  notable  array  of  eminent 
lawyers.  Martin  Van  Buren,  Eli'sha  Williams, 
Thomas  J.  Oakley,  George  Griffin,  Ogden  Hoffman, 
Prescott  Hall,  aiid  Thomas  Addis  Emmet  were  in 
active  practice,  and  with  all  of  them  Mr.  Belts  was 
constantly  associated,  and,  though  of  a  younger 
generation  than  most  of  them,  was  soon  recognized 


as  their  peer  in  the  profession.  In  1823  Mr. 
Belts  was  appointed  judge  of  the  U.  S.  district 
court,  which  office  he  held  for  forty-four  years, 
and  throughout  the  whole  term  presided  with  such 
dignity,  courtesy,  profundity  of  legal  knowledge, 
and  patience  of  investigation,  that  he  came  to  be 
regarded  as  almost  infallible  in  his  decisions.  To 
him  belongs  the  high  honor  of  having  in  a  great 
degree  formulated  and  codified  the  maritime  laws 
of  the  United  States.  The  complicated  rules  of 
salvage,  general  average,  wages  of  seamen,  freight- 
ing contracts,  charters,  insurance,  and  prizes  owe 
their  present  well-ordered  system  to  Judge  Betts. 
During  the  first  twenty  years  of  his  connection 
with  the  district  court  there  was  never  an  appeal 
from  his  decisions,  and  his  opinions  in  his  own 
court  on  maritime  questions,  and  in  the  circuit 
court  on  patents,  have  been  uniformly  upheld. 
Criminal  causes  of  all  kinds  amenable  to"  U.  S.  laws 
were  decided  by  him.  The  civil  war  brought  be- 
fore him  an  entirely  new  ciass  of  questions,  affect- 
ing national  and  international  rights ;  but,  although 
beyond  the  age  of  three-score-years-and-ten,  Judge 
Betts  applied  himself  to  the  study  of  the  new  con- 
ditions, and  his  decisions  regarding  the  neutrality 
laws  and  the  slave-trade  are  notable  instances  of 
constitutional  reasoning  and  argument.  He  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  LL.  D.  from  Williams  in  1830, 
In  1838  he  published  a  standard  work  on  admiralty 
practice.  In  May,  1867,  having  entered  upon  his 
eighty-first  year.  Judge  Betts  retired  from  the 
bench  and  spent  the  remainder  of  his  life  at  his 
home  in  New  Haven. 

BETTS,  Thaddeiis,  lawyer,  b.  in  Norwalk, 
Conn. ;  d.  in  Washington, '  D.  C,  8  April,  1840. 
He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1807,  as  was  his  father 
in  1745,  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  and  began  prac- 
tice in  Norwalk.  He  was  a  whig  in  politics,  and 
after  holding  many  places  of  public  trust,  includ- 
ing the  lieut.-governorship  of  the  state,  he  was 
elected  U.  S.  senator  on  the  nomination  of  the 
whig  party,  to  serve  for  six  years,  beginning  4 
March,  1839.  Notwithstanding  failing  health,  he 
creditably  fulfilled  his  duties  as  senator  until  a  few 
days  before  his  death. 

BETTS,  William,  lawyer,  b.  in  Bechsgrove, 
St.  Croix,  West  Indies,  28  Jan.,  1802  ;  d.  in  Jamaica, 
Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  5  July,  1884.  His  early  educa- 
tion was  received  in  Jamaica ;  thence  he  went  to 
Union  college,  N.  Y.,  where  he  stayed  a  year,  and 
then,  entering  Columbia,  was  graduated  in  1820. 
He  studied  law  with  David  ■  B.  Ogden,  and  subse- 
quently entered  the  office  of  his  fatlier-in-law, 
Beverley  Robinson.  Mr.  Betts  was  counsel  to 
several  old  and  large  corporations  in  New  York, 
was  a  trustee  of  Columbia  and  of  the  college  of 
physicians  and  surgeons,  and  from  1848  till  1854 
was  professor  of  law  in  Columbia.  He  received  the 
degree  of  LL.  D.  from  Columbia  in  1850.— His  son, 
Beverley  Robinson,  b.  in  New  York  citv,  3  Aug., 
1827;  d.'in  Jamaica,  Long  Island,  21  May,  1899. 
He  was  graduated  at  Columbia  and  at  the  seminary 
of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  church  in  1850.  The 
same  year  he  was  ordained  deacon,  and  in  1851  took 
orders  as  a  priest.  He  was  successively  rector  of 
several  churches  until  1865,  when  he  was  appointed 
librarian  of  Columbia.  Of  the  large  library  of  that 
college  he  prepared  a  full  catalogue  (1874),  and  in 
1883  he  resigned  his  post  as  librarian.  He  has  been 
a  frequent  contributor  to  the  church  journals,  and 
for  many  years  one  of  the  editors  of  the  "  New 
York  Genealogical  and  Biographical  Record." 

BEVERIDGE,  John,  poet,  b.  in  ScotlancJ.  He 
taught  school  in  Edinburgh  for  a  time,  having 
among  his  pupils  the  blind  poet  Thomas  Black- 


254 


BEVERIDGE 


BICKER 


lock.  In  1752  he  emigrated  to  New  England, 
where  he  remained  five  years,  and  then  accepted 
the  professorship  of  languages  in  the  college  and 
academy  of  Philadelphia.  According  to  his  biogra- 
pher, Alexander  Graydon,  he  was  mercilessly  in> 
posed  upon  by  the  pupils,  he  being  small  of  stature 
and  a  poor  disciplinarian.  William  Bradford  pub- 
lished for  him  a  volume  of  original  Latin  poems 
entitled  "  Epistohe  Familiares  et  Alia  qujedam 
Miscellanea"  (1765).  To  the  Latin  poems  are  ap- 
pended translations  for  which  the  editor  quaintly 
apologizes,  since  "  they  are  done  by  students  under 
age,  and  if  the  critic  will  only  bear  with  them  till 
their  understandings  are  mature,  I  apprehend  they 
are  in  a  fair  way  of  doing  better." 

BEVERIDGE,  John  Lourie,  b.  in  Greenwich, 
N.  Y..  6  July,  1834.  In  1842  he  removed  west- 
ward, first  to  Illinois,  and  then  to  Tennessee,  where 
he  became  a  lawyer.  In  1855  he  returned  to  Illi- 
nois, settling  in  Chicago,  and  he  gained  promi- 
nence in  his  profession.  At  the  beginning  of  the 
civil  war  he  volunteered  in  the  service  of  the 
United  States,  and  attained  the  rank  of  brigadier- 
general  of  volunteers.  He  was  elected  lieutenant- 
governor  of  Illinois  in  1872,  and  in  1873  succeeded 
Gov.  Oglesby  as  chief  executive  of  the  state. 

BEVERLY,  Robert,  historian,  b.  in  Virginia 
about  1675 ;  d.  in  1716.  He  became  clerk  of  the 
council  of  Virginia  about  1697,  when  Sir  Edmund 
Andros  was  governor.  This  office  his  father,  Maj. 
Robert  Beverly  had  held  before  him.  His  "  His- 
tory of  the  Present  State  of  Virginia"  (London, 
1705)  included  an  account  of  the  first  settlement 
of  Virginia,  and  the  history  of  the  government  un- 
til that  time.  In  1707  a  French  translation,  with 
fourteen  wood-cats  by  Gribelius,  was  published 
in  Amsterdam,  and  in  1722  a  second  English  edi- 
tion was  brought  out,  with  the  French  illustra- 
tions. A  third  edition,  with  an  introduction  by 
Charles  (Campbell,  appeared  in  Richmond  (1855). 
Mr.  Beverly  was  the  first  American  citizen  in 
whose  behalf  the  habeas  corpus  act  was  brought 
into  requisition, 

BEWLEY,  Anthony,  clergyman,  b.  in  Tennes- 
see, 22  May,  1804 ;  d.  at  Fort  W6rth,  Texas,  13  Sept., 
1860.  Mr.  Bewley  began  preaching  in  the  Tennes- 
see conference  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  church 
in  1829,  and  was  transferred  to  the  Missouri  con- 
ference in  1843.  In  the  following  year  the  denomi- 
nation was  divided  by  the  slavery  question ;  but 
Mr.  Bewley  refused  to  join  his  conference  in 
secession,  and  preached  independently,  earning  his 
living,  meanwhile,  by  manual  labor.  Other  Meth- 
odist preachers  of  a  like  mind  joined  him,  and  he 
became  their  presiding  elder.  In  1848  a  reorgan- 
ization of  the  church  took  place  in  Missouri,  and 
he  entered  its  service  to  find  himself  in  a  short 
time  stigmatized  as  aJi  abolitionist,  and,  like  his 
brethren  of  the  same  way  of  thinking,  in  danger  of 
violence.  He  continued  to  preach  according  to  his 
convictions  until  1858,  when  he  was  appointed  to 
Texas,  but  was  driven  temporarily  from  his  post 
by  threats  of  violence.  Returning  in  1860,  con- 
trary to  the  advice  of  his  friends,  he  remained  for 
a  few  weeks ;  but  such  was  the  excitement  that  he 
deemed  it  expedient  again  to  flee  for  his  life.  After 
his  departure  a  reward  of  $1,000  was  offered  for 
his  apprehension,  and  in  September,  1860,  he  was 
arrested  in  Missouri,  carried  back  to  Fort  Worth, 
Texas,  and  hanged  by  the  mob,  solely  because  he 
had  proclaimed  the  injustice  of  human  slavery. 

BIARD,  Peter  (be-are),  missionary,  b.  in  Gren- 
oble, France,  in  1565 ;  d.  in  France  in  1622.  As  a 
missionary  priest  of  the  Jesuits  he  came  to  Amer- 
ica, visiting  Port  Royal,  Nova  Scotia,  in  1611.     In 


1612  he  ascended  Kennebec  river  and  established 
friendly  relations  with  the  natives.  The  following 
year  he  visited  Penobscot  river,  about  the  same 
time  establishing  a  colony  on  Mount  Desert  island, 
hoping  to  make  it  a  permanent  missionary  settle- 
ment. The  same  year,  however,  the  little  hamlet 
was  destroyed  by  the  English  under  Samuel  Argall, 
deputy-governor  of  Virginia.  One  of  Biard's  assist- 
ants was  killed,  and  he  himself  made  prisoner  and 
carried  away.  This  outrage  caused  the  earliest  ac- 
tual hostilities  between  the  French  and  English 
colonists.  In  1616  was  published  in  Lyons,  from 
his  pen,  the  first  of  the  remarkable  series  of  "  Jesuit 
Relations "  (40  vols.,  1632-72),  which  have  proved 
among  the  richest  sources  of  information  for  his- 
torians of  America.  Biard's  volume  was  entitled 
"  Relation  de  la  nouvelle  France,"  etc. 

BIBAUD,  Micliel  (be-bo),  Canadian  author,  b. 
near  Montreal.  20  Jan.,  1782  ;  d.  there,  3  Aug.,  1857. 
He  entered  the  Roman  Catholic  college  of  St. 
Raphael,  and,  being  naturally  inclined  to  litera- 
ture, devoted  himself  to  studies  in  that  direction, 
giving  his  attention  mainly  to  the  defence  of 
Canadian  nationality  and  the  preservation  there  of 
the  French  vernacular.  He  published  the  first 
French  histoi-y  of  Canada  since  the  conquest,  pro- 
duced much  creditable  poetry,  wrote  an  essay  on 
"  Arithmetique  elementaire."  and  contributed  to 
the  leading  French  publications  of  Canada.  Dur- 
ing the  latter  part  of  his  life  he  was  engaged  in 
translating  into  French  the  report  of  the  geological 
commission.— His  son,  Francois  Marie  Uncas 
Maxiniilien,  author,  b.  in  Montreal  in  Novem- 
ber, 1824,  is  law  professor  at  the  Jesuit  college  in 
his  native  city.  His  literary  work,  which  has  been 
mainly  in  the  line  of  history,  includes  "  Discours 
historique  sur  les  races  sauvage  de  I'Amerique 
septentrionale "  (1846);  "Les  sagamas  illustre  de 
I'Amerique  septentrionale  "  (1848) ;  "  Dictionnaire 
historiques  des  hommes  illustres  du  Canada  et  de 
I'Amerique  "  (1857) ;  "  Tableau  historique  des  pro- 
gres  materiels  et  intellectuels  du  Canada "  (1858) ; 
and  "  Pantheon  Canadien  "  (1858). 

BIBB,  (ieorge  Minos,  b.  in  Virginia,  30  Oct., 
1770  ;  d.  in  Georgetown,  D.  C,  14  April,  1859.  He 
was  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1792,  studied  law, 
and  settled  in  Kentucky,  where  he  was  presently 
elected  to  the  legislature,  three  times  chosen  chief 
justice  of  the  state,  and  for  two  years  in  its  senate. 
In  1811-"4  and  l829-'35  he  was  a  member  of  the 
U.  S.  senate.  President  Tyler  appointed  him  secre- 
tary of  the  treasury  in  1844.  after  which  he  practised 
law  in  Washington,  and  was  an  assistant  in  the 
attorney-general's  office.  He  is  the  author  of  "  Re- 
ports of  Cases  at  Common  Law  and  in  Chancery  in 
the  Kentucky  Court  of  Appeals"  (1808-11). 

BIBB,  William  Wyatt,  governor  of  Alabama, 
b.  in  Virginia,  1  Oct.,  1780;  d.  near  Fort  Jackson, 
Ala.,  9  July,  1820.  He  was  the  son  of  Capt.  Will- 
iam Bibb,  was  graduated  at  William  and  Mary  col- 
lege, and  studied  medicine  at  the  university  of 
Pennsylvania,  receiving  the  degree  of  M.  D.  in 
1801.  Removing  to  Georgia,  he  was  a  member 
successively  of  the  two  branches  of  the  legislature. 
He  was  a  member  of  congress  from  1807  till  1813, 
when  he  was  chosen  to  the  U.  S.  senate,  and  re- 
tained his  seat  there  until  1816.  He  removed  to 
Alabama,  then  a  territory,  and  was  governor  in 
1817-'9,  when  it  was  admitted  as  a  state,  and  he 
was  elected  as  its  first  executive.  He  died  while  in 
office,  and  his  son,  Thomas  Bibb,  succeeded  him  as 
governor,  1820-'l. 

BICKER,  Walter,  soldier,  b.  in  New  York  city, 
29  Feb.,  1790 ;  d.  at  Far  Rockaway,  L.  I.,  3  June, 
1880.     He  served  in  tlie  war  of  1812,  and  at  the 


BICKMOEB 


BIDDLE 


255 


time  of  his  death  was  its  last  surviving  officer.  He 
resigned  from  tlie  army  forty  years  before  his  death, 
and  went  into  business  in  the  city  of  New  York. 
He  resided  in  Brooklyn,  where  he  was  for  many 
years  an  active  member  and  elder  of  the  1st  Re- 
formed church.  He  retained  his  mental  and  phys- 
ical vigor  almost  up  to  the  period  of  his  death,  and 
only  a  few  weeks  preceding  that  event  wrote  a 
series  of  articles  for  a  religious  journal,  giving  his 
recollections  of  New  York  city  in  the  olden  time. 

BICKMORE,  Albert  Smith,  naturalist,  b.  in 
St.  George,  Me.,  1  March,  1839.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Dartmouth  in  1860,  and  then  studied  under 
Agassiz  at  Lawrence  scientific  school.  During  the 
years  1865-9  he  ti-avelled  extensively  in  the  Ma- 
lay archipelago  and  eastern  Asia;  collecting  objects 
in  natural  history,  principally  shells.  In  1870  he 
became  professor  of  natural  history  in  Madison 
university  at  Hamilton,  N.  Y.  Later  he  was  asso- 
ciated in  the  management  of  the  American  museum 
of  natural  history  in  New  York.  He  was  for  some 
time  its  supei'intendent,  but  in  1885  became  curator 
of  the  ethnological  department.  He  is  also  in 
charge  of  the  department  of  public  instruction, 
and  on  Saturday  mornings,  during  the  winters,  he 
delivers  lectures  on  subjects  in  natural  history  be- 
fore the  teachers  of  the  public  schools  of  New 
York  and  vicinity.  Under  the  direction  of  the 
state  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  he 
gives  lectures  before  the  normal  schools.  Prof. 
Bickmore  is  a  menaber  of  scientific  societies  to 
which  he  has  contributed  numerous  papers.  He 
has  published  "Travels  in  the  East  Indian  Archi- 
pelago "  (New  York,  1869). 

BICKNELL,  Thomas  Williams,  educator,  b. 
in  Barrington,  R.  I.,  6  Sept.,  1834.  He  began  his 
collegiate  education  at  Amherst,  but  was  graduated 
at  Brown  in  1860.  During  his  senior  year  in  col- 
lege he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Rhode  Island 
state  legislature.  From  1860  till  1869  he  taught, 
and  was  principal  of  schools  in  Rehobart,  Bristol, 
Providence,  R.  I.,  and  in  Elgin,  111.,  after  which, 
until  1875,  he  was  state  commissioner  of  public 
schools.  While  holding  that  office  he  secured  the 
re-establishment  of  the  State  Normal  School  in  1871, 
the  appointment  of  a  school  superintendent  in  each 
town,  the  organization  of  a  board  of  education,  and 
other  important  measures.  Mr.  Bieknell  has  Vjeen 
very  active  in  educational  journalism,  and  during 
the  years  1874-'86  he  founded,  edited,  and  owned 
"  The  Journal  of  Education,"  "  The  Primary 
Teacher,"  "  The  American  Teacher,"  "  Education ; 
a  Bimonthly  Magazine,"  and  "  Good  Times."  The 
New  England  Bureau  of  Education  and  the  Na- 
tional Council  of  Education  were  organized  by 
him.  He  has  delivered  numerous  educational  lec- 
tures and  addresses,  and  has  at  various  times  been 
president  of  the  Rhode  Island  Institute  of  Instruc- 
tion, American  Institute  of  Instruction,  National 
Council  of  Education,  National  Educational  Asso- 
ciation, Interstate  Commission  for  Federal  Aid, 
Chautauqua  Teachers'  Reading  Union,  and  of  the 
Massacliust'tts,  New  England,  and  International 
Sunday-school  unions.  He  has  published  "  Biog- 
raphy of  William  Lord  No  yes  "  (Providence,  1867) ; 
"  Historical  Sketches  of  Barrington,  R.  I."  (Provi- 
dence, 1870) ;  "  Reports  of  the  Commissioner  of 
Public  Schools  "  (Providence,  1869-75) ;  and  "  His- 
tory of  the  Bieknell  Family  "  (Boston,  1882). 

BIDDLE,  Clement,  "  Quaker  soldier,"  b.  in 
Philadelphia,  10  May,  1740 ;  d.  there.  14  July,  1814. 
Descended  from  one  of  the  early  Quaker  settlers  of 
New  Jersey — refugees,  for  the  most  part,  from  Prot- 
estant intolerance — he  was  brought  up  in  the  strict 
order  of  the  sect,  and  engaged  in  commercial  pur- 


suits in  Philadelphia.  In  1704  some  friendly  In- 
dians sought  refuge  in  Philadelphia  from  a  band 
of  desperadoes  known  as  the  "  Paxton  Boys,"  who 
had  recently  murdered  some  unoft'ending  Connes- 
toga  Indians  at  Lancaster.  These  ruffians,  power- 
ful enough  in  numbers  to  defy  the  authorities,  ad- 
vanced to  within  six  miles  of  the  city,  threatening 
vengeance  upon  all  who  offered  resistance.  But 
the  vigor  of  the  military  preparations,  including  a 
company  of  Quakers  headed  by  Biddle.  was  so 
manifest  that  the  outlaws  retreated.  Close  upon 
this  local  disturbance  came  the  resolution  of  the 
British  house  of  commons  to  charge  stamp  duties 
in  the  colonies,  and  the  subsequent  jiassage  of  the 
act  induced  the  adoption  of  the  "  non-importation 
resolutions  "  in  Philadelphia,  25  Oct.,  1765.  Among 
the  signers  of  this  agreement  were  Mr.  Biddle  and 
his  brother  Owen.  When  actual  hostilities  became 
imminent  he  entered  into  projects  for  defence,  and 
was  active  in  organizing  that  military  anomaly 
the  "  Quaker  "  company  of  volunteers,  of  which  he 
was  elected  an  officer  in  1775  before  it  joined  the 
army.  In  June,  1776,  congress  authorized  the 
formation  of  a  "  fiying  camp  "  of  10,000  men,  and 
on  8  July,  1777,  elected  Col.  Biddle  its  deputy- 
quartermaster.  After  the  battle  of  Trenton, 
Washington  sent  him  to  receive  the  swords  of  the 
Hessian  prisoners.  He  was  present  at  the  battles 
of  Princeton,  Germantown,  Brandywine.  and  Mon- 
mouth, and  he  also  shared  in  the  suff'erings  of  the 
army  at  Valley  Forge.  He  remained  in  the  mili- 
tary service  until  1780,  when  the  pressure  of  his 
private  affairs  compelled  his  resignation.  In  the 
early  political  movements  of  the  state  and  nation 
he  took  an  active  part,  alike  in  the  revolutionary 
state  constitution  of  1776  and  in  the  organization 
of  the  federal  constitution  in  1787.  At  this  time 
he  was  appointed  by  Washington  U.  S.  marshal  of 
Pennsylvania.  In  1794  the  whiskey  rebellion  in 
western  Pennsylvania  called  him  again  into  the 
field,  and,  as  quartermaster-general  of  the  state  (to 
which  office  he  was  appointed  11  Sept.,  1781),  he 
accompanied  the  expedition  for  the  suppression  of 
that  formidable  insurrection.  He  was  the  warm 
personal  friend  of  Washington,  as  well  as  of  the 
best  of  his  generals. — His  son,  Clement  Cornell, 
soldier,  was  b.  in  Philadelphia,  24  Oct.,  1784 ;  d.  21 
Aug.,  1855.  Prior  to  the  war  of  1812  he  entered 
the  navy,  but  soon  resigned,  taking  up  the  study 
of  law,  and  gaining  admission  to  the  bar.  On  the 
occurrence  of  the  "  Cliesapeake  "  outrage  in  1807, 
he  anticipated  war  with  England,  and  entered  the 
army,  on  appointment  of  the  president,  as  captain 
of  dragoons.  When  the  British  disavowed  the 
attack  on  the  "  Chesapeake,"  Capt.  Biddle  re- 
signed, having  no  taste  for  other  than  active  mili- 
tary life.  War  actually  came,  however,  and  in 
1812  he  raised  a  company  of  volunteers — "  the 
State  Fencibles  " — was  elected  its  captain,  and  sub- 
sequently was  colonel  of  the  1st  Pennsylvania  in- 
fantry. At  the  conclusion  of  hostilities  he  devoted 
himself  to  the  study  of  political  economy,  and  an- 
notated an  edition  of  Say's  treatise  on  that  science. 
He  took  part  in  the  free-trade  convention  in  Phila- 
delphia in  September,  1831.  and  was  an  influential 
adviser  of  the  government  as  to  its  financial  policy 
at  that  time. 

BIDDLE,  Horace  Peters,  lawyer,  b.  in  Fair- 
field county,  Ohio,  24  March,  1811.  He  was  admit- 
ted to  the  bar  at  Cincinnati  in  1839,  and  settled  at 
Logansport,  Ind.  He  was  presiding  judge  of  the 
8th  judicial  circuit  in  1846-'52 ;  member  of  the  In- 
diana constitutional  convention  in  1850.  '  Elected 
supreme  judge  in  1857,  but  not  commissioned.  He 
made  some  excellent  translations  from  French  and 


256 


BIDDLE 


BIDDLE 


German  poets ;  became  a  contributor  to  the  "  South- 
ern Literary  Messenger"  in  1842,  and  afterward 
contributed  to  the  "  Ladies'  Repository  "  and  other 
periodicals.  Collections  of  his  poems  were  pub- 
lished in  1850,  '52,  and  '58,  at  Cincinnati. 

BIDDLE,  James,  naval  officer,  b.  in  Philadel- 
phia in  1783;  d.  there,  1  Oct.,  1848.  He  entered 
the  navy  as  a  midshipman  in  1800,  was  on  board 
the  frigate  "  Pliiladelphia  "  when  she  was  wrecked 
off  the  coast  of  Tripoli  in  1803,  and  with  the  rest 
of  the  officers  and  crew  was  held  in  captivity  dur- 
ing the  war  with  the  Barbary  states.  After  his 
release  he  was  on  ordinary  duty  until  the  war  of 
1812,  when  he  was  assigned  to  the  sloop-of-war 
"  Wasp,"  and  was  present  at  the  capture  of  the 
British  sloop  "  Frolic."  He  was  placed  in  com- 
mand of  the  prize,  with  orders  to  make  for  some 
southern  port  of  the  United  States ;  but  while  the 
two  vessels  were  hastily  repairing  damages,  a  Brit- 
ish seventy-four,  the  "  "Poictiers,"  appeared,  and,  as 
the  two  late  antagonists  could  neither  fight  nor 
escape,  they  were  both  captured.  On  being  ex- 
changed in  March,  1813,  Mr.  Biddle  was  promoted 
master-commandant  and  placed  in  charge  of  a 
gun-boat  flotilla  in  the  Delaware,  but  was  soon 
transferred  to  the  "  Hornet,"  then  blockaded  by 
the  British  in  the  port  of  New  London,  Conn.  He 
escaped  with  his  ship,  and  shortly  afterward  sailed 
for  Tristan  d'Acunha.  When  off  that  island  (23 
March,  1815)  he  fought  and  captured  the  British 
brig  "  Penguin,"  after  a  sharp  engagement  of 
twenty-two  minutes  at  close  quarters,  during  which 
the  "  Penguin "  was  so  shattered  by  the  "  Hor- 
net's "  fire  that  she  had  to  be  scuttled  and  aban- 
doned. Just  at  the  end  of  the  action  Biddle  was 
severely  wounded.  Ha  zing  repaired  the  damages 
to  his  ship,  he  sailed  for  tihe  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
and  on  27  April  encountered  a  British  line-of-battle 
ship,  which  followed  the  "  Hornet "  for  nearly  thirty- 
six  hours,  pressing  her  so  closely — often  within 
cannon-range — that  Biddle  was  obliged  to  throw 
his  guns  overboard,  only  escaping  capture  by  the 
exercise  of  good  seamanship.  He  sailed  for  San 
Salvador  to  refit,  but  when  he  reached  port  found 
that  a  treaty  of  peace  had  been  concluded.  Reaching 
New  York  on  30  July,  he  found  that  he  had  been  pro- 
moted post-captain  while  at  sea.  Congress  voted 
him  a  gold  medal,  and  New  York  gave  him  a  state 
dinner,  while  his  native  city  presented  him  with  a 
service  of  plate.  He  asked  for  a  court  of  inquiry 
to  investigate  the  sacrifice  of  his  armament,  and 
the  return  of  the  "  Hornet,"  which  acquitted  him 
of  all  blame,  and  commended  the  skill  that  had 
saved  the  ship  from  capture.  After  the  war  he 
was  almost  continuously  on  active  duty.  In  1817 
he  took  possession  of  Oregon  for  the  United  States, 
and  in  1826  represented  the  government  in  nego- 
tiating a  commercial  treaty  with  Turkey.  At  his 
suggestion,  while  governor  of  the  naval  asylum 
at  Philadelphia  (i838-'42).  Sec.  Paulding  sent 
thither  unemployed  midshipmen  for  instruction, 
thus  laying  the  foundation  of  a  naval  school.  He 
was  flag-officer  of  the  East  Lidia  squadron  in  1845, 
and  negotiated  the  first  treaty  with  China,  after- 
ward landing  in  Japan.  This  was  his  last  extend- 
ed cruise,  though  he  was  in  command  on  the  Cali- 
fornian  coast  during  the  Mexican  war. 

BIDDLE,  John,  soldier,  b.  in  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
9  March,  1789;  d.  in  White  Sulphur  Springs,  Va., 
25  Aug.,  1859.  He  became  second  lieutenant  in 
the  3d  artillery,  6  July,  1812,  first  lieutenant  in 
March,  1813,  captain  in  the  42d  infantry  in  Octo- 
ber, and  assistant  inspector-general,  with  the  rank 
of  major,  on  19  June,  1817.  He  became  U.  S.  In- 
dian agent  at  Green  Bay,  Wis.,  in  February,  1821, 


and  resigned  in  May  of  the  same  year.  He  then 
removed  to  Detroit,  Alich.,  and  was  territorial  dele- 
gate in  congress  from  1829  till  1831,  when  he  was 
appointed  register  of  the  land-oltice  in  Detroit. 
Maj.  Biddle  travelled  extensively  in  Europe  just 
before  his  death.  He  wrote  many  interesting  pa- 
pers on  Miciiigan  history. 

BIDDLE,  Nicholas,  naval  ofiicer,  b.  in  Phila- 
delphia, 10  Sept.,  1750;  killed  in  action,  7  March, 
1778.  On  22  Dec,  1775,  congress  passed  a  resolu- 
tion appointing  nineteen  naval  officers,  of  whom 
five  were  captains.  Nicholas  Biddle,  one  of  these, 
was  assigned  to  the  "Andrea  Doria,"  an  armed 
brig.  In  October,  1776,  the  number  of  captains 
had  been  increased  to  twenty-four,  and  it  became 
necessary  to  settle  the  question  of  rank.  A  resolu- 
tion was  passed  accordingly,  and  Biddle's  name 
stands  fifth  on  the  list.  His  maritime  experience 
jn-ior  to  this  time  had  been  somewhat  extended. 
When  a  boy  of  thirteen  he  went  on  a  voyage  to  the 
West  Indies,  and  was  cast  away  on  a  desert  island, 
where,  with  two  companions,  he  remained  two 
months.  In  1770  he  entered  the  British  navy  as  a 
midshipman,  such  appointments  being  open  to  the 
sons  of  colonial  gentry.  Three  years  afterward, 
hearing  of  Capt.  Phipps's  proposed  Arctic  exploring 
expedition,  he  deserted  his  own  vessel  and  shipped 
as  a  seaman  on  board  one  of  Phipps's  vessels,  where 
he  met  Nelson,  the  future  admiral,  a  volunteer  like 
himself.  Both  boys  were  made  cockswains  before 
the  voyage  was  ovei",  and  Biddle  served  through 
the  cruise,  but  returned  to  America  as  soon  as 
revolution  threatened.  Being  now  an  experienced 
sailor,  he  was  given  an  independent  command. 
The  "  Andrea  Doria  "  mounted  fourteen  or  sixteen 
guns,  and  her  first  cruise  was  to  the  Bahamas  with 
a  small  squadron  under  Fleet-Captain  Hopkins. 
Biddle  participated  in  the  very  creditable  capture 
and  occupation  of  New  Providence,  where  a  large 
quantity  of  munitions  of  war  were  seized,  and 
loaded  upon  the  vessels  of  the  squadron  for  trans- 
portation to  the  United  States.  Off'  Montauk 
point.  Long  Island,  two  small  British  cruisers  were 
captured  (4  and  5  April),  and  on  6  April  a  large 
ship,  the  "  Glasgow,"  was  engaged.  In  this  fight, 
which  was  indecisive,  Biddle  took  part.  The  Eng- 
lishman drew  ofE  after  having  sustained  and  in- 
flicted much  damage,  and,  being  a  better  sailer 
than  the  heavily-laden  Americans,  made  her  escape. 
After  refitting  in  New  London,  the  "•  Andrea  Doria  " 
cruised  on  the  banks  of  Newfoundland,  captured 
two  armed  transports  filled  with  soldiers,  and  made 
prizes  of  so  many  merchantmen  that  when  he  re- 
turned to  the  Delaware  Biddle  retained  but  five  of 
his  original  crew,  the  rest  having  been  placed  on 
board  prizes.  On  6  June,  1776,  he  was  appointed 
by  congress  to  command  the  "  Randolph,"  a  32- 
gun  frigate  then  building  in  Philadelphia.  She 
was  launched  near  the  close  of  the  year,  and  sailed 
early  in  1777.  Some  constructional  defects  were 
discovered  in  the  ship,  and  Capt.  Biddle  put  into 
Charleston  for  repairs.  These  made,  he  sailed,  and 
was  back  again  in  a  few  days  with  four  prizes,  one  of 
which  had  an  armament  of  twenty  guns.  The  South 
Carolinians  were  so  pleased  with  these  successes 
that  they  voluntarily  equipped  four  small  vessels, 
which  they  placed  under  his  command,  and  the 
squadron  sailed  in  search  of  British  cruisers  sup- 
posed to  be  in  the  neighborhood.  On  7  March  they 
encountered  the  British  64-gun  ship  "Yarmouth." 
Prudence  dictated  fiight  from  so  powerful  an  an- 
tagonist, but  she  soon  overtook  and  engaged  the 
"  Randoljjh."  After  a  sharp  action  of  twenty  min- 
utes at  close  quarters  the  latter  blew  up,  and  the 
vessels  were  so  close  together  that  fragments  of 


BIDDLE 


BIDDLE 


257 


the  wreck,  including  an  American  flag  rolled  up 
tightly,  fell  on  the  "  Yarmouth's "  deck.  The 
British  ship  had  suffered  so  severely  in  the  action 
that  she  was  unable  to  overtake  any  other  of  the 
American  ships.  On  12  April,  while  in  the  same 
vicinity,  she  picked  up  four  survivors  of  the  explo- 
sion, who  reported '  that  Capt.  Biddle  had  been 
severely  wounded  during  the  action,  and  was  hav- 
ing his  wound  dressed  on  deck  when  the  explosion 
occurred.  The  rest  of  the  "  Randolph's "  crew, 
310  in  number,  perished.  It  was  generally  be- 
lieved that  Capt.  Biddle  possessed  all  the  qualities 
that  go  to  make  a  great  naval  commander,  and  his 
untimely  death,  with  the  simultaneous  loss  of  the 
first  American  frigate  ever  launched,  was  a  serious 
blow  to  the  infant  navy  of  the  revolted  colonies. — 
His  brother,  Edward,  b.  1739 ;  d.  in  Baltimore,  5 
Sept.,  1779,  was  an  officer  in  the  French  war  of 
1756-'G3.  He  became  eminent  as  a  lawyer  in 
Heading,  Pa. ;  was  a  member  and  speaker  of  the 
assembly,  and  was  a  delegate  to  the  first  congress 
in  1774-'5.  He  was  one  of  the  foremost  advocates 
of  independence. 

BIDDLE,  Nicholas,  financier,  b.  in  Philadel- 
phia, 8  Jan.,  1786;  d.  there,  27  Feb.,  1844.  His 
preparfitory  education  was  received  at  an  academy 
in  Pliiladelphia,  where  his  progress  was  so  rapid 
that  he  entered  the  class  of  1799  in  the  universi- 
ty of  Pennsylvania, 
and  would  have 
taken  his  degree  at 
the  age  of  thirteen 
had  it  not  been 
deemed  wise  to 
keep  him  longer 
at  his  books.  He 
was  accordingly 
sent  to  Princeton, 
entrred  the  sopho- 
more class,  and  was 
graduated  in  1801 
as  valedictorian, 
dividing  the  first 
honor  of  the  class 
with  his  only  rival. 
The  ancestors  of 
the  Biddle  family 
came  over  with 
William  Penn,  and 
bore  themselves 
nobly  throughout  the  earlier  colonial  struggles 
against  the  proprietaries  and  the  Indians.  In  the 
war  for  independence,  Charles,  father  of  Nicholas, 
was  prominent  in  devotion  to  the  cause,  while  his 
uncle  was  among  the  most  gallant  of  the  early 
naval  heroes.  Anothei  uncle  served  in  the  old 
French  war,  and  was  a  member  of  the  congress  of 
1774.  Mr.  Biddle  is  said  to  have  been  the  hand- 
somest man  in  Philadelphia.  He  was  offered  an 
official  position  before  he  had  finished  his  law 
studies.  As  secretary  to  John  Armstrong,  U.  S. 
minister  to  France,  he  went  abroad  in  1804,  was  in 
Paris  at  the  time  of  Napoleon's  coronation,  and 
afterward,  when  the  diplomatic  relations  of  Prance 
and  the  United  States  were  seriously  complicated, 
Mr.  Biddle  was  detailed  to  audit  and  pay  certain 
claims  against  the  United  States,  the  disburse- 
ments being  made  from  the  purchase-money  paid 
for  Louisiana.  Thus  he  acquired  his  first  experi- 
ence in  financial  affairs,  being  brought  into  inti- 
mate association  with  the  dignitaries  of  the  French 
official  bureau,  who  never  ceased  to  marvel  alike  at 
his  youth  and  his  abilities.  After  completing  sat- 
isfactorily the  arduous  task  of  paying  the  claims, 
he  travelled  extensively  through  Europe  and  Greece, 
VOL.   I. — 17 


i^ 


^22^2^ 


returning  to  England  to  serve  as  secretary  for  Mr. 
Monroe,  then  U.  S.  minister  to  England.  In  this 
capacity  he  accompanied  him  to  Cambridge,  where, 
in  a  company  of  very  learned  scholars,  he  found 
himself  drawn  into  a  conversation  involving  fa- 
miliarity with  the  modern  Greek  dialect  as  com- 
pared with  that  of  Homer.  He  acquitted  himself 
so  well  that  the  incident  was  never  forgotten  by 
Mr.  Monroe,  who  often  related  the  story  of  the  dis- 
cussion between  the  young  American  and  the  Cam- 
bridge professors.  In  1807  Mr.  Biddle  returned 
home  and  began  the  practice  of  law,  devoting  such 
time  as  he  could  spare  to  literature,  contributing 
papers  on  various  subjects,  but  chiefly  on  the  fine 
arts,  to  different  publications.  His  literary  tastes 
led  him  to  undertake,  with  Joseph  Dennie,  the  as- 
sociate editni'shij)  ol  the  "Port-Folio,"  a  magazine 
of  high  character  (1800-'23).  After  Dennie's  death, 
in  1812,  Mr.  Biddle  conducted  the  magazine  alone, 
engaging  also  in  other  literary  work,  the  most  im- 
portant of  which  was  the  preparation  for  the  press 
of  Lewis  and  Clarke's  report  of  their  exploring 
expedition  to  the  mouth  of  Columbia  river.  He 
induced  Mr.  Jefferson  to  write  an  introductory 
memoir  of  Capt.  Lewis.  Mr.  Biddle's  name  does 
not  appear,  as  he  was  elected  to  the  state  legisla- 
ture (1810-'l),  and  was  compelled  to  turn  over  the 
whole  work  to  Paul  Allen,  who  supervised  its  pub- 
lication, and,  with  the  consent  of  all  parties,  was 
the  recognized  editor.  It  is  said,  however,  by 
Robert  T.  Conrad,  that  Mr.  Biddle  actually  wrote 
the  two  volumes  from  Lewis  and  Clarke's  notes. 
In  the  legislature  he  at  once  became  prominent, 
possessing  in  a  high  degree  the  qualities  of  a 
statesman.  He  originated  a  bill  favoring  popular 
education,  which  was  a  quarter  of  a  century  in  ad- 
vance of  the  times  and  was  defeated,  but  came  up 
again  in  different  forms  until,  in  1836,  the  Pennsyl- 
vania common-school  system  was  inaugurated  as 
a  direct  result  of  his  efforts.  He  was  more  suc- 
cessful in  advocating  the  recharter  of  the  United 
States  bank,  and  on  this  subject  made  his  first 
speech,  which  attracted  general  attention  at  the 
time,  and  was  warmly  commended  by  Chief-Jus- 
tice Marshall  and  other  leaders  of  public  opinion. 
This  was  his  first  step  toward  a  financial  career. 
The  war  of  1812  intervened.  During  its  continu- 
ance he  was  a  member  of  the  state  senate,  and  lent 
his  support  to  all  reasonable  war  measures.  In 
1815  his  judicious  course  in  regard  to  the  pi'oposi- 
tions  of  the  Hartford  convention  gave  a  turn  to 
events  that  seemingly  averted  grave  sectional  dis- 
sensions. When  the  United  States  bank  was  re- 
chartered,  largely  through  Mi.  Biddle's  efforts  in 
1819,  President  Monroe  appointed  him  a  gov- 
ernment director,  and  on  the  resignation  of  Mr. 
Cheves  he  became  president  of  the  bank,  conduct- 
ing its  vast  business  with  marked  ability.  During 
his  connection  with  it  he  was  appointed  by  Monroe, 
under  authority  from  congress,  to  prepare  a  "  Com- 
mercial Digest "  of  the  laws  and  trade  regulations 
of  the  world,  which  was  for  many  years  an  author- 
ity. The  "  bank  war,"  inaugurated  by  President 
Jackson  in  1829,  undermined  the  credit  of  the  in- 
stitution, and  after  the  bill  for  its  recharter  was 
vetoed  in  1832,  Mr.  Biddle's  efforts  to  save  the 
bank  were  unavailing.  The  withdrawal  of  the 
government  deposits  by  Jackson's  order  in  1833 
precipitated  financial  disasters  that  involved  the 
whole  country.  Mr.  Biddle's  friends  assert  that 
his  refusal  to  lend  the  infiuence  of  the  bank  to 
partisan  ends  was  the  provoking  cause  of  the  presi- 
dent's hostility,  but  this  is  denied  by  Jackson's  ad- 
mirers. The  literature  of  the  "  bank  war  "  is  volu- 
minous, including  a  series  of  letters  by  Mr.  Biddle, 


258 


BIDDLE 


BIDWELL 


vindicating  his  own  course.  In  1839  he  resigned 
the  bank  presidency,  and  in  1841  the  bank  failed. 
He  was  a  leading  spirit  in  the  establishment  of 
Girard  college  under  the  provisions  of  the  found- 
er's will,  and,  in  spite  of  the  unfortunate  conclu- 
sion of  his  otherwise  brilliant  financial  career,  he 
commanded  the  confidence  and  admiration  of  all 
that  knew  him  well.  Full  discussions  of  the  con- 
temporary questions  involved  may  be  found  in 
the  "  Merchants'  Magazine,"  "  Niles's  Register," 
the  "  Bankers'  Magazine,"  and  the  reports  of  con- 
gressional committees. — His  brotlier,  Ricliard, 
author,  b.  in  Philadelphia,  25  March,  ITDO ;  d.  in 
Pittsburg,  Pa.,  7  July,  1847,  received  a  classical 
education  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  practising 
at  Pittsburg,  where  he  became  eminent  in  his 
profession.  He  went  to  England  in  1827,  and  re- 
mained three  years,  publishing  while  there  a  criti- 
cal "Review  of  Cai)tain  Basil  Hall's  Travels  in 
North  America."  He  also  published  "  A  Memoir 
of  Sebastian  Cabot,  with  a  Review  of  the  History 
of  Maritime  Discovery"  (London,  1881),  in  which 
many  new  facts  were  brought  to  light.  He  was 
chosen  to  congress,  as  a  whig,  and  re-elected,  serv- 
ing from  4  Sept.,  1837,  till  his  resignation  in  1840. 
— Nicholas's  son,  Charles  Joliii,  soldier,  b.  in 
Philadelphia  in  1819 ;  d.  there,  28  Sept.,  1873,  was 
graduated  at  Princeton  in  1837,  studied  law,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1840 ;  served  as  a  cap- 
tain of  the  voltigeurs  in  the  U.  S.  army  in  the 
Mexican  war,  and  was  in  the  actions  of  Contreras. 
Churubusco,  Molino  del  Rey,  Chapultepec,  and  at 
the  capture  of  the  city  of  Mexico.  For  gallant 
and  meritoi'ious  services  in  these  engagements  he 
was  bre vetted  major.  At  the  close  of  that  war  he 
resumed  the  practice  of  his  profession  in  his  native 
city.  In  1861  he  was  appointed  a  colonel  in  the 
Pennsylvania  reserve  volunteer  corps,  and  in  Oc- 
tober of  that  year  was  elected  to  congress,  to  fill 
the  vacancy  caused  by  the  resignation  of  Edward 
J.  Morris.  He  was  tendered  a  commission  as 
brigadier-general,  but  declined  it.  After  the  war 
he  became  one  of  the  proprietors  and  editor-in- 
chief  of  the  Philadelphia  "  Age,"  and  retained  that 
place  during  the  remainder  of  his  life.  His  liter- 
ary work  was  confined  mainly  to  editorial  contri- 
butions to  the  columns  of  this  journal.  The  only 
separate  publication  from  his  pen  is  "  The  Case  of 
Major  Andre,"  a  carefully  prepared  essay  read  be- 
fore the  Pennsylvania  historical  society,  vindicat- 
ing the  action  of  Washington.  The  immediate 
occasion  was  a  passage  in  Lord  Mahon's  "  History 
of  England,"  which  denounced  the  execution  of 
Andre  as  the  greatest  blot  upon  Washington's 
record.  By  an  authority  so  high  as  the  London 
"  Critic,"  this  essay  was  subsequently  pronounced 
a  fair  refutation  of  Lord  Mahon's  charge. 

BIDDLE,  Thomas,  soldier,  b.  in  Philadelphia, 
21  Nov.,  1790;  d.  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  29  Aug.,  1831. 
He  was  appointed  captain  of  artillery  0  July,  1812, 
and  distinguished  himself  at  Fort  George  and 
Stony  Creek.  At  the  reduction  of  Fort  Erie  he 
commanded  the  artillery,  and  was  subsequently 
severely  wounded  in  the  defence  of  that  place.  At 
the  battle  of  Lundy's  Lane,  25  July,  1814.  he  com- 
manded a  light  battery,  and  was  wounded  again. 
The  only  British  field-piece  retained  by  the  Ameri- 
cans on  that  occasion  was  brought  away  as  a 
trophy  by.  Capt.  Biddle.  On  15  Aug.,  1814,  he 
was  brevetted  major,  and  in  December  became 
aide  to  Gen.  Izard.  In  1820  he  was  paymaster. 
He  met  his  death  at  the  hands  of  Spencer  Pettis 
in  a  duel.  In  consequence  of  Maj.  Biddle's  defect- 
ive eyesight,  the  distance  was  made  five  feet,  and 
both  men  were  mortally  wounded  at  the  first  fire. 


BIDWELL,  Daniel  Davidson,  b.  in  Buffalo, 
N.  Y.,  about  1816 ;  d.  near  Cedar  Creek,  Va.,  19 
Oct.,  1864.  He  resided  in  Buffalo,  and  for  twenty 
years  prior  to  the  civil  war  was  identified  with  the 
military  organizations  of  the  state  and  city.  Wlien 
the  war  began  he  resigned  his  office  of  police  jus- 
tice, enlisted  as  a  private  in  the  65th  N.  Y.  infant- 
ry, and  was  soon  promoted  captain.  Withdraw- 
ing his  company  from  the  regiment,  he  made  it 
the  nucleus  of  the  74th  regiment,  N.  Y.  infantry. 
He  was  commissioned  colonel  of  the  49th  regiment 
in  September,  1861,  served  with  it  through  the 
peninsular  campaign,  and  during  the  "  seven  days' 
battles  "  was  in  command  of  a  brigade,  continuing 
in  charge  from  Harrison's  Landing  to  Washington, 
and  up  to  the  time  of  the  battles  of  South  Moun- 
tain and  Antietam,  when  he  resumed  command  of 
his  regiment.  Col.  Bidwell  took  a  prominent  part 
in  the  battles  of  Fredericksburg  and  Chancellors- 
ville,  commanded  a  brigade  at  Gettysburg,  and, 
when  Gen.  Grant  took  command  of  the  armies  in 
Virginia,  was  again  placed  in  charge  of  a  brigade, 
participating  in  the  overland  campaign.  He  was 
commissioned  brigadier-general  in  July,  1864,  and 
served  with  honor  in  the  Shenandoah  campaigns, 
during  the  summer  preceding  the  action  at  Cedar 
Creek,  where  he  lost  his  life. 

BIDWELL,  John,  politician,  b.  in  Chautauqua 
CO.,  N.  Y.,  5  Aug.,  1819.  In  1829  he  settled  with 
his  parents  in  Erie,  Pa.,  and  in  1831  removed  to 
Ashtabula  co.,  where  he  was  educated  in  Kings- 
ville  academy.  During  the  winter  of  1838-'9  he 
taught  school  in  Darke  co.,  and  subsequently  for 
two  years  in  Missouri.  In  1841  he  emigrated 
to  California,  being  one  of  the  first  to  make  the 
journey  o\erland,  which  occupied  at  that  time  six 
months.  On  the  Pacific  coast  he  had  charge  of 
Bodega  and  Fort  Russ,  and  also  of  Gen.  Sutter's 
Feather  river  possessions.  He  served  in  the  war 
with  Mexico  until  its  close,  rising  from  second 
lieutenant  to  major,  and  was  among  the  first  to 
find  gold  in  1848  on  Feather  river.  In  1849  he 
was  a  member  of  the  state  constitutional  conven- 
tion, and  during  the  same  year  became  a  member 
of  the  senate  of  the  new  state.  He  was  one  of  the 
committee  appointed  to  convey  a  block  of  gold- 
bearing  quartz  to  Washington  in  1850,  and  was  a 
delegate  to  the  national  democratic  convention 
held  in  Charleston  in  1860.  Since  then  he  has 
been  a  brigadier-general  of  the  militia,  and  in  18G4 
he  was  elected  a  representative  from  California  to 
congress,  serving  from  4  Dec,  1865,  to  3  March, 
1867.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the  Philadelphia  con- 
vention in  1866,  and  in  1875  he  was  candidate  for 
governor  of  California,  but  was  defeated. 

BIDWELL,  Marshal  S.,  lawyer,  b.  in  New 
England  in  1798 :  d.  in  New  York  city,  24  Oct., 
1872.  At  an  early  age  he  removed  to  Canada, 
where  he  practised  law,  rose  rapidly  in  his  profes- 
sion, and  entered  political  life  while  still  a  young 
man.  He  was  returned  several  times  from  Kings- 
ton and  Toronto  to  the  Canadian  parliament,  and 
during  two  terms  was  speaker  of  the  house.  He  was 
leader  of  the  liberal  party  previous  to  and  during 
the  rebellion  of  1837,  and  became  so  formidable  to 
the  government  that  he  was  ordered  to  leave  Cana- 
da. He  accordingly  removed  to  New  York  city, 
where  he  subsequently  practised  law  in  the  higher 
courts  and  was  considered  one  of  the  ablest  and 
best  men  at  the  bar.  He  was  at  the  time  of  his 
death  president  of  the  oldest  savings-bank  in  New 
York  city,  a  director  in  the  American  Bible  socie- 
ty, and  a  prominent  member  of  the  historical  so- 
ciety, before  which  he  delivered  an  address  a  short 
time  before  his  death. 


BIDWELL 


BIERSTADT 


259 


BIDWELL,  Walter  Hilliard,  journalist,  b. 
in  Farraington,  Conn.,  21  June,  1798 ;  d.  in  No- 
vember, 1881.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1827, 
studied  theology  there,  and  in  1883  became  pastor 
of  the  Congregational  church  at  Medfield,  Mass. 
He  resigned  in  1838,  oi;  account  of  the  failure  of 
his  voice,  removed  to  Philadelphia,  and  in  1841 
began  a  long  editorial  career,  conducting  the 
"  American  National  Preacher  "  for  about  nineteen 
years.  He  also  edited  the  New  York  "  Evangelist " 
from  1843  till  1855,  and  in  1846  became  proprietor 
of  the  "  Eclectic  Magazine  "  and  the  ''  American 
Biblical  Repository."  He  became  publisher  and 
proprietor  of  the  "  American  Theological  Review  " 
in  1860,  and  kept  it  till  1862,  when  it  was  incorpo- 
rated with  the  '•  Presbyterian  Quai-terly  Review." 
Between  1848  and  1854  he  published  a  series  of 
seven  valuable  maps,  of  which  his  brother.  Rev.  0. 
B.  Bidwell,  was  the  author.  He  was  appointed  by 
Sec.  Seward,  in  1867,  special  commissioner  of  the 
United  States  to  visit  various  points  in  western 
Asia,  and  travelled  for  eight  months  through 
Greece,  Egypt,  Palestine,  Syria,  and  Turkey. 

BIEDMA,  Luis  Hernandez  de  (be-ed'-ma), 
Spanish  soldier.  He  was  an  officer  in  the  army  of 
Fernando  de  Soto  in  the  expedition  for  the  con- 
quest of  Florida  in  1538.  He  wrote  a  "  Relacion 
de  la  Isla  de  la  Florida,"  printed,  in  1857,  in  the 
"'  Coleccion  de  Varios  Documentes  para  la  Historia 
de  la  Florida." 

BIENPICA  Y  SOTOMAYOR,  Salvador  (be- 
en-pe'-ka),  Spanish  bishop,  b.  in  Ceuta  in  1730;  d. 
2  Aug.,  1802.  He  was  graduated  as  doctor  in  can- 
on law  at  Salamanca,  and,  after  travelling  in  Italy, 
went  to  Mexico  as  canon  of  the  cathedral  of  Valla- 
dolid  (now  Morelia).  He  returned  to  Spain,  and, 
filling  a  similar  office  at  the  primate  of  Toledo,  was 
consecrated  at  Havana  as  bishop  of  Puebla,  where 
his  pastoral  work  began  27  Aug.,  1790.  Bienpica 
founded  the  seminario  palafoxiano  of  Puebla,  and 
gave  $150,000  for  improvements  in  the  cathedral. 
BIENYILLE,  Jean  Baptiste  le  illoyne,  Sieur 
de,  French  governor  of  Louisiana,  b.  in  Montreal, 
23  Feb.,  1080 ;  d.  in  France  in  1768.  He  was  a  son 
of  Charles  le  Moyne,  and  the  third  of  four  brothers 
(Iberville,   Serigny,   Bienville,   and    Chateauguay) 

who  played  im- 
portant parts  in 
the  early  histo- 
ry of  Louisiana. 
Bienville,  while 
a  lad  on  board 
the  French  ship 
"  Pelican,"  was 
severely  wound- 
ed in  a  naval  ac- 
tion off  the  coast 
of  New  Eng- 
land. In  1698 
Iberville  set  out 
from  France  to 
found  a  colony 
at  the  mouth  of 
the  Jlississippi, 
taking  with  him 
his  brother  Bien- 
ville, and  Sau- 
volle.  The  first 
settlement  was 
made  at  Biloxi,  where  they  arrived  in  May,  1699, 
and  erected  a  fort  with  twelve  cannon.  Sauvolle 
was  left  in  command,  while  Bienville  was  engaged 
in  exploring  the  surrounding  country.  Iberville, 
wh<j  liad  returned  to  France,  came  back  with  a  com- 
mission appointing  Sauvolle  governor  of  Louisiana. 


:^^ 


\ 


In  1700  Bienville  constructed  a  fort  fifty-four  miles 
above  the  mouth  of  the  river.  Sauvolle  died  in 
1701,  and  Bienville  succeeded  to  the  direction  of 
the  colony,  the  seat  of  which  was  transferred  to 
Mobile.  In  1704  he  was  joined  by  his  brother  Cha- 
teauguay, who  brought  from  Canada  seventeen  set- 
tlers. A  ship  from  France  brought  twenty  women, 
who  had  been  sent  out  by  the  king  to  be  married 
to  the  settlers  at  Mobile.  Iberville  soon  after 
died  ;  troubles  arose  in  the  colony,  Bienville  quar- 
relled with  La  Salle,  the  royal  commissioner,  was 
charged  by  him  with  various  acts  of  misconduct, 
and  on  13  July,  1707  was  recalled ;  but  his  suc- 
cessor dying  on  the  voyage'  from  France,  Bienville 
retained  the  command.  Meanwhile,  in  1708,  the 
attempt  to  cultivate  the  land  by  Indian  labor  hav- 
ing failed,  Bienville  proposed  to  the  home  govern- 
ment to  send  negroes  from  the  Antilles  to  be  ex- 
changed for  Indians,  at  the  rate  of  three  Indians 
for  two  negroes.  In  1709  and  1710  the  colony  was 
reduced  to  famine.  In  1712  the  French  king 
granted  to  Antoine  Crozat  for  fifteen  years  the 
exclusive  right  to  trade  in  Louisiana,  and'  to  intro- 
duce slaves  from  Africa.  On  17  May,  1713,  Cadil- 
lac was  sent  out  as  governor,  bringing  with  him  a 
commission  for  Bienville  as  lieutenant-governor. 
Quarrels  arose  between  them,  and  the  governor 
sent  Bienville  on  an  expedition  to  the  Natchez 
tribe,  hoping  that  he  would  lose  his  life.  But 
Bienville  succeeded  in  inducing  the  Natchez  to 
build  a  fort  for  him,  in  which  he  left  a  garrison, 
and  returned  to  Mobile,  4  Oct.,  1716.  On  9  March, 
1717,  Cadillac  was  superseded  by  Ejjinay,  and 
Bienville  received  the  decoration  of  the  cross  of 
St.  Louis.  Crozat  surrendered  his  charter  in  1717, 
and  Law's  Mississippi  company  was  formed  the 
same  year,  its  first  expedition  arriving  in  1718, 
with  a  commission  for  Bienville  as  governor.  He 
now  founded  the  city  of  New  Orleans.  War 
breaking  out  between  France  and  Spain,  Bienville 
took  Pensacola,  placing  Chateauguay  in  command. 
In  1723  the  seat  of  government  was  transferred 
to  New  Orleans.  On  16  Jan.,  1724,  Bienville  was 
summoned  to  France,  to  answer  charges  which  had 
been  brought  against  him.  He  left  behind  him 
the  "  code  noir,"  which  remained  in  force  till  the 
annexation  of  Louisiana  to  the  United  States,  and 
much  of  it  was  incorporated  in  the  law  of  the 
state.  This  code  regulated  the  condition  of  the 
slaves,  banished  the  Jews,  and  prohibited  every 
religion  except  the  Roman  Catholic.  On  9  Aug., 
1726,  he  was  removed  from  office,  and  Chateauguay 
was  also  displaced  as  lieutenant-governor,  and 
ordered  back  to  France.  Bienville  remained  in 
France  till  1733,  when  he  was  sent  back  to  the  colo- 
ny as  governor,  with  the  rank  of  lieutenant-gen- 
eral. In  1736, 1739,  and  1740  he  made  unsuccessful 
expeditions  against  the  Chickasaw  Indians,  in  con- 
sequence of  which  he  was  superseded,  and  in  1743 
returned  to  France. 

BIERSTADT,  Albert,  painter,  b.  in  Dlissel- 
dorf,  Germany,  7  Jan.,  1830.  He  was  brought  by 
his  parents  in  1831  to  New  Bedford,  Mass.,  where 
he  early  developed  a  taste  for  art  and  made 
clever  crayon  sketches  in  his  youth.  In  1851  he 
began  to  paint  in  oils,  and  in  1853  went  to  Diissel- 
dorf  and  studied  four  years  in  the  academy  there 
and  in  Rome,  making  sketching  tours  during  the 
summers  in  Germany  and  Switzerland.  Return- 
ing to  the  United  States  in  1857,  he  made  an  ex- 
tended tour  in  the  west,  especially  in  Colorado 
and  California,  obtaining  from  this  and  other  vis- 
its material  for  many  of  his  more  important  pic- 
tures. He  again  visited  Europe  in  1867.  in  1878, 
and  in  1833.     Mr.  Bierstadt  has  received    many 


260 


BIGELOW 


BIGELOW 


honors.  He  was  elected  a  member  of  the  nation- 
al academy  in  18G0,  and  has  been  awarded  med- 
als in  Austria,  Bavaria,  Belgium,  and  Germany. 
In  1867  he  was  decorated  with  the  cross  of  the 
legion  of  honor,  and  in  1869  with  that  of  St.  Stan- 
islaus, of  which  he  received  also  the  second  class  in 
1872.  In  1882  his  studio  at  Irvington,  N.  Y.,  was 
destroyed  by  fire,  with  many  valuable  pictures. 
Among  his  best-known  works  are:  "Laramie 
Peak  "  (1861),  now  in  the  Buffalo  academy  of  fine 
arts;  "Lander's  Peak  in  the  Rocky  Mountains" 
(18()3),  bought  by  James  McHenry,  of  London,  for 
125,000;  "North  Fork  of  the  Platte"  (1864); 
"Looking  down  the  Yosemite"  (1865) ;  "El  Capi- 
tan  on  Merced  River  "  (1866) ;  "  Storm  on  Mt.  Ro- 
salie" (1866);  "Valley  of  the  Yosemite"  (1866), 
in  the  Lenox  library ;  "  Settlement  of  California " 
and  "  Discovery  of  Hudson  River,"  both  in  the 
Capitol  at  Washington ;  "  Emerald  Pool  on  Mt. 
Whitney"  (1870);  "In  the  Rocky  Mountains" 
(1871) ;  "  Great  Trees  of  California  "  (1874) ;  "  Val- 
ley of  Kern  River,  California  "  (1875) ;  "  Mt.  Whit- 
ney, Sierra  Nevada"  (1877);  "  Estes  Park,  Colo- 
rado," "  Mountain  Lake,"  and  "  Mount  Corcoran,  in 
Sierra  Nevada"  (1878),  Corcoran  gallery,  Washing- 
ton ;  "  Geysers  "  (1883) ;  "  Storm  on  the  Matter- 
horn,"  and  "  View  on  Kern  River  "  (1884) ;  "  Val- 
ley of  Zermatt,  Switzerland  "  (1885) :  "  On  the  Saco, 
New  Hampshire,"  and  "  California  Oaks  "  (1886). 

BIGrELOW,  Erastiis  Brigham,  inventor,  b.  in 
West  Boylston,  Mass.,  2  April,  1814 ;  d.  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  6  Dec,  1879.  He  was  the  son  of  a  cotton- 
weaver,  and   it   was   his   parents'   desire   that   he 

should  become  a 
physician,  but, 
his  father's  busi- 
ness not  being 
successful,  he  was 
unable  to  con- 
tinue his  studies, 
and  so  turned  his 
attention  to  in- 
venting. Before 
he  had  reached 
the  age  of  eigh- 
teen years  he  had 
devised  a  hand- 
loom  for  sus- 
pender-webbing, 
and  also  a  ma- 
chine for  making 
piping-cord.  His 
work  on  "Sten- 
ography," a  short 
manual  on  short- 
hand writing,  was 
written  and  pub- 
lished about  this  time.  In  1838  he  patented  an 
automatic  loom  for  weaving  counterpanes,  which  he 
subsequently  modified  so  as  to  produce  an  article 
equal  to  the  finest  imported  counterpanes.  He  then 
invented  a  loom  for  weaving  coach-lace,  and  soon 
afterward  turned  his  attention  to  carpet-weaving. 
In  1839  he  contracted  to  produce  a  power-loom 
capable  of  weaving  two-ply  ingrain  carpets,  such  as 
had  been  hitherto  woven  exclusively  by  the  hand- 
loom,  which  only  produced  eight  yards  a  day. 
With  his  first  loom  he  succeeded  in  obtaining  ten  or 
twelve  yards  daily,  which  he  increased  by  improve- 
ments until  a  product  of  twenty-five  yards  was 
regularly  obtained.  Afterward  he  invented  a  power- 
loom  for  weaving  Brussels  tapestry  and  velvet 
tapestry  carpets,  his  most  important  invention, 
which  attracted  much  attention  at  the  World's 
Pair  in  London  in  1851.    The  town  of  Clinton, 


A 


(^(^jB'£'tr^~ 


Worcester  co.,  Mass.,  owes  its  growth  and  manufac- 
turing importance  to  hiin,  as  it  contains  the  coach- 
lace  works,  the  Lancaster  Quilt  Company,  and  the 
Bigelow  Carpet  Company,  all  of  which  "are  direct 
results  of  his  inventive  ability.  In  1862  Mr. 
Bigelow  prepared  a  scheme  of  uniform  taxation 
throughout  the  United  States  by  means  of  stamps, 
and  he  published  "  The  Tariff  Question,  considered 
in  regard  to  the  Policy  of  England  and  the  Inter- 
ests of  the  United  States"  (Boston,  1863).  Mr. 
Bigelow  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Boston  His- 
torical Society  in  April,  1864,  and  in  1869  pre- 
sented to  that  society  six  large  volumes  entitled 
"  Inventions  of  Erastus  Brigham  Bigelow  patented 
in  England  from  1837  to  1868,"  m  which  were 
gathered  the  printed  specifications  of  eighteen 
patents  granted  to  him  in  England.  See  the  me- 
morial sketch  by  Robert  C.  Winthrop  in  "  Win- 
throp's  Addresses  and  Speeches  "  (Boston,  1886). 

BIGELOW,  Jacob,  physician,  b.  in  Sudbury, 
Mass.,  27  Feb.,  1787;  d.  in  Boston,  10  Jan.,  1879. 
He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1806,  studied 
medicine,  opened  his  office  in  Boston  in  1810,  and 
displayed  unusual  skill.  In  1811  he  delivered  be- 
fore the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  society  a  poem  on  "  Pro- 
fessional Life,"  afterward  published  at  Boston.  He 
early  made  a  reputation  as  a  botanist,  had  an  ex- 
tensive European  correspondence,  and  different 
plants  were  named  for  him  by  Sir  J.  E.  Smith,  in 
the  supplement  to  "  Rees's  Cyclopaedia,"  by  Schra- 
der  in  Germany,  and  De  Candolle  in  France.  He 
was  one  of  the  committee  of  five  selected  in  1820  to 
form  the  "  American  Pharmacopoeia,"  and  is  to  be 
credited  with  the  principle  of  the  nomenclature  of 
materia  medica  afterward  adopted  by  the  British 
colleges,  substituting  a  single  for  a  double  word 
whenever  practicable.  He  founded  jMount  Auburn, 
the  first  garden  cemetery  established  in  the  United 
States,  and  the  model  after  which  all  others  in  the 
country  have  been  made.  The  much-admired  stone 
tower,  chapel,  gate,  and  fence  were  all  built  after 
his  designs.  During  a  term  of  twenty  years  Dr. 
Bigelow  was  a  physician  of  the  Massachusetts  gen- 
eral hospital,  and  in  1856  the  trustees  of  that  insti- 
tution ordered  a  marble  bust  of  him  to  be  placed  in 
the  hall.  He  was  professor  of  materia  medica  in 
Harvard  university  from  1815  to  1855,  and  from 
1816  to  1827  held  the  Rumford  professorship  in  the 
same  institution,  delivering  lectures  on  the  appli- 
cation of  science  to  the  useful  arts.  These  lectures 
were  published  in  a  volume  entitled  "  Elements  of 
Technology,"  rej^ublished  with  the  title  "Useful 
Arts  considered  in  Connection  with  the  Applications 
of  Science"  (2  vols..  New  York,  1840).  Notable 
among  his  papers  was  one  entitled  "  A  Discourse 
on  Self-Limited  Disease,"  which  was  delivered  as  an 
address  before  the  Massachusetts  medical  society  in 
1835,  and  had  a  marked  effect  in  modifying  the 
practice  of  physicians.  He  was  during  many  years 
the  president  of  that  society,  and  was  also  presi- 
dent of  the  American  academy  of  arts  and  sciences. 
Retiring  from  the  active  practice  of  his  profession 
some  years  before  his  death.  Dr.  Bigelow  gave  much 
attention  to  the  subject  of  education,  and  especial- 
ly to  the  matter  of  establishing  and  developing 
technological  schools.  In  an  address  "  On  the 
Limits  of  Education,"  delivered  in  1865  before 
the  Massachusetts  institute  of  technology,  he  em- 
phasized the  necessity  of  students  devoting  them- 
selves to  special  technical  branches  of  knowledge. 
He  published,  besides  works  already  mentioned, 
"  Florula  Bostoniensis  "  (1814 ;  enlarged  eds.,  1824 
and  1840) ;  an  edition,  with  notes,  of  Sir  J.  E. 
Smith's  work  on  botany  (1814) ;  "American  Medi- 
cal Botany  "  (3  vols.,  Boston,  1817-20) ;  " Nature  in 


BIGELOW 


BIGLER 


261 


Disease,"  a  volume  of  essays  (1854) ;  "  A  Brief  Expo- 
sition of  Rational  Medicine,"  to  which  was  prefixed 
"  The  Paradise  of  Doctors,  a  Fable  "  (Philadelphia, 
IBaS);  "History  of  Mount  Auburn"  (18(50);  and 
"  Modern  Inquiries  "  and  "  Remarks  on  Classical 
Studies"  (Boston,  1867).  Dr.  Bigelow  was  also 
known  as  a  writer  on  other  than  medical  subjects. 
He  was  a  frequent  contributor  to  the  reviews  and 
periodicals,  and  was  the  reputed  author  of  a 
volume  of  poems  entitled  "  Eolopcesis  "  (New  York, 
1855),  containins:  imitations  of  American  poets. 

BIGtELOW,  John,  journalist,  b.  in  Maiden,  N. 
Y.,  25  Nov.,  1817.  He  was  graduated  at  Union 
college  in  1835,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1839, 
and  practised  law  in  New  York  for  several  years, 
but  gradually  became  identified  with  journalism 
to  an  extent  that  led  him  to  abandon  the  law.  He 
was  editor  of  "  The  Plebeian "  and  the  "  Demo- 
cratic Review,"  and  prepared  for  the  press  Gregg's 
"  Commerce  of  the  Prairies  "  and  other  books  of 
travel.  In  1845-8  he  was  an  inspector  of  Sing 
Sing  state  prison.  He  became  a  partner  of  Will- 
iam Cullen  -Bryant  in  1849  as  joint  owner  of  the 
"  Evening  Post,"  and  was  managing  editor  of  that 
journal  until  1861,  when,  after  the  accession  of 
President  Lincoln,  he  went  to  Paris  as  U.  S.  con- 
sul. After  the  death  of  Mr.  Dayton  in  1865  he 
became  U.  S.  minister  to  France,  where  he  re- 
mained until  1867.  During  1867  and  1868  he  was 
secretary  of  state  for  New  York.  In  the  spring  of 
1886  he  was  designated  by  the  New  York  chamber 
of  commerce  to  inspect  so  much  of  the  Panama 
canal  as  was  then  under  construction,  and  on  the 
receipt  of  his  report  he  was  unanimously  elected 
an  honorary  member  of  the  chamber.  The  same 
year  he  received  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.  D. 
from  Racine  college,  Wisconsin.  By  the  will  of 
Sanmel  J.  Tilden  (August,  1886)  he  was  appointed 
a  trustee  of  several  million  dollars,  to  be  applied 
to  the  establishment  and  maintenance  of  a  public 
library  in  New  York  city,  and  he  is  the  testator's 
authorized  biographer.  His  published  writings 
are  "Jamaica  in  1850;  or.  The  Effect  of  Sixteen 
Years  of  Freedom  on  a  Slave  Colony,"  and  "  Life 
of  Fremont  "  (1856)  and  "  Les  Etats-Unis  d'Ame- 
rique  en  1863  "  (Paris).  He  edited  the  autobiogra- 
pliy  of  Franklin  from  the  original  manuscript, 
which  he  found  in  France  (1868),  and  in  1869  pub- 
lished "  Some  Recollections  of  the  late  Antoine 
Pierre  Berryer."  "  The  Wit  and  Wisdom  of  the 
Haytiens "  was  published  in  1876,  and  a  mono- 
graph on  "  Molinos  the  Quietist  "  in  1882.  In  1888 
he  issued  "  France  and  the  Confederate  Navy,"  in 
1890  "  Life  of  William  Cullen  Bryant,"  and  later 
edited  an  edition  of  Mr.  Tilden's  speeches  and  the 
works  of  Benjamin  Franklin. — His  son,  John,  a 
captain  in  10th  U.  S.  cavalry,  is  the  author  of  "  The 
Principles  of  Strategy  illustrated  chiefly  from 
American  Campaigns." — His  second  son,  Poiilt- 
ney,  has  published  "  Border  Land  of  Czar  and 
Ka'iser"  (1895);  "The  German  Struggle  for  Lib- 
erty" (1896);  and  "  White  Man's  Africa"  (1897). 

BIGrELOW,  Lewis,  lawyer,  b.  in  Petersham, 
Mass.,  about  1783 ;  d.  in  Peoria,  111.,  3  Oct.,  1838. 
He  was  graduated  at  Williams  in  1803,  studied  law, 
and  practised  in  Petersham,  Mass.  He  was  elected 
a  member  of  congress,  serving  from  3  Dec,  1821, 
till  3  March,  1823.  He  removed  to  Illinois,  prac- 
tised law  tliere,  and  at  the  time  of  his  death  was 
clerk  of  court,  Peoria  co.  He  was  the  author  of  a 
"  Digest  of  the  First  Seventeen  Volumes  of  Massa- 
chusetts Reports,"  and  also  of  a  "  Digest  of  Picker- 
ing's Reports,  Vols.  II.-VII."  (2d  ed.,  Boston,  1825). 

BKxELOW,  Melville  Madison,  author,  b.  in 
Eaton  Rapids,  Mich.,  2  Aug.,  1846.    He  was  gradu- 


ated at  the  university  of  Michigan  in  1866,  and 
afterward  studied  at  Harvard,  receiving  the  degree 
of  Ph.  D.  in  1879.  He  has  published  "  Law  of  "Es- 
toppel "  (4th  ed.,  Boston,  1886) ;  "  Law  of  Torts " 
(2d  ed.,  1882) ;  "  Leading  Cases  on  Torts  "  (1875) ; 
"Law  of  Fraud"  (1877);  "Elements  of  Equity" 
(1879);  "History  of  Procedure  in  England — Nor- 
man Period  "  (London,  1880) ;  and  "  Rhymes  of  a 
Barrister  "  (1884).  He  has  edited  "  Story  on  Con- 
flict of  Laws "  (8th  ed.,  Boston,  1883) ;  Story's 
"  Equity  Jurisprudence "  (13th  ed.,  1886) ;  and 
"  Placita  Anglo-Normannica." 

BIGELOAY,  Timothy,  soldier,  b.  in  Worcester, 
Mass.,  12  Aug.,  1739;  d.  there,  31  March,  1790.  At 
the  beginning  of  the  revolutionary  war  he  was  a 
blacksmith  at  Worcester  and  a  zealous  patriot. 
Hearing  of  the  battle  of  Lexington,  he  led  a  com- 
pany of  minute-men  to  Cambridge,  and  on  23  May, 
1775,  became  a  major  in  Ward's  regiment.  He  ac- 
companied Arnold  in  his  expedition  to  Quebec  in 
1775,  and  was  captured  there,  remaining  a  prisoner 
until  1776.  He  was  ;nade  colonel,  8  Feb.,  1777, 
and,  when  in  command  of  the  15th  Massachusetts 
regiment,  assisted  at  the  capture  of  Burgoyne.  He 
was  also  at  Valley  Forge,  West  Point,  Monmouth, 
and  Yorktown.  After  the  war  Col.  Bigelow  had 
charge  of  the  arsenal  at  Springfield.  He  was  one 
of  the  original  grantees  of  Montpelier  and  a  bene- 
factor of  the  Leicester,  Mass.,  academy. — His  son, 
Timothy,  lawyer,  b.  in  Worcester,  Mass.,  30  April, 
1767;  d.  18  May,  1821,  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
in  1786,  studied  law,  and  practised  at  Groton, 
Mass.,  from  1789  until  1807,  when  he  removed  to 
Medford  and  opened  a  law  office  in  Boston.  He 
was  an  active  federalist,  was  elected  to  the  legisla- 
ture in  1790,  and  served  there  twenty  years,  eleven 
years  of  the  time  as  speaker  of  the  house.  He  was 
also  a  member  of  the  Hartford  convention  of  1814. 
He  was  an  active  member  of  many  literary  and 
benevolent  societies,  a  prominent  freemason,  and 
stood  high  in  his  profession.  It  is  said  that  in  the 
course  of  thirty-two  years  he  argued  15,000  cases. 
He  published  an  oration,  delivered  before  the  Phi 
Beta  Kappa  society  (1797). 

BIGGrS,  Asa,  lawyer,  b.  in  Williamstown,  N.  C, 
4  Feb.,  1811 ;  d.  in  Norfolk,  Va.,  6  March,  1878. 
He  received  a  common-school  education  and  studied 
law,  beginning  practice  in  1831,  was  elected  to  the 
state  constitutional  convention  in  1835,  to  the 
lower  branch  of  the  legislature  in  1840  and  1842, 
and  to  the  state  senate  in  1844.  He  was  chosen  a 
member  of  congress  in  1845,  and  was  one  of  the 
three  commissioners  appointed  in  1850  who  pre- 
pared the  revised  code  of  North  Carolina,  which 
went  into  operation  in  1854.  In  the  latter  year  he 
was  again  elected  to  the  state  senate,  and  in  1854 
was  chosen  U.  S.  senator,  which  office  he  resigned 
in  1858  to  accept  the  judgeship  of  the  U.  S.  district 
court  of  North  Carolina.  He  held  this  office  until 
the  war  broke  out,  and  in  May,  1861,  he  was  elected 
to  the  state  convention  that  passed  the  ordinance 
of  secession.  After  the  war  he  resumed  the  prac- 
tice of  law,  and  subsequently  engaged  in  the  com- 
mission business  at  Norfolk,  Va. 

BICrLER,  DaA'id,  Moravian  bishop,  b.  in  Hagers- 
town,  Md.,  26  Dec,  1806 ;  d.  in  Lancaster,  Pa.,  2 
July,  1875.  He  prepared  for  service  in  the  foreign 
mission  field,  and  went  to  the  West  Indies  in  1831, 
where  he  labored  for  five  years  with  great  zeal  and 
success.  His  wife's  failing  health  then  compelled 
him  to  return  to  the  United  States,  where  he  suc- 
cessively took  charge  of  the  Moravian  churches  in 
Philadelphia,  New  Yoi'k,  and  at  Bethlehem,  Pa. 
At  the  place  last  named  he  was  consecrated  to  the 
episcopacy  on  31   July,  1864,  after  which  he  re- 


262 


BIGLER 


BILLINGS 


moved  to  Lancaster,  where  he  continued  until  his 
death.  He  was  a  man  of  genial  character,  exer- 
cised a  great  influence  socially,  and  was  successful 
as  a  preacher. 

BICrLER,  John,  governor  of  California,  b.  in 
Cumberland  CO.,  Pa.,  8  Jan.,  1804;  d.  13  Nov.,  1871. 
He  was  of  German  descent.  Learning  the  printer's 
trade,  he  became  a  journalist,  afterward  a  lawyer, 
and  removed  to  Illinois  in  1846.  He  went  to  Cali- 
foi'nia  among  the  emigrants  of  1849.  There  he  be- 
came a  prominent  democratic  politician  and  gained 
the  name  of  "  honest  John  Bigler."  From  1852  till 
185G  he  was  governor  of  the  state. — His  brother, 
WilHam,  governor  of  Pennsylvania,  was  b.  in 
Shermansburg,  Pa.,  in  1814 :  d.  in  Clearfield,  Pa., 
9  Aug.,  1880.  In  1829  he  began  to  aid  his  brother 
John  as  a  printer  in  the  office  of  the  "  Center  Dem- 
ocrat," published  at  Bellefonte.  In  1833  he  re- 
moved to  Clearfield  and  established  the  "  Clearfield 
Democrat,"  a  Jackson  paper,  which  became  pros- 
perous and  notable.  He  sold  it  in  1836,  and  en- 
tered the  lumber  business..  But  his  editorial  ca- 
reer had  so  extended  his  reputation  that  he  was 
already  regarded  as  a  political  leader.  In  1841  he 
was  elected  to  the  state  senate,  and  he  was  its  speak- 
er in  1843-'4.  In  1849  he  was  appointed  one  of 
the  revenue  commissioners,  and  in  1851  was  elected 
governor,  he  received  the  gubernatorial  nomina- 
tion a  second  time  in  1854.  but  was  defeated  by 
the  American  party.  In  1855  he  was  sent  to  the 
U.  S.  senate.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Charleston 
convention  in  1860,  and  was  temporary  chairman 
of  the  democratic  convention  of  1864,  and  a  mem- 
ber of  that  of  1868.  After  the  election  of  Mr.  Lin- 
coln, Mr.  Bigler  drew  up  a  bill,  and  advocated  it 
before  the  senate,  for  submitting  the  Crittenden 
compromise  proposition  to  a  vote  of  the  people  of 
the  several  states.  In  1873  he  was  delegate-at- 
large  of  the  constitutional  convention  at  Erie.  In 
1874  he  was  an  efficient  member  of  the  board  of 
finance  of  the  centennial  exhibition. 

BKxLOW,  William,  educator,  b.  in  Natick, 
Mass.,  22  Sept.,  1773 ;  d.  in  Boston,  Mass.,  12  Jan., 
1844.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1794, 
taught  school  in  Salem,  and  then  became  principal 
of  the  Latin  school  in  Boston,  where  he  wrote  a 
number  of  text-books.  He  also  preached  occasion- 
ally, and  wrote  for  periodicals.  He  subsequently 
taught  a  village  school  in  Maine,  and  in  later  life 
was  proof-reader  in  the  university  press  at  Cam- 
bridge. He  wrote  "  The  Cheerful  Parson "  and 
other  songs  that  became  popular ;  "  History  of 
Natick  "  (1830) ;  "  History  of  Sherburne  "  ;  "  The 
Youth's  Library "  (1808) ;  "  Introduction  to  the 
Making  of  Latin "  (1809) ;  and  "  Education,  a 
Poem,"  delivered  at  Cambridge  in  1799. 

BILLINGS,  Elkanali,  Canadian  geologist,  b. 
in  Gloucester,  Canada,  5  May,  1820.  He  was  the 
son  of  an  emigrant  from  Massachusetts,  who  settled 
near  Brockville  after  the  revolution,  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1845,  and  practised  in  Ottawa,  but  in 
1856  became  paleontologist  of  the  geological  sur- 
vey of  Canada.  During  that  year  he  edited  the 
"  Canadian  Naturalist,"  to  which  he  has  since  con- 
tributed. He  has  also  written  for  other  scientific 
journals  and  prepared  memoirs  of  the  third  and 
fourth  decades  of  the  geological  survey. 

BILLINGfS,  Georg'e  Herrick,  metallurgist, 
b.  in  Taunton,  Mass.,  8  Feb.,  1845.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Pittsburg,  and  since  1862  his  attention 
has  been  occupied  with  the  study  and  practice  of 
iron  metallurgy  and  its  chemistry.  Of  late  he  has 
been  the  general  manager  of  the  Norway  Iron  and 
Steel  Company  in  Boston.  He  has  invented  im- 
proved forms  of  machinery  for  tlie  manufacture  of 


iron  and  steel,  principally  appliances  for  drawing 
iron  and  steel  bars  for  shafting  and  finishing  rods. 
Mr.  Billings  is  a  member  of  the  American  institute 
of  mining  engineers,  and  has  contributed  papers 
to  its  transactions,  among  which  is  "  The  Proper- 
ties of  Iron  alloyed  with  other  Metals  "  (1877). 

BILLINGS,  Haiiiiuatt,  arciiitect,  d.  in  Bos- 
ton, 14  Nov.,  1874.  He  lived  in  Boston  for  many 
years,  and  designed  numerous  churches  and  public 
buildings  throughout  the  United  States.  He  was 
an  artist  of  versatile  talent  and  refined  taste,  and 
executed  decorative  designs  and  drew  illustrations 
for  books,  besides  making  plans  for  buildings  and 
monuments.  The  Pilgrims'  monument  at  Plym- 
outh, and  the  case  of  the  great  organ  in  Boston 
music-hall,  are  after  his  designs.  Many  book- 
covers  were  designed  by  him.  He  made  in  sepia 
a  noted  drawing  called  the  "  Enchanted  Monk." 

BILLINGS,  John  Shaw,  surgeon,  b.  in  Swit- 
zerland CO.,  Ind.,  12  April,  1838.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Miami  University  in  1857,  and  at  the  Ohio 
Medical  College  in  I860.  At  first  he  settled  in 
Cincinnati,  but  in  November.  1861,  he  was  appointed 
acting  assistant  surgeon  in  the  U.  S.  army.  Until 
March,  1863,  he  was  assistant  surgeon,  having 
charge  of  hospitals  in  Washington,  D.  C,  and 
West  Philadelphia.  He  then  served  with  the  Army 
of  the  Potomac,  being  with  the  5th  corps  at  the 
battles  of  Chancellorsville  and  Gettysburg.  From 
October,  1863,  till  February,  1864,  he  served  on 
Hospital  duty  at  David's  and  Bedlow's  islands  in 
the  vicinity  of  New  York  city,  also  acting  as  a 
member  of  the  board  of  enrollment,  after  which 
he  became  medical  inspector  to  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac,  and  from  December,  1864,  was  connected 
with  the  surgeon-general's  office  in  Washington. 
In  December,  1876,  he  was  appointed  surgeon, 
with  the  rank  of  major,  in  the  regular  army. 
He  is  also  medical  adviser  of  the  Johns  Hopkins 
Hospital,  and  lecturer  on  municipal  hygiene  at 
the  Johns  Hopkins  University.  Dr.  Billings  is  a 
member  of  numerous  scientific  societies,  including 
the  American  Medical  Association  and  the  Nation- 
al Academy  of  Sciences  (1883),  and  he  is  also  an 
honorary  member  of  the  Statistical  Society  of 
London.  During  1879-80  he  was  vice-president 
of  the  National  Board  of  Health,  and  in  1884  he 
received  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.  D.  from  the 
University  of  Edinburgh.  During  August,  1886, 
he  was  present  at  the  meeting  of  the  British  Medi- 
cal Association,  and  delivered  an  important  address 
on  "  medicine  in  the  United  States."  Plis  contri- 
butions to  the  periodical  literature  of  medicine  are 
numerous,  and  he  has  also  published  repoi-ts  on 
"  Barracks  and  Hospitals  "  (War  Department, Wash- 
ington, 1870) ;  "  The  Hygiene  of  the  U.  S.  Army  " 
(1875) ;  and  "  Mortality  and  Vital  Statistics  of  the 
United  States"  (Census  Reports,  1880).  His  great 
work,  however,  has  been  the  "Index-Catalogue 
of  the  Library  of  the  Surgeon-General's  Office," 
U.  S.  army  (Washington,  1880-95),  in  16  large 
quarto  volumes,  which  contaiTi  the  bibliography 
of  every  medical  subject ;  also  a  companion  index 
volume  of  abbreviations  (1895).  He  was  appointed 
in  January,  1896,  director  of  the  New  York  Public 
Library — Astor,  Lenox,  and  Tilden  foundations. 

BILLINGS,  Joseph,  English  navigator,  b.  in 
Turnham  Green,  near  London,  about  1758.  He 
was  a  sailor  on  the  "  Discovery  "  in  Captain  Cook's 
last  fatal  voyage,  entered  the  Russian  navy  as  a 
lieutenant  after  his  return,  and  in  1785  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  command  of  an  expedition  to  the 
northwest  extremitv  of  Asia.  The  expedition 
assembled  at  Irkutsk  in  February,  1786.  In  two 
vessels  it  explored  the  coasts  of  Siberia  and  Alaska, 


BILLINGS 


BINGHAM 


263 


and  the  interjacent  seas  and  islands,  returning 
after  nine  years.  See  "  An  Account  of  a  Geo- 
graphical and  Astronomical  Expedition  to  the 
Northern  Parts  of  Russia,  performed  by  Commo- 
dore Joseph  Billings,"  from  the  papers  of  Martin 
Sauer,  secretary  to  the  expedition  (London,  1802). 

BILLINdrS,  Josh.  See  Shaw,  Henry  Wheeler. 

BILLINGS,  William,  composer,  b.  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  7  Oct.,  1746  :  d.  there,  26  Sept.,  1800.  He  was 
a  tanner  by  trade,  and  afterward  became  a  teacher. 
He  was  the  earliest  of  American  composers,  and  in- 
troduced in  New  England  the  lively  and  spirited 
style  of  devotional  music.  This  was  already  in  vogue 
in  England;  but,  from  the  long  popularity  of  Bill- 
ings's compositions,  it  came  to  be  called  in  derision 
the  Yankee  style.  Although  deficient  in  technical 
requirements,  his  compositions  were  superior  in 
melody  to  the  airs  of  Tansur  and  other  English  com- 
posers in  the  same  style.  The  introduction  of  his 
airs,  which  contained  many  fugues  and  melodious 
phrasing  in  the  bass  and  intermediate  parts  that 
were  often  contrary  to  correct  principles  of  harmony, 
necessitated  the  cultivation  of  the  art  of  singing, 
which  was  entirely  neglected  so  long  as  the  music 
sung  in  the  congregations  was  confined  to  a  few 
slow,  simple,  old  sacred  melodies.  Billings  wrote 
the  words  to  many  of  his  tunes.  He  was  a  zealous 
patriot,  and  during  the  revolution  produced  a 
number  of  patriotic  pieces,  including  "  Lamenta- 
tion over  Boston,"  "  Retrospect,"  "  Independence," 
and  "  Columbia,"  as  well  as  verses  set  to  the  air  of 
"  Chester,"  which  were  popular  in  the  camps  of  the 
revolutionary  army.  He  published  "  The  New 
England  Psalm-Singer,  or  American  Chorister, 
containing  a  Number  of  Psalm-Tunes,  Anthems, 
and  Canons,"  in  Boston,  in  1770.  The  pieces  con- 
tained in  it  were  deficient  not  only  in  harmony,  but 
in  melody,  and  especially  in  accent.  In  1778  he 
issued  "  The  Singing-Master's  Assistant,"  professing 
to  be  an  abridgment  of  the  former  work,  in  which 
the  greater  part  of  the  tunes  was  omitted,  and 
those  retained  were  improved  in  melody  and  ac- 
cent. This  collection  grew  to  be  very  popular,  and 
was  known  as  "  Billings's  Best."  In  1779  he  pub- 
lished "  Music  in  Miniature,"  containing  thirty-two 
tunes  from  his  previous  books,  eleven  old  European 
tunes,  and  thirty-one  new  and  original  composi- 
tions. In  1781  appeared  "The  Psahn-Singer's 
Amusement,"  which  became  exceedingly  popular. 
His  subsequent  publications  were  "  The  Suffolk 
Harmony"  (1786);  "The  Continental  Harmony" 
(1794);  and  anthems  entitled  "Except  the  Lord 
build  the  House,"  "Mourn,  Mourn,  ye  Saints," 
"  The  Lord  is  Risen  from  the  Dead,"  and  "  Jesus 
Christ  is  Risen  from  the  Dead." 

BILLOPP,  Christopher,  soldier,  b.  on  Staten 
Island,  N.  Y.,  in  1737;  d.  in  St.  John,  New  Bruns- 
wick, in  1827.  His  name  was  originally  Farmer  ; 
but  he  married  the  daughter  of  Capt.  Christopher 
Billopp,  of  the  British  navy,  who  had  obtained  a 
patent  for  a  large  tract  of  land  on  Staten  Island, 
and  when  his  wife  inherited  this  estate  he  adopted 
her  father's  name.  He  commanded  a  corps  of 
loyalist  militia,  recruited  in  the  vicinity  of  New 
York,  during  the  American  revolution,  and,  having 
been  taken  prisoner,  was  confined  in  the  jail  at 
Burlington,  N.  J.  In  1782  he  was  superintendent 
of  police  on  Staten  Island.  Under  the  act  of  New 
York  his  large  property  was  confiscated,  includ- 
ing the  Billopp  house  "(still  standing,  as  shown 
in  the  engraving),  which  he  had  erected,  and  at 
which  Lord  Howe,  as  a  commissioner  for  Great 
Britain,  met  Franklin,  John  Adams,  and  Edward 
Rutledge,  a  committee  of  congress,  with  the  ex- 
pectation of  removing  obstacles  in  the  way  of  a  re- 


turn of  the  colonies  to  their  allegiance.  At  the 
close  of  the  war  Col.  Billopp  went  to  Nova  Scotia, 
and  was  one  of  the  fifty-five  petitioners  for  land  in 
that  province  in  1783.     Soon  afterward  he  removed 


to  New  Brunswick,  and  was  a  member  of  the  house 
of  assembly  and  of  the  provincial  council  there. 
He  claimed  the  office  of  administrator  of  the  gov- 
ernment in  1823,  on  the  death  of  Gov.  Smythe,  but 
was  unsuccessful. 

BINGHAM,  Hiram,  missionary,  b.  in  Benning- 
ton, Vt.,  in  1789  ;  d.  in  New  Haven,  Conn.,  11  Nov., 
1869.  He  was  graduated  at  Middlebury  college  in 
1816,  and  at  Andover  seminary  in  1819,  being  or- 
dained as  a  Congregational  minister  the  same  year. 
Having  a  strong  desire  to  carry  the  gospel  to  the 
Sandwich  islands,  he  ofl'ered  his  services  to  the 
American  board  and  received  an  appointment  in 
1819.  He  was  stationed  on  the  island  of  Oahu  at 
Honolulu,  which  soon  became  the  permanent  seat 
of  government,  and  the  chief  resort  of  whaling  and 
other  ships  of  the  North  Pacific.  His  labors  for 
twenty  years  gave  him  a  strong  influence  over  the 
rulers  of  the  islands.  In  1841  he  returned  to  the 
United  States. 

BINGHAM,  John  Armor,  b.  in  Mercer,  Pa., 
in  1815.  He  passed  two  years  in  a  printing-office, 
and  then  entered  Franklin  college,  Ohio,  but  left, 
on  account  of  his  health,  before  graduation.  He 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1840,  was  district  at- 
torney for  Tuscarawas  co.,  Ohio,  from  1846  till 
1849,  was  elected  to  congress  as  a  republican  in 
1854,  and  re-elected  three  times,  sitting  from  1855 
till  1863.  He  prepared  in  the  34th  congress  the 
report  on  the  contested  Illinois  elections,  and  in 
1862  was  chairman  of  the  managers  of  the  house  in 
the  impeachment  of  Judge  Humphreys  for  high 
treason.  He  failed  of  re-election  in  1864,  and  was 
appointed  by  President  Lincoln  judge-advocate  in 
the  army,  and  later  the  same  year  solicitor  of  the 
covn-t  of* claims.  He  was  special  judge-advocate  in 
the  trial  of  the  assassins  of  President  Lincoln.  In 
1865  he  returned  to  congress,  and  sat  until  1873, 
serving  on  the  committees  on  military  affairs,  freed- 
men,  and  reconstruction,  and  in  the  40th  congress 
as  chairman  of  the  committees  on  claims  and 
judiciary,  and  as  one  of  the  managers  in  the  im- 
peachment trial  of  President  Johnson.  On  3  May, 
1873,  he  received  the  apjiointment  of  minister  to 
Japan,  which  post  he  held  until  1885,  when  he  was 
recalled  by  President  Cleveland. 

BINGHAM,  Judson  David,  soldier,  b.  at  Mas- 
sena  Springs,  St.  Lawrence  eo.,  N.  Y.,  16  May,  1831. 
He  was  appointed  to  West  Point  from  Indiana,  and 
graduated  in  1854.  He  took  part  in  the  suppression 
of  John  Brown's  raid  at  Harpers  Ferry  in  1859, 
and  during:  the  civil  war  served  in  charge  of  trains 


264 


BINGHAM 


BINNEY 


and  supplies  of  Gen.  Banks's  command  in  Maryland 
in  1861,  of  the  quartermaster's  depot  at  Nashville, 
Tenn.,  in  1863-'3,  and  as  chief  quartermaster  of 
the  Army  of  the  Tennessee.  He  took  part  in  the 
siege  of  Vicksburg  and  in  the  invasion  of  Georgia. 
On  9  April,  1865,  he  was  brevetted  brigadier-gen- 
eral for  faithful  and  mei'itorious  services  during 
the  rebellion.  After  the  war  he  was  successively 
chief  quartermaster  of  the  department  of  the  lakes, 
assistant  quartermaster-general  at  Washington,  be- 
ing in  charge  of  the  bureau  a  part  of  the  time,  as 
commissioner  to  audit  the  Kansas  war  accounts, 
and  as  chief  quartermaster  with  the  rank  of  lieuten- 
ant-colonel at  the  headquarters  of  the  division  of 
the  Pacific  and  the  department  of  the  Missouri,  and 
from  4  June,  1886,  at  Chicago,  111.,  as  chief  quarter- 
master of  the  division  of  the  Missouri. 

BINGHAM,  Kinsley  S.,  senator,  b.  in  Camillus, 
N.  Y.,  16  Dec,  1808 ;  d.  at  Oak  Grove,  Mich.,  5  Oct., 
1861.  He  received  a  common-school  education, 
and  was  clerk  in  a  lawyer's  office  for  three  years. 
In  1883  he  emigrated  to  Michigan  and  settled  iipon 
a  farm.  In  1837  he  was  elected  to  the  Michigan 
legislature,  continued  during  eight  years  a  member 
of  that  body,  and  for  three  years  as  speaker.  In 
1849  he  was  elected  a  representative  in  congress, 
and  served  on  the  committee  of  commerce.  In 
1854  he  was  elected  governor  of  the  state,  and  in 
1859  was  chosen  U.  S.  senator. 

BINGHAM,  William,  senator,  b.  in  Philadel- 
phia, Pa.,  in  1751 ;  d.  in  Bath,  England,  7  Feb., 
1804.  He  was  graduated  at  Philadelphia  college 
in  1768,  went  as  agent  for  the  continental  congress 
to  Martinique,  and  afterward  was  consul  at  St. 
Pierre.  In  1787-'8  he  was  a  delegate  in  the  old  con- 
gress from  Pennsylvania.  In  1795  he  was  elected  a 
senator,  and  served  till  1801,  in  1797  as  president 
of  the  senate  pro  tempore.  He  was  a  strong  sup- 
porter of  President  Adams.  In  1793  lie  purchased, 
for  $350,000,  more  than  2,000,000  acres  in  Maine, 
which  he  described  in  a  pamphlet  published  the 
same  year.  In  1794  he  published  a  "  Letter  from 
an  American  on  the  Subject  of  the  Restraining 
Proclamation." — His  wife,  Anne  Willina:,  was  dis- 
tinguished in  Philadelphia  by  her  lieauty,  elegance 

of  manners,  and 
,^^-^  ^u'  the         magnifi- 

**'^  "'  cent    hospitality 

which  the  means 
of  her  husband, 
who  was  at 
that  time  the 
wealthiest  citi- 
zen of  Pennsyl- 
vania, permitted 
her  to  dispense. 
The  accompany- 
ing portrait  is  af- 
teroneby  Gilbert 
Stuart.  —  Their 
eldest  daughter, 
Anne  Louisa, 
who  died  in 
1848,  married  in 
Philadelphia,  23 
Aug..  1798,  Al- 
exander Baring, 
negotiator  of  the  Webster-Ashburton  treaty. — 
Their  second  daughter,  Maria  Matilda,  married 
James  Alexander,  Comte  de  Tilly,  for  lier  second 
husband  Henry  Baring,  brother  of  Lord  Ashbur- 
ton,  and  for  her-  third  the  Marquis  de  Blaisel. 

BINGHAM,  William,  educator,  b.  in  North 
Carolina  in  1835.  He  was  graduated  at  the  Uni- 
versitv  of  North  Carolina  in  1856,  and  succeeded 


^\0. 


/^■^^f 
y 


^a 


to  the  management  of  a  classical  school  at  Me- 
banesville,  Alamance  co.,  N.  C,  which  had  been 
conducted  with  success  by  his  father  and  grand- 
father. He  has  published  "  A  Grammar  of  the 
Latin  Language  "  ;  "  A  Grammar  of  the  English 
Language  "  ;  and  "  Cjesar's  Commentaries,  with 
Notes  and  a  Vocabulary." 

BINNEY,  Amos,  merchant  and  naturalist,  b. 
in  Boston,  Mass.,  18  Oct.,  1803 ;  d.  in  Rome,  Italy, 
18  Feb.,  1847.  He  was  graduated  at  Brown  in 
1821,  and  obtained  a  medical  diploma  in  1826,  but 
engaged  with  success  in  commercial  pursuits,  de- 
voting his  leisure  to  natural  science.  He  was  a 
founder  of  the  Boston  society  of  natural  history, 
and  was  its  president  from  1843  until  his  death, 
and  was  active  in  establishing  the  American  asso- 
ciation of  geologists  and  naturalists.  As  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Massachusetts  legislature  he  was  instru- 
mental in  securing  the  appointment  of  the  zoologi- 
cal and  botanical  commissions,  which  resulted  in 
the  valuable  reports  of  Harris,  Emerson,  Storer^ 
and  Gould  on  injurious  insects,  forest-trees,  fishes, 
and  invertebrate  animals.  To  the  "Journal  "  and 
"  Proceedings "  of  the  Boston  society  of  natural 
history  he  contributed  many  scientific  papers.  He 
devoted  many  years  to  the  study  of  American  mol- 
lusks,  and  spent  a  large  amount  of  money  in  pre- 
paring a  treatise  on  the  subject  of  land  mollusks, 
sending  exploring  parties  to  Florida,  Texas,  and 
other  regions,  and  employing  skilful  artists  to 
make  drawings  and  engrave  plates.  His  "  Terres- 
trial and  Air-Breathing  Mollusks  of  the  United 
States  "  was  published  under  the  direction  of  Dr. 
A.  A.  Gould  (Boston,  1847-'51).  His  son,  W.  G. 
Binney,  became  known  as  a  eonchologist. 

BINNEY,  Hibbert,  clergvman,  b.  in  Nova 
Scotia,  13  Aug.,  1819  :  d.  in  Halifax,  30  April,  1887. 
He  was  educated  at  Worcester  college,  Oxford, 
being  graduated  with  classical  and  mathematical 
honors  in  1842,  became  a  fellow  of  his  college,  and 
was  tutor  there  from  1846  till  1851,  when  he  re- 
turned to  Nova  Scotia,  and  was  consecrated  as  the 
fourth  Anglican  bishop  of  Nova  Scotia  and  Prince 
Edward  Island.     Dr.  Courtney  was  his  successor. 

BINNEY,  Horace,  lawyer,  b.  in  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  4  Jan.,  1780 ;  d.  there,  12  Aug..  1875.  He  was 
of  English  and  Scotch  descent.  His  father  was  a 
surgeon  in  the  revolutionary  army.  In  1788,  the 
year  after  his  father's  death,  he  was  placed  in  a 
classical  school  at  Bordentown,  N.  J.,  where  he 
continued  three  years,  and  distinguished  himself 
especially  by  his  attainments  in  Greek.  In  July, 
1793,  he  entered  the  freshman  class  of  Harvard, 
and  at  graduation  in  1797  he  divided  the  highest 
honor  with  a  single  classmate.  He  had  acquired 
the  art  and  habit  of  study,  and  a  love  for  it  which 
never  abated  until  the  close  of  his  life.  This  art 
he  ever  regarded  as  his  most  valued  acquisition. 
He  began  the  study  of  law  in  November,  1797,  in 
the  office  of  Jared  Ingersoll,  and  was  called  to  the 
Itar  in  March,  1800,  when  he  was  little  more  than 
twenty  years  of  age.  His  clientage  for  some  years 
was  meagre,  but  his  industry  continued  unflagging, 
and  gradually,  in  the  face  of  a  competition  with 
eminent  lawvers,  such  as  no  other  bar  in  the  coun- 
try then  exhibited,  he  became  an  acknowledged 
leader.  In  1806  he  was  sent  to  the  legislature  of 
the  state,  in  which  he  served  one  year,  declining  a 
re-election.  So  early  as  1807  his  professional  en- 
gagements had  become  extremely  large,  and  before 
1815  he  was  in  the  enjoyment  of  all  that  the  legal 
profession  could  give,  whether  of  reputation  or 
emolument.  Between  1807  and  1814  he  prepared 
and  published  the  six  volumes  of  reported  deci- 
sions of  the  supreme  court. of  Pennsylvania  that 


BINNEY 


BINNEY 


265 


bear  his  name.  They  are  among  the  earliest  of 
American  reports,  and  are  regarded  as  ahnost  per- 
fect models  of  legal  reporting.  Soon  after  1830 
Mr.  Binney's  health  began  to  be  impaired,  and  he  de- 
sired to  withdraw 
from  the  courts 
and  throw  off  the 
business  that  op- 
pressed him.  It 
was  this,  in  part, 
that  made  him 
willing  to  accept 
a  nomination  for 
congress;  butthere 
was  doubtless  an- 
other reason  that 
influenced  him — 
the  hostility  of 
President  Jack- 
son to  the  United 
States  bank.  The 
veto  of  the  bill 
for  its  recharter 
/,  ^  ,  ^.  aroused  the  deep- 

*^-/7>-rj-r>^5  ^^^-^^L^^^r^,^  ggj.  feeling  of  al- 
most the  entire 
business  commu- 
nity of  Philadelphia,  and  with  that  community  Mr. 
Binney  was  closely  associated,  while  his  ability,  com- 
bined with  his  well-known  knowledge  of  the  con- 
dition and  operations  of  the  bank,  pointed  him  out 
as  the  fittest  man  to  defend  the  institution  in  con- 
gress. He  accepted  a  nomination,  and  was  elected 
to  the  23d  congress.  In  the  consideration  of  great 
subjects,  notably  that  of  the  removal  of  the  public 
deposits  from  the  United  States  bank,  he  proved 
himself  to  be  a  statesman  of  high  rank  and  an  ac- 
complished debater.  But  official  life  was  distaste- 
ful to  him,  and  he  declined  a  re-election.  On  his 
return  to  Philadelphia  he  refused  all  professional 
•engagements  in  the  courts,  though  he  continued  to 
give  written  opinions  iipon  legal  questions  until 
1850.  Many  of  these  opinions  are  still  preserved. 
They  relate  to  titles  to  real  estate,  to  commercial 
questions,  to  trusts,  and  to  the  most  abstruse  sub- 
jects in  every  department  of  the  law.  They  are 
model  exhibitions  of  profound  and  accurate  knowl- 
edge, of  extensive  research,  of  nice  discrimination, 
and  wise  conclusion,  and  they  were  generally  ac- 
cepted as  of  almost  equal  authority  with  judicial 
■decision.  Once  only  after  1836  did  Mr.  Binney 
appear  in  the  courts.  In  1844,  by  appointment  of 
the  city  councils  of  Philadelphia,  he  argued  in  the 
supreme  court  of  the  United  States  the  case  of 
Bidal  vs.  Girard's  executors,  in  which  was  involved 
the  validity  of  the  trust  created  by  Mr.  Girard's 
will  for  the  establishment  and  maintenance  of  a 
college  for  orphans.  The  argument  is  in  print, 
a,nd  it  is  still  the  subject  of  admiration  by  the 
legal  profession  in  this  country,  and  almost  equally 
so  by  the  profession  in  Great  i3ritain.  It  lifted  the 
law  of  charities  out  of  the  depths  of  confusion  and 
obscurity  that  had  covered  it,  and  while  the  ful- 
ness of  its  research  and  the  vigor  of  its  reasoning 
were  masterly,  it  was  clothed  with  a  precision  and 
&  beauty  of  language  never  surpassed.  The  argu- 
ment was  a  fitting  close  to  a  long  and  illustrious 
professional  life.  Mr.  Binney  had  a  fine,  com- 
manding person,  an  uncommonly  handsome  face, 
&  dignified  and  graceful  manner,  and  a  most  melo- 
dious voice,  perfectly  under  his  control,  and  modu- 
lated with  unusual  skill.  In  fine,  he  was  in  all 
particulars  a  most  accomplished  lawyer.  No  words 
can  better  describe  him  than  those  which  he  ap- 
plied to  a  great  man,  the  friend  of  his  early  man- 

VOL.   I. — 18 


hood :  "  He  was  an  advocate  of  great  power ;  a 
master  of  every  question  in  his  causes ;  a  wary  tac- 
tician in  the  management  of  them  ;  highly  accom- 
plished in  language ;  a  faultless  logician";  a  man 
of  the  purest  integrity  and  the  highest  honor ;  flu- 
ent without  the  least  volubility ;  concise  to  a  de- 
gree that  left  every  one's  patience  and  attention 
unimpaired,  and  perspicuous  to  almost  the  lowest 
order  of  understanding,  while  he  was  dealing  with 
almost  the  highest  topics."  If  it  be  added  to  this 
that  his  mental  power  was  equal  to  the  compre- 
hension of  any  legal  subject,  that  his  mode  of  pres- 
entation was  the  best  possible,  that  his  rhetoric 
was  faultless,  that  he  had  an  aptness  of  illustration 
that  illuminated  the  most  abstruse  subjects,  and  a 
personal  character  without  a  visible  flaw,  it  will  be 
seen  that  he  must  have  been,  as  he  was,  a  most 
persuasive  and  convincing  advocate.  In  1827,  by 
invitation  of  the  bar  of  Philadelphia,  he  delivered 
an  address  on  the  life  and  character  of  Chief-Jus- 
tice Tilghman  ;  and  in  1835,  complying  with  a  re- 
quest of  the  select  and  common  councils  of  the 
city,  an  address  on  the  life  and  character  of  Chief- 
Justice  Marshall.  Until  the  close  of  his  life  he 
was  a  constant  reader  and  an  indefatigable  stu- 
dent. He  kept  himself  well  informed  of  curi'ent 
events,  and  in  regard  to  all  public  questions  he 
not  only  sought  information,  but  matured  settled 
opinions.  In  1858  he  published  a  sketch  of  the 
life  and  character  of  Justice  Bushrod  Washing- 
ton, in  which  he  delineated  the  qualities  that  make 
up  a  perfect  nisi  prius  judge,  with  singular  acute- 
ness.  In  the  same  year  he  published  sketches  of 
three  leaders  of  the  old  Philadelphia  bar,  which 
were  greatly  admired.  He  also  in  1858  gave  to  the 
press  a  more  extended  discussion,  entitled  "An 
Inquiry  into  the  Formation  of  Washington's  Fare- 
well Address,"  strikingly  illustrative  of  the  charac- 
ter of  his  own  mind,  and  of  his  habits  of  investi- 
gation and  reasoning.  And  in  1862  and  in  1863 
he  published  three  pamphlets  in  support  of  the 
power  claimed  by  President  Lincoln  to  suspend 
the  writ  of  habeas  corpus.  His  argument  was  not 
less  remarkable  than  the  best  of  his  earlier  efforts. 
Throughout  his  life  Mr.  Binney  manifested  a  deep 
interest  in  many  literary,  scientific,  and  art  institu- 
tions of  Philadelphia,  and  in  many  of  the  noblest 
charities.  He  was  also  an  earnest  Christian,  a  de- 
vout member  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  church, 
and  often  a  leading  member  of  its  conventions. 
The  activity  of  his  mind  remained  undiminished 
until  his  death.  This  occurred  forty  years  after 
the  age  when  most  men  are  at  the  zenith  of  their 
reputation,  forty  years  after  he  had  substantially 
retired  from  public  view  and  from  participation 
in  all  matters  that  attract  public  notice,  and 
at  the  end  of  a  period  when  public  recollection 
of  most  lawyers  has  faded  into  indistinctness. 
— His  son,  Horace,  Jr.,  la^v}'er,  b.  in  Philadelphia, 

21  Jan.,  1809 ;  d.  there,  3  Feb.,  1870,  was  graduated 
at  Yale  in  1828,  studied  law  with  his  father,  and 
practised  his  profession  in  his  native  city  from  his 
admission  to  the  bar  in  1831,  confining  himself 
mostly  to  chamber  consultations.  In  early  life  he 
took  a  deep  interest  in  municipal  politics.  He  was 
president  of  the  Philadelphia  associates  of  the  sani- 
tary commission,  founder  of  the  union  league  of 
that  city,  and  president  of  the  association  at  the 
time  of  his  death.  A  memoir  of  Mr.  Binney,  read 
before  the  American  philosophical  society,  6  May, 
1870,  by  Charles  J.  Stille,  has  been  published. 

BINNS,  John,  journalist,  b.  in  Dublin,  Ireland, 

22  Dec,  1772:  d.  m  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  16  June, 
1860.  He  received  a  good  education,  but,  becoming 
involved  in  the  revolutionary  movement  in  Ireland, 


266 


BIRCH 


BIRKBECK 


was  arrested,  and  for  two  years  imprisoned.  Soon 
after  his  release  in  1801  he  went  to  Baltimore  with 
his  brother  Benjamin,  and  in  March,  1802,  founded 
at  Northumberland,  Pa.,  the  "  Republican  Argus," 
which  gave  him  great  influence  with  the  demo- 
cratic party.  From  1807  until  November,  1829, 
he  conducted,  at  Philadelphia,  the  "  Democratic 
Press,"  the  leading  paper  in  the  state  until,  in  1824, 
it  opposed  the  election  of  Jackson.  Pie  was  for 
twenty  years  an  alderman  of  Philadelphia.  In  1854 
he  published  "  Recollections  of  the  Life  of  John 
Binns ;  Twenty-nine  Years  in  Europe,  and  Fifty- 
three  in  the  United  States."  He  was  also  the 
author  of  "  Binns's  Magistrate's  Manual  "  (1850). 

BIRCH,  Thomas,  artist,  b.  in  London,  Eng- 
land, about  1779  ;  d.  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  14  Jan., 
1851.  He  emigrated  to  the  United  States  in  1793, 
established  himself  in  Philadelphia  about  1800, 
and  began  the  painting  of  portraits.  A  visit  to  the 
capes  of  Delaware  in  1807  turned  his  attention  to 
marine  views,  in  which  he  acquired  a  high  reputa- 
tion. During  the  war  of  1812  he  executed  a  series 
of  historical  paintings,  representing  the  naval  vic- 
tories of  the  United  States.  He  also  painted  land- 
scapes, particularly  snow  scenes.  The  Harrison 
collection  in  Philadelpiiia  contains  his  paintings  of 
the  engagements  between  the  "  United  States  "  and 
the  "  Macedonian,"  and  between  the  "  Constitu- 
tion "  and  the  "  Guerriere."  Three  of  his  marine 
views  are  in  the  Claghorn  collection. 

BIRD,  Robert  Montgomery,  novelist,  b.  in 
Newcastle,  Del.,  6  Feb.,  1805;  d.  in  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  22  Jan.,  1854.  He  was  educated  for  the  medi- 
cal profession,  and,  after  taking  his  diploma  in 
Philadelphia,  practised  for  one  year,  but  early 
turned  his  attention  to  literature,  contributed  to 
the  "Monthly  Magazine"  of  Philadelphia,  and 
wrote  three  tragedies — "  The  Gladiator,"  "  Ora- 
loosa,"  and  "  The  Broker  of  Bogota" — all  of  which 
have  been  popular  on  the  stage,  especially  the  first, 
the  principal  character  of  which  was  one  of  the 
favorite  personations  of  Edwin  Forrest.  His  first 
novel,  "Calavar,"  appeared  in  1884,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  "  The  Infidel  "  (Philadelphia,  1835),  the 
scene  of  which,  as  well  as  that  of  his  first  story,  was 
in  Mexico  at  the  time  of  the  Spanish  conquest; 
'*  The  Hawks  of  Hawk  Hollow  "  ;  "  Sheppard  Lee  " ; 
"  Nick  of  the  Woods  "  (1887),  the  scene  of  which  is 
laid  in  Kentucky  about  the  close  of  the  revolution  ; 
"  Peter  Pilgrim  "  (1888),  a  collection  of  tales  and 
sketches,  including  one  of  the  earliest  descriptions 
of  the  Mammoth  Cave;  and  "Robin  Day"  (1889). 
They  are  marked  by  picturesqueness  of  description, 
and  an  animated  narration.  In  1839  Dr.  Bird  re- 
tired to  his  native  village,  but  for  a  few  years  pre- 
vious to  his  death  edited  the  "  North  American 
Gazette"  at  Philadelphia,  of  which  he  became  a 
joint  proprietor. — His  son,  Frederick  Mayer, 
clergyman,  b.  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  28  June,  1838, 
was  graduated  at  the  university  of  Pennsylvania 
in  1857,  and  at  the  union  theological  seminary  in 
New  York  in  1860,  was  ordained  as  a  Lutheran 
minister,  and  served  during  the  civil  war  as  a  chap- 
lain in  the  army.  He  took  orders  in  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  church  in  1868,  and  became  rector  in 
Spottswood,  N.  J.,  in  1870.  and  subsequently  in  Indi- 
ana and  Iowa.  In  1881  he  accepted  the  professor- 
ship of  psychology.  Christian  evidence,  and  rhetoric 
in  Lehigh  university.  He  collected  a  large  hymno- 
logical  library,  and  was  the  main  editor  of  the 
"Lutheran  Hymn- Book"  (Baltimore,  1864),  and 
collaborator  with  Bishop  Odenheimer  in  "  Hymns 
of  the  Spirit "  (New  York.  1871).  He  has  published 
"  Charles  Wesley  seen  in  his  Finer  and  Less  Famil- 
iar Poems"  (1866),  and  a  series  of  articles  on  hymn 


writing,  which  appeared  in  the  New  York  "  Inde- 
pendent"  in  1886  and  previous  vears. 

BIRDSALL,  William  Randall,  physician,  b. 
in  Greene,  N.  Y.,  1  Jan.,  1852;  d.  in  New  York,  7 
June,  1892.  He  was  graduated  in  medicine  at  the 
university  of  Michigan,  entered  upon  practice  in 
New  York  city,  subsequently  studied  neurology  in 
Europe,  and  after  his  return  was  engaged  as  a  clin- 
ical teacher  on  nervous  diseases.  Besides  articles 
in  medical  journals  and  cyclopaedias,  he  wrote 
"  Electro-Therapeutics  and  Electro-Diagnosis." 

BIRGE,  Edward  Asahel,  naturalist,  b.  in  Troy, 
N.  Y.,  7  Sept.,  1851.  He  was  educated  at  the  Troy 
high  school  in  1869,  and  graduated  at  Williams  in 
1873,  after  which  he  studied  at  Harvard,  where,  in 
1878,  he  received  the  degree  of  Ph.  D.  In  1875  he 
was  appointed  instructor  of  natural  history  and 
zoology  in  the  University  of  Wisconsin,  and  subse- 
quently became  professor  in  that  department.  He 
has  contributed  papers  to  scientific  journals,  and 
edited  the  revision  of  Prof.  James  Orton's  "  Com- 
parative Zoology "  (New  York,  1882).  and  also 
wrote  the  article  on  "  Entoraostraca  "  in  the  "  Stand- 
ard Natural  History  "  (Boston,  1884). 

BIRCtE,  Henry  Warner,  soldier,  b.  in  Hart- 
ford, Conn.,  25  Aug.,  1825;  d.  in  New  York  city,  1 
June,  1888.  When  the  civil  war  began  he  was  an 
aide  on  the  staff  of  Gov.  W.  A.  Buckingham.  On 
the  day  of  the  president's  first  call  for  troops  (15 
April.  1861)  he  began  organizing  the  first  regi- 
ments of  Connecticut's  quota.  On  23  May  he  was 
appointed  major  of  the  4th  Connecticut  volunteers, 
which  was  the  first  "  three-years'  regiment "  of  state 
troops  mustered  into  the  service  of  the  United 
States.  He  served  in  Maryland  and  Virginia  until 
November,  1861,  when  he  was  appointed  colonel  of 
the  13th  Connecticut  infantry;  joined  Gen.  But- 
ler's army  in  New  Orleans  in  March,  1862,  and  was 
placed  in  command  of  the  defences  of  the  city.  In 
September  he  commanded  his  regiment  in  a  move- 
ment in  the  La  Fourche  district,  and  in  December, 
when  Gen.  Butler  was  succeeded  by  Gen.  Banks, 
he  was  assigned  to  a  brigade,  which  he  commanded 
through  the  first  Red  river  campaign  and  the  siege 
of  Port  Hudson  (April  to  July,  1863).  Before  the 
surrender  of  this  stronghold  Gen.  Birge  volun- 
teered to  organize  and  lead  a  volunteer  battalion  to 
carry  the  confederate  works  by  assault.  Such  was 
his  reputation  among  the  rank  and  file  that  his 
own  regiment,  the  13th  Connecticut,  volunteered 
almost  in  a  body,  and  the  full  complement  of  1,000 
men  was  ready  within  two  days.  The  assault  was 
planned  for  the  night  of  10  July,  but  the  news  of 
the  fall  of  Vicksburg  was  received,  and  Port  Hud- 
son surrendered  8  July,  1863.  He  was  promoted 
brigadier-general  9  Sept.,  1863.  In  1864  he  accom- 
panied the  second  Red  river  expedition,  and  after 
the  engagements  at  Sabine  Cross-Roads,  Pleasant 
Hill,  and  Cane  river,  returned  to  Alexandria  and 
was  sent  to  take  command  at  Baton  Rouge,  La,, 
which  post  was  threatened  by  the  confederates.  In 
July,  1864,  he  was  ordered  north  with  the  2d  divi- 
sion of  the  19th  corps,  joining  Gen.  Sheridan  in 
the  Shenandoah  valley  in  August,  and  being  pres- 
ent in  all  the  battles  of  the  ensuing  campaign.  In 
February  and  March,  1865,  he  was  in  command  of 
the  defences  of  Savannah,  Ga.,  where  he  remained 
until  November,  when  he  resigned  his  commission. 
His  services  were  recognized  by  the  brevet  of  ma- 
jor-general of  volunteers,  and  by  a  vote  of  thanks 
from  the  legislature  of  his  native  state. 

BIRKBECK,  Morris,  traveller,  b.  in  England ;. 
d.  in  1825.  He  purchased  16,000  acres  of  land  in 
Illinois,  founded  the  town  of  New  Albion,  and  re- 
sided  there.      When  the  state  was  organized  in 


BIRNEY 


BIRNEY 


267 


1818,  he  opposed  the  introduction  of  slavery  into 
it.  He  was  the  author  of  "  Notes  on  a  Journey 
through  France"  (1815)  and  "Notes  on  a  Jour- 
ney in  America"  (1818),  in  which  he  gave  sanguine 
accounts  of  Illinois,  and  of  "  Letters  from  Illinois  " 
(1818).  [le  was  drowned  while  returning  from  a 
visit  to  Robert  Owen  at  New  Harmony,  Ind. 

BIRNEY,  James  Gillespie,  statesman,  b.  in 
Danville,  Ky.,  4  Feb.,  1792  ;  d.  in  Perth  Amboy.  N. 
J.,  25  Nov.,  1857.  His  ancestors  were  Protestants 
of  the  province  of  Ulster,  Ireland.  His  father,  mi- 
grating to  the  United  States  at  sixteen  years  of 
age,  settled  in  Kentucky,  became  a  wealthy  mer- 
chant, manufacturer,  and  farmer,  and  for  many 
years  was  president  of  the  Danville  bank.  His 
mother  died  when  he  was  three  years  old,  and  his 
early  boyhood  was  passed  under  the  care  of  a  pious 
aunt.  Giving  promise  of  talent  and  force  of  char- 
acter, he  was  liberally  educated  with  a  view  to  his 
becoming  a  lawyer  and  statesman.  After  prepara- 
tion at  good  schools  and  at  Transylvania  univer- 
sity he  was  sent  to  Princeton,  where  he  was  gradu- 
ated with  honors  in  1810.  Having  studied  law  for 
three  years,  chieily  under  Alexander  J.  Dallas,  of 
Philadelphia,  he  returned  to  his  native  place  in 
1814  and  began  practice.  In  1816  he  married  a 
daughter  of  William  McDowell,  judge  of  the  U.  S. 

circuiteourtand 
one  of  several 
brothers  who, 
with  their  rela- 
tives, connec- 
tions, and  de- 
scendants, were 
the  most  influ- 
ential family  in 
Kentucky.  In 
the  same  year 
he  was  elected 
to  the  legisla- 
ture, in  which 
body  he  opposed 
and  defeated  in 
its  original  form 
a  proposition  to 
demand  of  the 
states  of  Ohio 
and  Indiana  the 
enactment  of 
laws  for  the 
seizure,  impris- 
onment, and  delivery  to  owners  of  slaves  es- 
caping into  their  limits.  His  education  in  New 
Jersey  and  Pennsylvania  at  the  time  when  the 
gradual  emancipation  laws  of  those  states  were  in 
operation  had  led  him  to  favor  that  solution  of  the 
slavery  problem.  In  the  year  1818  he  removed  to 
Alabama,  bought  a  cotton  plantation  near  Hunts- 
ville,  and  served  as  a  member  of  the  first  legislature 
that  assembled  under  the  constitution  of  1819. 
Though  he  was  not  a  member  of  the  convention 
that  framed  the  instrument,  it  was  chiefly  through 
his  influence  that  a  provision  of  the  Kentucky  con- 
stitution, empowering  the  general  assembly  to 
emancipate  slaves  on  making  compensation  to  the 
owners,  and  to  prohibit  the  bringing  of  slaves  into 
the  state  for  sale,  was  copied  into  it,  with  amend- 
ments designed  to  secure  humane  treatment  for 
that  unfortunate  class.  In  the  legislature  he  voted 
against  a  resolution  of  honor  to  Gen.  Jackson,  as- 
signing his  reasons  in  a  forcible  speech.  This 
placed  him  politicallv  in  a  small  minority.  In 
1828,  having  found  planting  unprofitable,  partly 
because  of  his  refusal  to  permit  his  overseer  to 
use  the  lash,  he  resumed  at  Huntsville  the  practice 


Cy 


6'J't>7'7T-«-^ 


of  his  profession,  was  appointed  solicitor  of  the 
northern  circuit,  and  soon  gained  a  large  and  lu- 
crative practice.  In  1826  he  made  a  public  pro- 
fession of  religion,  united  with  the  Presbyterian 
church,  and  was  ever  afterward  a  devout  Christian. 
About  the  same  time  he  began  to  contribute  to  the 
American  colonization  society,  regarding  it  as  pre- 
paring the  way  for  gradual  emancipation.  In  1827 
he  procured  the  enactment  by  the  Alabama  legis- 
lature of  a  statute  "  to  prohibit  the  importation  of 
slaves  into  this  state  for  sale  or  hire."  In  1828  he 
was  a  candidate  for  presidential  elector  on  the  Ad- 
ams ticket  in  Alabama,  canvassed  the  state  for  the 
Adams  party,  and  was  regarded  as  its  most  promi- 
nent member.  He  was  repeatedly  elected  mayor 
of  Huntsville,  and  was  recognized  as  the  leader  in 
educational  movements  and  local  improvements. 
In  1830  he  was  deputed  by  the  trustees  of  the  state 
university  to  select  and  recommend  to  them  five 
persons  as  president  and  professors  of  that  in- 
stitution, also  by  the  trustees  of  the  Huntsville 
female  seminary  to  select  and  employ  three  teach- 
ers. In  the  performance  of  these  trusts  he  spent 
several  months  in  the  Atlantic  states,  extending 
his  tour  as  far  north  as  Massachusetts.  His  selec- 
tions were  approved.  Returning  home  by  way  of 
Kentucky,  he  called  on  Henry  Clay,  with  whom  he 
had  been  on  terms  of  friendship  and  political  sym- 
pathy, and  urged  that  statesman  to  place  himself 
at  the  head  of  the  gradual  emancipation  move- 
ment in  Kentucky.  The  result  of  the  interview 
was  the  final  alienation  in  public  matters  and  poli- 
tics of  the  parties  to  it,  though  their  friendly  per- 
sonal relations  remained  unchanged.  Mr.  Birney 
did  not  support  Mr.  Clay  politically  after  1830  or 
vote  for  him  in  1832.  For  several  years  he  was 
the  confidential  adviser  and  counsel  of  the  Chero- 
kee nation,  an  experience  that  led  him  to  sympa- 
thize with  bodies  of  men  who  were  wronged  under 
color  of  law.  In  1831  he  had  become  so  sensible  of 
the  evil  influences  of  slavery  that  he  determined  to 
remove  his  large  family  to  a  free  state,  and  in  the 
winter  of  that  year  visited  Illinois  and  selected 
Jacksonville  as  the  place  of  his  future  residence. 
Returning  to  Alabama,  he  was  winding  up  his  law 
business  and  selling  his  property  with  a  view  to 
removal,  when  he  received,  most  unexpectedly,  an 
appointment  from  the  American  colonization  so- 
ciety as  its  agent  for  the  southwest.  From  motives 
of  duty  he  accepted  and  devoted  himself  for  one 
year  to  the  promotion  of  the  objects  of  that  so- 
ciety. Having  become  convinced  that  the  slave- 
holders of  the  gulf  states,  with  few  exceptions,  were 
hostile  to  the  idea  of  emancipation  in  the  future, 
he  lost  faith  in  the  eificacy  of  colonization  in  that 
region.  In  his  conversations  about  that  time  with 
southern  politicians  and  men  of  influence  he  learned 
enough  to  satisfy  him  that,  although  the  secret 
negotiations  in  1829  of  the  Jackson  administration 
for  the  purchase  of  Texas  had  failed,  the  project 
of  annexing  that  province  to  the  United  States 
and  forming  several  slave  states  out  of  its  territory 
had  not  been  abandoned ;  that  a  powerful  combi- 
nation existed  at  the  south  for  the  purpose  of 
sending  armed  adventurers  to  Texas;  and  that 
southern  politicians  were  united  in  the  design  to 
secure  for  the  south  a  majority  in  the  U.  S.  senate. 
The  situation  seemed  to  him  to  portend  the  per- 
manence of  slavery,  with  grave  danger  of  civil  war 
and  disunion  of  the  states.  Resigning  his  agency 
and  relinquishing  his  Illinois  project,  he  removed, 
in  November,  1833,  to  Kentucky  for  the  purpose 
of  separating  it  from  the  slave  states  by  effecting 
the  adoption  of  a  system  of  gradual  emancipation. 
He  thought  its  example  might  be  followed  by  Vir- 


268 


BIRNEY 


BIRNEY 


ginia  and  Tennessee,  and  that  thus  the  slave  states 
would  be  placed  in  a  hopeless  minority,  and  slavery 
in  process  of  extinction.  But  public  opinion  in 
his  native  state  had  greatly  changed  since  he  had 
left  it ;  the  once  powerful  emancipation  element 
had  been  weakened  by  the  opposition  of  political 
leaders,  and  especially  of  Henry  Clay.  His  efforts 
were  sustained  by  very  few.  In  June,  1834,  he  set 
free  his  own  slaves  and  severed  his  connection  with 
the  colonization  society,  the  practical  effect  of 
which,  he  had  found,  was  to  afford  a  pretext  for 
postponing  emancipation  indefinitely.  From  this 
time  he  devoted  himself  with  untiring  zeal  to  the 
advocacy  in  Kentucky  of  the  abolition  of  slavery. 
On  19  March,  1835,  he  formed  the  Kentucky  anti- 
slavery  society,  consisting  of  forty  members,  sev- 
eral of  whom  had  freed  their  slaves.  In  May,  at 
New  York,  he  made  the  principal  speech  at  the 
meeting  of  the  American  anti-slavery  society,  and 
thenceforward  he  was  identified  with  the  Tap- 
pans,  Judge  William  Jay,  Theodore  D.  Weld, 
Alvan  Stewart,  Thomas  Morris,  and  other  north- 
ern abolitionists,  who  pursued  their  object  by  con- 
stitutional methods.  In  June,  1835,  he  issued  a 
prospectus  for  the  publication,  beginning  in  Au- 
gust, of  an  anti-slavery  weekly  paper,  at  Danville, 
Ky.  ;  but  before  the  time  fixed  for  issuing  the 
first  number  the  era  of  mob  violence  and  social 
persecutions,  directed  against  the  opponents  of 
slavery,  set  in.  This  was  contemporaneous  with 
the  renewed  organization  of  revolts  in  Texas ;  the 
beginning  of  the  war  for  breaking  up  the  refuge 
for  fugitive  slaves,  waged  for  years  against  the 
Florida  Seminoles ;  and  the  exclusion,  by  conniv- 
ance of  the  postmaster-general,  of  anti-slavery  pa- 
pers from  the  U.  S.  mails ;  and  it  preceded,  by  a 
few  months  only.  President  Jackson's  message, 
recommending  not  only  the  refusal  of  the  use  of 
the  mails,  but  the  passage  of  laws  by  congress  and 
also  by  the  non-slaveholding  states  for  the  sup- 
pression of  "  incendiary  "  (anti  -  slavery)  publica- 
tions. Mr.  Birney  found  it  impossible  to  obtain  a 
publisher  or  printer ;  and  as  his  own  residence  in 
Kentucky  had  become  disagreeable  and  dangerous, 
he  removed  to  Cincinnati,  where  he  established 
his  paper.  His  press  was  repeatedly  destroyed  by 
mobs ;  but  he  met  all  opposition  with  courage  and 
succeeded  finally  in  maintaining  the  freedom  of 
the  press  in  Cincinnati,  exhibiting  great  personal 
courage,  firmness,  and  judgment.  On  22  Jan., 
1836,  a  mob  assembled  at  the  court-house  for  the 
purpose  of  destroying  his  property  and  seizing  his 
person ;  the  city  and  county  authorities  had  noti- 
fied him  of  their  inability  to  protect  him ;  he  at- 
tended the  meeting,  obtained  leave  to  speak,  and 
succeeded  in  defeating  its  object.  As  an  editor, 
he  was  distinguished  by  a  thorough  knowledge 
of  his  subject,  courtesy,  candor,  and  large  attain- 
ments as  a  jurist  and  statesman.  The  "  Philan- 
thropist "  gained  rapidly  an  extensive  circulation. 
Having  associated  with  him  as  editor  Dr.  Gama- 
liel Bailey,  he  devoted  most  of  his  own  time  to 
public  speaking,  visiting  in  this  work  most  of 
the  cities  and  towns  in  the  free  states  and 
addressing  committees  of  legislative  bodies.  His 
object  was  to  awaken  the  people  of  the  north  to 
the  danger  menacing  the  freedom  of  speech  and  of 
the  press,  the  trial  by  jury,  the  system  of  free 
labor,  and  the  national  constitution,  from  the  en- 
croachments of  the  slave-power  and  the  plotted 
annexation  of  new  slave  states  in  the  southwest. 
In  recognition  of  his  prominence  as  an  anti-slavery 
leader,  the  executive  committee  of  the  American 
anti-slavery  society  unanimously  elected  him,  in  the 
summer  of  1837,  to  the  office  of  secretary.    Having 


accepted,  he  removed  to  New  York  city,  20  Sept., 
1837.  In  his  new  position  he  was  the  executive 
officer  of  the  society,  conducted  its  correspondence, 
selected  and  employed  lecturers,  directed  the  or- 
ganization of  auxiliaries,  and  prepared  its  reports. 
He  attended  the  principal  anti-slavery  conventions, 
and  his  wise  and  conservative  counsel  had  a 
marked  influence  on  their  action.  He  was  faithful 
to  the  church,  while  he  exposed  and  rebuked  the 
ecclesiastical  bodies  that  sustained  slavery ;  and 
true  to  the  constitution,  while  he  denounced  the 
constructions  that  severed  it  from  the  principles 
contained  in  its  preamble  and  in  the  declaration 
of  independence.  To  secession,  whether  of  the  north 
or  south,  he  was  inflexibly  opposed.  The  tolera- 
tion or  establishment  of  slavery  in  any  district  or 
territory  belonging  to  the  United  States,  and  its 
abolition  in  the  slave  states,  except  under  the  war 
power,  he  held  was  not  within  the  legal  power  of 
congress ;  slavery  was  local,  and  freedom  national. 
To  vote  he  considered  the  duty  of  every  citizen, 
and  more  especially  of  every  member  of  the  Amer- 
ican anti-slavery  society,  the  constitution  of  which 
recognized  the  duty  of  using  both  moral  and  po- 
litical action  for  the  removal  of  slavery.  In  the 
beginning  of  the  agitation  the  abolitionists  voted 
for  such  anti-slavery  candidates  as  were  nominated 
by  the  leading  parties ;  but  as  the  issues  grew, 
under  the  aggressive  action  of  the  slave  power,  to 
include  the  right  of  petition,  the  freedom  of  speech 
and  of  the  press,  the  trial  by  jury,  the  equality  of 
all  men  before  the  law,  the  right  of  the  free  states 
to  legislate  for  their  own  territory,  and  the  right 
of  congress  to  exclude  slavery  from  the  territories, 
the  old  parties  ceased  to  nominate  anti-slavery 
candidates,  and  the  abolitionists  were  forced  to 
make  independent  nominations  for  state  officers 
and  congress,  and  finally  to  form  a  national  and 
constitutional  party.  Mr.  Birney  was  their  first 
and  only  choice  as  candidate  for  the  presidency. 
During  his  absence  in  England,  in  1840,  and  again 
in  1844,  he  was  unanimously  nominated  by  nation- 
al conventions  of  the  liberty  party.  At  the  former 
election  he  received  7,369  votes ;  and  at  the  latter, 
62,263.  This  number,  it  was  claimed  by  his  friends, 
would  have  been  much  larger  if  the  electioneering 
agents  of  the  whig  party  had  not  circulated,  three 
days  before  the  election  and  too  late  for  denial 
and  exposure,  a  forged  letter  purporting  to  be 
from  Mr.  Birney,  announcing  his  withdrawal  from 
the  canvass,  and  advising  anti-slavery  men  to  vote 
for  Mr.  Clay.  This  is  known  as  "  the  Garland 
forgery."  Its  circulation  in  Ohio  and  New  York 
probably  gave  the  former  state  to  Mr.  Clay,  and 
greatly  diminished  Mr.  Birney's  vote  in  the  latter. 
In  its  essential  doctrines  the  platform  of  the  liberty 
party  in  1840  and  1844  was  identical  with  those 
that  were  subsequently  adopted  by  the  free-soil 
and  republican  parties.  In  the  summer  of  1845 
Mr.  Birney  was  disabled  physically  by  partial  pa- 
ralysis, caused  by  a  fall  from  a  horse,  and  from 
that  time  he  withdrew  from  active  participation  in 
politics,  though  he  continued  his  contributions  to 
the  press.  In  September,  1839,  he  emancipated 
twenty-one  slaves  that  belonged  to  his  late  father's 
estate,  setting  off  to  his  co-heir  .$20,000,  in  com- 
pensation for  her  interest  in  them.  In  1839  Mr. 
Birney  lost  his  wife,  and  in  the  autumn  of  1841 
he  married  Miss  Fitzhugh,  sister  of  Mrs.  Gerrit 
Smith,  of  New  York.  In  1842  he  took  up  his  resi- 
dence in  Bay  City,  Mich.  In  person  he  was  of 
medium  height,  robust  build,  and  handsome  coun- 
tenance. His  manners  were  those  of  a  polished 
man  of  the  world,  free  from  eccentricities,  and 
marked  with  dignity.     He  had  neither  vices  nor 


BIRNEY 


BISHOP 


269 


bad  habits.  As  a  presiding  officer  in  a  public 
meeting  he  was  said  to  have  no  superior.  As  a 
public  speaker  he  was  generally  calm  and  judicial 
in  tone;  but  when  under  strong  excitement  he 
rose  to  eloquence.  His  chief  writings  were  as  fol- 
lows :  "  Ten  Letters  on  Slavery  and  Colonization," 
addressed  to  R.  R.  Gurley  (the  first  dated  12  July, 
1832,  the  last  11  Dec,  1833) ;  "  Six  Essays  on 
Slavery  and  Colonization,"  published  in  the  Hunts- 
ville  (Ala.)  "Advocate"  (May,  June,  and  July, 
1833) ;  "  Letter  on  Colonization,"  resigning  vice- 
presidency  of  Kentucky  colonization  society  (15 
July,  1834) ;  "  Letters  to  the  Presbyterian  Church  " 
(1834);  "Addresses  and  Speeches"  (1835);  "Vin- 
dication of  the  Abolitionists  "  (1835) ;  "  The  Phi- 
lanthropist," a  weekly  newspaper  (1836  and  to  Sep- 
tember, 1837) ;  "  Letter  to  Col.  Stone  "  (May,  1836) ; 
"Address  to  Slaveholders  "  (October,  1836) ;  "Argu- 
ment on  Fugitive  Slave  Case  "  (1837) ;  "  Letter  to 
P.  li.  Elmore,"  of  South  Carolina  (1838) ;  "  Politi- 
cal Obligations  of  Abolitionists  "  (1839) ;  "Report 
on  the  Duty  of  Political  Action,"  for  executive 
committee  of  the  American  anti-slavery  society 
(May,  1839);  "American  Churches  the  Bulwarks 
of  American  Slavery  "  (1840) ;  "  Speeches  in  Eng- 
land" (1840);  "Letter  of  Acceptance';  "Articles 
in  Q.  A.  S.  Magazine  and  Emancipator  "  (1837-44) ; 
"Examination  of  the  Decision  of  the  U.  S.  Su- 
preme Court,"  in  the  case  of  Strader  et  al.,  v. 
Graham  (1850). — His  son,  James,  b.  in  Danville, 
Ky.,  7  June,  1817,  was  a  state  senator  in  Michigan 
in  1859,  and  was  lieutenant-governor  of  the  state 
and  acting  governor  in  1861-'3.  He  was  appoint- 
ed by  Pi-esident  Grant,  in  1876.  minister  at  the 
Hague,  and  held  that  office  until  1882. — Another 
son,  William,  lawyer,  b.  near  Iluntsville,  Ala., 
28  May,  1819.  While  pursuing  his  studies  in  Paris, 
in  February,  1848,  he  took  an  active  part  in  the 
revolution,  and  he  was  appointed  on  public  compe- 
tition professor  of  English  literature  in  the  college 
at  Bourges.  He  entered  the  U.  S.  national  service 
as  captain  in  April,  1861,  and  rose  through  all  the 
grades  to  the  rank  of  brevet  major-general  of 
volunteers,  commanding  a  division  for  the  last  two 
years  of  the  civil  war.  He  participated  in  the 
{principal  battles  in  Virginia,  and,  being  sent  for  a 
short  time  to  Florida  after  the  battle  of  Olustee, 
regained  possession  of  the  principal  parts  of  the 
state  and  of  several  of  the  confederate  strongholds. 
In  1863-4,  having  been  detailed  by  the  war  de- 
partment as  one  of  three  superintendents  of  the 
organization  of  U.  S.  colored  troops,  he  enlisted, 
mustered  in,  armed,  equipped,  drilled,  and  sent  to 
the  field  seven  regiments  of  those  troops.  In  this 
work  he  opened  all  the  slave-prisons  in  Baltimore, 
and  freed  their  inmates,  including  many  slaves  be- 
longing to  men  in  the  confederate  armies.  The 
result  of  his  operations  was  to  hasten  the  abolition 
of  slavery  in  Maryland.  He  passed  four  years  in 
Florida  after  the  war,  and  in  1874  removed  to 
Washington,  D.  C,  where  he  practised  his  profes- 
sion and  became  attorney  for  the  District  of  Co- 
lumbia.—The  third  son,  Dion,  physician,  entered 
the  army  as  lieutenant  at  the  beginning  of  the 
civil  war,  rose  to  the  rank  of  captain,  and  died 
in  1864  of  disease  contracted  in  the  service.— The 
fourth  son,  David  Bell,  b.  in  Huntsville,  Ala.,  29 
May,  1825 ;  d.  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  18  Oct.,  1864, 
studied  law  in  Cincinnati,  and,  after  engaging  m 
business  in  Michigan,  began  the  practice  of  law  in 
Philadelphia  in  1848.  He  entered  the  army  as 
lieutenant-colonel  at  the  beginning  of  the  civil 
war,  and  was  m.ade  colonel  of  the  23d  Pennsyl- 
vania volunteers,  which  regiment  he  raised,  prin- 
cipally  at   his   own   expense,   in   the   summer  of 


1861.  He  was  promoted  successively  to  brigadier- 
and  major-general  of  volunteers,  and  distinguished 
himself  in  the  battles  of  Yorktown,  Williamsburg, 
the  second  battle  of  Bull  Run,  Fredericksburg, 
Chancellorsville,  and  Gettysburg.  After  the  death 
of  Gen.  Berry  he  commanded  the  division,  receiv- 
ing  his   commission    as    major-general,   23   May, 

1863.  He  commanded  the  3d  corps  at  Gettysburg, 
after  Gen.  Sickles  was  wounded,  and  on  23  July, 

1864,  was  given  the  command  of  the  10th  corps. 
He  died  of  disease  contracted  in  the  service. — A 
fifth  son,  Fitzliiigh,  died,  in  1864,  of  wounds  and 
disease,  in  the  service  with  the  rank  of  colonel. — A 
grandson,  James  Gillespie,  was  lieutenant  and 
captain  of  cavalry,  served  as  staff  officer  under 
Custer  and  Sheridan,  was  appointed  lieutenant  in 
the  regular  army  at  the  close  of  the  war,  and  died 
soon  afterward  of  disease  contracted  in  the  service. 

BISCACCIANTI,  Eliza  (Ostinelli),  vocalist, 
b.  in  Boston  in  1825.  Louis  Ostinelli,  her  father, 
leader  of  orchestras,  married,  in  April,  1822,  the 
daughter  of  Mr.  Hewett,  a  musical  composer  of 
Boston.  Eliza  went  to  Italy  in  1843,  studied  under 
the  best  masters,  married  Signer  Biscaccianti,  also 
a  musician,  and  in  May,  1847,  made  her  first  ap- 
pearance at  Milan  with  success.  She  made  her 
debut  in  America  at  the  Astor  place  opera-house. 
New  York,  in  February,  1848,  and  in  Philadelphia, 
1  March,  1848,  at  the  Chestnut  street  theatre,  as 
Lucia.  She  sang  in  the  principal  cities  of  the 
United  States  with  success,  and  became  an  espe- 
cial favorite  in  California. 

BISHOP,  Anna,  singer,  b.  in  London,  England, 
m  1814 ;  d.  in  New  York  city,  18  March,  1884.  She 
was  the  daughter  of  a  drawing-master  named  Ri- 
viere, studied  the  piano-forte  under  Moscheles,  be- 
came distinguished  for  her  singing,  in  1831  became 
the  wife  of  the 
composer  Sir  Hen- 
ry Rowley  Bishop, 
and  took  a  promi- 
nent part  in  the 
oratorios  and  coun- 
try festivals  in 
England.  On  the 
advice  of  the  harp- 
ist Bochsa,  she  cul- 
tivated Italian  mu- 
sic, and,  eloping 
with  him  in  1839, 
she  sang  in  the 
principal  cities  of 
the  continent  till 
1843,  and  then  in 
Italy,  where  she 
achieved  success  as 
an  operatic  singer. 
In  1846  she  returned  to  England,  and  in  1847 
crossed  the  Atlantic  and  sang  with  great  applause 
in  the  United  States,  Canada,  and  Mexico.  In 
1855,  while  making  a  tour  in  Australia,  Bochsa, 
her  companion,  died.  After  her  return  to  the 
United  States  she  married  Martin  Schultz,  a  mer- 
chant of  New  York.  She  continued  to  sing  m 
American  cities,  where  her  high  and  flexible  so- 
prano voice  was  highly  appreciated,  and  made 
various  tours  to  Australia,  China,  the  East  Indies, 
and  Spanish-American  countries.  In  February, 
1866,  on  a  voyage  from  Honolulu  to  Chma,  the 
vessel  was  wrecked  on  a  coral  reef,  and  she  suf- 
fered forty  davs  of  privation,  but  reached  the  La- 
drone  islands 'in  safety,  whence  she  embarked  for 
Manila  and  sang  there  and  in  Chma,  although 
her  wardrobe  and  .lewelry  were  lost.  In  1868  she 
lost  her  voice  and  retired  from  the  concert  stage. 


270 


BISHOP 


BISSELL 


— Robert  Nicholas  Charles  Bochsa,  the  musi- 
cian with  whom  Madam  Bishop  eloped,  was  born 
in  Montmedy,  France,  in  1789,  and  was  a  performer 
in  public  upon  the  piano-forte  when  seven  years  of 
age.  He  was  first  harpist  in  Napoleon's  private 
concerts,  and  wrote  about  150  compositions  for  the 
harp  in  a  new  and  superior  style.  In  1822  he  be- 
came director  of  the  oratorios  in  London. 

BISHOP,  Georg'e,  author,  joined  the  Quakers 
in  1654,  and  between  1660  and  1668  published  sev- 
eral works  on  their  doctrines.  He  published  in 
1661  "  New  England  judged,  being  a  Brief  Rela- 
tion of  the  Sufferings  of  the  Quakers  in  that  part 
of  America  from  the  Beginning  of  the  5th  Month, 
1656,  to  the  End  of  the  10th  Month,  1660."  A 
second  part  appeared  in  1667 ;  and  both  were  re- 
printed in  1703,  with  "  An  Answer  to  Cotton 
Mather's  Abuses,"  by  John  Whiting. 

BISHOP,  Joel  Prentiss,  author,  b.  in  Volney, 
Oswego  CO.,  N.  Y.,  in  1814.  He  has  published 
'•  Commentaries  on  the  Law  of  Marriage  and  Di- 
vorce "  (1856) ;  "  Criminal  Law  "  (Boston,  2  vols., 
1856-8) ;  " Thoughts  for  the  Times "  (1863) ;  " Se- 
cession and  Slavery  "  (1864) ;  "  Commentaries  on 
Criminal  Procedure  "  (1866) ;  "  First  Book  of  the 
Law"  (1868);  " Directions  and  Forms "  ;  "Law  of 
Married  Women  "  ;  "  Statutory  Crimes  "  ;  "  On  the 
Written  Laws  "  ;  and  "  Prosecution  and  Defence," 
with  a  general  index  to  the  author's  series  of  crimi- 
nal law  works  (Boston,  1885). 

BISHOP,  Levi,  lawyer,  b.  in  Russell,  Hampden 
CO.,  Mass.,  15  Oct..  1815 ;  d.  in  Detroit,  Mich.,  23 
Dec,  1881.  He  received  a  common-school  educa- 
tion, and  in  1830  became  apprentice  clerk  in  a 
leather  manufactory.  He  removed  to  Detroit, 
Mich.,  in  1836,  and  having  lost  his  right  arm  by 
an  accident  in  1839,  left  his  business,  studied  law, 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1842.  He  was 
elected  justice  of  the  peace  in  1842,  and  from  1846 
till  1858  was  president  of  the  Detroit  board  of  edu- 
cation. The  largest  school  building  in  Detroit 
now  bears  his  name,  and  he  was  a  regent  of  the  state 
university  from  1857  till  1863.  He  was  a  promi- 
nent war  democrat,  urging  the  suppression  of  the 
rebellion  at  every  hazard.  In  1864  he  was  the 
democratic  candidate  for  attorney-general.  He 
was  much  interested  in  the  early  histoiw  of  the 
west,  organized  the  Detroit  Pioneer  Society  in 
1871,  and  was  its  president  till  his  death.  He  was 
a  delegate  to  the  International  Congress  of  Ameri- 
canists at  Luxembourg,  France,  in  1876,  and  in  1877 
was  appointed  historiographer  of  Detroit.  In  this 
capacity  he  wrote  more  than  fifty  historical  papers, 
under  the  title  "  Historical  Notes."  On  15  July, 
1880,  he  was  made  corresponding  member  of  the 
Royal  Historical  Soetety  of  Great  Britain.  Mr. 
Bishop  lectured  occasionally  on  literary  topics,  and 
published  "  The  Dignity  of  Labor,"  a  poem  (1864), 
and  "  Teuchsa  G-rondie,"  a  poem  in  twenty-eight 
cantos,  devoted  to  the  Indian  lore  of  Detroit  river 
(1870).  He  also  translated  from  the  French  sev- 
eral historical  works  concerning  the  early  settle- 
ment of  the  northwest. 

BISHOP,  Robert  Hamilton,  clergyman,  b. 
near  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  26  Julv,  1777;  d.  at 
College  Hill,  Ohio,  29  April,  1855.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  the  university  of  Edinburgh  in  1797,  and 
came  in  1801,  at  the  solicitation  of  Dr.  Mason,  to 
New  York  city,  where  he  preached  a  while  in  a 
Presbyterian  church.  He  then  went  as  a  mission- 
ary to  the  northwest  territory,  and  arrived  at  Chil- 
licothe  in  1802.  He  became  a  professor  in  Tran- 
sylvania college  in  1804.  In  consequence  of  diffi- 
culties with  the  Associate  Reformed  synod,  which 
he  had  joined  upon  coming  to  America,  he  con- 


nected himself  in  1819  with  the  central  assembly, 
and  accepted  the  presidency  of  Miami  college  in 
1824,  in  which  he  remained  till  1841.  He  con- 
tinued there  as  professor  of  history  and  political 
science  until  1844,  and  after  that  filled  the  chair 
of  history  and  political  economy  in  Farmers'  col- 
lege, near  Cincinnati.  His  writings  include  "  Ser- 
mons "(1808);  "Memoirs  of  David  Rice "(1824); 
"  Elements  of  Logic  "  (1833) ;  "  Philosophv  of  the 
Bible  "  (1833) ;  "  Science  of  Government  '*'  (1839) ; 
and  "  Western  Peacemaker  "  (1839). 

BISHOP,  William  Darius,  commissioner  of 
the  patent-olfice,  b.  in  Bloomfield,  N.  J.,  14  Sept., 
1827.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1849,  studied 
law,  and  engaged  in  railroad  enterprises,  becoming 
president  of  the  Naugatuck  railroad  company.  In 
1856  he  was  elected  a  delegate  to  congress  from 
Connecticut,  and  was  chairman  of  the  committee 
on  manufactures.  On  23  May,  1859,  he  was  ap- 
pointed commissioner  of  patents,  but  resigned  that 
office  in  January,  1860.  He  was  elected  for  the 
second  time  to  the  Connecticut  legislature  in  1866, 
and  subsequently  held  important  state  offices.  He 
was  for  a  time  president  of  the  New  York,  New 
Haven,  and  Hartford  railroad  co.,  residing  in 
Bridgeport,  Conn. 

BISHOP,  William  Henry,  M.  E.  bishop,  b.  in 
1803;  d.  in  Newark,  N.  J..  2  July,  1873.  He  was 
a  preacher  in  the  Zion  African  Methodist  Episco- 
pal church,  and  afterward  became  a  bishop  in  that 
denomination. 

BISHOP,  W  illiam  Henry,  author,  b.  in  Hart- 
ford, Conn.,  7  Jan.,  1847.  He  was  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1867,  and  has  published  a  romance  entitled 
"  Detmold  "  (Boston,  1879) ;  "  The  House  of  a  Mer- 
chant Prince,"  a  novel  of  New  York  life  (1882) ; 
"  Choy  Susan,  and  other  Stories  "  (1884) ;  a  volume 
of  travels  entitled  "  Old  Mexico  and  her  Lost  Prov- 
inces" (New  York,  1884);  "Fish  and  Men  in  the 
Maine  Islands  "  (1885).  He  is  a  frequent  contribu- 
tor to  periodical  literature.  His  novels  first  ap- 
peared as  serials  in  the  "Atlantic  Monthly"  or 
"  Harper's  Magazine."  In  1886  he  published  seri- 
ally in  the  former  periodical  a  new  novel,  entitled 
"  The  Golden  Justice." 

BISPHAM,  Henry  Collins,  artist,  b.  in  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.,  in  1841.  He  studied  in  Philadelphia 
under  William  T.  Richards,  and  in  Paris  as  the 
pupil  of  Otto  Webber.  In  1869  he  sent  to  tne 
national  academy  "  On  the  Campagna,"  "  To  the 
Front,"  and  "  Noonday  Rest."  In  1875  he  exhib- 
ited "  A  Misty  Day"  ;  and  in  1878  "  Tigris"  and 
"  Landscape  and  Cattle."  He  excels  in  pastoral 
cattle-scenes  and  in  wild  landscapes  with  animals. 
Among  his  other  paintings  are  "  Dead  in  the  Des- 
ert" (1867);  "Roman  Bull"  (1867);  "The  Wine- 
Cart"  (1868);  "The  Raid"  (1866);  "Hunted 
Down  "  (1871) ;  "  Crouching  Lion  " ;  and  "  The 
Stampede  "  (1873). 

BISSELL,  Clark,  jurist,  b.  in  Lebanon,  Conn., 
in  1782:  d.  in  Norwalk,  Conn.,  15  Sept.,  1857.  He 
was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1806,  and  received  the 
degree  of  LL.  D.  from  that  college  in  1847.  He 
was  a  lawyer,  and  during  most  of  his  life  resided 
at  Norwalk.  From  1829  till  1839  he  was  judge  of 
the  supreme  court  of  Connecticut,  and  from  1847 
till  1855  professor  of  law  at  Yale.  In  1847-'49 
he  was  governor  of  Connecticut. 

BISSELL,  Daniel,  soldier,  d.  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.. 
14  Dec,  1833.  He  was  appointed  a  cadet  from  Con- 
necticut in  September,  1791 ;  became  ensign,  11 
April,  1792;  lieutenant  in  January,  1794;  captain 
in  January,  1799;  lieutenant-colonel,  18  Aug., 
1808;  colonel,  15  Aug.,  1812;  brigadier-general,  9 
March,  1814.    He  commanded  in  the  successful  af- 


BISSELL 


BLACK 


271 


fair  at  Lyons  Creek,  U.  C,  19  Oct.,  1814;  in  May, 
1815,  became  colonel  of  the  1st  infantry,  with  tlie 
brevet  of  brigadier-general,  and  was  transferred  to 
the  2d  artillery  on  16  Jan.,  1826. 

BISSELL,  Josiah  Wolcott,  engineer,  b.  in 
Rochester,  N.  Y.,  12  May,  1818.  He  was  the  son 
of  Josiah  Bissell,  an  early  settler  of  Rochester,  N. 
Y.,  who  employed  his  wealth,  derived  from  land 
speculations,  for  benevolent  objects,  and  who  es- 
tablished a  line  of  stage-coaches  that  did  not  run 
on  Sundays.  He  was  engaged  before  the  civil  war 
in  banking,  and  in  architectural  and  engineering 
work.  During  the  war  he  was  colonel  of  an  en- 
gineer regiment  attached  to  Gen.  Pope's  army,  and 
superintended  the  construction  of  the  canal  that 
enabled  the  national  gun-boats  to  approach  the 
confederate  works  on  Island  No.  10  in  Mississippi 
river.  After  his  return  to  civil  life  he  took  a  promi- 
nent part  in  the  enterprise  of  collecting  and  index- 
ing records  of  real  estate  titles,  so  as  to  simplify 
searches,  and  was  engaged  in  that  work  in  Cincin- 
nati, and  afterward  in  Boston. 

BISSELL,  Simon  B„  naval  officer,  b.  in  Ver- 
mont, 28  Oct..  1808 ;  d.  in  Paris,  France,  18  Feb., 
1883.  He  became  a  midshipman  in  the  U.  S.  navy 
6  Nov.,  1824,  and  was  promoted  to  be  a  lieutenant 
9  Dec,  1887;  commander,  14  Sept.,  1855;  captain, 
16  July,  1862 :  commodore,  10  Oct.,  1866.  He  was 
attached  to  the  sloop  "  Albany "  during  the  war 
with  Mexico,  and  was  present  at  the  siege  of  Vera 
Cruz.  He  commanded  the  sloop  "  Cyane,"  Pacific 
squadron,  in  1861-'2 ;  was  on  duty  in  the  navy- 
yard  at  Mare  island.  Cal.,  in  1863-'4 ;  commanded 
the  sloop-of-war  "  Monongahela  "  in  1866-'7 ;  was 
on  special  service  in  1869  ;  and  was  placed  on  the 
retired  list  on  1  March,  1870. 

BISSELL,  William  H.,  statesman,  b.  in  Hart- 
wick,  near  Cooperstown,  N.  Y.,  25  April,  1811;  d. 
in  Springfield,  III.,  18  March,  1860.  Pie  was  self- 
educated,  attending  school  in  summer  and  teaching 
in  the  winter ;  was  graduated  at  Philadelphia  medi- 
cal college  in  1835,  and  practised  medicine  two 
years  in  Steuben  co.,  N.  Y.,  and  three  years  in  Mon- 
roe CO.,  111.  He  was  elected  to  the  Illinois  legisla- 
ture in  1840,  and  distinguished  himself  as  a  forcible 
and  ready  debater.  He  studied  law,  and  practised 
successfully  in  Belleville,  St.  Clair  co.,  and  became 
prosecuting  attorney  in  1844.  He  was  a  captain  in 
the  2d  Illinois  volunteers  in  the  Mexican  war,  and 
•distinguished  himself  at  Buena  Vista.  He  was  a 
representative  in  congress  from  Illinois  as  an  inde- 
pendent democrat,  serving  from  2  Dec,  1839,  till  3 
March,  1845.  He  separated  from  the  democratic 
party  on  the  passage  of  the  Kansas-Nebraska  bill, 
and  was  chosen  governor  as  a  republican  in  1856. 
He  was  re-elected,  and  died  in  office.  While  he  was 
in  congress  his  resistance  of  the  Missouri  compro- 
mise involved  him  in  a  controversy  with  the  south- 
ern democrats,  and  hot  words  passed  between  him 
and  Jefferson  Davis  on  the  subject  of  the  bravery 
of  the  northern  as  compared  with  the  southern 
soldiers,  which  led  to  a  challenge  from  Mr.  Davis. 
In  accepting  the  challenge  to  a  duel,  Mr.  Bissell 
chose  as  the  weapons  muskets,  at  thirty  paces, 
whereupon  the  friends  of  Mr.  Davis  interfered. 

BISSELL,  William  Heury  Augustus,  P.  E. 
bishop,  b.  in  Randolph,  Vt..  14  Nov.,  1814;  d.  in 
Burlington,  Vt.,  14  May,  1893.  He  was  graduated 
at  Vermont  university  in  1836,  and  was  ordained 
deacon  29  Sept.,  1839,  and  priest  in  August,  1840. 
He  was  rector  of  Trinity  church,  West  Troy,  N.  Y., 
in  1841-0  ;  of  Grace  church.  Lyons,  N.  Y.,  in  1845- 
'8;  and  of  Trinity  church,  Geneva,  N.  Y.,  in  1848- 
'68.  He  was  elected  bishop  of  Vermont,  and  con- 
secrated in  Christ's  church,  Montpelier,  in  1868. 


BIXBY,  John  Munson,  lawyer,  b.  at  Fairfield, 
Conn.,  in  February,  1800 ;  d.  in  New  York,  22  Nov., 
1876.  He  studied  law  in  Wilkesbarre,  Pa.,  and  be- 
gan practice  in  New  York  city.  After  nearly  thirty 
years'  practice  in  New  York  city,  he  retired  in 
1849.  He  married  a  cousin  of  Edgar  AUan  Poe, 
and  was  the  author  of  two  novels,  "  Standish,  the 
Puritan  "  (New  York,  1850),  and  "  Overing,  or  the 
Heir  of  Wycherly  "  (1852),  both  of  which  were  pub- 
lished under  the  pen-name  of  E.  Grayson.  After 
his  retirement  he  invested  in  real  estate  on  Fifth 
avenue,  Thirty-ninth  street,  and  Broadway,  which 
increased  greatly  in  value.  His  estate  was  esti- 
mated after  his  death  at  $1,800,000.— His  only  son, 
Robert  F.,  receives  an  annual  ground-rent" from 
the  union  league  club  of  a  larger  amount  than  his 
father  paid  for  the  property  on  which  the  edifice  is 
erected,  on  Fifth  avenue. 

BLACK,  James,  candidate  for  president  of  the 
U.  S.,  b.  in  Lewisburg,  Pa.,  23  Sept.,  1823 ;  d.  16  Dec, 
]  893.  He  was  educated  at  Lewisburg  academy,  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1846,  and  practised  in  Lancas- 
ter. He  joined  a  temperance  society  in  1840,  aided 
in  organizing  the  sons  of  temperance  in  Lancaster 
city  in  1846,  and  in  1852  was  cliairman  of  a  county 
committee  appointed  to  secure  the  election  of  mem- 
bers of  the  legislature  favorable  to  the  enactment  of 
a  prohibitory  liquor-law  in  Pennsylvania.  He  took 
a  leading  part  in  the  organization  of  the  good 
templars,  was  the  delegate  that  presented  to  Presi- 
dent Lincoln  in  1864  the  memorial  praying  for  the 
abolition  of  the  whiskey  ration,  and  was  the  author 
of  the  "  cider  tract."  In  February.  1867,  as  chair- 
man of  the  committee  on  resolutions  in  a  temper- 
ance convention  held  in  Harrisburg,  he  first 
advanced  the  proposition  to  form  a  distinct  tem- 
perance party.  He  became  president  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania state  temperance  union,  organized  at  the 
same  convention,  was  one  of  the  committee  that 
called  a  national  convention  to  organize  a  prohibi- 
tion party,  and  was  elected  president  of  the  conven- 
tion, which  met  in  Chicago,  1  Sept.,  1869.  The 
nominating  convention  that  was  held  in  Columbus, 
Ohio,  on  22  Feb.,  1872,  made  him  the  first  nominee 
of  the  party  for  president  of  the  United  States, 
the  Rev.  John  Russell,  of  Michigan,  receiving  the 
nomination  for  vice-president.  The  ticket  received 
5,608  votes  at  the  polls.  In  1876  he  was  chairman 
of  the  executive  committee  of  the  party,  then  called 
the  national  prohibition  reform  party.  Mr.  Black 
was  originator  of  the  scheme  to  establisli  a  temper- 
ance publication  society,  and  drew  up  tlie  constitu- 
tion of  the  national  temperance  society  and  publi- 
cation house.  He  is  the  author  of  "  Is  there  a  Ne- 
cessity for  a  Prohibition  Partv  ? "  (Philadelphia, 
1876);  "A  History  of  the  Prohibition  Party" 
(1880) ;  and  "  The  Prohibition  Party  "  (1885). 

BLACK,  James  Rush,  physician,  b.  near  Glas- 
gow, Scotland,  3  March.  1827.  His  education  was 
received  at  Granville  College  (now  Dennison  Uni- 
versity), Ohio  Medical  College,  and  the  medical 
department  of  the  University  of  New  York,  where 
he  received  hie  degree  in  1849.  He  resided  first  in 
Milwaukee,  Wis.,  and  then  in  Ohio,  at  Linville  and 
Cambridge,  settling  in  Newark,  Ohio,  in  1863. 
During  the  civil  war  he  was  surgeon  of  the  113th 
Ohio  infantry,  and  afterward  medical  director  on 
Gen.  Gilbert's  staff.  He  has  since  devoted  his  at- 
tention chiefly  to  tetiology  and  hygiene,  and  in  1876 
was  called  to  fill  the  chair  of  hygiene  at  Columbus 
Medical  College.  He  is  a  member  of  numerous 
medical  societies,  including  the  American  Medical 
Association  and  the  Ohio  State  Medical  Society. 
Dr.  Black  has  written  for  the  medical  and  scien- 
tific journals,  and  is  the  author  of  "  Ten  Laws  of 


272 


BLACK 


BLACKBURN 


^,  o/^./^X^^ 


Health,  and  Guide  to  Protection  against  Epidemic 
Diseases "'  (Philadelphia,  3d  ed.,  1885). 
BLACK,  Jeremiah  Sullivan,  jurist,  b.  in  the 

Glades,  Somerset  co.,  Pa.,  10  Jan.,  1810 ;  d.  at  his 
home  in  York,  Pa.,  19  Aug.,  1883.  His  ancestry 
was  Scotch-Irish.  James  Black,  his  grandfather, 
came  to  America  from  the  north  of  Ireland,  and 
settled  in  Somerset  co..  Pa.,  where,  in  1778,  Henry 
Black,  father  of  Jeremiah,  a  man  of  note  in  his 
day,  was  born.  Jeremiah's  early  education  was 
obtained   at   school   near  his   father's   farm.     He 

studied  law,  was 
taken  into  the 
office  of  Chaun- 
cey  Forward,  a 
lawyer  in  Somer- 
set county,  and 
was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1831. 
In  1838  he  mar- 
ried a  daughter 
of  Mr.  Forward. 
After  an  active 
and  successful 
practice  of  eleven 
years,  he  was 
raised  to  the 
bench.  He  was 
a  Jeffersonian 
democrat,  and 
was  nominated 
by  a  democrat- 
ic governor,  in 
April,  1842,  for  president- judge  of  the  district  where 
he  lived,  which  post  he  held  for  nine  years.  In 
1851  Judge  Black  was  elected  one  of  the  supreme 
court  judges  of  Pennsylvania.  After  serving  the 
short  term  of  three  years,  he  was  re-elected,  in  1854, 
for  a  full  term  of  fifteen  years.  On  the  accession 
of  James  Buchanan  to  the  presidency,  in  1857, 
Judge  Black  became  attorney-general.  He  was 
very  industrious  and  successful,  in  connection  with 
Edwin  M.  Stanton,  in  protecting  the  interests  of 
the  nation  against  false  claimants  to  grants  of  land 
made  by  the  Mexican  government  to  settlers  in 
California  before  that  country  came  under  the 
control  of  the  United  States.  When  the  seces- 
sion crisis  arrived,  in  1860-'l,  Buchanan  held  that 
there  was  no  authority  for  coercing  a  state,  if  it 
chose  to  secede  and  set  up  as  an  independent  gov- 
ernment ;  but  Attorney-General  Black  was  of  the 
opinion  that  it  was  the  duty  of  the  government  to 
put  down  insurrection,  and  that  the  constitution 
contained  no  provision  for  a  dissolution  of  the 
union  in  any  manner  whatever.  Gen.  Cass  having 
resigned  as  secretary  of  state  in  December,  1860, 
Judge  Black  was  appointed  to  fill  the  vacancy, 
Edwin  M.  Stanton  taking  the  post  of  attorney- 
general.  Judge  Black  occupied  this  office  during 
the  remainder  of  Buchanan's  administration,  and 
exerted  himself  to  save  the  government  from  fall- 
ing into  the  hands  of  the  secessionists.  In  March, 
1861,  when  Abraham  Lincoln  became  president. 
Judge  Black  retired  from  public  life.  He  was  ap- 
pointed U.  S.  supreme  court  reporter,  but  soon  re- 
signed that  office,  and  entered  again  upon  the 
practice  of  law  at  his  home,  near  York,  Pa.  He 
was  engaged  in  several  prominent  lawsuits  during 
the  last  twenty  years  of  his  life,  and  retained  his 
vigor  and  professional  skill  to  the  close  of  his 
career.  The  Vanderbilt  will  contest,  the  Milliken 
case,  and  the  McGarrahan  claim  were  among  the 
more  noted  cases  in  which  he  was  engaged.  He 
was  a  contributor  to  periodical  literature,  fur- 
nished an  account  of  the  Erie  railway  litigation, 


argued  the  third-term  question  in  magazine  arti- 
cles, and  had  a  newspaper  discussion  with  Jeffer- 
son Davis. — His  son,  Chauncey  Forward,  was 
elected  lieutenant-governor  of  Pennsylvania  in 
1882,  and  in  1886  was  the  democratic  candidate  for 
the  governorship. 

BLACK,  John,  diplomatist,  b.  in  New  York  in 
1792 ;  d.  in  Albany,  N.  Y.,  19  Nov.,  1873.  He  was 
for  forty  years  a  resident  of  the  city  of  Mexico, 
where  he  was  a  long  time  United  States  consul, 
and  where  he  performed  the  duties  of  minister 
during  the  Mexican  war. 

BLACK,  William,  clergyman,  b.  in  England 
in  1760;  d.  8  Sept.,  1834.  He  emigrated  to  Nova 
Scotia  in  1775,  and  there  became  a  Wesleyan 
Methodist  preacher,  and  the  founder  of  the  Wes- 
leyan church  in  that  province.  Afterward  he  was 
the  general  superintendent  of  the  Wesleyan  mis- 
sions in  British  America. 

BLACKBURN,  Gideon,  clergyman,  b.  in  Au- 
gusta CO.,  Va.,  27  Aug.,  1772 ;  d.  in  Caiiiiiville,  111., 
23  Aug.,  1838.  He  was  educated  at  Martin  acade- 
my, Washington  co.,  Tenn.,  licensed  to  preach  by 
AlDingdon  presbytery  in  1795,  and  settled  many 
years  at  Marysville,  Tenn.  He  was  minister  of 
Franklin,  Tenn.,  in  1811-'3,  and  of  Louisville, 
Ky.,  in  1823-'7.  He  passed  the  last  forty  years  of 
his  life  in  the  western  states,  in  preaching,  organ- 
izing churches,  and,  from  1803  to  1809,  during  a 
part  of  each  year,  in  his  mission  to  the  Cherokees, 
establishing  a  school  at  Hywassee.  He  established 
a  school  in  Tennessee  in  1806,  and  from  1827  till 
1830  was  president  of  Center  college,  Kentucky. 

BLACKBURN,  Joseph  Clay  Styles,  U.  S. 
senator,  b.  in  Woodford  county,  Ky.,  1  Oct.,  1838. 
He  was  graduated  at  Center  college,  Danville,  Ky., 
in  1857,  studied  law  with  George  B.  Kincaid  in 
Lexington,  Ky.,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1858, 
and  practised  in  Chicago  till  1860,  when  he  re- 
turned to  his  native  county.  He  entered  the  Con- 
federate army  in  1861,  and  served  through  the  war. 
In  1865  he  resumed  the  practice  of  law,  and  in 
1871-3  was  in  the  Kentucky  legislature.  In  1875 
he  entered  congress  as  a  Democrat.  He  was  re- 
elected in  1876,  1878,  1880,  and  1882,  and  became 
U.  S.  senator  in  1885. — His  half-brother,  Luke 
(1816-'87),  was  governor  of  Kentucky  in  1879. 

BLACKBURN,  William,  pioneer,  b.  in  Vir- 
ginia in  1814 ;  d.  in  California  in  1867.  He  went 
to  California  in  1845,  took  part  as  volunteer  in  the 
conquest  of  that  country  in  1846-'7,  and  was  ap- 
pointed alcalde  at  Santa  Cruz  immediately  there- 
after. In  tliis  office  he  served  two  years,  and  in 
1850  was  elected  county  judge  of  Santa  Cruz 
CO.  He  was  one  of  the  best  representatives  of  the 
large  class  of  early  popular  alcaldes  in  the  new 
territory,  legally  untrained  but  socially  important 
men,  who  administered  justice  after  a  manner  less 
accurate  in  a  technical  sense  than  useful  for  the 
needs  of  the  singular  community  of  those  days. 
His  decisions  were  in  some  cases  widely  discussed, 
and  are  often  quoted  m  historical  sketches. 

BLACKBURN,  William  Jasper,  editor,  b.  in 
Randolph  co..  Ark.,  24  July,  1820.  He  was  early 
left  an  orphan,  and  received  his  education  in  public 
schools,  also  studying  during  the  years  1838-'9  in 
Jackson  College,  Columbia,  Tenn.;  after  which  lie 
became  a  printer,  and  worked  in  various  offices  in 
Arkansas  and  Louisiana.  Later  he  settled  in  Ho- 
mer. La.,  where  he  established  "  Blackburn's  Homer 
Iliad,"  in  which  he  editorially  condemned  the  as- 
sault on  Charles  Sumner  by  Preston  S.  Brooks, 
being  the  only  southern  editor  that  denounced 
that  action.  Although  born  m  a  slave  state,  he 
was  always  o[)posed  to  slavery,  and  his  office  was 


BLACKBURN 


BLACK  HAWK 


273 


twice  mobbed  therefor.  The  "  Iliad  "  was  the  only 
loyal  paper  published  during  the  civil  war  in  the 
gulf  states.  He  was  a  member  of  the  constitutional 
convention  of  Louisiana  convened  in  1867,  and  was 
elected  as  a  republican  to  congress,  serving  from 
17  July,  1868,  till  3  March,  1869.  From  1873  till 
1876  he  was  a  member  of  the  Louisiana  state  sen- 
ate. Subsequently  he  removed  to  Little  Rock, 
Ark.,  and  became  owner  and  editor  of  the  Little 
Rock  "  Republican."  He  received  the  nomination 
of  the  republicans  for  the  state  senate,  but  failed 
to  secure  his  seat,  though  he  claimed  to  have  been 
elected  by  3,000  majority.  Mr.  Blackburn  is  known 
as  an  occasional  writer  of  verse. 

BLACKBURN,  William  Maxwell,  clergy- 
man, b.  in  Carlisle,  Ind.,  80  Dec,  1838.  He  was 
graduated  at  Hanover  college,  Ind.,  in  1850,  and  at 
Princeton  theological  seminary  in  1854.  He  was 
pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  church  in  Erie,  Pa., 
from  1856  till  1863,"  and  at  Trenton,  N.  J.,  from 
1854  till  1868,  in  which  year  he  was  called  to  the 
chair  of  biblical  and  ecclesiastical  history  in  the 
Presbyterian  theological  seminary  of  the  north- 
west at  Chicago,  111.,  which  he  held  until  1881, 
when  he  became  pastor  of  the  Central  church  in 
Cincinnati,  Ohio.  In  1884  he  was  called  to  the 
presidency  of  the  territorial  university  of  North 
Dakota,  and  in  1886  became  president  of  Pierre 
university  at  East  Pierre,  Dak.  He  published 
special  studies  in  religious  history  and  biography 
and  numerous  story-books  for  the  young,  and  has 
contributed  to  the  "  Princeton  Review "  and  the 
"American  Presbyterian  Review."  His  principal 
published  works  are  *'  Exiles  of  Madeira  "  (Phila- 
delphia, 1863) ;  "  Judas  the  Maccabee  and  the  As- 
monean  Princes"  (1864);  "The  Rebel  Prince" 
(1864) :  "  William  Farel  and  his  Times  "  (1866) ; 
"  Tlie  College  Days  of  Calvin  "  (1866) ;  "  Young 
Calvin  in  Paris"  (1866);  •' Ulrich  Zwingli,  the 
Patriotic  Reformer  "  (1868) ;  "  Geneva's  Shield  " 
(New  York,  1868) ;  "  St.  Patrick  and  the  Early  Irish 
Church"  (Philadelphia,  1869);  "Admiral  Coligny 
and  the  Rise  of  the  Huguenots "  (1869) ;  "  The 
Theban  Ijegion "  (1871) ;  and  a  comprehensive 
"  History  of  the  Christian  Church  from  its  Origin 
to  the  Present  Time."  He  also  wrote  "Ancient 
Schoolmaster  "  ;  "A  Curious  Chapter  and  how  its 
Prophecies  were  Fulfilled " ;  "  Tlie  Benefit  of 
Christ's  Death,"  and  the  "  Uncle  Aleck  "  series  of 
books  for  the  young,  including  "  Cherry  Bounce," 
"Early  Watermelons,"  "The  Nevers,"  "Blind  Annie 
Lorrimer,"  and  "  Blood  on  the  Doorposts." 

BLACKFORD,  Eugene  (iilbert,  pisciculturist, 
b.  in  Mori'istown,  N.  J.,  8  Aug.,  1839.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  the  public  schools  and  trained  in  mercantile 
life  in  New  York  city  from  the  age  of  fourteen,  and 
when  about  twenty-five  years  of  age  embarked  in 
business  as  a  fish-dealer  in  Fulton  market.  Through 
his  efforts  the  red  snapper,  whitebait,  poinpano, 
and  other  varieties  of  fish  were  first  introduced 
into  the  New  York  market,  and  the  methods  of 
freezing,  shipping,  and  storing  fish  have  been  im- 
proved. He  was  appointed  one  of  the  four  com- 
missioners of  fish  and  fisheries  of  the  state  of  New 
York  in  1879,  and  was  instrumental  in  establishing 
a  hatching-station  for  sea  and  fresh-water  fish  at 
Cold  Spring  harbor,  on  the  north  shore  of  Long 
Island.  He  conducted  an  investigation  into  the 
decrease  of  oysters  in  the  waters  of  New  York,  and 
has  published  papers  on  whitebait  and  the  ques- 
tion of  legislative  protection  of  ocean  fisheries. 

BLACKFORD,  Isaac  Newton,  jurist,  b.  in 
Bound  Brook,  N.  J.,  6  Nov.,  1786;  d.  in  Washing- 
ton, D.  C,  31  Dec,  1859.  He  was  graduated  at 
Princeton   in   1806.     After   completing  his  legal 


studies  under  Gabriel  Ford,  of  Morristown,  N.  J., 
he  removed  to  Indiana,  and  in  1813  settled  in  Vin- 
cennes.  He  was  clerk  of  the  territorial  legislature 
in  1813 ;  judge  of  the  first  judicial  circuit,  1814-'5  ; 
speaker  of  the  first  state  legislature,  1816 ;  judge 
of  the  supreme  court  of  Indiana,  l819-'35  ;  and  a 
judge  of  the  U.  S.  court  of  claims  from  March, 
1855,  until  his  death.  His  reports  fill  eight  volumes. 
BLACK  HAWK  (Ma-ka-tae-mish-kia-kiak),  a 
noted  chief  of  the  Sac  and  Fox  tribes  of  Indians, 
though  by  birth  a  Pottawattamie,  b.  in  Kaskaskia, 
111.,  in  1767;  d.  at  his  camp  on  the  river  Des 
Moines,  3  Oct.,  1838.  At  fifteen  he  was  ranked 
with  the  braves,  and  became  a  successful  leader  in 
expeditions  against  the  Osage  and  Cherokee  tribes. 
About  1788  he  succeeded,  as  head  chief  of  the  Sacs, 
his  father,  who 
had  been  killed 
by  a  Cherokee. 
In  1804  the 
Sacs  and  Foxes 
signed  at  St. 
Louis  a  treaty 
with  Gen.  Har- 
rison, by  which 
for  an  annui- 
ty of  $1,000  a 
year  they  trans- 
ferred to  the  U. 
S.  government 
their  lands,  ex- 
tending aliout 
700  miles  along 
Mississippi  riv- 
er. This  ar- 
rangement was 

repudiated  by  Black  Hawk,  who  averred  that  the 
chiefs  were  drunk  when  they  signed  the  treaty. 
Moved  by  the  exhortations  of  the  Shawnee  prophet 
Elskwatawa,  brother  of  Tecumseh,  and  by  the 
presents  of  British  agents.  Black  Hawk,  with  the 
title  of  general,  joined  the  British  with  500  war- 
riors during  the  war  of  1813 ;  but  a  repulse  in 
a  battle  near  Detroit,  and  an  unsuccessful  attack 
on  a  fort,  surprised  and  disgusted  the  red  men, 
who  soon  tired  of  the  service.  The  cession  of  their 
territory  was  ratified  by  another  treaty  made  in 
1815  after  the  conclusion  of  the  war,  and  by  a 
third  treaty,  which  Black  Hawk  himself  signed  at 
St.  Louis  in  1816.  In  1833  the  main  body  of  the 
Sacs  and  Foxes  removed,  under  the  lead  of  Chief 
Keokuk,  to  their  reservation  across  the  Mississippi ; 
but  Black  Hawk  and  his  followers  remained.  By 
the  new  treaty  made  at  Prairie  du  Chien,  15  July, 
1830,  signed  by  chiefs  of  various  tribes,  among 
them  Keokuk,  their  lands  east  of  the  Mississippi 
became  the  property  of  the  whites.  Their  removal 
west  was  opposed  by  Black  Hawk,  who,  when  the 
crops  of  his  people  were  ploughed  up  and  the  lands 
seized  for  the  white  settlers  who  had  purchased 
the  sites  of  their  villages,  threatened  retaliation. 
The  militia  of  Illinois  were  then  called  out,  and  on 
35  June,  1831,  a  force  under  Gen.  Gaines  compelled 
the  Indians  to  depart.  Black  flawk  returned  in 
the  spring  across  the  Mississippi.  After  a  band 
of  fifty  warriors  was  attacked  and  scattered  by  the 
militia,  they  separated  into  squads  and  began  to 
massacre  the  whites.  Gen.  Scott  marched  a  force 
of  U.  S.  troops  against  them,  but  was  hindered  in 
his  operations  by  an  outbreak  of  cholera  among  the 
soldiers.  The  Indians  were  driven  back  to  Wis- 
consin river,  where  they  sustained  a  defeat,  in- 
flicted by  Gen.  Dodge,  on  31  July,  1833.  They 
were  completely  defeated  at  the  river  Bad  Axe,  1 
and  3  Aug.,  by  Gen.  Atkinson,  and  the  surrender  of 


274 


BLACKMAN 


BLACKWELL 


Black  Hawk  took  place  on  the  27th.  Black  Hawk, 
his  two  sons,  and  seven  other  head  warriors  who 
were  detained  as  hostages  were  taken  through  the 
principal  eastern  cities,  and  then  confined  in  For- 
tress Monroe  until  5  June,  1833.  Black  Hawk 
was  deposed,  and  Keokuk  made  chief  of  the  Sacs 
and  Foxes,  who  to  the  number  of  about  3,000  were 
removed  to  the  region  about  Fort  Des  Moines. 
A  "  Life  of  Black  Hawk  "  from  his  own  lips,  edit- 
ed by  J.  B.  Patterson,  was  published  in  1834.  See 
his  "  Life,"  by  Benjamin  Drake,  also  Drake's  "  In- 
dian Biography,"  and  "  Life  of  Black  Hawk,"  by 
W.  J.  Snelling. 

BLACKMAN,  George  Curtis,  surgeon,  b.  in 
Newtown,  Conn.,  20  April,  1819 ;  d.  in  Avondale, 
Ohio,  19  July,  1871.  He  was  graduated  at  the  col- 
lege of  physicians  and  surgeons.  New  York  city,  in 
1840,  and  in  1854  became  professor  of  surgery  in 
the  medical  college  of  Ohio,  at  Cincinnati.  During 
the  war  he  served  as  an  army  surgeon.  He  was  a 
bold  and  skilful  operator,  and  an  able  writer  and 
lecturer.  He  translated  and  edited  Vidal's  "  Treat- 
ise on  Venereal  Disease  "  (New  York,  1854),  edited 
■a,  new  edition  of  Mott's  translation  of  Velpeau's 
"  Surgery,"  with  notes  and  additions  of  his  own, 
and  was  a  frequent  contributor  to  medical  journals. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  society  of  physicians  and 
surgeons  in  London. 

BLACKMAN,  Learner,  missionary,  b.  in  New 
Jersey  about  1781 ;  d.  in  Ohio  in  1815.  He  entered 
the  ministry  of  the  Metliodist  Episcopal  church  in 
1800 ;  and  it  is  said  that  the  people  among  whom 
Jie  was  at  first  sent,  interpreting  his  surname  liter- 
ally, thought  they  were  to  have  a  negro  for  their 
preacher.  His  appearance  dispelled  their  fears, 
and  he  soon  became  popular.  After  preaching  two 
years  in  Delaware,  he  removed  to  the  west,  and  in 
1805  was  sent  as  a  missionary  to  Natchez,  Miss., 
then  in  a  wild  country,  inhabited  by  Indians  and 
pioneers.  To  reach  his  destination  he  travelled 
800  miles  on  horseback.  His  labors  did  much  to 
establish  Methodism  in  that  section  of  the  coun- 
try. In  1808  he  went  to  Tennessee,  where  he 
labored  with  zeal  and  success.  In  1815,  while  he 
was  crossing  the  Ohio  river  at  Cincinnati  in  a  flat- 
boat,  his  horses  became  frightened  and  plunged 
into  the  water.  In  the  efi'ort  to  hold  them,  Mr. 
Blackman  was  dragged  overboard  and  drowned. 

BLACKSTONE,  William,  pioneer,  d.  in  Reho- 
both,  Mass.,  26  May.  1675.  lie  is  supposed  to  have 
been  a  graduate  of  Emmanuel  college,  Cambridge, 
in  1617,  and  a  clergyman  of  the  church  of  Eng- 
land. He  moved,  about  1623,  from  Plymouth  to 
the  peninsula  of  Shawmut,  or  Trimountain,  where 
Boston  was  afterward  built,  and  was  living  there 
alone  when  Gov.  Winthrop  arrived  at  Charles- 
town  in  1630.  Blackstone  went  to  Winthrop, 
told  him  of  an  excellent  spring  at  Shawmut.  and 
invited  him  thither.  The  governor  and  the  greater 
part  of  the  church  accepted  this  invitation.  The 
land,  although  Blackstone  had  occupied  it  first, 
belonged  to  the  governor  and  company,  and  on 
1  April,  1633,  they  gave  him  fifty  acres,  near  his 
house,  "  to  enjoy  forever."  Blackstone,  however, 
did  not  like  his  Puritan  neighbors,  and  in  1634 
sold  his  estate  to  the -company  for  £30,  which  was 
raised  by  assessing  six  shillings  or  more  on  each 
inhabitant.  He  purchased  cattle  with  the  proceeds 
of  his  sale,  and  removed  to  a  place  on  the  river 
now  called  by  his  name,  a  few  miles  north  of  Provi- 
dence. It  is  said  that  he  planted  the  first  orchard 
in  Massachusetts,  and  also  the  first  in  Rhode  Island 
Although  the  first  white  settler  of  Rhode  Island, 
he  took  no  part  in  founding  the  colony.  He  did 
not  sympathize  with  Roger  Williams,  and  always 


acknowledged  allegiance  to  Massachusetts.  While 
living  near  Providence  he  often  preached  in  that 
town,  and,  when  he  grew  too  old  to  walk  there,  he 
was  accustomed  to  ride  upon  a  bull,  as  he  owned 
no  horse.  After  his  death  his  place  was  plundered 
and  his  library  burned  by  the  Indians,  in  the  war 
of  1675.  The  cellar  of  his  house  is  still  shown, 
and  a  small  eminence  near  by,  where  he  was 
accustomed  to  read,  is  known  as  "  Study  Hill." 
See  "  William  Blackstone  in  his  Relation  to  Massa- 
chusetts and  Rhode  Island  "  (New  York,  1880). 

BLACKWELL,  Antoinette  Louisa  Brown, 
author  and  minister,  b.  in  Henrietta,  Monroe  co., 
N.  Y.,  20  May,  1825.  When  sixteen  years  old  she 
taught  school,  and  then,  after  attending  Henrietta 
academy,  went  to  Oberlin,  where  she  was  gradu- 
ated in  1847.  She  spent  her  vacations  in  teaching 
and  in  the  study  of  Hebrew  and  Greek.  In  the 
winter  of  1844 
she  taught  in 
the  academy  at 
Rochester,  N. 
Y.,  where  she 
delivered  her 
first  lecture. 
After  gradu- 
ation she  en- 
tered upon  a 
course  of  theo- 
logical study 
at  Oberlin, and 
completed  it 
in  1850.  When 
she  asked  for 
the  license  to 
preach,  usual- 
ly given  to 
the  theologi- 
cal students,  it 

was  refused ;  but  she  preached  frequently  on  her 
own  responsibility.  The  four  years  following  her 
graduation  were  spent  in  study,  preaching,  and  in 
lecturing  on  literary  subjects,  temperance,  and  the 
abolition  of  slavery.  At  the  woman's  rights  conven- 
tion in  Worcester,  Mass.,  in  1850,  Miss  Brown  was 
one  of  the  speakers,  and  she  has  since  been  promi- 
nent in  the  movement.  In  1853  she  was  regularly 
ordained  pastor  of  the  orthodox  Congregational 
church  of  South  Butler  and  Savannah,  Wayne  co., 
N.  Y.,  but  gave  up  her  charge  in  1854  on  account 
of  ill  health  and  doctrinal  doubts.  In  1855  she  in- 
vestigated the  character  and  causes  of  vice  in  New 
York  city,  and  published,  in  a  New  York  journal,  a 
series  of  sketches  entitled  "  Shadows  of  our  Social 
System."  In  1856  she  married  Samuel  C.  Black- 
well,  brother  of  Elizabeth  Blackwell.  They  have 
six  children,  and  now  live  in  Elizabeth,  N.  J.  Mrs. 
Blackwell  still  preaches  occasionally,  and  has  be- 
come a  Unitarian.  She  is  the  author  of  "  Studies 
in  General  Science  "  (New  York,  1869) ;  "  The  Mar- 
ket Woman":  "The  Island  Neighbors"  (1871); 
"  The  Sexes  Throughout  Nature  "  (1875) ;  and  "  The 
Physical  Basis  of  Immortality "  (1876).  She  has 
in  preparation  (1886)  "  The  Many  and  the  One." 

BLACKWELL,  Elizabeth,  physician,  b.  in 
Bristol,  England,  in  1821.  Her  father  emigrated 
with  his  family  in  1832,  and  settled  in  New  York, 
but  removed  in  1838  to  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  where  he 
died  a  few  months  afterward,  leaving  a  widow  and 
nine  children  almost  destitute.  Elizabeth,  then 
seventeen  years  old,  opened  a  school  in  connec- 
tion with  two  elder  sisters,  and  conducted  it  suc- 
cessfully for  several  years.  A  friend  now  sug- 
gested that  she  should  study  medicine,  and  she  re- 
solved to  become  a  physician.    At  first  she  pursued 


BLADEN 


BLAINE 


275 


fier  studies  in  private,  with  some  help  from  Dr. 
John  Dixon,  of  Asheville,  N.  C,  in  whose  family  she 
was  governess  for  a  year.  She  then  continued  her 
studies  in  Charleston,  S.  C,  supporting  herself  by 
teaching  music,  and  after  that  in  Philadelphia,  un- 
der Dr.  Allen  and  Dr.  Warrington.  She  now  made 
formal  application  to  the  medical  schools  of  Phila- 
delphia, New  York,  and  Boston  for  admission  as  a 
student,  but  in  each  instance  the  request  was  de- 
nied, although  several  professors  avowed  interest 
in  her  undertaking.  Rejecting  advice  to  adopt  an 
assumed  name  and  male  attire,  she  persevered  in 
her  attempt,  and  after  several  more  refusals  was 
finally  admitted  to  the  medical  school  at  Geneva, 
N.  Y.,  where  she  took  her  degree  of  M.  D.  in  regu- 
lar course  in  January,  1849.  During  her  connec- 
tion with  the  college,  when  not  in  attendance  there 
upon  lectures,  she  pursued  a  course  of  clinical 
study  in  Blockley  hospital,  Philadelphia.  After 
graduation  she  went  to  Paris,  and  remained  there 
six  months,  devoting  herself  to  the  study  and  prac- 
tice of  midwifery.  The  next  autumn  she  was  ad- 
mitted as  a  physician  to  walk  the  hospital  of  St. 
Bartholomew  in  London,  and  after  nearly  a  year 
spent  there  she  returned  to  New  York,  and  began 
practice  in  1851.  In  1854,  with  her  sister,  Dr. 
Emily  Blackwell,  she  organized  the  New  York  in- 
firmary for  women  and  children.  In  1859  she  re- 
visited England,  and  delivered  in  London  and 
other  cities  a  course  of  lectures  on  the  necessity  of 
medical  education  for  women.  In  1861,  having  re- 
turned to  New  York,  she  held,  with  Dr.  Emily 
Blackwell,  a  meeting  in  the  parlors  of  the  infirm- 
ary, at  which  the  first  steps  were  taken  toward  or- 
ganizing the  women's  central  relief  association 
for  sending  nurses  and  medical  supplies  for  the 
wounded  soldiers  during  the  civil  war.  In  1867 
the  two  sisters  organized  the  women's  medical  col- 
lege of  the  New  York  infirmary,  in  which  Dr. 
Elizabeth  Blackwell  held  the  chair  of  hygiene  and 
Dr.  Emily  Blackwell  the  chair  of  obstetrics  and 
diseases  of  women.  In  1869,  leaving  Dr.  Emily  in 
eharge  of  their  joint  work,  Dr.  Elizabeth  returned 
to  London  and  practised  there  for  several  years, 
taking  an  active  part  in  organizing  the  women's 
medical  college,  in  which  she  was  elected  professor 
of  the  diseases  of  women.  She  also  took  part  in 
forming  in  England  the  national  health  society, 
and  the  society  for  repealing  the  contagious-dis- 
eases acts.  Besides  several  health  tracts,  she  has 
published  "  Laws  of  Life,  or  the  Physical  Educa- 
tion of  Girls  "  (Philadelphia,  1852),  and  "  Counsel 
to  Parents  on  the  Moral  Education  of  their  Chil- 
dren "  (1879),  which  has  been  translated  into  French. 

BLADEN,  Thomas,  governor  of  Maryland, 
lived  in  the  18th  century.  He  went  to  England, 
married  there  Miss  Jansen,  sister  of  Lady  Balti- 
more, and  returned  as  governor  in  1742.  During 
his  administration  the  western  boundary  of  the 
province  was  fixed  by  treaty  with  the  Indians,  and 
the  manufacture  of  flour  began  to  attract  the  at- 
tention of  the  government.  Gov.  Bladen  began  to 
build  a  house  for  the  residence  of  colonial  officers; 
but  it  was  not  finished  during  his  administration. 
He  returned  to  England  in  1746,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Samuel  Ogle.  In  1751  he  was  an  execu- 
tor of  the  will  of  Charles,  fifth  Lord  Baltimore. 

BLAIKIE,  William,  athlete,  b.  in  York,  Liv- 
ingston CO.,  N.  Y.,  24  May,  1843.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Harvard  in  1866,  and  at  Harvard  law  school 
in  1868.  In  the  following  year  he  accompanied  the 
Harvard  crew  to  England  as  their  secretary  and 
treasurer.  After  a  year  as  pardon  clerk  in  the 
attorney-general's  office  at  Washington,  and  two 
years  as  assistant  in  the  U.  S.  attorney's  office  in 


New  York,  he  entered  into  active  practice  in  the 
latter  city  in  January,  1873.  For  eight  years  he 
was  commissioner  of  the  U.  S.  court  of  claims.  Mr. 
Blaikie  is  widely  known  for  the  interest  he  has 
taken  in  athletic  sports  and  in  physical  training. 
He  has  written  largely,  and  lectured  on  the  sub- 
ject, and  has  published  "  How  to  Get  Strong,  and 
How  to  Stay  So  "  (New  York,  1879),  and  "  Sound 
Bodies  for  our  Boys  and  Girls  "  (1884). 

BLAINE,  James  Gillespie,  statesman,  b.  in 
West  Brownsville,  Washington  co.,  Pa.,  31  Jan., 
1830 ;  d.  in  the  city  of  Washington,  D.  C,  27  Jan., 
1893.  He  was  a  second  son.  On  his  father's  side  he 
inherited  the  hardy  and  energetic  qualities  of  the 
Scotch-Irish  blood.  His  great-grandfather,  Eph- 
raim  Blaine,  b.  1741 ;  d.  1804,  bore  an  honorable 
part  in  the  revolutionary  struggle,  was  an  officer  of 
the  Pennsylvania  line,  a  trusted  friend  of  Washing- 
ton, and  during  the  last  four  years  of  the  war  served 
as  the  commissary-general  of  the  northern  depart- 
ment of  his  command.  Possessed  of  ample  means, 
he  drew  largely  from  his  own  private  purse  and 
enlisted  the  contributions  of  various  friends  for  the 
maintenance  of  the  army  through  the  severe  and 
memorable  winter  at  Valley  Forge.  From  the  Cum- 
berland valley,  where  his  ancestors  had  early  set- 
tled and  had  been  among  the  foundei's  of  Carlisle, 
]Mr.  Blaine's  father  removed  to  Washington  co.  in 
1818.  He  had 
inherited  what 
was  a  fortune 
in  those  days, 
and  had  large 
landed  posses- 
sions in  west- 
ern Pennsylva- 
nia; but  their 
mineral  wealth 
had  not  then 
been  developed, 
and  though 
relieved  from 
poverty  he  was 
not  endowed 
with  affluence, 
and  a  large 
family  made  a 
heavy  drain  on 
his  means.  He 
was  a  man  of 
liberal  educa- 
tion,   and    had 

travelled  in  Europe  and  South  America  before  set- 
tling down  in  western  Pennsylvania,  where  he  served 
as  prothonotary.  Mr.  Blaine's  mother,  a  woman  of 
superior  nitelligence  and  force  of  character,  was 
a  devout  Catholic ;  but  her  son  adliered  to  the 
Presbyterian  convictions  and  communion  of  his 
paternal  Scotch-Irish  ancestry.  The  early  educa- 
tion of  Mr.  Blaine  was  sedulously  cultivated.  He 
had  the  advantage  of  excellent  teachers  at  his  own 
home,  and  for  a  part  of  the  year  1841  he  was  at 
school  in  Lancaster,  Ohio,  where  he  lived  in  the 
family  of  his  relative,  Thomas  Ewing,  then  secre- 
tary of  the  treasury.  In  association  with  Thomas 
Ewing,  Jr.,  afterward  a  member  of  congress,  young 
Blaine  began  his  preparation  for  college  under  the 
instruction  of  a  thoroughly  trained  Englishman. 
William  Lyons,  brother  of  Lord  Lyons,  and  at  the 
age  of  thirteen  he  entered  Washington  college  in 
his  native  county,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1847. 
It  is  said  that  when  nine  years  old  he  was  able 
to  recite  Plutarch's  lives.  He  had  a  marked  taste 
for  historical  studies,  and  excelled  in  literature 
and  mathematics.     In  the  literary  society  he  dis- 


276 


BLAINE 


BLAINE 


played  the  political  aptitude  and  capacity  that 
distinguished  his  subsequent  career.  Some  time 
after  graduation  he  became  a  teacher  in  the  west- 
ern military  institute,  at  Blue  Lick  Springs,  Ky. 
Here  he  formed  the  acquaintance  of  Miss  Harriet 
Stanwood,  of  Maine,  who  was  connected  with  a 
seminary  for  young  ladies  at  the  neighboring  town 
of  Millersburg,  and  to  whom  within  a  few  months 
he  was  married.  He  soon  returned  to  Pennsyl- 
vania, where,  after  some  study  of  the  law,  he  be- 
came a  teacher  in  the  Pennsylvania  institution  for 
the  blind  at  Philadelphia.  The  instruction  was 
chiefly  oral.  The  young  teacher  had  charge  of  the 
higher  classes  in  literature  and  science,  and  the 
principal  has  left  a  record  that  his  "'  brilliant  men- 
tal powers  were  exactly  qualiiied  to  enlighten  and 
instruct  the  interesting  minds  before  him."  After 
an  association  of  two  years  with  this  institution,  he 
removed  in  1854  to  Augusta,  Maine,  where  he  has 
since  made  his  home.  Purchasing  a  half  interest 
in  the  Kennebec  "  Journal,"  he  became  its  editor, 
his  ready  faculty  and  trenchant  writing  being  pecu- 
liarly adapted  to  this  field.  He  speedily  made  his 
impi'ess,  and  within  three  years  was  a  master  spirit 
in  the  politics  of  the  state. 

He  engaged  in  the  movement  for  the  formation 
of  the  republican  party  with  all  his  energy,  and 
his  earnest  and  incisive  discussion  of  the  rising 
conflict  between  freedom  and  slavery  attracted 
wide  attention.  In  1856  he  was  a  delegate  to  the 
first  republican  national  convention,  which  nomi- 
nated Gen.  Fremont  for  the  presidency.  His  re- 
port at  a  public  meeting  on  his  return  home,  where 
he  spoke  at  the  outset  with  hesitation  and  embar- 
rassment, and  advanced  to  confident  and  fervid 
utterance,  first  illustrated  his  capacity  on  the  plat- 
form and  gave  him  standing  as  a  public  speaker. 
The  next  year  he  broadened  his  journalistic  work 
by  taking  the  editorship  of  the  Portland  "  Adver- 
tiser"; but  his  editorial  service  ended  when  his 
parliamentary  career  began.  In  1858  he  was  elected 
to  the  legislature,  remaining  a  member  through 
successive  annual  re-elections  for  four  years,  and 
serving  the  last  two  as  speaker.  At  the  beginning 
of  the  civil  war  Mr.  Blaine  gained  distinction  not 
only  for  his  parliamentary  skill,  but  for  his  foren- 
sic power  in  the  debates  that  grew  out  of  that  crisis. 
The  same  year  that  he  was  elected  to  the  legisla- 
ture he  became  chairman  of  the  state  committee, 
a  position  which  he  continued  to  hold  uninterrupt- 
edly for  twenty  years,  and  in  which  he  led  in  shap- 
ing and  directing  every  political  campaign  of  his 
party  in  Maine. 

In  18G2  Mr.  Blaine  was  elected  to  congress,  where 
in  one  branch  or  the  other  he  served  for  eighteen 
years.  To  the  house  he  was  chosen  for  seven  succes- 
sive terms.  His  growth  in  position  and  influence 
was  rapid  and  unbroken.  In  his  earlier  years  he 
made  few  elaborate  addresses.  During  his  first 
term  his  oidy  extended  speech  was  an  argument  in 
favor  of  the  assumption  of  the  state  war  debts  by 
the  general  government,  and  in  demonstration 
of  the  ability  of  the  north  to  carry  the  war  to  a 
successful  conclusion.  But  he  gradually  took  an 
active  part  in  the  running  discussions,  and  soon 
acquired  high  repute  as  a  facile  and  effective  de- 
bater. For  this  form  of  contention  his  ready  re- 
sources and  alert  faculties  were  singularly  fitted. 
He  was  bold  in  attack,  quick  in  repartee,  and  apt 
in  illustration.  His  close  study  of  political  history, 
his  accurate  knowledge  of  the  record  and  relations 
of  public  men,  and  his  unfailing  memory,  gave  him 
great  advantages.  As  a  member  of  the  committee 
on  post-offices,  he  was  largely  instrumental  in 
securing  the  introduction  of  the  system  of  postal 


cars.  He  earnestly  sustained  all  measures  for  the 
vigorous  prosecution  of  the  war,  but  sought  to 
make  them  judicious  and  practical.  In  this  spirit 
he  supported  the  bill  for  a  draft,  but  opposed  abso- 
lute conscription.  He  contended  that  it  should  be 
relieved  by  provisions  for  commutation  and  substi- 
tution, and  urged  that  an  inexorable  draft  had 
never  been  resorted  to  but  once,  even  under  the 
absolutism  of  Napoleon.  At  the  same  time  he  en- 
forced the  duty  of  sustaining  and  strengthening 
the  armies  in  the  field  by  using  all  the  resources  of 
the  nation,  and  strongly  advocated  the  enrolment 
act.  The  measures  for  the  reconstruction  of  the 
states  that  had  been  in  rebellion  largely  engrossed 
the  attention  of  congress  from  18G5  till  1809,  and 
Mr.  Blaine  bore  a  prominent  part  in  their  discus- 
sion and  in  the  work  of  framing  them.  The  basis 
of  representation  upon  which  the  states  should  be 
readmitted  was  the  first  question  to  be  determined. 
Thaddeus  Stevens,  chairman  of  the  committee  on 
reconstruction,  had  proposed  that  representation 
should  be  apportioned  according  to  the  number  of 
legal  voters.  Mr.  Blaine  strenuously  objected  to 
this  proposition,  and  urged  that  population,  instead 
of  voters,  should  be  the  basis.  He  submitted  a 
constitutional  amendment  providing  that  "repre- 
sentatives and  direct  taxes  shall  be  apportioned 
among  the  several  states  which  shall  be  included 
within  this  union  according  to  their  respective 
numbers,  which  shall  be  determined  by  taking  the 
whole  number  of  persons,  except  those  whose  politi- 
cal rights  or  privileges  are  denied  or  abridged  by 
the  constitution  of  any  state  on  account  of  race  or 
color."  He  advocated  this  plan  on  the  ground 
that,  while  the  other  basis  of  voters  would  accom- 
plish the  object  of  preventing  the  south  from  se- 
curing representation  for  the  blacks  unless  the 
blacks  were  made  voters,  yet  it  would  make  a  radi- 
cal change  in  the  apportionment  for  the  northern 
states  where  the  ratio  of  voters  to  population  dif- 
fered very  widely  in  different  sections,  varying 
from  a  minimum  of  19  per  cent,  to  a  maximum  of 
58  per  cent.  The  result  of  the  discussion  was  a 
general  abandonment  of  the  theory  that  apportion- 
ment should  be  based  on  voters,  and  the  14th 
amendment  to  the  constitution,  as  finally  adopted, 
embodied  Mr.  Blaine's  proposition  in  substance. 

On  6  Feb.,  18G7,  Mr.  Stevens  reported  the  recon- 
struction bill.  It  divided  the  states  lately  in  re- 
bellion into  five  military  districts,  and  practically 
established  military  government  therein.  The  civil 
tribunals  were  made  subject  to  military  control. 
While  the  majority  evinced  a  readiness  to  accept 
the  bill,  Mr.  Blaine  declared  his  unwillingness  to 
support  any  measure  that  would  place  the  south 
under  military  government,  if  it  did  not  at  the 
same  time  prescribe  the  methods  by  which  the 
people  of  a  state  could  by  their  own  action  reestab- 
lish civil  government.  He  accordingly  proposed 
an  amendment  providing  that  when  any  one  of  the 
late  so-called  confederate  states  should  assent  to 
the  14th  amendment  to  the  constitution  and  should 
establish  equal  and  impartial  suffrage  without  re- 
gard to  race  or  color,  and  when  congress  should 
approve  its  action,  it  should  be  entitled  to  repre- 
sentation, and  the  provisions  for  military  govern- 
ment should  become  inoperative.  This  proposition 
came  to  be  known  as  the  Blaine  amendment.  In 
advocating  it,  Mr.  Blaine  expressed  the  belief  that 
the  true  interpretation  of  the  election  of  18G6  was 
that,  in  addition  to  the  proposed  constitutional 
amendment — the  14th — impartial  suffrage  should 
be  the  basis  of  reconstruction,  and  he  urged  the 
wisdom  of  declaring  the  terms  at  once.  The  ap- 
plication of  the  previous  question  ruled  out  the 


BLAINE 


BLAINE 


277 


Blaine  amendment,  but  it  was  renewed  in  the 
senate  and  finally  carried  thi-ough  both  branches, 
and  under  it  reconstruction  was  completed. 

The  theory  that  the  public  debt  should  be  paid 
in  greenbacks  developed  great  strength  in  the 
summer  of  1867  while  Mr.  Blaine  was  absent  in 
Europe.  On  his  return  at  the  opening  of  the  next 
session  he  made  an  extended  speech  against  the 
doctrine,  and  was  the  first  man  in  congress  to  give 
utterance  to  this  opposition.  The  long  unsettled 
question  of  protecting  naturalized  American  citi- 
zens while  abroad  attracted  special  attention  at 
this  time.  Costello,  Warren,  Burke,  and  other 
Irish-Americans  had  been  arrested  in  England,  on 
the  charge  of  complicity  in  Fenian  plots.  Costello 
had  made  a  speech  in  18(35  in  New  York,  which 
was  regarded  as  treasonable  by  the  British  govern- 
ment, and  he  was  treated  as  a  British  subject  and 
tried  under  an  old  law  on  this  accusation.  His 
plea  of  American  citizenship  was  overruled,  and  he 
was  convicted  and  sentenced  to  sixteen  years' 
penal  servitude.  Mr.  Blaine,  who,  with  other 
American  statesmen,  resisted  the  English  doctrine 
of  perpetual  allegiance,  and  maintained  that  a 
naturalized  American  was  entitled  to  the  same 
protection  abroad  that  would  be  given  to  a  native 
American,  took  active  part  in  pressing  these  ques- 
tions upon  public  attention,  and,  as  the  result  of 
the  agitation,  Costello  was  released.  The  discussion 
of  these  cases  led  to  the  treaty  of  1870,  in  which 
Great  Britain  abandoned  the  doctrine  of  "  once  a 
subject  always  a  subject,"  and  accepted  the  Amer- 
ican principle  of  equal  rights  and  protection  for 
adopted  and  for  native  citizens.  Mr.  Blaine  was 
chosen  speaker  of  the  house  of  representatives  in 
1869,  and  served  by  successive  reelections  for  six 
years.  His  administration  of  the  speakership  is 
commonly  regarded  as  one  of  the  most  brilliant 
and  successful  in  the  annals  of  the  house.  He  had 
rare  aptitude  and  equipment  for  the  duties  of  pre- 
siding officer ;  and  his  complete  mastery  of  pai'lia- 
mentary  law,  his  dexterity  and  physical  endurance, 
his  rapid  despatch  of  business,  and  his  firm  and 
impartial  spirit,  were  recognized  on  all  sides. 
Though  necessarily  exercising  a  powerful  influence 
upon  the  course  of  legislation,  he  seldom  left  the 
chair  to  mingle  in  the  contests  of  the  floor.  On  one 
of  those  rare  occasions,  in  March,  1871,  he  had  a 
sharp  tilt  with  Gen.  Butler,  who  had  criticised  him 
for  being  the  author  of  the  resolution  providing  for 
an  investigation  into  alleged  outrages  perpetrated 
upon  loyal  citizens  of  the  south,  and  for  being 
chiefly  instrumental  in  securing  its  adoption  by 
the  republican  caucus.  The  political  revulsion  of 
1874  phiced  the  democrats  in  control  of  the  house, 
and  Mr.  Blaine  became  the  leader  of  the  minority. 
The  session  preceding  the  presidential  contest  of 
1876  was  a  period  of  stormy  and  vehement  conten- 
tion. A  general  amnesty  bill  was  brought  forward, 
removing  the  political  disabilities  of  participants 
in  the  rebellion  which  had  been  imposed  by  the 
14th  amendment  to  the  constitution.  Mr.  Blaine 
moved  to  amend  by  making  an  exception  of  Jeffer- 
son Davis,  and  supported  the  proposition  in  an 
Impassioned  speech.  After  asserting  the  great 
magnanimity  of  the  government,  and  pointing  out 
how  far  amnesty  had  already  been  carried,  he  de- 
fined the  ground  of  his  proposed  exception.  The 
reason  was,  not  that  Davis  was  the  chief  of  the 
confederacy,  but  that,  as  Mr.  Blaine  affirmed,  he 
was  the  author,  "knowingly,  deliViprately,  guiltily, 
and  wilfully,  of  ths  gigantic  murders  and  crimes 
of  Andersoiiville."  In  fiery  words  Mr.  Blaine  pro- 
ceeded to  declare  that  no  military  atrocities  in  his- 
tory had  exceeded  those  for  which  Davis  was  thus 


responsible.  His  outburst  naturally  produced  deep 
excitement  in  the  house  and  throughout  the  coun- 
try. If  Mr.  Blaine's  object  as  a  political  leader  was 
to  arouse  partisan  feeling  and  activity  preparatory 
to  the  presidential  struggle,  he  succeeded.  An  acrid 
debate  followed.  Benjamin  H.  Hill,  of  Georgia, 
assumed  the  lead  on  the  other  side,  and  not  only 
defended  Davis  against  the  accusations,  which- 
he  pronounced  unfounded,  but  preferred  similar 
charges  against  the  treatment  of  southern  prison- 
ers in  the  north.  In  reply,  Mr.  Blaine  turned  upon 
Mr.  Hill  with  the  citation  of  a  resolution  intro- 
duced by  him  in  the  confederate  senate,  providing 
that  every  soldier  or  officer  of  the  United  States 
captured  on  the  soil  of  the  confederate  states 
should  be  presumed  to  have  come  with  intent  to 
incite  insurrection,  and  should  suffer  the  penalty 
of  death.  This  episode  arrested  universal  atten- 
tion, and  gave  Mr.  Blaine  a  still  stronger  hold  as  a 
leader  of  his  party. 

He  now  became  the  subject  of  a  violent  personal 
assault.  Charges  were  circulated  that  he  had  re- 
ceived 164,000  from  the  Union  Pacific  railroad 
company  for  some  undefined  services.  On  24  April, 
1876,  he  rose  to  a  personal  explanation  in  the  house 
and  made  his  answer.  He  produced  letters  from 
the  officers  of  the  company  and  from  the  bankers 
who  were  said  to  have  negotiated  the  draft,  in 
which  they  declared  that  there  had  never  been  any 
such  transaction,  and  that  Mr.  Blaine  had  never 
received  a  dollar  from  the  company.  Mr.  Blaine 
proceeded  to  add  that  the  charge  had  reappeared 
in  the  form  of  an  assertion  that  he  had  received 
bonds  of  the  Little  Rock  and  Fort  Smith  railroad 
as  a  gratuity,  and  that  these  bonds  had  been  sold 
through  the  Union  Pacific  company  for  his  benefit. 
To  this  he  responded  that  he  never  had  any  such 
bonds  except  at  the  market  price,  and  that,  instead 
of  deriving  any  profit  from  them,  he  had  incurred 
a  large  pecuniary  loss.  A  few  days  later  another 
charge  was  made  to  the  effect  that  he  had  received 
as  a  gift  certain  bonds  of  the  Kansas  Pacific  rail- 
road, and  had  been  a  party  to  a  suit  concerning 
them  in  the  courts  of  Kansas.  To  this  he  answered 
by  producing  evidence  that  his  name  had  been  con- 
founded with  that  of  a  brother,  who  was  one  of  the 
early  settlers  of  Kansas,  and  who  had  bought  stock 
in  tiie  Kansas  Pacific  before  Mr.  Blaine  had  even 
been  nominated  for  congress. 

On  2  May  a  resolution  was  adopted  in  the  house 
to  investigate  an  alleged  purchase  by  the  Union 
Pacific  railroad  company,  at  an  excessive  price,  of 
certain  bonds  of  the  Little  Rock  and  Fort  Smith 
railroad.  It  soon  became  evident  that  the  investi- 
gation was  aimed  at  Mr.  Blaine.  An  extended 
business  correspondence  on  his  part  with  Warren 
Fisher,  of  Boston,  running  through  years  and  re- 
lating to  various  ti'ansactions,  had  fallen  into  the 
hands  of  a  clerk  named  Mulligan,  and  it  was  al- 
leged that  the  production  of  this  correspondence 
would  confirm  the  imputations  against  Mr.  Blaine. 
When  Mulligan  was  summoned  to  Washington, 
Mr.  Blaine  possessed  himself  of  the  letters,  to- 
gether with  a  memorandum  that  contained  a  full 
index  and  abstract.  On  5  June  he  rose  to  a  per- 
sonal explanation,  and,  after  denying  the  power 
of  the  house  to  compel  the  production  of  his  pri- 
vate papers,  and  his  willingness  to  go  to  any  ex- 
tremity in  defence  of  his  rights,  he  declared  his 
purpose  to  reserve  nothing.  Holding  up  the  let- 
ters he  exclaimed  :  "  Thank  God.  I  am  not  ashamed 
to  show  them.  There  is  the  very  original  package. 
And  with  some  sense  of  humiliation,  with  a  mor- 
tification I  do  not  attempt  to  conceal,  with  a  sense 
of  outrage  which  1  think  any  man  in  my  position 


278 


BLAINE 


BLAINE 


would  feel,  I  invite  the  confidenee  of  forty-four 
millions  of  my  countrymen,  while  I  read  those  let- 
ters from  this  desk."  The  demonstration  closed 
with  a  dramatic  scene.  Josiah  Caldwell,  one  of 
the  originators  of  the  Little  Rock  and  Fort  Smith 
railroad,  who  had  full  knowledge  of  the  whole 
transaction,  was  travelling  in  Europe,  and  both 
sides  were  seeking  to  communicate  with  him. 
After  finishing  the  reading  of  the  letters,  Mr. 
Blaine  turned  to  the  chairman  of  the  committee 
and  demanded  to  know  whether  he  had  received  any 
despatch  from  Mr.  Caldwell.  Receiving  an  evasive 
answer,  Mr.  Blaine  asserted,  as  within  his  own  knowl- 
edge, that  the  chairman  had  received  such  a  des- 
patch, "  completely  and  absolutely  exonerating  me 
from  this  charge,  and  you  have  suppressed  it."  A 
profound  sensation  was  created,  and  Gen.  Garfield 
said :  "  I  have  been  a  long  time  in  congress,  and 
never  saw  such  a  scene  in  the  house." 

The  republican  national  convention  was  now  at 
hand,  and  Mr.  Blaine  was  the  most  prominent  can- 
didate for  the  presidential  nomination.  He  had  a 
larger  body  of  enthusiastic  friends  than  any  other 
leader  of  his  party,  and  the  stirring  events  of  the 
past  few  months  had  intensified  their  devotion. 
On  11  June,  the  Sunday  preceding  the  convention, 
just  as  he  was  entering  church  at  Washington,  he 
was  prostrated  with  the  extreme  heat,  and  his  ill- 
ness for  a  time  created  wide  apprehension.  The 
advocates  of  his  nomination,  however,  remained 
unshaken  in  their  support.  On  the  first  ballot  he 
received  285  votes  out  of  a  total  of  754,  the  re- 
mainder being  divided  among  Senator  Morton, 
Sec.  Bristow,  Senator  Conkling,  Gov.  Hayes,  and 
several  others.  On  the  seventh  ballot  his  vote  rose 
to  851,  lacking  only  28  of  a  majority,  but  a  union 
of  the  supporters  of  all  the  other  candidates  gave 
Gov.  Hayes  384  and  secured  his  nomination.  Im- 
mediately after  the  convention,  on  the  resignation 
of  Senator  Morrill  to  accept  the  secretaryship  of 
the  treasury,  Mr.  Blaine  was  appointed  senator  to 
fill  the  unexpired  term,  and  in  the  following  win- 
ter he  was  chosen  by  the  legislature  for  the  full 
ensuing  term.  In  the  senate  he  engaged  in  the 
discussion  of  current  questions.  He  opposed  the 
creation  of  the  electoral  commission  for  the  settle- 
ment of  the  disputed  presidential  election  of  1876, 
on  the  ground  that  congress  did  not  itself  possess 
the  power  that  it  proposed  to  confer  on  the  com- 
mission. He  held  that  President  Hayes's  southern 
policy  surrendered  too  much  of  what  had  been 
gained  through  reconstruction,  and  contended  that 
the  validity  of  his  own  title  involved  the  mainte- 
nance of  the  state  governments  in  South  Carolina 
and  Louisiana,  which  rested  on  the  same  popular 
vote.  On  the  currency  question  he  always  assumed 
a  pronounced  position.  While  still  a  member  of 
the  house,  in  February,  1876,  he  had  made  an  elabo- 
rate speech  on  the  national  finances  and  against 
any  perpetuation  of  an  irredeemable  paper  cur- 
rency, and  soon  after  entering  the  senate,  when 
the  subject  was  brought  forward,  he  took  strong 
ground  against  the  deterioration  of  the  silver  coin- 
age. Pie  strenuously  opposed  the  Bland  bill,  and, 
when  its  passage  was  seen  to  be  inevitable,  sought 
to  amend  it  by  providing  that  the  dollar  should 
contain  425  grains  of  stiindard  silver,  instead  of 
412^  grains.  He  favored  a  bi-metallic  currency, 
and  equally  resisted  the  adoption  of  the  single  gold 
standard  and  the  depreciation  of  silver.  Measures 
for  the  development  and  protection  of  American 
shipping  early  engaged  his  attention.  In  1878  he 
advocated  the  establishment  of  a  line  of  mail 
steamers  to  Brazil,  and  unhesitatingly  urged  the 
application  of  a  subsidy  to  this  object.     On  fre- 


quent occasions  he  recurred  to  the  subject,  con- 
tending tliat  Great  Britam  and  France  had  built 
up  their  commerce  by  liberal  aid  to  steamship  lines,, 
and  that  a  similar  policy  would  produce  similar 
results  here.  He  argued  that  congress  had  en- 
dowed the  railroad  svstem  with  $500,000,000  of 
money,  which  had  produced  $5,000,000,000  to  the 
country,  and  that  the  policy  ought  not  to  stop 
when  it  reached  the  sea. 

In  March,  1879,  congress  was  deeply  agitated 
by  a  conflict  over  the  appropriation  bills.  The 
democrats,  being  in  control  of  both  houses,  had 
refused  to  pass  the  necessary  measures  for  the  sup- 
port of  the  government  unless  accompanied  by  a 
proviso  prohibiting  the  presence  of  troops  at  any 
place  where  an  election  was  being  held.  The  re- 
publicans resisted  this  attempt,  and,  in  consequence 
of  the  failure  of  the  bills  at  the  regular  session,  the 
president  was  compelled  to  call  an  extra  session. 
Mr.  Blaine  was  among  the  foremost  in  the  senate- 
in  defending  the  executive  prerogative  and  in  op- 
posing what  he  denounced  as  legislative  coercion. 
He  pointed  out  how  few  troops  there  were  in  all 
the  states  of  the  soiith,  and  said :  "  I  take  no  risk  in 
stating,  I  make  bold  to  declare,  that  this  issue  on 
the  troops  being  a  false  one,  being  one  without 
foundation,  conceals  the  true  issue,  which  is  simply 
to  get  rid  of  the  federal  presence  at  federal  elec- 
tions, to  get  rid  of  the  civil  power  of  the  LTnited 
States  in  the  election  of  representatives  to  the  con- 
gress of  the  United  States."  He  proceeded  to  charac- 
terize the  proposition  to  withhold  appropriations  ex- 
cept upon  the  condition  of  executive  comialiance 
as  revolutionary,  saying :  "  I  call  it  the  audacity  of 
revolution  for  any  senator  or  representative,  or  any 
caucus  of  senators  or  representatives,  to  get  to- 
gether and  say :  '  We  will  have  this  legislation,  or 
we  will  stop  the  great  departments  of  the  govern- 
ment.' "  The  resistance  was  unsuccessful,  and  the 
army  appropriation  bill  finally  passed  with  the 
proviso.  Mr.  Blaine  at  all  times  defended  the  sanc- 
tity of  the  ballot,  and  in  December,  1878,  pending 
a  resolution  presented  by  himself  for  an  inquiry 
into  certain  alleged  frauds  in  the  south,  made  a 
powerful  plea  as  to  the  injustice  wrought  by  a  de- 
nial of  the  franchise  to  the  blacks.  When  the  at- 
tempt was  made  to  override  the  plain  result  of  the 
election  of  1879  in  Maine,  and  to  set  up  a  state 
government  in  defiance  of  the  popular  vote,  Mr. 
Blaine  took  charge  of  the  effort  to  establish  the 
rightful  government,  and  through  his  vigorous 
measures  the  scheme  of  usurpation  was  defeated 
and  abandoned.  On  the  Chinese  question  he  early 
declared  himself  decidedly  in  favor  of  restricting 
their  immigration.  In  a  speech  on  14  Feb.,  1879, 
when  the  subject  came  before  the  senate,  he  argued 
that  there  were  only  two  courses :  that  the  Chinese 
must  be  excluded  or  fully  admitted  into  the  family 
of  citizens ;  that  the  latter  was  as  impracticable 
as  it  was  dangerous ;  that  they  could  not  be  assimi- 
lated with  our  people  or  institutions ;  and  that  it 
was  a  duty  to  protect  the  free  laborer  of  America 
against  the  servile  laborer  of  China. 

As  the  presidential  convention  of  1880  ap- 
proached, it  was  apparent  that  Mr.  Blaine  retained 
the  same  support  that  had  adhered  to  him  so  tena- 
ciously four  years  before.  The  contest  developed 
into  an  earnest  and  prolonged  struggle  between  his 
friends  and  those  who  advocated  a  third  term  for 
Gen.  Grant.  The  convention,  one  of  the  most 
memorable  in  American  history,  lasted  through  six 
days,  and  there  were  thirty-six  ballots.  On  the 
first  the  vote  stood  :  Grant  304,  Blaine  284,  Sher- 
man 93,  Edmunds  34,  Washburne  30,  Windom  10, 
Garfield  1.     On   the  final    ballot    the  friends  of 


BLAINE 


BLAINE 


279 


Blaine  and  Sherman  united  on  Gen.  Garfield,  who 
received  399  votes  to  306  for  Grant,  and  was  nomi- 
nated. On  his  election,  Mr.  Blaine  was  tendered 
and  accepted  the  oifice  of  secretary  of  state.  He 
remained  at  the  head  of  the  department  less  than 
ten  months,  and  his  effective  administration  was 
practically  limited  by  the  assassination  of  Presi- 
dent Garfield  to  four.  Within  that  period,  how- 
ever, he  began  several  important  undertakings.  His 
foreign  policy  had  two  principal  objects.  The  first 
was  to  secure  and  preserve  peace  throughout  this 
continent.  The  second  was  to  cultivate  close  com- 
mercial relations  and  increase  our  trade  with  the 
various  countries  of  North  and  South  America. 
The  accomplishment  of  the  first  object  was  pre- 
liminary and  essential  to  the  attainment  of  the 
second,  and,  in  order  to  promote  it,  he  projected  a 
peace  congress  to  be  held  at  Washington,  to  which 
all  the  independent  powers  of  North  and  South 
America  were  to  be  invited.  His  plan  contemplated 
the  cultivation  of  such  a  friendly  understanding  on 
the  part  of  the  powers  as  would  permanently  avert 
the  horrors  of  war  either  through  the  influence  of 
pacific  counsels  or  the  acceptance  of  impartial  ar- 
bitration. Incidentally,  it  assumed  that  tlie  as- 
sembling of  their  representatives  at  Washington 
would  open  the  way  to  such  relations  as  would  in- 
ure to  the  commercial  advantage  of  this  country. 
The  project,  though  already  determined,  was  de- 
layed by  the  fatal  shot  at  Garfield,  and  the  letter 
of  invitation  was  finally  issued  on  29  Nov.,  1881, 
fixing  24  Nov.,  1882,  as"  the  date  for  the  proposed 
congress.  On  19  Dee.  Mr.  Blaine  retired  from  the 
cabinet,  and  within  three  weeks  his  successor  had 
reversed  his  policy  and  the  plan  was  abandoned, 
after  the  invitation  had  been  accepted  by  all  the 
American  powers  except  two. 

When  Mr.  Blaine  entered  the  department  of 
state,  war  was  raging  between  Chili  and  Peru, 
and  he  sought  to  exercise  the  good  offices  of  our 
government,  first,  for  the  restoration  of  peace,  and, 
second,  to  mitigate  the  consequences  of  the  crush- 
ing defeat  sustained  by  Peru.  Other  eft'orts  fail- 
ing, he  despatched  William  Henry  Trescott  on  a 
special  mission  to  offer  the  friendly  services  of  the 
United  States ;  but  this  attempt,  like  the  one  for 
the  peace  congress,  was  interrupted  and  frustrated 
by  his  retirement  from  the  department.  His  brief 
service  was  also  signalized  by  an  important  corre- 
spondence with  the  British  "government  concern- 
ing the  modification  of  the  Clayton-Bulwer  treaty, 
making  formal  proposal  for  the  abrogation  of  cer- 
tain clauses  which  were  not  in  harmony  with  the 
rights  of  the  United  States  as  secured  by  conven- 
tion with  the  Colombian  republic.  He  urged  that 
the  treaty,  by  prohil)iting  the  use  of  land  forces 
and  of  fortifications,  without  any  protection  against 
superior  naval  power,  practically  conceded  to  Great 
Britain  the  control  of  any  interoceanic  canal  that 
might  be  constructed  across  the  isthmus,  and  he 
proposed  that  every  part  of  the  treaty  which  for- 
bids the  United  States  fortifying  the  canal  and 
holding  the  political  control  of  it  in  conjunction 
with  the  country  in  which  it  is  located  should  be 
cancelled.  To  the  answer  of  the  British  govern- 
ment that  the  treaty  was  an  engagement  which 
should  be  maintained  and  respected.  Mi*.  Blaine 
replied  that  it  could  not  be  regarded  as  a  conclu- 
sive determination  of  the  question ;  that  since  its 
adoption  it  had  been  the  subject  of  repeated  nego- 
tiations between  the  two  countries  ;  that  the  British 
government  had  itself  proposed  to  refer  its  doubt- 
ful clauses  to  arbitration ;  and  that  it  had  long 
been  recognized  as  a  source  of  increasing  embar- 
rassment.    Throughout   the   correspondence    Mr. 


Blaine  insisted  in  the  firmest  tone  that  "it  is  the 
fixed  purpose  of  tlie  United  States  to  consider  the 
isthmus  canal  question  as  an  American  question, 
to  be  dealt  with  and  decided  by  the  American 
governments." 

Upon  the  retirement  of  Mr,  Blaine  from  the 
state  department  in  December,  1881,  he  was,  for 
the  first  time  in  twenty-three  years,  out  of  public 
station.  He  soon  entered  upon  the  composition 
of  an  elaborate  historical  work  entitled  "  Twenty 
Years  of  Congress,"  of  which  the  first  200  pages 
give  a  succinct  review  of  the  earlier  political  his- 
tory of  the  country,  followed  by  a  more  detailed 
narrative  of  the  eventful  period  from  Lincoln  to 
Garfield.  The  first  volume  was  published  in  April, 
1884,  and  the  second  in  January,  1886  (Norwich, 
Conn.).  The  work  had  a  very  wide  sale,  and  se- 
cured general  aj)proval  for  its  "impartial  spirit  and 
brilliant  style.  When  the  republican  national  con- 
vention of  1884  met  at  Chicago,  it  was  clear  that. 
Mr.  Blaine  had  lost  none  of  the  hold  upon  the  en- 
thusiasm of  his  party.  On  the  first  ballot  he  re- 
ceived 3343^  votes,  President  Arthur  278,  Senator 
Edmunds  93,  Senator  Logan  63i^,  and  the  rest 
were  scattering.  His  vote  kept  gaining  till  the 
fourth  ballot,  when  he  received  541  out  of  a  total 
of  813  and  was  nominated.  The  canvass  that  fol- 
lowed was  one  of  peculiar  bitterness.  Mr.  Blaine 
took  the  stump  in  Ohio,  Indiana,  New  York,  and 
other  states,  and  in  a  series  of  remarkable  speeches, 
chiefly  devoted  to  u]3holding  the  jDolicy  of  protec- 
tion to  American  industry,  deepened  the  popular 
impression  of  his  intellectual  power.  The  election 
turned  upon  tlie  result  in  New  York,  which  was 
lost  to  Mr.  Blaine  by  1,047  votes,  whereupon  he 
promptly  resumed  the  work  upon  his  history, 
which  had  been  interrupted  by  the  canvass.  After 
the  result  had  been  determined,  he  made,  at  his 
home  in  Augusta,  a  speech  in  which  he  arraigned 
the  democratic  party  for  carrying  the  election  by 
suppressing  the  republican  vote  in  the  southern 
states,  and  cited  the  figures  of  the  returns  to  show 
that,  on  an  average,  only  one  half  or  one  third  as 
many  votes  had  been  cast  for  each  presidential 
elector  or  member  of  congress  elected  in  the  south 
as  for  each  elected  in  the  north.  This  speech  had 
a  startling  effect,  and  attracted  universal  atten- 
tion, though  Mr.  Blaine  luad  set  forth  the  same 
thing  in  a  speech  that  he  made  in  congress  as  long 
before  that  time  as  11  Dec,  1878. 

Mr.  Blaine  took  an  active  part  in  the  Maine  can- 
vass of  1886,  opening  it,  24  Aug..  in  a  speech  at 
Sebago  Lake  devoted  chiefly  to  the  questions  of 
the  fisheries,  the  tariff,  and  the  third-party  prohi- 
bition movement.  The  fishery  controversy  had  ac- 
quired renewed  interest  and  importance  from  recent 
seizures  of  American  fishing-vessels  on  the  Cana- 
dian coast,  and  Mr.  Blaine  reviewed  its  history  at 
length,  and  sharply  criticised  the  attitude  and"  ac- 
tion of  the  administration.  He  presented  the  issue 
of  protection  against  free-trade  as  the  foremost  one 
between  the  two  parties;  and,  with  regard  to  pro- 
hibition, insisted  that  there  was  no  warrant  or  rea- 
son for  a  third-party  movement  in  Maine,  because 
the  republican  party  had  enacted  and  enforced  a 
prohibitory  law  in  that  state.  His  succeeding 
speeches,  continued  throughout  the  canvass,  fol- 
lowed the  same  line. 

At  the  republican  national  convention  at  Chi- 
cago, in  1888,  Mr.  Blaine's  name  was  prominently 
used  in  connection  with  the  nomination,  but  he 
sent  from  Italy  a  telegraphic  message  positively 
declining  to  allow  it  to  be  so  used.  On  the  elec- 
tion of  President  Harrison,  the  nominee  of  the 
convention,   Mr.  Blaine  was  again   called  to  the 


280 


BLAIR 


BLAIR 


cabinet  as  secretary  of  state.  He  was  active  in 
forwarding  the  Pan-American  congress,  a  confer- 
ence of  representatives  of  the  independent  govern- 
ments of  North  and  South  America,  held  in  Wash- 
ington, and  also  gave  his  attention  to  the  inter- 
national conference  for  the  adoption  of  regulations 
to  govern  vessels  at  sea.  The  McKinley  tariff 
measure  was  supplemented,  largely  through  his 
suggestions,  by  treaties  of  reciprocity  with  various 
nations,  and  he  was  also  actively  concerned  in  the 
diplomatic  treatment  of  the  se'al-fishery  dispute, 
the  recognition  of  the  newly  organized"  Brazilian 
republic,  the  trouble  with  Italy  over  tlie  lynching 
of  alleged  Italian  subjects  in  New  Orleans,  the 
civil  war  in  Chili,  and  a  dispute  with  Spain  re- 
garding the  rights  of  American  missionaries  in 
the  Caroline  islands. 

On  4  June,  1892,  Mr.  Blaine  suddenly  resigned 
his  portfolio,  and  three  days  later,  at  the  republi- 
can national  convention  in  Minneapolis,  his  name 
was  once  more  conspicuous  among  those  of  the 
presidential  candidates.  His  resignation  caused 
much  speculation,  and  many  persons  coupled  it 
with  his  subsequent  candidacy  for  the  presidential 
nomination  ;  but  he  himself  gave  as  his  reason  that 
lie  desired  to  rest.  His  health  now  failed  rapidly, 
and  he  took  no  more  active  interest  in  public  life, 
his  death  following  soon  afterward. 

BLAIR,  Austiu,  governor  of  Michigan,  b.  in 
Caroline,  Tompkins  eo.,  N.  Y.,  8  Feb.,  1818 ;  d.  in 
Jackson,  Mich.,  G  Aug..  1894.  He  was  educated  at 
Union  college,  being  graduated  in  1889,  studied  law, 
and  removed  to  Michigan.  He  was  county  clerk 
of  Eaton  county,  member  of  the  legislature  in  1846, 
and  prosecuting  attorney  of  Jackson  county  from 
1852  till  1854.  He  was  state  senator  from  1854  till 
1856,  and  from  1861  till  1865  was  governor  of  the 
state,  in  which  office  he  was  active  in  his  support 
of  the  national  government.  In  1866  he  was  elect- 
ed as  a  republican  to  congress,  where  he  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  committees  on  foreign  affairs,  rules,  and 
militia,  and  was  twice  re-elected  in  succession,  serv- 
ing on  the  committee  on  land-claims.  In  1878  he 
resumed  law  practice  in  Jackson,  jMicli. 

BLAIR,  Francis  Preston,  statesman,  b.  in 
Abingdon,  A^a.,  12  April,  1791 ;  d.  in  Silver  Spring, 
]\Id.,  18  Oct.,  1876.  He  was  educated  at  Transyl- 
vania university,  Kentucky,  and  studied  law,  but 
never  practised.  He  early  took  part  in  politics, 
and  in  1824  supported  Henry  Clay  for  the  presi- 
dency. He  dissented,  however,  from  Clay's  views 
in  relation  to  the  LTnited  States  Bank,  and  in  1828 
became  an  ardent  Jackson  man.  In  1829  an  arti- 
cle in  a  Kentucky  paper  by  IMr.  Blair  against  the 
nullification  movement  attracted  the  president's 
attention,  and  he  invited  the  writer  to  establish  a 
journal  at  Washington  to  support  the  union.  This 
led  to  the  establishment  of  tlie  "  Cxlobe,"  which  was 
the  recognized  organ  of  the  democratic  party  un- 
til 1845,  when  President  Polk,  against  Gen.  Jack- 
son's published  protest,  removed  Mr.  Blair  from 
the  management.  This  action  siirnified  the  tri- 
umph of  Calhoun  and  his  adherents  over  the  Jack- 
son or  national  democracy.  President  Polk  of- 
fered Mr.  Blair  the  Spanish  mission,  which  was 
declined.  He  supported  IMr.  Van  Buren  in  1848, 
and  promoted  the  reunion  of  the  party,  by  which 
Pierce's  election  was  secured  in  1852.  After  the 
repeal  of  the  Missouri  compromise  in  1854,  Mr. 
Blair  was  active  in  the  organization  of  the  republi- 
can party,  presiding  over  the  Pittsl)urg  convention 
of  1856  and  drawing  up  the  platform  adopted  there. 
After  peremptorily  refusing  to  allow  his  own  name 
to  be  used,  he  favored  the  nomination  of  Col.  Fre- 
mont for  the  presidency.     Mr.  Blair  was  also  one 


of  the  leaders  in  the  Chicago  convention  of  1860, 
which  nominated  Lincoln,  and,  after  the  election 
of  the  latter,  had  much  influence  with  his  admin- 
istration. In  1864  Mr.  Blair  conceived  the  idea 
that,  through  his  personal  acquaintance  with  many 
of  the  confederate  leaders,  he  might  be  able  to  ef- 
fect a  peace.  Without  telling  the  president  of  his 
intention,  he  asked  for  a  pass  to  the  south,  and 
had  several  interviews  with  Jefferson  Davis  and 
others.  His  efforts  finally  led  to  the  unsatisfac- 
tory "peace  conference  "  "of  3  Feb.,  1865.  After 
Lincoln's  death,  Mr.  Blair's  opposition  to  the  re- 
construction measures  and  to  the  general  policy  of 
the  republicans  led  to  his  co-operation  with  "the 
democratic  party,  though  his  counsels  were  disre- 
garded by  its  leaders  till  1876,  when  Mr.  Tilden 
was  nominated  for  the  presidency.  —  His  son, 
Francis  Preston,  soldier,  b.  in  Lexington,  Kv., 
19^  Feb.,  1821;  d.  in  St  Louis,  Mo.,  8  July, 
1875.  After  graduation  at  Princeton,  in  1841, 
he  studied  law 
in  Washington 
and  was  admit- 
ted to  the  Ken- 
tucky bar  in 
1843,  and  began 
to  practise  in  St. 
Louis.  In  1845 
he  went  for  his 
health  to  the 
Rocky  moun- 
tains with  a  com- 
pany of  trap- 
pers, and  when 
the  war  with 
Mexico  began 
he  enlisted  in 
the  army  as  a 
private.  After 
the  war  he  re- 
turned to  the 
practice  of  his 
profession  in  St. 
Louis.  In  1848  he  joined  the  free-soil  branch  of 
the  democratic  party,  was  for  a  time  editor  of  the 
"  Missouri  Democrat,"  and  from  1852  till  1856  was 
a  member  of  the  Missouri  legislature.  In  1856  he 
joined  the  newly  organized  republican  party,  and 
was  elected  to  congress,  where,  in  1857,  he  spoke  in 
favor  of  colonizing  the  negroes  of  the  LTnited  States 
in  Central  America.  In  1858  the  democratic  can- 
didate for  congress  was  returned.  Mr.  Blair  suc- 
cessfully contested  tlie  seat,  but  immediately  re- 
signed, and  was  defeated  in  the  election  that  fol- 
lowed. He  was,  however,  elected  again  in  1860  and 
in  1862.  Soon  after  the  South  Carolina  secession 
convention  was  called,  in  November,  1861,  Mr. 
Blair,  at  a  meeting  of  the  republican  leaders  in  St. 
Louis,  showed  the  necessity  of  immediate  effort  to 
prevent  the  seizure  by  the  state  authorities  of  the 
St.  Louis  arsenal,  containing  65,000  stand  of  arms 
belonging  to  the  government.  He  became  the  head 
of  the  military  organization  then  formed,  which 
guarded  the  arsenal  from  that  time ;  and  it  was  at 
his  suggestion  that  the  state  troops  under  Gen. 
Frost  were  captured  on  10  May,  1861,  without 
orders  from  Washington.  It  is  claimed  that  he 
thus  saved  Missouri  and  Kentucky  to  the  union. 
Entering  the  army  as  a  colonel  of  volunteers,  he 
was  made  brigadier-general  7  Aug.,  1861,  and  ma- 
jor-general 29  Nov.,  1862,  resigning  his  seat  in 
congress  in  1863.  He  commanded  a  division  in 
the  Vicksburg  campaign,  led  his  men  in  the  bat- 
tles of  Lookout  Mouiitain  and  Missionary  Ridge, 
and  was  at  the  head  of  the  17th  corps  during  Sher- 


/^^«^d-^  /^ 


BLAIR 


BLAIR 


281 


man's  campaigns  in  1864-'5,  including  the  march 
to  the  sea.  In  1866  he  was  nominated  by  Presi- 
dent Johnson  as  collector  of  internal  revenue  at  St. 
Louis,  and  afterward  as  minister  to  Austria ;  but 
in  each  case  his  opposition  to  the  reconstruction 
measures  led  to  his  rejection  by  the  senate.  He 
was  afterward  commissioner  of  the  Pacific  railroad. 
His  dissatisfaction  with  the  policy  of  the  repvib- 
licans  led  him  to  return  to  the  democratic  party, 
and  in  1868  he  was  its  candidate  for  the  vice-presi- 
dency. In  January,  1871,  Gen.  Blair  again  entered 
the  legislature  of  Missouri,  and  in  the  same  month 
he  was  elected  to  fill  a  vacancy  in  the  U.  S.  senate, 
where  he  remained  until  1873,  when  he  was  a  can- 
didate for  re-election,  but  was  defeated.  At  the 
time  of  his  death  he  was  state  superintendent  of 
insurance.  He  published  "The  Life  and  Public 
Services  of  General  William  0.  Butler"  (1848). 
— His  son,  Andrew  Alexander,  chemist,  b.  in 
Woodford  co.,  Ky.,  20  Sept.,  1846.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  the  U.  S.  naval  academy  in  1866,  and  sub- 
sequently entered  upon  the  practice  of  chemis- 
try as  an  analyst.  He  settled  in  St.  Louis,  and 
soon  became  an  authority  on  the  analysis  of  iron. 
The  analyses  of  coals,  iron  ores,  and  ii'ons  of  Mis- 
souri made  for  the  geological  survey  of  that  state 
and  published  in  the  report  of  1873  were  executed 
by  him  in  conjunction  with  Regis  Chauvenet.  From 
1875  till  1878  he  was  chief  chemist  to  the  U.  S. 
commission  appointed  to  test  iron,  steel,  and  other 
metals,  and  from  1879  till  1881  chief  chemist  to 
the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  and  the  tenth  census. 
Afterward  he  became  associated  with  James  C. 
Booth  and  T.  H.  Garrett  as  an  analytical  and  con- 
sulting chemist  in  Philadelphia.  He  has  pub- 
lished papers  on  the  analysis  of  iron  and  similar 
subjects  in  the  "  American  Journal  of  Science," 
"Metallurgical  Review,"  "Transactions  of  the 
American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers,"  and 
"American  Chemical  Journal."  Among  his  re- 
ports furnished  to  the  government  are  "  Methods 
of  Arialysis  of  Iron,  Steel,  Copper,  Tin,  Zinc,  and 
other  Alloys  "  (18'i8),  and  "  Methods  of  Analysis  of 
Iron  Ores"  (1881). 

BLAIR,  Henry  William,  senator,  b.  in  Camp- 
ton.  N.  H..  6  Dec,  1834.  His  parents  died  before 
he  had  completed  his  thirteenth  year,  and  his  boy- 
hood was  spent  in  the  family  of  Richard  Bartlett,  of 
Campton,  where  he  worked  on  the  farm,  and  attend- 
ed school  at  intervals  until  he  was  seventeen,  when 
he  began  to  teach,  hoping  to  earn  enough  money  to 
take  him  through  college.  Compelled  by  ill  health 
to  give  up  this  plan,  he  read  law  with  William 
Leverett,  of  Plymouth,  N.  H.,  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1859,  and  in  1860  was  elected  prosecuting 
attorney  for  Grafton  co.  When  the  civil  war 
began  he  enlisted  in  the  15th  New  Hampshire 
volunteers;  was  chosen  captain  of  his  company, 
soon  became  major,  and  finally  lieutenant-colonel. 
He  was  twice  wounded  severely  at  the  siege  of 
Port  Hudson,  and  was  prevented  by  his  wounds, 
and  disease  contracted  in  service,  from  taking  any 
active  part  in  the  remainder  of  the  war.  He  was 
elected  to  the  New  Hampshire  house  of  representa- 
tives in  1866,  and  in  1867  and  1868  to  the  state 
senate.  He  served  in  the  U,  S.  house  of  repre- 
sentatives from  1875  till  1879,  and,  declining  a  re- 
nomination,  was  elected  to  the  U.  S.  senate  in  the 
latter  year,  and  reelected  in  1885.  Senator  Blair 
has  given  much  attention  to  social  questions,  and 
is  an  ardent  temperance  reformer.  He  is  the  au- 
thor of  the  "Blair  Common  School  Bill,"  which 
was  introduced  by  him  in  the  47th  congress.  As 
passed  by  the  senate  in  April,  1884,  the  bill  ap- 
propriates 177,000,000  to  be  distributed  among  the 


states  in  proportion  to  their  illiteracv.  In  the 
original  bill  the  amount  was  $105,000,000.  In  the 
49th  congress  the  senate  again  passed  the  bill, 
making  the  appropriation  |79,000,000.  Senator 
Blair  has  also  introduced  prohibitory  temperance 
and  woman  suffrage  amendments  to  the  national 
constitution,  is  the  author  of  the  Blair  scientific 
temperance  education  bill  and  the  Blair  pension 
bill,  and  has  made  important  speeches  on  finan- 
cial subjects. 

BLAIR,  James,  educator,  b.  in  Scotland  in 
1656;  d.  in  "Williamsburg,  Va.,  3  Aug.,  1743.  He 
was  educated  in  Scotland,  and  became  a  clergy- 
man of  the  Episcopal  church  ;  but,  discouraged  by 
the  situation  of  that  establishment  in  his  native 
country,  he  resigned  his  preferments  and  removed 
to  England  in  the  latter  part  of  the  reign  of  Charles 
II.  There  his  talents  brought  him  to  the  notice  of 
Compton,  bishop  of  London,  who  prevailed  upon 
him  in  1685  to  go  as  a  missionary  to  Virginia. 
Here,  in  1689,  he  gained  by  his  ability  the  office  of 
commissary,  the  highest  ecclesiastical  post  in  the 
province,  by  virtue  of  which  he  had  a  seat  in  the 
colonial  council,  presided  at  ecclesiastical  trials, 
and  had.  in  general,  the  powers  of  a  bishop.  Per- 
ceiving that  the  province  was  greatly  in  need  of  a 
seminary,  he  resolved  to  establish  one,  and  began 
by  taking  up  a  subscription,  which  amounted  to 
£2,500.  In  1691  he  was  sent  by  the  colonial  assem- 
bly to  England  to  secure  the  patronage  of  the  king 
and  queen,  and  on  14  Feb.,  1692,  obtained  the 
charter  of  William  and  Mary  college,  and  was. 
named  as  its  first  president.  He  did  not  formally 
enter  upon  the  duties  of  his  office  until  1729,  al- 
though he  watched  carefully  over  the  interests  of 
the  institution.  The  college  was  not  at  first  suc- 
cessful, as  the  wealthy  planters  still  s^nt  their  sons, 
to  England  for  education,  and  in  1705  the  college 
building  was  destroyed  by  fire.  Mr.  Blair  was  op- 
posed in  his  plans  by  the  royal  governors  and  even 
by  the  clergy,  and,  had  it  not  been  for  his  energy^ 
the  enterprise  would  probably  have  been  given  up. 
He  was  for  some  time  president  of  the  colonial 
council,  and  rector  of  Williamsburg.  In  1727  he 
assisted  in  compiling  "The  State  of  His  Majesty's 
Colony  in  Virginia,"  and  in  1722  published  "Our 
Saviour's  Divine  Sermon  on  the  Mount  Explained 
and  Recommended  in  divers  Sermons  and  Dis- 
courses" (4  vols.,  8vo);  republished  with  a  com- 
mendatory preface  by  Dr.  Waterland  (1740). 

BLAIR,  John,  statesman,  b.  in  Williamsburg, 
Va.,  in  1689;  d.  there,  5  Nov.,  1771.  He  was  a 
nephew  of  President  James  Blair  noticed  above. 
As  early  as  1736  he  was  a  member  of  the  house  of 
burgesses,  and  he  was  president  of  the  council,  and 
acting  governor  of  Virginia  in  1757-8  and  1768. 
Campbell,  on  page  554  of  his  "  History  of  Virginia" 
(Philadelphia,  1860),  gives  a  letter  concerning  the 
Baptists,  written  to  the  king's  attorney  of  Spottsyl- 
vania  by  Blair,  when  he  was  acting  governor,  and 
showing  a  spirit  of  toleration  as  rare  at  that  time 
as  it  was  creditable. — His  son,  Jolin,  jurist,  b.  in 
Williamsburg,  Va.,  in  1732;  d.  there,  31  Aug., 
1800,  was  graduated  at  William  and  Mary  college, 
studied  law  at  the  Temple,  London,  soon  became 
prominent  in  his  profession,  and  was  a  member  of 
the  legislature  as  early  as  1765.  On  the  dissolution 
of  the  assembly  in  1769,  Blair  was  one  of  those 
that  met  at  the  Raleigh  tavern  and  drew  up  the 
non-importation  agreement.  In  June,  1776,  h© 
was  a  member  of  the  committee  that  drew  up  a 
plan  for  governing  the  state,  was  chosen  to  the 
council,  and  in  1777  became  a  judge  of  the  court  of 
appeal.;.  He  was  afterward  chief  justice,  and  in 
1780  judge  of  the  high  court  of  chancery.     When. 


282 


BLAIR 


BLAIR 


the  Virginia  legislature  established  circuit  courts, 
and  directed  the  judges  of  the  court  of  appeals  to 
perform  the  duties  of  circuit  judges,  Judge  Blair, 
with  his  colleagues,  remonstrated,  and  declared  the 
act  unconstitutional.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the 
convention  that  drew  up  the  federal  constitution, 
and  with  Washington  and  Madison,  alone  of  all  the 
Virginia  delegates,  voted  for  its  adoption.  He  af- 
terward supported  it  also  in  the  state  convention. 
In  September,  1789,  he  was  appointed  by  Wash- 
ington a  justice  of  the  U.  S.  supreme  court,  and  in 
1796  resigned  his  seat. 

BLAIR,  John  Iiisley,  capitalist,  b.  in  Warren 
CO.,  N.  J.,  22  Aug ,  1802;  d.  in  Bhurstown,  N.  J.,  2 
Dec,  1899.  He  was  descended  from  John  Bl air,  who 
came  to  this  country  from  Scotland  in  1720,  and 
his  education  was  limited  toa  few  months  of  school- 
ing during  the  winter,  ceasing  when  he  reached  the 
age  of  eleven.  About  1813  he  entered  the  store  of 
a  relative  in  Hope,  N.  J.,  for  the  purpose  of  learn- 
ing business,  and  remained  so  occupied  until  1821, 
when  he  settled  in  Blairstown,  N.  J.  Here,  with 
his  relative,  John  Blair,  he  established  a  general 
country  store,  but  two  years  later  the  partnership 
was  dissolved,  and  the  business  continued  inde- 
pendently by  John  I.  Blair  before  he  was  of  age. 
For  forty  years  he  remained  in  this  place,  constantly 
extending  his  business  and  acquiring  branches  at 
Marksborough,  Paulina,  Huntsville,  N.  J.,  and  John- 
sonsburgh,  N.  Y.,  in  which  his  brothers  and  broth- 
ers-in-law were  associated  with  him  as  partners. 
During  these  years  Mr.  Blair  was  also  developing 
Dusiness  interests  in  other  lines,  such  as  flour-mills, 
the  manufacture  of  cotton,  and  the  marketing  of 
the  produce  of  the  country  round  about,  and  also  in 
wholesaling  many  goods  to  other  stores.  He  like- 
wise filled  the  office  of  postmaster  in  Blairstown  for 
forty  years.  About  1833  he  became  associated  with 
others  in  the  development  of  iron-mines  in  the 
vicinity  of  Oxford  Furnace,  a  forge  that  had  been 
in  operation  in  pre-revolutionary  times.  Success 
in  this  venture  led,  in  1840,  to  his  being  connected 
with  the  organization  of  the  Lackawanna  coal  and 
iron  company.  His  ownership  and  interest  in  the 
building  of  railroads  for  the  transportation  of  the 
outputs  from  the  mines,  of  which  he  was  part  pro- 
prietor, followed  as  a  matter  of  course.  The  road 
from  Owego  to  Ithaca,  N.  Y.,  was  bought  and  re- 
built by  him  and  his  associates  during  1849.  Later, 
the  Legget's  Gap  road,  from  Scranton  to  Great 
Bend,  was  constructed,  and  thrown  open  in  1851. 
In  1852,  by  consolidation,  building,  and  reorgani- 
sation, the  corporation  known  as  the  Delaware, 
Lackawanna,  and  Western  railroad  came  into  ex- 
istence. In  the  development  of  tliis  road  he 
was  actively  interested,  and  is  one  of  its  largest 
stockholders.  It  has  since  been  entirely  rebuilt, 
and  is  a  most  valuable  property,  transporting  over 
6,700,000  tons  of  coal  in  1885,  and  its  combined 
■cost  and  capital  amount  to  $100,000,000.  He  has 
been  engaged  in  railroad  building  in  Iowa,  Wis- 
consin, Kansas,  Nebraska,  Dakota,  Missouri,  and 
Texas.  He  was  the  organizer  of  the  railroad  sys- 
tem of  Iowa,  having  built  the  first  railroad  across 
that  state  from  the  Mississippi  to  the  Missouri 
rivers,  and  subsequently  more  than  2,000  miles  in 
Iowa  and  Nebraska.  He  was  one  of  the  original 
directors  of  the  Union  Pacific  railroad,  and  was  a 
director  in  seventeen  companies,  as  well  as  presi- 
dent of  three.  Mr.  Blair  was  likewise  controlling 
owner  of  a  large  number  of  other  wealthy  corpora- 
tions both  in  the  east  and  the  west.  Pie  has  been 
a  life-long  attendant  upon  and  supporter  of  the 
Presbyterian  church,  to  whose  institutions  he  has 
at  various  times  given  upward  of  $500,000.    Among 


these  benefactions  is  $70,000  to  the  college  of  New 
Jersey,  Princeton,  of  which,  in  1860,  he  became  a 
trustee ;  $57,000  to  Lafayette ;  and  upward  of 
$100,000  to  the  Blair  Presbyterian  Academy.  In 
the  eighty  towns  that  he  has  laid  out  in  the  west, 
more  than  100  churches  have  been  erected,  largely 
through  his  liberality.  In  politics  Mr.  Blair  has 
always  been  a  strong  republican,  and  he  was  the 
candidate  of  that  party  for  governor  of  New  Jer- 
sey in  1868.  He  has  also  been  a  delegate  to  every 
national  republican  convention  since  the  organiza- 
tion. One  of  his  daughters  married  Charles  Scrib- 
ner.  founder  of  the  publishing-house  in  New  York. 

BLAIR,  Montgromery,  statesman,  b.  in  Frank- 
lin CO.,  Kv.,  10  May,  1813;  d.  in  Silver  Spring, 
Md..  27  Jidy,  1883.  He  was  a  son  of  Francis  P. 
Blair,  Sr.,  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1835, 
and,  after  serving  in  the  Seminole  war,  resigned 
his  commission  on  20  May,  1836.  He  then  stud- 
ied law,  and,  after  his  adrriission  to  the  bar  in 
1839,  began  practice  in  St.  Louis.  He  was  ap- 
pointed 0.  S.  district  attorney  for  Missouri,  and  in 
1842  was  elected  mayor  of  St.  Louis.  He  was 
raised  to  the  bench  as  judge  of  the  court  of  com- 
mon pleas  in  1843,  but  resigned  in  1849.  He  re- 
moved to  Maryland  in  1852,  and  in  1855  was  ap- 
pointed U.  S.  solicitor  in  the  court  of  claims.  He 
was  removed  from  this  office  by  President  Bu- 
chanan in  1858,  liaving  left  the  democratic  party 
on  the  repeal  of  the  Missouri  compromise.  In  1857 
he  acted  as  counsel  for  the  plaintiff  in  the  cele- 
brated Dred  Scott  case.  He  presided  over  the 
Maryland  republican  convention  in  1860,  and  in 
1861  was  appointed  postmaster-general  by  Presi- 
dent Lincoln.  It  is  said  that  he  alone  of  Mr. 
Lincoln's  cabinet  opposed  the  surrender  of  Fort 
Sumter,  and  held  his  resignation  upon  the  issue. 
As  postmaster-general  he  prohibited  the  sending  of 
disloyal  papers  through  the  mails,  and  introduced 
various  reforms,  such  as  money-orders,  free  deliv- 
ery in  cities,  and  postal  railroad  cars.  In  1864  Mr. 
Blair,  who  was  not  altogether  in  accord  with  the 
policy  of  the  administration,  told  the  president 
that  he  would  resign  whenever  the  latter  thought 
it  necessary,  and  on  23  Sept.  Mr.  Lincoln,  in  a 
friendly  letter,  accepted  his  offer.  After  this  Mr. 
Blair  acted  with  the  democratic  party,  and  in 
1876-7  vigorously  attacked  Mr.  Hayes's  title  to 
the  office  of  president. 

BLAIR,  Saiuiiel,  clergyman,  b.  in  Ulster,  Ire- 
land, 14  June,  1712;  d.  5  July,  1751.  He  came, 
while  young,  to  Pennsylvania,  and  received  his 
education  at  William  Tennant's  "Log  College,"  in 
Neshaminy,  Pa.  He  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the 
Philadelphia  presbytery  on  9  Nov.,  1733,  and  in 
September,  1734,  accepted  a  call  to  Middletown 
and  Shrewsbury.  N.  J.  He  was  one  of  the  original 
members  of  New  Brunswick  presbytery,  formed  in 
1738,  and  in  November,  1739,  took  charge  of  the 
church  at  New  Londonderry,  or  Fogg's  Manor,  in 
Chester  co..  Pa.  Shortly  after  his  settlement  there 
he  established  a  seminary,  at  which  young  men 
were  educated,  some  of  whom  were  afterward 
prominent  in  the  Presbyterian  church,  among 
them  Rev.  Samuel  Davies  and  Rev.  John  Rodgers. 
In  the  controversy  about  revivals,  which  followed 
the  visit  of  Whitefield  to  this  country,  and  which 
finally  divided  the  Presbyterian  church,  Mr.  Blair 
sided  with  the  so-called  "  New  Side."  His  princi- 
pal writings  were  collected  by  his  brother  John 
(Philadelphia,  1754).  with  an  elegy  by  Samuel  Da- 
vies,  and  Dr.  Finley's  funeral  sermon.  This  vol- 
ume contains  an  elaborate  treatise  on  "  Predestina- 
tion and  Reprobation." — His  brother.  John,  clergy- 
man, b.  in  Ireland  in  1720 ;  d.  in  Walkill,  Orange 


BLAKE 


BLAKE 


283 


CO..  N.  Y.,  8  Dec,  1771,  was  educated  at  the  "Log 
College "  of  Dr.  Tennant.  He  was  licensed  to 
preach  by  the  Newcastle  presbytery,  belonging  to 
the  "  New  Side "  division  of  the  Presbyterian 
church,  and  on  27  Dec,  1742,  was  ordained  pastor 
of  three  churches  in  Cumberland  co..  Pa.  While 
here  he  made  two  visits  to  Virginia,  the  last  in 
1746,  and  organized  several  new  congregations. 
As  his  parishes  were  frontier  settlements,  exposed 
to  Indian  depredations,  Mr.  Blair  resigned  his 
charge  on  28  Dec,  1748,  and  returned  to  the  more 
civilized  part  of  the  colony.  In  1757  he  succeeded 
his  brother  as  pastor  at  Fogg's  Manor,  Pa.,  and 
also  as  head  of  the  seminary.  In  1767  he  was 
chosen  professor  of  divinity  at  Princeton,  and  vice- 
president  of  the  college,  acting  also  as  president 
for  a  short  time.  In  1769,  as  the  college  proved 
unable  to  support  a  professorship  of  divinity,  Mr. 
Blair  resigned,  and.  on  19  May  of  that  year,  accept- 
ed a  call  to  Walkill,  where  he  remained  until  his 
death.  He  published  a  treatise  on  "  Regenera- 
tion," Calvinistic  in  its  tone ;  a  treatise  on  the 
"  Terms  of  Admission  to  the  Lord's  Supper,"  and 
several  sermons. — John's  son,  John  Diirbarrow, 
b.  in  Fogg's  Manor,  15  Oct.,  1759;  d.  in  Richmond, 
Va.,  in  January,  1823,  was  graduated  at  Princeton 
in  1775,  and  preached  for  many  years  in  Rich- 
mond.— Samuel,  sou  of  Samuel,  noticed  above, 
clergyman,  b.  in  Fogg's  Manor,  Pa.,  in  1741 ;  d.  in 
(rermantown,  Pa.,  24  Sept.,  1818,  was  graduated  at 
Princeton  in  1760,  and  was  tutor  there  from  1761 
till  1764,  when  he  was  licensed  to  preach  by  New- 
castle presbytery.  In  1767  Mr.  Blair,  though  but 
twenty-six  years  old,  was  elected  to  the  presidency 
of  Princeton  college.  Dr.  Witherspoon  having  de- 
clined the  first  call  of  the  trustees.  But  learning 
that,  owing  to  a  change  of  circumstances.  Dr. 
Witherspoon  was  willing  to  accept,  Mr.  Blair  de- 
clined in  his  favor.  In  November,  1766,  he  was 
settled,  as  colleague  of  Dr.  Sewall,  over  the  Old 
South  church,  Boston.  While  on  his  way  thither 
from  Philadelphia,  he  was  shipwrecked,  and  nar- 
rowly escaped  with  his  life.  His  health  was  much 
injured  by  the  exposure,  and  in  the  spring  of  1769 
he  had  a  severe  illness,  which,  in  connection  with 
some  theological  differences  between  him  and  his 
congregation,  induced  him  to  resign.  He  left  the 
Old  South  church  in  1769,  and  in  the  same  year 
married  a  daughter  of  Dr.  Shippen,  of  Philadel- 
phia. The  rest  of  his  life  was  passed  in  German- 
town,  Pa.,  where  he  was  the  principal  founder  of 
the  English  Presbyterian  church,  and  preached 
gratuitously  for  a  season.  He  was  several  times  a 
member  of  the  Pennsylvania  assembly,  and  was  for 
two  years  chaplain  to  the  continental  congress. 
In  1790  the  university  of  Pennsylvania  gave  him 
the  degree  of  S.  T.  D.  He  published  an  oration  on 
the  death  of  George  II.  (1761). 

BLAKE,  Clarence  John,  physician,  b.  in  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  23  Feb.,  1843.  He  studied  at  Lawrence 
scientific  school,  and  was  graduated  at  the  Harvard 
medical  school  in  1865,  after  which  he  spent  some 
time  abroad  and  received  the  degree  of  "  obstetrical 
magistrum  "  at  Vienna  in  1867.  He  began  to  prac- 
tise in  Boston  in  1869,  and  has  devoted  his  atten- 
tion principally  to  diseases  of  the  ear.  In  1871  he 
became  aural  surgeon  in  the  Massachusetts  charita- 
ble eye  and  ear  infirmary,  and  during  the  same 
year  was  appointed  instructor  in  otology  in  Har- 
vard medical  school.  He  is  a  member  of  medical 
and  scientific  societies,  and  was  president  of  the 
American  otological  society  in  1876-7.  Dr.  Blake 
has  invented  several  surgical  instruments  for  use 
in  the  treatment  of  diseases  of  the  ear,  principally 
the  membrana  tympani  phonautograph.     He  has 


published  papers  on  subjects  in  acoustics  and  otol- 
ogy, and  was  the  editor  of  the  "  American  Journal 
of  Otology "  in  1879-'82,  and  also  of  Riidinger's 
"Atlas  of  the  Osseous  Anatomy  of  the  Human 
Ear"  (Boston,  1870). 

BLAKE,  Eli  Whitney,  inventor,  b.  in  West- 
borough,  Mass.,  27  Jan.,  1795;  d.  in  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  18  Aug.,  1886.  He  studied  at  Leicester 
(Mass.)  Academy,  and  was  graduated  at  Yale  in 
1816,  after  which  he  studied  law  with  Judge  Gould 
in  Litchfield,  Conn.  But  this  he  soon  abandoned 
at  the  request  of  his  uncle,  Eli  Whitney,  who  de- 
sired his  assistance  in  erecting  and  organizing  the 
gun-factory  at  Whitneyville.  Here  he  made  im- 
portant improvements  in  the  machinery  and  in  the 
processes  of  manufacturing  arms.  On  the  death 
of  Mr.  Whitney  in  1825  he  associated  with  himself 
his  brother  Philos,  and  continued  to  manage  the 
business.  In  1836  they  were  joined  by  another 
brother,  John  A.,  and,  under  the  firm-name  of 
Blake  Brothers,  established  at  Westville  a  factory 
for  the  production  of  door-locks  and  latches  of 
their  own  invention.  The  business  was  afterward 
extended  so  as  to  include  casters,  hinges,  and  other 
articles  of  hardware,  most  of  which  were  covered 
by  patents.  In  this  branch  of  manufacture,  Blake 
Brothers  were  among  the  pioneers,  and  long  held 
the  front  rank.  The  ideas  that  they  originated 
still  characterize  the  forms  of  American  locks, 
latches,  casters,  hinges,  and  other  articles  of  house- 
furnishing  hardware  wherever  manufactured.  In 
1852  Mr.  Blake  was  appointed  to  superintend  the 
macadamizing  of  the  city  streets,  and  his  attention 
was  directed  to  the  want  of  a  proper  machine  for 
breaking  stone.  This  problem  he  solved  in  1857 
by  the  invention  of  the  Blake  stone- breaker,  which, 
for  originality,  simplicity,  and  effectiveness,  has 
justly  been  regarded  by  experts  as  unique.  This 
crusher  is  now  used  in  all  parts  of  the  world  for 
breaking  ores,  road  metal,  and  similar  purposes. 
Mr.  Blake  was  one  of  the  founders,  and  for  several 
years  president,  of  the  Connecticut  Academy  of 
Science.  He  contributed  valuable  papers  to  the 
"  American  Journal  of  Science  "  and  other  period- 
icals, the  most  important  of  which  he  published  in 
a  single  volume  as  "  Original  Solutions  of  Several 
Problems  in  Aerodynamics  "  (1882). — His  son,  Eli 
Whitney,  b.  in  New  Haven,  20  April,  1836 ;  d.  in 
Hampton,  Conn.,  1  Oct.,  1895,  was  graduated  at 
Yale,  and  at  Sheffield  Scientific  School,  after  which 
he  studied  chemistry  and  physics  in  the  Universities 
of  Heidelberg,  Marburg,  and  Berlin.  Prof.  Blake 
was  professor  of  chemistry  in  the  University  of 
Vermont  (1867) ;  professor  of  physics  at  Cornell 
(1868-'70);  acting  professor  of  physics  at  Colum- 
bia (1868-'9) ;  and  professor  of  physics  at  Brown 
(1870-'86).  He  was  a  fellow  of  the  American  As- 
sociation for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  and  a 
member  of  other  scientific  bodies,  to  whose  pro- 
ceedings he  frequently  contributed  valuable  papers, 

BLAKE,  Oeorge  A.  H.,  soldier,  b.  in  Pennsyl- 
vania in  September,  1812 ;  d.  in  Washington,  D.  C, 
27  Oct.,  1884.  He  became  lieutenant  in  the  2d  dra- 
goons 11  June,  1836,  was  made  captain  in  Decem- 
ber, 1839,  and  was  in  the  actions  with  the  Seminoles 
at  Port  Miller  and  Jupiter  inlet,  in  1841.  During 
the  Mexican  war,  in  1846-7,  he  was  in  the  battles 
at  Cerro  Gordo,  Puebla,  Contreras,  Molino  del  Rey, 
Chapultepec,  and  the  city  of  Mexico,  and  was  bre- 
vetted  major  for  gallant  conduct  at  St.  Augustine, 
Mexico.  In  July,  1850,  he  became  major  of  the  1st 
dragoons,  and  served  against  the  Apache  and  Nava- 
jo Indians.  In  May,  1861,  he  was  made  lieutenant- 
colonel  of  the  1st  U.  S.  cavalry,  and  colonel  on  15 
Feb.,  1863.     He  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Gaines's 


284 


BLAKE 


BLAKE 


Mill,  27  June,  1862,  where  he  was  slightly  wounded, 
and  was  also  in  the  actions  at  Aldie,  Middletown, 
Upperville,  and  at  Gettysburg,  where  he  distin- 
guished himself.  He  was  afterward  chief  commis- 
sary of  musters  for  the  department  of  Virginia,  and 
in  the  cavalry  corps  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac. 
On  13  March,  1865,  he  was  brevetted  brigadier-gen- 
eral U.  S.  A.  for  his  services  at  Gettysburg.  From 
February,  1865,  till  March,  1866,  he  was  member  of 
a  military  commission  at  Washington,  and  after- 
ward commander  at  Fort  Vancouver,  Washington 
territory.     On  15  Dec,  1870,  he  was  retired. 

BLAKE,  (ireorge  Smith,  naval  officer,  b.  in 
Worcester,  Mass.,  in  1803;  d.  in  Longwood,  Mass., 
24  June,  1871.  His  father,  Francis  Blake,  was  a 
prominent  lawyer  in  Worcester.  On  1  Jan.,  1818, 
he  was  appointed  to  the  navy  as  midshipman.  On 
5  Nov.,  1821,  the  schooner  "  Alligator,"  on  which 
he  was  serving,  was  attaclved  near  the  Cape  Verde 
islands  by  a  Portuguese  ship,  which  was  captured 
and  sent  to  the  United  States,  with  Blake  as  her 
executive  officer.  Commissioned  lieutenant,  31 
March,  1827,  he  cruised  in  the  "  Grampus,"  on  the 
West  India  station,  for  the  suppression  of  piracy. 
He  was  employed  on  a  survey  of  Narragansett  bay 
in  1832,  was  attached  to  the  navy-yard  at  Philadel- 
phia in  1833,  and  from  1837  till  1848  was  connect- 
ed with  the  coast  survey.  The  secretary  of  the 
treasury,  in  a  letter  to  the  navy  department,  speaks 
highly  of  Lieut.  Blake's  zeal  and  fidelity  in  this 
service.  In  1846,  while  commanding  the  brig 
"  Perry "  in  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  he  was  wrecked 
on  the  Florida  coast  in  the  great  hurricane,  but 
succeeded  in  getting  his  vessel  off,  and  brought 
her  to  Philadelphia  under  jurymasts.  The  secre- 
tary of  the  navy,  in  a  letter  to  Lieut.  Blake,  com- 
mended his  conduct  on  this  occasion.  He  was 
made  commander  27  Feb.,  1847,  and  attached  to 
the  bureau  of  construction.  From  1849  till  1852 
he  was  fleet  captain  in  the  Mediterranean.  On  14 
Sept.,  1855,  he  was  made  captain,  and  assigned  to 
special  duty  at  Hoboken,  N.  J.,  in  connection  with 
the  building  of  the  Stevens  battery  there.  In  1858 
he  became  superintendent  of  the  naval  academy  at 
Annapolis.  At  the  beginning  of  the  war  his 
prompt  measures  saved  the  government  property 
at  the  academy  from  capture,  and  he  superintend- 
ed the  removal  of  the  school  to  Newport,  R.  I.  He 
was  commissioned  commodore  on  16  July,  1862, 
left  the  naval  academy  in  1865,  and  from  1866  till 
1809  he  was  light-house  inspector  of  the  second  dis- 
trict, residing  at  Boston. 

BLAKE.  Homer  Crane,  naval  officer,  b.  in 
Cleveland,  Ohio,  1  Feb.,  1822;  d.  21  Jan.,  1880. 
He  was  appointed  to  the  navy  as  a  midshipman, 
2  March,  1840,  and  served  on  the  frigate  "  Con- 
stellation," of  the  East  India  squadron,  1841-'3 ; 
the  sloop  "  Preble,"  1843-5 ;  at  the  naval  acade- 
my in  1846,  when  he  was  made  passed  midship- 
man ;  and  again  on  the  "  Preble  "  until  1848.  Un- 
til 1856  he  served  on  receiving-ships  at  New 
York  and  Boston,  with  the  exception  of  two  years 
in  the  Pacific,  and  in  1855  was  commissioned  lieu- 
tenant. From  1857  till  1859  he  served  on  the  "  St. 
Lawrence,"  of  the  Bi'azil  squadron,  and  from  1861 
till  1862  on  the  "  Sabine,"  of  the  home  squadron. 
He  was  then  made  lieutenant-commander  and 
given  the  command  of  the  "  Hatteras,"  of  the  west- 
ern gulf  blockading  squadron,  formerly  a  merchant 
steamer.  On  11  July,  1863,  the  "Hatteras,"  while 
at  anchor  off  Galveston,  Texas,  was  ordered  to 
chase  a  suspicious  vessel,  which  proved  to  be  the 
confederate  cruiser  "  Alabama,"  and  after  a  short 
action  Commander  Blake  was  obliged  to  surrender, 
as  the  "  Hattcrr,s,"   no   match  for  her  adversary, 


was  disabled  and  sinking.  The  crew  was  taken 
off,  and  the  "  Hatteras  "  went  down  in  ten  minutes. 
Blake  was  carried  to  Jamaica,  where  he  was  pa- 
roled, returned  to  the  United  States,  and  was  soon 
exchanged.  From  1863  till  1865  he  commanded 
the  steamer  "  Utah,"  of  the  North  Atlantic  block- 
ading squadron,  where  he  did  good  service,  shell- 
ing three  divisions  of  the  confederate  army  on  the- 
James  in  1864,  and  assisting  to  I'epel  an  attack  on 
the  Army  of  the  James  on  23  Jan.,  1865.  He  was 
made  commander,  3  March,  1866,  commanded  th& 
"Swatara"  and  the  "Alaska,"  and  became  captain, 
25  May,  1871.  From  1873  till  1878  he  was  in  com- 
mand of  the  naval  rendezvous  at  New  York,  and 
in  1880  was  promoted  to  commodore. 

BLAKE,  Joliii  Lauris,  author,  b.  in  North- 
wood,  N.  11.,  21  Dec,  1788 :  d.  in  Orange,  N.  J.,  6 
July,  1857.  When  a  boy  he  alternately  worked  on 
his  father's  farm  and  attended  the  district  school. 
Showing  a  taste  for  mechanics,  at  thirteen  years  of 
age  he  was  apprenticed  to  a  cabinet-maker,  and 
afterward  labored  as  a  journeyman  in  Salem,  Mass. 
He  was  graduated  at  Brown  in  1812,  and  licensed 
to  preach  bv  the  Rhode  Island  association  of  Con- 
gregational ministers  in  1813  ;  but,  becoming  inter- 
ested in  the  Episcopal  church,  was  ordained  deacon 
by  Bishop  Griswold  in  1815.  Soon  afterward  he 
organized  the  parish  of  St.  Paul's,  in  Pawtucket, 
where  he  remained  until  1820.  In  that  year  he  re- 
turned to  New  Hampshire  and  took  charge  of  the 
churches  in  Concord  and  Hopkinton.  He  also  or- 
ganized a  young  ladies'  school  in  Concord,  and  in 
1822  removed  it  to  Boston,  remaining  at  its  head 
until  1830,  and  making  for  it  a  high  reputation. 
From  1824  till  1832  he  was  rector  of  St.  Matthew's 
church,  Boston,  and  subsequently  devoted  himself 
entirely  to  literary  work.  He  was  editor  of  the 
"  Literary  Advertiser  "  and  the  "  Gospel  Advocate," 
and  was  an  active  member  of  the  Boston  school 
committee  for  several  years.  He  wrote  or  com- 
piled about  fifty  volumes,  mostly  text-books,  em- 
bracing treatises  on  astronomy,  chemistry,  natural 
philosophy,  botany,  geography,  and  history.  His 
first  work  was  a  "  Text-Book  of  Geography  and 
Chronology  "  (1814).  His  "  Biographical  Diction- 
ary "  was  published  in  New  York  in  1835,  and  just 
before  his  death  he  published  a  revised  edition  un- 
der the  title  *'  Universal  Biographical  Dictionary  " 
(Philadelphia,  1857),  on  which  he  had  spent  many 
years  of  hard  work.  He  was  also  the  author  of  the 
"  Family  Encyclopaedia  of  Agriculture  and  Domes- 
tic Economy "  and  the  "  Farmer's  Every-Day 
Book"  (New  York,  1852);  "Modern  Farmer" 
(1853) ;  "  Letters  on  Confirmation  "  ;  and  several 
small  books  for  school  libraries,  such  as  the  "  Book 
of  Nature  Laid  Open,"  "  Wonders  of  the  Earth," 
and  "  Wonders  of  Art "  (Troy,  N.  Y.,  1845). 

BLAKE,  Joseph,  colonist,  b.  about  1620;  d. 
about  1700.  He  was  a  brother  of  the  famous  Eng- 
lish admiral,  and  from  him  inherited  a  considerable 
fortime.  which  he  largely  devoted  to  the  cause  of 
emigration.  At  that  time  (1683)  the  Carolinas  were 
especially  attractive  to  English  colonists,  and  Blake 
conducted  to  Charleston  from  Somersetshire  a  com- 
pany of  exceptionally  good  character,  as  is  attested 
by  a  contemporary  historian.  Blake  was  impatient 
even  of  such  religious  oppression  as  existed  under 
Charles  II.,  and,  fearing  a  Romanist  successor,  did 
all  in  his  power  to  favor  Protestant  emigration  to 
America.  As  a  result,  large  numbers  of  Protestant 
English  and  Scotch-Irish  settled  along  this  section 
of  the  coast. 

BLAKE,  Lillie  Devereux,  reformer,  b.  in  Ral- 
eigh, N.  C.,  12  Aug.,  1835.  She  was  educated  in 
New  Haven  at  Miss  Apthorp's  school,  and  subse- 


BLAKE 


BLAKE 


285 


:^' 


quently  took  the  Yale  course  with  tutors  at  home. 
She  became  interested  in  woman's  enfranchisement 
in  1869,  and  has  since  spoken  extensively  on  that 
subject,  addressing  committees  of  congress  and 
state  legislatures  on  the  question.  In  1876  she  was 
a  member  of  the  delegation  from  the  national  asso- 
ciation, that  presented  the  woman's  declaration  of 

rights  in  Phila- 
delphia on  4  Ju- 
ly, 1876.  For 
five  years  she 
has  been  presi- 
dent of  the  New 
York  State  Wom- 
an Suffrage  As- 
sociation, and  she 
was  the  first  per- 
son to  ask  that 
Columbia  college 
be  open  to  wom- 
en. Mrs.  Blake 
has  taken  an  act- 
ive interest  in 
many  political 
campaigns,  and 
was  instrumen- 
tal in  securing 
the  passage  of 
the  law  giving 
school-suffrage  to  the  women  of  New  York  state.  She 
has  been  twice  married :  in  1855  to  Frank  G.  Quay 
Umsted,  who  died  in  1859,  and  in  1866  to  Grenfill 
Blake.  She  has  written  serial  stories,  short  sketches, 
and  letters,  for  various  periodicals  and  newspapers. 
Her  published  works  include  "  Southwold  "  (New 
York,  1859) ;  '*  Rockford,  or  Sunshine  and  Storm  " 
(1863) ;  "  Fettered  for  Life  "  (1873) ;  and  "  Woman's 
Place  To-day,"  a  series  of  lectures  in  reply  to  Dr. 
Morgan  Dix's  lenten  sermons  on  the  "  Calling  of  a 
Christian  Woman  "  (1883). 

BLAKE,  Thomas  Holdsworth,  politician,  b.  in 
Calvert  co.,  Md.,  14  June,  1793;  d.  in  Cincinnati. 
Ohio,  28  Nov.,  1849.  He  received  a  common-school 
■education,  and  then  studied  law  in  Washington, 
D.  C.  In  1814  he  served  in  the  militia  of  the  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia,  and  was  present  at  the  battle  of 
Bladensburg.  Subsequently  he  removed  to  Ken- 
tucky, and  thence  to  Indiana,  where  he  began  the 
practice  of  law  at  Terre  Haute,  becoming  prose- 
cuting attorney  and  judge  of  the  circuit  courts.  He 
then  relinquished  his  profession  and  was  engaged 
in  business  for  several  years,  and  also  for  some  time 
a  member  of  the  Indiana  legislature.  In  1827  he 
was  elected  to  congress  as  an  Adams  republican, 
but'  he  was  defeated  as  a  candidate  for  reelection. 
From  May,  1842,  till  April,  1845,  he  was  commis- 
sioner of  the  general  land  office,  having  received 
the  appointment  to  that  position  from  President 
Tyler.  Later  he  was  appointed  president  of  the 
Wabash  and  Erie  canal  company,  and  also  sent  to 
Europe  as  the  financial  agent  of  the  state  of  In- 
diana, where  he  made  satisfactory  arrangements 
with  its  public  creditors. 

BLAKE,  William  Hume,  Canadian  jurist,  b. 
in  Kiltegan,  Wicklow,  Ireland,  10  March,  1809 ;  d. 
in  Toronto.  17  Nov.,  1870.  He  was  graduated  at 
Trinity  college.  Dublin,  and  studied  surgery  under 
Surgeon-General  Sir  Philip  Crampton,  and  also 
studied  theology,  but  before  completing  his  course 
he  emigrated  to  Canada.  He  was  for  some  time  a 
farmer  near  Strathroy,  county  of  Middlesex,  On- 
tario, before  he  removed  to  Toronto  (then  known 
as  York),  and  studied  law.  When  the  Mackenzie 
rebellion  began  in  1837  he  was  appointed  pay- 
master of  the  Royal  Foresters.     In  1838  he  was 


called  to  the  bar  of  Upper  Canada,  and  at  once  took 
a  leading  place  in  his  profession.  In  1847  Mr. 
Blake  was  elected  to  parliament  for  East  lilork 
(now  the  county  of  Ontario),  and  became  solicitor- 
general  in  the  Baldwin-Lafontaine  ministry.  In 
November,  1849,  he  was  appointed  to  the  chan- 
cellorship of  Upper  Canada.  He  retired  from  the 
bench  in  1860. — His  son,  Edward,  statesman,  was 
b.  in  Adelaide,  Middlesex  co.,  Ontario,  13  Oct., 
1833.  He  is  descended,  on  his  father's  side,  from 
the  Blakes  of  Castlegrove,  Galway,  and  on  his 
mother's  from  William  Hume,  M.  P.  for  Wicklow. 
He  was  born  on  his  father's  farm,  but  was  taken 
to  Toronto  when  a  year  old.  The  son  followed, 
professionally,  closely  in  his  father's  footsteps,  as 
did  also  his  younger  brother,  Samuel  Hume  Blake, 
who  never  entered  public  life,  btit  was  raised  at 
a  very  early  age  to  the  post  of  vice-chancellor  in 
the  court  over  wliich  his  father  formerly  pre- 
sided. Edward  Blake  was  educated  at  Upper 
Canada  college  and  University  college,  Toronto, 
was  graduated  from  the  latter  with  honors  in  1857. 
He  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1859,  and  rose  rapidly 
to  a  foremost  position  as  a  chancery  practitioner. 
In  1867  he  was  a  candidate  for  election  at  once  to 
the  House  of  Commons  of  the  Dominion,  and  to 
the  Legislative  Assembly  of  Ontario.  Having  been 
elected  as  a  member  for  South  Bruce,  he  was 
chosen  leader  of  the  opposition  in  the  Ontario  As- 
sembly very  soon  after  it  began  its  course,  and  dur- 
ing the  first  parliamentary  term  frequently  intro- 
duced bills,  many  of  which  were  voted  down,  only 
to  be  taken  up  afterward  and  carried  through  as 
government  measures.  A  principle  that  Mr.  Blake 
always  kept  before  the  public  was  the  obligation 
resting  on  the  government  to  give  the  people's 
representatives 
detailed  knowl- 
edge of  the  des- 
tination of  pub- 
lic moneys  be- 
fore they  are 
voted  by  parlia- 
ment. This  very 
principle  was 
the  final  issue  on 
which  the  Sand- 
field  Macdonald 
government  was 
defeated  in  1871, 
and  it  therefore 
became  the  most 
important  plank 
in  the  platform 
of  its  successor. 
Mr.  Blake  re- 
tained the  lead- 
ership of  the  opposition  until  20  Dec,  1871,  when 
he  succeeded  the  Hon.  John  Sandfield  Macdonald 
as  premier  of  the  Ontario  legislature,  but  only  re- 
tained the  office  for  one  session,  when  he  resigned, 
owing  to  the  passing  of  the  dual  representation  act. 
In  1873  the  conservative  ministry,  presided  over  by 
Sir  John  A.  Macdonald,  was  compelled  to  resign, 
and  the  liberal  party  came  at  once  into  power,  with 
Alexander  Mackenzie  as  premier.  In  November, 
1873,  Mr.  Blake  was  made  a  member  of  the  Cana- 
dian cabinet  under  the  Mackenzie  administration, 
and  he  held,  for  various  periods,  the  office  of  min- 
ister of  justice  and  the  portfolio  of  president  of 
the  council.  He  was  offered  successively  the 
chancellorship  of  Ontario  and  the  chief  justice- 
ship of  the  supreme  court  of  the  Dominion,  both 
of  which  he  refused.  While  he  was  minister  of 
justice  it  fell  to  his  lot  to  discuss,  by  correspond- 


iM^tL<^^7^^^^<-^ 


286 


BLAKE 


BLAKELEY 


ence  with  the  secretary  of  state  for  the  colonies, 
Lord  Carnarvon,  a  somewhat  important  point  in 
connection  with  the  relation  of  Canada  to  the 
mother-country.  Long  after  the  Red  river  insur- 
rection was  repressed,  the  final  disposal  of  the 
chief  insurgents  continued  to  be  a  difficult  ques- 
tion, owing  to  uncertainty  as  to  what  had  been 
really  promised  to  them.  Lord  Dufferin  under- 
took to  cut  the  Gordian  knot  by  an  exercise  of  the 
royal  prerogative  under  his  "  instructions  "  (by  com- 
muting the  death  sentence  passed  upon  Lepine  into 
exile),  without  taking  the  advice  of  his  ministers. 
A  request  was  then  sent  to  the  imperial  govern- 
ment to  amend  the  instructions,  so  that  thereafter 
the  prerogative  of  pardon,  like  all  other  preroga- 
tives, should  be  exercisable  by  the  governor  only 
on  the  advice  of  his  ministers.  To  this  Lord  Car- 
narvon demurred,  but  Mr.  Blake's  arguments  at 
last  convinced  the  imperial  authorities  of  the  ab- 
surdity and  danger  of  leaving  the  way  open  to  a 
governor  to  create  serious  trouble  between  the  two 
.,  countries,  and  the  obnoxious  instruction  was  modi- 
fied as  desired.  The  general  election  of  1878  was 
disastrous  to  the  Mackenzie  administration,  and 
among  other  defeated  candidates  was  Mr.  Blake, 
who  had  sat  for  South  Bruce  for  two  parliaments. 
He  remained  out  of  the  Commons  for  one  session, 
and,  when  he  returned  to  it  as  member  for  West 
Durham,  he  was  chosen  leader  of  the  Liberal  party. 
The  discarding  of  Mr.  Mackenzie,  and  the  selection 
of  Mr.  Blake  as  the  leader  of  the  Liberals,  did  not 
take  place  without  a  decided  protest  on  the  part  of 
many  prominent  in  the  politics  of  the  party,  as 
well  as  among  the  rank  and  file,  and  the  resiUt  was 
a  lack  of  unanimity  among  the  liberals  after  Mr. 
Blake's  assumption  of  the  leadership.  He  is  a  very 
fluent  public  speaker,  and  impresses  an  audience 
with  the  consciousness  of  his  exhaustless  resources ; 
but  he  fails  to  create  that  enthusiasm  and  devotion 
in  his  followers  to  which  his  great  political  oppo- 
nent. Sir  John  A.  Macdonald,  owes  his  most  signal 
successes.  In  the  session  of  the  Dominion  parlia- 
ment of  1886  Mr.  Blake  spoke  in  favor  of  the 
Landry  motion,  the  object  of  which  was  to  censure 
the  government  for  the  execution  of  Kiel,  the  leader 
of  the  northwest  rebellion.  The  motion  was  lost 
by  a  large  majority,  many  of  the  leading  liberals 
voting  with  the  government.  In  1876  Mr.  Blake 
visited  England  and  received  many  marks  of  jHib- 
lic  esteem.  He  has  always  enjoyed  the  confidence 
of  his  fellow-members  of  the  law  society  of  the 
province,  of  which  he  has  for  years  been  the  pre- 
siding and  chief  executive  officer.  He  has  been 
equally  fortunate  in  securing  the  suffrages  of  his 
fellow-graduates  of  the  Provincial  university,  who 
have  repeatedly  elected  him  by  acclamation  to  the 
post  of  chancellor.  He  declined  the  honor  of  the 
knighthood  in  1877.  as  his  father  did  in  1853.— 
Another  son,  Samuel  Hnme,  jurist,  b.  in  Toronto, 
31  Aug.,  1835,  received  his  education  by  private 
tuition  and  at  Upper  Canada  college,  Toronto.  On 
leaving  college  he  spent  four  years  with  the  firm 
of  Ross,  Mitchell  &  Co.,  Toronto,  at  the  expiration 
of  which  period  he  began  the  study  of  law,  and  at 
the  same  time  took  a  course  in  arts  in  University 
College,  Toronto,  being  graduated  there  and  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  m  1858.  He  then  entered  into 
partnership  with  his  brother,  and  the  firm  became 
known  as  that  of  E.  &  S.  H.  Blake.  He  was  vice- 
chancellor  of  Ontario  from  1872  till  16  May,  1881. 
BLAKE,  William  Phipps,  mineralogist,  b.  in 
New  York  city,  1  June,  1830.  He  studied  at  the 
Yale  scientific  school,  and  in  1853  was  one  of  the 
seven  who  received  the  newly  created  degree  of 
Ph.  B.     In  1853  he  became  geologist  and  mineral- 


ogist for  a  U.  S.  Pacific  railroad  expedition.  He 
edited  the  "  IMining  Magazine  "  from  1859  till  1860, 
and  from  1861  till  1863  was  employed  as  a  mining 
engineer,  and  in  connection  with  explorations  in 
Japan,  China,  and  Alaska.  In  1864  he  became 
professor  of  mineralogy  and  geology  in  the  college 
of  California.  He  has  been  connected  with  many 
industrial  exhibitions,  publishing  professional  re- 
ports, and  numerous  papers  on  scientific  subjects, 
and  has  invented  improvements  in  metallurgical 
machinery.  His  report  on  the  precious  metals, 
forming  one  of  the  government  volumes  on  the 
Paris  exposition  of  1867,  is  full  of  valuable  infor- 
mation. He  was  the  first  to  recognize  the  telhir- 
ides  among  the  products  of  California,  and  was  also 
the  first  to  draw  attention  to  the  platinum  metals 
associated  with  the  gold-washings  of  that  state. 

BLAKE,  William  Rnfns,  actor,  b.  in  Halifax, 
Nova  Scotia,  in  1805  ;  d.  in  Boston,  Mass.,  22  April, 
1863.  He  was  of  Irish  parentage.  When  only 
seventeen  years  old  he  went  on  the  stage  at  Hali- 
fax, N.  S.,  taking  the  part  of  the  Prince  of  Wales, 
in  "Richard  the  Third,"  with  a  company  of  stroll- 
ing players.  His  first  appearance  in  New  York 
was  in  1824,  at  the  old  Chatham  theatre,  as  Fred- 
eiick,  in  "  The  Poor  Gentleman,"  and  in  "  The 
Three  Singles."  While  playing  at  the  Tremont 
theatre,  Boston,  in  1827,  he  received  the  first  call 
before  the  curtain  ever  given  to  an  actor  in  this 
country.  In  1839  he  visited  England,  making  his 
first  appearance  there  in  the  Hay  market  theatre. 
London.  On  21  April,  1863,  while  playing  Sir 
Peter  Teazle,  in  the  Boston  theatre,  he  was  sud- 
denly taken  ill,  and  died  the  next  day.  Mr.  Blake 
was  a  man  of  good  education,  and  a  fluent  speaker. 
He  excelled  in  the  delineation  of  old  men.  One  of 
his  best  characters  was  that  of  Jesse  Rural  in  "  Old 
Heads  and  Young  Hearts."  He  was,  at  different 
times,  stage  manager  of  the  Tremont  theatre, 
Boston,  joint  manager  of  the  Walnut  street  theatre, 
Philadelphia,  and  stage  manager  of  the  Broadway 
theatre.  New  York.  He  was  the  author  of  the 
plays  "  Nero  " ;  "  The  Turned  Head  " ;  an  adaptation 
of  Theodore  S.  Fay's  novel  "  Norman  Leslie  "  :  ;md 
"The  Buggs,"  a  burlesque. — His  wife,  Caroline 
Placide,  widow  of  Leigh  AVaring,  was  an  actress. 

BLAKELEY,  Johnston,  naval  officer,  b.  near 
Seaford,  county  Down,  Ireland,  in  October,  1781 ; 
lost  at  sea  in  1814.  His  father,  John  Blakeley, 
brought  him  to 
this  country 
when  he  was 
only  two  years 
old,  and  settled 
in  Wilmington, 
N.  C.  Young 
Blakeley  was 
sent  in  1790  to 
New  York  city, 
where  he  spent 
five  years  in 
study,  and.  in 
1796',  entered 
the  university 
of  North  Caro- 
lina. His  father 
died  in  1797, 
leaving  him 
alone  in  the 
world,  and  in 
1799     financial 

troubles  compelled  him  to  leave  college. 
February,  1800,  he  obtained  a  midshipman's  war- 
rant in  tlie  navy.  He  was  made  lieutenant  10 
Feb.,  1807,  and  in  1813  commanded  the  brig  "  En- 


On  5 


BLAKELOCK 


BLANCHARD 


287 


terprise,"  and  did  good  service  in  protecting  the 
coasting  trade.  On  34  July,  1813,  he  was  made 
master  commander,  and  in  August  was  appointed 
to  the  command  of  the  new  sloop  "  Wasp,"  whicii 
sailed  from  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  on  a  cruise,  1 
May,  1814.  On  28  June  he  fell  in  with  the  Brit- 
ish'brig  "Reindeer,"  and  captured  her  after  a 
severe  action  of  nineteen  minutes.  The  "  Rein- 
deer "  made  three  unsuccessful  attempts  to  board 
the  "  Wasp,"  and  in  the  last  of  these  her  com- 
mander. Captain  Manners,  was  killed.  The  loss 
of  the  "  Reindeer "  was  25  killed,  42  wounded ; 
that  of  the  "  Wasp,"  5  killed,  22  wounded.  Ow- 
ing to  the  danger  of  recapture,  Blakeley  burned 
his  prize,  and,  having  placed  a  portion  of  his 
wounded  prisoners  on  a  neutral  vessel,  put  into 
L'Orient.  Congress  voted  him  a  gold  medal  for 
his  exploit.  Sailing  from  L'Orient  on  27  Aug., 
the  "  Wasp  "  made  several  captures,  one  of  them  a 
vessel  laden  with  military  stores.  On  the  evening 
of  1  Sept.  he  fell  in  with  the  brig  "  Avon,"  and 
compelled  her  to  surrender,  but  the  approach  of 
the  two  brigs  "  Castilian  "  and  "  Tartarus  "  forced 
him  to  abandon  his  prize,  which  soon  sank.  After 
capturing  and  scuttling  two  more  vessels,  the 
"  Wasp,"  on  21  Sept.,  captured  the  brig  "  Atalan- 
ta,"  which  was  sent  to  Savannah,  and  on  24  Nov., 
Blakeley  was  made  captain.  After  this  nothing 
more  was  heard  of  the  "  Wasp,"  or  those  on  board 
of  her,  until  it  was  discovered  that  a  Swedish  ship 
had  spoken  her  on  9  Oct.,  which  was  the  last  news 
of  her.  It  seems  probable  that  the  vessel,  being 
heavily  armed  and  sparred,  and  very  deep-waisted, 
foundered  in  a  gale.  Blakeley's  only  child,  a  daugh- 
ter, was  educated  at  the  expense  of  the  state  of 
North  Carolina. 

BLAKELOCK,  Ralph  Albert,  artist,  b.  in 
New  York  city,  lo  Oct.,  1847.  He  was  educated  in 
the  public  schools  and  in  tlie  college  of  the  city  of 
New  York,  being  graduated  in  1869.  In  the  same 
year  he  travelled  through  the  western  states,  Mexi- 
co, and  the  West  Indies.  He  has  studied  his  art 
with  no  master,  but  has  grown  an  artist  under  his 
own  experiments.  Pie  has  painted  landscapes, 
Indian  figures,  and  moonlight  scenes.  One  of  his 
pictures  represents  the  Ta-vo-kok-i,  or  cii'cle-dance 
of  the  Kavavite  Indians.  In  1882  he  exhibited  at 
the  national  academy  "  Cloverdale,  Cal.,"  "  Moon- 
light," and  "  The  Indian  Fisherman  "  ;  in  1884,  "A 
Landscape,"  and  "  On  the  Face  of  Quiet  Waters  "  ; 
and  in  1885,  "  Cumuli."  All  his  works  are  ideal  or 
creative.  Mr.  Blakelock's  idea  of  his  art  is  that 
"  the  laws  of  the  art  of  painting  are  the  laws  of  the 
creator,  as  to  expression,  color,  form,  unity,  har- 
mony, height,  depth,  tone ;  when  the  knowledge  is 
obtained,  then  we  may  trust  our  emotional  nature 
or  spirit  to  create,  and  then,  upon  comparison,  we 
find  them  like  nature."  He  has  endeavored  to 
bring  out  the  beauty  of  a  painting  by  the  treat- 
ment of  color,  "until  it  seems  to  flow  upon  the 
senses,  as  some  melody." 

BLANC,  Anthony,  R.  C.  archbishop,  b.  in  Sury, 
France,  11  Oct.,  1792;  d.  in  New  Orleans,  20  June, 
1800.  He  was  ordained  in  1816,  and  in  the  follow- 
ing year  sailed  from  Bordeaux  in  company  with 
twenty  young  missionaries  who  had  volunteered 
for  duty  under  Bishop  Dubourg  in  the  southwest- 
ern states.  He  landed  at  Annapolis  and  was  for 
some  months  the  guest  of  Charles  Carroll  at  Car- 
roUton.  In  1818  he  was  appointed  pastor  at  Vin- 
cennes  under  Bishop  Flaget,  and  succeeded  in 
erecting  two  log  chapels,  the  first  seen  in  that 
country.  Bishop  Dubourg  recalled  him  to  New 
Orleans  in  1820,  and  he  was  created  bishop  of  New 
Orleans  in  1835.     In  1838  Texas  was  added  to  his 


diocese,  which  originally  consisted  of  Louisiana 
and  Mississippi.  To  remedy  the  evils  caused  by 
the  size  of  his  bishopric,  he  obtained  from  the  pope 
the  erection  of  two  new  sees  within  his  jurisdiction, 
and  opened  a  theological  seminary  for  the  training 
of  a  native  clergy.  He  introduced  the  Lazarists 
and  Jesuits,  and  intrusted  the  schools  of  higher 
education  to  their  control.  A  controversy  between 
the  lay  trustees  of  the  cathedral  of  New  Orleans 
and  Bisliop  Blanc  at  one  time  assumed  an  alarm- 
ing aspect.  The  trustees  refused  to  receive  the 
rector  whom  the  bisliop  had  appointed,  and  an  in- 
terdict was  laid  on  the  church.  With  the  co-opera- 
tion of  other  bishops,  however,  a  reconciliation  was 
effected  in  1844.  As  Bishop  Blanc  had  more  than 
doubled  the  number  of  churches  in  his  diocese  in 
a  few  years  after  his  consecration,  and  as  the  num- 
ber of  Catholics  had  largely  increased,  the  council 
of  Baltimore,  which  met  in  1849,  advised  the  pope 
to  erect  it  into  an  archbishopric.  In  1850,  there- 
fore. Bishop  Blanc  was  made  archbishop  of  New 
Orleans  with  four  suffragan  dioceses.  In  1855  he 
visited  Rome  to  take  part  in  the  council  then  sit- 
ting, and  on  his  return  he  introduced  the  Christian 
Brothers  and  several  other  educational  orders,  male 
and  female,  into  his  diocese.  Before  his  death  the 
churches  had  increased  through  his  efforts  from 
twenty-six  to  seventy-three,  and  the  number  of 
clergy  from  twenty-seven  to  seventy-three.  He 
erected  three  colleges,  eight  academies  for  young 
ladies,  nine  free  schools,  thirteen  orphan  asylums, 
and  three  convents. 

BLANC,  A'iiicent  Le,  traveller,  b.  in  France  in 
1554 ;  d.  in  1640.  From  his  twelfth  to  his  sixtieth 
year  he  travelled  in  Asia,  Africa,  and  America,  and 
he  gives  in  his  "  Voyages  fameux "  (1648)  an  ac- 
count of  Canada,  which  is  valuable  in  some  re- 
spects, though  confused  in  its  dates. 

BLANCHARD,  Albert  tiallathi,  soldier,  b.  in 
Charlestown,  Mass.,  September,  1810;  d.  in  New 
Orleans,  La.,  21  June,  1891.  He  was  graduated  at 
the  U.  S.  military  academy,  and  served  on  frontier 
duty  until  1840,  when  he  resigned,  with  the  rank 
of  first  lieutenant.  From  1840  till  1846  he  was  a 
merchant  at  New  Orleans,  La.,  and  was  director  of 
public  schools  there  from  1843  till  1845.  During 
the  Mexican  war  he  served  as  captain  of  Louisiana 
volunteers,  being  at  the  battle  of  Monterey  and  the 
siege  of  Vera  Cruz,  and  he  re-entered  the  regular 
army  as  major  of  the  12th  infantry,  serving  till  25 
July,  1848.  After  teaching  in  the  New  Orleans 
public  schools  he  became  a  surveyor,  and  was  after- 
ward connected  with  several  railroad  companies. 
At  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war.  in  1861,  he  was 
made  a  brigadier-general  in  the  confederate  army. 
He  was  wrongly  charged  in  1862  with  issuing  an 
order  that  became  quite  celebrated,  urging  the  in- 
habitants to  fire  at  the  national  army  from  behind 
trees,  and  obstruct  its  passage  in  every  possible 
way.  After  the  war.  Gen.  Blanehard  was  a  civil 
engineer  and  surveyor  in  New  Orleans. 

BLANCHARD,  Joseph,  soldier,  b.  in  Dun- 
stable, near  Nasinia,  N.  H.,  11  Feb.,  1704;  d.  7 
April,  1758.  He  was  a  mandamus  councillor  from 
1740  till  1758;  judge  of  the  superior  court  of  New 
Hampshire  from  1749  till  1758 :  commanded  a  New 
Hampshire  regiment  in  1755,  and  was  engaged  at 
Crown  Point.  He  speculated  in  lands,  and,  in  con- 
junction with  the  Rev.  Samuel  Langdon,  published, 
in  1761.  a  map  of  New  Hampshire. 

BLANCHARD,  Joshua  P.,  peace  advocate,  b. 
in  1782 ;  d.  in  Boston,  Mass.,  in  October,  1868.  He 
was  the  oldest  apostle  of  peace  in  the  United 
States,  laboring  for  the  cause  with  Dr.  Channing 
and  under  the  leadership  of  Dr.  Worcester.     He 


388 


BLANCIIARD 


BLANCHET 


gave  freely  for  its  aid,  and  wrote  much  in  support 
of  it.  Though  one  of  the  most  radical  on  the 
peace  question,  however,  he  was  thoroughly  con- 
sistent, and,  having  decided  that  Christianity  not 
only  discountenances  but  forbids  war,  he  accepted 
all  legitimate  inferences  from  this  position. 

BLANCHARD,  Justus  Wardwell,  soldier,  b. 
in  Milford,  N.  II.,  in  1811 ;  d.  in  Syracuse,  N.  Y., 
14  Sept.,  1877.  Before  the  civil  war  he  was  cap- 
tain of  the  Burgess  corps  of  Albany,  N.  Y.  He 
entered  the  national  service  as  captain  in  the  od 
N.  Y.  volunteers  in  1861,  became  lieutenant-colo- 
nel in  1863,  and  brevet  brigadier-general  of  vol- 
unteers on  13  March,  1865.  He  was  at  Big  Bethel 
in  1861,  took  part  in  Banks's  Red  River  expedi- 
tion, volunteered  on  a  forlorn  hope  at  Port  Hud- 
son, and  was  with  Sheridan  iu  his  Shenandoah 
campaign  in  1864. 

BLANCHARD,  Thomas,  inventor,  b.  in  Sut- 
ton, Mass.,  24  June,  1788;  d.  in  Boston,  10  April, 
1864.     He  had  a  fondness  for  mechanical  employ- 
ment, and  was  associated  with  his  brother  in  tlie 
manufacture  of  tacks  by  hand.     This  process  was 
exceedingly  slow  and  tedious,  and  in  1806  he  in- 
vented a  machine,  which  he  subsequently  so  im- 
pi'oved  that  five  hundred  tacks  could  be  made  in  a 
minute,  with  heads  and  points  more  perfect  than 
those  made  by  the  old-fashioned  plan.    This  patent 
he  sold  for  $5,000  to  a  company  that  afterward 
went  extensively  into  the  manufacture.     After  this 
he  turned  his  attention  to  the  manufacture  of  a 
machine  for  turning  and  finishing  gun-barrels  by  a 
single  operation  ;  and  this  he  accomplished,  finish- 
ing the  octagon  portion  of  the  barrel  by  changing 
the  action  of  his  lathe  to  vibratory  motion.     This 
invention,  afterward  extended  to  the  turning  of  all 
kinds  of  irregular  forms,  was  one  of  the  most  re- 
markable improvements  made  in  the  century.   Dur- 
ing the  progress  of  its  development  he  was  em- 
ployed at  the  Springfield  armory,  where  he  received 
nine  cents  allowance  from  the  government  for  each 
musket  made  by  his  machines,  and  this  was  his 
only  compensatio]!  during  the   first   term   of  his 
patent,  originally  granted  in  1820.     In  1831  he  re- 
ceived a  patent  for  an  improved  form  of  steamboat, 
so  constructed  as  to  ascend  rapids  or  rivers  having 
strong  currents,  which  was  used  on  the  Connecticut 
river  and  in  the  west.     He  introduced  several  im- 
provements in  the  construction  of  railroads  and 
locomotives,  and   was   the    inventor   of    a    steam 
wagon  before  any  railroad  had  ever  been  built.    In 
1851  he  devised  a  process  for  bending  heavy  timber. 
He  also  constructed  machines  for  cutting  and  fold- 
ing envelopes  at  a  single  operation,  and  several 
mortising  machines.     Mr.  Blanchard  was  awarded 
more  than  twenty-five  patents  for  his  inventions, 
for  some  of  which  he  received  ample  compensation. 
BLANCHELANDE,     Philibert      Francois 
Roussel,    Count   de   (blonsh'-lond),   French   sol- 
dier, b.  in  Dijon,  France,  in  1735;  d.  in  Paris,  11 
April,  1793.     He  entered  the  army  in  1747  and  in 
1779  was  sent  to  Martinique,  where  he  became  lieu- 
tenant-colonel.    He  successfully  defended  the  isle 
of  St.  Vincent  against  the  English,  for  which  ser- 
vice he  was  made  a  brigadier.     He  assisted  at  the 
taking  of  Tobago,  and  was  made  its  governor  in 
1781.    This  office  he  afterward  exchanged  for  that 
of  Dominica,  which  he  retained  until  his  return  to 
France  at  the  epoch  of  the  revolution.     Later  he 
was  sent  to  St.  Domingo  as  governor  of  the  French 
part  of  that  island ;  but  showing  a  disposition  to 
disregard  the  authority  of  the  national  assembly, 
he  was  taken  to  France,  condemned,  and  executed. 
BLANCHET,  Augustine  Magloire  Alexan- 
der, R.  C.  bishop,  b.  in  St.  Pierre,  Quebec,  in  1797; 


d.  in  Vancouver,  25  Feb.,  1887.  After  his  ordina- 
tion, in  1821.  he  performed  missionary  duties.  He 
was  caTion  of  the  cathedral  at  Montreal  when  he  was 
nominated  to  the  newly  created  see  of  Walla  Walla 
in  1845.  He  reached  his  diocese  in  1847,  accom- 
panied by  four  oblate  fathers  and  two  secular 
priests,  and  labored  among  the  Indians  for  about  a 
year,  but  with  Jittle  success,  owing  to  troubles 
among  the  natives.  The  see  of  Nesqually  was 
erected  in  1850,  to  which  he  was  transferred  the 
same  year.  He  took  up  his  residence  at  Port  Van- 
couver on  the  Columbia,  where  he  built  a  cathe- 
dral, and  also  erected  churches  at  Olympia  and 
Steilaeoom,  on  Cowlitz  river,  and  among  the  Chi- 
nooks.  The  Catholic  population  of  his  diocese  had 
increased  to  more  than  6,000  in  1853,  when  the  ter- 
ritory of  Washington,  which  included  the  see  of 
Nesqually,  was  organized.  He  resigned  his  diocese 
in  1879,  owing  to  failing  health.  During  his  mis- 
sion he  erected  twenty-four  churches.  He  founded 
colleges  at  Vancouver  and  Walla  Walla,  several  in- 
stitutions conducted  by  the  sisters  of  mercy,  and 
flourishing  Indian  missions  at  Fort  Colville,  Yaki- 
ma, and  Tulalip. 

BLANCHET,  Emilio  (blahn-shay),  Cuban 
author,  b.  in  Matanzas,  Cuba,  in  1829.  In  1870  he 
went  to  Barcelona,  Spain,  whei-e  he  receive^  the  de- 
gree of  Ph.  D.,  and  where  he  has  resided  since.  His 
principal  works  are  "  El  anillo  de  Maria  Tudor," 
a  drama ;  "  Prosa  y  Verso  "  (1858) ;  a  "  Manual  of 
Cuban  History  "  ;  "  Flores  de  la  Literatura  France- 
sa  " :  and  "  El  Libro  de  las  Expiaciones." 

BLANCHET,  Francis  Norbert,  R.  C.  arch- 
bishop, b.  near  Quebec  in  1795 ;  d.  in  Portland, 
Oregon,  in  1883.  He  received  his  ecclesiastical 
training  at  the  Petit  seminaire,  Quebec,  and  was 
ordained  by  Archbishop  Plessis  in  1819.  He  la- 
bored for  seven  years  on  the  missions  of  the  gulf 
of  St.  Lawrence,  and  was  then  appointed  cure  of  St. 
Joseph  de  Soulanges  at  The  Cedars,  where  he  re- 
mained nine  years.  After  John  Jacob  Astor  estab- 
lished the  trading-post  of  Astoria  at  the  mouth  of 
Columbia  river,  and  after  the  organization  of  the 
Hudson  bay  company  in  Oregon,  there  was  a  great 
influx  of  Canadian  Catholics,  who  intermarried 
with  the  Indians.  In  1838  tlie  archbishop  of  Que- 
bec decided  to  establish  a  mission  among  them, 
and  for  this  purpose  selected  fathers  Blanchet  and 
Demers.  Father  Blanchet  made  Vancouver  his 
headquarters,  and  for  the  next  four  years  he  and 
his  companion  were  the  only  priests  in  Oregon, 
which  then  included  British  Columbia  and  extend- 
ed along  the  Pacific  to  the  California  boundary.  In 
1843  he  was  created  vicar-apostolic  and  received 
episcopal  consecration  from  the  archbishop  of  Que- 
bec. At  the  close  of  1844  he  had  converted  most 
of  the  Indian  tribes  of  the  Sound,  Caledonia,  and 
the  lower  Oregon.  He  had  founded  nine  missions 
— four  in  the  Rocky  mountains  and  five  in  lower 
Oregon.  Eleven  churches  had  been  erected,  and 
two  educational  establishments  founded — one  for 
boys  and  one  lor  girls.  There  were  fifteen  priests 
in  the  country,  besides  sisters.  In  accordance  with 
the  representations  of  Bishop  Blanchet,  the  pope 
formed  his  vicariate  into  an  ecclesiastical  province, 
divided  into  three  sees,  over  one  of  which,  that  of 
Oregon  City,  he  was  appointed  bishop.  In  1878  he 
received  Bishop  Seghers  as  coadjutor,  and  in  1881  he 
was  obliged  to  retire,  after  a  priesthood  of  sixty 
two  years  and  an  episcopate  of  thirty-six.  He  has 
been  called  the  "Apostle  of  Oregon." 

BLANCHET,  Joseph  Roderick,  Canadian 
statesman,  b.  in  St.  Pierre,  7  June,  1829  ;  d.  in  Que- 
bec, 4  April,  1890.  He  was  educated  at  the  Que- 
bec seminary,  and  graduated  as  a  physician.     In 


BLANCO 


BLASHPIELD 


289 


1863  he  raised  the  17th  battalion  of  vohinteer  in- 
fantry, and  became  its  lieutenant-colonel.  He  was 
elected  president  of  the  "  Cercle  de  Quebec "  in 
1871  ;  president  of  the  Levis  and  Kennebec  rail- 
way in  1873  ;  and  in  1873  was  appointed  a  member 
of  the  Catholic  section  of  the  council  of  public 
instruction  for  the  province  of  Quebec.  After  the 
St.  Albans  raid  in  1864  he  was  in  command  of  a 
battalion  on  the  frontier,  and  commanded  the 
force  on  the  south  shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence, 
{Quebec  district,  during  the  Fenian  raid  in  1866, 
and  again  in  1870.  He  was  elected  to  the  provin- 
cial legislature,  and  chosen  speaker,  in  which  ca- 
pacity he  officiated  from  the  meeting  of  the  first  par- 
liament after  the  union  in  1867  until  the  dissolution 
of  the  second  parliament  in  1875.  He  was  mayor 
of  the  town  of  Levis  for  six  years,  and  a  representa- 
tive in  the  Canadian  assembly  from  1861  till  1874, 
when  he  resigned  his  seat  in  that  body  (in  conse- 
quence of  the  operation  of  the  act  respecting  dual 
representation)  in  order  to  remain  in  the  Quebec 
assembly,  to  which  he  had  been  first  elected  in 
1867  anil  in  which  he  continued  until  1875,  when 
he  was  defeated.  On  23  Nov.,  1875,  he  was  re- 
turned for  Bellechasse,  which  he  represented  until 
1878,  when  he  was  re-elected  for  Levis.  He  was  a 
liberal-conservative. 

BLANCO,  Niifiez  Vela,  Spanish  viceroy  of 
Peru  in  1543,  during  the  great  troubles  among 
Gonzalo  Pizarro,  Vaca  de  Castro,  Carvajal,  and 
others.  The  viceroy  tried  to  leave  the  country 
several  times,  and  finally  fell  in  one  of  the  battles 
foiiglit  by  the  insurgents  against  each  other. 

BLAND,  Richard,  statesman,  b.  in  Virginia,  6 
May,  1710;  d.  in  Williainsburg,  Va.,  26  Oct.,  1776. 
He  was  educated  at  William  and  Mary  college  and 
at  the  University  of  Edinburgh.  In  1745  he  was 
elected  to  the  house  of  burgesses  and  became  one 
of  its  most  distinguished  members.  He  opposed 
the  stamp  act  in  1764,  and  served  on  the  commit- 
tee to  memorialize  the  king,  lords,  and  commons. 
In  1768  he  was  one  of  the  committee  appointed  to 
remonstrate  with  parliament  on  the  subject  of 
taxation.  After  the  dissolution  of  the  house  in 
the  following  year  he  was  among  the  first  to 
sign  the  non-importation  agreement  proposed 
at  the  subsequent  meeting  held  at  Raleigh  tavern. 
In  1773  he  was  a  member  of  the  committee  of  cor- 
respondence, and  in  1774  a  delegate  to  congress. 
He  was  re-elected  in  1775,  but  declined  the  honor 
on  account  of  his  advanced  age.  He  was  a  fine 
classical  scholar,  and  had  acquired  the  name  of 
"  Virginia  Antiquary  "  on  account  of  his  familiar- 
ity with  every  part  connected  with  the  settlement 
and  progress  of  the  colony.  Moreover,  he  was  ac- 
cepted as  an  authority  on  all  questions  touching 
the  rights  and  privileges  of  the  colony.  Mr.  Bland 
published  "  A  Letter  to  the  Clergy  on  the  Two- 
penny Act"  (1760);  and  ''An  Inquiry  into  the 
Rights  of  the  British  Colonies  "  (1766),  which  was 
"the  first  tract  written  on  that  subject. — Richard's 
nephew,  Theodoric,  soldier,  b.  in  Prince  George 
CO.,  Va.,  28  Jan.,  1742  ;  d.  in  New  York  city,  1  June, 
1790.  In  1753  he  was  sent  to  England,  and,  after 
preliminary  studies  at  Wakefield,  he  pursued  the 
academic  and  subsequently  the  medical  course  at 
the  University  of  Edinburgh.  After  being  admitted 
to  the  practice  of  medicine  in  England,  he  returned 
to  this  country  about  1764.  Dr.  Bland  was  one  of 
the  number  who  petitioned  the  house  of  burgesses 
to  enact  a  law  forbidding  any  person  to  practise 
medicine  in  the  colony  without  a  proper  license. 
He  was  among  those  who  removed  from  Lord  Dun- 
more's  palace  the  arms  and  ammunition  which  that 
■official  had  abstracted  from  the  public  arsenal,  and 

VOL.  I. — 19 


he  afterward  published  a  series  of  bitterly  indig- 
nant letters  against  the  governor,  under  the  pen- 
name  of  "  Cassius."  He  continued  active  in  his 
profession  until  the  beginning  of  the  revolutionary 
war,  when  he  at  once  sided  with  the  colonists  and 
became  captain  of  the  first  troop  of  Virginia  cav- 
alry. After  the  enrolment  of  six  companies  he 
joined  the  main  army  in  1777  as  lieutenant-colonel. 
Later  he  became  colonel,  and  throughout  the  war 
signalized  himself  as  a  vigilant  and  efficient  officer, 
enjoying  the  esteem  and  confidence  of  Gen.  Wash- 
ington. He  especially  distinguished  himself  at 
the  battle  of  Brandywine,  and  was  placed  in  com- 
mand of  the  prisoners  taken  at  Saratoga,  who  were 
marched  to  Charlottesville,  Va.  In  1779  he  had 
command  of  the  troops  at  the  AlVjemarle  barracks 
in  Virginia.  He  served  during  the  war  for  one 
term  in  the  Virginia  senate,  and  later  was  elected 
to  the  continental  congress,  serving  from  1780  till 
1783.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the  Virginia  con- 
vention of  1788  on  the  adoption  of  the  federal  con- 
stitution, and  was  among  those  opposed  to  adop- 
tion. Then  he  became  representative  from  Virginia 
to  the  first  congress,  taking  his  seat  30  March, 
1789.  His  death  occurred  during  the  sessions  of 
congress,  and  he  was  the  first  member  whose  de- 
cease was  announced  in  that  body.  He  was  buried 
in  Trinity  churchyard.  See  the  "  Memoir  of  The- 
odoric Biand,"  in  "  The  Bland  Papers,"  collected 
by  Charles  Campbell  (Petersburg,  1840). 

BLAND,  Richard  Parks,  congressman,  b.  near 
Hartford,  Ky.,  19  Aug.,  1835 ;  d.  in  Lebanon,  Mo., 
15  June,  1899.  He  was  an  orphan,  and  worked  dur- 
ing the  summer  months  in  order  to  obtain  means 
with  which  to  attend  school  in  the  winter.  When 
he  became  of  age  he  taught,  and  so  was  enabled  to 
follow  his  academic  studies.  Later  he  studied  law, 
was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  practised  his  profes- 
sion. In  1855  he  removed  to  Missouri,  and  then 
westward  to  California.  Subsequently  he  settled 
in  Virginia  City,  Nevada,  where  he  became  inter- 
ested in  various  mining  operations,  and  also  de- 
voted his  attention  to  law.  In  1860  he  became 
treasurer  of  Carson  co.,  Nevada,  and  continued  in 
that  office  until  the  organization  of  the  state  gov- 
ernment. In  1865  he  returned  to  Missouri  and 
settled  in  Rolla,  entering  into  a  law  partnership 
with  his  brother  C.  C.  Bland.  In  1869  he  removed 
to  Lebanon,  where  he  followed  his  profession.  In 
1873  he  was  elected  to  congress  from  Missouri  as 
a  democrat,  and  he  has  since  been  regularly  re- 
elected. He  became  in  1875  chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee on  mines  and  mining,  and  introduced  in 
the  44th  congress  the  well-known  "  Bland  Bill," 
which  provided  that  the  secretary  of  the  treasury 
shall  purchase  sufficient  bullion  to  coin  the  mini- 
mum amount  of  .$2,000,000  a  month  in  silver  dol- 
lars of  4124  grains  each,  and  that  these  dollars 
shall  be  legal  tender. 

BLASCO,  Niiilez,  one  of  the  Spanish  conquer- 
ors of  America,  b.  in  1490.  After  making  explora- 
tions along  the  coasts  of  Darien,  he  discovered 
near  the  gulf  of  Urabe  an  isthmus  (Panama)  sepa- 
rating the  two  oceans,  and  had  four  fortresses  built 
there.  He  defeated  the  Indian  caciques  and  at- 
tempted to  become  the  sovereign  of  that  portion  of 
America,  but  was  soon  overcome  by  Spanish  troops 
and  executed  by  order  of  King  Ferdinand. 

BLASHFIELD,  Edwin  HowLind,  painter,  b. 
in  New  York,  15  Dec,  1848.  lie  was  prepared  to 
enter  Harvard  at  the  Boston  Latin  school,  but  dur- 
ing his  course  of  study  there  developed  a  taste  for 
art  so  pronounced  that  it  was  decided  to  send  him 
abroad.  He  studied  and  painted  for  ten  years  in 
Paris,  and  then,  in  pursuit  of  his  profession,  made 


BLaVaTSKY 


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BLEDSOE 


BLEECKER 


291 


Buddhism  or  theosophy.  Mme.  Blavatsky,  after 
spending  seven  years  in  a  Himalayan  retreat  study- 
ing the  mysteries  of  this  subject,  came  to  the  Unit- 
ed States  and  was  naturalized.  About  1875  she 
founded  the  Theosophical  Society,  with  Col.  Fred- 
erick P.  Olcott  as  its  president  and  herself  as  secre- 
tary. The  objects  of  the  organization  are :  1.  To 
form  the  nucleus  of  a  universal  brotherhood ;  2. 
To  study  Aryan  literature,  religion,  and  science ; 
3.  To  indicate  the  importance  of  this  inquiry ;  4. 
To  explore  the  hidden  mysteries  of  nature  and  the 
latent  powers  of  man.  Branches  of  the  society 
were  founded  in  America  and  in  England ;  and  sub- 
sequently Mme.  Blavatsky  returned  to  India,  there 
to  establish  the  society  among  the  natives.  She 
was  the  author  of  "  Isis  Unveiled  :  a  Master-Key 
to  the  Mysteries  of  Ancient  and  Modern  Science 
and  Theology  "  (New  York.  1877),  and  was  editor 
of  "  The  Theosophist,"  published  in  India.  See 
"  The  Occult  World,"  by  A.  P.  Sinnett  (London, 
1884),  and  "Memoirs  of  Mme.  Blavatsky"  by  the 
same  author  (New  York,  1886). 

BLEDSOE,  Albert  Taylor,  educator,  b.  in 
Frankfort,  Ky..  9  Nov.,  1809  ;  d.  in  Alexandria,  Va., 
8  Dec,  1877.  He  was  appointed  from  Kentucky  to 
the  U.  S.  Military  Academy,  and  was  graduated  in 
1880,  after  which  he  served  in  the  army  at  Fort 
Gibson,  Indian  territory,  until  31  Aug.,  1832,  when 
he  resigned.  From  1833  till  1834  he  was  adjunct 
professor  of  mathematics  and  teacher  of  the  French 
language  at  Kenyon,  and  in  183o-'6  professor  of 
mathematics  at  Miami.  After  studying  theology 
he  was  ordained  a  clergyman  in  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  church  in  1835,  and  was  connected  with 
various  churches  in  Ohio  until  1838.  Having  pre- 
viously studied  law,  he  began  its  practice  in  Spring- 
field, ill.,  in  1838,  and  continued  it  there  and  in 
Washington,  D.  C.,  till  1848.  During  the  years 
1848-'54  he  was  professor  of  mathematics  and  as- 
tronomy at  the  University  of  Mississippi,  and  from 
1854  till  18()1  professor  of  mathematics  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Virginia.  In  1861  he  entered  the  con- 
federate service  as  colonel,  but  was  soon  made  chief 
of  the  war  bureau  and  acting  assistant  secretary  of 
war.  In  1863  he  went  to  England  to  collect  mate- 
rial for  his  work  on  the  constitution,  which  he  pub- 
lished on  his  return  in  1806.  He  then  settled  in 
Baltimore  and  began  the  publication  of  the  "  South- 
ern Review,"  hitherto  mainly  of  a  political  charac- 
ter, which  under  his  editorship  assumed  a  theo- 
logical tone  and  became  the  recognized  organ  of 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  South.  In  1868 
he  became  principal  of  the  Louisa  school,  Balti- 
more, and  in  1871  was  ordained  a  minister  in  the 
Methodist  church.  In  addition  to  numerous  con- 
tributions to  periodicals  he  published  "  An  Exam- 
ination of  Edwards  on  the  Will "  (Philadelphia, 
1845) ;  "  A  Theodicy  or  Vindication  of  the  Divine 
Glory  "  (New  York,  1853) ;  "  Liberty  and  Slavery  " 
(Philadelphia,  1857) ;  "  Is  Davis  a  Traitor  ?  or  was 
Secession  a  Constitutional  Right  previous  to  the 
War  of  1861  ?  "  (Baltimore.  1866) ;  and  "  Philosophy 
of  Mathematics  "  (Philadelphia,  1866). 

BLEDSOE,  Jesse,  senator,  b.  in  Culpepper  co., 
Va.,  6  April,  1776;  d.  near  Nacogdoches,  Texas,  30 
June,  1837.  When  a  boy  he  emigrated  to  Ken- 
tucky and  then  studied  at  the  Transylvania  semi- 
nary, where  he  became  a  fine  scholar.  He  after- 
ward studied  law  and  practised  with  great  success. 
In  1808  he  became  secretary  of  state  under  Gov. 
Chas.  Scott,  and  in  1813  was  a  member  of  the 
legislature.  He  was  elected  U.  S.  senator  from 
Kentucky,  and  served  from  May,  1813,  till  1815. 
From  1817  till  1820  he  was  state  senator.  In  1830 
he  was  a  presidential  elector,  and  in  1822  was  ap- 


pointed circuit  judge  in  the  Lexington  district. 
Accordingly  he  settled  in  Lexington,  where  he  also 
became  professor  of  law  in  Transylvania  University. 
Later  he  returned  to  the  practice  of  his  profession, 
in  1833  removed  to  Mississippi,  and  in  1835  to 
Texas,  where  he  was  engaged  collecting  historical 
material  at  the  time  of  his  death. 

BLEECKER,  Ann  Eliza,  poet,  b.  in  New  York 
city  in  October,  1753  ;  d.  in  Tomhannock,  near  Al- 
bany, N.  Y.,  23  Nov.,  1783.  She  was  the  youngest 
daughter  of  Brandt  Schuyler,  of  New  York,  and 
passed  her  early  life  in  that  city.  In  1769  she  mar- 
ried John  J.  Bleecker,  of  NewRochelle,  and,  after 
a  year's  residence  in  Poughkeepsie,  settled  in  Tom- 
hannock. Here  her  life  was  very  happy  until  the 
arrival  of  Burgoyne's  army  in  1777,  when  she  fled 
with  her  young  children  under  conditions  of  great 
suffering,  reaching  Albany  at  first,  and  then  Red 
Hook,  where  she  remained  until  after  the  surren- 
der of  Burgoyne.  Soon  after  returning  to  her 
home  at  Tomhannock  she  was  taken  sick  and  died. 
Her  poems,  devoted  principally  to  domestic  topics, 
were  rather  melancholy,  and  were  written  as  the 
occasion  suggested,  without  any  intention  of  publi- 
cation. A  number  of  these,  however,  appeared  in 
the  "  New  York  Magazine."  Some  years  after  her 
death  her  stories  and  poems  were  collected  and 
published  under  the  title  of  "  Posthumous  Works 
of  Ann  Eliza  Bleecker  in  Prose  and  Verse,"  with  a 
memoir  by  her  daughter,  Margaretta  V.  Faugeres 
(new  ed.,  New  York,  1809). 

BLEECKER,  Anthony,  author,  b.  in  New  York 
city  in  October,  1770 ;  d.  there  13  March,  1827.  He 
was  the  son  of  Anthony  Lispenard  Bleecker,  who 
resided  on  the  estate  through  which  Bleecker  street 
now  passes,  and  from  which  it  has  taken  its  name. 
He  was  graduated  at  Columbia  in  1791  and  studied 
law,  but  never  was  a  successful  practitioner  on  ac- 
count of  his  unconquerable  diffidence.  His  natural 
tastes  led  him  to  the  pursuit  of  letters,  and  for 
thirty  years  he  was  a  prolific  contributor  of  both 
prose  and  verse  to  the  periodical  literature  of  New 
York  and  Philadelphia.  The  *•  Narrative  of  the 
Brig  Commerce  "  is  one  of  his  best-known  works. 
He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  New  York  His- 
torical Society,  and  excelled  all  his  associates,  ex- 
cept Pintard,  in  devotion  to  the  interests  of  the 
new  institution ;  also  a  trustee  of  the  New  York 
Society  Library  from  1810  till  1826.  The  poet 
Bryant  wrote  in  1825 :  "  Anthony  Bleecker,  who 
read  everything  that  came  out,  and  sometimes 
wrote  for  the  magazines,  was  an  amusing  com- 
panion, always  ready  with  his  puns,  of  whom  Miss 
Eliza  Fenno,  before  her  marriage  to  Verplanck  in 
1811,  wrote  that  she  had  gone  into  the  country  to 
take  refuge  from  Anthony  Bleecker's  puns." — His 
nephew,  Richard  Wade,  b.  in  New  York  city,  27 
Aug.,  1831 ;  d.  there,  21  April,  1875.  He  was  en- 
gaged in  business  in  New  York  city,  and  for  some 
time  was  president  of  the  North  American  Fire 
Insurance  Company.  He  was  an  active  patron  of 
the  arts  and  sciences,  and  the  literary  receptions 
held  at  his  residence  were  attended  by  prominent 
artists  and  authors.  Mr.  Bleecker  was  a  member 
of  the  New  York  Historical  Society,  a  fellow  of 
the  National  Academy  of  Design,  a  member  of  the 
American  Institute,  and  also  of  other  art  and  his- 
torical societies  both  at  home  and  abroad. 

BLEECKER,  Harmanus,  lawver,  b.  in  Albany, 
N.  Y.,  19  Oct.,  1779;  d.  there,  19"  July,  1849.  He 
studied  at  Union,  but  before  the  completion  of  his 
course  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Albany,  where 
he  practised  many  years  as  a  partner  of  Theodore 
Sedgwick.  Afterward  he  was  elected  to  congress 
as  a  federalist,  serving  from  4  Nov.,  1811,  till  3 


292 


BLBNAC 


BLENNERIIASSETT 


March,  1813.  His  career  in  congress  was  memora- 
ble for  his  opposition  to  the  war  of  1812.  From 
1822  till  1834  he  was  a  regent  of  the  University  of 
the  State  of  New  York.  In  1839  he  was  appointed 
charge  d'affaires  at  the  Plague,  where  he  remained 
until  1842,  when  he  returned  to  Albany,  N.  Y. 

BLENAC,  Charles  de,  governor  of  the  French 
colonies  in  the  West  Indies  and  South  America 
from  1712  to  1736.  He  died,  soon  after  he  was  re- 
called by  the  king  of  France,  in  the  latter  year. 
During  his  administration,  which  was  most  pros- 
perous, the  secretaries  of  finance,  justice,  and  po- 
lice for  the  French  section  of  the  island  of  Santo 
Domingo  were  first  appointed,  1718.  Several  seri- 
ous revolts  (from  1720  to  1728)  were  suppressed  by 
pacific  means.  Then  Blenac  procured  a  revocation 
of  the  privileges  of  the  West  India  company,  which 
were  the  cause  of  the  troubles,  the  company  having 
the  exclusive  right  to  import  slaves  into  the  island. 
Blenac  also  put  an  end  to  filibusterism,  which  had 
long  been  the  only  occupation  of  many  men  in 
Hayti.     He  promoted  agriculture  and  commerce. 

iJLENKER,  Louis,  soldier,  b.  in  Worms,  Hesse 
Darmstadt,  Germany,  31  July,  1812 ;  d.  in  Rock- 
land CO.,  N.  Y.,  31  Oct.,  1863.  In  his  youth  he  was 
apprenticed  to  a  jeweller,  but  on  becoming  of  age 
he  enlisted  in  the  Bavarian  legion  that  was  raised 
to  accompany  Prince  Otho,  then  recently  elected 
king,  to  Greece.  When  the  legion  was  disbanded 
m  1837,  he  received  the  rank  of  lieutenant.  He 
then  returned  home  and  began  the  study  of  medi- 
cine in  the  University  of  Munich,  but  soon  gave 
this  up  to  engage  in  the  wine  business  in  Worms. 
In  1849  he  was  a  leading  member  of  the  revolu- 
tionary government  in  that  city,  and  also  burgo- 
master and  commander  of  the  national  guard.  He 
fought  in  several  successful  engagements  with  the 
Prussians  ;  but  the  revolutionists  being  soon  com- 
pletely crushed,  he  retired  into  Switzerland.  In 
September,   1849,   having   been   ordered   to   leave 

that  country, 
he  came  to  the 
United  States 
and  settled  in 
Rockland  CO.,  N. 
Y.,  where  he  un- 
dertook to  cul- 
tivate a  farm. 
Later  he  en- 
gaged in  busi- 
ness in  New 
York,  and  so 
'  "  continued  until 
j\,  the  beginning 
'  of  the  civil  war, 

when  he  organ- 
ized the  8th  reg- 
iment of  New 
York  volun- 
teers, of  which 
he  was  commis- 
sioned colonel, 
31  May,  1861. 
After  some  time  spent  in  Washington  his  regiment 
was  incorporated  with  others  into  a  brigade  attached 
to  Col.  Miles's  5th  division  in  Gen.  McDowell's  army. 
During  the  first  battle  of  Bull  Run  this  division 
acted  as  a  reserve,  and  covered  the  retreat  with 
great  steadiness,  recovering  two  Union  colors  left 
on  the  field  of  battle  by  retreating  soldiers.  For 
his  services  at  that  time  he  was  commissioned  briga- 
dier-general of  the  volunteers  9  Aug.,  1861.  He  re- 
mained with  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  until  the 
beginning  of  the  peninsular  campaign,  when  he 
was  ordered  to  western  Virginia.     He  took  an  act- 


ive part  in  the  battle  of  Cedar  Keys,  8  June,  1862  • 
but  after  the  arrival  of  Gen.  Fremont  he  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Gen.  Sigel.  Gen.  Blenker  was  then  or- 
dered to  Washington,  and  on  31  March,  1863,  was 
mustered  out  of  service.  He  returned  to  his  farm 
in  Rockland  co.,  where  he  remained  until  his 
death,  which  resulted  from  internal  injuries  re- 
ceived from  a  fall  of  his  hoi'se  in  entering  the  town 
of  Warrenton,  Va..  while  with  his  command. 

BLENNERHASSETT,  Harman,  scholar,  b.  in 
Hampshire,  England,  8  Oct.,  1764  or  1765;  d.  on 
the  island  of  Guernsey,  1  Feb.,  1831.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Westminster  school,  London,  and  at 
Trinity  college,  Dublin,  where  he  also  studied  law, 
and  received  the  degree  of  B.  A.  and  LL.  B.  in 
1790.  Having  succeeded  to  the  family  property, 
he   spent  some   time   in  travel  on   the  continent. 


where  he  acquired  the  republican  ideas  that  were 
prevalent  at  that  time.  He  therefore  decided  to 
settle  in  the  United  States,  and,  after  marrying 
Adeline  Agnew,  daughter  of  the  lieutenant-gov- 
ernor of  the  isle  of  Man,  disposed  of  his  estates, 
supplied  himself  with  an  extensive  library  and 
philosophical  apparatus,  and  sailed  in  1797  for 
New  York.  In  1798  he  purchased  a  small  island 
in  the  Ohio  river,  a  few  miles  below  Parkersburg, 
then  called  Backus  island.  Here  he  erected  a 
spacious  mansion  which  he  fitted  up  with  rich  fur- 
niture, costly  pictures  and  statues,  and  had  the 
surrounding  groimds  elaborately  cultivated.  In 
this  romantic  locality  he  passed  his  time  in  the 
study  of  chemistry,  galvanism,  astronomy,  and 
similar  sciences,  and  in  dispensing  a  generous  hos- 
pitality to  his  many  distinguished  guests.  Among 
the  latter  was  Aaron  Burr,  who  visited  him  in 
1805,  and  succeeded  in  interesting  him  in  his  trea- 
sonable schemes,  the  real  character  of  which  Blen- 
nerhassett  probably  did  not  realize.  The  fortune 
that  had  been  so  liberally  expended  in  the  fitting 
up  of  his  property  had  become  somewhat  dimin- 
ished, and  he  gladly  entered  upon  any  enterprise 
by  means  of  which  large  returns  might  be  secured. 
He  published  a  series  of  papers  supporting  the 
views  of  Burr  in  the  "  Ohio  Gazette,"  under  the 
pen-name  of  Querist,  and  he  also  invested  large 
sums  of  money  in  boats,  provisions,  arms,  and  am- 
munition for  "the  expedition.  Soon  after  this  he 
went  to  Kentucky,  whence,  on  being  warned  of 
Burr's  real  designs,  he  returned  to  his  island 
greatly  disheartened  ;  but  in  response  to  the  re- 
peated solicitations  of  Burr  and  to  the  persuasions 
of  his  wife,  he  persisted  in  the  undertaking.  A 
proclamation  against  the  scheme  having  been  is- 
sued by  President  Jefferson,  Blennerhassett,  who 
was  expecting  arrest,  escaped  from  the  island,  and, 
eluding  pursuit,  joined  Burr  at  the  mouth  of  Cum- 
berland river.  Meanwhile  his  home  was  overrun 
by  a  party  under  Col,.  Phelps,  who  wantonly  de- 
stroyed milch  of  the  prtperty.    Burr's  scheme  hav- 


BLISS 


BLISS 


293 


incf  resulted  in  total  failure,  Blennerhassett  was 
arrested,  but  was  soon  discharged.  He  then  at- 
tempted to  return  to  his  island  home,  but  while  on 
his  way  was  again  arrested  at  Lexington,  Ky.,  and 
tiirown  into  prison.  He  secured  the  legal  services 
of  Henry  Clay,  who  was  unsuccessful  in  procuring 
his  discharge,  and  in  consequence  he  was  taken  to 
Richmond  for  tinal  on  a  charge  of  treason.  The 
prosecution  against  Burr  having  failed,  Blenner- 
hassett and  the  other  conspirators  were  discharged 
in  1807.  His  property  had  been  seized  by  credit- 
ors, tiie  beautiful  grounds  used  for  the  cultivation 
of  hemp,  and  the  mansion  converted  into  a  store- 
house for  the  preservation  of  crops.  It  was  after- 
ward burned,  having  been  accidentally  fired  by 
fome  careless  negroes.  Blennerhassett  then  settled 
in  Natchez,  and  afterward  purchased  1,000  acres  of 
land  for  the  cultivation  of  cotton,  near  Port  Gib- 
soti,  Miss. ;  but  this  venture  proved  unfortunate. 
The  war  of  1812  prevented  the  success  of  most 
commercial  enterprises,  and  his  property  steadily 
diminished.  In  1819  he  removed  to  Montreal, 
where  he  began  the  practice  of  law.  hoping  through 
the  favor  of  his  old  schoolmate,  the  duke  of  Rich- 
mond, to  obtain  a  judgeship.  Failing  in  this,  he 
sailed  for  Ireland  in  1822,  in  order  to  recover  his 
estates  by  means  of  a  reversionary  claim,  but  was 
unsuccessful.  After  various  efforts  to  secure  em- 
ployment he  retired  to  Guernsey,  where  he  died. 
See  William  H.  Salford's  "  Life  of  Ilarman  Blen- 
nerhassett "  (Cincinnati,  1853)  and  "  Blennerhassett 
Papers,  embodying  the  Private  Journal  of  Harman 
Blennerhassett"  (New  York,  1864).  John  S.  C. 
Abbott,  under  the  title  of  "  And  who  was  Blenner- 
hassett 1 "  has  very  pleasantly,  in  "  Harper's  Maga- 
zine "  for  February,  1877,  spoken  of  the  life  of  this 
interesting  character  in  his  island  home  in  the  Ohio. 
— His  wife,  Adeline  Ag'iiew,  whom  he  married  in 
1790,  was  a  woman  of  great  beauty  and  much  talent. 
She  was  an  accomplished  linguist  and  a  poet  of  some 
ability.  Her  works  include  "  The  Deserted  Isle  " 
(1832)  and  "The  Widow  of  the  Rock,  and  other 
Poems"  (1824).  In  1842,  after  the  death  of  her 
husband,  she  returned  to  the  United  ■  States  and 
petitioned  congress  for  a  grant  of  money  as  com- 
pensation for  the  spoliation  of  her  former  home. 
The  petition  was  presented  by  Henry  Clay,  and  a 
committee  of  the  senate  reported  favorably  upon 
it;  but  she  died  before  the  bill  was  acted  upon, 
and  was  buried  in  New  York  by  sisters  of  charity. 

BLISS,  Daniel,  missionary,  b.  in  Georgia,  Vt., 
17  Aug.,  1823.  He  studied  at  Kingsville,  Ohio, 
academy,  and  was  graduated  at  Amherst  in  1852. 
He  studied  from  1852  till  1855  at  Andover  theo- 
logical seminary,  and  was  ordained  a  Congrega- 
tional clergyman,  17  Oct.,  1855.  He  was  mission- 
ary of  the  American  board  at  Mt.  Lebanon,  Syria, 
from  1856  till  1862,  and  subsequently,  till  1864, 
was  secretary  to  the  board  in  New  York.  During 
1864-6  he  labored  in  England  in  behalf  of  the 
Protestant  college  at  Beyrout,  Syria,  of  which  he 
has  been  president  since  1864.  He  has  published 
several  tracts,  and  is  the  author  of  a  "  Mental  _  Phi- 
losophy "  and  "  Natural  Philosophy  "  in  Arabic. 

BLISS,  Daniel,  Canadian  jurist,  b.  in  Concord, 
Mass.,  in  1740  ;  d.  in  Lincoln,  New  Brunswick,  in 
1806.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1760,  and 
was  one  of  the  barristers  and  attorneys  that  were 
addressers  of  Gov.  Hutchinson  in  1774.  He  was 
proscribed  under  the  act  of  1778,  joined  the  British 
array,  and  was  appointed  commissary.  Soon  after 
the  revolution  he  removed  to  New  Brunswick,  and 
became  a  member  of  the  provincial  council,  and 
chief  justice  of  the  court  of  common  pleas. — His 
son,  Joiin  Mnrray,  jurist,  b.  in  Massachusetts  in 


1771 ;  d.  in  St.  John,  New  Brunswick,  in  August, 
1834.  He  settled  in  New  Brunswick  in  1786,  stud- 
ied law,  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  represented 
the  county  of  York  in  the  house  of  assembly.  In 
1816  he  was  elevated  to  the  bench  and  to  a  seat  in 
his  majesty's  council.  On  the  decease,  in  1824,  of 
Ward  Chipman,  who  was  president  and  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  colony.  Judge  Bliss  admin- 
istered the  government  until  the  arrival  of  Sir 
Howard  Douglas,  a  period  of  nearly  a  year.  He 
was  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court,  and  was  the 
senior  justice  at  the  time  of  his  death. 

BLISS,  George,  lawyer,  b.  in  Springfield, 
Mass.,  16  Nov.,  1793 ;  d.  there,  19  April,  1873.  He 
was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1813,  studied  law  under 
his  father,  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  entered 
upon  practice  at  Monson,  Mass.,  where  he  remained 
for  seven  years.  He  then  returned  to  Springfield, 
and  formed  a  law  partnership  with  Jonathan 
Dwight,  Jr.,  and  in  1827  was  elected  to  the  lower 
branch  of  the  legislature.  He  served  for  three 
successive  terms,  and  also  in  1853,  when  he  was 
elected  speaker.  In  1835  he  was  elected  president 
of  the  state  senate.  His  attention  was  subse- 
quently occupied  with  the  completion  of  the  West- 
ern railroad  between  Worcester  and  Albany,  and 
prior  to  1846  he  was  president  of  the  road.  After 
retiring  from  this  office  he  spent  some  time  in 
travel  abroad,  and  on  his  return  again  interested 
himself  in  railroad  enterprises,  chiefly  in  the  west- 
ern states,  in  conducting  which  he  gained  a  wide 
reputation.  From  May,  1860,  until  his  death  he 
lived  in  retirement  at  Springfield. 

BLISS,  Jonathan,  Canadian  jurist,  b.  in 
Springfield,  Mass.,  in  1742 ;  d.  in  Fredericton,  New 
Brunswick,  in  1822.  He  was  graduated  at  Har- 
vard in  1763,  and  studied  law  in  the  office  of 
Lieut.-Gov.  Hutchinson.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
general  court  of  Massachusetts  in  1768,  was  one  of 
the  seventeen  rescinders,  and  was  proscribed  under 
the  act  of  1778.  He  removed  to  New  Brunswick 
with  other  loyalists  in  1783,  and  in  1785  was 
elected  to  the  provmcial  legislature,  and  the  same 
year,  while  in  England,  was  appointed  the  second 
attorney-general  of  the  province.  In  1809  he  be- 
came chief  justice,  which  office  he  retained  until 
his  death.  He  was  also  president  of  the  council. 
One  of  his  sons,  William  Blowers,  became  a  judge 
of  the  supreme  court,  Halifax,  and  another,  Henry, 
was  a  lawyer  in  London,  and  for  many  years  agent 
for  New  Brunswick  in  England. 

BLISS,  Philip  Paul,  singing  evangelist,  b.  in 
Clearfield  co..  Pa.,  9  July,  1838 ;  d.  near  Ashtabu- 
la, Ohio,  29  Dec,  1876.  His  early  years  were 
passed  in  the  wilds  of  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio,  and 
his  education  was  of  the  most  rudimentary  de- 
scription ;  but  he  possessed  an  innate  passion  for 
music,  which  at  first  was  only  cultivated  by  listen- 
ing to  his  father  singing  hymns.  When  about  ten 
years  old  he,  for  the  first  time,  heard  a  piano,  and 
was  unable  to  resist  the  temptation  that  lured  him 
through  the  open  door  and  into  the  room.  He 
stood  spell-bound  until  the  music  ceased,  and  the 
player,  becoming  aware  of  his  presence,  barefooted 
and  in  rags,  harshly  ordered  him  away.  Until 
1855  he  worked  on  a  farm  and  at  wood-cutting, 
but  so  faithfully  improved  his  occasional  opportu- 
nities for  study  that  by  1856  he  had  obtained 
enough  education  to  teach  a  school  in  Hartsville, 
Alleghany  co.,  N.  Y.  The  following  winter  he, 
for  the  first  time,  attended  a  singing-school  in  To- 
wanda.  Pa.  The  same  winter  he  attended  a  musi- 
cal convention  in  Rome,  N.  Y.  In  1858  he  taught 
school  in  Rome,  his  vocal  powers  developing 
through  constant  exercise.     In  the  summer  of  1860 


294 


BLISS 


BLOCK 


he  was  providentially  enabled  to  attend  the  nor- 
mal academy  of  music  at  Geneseo,  N.  Y.,  and  in 
the  following  winter  began  to  teach  music  and  to 
compose  songs,  which  soon  attained  local  popular- 
ity. During  1865  he  was  drafted  into  the  army, 
and  reported  for  duty  at  Carlisle  barracks ;  but,  as 
the  war  was  over,  he  was  soon  discharged.  During 
the  twelve  years  beginning  with  1864  he  wrote  the 
songs  that  have  made  him  famous.  In  1865  he 
formed  a  business  partnership  with  a  Chicago 
firm,  and  held  musical  conventions  and  gave  con- 
certs throughout  the  northwestern  states.  His 
fame  as  a  "  singing  evangelist "  did  not  spread  be- 
yond the  localities  whither  his  engagements  led 
him  until  a  chance  meeting  with  D.  L.  Moody,  the 
famous  revivalist  leader,  brought  about  a  warm 
friendship  between  the  two,  and  resulted  in  his 
self-consecration  to  missionary  labors  that  carried 
his  songs  all  over  the  world.  But  it  was  not  until 
1874  that  he  deliberately  devoted  himself  to  evan- 
gelistic work,  though  he  had  always  been  religiously 
inclined,  and  had  united  with  the  Baptist  church 
at  Elk  Run,  Pa.,  when  thirteen  years  old.  A  fine 
personal  presence,  a  native  gift  of  effective  speech, 
and  a  wonderful  voice,  gave  him  an  iri'esistible 
power  over  miscellaneous  audiences.  PI  is  singing, 
though  not  scientific,  according  to  classical  stand- 
ards, appealed  strongly  to  the  hearts  of  tlie  multi- 
tudes. According  to  an  expert,  the  "  chest  range  " 
of  his  voice  was  from  D  flat  below  to  A  flat  above, 
and  this  without  straining  or  confusing  the  vowel 
sounds.  The  motive  of  his  most  famous  song 
was  supplied  by  a  message  signalled  by  flag  during 
the  civil  war  from  Kenesaw  mountain,  Georgia,  to 
Aitoona  Pass,  twenty  miles  distant,  over  the  heads 
of  the  enemy.  It  ran  thus :  "  Hold  the  fort ;  I  am 
coming. — W.  T.  Sherman."  These  words  and  the 
inspiring  air  that  Mr.  Bliss  composed  to  accom- 
pany them  are  sung  wherever  English  is  spoken. 
Others  of  his  compositions  have  commanded  a  pop- 
ularity hardly  second  to  that  of  "  Hold  the  Fort." 
Among  them  are  "  Down  Life's  Dark  Vale  we 
Wander,"  "  Hallelujah  !  'tis  done ! "  "  Jesus  Loves 
Me,"  and  "Pull  for  the  Shore,  Sailor!"  As  a 
conductor  of  popular  meetings  for  the  purpose  of 
stimulating  religious  zeal,  Mr.  Bliss  was  remark- 
ably successful ;  his  services  were  in  demand 
throughout  the  United  States  and  Canada,  and  his 
influence  as  a  revivalist  was  extraordinary.  He 
lost  his  life  in  a  railway  disaster  near  Ashtabula, 
Ohio,  where  a  bridge  gave  way  under  the  train. 
When  last  seen  alive  Mr.  Bliss  was  striving  to  res- 
cue his  wife  from  the  burning  wreck.  His  "  Me- 
moirs," by  D.  W.  Whittle,  with  contributions  by 
D.  L.  Moody  and  Ira  D.  Sankey,  were  published  in 
1877.  The  published  collections  of  his  songs  are 
"  The  Charm  "  (1871) ;  "  The  Song  Tree  "  (1872) ; 
"  The  Joy  "  (1873) ;  and  "  Gospel  Songs  "  (1874). 

BLISS,  Porter  Cornelius,  journalist,  b.  in 
Erie  co.,  N.  Y.,  28  Dec,  1838  ;  d.  in  New  York 
city,  2  Feb.,  1885.  He  was  a  son  of  the  Rev.  Asher 
Bliss,  for  many  years  missionary  to  the  Indians  on 
the  reservations  in  western  New  York.  He  stud- 
ied at  Hamilton  and  Yale,  and  in  1860  travelled 
through  Maine,  New  Brunswick,  and  Nova  Scotia 
to  investigate  the  condition  of  the  remnants  of 
Indian  tribes,  and  in  1861  became  private  secre- 
tary to  James  Watson  Webb,  appointed  minister 
to  Brazil.  In  1862  Mr.  Bliss  was  commissioned 
by  the  Argentine  government  to  explore  the  Gran 
Chaco,  where  he  spent  eight  months  in  learning 
the  Indian  dialects  and  investigating  the  antiqui- 
ties. The  results  were  published  by  the  government. 
He  edited  for  a  short  time,  at  Buenos  Ayres,  the 
"  River  Plate  Magazine,"  and  then  went  to  Para- 


guay, where  he  became  private  secretary  of  the 
U.  is.  minister,  Charles  A.  Washburn,  in  1866. 
President  Lopez  commissioned  him  to  write  a  his- 
tory of  Paraguay ;  but  while  he  was  engaged  in 
this  work  the  war  between  that  country  and  Bra- 
zil began,  he  fell  under  suspicion,  and  was  thrown 
into  prison,  where  he  was  tortured  to  compel  him 
to  confess  that  he  had  been  a  Brazilian  spy.  At 
the  end  of  three  months  (December,  1868)  he  was 
released  on  the  demand  of  the  U.  S.  government, 
supported  by  the  presence  of  an  American  squad- 
ron. He  went  to  Washington,  was  a  translator  in 
the  war  department,  edited  the  "  Chronicle  "  for  a 
year  and  a  half,  and  was  then  (July,  1870)  ap- 
pointed secretary  of  legation  in  Mexico,  which 
office  he  held  for  four  years.  During  that  time  he 
made  archjpological  explorations,  and  wrote  much 
on  tlie  condition  of  Mexico  and  its  opportunities 
for  American  enterprise.  By  his  sole  personal  ex- 
ertions he  saved  from  execution  three  American 
officers  in  the  army  of  Diaz,  who  had  been  cap- 
tured and  condemned  by  a  court-martial.  In  the 
summer  of  1874  Mr.  Bliss  came  to  New  York,  and 
for  the  next  three  years  he  was  at  work  on  "  John- 
son's Cyclopaedia."  After  that  he  edited  a  weekly 
called  "  The  Library  Table."  wrote  a  history  of  the 
Russo-Turkish  war  of  1877,  and  in  1879  went  to 
South  America  as  a  correspondent  of  the  New 
York  "  Herald."  He  was  for  two  years  president 
of  the  philological  society,  and  was  an  enthusias- 
tic student  of  oriental  antiquities. 

BLISS,  Winiaiii  Wallace  Smith,  soldier,  b. 
in  Whitehall,  N.  Y.,  in  August,  1815 ;  d.  in  East 
Pascagoula,  Miss.,  5  Aug.,  1853.  He  was  a  son  of 
Capt.  John  Bliss  (West  Point,  1811),  and  was  gradu- 
ated at  the  U.  S.  military  academy  in  1833.  After 
serving  in  the  Cherokee  war  of  1833-'4,  he  was 
assistant  professor  of  mathematics  at  West  Point 
from  1834  till  1840,  and  then  became  assistant  ad- 
jutant-general at  the  headquarters  of  the  western 
military  departments,  1842  till  1845.  During  the 
Mexican  war  he  was  chief  of  staff  to  Gen.  Taylor, 
and  took  an  active  part  in  the  engagements  of  Palo 
Alto,  Resaca  de  la  Palma,  Monterey,  and  Buena 
Vista.  In  appreciation  of  his  conduct  as  a  soldier, 
the  state  of  New  York  presented  him  with  a  gold 
medal,  and  for  gallant  services  he  was  brevetted 
lieutenant-colonel.  From  4  March,  1849,  till  9  July, 
1850,  he  was  private  secretary  to  President  Taylor, 
whose  youngest  daughter  he  married.  Subsequent 
to  the  death  of  Taylor  he  was  adjutant-general  of 
the  western  division,  with  headquarters  at  New 
Orleans,  La.,  from  19  Nov.,  1850,  till  his  death. 

BLITZ,  Antonio,  prestidigitateur,  b.  in  Deal, 
Kent,  England,  21  June,  1810 ;  d.  in  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  28  Jan.,  1877.  At  the  age  of  thirteen  years 
he  began  his  career  in  Hamburg,  Germany.  After 
travelling  for  two  years  in  northern  Europe,  he 
returned  to  England,  apjjearing  first  in  Dover  in 
December,  1825.  He  then  visited  Ireland  and  Scot- 
land. In  1834  he  came  to  the  United  States,  and, 
after  performing  in  New  York,  travelled  through- 
out the  country.  Later  he  visited  Canada  and  the 
West  Indies.  On  his  return  from  the  south  he 
settled  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  where  he  resided  until 
his  death.  His  experiences  have  been  related  in 
"  Fifty  Years  in  the  Magic  Circle  "  (Hartford,  1871), 
written  by  himself. 

BLOCK,  or  BLOK,  Adriaen,  navigator.  With- 
in three  years  after  the  discovery  of  Hudson  river 
(1610)  Block  visited  Manhattan  (now  New  York) 
bay,  making  a  successful  voyage  and  liringing 
back  to  Amsterdam  a  cargo  of  rich  furs  and  two 
sons  of  native  sachems.  In  1614,  encouraged  by 
an  ordinance  of  the  states-general  favoring  explo- 


BLODGET 


BLOMMAERT 


295 


ration,  he  brought  out  another  ship,  the  "  Tiger," 
one  of  a  fleet  of  five  equipped  by  merchants  for 
trading,  and  again  visited  Manhattan.  The 
'"  Tiger "   was   accidentally   burned    in    port,   but 

Block  and  his  crew  built  a  yacht  of  sixteen  tons, 

named  the  "  Ulirest,"  with  which  he  explored  the 
neighboring  waters.     First  of  all  Europeans,  he 

dared  the  perilous  passage  of  Hell  Gate,  and,  sailing 
eastward  through  Long  Island  sound,  discovered 
the  "  River  of  Red  Hills  "  and  the  "  Freshwater," 
known  to  us  respectively  as  the  Housatonic  and 
the  Connecticut.  The  latter  he  explored  as  far  as 
the  site  of  Hartford.  Still  pushing  eastward,  he 
named  "  Roode  Eiland  " — the  red  island,  from  the 
€olor  of  the  clay  on  parts  of  the  coast.  The  island 
had,  however,  been  previously  discovered  by  Eng- 
lish navigators.  He  discovered  Block  island,  which 
bears  his  name.  He  sailed  as  far  north  as  Nahant. 
and  then,  leaving  the  "  Unrest,"  first  of  American- 
built  yachts,  at  Cape  Cod  to  be  used  in  the  fur 
trade,  he  returned  to  Holland  in  one  of  the  ships 
that  accompanied  him  in  the  westward  voyage. 

BLODGET,  Lorin,  physicist,  b.  near  James- 
town, Chautauqua  eo.,  N.  Y.,  25  May,  1823.  He 
was  educated  at  Jamestown  Academy  and  at  Ge- 
neva (now  Hobart)  College.  In  November,  1851,  he 
became  assistant  at  the  Smithsonian  Institution  in 
charge  of  researches  on  climatology,  and  at  the 
meeting  of  the  American  Association  for  the  Ad- 
vancement of  Science,  held  in  Cleveland  in  1853.  he 
presented  seven  papers  on  atmospheric  physics. 
These  early  contributions  were  among  the  first 
■ever  published  in  this  country  on  that  subject,  and 
were  of  value  in  establishing  the  science.  From 
1852  till  1850  he  was  associated  with  the  engineers 
on  the  Pacific  railroad  surveys,  and  directed  the 
determination  of  altitudes  and  gradients  by  means 
of  the  barometer.  The  latter  part  of  this  period 
was  spent  in  the  war  office,  to  which  he  had  been 
transferred.  In  1857  he  published  "  The  Climatol- 
ogy of  the  United  States  and  of  the  Temperate 
Latitudes  of  the  North  American  Continent," 
which  was  the  most  valuable  contribution  on  that 
subject  ever  issued  in  this  country.  It  was  exten- 
sively circulated,  and  500  copies  sent  to  Europe 
were  disposed  of  in  six  months.  The  book  was 
highly  complimented  by  Humboldt.  In  1863  he 
was  placed  in  charge  of  the  financial  and  statisti- 
cal reports  of  the  treasury  department,  and  in 
that  capacity  published  several  volumes  of  official 
reports.  Prom  1865  till  1877  he  was  U.  S.  ap- 
praiser-at-large  of  customs,  and  during  1874-'5 
he  was  special  assistant  of  the  treasury  department. 
While  connected  with  the  government  service  he 
wrote  reports  on  finance,  revenue,  industrial  prog- 
ress, and  census  of  industry.  From  1858  till  1865 
he  was  secretary  of  the  Philadelphia  Board  of 
Trade,  and  from  1859  till  1864  the  editor  of  the 
"  North  American,"  published  there.  His  publica- 
tions include  150  bound  volumes  and  350  pam- 
phlets, with  thousands  of  editorial  articles.  The 
most  iinportant  of  these  are  probably  the  accounts 
of  his  researches  on  climatology,  and  were  published 
by  the  government.  His  "  Commercial  and  Finan- 
cial Resources  of  the  United  States"  (1864)  was 
circulated  to  the  extent  of  over  30,000  copies,  was 
reprinted  in  Nuremberg,  Germany,  and  did  much 
to  sustain  the  credit  of  the  United  States  in  the 
money  markets  of  the  old  world.  The  industrial 
census  of  Philadelphia  has  been  taken  four  times 
bv  him,  and  he  has  resided  in  that  city  since  1857. 

'  BLODGET,  Samuel,  inventor,  b.  in  Woburn, 
Mass.,  1  April,  1724;  d.  in  Haverhill,  Mass..  1  Sept., 
1807.  He  participated  in  the  French  and  Indian 
war,  was  a  member  of  the  expedition  against  Louis- 


burg  in  1745,  and  afterward  became  a  judge  of  the 
court  of  common  pleas  for  the  county  of  Hills- 
borough, N.  H.  In  1783,  with  a  machine  of  his 
own  invention,  he  raised  a  valuable  cargo  from  a 
ship  sunk  near  Plymouth,  and  then  went  to  Europe 
for  the  purpose  of  engaging  in  similar  enterprises. 
He  met  with  discouragement  in  Spain,  and  his 
proposition  in  England  to  raise  the  "  Royal  George  " 
was  unsuccessful.  On  his  return  to  the  United 
States  he  estabhshed  a  duck  factory  in  1791,  and 
in  1793  removed  to  New  Hampshire,  where  he 
began  the  canal  that  bears  his  name,  around 
Amoskeag  falls  in  the  Merrimack.  He  expended  a 
large  sum  of  money  on  this  enterprise  without 
being  able  to  complete  the  work,  and,  becoming 
financially  embarrassed,  was  for  a  time  impris- 
oned for  debt.  See  "  Massachusetts  Historical  Col- 
lections "  (new  series,  vol.  iv.). 

BLODGETT,  Foster,  politician,  b.  in  Augusta, 
Ga.,  15  Jan.,  1826 ;  d.  in  Atlanta,  12  Nov.,  1877. 
He  became  mayor  of  Augusta  in  1859,  and  was  re- 
elected in  1860,  but  was  defeated  in  1861.  During 
the  civil  war  he  was  captain  of  the  Blodgett  artil- 
lery, from  Augusta.  After  the  war  he  joined  the 
republican  party  and  was  appointed  postmaster  of 
Augusta  in  1865,  but  was  removed  from  that  office 
in  1868,  and  reinstated  in  1869.  In  1867  he  was 
made  president  of  the  Union  Republican  Club  of 
Augusta,  and  during  the  same  year  he  was  again 
chosen  mayor.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the  constitu- 
tional convention  of  1867,  and  in  1870  claimed  to 
have  been  chosen  U.  S.  senator  from  Georgia,  but 
failed  to  secure  his  seat,  as  the  senate  decided  in 
favor  of  the  claims  of  Thomas  M.  Norwood. 

BLOEDE,  Marie,  author,  b.  of  a  noble  family  in 
Silesia,  in  1821  ;  d.  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  12  March, 
1870.  Her  brother,  Friedrich  von  Sallet,  was  a 
poet  of  merit  and  an  intense  liberal  in  his  politi- 
cal views,  who  died  in  1843.  His  sister  shared  his 
poetical  gifts  and  his  liberal  sympathies.  She 
married  early,  and  in  opposition  to  the  wishes  of 
her  family,  Dr.  G.  Bloede,  and  in  the  revolution  of 
1848  her  husband,  foremost  in  the  liberal  ranks, 
was  arrested,  tried,  and  condemned  to  death,  at 
Dresden,  but  escaped  to  the  United  States.  Her 
poems  and  articles,  both  in  English  and  German, 
attracted  attention.  Her  husband,  as  the  editor  of 
the  "  New-Yorker  Demokrat,"  a  daily  republican 
paper,  received  assistance  from  her  literary  labors. 

BLOMMAERT,  Samuel,  colonial  pati-oon,  b. 
about  1590 ;  d.  about  1670.  He  was  one  of  the  di- 
rectors of  the  Amsterdam  chamber,  and,  in  com- 
pany with  Samuel  Godyn,  a  fellow-diVector,  bar- 
gained with  the  natives  for  a  tract  of  land  reaching 
from  Cape  Henlopen  to  the  mouth  of  Delaware 
river.  This  was  in  1629,  three  years  before  the 
charter  of  Maryland,  and  is  the  oldest  deed  for 
land  in  Delaware.  Its  water-front  nearly  coincides 
with  the  coast  of  Kent  and  Sussex  cos.  The  pur- 
chase was  ratified  in  1630  by  Peter  Minuit  and 
his  council  at  Fort  Amsterdam  (New  York).  A 
company — including,  besides  the  two  original  pro- 
prietors, Kiliaen  Van  Rensselaer,  De  Laet,  the  histo- 
rian, and  David  Pietersen  De  Vries — was  formed  to 
colonize  the  tract,  and  a  ship  of  eighteen  guns  was 
fitted  out  to  bring  over  the  colonists  and  subse- 
quently defend  the  coast,  with  incidental  whale- 
fishing  to  help  defray  expenses.  A  colony  of  more 
than  thirty  souls  was  planted  on  Lewes  creek,  a 
little  north  of  Cape  Henlopen,  and  its  governorship 
was  intrusted  to  Gillis  Hosset.  This  settlement 
antedated  by  several  years  any  in  Pennsylvania, 
and  the  colony  at  Lewes  practically  laid  the  foun- 
dation and  defined  the  singularly  limited  area  of 
the  state  of  Delaware,  the  major  part  of  which  was 


296 


BLONDIN 


BLOUNT 


included  in  the  purchase.  A  palisaded  fort  was 
built,  with  the  "red  lion,  rampant,"  of  Holland 
aflfixed  to  its  gate,  and  the  country  was  named 
Swaanendael,  while  the  water  was  called  Godyn's 
bay.  The  estate  was  further  extended,  on  5  May, 
16i30,  by  the  purchase  of  a  tract  twelve  miles  square 
on  the  coast  of  Cape  May,  opposite,  and  the  trans- 
action was  duly  attested  at  Fort  Amsterdam.  The 
existence  of  the  little  colony  was  short,  for  the  In- 
dians came  down  upon  it  in  revenge  for  an  arbi- 
trary act  on  the  part  of  Hosset,  and  it  was  destroyed, 
not  a  soul  escaping  to  tell  the  tale.  According  to 
acknowledged  precedent,  occupancy  of  the  wilder- 
ness served  to  perfect  title  ;  but  before  the  Dutch 
could  reoccupy  the  desolated  site  at  Lewes,  the 
Englisli  were  practicallv  in  possession. 

BLONDIN,  Emile  Uravelet,  b.  in  St.  Omer, 
France,  28  Feb..  1824 ;  d.  in  London,  Eng.,  22  Feb., 
1897.  In  1855  he  was  engaged  by  William  Niblo  to 
perform  with  the  Ravel  troupe  in  New  York,  and 
was  subsequently  part  proprietor  of  a  circus.  On  80 
June,  1859,  he  accomplished  the  remarkable  exploit 
of  crossing  the  Niagara  river  on  a  tight  rope,  and 
afterward  crossed  with  a  man  on  his  back,  and  per- 
formed similar  feats  in  other  parts  of  America  and 
Europe.  The  rope  on  which  he  crossed,  a  short  dis- 
tance below  the  falls,  at  a  height  of  150  feet  from  the 
water,  was  1,800  feet  long  and  8^  inches  in  diameter. 

BLOODGrOOD,  Delavan,  surgeon,  b.  in  Spring- 
ville,  Erie  co.,  N.  Y.,  20  Aug.  1831.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Madison  University,  Hamilton,  N.  Y.,  in 
1852,  studied  medicine  in  the  college  of  physicians 
and  surgeons.  New  York  city,  Michigan  University, 
and  Jefferson  Medical  College,  Philadelphia,  where 
he  received  his  degree  of  M.  D.,  and  entered  the 
U,  S.  navy  as  assistant  surgeon  13  March,  1857. 
In  his  first  cruise,  in  the  steam  frigate  "  Merri- 
mac,"  of  the  Pacific  squadron,  he  A'olunteered  his 
services  when  a  supposed  epidemic  broke  out  among 
the  employes  of  the  Pacific  steam  navigation  com- 
pany at  Tobago.  At  the  beginning  of  the  civil 
war  he  was  on  duty  in  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  and 
afterward  in  Hampton  Roads,  receiving  promotion 
as  surgeon,  24  Jan.,  1862.  He  was  subsequently 
attached  to  the  West  India  flying  squadron  when 
yellow  fever  broke  out  on  board,  and  to  the  Caro- 
lina blockading  squadron  when  a  severe  epidemic  of 
sraall-pox  occurred.  He  was  ordered  to  the  *'  James- 
town "  at  Panama  in  February,  1867,  and  was  one  of 
the  few  survivors  of  the  virulent  epidemic  of  yellow 
fever  that  raged  among  the  men.  He  was  pro- 
moted, 22  Aug.,  1884,  to  medical  director,  and  as- 
signed to  the  naval  laboratory  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

BLOODGOOD,  Simeon  l)e  Witt,  merchant  and 
author,  b.  in  Utica,  N.  Y..  in  1799  ;  d.  in  New  York 
city,  14  July,  1866.  He  wrote  "  The  Sexagenary, 
or  Reminiscences  of  the  American  Revolution " 
(Albany,  1833),  and  a  treatise  "  On  Roads  "  (1838), 
and  contributed  largely  to  the  periodical  press.  A 
few  months  before  his  death  he  was  appointed  con- 
sul-general for  the  United  States  of  Colombia. 

BLOODWORTH,  Timothy,  statesman,  b.  in 
1736 ;  d.  near  Washington,  N.  C,  24  Aug.,  1814. 
He  was  for  thirty  years  a  member  of  the  legisla- 
tive assembly  of  North  Carolina  ;  member  of  the 
continental  congress  in  1786-'7 ;  a  member  of 
congress  in  1790  and  1791 ;  U.  S.  senator,  1795- 
1801,  and  afterward  collector  of  the  port  of  Wil- 
mington. He  was  brought  up  in  poverty,  followed 
by  turns  the  callings  of  farmer,  smith,  preacher, 
doctor,  wheelwright,  and  politician,  and  was  noted 
for  his  benevolence. 

BLOOMER,  Amelia  JenliS,  reformer,  b.  in 
Homer,  N.  Y.,  27  May,  1818 ;  d.  in  Council  Bluffs. 
Iowa,  30  Dec,  1894.     She  married,  and  lived  in 


Seneca  Falls,  N.  Y.,  where  she  wrote  frequently 
on  the  enfranchisement  of  women,  and  on  1  Jan., 
1849,  issued  the  first  number  of  "  The  Lily,"  a 
semi-monthly  publication,  devoted  to  temperance 
and  woman's  rights,  which  attained  a  circulation 
of  4,000.  In  1853  she  removed  with  her  husband 
to  Mt.  Vernon,  Ohio,  where  she  continued  the  pub- 
lication of  "  The  Lily,"  and  was  also  associate  edi- 
tor of  the  "  Western  Home  Journal,"  a  literary 
weekly.  In  1855,  on  account  of  her  husband's 
business  interests,  they  removed  to  Council  Bluffs, 
Iowa,  where  it  was  impracticable,  for  lack  of  manu- 
facturing and  jjostai  facilities,  to  contiime  the  pub- 
lication of  the  paper,  which  she  therefore  sold  to 
Mary  B.  Birdsall.  She  advocated  women's  rights 
on  the  lecture  platform  as  well  as  in  the  columns 
of  her  paper,  and  took  a  prominent  part  in  the 
movement  for  woman  suffrage.  She  also  lectured 
on  temperance  in  the  principal  cities  of  the  north- 
west, and  adopted  and  publicly  recommended  a 
sanitary  dress  for  women,  known  as  the  Bloomer 
costume,  which  was  first  introduced  by  Elizabeth 
Smith  Miller,  daughter  of  Gerrit  Smith.  It  con- 
sisted of  skirts  reaching  just  below  the  knee  and 
Turkish  trousers.  In  the  winter  of  1855  Mrs. 
Bloomer  addressed  the  territorial  legislature  of 
Nebraska  on  the  subject  of  conferring  the  ballot 
on  women.  She  took  part  in  organizing  the  Iowa 
state  suffrage  association,  and  was  at  one  time  its 
president,  but  in  later  years  withdrew  entirely  from 
public  life,  devoting  her  time  to  her  family. 

BLOOM FIELB,  Josepli,  soldier,  b.  in  Wood- 
bridge,  N.  J. ;  d.  in  Burlington,  N.  J.,  3  Oct.,  1823. 
He  studied  law  until  the  beginning  of  the  war  of 
independence,  when  he  was  made  a  captain  in  Day- 
ton's regiment,  the  3d  New  Jersey,  in  1776,  and 
served  through  the  war,  attaining  the  rank  of 
major.  He  was  subsequently  admitted  to  the  bar, 
and,  after  practising  for  some  time  at  Burlington, 
became  attorney-general  of  the  state.  He  was  gov- 
ernor of  New  Jersey  in  1801-12,  was  brigadier- 
general  during  the  war  of  1812-'5,  was  a  represen- 
tative in  congress  during  1817-'21,  and  chairman 
of  a  committee  on  revolutionary  pensions.  He  was 
a  firm  republican  in  politics,  and  a  brave  soldier. 

BLOSSOM,  Thomas,  pioneer,  d.  in  Plymouth, 
Mass.,  in  the  summer  of  1633.  He  was  a  deacon  of 
the  church  of  Plymouth,  and  a  correspondent  of 
Gov.  Bradford,  who  speaks  of  him  as  one  of  "  our 
ancient  family  in  Holland."  The  church  records 
describe  him  as  being  "a  holy  man  and  experi- 
enced saint,"  and  one  "  competently  accomplished 
with  abilities." 

BLOT,  Pierre,  cook,  b.  in  France  about  1818 ; 
d.  in  Jersey  City,  N.  J.,  26  Aug.,  1874.  He  aimed  at 
popularizing  good  cookery  and  effecting  economy 
in  the  preparation  of  food,  published  a  series  of 
magazine  articles  in  which  he  imparted  practical 
information  and  discountenanced  the  consumption 
of  game  and  fish  out  of  season,  and  wrote  a  book 
on  cookery,  entitled  •'  What  to  Eat,  and  how  to  Cook 
it "  (New"  York,  1863),  containing  over  a  thousand 
recipes.  He  also  lectured  on  that  subject,  estab- 
lished schools  of  instruction  in  the  art,  and  en- 
gaged in  business  enterprises  in  Brooklyn  and  New 
York,  partly  with  the  view  of  carrying  into  effect 
his  views  on  the  preparation  of  food. 

BLOUNT,  William,  statesman,  b.  in  North 
Carolina  in  1744 ;  d.  in  Knoxville,  Tenn.,  21  March, 
1800.  He  was  a  son  of  Jacob  Blount,  who  was 
a  member  of  the  provincial  assemblies  of  1775 
-'6.  He  was  a  delegate  from  North  Carolina  to 
the  old  congress  in  1782-'3  and  1786-'7,  member 
of  the  assembly  from  Newbern  in  1780  and  1784, 
a  signer  of  the'federal  constitution  in  1787,  and  in 


BLOW 


BLUNT 


297 


1790  was  appointed  governor  of  the  territory  south 
of  the  Ohio.  Cliosen  president  of  the  convention 
to  form  the  state  of  Tennessee  in  1796,  he  was  its 
representative  in  the  U.  S.  senate  in  1796,  but  was 
■expelled  in  July,  1797,  for  being  concerned  in  a 
conspiracy  to  deliver  New  Orleans  to  Great  Britain, 
and  for  having  instigated  the  Creeks  and  Chero- 
kees  to  assist  the  British  in  conquering  the  Spanish 
territory  of  Louisiana.  The  proceedings  against 
him  increased  his  popularity  in  Tennessee,  and  he 
was  elected  to  the  state  senate,  and  chosen  presi- 
dent of  that  body. — His  brother,  Thomas,  soldier, 
was  b.  in  Edgecombe  co.,  N.  C,  in  1760 ;  d.  in  Wash- 
ington. D.  C,  7  Feb.,  1812.  He  volunteered  in  the 
revolutionary  army  at  sixteen,  became  deputy  pay- 
master-general in  1780,  and,  with  the  rank  of 
major,  commanded  a  battalion  of  North  Carolina 
militia  at  Eutaw  Springs.  He  became  a  major- 
;general  of  militia,  and  was  a  representative  in 
congress  in  1793-'9,  1805-'9,  and  1811-'2.  He 
.again  sat  in  congress,  being  elected  as  a  democrat. 
— Another  brother,  Willie,  governor  of  Tennessee, 
was  b.  in  North  Carolina  in  1767 ;  d.  near  Clarks- 
ville,  Tenn.,  10  Sept.,  1835.  He  was  secretary  to 
his  brother  William  while  the  latter  was  territorial 
governor  of  Ohio,  and  afterward  removed  to  Mont- 
gomery CO.,  Tenn.,  and  was  soon  returned  to  the 
legislatTire.  He  was  governor  of  the  state  from 
1809  till  1815. 

BLOW,  Henry  T.,  statesman,  b.  in  Southamp- 
ton CO.,  Va.,  15  July,  1817;  d.  in  Saratoga,  N.  Y., 
11  Sept.,  1875.  He  went  to  Missouri  in  1830,  and 
was  graduated  at  St.  Louis  university.  He  then 
•engaged  in  the  drug  business  and  in  lead-mining, 
in  which  he  was  successful.  Before  the  civil  war 
he  toolc  a  prominent  part  in  the  anti-slavery  move- 
ment, and  served  four  years  in  the  state  senate.  In 
1861  he  was  appointed  minister  to  Venezuela,  but 
resigned  in  less  than  a  year.  Pie  was  a  republican 
member  of  congress  from  1863  till  1867,  and  served 
on  the  committee  of  ways  and  means.  He  was 
minister  to  Brazil  from  1869  till  1871,  and  was  ap- 
pointed one  of  the  commissioners  of  the  District  of 
Columbia  in  1874. 

BLOWERS,  Sampson  Suiters,  jurist,  b.  in  Bos-  [ 
ton,  Mass.,  23  March,  1742;  d.  in  Halifax,  N.  S.,  , 
25  Oct.,  1842.  He  was  a  grandson  of  Rev.  Thomas  j 
Blowers,  minister,  of  Beverly  (1701-29),  was  grad- 
uated at  Harvard  in  1763,  and  studied  law  under 
Gov.  Hutchinson.  With  Adams  and  Quincy  he 
was  engaged  as  junior  counsel,  in  1770,  in  the  de- 
fence of  the  British  soldiers  concerned  in  the  Bos- 
ton massacre.  Being  a  loyalist,  he  went  to  England 
in  1774,  but  returned  in  the  spring  of  1778  to  his 
native  city,  and  after  a  short  imprisonment  went 
to  Halifax,  where  he  successfully  pursued  his  pro- 
fession. In  1785  was  appointed  attorney-general 
and  speaker  of  the  house  of  assembly  ;  and  in  1795 
was  appointed  a  justice  of  the  supreme  court,  hav- 
ing had  for  some  years  a  seat  in  the  council.  In 
1799  he  became  chief  justice  of  Nova  Scotia,  with 
the  presidency  of  the  council,  which  offices  he  re- 
signed in  1833. 

BLUNT,  Edmnnd  March,  author,  b.  in  Ports- 
mouth, N.  H.,  20  June,  1770;  d.  in  Sing  Sing.  N. 
Y.,  2  Jan.,  1862.  He  was  a  bookseller,  and  pub- 
lished the  Newburyport  "  Herald."  In  1796  he 
published  his  first  "  American  Coast  Pilot,"  which 
is  still  in  use  and  has  been  translated  into  most  of 
the  languages  of  Europe.  About  thirty  editions 
of  this  work,  which  describes  all  the  ports  of  the 
United  States,  with  sailing  directions,  lists  of  light- 
Louses,  and  other  knowledge  important  to  seamen, 
have  been  issued.  He  also  published  "  Stranger's 
Guide  to  N.  Y.  City"  (1817),  and  numerous  nauti- 
VOL,  I. — 20 


cal  books  and  charts. — His  son,  Joseph,  lawyer,  b. 
in  Newburyport,  Mass.,  in  February,  1792;  d.  in 
New  York  city.  10  June,  1860,  first  came  into  notice 
by  writing  on  the  Missouri  question  in  1820.  Soon 
afterward  he  wrote  an  article  on  the  Laybach  cir- 
cular, published  in  the  "  North  American  Review," 
which  attracted  the  attention  of  politicians.  He 
was  long  a  leading  whig  and  protectionist,  was  one 
of  the  first  members  of  the  republican  party,  and 
drew  up  the  original  resolutions  of  the  republican 
state  convention  at  Saratoga  in  1854.  Mr.  Blunt 
declined  the  commissionership  to  China  offered 
him  by  President  Fillmore.  He  was  appointed 
district  attorney  not  long  before  his  death.  He 
edited  the  "  American  Annual  Register  "  (1827-35), 
and  published  "Plistorical  Sketch  of  the  Forma- 
tion of  the  American  Confederacy"  (New  York, 
1825) ;  "  Speeches,  Reviews,  and  Reports  "  (1843) ; 
"  Merchants'  and  Shipmasters'  Assistant "  (1829  and 
1848). — Another  son,  Edmund,  hydrographer,  b.  in 
Newburyport,  Mass.,  23  Nov.,  1799  ;  d.  in  Brook- 
lyn, N.  v.,  2  Sept.,  1866,  manifested  in  early  life  a 
taste  for  practical  mathematics,  and  when  scarcely 
seventeen  made  the  first  accurate  survey  of  New 
York  harbor.  In  1819-'20  he  made  the  first  survey 
of  the  Bahama  banks  and  the  shoals  of  George  and 
Nantucket,  and  in  1824  surveyed  the  entrance  of . 
New  York  harbor  from  Barnegat  to  Fire  Island. 
In  1825-'6  he  ran  the  line  of  levels  from  the  river 
San  Juan  to  the  Pacific  ocean  for  a  canal  on  the 
Nicaragua  route.  In  1827-'30,  as  a  private  enter- 
prise, he  surveyed  Long  Island  sound  from  New 
York  to  Montauk  Point.  On  the  organization  of  the 
U.  S.  coast  survey  in  1832  he  was  appointed  first  as- 
sistant, holding  that  place  till  the  time  of  his  death. 
In  1855-'6  he  furnished  the  points  to  determine  the 
exterior  line  of  New  York  harbor.  While  he  was 
on  the  coast  survey  his  attention  was  directed  to 
the  inferiority  of  the  lights  in  the  American  light- 
houses, and  he  was  the  proposer  and  advocate  of 
the  introduction  of  Fresnel's  system  of  signal- 
lights.  He  also  invented  the  dividing-engine.  He 
was  a  partner  of  his  brother  in  the  firm  of  E.  & 
G.  W.  Blunt,  nautical  publishers,  of  New  York. — 
Another  son,  (Jeorg'e  William,  author,  b.  in  New- 
buryport. Mass.,  11  March,  1802 ;  d.  in  New  York 
city,  19  April,  1878,  was  a  sailor  from  fourteen  to 
nearly  twenty-one  years  of  age.  From  1822  till 
1866  he  was  a  publisher  of  charts  and  nautical 
books  in  New  York.  From  1819  till  1826  he  was 
engaged  in  marine  surveys  on  the  Bahama  banks 
and  New  York  harbor,  neither  of  which  had  been 
recently  surveyed.  In  1884  he  called  the  attention 
of  the  government  to  the  superiority  of  the  French 
light-houses,  as  his  brother  Edmund  did  in  1838, 
and  the  result  was  the  establishment  in  1856  of 
the  present  light-house  board,  and  the  adoption  of 
the  French  system.  In  1845  he  was  one  of  a  com- 
mittee to  organize  the  present  system  of  pilotage 
for  New  York.  He  was  appointed  a  pilot  com- 
missioner in  that  year,  and  continued  to  be  one, 
except  during  six  months,  to  the  time  of  his  death. 
In  1857  he  was  made  a  harbor  commissioner  to  pro- 
tect the  harbor  of  New  York.  He  was  for  five 
years  a  trustee  of  the  seaman's  retreat,  and  in 
i852-'4  a  commissioner  of  emigration.  He  pub- 
lished "  Atlantic  Memoir,"  "  Sheet  Anchor,"  "  Pilot 
Laws  and  Harbor  and  Quarantine  Regulations  of 
New  York  "  (New  York,  1869),  and  "  Plan  to  Avoid 
the  Centre  of  Violent  Gales  "  (1867),  and  prepared 
several  editions  of  the  "  American  Coast  Pilot." 

BLUNT,  James  tJilpatrick,  soldier,  b.  in  Han- 
cock CO.,  Me.,  in  1826 ;  d.  in  Washington.  D.  C,  in 
1881.  For  several  years  he  was  a  sailor  before  the 
mast.     He  was  graduated  at  the  Starling  medical 


298 


BLYDEN 


BOARDMAN 


college,  Columbus,  Ohio,  in  1849,  and  practised 
medicine  in  Darke  co.  until  1856,  when  he  settled 
in  Anderson  co.,  Kansas.  He  took  a  prominent 
part  in  the  contest  over  the  introduction  of  slavery 
into  Kansas,  and  was  a  member  of  the  convention 
that  framed  the  constitution  of  the  state.  In  July, 
18(51,  he  entered  the  army  as  lieutenant-colonel  of 
the  8d  Kansas  volunteers.  He  commanded  the  cav- 
alry in  Gen.  James  Lane's  brigade,  and  on  8  April, 
1863,  was  promoted  brigadier-general  and  assigned 
to  the  command  of  the  military  department  of 
Kansas.  On  23  Oct.,  1863,  in  the  battle  of  Old  Fort 
Wayne,  his  Kansas  and  Cherokee  troops  routed 
the  confederate  force  concentrated  at  Maysville,  on 
the  western  border  of  Arkansas.  On  38  Nov.  he 
attacked  and  defeated  Marmaduke's  forces  at  Cane 
Hill,  Ark.  On  7  Dec,  1863,  he  encountered  and 
defeated,  with  the  aid  of  Gen.  Herron,  the  confed- 
erates under  llindraan  at  Prairie  Grove,  and  there- 
by checked  the  advance  of  the  southern  troops  into 
Missouri.  On  38  Dec.  he  captured  Fort  Van  Buren 
on  Arkansas  river.  He  was  promoted  to  be  major- 
general,  39  Nov.,  1863.  In  June,  1863,  being  re- 
lieved of  the  command  of  the  department  of  Kan- 
sas, he  took  the  field  with  the  army  of  the  frontier. 
On  16  July,  1863,  he  defeated  Gen.  Cooper  at  Honey 
Springs ;  and  on  38  Oct.,  1864,  at  Newtonia,  Mo., 
with  the  assistance  of  Gen.  Sanborn's  cavalry,  his 
troops  gave  the  final  blow  to  Price's  invasion  of 
Missouri.  During  the  latter  part  of  the  war  he  was 
military  commandant  of  the  district  of  south  Kan- 
sas. After  he  was  mustered  out  he  settled  in  Leav- 
enworth, Kansas. 

BLYDEN,  Edward  Wilmot,  negro  author,  b. 
in  St.  Thomas,  West  Indies,  3  Aug.,  1833.  His 
parents  were  of  pure  negro  blood,  of  decided  char- 
acter and  strong  religious  feeling.  Young  Blyden 
received  the  rudiments  of  an  education  in  the 
secular  schools  of  the  island  ;  but  the  stimulus  for 
higher  training  came  from  the  late  Rev.  J.  P. 
Knox,  of  Newtown,  L.  I.,  who  was  temporarily  in 
charge  of  the  Reformed  Dutch  church  at  St.  Thom- 
as. At  the  instance  of  this  gentleman,  young 
Blyden  came  to  New  York  in  1845,  seeking  en- 
trance into  some  American  college.  But  so  hostile  to 
negroes  was  the  feeling  in  the  schools  of  the  country 
that  he  gave  up  his  purpose,  and  was  about  return- 
ing to  his  island  home.  At  this  juncture  the  New 
York  colonization  society  offered  him  a  free  pas- 
sage to  Liberia,  West  Africa,  which  country  he 
reached  in  January,  1850.  He  at  once  entered  the 
Alexander  high  school,  then  under  the  charge  of 
the  Rev.  David  Wilson,  and  began  aeqviiring  a 
classical  education  with  a  view  to  the  ministry  of 
the  Presbyterian  church.  He  was  graduated  at 
this  school  in  1858,  and  soon  afterward  became  its 
principal.  Very  early  in  life  Dr.  Blyden  developed 
a  decided  talent  for  languages,  and  he  has  since  be- 
come distinguished  in  that  branch  of  learning. 
At  the  age  of  ten,  during  a  brief  residence  in  Vene- 
zuela, he  acquired  the  Spanish  language.  At  the 
Alexander  high  school  he  became  proficient  in 
Latin,  Greek,  and  Hebrew,  and  to  these  he  added 
French  and  Italian  at  a  later  period.  In  1876  he 
undertook  Arabic,  and  went  to  the  Orient  to  im- 
prove his  knowledge  of  that  language.  His  attain- 
ments have  placed  him  in  many  responsible  posi- 
tions in  the  young  republic  of  Liberia.  As  a 
preacher  and  teacher  he  has  filled  the  positions  re- 
spectively of  Presbyterian  pastor,  principal  of  the 
Alexander  high  school,  professor,  and  in  1880  presi- 
dent, of  Liberia  college,  commissioner  to  the  gen- 
eral assembly  of  the  American  Presbyterian  church 
in  1861,  and  again  in  1880.  At  the  age  of  nineteen 
he  was  editor  of  the  "  Liberia  Herald,"  and  since 


then  he  has  been  government  commissioner  to  the 
coloivd  p('()))le  of  the  United  States.  He  has  held 
the  (illices  of  secretary  of  state  and  of  the  interior 
several  times.  Twice  he  has  been  appointed  min- 
ister to  the  court  of  St.  James.  He  has  published 
"  Liberia's  Offering  "  and  "  From  West  Africa  to 
Palestine  "  (1873).  His  contributions  to  periodi- 
cals include  "The  Negro  in  Ancient  History," 
"  Liberia,  its  Status  and  its  Field,"  "  Mohamme- 
danism and  the  Negro  Race,"  "Christianity  and 
the  Negro  Race,"  "  Islam  and  Race  Distinctions,'* 
and  "  Africa  and  the  Africans." 

BLITHE,  James,  clergyman,  b.  in  Mecklen- 
burg CO.,  N.  C,  38  Oct.,  1765 ;  d.  near  Hanover. 
Ind.,  30  May,  1843.  He  was  graduated  at  Hamp- 
den-Sidney  in  1789,  studied  theology  under  the 
Rev.  Dr.  Hall,  and  was  ordained  pastor  of  the 
Presbyterian  church  in  Pisgah,  Ky.,  25  July,  1793. 
When  the  Kentucky  academy,  for  which  he  had 
secured  contributions  in  the  eastern  states,  was 
merged  into  the  university  of  Transylvania,  he 
was  called  to  the  chair  of  mathematics  and  natu- 
ral philosophy.  He  received  the  degree  of  D.  I). 
from  Princeton  in  1805.  In  1813  he  began  the 
publication  of  the  "  Evangelical  Record  and  West- 
ern Review,"  which  only  reached  the  second  vol- 
ume. He  was  president  of  Transylvania  college 
for  several  years,  but  resigned  about  1818  and 
established  a  seminary  lor  young  ladies,  continu- 
ing his  connection  with  the  college  as  professor 
of  chemistry  in  the  medical  department,  and  fill- 
ing at  the  same  time  a  pastoral  charge  as  associate 
pastor  of  the  church  in  Lexington.  In  1833  he  ac- 
cepted the  presidency  of  South  Hanover  college, 
which  he  resigned  in  1836.  He  was  subsequently 
pastor  of  the  New  Lexington  church. 

BLYTHE,  Samuel,  British  naval  officer,  b.  in 
1784;  d.  4  Sept.,  1813.  He  commanded  the  brig 
"  Boxer,"  which  engaged  the  American  cniiser 
"  Enterprise,"  commanded  by  Lieut.  Burrows,  off 
Portland,  Me.,  on  4  Sept.,  1814.  Capt.  Blythe's 
ship,  having  been  riddled  with  shot,  was  captured 
and  taken  into  Portland.  The  commanders  of  both 
vessels  fell  at  the  first  exchange  of  shots,  and  were 
buried  side  by  side  with  military  honors  in  Port- 
land. Their  death  was  made  the  subject  of  one  of 
Longfellow's  tenderest  poems. 

BOARDMAN,  David  Sherman,  lawver,  b.  m 
1768 ;  d.  in  New  Milford,  Conn.,  3  Dec,  1864.  He 
was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1793,  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1795,  and  soon  took  a  high  rank  in  the 
profession.  For  several  years  he  was  chief  justice 
of  the  supreme  court  of  Connecticut.  Judge 
Boardman  was  a  friend  of  Fitz-Greene  Halleck,  and 
also  of  the  poet's  father. 

BOARDMAN,  Elijah,  senator,  b.  in  New  Mil- 
ford,  Conn.,  7  March.  1760  ;  d.  in  Boardman,  Ohio, 
8  Oct.,  1833.  After  receiving  a  classical  education, 
he  turned  his  attention  to  business  pursuits,  and 
was  very  successful.  For  several  terms  he  was  a 
member  of  the  lower  branch  of  the  Connecticut 
legislature,  and  for  some  time  a  member  of  the  ex- 
ecutive council.  In  1821  he  was  elected  to  the  U. 
S.  senate  from  Connecticut,  and  served  in  the  17th 
congress.  His  death  occurred  at  Boardman,  Ohio, 
a  toVn  in  which  he  was  largely  interested. 

BOARDMAN,  Greorge  Daiia,  missionary,  b.  in 
Livermore,  Me.,  8  Feb.,  1801;  d.  in  Burmah,  11 
Feb.,  1831.  He  was  the  son  of  a  clergyman,  was 
graduated  at  Waterville  in  1832,  studied  at  An- 
dover  theological  seminary,  and  was  ordained  in 
the  Baptist  church,  with  the  intention  of  becoming 
a  missionary,  at  West  Yarmouth,  Me.,  16  Feb., 
1835.  He  married  Sarah  Hall,  4  July,  and  on  the 
16th  sailed  for  Calcutta,  where  he  arrived  3  Dec. 


BOARDMAN 


BOEHLER 


299 


1825.  After  acquiring  the  Burman  language,  he 
entered  upon  his  labors  at  Maulmain  in  May,  1827, 
and  planted  a  mission,  which  became  the  central 
point  of  all  the  Baptist  missions  in  Burmah.  In 
April,  1828.  he  established  a  mission  at  Tavoy, 
where  he  soon  afterward  baptized  Ko-mah-byn,  a 
Karen  convert,  whose  labors  were  very  successful 
among  his  countrymen.  On  5  Feb.,  1828,  he  set 
out  on  a  tour  among  the  Karen  villages,  and  met 
with  such  success  that  he  determined  on  a  syste- 
matic course  of  itinerary  labor.  On  these  trips  he 
was  usually  accompanied  by  Ko-mah-byn  or  some 
other  convert.  His  exertions  occasioned  the  loss 
of  his  health  and  brought  on  his  early  death  by 
consumption.  His  widow  married  the  Rev.  Adoni- 
ram  Judson,  the  missionary.  See  "Memoir  of 
George  Dana  Boardman,"  by  the  Rev.  A.  King 
(Boston),  and  "G.  D.  Boardman  and  the  Burman 
Mission"  (Boston,  1875). — His  son,  George  Dana, 
clergyman,  b.  in  Tavoy,  Burmah,  18  Aug.,  1828, 
was  graduated  at  Brown  in  1852,  and  at  Newton 
theological  institution  in  1855,  and  in  that  year  be- 
came pastor  of  the  Baptist  church  in  Barnwell, 
S.  C.  But  his  views  on  the  slavery  question  im- 
pelled him  to  exchange  his  charge  in  1850  for  a 
church  iu  the  north.  He  was  pastor  of  the  2d 
Baptist  church  in  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  until  1864,  and 
after  that  of  the  1st  church  in  Philadelphia.  Be- 
sides review  articles,  sermons,  and  addresses,  he 
has  published  "  Studies  in  the  Creative  Week " 
(New  York,  1878) ;  "  Studies  in  the  Model  Prayer  " 
(1879);  "Epiphanies  of  the  Risen  Lord"  (1879): 
and  "Studies  in  the  Mountain  Instruction"  (1880). 

BOARDMAN,  Henry  Augustus,  clergvman, 
b.  in  Troy,  N.  Y.,  9  Jan.,  1808 ;  d.  in  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  15  June,  1880.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in 
1829  with  the  highest  class  honors,  and  at  Prince- 
ton theological  seminary  in  1830.  He  was  a  lead- 
ing member  in  Presbyterian  societies,  and  pastor  of 
the  10th  Presbyterian  church  of  Philadelphia  from 
1833  till  1876,  when  he  became  pastor  emeritus. 
His  published  works  include  "  The  Scripture  Doc- 
trine of  Original  Sin  "  (Philadelphia,  1839) ;  "  Hints 
on  Cultivating  the  Christian  Temper  "  ;  "  On  High- 
Church  Episcopacy  "  ;  "  Correspondence  with 
Bishop  Doane  on  the  Oxford  Tracts"  (1841); 
"  The  Prelatical  Doctrine  of  the  Apostolical  Suc- 
cession Examined  "  (1844) ;  "  The  Importance  of 
Religion  to  the  Legal  Profession"  (1849);  "The 
Bible  in  the  Family"  (1851);  "The  Bible  ni  the 
Counting-House "  (1853);  "Vanity  of  a  Life  of 
Fashionable  Pleasure  "  ;  "  Discourse  on  the  Low 
Value  set  upon  Human  Life  in  the  United  States  " 
(1853);  "The  Great  Question,  Will  you  Consider 
the  Subject  of  Personal  Religion  1 "  which  passed 
through  many  editions  (1855) ;  "  Discourse  on  the 
American  Union"  (1858);  "The  Christian  Minis- 
try not  a  Priesthood  "  ;  "  The  Book  "  (1861) ;  and 
"Earthly  Suffering  and  Heavenly  Glory"  (1875). 
Passages  from  his  writings  were  published  under 
the  title  "  A  Handful  of  Corn  "  (New  York,  1884). 

BOARMAN,  Charles,  naval  officer,  b.  in 
Maryland;  d.  in  Martinsburg,  W.  Va.,  18  Sept., 
1879.  He  was  appointed  a  midshipman  from  the 
District  of  Columbia,  and,  after  attending  the  naval 
school  at  the  navy-yard  in  Washington,  he  was 
ordered  to  the  sloop  "  Erie,"  and  then  attached, 
during  the  war  of  1812,  to  the  brig  "  Jefferson  "  on 
Lake  Ontario.  He  was  commissioned  as  lieuten- 
ant, 15  March,  1817;  as  commander,  9  Feb.,  1837; 
as  captain,  29  March,  1844,  commanding  the  flag- 
ship "  Brand}'wine  "  in  the  Brazil  squadron  from 
1844  till  1850,  and  the  navy-yard  at  Brooklyn  from 
1852  till  1855.  During  the  civil  war  he  was  on 
special  service.     He  was  retired  with  the  rank  of 


commodore  on  4  April,  1867,  and  made  a  rear- 
admiral  on  the  retired  list,  15  Aug.,  1876. 

BOBADILLA,  Francisco  (bo-bah-deel'-ya), 
Spanish  official ;  d.  29  June,  1502.  He  was  sent 
to  Santo  Domingo  to  re-establish  order  and  to  put 
an  end  to  dissensions,  arriving  in  1500.  He  soon 
ordered  Columbus  and  his  brother  sent  to  Spain  as 
prisoners  in  chains.  When  they  arrived  at  Cadiz, 
Queen  Isabella  and  King  Ferdinand  disapproved 
of  Bobadilla's  action,  reinstated  Columbus  in  his 
honors  and  emoluments,  and  immediately  sent  Ni- 
colas de  Obando  to  replace  Bobadilla.  Under  his 
administration  disorders  had  multiplied  to  an 
alarming  extent.  Columbus  landed  again  in  His- 
paniola  on  the  very  day  that  Bobadilla  and  several 
of  his  supporters  started  for  Spain.  Their  fleet 
was  hai'dly  out  of  sight  when  it  was  wrecked  by  a 
hurricane,  and  Bobadilla  perished. 

BOCOCK,  Thomas  Stanley,  b.  in  Buckingham 
county,  Va.,  in  1815  ;  d.  in  Appomattox  county,  Va., 
6  Aug.,  1891.  He  pursued  the  study  of  law,  and 
began  practice  at  Appomattox  Court-House,  Va., 
was  state's  attorney  in  1845-'6,  sat  for  several  terms 
in  the  house  of  delegates,  was  elected  to  congress 
as  a  democrat  in  1846,  and  sat  for  seven  successive 
terms,  until  the  ordinance  of  secession  was  enacted. 
In  1861  he  was  elected  to  the  confederate  congress. 
He  had  been  a  candidate  for  speaker  in  the  36th 
federal  congress,  and  was  elected  speaker  of  the 
confederate  house  of  representatives  on  its  perma- 
nent organization,  18  Feb.,  1862. 

BODfiUA  Y  CL  ADRA,  Juan  Francisco  (bo- 
day-gah),  South  American  navigator,  b.  in  Lima, 
Peru;  d.  in  1794.  He  won  a  high  rank  in  the 
Spanish  navy,  was  chief  officer  at  San  Bias,  ex- 
ploring the  coasts  of  California,  and  constructed 
a  special  chart  of  them,  which  was  engraved  and 
published  in  Mexico  in  1788. 

BODISCO,  Waldemar  de,  b.  in  Russia ;  d.  at 
Jordan  Alum  Springs,  Va.,  31  July,  1878.  He 
came  to  this  country  at  an  early  age  with  his 
uncle,  the  Russian  minister  at  Washington,  and 
was  graduated  at  Georgetown  college.  For  nearly 
twenty  years  he  was  secretary  of  the  Russian  lega- 
tion at  Washington,  in  1866  and  1869  acted  as 
charge  d'affaires,  and  was  appointed  Russian  con- 
sul-general at  New  York  in  1871,  holding  that 
office  at  the  time  of  his  death. 

BODMER,  Karl,  artist,  b.  in  Zurich,  Switzer- 
land, in  1805;  d.  31  Oct..  1893.  He  travelled  in 
America  with  Maximilian,  prince  of  Wied,  and 
executed  tlie  copper-plates  in  the  atlas  accompany- 
ing the  latter's  "  Journey  through  North  America  " 
(1838-'43).  He  also  drew  a  series  of  water-colors, 
reproduced  and  published  in  1836  under  the  name 
of  "  Costumes  et  personnages  indiennes."  He  re- 
sided subsf(|ucutly  in  Paris  and  in  Germany,  paint- 
ing ]iictiir(s  (if  animal  life,  and  etching. 

BODWELL,  Joseph  Robinson,  governor,  b. 
in  Methuen,  Mass.,  18  June,  1818;  d.  in  Hallowell, 
Me.,  15  Dec,  1887.  He  opened  quarries,  in  1852, 
on  an  island  in  Penobscot  bay,  and  organized  the 
Bodwell,  and,  in  1870,  the  Hallowell  granite  corn- 
panv.  He  served  twice  in  the  legislature,  and  in 
1886  was  elected  governor  bv  the  republicans. 

BOEHLER,  Peter  (bay-ler),  Moravian  bishop, 
b.  in  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  Germany,  31  Dec, 
1712  ;  d.  in  London,  England,  27  April,  1775.  He 
was  graduated  at  Jena,  and  in  1736  became  a  tutor. 
On  16  Dec,  1737,  he  was  ordained  a  Moravian  min- 
ister by  Count  Zinzendorf,  founder  of  the  brother- 
hood. In  1738  he  was  sent  as  a  Moravian  evangelist 
to  the  negro  population  of  Carolina  and  Georgia ; 
but  on  his  way  thither  he  was  detained  for  several 
months  in  England,  and  became  acquainted  with 


300 


BOEHM 


BOGARDUS 


John  and  Charles  Wesley,  and  a  number  of  awak- 
ened students  at  Oxford.  His  influence  upon  John 
Wesley  formed  and  directed,  to  a  considerable  ex- 
tent, the  religious  convictions  of  the  founder  of 
Methodism,  and  it  is  recorded  in  Wesley's  pub- 
lished journal  that  Boehler  was  the  person  through 
whose  instrumentality  Wesley  was  brought  to  be- 
lieve in  Christ.  Having  reached  Georgia,  Boehler 
devoted  himself  to  evangelistic  labors  among  the 
negroes  and  Oglethorpe's  colonists,  and  subsequent- 
ly in  the  German  settlement  in  South  Carolina. 
When  the  Moravian  colony,  in  consequence  of  the 
war  with  Spain,  was  broken  up  in  1740,  he  led  the 
remnant  to  Pennsylvania,  and  there  established  the 
settlement  of  Bethlehem.  On  the  Delaware  river 
Boehler  was  met  by  Count  Zinzendorf,  Nitschman, 
the  first  bishop  of  the  renewed  Unitas  Fratrum,  and 
the  elders  David  Nitschman  and  Arma,  who  had 
come  to  America  on  a  mission  to  the  Indians.  He 
accompanied  them  in  their  perilous  undertaking, 
and  underwent  severe  toils  and  privations.  In 
1741  he  returned  to  Europe,  and  two  years  later 
brought  a  large  colony  of  Moravians  to  America. 
For  several  years  he  officiated  as  pastor  of  the 
Moravians  at  Bethlehem,  and  came  to  be  recog- 
nized as  one  of  the  superintendents  of  the  sect.  As 
the  church  expanded,  the  community  of  Nazareth 
was  founded  by  Boehler  near  the  original  settle- 
ment. In  1745  he  again  went  to  Europe,  where,  on 
10  Jan.,  1748,  he  was  consecrated  to  the  episco- 
pacy at  Herrnhut  and  given  the  oversight  of  the 
churches  in  England.  Ireland,  Wales,  and  America. 
After  discharging  the  duties  of  his  office  in  various 
parts  of  Germany  and  England,  he  arrived  in  1753 
a  third  time  in  America,  where  he  assisted  in  su- 
perintending the  Moravian  churches  until  1764, 
when  he  was  called  to  Germany  to  take  his  seat  in 
the  directory,  which  stood  at  the  head  of  the  whole 
Unitas  Fratrum.  He  died  while  on  an  official  visit 
to  the  English  churches.  Bishop  Boehler  is  high- 
ly esteemed,  even  at  the  present  day,  both  among 
Wesleyans  and  Methodists ;  the  former,  as  a  visible 
token  of  what  he  did  for  John  Wesley,  have  built  a 
memorial  chapel  in  London,  known  as  the  Peter 
Boehler  chapel.  See  T.  P.  Lockwood's  "  Memorials 
of  the  Life  of  Peter  Boehler"  (London,  1868). 

BOEHM,  Henry  (bame),  clergyman,  b.  in  Co- 
nestoga,  Pa.,  8  June,  1775 ;  d.  near  Richmond, 
Staten  Island,  28  Dec,  1875.  His  grandfather, 
Jacob  (b.  in  Switzerland  in  1693),  having  become  a 
disciple  of  the  Baptist  Menno,  came  to  America 
in  1715  and  settled  in  Lancaster,  Pa.,  then  a  colo- 
ny of  Mennonites.  Martin,  father  of  Henry,  was 
in  early  life  a  licensed  preacher  among  the  Men- 
nonites, but  afterward  joined  the  Moravian  Breth- 
ren, and  finally  became  a  Methodist.  In  1791  the 
Methodists  built  a  chapel  on  land  given  by  his 
uncle.  In  this  building,  known  as  Boehm's  Chap- 
el, Henry  first  heard  Bishop  Asbury  preach  in  1799. 
His  own  life  as  an  itinerant  began  in  1800,  on  the 
eastern  shore  of  Maryland.  In  1803  he  made  a 
short  tour  with  the  bishop  as  his  travelling  com- 
panion, and  in  1808  and  the  four  succeeding  years 
accompanied  the  bishop,  who  was  feeble  and  rheu- 
matic, in  all  his  travels.  Speaking  German  as  well 
as  English,  Boehm  often  preached  to  the  German 
colonists  in  various  parts  of  America.  He  journeyed 
about  40,000  miles  with  Bishop  Asbury,  and  dur- 
ing his  entire  itinerary  travelled  on  horseback  more 
than  100,000  miles.  He  was  appointed  presiding 
elder  of  the  Schuylkill  district  by  Bishop  Asbury, 
who  made  him  one  of  his  executors.  He  also  made 
tours  with  Bishops  George  and  McKendree.  In 
1842  he  was  placed  on  the  supernumerary  list  and 
stationed  on  Staten  Island,  where  he  continued  to 


preach  for  many  years.  Father  Boehm,  as  he  was 
called,  was  seventy-four  years  in  the  ministry,  and 
at  the  time  of  his  death  was  the  oldest  Methodist 
preacher  in  America.  A  special  service  was  held 
8  June,  1875,  in  celebration  of  his  hundredth  birth- 
day. He  published  a  volume  of  "  Reminiscences 
of  Sixty-four  Years  in  the  Ministry "'  (New  York, 
1805),  of  which  a  new  edition  was  published  in 
1875,  with  additional  chapters  and  notes  by  the 
Rev.  Dr.  J.  B.  Wakeley  and  others,  with  a  preface 
by  Boehm,  dated  July,  1875. 

BOEKNSTEIN,  Henry  (bairnstine),  journalist, 
b.  in  Hamburg,  4  Nov.,  1805 ;  d.  in  Vienna,  Aus- 
tria, 10  Sept.,  1892.  His  parents  removed  to  Lem- 
berg,  where  lie  received  a  medical  education.  After 
serving  in  the  Austrian  array,  he  was  some  years 
connected  with  the  stage  in  Vienna ;  became  mana- 
ger of  the  German  opera  at  Paris  in  1842,  and  a 
playwright,  and  came  to  the  United  States  in  De- 
ceniber,  1848.  In  March,  1850,  he  became  editor 
and  proprietor  of  the  "Anzeiger  des  Westens," 
published  in  St.  Louis. 

BOERUM,  Simon,  patriot,  b.  of  Dutch  parents 
in  New  Lots,  Kings  eo.,  N.  Y.,  29  Feb.,  1724 ;  d. 
at  his  house  at  Brooklyn  Ferry,  11  July,  1775.  He 
was  a  farmer,  and  for  twenty-five  years  county 
clerk.  He  was  a  patriotic  member  of  the  New 
York  general  assembly  from  1761  till  1775,  and  of 
the  continental  congress  of  1774  and  1775.  See 
"  Life  of  Simon  Boerum,"  by  Franklin  Burdge 
(1876) ;  also  an  account  of  the  defeat  of  Galloway's 
plan,  in  the  "  Magazine  of  American  History  "  for 
April,  1879. 

BOGARDUS,  Abraham,  photographer,  b.  in 
Fishkill,  N.  Y.,  29  Nov.,  1822.  He  received  his 
early  education  at  the  Newburg  Academy,  and  at 
the  age  of  fourteen  became  a  dry-goods  clerk  in 
New  York.  After  several  years'  experience  in  this 
line  he  was  induced  to  take  lessons  in  making  da- 
guerreotypes from  George  W.  Prosch,  and,  finding 
this  occupation  agreeable,  he  opened  in  1846  a  gal- 
lery in  New  York.  At  first  progress  was  very  slow, 
and  frequently  he  found  it  impossible  to  make  more 
than  two  pictures  a  week.  Later  the  photograph 
was  invented,  and  he  at  once  began  the  production 
of  this  kind  of  pictures.  His  business  increased  rap- 
idly, and  frequently  orders  amounting  to  one  hun- 
dred dozen  photographs  were  received  during  a 
single  day.  Numerous  improvements  in  the  prepa- 
rations of  solutions,  processes,  and  apparatus  have 
been  devised  by  him,  and  he  has  published  many 
articles  on  the  technicalities  of  his  business  in  the 
photographic  journals.  Mr.  Bogardus  was  active 
in  the  establishment  of  the  national  photographic 
association  in  1868,  and  was  elected  its  president 
by  acclamation  at  that  time,  and  for  the  ensuing 
five  years.  His  presidential  addresses  are  valuable 
contributions  to  the  literature  of  the  art. 

BOCtARDUS,  Everardns,  clergyman,  b.  in  Hol- 
land ;  drowned  in  Bristol  channel,  27  Sept.,  1647. 
He  came  to  New  Amsterdam  in  1633,  and  was  the 
second  minister  in  the  colony.  He  publicly  ac- 
cused Gov.  Van  Twiller,  whom  he  had  accompa- 
nied from  flolland,  of  mal-administration,  and  in 
consequence  was  himself  charged  with  unbecom- 
ing conduct,  and  was  about  to  depart  for  Holland 
in  order  to  defend  himself,  but  was  detained  by 
Gov.  Kieft.  In  1642  a  new  church  was  built  for 
him.  The  following  year  he  warned  Gov.  Kieft 
against  making  war  upon  the  Indians,  and  in  1645 
denounced  him  for  drunkenness  and  rapacity. 
Kieft  brought  the  clergyman  to  trial,  but  the  dis- 
pute was  compromised.  When  Kieft  returned  to 
Holland,  after  the  arrival  of  Stuyvesant  in  1647. 
Bogardus   sailed   in   the  same   vessel,   to  answer 


BOGARDUS 


BOGARDUS 


301 


charges  brought  against  him,  before  the  classis  in 
Amsterdam.  The  vessel  entered  Bristol  channel  by 
a  mistake,  and  struck  upon  a  rock,  going  down  with 
eighty  persons,  among  them  Bogardus  and  Kieft. 
— His  wife,  Annetje  Jansen,  corrupted  into  Aii- 
neke  Jans,  b.  in  Holland  about  1600 ;  d.  in  the 
village  of  Beverwyck,  N.  Y.,  19  March,  1G63.  She 
first  came  to  America  in  1030,  with  her  first  hus- 
band, Roelof  Jansen,  of  Waterland,  who  had  been 
sent  out  by  Patroon  Van  Rensselaer  as  assistant 
steward  at  Albany.  They  afterward  removed  to 
New  Amsterdam,  among  the  earliest  Dutch  settlers. 
Here,  in  1636,  they  obtained  from  Gov.  Wouter  Van 
Twiller  a  grant  of  sixty-two  acres  of  land,  the  pres- 
ent boundaries  of  which  are  the  North  river,  Chris- 
topher street,  Bedford  street.  West  Houston  street, 
Sullivan  street,  Canal  street,  West  Broadway,  Bar- 


clay street,  Broadway,  and  Fulton  street,  around  to 
the  river  again.  Shortly  afterward  Jansen  died,  leav- 
ing Anneke  with  four  children.  In  1638  she  mar- 
ried Everardus  Bogardus.  After  the  death  of  Do- 
minie Bogardus,  Anneke,  again  a  widow,  with  four 
additional  children,  continued  to  reside  in  the  city, 
and  in  1654  she  obtained  from  Gov.  Stuyvesant  a 
patent  in  her  own  name  of  the  farm  above  men- 
tioned. In  her  will  she  named  as  her  sole  heirs 
Sarah  Roelofson,  Katrina  Roelofson,  Jannettys  and 
Rachel  Hartgers  (two  children  of  her  deceased 
daughter  Frytie),  and  John  Roelofson,  her  children 
by  her  first  husband,  and  William,  Cornelius, 
Jonas,  and  Peter  Bogardus,  children  of  the  second 
marriage.  On  27  Aug.,  1664,  the  grant  of  land 
was  confirmed  by  the  English  government,  as  may 
be  found  recorded  in  the  office  of  the  secretary  of 
state  at  Albany  in  the  "  Patent  Book,"  pp.  28-30. 
In  1670  part  of  the  land,  a  salt  meadow  north  of 
Canal  street,  was  sold  at  public  auction ;  but  the 
sale  was  never  carried  out,  on  account  of  some  al- 
leged flaw  in  the  title.  In  1671  five  of  the  heirs 
conveyed  the  whole  farm  (or  houwery)  to  Col.  Fran- 
cis Lovelace,  then  governor  of  the  province  of  New 
York.  But  one  of  the  sons,  Cornelius,  did  not  join 
in  this  conveyance,  and  therefore  his  heirs  have 
always  claimed  that  they  have  a  right  to  their 
share  of  the  property.  In  1705  the  estate,  then 
known  as  the  "  King's  Farm,"  was  leased  or  grant- 
ed by  the  colonial  authorities  under  Queen  Anne 
to  Trinity  church ;  and,  in  spite  of  numerous  con- 
tests, that  corporation  has  continued  to  enjoy  all 
the  benefits  and  revenues  of  the  vast  property  to 
this  day.  Nicholas  Brower,  one  of  the  heirs, 
brought  a  suit  in  ejectment  in  1750,  claiming  that 
the  title  was  not  in  Queen  Anne.  He  was  non- 
suited by  default,  renewed  his  suit  in  1760,  and 
was  again  beaten.  In  1807  Col.  Malcolm,  who  had 
married  an  heir,  brought  an  unsuccessful  suit  in 
the  New  York  supreme  court,  to  recover  a  part  of 
the  property.  In  1830  three  other  heirs  had  a 
similar  experience.     Chancellor  Walworth  in  1834 


dismissed  a  suit  bi'ought  by  Jonas  Humbert.  In 
1847  Cornelius  Brower  brought  nine  suits,  all  of 
which  were  dismissed.  In  these  Vice  Chancellor 
Sanford,  after  examining  every  fact  on  both  sides, 
decided  that,  waiving  all  other  points,  the  church 
had  acquired  a  perfectly  valid  title  by  undisputed 
possession  longer  than  the  limitation  at  which  title 
might  be  gained  by  possession  in  1705,  when  the 
land  came  to  the  church.  The  accompanying  view 
represents  New  York  at  that  time. 

BOGARDUS,  James,  inventor,  b.  in  Catskill, 
N.  Y.,  14  March,  1800 ;  d.  in  New  York  city,  13 
April,  1874.  He  received  the  ordinary  school  edu- 
cation aft'orded  by  his  native  town,  at  the  age  of 
fourteen  was  apprenticed  to  a  watchmaker,  and 
soon  became  skilled  as  a  die-sinker  and  engraver. 
His  inventive  ability  was  first  manifested  by  an 
eight-day,  three-wheeled  chronometer  clock,  for 
which  he  received  the  highest  premium  at  the  first 
fair  of  the  American  institute,  after  which  he  pro- 
duced an  eight-day  clock  with  three  wheels  and  a 
segment  of  a  wheel,  which  struck  the  hours,  and, 
without  dial-wheels,  marked  the  hours,  minutes, 
and  seconds.  In  1828  he  invented  the  "  ring  flier  " 
for  cotton-spinning,  which  afterward  came  into 
general  use,  and  in  1829  devised  an  eccentric  mill, 
in  which  the  grinding-stones  or  plates  run  in  the 
same  direction  with  nearly  equal  speed.  In  1831 
he  made  an  engraving-machine  with  which  gold 
watch-dials  could  be  made,  turning  imitation  fili- 
gree works,  rays  from  the  centre,  and  the  figures 
in  relief,  all  by  one  operation.  The  steel  die  from 
which  the  gold  medal  of  the  American  institute  is 
struck,  and  other  beautiful  medallions,  were  made 
with  this  machine.  He  also  invented  the  transfer- 
machine  for  producing  bank-note  plates  from  sepa- 
rate dies,  which  is  now  in  general  use.  In  1832  he 
invented  the  first  dry  gas-metre,  and  in  1836,  by 
giving  a  rotary  motion  to  the  machinery,  he  made 
it  applicable  to  all  current  fluids.  While  in  Eng- 
land, in  1836,  he  produced  a  medallic  engraving- 
machine,  with  which  portraits  of  the  queen.  Sir 
Robert  Peel,  and  numerous  other  distinguished 
persons  were  engraved,  and  he  also  agreed  to  con- 
struct in  London  a  machine  for  engine-turning  that 
would  copy  all  kinds  of  known  machine  engraving, 
but  could  not  imitate  its  own  work.  The  British 
government  in  1839  offered  a  reward  for  the  best 
plan  of  manufacturing  postage-stamps,  and  that 
submitted  by  him  was  selected  from  among  2,600 
competing  designs,  and  it  is  still  in  use.  His  later 
inventions  include  a  machine  for  pressing  glass, 
appliances  for  shirring  India-rubber  fabrics,  and 
for  cutting  India-rubber  into  fine  threads.  Besides 
improvements  in  drilling-machines  and  in  eccen- 
tric mills,  he  patented  in  1848  a  sun-and-planet 
horse-power,  and  a  dynamometer  for  measuring  the 
speed  and  power  of  machinery  while  in  motion. 
His  factory  in  New  York  city,  built  in  1847  en- 
tirely of  cast-iron,  five  stories  high,  was  the  first 
building  so  constructed  in  the  United  States,  and 
probably  the  first  in  the  world.  His  success  in 
this  undertaking  led  to  his  engaging  in  the  busi- 
ness of  erecting  iron-ware  buildings  throughout 
the  country.  He  invented  a  pyrometer  of  great 
delicacy,  and  a  deep-sea  sounding-machine,  which 
can  be  used  without  a  line  and  is  very  accurate, 
and  also  made  numerous  improvements  in  the 
manufacture  of  tools  and  machinery. 

BOGARDUS,  Robert,  lawyer,  b.  in  1771 ;  d.  in 
New  York  city,  12  Sept.,  1841.  He  practised  law 
in  New  York  for  nearly  fifty  years.  In  the  war  of 
1812  he  was,  from  July,  1813,  till  June,  1815,  colo- 
nel of  infantry.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the 
New  York  state  senate. 


302 


BOGART 


BOHORQUES 


BOGART,  Elizabeth,  poet,  b.  in  New  York 
city  about  1806.  She  was  a  daughter  of  the  Rev. 
David  S.  Bogart,  and  contributed  to  periodicals, 
chiefly  the  New  York  "Mirror,"  under  the  pen- 
name  of  "  Estelle,"  lier  first  pieces  appearing  in 
1835.  Specimens  of  her  poetry  are  reprinted  in 
Griswold's  "  Female  Poets  of  America."  She  wrote 
two  prize  stories,  entitled  "  The  Effect  of  a  Single 
Folly "  and  "  The  Forged  Note,"  evincing  con- 
structive ability ;  but  "  He  Came  too  Late,"  and 
other  poems,  were  her  most  admired  productions. 

BOUART,  William  Henry,  author,  b.  in  Al- 
bany, N.  Y.,  28  Nov.,  1810 ;  d.  in  Aurora,  N.  Y.,  21 
Aug..  1888.  His  early  life  was  passed  at  Aurora. 
He  wrote  a  life  of  Daniel  Boone  and  "  Who  Goes 
There?"  a  book  of  historical  reminiscences;  but 
his  chief  work  was  done  as  the  "  Sentinel  "  corre- 
spondent of  the  New  York  "  Courier  and  En- 
quirer," and  the  New  York  "  World,"  in  reviving 
the  taste  for  American  antiquarian  history,  espe- 
cially of  the  colonial  period  of  New  York.  He  con- 
tributed a  monograph  on  Cornelius  and  William 
H.  Vanderbilt  to  the  "  New  York  Genealogical  and 
Biographical  Record  "  for  April,  1880. 

BOGrtrS,  Charles  Stuart,  naval  officer,  b.  in 
New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  28  Jan..  1811;  d.  there  22 
April,  1888.  A  nephew  of  Capt.  James  Law- 
rence, he  entered  the  navy  1  Nov..  1826.  He  was 
promoted  a  lieutenant  6  Sept.,  1837,  was  in  the 
"Princeton,"  of  Com.  Conner's  squadron,  during 
the  Mexican  war,  was  present  at  the  siege  of  Vera 
Cruz,  and  commanded  the  boat  expedition  that  de- 
stroyed the  "  Truxtun  "  after  her  surrender  to  the 
Mexicans.  He  was  promoted  comjnander,  14  Sept., 
1855,  and  assigned  to  the  U.  S.  mail  steamer  "  Illi- 
nois," which  he  commanded  three  years.  He  then 
became  light-house  inspector  for  California,  Ore- 
gon, and  Washington  territory.  In  1861  he  was 
ordered  to  the  gun-boat  "  Varuna,"  of  Farragut's 
gulf  squadron.  In  the  attack  on  Forts  St.  Philip 
and  Jackson,  in  April,  1862,  he  destroyed  six  of  the 
confederate  gun-boats,  but  finally  lost  his  own 
vessel,  which  steamed  ahead  of  the  fleet  and  en- 
gaged the  confederate  squadron  above  the  forts. 
She  was  attacked  by  two  rams  and  run  into  the 
banks  of  the  river  and  there  sank,  causing,  how- 
ever, the  destruction  of  her  antagonists,  which  were 
both  burned.  He  returned  to  Washington  as  bearer 
of  despatches,  and  was  ordered  to  the  command  of 
the  new  sloop-of-war  "  Juniata."  He  was  promoted 
to  the  rank  of  captain  on  16  July,  1862,  and  was 
made  a  commodore,  25  July,  1866.  He  commanded 
the  steamer  "  De  Soto,"  of  the  North  Atlantic 
squadron,  in  1867-8.  In  1869-'70  he  was  assigned 
to  the  European  fleet,  and  prepared  a  report  on 
the  condition  of  steam-engines  afloat.  On  1  July, 
1870,  he  received  promotion  to  rear-admiral,  and 
was  appointed  light-house  inspector  of  the  3d  dis- 
trict.    He  was  placed  on  the  retired  list  in  1873. 

BO(ii()JS,  Lilbiirii  W.,  pioneer,  b.  in  Kentucky 
in  1798;  d.  in  California  in  1861.  He  was  governor 
of  Missouri  in  1836,  and  took  a  prominent  part  in 
the  expulsion  of  the  Mormons.  In  1846  he  mi- 
grated to  California,  and  in  the  years  1847-'9  was 
alcalde  of  the  Sonoma  district,  where  he  gained 
reputation  for  his  energy  and  ability  in  a  trying 
position  during  the  period  of  the  interregnum. 

BOtrLE,  James,  painter,  b.  in  Georgetown,  S. 
C,  in  1817;  d.  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  11  Oct.,  1873. 
He  came  to  New  York  in  1836  and  entered  the 
studio  of  Prof.  Morse,  inventor  of  the  telegraph 
and  the  founder  of  the  national  academy  of  design. 
Mr.  Bogle,  confining  himself  to  portrait  painting, 
soon  achieved  distinction  in  that  department.  In 
1850  he  was  elected  an  associate  of  the  national 


academy,  and  in  1861  an  academician.  For  many 
years  his  pictures  occupied  annually  a  prominent 
position  at  the  academy ;  but  he  exhibited  only  at 
rare  intervals  in  the  later  years  of  his  life,  when 
the  state  of  his  health  compelled  him  to  live  in  the 
south.  He  executed  portraits  of  John  C.  Calhoun, 
Henry  Clay,  Daniel  Webster,  Chief-Justice  Jones. 
Bishop  Atkinson,  of  North  Carolina,  De  Witt  Clin- 
ton, and  Rev.  Dr.  Budington.  Among  his  later 
pictures  were  portraits  of  Gen.  John  A.  Dix  and 
Henry  J.  Raymond. 

BO(tY,  Lewis  Vital,  senator,  b.  in  St.  Genevieve, 
Mo.,  9  April,  1813 ;  d.  in  St.  Louis,  20  Sept.,  1877, 
He  was  descended  from  the  early  French  settlers  of 
the  region,  received  a  common-school  education, 
was  for  some  years  a  clerk,  afterward  studied  law 
in  Illinois  and  Kentucky,  was  graduated  at  the 
Lexington  law  school,  Ky.,  in  1835,  and  began 
practice  in  St.  Louis.  He  was  several  times  elect- 
ed to  the  legislature,  and  in  1867-'8  was  commis- 
sioner of  Indian  affairs.  He  was  interested  in  the 
development  of  the  mineral  resources  of  the  state, 
and  was  a  projector  of  the  St.  Louis  and  Iron 
Mountain  railroad,  of  which  he  was  president  for 
two  years.  He  was  elected  to  the  U.  S.  senate  as  a 
democrat  in  1873,  and  served  on  the  committees  on 
Indian  affairs,  land  claims,  and  education  and  labor. 

BOHLEN,  Henry,  soldier,  b.  in  Bremen,  Ger- 
many, 22  Oct.,  1810 ;  killed  near  Rappahannock 
Station,  Va.,  22  Aug.,  1862.  He  came  to  the  United 
States  when  young,  and  settled  as  a  liquor  mer- 
chant in  Philadelphia,  acquiring  wealth  in  that 
trade.  In  1861  he  became  colonel  of  the  75th 
Pennsylvania  (German)  volunteers,  and  was  at- 
tached to  Gen.  Blenker's  command,  was  made 
brigadier-general  of  volunteers,  28  April.  1862,  and 
served  under  Fremont  in  western  Virginia,  distin- 
guishing himself  at  the  battle  of  Cross  Keys,  8 
June,  when  Gen.  Fremont  attacked  "Stonewall 
Jackson  "  and  drove  him  from  a  strong  position 
beyond  Harrisonburg.  He  was  also  specially  com- 
mended for  his  services  in  the  Shenandoah  valley 
under  Gen.  Sigel.  He  covered  the  retreat  of  the 
army  of  Virginia  across  the  Rappahannock,  and 
fell  while  directing  the  movements  of  his  brigade 
in  a  skirmish  near  that  river.  He  led  his  brigade 
across  the  river  to  attack  a  detachment  of  Long- 
street's  division,  but  was  assailed  by  superior  num- 
bers, and  re-crossed  under  cover  of  the  batteries. 

BOHORQUES,  Jnan  (bo-or'-kes),  Mexican  prel- 
ate, b.  in  the  city  of  Mexico  late  in  the  16th  cen- 
tury ;  d.  in  1633.  He  was  rector  of  the  college  of 
St.  Louis  in  Puebla,  filling  several  high  ecclesias- 
tical offices  in  Mexico,  and  representing  his  coun- 
try at  the  court  of  Madiid  and  his  ecclesiastical 
province  at  Rome.  Philip  III.  of  Spain  caused 
Bohorques  to  be  appointed  bishop  of  Caracas  in 
1610,  but  soon  afterward  he  was  placed  in  charge 
of  the  bishopric  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico,  which  he  ad- 
ministered until  his  death. 

BOHORQUES,  Pedro  (bo-or'-kes),  Spanish  sol- 
dier, d.  in  1667.  He  served  in  the  army  of  Peru  and 
made  the  Indians  believe  that  he  was  a  descendant 
of  the  Incas  and  must  reinstate  the  Peruvian  king- 
dom. He  set  out  to  discover  the  Paititi,  a  kind 
of  El  Dorado,  also  called  Jurac  Guari  ("  the  white 
palace "),  which  was  said  to  be  at  the  borders  of 
Guallago  river.  He  found  only  a  very  poor  Indian 
town  belonging  to  the  Pelados  ("  hairless,"  mean- 
ing extremely  poor),  so  called  on  account  of  their 
utmost  misery.  They  proclaimed  him  sovereign  ; 
but  he  soon  grew  weary  of  his  miserable  kingdom, 
disappeared  from  it,  and  then  was  made  a  prisoner 
by  Spanish  troops.  He  was  sentenced  to  death 
and  executed  in  the  city  of  Lima. 


BOISE 


BOLIVAR 


303 


BOISE,  James  Robinson,  educator,  b.  in 
Blandford,  Mass.,  27  Jan.,  1815  ;  d.  in  Chicago,  9 
Feb.,  1895.  He  was  graduated  at  Brown  in  1840, 
became  a  tutor  of  Latin  and  Greek  in  tiiat  col- 
lege, and  in  1843  professor  of  Greek,  which  chair 
he  held  until  1850.  From  1852  to  1868  he  was 
professor  of  Greek  in  the  university  of  Michigan, 
and  after  1868  in  the  university  of  Chicago.  He 
published  in  Chicago  Xenophon's  "  Anabasis," 
with  English  notes,  the  first  six  books  of  Homer's 
"  Iliad,"  "  Greek  Syntax,"  •'  First  Lessons  in  Greek," 
and  other  text-books,  and  in  1884  "Notes  Critical 
and  Explanatory  on  St.  Paul's  Epistles." 

BOKER,  (iJeorg'e  Henry,  author,  b.  in  Philadel- 
phia, Pa.,  6  Oct.,  1823 ;  d.  there,  2  Jan.,  1890.  He 
was  the  son  of  a  wealthy  banker,  was  graduated 
at  Princeton  in  1842,  and  studied  law,  but  did  not 
practise.     In  1847,  after  his  return  fi-om  a  tour 

in    Europe,    he 

Eublished  "The 
lesson  of  Life, 
and  other  Po- 
ems," followed 
in  1848  by  a  trag- 
edy called  "  Ca- 
laynos,"  which 
was  successful- 
ly brought  out 
on  the  stage  in 
England.  He 
next  produced 
in  succession 
the  tragedies  of 
"Anne  Boleyn" 
(1850),  "  Leonor 
de  Guzman," 
and  "  Frances- 
ca  da  Rimini." 
Among  his  other 
plays  are  "  The 
Betrothal"  and 
*'  The  Widow's  Marriage."  In  1856  he  published 
in  Boston  two  volumes  of  "  Plays  and  Poems." 
Among  his  individual  poems,  "  The  Ivory-Car- 
Ter,"  "  The  Podesta's  Daughter,"  "  Song  of  the 
Earth,"  "  A  Ballad  of  Sir  John  Franklin,"  and 
"  Dirge  for  a  Soldier,"  are  noteworthy.  During 
the  civil  war  he  wrote  many  patriotic  lyrics,  col- 
lected in  a  volume  and  published  under  the  title 
of  "Poems  of  the  War"  (Boston,  1864).  Later 
works  were  "  Street  Lyrics,"  "  Konigsmark,  and 
other  Poems"  (1869),  and  "The  Book  of  the 
Dead  "  (1882).  In  the  autumn  of  1871  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  President  Grant  U.  S.  minister  to 
Turkey,  and  in  1875  was  transferred  to  the  more 
important  mission  of  Russia.  He  returned  to 
Philadelphia  in  1879.  Mr.  Boker's  dramas  are 
classical  in  form,  and  his  sonnets  and  other  lyrical 
poems  greatly  admired.  He  also  wrote  vigorous 
and  eloquent  prose,  especially  the  stirring  appeals 
contained  in  the  reports  of  the  union  league  club, 
of  which  he  was  secretary  from  the  time  of  its 
establishment  until  recently,  when  he  was  elected 
its  president.  His  latest  work  was  a  volume  of 
sonnets,  which  appeared  in  1886. 

BOLIVAR,  (xregorio,  Spanish  missionary. 
Early  in  the  16th  century  he  preached  the  gos- 
pel for  twenty-five  years  among  the  Indians  of 
Mexico,  Peru,  and  other  regions  whei'e  Euro- 
pean civilization  had  not  yet  reached.  He  be- 
longed to  the  Franciscan  order,  and  left  a  curious 
work  entitled  "  Memorial  de  Arbitrios  para  la 
Separation  de  Espana." 

BOLIVAR,  Simon,  the  liberator,  leader  in  the 
struggle  for  South  American  independence,  b.  in 


V  Mf^^^ 


Caracas,  Venezuela,  24  July,  1783 ;  d.  in  San  Pedro, 
near  Santa  Martha,  17  Dec,  1830.  His  father  Was 
Juan  Vicente  Bolivar  y  Ponte,  a  wealthy  proprietor 
of  Peru,  of  noble  descent,  as  was  also  his  mother, 
Maria  Concepcion  Palacios  y  Sojo.  Losing  his 
parents  early,  young  Bolivar  was  brought  up  by  his 
uncle,  the  Marquis  de  Palacios.  After  receiving  a 
liberal  education  at  home,  he  spent  several  years  in 
the  study  of  law  at  Madrid,  and  in  travel,  mostly 
in  the  south  of  Europe.  He  remained  some  time  in 
Paris,  and  was  a  witness  of  the  closing  scenes  of 
the  revolution.  Returning  to  Madrid,  he  married, 
in  1801,  a  daughter  of  Don  N.  Toro.  Embarking 
for  America  with  the  intention  of  devoting  himself 
to  the  care  of  his  estate,  Bolivar  lost  his  young  wife, 
who  died  of  yellow  fever.  He  again  visited  Eu- 
rope to  assuage  his  sorrow,  in  1804,  and  spent  five 
years  in  Paris.  On  his  return  to  Venezuela,  in 
1809,  he  passed  through  the  United  States,  where 
he  had  the  opportunity  of  observing  the  working 
of  free  institutions.  He  soon  afterward  joined  in 
the  revolutionary  movement  in  South  America, 
and,  having  taken  part  in  the  uprising  in  Caracas 
of  19  April.  1810,  he  received  a  colonel's  commis- 
sion from  the  junta,  and  was  sent  with  Luis  Lopez 
Mendes  to  Great  Britain  to  purchase  arms  and 
solicit  the  protection  of  the  government,  returning 
in  1811  with  a  cargo  of  arms. 

After  the  declaration  of  Venezuelan  independ- 
ence, 5  July,  1811,  he  joined  the  insurgent  forces, 
was  attached  to  Gen.  Miranda's  staff  in  September 
as  lieutenant-colonel,  and  was  placed  in  command 
of  the  important  fortress  of  Puerto  Cabello.  He 
lost  that  place,  the  strongest  fortified  post  in  the 
country,  through  a  revolt  of  the  Spanish  prisoners 
of  war  in  the  citadel.  The  fortress  was  reoccupied 
by  the  Spaniards  under  Monteverde,  the  Spanish 
troops  regained  possession  of  the  province,  and 
Miranda,  on  the  authority  of  the  congress,  signed 
the  treaty  of  Victoria,  restoring  Venezuela  to 
Spanish  rule,  25  July,  1812.  Bolivar,  with  other 
officers,  who  attributed  their  failure  to  the  inactiv- 
ity of  Miranda,  apprehended  the  latter  at  La 
Guayra,  and  delivered  him  up  to  the  Spanish  au- 
thorities. Hearing  of  important  movements  in 
New  Granada,  Bolivar  went  from  Curagao,  where 
he  had  taken  refuge,  to  Carthagena,  and  obtained 
a  commission  to  operate  against  the  royalist  forces 
on  Magdalena  river.  He  set  out  in  January,  1813, 
with  300  men,  enlisted  for  the  expedition  from 
refugees  at  Carthagena.  Manuel  Castillo  accom- 
panied him  with  500  grenadiers,  detailed  for  the 
expedition  by  the  president  of  Carthagena,  but  soon 
decamped  with  his  force.  Bolivar  and  his  cousin 
Ribas  advanced  up  the  river,  driving  the  Span- 
iards out  of  Tenerife,  Mompox,  and  other  places 
as  far  as  the  valley  of  Cucuta  on  the  Venezuelan 
border.  He  then  determined  to  endeavor  to  re- 
kindle the  revolution  in  Venezuela  and  risk  an- 
other encounter  with  Monteverde,  and  Bolivar  and 
Ribas  were  commissioned  as  generals  by  the  con- 
gress of  New  Granada,  sitting  at  Santa  Fe  de  Bo- 
gota. Amid  many  discouragements  he  pressed  for- 
ward with  his  small  force,  not  exceeding  500  men, 
and  reached  Merida  and  Truxillo,  important  towns 
in  western  Venezuela,  where  he  succeeded  in  rais- 
ing the  population  in  his  support.  Dividing  his 
force  into  two  columns,  Bolivar  marched  -upon 
Caracas  at  the  head  of  one  division,  while  Ribas 
proceeded  with  the  other  by  another  route.  Re- 
cruits flocked  to  the  revolutionary  standard  as  they 
advanced  into  Venezuela.  Incensed  at  the  cruel 
methods  of  warfare  practised  by  the  royalists.  Boli- 
var, on  13  Jan.,  1813,  issued  his  famous  proclama- 
tion of  war  to  the  death  (guerra  a  muerte).    Ribas 


304 


BOLIVAR 


BOLIVAR 


met  Gen.  Monteverde  at  Lostaguenas  and  inflicted 
upon  him  a  crushing  defeat,  following  upon  re- 
verses at  Niquihao,  Betisoque,  Carache,  Barquise- 
meto,  and  Varinas.  Gen.  Monteverde  was  com- 
pelled to  fall  back  upon  Puerto  Cabello  and  shut 

himself  up  in 
the  fortress 
with  the  rem- 
nant of  his 
army.  Gen. 
Fierro,  gover- 
nor of  Caracas, 
signed  a  capit- 
ulation at  Vic- 
toria, and  on 
4  Aug.,  1814, 
»Bolivarentered 
Caracas  at  the 
head  of  the  lib- 
erating army. 
Gen.  Marino 
had  recovered 
from  the  royal 
troops  the  east- 
ern part  of  the 
province,  and 
assvimed  the 
title  of  dictator 
of  eastern  Ven- 
ezuela. Boli- 
var was  hon- 
ored with  a  triumphal  entry  into  the  capital,  being 
conveyed  on  a  car  drawn  by  twelve  young  ladies, 
proclaimed  himself  dictator  and  liberator  of  the 
western  pi'ovinces  of  Venezuela,  set  up  a  body- 
guard, and  established  the  "  Order  of  the  Liber- 
ator." The  enthusiasm  of  the  people  was  damp- 
ened by  this  display  of  courtly  pomp,  and  by  the 
arrogance  of  Bolivar's  officers,  while  the  royal- 
ists concentrated  their  forces  and  applied  all  their 
efforts  to  regaining  possession  of  Venezuela.  Sev- 
eral sanguinary  battles  were  fought,  in  which  the 
revolutionists  were  at  first  successful.  Public  dis- 
satisfaction impelled  Bolivar,  on  1  Jan.,  1814,  to 
call  together  a  junta  of  influential  citizens  of  Ca- 
racas and  offer  to  resign  the  dictatorship  into  their 
hands,  but  the  assembly,  by  its  decision  on  the 
following  day,  insisted  upon  his  retaining  the  su- 
preme military  and  civil  authority.  The  Spanish 
general  Boves,  collecting  a  large  force  for  a  de- 
cisive encounter,  marched,  in  June,  1814,  from 
Calabozo  upon  La  Puerta,  where  the  united  forces 
of  Bolivar  and  Mariflo  were  encamped.  The  revo- 
lutionary army  was  split  up  into  three  divisions  as 
the  Spanish  array  came  up,  and  on  11  June  Boves 
inflicted  upon  the  patriots  a  ruinous  defeat  near 
Cura,  and  well-nigh  annihilated  their  army,  kill- 
ing 1,500.  The  Spaniards  then  took  Caracas,  and 
defeated  Bolivar  a  second  time  at  Aragua. 

Bolivar  escaped  to  Cumana  with  some  of  his 
officers,  and  sailed  thence  to  Carthagena,  proceed- 
ing thence  to  Tunja,  where  the  revolutionary  con- 
gress was  sitting,  and  offered  his  services  to  the 
confederated  provinces  of  New  Granada.  Not- 
withstanding his  misfortunes  and  the  detractions 
of  his  numerous  enemies,  he  was  appointed  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  forces  of  the  federal  repub- 
lic, and  ordered  to  march  against  Cundinamarca, 
the  president  of  which  province  refused  to  ac- 
knowledge the  authority  of  the  central  govern- 
ment and  the  union  of  the  provinces.  He  liberated 
Cundinamarca,  and  took  possession  of  Santa  Fe  de 
Bogota.  He  appeared  before  that  city  in  Decem- 
ber, 1814,  with  2,000  men,  carried  the  suburbs  by 
storm,  and  forced  the  leaders  of  the  defection  to 


capitulate.  For  this  servioe  he  received  the  thanks 
of  congress,  which  immediately  made  Sante  Fe  the 
seat  of  government.  Bolivar  was  then  sent  to  re- 
capture Santa  Marta,  which  had  fallen  into  the 
hands  of  the  enemy,  being  the  only  sea-port  in 
New  Granada  in  their  possession.  Castillo,  the 
commandant  in  Carthagena,  refused  to  supply  the 
troops  with  arms  and  ammunition  ordered  from  the 
citadel,  whereupon  Bolivar  led  his  forces  against 
that  city,  laid  siege  to  it,  and  remained  there  till 
May.  Aleanwhile,  Gen.  Morillo  had  arrived  from 
Spain  with  large  reenforcements,  debarked  on  the 
island  of  Margarita,  25  March,  1815,  relieved  the 
Spanish  garrison  in  Santa  Marta,  and  soon  after- 
ward captured  Carthagena. 

Bolivar,  on  10  May,  1815,  embarked  with  about  a 
dozen  of  his  officers  for  Kingston,  Jamaica,  where 
he  looked  for  assistance.  While  he  remained  in 
Jamaica,  for  eight  months.  New  Granada  was  over- 
run by  Morillo's  troops,  though  the  patriots  in 
Venezuela  and  Gen.  Arismendi  in  the  island  of 
Margarita  held  their  ground  against  the  Spaniards. 
In  Kingston,  Bolivar  narrowly  escaped  being  mur- 
dered by  a  hired  assassin,  who  stabbed  his  secre- 
tary instead  of  him.  From  Kingston  he  went  to 
Port  au  Prince,  in  Hayti.  On  his  promising  to 
emancipate  the  slaves,  President  Petion,  of  Hayti, 
furnished  him  with  four  negro  battalions.  At 
Cayes  he  met  Admiral  Brion,  who  had  arrived 
from  England  with  a  corvette  and  a  supply  of 
arms  and  military  stores  for  the  patriots.  Bolivar 
gathered  a  force,  enlisted  from  patriot  refugees, 
and  with  it  and  his  negro  troops  sailed  for  Marga- 
rita, 16  April,  1816,  for  the  purpose  of  aiding  Aris- 
mendi. The  Spaniards  occupied  only  the  single 
spot  of  Pampatar  on  the  island.  With  the  ap- 
proval of  Gen.  Arismendi,  upon  Bolivar's  promise 
to  call  a  national  congress  as  soon  as  his  power 
should  be  established  in  Venezuela,  a  junta  was 
summoned  in  the  cathedral  of  La  Villa  del  Norte, 
which  proclaimed  Bolivar  commander-in-chief  of 
the  forces  of  Venezuela  and  New  Granada.  Land- 
ing at  Carripano  on  1  June,  he  issued  a  proclama- 
tion emancipating  the  slaves.  Marino  and  Piar 
withdrew  the  forces  under  their  command,  in  order- 
to  undertake  an  expedition  on  their  own  account 
against  Cumana,  leaving  Bolivar  with  about  650' 
men.  He  sailed  for  the  mainland  in  thirteen  vessels, 
seven  of  which  were  armed,  landed  at  Ocumare  on 
3  July,  and  marched  toward  Valencia.  His  force 
was  increased  through  the  enrolment  of  liberated 
slaves  to  about  800  men.  Not  far  from  Ocumare 
he  met  a  Spanish  detachment  commanded  by  Gen. 
Morales,  and  was  beaten  and  compelled  to  reem- 
bark.  He  sailed  first  to  the  island  of  Buen  Ayre, 
and  then  to  Cumana;  but,  being  coldly  received 
by  Piar  and  the  other  generals,  who  threatened  to 
try  him  by  court-martial  for  cowardice  and  deser- 
tion, he  returned  to  Aux  Cayes.  A  few  months  later 
a  majority  of  the  superior  Venezuelan  officers  united, 
in  requesting  Bolivar  to  resume  the  chief  com- 
mand. Collecting  another  band  at  Aux  Cayes,  he 
landed  a  second  time  on  the  island  of  Margarita, 
on  31  Dec,  ISld  Arms,  munitions  of  war,  and 
provisions  were  supplied  by  the  president  of  Hayti. 
On  2  Jan.,  1817,  he  was  joined  by  Arismendi,  and 
proclaimed  martial  law  and  the  union  of  the  civil 
and  military  power  in  his  person.  Five  days  later 
Arismendi's  troops  were  surprised  in  an  ambush 
by  the  Spaniards.  Bolivar  fled  to  Barcelona,  where 
he  was  joined  by  the  patriot  troops  that  escaped  and 
by  re-enforcements  sent  by  Louis  Brion,  with  arms 
and  amnninition.  He  soon  collected  a  new  force 
of  1,100  men.  Morillo  advanced  against  him  with 
a  strong  division   of   royalist   troops.     The  two- 


BOLIVAR 


BOLIVAR 


305 


forces  met  on  16  Feb.,  1817,  and  a  desperate  battle 
ensued,  lasting  three  days,  at  the  end  of  which  the 
Spaniards  were  defeated  and  retired  in  disorder. 
During  their  retreat  they  were  set  upon  and  entirely 
cut  to  pieces  by  the  Uaneros  of  Paez.  While  Boli- 
var pursued  his  victories  in  the  west,  Piar.  the  ne- 
gro leader,  wrested  from  the  Spaniards  the  prov- 
inces of  Guiana,  his  land  force  being  supported  by 
Brion's  fleet  of  gun-boats.  On  15  April,  ten  days 
after  Bolivar  had  left  that  city  in  search  of  new 
recruits,  Barcelona  was  captured  by  the  Spaniards, 
who  slaughtered  the  garrison,  comprising  the  entire 
force  that  he  had  collected  up  to  that  time  ;  but  a 
new  army  was  enlisted,  and  by  the  middle  of  July 
the  royalists  had  evacuated  all  the  provinces.  On 
20  July,  while  Bolivar  was  absent,  Piar,  Zea,  Mari- 
iio,  Arisraendi,  and  the  other  military  chiefs  sum- 
moned at  Angostura  a  provincial  congress,  which 
recorded  a  decision  to  vest  the  executive  powers  in 
a  triumvirate,  consisting  of  Bolivar  and  two  asso- 
ciates. On  hearing  of  this  action,  Bolivar  hastened 
to  Angostura,  and,  supported  by  Brion,  dissolved 
the  congress,  suppressed  the  powers  of  the  trium- 
virate, and  proclaimed  a  supreme  council  of  the  na- 
tion, consisting  of  himself  as  chief  with  Louis  Brion 
and  Antonio  Francisco  Zea  as  assistants,  the  for- 
mer being  the  director  of  the  military,  and  the  lat- 
ter of  the  political  department.  Piar,  who  assailed 
the  character  of  Bolivar,  stigmatizing  him  as  a 
"  Napoleon  of  retreat,"  was  arrested  and  tried  by  a 
council  of  war,  presided  over  by  Brion,  on  a  charge 
of  conspiring  against  the  whites,  plotting  against 
the  life  of  Bolivar,  and  aiming  at  the  supreme 
power.  He  was  convicted,  condemned  to  death, 
and  shot  on  16  Oct.,  1817,  Warned  by  the  fate  of 
Piar,  Mariilo  desisted  from  his  rivalry  with  Boli- 
var and  wrote  an  abject  letter,  throwing  himself 
upon  the  mercy  of  the  liberator.  Bolivar  had  an 
army  of  9,000  well-armed,  equipped,  and  provi- 
sioned troops,  double  the  Spanish  force  in  the 
country ;  yet  the  patriot  forces  were  so  scattered 
that  in  the  campaign  that  followed  they  were  beat- 
en in  detail  a  dozen  times,  and  by  the  end  of  May, 
1818,  were  driven  fi"om  the  provinces  north  of  the 
Orinoco.  Defection  and  discontent  were  rife.  Bol- 
ivar retired  to  Angostura,  where  he  fell  in  with 
Santander,  a  citizen  of  New  Granada,  who  in- 
formed him  that  the  people  of  that  colony  were 
prepared  for  a  general  revolt,  and  begged  for  as- 
sistance in  invading  the  country.  Bolivar  aided 
him  to  carry  out  that  project ;  and  English,  French, 
German,  and  Polish  officers  flocked  to  Angostura 
and  offered  their  services  to  Bolivar,  while  sup- 
plies, vessels,  arms,  and  volunteers  came  from 
England.  On  the  advice  of  Dr.  Roscio,  Bolivar 
summoned,  on  15  Feb.,  1819,  a  national  congress  at 
Angostura,  and  was  soon  in  a  position  to  put  14,000 
men  in  the  field  and  resume  the  oft'ensive.  At  the 
opening  of  the  congress  he  submitted  a  detailed 
exposition  of  his  views  of  government,  and  offered 
to  surrender  his  powers  into  the  hands  of  the  con- 
gress, which,  however,  requested  him  to  retain  the 
supreme  authority  until  the  independence  of  the 
country  should  be  completely  established. 

Bolivar  then  reorganized  the  army  and  decided 
upon  a  bold  strategical  plan  to  march  over  the 
Cordilleras,  unite  with  Santander's  guerrillas,  seize  ' 
Bogota,  and  drive  the  Spaniards  out  of  New  Gra- 
nada, after  first  inducing  them  to  concentrate  their 
forces  in  Venezuela  by  a  diversion  in  the  coast 
provinces  of  that  country.  On  24  Feb.,  1819,  he 
left  Angostura  with  the  army,  after  nominating 
Zea  president  of  the  congress  and  vice-president  of 
the  republic  during  his  absence.  By  the  bold  and 
successful   manoeuvres   of  Paez,  Morillo   and   La 


Torre  were  routed  at  Achaguas,  a  victory  that  re- 
sulted in  the  occupation  of  the  province  of  Barima,. 
leaving  the  way  open  into  New  Granada.  Boli- 
var's daring  and  original  plan  of  campaign  was  en- 
tirely successful.  He  marched  his  army,  a  third 
part  of  his  troops  consisting  of  Englishmen  and 
other  foreigners,  through  the  Siffieult  passes  of 
the  Andes  in  June,  encountered  and  defeated  the 
enemy  on  1  July  in  the  province  of  Tunja,  entered 
the  town  of  Tunja  on  28  July  after  a  sharp  battle 
on  the  adjoining  heights,  and  decided  the  fate  of 
Bogota  and  of  all  New  Granada  on  7  Aug.  by  the 
victory  of  Boyaca.  On  12  Aug.  the  liberator  made 
his  triumphal  entry  into  Santa  Fe.  All  the  prov- 
inces of  New  Granada  rose  against  the  Spaniards, 
who  shut  themselves  up  in  the  fortified  town  of 
Mompox.  After  organizing  a  government  in  Bo- 
gota and  leaving  Gen.  Santander  as  commander- 
in-chief,  Bolivar  returned  to  Montecal,  in  Venezue- 
la, where  he  had  ordered  the  patriot  leaders  to 
assemble  with  their  forces,  arriving  there  on  3 
Nov.,  1819.  Morillo  had  fallen  back  before  the  at- 
tacks of  Paez  from  San  Fernando  de  Apure  to  San 
Carlos ;  but  internal  discord  prevented  Bolivar 
from  following  up  these  victories  and  crushing  the 
Spanish  force,  now  reduced  to  4,500,  with  his  army 
of  9,000  men.  In  October,  1819,  the  congress  at 
Angostura  compelled  Zea  to  resign,  and  elected 
Arismendi  in  his  place.  Bolivar,  upon  hearing  of 
this,  marched  upon  Angostura  with  his  foreign 
legion,  restored  Vice-President  Zea,  and  arrested 
Arismendi  and  exiled  him  to  the  island  of  Marga- 
rita, He  then  proclaimed  the  republic  of  Colombia,^ 
securing  the  enactment  of  a  fundamental  law  on 
17  Dec,  1819,  for  the  union  of  the  states  of  Vene- 
.zuela  and  New  Granada  under  his  presidency,  with 
a  common  congress  and  a  single  constitution.  The 
seat  of  government  was  transferred  provisionally 
to  Rosario  de  Cucuta,  on  the  border-line  between 
the  two  provinces.  The  absence  of  the  foreign 
legion  and  the  patriot  commander  gave  Morillo  an 
opportunity  to  collect  re-enfoi'cements,  and  the 
Spaniards  were  encouraged  furthermore  by  the 
news  of  a  formidable  expedition  about  to  start 
from  Spain  under  O'Donnell ;  but  an  insurrection 
in  Spain  prevented  the  sending  of  O'Donnell's  ex- 
pedition, Bolivar  took  the  field  again,  and  on  20 
Jan,,  1820,  returned  to  San  Fernando  de  Apure. 
The  republican  army  was  now  larger  and  better  ap- 
pointed than  at  any  previous  time,  and  gained  impor- 
tant advantages  over  the  royalists.  By  autumn,  fif- 
teen of  the  twenty-two  provinces  of  New  Granada 
had  joined  the  government  of  Colombia,  while  the 
Spaniards  still  retained  only  Carthagena  and  the 
fortified  posts  on  the  isthmus  of  Panama.  In  Vene- 
zuela the  government  of  the  republic  was  effective 
in  six  out  of  the  eight  provinces.  On  25  Nov., 
1820,  Bolivar,  probably  in  the  hope  of  avoiding  fur- 
ther bloodshed,  concluded  with  Morillo  at  Truxillo 
an  armistice  of  six  months.  On  17  Dec,  Gen.  Mo- 
rillo embarked  for  Spain,  leaving  Gen.  Miguel  de 
la  Torre  in  command  of  the  Spanish  forces. 

On  10  March,  1821,  Bolivar  notified  Gen.  La 
Torre  that  hostilities  would  be  resumed  at  the  ex- 
piration of  thirty  days.  The  Spaniards  were  strongly 
intrenched  at  Carabobo,  southwest  of  Valencia,  but 
had  not  brought  up  all  their  forces.  Paez  with  his 
3,000  Uaneros,  and  the  British  legion,  1,100  strong, 
turned  the  enemy's  position  through  a  side-path 
and  threw  them  into  complete  confusion,  when 
Torre  retreated  with  the  remnant  of  his  army  to 
Puerto  Cabello.  This  victory,  which  occurred  on 
24  June,  1821,  virtually  ended  the  war  in  Venezue- 
la, and  Bolivar  entered  Caracas  on  29  June.  By 
the  end  of  the  year  Puerto  Cabello  was  the  only 


306 


BOLIVAR 


BOLIVAR 


post  still  held  by  the  Spaniards.  In  New  Granada 
the  powerful  fortress  of  Carthagena  surrendered 
to  Gen.  Santander  on  21  Sept.,  1821.  The  naval 
battle  of  Maracaibo,  in  August,  1823,  and  the  capit- 
ulation of  Puerto  Cabello  in  July,  1824,  were  neces- 
sary to  drive  the  Spaniards  from  their  last  foot- 
hold. Yet  after  fhe  decisive  victory  of  Carabobo 
the  republicans  were  masters  of  the  country  and 
free  to  attend  to  its  political  organization.  The 
congress  of  Colombia  assembled  in  Cucuta  in  May, 
1821,  and  on  30  Aug.,  1821,  the  constitution  of  the 
republic  of  Colombia  was  adopted  with  the  general 
approval  of  the  people.  Bolivar  was  acclaimed  the 
president  of  the  new  republic,  notwithstanding  his 
protests.  Although  he  had  sacrificed  his  enormous 
private  fortune  in  the  cause  of  independence,  he 
renounced  his  claims  to  tlie  annual  salary  of  50,000 
dollars  due  him  as  president  since  1819,  and  also 
to  his  share  in  the  public  property  distributed 
among  the  generals  and  soldiers  of  the  republic. 
The  Spaniards  were  still  in  possession  of  the  prov- 
inces of  Ecuador  and  Peru,  and  Bolivar  determined 
to  effect  the  liberation  of  the  whole  country.  At  the 
head  of  his  army  he  marched  upon  Quito,  the  chief 
place  in  Ecuador,  whither  the  Spaniards  had  retired 
after  being  driven  from  the  isthmus  of  Panama. 
A  severe  battle  was  fought  at  Pichincha,  which  was 
won  for  the  republicans  through  the  able  strategy 
of  Gen.  Sucre,  Bolivar's  colleague,  Bolivar  entered 
Quito  in  June,  1822,  and  incorporated  Quito,  Pasto, 
and  Guayaquil  in  the  Colombian  republic.  Then, 
in  i-esponse  to  an  appeal  from  San  Martin,  the 
patriot  leader  in  Peru,  he  left  the  direction  of  the 
government  to  the  vice-president,  Santander,  and 
marched  upon  Lima,  which  was  evacuated  by  the 
royalists  at  the  approach  of  the  Colombian  army.. 
He  made  a  triumphal  entry  into  the  Peruvian  capi- 
tal on  1  Sept.,  1823,  and  on  10  Feb.,  1824,  the  con- 
gress of  Lima  made  him  dictator  of  Pei'u  and  au- 
thorized him  to  employ  all  the  resources  of  the 
country.  He  tendered  his  resignation  as  president 
of  Colombia,  but  was  continued  in  that  office  by 
the  vote  of  a  large  majority  of  the  congress.  The 
intrigues  of  the  opposing  factions  in  Peru  forced 
Bolivar  to  retire  to  Truxillo,  whereupon  Lima  was 
reoccupied  by  the  Spaniards  under  Canterac.  By 
June,  Bolivar  had  organized  another  army,  which 
routed  the  advance  guard  of  the  royalist  force, 
and,  pushing  forward,  defeated  Canterac  on  the 
plains  of  Junin,  6  Aug.,  1824.  After  this  decisive 
victory  Bolivar  returned  to  Lima  to  reorganize  the 
government,  while  Sucre  pursued  the  Spaniards  on 
their  retreat  through  upper  Peru,  and  shattered 
their  forces  in  the  final  victory  of  Ayachuco  on  9 
Dec,  1824.  The  Spaniards  were  reduced  to  the 
single  post  of  Callao,  in  Peru,  from  which  they 
could  not  be  dislodged  until  more  than  a  year  later. 
On  10  Feb.,  1825.  Bolivar  convoked  a  constituent 
congress  and  resigned  the  dictatorship  of  Peru ; 
but  that  body,  on  account  of  the  unsettled  state  of 
the  country,  decided  to  invest  him  with  dictatorial 
powers  for  a  year  longer.  Congress  voted  him  a 
grant  of  a  million  dollars,  which  was  declined. 

A  convention  of  the  provinces  of  upper  Peru 
was  held  at  Chuquisaca,  in  August,  1825,  which 
detached  that  territory  from  the  government  of 
Buenos  Ayres  and  constituted  it  a  separate  state, 
called,  in  honor  of  the  liberator,  Bolivia.  Bolivar 
was  declared  perpetual  protector  of  the  new  repub- 
lic, and  was  requested  to  prepare  for  it  a  constitu- 
tion. He  returned  to  Lima  after  visiting  upper 
Peru,  and  thence  sent  a  project  of  a  constitution 
for  Bolivia,  which  was  pt-esented  to  the  congress  of 
that  state  on  25  May,  1826,  accompanied  by  an  ad- 
dress in  which  he  defined  the  forms  of  government 


that  he  conceived  to  be  most  expedient  for  the 
newly  established  republics.  The  Bolivian  code, 
copied  in  some  of  its  features  from  the  code  Napo- 
leon, contained  a  provision  for  vesting  the  execu- 
tive authority  in  a  president  for  life,  without  re- 
sponsibility to  the  legislature,  and  with  power  to 
nominate  his  successor.  This  proposal  excited  the 
apprehensions  of  a  section  of  the  republicans  in 
Bolivia,  Peru,  Venezuela,  New  Granada,  and  even 
in  Buenos  Ayres  and  Chili.  The  tendencies  that 
Bolivar  had  manifested  in  the  direction  of  politi- 
cal consolidation  caused  the  alarm  to  spread  be- 
yond the  confines  of  the  territory  affected  by  the 
new  code,  and  he  was  suspected  of  a  design  to  weld 
the  South  American  republics  into  an  empire  and 
to  introduce  the  Bolivian  code  and  make  himself 
perpetual  dictator.  Peru,  as  well  as  Bolivia, 
adopted  the  new  code  ;  but  from  this  time  the  pop- 
ulation of  the  republics  were  divided  into  angry 
factions  on  questions  raised  by  that  instrument, 
and  a  long  and  bitter  struggle  ensued  between  the 
centralists,  or  Bolivarists,  and  the  federalists,  the 
military  rivals  of  Bolivar  uniting  with  the  latter 
party.  A  serious  trouble  occurred  in  Venezuela 
during  the  absence  of  the  president.  Paez,  vice- 
president  of  that  I'epublic,  having  been  accused  of 
arbitrary  conduct  in  the  enrolment  of  the  militia, 
refused  to  obey  the  summons  of  the  senate,  and, 
encouraged  by  a  strong  separatist  party  in  the 
northern  provinces,  openly  rebelled  against  the 
central  government.  Bolivar  confided  affairs  in 
Peru  to  a  council  nominated  by  himself,  with 
Santa  C'ruz  for  its  chief,  and  hastened  to  the  scene 
of  the  disturbances,  leaving  Lima  in  September,  and 
reaching  Bogota  on  14  Nov.,  1826.  On  23  Nov.  he 
issued  a  decree  from  Bogota  assuming  the  extraor- 
dinary powers  conferred  upon  the  president  in  case 
of  rebellion,  and  hastened  to  Venezuela  to  stop  the 
spilling  of  blood,  reaching  Puerto  Cabello  on  31 
Dee.  The  following  day  he  issued  a  proclamation 
declaring  a  general  amnesty.  In  an  interview 
with  Paez  he  confirmed  him  in  his  command,  and, 
fixing  his  headquarters  at  Caracas,  checked  the 
disturbances  in  the  northern  departments.  In 
1826  Bolivar  and  Santander  were  re-elected  presi- 
dent and  vice-president  of  Colombia  for  the  term 
beginning  in  January,  1827.  In  February,  Boli- 
var, in  order  to  silence  his  detractors  and  prove 
that  he  was  free  from  ambitious  designs  and  in- 
terested motives,  insisted  on  resigning  the  presi- 
dency and  retiring  into  private  life.  Santander 
urged  him  to  retract  his  decision,  declaring  that 
the  agitations  of  the  country  could  only  be  dis- 
pelled through  the  influence  and  authority  of  the 
liberator,  while  in  the  congress  there  was  a  ma- 
jority of  his  supporters,  and  a  resolution  was  car- 
ried requesting  him  to  continue  in  the  presidency. 
He  accordingly  withdrew  his  resignation,  and  re- 
paired to  Bogota  to  take  the  oath  of  office ;  but 
before  doing  so  he  issued  a  proclamation  calling  a 
national  convention  to  be  held  at  Ocaiia  in  JMarch, 
1828.  Another  deci-ee  granted  a  general  amnesty, 
and  a  third  proclaimed  the  establishment  of  con- 
stitutional order  throughout  Colombia. 

Shortly  after  the  departure  of  Bolivar  from 
Lima,  the  Bolivian  code  was  adopted  as  the  con- 
stitution of  Peru,  and  under  it  the  liberator  was 
elected,  on  9  Dec,  1826,  president  for  life.  A  few 
weeks  later,  while  he  was  restoring  order  in  Vene- 
zuela, a  counter-revolution  was  effected  in  Peru 
by  the  third  division  of  the  Colombian  auxiliary 
army,  then  stationed  at  Lima.  This  consisted  of 
veteran  troops  under  Lara  and  Sands,  who  had 
hitherto  been  the  liberators  most  efficacious  in- 
struments, not  only  in  conquering  the  independ- 


BOLIVAR 


BOLLAN 


307 


ence  of  the  South  American  republics,  but  in  impos- 
ing his  own  ideas  of  government  on  the  states  he 
had  created,  but  who  now  became  infected  with  the 
growing  republican  reaction  against  centralized 
power,  and  were  filled  with  distrust  toward  Boli- 
var. Six  weeks  after  the  adoption  of  the  Bolivian 
code  the  Peruvian  republicans  hostile  to  Bolivar, 
with  the  support  of  the  Colombian  troops  cantoned 
in  Lima,  deposed  the  council  appointed  by  Boli- 
var, abolished  the  Bolivian  code,  and  organized  a 
provisional  government.  Gen.  Lamar  was  chosen 
president  of  Peru,  and  the  Colombian  troops  de- 
parted from  her  soil.  Those  stationed  in  Bolivia 
were  expelled,  with  the  aid  of  the  Peruvians,  and 
after  a  brief  war  a  treaty  was  concluded  between 
Colombia  and  Bolivia,  by  which  the  boundaries  of 
the  latter  were  extended  to  their  original  limits, 
its  debt  was  separated  from  that  of  Colombia,  and 
its  complete  independence  and  equality  were  recog- 
nized. The  third  division  sailed  from  Callao  on 
17  March,  1827,  and  in  April  landed  in  southern 
Colombia.  Bolivar,  who  was  in  the  north,  pre- 
pared to  march  against  the  rebellious  soldiery ; 
but  the  latter  made  no  attempt  to  carry  the  revo- 
lution into  Colombia,  and  quietly  submitted  to 
Gen.  Ovando.  The  congress  of  Ocana  met  on  2 
March,  1828.  A  new  constitution,  giving  the  ex- 
ecutive stronger  and  more  permanent  authority, 
was  submitted.  When  it  was  found  that  the  ma- 
jority was  opposed  to  its  adoption,  the  friends  of 
Bolivar  vacated  their  seats,  leaving  the  body  with- 
out a  quorum.  From  his  country-seat  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Ocaiia,  Bolivar  published  an  ad- 
dress, which,  while  reprehending  the  proceeding 
of  his  partisans,  appealed  to  the  country  to  sup- 
port liim  in  introducing  stability  aiid  order. 
Popular  conventions  in  Bogota,  Caracas,  and  Car- 
thagena  called  upon  the  liberator  to  adopt  extra- 
ordinary means  to  establish  tranquillity  and  secu- 
rity, and  in  August,  1828,  he  was  invested  by 
popular  elections  with  dictatorial  powers.  The 
anti-Bolivar  republicans  entered  into  a  conspiracy 
to  assassinate  the  president.  Vice-President  San- 
tander  and  the  other  leaders  of  the  party  were  im- 
plicated in  this  crime.  Bolivar  was  attacked  in 
his  bedroom  in  Bogota,  25  Sept.,  1828,  but  escaped 
by  leaping  from  the  balcony  and  hiding  from  the 
murderers.  The  chief  instigators  were  tried. 
Santander  was  convicted  and  condemned  to  ban- 
ishment, and  Gen.  Padilla  expiated  with  a  felon's 
death  his  part  in  the  plot.  This  occurrence 
prompted  Bolivar  to  exercise  more  arbitrary 
powers,  a  course  that  augmented  the  popular  sus- 
picions of  his  aims  and  motives  and  the  aversion 
to  a  military  dictatorship.  A  decree  was  issued 
from  Bogota,  27  Aug.,  1828,  by  which  Bolivar  as- 
sumed unlimited  authority  in  Colombia.  It  was 
at  a  time  when  party  passion  in  Colombia  was  in- 
flamed to  an  extraordinary  degree  that  Pei-u,  in 
1829,  declared  war  against  the  dictator  of  Colom- 
bia. Bolivar,  in  a  new  address  to  the  people  of 
Colombia,  asked  them  to  indicate  their  desires  re- 
garding the  revision  of  the  constitution.  While 
he  was  marching  against  the  Peruvians,  an  assem- 
bly in  Caracas,  on  25  Nov.,  1829,  condemned  him 
for  ambitious  designs,  declared  the  separation  of 
Venezuela  from  Bolivia,  and  elected  Paez  presi- 
dent. In  Colombia  the  senate  adhered  to  the 
liberator ;  but  insurrections  broke  out  in  various 
places.  In  January,  1830,  Bolivar  for  the  fifth 
time  resigned  the  presidency,  but  was  again  con- 
firmed in  his  position  by  the  general  voice.  He 
then  undertook  to  compel  Paez  and  the  Venezue- 
lan disunionists  to  submit  to  the  Colombian  con- 
gress.    The  congress,  however,  now  contained  a 


majority  made  up  from  his  opponents,  and  it  voted 
to  accept  his  proffered  resignation,  granting  him 
a  pension  of  8,000  dollars  on  condition  of  his  re- 
siding abroad.  The  patriot  leader  sent  in  his  final 
resignation  to  congress  on  27  April,  1830,  and  left 
Bogota  on  9  May  with  the  intention  of  embarking 
for  England  from  Carthagena ;  but  his  adherents 
induced  him  to  remain  in  the  country,  and  made 
ineffectual  attempts  to  restore  him  to  power. 
Suffering  from  the  malady  of  which  he  died,  he 
went  to  Santa  Marta  to  visit  the  bishop  of  that 
see,  who  was  his  friend,  and  there  breathed  his 
last.  In  accordance  with  an  act  of  the  congress  of 
New  Granada,  his  remains  were  removed  in  1842 
to  Caracas,  where  a  monument  was  erected  in  his 
honor.  In  1858  the  city  of  Lima  erected  an  eques- 
trian statue  of  Bolivar,  who  was  described  in  the 
inscription  as  the  "  liberator  of  the  Peruvian  na- 
tion." A  statue  of  him,  the  gift  of  the  govern- 
ment of  Venezuela,  was  erected  in  1883  in  Central 
park.  New  York  city.  There  is  also  a  fine  statue 
of  him  in  Santa  Fe  de  Bogata. 

It  was  Bolivar's  hope  and  ambition  to  unite  the 
South  American  republics  into  a  strong  confedera- 
tion. The  congress  that  met  at  Panama  in  1827, 
with  the  object  of  establishing  an  international 
code  for  the  Latin  republics,  was  set  on  foot  by 
him.  The  example  of  Napoleon  led  him  into  acts 
too  arbitrary  and  a  policy  too  autocratic  to  please 
the  independent  temper  of  his  compatriots.  Dur- 
ing the  faction  fights  that  prevailed  in  his  lifetime 
he  was  a  mark  for  virulent  calumnies ;  but  suc- 
ceeding generations  of  South  Americans  have  paid 
due  honor  to  his  memory.  His  lack  of  judgment 
and  of  coolness  in  the  battle-field  betrayed  his 
military  incapacity,  and  brought  him  at  times  into 
contempt  and  disrepute ;  yet  the  pertinacity  and 
patience  with  which  he  clung  to  the  cause  of  inde- 
pendence through  every  danger  and  discourage- 
ment revealed  a  noble  order  of  courage.  His  sac- 
rifices and  sufferings,  voluntarily  undergone  for 
the  sake  of  the  cause  in  which  he  engaged,  are 
sufficient  to  disprove  the  charges  brought  against 
him  of  ignoble  ambition  and  egotism.  Of  the  ac- 
counts that  have  been  published  of  the  life  of  Boli- 
var, the  "  Histoire  de  Bolivar,"  by  Gen.  Ducou- 
drey-Holstein,  continued  down  to  his  death  by  A. 
VioUet  (Paris,  1831),  was  written  with  a  hostile 
animus,  and  is  full  of  baseless  calumniation  and 
misrepresentation.  The  "  Vida  del  Libertador  Si- 
mon Bolivar"  (New  York,  1866)  is,  on  the  other 
hand,  an  indisci'iminate  panegyric.  See  also 
"  Memoirs  of  Gen.  William  Miller  (in  the  Service  of 
the  Republic  of  Peru)  "  (2  vols.,  London,  1828) ;  Col. 
Hippisley's  *'  Account  of  his  Journey  to  the  Ori- 
noco "  (London,  1831).  The  publication  of  the  cor- 
respondence of  Bolivar,  including  his  messages, 
manifestoes,  and  proclamations,  preceded  by  his 
life,  was  begun  in  New  York,  and  the  first  two 
volumes,  containing  the  life,  written  in  Spanish, 
by  Felipe  Larrazabal,  appeared  in  1871. 

BOLL,  Jacob,  naturalist,  b.  in  Switzerland,  29 
May,  1828;  d.  in  Wilbarger  co.,  Texas,  29  Sept., 
1880.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Louis  Agassiz,  and  was 
employed  by  Edward  D.  Cope  to  go  to  Texas  and 
examine  the  fossiliferous  and  iron  deposits  of  that 
state,  with  a  view  to  determining  their  geological 
character.  He  had  been  engaged  in  these  studies 
six  years  when  he  died.  Mr.  Boll  made  many  im- 
portant discoveries  in  the  formations  that  he  ex- 
plored. He  was  an  expert  naturalist,  and  a  most 
successful  collector  in  many  departments  of  natural 
history,  and  wrote  much  on  the  subject. 

BOLLAN,  William,  lawyer,  b.  in  England ;  d. 
in  Massachusetts  in  1776.     He  was  educated  for 


308 


BOLLER 


BOLTON 


the  legal  profession  in  England,  removed  to  Massa- 
chusetts about  1740,  settled  in  Boston,  married  a 
daughter  of  Gov.  Shirley  in  1743,  and  became  ad- 
vocate-general. In  1745  he  was  sent  to  London  as 
agent  of  the  colony,  to  secure  from  the  govern- 
ment the  repayment  of  £183,649  advanced  by 
Massachusetts  for  the  Cape  Breton  expedition,  in 
which  mission  he  succeeded  after  three  years.  He 
was  sent  to  England  a  second  time  as  agent  for 
the  colony,  but  was  dismissed  by  the  general 
court  in  1662,  because  of  his  connection  with  the 
deposed  governor,  and  of  his  adherence  to  the 
episcopal  form  of  worship.  He  still  acted  as 
agent  of  the  council,  and  his  popularity  in  the 
colony  was  restored  when  he  obtained  from  Alder- 
man Beckford  in  London,  and  sent  over  to  Massa- 
chusetts in  1769.  thirty-three  letters  of  Grov.  Ber- 
nard and  Gen.  Gage  calumniating  the  colonists, 
for  which  act  he  was  denounced  by  Lord  North  in 
parliament.  In  1775  he  wrote  in  favor  of  concili- 
atory measures  toward  the  colonies.  John  Han- 
cock declared,  in  the  Massachusetts  house  of  repre- 
sentatives, that  there  was  no  man  to  whom  the 
colonies  were  more  indebted.  He  published  nu- 
merous political  tracts  relating  chiefly  to  Ameri- 
can affairs,  among  which  the  most  important  were 
"  The  Importance  of  Cape  Breton  truly  Illus- 
trated" (London,  1746);  "Coloniae  Anglicanaj  II- 
lustrati"  (1763);  "The  Ancient  Right  of  the  Eng- 
lish Nation  to  the  American  Fishery  Examined 
and  Stated"  (1764);  "The  Mutual  Interests  of 
Great  Britain  and  the  American  Colonies  Consid- 
ered" (1765);  "The  Importance  of  the  Colonies  in 
North  America  and  the  Interests  of  Great  Britain 
with  regard  to  them  Considered"  (1766);  "Free- 
dom of  Speech  and  Writing  upon  Public  Affairs 
Considered"  (1766);  "Epistle  from  Timoleon" 
(1768) :  "  Continued  Corruption  of  Standing  Ar- 
mies "  (1768) ;  "  The  Free  Briton's  Memorial,  in  De- 
fence of  the  Right  of  Election  "  (1769) ;  and  "  A 
Supplemental  Memorial,  on  the  Origin  of  Parlia- 
ments, etc."  (1770).  As  agent  for  the  council  of 
the  province  of  Massachusetts,  he  offered  "  A  Peti- 
tion to  the  King  in  Council,  Jan.  26.  1774,  with 
Illustrations  intended  to  Promote  the  Harmony  of 
Great  Britain  and  her  Colonies." 

BOLLER,  Alfred  Pancoast,  civil  engineer,  b. 
in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  23  Feb.,  1840.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1858, 
and  at  the  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Institute,  Troy, 
N.  Y.,  in  1861.  He  has  been  connected  as  assist- 
ant engineer  with  the  Lehigh  Coal  and  Navigation 
Company  (1862),  Philadelphia  and  Erie  Railroad 
(1864),  and  Atlantic  and  Great  Western  Railroad 
(1866);  as  chief  engineer  with  the  Hudson  River 
Railroad  (1866),  Westside  and  Yonkers  Railroad 
(1880),  Yonkers  Rapid  Transit  Commission  (1881), 
Manhattan  Elevated  Railroad  Company  (1882), 
Albany  and  Greenbush  Bridge  Company  (1882), 
and  Staten  Island  Rapid  Transit  Railroad  (1885) ; 
and  he  has  held  consulting  relations  with  the  Zaza 
railroad  in  Cuba  (1877),  Department  of  Public 
Parks,  New  York  (1883),  and  with  other  corpora- 
tions. For  some  years  he  has  been  engaged  in 
business  as  a  contractor,  and  has  made  a  specialty 
of  bridge  construction.  The  double-track  bridge 
over  the  Hudson  river  at  Albany,  the  Eighth  ave- 
nue bridge  over  the  Harlem,  the  Madison  avenue 
bridge  over  the  same  river,  the  Croton  lake  bridge, 
the  Central  avenue  bridge,  Newark,  N.  J.,  the  great 
gas-holder  tanks  of  the  Bay  State  Gas  Company,  in 
Boston,  the  tunnel  under  the  light-house  grounds, 
Staten  Island,  and  all  of  the  locomotive  turn-tables 
on  the  West  Shore  Railroad,  were  built  under  his 
supervision.    He  is  a  member  of  the  American  insti- 


tutes of  civil  engineers  and  mining  engineers,  and 
is  the  author  of  various  reports  on  bridge  construc- 
tion and  of  a  "  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Construc- 
tion of  Iron  Highway  Bridges"  (New  York,  1877). 

IJOLLES,  Edwin  Cortlandt,  microscopist, 
b.  in  Hartford,  Conn.,  19  Sept.,  1836.  He  was 
graduated  at  Trinity  college,  Hartford,  in  1855, 
after  which  he  studied  theology  and  became  a  Uni- 
versalist  clergyman.  His  attention  has  been  large- 
ly devoted  to  microscopy,  in  which  science  he  has 
achieved  eminence.  From  1870  to  1875  he  was  pro- 
fessor of  microscopy  in  St.  Lawrence  university, 
Canton,  N.  Y.,  and  since  1870  has  lectured  on  that 
subject  in  Tufts  college  at  College  Hill,  Mass.  He 
has  contributed  articles  on  his  specialty  to  periodi- 
cals, and  published  sermons.  He  received  the  de- 
gree of  Ph.  D.  from  the  university  of  St.  Lawrence 
in  1860,  and  that  of  S.  T.  D.  from  Tufts  college  in 
1881.  He  is  a  member  of  several  scientific  societies, 
to  whose  proceedings  he  has  contributed  papers. 

BOLLES,  Joliii  Aiig-ustus,  lawyer,  b.  in  East- 
ford,  Conn.,  16  April,  1809 ;  d.  in  Washington,  D.  C, 
25  May,  1878.  He  was  graduated  at  Brown  in 
1829,  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Boston  in  1833,  and  in 
1843  chosen  secretary  of  state  under  Gov.  Marcus 
Morton.  He  was  a  member  of  the  harbor  and  back 
bay  commission  in  1852.  From  1862  till  1865  he 
served  as  judge-advocate  on  the  staff  of  Gen.  John 
A.  Dix,  who  was  his  brother-in-law.  He  was  bre- 
vetted  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  in  1865,  and 
appointed  naval  solicitor  the  same  year. 

BOLLMAN,  Eric,  physician,  b.  in  Hoya,  Han- 
over, in  1769;  d.  in  Jamaica,  W.  I.,  9  Dec,  1821. 
He  studied  medicine  at  Gottingen,  and  practised  in 
Carlsruhe  and  in  Paris,  where  he  settled  at  the  be- 
ginning of  the  French  revolution.  He  accom- 
panied Count  Narbonne,  who  fled  to  England  in 
1792,  and  in  London  fell  in  with  Lally-Tollendal, 
who  induced  him  to  go  to  Austria  and  endeavor  to 
find  out  where  Gen.  Lafayette  was  kept  in  confine- 
ment. He  established  himself  as  a  physician  in 
Vienna.  Learning  that  Lafayette  was  a  prisoner 
at  Olmiitz,  he  formed  a  plan  to  rescue  him  with 
the  assistance  of  Francis  Kinlock  Huger,  a  young 
American.  Communicating  with  the  prisoner 
through  the  prison  surgeon,  the  two  fell  upon  his 
guards  while  he  was  taking  exercise  in  a  carriage, 
and  succeeded  in  getting  him  away  on  a  horse ;  but 
he  rode  in  the  wrong  direction  and  was  recap- 
tured. Dr,  Bollman  escaped  to  Prussia,  but  was 
handed  over  to  the  Austrian  authorities,  who  kept 
him  in  prison  for  nearly  a  year,  and  then  released 
him  on  condition  that  he  should  leave  the  country. 
He  came  to  the  United  States  and  was  well  re- 
ceived ;  but  in  1806  was  implicated  in  Aaron  Burr's 
conspiracy  and  was  Burr's  agent  in  New  Orleans. 
In  1814  he  returned  to  Europe,  and,  after  another 
visit  to  the  United  States,  took  up  his  residence  in 
London,  He  published  "  Paragraphs  on  Banks  " 
(2d  ed.,  Philadelphia,  1811);  "Improved  System  of 
the  Money  Concerns  of  the  Union "  (1816) ;  and 
"  Strictures  on  the  Theories  of  M.  Ricardo." 

BOLTON,  Henry  Carrington,  chemist,  b.  m 
New  York  city,  28  Jan.,  1843.  He  was  graduated 
at  Columbia  in  1862,  and  then  studied  chemistry  in 
Paris  under  Wurtz  and  Dumas,  in  Heidelberg  un- 
der Bunsen,  in  Gottingen  under  Wohler,  and  in 
Berlin  under  Ilofmann.  In  1866  he  received  the  de- 
gree of  Ph.  D.  from  the  University  of  Gottingen,  his 
thesis  being  on  the  "  Fluorine  Compounds  of  Urani- 
um." He  then  spent  some  years  in  travel,  and  from 
1872  till  1877  was  assistant'in  quantitative  analysis 
in  the  Columbia  School  of  Mines.  In  1874  he  was 
called  to  the  chair  of  chemistry  in  the  Woman's 
Medical  College  of  the  New  York  Infirmary,  which 


BOLTON 


BONAPARTE 


309 


he  resigned  in  1877.  when  he  became  professor  of 
chemistry  and  natural  science  in  Trinity  College. 
The  celebration  of  the  centennial  of  chemistry  at 
Northumberland,  Pa.,  the  home  of  Joseph  Priest- 
ley, who  discovered  oxygen  in  1774,  was  suggested 
and  brought  about  by  Dr.  Bolton.  Among  his  in- 
vestigations, that  of  the  action  of  organic  acids  on 
minerals  is  perhaps  the  most  important ;  but  most 
of  his  work  has  been  literary,  and  his  private  col- 
lection of  early  chemical  books  is  not  surpassed  in 
the  United  States.  Dr.  Bolton  is  a  prominent 
member  of  the  American  Association  for  the  Ad- 
vancement of  Science,  and  was  its  general  secretary 
in  1878  and  1879,  and  vice-president  of  the  chemi- 
cal section  in  1882.  For  several  years  he  was  cor- 
responding secretary  of  the  New  York  Academy  of 
Sciences.  He  has  been  a  large  contributor  to  chem- 
ical literature,  and  his  numerous  papers  may  be 
found  in  the  "  American  Chemist,"  "  Proceedings 
of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Sciences,"  "  Chemi- 
cal News  "  (London),  and  similar  periodicals.  In 
1883  he  began  the  annual  preparation  of  a  "  Record 
of  the  Progress  of  Chemistry  "  for  the  annual  re- 
ports of  the  Smithsonian  institution.  Among  his 
compilations  are  "  Literature  of  Uranium  "  (1870, 
revised  ed.,  1886) ;  "  Literature  of  Manganese " 
(1877) ;  and  an  extensive  "  Catalogue  of  Scientific 
and  Technical  Periodicals,  1605-1882  "  (Smithsoni- 
an institution,  Washington,  1885).  He  is  the  author 
of  "  Student's  Guide  in  Quantitative  Analysis " 
(New  York,  1879),  and  has  edited  several  minor 
chemical  text-books. 

BOLTON,  Sarah  Knowles,  author,  b.  in  Farm- 
ington,  Conn.,  15  Sept.,  1841.  Her  maiden  name  was 
Knowles.  She  married  Charles  E.  Bolton,  a  mer- 
chant and  philanthropist.  She  has  written  exten- 
sively for  the  press,  was  one  of  the  first  correspond- 
ing secretaries  of  the  Woman's  national  temperance 
union,  was  for  three  years  associate  editor  of  the 
Boston  "  Congregationalist,"  and  travelled  for  two 
years  in  Europe,  studying  profit-sharing,  female 
higher  education,  and  other  social  questions.  Her 
[lulalished  works  are  "  Orlean  Lamar,  and  other 
poems"  (New  York,  1868);  "The  Present  Prob- 
lem," a  novelette  (1874);  "  How  Success  is  Won" 
-(Boston,  1884);  "Lives  of  Poor  Boys  who  became 
Famous  "  (New  York,  1885) ;  "  Girls  who  became 
Famous "  (1886) ;  "  Social  Studies  in  England  " 
(Boston,  1886) ;  and  a  collection  of  short  stories 
under  the  title  "Stories  from  Life"  (New  York, 
1886).  She  presented  a  paper  on  "  Employers  and 
Employed  "  to  the  Social  science  association.  She 
was  engaged  in  1886  on  a  joint  collection  of  poems 
by  herself  and  her  son,  Charles  Knowles  Bolton. 

BOLTON,  Sarah  Tittle,  poet,  b.  in  Newport, 
Ky.,  18  Dec,  1815  ;  d.  in  Indianapolis.  Ind.,  4  Aug., 
1893.  Her  father,  Jonathan  B.  Barrett,  removed 
to  Indiana.  At  sixteen  she  married  an  editor,  Na- 
thaniel Bolton.  In  1855  her  husband  was  appoint- 
ed consul  at  Geneva,  and  during  the  two  years  that 
she  spent  abroad  she  wrote  letters  to  American 
newspapers.  She  contributed  numerous  short 
poems  to  periodicals,  among  them  "  Paddle  Your 
Own  Canoe "  and  "  Left  on  the  Battlefield."  A 
volume  of  her  poems  was  published  in  New  York 
in  1865,  and  a  complete  collection,  with  a  life  by 
Jonathan  W.  Gordon  (Indianapolis,  1886). 

BOMBERliJER,  John  Henry  Angustns,  cler- 
gyman, b.  in  Lancaster,  Pa.,  13  Jan..  1817;  d.  in 
Collegeville,  Pa.,  19  Aug.,  1890.  He  was  graduated 
at  Marshall  college  and  at  Mercersburg  seminary, 
became  a  minister  of  the  German  Reformed  church 
in  1838,  was  a  pastor  at  Waynesborough,  Pa.,  in 
1840-'5,  at  Easton,  Pa.,  in  1845-'54,  and  in  the  1st 
Reformed  church  of  Philadelphia  from  1854  till 


1870,  when  he  became  president  pf  Ursinus  college, 
at  Collegeville,  Pa.     He  translated  six  volumes  of 
Herzog's  "  Protestant  Theological  and  Ecclesiasti- 
cal Encyclopaedia,"  condensed   into  two  volumes 
(Philadelphia,  1856-'8),  and  published  "  Five  Years 
at  Race  Street  Church  "  (1859) ;  "  The  Revised  Lit- 
urgy" (ISnii):  "  Reformed  not  Ritualistic"  (1867). 
B03IF0RI>,  (xeorsye,  military  officer,  b.  in  New 
York  in  1780 :  d.  in  Boston,  Mass.,  25  March.  1848. 
He  entered  West  Point  from  New  York,  was  grad- 
uated in  1805,  and  became  lieutenant  in  the  corps 
of  engineers.     He  served  as  assistant  engineer  on 
the  fortifications  of  New  York  harbor  in  1805-'8, 
then   on   the   defences   of   Chesapeake    bay   from 
1808  tiU  1810,  and  as  superintending  engineer  of 
the   works   on   Governor's   island   from    1810  till 
1812.      During   the   war   of    1812-'5   with   Great 
Britain   he   served   in   the   ordnance   department, 
with  the  rank  of  major  on  the  staff,  was  appointed 
assistant  commissary-general  of  ordnance,  18  June, 
1812,  and  attached  to  the  corps  of  engineers,  6  July, 
1812.     He  introduced  bomb  cannons,  made  on  a 
pattern  of  his  own  invention,  which  were  called 
columbiads,  a  form  of  heavy  gun  combining  the 
qualities  of  gun,  howitzer,  and  mortar.     He  was 
promoted  lieutenant-colonel,  9  Feb.,  1815,  and  was 
continued   on  ordnance  duty,  though  attached  to 
the  artillery  after  the  reorganization  of  the  army 
in   1821.     On  the   organization   of  the  ordnance 
corps   he   was  promoted   colonel,   and    appointed 
chief  of  ordnance,  30  May,  1832.     He  was  in  com- 
mand of  the  ordnance  corps  and  bureau  at  Wash- 
ington until   1  Feb.,  1842,  when  he   became   in- 
spector of  arsenals,  ordnance,  arms,  and  munitions 
of  war,  in  which  duty  he  continued  until  his  death. 
The  cannons  invented  by  him  were  further  de- 
veloped by  Dahlgren,  but  were  superseded  by  the 
Rodman   type   about  the  beginning  of  the   civil 
war.     In  July,  1841,  he  conducted  experiments  to 
ascertain  the  expansive  force  of  powder  in  a  gun 
by  firing  bullets   through   tubes   inserted  in  the 
sides. — His  son,  James  Y.,  b.  on  Governor's  island. 
New  York  harbor,  5  Oct.,  1811 ;  d.  in  Elizabeth, 
N.  J.,  6  Jan.,  1892,  was  graduated  at  West  Point 
in  1832,  and  served  as  first  lieutenant  in  Texas, 
and  as  captain  in  the  war  with  Mexico.     He  was 
engaged  in  the  battles  of  Palo  Alto,  Resaca  de 
la  Palma,  and  Monterey,  the  siege  of  Vera  Cruz, 
the  battle  of  Cerro  Gordo,  the  capture  of  San  An- 
tonio, and  the  battle  of  Churubusco,  receiving  the 
brevet  of  major,  20  Aug.,  1847,  for  gallantry  at 
Contreras    and    Churubusco.      He   was  brevetted 
lieutenant-colonel  for  gallant  and  meritorious  con- 
duct at  the  battle  of  Molino  del  Rey,  distinguished 
himself  at  the  storming  of  Chapultepec,  and  was 
present   at   the   capture   of   Mexico.     Serving  on 
frontier  duty  in  Texas  at  the  beginning  of   the 
civil  war,  he  was  promoted  major,  17  Oct.,  1860, 
and  was  prisoner  of  war  from  9  May,  1861,  till  9 
April,  1862,      On  10  Jan.,  1862,  he  was  made  a 
lieutenant-colonel,   and,   after    his  return    to   his 
regiment,  was  engaged  in  the  movements  of  Gen. 
Buell's  army  in  Alabama  and  Kentucky.     At  the 
battle  of  Perryville  he  served  as  chief  of  staff  to 
Gen.  McCook,"  and  received  the  brevet  of  colonel 
for  meritorious   services  in  that  action.     He  was 
retii-ed  from  active  service  8  June,  1872. 

BONAPARTE,  Charles  Lncien  Jules  Lau- 
rent, prince  of  Canino  and  Musignano,  ornitholo- 
gist, b.  in  Paris,  24  May,  1803  ;  d.  there,  30  July, 
1857.  He  was  the  eldest  son  of  Lucien  Bonaparte, 
and  in  1822  married  a  daughter  of  Joseph  Bona- 
parte, king  of  Spain.  Soon  afterward  he  settled 
with  his  father-in-law  in  Philadelphia,  and  during 
his  residence  in  the  United  States  studied  the  orni- 


310 


BONAPARTE 


BONAPARTE 


thology  of  the  country.  In  1828  he  removed  to 
Italy,  in  the  revolution  of  1848  was  a  leader  of  the 
republican  party  in  Rome,  and  in  1849  was  chosen 
vice-president  of  the  constituent  assembly.  After 
the  occupation  of  Rome  by  French  troops,  he  re- 
turned to  France,  but  was  expelled  by  order  of 
Louis  Napoleon.  Permitted  to  return  to  Paris  in 
1850,  he  became  in  1854  director  of  the  Jardin  des 
Plantes.  He  published  in  the  United  States  a 
supplement  to  Wilson's  "  Ornithology,"  entitled 
"American  Ornithology,  or  History  of  the  Birds  of 
the  United  States  "  (4  vols.,  Philadelphia,  1825-'33), 
containing  more  than  100  new  species  discovered 
by  himself ;  also  "  Observations  on  the  Nomencla- 
ture of  Wilson's  '  Ornithology,' "  printed  in  the 
"Journal"  of  the  academy  of  Philadelphia;  a 
"  SjTiopsis  of  the  Birds  of  the  United  States  "  in 
the  "  Annals "  of  the  lyceum  of  New  York ;  a 
"  Catalogue  of  the  Birds  of  the  United  States "  in 
the  "  Contributions  "  of  the  Maclurian  lyceum  of 
Philadelphia;  and  other  papers  on  the  same  sub- 
ject. In  Italy  he  was  the  originator  of  several 
scientific  congresses,  and  lectured  and  wrote  exten- 
sively on  American  and  European  ornithology  and 
other  branches  of  natural  history.  He  published 
"Specchio  Coraparativo  delle  Ornithologie  di  Roma 
e  di  Piladelfia  "  (Pisa,  1827),  presenting  a  compar- 
ison between  birds  of  the  latitude  of  Philadel- 
fhia  and  Italian  species ;  "  Iconografia  della  Fauna 
talica "  (Rome,  1833-41),  an  elaborate  illustrated 
work  on  the  fauna  of  Italy ;  "  List  of  the  Birds  of 
Europe  and  North  America  "  (1838) ;  "  Conspectus 
Generum  Avium "  (Leyden,  1850) ;  "  Revue  cri- 
tique de  I'ornithologie  Europeenne"  (Brussels, 
1850) ;  in  collal)oration  with  H.  Schlegel,  "  Mono- 
graphie  des  loxiens  "  (Leyden,  1850) ;  and,  after  his 
return  to  Paris,  "  Catalogue  des  oiseaux  d'Eu- 
rope"  (Paris,  1856);  also  a  descriptive  catalogue 
of  pigeons  and  one  of  parrots,  prepared  in  conjunc- 
tion with  M.  de  Pouance  and  published  after  his 
death.  His  "  Memoirs,"  written  by  himself,  ap- 
peared in  New  York  in  183G. 

BONAPARTE,  Jerome,  king  of  Westphalia,  b. 
in  Ajaccio,  Corsica,  15  Nov.,  1784 ;  d.  in  Villegenis, 
near  Paris,  24  June,  1860.  He  entered  the  navy 
in  1800,  and  in  1803,  during  a  visit  to  the  United 
States,  married  Miss  Patterson,  of  Baltimore,  with- 
out the  consent 
of  his  family. 
This  marriage 
was  declared 
null  by  Napo- 
leon in  1806. 
He  was  pro- 
moted to  rear- 
admiral  by  Na- 
poleon in  1806, 
and  in  the  same 
year  was  trans- 
ferred to  the 
army,  becom- 
ing a  general  of 
brigade.  His 
corps  gained 
some  successes 
in  Silesia  in 
1807,andinJuly 
of  that  year  his 
brother  placed 
him  on  the 
throne  of  the 
new  kingdom  of  Westphalia.  He  married  the  prin- 
cess Catherine  of  Wurtemberg,  in  August.  1807,  and 
reigned  till  the  expulsion  of  ^,he  French  from  Ger- 
many in  October,  1813.     After  Napoleon's  return 


^^^^c^   ^^<^'^   f.^ 


from  Elba,  Jerome  joined  him,  and  commanded  a 
division  at  Waterloo,  winning  the  special  praise  of 
Napoleon  for  his  gallantry  there.  After  living  in 
exile  at  Trieste,  Rome,  and  Lausanne,  he  returned 
to  France  in  1847,  and  became  a  field-marshal  in 
1850.— His  wife.  Elizabeth  Patterson,  b.  in  Bal- 
timore, Md.,  6  Feb.,  1785;  d.  there,  4  April,  1879. 
Her  father,  William  Patterson,  emigrated  from 
Ulster  to  Amer- 
ica when  a  lad,  ^ 
pushed  his  way 
in  business,  be- 
came the  owner 
of  a  line  of  clip- 
per ships,  and, 
Charles  Carroll, 
of  CarroUton, 
only  excepted, 
was  the  wealthi- 
est citizen  of 
Maryland.  At 
a  ball  at  the 
house  of  Samuel 
Chase,  a  signer 
of  the  Declara- 
tion of  Indej^en- 
dence,  in  the  au- 
tumn of  1803, 
Capt.  Jerome  Bo- 
naparte was  in- 
troduced to  Miss 

Patterson.  They  were  mutually  pleased ;  but  her 
father,  foreseeing  that  his  daughter's  marriage  with 
a  youth  with  such  brilliant  prospects  would  prove 
distasteful  to  the  first  consid,  forbade  the  court- 
ship, and  sent  his  daughter  to  Virginia.  The  lov- 
ers contrived  to  correspond,  and  in  a  short  time  be- 
came engaged,  and  Jerome  went  so  far  as  to  pro- 
cure a  marriage  license.  The  match  was  postponed 
until  24  Dec,  1803,  when  Jerome  would  have 
passed  his  nineteenth  birthday.  All  legal  formali- 
ties were  carefully  complied  with ;  the  contract 
was  drawn  up  by  Alexander  Dallas,  afterward  sec- 
retary of  the  treasury,  and  the  A'ice-consul  of  France, 
the  mayor  of  Baltimore,  and  many  other  digni- 
taries witnessed  the  ceremony,  which  was  solem- 
nized by  Archbishop  Carroll.  Joseph  and  Lucien 
advised  Jerome  to  become  an  American  citizen, 
and  took  steps  to  procure  him  a  provision  enabling 
him  to  live  there  in  accordance  with  his  rank. 
From  first  to  last  Napoleon  remained  obdurate. 
Jerome  received  a  message  from  his  brother  to  the 
effect  that  if  he  left  the  "  young  person  "  in  Amer- 
ica, his  youthful  indiscretion  would  be  forgiven ; 
if  he  brought  her  with  him,  she  should  not  put  a 
foot  on  French  territory.  Capt.  Bonajjarte  and  his 
wife  sailed  in  March,  1805,  on  one  of  Mr.  Patter- 
son's ships,  reached  Lisbon,  and  found  a  French 
frigate  there  to  prevent  her  landing.  Jerome  left 
his  young  wife  and  went  to  Paris  to  plead  her 
cause  with  the  emperor,  while  the  vessel  proceeded 
to  Amsterdam.  At  the  mouth  of  the  Texel  two 
men-of-war  awaited  her,  and  Elizabeth  Bonaparte 
was  forced  to  seek  an  asylum  in  England.  Pitt 
sent  a  regiment  to  Dover  to  prevent  mischief,  so 
great  was  the  multitude  that  thronged  thither  to 
witness  her  landing.  A  few  days  later  her  son,  Je- 
rome Napoleon  Bonaparte,  was  born,  7  July,  1805, 
at  Camberwell.  Here  she  continued  to  reside,  con- 
stantly receiving  messages  and  letters  from  Jerome, 
protesting  his  fidelity  and  affection.  Napoleon 
applied  to  Pius  VII.  to  dissolve  the  marriage,  which 
the  pontiff  steadfastly  refused ;  but  a  decree  of  di- 
vorce was  passed  by  the  imperial  council  of  state. 
On  condition  of  her  going  to  America,  the  emperor 


BONAPARTE 


BONAPARTE 


311 


offered  Madame  Bonaparte  a  pension  during  her 
life  of  60,000  francs  a  year.  "  provided  she  does  not 
take  the  name  of  my  family,"  and  after  some  time 
she  consented  to  return  to  America,  hoping  thus 
to  conciliate  her  imperial  brother-in-law.  When 
Jerome  was  admitted  to  Napoleon's  presence,  tlie 
emperor  upbraided  him  rudely,  and  concluded : 
"  As  for  your  affair  with  your  little  girl,  I  do  not  re- 
gard it."  As  a  reward  for  his  desertion,  Jerome  was 
created  a  prince  of  the  empire,  and  was  promoted 
admiral.  He  received  subsequently  the  rank  of 
general.  In  1806  he  was  made  by  the  senate  suc- 
cessor to  the  imperial  throne  in  the  event  of 
Napoleon's  leaving  no  male  heir,  and  in  1807  was 
created  king  of  Westi)halia.  On  12  Aug.,  1807,  he 
married  Catherine  Frederica,  princess  of  Wiirtem- 
burg.  By  his  second  marriage  he  had  three  chil- 
dren, of  whom  the  surviving  son,  Prince  Napo- 
leon, is  dynastic  heir  to  the  imperial  throne. 
Madame  Bonaparte  employed  every  means  to  main- 
tain the  legality  of  her  marriage  and  the  legitima- 
cy of  her  son.  When  Napoleon  III.  mounted  the 
throne,  a  formal  trial  was  granted  her.  Jerome, 
the  father,  appealed  to  the  council  of  state  to  for- 
bid "  Jerome  Patterson "  to  assume  the  name  of 
Bonaparte.  Nevertheless,  the  council  decreed  that 
the  son  of  Madame  Elizabeth  Patterson  was  enti- 
tled to  the  name  of  Bonaparte,  although  he  could 
not  be  recognized  as  a  member  of  the  imperial 
family.  After  the  death  of  Jerome  she  brought 
suit  for  a  share  in  his  estate;  but  documentary 
proofs,  the  fact  that  the  validity  of  her  mar- 
riage had  been  sustained  by  the  church,  and  the 
zeal  and  eloquence  of  her  advocate,  Berryer,  did 
not  prevent  an  adverse  decision,  probably  inspired 
by  the  imperial  court.  Her  son  was,  however,  rec- 
ognized by  official  decree  as  a  legitimate  child  of 
France.  Jerome  Bonaparte,  the  son,  refused  to 
sue  for  the  hand  of  a  daughter  of  Joseph  Bona- 
parte, as  his  mother  desired,  and  married  Miss 
Williams,  of  Roxbury,  Mass.  Alienated  l)y  her 
proud  and  ambitious  temper  both  from  her  son 
and  her  father,  Madame  Bonaparte  passed  much 
of  her  time  in  Europe,  where  her  unfortunate  po- 
sition attracted  sympathy  and  attention.  She  in- 
herited a  part  of  her  father's  wealth  in  the  form 
of  real  property  in  Baltimore,  which  rose  in  value 
and  made  her  a  millionaire.  She  became  penurious 
and  misanthropic,  but  retained  her  noble  manner 
and  brilliant  conversational  powers.  She  passed 
many  winters  in  Florence,  and  counted  with  pride 
royal  and  distinguished  persons  among  her  ac- 
quaintance. Alter  the  downfall  of  the  second  em- 
pire and  the  death  of  Napoleon  III.,  she  actively 
put  forward  the  claims  of  her  grandson.  Col.  Bona- 
parte, who  had  served  with  distinction  in  the  French 
army,  and  hoped  to  see  him  called  to  the  regency,  or 
perhaps  to  the  imperial  throne. — Jerome  Napo- 
leon, Madame  Bonaparte's  son,  b.  in  Camberwell, 
England,  7  July,  1805 ;  d.  in  Baltimore,  where  he 
had  passed  his  life,  17  June,  1870.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Harvard  in  1826,  and  studied  law,  but  did 
not  practise.  He  was  never  naturalized  as  an  Ameri- 
can citizen,  and  cultivated  terms  of  intimacy  with 
his  father  and  the  French  court.  His  management 
of  his  inherited  fortune  and  tlie  property  that  came 
to  him  by  marriage  made  him  one  of  the  richest 
residents  of  Baltimore.  He  left  two  sons,  who  inher- 
ited his  and  their  grandmother's  wealth. — The  elder, 
Jerome  Napoleon,  b.  in  Baltimore,  5  Nov.,  1830 ; 
d.  at  Pride's  Crossing,  Mass.,  3  Sept.,  1893.  He  was 
graduated  at  the  U.  S.  military  academy,  but  re- 
signed from  the  service  on  16  Aug.,  1854.  and  was 
appointed  a  lieutenant  of  dragoons  in  the  French 
imperial  army.     He  served  through  the  Crimean 


war,  distinguishing  himself  at  Balaklava,  Inkerman, 
Tchernaia,  and  the  siege  of  Sebastopol,  and  received 
the  decoration  of  the  Medjidie  order  from  the  sul- 
tan of  Turkey,  the  Crimean  medal  from  the  queen 
of  England,  and  became  a  knight  of  the  legion 
of  honor.  Being  then  transferred  to  the  chasseurs 
d'Afrique,  he  served  as  lieutenant,  and  afterward 
as  captain  in  that  corps  in  the  Algerian  campaign 
of  1857,  and  in  several  actions  against  the  Kabyles. 
In  the  Italian  campaign  against  Austria  he  served 
with  distinction  in  the  battles  of  Montebello  and 
Solferino  and  in  various  skirmishes,  receiving- 
French  and  Italian  decorations.  He  was  pro- 
moted to  the  rank  of  chef  d'escadron  in  1865,  and 
in  1867  transferred  to  the  empress's  dragoon 
guards. — The  younger  grandson  of  Madame  Bona- 
parte, Charles  Joseph,  b.  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  9^ 
June,  1851,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1871, 
and  at  the  Harvard  law  school  in  1874,  was  admit- 
ted to  practice,  and  has  attained  a  I'espectable  rank 
at  the  Baltimore  bar. 

BONAPARTE,  Joseph,  king  of  Spain,  b.  in 
Corte.  Corsica,  7  Jan.,  1768 ;  d.  in  Florence,  Italy, 
28  July,  1844.  He  was  the  elder  brother  of  Napo- 
leon Bonaparte,  became  an  advocate  in  Corsica,  and 
was  an  early  supporter  of  the  French  revolution. 
He  was  military  commissary  of  Napoleon's  army  in 
Italy  in  1796,  French  minister  to  Rome  in  1797, 
and  afterward  member  of  the  council  of  five  hun- 
dred, of  the  tribunate,  and  of  the  council  of  state  in 
Paris.  By  his  shrewd  statecraft  and  engaging 
manners  he  rendered  his  brother  effective  assist- 
ance in  his  political  schemes.  He  negotiated  the 
treaty  of  peace  with  the  United  States  in  1800,  the 
treaty  with  Germany  in  1801,  and  the  treaty  with 
Great  Britain  at  Amiens  in  1802.  He  was  sent 
with  an  army  to  Naples  in  February,  1806,  and  en- 
tered the  city  and  assumed,  in  obedience  to  Napo- 
leon's commands,  the  title  of  king.  In  1808  he  re- 
luctantly exchanged  the  throne  of  Naples  for  that 
of  Spain.  His  rule  being  regulated  by  his  brother's 
policy  and  not  by  his  own  well-meaning  impulses, 
he  was  twice  driven  out  of  Madrid  by  hostile 
armies,  and  twice  reinstated,  but  in  June,  1813, 
was  defeated  by  Wellington  at  Vittoria,  and  soon 
afterward  left  Spain.  In  January,  1814,  he  was 
appointed  lieutenant-general  of  the  empire  in  the- 
absence  of  Napoleon,  and  in  March  he  consented 
to  the  capitulation  of  Paris.  When  Napoleon  re- 
turned in  1815,  Joseph  went  to  Paris  and  exerted 
himself  to  obtain  the  support  of  his  influential 
friends  for  a  restoration  of  the  empire  under  con- 
stitutional guarantees.  He  had  a  single  interview 
with  his  brother  after  the  battle  of  Waterloo,  ar- 
ranged to  meet  him  in  the  United  States,  and  sailed 
for  New  York  from  Royan,  25  July,  1815,  under 
the  assumed  name  of  Comte  de  Survilliers.  He 
bought  a  mansion  in  Phihidelphia,  and  a  country- 
seat  near  Bordentown,  N.  J .  An  act  to  enable  him 
to  hold  real  estate  was  passed  by  the  legislature  of 
New  Jersey  in  1817,  and  when  he  acquired  a  sum- 
mer-place on  the  edge  of  the  Adirondack  forest  a 
similar  law  was  enacted  by  the  New  York  assembly. 
He  was  accompanied  to  the  United  States  by  his 
two  daughters  and  the  prince  of  Canino.  huslaand 
of  the  elder  daughter,  Zenaide ;  but  his  wife,  who 
was  the  daughter  of  a  merchant  of  Marseilles  and 
sister  of  the  queen  of  Sweden,  remained  an  inva- 
lid in  Europe.  His  benevolence  and  hospitality, 
his  affable  and  courtly  manners,  and  his  knowledge 
and  taste,  made  him  a  general  favorite.  He  en- 
deavored to  advance  the  claims  of  Napoleon  II. 
after  the  revolution  of  July,  1830,  and  in  1832,. 
when  the  duke  of  Reichstadt  fell  ill,  he  went  to 
Europe,  but  remained  in  England  upon  hearing  of 


312 


BONARD 


BOND 


his  nephew's  death.  He  returned  to  the  United 
States  in  1837,  but  remained  only  two  years.  Ob- 
taining permission  in  1841  to  reside  in  Italy,  he 
passed  the  remainder  of  his  life  in  Florence.  The 
confidential  letters  that  passed  between  him  and 
Napoleon  I.  were  published  in  "  Memoires  et  cor- 
respondance  politique  et  militaire  du  roi  Joseph," 
by  A.  du  Casse.  See  also  "  Memoires,"  by  Miot  de 
Melito,  and  "  Biographical  Sketch  of  Joseph  Bona- 
parte "  (London,  1833). 

BONARD,  Louis,  miser,  b.  in  Rouen,  France, 
in  1809 ;  d.  in  New  York  city,  20  Feb.,  1871.  Of 
his  life  previous  to  his  coming  to  the  United  States 
in  1851  nothing  is  known.  During  his  residence 
in  New  York  city  he  occupied,  in  squalor  and 
wretchedness,  a  room  six  by  eight  feet  in  dimen- 
sions on  an  obscure  street,  tleavy  wooden  bars 
were  fastened  across  the  solitary  dingy  window,  and 
bars  and  bolts  protected  the  door.  The  room  was 
devoid  of  furniture,  save  a  broken  table,  a  mattress 
lifted  from  the  floor  by  a  few  boards  supported  by 
bricks,  and  a  trunk.  There  was  no  fire  and  no 
place  for  one.  On  14  Feb.,  a  few  days  before  his 
death,  he  sent  a  message  to  Henry  Bergh,  of  the 
society  for  the  prevention  of  cruelty  to  animals, 
whom  he  had  never  met,  and  desired  to  make  his 
will.  In  it  was  revealed  that  he  had  propeity  to 
the  value  of  $150,000,  all  of  which  was  devised  to 
Mr.  Bergh's  society.  The  trunk  was  filled  with 
gold  and  silver  watches  in  alternate  layers,  together 
with  a  large  quantity  of  jewelry  and  diamonds. 
Bonard's  remains  were  buried  in  Greenwood  ceme- 
tery and  a  suitable  memorial  erected  over  them. 

BOND,  Henry,  physician  and  genealogist,  b.  in 
Watertown,  Mass.,  31  March,  1790 ;  d.  in  Philadel- 
phia, Pa.,  4  May.  1859.  He  was  a  grandson  of  Col. 
William  Bond,  of  the  revolutionary  army,  who  died 
near  Ticonderoga,  31  Aug.,  1770.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Dartmouth  in  18l3,  studied  medicine,  and 
practised  in  Concord,  N.  H.,  and  from  November, 
1819,  till  his  death,  in  Philadelphia.  For  several 
years  he  was  president  of  the  Philadelphia  board  of 
health.  Besides  numerous  contributions  to  medi- 
cal and  other  journals,  he  puljlished  a  remarkably 
thorough  genealogical  work  entitled  "  Genealogies 
of  the  Families  and  Descendants  of  the  Early  Set- 
tlers of  Watertown,  Mass.,  including  Waltham  and 
Weston  "  (Boston.  1856). 

BOND,  John  R.  S.,  journalist,  b.  in  Ohio  in  1822 ; 
d.  in  Chillicothe,  Ohio,  in  December,  1872.  He  was 
the  son  of  a  pioneer  of  Ohio.  In  his  youth  he 
travelled  on  horseback  through  the  wilderness  to 
Kankakee  river,  and  then  in  a  skiff  down  that 
river  and  the  Mississippi  to  St.  Louis.  He  owned 
at  different  times  as  many  as  eight  western  news- 
papers, was  the  founder  of  the  Louisville  "  Courier- 
Journal,"  and  at  the  time  of  his  death  was  editor 
of  the  Scioto  '  Gazette." 

BOND,  Shadrack,  governor  of  Illinois,  b.  in 
Maryland;  d.  in  Kaskaskia.  111.,  13  April,  1832. 
He  received  a  liberal  education  and  removed  to 
Kaskaskia,  then  in  Indiana  territory,  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  legislature  of  the  territory  of  Illinois, 
and  was  its  first  delegate  to  congress,  serving  from 
3  Dec,  1812,  till  18  April,  1814.  In  1814  he  was 
appointed  receiver  of  public  moneys,  and  when  Illi- 
nois became  a  state  he  was  elected  its  first  govern- 
or, serving  from  1818  till  1822. 

BOND^  Thomas,  physician,  b.  in  Marvland  in 
1712  ;  d.  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  in  1784.  He  was  a 
distinguished  practitioner  of  Philadelphia,  deliv- 
ered the  first  clinical  lectures  in  the  Pennsylvania 
hospital,  and  was  associated  with  Dr.  Franklin  and 
Dr.  John  Bartram,  the  botanist,  in  a  literary  so- 
ciety of  that  city. 


BOND,  Thomas  Emerson,  journalist,  b.  in  Bal- 
timore, Md.,  in  February,  1782 ;  d.  in  New  York, 
14  March,  1856.  He  studied  medicine  in  Philadel- 
phia and  Baltimore,  practised  with  success  in  Bal- 
timore, and  was  called  to  a  chair  in  the  medical 
college  of  Maryland,  which  after  a  few  years  he 
resigned  on  account  of  failing  health.  For  many 
years  he  was  a  local  preacher  in  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  church.  During  the  controversy  carried 
on  from  1816  till  1830  over  reform  in  church 
government,  which  resulted  in  the  secession  of  the 
opponents  of  the  episcopate  and  advocates  of  lay 
representation  in  1830  and  the  formation  of  the 
Methodist  Protestant  church,  he  took  a  prominent 
part  in  the  discussion.  In  1827  he  published  an 
appeal  to  Methodists,  directed  against  the  proposed 
changes,  in  1828  a  "Narrative  and  Defence  of  the 
Church  Authorities,"  and  in  1831  and  1832  he 
defended  the  polity  of  Episcopal  Methodism  in  a 
journal  printed  in  Baltimore  called  the  "  Itiner- 
ant," of  which  he  was  editor.  He  subsequently 
edited  for  twelve  years  the  "  Christian  Advocate 
and  Journal,"  the  leading  Methodist  organ,  of 
which  he  assumed  charge  in  1840.  He  contributed 
important  articles  to  the  "  Methodist  Quarterly." 
— His  son,  Tliomas  Emerson,  journalist,  b.  in 
Baltimore,  Md.,  in  1813,  d.  in  Harford  co.,  Md., 
18  Aug.,  1872,  early  became  a  local  Methodist 
preacher,  and  also  studied  medicine  and  took  his 
degree  in  Baltimore.  His  father  was  editor  of  the 
Baltimore  "  Christian  Advocate  and  Journal,"  and 
young  Bond  became  his  efficient  assistant,  distin- 
guished for  humor  and  sarcastic  powei*.  In  1860, 
pending  the  difficulties  that  culminated  in  the 
civil  war.  he  joined  the  southern  Methodist  church, 
and  gave  his  abilities  to  the  cause  of  the  south. 
After  the  close  of  the  war  he  was  one  of  the  origi- 
nators of  the  "  Episcopal  Methodist,"  the  organ  of 
the  southern  church,  but  subsequently  severed  his 
connection  with  that  paper  and  established  another 
journal  in  the  same  interest.  After  publishing 
that  for  a  short  time  he  consolidated  it  with  the 
"  Southern  Christian  Advocate,"  published  simul- 
taneously in  Baltimore  and  St.  Louis,  of  which  he 
was  associate  editor. — Another  son,  Hugh  Lennox, 
jurist,  b.  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  16  Dec,  1828  ;  d.  there, 
24  Oct.,  1893,  was  graduated  at  the  New  York  univer- 
sity in  1848,  returned  to  Baltimore,  studied  law,  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1851,  and  practised  in  Balti- 
more. He  took  part  in  the  Know-nothing  move- 
ment. In  March,  1860,  he  was  appointed  judge  of 
the  Baltimore  criminal  court,  and  on  5  Nov.,  1861, 
was  elected  by  the  people  to  that  office,  which  he 
held  during  the  trying  times  of  the  war.  After 
the  massacre  of  national  soldiers  on  19  April,  1861, 
when  the  city  authorities  decided  that  no  more 
northern  troojps  should  be  allowed  to  pass  through 
Baltimore,  he  charged  the  grand  jury  that  those 
who  took  part  in  the  riot  were  guilty  of  murder. 
The  police  commissioners  made  an  order  forbid- 
ding the  display  of  any  flag ;  but  the  seventy-five 
loyalists  that  were  arrested  under  this  order  for 
raising  the  national  standard  were  discharged  on 
habeas  corpus  by  Judge  Bond.  In  later  years, 
when  several  military  commissioners  undertook  to 
sit  in  Baltimore  and  try  citizens  for  offences 
against  the  United  States,  he  charged  the  grand 
jury  to  indict  the  officers  on  these  commissions, 
because  they  had  no  jurisdiction  over  persons  not 
in  the  military  service  of  the  government,  especial- 
ly when  the  civil  courts  were  open.  Shortly  be- 
fore the  close  of  his  term.  Gov.  Swann  claimed  the 
right  to  remove  the  police  commissioners  and  ap- 
point others,  and  when  the  de  facto  commissioners 
fortified  the  station-houses,  and  armed  the  police 


BOND 


BONNER 


313 


to  defend  their  right  to  the  office,  authorized  his 
appointees  to  raise  followers  sufficient  to  put  the 
resisting  commissioners  out,  and  called  upon  Presi- 
dent Johnson  to  send  federal  ti'oops  to  interfere. 
Judge  Bond  told  Gen.  Grant,  who  came  to  investi- 
gate the  situation,  that  the  de  facto  commissioners 
would  obey  a  written  order  from  the  president 
brought  by  a  single  soldier  bearing  the  U.  S.  flag ; 
but  that,  if  the  federal  authorities  declined  to  in- 
terfere, he  would  arrest  the  Swann  commissioners, 
and  hold  them  to  bail  to  keep  the  peace,  which  was 
accordingly  done.  After  the  emancipation  of  the 
slaves  under  the  revised  constitution  of  1864,  the 
slave-holders  took  advantage  of  an  old  apprentice 
law,  and  had  the  children  of  the  free  negroes 
brought  to  the  probate  courts  and  apprenticed  to 
themselves.  Judge  Bond  decided  that  these  ap- 
prentices were  held  in  involuntary  servitude,  and 
released,  on  habeas  corpus,  all  that  were  brought 
before  hiui.  He  was  a  prominent  member  of  an 
association  for  the  education  of  colored  people,  to 
which  his  friend,  Sec.  Stanton,  transferred  all  the 
federal  barracks  in  Maryland  for  the  purpose  of 
building  school-houses.  '  With  assistance  from  the 
freedmen's  aid  societies,  schools  were  established 
in  all  the  counties  of  the  state,  and  Judge  Bond 
visited  every  locality,  and  made  speeches  intended 
to  overcome  the  prejudices  of  the  people  against 
the  schools,  which  frequently  broke  out  into  vio- 
lence. He  lost  his  seat  on  the  bench  in  1868,  when 
the  democrats  obtained  political  ascendency  in  the 
state,  and  resumed  the  practice  of  law  in  Balti- 
more. On  13  July,  1870,  President  Grant  nomi- 
nated him  judge  of  the  4th  circuit  of  the  U.  S. 
court,  which  includes  the  states  of  Maryland,  the 
two  Virginias,  and  the  two  Carolinas.  In  1871  he 
conducted,  at  Raleigh,  N.  C,  and  Columbia,  S.  C, 
many  trials  of  ku-klux  conspirators,  more  than 
100  of  wliora  he  sentenced  to  the  penitentiary. 

BOND,  William  Beiuietl,  Canadian  bishop,  b. 
in  Truro,  Cornwall,  England,  in  1815.  At  an  early 
age  he  emigrated  to  Newfoundland,  and  in  1841 
was  ordained  a  priest  of  the  church  of  England. 
Under  the  direction  of  Bishop  Mountain,  of  Que- 
bec, he  organized  many  mission  stations  in  the 
eastern  townships  of  Canada  East,  and  finally  took 
charge  of  the  parish  of  St.  George's,  Montreal.  He 
maintained  his  connection  with  this  parish  for 
thirty  years,  successively  becoming  archdeacon  of 
Hocheiaga  and  dean  of  Montreal,  and  in  1879  bish- 
op of  Montreal.  Bishop  Bond  is  president  of  the 
theological  college  of  the  diocese  of  Montreal,  and 
is  an  LL.  D.  of  McGill  university. 

BOND,  William  Crauch,  astronomer,  b.  in 
Portland,  Me.,  9  Sept.,  1789 ;  d.  in  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  29  Jan.,  1859.  He  was  the  son  of  a  watch- 
maker, and  was  brought  up  to  that  trade,  but  at 
the  same  time  studied  astronomy  and  conducted 
observations  in  a  private  observatory  that  he  built 
in  Dorchester.  In  1815  he  went  to  Europe  to  carry 
out  a  commission  for  Harvard  university  with  ref- 
erence to  a  contemplated  observatory.  In  1838 
the  U.  S.  government  commissioned  him  to  con- 
duct a  series  of  astronomical  and  meteorological 
observations  in  connection  with  the  exploring  ex- 
pedition to  the  South  sea.  He  superintended  the 
erection  of  the  Harvard  observatory  in  1839  and 
became  its  director.  The  result  of  his  observations 
was  published  in  the  "  Annals  of  the  Observatory  of 
Harvard  College."  Those  on  Saturn  and  the  fixed 
stars  gave  him  an  extensive  reputation.  He  was 
associated  with  his  son,  George  Plulli])s,  in  the  dis- 
covery of  the  eighth  satellite  of  Saturn  and  of  the 
single  moon  of  Neptune,  and  was  also  one  of  the 
earliest  astronomers  that  employed  photography  to 


record  the  aspects  of  heavenly  bodies. — His  son, 
Georg-e  Phillips,  ash-onomer,  b.  in  Dorchester, 
Mass.,  in  1825.  d.  in  Cinnhridge.  Mass.,  17  Feb.,  1865, 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1845,  and  in  February, 
1859,  was  appointed  professor  of  astronomy  and 
director  of  the  observatory  of  Harvard  college. 
Among  other  works  he  wrote  "  A  Treatise  on  the 
Construction  of  the  Rings  of  Saturn,"  in  which  their 
fluid  nature  was  first  established ;  another  on  the 
"  Elements  of  the  Orbits  of  Hyperion  and  the  Sat- 
ellite of  Neptune,"  having  participated  in  the  dis- 
covery of  both.  He  published  papers  also  on  the 
nebula  of  Andromeda,  on  various  comets,  and  on 
stellar  photography.  The  royal  astronomical  so- 
ciety of  London  voted  a  gold  medal  to  Mr.  Bond 
for  a  work  on  the  Donati  comet  (Cambridge,  1862), 

BONDI,  Jonas,  Jewish  rabbi,  b.  in  Dresden, 
Saxony,  15  July,  1804;  d.  in  New  York,  11  March, 
1874.  He  received  a  thorough  secular  and  theo- 
logical education  at  Prague,  but  did  not  enter  upon 
the  active  duties  of  the  ministry  until  his  call  to 
New  York  in  1859  as  rabbi  of  a  synagogue.  At 
the  expiration  of  his  term  he  engaged  in  literary 
pursuits,  contributing  to  the  "  Occident,"  of  Phila- 
delphia, and  establishing  in  New  York  the  "  Hebrew 
Leader,"  which  he  edited  until  his  death.  Dr. 
Bondi  was  earnest  and  eloquent  as  a  speaker  and 
writer  in  the  German  language,  regarded  as  an 
authority  on  Talmudical  and  rabbinical  questions, 
and  belonged  to  the  conservative  school  of  Jewish 
thought.  He  was  prominently  connected  with  J ew- 
ish  charitable  organizations. 

BON  HAM,  MUledg-e  Luke,  soldier,  b.  in  South 
Carolina,  6  Mav.  1815  :  d.  in  White  Sulphur  Springs, 
Va.,  28  Aug.,  1890.  He  was  graduated  in  1834,  a:d- 
mitted  to  the  bar  at  Columbia  in  1837,  and  settled 
and  began  practice  in  Edgefield.  In  the  Mexican 
war  he  commanded  a  battalion  of  South  Carolina 
volunteers.  From  1848  till  1850  he  was  state  so- 
licitor for  the  southern  circuit,  in  1856  elected  to 
congress  as  a  state-rights  democrat,  and  in  1858 
re-elected.  On  21  Dec.,  1860,  he  left  congress  with 
the  other  members  of  the  South  Carolina  delega- 
tion. He  was  a  commissioner  from  South  Caro- 
lina to  Mississippi,  and  detailed  as  major-general 
to  command  the  South  Carolina  troops.  He  en- 
tered the  confederate  army  with  the  rank  of  briga- 
dier-general, and  commanded  a  brigade  at  the  bat- 
tles of  Blackburn's  Ford  and  Bull  Run.  lie  was 
then  elected  a  representative  from  South  Carolina 
in  the  confederate  congress,  and  served  until  he 
was  elected  governor  of  that  state  for  the  term 
1862-'4.  In  1864  he  returned  to  the  confederate 
army,  and  served  until  the  close  of  the  war.  He 
was  a  delegate  to  the  national  democratic  conven- 
tion held  in  New  York  in  1868. 

BONNER,  Robert,  publisher,  b.  near  London- 
derry, Ireland,  28  April,  1824;  d.  in  New  York 
city,  6  July,  1899.  He  came  to  the  United  States 
and  learned  the  printer's  trade.  In  1839  he  was 
employed  in  the  office  of  the  Hartford  "  Cour- 
ant,"  where  he  gained  the  reputation  of  being  the 
most  rapid  compositor  in  Connecticut.  In  1844 
he  removed  to  New  York,  and  in  1851  purchased 
the  "  Ledger,"  at  that  time  an  insignificant  sheet. 
By  printing  the  most  popular  class  of  interesting 
stories,  he  gave  the  paper  a  wide  circulation,  which 
was  further  extended  by  the  contributions  of  Fanny 
Fern,  Edward  Everett,  Henry  Ward  Beecher,  and 
other  eminent  authors  and  clergymen.  He  has 
made  large  gifts  of  money  to  Princeton  college, 
and  to  various  charities.  To  gratify  his  taste  for 
fast  horses,  he  has  purchased  several  of  the  most 
celebrated  trotters  in  the  world,  but  withdrawn 
them  from  the  race-course.     Among  his  horses  are 


314 


BONNER 


BONVOULOIR 


Peerless,  Dexter,  and  Maud  S.,  which  he  purchased, 
with  a  record  of  2.09t.  afterward  reduced  to  2.08f, 
from  William  11.  Vaiiderbilt  for  $40.()()0. 

BONNER,  Sherwood.     See  McDowell,  Kate. 

BONNEVILLE,  Benjamin  L.  E.,  explorer,  b. 
in  France  about  171)5;  d.  at  Fort  Smith,  Ark.,  12 
June,  1878.  He  was  appointed  to  West  Point  from 
New  York,  was  graduated  in  1815,  became  lieu- 
tenant of  artillery,  and  in  1820  was  engaged  in 
the  construction  of  a  military  road  through  Mis- 
sissippi. He  became  a  captain  of  infantry  in  1825, 
and  in  1831- G  engaged  in  explorations  in  the 
Rocky  mountains  and  in  California.  His  journal 
was  edited  and  amplified  by  Washington  Irving, 
and  published  under  the  title  of  "  Adventures  of 
Captain  Bonneville,  U.  S.  A.,  in  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains and  the  Far  West"  (Philadelphia,  1837).  He 
was  promoted  major,  15  July,  1845,  and  fought 
through  the  Mexican  war,  taking  part  in  the  march 
through  Chihiuihua,  in  the  siege  of  Vera  Cruz,  the 
battle  of  Ceri'o  Gordo,  the  capture  of  San  Antonio, 
the  battle  of  Churubusco,  where  he  was  wounded, 
the  battle  of  Molino  del  Rey,  the  storming  of  Cha- 
pultepec,  and  the  assault  and  capture  of  the  city 
of  Mexico.  For  gallantry  at  Contreras  and  Chu- 
rubusco he  was  brevetted  lieutenant-colonel.  He 
was  promoted  to  the  full  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel 
■on  7  May,  1849,  and  to  the  grade  of  colonel  on  3 
Feb.,  1855.  He  was  commandant  at  Santa  Fe  in 
1856-7,  commanded  the  Gila  expedition  in  1857, 
resumed  command  of  the  department  of  New 
Mexico  in  1858,  and  on  9  Sept.,  1861,  was  retired 
from  active  service  for  disability.  During  the 
civil  war  he  served  as  superintendent  of  recruiting 
in  Missouri,  and  from  1862  till  1865  as  commandant 
of  Benton  barracks  in  St.  Louis.  On  18  March, 
1865,  he  was  brevetted  brigadier-general  for  long 
and  faithful  services.  At  the  time  of  his  death  he 
was  the  oldest  officer  on  the  retired  list. 

BONNEVILLE,  C.  de,  French  engineer,  b.  in 
Lyons  about  1710;  d.  about  1780.  He  served  as 
■caiDtain  of  engineers  in  the  beginning  of  the  seven 
years'  war  in  Prussia,  and  afterward  in  America, 
until  the  close  of  the  war  in  1763.  During  his 
stay  in  America  he  studied  the  productions  of  the 
■country  and  the  manners  of  the  inhabitants,  and, 
besides  other  works,  published  in  1771  '*  De  I'Ame- 
xique  et  des  Americains." 

BONNYCASTLE,  Sir  Richard  Henry,  Eng- 
lish soldier,  b.  in  1791 ;  d.  in  1848.  He  served  in 
Canada  during  the  war  in  1812,  became  a  captain 
of  engineers  in  1825,  and  took  part  in  the  capture 
of  Fort  Castine  and  the  occupation  of  the  Maine 
coast  east  of  Penobscot.  He  commanded  the  en- 
gineers in  Canada  West  during  the  rebellion  of 
1837-'9,  was  knighted  for  services  in  the  defence 
■of  Kingston  in  1838,  was  subsequently  commander 
■of  engineers  in  Newfoundland,  and  in  1848  was 
made  lieutenant-colonel.  Most  of  his  life  was 
passed  in  British  North  America.  He  published 
*' Spanish  America"  (London,  1818;  Philadelphia, 
1819);  "The  Canadas  in  1842"  (London,  1842); 
'' Canada  and  the  Canadians  in  1846"  (London, 
1846) ;  and  "  Canada  as  it  Was,  Is,  and  May  be," 
edited  by  Sir  J.  E.  Alexander  (1846). — His  brother, 
Charles,  mathematician,  b.  in  Woolwich,  England, 
in  1792 ;  d.  in  Charlottesville,  Va.,  in  October,  1840. 
He  was  a  son  of  John  Bonnycastle,  professor  of 
mathematics  at  Woolwich  military  academy,  and 
assisted  his  father  in  the  preparation  of  mathe- 
matical text-books,  besides  contributing  to  cyclo- 
pasdias  and  periodicals.  At  the  organization  of 
the  University  of  Virginia,  in  1825,  he  came  over 
to  take  the  professorship  of  natural  philosophy, 
which  he  exchanged  in  1827  for  that  of  mathemat- 


ics. He  published  treatises  on  "  Inductive  Geome- 
try" (Philadelphia,  1832);  "Algebra"  (New  York); 
"Mensuration"  (Philadelphia);  and  various  papers 
on  scientific  subjects. 

BONPLANl),  Aliue  (the  pen-name  of  Gougaud, 
Ameuee  Jacques  Alexandre),  French  traveller,  b. 
in  La  Rochelle,  France,  22  Aug.,  1773;  d.  in  Santa 
Anna,  Uruguay,  11  May,  1858.  He  studied  medi- 
cine in  La  Rochelle,  was  surgeon  on  a  war  vessel, 
afterward  studied  under  Corvisart,  and  became  in- 
timate with  Alexander  von  Humboldt,  whom  he 
accompanied  in  the  explorations  described  by  them 
in  "  Voyages  aux  regions  equinoctiales  du  nouveau 
continent "  (12  vols.,  Paris,  1815-21).  The  collec- 
tions made  during  his  five  years'  travels  in  Mexico, 
Colombia,  and  the  Orinoco  and  Amazon  valleys 
were  presented  by  him  to  the  French  government, 
which  I'ewarded  him  with  a  pension,  and  appointed 
him  superintendent  of  the  gardens  at  Malmaison. 
He  collected  and  classified  about  6,000  plants,  for 
the  most  part  previously  unknown,  which  he  after- 
ward described  in  '•  Plantes  equinoxiales  "  (Paris, 
1806-'10).  After  endeavoring  to  persuade  Napo- 
leon to  retire  to  Mexico,  he  departed  for  Buenos 
Ay  res  in  1816,  taking  with  him  a  number  of  Euro- 
pean plants.  In  Buenos  Ayres  he  was  appointed 
professor  of  natural  history,  but  this  office  he  soon 
resigned  in  order  to  explore  the  central  parts  of 
South  America.  In  Paraguay  he  was  arrested  as 
a  spy  in  1821  by  order  of  Dr.  Francia,  and  was  a 
prisoner  for  ten  years.  On  regaining  his  liberty 
he  settled  at  San  Borje,  in  Corrientes,  where  the 
government  of  the  province  presented  him  with  an 
estate.  His  works  include  "  Plantes  equinoctiales 
recueillies  au  Mexique,  a  I'ile  de  Cuba,  dans  les 
provinces  de  Caracas,  de  Cumana,  aux  Andes  de 
Quito,  et  sur  les  bords  de  I'Orenoque  et  des  Ama- 
zones"  (2  vols.,  Paris,  1805-'10).  and  "  Monographie 
des  melastomees  "  (2  vols.,  Paris,  1806-'9). 

BONVOULOIR,  M.  de,  diplomatic  agent,  born 
and  died  in  France  during  the  18th  century.  He 
was  the  secret  envoy  of  Vergennes,  the  Fi-ench 
minister  of  state,  through  whom  the  negotiations 
were  opened  in  1775  that  resulted  in  French  inter- 
'  vention  for  American  independence.  He  is  de- 
scribed as  a  man  of  remarkable  prudence  and  judg- 
ment. He  had  been  in  Santo  Domingo,  and  returned 
home  about  July,  1775,  by  way  of  the  colonies,  then 
in  revolt  against  Great  Britain.  Visiting  Philadel- 
phia, New  York,  Providence,  and  Boston,  he  was 
well  qualified  to  express  an  opinion  regarding  the 
state  of  affairs  in  America.  At  this  time  De  Gui- 
nes,  French  ambassador  to  the  court  of  St.  James, 
became  aware  of  a  faction  in  England  that  favored 
war  with  France,  on  the  ground  that  the  colonies 
would  thereby  be  driven  back  to  their  old  allegiance, 
through  a  fear  that  Canada  would  be  regained  by 
the  French.  Bonvouloir,  who  was  well  known  to 
De  Guines,  offered  a  perfectly  trustworthy  medium, 
and  was  sent  to  America,  at  the  suggestion  of  the 
French  minister  of  state,  with  verbal  instructions 
to  learn  what  he  could  of  public  sentiment,  and  so 
far  as  possible  eradicate  the  idea  of  jealousy  re- 
garding the  reannexation  of  Canada.  He  reached 
America  just  as  the  leading  spirits — Franklin, 
Harrison,  Jay,  and  the  rest — were  in  secret  con- 
clave on  the  very  problem  that  he  came  to  solve. 
Seeking  an  introduction  to  Franklin,  he  had  sev- 
eral conferences  with  the  committee,  and  conduct- 
ed his  part  of  the  delicate  negotiations  with  con- 
summate tact  and  wisdom.  His  written  reports  to 
the  French  minister  were  prudent  and  truthful, 
and  speedily  brought  about  deliberations  of  the 
most  momentous  character,  resulting  in  the  ma- 
terial  aid   afforded   by  France   to  the  struggling 


BOOKER 


BOONE 


315 


American  colonies.    See  Treseot's  "  Diplomacy  of 
the  Revolution  "  (New  York,  1852). 

BOOKER,  George  William,  lawyer,  b.  in 
Patrick  co.,  Va.,  14  Dec,  1821 ;  d.  in  Martinsville, 
Va.,  4  June,  1883.  lie  studied  law  and  taught 
school,  soon  after  his  admission  to  the  bar  became 
a  justice  of  the  peace  in  Henry  co.,  and  from  1857 
till  1862  was  the  presiding  justice  of  Henry  co. 
court.  During  the  civil  war  he  was  an  uncon- 
ditional union  man.  In  1865  he  was  elected  to  the 
house  of  delegates  of  the  legislature  of  Virginia, 
and  in  1868  received  the  nomination  of  state  attor- 
ney-general. This  office  he  resigned,  and  was 
elected  as  a  conservative  to  congress,  where  he 
served  from  31  Jan.,  1870,  till  3  March,  1871.  He 
was  elected  to  the  state  legislature  in  November, 
1873,  and,  after  serving  for  two  years,  retired  en- 
tirely from  public  life. 

BOOMER,  George  Boardmaii,  soldier,  b.  in 
Sutton,  Mass.,  26  July,  1832  ;  killed  at  Vicksburg, 
Miss.,  22  May,  1863.  He  removed  to  St.  Louis  at 
an  early  age  and  became  a  bridge-builder.  The 
town  of  Osage  Rock,  on  Osage  river,  was  laid  out 
and  partly  built  by  him.  He  was  present,  as  colo- 
nel of  the  22d  Missouri  volunteers,  at  the  surrender 
of  Island  No.  10,  and  distinguished  himself  at  the 
battle  of  luka,  where  he  was  severely  wounded. 
He  commanded  the  second  brigade  of  Gen.  Quin- 
by's  division  of  MacPherson's  corps  at  the  battle  of 
Champion  Hills  with  conspicuous  gallantry,  and 
was  recommended  for  promotion.  While  leading 
his  brigade  in  an  assault  upon  the  works  on  the 
east  side  of  the  city  of  Vicksburg  he  was  killed  by 
a  sharp-shooter. 

BOONE,  Daniel,  pioneer,  b.  in  Bucks  co..  Pa., 
11  Feb.,  1735;  d.  in  Missouri,  26  Sept.,  1820. 
Among  the  immigrants  that  landed.  10  Oct.,  1717, 
at  Pliiladelphia  was  George  Boone,  of  Exeter,  Eng- 
land, who  came 
with  his  wife  and 
eleven  children, 
bought  land  near 
Bristol,  Bucks  co.. 
Pa.,  and  joined  the 
society  of  Friends. 
His  son.  Squire 
Boone,  married 
Sarah  Morgan, 
and  Daniel  was 
their  son.  Squire 
Boone,  who  was 
a  farmer,  moved, 
about  1748,  to 
Holman's  Ford, 
on  the  Yadkin,  in 
North  Carolina. 
Daniel's  educa- 
tion was  very  lim- 
ited ;  he  could 
read  and  write, 
but  beyond  that 
all  he  knew  related  to  the  fields,  the  woods,  the  net, 
the  rifle,  and  hunting.  He  was  a  hunter  born,  and 
loved  the  solitude  of  the  forest.  Strong,  brave, 
lithe,  inured  to  hardship  and  privation,  he  traced 
his  steps  through  the  pathless  forest,  sought  out 
the  hiding-places  of  panther,  bear,  and  wolf,  and 
was  the  match  of  any  Indian  in  the  sagacity  with 
which  he  detected  the  footsteps  of  the  red  man. 
About  1755  he  married  Rebecca  Bryan  and  set  up 
his  own  log-cabin,  but,  displeased  with  the  en- 
croachments of  civilization  on  his  solitude,  and  in- 
cited by  the  glowing  accounts  brought  by  John 
Pinley,  who  had  penetrated  into  the  imknown  re- 
gions of  Kentucky,  formed  a  company  of  six  kin- 


^/try^>c^ 


dred  spirits,  and,  bidding  adieu  to  his  family  and 
the  comforts  of  home,  on  1  May,  1769,  set  out  on 
his  perilous  journey  of  exploration.  After  numer- 
ous adventures  with  the  Indians,  having  become 
intimately  acquainted  with  the  character  of  the 
country,  established  an  enviable  reputation  for  sa- 
gacity and  integrity  on  important  frontier  service 
assigned  to  him  by  Lord  Dunmore  in  the  campaign 
against  the  Indians,  usually  called  "Lord  Dun- 
more's  War,"  and  constructed  a  strong  fort  on  the 
left  bank  of  Kentucky  river,  which  he  named 
"  Boonesborough,"  he  determined  to  bring  his  wife 
and  family  to  the  new  home.  Some  of  his  neigh- 
bors joined  him,  and  he  conducted  the  party,  num- 
bering upward  of  thirty,  safely  to  "Boonesbor- 
ough "  without  having  encountered  any  other 
difficulties  than  such  as  are  common  to  this  pas- 
sage. On  one  occasion  Boone,  with  an  armed 
party  of  thirty  men,  had  gone  for  a  supply  of  salt 
to  a  place  called  "  Salt  Licks,"  nearly  100  miles 
north  of  Boonesborough,  and  was  captured,  with 
twenty-seven  of  his  men,  by  a  band  of  more  than 
100  Indian  warriors  led  by  two  Frenchmen.  They 
carried  them  first  to  Old  Chillicothe,  on  the 
Miami,  and  then  to  Detroit,  where  they  surren- 
dered for  a  ransom  all  their  prisoners  except  Boone ; 
him  they  took  back  to  Old  Chillicothe,  where  the 
great  Blackfish,  a  renowned  Shawanese  chief, 
adopted  him  into  his  family  under  an  imposing 
but  painful  ceremonial ;  all  his  hair,  except  a  tuft 
three  or  four  inches  in  diameter  on  the  crown  of 
the  head,  was  plucked  out ;  that  tuft  was  allowed 
to  grow  to  the  length  of  the  "  war-lock,"  dressed 
with  feathers  and  ribbons ;  an  ablution  m  the 
river  was  supposed  to  cleanse  him  from  the  taint 
of  white  blood ;  a  coat  of  paint  on  his  face,  and  a 
solemn  charge  from  Blackfish,  completed  the  rite. 
After  a  prolonged  and  anxious  residence  among 
them,  during  which  he  was  kindly  treated,  he  dis- 
covered their  intention  of  marching  upon  Boones- 
borough, and  resolved,  at  the  peril  of  certain  death 
in  the  event  of  recapture,  to  attempt  his  escape 
and  save  his  family  and  friends.  Chased  by  450 
Indians,  he  performed  that  daring  feat  in  the 
forty-third  year  of  his  age,  and  thus  simply  records 
it :  "  On  the  16th  [of  June],  before  sunrise,  I  de- 
parted in  the  most  secret  manner,  and  arrived  at 
Boonesborougli  on  the  20th.  after  a  journey  of  160 
miles,  during  which  I  had  but  one  meal."  At  the 
fort  he  learned  that  his  wife  and  children,  despair- 
ing of  ever  seeing  him  again,  had  returned,  and 
safely  reached  her  father's  home  in  North  Caro- 
lina. The  Indians  assailed  the  fort,  but  were  re- 
pelled with  loss,  and  retreated.  Boone  then,  in 
the  autumn  of  1778,  rejoined  his  family  on  the 
Yadkin,  and  returned  with  them  to  Kentucky  in 
1780.  The  country,  though  well  settled,  was  still 
unsafe,  and,  soon  after  his  return,  Boone  and  his 
brother.  Squire,  were  surprised  by  Indians ;  Squire 
was  killed  and  scalped,  and  Daniel  had  a  narrow 
escape.  A  sanguinary  engagement,  called  the 
"  Battle  of  the  Blue  Licks."  took  place  in  1782,  in 
which  Boone's  two  sons  fought  at  his  side.  One 
of  them  was  killed,  and  the  other  severely  wound- 
ed. Boone  was  full  of  expedients,  and  on  one  oc- 
casion extricated  himself  from  four  armed  Indians 
by  blinding  them  with  tobacco-dust.  Kentucky 
was  admitted  into  the  union,  4  Feb.,  1791,  and  in 
the  survey  of  the  state  the  title  to  Boone's  land 
was  disputed.  The  case  was  decided  against  him, 
and,  stung  to  the  quick  by  the  wrong,  he  had  again 
to  seek  a  new  home,  which  he  established  at  Point 
Pleasant,  between  the  Ohio  and  the  Great  Kana- 
wha; but  in  1795  he  removed  to  Missouri,  then  a 
Spanish  possession,  and  received  not  only  the  ap- 


316 


BOONE 


BOOTH 


pointment  of  commandant  of  the  Femme  Osage 
district,  but  a  grant  of  8,000  acres.  The  Spanisli 
possessions  passed  into  the  hands  of  Napoleon. 
who  sold  them  to  the  United  States,  and,  in  the 
survey  that  followed,  the  Spanish  grant  of  Boone's 
lands  was  pronounced  invalid.  An  appeal  to  the 
legislature  of  Kentucky,  and  another  to  congress, 
resulted  in  a  grant  by  the  latter  of  850  acres. 
Boone  was  then  seventy-five  years  of  age,  hale  and 
strong.  The  charm  of  the  hunter's  life  clung  to 
him  to  the  last,  and  in  his  eighty-second  year  he 
went  on  a  hunting  excursion  to  the  mouth  of  Kan- 
sas river.  He  had  made  his  own  coffin  and  kept 
it  under  his  bed,  and  after  his  death  they  laid  him 
in  it  to  rest  by  the  side  of  his  wife,  who  had  passed 
away  seven  years  before.  On  13  Sept.,  1845,  their 
remains  were  removed  to  the  cemetery  near  Frank- 
fort, Ky.,  a  few  miles  from  the  fort  of  Boonesbor- 
ough,  by  the  concurrent  action  of  the  citizens  of 
Frankfort  and  the  legislature  of  Kentucky. — His 
son,  Enoch,  b.  in  Boonesborough,  Ky.,  in  1777 ;  d. 
8  March,  1862,  was  the  first  white  male  child  born 
in  Kentucky.  Daniel  Boone's  wife,  with  her 
daughters,  went  to  live  with  her  husband  in  his 
palisaded  fort  in  June,  1776,  and  while  there  gave 
birth  to  this  son ;  but  after  Boone's  capture,  on  7 
Feb.,  1778,  his  family  returned  to  North  Carolina. 

BOONE,  Tlioma's,  colonial  governor  of  New 
Jersey  and  South  Carolina.  He  was  appointed 
governor  of  New  Jersey  in  1760,  was  succeeded  by 
Thomas  Hardy  the  following  year,  and  was  ap- 
pointed governor  of  South  Carolina  in  1762.  He 
incensed  the  people  of  that  colony  by  interfering 
with  the  elective  franchise,  claiming  the  exclusive 
right  to  administer  the  oath,  and  assuming  the 
power  to  reject  members  whom  the  house  had  de- 
clared to  be  regularly  elected.  The  representa- 
tives in  the  legislature,  led  by  Laurens,  Gadsden, 
Lynch,  Pinckney,  and  the  Rutledges,  refused  to 
hold  any  intercourse  with  him.  In  1763  he  was 
superseded  bv  William  Bull. 

BOONE,  William  Jones,  P.  E.  bishop,  b.  in 
Walterborough,  S.  C,  1  July,  1811 ;  d.  in  Shang- 
hai, China,  17  July,  1864.  He  was  graduated  at 
the  college  of  South  Carolina  in  1829,  studied  law 
with  Chancellor  De  Saussure,  and  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1833 ;  but  soon  afterward  went  to  the  theo- 
logical seminary  of  Virginia  to  prepare  for  orders. 
Intending  to  devote  himself  to  missionary  life  and 
work,  he  went  through  a  course  of  medical  study, 
and  received  the  degree  of  M.  D.  from  the  South 
Carolina  medical  college.  He  was  ordained  dea- 
con in  Charleston,  S.  C,  18  Sept.,  1836,  and  priest 
the  year  following.  Dr.  Boone  was  appointed 
missionary  to  China,  and  sailed  for  that  country 
in  July,  1837.  In  1844  he  was  elected  mission- 
ary bishop  to  China,  the  first  one  appointed  by 
the  American  Protestant  Episcopal  church,  and 
was  consecrated  in  Philadelphia,  25  Oct.,  1844. 
At  the  close  of  the  year  he  returned  and  spent 
the  last  twenty  years  of  his  life  at  his  post  of  duty, 
excepting  two  visits  to  the  United  States,  in  1852 
and  1857,  for  the  benefit  of  his  health.  He  re- 
turned to  the  east  from  his  last  visit  to  the  United 
States  in  December,  1859,  and  occupied  himself 
with  the  new  mission  in  Japan.  Bishop  Boone  was 
noted  for  scholarship  in  the  Chinese  language  and 
literature,  and  did  eminent  service  in  securing  an 
accurate  version  of  the  Holy  Scriptures  and  of  the 
Prayer-Book  into  that  difficult  tongue.  He  began 
his  translation  of  the  Prayer-Book  in  1846,  and  in 
1847  was  appointed  one  of  the  committee  of  dele- 
gates from  the  several  missions  to  recast  the  trans- 
lation of  the  Bible,  a  work  on  which  he  was  already 
engaged. — His  son,  William  Jones,  P.  E.  bishop. 


b.  in  Shanghai  in  1847,  obtained  his  early  education 
from  members  of  the  China  mission,  after  which 
he  came  to  the  United  States,  and  was  gradu- 
ated at  Princeton  in  1865.  He  studied  theology 
at  the  divinity  school  in  Philadelphia,  spent  two 
years  in  the  Alexandria  seminary,  and  then  went 
abroad  for  a  year  of  further  study.  He  was  ap- 
pointed missionary  to  China  in  1869,  and  reached 
Shanghai  in  January,  1870.  He  was  ordained  dea- 
con in  Petersburg,  Va.,  in  1868,  and  priest  in  the 
English  church,  at  Hankow,  China,  in  1870. 
Having  been  appointed  missionary  bishop,  he  was 
consecrated  in  Shanghai,  28  Oct.,  1884,  by  Bishop 
Williams,  of  Yedo,  and  Bishops  Moule  and  Scott, 
English  missionary  bishops  in  China. 

BOOKMAN,  James,  merchant,  b.  in  Kent  co., 
England,  in  1783 ;  d.  in  New  York  city,  24  Jan.,  1866. 
He  accompanied  his  parents  to  the  United  States 
when  about  twelve  years  of  age,  was  apprenticed 
to  Divie  Bethune,  of  New  York,  and  entered  into 
partnership  with  him  in  1805.  Afterward,  in  con- 
nection with  John  Johnston,  he  formed  the  firm  of 
Boorman  &  Johnston,  which  almost  entirely  con- 
trolled the  Dundee  trade,  and  dealt  largely  in 
Swedish  iron  and  Virginia  tobacco.  Mr.  Boorman 
was  one  of  the  pioneei's  in  the  construction  of  the 
Hudson  river  railroad,  and  was  for  many  years  its 
president.  He  was  also  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Bank  of  Commerce.  He  retired  from  active  busi- 
ness in  1855.  The  institution  for  the  blind,  the 
Protestant  half-orphan  asylum,  the  southern  aid 
society,  and  the  union  theological  seminary  were 
among  the  recipients  of  his  bounty. 

BOOT,  John  Fletcher,  Cherokee  preacher,  b. 
about  1796 ;  d.  8  Aug.,  1853.  He  was  a  brave  war- 
rior and  a  member  of  the  Cherokee  national  coun- 
cil. In  1825  he  was  converted  to  Christianity,  and 
in  1827  licensed  to  preach.  He  was  subsequently 
ordained  a  deacon  in  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
church,  south,  in  Nashville,  Tenn.,  and  later  re- 
ceived ordination  as  elder  in  Lebanon.  He 
preached  effectively  in  the  Cherokee  tongue. 

BOOTH,  Benjamin,  writer  on  book-keeping. 
He  was  an  American  merchant,  who  became  clerk 
in  a  store  in  New  York  about  1759,  and  when  he 
rose  to  the  chief  clerkship  introduced  a  system  of 
book-keeping  of  his  own  invention  which  he  em- 
ployed also  in  his  own  business.  He  was  a  retail 
merchant  in  New  York  until  the  war  of  independ- 
ence interfered  with  his  business,  when  he  retired 
and  went  to  England.  There  he  made  known  his 
system  of  keeping  accounts  in  a  volume  entitled 
"A  Complctt'  System  of  Book-Keeping  by  an  Im- 
proved JMet  iiofi  of  Double  Entry,  containing  also  a 
New  Method  of  stating  Factorage  Accounts,  adapt- 
ed particularly  to  the  Trade  of  the  British  Colo- 
nies" (London,  1789).  It  was  written  humorously, 
with  fanciful  entries,  under  the  names  of  noted 
persons,  to  illustrate  the  new  method. 

BOOTH,  James  Curtis,  chemist,  b.  in  Phila- 
delphia. Pa.,  28  July.  1810;  d.  in  West  Haverford, 
Pa..  21  March,  1888."  He  was  educated  at  Hartsville 
seminary,  and  was  graduated  at  the  university  of 
Pennsylvania  in  1829,  after  which  he  spent  a  year 
at  the  Rensselaer  polytechnic  institute,  where  he 
afterward  received  the  degree  of  Ph.  D.  In  1832 
he  went  to  Germany,  and  studied  chemistry  in 
Wohler's  private  laboratory  in  Cassel,  at  a  time 
when  there  were  no  laboratories  in  Germany  ar- 
ranged for  the  regular  reception  of  students.  He 
spent  some  time  under  G.  Magnus  in  Berlin,  then 
in  Vienna,  and  afterward  devoted  himself  until 
1835  to  studying  technical  chemistry  at  various 
places  in  Germany  and  England.  In  1836  he  estab- 
lished in  Philadelphia  a  laboratory,  the  first  of  its 


BOOTH 


BOOTH 


317 


tind  in  the  United  States,  for  instruction  in  chemi- 
o'al  analysis  and  chemistry  applied  to  the  arts.  A 
course  under  Dr.  Booth  was  considered  essential 
to  those  who  followed  chemistry,  and  many  of  his 
students  have  become  well  known.  Among  these 
are  J.  F.  Frazer,  Thos.  H.  Garrett,  his  late  partner, 
R.  S.  McCuUoh,  Campbell  Morfit,  Clarence  Morfit, 
and  R.  E.  Rogers.  During  the  same  year  (1830) 
he  became  professor  of  applied  chemistry  at  the 
Franklin  institute,  and  for  nine  successive  winters 
he  continued  his  lectures,  making  three  full  courses 
of  three  years  each.  In  1849  he  was  appointed 
melter  and  refiner  of  the  U.  S.  mint  in  Philadel- 
phia, a  place  which  he  retained  until  1888.  His 
published  papers  cover  topics  in  the  entire  do- 
main of  analytical  and  technical  chemistry.  His 
larger  works  include  the  first  and  second  "  Anni;al 
Report  of  the  Delaware  Geological  Survey  "  (Dover, 
1839) ;  "  The  Memoirs  of  the  Geological  Survey  of 
the  State  of  Delaware  "  (Dover,  1841) ;  "  Encyclo- 
paedia of  Chemistry,"  in  the  preparation  of  which 
he  was  assisted  by  Martin  H.  Boye,  R.  S.  McCulloh, 
and  Campbell  Morfit  (Philadelphia,  1850) ;  and  a 
report  on  "  Recent  Improvements  in  the  Chemical 
Arts"  (Washington,  1852).  He  was  president  of 
the  American  chemical  society  in  1884  and  1885. 

BOOTH,  Junius  Brutus,  actor,  b.  in  London, 
1  May,  179G ;  d.  3  Nov.,  1852.  His  father,  Richard 
Booth,  the  son  of  a  silversmith  of  Bloomsbury, 
-after  studying  law,  having  become  imbued  with 
republican  ideas,  embarked  with  a  cousin  to  volun- 
teer in  the  cause  of  American  independence,  but 
was  taken  prisoner  and  carried  back  to  England. 
He  practised  his  profession  with  success,  lived  in  af- 
fluence in  Bloomsbury,  and  was  known  as  a  scholar, 
but  unpopular  on  account  of  his  republicanism. 
It  was  one  of  his  eccentricities  to  insist  upon  his 
friends  paying  reverence  to  a  portrait  of  Wash- 
ington in  his  drawing-room.  Junius  Brutus,  the 
eldest  son,  received  a  classical  education,  essayed 
painting,  sculpture,  and  poetry,  was  induced  for  a 
time  to  work  in  his  father's  office  with  a  view  of 
becoming  a  solicitor,  and  then,  evincing  a  prefer- 
ence for  naval  life,  was  commissioned  as  a  mid- 
shipman to  Capt.  Blythe's  brig  "  Boxer  "  ;  but,  when 
that  vessel  was  ordered  to  Nova  Scotia,  the  father, 
unwilling  that  his  son  should  serve  against  the 
United  States,  dissuaded  him  from  joining  the  ship. 
After  appearing  as  an  amateur  in  a  small  London 
theatre,  he  announced  his  intention  of  becoming 
an  actor,  and,  against  his  father's  wishes,  made 
an  engagement,  and  played  subordinate  parts,  in 
Peckham,  Deptford,  and  in  1814  made  a  pro- 
fessional tour  through  Holland  and  Belgium.  A 
few  critics  and  influential  friends,  who  recognized 
his  talents,  seconded  his  efforts  to  secure  a  London 
engagement ;  but  he  was  forced  to  accept  an  offer 
to  play  in  the  Worthing  and  Brighton  theatres  for 
the  season  of  1815.  He  left  there  in  October,  hav- 
ing finally  secured  a  contract  with  the  manage- 
ment of  Covent  Garden  theatre.  But,  as  he  was 
announced  for  inferior  parts  instead  of  for  Rich- 
ard III.,  he  returned  to  Worthing,  and  gained  a 
triumph  as  a  substitute  for  Edmund  Kean  in  the 
character  of  Sir  Giles  Overreach,  captivating  an 
audience  that  was  at  first  indignant  at  the  young 
actor's  presumption.  He  continued  to  play  at 
Worthing,  and  found  influential  admirers,  who 
prevailed  upon  the  manager,  Harris,  to  give  him  a 
trial  as  Richard  III.  at  Covent  Garden,  where  he 
appeared  in  that  character  on  17  Feb.,  1817,  and 
delighted  the  metropolitan  audience.  Before  the 
third  performance,  after  a  quarrel  with  the  man- 
ager, he  was  induced  by  Kean,  of  the  Drury  lane 
company,  to  enter  into  an  engagement  with  the 


rival  theatre,  where  he  was  announced  to  play 
lago  to  Kean's  Othello ;  but  he  soon  learned  with 
chagrin  that  in  entrapping  him  into  signing  the 
articles  Kean  designed  only  to  prevent  rivalry  by 
robbing  the  new  favorite  of  the  opportunity  to  ap- 
pear in  leading  jaarts.  Booth,  when  made  aware 
of  this,  signed  an  agreement  with  the  proprietors 
of  Covent  Garden  theatre,  who  apprised  him  of  legal 
flaws  in  the  Drury  lane  contract.  The  town  was 
divided  into  Boothites  and  Keanites,  and  Booth's 
reappearance  at  Covent  Garden  as  Richard  was  the 
occasion  of  a  riotous  tumult,  which  was  renewed 
on  subsequent  evenings.  He  played  Richard  and 
Sir  Giles  Overreach  alternately,  and  then  Post- 
humus  in  "  Cymbeline,"  appeared  as  Othello  at 
Woolwich,  afterward  as  Sir  Edward  Mortimer  in 
"  The  Iron  Chest "  at  Covent  Garden,  acted  with 
applause,  in  July,  1818,  at  Glasgow  and  Edinburgh, 
strolled  through  the  provinces,  gave  Shylock  in 
the  Jewish  dialect  at  Covent  Garden  during  the 
succeeding  autumn,  and  in  the  winter  entered  into 
an  engagement  with  the  Coburg  theatre,  where  he 
acted  Richard,  Horatius,  and  Brutus.  In  April, 
1820,  he  appeared  again  at  Covent  Garden  as 
Lear,  which  was  recognized  as  one  of  his  finest 
parts.  In  August,  1820,  he  performed  with  Kean 
at  Drury  lane,  playing  lago,  Edgar  in  "  King  Lear," 
and  Pierre.  In  the  winter,  while  Kean  was  in  the 
United  States,  he  acted  Lear,  Cassius,  and  the  part 
of  an  Indian  chief  at  Drury  lane  theatre.  On  18 
Jan.,  1821,  Mr.  Booth  married  Mary  Anne  Holmes, 
and  after  a  wedding  tour  they  sailed  for  the  West 
Indies,  but  stopped  at  Madeira,  and  took  passage 
thence  for  the  United  States,  landing  at  Norfolk, 
Va.,  30  June,  1821.  On  6  July,  Booth  appeared  in 
Richmond.  His  freedom  from  vanity  and  calcu- 
lating self-interest  was  evinced  in  his  sudden  ar- 
rival unheralded  in  the  United  States.  After  a 
triumphant  appearance  in  New  York  and  in 
southern  cities  he  seriously  entertained  the  idea 
of  retiring  from  the  stage  and  spending  his  days 
in  quiet  as  a  light-house  keeper.  His  first  appear- 
ance in  New  York  was  at  the  Park  theatre  on 
5  Oct.,  1821.  In  the  summer  of  1822  he  pur- 
chased, in  Harford  co.,  Md.,  twenty-five  miles  from 
Baltiinore,  a  retreat  in  the  midst  of  woods,  to  which 
he  always  afterward  retired  when  not  occupied  on 
the  stage,  and  where  he  carried  on  amateur  farm- 
ing with  the  help  of  a  few  slaves.  Thither  his 
father,  the  constant  admirer  of  America,  came  the 
same  year  to  pass  his  remaining  days.  In  1825  he 
again  visited  London  with  his  family,  and  when  the 
Royalty  theatre  was  burned  lost  his  entire  ward- 
robe. After  he  returned  to  the  United  States  he 
began  an  engagement  at  the  Park  theatre,  New 
York,  on  24  March,  1827,  in  which  he  acted  Selim 
in  the  "  Bride  of  Abydos  "  at  his  benefit.  In  June 
he  appeared  in  the  part  of  Peseara  in  "  The  Apos- 
tate," a  character  written  for  him  by  Shiel.  In 
1828  he  undertook  the  management  of  the  Camp 
street  theatre  in  New  Orleans,  and,  while  f)laying 
Richard  III.  to  packed  houses,  studied  French  parts, 
and  afterward  personated  characters  in  several 
French  dramas,  astonishing  the  audience  with  the 
purity  of  his  accent  and  his  familiarity  with  the 
peculiarities  of  French  acting.  The  manager  of 
the  Theatre  d'Orleans  persuaded  him  to  take  the 
part  of  Orestes  in  Racine's  "  Andromaque,"  in 
which  he  greatly  pleased  the  French-speaking 
public.  In  September,  1831,  in  New  York,  he 
played  Pierre  in  "  Venice  Preserved,"  and  Othello 
to  Forrest's  Jaffier  and  lago.  The  same  year  he 
took  the  lease  of  the  Adelphi  theatre  in  Baltimore. 
While  his  theatre  was  undergoing  repairs  he  took 
the  Holiday  street  theatre.  During  the  season  he  ap- 


318 


BOOTH 


BOOTH 


E eared  in  several  new  characters,  such  as  Roderick 
•hu,  Selim,  Richard  II.,  Penriiddock,  Falkland  in 
"  The  Rivals,"  and  Luke  in  "  Riches."  In  January, 
1832,  he  appeared  in  the  Chestnut  street  theatre, 
Philadclpliia,  in  "Sertorius,"  a  new  play,  by  the 
Phila(lelj)liia  lawyer,  David  Paul  Brown.  The 
death  of  two  of  his  children  robbed  him  for  a  time 
of  his  reason,  and  after  his  recovery  an  engage- 
ment, made  with  the  actor  Hamblin,  for  Rich- 
mond, was  renewed  for  the  Bowery  theatre.  New 
York.  He  next  played  in  New  Orleans  and  Mo- 
bile, and  on  a  tour  through  the  west,  during  which, 
and  from  that  time  forth,  his  mental  disorder, 
slight  attacks  of  which  had  occurred  in  earlier 
years,  returned  with  increasing  frequency  and  se- 
verity. As  he  grew  older  his  partial  insanity  was 
aggravated  by  intemperance.  After  playing  Shy- 
lock  for  eight  nights  to  crowded  houses  at  the  Na- 
tional theatre.  New  York,  and  visiting  Baltimore 
and  Philadelphia,  he  sailed,  in  October,  1836,  for 
Europe  with  his  family,  played  Richard  and  lago 
at  Driiry  lane  theatre,  and  in  Birmingham,  where 
he  was  prostrated  with  the  news  of  the  death  of 
his  favorite  son,  Henry  Byron,  in  London,  from 
small-pox.  He  immediately  returned  to  the 
United  States,  and  in  the  autumn  of  1837  per- 
formed at  the  Olympic  in  New  York,  afterward 
sailed  for  the  south  on  a  professional  tour,  and 
during  the  voyage  attempted  suicide  in  a  moment 
of  aberration.  On  the  same  trip  his  nose  was 
broken,  impairing  the  beauty  of  his  face  and  his 
rich  tones  of  voice ;  but  in  the  course  of  two  years 
he  regained  the  strength  and  scope  of  his  vocal 
organs.  During  the  last  ten  years  of  his  life  he 
spent  much  of  his  time  with  his  family,  residing  in 
Baltimore,  and  only  visiting  his  farm  in  the  heat 
of  summer.  He  played  when  and  where  he  pleased, 
often  in  small,  out-of-the-way  theatres,  but  made 
annual  visits  to  New  Orleans  and  Boston,  where 
he  was  an  established  favorite.  In  1850  and  the 
succeeding  season  he  played  at  the  National  theatre. 
New  York,  and  made  his  last  appearance  in  that 
city  on  19  Sept.,  1851.  In  1851  he  performed  sev- 
eral parts  at  the  Chestnut  street  theatre,  Philadel- 
phia, and  in  the  spring  of  1852,  with  his  son  Edwin 
(Junius  Brutus  had  previously  gone  thither),  he 
went  to  California,  playing  to  crowded  houses  in 
San  Francisco  with  Edwin  in  companion  charac- 
ters. Leaving  his  sons,  he  returned  to  the  east 
with  the  intention  of  retiring  completely  from  the 
stage.  Arriving  at  New  Orleans  in  November,  he 
performed  six  nights  with  his  usual  ability,  but 
contracted  a  cold,  and  during  his  passage  up  the 
Mississippi  river  remained  in  his  state-room,  suf- 
fering from  fever  and  dysentery,  and  died  for  lack 
of  medical  care.  See  Asia  Booth  Clarke's  "The 
Elder  and  the  Younger  Booth  "  in  the  American 
Actor  Series  (Boston,  1882) ;  Genest's  "  History  of 
the  Stage  " ;  and  "  Booth  Memorials,"  by  his  daugh- 
ter Asia  (New  York.  1866). — His  son,  Edwin,  actor, 
b.  in  Bel  Air,  Md.,  13  Nov..  1833 ;  d.  in  New  York, 
7  June,  1893,  was  named  Edwin  Thomas,  in  com- 
pliment to  his  father's  friends,  Edwin  Forrest  and 
Thomas  Flynn.  When  a  boy  he  received  instruction 
from  different  teachers  near  his  home ;  but  this  tui- 
tion was  neither  continuous  nor  thorough.  He  was 
thoughtful  and  studious,  and  made  much  of  his 
limited  opportunities.  He  was  reticent  and  sin- 
gular, profound  and  sensitive,  and  the  eccentric 
genius  of  the  elder  Booth  found  in  him  an  object 
of  peculiar  sympathy.  The  father  and  son  were 
fondly  attached  to  each  other  from  the  first,  and 
while  Edwin  was  yet  very  young  his  father  made 
a  companion  of  him  in  professional  journeys.  It 
was  in  the  course  of  one  of  these  tours  that  Edwin 


Booth  made  his  first  regular  appearance  upon  the 
stage,  at  the  Boston  Museum,  on  10  Sept.,  1849. 
The  play  was  Cibber's  version  of  Shakespeare's 
"  Richard  III.,"  and  the  youth  came  forward  in 
the  little  part  of  Tressil.  At  first  the  elder  Booth 
opposed  his  son's  choice  of  the  stage,  but  ultimate- 
ly he  relinquished  his  opposition.  The  boy  perse- 
vered, and  presently,  still  acting  in  his  father's 
train,  he  appeared  at  Providence,  R.  I.,  at  Philadel- 
phia, and  at  other  places,  as  Cassio  in  "  Othello," 
and  as  Wilford  in  "  The  Iron  Chest  " — the  latter 
impersonation  being  deemed  particularly  good. 
Edwin  Booth  continued  to  act  with  his  father  lor 
more  than  two  years  after  the  advent  at  the  Boston 
Museum.  His  first  appearance  on  the  New  York 
stage  was  on  27  Sept.,  1850,  at  the  National  the- 
atre, Chatham  street,  as  Wilford.  At  the  same  the- 
atre, in  1851,  his  father  being  ill,  he  suddenly  and 
promptly  took  the  place  of  the  elder  tragedian, 
and  for  the  first  time  in  his  life  enacted  Richard 
III.  This  effort,  remarkably  successful  for  a  com- 
parative novice,  was  hailed  as  the  indication  of 
great  talent  and  as  the  augury  of  a  brilliant  future. 
In  the  summer  of  1852  he  accompanied  his  father 
to  San  Francisco, 
where  his  elder 
brother,  J.  B. 
Booth,  Jr.,  had 
already  estab- 
lished himself  as 
an  actor  and  a 
theatrical  man- 
ager, and  where 
the  three  now 
acted  in  compa- 
ny. Other  cities 
were  visited  by 
them,  and  the 
elder  Booth  re- 
mained in  Cali- 
fornia for  about 
three  months.  • 
One  night,  at  Sac- 
ramento, seeing 
Edwin  dressed 
for  Jaffier  in 
"  Venice  Pre- 
served," he  said 

to  him :  "  You  look  like  Hamlet ;  why  don't  you  play 
it  ? "  a  remark  that  the  younger  Booth  had  good 
reason  to  remember,  for  no  actor  has  ever  played 
Hamlet  so  often  or  over  so  wide  a  range  of  territory. 
Just  as  the  name  of  Junius  Brutus  Booth  is  insepa- 
rably associated  with  Richard  III.,  so  the  name  of 
Edwin  Booth  is  inseparably  associated  with  Hamlet. 
In  October,  1852,  the  father  and  son  parted  for  the 
last  time.  The  California  period  of  Edwin  Booth's 
professional  career  lasted  from  the  summer  of 
1852  till  the  autumn  of  1856,  and  included  a  trip 
to  Australia.  The  young  actor  at  first  played 
parts  of  all  kinds,  and  he  had  a  severe  experience 
of  poverty  and  hardship.  Soon,  however,  he  be- 
gan to  display  uncommon  merit,  and  thereupon  ta 
attract  uncommon  admiration.  One  of  his  earliest 
and  best  successes  was  obtained  as  Sir  Edward 
Mortimer  in  "  The  Iron  Chest."  For  a  time,  in- 
deed, he  travelled  in  California,  conveying  his 
wardrobe  for  this  piece  in  a  trunk  fashioned  and 
painted  to  resemble  a  chest  made  of  iron.  His 
trip  to  Australia,  in  1854,  was  made  with  a  dra- 
matic company  that  included  the  popular  actress 
Miss  Laura  Keene  as  leading  woman.  Pre- 
vious to  this  he  had,  in  his  brother's  theatre  at 
San  Francisco,  acted  Richard  III.,  Shylock,  Mac- 
beth, and   Hamlet,   had   made   an    extraordinary 


BOOTH 


BOOTH 


319 


impression,  and  acquired  abundant  local  popu- 
larity. At  this  time  his  acting  began  to  receive 
thoughtful  attention  from  learned  and  critical 
authorities.  He  stopped  and  acted  at  the  Sand- 
wich islands  on  his  return  voyage  from  Australia 
to  San  Francisco,  and  reappeared  there  at  the 
Metropolitan  theatre,  then  (1855)  managed  by 
Miss  Catherine  Sinclair  (Mrs.  Edwin  Forrest,  who 
had  left  her  husband  and  obtained  a  divorce  from 
him),  and  he  was  then  and  there  the  original 
representative  in  America  of  Raphael  in  "  The 
Marble  Heart."  In  1856  he  took  leave  of  California, 
being  cheered  on  his  way  by  several  farewell  testi- 
monial benefits,  organized  and  conducted  by  one  of 
his  earliest  and  best  friends,  Mr.  M.  P.  Butler,  of 
Sacramento,  and  his  steps  were  now  turned  toward 
the  cities  of  the  east.  He  first  appeared  at  the 
Front  street  theatre,  Baltimore,  and  then  made  a 
rapid  tour  of  all  the  large  cities  of  the  south,  being 
everywhere  well  received.  In  April,  1857,  he  ap- 
peared at  the  Boston  theatre  as  Sir  Giles  Overreach 
in  "A  New  Way  to  Pay  Old  Debts,"  and  his  great 
success  on  this  occasion,  always  regarded  by  him 
as  the  turning-point  in  his  career,  determined  him 
to  persist  in  the  resolute  endeavor  to  win  the  first 
place  as  a  tragic  actor.  His  career  since  then  has 
been  marked  by  many  vicissitudes  of  personal  ex- 
perience and  by  fluctuations  of  fortune,  but  it  has 
been  one  of  lofty  endeavor  and  of  continuous  ad- 
vancement. On  14  May,  1857,  he  came  forward  in 
New  York,  at  Burton's  Metropolitan  theatre,  as 
Ricliard  III.,  and  in  the  following  August  he  was 
again  seen  there  in  a  round  of  great  characters,  all 
of  which  he  acted  with  brilliant  ability  and  greatly 
to  the  public  satisfaction.  On  7  July,  1860,  he 
married  Miss  Mary  Devlin,  of  Troy,  N.  Y.,  an 
actress,  whom  he  had  met  three  years  before  at 
Richmond,  Va.,  with  whom  he  shortly  afterward 
made  a  visit  to  England.  Their  only  child,  a 
daughter.  Edwina,  was  born  in  Fulham,  9  Dec, 
1861.  After  their  return  to  America,  Mrs.  Booth, 
sinking  under  a  sudden  illness,  died  at  Dorchester, 
Mass.,  on  21  Feb.,  1863.  While  in  England,  Booth 
appeared  at  the  London  Haymarket  theatre,  under 
the  management  of  J.  B.  Buckstone,  enacting  Shy- 
lock,  Sir  Giles,  and  Richelieu.  The  latter  part, 
with  which,  almost  as  much  as  with  Hamlet,  his 
name  is  identified,  he  had  first  assumed  at  Sacra- 
mento, Cal.,  in  July,  1856.  His  performance  of  it 
was  much  admired  in  London,  and  also  at  Liver- 
pool and  Manchester,  where  he  afterward  acted. 
On  returning  to  America,  Booth  soon  became  man- 
ager of  the  Winter  Garden  theatre.  New  York, 
which  had  been  Burton's  Meti'opolitan,  but  which 
Dion  Boucicault  had  leased,  refitted,  and  renamed. 
Here  Booth  appeared  on  29  Dec,  1862,  and  with 
this  house  he  was  associated  until  23  March,  1867, 
when  it  was  destroyed  by  fire.  A  particular  record 
of  his  proceedings  at  this  theatre  would  make  a 
volume.  Here  he  effected  magnificent  productions 
of  "  Hamlet,"  "  Othello,"  "  The  Merchant  of  Ven- 
ice," "  Richelieu,"  and  other  plays,  and  here  he 
accomplished  the  i-emarkable  achievement  of  run- 
ning "  Hamlet "  for  one  hundred  consecutive 
nights,  an  exploit  that  was  commemorated  by  the 
public  presentation  to  him,  on  22  .Jan.,  1867,  of  a 
gold  medal,  suitably  inscribed,  and  offered  in  be- 
half of  leading  citizens  of  New  York.  In  recent 
days  such  an  artistic  feat  would  not  be  so  difiicult 
of  accomplishment ;  at  that  time  it  was  an  extra- 
ordinary exploit.  Booth's  brother-in-law,  the  cele- 
brated comedian  John  S.  Clarke,  was  his  partner 
in  the  management  of  the  Winter  Garden  the- 
atre, and  they  associated  with  themselves  an  old 
journalist   and   theatrical   agent,  William   Stuart 


(real  name,  Edmund  O'Flaherty),  formerly  of  Gal- 
way,  Ireland,  but  then  an  exile.  Clarke  &  Booth 
wei'e  also  associated  in  the  management  of  the 
Walnut  street  theatre,  Philadelphia,  from  the  sum- 
mer of  1863  till  March,  1870,  when  the  interest  of  the 
latter  was  purchased  by  the  former.  The  hundred- 
night  run  of  "  Hamlet "  extended  from  21  Nov., 

1864,  till  24  March,  1865.  On  23  April,  1864,  for 
the  benefit  of  the  fund  for  erecting  a  Shakespeare 
monument  in  Central  park.  Booth  produced  "  Ro- 
meo and  Juliet,"  and  enacted  Romeo.     In  April, 

1865,  an  appalling  tragedy  compelled  Edwin  Booth 
to  leave  the  stage,  and  it  was  then  his  wish  and 
purpose  never  to  return  to  it ;  but  business  obliga- 
tions constrained  him,  and  he  appeared  at  the 
Winter  Garden  on  3  Jan.,  1866,  as  Hamlet,  and 
was  received  with  acclamation  by  a  great  audience. 
'■  Richelieu  "  was  revived  that  year,  on  1  Feb.,  with 
much  splendor  of  scenic  attire.  An  equally  fine 
revival  was  made,  on  28  Jan.,  1867,  of  "  The  Mer- 
chant of  Venice."  On  23  March  the  theatre  was 
burned  down.  On  8  April,  1868,  the  corner-stone 
was  laid  of  Booth's  theatre,  at  the  south-east  cor- 
ner of  23d  street  and  6th  avenue.  New  York,  and 
on  3  Feb.,  1869,  Booth  opened  the  new  house  with 
"  Romeo  and  Juliet,"  Romeo  being  played  by  him- 
self and  Juliet  by  Miss  Mary  McVicker.  This  lady 
was  the  daugfhter  of  Mrs.  Runnion,  who  became  the 
wife  of  James  H.  McVicker,  of  Chicago,  a  promi- 
nent actor  and  manager,  and  the  child's  name  was 
changed  from  Runnion  to  McVicker.  Booth  mar- 
ried her  on  7  June,  1869.  and  she  died  in  New  York, 
in  1881,  leaving  no  children.  Booth's  theatre  had  a 
career  of  thirteen  years,  and  its  stage  was  adorned 
with  some  of  the  grandest  pageants  and  graced  by 
the  presence  of  some  of  the  most  renowned  actors 
that  have  been  seen  in  this  century.  Its  story, 
however,  ended  in  May,  1882,  when  it  was  finally 
closed,  its  career  ending  with  a  performance  of  Ju- 
liet by  Madame  Modjeska.  After  this  it  was  torn 
down,  and  a  block  of  stores  has  been  built  upon 
its  site.  Booth's  theatre  was  managed  by  Edwin 
Booth  until  the  spring  of  1874,  when  it  passed  out 
of  his  possession.  During  his  reign  therein  as 
manager  he  accomplished  sumptuous  and  noble 
revivals  of  "  Romeo  and  Juliet,"  "  Othello,"  "  Ham- 
let," '•  Richelieu,"  "  The  Winter's  Tale,"  "  Julius 
CcBsar,"  "  Macbeth,"  "  Much  Ado  About  Nothing," 
"  The  Merchant  of  Venice,"  "  Brutus,"  and  other 
plays,  and  he  presented  on  his  stage  a  series  of  mis- 
cellaneous attractions  of  an  equally  reputable  order. 
His  stock  company  at  one  time  included  Lawrence 
Barrett,  Edwin  L.  Davenport,  J.  W.  Wallack,  Jr., 
Mark  Smith,  Edwin  Adams,  A.  W.  Fenno,  D.  C. 
Anderson,  D.  W.  Waller,  Robert  Pateman,  Mrs. 
Emma  Waller,  Bella  Pateman,  and  others — one  of 
the  ablest  dramatic  organizations  ever  formed  in 
America.  Among  the  stars  who  acted  at  his  the- 
atre were  Joseph  Jefferson,  Kate  Bateman,  James 
H.  Ilackett,  Charlotte  Cushman,  John  S.  Clarke, 
John  E.  Owens,  and  James  H.  McVicker.  Booth's 
theatre  was  almost  invariably  a  prosperous  house ; 
but  it  was  not  economically  managed,  and  for  this 
reason,  and  this  alone,  it  eventually  carried  its 
owner  into  bankruptcy.  Edwin  Booth  then  began 
his  career  over  again,  and  in  course  of  time  paid 
his  debts  and  earned  another  fortune.  In  1876  he 
made  a  tour  of  the  south,  which  was  in  fact  a  tri- 
umphal progress.  Thousands  of  spectators  flocked 
to  see  him  in  every  city  that  he  visited.  In  San 
Francisco,  where  he  acted  for  eight  weeks,  he  drew 
upward  of  $96,000,  a  total  of  receipts  till  then 
unprecedented  on  the  dramatic  stage.  .In  1880, 
and  again  in  1882,  he  visited  Great  Britain,  and  he 
acted  with  brilliant  success  in  London  and  other 


320 


BOOTH 


BOllDA 


cities.  He  went  into  Germany  in  the  autumn  of 
1882,  and  was  there  received  with  extraordinary 
enthusiasm.  In  1883  he  returned  home  and  re- 
sumed his  starring  tours  of  America.  Booth  acted 
many  parts  in  his  day,  but  of  hxte  years  his  reper- 
tory had  been  limited  to  Hamlet,  Macbeth,  King 
Lear,  Othello,  lago,  Wolsey,  Richard  III,  Shylock, 
Richard  II,  Benedick,  Petruehio,  Richelieu.  Payne's 
Brutus.  Bertuccio  (in  "  The  Fool's  Revenge,"  by 
Tom  Taylor),  Ruy  Bias,  and  Don  Cassar  de  Bazan. 
He  published  an  edition  of  these  plays,  in  fifteen 
volumes,  the  text  cut  and  adapted  by  himself  for 
stage  use.  with  introductions  and  notes  by  William 
Winter  (Boston,  1877-8). 

BOOTH,  Mary  H.  C,  poet,  b.  in  Connecticut  in 
1881 ;  d.  in  New  York  city,  11  April,  18G5.  She 
married  a  journalist,  and  went  to  reside  in  Mil- 
waukee, Wis.,  about  1850.  She  lived  in  Zurich, 
Switzerland,  several  years  for  the  benefit  of  her 
health,  and  while  there  corresponded  with  Amer- 
ican journals.  In  1804,  just  before  her  return  to 
the  United  States,  she  published  a  volume  of  poet- 
ry, partly  original  and  partly  translated,  entitled 
"  Wayside  Blossoms  among  Flowers  from  German 
Gardens"  (Milwaukee).  She  reached  New  York 
in  the  last  stage  of  consumption,  but  succeeded, 
before  her  death,  in  preparing  a  revised  edition  of 
her  poetry  (Philadelphia,  1865). 

BOOTH,  Mary  Louise,  author,  b.  in  Millville, 
now  Yaphank,  N.  Y.,  19  April,  1831 ;  d.  in  New 
York  city,  5  March,  1889.  She  was  descended  on  her 
father's  side  from  John  Booth,  who  came  to  America 
about  1649,  while  her  mother  was  the  granddaugh- 
ter of  a  refugee  of  the  French  revolution.  At  an 
early  age  she  became  a  contributor  to  various  jour- 
nals. In  1845  and  1846  she  taught  in  her  father's 
school  at  Williamsburg,  L.  I.,  but  gave  up  that  pur- 
suit on  accoimt  of  her  health,  and  devoted  herself  to 
literature.  Besides  writing  tales  and  sketches  for 
newspapers  and  magazines,  she  translated  from  the 
French  "The  Marble- Worker's  Manual"  (New 
York,  1856)  and  "  The  Clock  and  Watch  Maker's 
Manual."  She  translated  Mery's  "  Andre  Chenier  " 
and  About's  "  King  of  the  Mountains  "  for  "  Emer- 
son's Magazine,"  which  also  published  original  ar- 
ticles from  her  pen.  She  next  translated  Victor 
Cousin's  "  Secret  History  of  the  French  Court ;  or. 
Life  and  Times  of  Madame  de  Chevreuse  "  (1859). 
The  same  year  appeared  the  first  edition  of  her 
"  History  of  the  City  of  New  York,"  which  was  the 
result  of  great  research.  After  its  publication  Miss 
Booth  assisted  0.  W.  Wight  in  making  a  series  of 
translations  of  the  French  classics,  and  she  also 
translated  Edmund  About's  "  Germaine  "  (Boston, 
1860).  During  the  civil  war  she  engaged  in  the  pa- 
triotic task  of  translating  the  writings  of  eminent 
Frenchmen  in  favor  of  the  cause  of  the  union,  and 
these  were  published  in  rapid  succession :  Gaspa- 
rin's  "Uprising  of  a  Great  People"  and  "America 
before  Europe  "  (New  York,  1861),  Edouard  Labou- 
laye's  "Paris  in  America"  (New  York,  1865),  and 
Avigustin  Cochin's  "  Results  of  Emancipation  "  and 
"Results  of  Slavery"  (Boston,  1862),  For  this 
work  she  received  praise  and  encouragement  from 
President  Lincoln,  Senator  Sumner,  and  other 
statesmen.  During  the  entire  war  she  maintained 
a  correspondence  with  Gasparin,  Cochin,  Henri 
Martin,  Laboulaye,  Montalembert,  and  other 
European  sympathizers  with  the  union.  She  also 
translated  at  that  time  the  Countess  de  Gasparin's 
"  Vesper,"  "  Camille,"  and  "  Human  Sorrows,"  and 
Count  Gasparin's  "  Happiness."  Documents  for- 
warded to  her  by  French  friends  of  the  union 
were  translated  and  published  in  pamphlets,  issued 
,  by  the  union  league  club,  or  printed  in  the  New 


York  journals.  Miss  Booth's  next  undertaking 
was  a  translation  of  Henri  Martin's  "  History  of 
France."  The  two  volumes  treating  of  "  The  Age 
of  Louis  XIV."  were  issued  in  1864,  and  two  others, 
the  last  of  the  seventeen  volumes  of  the  original 
work,  in  1866  under  the  title  of  "  The  Decline  of 
tiie  French  Monarchy."  It  was  intended  to  follow 
these  with  the  other  volumes  from  the  beginning, 
but,  although  two  others  were  translated  by  Miss 
Booth,  the  enterprise  was  abandoned  for  lack  of 
success,  and  no  more  were  printed.  Her  trans- 
lation of  Martin's  abridgment  of  his  "  History  of 
i^rance "  appeared  in  1880.  She  also  translated 
Laboulaye's  "  Fairy  Book,"  and  Mace's  "  Fairy 
Tales."  An  enlarged  edition  of  the  "  History  of 
the  City  of  New  York  "  was  printed  in  1867,  and  a 
second  revised  edition,  brought  down  to  date,  in 
1880.  Miss  Booth  was  the  editor  of  "  IIari)er's 
Bazar"  since  its  establishment  in  1867. 

BOOTH,  Newton,  senator,  b.  in  Salem,  Ind.,  25 
Dec,  1825:  d.  in  Sacramento,  Cal.,  14  July,  1892. 
He  was  graduated  at  Asbury  University,  after 
which  he  studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar. 
Subsequently  he  removed  to  California,  and  en- 
gaged in  business  as  a  wholesale  grocer  in  Sacra- 
mento. In  1857  he  returned  to  Terre  Haute,  where 
he  practised  his  profession  until  1860,  when  he 
again  went  to  California.  He  was  elected  to  the 
state  senate  in  1863,  and  in  1871  to  the  governor- 
ship on  an  independent  ticket.  This  office  he  re- 
signed in  1875,  when  he  was  elected  to  the  U.  S. 
senate  as  an  anti-monopolist.  He  took  his  seat  on 
9  March,  1875.  and  served  until  3  March,  1881. 
Subsequently  he  engaged  in  commercial  occupa- 
tions in  California. 

BOOTT,  Elizabeth,  artist,  b.  in  Cambridge, 
Mass.  She  studied  painting  on  the  continent  of 
Europe,  ending  her  studies  in  Paris  with  Couture, 
remained  in  that  city,  and  devoted  herself  mainly 
to  figure-painting.  She  sent  a  portrait  to  the 
Philadelphia  centennial  exhibition.  Some  of  her 
pictures  were  exhibited  in  Boston  in  1877 ;  and  at 
the  mechanics'  fair  in  Boston  in  1878  she  exhibited 
"  Head  of  a  Tuscan  Ox  "  and  "  Old  Man  Reading." 
At  the  national  academy  exhibition  of  1886  she 
had  "  Ilydrangias  "  and  "  Old  Wonum  Spinning." 

BORi>A,  Jean  Charles  de,  French  navigator, 
b.  in  Dax,  4  May,  1733;  d.  in  Paris,  20  Feb.,  1799. 
When  a  young  man,  he  served  in  both  the  army  and 
navy.  He  commanded  the  ship  "  Solitaire  "  with 
great  distinction  during  the  American  war  of  inde- 
pendence, rose  to  the  rank  of  major-general,  and  by 
his  scientific  knowledge  was  of  great  service  to  the 
Count  d'Estaing.  He  was  chosen  a  member  of  the 
academy  in  1756,  and  contributed  valuable  papers 
to  it  on  the  subjects  of  projectiles  and  the  con- 
struction of  ships.  In  1771'  he  was  employed  by 
the  government  on  an  expedition  to  ascertain  the 
value  of  chronometers  in  determining  longitudes. 
In  1771,  1774,  and  at  a  later  period,  he  made  voy- 
ages to  America  for  scientific  purposes,  of  which  he 
published  an  account.  He  was  one  of  the  commis- 
sioners, with  Delambre  and  Mechain,  to  determine 
an  arc  of  the  meridian  as  a  basis  for  the  metric 
system  of  weights  and  measures,  and  was  sent  on 
several  expeditions  to  decide  this  question.  He 
invented  an  instrument  for  measuring  the  incli- 
nation of  the  magnetic  needle.  His  corrections 
of  the  secjonds  pendulum  are  still  in  use ;  but  his 
reputation  rests  principally  on  his  improvement  of 
the  reflecting  circle,  on  which  instrument  he  pub- 
lished a  work  (2  vols.,  Paris,  1787).  He  also  pub- 
lished several  able  treatises  on  hydraulics,  wrote 
on  mathematics  and  navigation,  and  constructed 
logarithmic  tables  for  the  centesimal  division  of 


BORDEN 


BOREMAN 


321 


the  quadrant.  His  works  include  "Voyage  fait  en 
1771  et  en  1772  en  diverses  parties  de  I'Europe  et 
de  I'Amerique,"  etc.  (Paris,  1778). 

BORDEN,  Enoch  Robbins,  journalist,  b.  in 
New  Sharon,  N.  J..  3  March,  1822 ;  d.  in  Trenton, 
N.  J.,  16  May,  1870.  ,For  twenty  years  he  was  edi- 
tor of  the  "  Daily  State  Gazette,"  except  while  serv- 
ing as  aide-de-camp  to  Gen.  Newell  and  as  secretary 
to  the  New  Jersey  state  senate  in  1865-'6.  Under 
the  administration  of  President  Fillmore  he  held 
an  appointment  in  the  public  document  department, 
and  afterward  in  the  pension  agency  at  Washington. 

BORDEN,  Gail,  inventor,  b.  in  Norwich,  N. 
Y.,  (5  Nov.,  1801;  d.  in  Borden,  Texas,  11  Jan., 
1874.  His  parents  were  of  New  England  descent, 
and  in  1814  they  emigrated  from  New  York,  set- 
tling in  Covington,  Ky.,  and  later  in  Madison,  then 
in  the  territory  of  Indiana.  In  1822,  finding  his 
health  impaired,  he  removed  to  Mississippi,  where 
he  taught,  and  also  filled  the  positions  of  county 
surveyor  and  U.  S.  deputy  surveyor.  In  1829  he 
went  to  Texas.  He  was  elected  delegate  to  the 
convention  that,  in  1883,  petitioned  the  Mexican 
government  for  separation,  and  he  was  also  in 
charge  of  the  official  surveys  of  the  colony,  com- 
piling the  first  topographical  map  of  Texas.  The 
land  office  at  San  Felipe  was  under  his  charge  up 
to  the  time  of  the  Mexican  invasion.  In  1835, 
with  his  brother,  Thomas  H.,  he  established  the 
"  Telegraph  and  Texas  Land  Register  "  at  San  Fe- 
lipe, which  was  afterward  transferred  to  Houston, 
and  was  the  first  and  only  newspaper  published  in 
Texas  during  the  war  for  the  independence  of  that 
colony.  After  the  establishment  of  the  republic 
of  Texas  he  was  appointed  by  President  Houston 
first  collector  of  the  port  of  Galveston.  That  city 
in  1837  had  not  been  laid  out,  and  its  first  surveys 
were  made  by  him.  From  1839  till  1857  he  was 
agent  of  the  Galveston  city  company,  a  corpora- 
tion owning  several  thousand  acres  of  land  on 
which  the  city  is  now  built.  About  1849  his  atten- 
tion was  drawn  to  the  need  of  more  suitable  sup- 
plies for  emigrants  crossing  the  plains,  and  after 
some  experimenting  he  produced  the  "  pemmican," 
which  Dr.  Kane  carried  with  him  on  his  Arctic 
expedition.  The  "  meat  biscuit,"  the  most  simple, 
economical,  and  efficient  form  of  portable  concen- 
trated food,  was  invented  by  him.  This  article 
gained  for  him  the  "  great  council  medal "  at  the 
world's  fair,  London,  1852,  and  he  was  elected  an 
honorary  member  of  the  London  Society  of  Arts. 
Meeting  with  opposition  from  the  army  contract- 
ors, he  was  unsuccessful  in  the  manufacture  of  his 
biscuit,  and  lost  his  entire  means.  He  then  re- 
moved to  the  north  and  turned  his  attention  to  the 
l)reservation  of  milk,  and  in  1853  applied  for  a 
patent  for  "  producing  concentrated  sweet  milk  by 
evaporation  in  vacuo,  the  same  having  no  sugar  or 
other  foreign  matter  mixed  with  it,"  but  failed  of 
securing  it  until  1856.  Later,  the  New  York  Con- 
densed Milk  Company  was  formed,  and  works 
were  established  at  Brewster's  station,  N.  Y.,  and 
at  Elgin,  111.  During  the  civil  war  his  condensed 
milk  was  extensively  used  in  the  army  and  navy. 
Condensed  meat-juices  were  then  experimented 
upon,  and  he  produced  an  extract  of  beef  of  supe- 
rior quality,  which  at  first  he  made  in  Elgin,  but 
afterward  established  his  factory  at  Borden,  Texas. 
Later,  he  produced  excellent  pi-eparations  of  con- 
densed tea,  coffee,  and  cocoa,  and  in  1862  patented 
a  process  by  means  of  which  the  juice  of  fruit — 
such  as  apples,  currants,  and  grapes — could  be  re- 
duced to  one  seventh  of  its  original  bulk.  Mr. 
Borden  acquired  great  wealth  from  liis  patents,  and 
was  very  liberal  in  the  use  of  his  money. 

VOL.    I. 21 


BORDEN,  Simeon,  inventor,  b.  in  Freetown, 
now  Fall  River,  Mass.,  29  Jan.,  1798 ;  d.  in  Fall 
River,  28  Oct.,  1856.  He  acquired  a  rudimentary 
education  in  the  district  school  at  Tiverton,  R.  I., 
and  pursued  by  himself  the  study  of  geometry  and 
applied  mathematics.  Without  serving  any  ap- 
prenticeship, he  made  himself  a  thorough  work- 
man in  wood  and  metals.  He  also  practised  sur- 
veying with  success,  constructing  his  own  compass. 
In  1828  he  took  charge  of  a  machine-shop  in  Fall 
River.  He  devised  and  constructed,  in  1830,  an 
apparatus  for  measuring  the  base  line  of  the  trigo- 
nometrical survey  of  Massachusetts,  which  was 
found  to  be  more  accurate  and  convenient  than 
any  instrument  of  the  kind  then  in  existence.  The 
apparatus,  fifty  feet  in  length,  was  enclosed  in  a 
tube,  and  was  accompanied  by  four  compound 
microscopes,  the  tube  and  microscopes  being 
mounted  on  trestles,  and  adjusted  so  as  to  move  in 
any  desired  direction.  Mr.  Borden  assisted  in  fix- 
ing the  base  line,  and  in  the  subsequent  triangula- 
tion  in  1834  the  state  authorities  appointed  him 
superintendent  of  the  survey,  which  he  completed 
in  1841.  This  work,  the  first  geodetic  survey  ac- 
complished in  America,  is  described  in  the  ninth 
volume  of  the  "  American  Philosophical  Transac- 
tions." Its  accuracy  was  subsequently  established 
by  the  U.  S.  coast  survey.  Mr.  Borden  was  em- 
ployed as  surveyor  in  the  case  of  Rhode  Island 
V.  Massachusetts,  tried  before  the  U.  S.  supreme 
court  in  1844.  After  the  case  was  decided  he 
surveyed  and  marked  the  boundary-line  between 
the  two  states.  He  engaged  later  in  the  con- 
struction of  railroads,  and  in  1851  published  a 
volume  entitled  "A  System  of  Useful  FormuliB, 
adapted  to  the  Practical  Operations  of  Locating 
and  Constructing  Railroads."  In  1851  he  accom- 
plished the  engineering  feat  of  stringing  a  tele- 
graph wire,  suspended  on  masts  220  feet  high, 
across  the  Hudson  river  from  the  Palisades  to  Fort 
Washington,  a  distance  of  more  than  a  mile. 

BORDLEY,  John  Beale,  agricultural  writer, 
b.  in  Annapolis,  Md.,  11  Feb.,  1727 ;  d.  in  Phila- 
delphia, 26  Jan.,  1804.  He  was  a  lawyer  by  pro- 
fession, was  prothonotary  of  Baltimore  co.  in  1753- 
'66,  judge  of  the  provincial  court  in  1766  and  of 
the  admiralty  court  in  1767-76,  and  a  commis- 
sioner to  fix  the  boundary-line  between  Maryland 
and  Delaware  in  1768.  He  was  one  of  the  few 
members  of  the  provincial  councils  who  sympa- 
thized with  the  movement  for  independence.  Re- 
moving to  Philadelphia  in  1793,  he  established 
there  the  first  agricultural  society  in  the  United 
States.  By  his  experiments  upon  his  estate  in 
Wye  island,  Chesapeake  bay,  and  by  his  writings, 
he  was  instrumental  in  diffusing  a  knowledge  of 
the  art  of  husbandry.  He  published  "  Forsyth  on 
Fruit-Trees,  with  Notes  "  ;  "  On  Rotation  of  Crops  " 
(1792) ;  "  Essays  and  Notes  on  Husbandry  and  Ru- 
ral Affairs,  with  Plates"  (1799-1801);  and  "A 
View  of  the  Courses  of  Crops  in  England  and 
Maryland"  (1784). 

BOREMAN.  Arthur  Ingrahani,  senator,  b. 
in  Waynesbnrg,  Pa.,  24  July,  1823;  d.  19  April, 
1896.  "While  he  was  a  child  his  father  removed  to 
western  Virginia.  He  received  a  common-school 
education,  studied  law,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1845,  and  began  practice  at  Parkersburg.  He  was 
elected  to  the  Virginia  house  of  delegates  in  1855, 
and  re-elected  for  each  successive  term  until  the 
beginning  of  the  civil  war.  He  was  a  member  ol 
the  extra  session  of  the  legislature  in  1861,  and  a 
vigorous  opponent  of  secession.  Of  the  Wheeling 
convention  of  unionists  of  the  northwestern  coun- 
ties, called  in  June,  1861,  for  the  purpose  of  reor- 


322 


BORGELLA 


BORLAND 


ganizing  the  government  of  Virginia,  he  was  made 
president.  In  October,  18(il,  he  was  elected  a  judge 
of  the  circuit  court,  and  in  1863  governor  of  the 
newly  constituted  state  of  West  Virginia.  He  was 
twice  re-elected,  but  during  his  third  term  of  office 
resigned,  as  he  had  been  elected  to  the  U.  S.  senate, 
in  which  he  held  a  seat  from  4  March,  1869,  till  3 
March,  1875. 

BORGELLA,  J6r6me-Maximilien,  president 
of  Hayti,  b.  in  Port  au  Prince,  6  May,  1773 ;  d.  in 
September,  1842.  His  mother  being  a  colored 
woman,  Borgella  could  not  legally  use  the  name 
of  his  father,  who  was  white  ;  but  he  obtained  that 
right  on  the  proclamation  of  equality,  4  April, 
1792.  After  receiving  some  education  he  entered 
a  carpenter's  shop  to  learn  that  trade  in  1786,  and 
three  years  later  joined  the  mulatto  insurgents  and 
fought  against  the  negroes  and  the  whites;  but 
the  negroes  under  Toussaint  prevailed,  and  Bor- 
gella suffered  persecution.  When  Napoleon  I.  sent 
troops  to  Hayti  to  put  down  the  insurrection,  Bor- 
gella served  in  the  French  army  for  some  time, 
but  returned  to  the  revolutionary  party  and  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  his  bravery  and  his  generos- 
ity toward  the  vanquished,  many  of  these  being 
saved  by  him  when  Dessalines  ordered  the  slaughter 
of  the  whites.  He  took  an  active  and  important 
part  in  the  civil  wars  during  the  early  period  of 
the  republic,  of  which  he  was  appointed  president 
by  the  assembly  as  successor  of  Rigauld,  who 
died  18  Sept.,  1811.  Borgella  afterward  filled  the 
highest  offices  in  the  army,  in  the  chambers,  and 
in  several  departments  of  the  government,  during 
Bover's  administration. 

BORC^ESS.  Caspar  H.,  R.  C.  bishop,  b.  in  Ad- 
drup,  Urand  Duchy  of  Oldenburg,  in  1826;  d.  in 
Kalamazoo.  Mich.,  3  May.  1890.  In  tliis  country  he 
pursued  his  classical  and  philosophical  studies  in 
Philadelphia  and  at  St.  Charles  seminary,  finished 
his  theological  course  in  St.  Xavier's  college,  Cin- 
cinnati, and  was  ordained  in  184S.  He  was  sta- 
tioned for  ten  years  at  Columbus,  Ohio,  and  in 
1859  appointed  rector  of  St.  Peter's  cathedral,  Cin- 
cinnati, where  he  remained  until  he  was  promoted 
to  the  see  of  Detroit.  He  was  consecrated  titular 
bishop  of  Caledonia  in  1870,  and  succeeded  to  the 
bishopric  of  Detroit  in  1871. 

BORIE,  Adolph  Edward,  merchant,  b.  in 
Philadelphia,  25  Nov.,  1809  ;  d.  there.  5  Feb.,  1880. 
He  was  a  descendant,  on  the  mother's  side,  of  a 
family  of  refugees  from  Santo  Domingo,  of  whom 
a  large  number  settled  in  Philadelphia.  In  1826  he 
was  graduated  at  the  Pennsylvania  university,  and 
went  to  Paris  to  complete  his  education.  After 
spending  several  years  abroad  he  returned  to  the 
United  States  and  entered  upon  mercantile  pur- 
suits, was  for  many  years  a  member  of  the  firm  of 
McKean,  Borie  &  Co.,  and  acquired  a  large  fortune 
in  the  East  India  trade.  In  1862,  when  the  first 
union  league  of  the  country  was  formed  in  Phila- 
delphia, Mr.  Borie  was  one  of  its  founders  and  its 
vice-president.  He  gave  large  sums  toward  the 
enlistment  ana  care  of  soldiers  during  the  civil 
war,  but  took  no  part  in  politics.  On  5  March, 
1869,  he  became  a  member  of  the  cabinet  appointed 
by  President  Grant,  as  secretary  of  the  navy,  which 
office  he  resigned,  22  June,  1869.  He  accompanied 
Gen.  Grant,  who  was  much  attached  to  him,  during 
a  part  of  his  tour  around  the  world  in  1877-'8. 

BORJA,  Ana,  daughter  of  the  duke  de  Gandia, 
and  wife  of  count  de  Lemos,  viceroy  of  Peru,  b. 
about  1635;  d.  in  Madrid,  23  Sept.,  1706.  She  ar- 
rived at  Lima  with  her  husband  21  Nov.,  1667. 
When  the  viceroy  went  to  Puno  on  account  of 
serious  trouble,  and  riots  occurred  in  Laicacota,  in 


1668,  he  did  not  transfer  his  powers  to  the  Audien- 
eia,  as  was  customary,  but  to  his  wife,  all  the  au- 
thorities consenting.  She  governed  Peru  till  about 
the  end  of  the  year  1669,  and  soon  after  the  death 
of  the  viceroy  returned, to  Spain. 

BORJA  Y  ARAGON,  Francisco  (bor-ha),  a 
descendant  of  the  kings  of  Aragon,  prince  of  Es- 
quilache  and  viceroy  of  Peru,  b.  in  Madrid  in  1582 ; 
d.  there,  26  Oct.,  1658.  He  studied  in  Spain,  and 
had  won  a  good  literary  reputation  and  dis- 
charged high  offices  in  the  court  of  Philip  III. 
when  he  was  appointed  viceroy  of  Peru  in  1614. 
There  he  founded  several  colleges  and  made  im- 
portant changes  in  the  organization  of  the  univer- 
sity of  San  Marcos.  He  instituted  the  tribunal  del 
consulado,  a  special  court  and  corporation  to  regu- 
late commercial  affairs  generally,  increased  the 
navy  and  the  artillery,  and  gave  a  great  impulse 
to  mining  in  the  province  of  Chucuito.  On  the 
death  of  Philip,  Borja  embarked  to  return  to  Spain, 
31  Dec,  1621.  His  best-known  works  are  "'Napoles 
recuperada  por  el  Rey  Alfonso,"  a  poem  (1651) ; 
"Obras  en  Verso"  (Antwerp,  1654);  and  "Oraci- 
ones  y  Meditaciones  de  la  Vida  de  Jesucristo " 
(Brussels,  1661). 

BORLAND,  Solon,  senator,  b.  in  Virginia:  d, 
in  Texas,  31  Jan.,  1864.  He  was  educated  in  North 
Carolina,  studied  medicine,  and  settled  as  a  physi- 
cian in  Little  Rock,  Ark.  He  served  in  the  Mexi- 
can war  as  major  in  Yell's  cavalry,  and  was  taken 
prisoner  with  Maj.  Gaines  in  January,  1847.  He 
was  discharged  when  his  troop  was  disbanded  in 
June  of  that  year,  but  continued  in  the  service  as 
volunteer  aide-de-camp  to  Gen.  Worth  during  the 
remainder  of  the  campaign,  from  the  battle  of  El 
Molino  to  the  capture  of  the  city  of  Mexico  on 
14  Sept.,  1847.  After  his  return  to  Arkansas,  Mr. 
Borland  was  appointed  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused 
by  the  resignation  of  Senator  Ambrose  H.  Sevier, 
and  subsequently  elected  by  the  legislature  to 
serve  through  Mr.  Sevier's  unexpired  term.  After 
serving  in  the  senate  from  24  April,  1848,  till  3 
March,  1853,  he  was  appointed  minister  to  Nicara- 
gua, being  also  accredited  to  Costa  Rica,  Guate- 
mala, Honduras,  and  Salvador.  He  received  his 
credentials,  18  April,  1853,  and  remained  in  Nicara- 
gua till  17  April,  1854,  when  he  returned  home, 
and  on  30  June  resigned.  At  San  Juan  de  Nicara- 
gua, when  he  was  returning  to  the  United  States, 
the  authorities  of  the  town  attempted  to  arrest 
him  in  May,  1854,  for  interfering  to  prevent  the 
arrest  of  a  person  charged  with  murder  at  Puntas 
Arenas.  Pie  took  refuge  in  a  hotel,  and  while  he 
was  engaged  in  protesting  against  arrest  a  man  in 
the  crowd  threw  a  glass  bottle  and  struck  the  en- 
voy. This  insult  was  the  chief  ground  for  the 
bombardment  and  destruction  of  Greytown,  or  San 
Juan  de  Nicaragua,  by  the  sloop-of-war  "  Cyane," 
under  Commander  Hollins,  on  13  July,  1854,  under 
instructions  from  the  U.  S.  government.  Presi- 
dent Pierce  offered  the  post  of  governor  of  New 
Mexico  to  Mr.  Borland  after  his  return,  but  he  de- 
clined the  appointment  and  remained  at  Little 
Rock  in  the  practice  of  his  profession,  taking  no 
part  in  politics  except  occasionally  to  declare  him- 
self an  adherent  of  the  state-rights  doctrines.  In 
the  spring  of  1861,  before  the  ordinance  of  seces- 
sion, which  was  passed  6  May,  he  organized  a  body 
of  troops,  and,  under  the  direction  of  Gov.  Rector, 
on  24  April  at  midnight,  took  possession  of  the 
buildings  at  Fort  Smith  an  hour  after  the  with- 
drawal of  Capt.  Sturgis  with  the  garrison.  He 
raised  the  3d  Arkansas  confederate  cavalry  and 
became  colonel  of  that  regiment,  and  was  after- 
ward a  brisjadier-ffeneral  in  the  same  service. 


BORRE 


BOSTWICK 


323 


BORRE,  Priulliomme  de,  general  in  the  con- 
tinental army,  b.  in  France.  He  was  a  French 
nobleman  who  volunteered,  with  other  officers,  to 
fight  in  the  cause  of  American  independence,  and 
on  1  Dec,  177G,  was  commissioned  by  congress  a 
brigadier-general,  but  resigned  on  14  Dec,  1777. 

BORRERO,  Eusebio  (bor-ray'-ro).  South 
American  soldier,  b.  in  Cali,  Colombia,  in  1790;  d. 
there  in  1853.  He  entered  the  revolutionary  army 
of  New  Granada  in  1811,  fought  in  the  battle  of 
Palace,  which  was  the  first  in  the  campaign  against 
Spain,  and  served  during  the  whole  war,  being 
gradually  promoted  to  the  rank  of  general.  After 
the  establishment  of  the  republic  in  New  Granada, 
Borrero  was  several  times  a  member  of  congress, 
where  he  distinguished  himself  as  a  parliamentary 
orator.  In  1845  he  was  a  candidate  for  the  olfice 
of  president  of  the  republic. 

BOSCAWEN,  Edward,  British  admiral,  b.  in 
Cornwall,  England,  19  Aug.,  1711 ;  d.  near  Guild- 
ford, 10  Jan.,  1761.  Pie  was  the  third  son  of  Hugh 
Boscawen,  first  Lord  Falmouth,  his  mother  being 
daughter  of  a  sister  of  Marlborough.  He  entered 
the  navy  3  April,  1726,  became  a  lieutenant  on  25 
May,  1732,  and  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  cap- 
tain 12  March,  1737.  Having  specially  distin- 
guished himself  at  Portobello  and  Carthagena,  he 
was  promoted,  in  1744,  to  the  "  Dreadnought," 
sixty  guns,  in  which  he  took  the  "  Medee  "  in  the 
channel,  28  April,  1744.  He  signalized  himself 
under  Anson,  at  the  battle  off  Cape  Finisterre  in 
1747,  where  he  was  severely  wounded,  and.  being 
made  a  rear-admiral,  was  despatched,  in  1748,  with 
a  squadron  to  the  East  Indies.  He  failed  in  an  at- 
tempt upon  Pondicherry,  but  took  Madras,  and, 
on  his  return  to  England,  became  a  member  of  the 
admiralty  board  in  1751.  He  sailed  for  North 
America  in  1755,  and  in  an  action  with  a  French 
squadron  captured  two  ships  of  the  line.  In  1756 
he  became  vice-admiral  of  the  blue,  and  in  1758, 
in  conjunction  with  Gen.  Amherst,  who  com- 
manded the  land  forces,  reduced  Louisburg  and 
Cape  Breton.  In  1759,  having  charge  of  the  Med- 
iterranean fleet,  he  pursued  the  Toulon  fleet  under 
De  la  Clue  through  the  straits  of  Gibraltar,  and, 
overtaking  it  in  Lagos  bay,  defeated  it,  taking 
three  ships  and  burning  two.  He  received  the 
thanks  of  }>arliiiiuent,  a  pension  of  £3,000  a  year, 
and  the  rank  of  general  of  marines.  On  his  return 
to  Spithead  with  2,000  prisoners  and  his  prizes,  he 
received  the  freedom  of  the  Scottish  capital,  and 
had  many  other  marks  of  public  regard  conferred 
upon  him.  He  was  elected  to  parliament  in  1741 
for  Truro,  and  served  in  that  capacity  until  1761. 
Lord  Chatham  said  of  him :  "  When  I  apply  to 
other  officers  respecting  any  expedition  I  may 
chance  to  project,  they  always  raise  difficulties; 
Boscawen  alwavs  finds  expedients." 

BOSOMWOiRTH,  Thomas,  clergyman.  He 
came  to  America  with  Gen.  Oglethorpe's  regiment 
of  Highlanders  in  1736.  About  1749  he  married 
Mary  Musgrove,  or  Mathews,  a  woman  of  the 
Creek  nation,  who  had  been  twice  widowed  of 
white  husbands.  When  the  English  first  arrived, 
she  had  no  especial  influence  with  the  Indians,  but 
gradually  came  to  be  recognized  by  them  as  their 
queen.  Gov.  Oglethorpe  gave  her  a  yearly  allow- 
ance of  $500,  in  payment  for  her  services  as  inter- 
preter, and  in  order  to  retain  her  good-will.  Bos- 
oraworth  and  his  wife  settled  upon  a  tract  of  land 
granted  him  by  the  crown,  and  ran  heavily  in  debt 
to  the  surrounding  planters  for  live  stock  and  sup- 
plies. In  the  hope,  apparently,  of  retrieving  his 
fortunes,  he  persuaded  his  wife  to  assert  her  right 
at  first  to  some  of  the  coast  islands,  and  afterward 


as  hereditary  sovereign  to  a  large  part  of  the  Creek 
territory.  The  ambition  of  the  claimants  seeming- 
ly grew  with  their  demands,  and  the  "  queen," 
prompted  no  doubt  by  her  husband,  assumed  the 
title  of  an  independent  empress,  disavowing  all  re- 
lations with  Great  Britain  save  such  as  might  sub- 
sist between  two  sovereigns.  She  incited  the 
powerful  Creek  nation  to  revolt,  sent  a  messenger 
to  Gov.  Oglethorpe  to  notify  him  that  she  was  com- 
ing to  reclaim  her  own,  and  marched  toward  Sa- 
vannah with  a  large  body  of  armed  Indians.  The 
authorities  could  muster  fewer  than  two  hundred 
men  in  the  town,  but  sent  with  haste  for  all  avail- 
able re-enforcements.  A  troop  of  horse,  under  Capt. 
Jones,  met  the  savages  outside  the  town  and  made 
them  lay  down  their  arms  before  entering  the  place. 
Then  Bosomworth,  in  his  canonical  robes,  with  his 
queen  by  his  side,  marched  to  the  i)arade,  followed 
by  the  chiefs  in  order  of  rank,  and  a  great  number 
of  warriors.  They  were  received  with  distinguished 
courtesy,  the  militia  firing  a  salute,  and  a  long  con- 
sultation was  held  by  the  authorities  and  the  chiefs, 
the  Bosomworths  being  exchided.  By  some  means 
the  Indians  regained  possession  of  their  arms,  and 
for  a  time  the  settlement  was  in  imminent  peril. 
But  the  authorities  were  able  to  seize  and  confine 
the  Bosomworths,  and  employed  agents  to  spread 
rumors  among  the  Indians  that  the  whole  affair 
was  a  plot  on  the  chaplain's  part  to  secure  means 
to  pay  his  own  personal  debts.  This  course  was 
for  a  time  successfiU,  and  the  watch  upon  the 
queen  and  her  husband  was  imprudently  relaxed, 
whereupon  the  mercurial  savages  were  again  stirred 
up  to  revolt,  and  seemingly  a  massacre  of  the  whites 
might  have  begun  at  any  moment.  In  this  man- 
ner several  days  passed,  and  the  English  settlers 
were  well-nigh  worn  out  with  constant  guard-duty, 
while  their  women  were  in  a  state  of  distraction 
with  the  ceaseless  terror  of  Indians  yelling  through 
the  streets.  More  than  once  both  sides  grasped 
their  arms,  but  some  trifle  turned  the  tide,  and  at 
last  diplomacy  and  presents  prevailed,  and  Mary 
was  locked  up  under  strict  guard.  Bosomworth 
was  brought  before  the  council,  with  a  view  to  ap- 
pealing to  his  reason,  but  he  seized  the  opportunity 
to  make  an  abusive  speech,  and  had  in  turn  to  be 
removed  by  force.  When  the  leaders  were  thus 
disposed  of,  the  Indians  were  with  difficulty  per- 
suaded to  leave  the  town.  After  a  period  of  con- 
flnement,  Bosomworth  perceived  the  folly  of  at- 
tempting to  enforce  his  wife's  claim,  and,  having 
made  suitable  apologies,  he  was  liberated. 

BOSSU,  N.,  French  traveller,  b.  in  Baigneux- 
les-Juifs  about  1725.  He  was  captain  in  the  navy, 
and  one  of  the  first  travellers  to  explore  Louisiana. 
He  made  three  journeys  to  this  country,  by  order 
of  his  government,  and  published  an  account  of 
his  explorations,  in  two  works,  entitled  "  Nouveaux 
voyages  aux  Indes  occidentales,"  etc.  (Paris,  1768), 
which  was  translated  into  English  by  J.  R.  Foster, 
with  the  title,  "  Travels  through  that  Part  of  North 
America  formerly  called  Louisiana  "(London,  1771), 
and  translated  also  into  Dutch  and  German :  and 
'•  Nouveaux  vovages  dans  I'Amerique  septentrio- 
nale"  (Paris.  1777). 

BOSTWICK,  David,  clergyman,  b.  in  New 
Milford,  Conn..  8  Jan.,  1721 ;  d.  in  New  York  city, 
12  Nov.,  1763.  His  ancestor,  Arthur,  emigrated 
from  Cheshire,  England,  in  1668.  David  became 
a  teacher  in  Newark  academy,  entered  the  minis- 
try of  the  Presbyterian  church,  was  first  settled 
over  a  congregation  in  Jamaica,  L.  I.,  9  Oct.,  1745, 
and  in  May,  1756,  transferred  by  the  synod  to  the 
Presbyterian  church  in  New  York.  His  sermon 
on  "  Self  disclaimed  and  Christ  exalted  "  was  pub- 


324 


POSTWICK 


BOTTA 


lished  in  1758.  In  1761  he  published  an  "  Ac- 
count of  the  Life,  Death,  and  Character  of  Presi- 
dent Davies,"  prefixed  to  a  sermon  of  the  latter  on 
the  death  of  George  II.  A  "  Vindication  of  Infant 
Baptism,"  containing  the  substance  of  several  of 
his  sermons,  was  published  after  his  death  and  re- 
printed in  London  in  1705. 

BOST WICK,  Helen  Louise,  poet,  b.  in  Charles- 
town,  N.  H.,  in  1826.  She  is  a  daughter  of  Dr. 
Putnam  Barron,  who  removed  to  Bucyrus,  Ohio, 
in  1838.  In  early  life  she  became  a  contributor  to 
literary  journals.  After  her  marriage  she  resided 
at  Ravenna,  Ohio.  A  volume  of  her  poems,  enti- 
tled "  Buds,  Blossoms,  and  Berries,"  was  published 
in  New  York  in  1864. 

BOTETOURT,  Norborne  Berkeley,  baron, 
colonial  governor  of  Virginia,  b.  in  England  about 
1717;  d.  in  Williamsburg,  Va.,  15  Oct.,  1770.  _  He 
was  colonel  of  the  North  Gloucestershire  militia  in 
1761,  and  represented  that  division  of  the  county 
in  parliament  until  he  was  made  a  peer  in  1764. 
He  claimed  the  title  of  Baron  Botetourt,  or  Botte- 
tourt,  as  the  lineal  descendant  of  Sir  Maurice  de 
Berkeley,  who  died  in  1347.  Having  lost  heavily 
at  gambling,  he  solicited  an  apiaointment,  and  in 
July,  1768,  was  made  governor  of  Virginia.  He 
was  instructed  to  impress  the  colonists  with  a  dis- 
play of  power  and  dignity,  and  to  enforce  submis- 
sion to  the  principle  of  parliamentary  supremacy, 
while  humoi'ing  the  colonists  in  every  other  par- 
ticular. He  succeeded  Sir  Jeffrey  Amherst,  who, 
like  his  predecessors  for  three  quai'ters  of  a  century, 
would  not  go  out  to  Virginia  to  reside.  Lord  Bote- 
tourt was  expected  to  arrive  in  a  seventy-four,  and 
to  set  up  a  state  carriage  and  a  body-guard.  He 
arrived  in  the  James  river  in  November,  1768,  and 
was  soon  on  friendly  terms  with  the  Virginians. 
In  May,  1769,  when  the  assembly  passed  resolutions 
condemnatory  of  parliamentary  taxation  and  of  the 
sending  of  accused  persons  to  England  for  trial, 
Botetourt  dissolved  the  legislature,  in  which 
Thomas  Jefferson,  a  young  lawyer  recently  elected 
from  Albemarle  county,  was  a  leader.  The  next 
day  they  met  in  convention  at  the  Raleigh  tavern 
and  passed  resolutions  against  the  use  of  any  mer- 
chandise that  should  be  imported  from  Great  Brit- 
ain. These  articles  of  association  were  recom- 
mended to  the  other  colonies  and  sent  to  England. 
All  of  the  members  were  re-elected  except  those 
who  had  dissented  from  the  action  of  the  majority. 
Lord  Botetourt  did  not  forfeit  the  respect  and  es- 
teem of  the  people  by  that  act.  In  his  correspond- 
ence with  Hillsborough,  Lord  Botetourt  wrote  that 
the  colonists  would  eagerly  assist  the  mother-coun- 
try if  called  upon  by  requisition,  as  formerly,  but 
that  they  would  never  assent  to  the  principle  of 
parliamentary  taxation.  He  received  from  Lord 
Hillsborough  a  promise  of  repeal,  and,  finding 
himself  deceived,  demanded  his  recall,  and  shortly 
afterward  died,  his  death  having  been  hastened 
by  chagrin  at  the  failure  of  his  eiforts  to  effect  a 
reconciliation  between  the  colonists  and  the  home 
authorities.  He  interested  himself,  during  his  resi- 
dence in  Virginia,  in  William  and  Mary  college, 
and  presented  gold  and  silver  medals  to  the  stu- 
dents. In  1770  the  assembly  voted  to  erect  a  statue 
of  the  deceased  governor,  which  was  executed  in 
1774  and  placed  in  front  of  the  capitol,  whence  it 
was  removed  in  1797  to  the  front  of  William  and 
Mary  college,  where  it  stood  until  the  civil  war, 
during  which  it  was  taken  to  the  inclosure  of  the 
insane  asylum  at  Williamsburg. 

BOTSFORI),  Wllliaiu,  jurist,  b.  in  New  Ha- 
ven, Conn.,  in  April,  1763  ;  d.  in  Sackville,  New 
.  Brunswick,  8  May,  1864.     He  was  a  son  of  Amos 


Botsford,  a  loyalist,  who  was  born  in  Newtown, 
Conn.,  31  Jan.,  1744,  was  graduated  at  Yale  in 
1763,  became  a  lawyer,  and  after  his  removal  to 
Nova  Scotia  was  elected  to  the  assembly,  for  two 
years  speaker  of  that  body,  and  died  in  St.  Johns, 
14  March,  1812.  The  son  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  1795,  a  judge  of  admiralty  in  New  Brunswick 
in  1802-'7,  elected  to  the  assembly  in  1812.  and  for 
every  succeeding  term  until  1823,  holding  the  office 
of  speaker  from  1817  to  1823,  and  in  the  latter  year 
became  judge  of  the  supreme  court,  and  retained 
that  position  till  1846. — His  son,  Amos  Edwin, 
Canadian  jurist,  b.  in  St.  John,  N.  B.,  in  1804,  was 
educated  at  Sackville,  studied  law,  and  admitted 
to  the  bar.  He  has  been  prominently  connected 
with  military  affairs,  is  a  lieutenant-colonel,  and 
has  been  president  or  vice-president  of  the  domin- 
ion rifle  association  since  its  organization.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  executive  council.  New  Bruns- 
wick, from  1838  till  1840,  and  of  the  legislative 
council  from  1833  till  1867,  a  senior  judge  of  the 
court  of  common  pleas  for  several  years,  and  a 
commissioner  with  L.  B.  Chandler  to  settle  boun- 
dary-line between  New  Brunswick  and  Nova  Scotia 
in  1836.  He  went  to  Washington  as  a  commis- 
sioner respecting  the  border  difficulty  in  1839,  and 
again  in  1852  with  respect  to  reciprocity  with  the 
United  States,  a  treaty  for  which  was  concluded 
in  1854.  He  is  a  conservative  in  politics,  and  was 
called  to  the  senate  in  1867. 

BOTTA,  Carlo  (xiuseppe  Guglielmo,  Italian 
historian,  b.  in  San  Giorgio  del  Canovese,  Pied- 
mont, 6  Nov.,  1766;  d.  in  Paris,  France,  10  Aug., 
1837.  He  was  educated  as  a  physician  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Turin,  and  pursued  also  botanical, 
literary,  and  musical  studies.  After  undergoing 
seventeen  months  of  imprisonment  in  1792-'3,  on 
a  groundless  political  accusation,  he  became  a  sur- 
geon in  the  French  army,  and  published  a  scheme 
for  the  government  of  Lombardy.  While  stationed, 
in  1796,  in  the  Venetian  islands  of  the  Adriatic,  he 
wrote  a  "  Historical  and  Medical  Description  of 
the  Island  of  Corfu."  In  1798  he  was  appointed  a 
member  of  the  short-lived  provisional  government 
of  Piedmont,  and  after  the  battle  of  Mai'engo,  in 
1800,  became  a  member  of  the  commission  ap- 
pointed to  reorganize  and  administer  the  govern- 
ment of  Piedmont,  and  retained  as  one  of  the 
three  commissioners  charged  with  the  administra- 
tion of  the  new  government.  After  the  annexa- 
tion to  France,  in  1803,  he  became  a  member  of 
the  council  of  general  administration.  In  that 
year  he  published  his  "  Precis  historique  de  la 
maison  de  Savoie  et  du  Piemont."  In  1804  he 
went  to  Paris  as  a  representative  of  the  department 
of  the  Dora  in  the  legislative  body,  and  in  1808-'9 
was  vice-president  of  the  assembly.  In  1809-'10 
he  issued  in  Paris  the  first  edition  of  the  "  Storia 
della  guerra  dell'  independenza  degli  Stati  Uniti 
d'America,"  which  was  long  esteemed  the  best  his- 
tory of  our  struggle  for  independence.  It  was 
translated  into  English  by  George  Alexander  Otis 
(Boston,  1826).  From  18i7  till  1822  he  was  rector 
of  the  university  at  Rouen,  and  while  there  he 
wrote  his  "Storia  d'ltalia  del  1789  al  1814"  (Paris, 
1824).  In  1815  he  published  an  epic  poem  entitled 
"  Camillo  o  Vejo  conquistata."  His  last  work  was 
a  large  history  of  Italy  connecting  Guicciardini's 
work,  which  came  down  to  1532,  with  his  own  his- 
tory of  Italy  during  the  epoch  of  the  French  revo- 
lution. This  work,  entitled  "  Storia  d'ltalia  con- 
tinuata  da  quella  del  Guicciardini  sino  al  1789," 
appeared  in  Paris  (10  vols.,  1832).  See  Tipaldo's 
"  Biografia  degli  Italiani  illustri";  also  "  Elogio 
storieo  di  C.  Botta,"  by  P.  Becchi. 


BOTTA 


BOTTS 


325 


BOTTA,  Vincenzo,  author,  b.  in  Piedmont,  11 
Nov.,  1818 ;  d.  in  New  York,  5  Oct.,  189-1.  He  was 
educated  at  the  university  of  Turin,  in  which  he 
became  professor  of  philosophy.  In  1849  he  was 
elected  to  the  Sardinian  parliament,  and  in  1850 
commissioned,  in  association  with  Dr.  Parola,  an- 
other deputy,  to  examine  the  educational  system 
of  Germany.  Their  report  on  the  German  uni- 
versities and  schools  was  published  at  the  expense 
of  the  government.  In  1853  he  came  to  the  United 
States  for  the  purpc'se  of  investigating  the  pub- 
lic-school system,  settled  here,  became  natural- 
ized, and  for  many  years  filled  the  chair  of  Italian 
language  and  literature  in  the  university  of  the 
city  of  New  York.  He  married,  in  1855,  Anne 
Charlotte  Lynch,  the  author.  He  published  an 
"Account  of  the  System  of  Education  in  Pied- 
mont " ;  "  Discourse  on  the  Life,  Character,  and 
Policy  of  Cavour  "  (1862) ;  "  Dante  as  Philosopher, 
Patriot,  and  Poet,"  with  an  analysis  of  the  "  Di- 
vina  Commedia"  (New  York,  1865);  and  "An  His- 
torical Account  of  Modern  Philosophy  in  Italy." — 
His  wife,  Anne  Charlotte  Lynch,  author,  b.  in 
Bennington,  Vt.,  11  Nov.,  1815;  d.  in  New  York 
city,  23  March,  1891.  Her  father  was  a  native  of 
Ireland,  who  joined  the  rebels  under  Lord  Edward 
Fitzgerald.  He  was  captured,  and  remained  a 
prisoner  four  years,  when,  still  refusing  to  take 

the  oath  of  alle- 
giance, he  was 
banished,  and 
came  to  the  Uni- 
ted States,  where 
he  married  and 
died  a  few  years 
later.  His  daugh- 
ter was  educated 
in  Albany,  N.  Y., 
and  began  early 
to  write  for  liter- 
ary periodicals. 
She  removed  to 
Providence,  R.  I., 
and  there  edited 
the  "Rhode  Isl- 
and Book,"  con- 
taining selections 
from  the  authors 
of  that  state  (Providence,  1841).  Soon  afterward 
she  returned  to  New  York,  where  she  has  since 
resided,  and  in  1855  married  Prof.  Botta.  Their 
house  has  been  for  many  years  open  to  a  wide  range 
of  literary  and  artistic  people,  and  Mrs.  Botta's  re- 
ceptions have  been  attended  by  many  of  the  most 
famous  authors,  painters,  and  musicians  of  Europe 
and  America.  During  the  Franco- Prussian  war 
(1870-'l)  an  effort  was  made  in  New  York  city  to 
collect  funds  for  the  suffering  women  and  children 
of  Paris.  Mrs.  Botta  prepared  as  her  contribution 
an  album  of  autographs,  photographs,  and  original 
sketches  by  celebrated  artists,  which  was  sold  for 
$5,000.  As  the  war  had  closed  before  the  collec- 
tion was  complete,  this  sum  was  appropriated 
to  found  a  prize  at  the  French  academy,  to  be 
awarded  every  five  years,  when  the  interest  of  this 
sum  reached'  $1,000,  for  the  best  essay  on  the 
"Condition  of  Woman."  Mrs.  Botta's  style  is 
musical,  elegant,  and  finished.  Among  her  best 
poems  are  "  Paul  at  Athens,"  "  Webster,"  "  Books," 
and  "  Wasted  Fountains."  Her  sonnets  are  espe- 
cially successful.  She  published  in  periodicals 
innumerable  stories,  essays,  and  criticisms.  The 
first  collected  edition  of  her  poems  (New  York, 
1848;  new  ed..  1884)  was  illustrated  by  Brown, 
Darley,   Durand,    Huntington,  and   other  artists. 


^£^  ^/^x 


Her  "Leaves  from  the  Diary  of  a  Recluse"  ap- 
peared in  "The  Gift"  for  1845.  She  also  pub- 
lished a  "  Handbook  of  Universal  Literature " 
(New  York,  1860),  containing  concise  accounts  of 
great  authors  of  all  ages  and  their  works.  A  me- 
morial volume,  with  selections  from  her  writings, 
prepared  by  Prof.  Botta,  appeared  in  1894. 

BOTTS,  John  Minor,  statesman,  b.  in  Dum- 
fries, Prince  William  co.,  Va.,  16  Sept.,  1802;  d.  in 
Culpepper,  Va.,  7  Jan.,  1869.  Soon  after  his  birth 
his  pai'ents  removed  to  Fredericksburg,  and 
thence  to  Richmond,  where  they  perished  in  the 
great  theatre  fire  in  1811.  Young  Botts  received  a 
good  education,  began  early  to  read  law,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  at  the  age  of  eighteen.  After 
he  had  practised  for  six  years  he  retired  to  a  farm 
in  Henrico  co.,  and  established  himself  as  a  gentle- 
man farmer.  In  1833  he  was  elected  as  a  whig  to 
i-epresent  his  county  in  the  legislature,  where  he 
at  once  became  prominent,  and  several  times  re- 
elected. In  1839  he  was  elected  to  congress,  and 
there  stood  earnestly  and  ably  by  Henry  Clay, 
zealously  advocating  most  of  the  points  of  the 
great  leader's  programme,  including  a  national 
bank,  a  protective  tariff,  and  the  distribution 
among  the  states  of  the  proceeds  of  the  public 
lands.  He  was  one  of  the  few  southern  members 
that  supported  John  Quiney  Adams  in  his  contest 
against  the  regulations  of  the  house  infringing 
the  right  of  petition,  adopted  by  the  majority  in 
order  to  exclude  appeals  from  the  abolitionists. 
After  serving  two  terms,  from  2  Dec,  1839,  till  3 
March,  1843,  he  was  defeated  by  Mr.  Seddon,  but  in 
1847  re-elected,  and  sat  from  6  Dec,  1847,  till  3 
March,  1849.  In  1839  he  was  a  delegate  to  the 
national  whig  convention,  which  nominated  Har- 
rison and  Tyler.  He  had  been  a  warm  personal 
friend  of  John  Tyler,  elected  vice-president  in 
November,  1840,  and  who,  by  the  death  of  Gen. 
Harrison,  in  April,  1841,  became  president  of  the 
United  States ;  but,  soon  after  Mr.  Tyler's  acces- 
sion to  office,  Mr.  Botts,  in  a  conversation  with  him, 
learned  his  intention  of  seceding  from  the  party 
that  had  elected  him,  and  he  at  once  denounced 
him,  and  opposed  him  as  long  as  he  was  president. 
In  the  presidential  campaign  of  1844  he  labored 
earnestly  for  the  election  of  Mr.  Clay.  In  1852  Mr. 
Botts  resiimed  the  practice  of  his  profession  in 
Richmond.  He  earnestly  opposed  the  repeal  of  the 
Missouri  compromise  in  1854,  and  was  in  sym- 
pathy with  those  southern  representatives  who  re- 
sisted the  passage,  in  1858,  of  the  bill  admitting 
Kansas  as  a  state  under  the  Lecompton  constitu- 
tion. On  the  disruption  of  the  whig  party,  he 
joined  the  American  party,  and  in  1859  an  attempt 
was  made  by  that  political  organization  to  nomi- 
nate him  for  the  presidency.  He  continued  his 
practice,  and  remained  in  Richmond  till  the  be- 
ginning of  the  civil  war ;  but,  being  devoted  to 
the  union,  and  having  used  all  his  efforts,  without 
avail,  to  prevent  Virginia  from  seceding,  he  retired 
to  his  farm  near  Culpepper  Coui't-IIouse,  where  he 
remained  most  of  the  time  during  the  w'ar,  re- 
spected by  the  secessionists  yet  subjected  to  a  great 
deal  of  trial  and  inconvenience.  One  night,  in 
March,  1862,  a  squad  of  a  hundred  men,  under 
the  orders  of  Gen.  Winder,  came  to  his  house,  took 
him  from  his  bed,  and  carried  him  to  prison, 
where  he  was  held  in  solitary  confinement  for  eight 
weeks.  His  arrest  was  caused  by  the  well-founded 
suspicion  that  he  was  writing  a  secret  history  of 
the  war.  Search  was  made  for  the  manuscript,  but 
nothing  was  found.  After  the  close  of  the  war, 
this  missing  manuscript,  of  which  a  portion  had 
been,  in  1862,  confided  to  the  Count  de  Mercier, 


326 


BOUCHER 


BOUCHETTE 


Frencli  minister  at  Washington,  formed  the  basis 
of  a  volume  prepared  by  Mr.  Botts,  "  The  Great 
Rebellion,  its  Secret  History,  Rise,  Progress,  and 
Disastrous  Failure  !  "  (New  York,  1866).  After  his 
release  from  prison  Mr.  Botts  returned  to  his  home 
at  Culpepper,  where  he  was  continually  persecuted 
by  the  enemy.  His  farm  was  repeatedly  overrun 
by  both  armies,  and  dug  over  at  various  times  for 
military  operations.  When  the  war  had  closed,  Mr. 
Botts  again  took  a  deep  interest  in  political  mat- 
ters. He  labored  earnestly  for  the  early  restoration 
of  his  state  to  the  union,  but  without  success.  He 
was  a  delegate  to  the  national  convention  of  south- 
ern loyalists  in  Philadelphia  in  1866,  and  in  1867 
signed  his  name  on  the  bail-bond  of  Jefferson 
Davis. — His  brother,  (Iliarles  T.,  b.  in  Virginia  in 
1809 ;  d.  in  California  in  1884,  was  a  Californian 
pioneer  and  politician.  He  went  to  the  territory  as 
naval  store-keeper  at  Monterey  in  1848,  and  was  a 
member  of  the  constitutional  convention  of  1849, 
taking  part  prominently  in  the  discussions  upon 
the  right  of  the  people  of  the  territory  to  form  a 
state  without  the  previous  sanction  of  congress, 
and  in  the  discussion  concerning  the  proposed 
boundary  of  the  new  state.  Later  he  was  a  lawyer 
in  San  Francisco,  then  a  journalist,  and  for  some 
time  a  district  judge  in  Sacramento,  and  afterward 
a  lawyer  in  San  Francisco  until  his  death. 

BOUCHER,  Jonathan,  clergyman,  b.  in  Blen- 
cogo,  Cumberland,  England.  13  IMarch,  1738;  d. 
in  Epsom,  England,  27  April,  1804.  He  came  to 
America  at  the  age  of  twenty-one,  and  was  for 
some  time  a  private  teacher,  afterward  took  orders 
in  the  Anglican  church,  and  was  appointed  rector 
of  Hanover,  and  then  of  St.  Mary's  parish,  Va. 
Gov.  Eden  gave  him  also  the  rectory  of  St.  Anne. 
Annapolis,  and  that  of  Queen  Anne  in  St.  George's 
county.  He  took  a  firm  stand  in  opposition  to  the 
prevalent  doctrines  of  independence,  and  gave  such 
offence  to  his  congregation  that  he  was  obliged  to 
return  to  England  in  1775.  He  was  appointed 
vicar  of  Ei)som,  and  employed  himself  during  the 
last  fourteen  years  in  compiling  a  glossary  of  pro- 
vincial and  obsolete  words,  which  was  purchased 
from  his  family  in  1831  by  the  proprietors  of  the 
English  edition  of  Webster's  "  Dictionary,"  with 
the  intention  of  making  it  an  appendix  to  that 
work.  He  published  in  1799  "  A  View  of  the 
Causes  and  Consequences  of  the  American  Revo- 
lution," dedicated  to  Gen.  Washington,  consisting 
of  fifteen  discourses  delivered  in  North  America 
between  1763  and  1775,  and  containing  many  an- 
ecdotes illustrating  the  political  condition  of  the 
colonies  at  that  time. 

BOUCHER,  Pierre,  Sieur  de  Boucherville, 
Canadian  pioneer,  b.  in  Perche,  France,  in  1632;  d. 
in  Boucherville,  Canada,  20  April,  1717.  In  1635 
he  came  to  America  with  his  father.  He  was  en- 
gaged in  the  wars  with  the  Iroquois,  whom  he  fre- 
quently defeated,  and  was  also  for  many  years  an 
interpreter  of  the  Huron  dialect.  He  was  sent  as 
a  deputy  hj  the  colony  to  France  in  1661,  to  lay 
the  condition  of  the  coimtry  before  the  court, 
and  this  led  to  the  publication  of  his  little  work  en- 
titled "  Ilistoire  veritable  et  naturelle  des  moeurs 
et  des  productions  de  la  nouvelle  France  "  (Paris, 
1665).  He  was  ennobled  for  his  services,  made 
governor  of  Three  Rivers  in  1663,  and,  receiving 
a  grant  of  the  seigneurie  of  Boucherville,  settled 
there  in  1668.  He  was  esteemed  as  a  man  of  cour- 
age, intelligence,  piety,  and  integrity.  From  him 
are  descended  many  prominent  families  of  Canada. 
"  The  Adieux  of  Grandfather  Boucher,"  addressed 
to  his  children  shortly  before  his  death,  is  charac- 
teristic of  the  man  and  the  times. 


BOUCHERVILLE,  Charles  En^ene  Bou- 
cher de,  Canadian  senator,  b.  in  Boucherville,  Que- 
bec, in  1820.  He  was  educated  at  St.  Sulpice  col- 
lege, Montreal,  and  was  graduated  in  medicine  at 
Paris.  He  entered  Lower  Canada  house  of  assem- 
bly in  1861  as  a  conservative,  was  appointed  to 
the  Quebec  legislative  council  in  1867,  and  elected 
speaker  of  that  house.  In  1873,  when  the  premier, 
Mr.  Chauveau,  disagreed  with  his  cabinet  and  re- 
signed, Mr.  De  Boucherville  became  premier, 
secretary  and  registrar,  and  minister  of  public  in- 
struction. In  1876  he  left  the  department  of  pub- 
lic instruction  for  that  of  agriculture  and  puVjlic 
works.  In  December  of  the  same  year  the  Hon. 
Luc  Letellier  de  St.  Just,  a  liberal  senator,  was  ap- 
pointed lieutenant-governor  of  Quebec  on  tlie 
recommendation  of  Mr.  Mackenzie's  dominion 
government.  On  1  March,  1878,  Mr.  Letellier  dis- 
missed the  De  Boucherville  cabinet,  although  it 
was  sustained  in  the  legislative  assembly  by  a 
majority  of  twenty  or  more,  and  in  the  legislative 
council  by  more  than  two  to  one.  The  lieutenant- 
governor  attempted  to  justify  himself  by  preferring 
various  charges  against  the  De  Boucherville  ad- 
ministration, most  of  which  were  baseless,  or  triv- 
ial. The  premier  met  one  charge  with  a  denial 
that  the  province  was  in  a  state  of  penury.  A  much 
graver  accusation  was  to  the  effect  that  the  premier 
had  acknowledged  that  certain  railway  grants 
had  been  necessitated  by  political  considerations  ; 
that  without  them  the  support  of  the  members  of 
the  legislature  whose  counties  were  traversed  by 
those  railways  could  no  longer  be  secured  by  the 
government ;  that  there  would  be  no  means  of 
having  a  majority ;  that  the  members  formed 
"rings"  to  control  the  house.  Mr.  Letellier 
claimed  that  in  consequence  of  this  admission  he 
was  justified  in  assuming  that  Mr.  De  Boucherville 
did  not  possess  a  constitutional  majority  in  the 
legislative  assembly.  Mr.  De  Boucherville,  in  his 
explanations  to  the  governor-general  with  refer- 
ence to  this  particular  charge,  claimed  that  the  rail- 
way subsidy  legislation,  whether  good  or  bad,  had 
been  sustained  by  a  large  majority  of  the  people  at 
the  subsequent  general  elections,  and  was  therefore 
no  longer  a  proper  subject  for  discussion  in  the  con- 
nection in  which  it  had  been  introduced  ;  he  also 
denied  that  he  had  been  controlled,  by  "  rings." 
Both  houses  of  the  Quebec  legislature  passed  a  vote 
of  censure  on  the  lieutenant-governor.  The  follow- 
ing year  Mr.  De  Boucherville  was  called  to  the  sen- 
ate. When  the  conservatives  came  into  power.  Sir 
John  A.  Macdonald's  cabinet  advised  the  dismissal 
of  the  lieutenant-governor  of  Quebec ;  but  the  gov- 
ernor-general. Lord  Lome,  referred  the  whole 
matter  to  the  colonial  secretary  at  London.  The 
latter  requested  the  governor-general  to  take  the 
advice  of  his  ministers,  and  the  consequence  was 
that  Lieut.-Gov.  Letellier  was  dismissed. 

BOUCHERVILLE,  (ieorge  Boucher  de,  Ca- 
nadian author,  b.  in  the  province  of  Quebec  about 
1812.  He  studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  of  Lower  Canada  in  1837;  was  one  of  the 
commissioners  to  consolidate  the  public  general 
statutes  of  Lower  Canada  and  Canada  respectively 
in  1856 ;  was  appointed  secretary  to  the  first  lieu- 
tenant-governor of  Quebec,  6  July,  1867,  which 
office  he  resigned  on  being  made  clerk  of  the  legis- 
lative council  on  30  Oct.  of  the  same  year.  _  His 
published  works  include  "  Programme  de  etude 
pour  la  formation  d'une  banque  agricole  nation- 
ale  pour  le  Bas  Canada"  (1862). 

BOUCHETTE,  Josepli,  Canadian  topographer, 
b.  in  1774:  d.  in  Montreal,  9  April,  1841.  He  was 
a  son  of  Com.  Bouehette,  who  distinguished  him- 


BOUCICAULT 


BOUDINOT 


327 


self  in  the  early  period  of  the  revolutionary  war 
on  the  northern  frontier  of  the  United  States. 
In  1700  he  entered  the  office  of  his  uncle,  Maj. 
Holland,  surveyor-general  of  British  North  Amer- 
ica, and  in  1814  succeeded  to  this  office  himself. 
While  connected  with  the  surveyor-general's  de- 
partment in  a  subordinate  capacity,  he  served  in 
the  colonial  navy  on  the  lakes,  and  in  the  royal 
Canadian  volunteers  until  1802.  He  was  actively 
employed  in  the  campaigns  of  1813-'4,  and  in 
August,  1814,  went  to  England  to  publish  his  top- 
ographical and  geographical  description  of  Can- 
ada, which  was  issued  in  1816.  During  1817  and 
1818  he  was  engaged  in  establishing  the  boundary- 
line  between  the  United  States  and  the  British 
Eossessions.  In  1831  he  published  "  The  British 
•ominions  in  North  America,"  containing  the  re- 
sult of  fifteen  years'  labor  on  the  topography,  ge- 
ography, and  statistics  of  Canada,  and  in  1832 
the  '•  Topographical  Dictionary  of  Lower  Canada." 
BOUCICAULT,  Dion,  British  dramatist,  b.  in 
Dublin,  Ireland,  20  Dec,  1822;  d.  in  New  York 
city,  18  Sept.,  1890.  Boucicault  was  educated  for 
a  civil  engineer  under  his  guardian.  Dr.  Dionysius 
Lardner,  of  the  university  of  London,  but  devoted 
himself  to  the  drama.  In  March,  1841,  he  pro- 
duced the  comedy  "  London  Assurance,"  which 
was  brought  out  in  Covent  Garden  theati'e,  and 
met  with  great  success.  He  married  Agnes  Rob- 
ertson, and  in  September,  1853,  came  to  the  United 
States,  delivered  lectures  in  New  York,  and  then 
returned  to  the  stage.  In  1860  he  went  to  London 
and  brought  out,  at  the  Adelphi  theatre,  his  fa- 
mous Irish  play  of  "  Colleen  Bawn,"  founded  on 
Gerald  Griffin's  novel  of  "  The  Collegians."  In  1861 
was  produced,  in  the  same  theatre,  a  drama  illus- 
trating the  evils  of  American  slavery,  called  "  The 
Octoroon."  After  that  he  wrote,  in  rapid  succes- 
sion, more  than  100  dramas,  some  of  them  original, 
and  others  adaptations  from  the  French.  In  1862 
he  brouglit  out  "  Dot "  and  "  Tlie  Relief  of  Luck- 
now  " ;  in  1863,  '•  The  Trial  of  Effie  Deans  " ;  in 
1864,  '*  The  Streets  of  London  "  ;  in  I860,  "  Arrah- 
Na-Pogue,"  "  Rip  Van  Winkle,"  which  was  ren- 
dered famous  by  the  acting  of  Joseph  Jefferson, 
.and  •'  The  Parish  Clerk,"  which  last  piece  was 
written  for  Mr.  Jefferson:  in  1866,  "The  Plying 
Scud,"  "  Hunted  Down,"  and  *'  The  Long  Strike  "  ; 
in  1867,  "  How  She  Loves  Him  "  and  "  Foul  Play," 
the  latter  written  in  collaboration  with  Charles 
Reade;  in  1868,  "After  Dark";  in  1869,  "Lost  at 
Sea  "  and  "  Formosa  "  ;  in  1870,  "The  Rapparee," 
•or  the  "  Treaty  of  Limerick,"  and  "Jezebel";  in 
1872,  "  Babil  and  Bijou."  In  the  autumn  of  1874 
he  returned  to  the  United  States,  where,  since  1876, 
he  has  resided  most  of  the  time.  In  1873  he  pro- 
duced, at  Booth's  theatre.  New  York,  the  Irish 
play  of  "  Daddy  0' Do wd"  ;  at  Wallack's  theatre, 
"  Mora  "  and  "  Mimi,"  and  at  the  Union  square 
theatre,  "  Led  Astray."  In  December,  1873,  he 
■opened  the  New  Park  theatre  in  partnership  with 
William  Stuart.  During  his  former  residence  in 
the  United  States  he  had  established  a  theatre  in 
Washington  in  1858,  and  reconstructed  the  Metro- 
politan theatre  in  New  York,  changed  it  into  the 
Winter  Garden  in  1859,  and  in  1862,  after  his  re- 
turn to  England,  he  built  over  Astley's  theatre 
a.nd  altered  its  name  to  the  Westminster,  a  specula- 
tion that  proved  a  failure.  Of  his  other  plays  the 
best-known  are  "  Janet's  Pride  "  ;  "  Louis  XI.  "  ; 
"  Faust  and  Marguerite  "  ;  "  Paul  Lafarge  "  (1870) ; 
"  A  Dark  Nighf's  Work  "  (1870) ;  "  The"  Dead  Se- 
cret" (1878);  "Andy  Blake,"  and  "The  Shau- 
ghrann."  Mr.  Boucicault  excelled  as  a  dramatist 
in  brightness  of  dialogue,  dramatic  action,  and  the 


treatment  of  incidents.  His  melodramas  are  more 
natural  than  those  that  preceded  them.  He  ele- 
vated and  improved  the  character  of  the  Irish 
drama.  The  plots  of  his  plays  are  seldom  original ; 
but  in  the  drawing  of  character,  the  introduction 
and  handling  of  dramatic  incidents,  and  the  com- 
position of  scenes  of  pathos,  passion,  or  humor,  he 
displayed  originality,  knowledge  of  human  nature, 
and  dramatic  judgment.  He  has  elevated  the 
status  of  the  dramatic  author  by  insisting  on 
higher  rates  of  compensation  than  were  usual,  and 
by  making  the  play  itself  the  leading  attraction. 

BOUCK,  William  C,  governor  of  New  York, 
b.  in  Schoharie  co.,  N.  Y.,  in  1786;  d.  there,  19 
April,  1859.  After  filling  several  town  offices  he 
was  appointed  sheriff  of  the  county  in  1812.  was  a 
member  of  the  state  assembly  in  1813,  1815,  and 
1817,  state  senator  in  1820,  canal  commissioner 
from  1821  till  1840,  and  governor  of  the  state  from 
1843  till  1845.  He  was  a  member  of  the  state  con- 
stitutional convention  in  1846,  and  from  that  year 
till  1849  was  assistant  treasurer  in  New  York  city. 
His  last  ten  years  were  spent  on  his  farm. 

BOUDINOT,  Ellas,  philanthropist,  b.  in  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.,  2  May,  1740;  d.  in  Buriington,  N.  J., 
24  Oct..  1821.  His  great-grandfather,  Elias,  was  a 
French  Huguenot,  who  fled  to  this  country  after 
the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes.  After  re- 
ceiving a  classical  education,  he  studied  law  with 
Richard  Stockton,  and  became  eminent  in  his  pro- 
fession, practis- 
ing in  New  Jer- 
sey. He  was 
devoted  to  the 
patriot  cause, 
in  1777  appoint- 
ed commissary- 
general  of  pris- 
oners, and  in 
the  same  year 
elected  a  dele- 
gate to  con- 
gress from  New 
Jersey,  serving 
from  1778  till 
1779,  and  again 
from  1781'  till 
1784.  He  was 
chosen  presi- 
dent of  con- 
gress on  4  Nov., 
1782,  and  in 
that  capacity 
signed  the  trea- 
ty of  peace  with  England.  He  then  resumed  the 
practice  of  law,  but,  after  the  adoption  of  the 
constitution,  was  elected  to  the  1st,  2d,  and  3d 
congresses,  serving  from  4  March,  1789,  till  3 
March,  1795.  He  was  appointed  by  Washington 
in  1795  to  succeed  Rittenhouse  as  director  of  the 
mint  at  Philadelphia,  and  held  the  office  till  July, 
1805,  when  he  resigned,  and  passed  the  rest  of  his 
life  at  Burlington,  N.  J.,  devoted  to  the  study  of 
biblical  literature.  He  had  an  ample  fortune,  and 
gave  liberally.  He  was  a  trustee  of  Princeton  col- 
lege, and  in  1805  endowed  it  with  a  cabinet  of  nat- 
ural history,  valued  at  |3,000.  In  1812  he  was 
chosen  a  member  of  the  American  board  of  com- 
missioners for  foreign  missions,  to  which  he  gave 
£100  in  1813.  He  assisted  in  founding  the  Ameri- 
can Bible  society  in  1816,  was  its  first  president, 
and  gave  it  $10,000.  He  was  interested  in  at- 
tempts to  educate  the  Indians,  and  when  three 
Cherokee  youth  were  brought  to  the  foreign  mis- 
sion school  in  1818,  he  allowed  one  of  them  to  tak^ 


328 


BOUGAINVILLE 


BOUILLE 


his  name.  This  boy  became  afterward  a  man  of 
influence  in  his  tribe,  and  was  murdered  on  10 
June,  1889,  by  Indians  west  of  the  Mississippi.  Dr. 
Boudinot  was  also  interested  in  the  instruction  of 
deaf-mutes,  the  education  of  young  men  for  the 
ministry,  and  efforts  for  the  relief  of  the  poor.  He 
bequeathed  his  property  to  his  only  daughter,  Mrs. 
Bradford,  and  to  charitable  uses.  Among  his  be- 
quests were  one  of  $200  to  buy  spectacles  for  the 
aged  poor,  another  of  13,000  acres  of  land  to  the 
mayor  and  corporation  of  Philadelphia,  that  the 
poor  might  be  supplied  with  wood  at  low  prices, 
and  another  of  3,000  acres  to  the  Philadelphia  hos- 
pital for  the  benefit  of  foreigners.  Dr.  Boudinot 
published  "  The  Age  of  Revelation,"  a  reply  to 
Paine  (1790);  an  oration  before  the  Society  of  the 
Cincinnati  (1793);  "Second  Advent  of  the  Mes- 
siah" (Trenton,  1815);  and  "Star  in  the  West,  or 
An  Attempt  to  Discover  the  Long-lost  Tribes  of 
Israel"  (1816),  in  which  he  concurs  with  James 
Adair  in  the  opinion  that  the  Indians  are  the  lost 
tribes.  He  also  wrote,  in  "  The  Evangelical  Intel- 
ligencer" of  1806,  an  anonymous  memoir  of  the 
Rev.  William  Tennont,  D,  D. 

BOlKiJAlNVILLE,  Louis  Autoiue  de,  navi- 
gator, b.  in  Paris,  11  Nov.,  1739;  d.  31  April,  1814. 
He  studied  law  and  was  admitted  a  counsellor  of 
the  parliament  of  Paris.  He  was  proficient  in 
mathematics,  and  in  1753  published  a  work  on  the 
integral  calculus.  In  1754  he  became  an  aide-de- 
camp to  Gen.  Chevert,  and  later  was  secretary 
of  the  French  embassy  in  London,  and  wliile 
there  made  a  fellow  of  the  royal  society.  Subse- 
quently he  served  as  aide-de-camp  to  the  Marquis 
de  Montcalm,  in  Canada,  whence  he  was  sent  for 
re-enforcements  to  France,  in  1758,  and  there  made 
a  colonel  and  a  knight  of  St.  Louis.  He  re- 
turned to  Canada  in  1759,  and  distinguished  him- 
self at  the  capture  of  Quebec.  In  1761  he  was 
appointed  aide-de-camp  of  Choiseul  Stainville  in 
Germany,  and  in  1761  displayed  such  courage  in 
the  campaign  on  the  Rhine  that  he  received  from 
the  king  two  guns  he  had  taken  from  the  enemy. 
After  peace  had  been  declared,  he  engaged  in  the 
naval  service,  and  founded  a  colony  on  one  of  the 
Falkland  islands,  he  being  a  large  proprietor  joint- 
ly with  merchants  of  St.  Malo.  In  1766  this  colo- 
ny was  purchased  by  Spain  for  500,000  crowns, 
and  Bougainville  was  sent,  Nov.  15,  to  make  the 
final  transfer,  and  with  instructions  to  circumnavi- 
gate the  globe.  He  had  two  ships — the  "  Bou- 
deuse,"  26  guns  and  214  men,  and  the  "  Etoile,"  a 
store-ship — and  was  accompanied  by  Prince  Sie- 
ghen,  of  Nassau,  and  the  naturalist  Commercon, 
and  after  a  cruise  of  over  two  years,  during  which 
he  made  some  important  discoveries,  returned  to 
St.  Malo  in  March,  1769.  He  published  •'  Voyage 
autour  du  monde "  (2  vols.,  Paris,  1771),  which 
was  at  once  translated  into  English  and  subse- 
quently into  German.  In  1778,  when  France  took 
part  in  the  American  war,  Bougainville  command- 
ed ships  of  the  line,  and  gained  distinction  in  the 
engagements  between  the  British  and  the  French 
fleets.  In  1779  he  became  a  commodore,  and  in 
1780  a  field-marshal  in  the  army.  When  Admiral 
Rodney  defeated  De  Grasse,  12  April,  1782,  Bou- 
gainville commanded  the  "  Auguste,"  and,  though 
she  suffered  severely,  he  succeeded  in  maintaining 
her  position  in  line,  and  by  judicious  manoeuvring 
rescued  eight  sail  of  his  own  division,  which  he 
conducted  safely  to  St.  Eustatius.  He  attempted, 
without  avail,  to  allay  the  disturbance  in  Brest  in 
1790,  and  soon  afterward  retired  from  professional 
employment.  In  1796  he  was  elected  a  member  of 
.the  geographical  section  of  the  institute,  and  after- 


ward of  the  bureau  des  longitudes.  On  the  crea- 
tion of  the  senate  he  was  made  a  member  of  that 
body,  and  subsequently  he  was  created  a  count  of 
the  empire  by  Napoleon.  Bougainville  was  the 
author  of  "  Traite  du  calcul  integral "  (1752) ; 
"  Essai  historique  sur  les  navigations  anciennes  et 
modernes " ;  and  "  Notice  historique  sur  les  sau- 
vages  de  I'Amer.  du  Nord." 

BOUGHTON,  George  Henry,  artist,  b.  in  Nor- 
folk, England,  in  1836.  His  family  came  to  this 
country  about  1839,  and  he  passed  his  youth  in 
Albany,  N.  Y.  Here  he  entered  business,  but 
spent  his  spare  moments  in  making  pen-and-ink 
sketches.  From  this  time  he  continued  to  paint. 
In  1853  he  sold  several  of  his  pictures,  and,  with 
the  money  thus  obtained,  went  to  London  for 
study.  After  a  few  months  he  returned  to  Albany, 
and  subsequently  moved  to  New  York,  where  he 
remained  two  years,  and  soon  made  himself  known 
as  a  landscape  painter.  In  1858  he  exhibited  his 
first  picture  at  the  national  academy,  "  Winter 
Twilight."  Another  picture  produced  during  this 
period  was  "The  Lake  of  the  Dismal  Swamp." 
His  paintings  at  this  time  indicate  a  transiti(m 
from  landscape  to  genre,  and  to  fit  himself  for  tlie 
latter  he  studied  two  years  in  Paris.  In  1861  he 
removed  to  London,  where  he  has  since  passed  the 
greater  part  of  his  time,  contributing  annually  to 
the  exhibitions  of  the  royal  academy,  of  which  he 
is  an  associate.  He  has  also  exhibited  frequently 
at  the  national  academy  in  New  York,  and  was 
made  an  academician  in  1871.  His  works  are 
popular  and  meet  with  a  ready  sale.  They  are 
marked  by  simplicity,  tenderness,  and  subdued, 
but  not  weak,  coloring.  He  excels  in  delineating 
Puritan  life  in  New  England.  Among  his  pictures 
on  American  subjects  are  "  The  Scarlet  Letter," 
"Return  of  the  Mayflower,"  "Puritans  Going  to 
Church,"  and  "  Rose  Standish."  He  has  also  been 
successful  in  painting  pictures  of  French  peasant- 
life,  as  "  Passing  into  the  Shade  "  (1863) ;  "  A  Bre- 
ton Haymaker"  (Royal  academy,  1864);  "Wayside 
Devotion"  (1867);  "Breton  Pastoral"  (1869); 
"  Coming  from  Church,"  "  Cold  Without,"  and 
"  Morning  Prayer."  To  the  American  fine-art  de- 
partment at  the  Philadelphia  exhibition  of  1876 
he  sent,  among  other  paintings,  "  Normandy  Girl 
in  a  Shower,"  "  By  the  Sea,"  and  "  Going  to  Seek 
his  Fortune  " ;  and  to  the  British  department  at 
Paris,  in  1878,  "  Snow  in  Spring  "  and  "  A  Surrey 
Pastoral."  Among  his  other  works  are  the  "Can- 
terbury Pilgrims  "  (1874) ;  "  A  Ruffling  Breeze  " 
(1877) ;  the  "  Waning  of  the  Honeymoon  "  (1878) ;. 
and  "  The  Idyl  of  the  Birds,"  a  composition  in 
three  parts.  "The  Testy  Governor "  (1877)  is  in 
the  Corcoran  gallery  at  Washington,  D.  C.  Mr. 
Boughton  has  been  especially  successful  in  paint- 
ing female  figures. 

BOUILLE^  Francois  Claude  Amour,  Marquis 
de,  French  soldier,  b.  in  Auvergne,  19  Nov.,  1739; 
d.  in  London,  14  Nov.,  1800.  He  entered  the  army 
at  an  early  age,  and  distinguished  himself  in  the 
seven-years'  war.  He  was  governor  of  Guadaloupe 
in  1768-71,  and  in  1777-83  governor  of  Marti- 
nique, and  during  the  American  war,  while  defend- 
ing the  French  Antilles  against  the  British,  he  also 
succeeded  in  conquering  Dominica,  St.  Eustatius, 
Tobago,  St.  Christopher,  Nevis,  Montserrat,  Saint 
Mai'tin,  and  Suba.  He  returned  to  Paris,  and  was 
made  a  lieutenant-general  and  sitbsequently  chief 
of  the  province  of  Trois-Eveches.  He  supported 
the  proposed  reforms  of  Calonne  in  the  assembly 
of  notables,  of  which  he  was  made  a  member  by 
Louis  XVI.,  and  displayed  courage  and  talent  in 
suppressing  the  revolt  of  the  garrisons  of  Metz  and 


BOULBON 


BOURGEOIS 


329 


Nancy.  In  1790  he  was  made  commander-in-chief 
of  the  army  of  the  Meuse,  the  Saar,  and  the  Mo- 
selle. He  was  a  devoted  royalist,  and  promoted 
the  escape  of  Louis  XVI.  from  Paris,  which  project 
would  probably  have  succeeded  but  for  the  king's 
prohibition  of  bloodshed.  On  its  failure,  by  the 
arrest  of  the  king  at  Varennes,  Bouille  went  to 
Russia  to  invoke  assistance  of  the  Empress  Cath- 
erine, who  promised  him  an  army  of  30,000  men 
with  which  to  invade  France,  but  her  promise  was 
never  fulfilled.  He  enlisted  under  the  banners  of 
Conde,  after  serving  for  a  time  under  Gustavus 
III.  of  Sweden,  and  went  to  England  in  1796. 
There  he  wrote  his  "  Memoirs  of  the  Revolution  " 
(London,  1797 ;  German  ed.,  1798  ;  French,  1801). 

BOULBON,  or  RAOUSSET-BOULBON,  Gas- 
ton Raoiilx,  C'omte  de,  French  adventurer,  b.  in 
Avignon  in  1817;  d.  near  Guayamas,  12  Aug.,  1854. 
Having  squandered  his  estates,  he  went  in  1853  to 
California,  and  there  induced  other  adventiirers  to 
join  him  in  an  expedition  to  Sonora.  The  Mexi- 
cans, who  opposed  his  designs  upon  the  gold  mines, 
were  beaten  back  at  the  point  of  the  bayonet. 
Flushed  with  victoiy,  he  then  rallied  round  him 
500  men,  and  seizing  Arispe,  the  capital  of  Sonora, 
proclaimed  a  republic.  He  was  defeated  by  the 
Mexicans  on  4  Jan.,  1853 ;  then  returned  to  Cali- 
fornia, where  he  planned  a  new  expedition  in  April, 
1854,  and,  returning  to  Sonora,  was  defeated  by 
the  Mexicans  on  13  July,  was  captured,  and  on  12 
Aug.  was  executed.  An  account  of  his  life  was 
published  by  Jules  de  la  Madelene  (Paris,  1855). 

BOULKxNY,  Dominique,  senator,  b.  in  Louis- 
iana in  1773 ;  d.  in  New  Orleans,  La.,  5  March, 
1833.  He  received  a  public-school  education  and 
studied  law.  After  admission  to  the  bar  he  prac- 
tised in  New  Orleans,  and  subsequently  was  elect- 
ed U.  S.  senator,  succeeding  Henry  Johnson,  and 
serving  from  21  Dec,  1824,  until  3  March,  1829. 
Mr.  Bouligny  was  in  command  of  a  regiment  dur- 
ing 1795. —  His  nephew,  John  Edward,  congress- 
man, b.  in  New  Orleans,  La.,  17  Feb.,  1824 ;  d.  in 
Washington,  D.  C,  20  Feb.,  1864.  He  received  a 
public-school  education,  studied  law,  was  admitted 
to  the  bar,  and  began  practice  in  New  Orleans, 
where  he  afterward  held  several  important  offices. 
.Subsequently  he  was  elected  to  congress  as  a  "  na- 
tional American,"  serving  from  5  Dec,  1859,  till  3 
March,  1861.  Mr.  Bouligny  was  opposed  to  the 
doctrine  of  secession,  and  was  the  only  representa- 
tive from  a  seceding  state  who  did  not  leave  his 
seat.  During  the  civil  war  he  remained  in  the 
north,  dving  in  Washington  before  its  close. 

BOUQUET,  Henry,  British  soldier,  b.  in  Rolle, 
Switzerland,  in  1719  ;  d.  in  Pensacola,  Fla.,  in  Feb- 
ruary, 1706.  He  first  entered  the  Dutch  service, 
afterward  that  of  Sardinia,  and  in  1748  was  again 
in  the  service  of  Holland,  as  lieutenant-colonel  of 
Swiss  guards.  He  entered  the  English  army  with 
the  same  rank  in  1756,  became  colonel  of  the  60th 
foot  19  Feb.,  1702,  and  brigadier-general  in  1765. 
He  co-operated  with  Gen.  Forbes  in  the  expedi- 
tion Pogainst  Fort  Duquesne  in  1758,  and  it  was 
by  his  advice  that  the  army  constructed  a  new 
road  through  Pennsylvania,  instead  of  using  the 
old  one  made  by  Braddock,  and  approved  by  Wash- 
ington. On  12  Oct.,  Bouquet  was  attacked  by  a 
body  of  French  and  Indians  at  Loyal  Hanna,  but 
repelled  them,  and  was  present  at  the  capture  of 
the  fort  on  24  Nov.  In  1763  Bouquet,  then  in 
command  at  Philadelphia,  was  ordered  to  the  re- 
lief of  the  same  fort,  then  called  Fort  Pitt  (now 
Pittsburg).  He  set  out  with  500  men,  mostly 
Highlanders,  and  foimd  the  frontier  settlements 
in  a  state  of  terror,  many  of  the  inhabitants  fiee- 

TOL.   I.— 22 


ing  eastward  to  escape  the  fate  of  their  neighbors, 
who  had  been  murdered  by  savages.  The  expedi- 
tion relieved  Forts  Ligonier  and  Bedford,  and  by 
noon  of  5  Aug.  had  nearly  reached  Bushy  Run,  a 
small  stream  on  which  Bouquet  intended  to  camp. 
Suddenly  a  furious  attack  was  made  by  Indians  on 
the  advance  guard.  Re-enforcements  were  sent 
forward,  the  cattle  and  baggage-trains  parked, 
and  a  firm  stand  made  against  the  assailants,  who 
appeared  on  all  sides  in  increased  numbers,  and 
the  plunging  of  400  frightened  and  wounded 
horses,  in  the  square,  added  to  the  confusion. 
The  contest  continued  until  night  and  was  re- 
newed on  the  following  morning.  The  troops 
were  on  a  hill  where  no  water  could  be  obtained, 
and  Bouquet,  seeing  that  a  change  of  plan  was 
necessary,  feigned  retreat  to  bring  the  enemy  to- 
gether in  a  compact  body.  The  ruse  was  success- 
ful ;  the  Indians,  seeing  that  the  advance  guard 
fell  back,  left  their  ambush  and  rushed  to  the  at- 
tack in  a  mass,  when  Bouquet's  men  easily  sur- 
rounded them  and,  by  volleys  of  musketry  and  a 
determined  bayonet-charge,  utterly  routed  them. 
Bouquet  lost  8  officers  and  115  men.  The  rest  of 
his  march  was  unmolested,  and  he  reached  Fort 
Pitt  with  supplies  four  days  later.  In  October, 
1764,  he  led  an  expedition  against  the  Ohio  In- 
dians and  compelled  the  Shawnees,  Delawares,  and 
other  tribes  to  make  peace  at  Tuscarawas.  An  ac- 
count of  the  expedition  by  William  Smith,  D.  D., 
was  published  in  Philadelphia  in  1765,  and  after- 
ward translated  into  French  (new  edition,  with 
preface  by  Francis  Parkman,  Cincinnati,  1885). 

BOURGADE,  P.,  R.  C.  bishop,  b.  in  France  in 
1845.  He  was  educated  in  the  college  of  Billom 
and  in  the  grand  seminaire  of  Puy-de-Dome.  The 
present  archbishop  of  Santa  Fe,  when  vicar-apos- 
tolic of  Arizona,  visited  France  in  search  of  mis- 
sionaries, and  young  Bourgade,  who  was  then  in 
deacon's  orders,  volunteered.  He  reached  Tucson 
in  1870,  and  in  the  same  year  was  ordained  and 
began  mission  work  at  Yuma.  His  devotion  to 
his  duties  enfeebled  his  constitution  so  much  that 
in  1873  he  was  obliged  to  return  to  France.  He 
resumed  his  ecclesiastical  labors  in  the  United 
States  in  1875,  and  during  the  next  six  years  was 
pastor  at  San  Elzaario,  Texas.  He  then  went  to 
Silver  City,  Colorado,  and  in  1885  was  consecrated 
vicar-apostolic  of  Arizona,  with  the  titular  rank  of 
bishop  of  Taumaco. 

BOURGEOIS,  Sister  Margaret,  b.  in  Troyes, 
France,  in  1620 ;  d.  in  Montreal,  Canada,  in  1700. 
Although  her  parents  were  poor,  she  received  a 
good  education.  She  lost  her  mother  at  an  early 
age,  and  was  obliged  to  take  charge  of  her  father's 
household.  When  her  brothers  and  sisters  were 
settled,  she  applied  for  admission  into  the  Carme- 
lite order,  but  was  refused,  and  a  similar  refusal 
attended  her  petition  to  be  received  among  the 
'*  Poor  Clares  "  of  her  native  city.  She  accompa- 
nied M.  de  Maisonneuve  to  Canada  in  1653,  and 
after  a  perilous  voyage  landed  at  Quebec  and  set 
out  for  Montreal,  where  she  opened  a  school.  Re- 
turning to  France  in  1658,  she  secured  several 
zealous  assistants,  and  obtained  ecclesiastical  per- 
mission to  form  them  into  a  religious  society,  which 
received  the  name  of  the  congregation  of  Notre 
Dame.  She  again  returned  to  France  to  obtain 
letters-patent  from  Louis  XIV,  for  the  confirma- 
tion of  her  institute,  and  the  French  monarch 
granted  her  request,  accompanied  with  promises  of 
protection.  In  1672  she  returned  to  Montreal,  and 
enthusiastically  set  to  work  to  perfect  her  insti- 
tute. Although  she  founded  many  prosperous 
missions,  she  did  not  obtain  a  confirmation  of  the 


330 


BOURGET 


BOURNE 


rules  of  her  order  till  1689,  two  years  before  her 
death.  The  bishop  of  Quebec  hesitated  many 
years  before  he  could  determine  on  giving  his  final 
approbation ;  but  he  yielded  at  last,  having  become 
persuaded  that  Sister  Bourgeois  was  a  saint.  For 
twenty  years  she  had  begged  her  sisters  to  elect 
another  superioress  in  her  place ;  her  resignation 
was  finally  accepted  in  1693,  and  for  the  rest  of 
her  life  she  performed  the  humblest  ofiices  in  the 
convent  she  had  founded. 

BOURCtET,  Ig'uatiiis,  Canadian  bishop,  b.  in 
Point  Levis,  Quebec,  30  Oct.,  1799  ;  d.  in  Sault  aux 
RecoUet,  near  Montreal,  8  June,  1885.  He  went 
to  Montreal  in  1821,  and  was  ordained  9  Nov., 
1822,  by  Bishop  Lartique,  first  Roman  Catholic 
bishop  of  that  diocese.  This  prelate,  struck  by 
Bourget's  abilities,  appointed  him  his  secretary.  In 
1836  he  was  named  vicar-general  of  Montreal,  and 
on  25  July,  1837,  was  created  coadjutor  bishop  of 
the  diocoso,  lieing  consecrated  bishop  of  Telmessa, 
in  pavtihu^  ill ful ilium.  He  succeeded  Mgr.  Lar- 
tique as  bishop  of  jMontreal  on  the  latter's  death 
in  1840,  and  in  1876  resigned,  to  become,  on  10 
July  of  that  year,  archbishop  of  Martianopolis,  in 
parfibus.  A  history  of  his  work  would  be  a  record 
of  the  progress  made  by  the  French  people  in  that 
part  of  Canada  during  the  past  fifty  years.  In 
1838  he  established  the  society  for  the  propagation 
of  the  faith.  He  created  in  1840  the  first  cathe- 
dral chapter  of  Montreal.  The  arch-confraternity 
of  Mary  Immaculate,  a  charitable  association  that 
has  since  spread  over  North  America,  was  founded 
by  him  in  1844.  Previous  to  this  he  had  intro- 
duced the  Jesuit  and  Oblate  orders,  and  placed 
them  in  charge  of  colleges  he  had  erected.  He  or- 
ganized the  first  temperance  society  in  Canada. 
In  1844  he  established  the  asylum  of  providence 
for  the  aged,  and  also  several  houses  of  the  ladies 
of  charity ;  and  in  the  same  year  he  founded  the 
community  of  nuns  of  "  Our  Lady  of  Charity  of  the 
Good  Shepherd,"  which  has  three  houses  in  Mon- 
treal. In  1847  he  founded  four  religious  orders : 
the  priests  of  the  congregation  of  holy-cross,  who 
have  three  colleges  in  Canada ;  the  Josephist  broth- 
ers ;  the  clerks  of  St.  Viateur ;  and  the  Marianist 
nuns,  who  direct  several  colleges  and  schools  in 
Canada.  A  society  for  helping  servant-girls,  an 
asylum  for  Irish  orphans,  and  the  hospice  of  the 
holy  child  Jesus,  for  the  education  of  the  deaf  and 
dumb,  were  among  the  charitable  works  that  he 
originated  between  1846  and  1850.  In  1864  he 
erected  another  immense  institution  for  the  deaf 
and  dumb  in  the  rue  St.  Denis,  and  in  1874  found- 
ed the  celebrated  asylum  of  St.  John  of  God,  for 
the  care  of  the  insane.  The  same  year  witnessed 
the  establishment  through  his  agency  of  the  Catho- 
lic union,  and  the  school  of  medicine  and  surgery 
of  Montreal,  Archbishop  Bourget  was  the  recog- 
nized leader  of  the  ultramontane  party  in  Canada, 
and  was  a  prolific  writer,  his  best-known  work, 
which  is  accepted  as  a  standard,  being  "  Le  cere- 
moniae  des  eveques,  commente  et  explique,  par  le 
usages  et  les  traditions  de  I'eglise  Romaine." 

BOURINOT,  John  George,  Canadian  author, 
b.  in  Sydney,  Nova  Scotia,  24  Oct.,  1837.  He  was 
educated  first  by  a  tutor  at  Sydney,  and  subse- 
quently at  Trinity  college,  Toronto.  After  leav- 
ing college  he  became  a  journalist,  subsequently 
studied  law  for  a  short  time,  and  in  1860  estab- 
lished the  Halifax  "  Reporter,"  of  which  he  was 
chief  editor  for  several  years.  From  1861  till  the 
year  of  confederation,  1867,  he  was  chief  oificial  re- 
porter to  the  Nova  Scotia  assembly,  and,  after  pass- 
ing through  various  subordinate  grades,  he  was 
appointed  chief  clerk  of  the  dominion  house  of 


commons  on  18  Dec,  1880.  He  has  contribut- 
ed largely  to  British  and  American  periodicals, 
and  has  published  "  The  Intellectual  Development 
of  the  Canadian  People  "  and  •'  The  Practice  and 
Procedure  of  Parliament,  with  a  Review  of  the 
Origin  and  Growth  of  Parliamentary  Institutions 
in  the  Dominion  of  Canada."  Mr.  Bourinot  is 
honorary  secretary  of  the  royal  society  of  Canada, 
fellow  of  the  statistical  society  of  London,  and 
honorary  corresponding  secretary  of  the  royal  colo- 
nial institute. 

BOURLAMARQUE,  M.  de,  French  soldier,  d. 
in  July,  1764.  He  was  governor  of  the  island  of 
Guadaloupe,  and  accompanied  Montcalm  to  Cana- 
da in  May,  1756,  as  colonel  of  engineers.  He  con- 
trolled the  operations  at  the  capture  of  Forts  Oswe- 
go and  George,  where  he  was  wounded,  14  Aug., 
1756..  He  directed  the  siege  of  Fort  William 
Henry,  commanded  the  left  column,  and  risked 
his  life  to  save  the  English  from  massacre  after 
the  capitulation.  On  9  July,  1757,  he  commanded 
the  left  of  the  defences  of  Ticonderoga  against  the 
assault  of  Gen.  Abercrombie,  and  was  dangerously 
wounded.  He  was  promoted  to  brigadier-general, 
19  Feb.,  1759,  and  was  in  command  at  Ticonderoga, 
which  he  blew  up  and  abandoned  in  July,  1759. 
He  then  retired  to  Isle  aux  Noix,  in  Richelieu  river, 
and  distinguished  himself,  and  was  again  wounded 
in  the  battle  of  Sillery,  28  April,  1760.  He  re- 
turned to  France  after  the  close  of  the  war,  and  on 
1  Aug.,  1762,  addressed  a  memoir  on  Canada  to 
the  French  government. 

BOURNE,  Edward  Emerson,  jurist,  b.  in 
Kennebunk,  Me.,  19  March,  1797 ;  d.  there,  23  Sept., 
1873.  He  was  graduated  at  Bowdoin  in  1816,  and, 
after  studying  law  at  home  and  in  Philadelphia, 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1819.  He  first  prac- 
tised his  profession  in  Albion,  but  returned  to 
Kennebunk,  where,  with  the  exception  of  a  brief 
residence  in  York,  he  continued  to  the  close  of  his 
life.  He  was  first  selectman  of  the  town  from 
1828  till  1833,  and  represented  it  in  the  legislature 
from  1826  till  1831,  when,  dissatisfied  with  the 
policy  of  his  party,  he  declined  a  renomination 
and  "devoted  himself  to  his  profession,  delivering 
an  occasional  lecture.  He  was  state's  attorney  for 
York  CO.  in  1838  and  1841,  and  judge  of  the 
probate  court  from  1857  till  1872.  He  was  also 
for  several  years  president  of  the  Maine  historical 
society,  and  from  1866  till  his  death  was  a  trustee 
of  Bowdoin  college,  which  gave  him  the  degree  of 
LL.  D.  in  1872.  Judge  Bourne  was  the  father  of 
Lizzie  Bourne,  whose  death  in  an  attempt  to  as- 
cend Mount  Washington  with  him  on  14  Sept., 
1855,  has  made  her  name  familiar.  Besides  con- 
tributing to  the  transactions  of  the  state  historical 
society,  and  to  various  periodicals,  he  published 
an  historical  discourse,  delivered  at  Bath,  Me.,  on 
the  257th  anniversary  of  the  Topsham  settlement, 
and  wrote  an  extensive  history  of  the  towns  of 
Wells  and  Kennebunk,  which  was  published  by 
his  son  (1875).  See  a  sketch  of  his  life  by  E.  B. 
Smith  in  the  "  New  England  Historical  and  Genea- 
logical Register  "  (vol.  xxviii.). 

BOURNE,  (Jeorg'e,  author,  b.  in  England  about 
1780 ;  d.  in  New  York  city  in  1845.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  his  native  country,  emigrated  to  the- 
United  States,  and  became  a  minister  of  the  re- 
formed Dutch  church  in  1833.  He  held  no  pastor- 
ate, but  engaged  in  literary  work  in  New  York 
city.  He  was  an  ardent  and  learned  controversial- 
ist, and  wrote  works  on  Romanism  and  slavery. 

BOURNE,  Neheniiah,  British  admiral,  b.  in 
London  about  1611:  d.  there  in  1691.  He  was  a 
son  of  Robert  Bourne,  a  Wapping  shipwright.    Ne- 


BOURNE 


BOUTWELL 


331 


hemiah  came  to  New  England  in  1638,  and  settled 
as  a  ship-builder  first  in  C'harlestown  and  afterward 
in  Dorchester,  Mass.  He  became  a  freeman  of 
Boston,  3  June,  1641,  and  in  the  same  year  finished 
the  "  Trial,"  the  first  vessel  built  there.  In  1644-'5 
he  was  a  major  in  the  parliamentary  army,  but 
returned  to  this  country  in  June,  1645,  and  on  12 
Aug.  was  appointed  sergeant-major  of  the  Sufliolk 
regiment.  He  returned  to  England  in  December, 
1646,  and  commanded  the  "  Speaker,"  a  ship  of 
the  second  rate.  In  September,  1651,  he  carried 
to  London  the  Scottish  records  and  regalia  taken 
in  Stirling  castle,  and  for  his  services  was  given  a 
gold  medal  valued  at  £60.  In  May,  1652,  he  was 
captain  of  the  "  Andrew "  and  senior  officer  of 
the  Downs,  and  commanded  the  division  in  the 
fleet  that  had  so  important  a  share  in  the  battle  of 
19  May,  1652,  with  the  Dutch.  Without  knowledge 
of  the  battle  the  council  had  already  made  Bourne 
a  rear  admiral,  and  he  commanded  in  the  third 
post  in  the  battle  of  28  Sept.,  when  his  ship  was 
"  very  much  maimed."  He  was  appointed,  in  the 
latter  part  of  1B52,  to  superintend  the  equipment 
and  manning  of  fleets,  and  continued  in  this  office 
until  the  end  of  the  protectorate.  After  the  res- 
toration he  received  a  pass  permitting  him  "to 
transport  himself  and  family  into  any  of  the  plan- 
tations," and  passed  several  years  in  exile. 

BOURNE,  Richard,  missionary,  b.  in  England ; 
d.  in  Sandwich,  Mass.,  in  1682.  He  was  one  of  the 
first  settlers  at  Sandwich,  and,  as  there  was  no 
minister  there,  took  charge  of  the  religious  services 
until  the  settlement  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Smith.  Bourne 
then  resolved  to  devote  himself  to  the  conversion 
of  the  Indians,  and  went  to  Marshpee  as  early  as 
1658,  where  he  is  spoken  of  as  assisting  in  the  set- 
tlement of  a  boundary  between  the  property  of  the 
Indians  and  that  of  the  settlers  at  Barnstable.  He 
acquired  a  knowledge  of  the  Indian  tongue,  and 
on  17  Aug.,  1670,  was  ordained  pastor  of  an  Indian 
church  at  Mai-shpee,  consisting  of  his  converts,  the 
ceremony  being  performed  by  the  celebrated  "  apos- 
tle to  tlie  Indians,"  John  Eliot.  In  1660  he  ob- 
tained at  his  own  expense  a  deed  securing  to  those 
under  his  charge  the  possession  of  Marshpee.  His 
son  Shearjashub,  his  grandson  Ezra,  and  his  great- 
grandson  Joseph,  had  charge  after  him  of  the  set- 
tlement at  Marshpee. — His  great-great-grandson, 
Benjamin,  jurist,  b.  in  Bristol,  R.  I.,  9  Sept., 
1755*;  d.  17  Sept.,  1808,  was  graduated  at  Har- 
vard in  1775,  studied  law,  and  practised  in  Provi- 
dence, R.  I.,  where  he  filled  several  public  offices. 
He  was  quartermaster  of  the  2d  Rhode  Island 
regiment  in  1776,  and  in  1789  was  a  member  of 
a  committee  sent  to  the  continental  congress  with 
a  petition  from  Rhode  Island.  He  was  often  a 
member  of  the  state  legislature,  and  was  elected 
the  first  representative  to  congress  from  Rhode 
Island  after  the  adoption  of  the  constitution.  He 
was  re-elected  three  times  successively,  serving  from 
17  Dec,  1790,  till  1796,  when  he  resigned.  In  1801 
he  was  appointed  judge  of  the  U.  S.  district  court 
in  Rhode  Island. 

BOUSSINOAULT,  Jean  Baptiste  Joseph 
Dieudonne,  French  chemist,  b.  in  Paris,  2  Feb.. 
1802.^  He  was  educated  in  the  school  of  mines  at 
St.  Etienne,  and  sent  by  an  English  company  to 
work  mines  in  South  America.  In  the  Colombian 
war  for  independence  he  joined  the  patriot  army 
and  attained  the  rank  of  colonel  under  Bolivar. 
He  explored  the  region  between  Carthagena  and 
the  mouths  of  the  Orinoco,  as  well  as  other  parts 
of  Venezuela,  Pei'u,  and  Ecuador,  and  after  re- 
turning to  France  became  professor  of  chemistry 
and  published  important  works  on  rural  economy 


and  agricultural  chemistry,  containing  the  results 
of  experiments  on  the  value  of  manures  and  on 
fattening  cattle. 

BOUTELLE,  De  Witt  Clinton,  artist,  b.  in 
Troy,  N.  Y.,  6  April,  1820 ;  d.  5  Nov.,  1884.  Al- 
though a  self-taught  artist,  he  came  early  under 
the  infiuence  of  Cole  and  Durand.  His  first  pic- 
ture, painted  in  1839,  was  sold  for  $5.  After  paint- 
ing in  New  York  and  Philadelphia  he  removed  his 
studio  to  Bethlehem,  Pa.,  where  he  lived  for  many 
years.  Among  his  works  are  "  Trout  Brook  Show- 
er "  (1851) ;  "  Morning  in  the  Valley  of  the  Batter- 
kill,"  which  has  been  engraved ;  "  Niagara,"  "  Ter- 
rapin Tower,  Niagara  "  ;  and  a  life-size  portrait  of 
Asa  Packer,  presented  by  his  sons  to  Lehigh  uni- 
versity. He  was  elected  an  associate  of  the  na- 
tional academy  in  1853,  and  member  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania academy  in  1862,  but  seldom  exhibited  in 
public.  He  was  a  close  student  of  nature,  and  a 
hard  and  conscientious  worker. 

BOUTON,  Nathaniel,  clergyman,  b.  in  Nor- 
walk,  Conn.,  29  June,  1797;  d.  in  Concord,  N.  H., 
6  June,  1878.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1821, 
and  at  Andover  theological  seminary  in  1824.  On 
May  23.  1825,  he  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  1st 
Congregational  church  in  Concord,  N.  H.  He  was 
president  of  the  New  Hampshire  historical  society 
from  1842  till  1844,  trustee  of  Dartmouth  college 
from  1840  till  1877,  secretary  of  the  board  of  trus- 
tees from  1845  till  1873,  and  president  of  the  New 
Hampshire  missionary  society  from  1852  till  1858, 
He  also  served  as  vice-president  of  the  American 
home  missionary  society  and  director  of  the  New 
Hampshire  Bible  society,  and  was  a  corporate  mem- 
ber of  the  New  England  historical  and  genealogi- 
cal society,  and  of  the  Maine,  the  Wisconsin,  and 
the  Pennsylvania  historical  societies.  In  1867  he 
gave  up  his  pastorate  and  became  editor  of  the 
provincial  records  of  the  state  of  New  Hampshire, 
receiving  the  honorary  appointment  of  state  his- 
torian. Besides  numerous  sermons,  addresses,  and 
articles  in  periodicals,  he  published  "  Help  to 
Prayer  "  (1832) ;  "  Sinners  Directed,"  abridged  from 
Baxter  (1832);  "History  of  Education  in  New 
Hampshire,"  a  discourse  (12  June,  1833) ;  "  Memoir 
of  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Macfarland"  (1839);  "The  Fa- 
thers of  the  New  Plampshire  Ministry,"  a  discourse 
(22  Aug.,  1848) ;  "  Historical  Discourse  on  the  200th 
Anniversary  of  the  Settlement  of  Norwalk,  Conn." 
(9  July,  1851) ;  "  History  of  Concord,  N.  H."  (1856) ; 
"  Collections  of  New  Hampshire  Historical  Socie- 
ty," vols.  vii.  and  viii.  (1850-'6) ;  an  annotated  edi- 
tion of  Rev.  Thomas  Symmes's  "  Account  of  Capt. 
John  Lovewell's  Great  Fight  with  the  Indians 
at  Pequawket,  May  8,  1725"  (1861);  "Discourse 
Commemorative  of  a  Forty  Years'  Ministry  "  (Con- 
cord, 23  March,  1865);  and  ten  volumes  of  the 
"  Provincial  Records." — His  son,  John  Bell,  au- 
thor, b.  in  Concord,  N.  H.,  15  March,  1830.  After 
he  was  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1849  he  studied 
law  and  became  editor  of  the  Cleveland  "  Plain- 
Dealer  "  in  1851.  He  removed  to  New  York  city  in 
1857,  and  became  one  of  the  editors  of  the  "  Jour- 
nal of  Commerce."  He  has  published  "  Loved  and 
Lost,"  a  series  of  essays  (1857) ;  "  Round  the  Block," 
a  novel  (1864) ;  "  Treasury  of  Travel  and  Adven- 
ture" (1865);  "Memoir  of  General  Bell"  (1865); 
and  "  Roundabout  to  Moscow  "  (1887). 

BOUTWELL,  Georg'e  Sewall,  statesman,  b.  in 
Brookline,  Mass.,  28  Jan.,  1818.  His  early  life  was 
spent  on  his  father's  farm  until,  in  1835,  he  be- 
came a  merchant's  clerk  in  Groton,  Mass.  He  was 
afterward  admitted  to  partnership,  and  remained 
in  business  there  until  1855.  In  1836  he  began  by 
himself  to  study  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar, 


832 


BOUTWELL 


BOVES 


but  did  not  enter  into  active  practice  for  many 
years.  He  also  began  a  course  of  reading,  by 
which  he  hoped  to  malie  up  for  his  want  of  a  col- 
lege education.  He  entered  politics  as  a  supporter 
of  Van  Buren  in  1840,  and  between  1842  and  1851 
was  seven  times  chosen  as  a  democrat  to  the  state 
legislature,  where  he  soon  became  recognized  as 
the  leader  of  his  party.  In  1844,  1846,  and  1848 
he  was  defeated  as  a  candidate  for  congress,  and  in 
1849  and  1850  he  was  the  democratic  nominee  for 
governor  with  no  better  success ;  but  he  was  final- 
ly elected  in  1851  and  again  in  1852  by  a  coalition 
with  the  free-soil  party.     In  1849-'50  he  was  state 

bank  commis- 
sioner ;  in  1853 
a  member  of 
the  state  con- 
stitutional con- 
vention. After 
the  repeal  of  the 
Missouri  com- 
promise in  1854 
he  assisted  in 
organizing  the 
republican  par- 
ty, with  which 
he  has  since  act- 
ed. In  1860  he 
was  a  member 
of  the  Chica- 
go convention 
which  nomi- 
nated Lincoln, 
and  in  Febru- 
ary, 1861,  was  a  delegate  to  the  Washington 
peace  conference.  President  Lincoln  invited  him 
to  organize  the  new  department  of  internal  reve- 
nue in  1862,  and  he  was  its  first  commissioner, 
serving  from  July,  1862,  till  March,  1863.  In  1862 
he  was  chosen  a  member  of  congress  from  Massa- 
chusetts, and  twice  re-elected.  In  February,  1868, 
he  made  a  speech  advocating  the  impeachment  of 
President  Johnson,  was  chosen  chairman  of  the 
committee  appointed  to  report  articles  of  impeach- 
ment, and  became  one  of  the  seven  managers  of 
the  trial.  In  March,  1869,  he  entered  President 
Grant's  cabinet  as  secretary  of  the  treasury,  where 
he  opposed  diminution  of  taxation  and  favored  a 
large  reduction  of  the  national  debt.  In  1870  con- 
gress, at  his  recommendation,  passed  an  act  pro- 
viding for  the  funding  of  the  national  debt  and 
authorizing  the  selling  of  certain  bonds,  but  not 
an  increase  of  the  debt.  Secretary  Boutwell  at- 
tempted to  do  this  by  means  of  a  syndicate,  but 
expended  more  than  half  of  one  per  cent.,  in  which 
he  was  accused  of  violating  the  law.  The  house 
committee  of  ways  and  means  afterward  absolved 
him  from  this  charge.  In  March,  1873,  he  resigned 
and  took  his  seat  as  a  U.  S.  senator  from  Massa- 
chusetts, having  been  chosen  to  fill  the  vacancy 
caused  by  the  election  of  Henry  Wilson  to  the  vice- 
presidency.  In  1877  he  was  appointed  by  Presi- 
dent Hayes  to  codify  and  edit  the  statutes  at  large. 
Mr.  Boutwell  was  for  six  years  an  overseer  of  Har- 
vard, and  for  five  years  secretary  of  the  Massachu- 
setts state  board  of  education,  preparing  the  elab- 
orate reports  of  that  body.  Pie  afterward  opened 
a  law  office  in  Washington,  D.  C.  He  is  the  au- 
thor of  "  Educational  Topics  and  Institutions " 
(Boston,  1859);  a  "Manual  of  the  United  States 
Direct  and  Revenue  Tax "  (1863) ;  "  Decisions  on 
the  Tax  Law"  (New  York,  1863);  "Tax-Payer's 
Manual "  (Boston,  1865) ;  a  volume  of  "  Speeches 
and  Papers  "  (1867) ;  and  "  Why  I  am  a  Republi- 
-can  "  (Hartford,  Conn.,  1884). 


BOUVE,  Thomas  Tracy,  merchant,  b.  in  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  14  Jan..  1815 ;  d.  in  Hinghara,  Mass.,  3 
June,  1896.  He  received  his  education  in  the  Bos- 
ton public  schools,  and  at  the  age  of  twelve  began 
his  business  career,  in  which  he  was  eminently  suc- 
cessful, and  amassed  a  large  fortune.  His  leisure 
was  devoted  to  the  study  of  natural  history,  and 
for  many  years  he  filled  the  offices  of  curator  and 
councillor  to  the  Boston  society  of  natural  history, 
becoming  its  president  in  1870,  and  continuing  as 
such  until  1880.  Mr.  Bouve  contributed  many 
scientific  papers  to  the  proceedings  of  that  society, 
and  was  the  author  of  a  "  History  of  the  Boston 
Society  of  Natural  History  for  the  First  Half  Cen- 
tury of  its  Existence,  ending  in  1880  "  (Boston). 

BOUVIER,  John,  jurist,  b.  in  Codogno,  Italy, 
in  1787;  d.  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  18  Nov.,  1851, 
His  family,  who  were  Quakers,  settled  in  Philadel- 
phia in  1802.  He  was  employed  for  several  years 
in  a  book-store,  and  then  went  to  Brownsville,  Pa., 
where  he  published  in  1814  a  newspaper  called  the 
"American  Telegraph."  He  afterward  studied 
law,  and  during  his  studies  made  a  complete  an- 
alysis of  Blackstone's  "  Commentaries."  He  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1818  at  Unionville,  Fayette 
CO.,  Pa.,  where  he  published,  from  April,  1818,  till 
July,  1820,  "  The  (jenius  of  Liberty  and  American 
Telegraph."  In  1823  he  began  practice  in  Phila- 
delphia, was  recorder  of  that  city  in  1836,  and  in 
1838  became  associate  judge  of  the  court  of  crimi- 
nal sessions.  He  published  a  "  Law  Dictionary 
adapted  to  the  Constitution  and  Laws  of  the 
United  States  of  America  "  (2  vols.,  Philadelphia, 
1839 ;  15th  ed.,  revised,  1886).  On  this  work  he  had 
spent  ten  years  of  labor,  and  it  was  highly  praised 
by  Chief  Justice  Story,  Judge  Greenleaf,  and  other 
noted  lawyers.  In  1841  he  began  a  new  edition  of 
Bacon's  "  Abridgment  of  the  Law,"  consisting  of 
ten  octavo  volumes,  and  finished  it  in  four  years. 
Two  months  before  his  death  he  published  his 
greatest  work,  the  "  Institutes  of  American  Law  " 
(4  vols.,  Philadelphia,  1851 ;  new  edition  by  D.  A. 
Gleason,  2  vols.,  1870).  This  is  a  compendium  of 
American  law,  based  on  Pothier's  system,  for  which 
Judge  Bouvier  had  a  great  admiration. 

BOYEE,  Christian  Nestell,  author,  b.  in  New 
York  city,  22  Feb.,  1820.  His  early  instruction 
was  obtained  at  private  schools,  and  included  some 
time  spent  under  the  teaching  of  Goold  Brown,  the 
grammarian.  He  served  for  six  years  in  a  flour 
store,  but  subsequently  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
and  followed  law  for  many  years  with  success, 
gaining  thereby  a  fortune,  which  in  later  years  was 
lost.  At  one  time  he  was  the  law  partner  of  Clark- 
son  N.  Potter,  and  later  was  associated  with  other 
firms.  He  was  associated  in  the  founding  of  the 
Athenaeum  club  of  New  York,  and  was  for  some 
time  in  its  management,  and  was  also  for  many 
years  a  regent  of  the  Long  Island  College  Hospital. 
He  devoted  his  leisure  to  literature,  and  has  pub- 
lished "  Thoughts,  Feelings,  and  Fancies  "  (New 
York,  1857),  and  "  Intuitions  and  Summaries  of 
Thought "  (Boston,  1862).  Many  of  his  epigram- 
matic sayings,  extracted  from  these  volumes,  have 
had  a  wide  circulation.  "  Thoughts  and  Events," 
a  paper  for  the  poorer  classes,  was  edited  by  him 
during  its  short-lived  career. 

BOVES,  Jos6  Tomsis  (bo'-vess),  Spanish-Ameri- 
can adventure)',  V).  in  Spain ;  d.  at  Urica,  Vene- 
zuela, 5  Dec,  1814.  While  employed  as  a  naval 
officer  on  the  northern  coast  of  South  America 
he  was  tried  and  imprisoned  for  bribery.  After 
his  release  he  acted  with  the  revolutionists  on  the 
outbreak  of  the  war  of  independence  in  Venezuela, 
but  subsequently  joined  the  royalists  and  served 


BOWDEN 


BOWDITCH 


333 


as  captain  under  Cagigal,  after  whose  defeat  he 
took  up  a  position  at  El  Calabozo,  and  with  500 
men  defeated  Mariiio.  dictator  of  the  eastern  prov- 
inces. His  band  being  increased  by  vagabonds 
and  fugitives  from  justice,  he  worsted  the  inde- 
pendents twice,  slaughtered  all  his  prisoners,  and 
gained  for  his  force  the  name  of  the  infernal  di- 
vision. He  was  routed  by  Rivas,  when  many  of 
his  men  were  captured  and  put  to  death ;  but  in 
1814  he  defeated  Bolivar  and  Marino  at  La  Puerta, 
and  captured  Valencia  after  a  blockade,  and,  in 
violation  of  a  solemn  pledge,  ordered  the  republi- 
can officers  and  many  of  the  soldiers  to  be  shot. 
Boves,  co-operating  with  Morales,  was  again  victo- 
rious at  Angiiita,  obliged  Bolivar  to  retreat  to  Car- 
tagena, and  entered  Caracas.  He  fell  in  the  bat- 
tle of  Urica,  and  was  buried  while  his  victorious 
troops  were  massacring  their  captives. 

BOWDEN,  John,  clergvman,  b.  in  Ireland,  7 
Jan.,  1751 ;  d.  in  Ballston  Spa,  N.  Y.,  31  July,  1817. 
He  came  to  America  early  in  life,  studied  at  Prince- 
ton for  two  years,  returned  to  Ireland  with  his 
father  (who  was  in  the  army),  and  came  back  to 
America  in  1770.  He  was  graduated  at  King's 
college  in  1772,  studied  for  orders,  went  to  Eng- 
land, and  was  ordained  in  London  in  1774,  and  on 
coming  back  to  New  York  the  same  year  was  ap- 
pointed an  assistant  minister  in  Trinity  church. 
At  the  beginning  of  the  revolution  he  retired  to 
Norwalk,  Conn.  While  here  he  was  warned  by 
some  patriots  of  that  place  to  leave  the  town,  and, 
escaping  to  Long  Island  in  a  boat,  he  returned  to 
New  York,  then  occupied  by  the  British.  Trouble 
with  his  voice  prevented  his  resuming  his  charge 
in  that  city,  so  he  removed  to  Jamaica,  L.  I., 
where  he  officiated  occasionally.  In  December, 
1784,  he  accepted  the  rectorship  of  the  church  in 
Norwalk,  and  in  1789  went  to  St.  Croix,  W.  I. 
Not  obtaining  the  benefit  to  his  health  which  he 
sought,  he  returned  in  about  two  years  and  settled 
at  Stratford,  Conn.  Soon  afterward  he  took  charge 
of  the  Episcopal  academy  at  Cheshire,  Conn.,  and 
held  that  place  for  six  years.  In  October,  1796,  he 
was  unanimously  chosen  bishop  of  Connecticut, 
but,  on  account  of  physical  disability,  he  declined 
undertaking  so  arduous  a  work.  In  April,  1802, 
he  became  professor  of  moral  philosophy,  belles- 
lettres,  and  logic  in  Columbia  college,  the  duties 
of  which  chair  he  discharged  during  the  remainder 
of  his  life.  He  received  the  degree  of  S.  T.  D.  from 
Columbia  in  1797.  Dr.  Bowden's  works  include 
two  letters  to  Ezra  Stiles,  president  of  Yale  col- 
lege, "  Concerning  Church  Government"  (1788),  and 
"  An  Address  to  the  Episcopal  Church  in  Strat- 
ford "  (1792),  successfully  urging  the  adoption  of 
the  altered  "  Book  of  Common  Prayer,"  to  which 
the  rector  of  Stratford,  Rev.  James  Sayre,  was  vio- 
lently opposed.  He  was  also  the  author  of  '*  A 
FuU-Length  Portrait  of  Calvinism,"  "  The  Essen- 
tials of  Ordination,"  "  The  Apostolic  Origin  of 
Episcopacy  "  (2  vols.,  New  York,  1808),  "  Observa- 
tions on  the  Catholic  Controversy,"  and  other  con- 
troversial letters  and  writings. 

BOWDEN,  Lemuel  Jackson,  senator,  b.  in 
Williamsburg,  Va.,  16  Jan.,  1815;  d.  in  Washing- 
ton, D.  C,  2  Jan.,  1864.  He  was  gi'aduated  at 
William  and  Mary,  was  admitted  to  the  Virginia 
bar,  and  became  prominent  in  his  profession.  He 
was  three  times  chosen  to  the  state  legislature,  was 
a  member  of  the  state  constitutional  conventions 
of  1849  and  1851,  and  was  a  presidential  elector  in 
18G0.  When  the  civil  war  began  he  remained  true 
to  the  union,  and  in  the  early  part  of  the  war  his 
estate  suffered  much  at  the  hands  of  the  confeder- 
ate army.    When  the  national  troops  were  at  Will- 


iamsburg he  did  a  great  deal  for  their  comfort, 
and  when  a  state  government  was  oi'ganized  for 
eastern  Virginia,  in  1863,  Mr.  Bowden  was  chosen 
U.  S.  senator. 

BOWDITCH,  Nathaniel,  mathematician,  b.  in 
Salem,  Mass.,  26  March,  1773 ;  d.  in  Boston,  Mass., 
16  March,  1838.  When  only  ten  years  old  he  left 
school  to  work  in  the  shop  of  his  father,  who  was 
a  cooper,  and  soon  afterward  he  became  clerk  in  a 
ship-chandlery.  In  his  school-days  he  had  shown 
aptness  for  mathematics,  and  now,  in  the  intervals 
of  work,  he  continued  his  studies.  After  master- 
ing arithmetic  and  elementary  algebra  he  was 
taught  the  elements  of  navigation  by  a  retired 
sailor.  Wishing  to  read  the  "  Principia  "  of  New- 
ton, he  began  in  1790  to  study  Latin  without  an 
instructor.  He  afterward  learned  to  read  French 
for  a  similar  reason,  and  shocked  his  teacher,  for 
some  time,  by  altogether  neglecting  the  pronun- 
ciation. Anxious  to  pursue  a  course  of  reading, 
and  having  no  one  to  guide  him,  he  read  Ephraim 
Chambers's  "  Cyclopjedia  "  (2  vols.,  folio)  from  be- 
ginning to  end.  Although  so  fond  of  mathemat- 
ics, he  did  not  neglect  other  subjects ;  from  youth 
he  was  an  ar- 
dent admirer  of 
Shakespeare.was 
familiar  with  the 
Bible,  and  in 
later  life  stud- 
ied Spanish,  Ital- 
ian, and  German, 
that  he  might 
enjoy  the  liter- 
ature of  those 
languages.  He 
made  a  rule  nev- 
er to  let  his 
studies  interfere 
with  business, 
and  early  formed 
the  methodical 
habits  that  dis- 
tinguished him 
through  life.  On 
11  Jan.,  1795. 
Bowditch  sailed 

from  Salem  as  clerk  to  Capt.  Prince,  of  the  ship 
"Henry,"  and  before  1804  had  made  five  long 
voyages  to  the  East  Indies,  Portugal,  and  Medi- 
terranean ports,  serving  as  supercargo  and  after- 
ward as  master.  During  this  time  he  industri- 
ously continued  his  studies,  and  it  is  related 
that  during  his  third  voyage,  when  the  vessel 
was  chased  by  a  French  privateer,  Bowditch,  who 
had  been  ordered  to  hand  powder  on  deck,  was 
seen  quietly  seated  on  a  powder-keg,  working 
out  a  problem  with  slate  and  pencil.  He  became 
proficient  in  navigation,  and  on  his  last  voyage 
distinguished  himself  by  bringing  his  vessel  into 
Salem  harbor  in  the  midst  of  a  snow-storm,  with 
no  guide  but  his  reckoning  and  a  single  glimpse 
of  Baker's  island  light.  He  undertook  to  correct 
Moore's  work  on  navigation,  but  found  so  many 
errors  that  he  concluded  to  publish  one  of  his 
own,  and  the  result  was  his  "  New  American  Prac- 
tical Navigator "  (1802),  which  became  the  stand- 
ard work  on  the  subject  in  this  country  and  also, 
to  a  large  extent,  in  England  and  France.  During 
this  year,  chancing  to  be  present  at  the  annual 
commencement  of  Harvard,  he  was  astonished  to 
hear  that  the  degree  of  master  of  arts  had  been 
conferred  upon  him,  which  pleased  him  more  than 
any  of  his  subsequent  honors.  After  giving  up 
the  sea,  he  became  president  of  the  Essex  fire  and 


JfcM-   diov^JL^izL 


334 


BOWDITCH 


BOWDITCH 


marine  insurance  company  of  Salem,  Mass.  He 
ileclined  professorships  in  Harvard  in  1808,  in  the 
university  of  Virginia  in  1818,  and  in  West  Point 
academy  in  1820.  While  at  Salem  he  made  a  beau- 
tiful chart  of  the  harbor  of  that  place  and  those  of 
Beverly,  Marblehead,  and  Manchester,  and  con- 
tributed twenty-three  papers,  mostly  on  astronomy, 
to  the  "  Transactions  "  of  the  American  academy. 
He  also  wrote  during  this  time  many  articles  in  the 
American  edition  of  "  Rees's  Cyclopsedia."  In  1814 
he  undertook  his  greatest  work,  a  translation  of 
Laplace's  "  Mecanique  celeste,"  accompanied  by  a 
commentary  elucidating  obscure  passages,  giving 
interesting  historical  information,  and  bringing 
the  whole  subject  down  to  the  latest  date.  This 
commentary  forms  more  than  half  the  work,  as 
produced  by  Di*.  Bowditch.  It  is  said  that  there 
were  at  this  time  only  two  or  three  persons  in  the 
country  capable  of  reading  the  original  work  criti- 
cally. The  greater  part  of  this  gigantic  imder- 
taking  was  finished  in  1817 ;  but  publication  would 
cost  at  least  $12,000,  a  sum  beyond  the  mathema- 
tician's means.  In  1823,  however,  he  was  given 
the  place  of  actuary  to  the  Massachusetts  hospital 
life  insurance  company  of  Boston,  with  a  liberal 
salary,  which  enabled  him  to  give  his  work  to  the 
world.  Bowditch  refused  to  publish  the  book  by 
subscription,  saying  that  he  would  rather  spend 
$1,000  a  year  for  such  an  object  than  in  keeping  a 
carriage.  His  wife  and  family  promised  to  make 
any  sacrifice  necessary  to  its  accomplishment,  and 
he  dedicated  his  translation  to  the  former,  stating 
that  "without  her  approbation  the  work  would 
not  have  been  undertaken."  The  first  volume  ap- 
peared in  1829,  the  second  in  1832,  the  third  in 
1834,  and  the  fourth  just  after  his  death.  The 
fifth,  which  Laplace  had  added  to  his  work  many 
years  after  the  others,  was  subsequently  issued 
under  the  care  of  Prof.  Benjamin  Peirce.  During 
the  latter  years  of  his  life  Dr.  Bowditch  was  a 
trustee  of  the  Boston  athena:>um,  president  of  the 
American  academy  of  arts  and  sciences,  and  a 
member  of  the  corporation  of  Harvard  college, 
which  had  given  him  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  in  1816. 
He  was  at  his  death  a  member  of  the  royal  socie- 
ties of  London  and  Edinburgh,  the  royal  acade- 
mies of  Palermo  and  Berlin,  the  royal  Irish  socie- 
ty, the  royal  astronomical  society  of  London,  and 
the  British  association.  He  also  twice  held  a  seat 
in  the  state  executive  council  of  Massachusetts. 
Like  many  other  mathematicians.  Dr.  Bowditch 
was  fond  of  poetry.  Bryant  was  his  favorite 
American  poet,  and  he  considered  the  "  Old  Man's 
Funeral "  one  of  the  most  beautifid  pieces  in  the 
English  language.  His  tomb  and  statue  are  ha 
Mount  Auburn  cemetery,  Cambridge,  and  his  sci- 
entific library  is  still  preserved  in  Boston.  Prof. 
Pickering  delivered  a  eulogy  of  him,  including  an 
analysis  of  his  scientific  publications,  before  the 
American  academy,  on  29  May,  1838  (Boston, 
1838) ;  and  another  was  delivered  in  Salem,  by 
Judge  Daniel  A.  White,  at  the  request  of  the  cor- 
poration of  that  city  (Salem,  1838).  See  also 
"  Memoir  of  Nathaniel  Bowditch,"  by  his  son,  Na- 
thaniel I.  Bowditch  (Boston,  1839) ;  and  "  Discourse 
on  the  Life  and  Character  of  Nathaniel  Bowditch," 
by  Alexander  Young  (Boston,  1838).  A  full  list  of 
his  mathematical  papers  may  be  found  in  the 
"  Mathematical  Monthly "  (vol.  ii.,  ("ambridge, 
Mass.). — His  son,  Nathaniel  Ingersoll,  author, 
b.  in  Salem,  Mass.,  17  Jan.,  1805;  d.  in  Brook- 
line,  Mass.,  16  April,  1861,  w^as  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1822,  studied  law,  and  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1825,  but  soon  left  his  practice 
"and   devoted    himself   to   business   as   a  convey- 


ancer. He  became  noted  for  accuracy  and  indus- 
try, and  it  is  said  that  scarcely  a  transfer  of  real 
estate  was  made  in  Boston  without  his  exami- 
nation and  approval  of  the  title.  He  wrote  alto- 
gether fifty-five  folio  volumes  of  land-titles,  con- 
taining 30,000  pages,  besides  plans  and  maps.  He 
gave  much  attention  to  public  institutions  in  Bos- 
ton, particularly  to  the  Massachusetts  general  hos- 
pital, of  which  he  published,  at  his  own  expense,  a 
comprehensive  history  (1857).  He  had  previously 
issued  a  memoir  of  his  father  (1839),  which  was 
also  prefixed  to  the  latter's  translation  of  Laplace's 
"  Mecanique  celeste."  He  also  published  "  Suffolk 
Surnames  "  (1857;  enlarged  editions,  1858  and  1861). 
This  work  contains  curious  surnames  met  with  by 
Mr.  Bowditch  in  his  business.  Its  peculiarity  is  in 
the  author's  system  of  classification  by  the  deriva- 
tion of  the  names.  Mr.  Bowditch  bestowed  much 
of  his  large  income  upon  charitable  objects,  in- 
cluding a  gift  of  $70,000  to  Harvard  for  founding 
scholarships,  and  a  bequest  of  $2,000  to  that  college 
for  the  purchase  of  books. — Another  son,  Henry 
InjjersoU,  physician,  b.  in  Salem,  Mass.,  9  Aug., 
1808 ;  d.  in  Boston,  Mass.,  14  Jan.,  1892,  was  grad- 
uated at  Harvard,  took  his  medical  degree  there, 
and  studied  in  Paris.  He  was  professor  of  clinical 
medicine  at  Harvard  from  1859  till  1867,  chairman 
of  the  state  board  of  health  (1869-'79),  and  member 
of  the  national  board  in  the  latter  year,  surgeon 
of  enrollment  during  the  civil  wai*,  president  of  the 
American  medical  association  in  1877,  and  physi- 
cian at  the  Massachusetts  general  hospital  and  the 
Boston  city  hospital,  where  he  served  from  1868  to 
1872.  To  Dr.  Bowditch  is  due  the  discovery  of 
the  law  of  soil  moisture  as  a  potent  cause  of  con- 
sumption in  New  England.  He  also  proved  to  the 
medical  profession  of  this  country  and  Europe  that 
thoracentesis,  in  pleural  effusions,  if  performed 
with  Wyman's  fine  trocars  and  suction-pump,  is 
not  only  innocuous,  but  at  times  saves  life  or 
gives  great  relief.  Dr.  Bowditch  was  made  an  abo- 
litionist by  the  mobbing  of  Garrison  in  1835,  and 
worked  earnestly  in  the  anti-slavery  cause.  "He 
was  the  first  in  Boston,"  says  Frederick  Douglass, 
"  to  treat  me  as  a  man."  He  was  the  author  of  "  Life 
of  Nathaniel  Bowditch,  for  the  Young"  (1841); 
"The  Young  Stethoscopist "  (Boston,  1846;  2d 
ed..  New  York,  1848) ;  "  Life  of  Lieutenant  Na- 
thaniel Bowditch"  (50  copies,  printed  privately, 
1865) ;  "  Public  Hygiene  in  America,"  a  centennial 
address  at  Philadelphia  in  1876,  and  many  arti- 
cles in  medical  journals  and  papers  read  before 
the  State  board  of  health  (1870-8).  He  trans- 
lated ••  Louis  on  Typhoid  "  (2  vols..  Boston,  1836) ; 
"  Louis  on  Phthisis  "  (1836) ;  and  "  Maunoir  on 
Cataract "  (1837). — Nathaniel  Bowditch's  grandson, 
Henry  Pickering,  physician,  b.  in  Boston,  Mass., 
4  April,  1840,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1861, 
began  the  study  of  chemistry  at  Lawrence  Scientific 
School,  and  in"  1868  received  the  degree  of  M.  D. 
from  Harvard  Medical  School.  Soon  after  the 
beginning  of  the  civil  war  he  was  commissioned 
second  lieutenant  in  the  1st  Massachusetts  cavalry, 
and  rose  gradually  until  he  attained  the  rank  of 
major  in  the  5th  Massachusetts  cavalry,  which 
office  he  resigned  3  June,  1865.  He  then  continued 
his  studies  under  Jeffries  Wyman  at  Lawrence  Sci- 
entific School,  but  his  attention  was  attracted  to 
medicine,  which  he  has  since  followed.  From 
1868  to  1871  he  studied  physiology  in  France  and 
Germany,  principally  at  Leipsic,  imder  Prof.  Lud- 
wig.  In  1871  he  became  assistant  professor  of 
physiology  at  Harvard  Medical  College,  and  in 
1876  was  elected  to  the  full  chair.  Dr.  Bowditch 
is  a  member  of  the  American  Academy  of  Arts  and 


BOWDOIN 


BOWEN 


336 


Sciences,  and  of  numerous  medical  societies.  In 
1876  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Boston  school 
board.  He  has  published  many  papers  on  physio- 
logical subjects,  which  have  appeared  in  the  vari- 
ous medical  joui'nals,  notably  in  the  "  Boston  Med- 
ical and  Surgical  Journal." 

BOWDOIN,  James,  statesman,  b.  in  Boston,  8 
Aug.,  1737;  d.  there,  6  Nov.,  1790.  He  was  a 
grandson  of  Pierre  Baudouin,  a  French  Huguenot 
who  fled  to  Ireland  on  the  revocation  of  the  edict 
of  Nantes,  came  to  Portland  in  1687,  and  removed 
to  Boston  in  1690.  James  Bowdoin  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  in  1745,  and  on  8  Sept.,  1747,  the  death 
of  his  father,  an  eminent  merchant,  left  him  with 
a  large  fortune.  When  twenty-four  years  old,  he 
visited  Benjamin  Franklin,  who  communicated  to 
him  his  papers  on  electricity,  and  with  whom  Bow- 
doin frequently  corresponded  after  this.  In  one 
of  his  letters  Bowdoin  suggested  the  theory,  since 
generally  accepted,  that  the  phosphorescence  of 
the  sea,  under  certain  conditions,  is  due  to  the 
presence  of  minute  animals.  Afterward,  Franklin 
read  Bowdoin's  letters  before  the  royal  society  of 
London,  and  they  were  published  with  some  of  his 
own  researches.  From  1753  till  1756  Bowdoin  was 
a  member  of  the  Massachusetts  general  court,  and 
in  1756  became  councillor.  In  this  position  he 
was  prominent  in  opposing  the  royal  governors  by 
his  writings  and  otherwise.  In  1769,  when  he  was 
again  chosen  to  the  council,  he  was  negatived  by 
Gov.  Bernard,  and  was  immediately  elected  by  the 
Bostonians  to  the  assembly.  Hutchinson,  however, 
on  becoming  governor  in  1770,  permitted  him  to 
sit  in  the  council,  thinking  that  his  opposition 
would  be  less  dangerous  there  than  in  the  house 
of  representatives.  Failing  health  prevented  him 
from  attending  the  continental  congress,  to  which 
he  was  elected  in  1774;  but  in  1775  he  was  chosen 
president  of  the  Massachusetts  council,  and  in  1779 

{iresided  over  the  state  constitutional  convention, 
n  1785  and  1786  he  was  governor  of  his  state,  and 
by  his  decisive  measures  put  down  Shays's  rebellion, 
ordering  out  4,000  militia  and  heading  a  subscrip- 
tion to  pay  their  expenses,  which  the  public  treas- 
ury could  not  meet.  His  vigor  in  suppressing  this 
rebellion  was  probably  the  cause  of  his  defeat  in 
1787,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  Hancock.  In 
1788  he  was  a  member  of  the  convention  that 
adopted  the  federal  constitution.  Although  Bow- 
doin suffered  many  years  from  consumption,  which 
was  finally  the  cause  of  his  death,  he  was  always 
vigorous  in  public  affairs.  He  was  one  of  the 
founders,  and  first  president,  of  the  American 
academy  of  arts  and  sciences,  and  left  it  his  valu- 
able library.  He  also  aided  in  founding  the  IMassa- 
chusetts  humane  society,  and  in  1779  was  made  a 
fellow  of  Harvard  college,  to  which  he  left  £400. 
He  was  given  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  by  the  univer- 
sity of  Edinburgh,  and  was  a  fellow  of  the  royal 
societies  of  London  and  Edinburgh.  He  published 
a  poetical  paraphrase  of  Dodsley's  "Economy  of 
Human  Life  "  (1759)  and  an  address  delivered  be- 
fore the  American  academy,  when  he  became  its 
president  (1780).  Several  of  his  papers  appear  in 
the  memoirs  of  the  society,  among  which  is  one 
whose  object  is  to  prove  that  the  sky  is  a  real  con- 
cave body  enclosing  our  system,  and  that  the 
Milky  Way  is  an  opening  in  this,  through  which 
the  light  of  other  systems  reaches  us.  Bowdoin 
also  wrote  two  Latin  epigrams  and  an  English  poem 
for  the  "  Pietas  et  Gratulatio,"  a  volume  of  poems 
published  by  Harvard  college  on  the  accession  of 
George  III.  Bowdoin  college  was  named  in  his 
honor.  See  Robert  C.  Winthrop's  addresses  (Boston, 
1852). — His  son,  James,  philanthropist,  b.  22  Sept., 


1752  ;  d.  on  Naushon  island.  Buzzard's  bay,  Mass., 
11  Oct.,  1811.  After  his  graduation  at  Harvard  in 
1771  he  spent  a  year  in  the  university  of  Oxford, 
studying  law.  and  travelled  in  Italy,  Holland,  and 
England.  He  returned  to  this  country  when  the 
news  of  the  battle  of  Lexington  reached  him,  and 
wished  to  enter  the  army,  but  was  dissuaded  by 
his  father.  He  became  successively  a  member  of 
the  assembly,  the  state  senate,  and  the  state  coun- 
cil, and  in  1789  was  a  delegate  to  the  state  consti- 
tutional convention.  During  this  time  he  also 
devoted  much  time  to  literary  pursuits.  He  was 
appointed  minister  to  Spain  in  November,  1804, 
and  went  to  Madrid  in  May,  1805.  In  March, 
1806,  with  Gen.  John  Armstrong,  of  New  York, 
he  was  appointed  commissioner  to  treat  with 
Spain  concerning  "  territories,  wrongful  cap- 
tures, condemnations,  and  other  injuries."  The 
negotiations,  which  were  carried  on  in  Paris,  were 
broken  off  in  1808.  On  the  foundation  of  Bow- 
doin college,  he  gave  it  6,000  acres  of  land  and 
£1,100,  and  at  his  death  left  the  institution  an  ex- 
tensive library,  and  collections  of  minerals,  philo- 
sophical apparatus,  and  paintings,  all  of  which  he 
had  purchased  during  his  stay  in  Paris.  He  also 
bequeathed  to  the  college  the  reversion  of  Naushon 
island,  which  had  been  his  favorite  residence.  He 
published  a  translation  of  Daubenton's  "  Advice 
to  Shephei'ds,"  and  anonymously,  "  Opinions  re- 
specting the  Commercial  Intercourse  between  the 
United  States  and  Great  Britain."  Part  of  his 
estate  was  left  to  his  nephew,  James  Bowdoin 
WiNTHROP  (b.  in  1795;  d.  in  1833),  who  afterward 
dropped  the  "  Winthrop  "  from  his  name.  He  was 
graduated  at  Bowdoin  in  1814,  and  did  valuable 
work  in  connection  with  the  Massachusetts  histori- 
cal society. 

BOWELL,  Mackenzie,  Canadian  journalist,  b, 
at  Rickinghall,  Suffolk,  England,  27  Dec,  1823. 
He  came  to  Canada  with  his  family  in  1833,  was 
educated  at  a  common  school  and  in  the  printing- 
office  of  the  Belleville  "  Intelligencer,"  of  which 
he  subsequently  became  editor  and  proprietor. 
He  was  first  returned  to  parliament  for  the  county 
of  North  Hastings  in  1867,  was  re-elected  in  1872, 
in  1874,  and  at  the  last  general  election  in  1878,  and 
sworn  in  of  the  privy  council,  and  as  minister  of 
customs,  19  Oct.,  1878.  Mr.  Bowell  was  a  major, 
49tli  battalion  of  volunteer  rifies,  and  served  upon 
the  frontier  during  the  American  civil  war,  1864, 
and  during  the  Fenian  troubles.  He  was  a  presi- 
dent of  the  Grand  Junction  railway,  vice-president 
of  the  agricultural  and  arts  association  of  Onta- 
rio, and  chairman  of  the  government  school-board 
for  a  number  of  years.  He  is  a  conservative  in 
politics,  and  in  April,  1874,  moved  the  resolution 
for  the  expulsion  of  Louis  Riel  from  the  house  of 
commons,  to  which  he  had  been  elected,  which 
resolution  was  carried. 

BOWEN,  Eli,  author,  b.  in  Lancaster,  Pa.,  in 
1824 ;  d.  before  1886.  He  published  "  Coal  Regions 
of  Pennsylvania  "  (Pottsville,  1848) ;  "  U.  S.  Postal 
System  "  ;  "  Pictorial  Sketch-Book  of  Pennsylva- 
nia "  (8th  ed.,  Philadelphia,  1854) ;  "  Rambles  in  the 
Path  of  the  Iron  Horse  " ;  "  The  Crea,tion  of  the 
Earth  "  (1862) ;  and  "  Coal  and  Coal  Oil "  (1865). 

BOWEN,  Francis,  author,  b.  in  Charlestown, 
Mass.,  8  Sept.,  1811;  d.  in  Boston,  Mass.,  22  Jan., 
1890.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard,  and  was 
instructor  there  in  intellectual  philosophy  and 
political  economy.  In  1839  he  went  to  Europe, 
and.  while  living  in  Paris,  met  Sismondi,  De  Ge- 
rando,  and  other  scholars.  He  returned  to  Cam- 
bridge in  1841  and  devoted  himself  to  literature. 
In  January,  1843,  he  became  editor  and  proprietor 


336 


BOWEN 


BOWEN 


of  the  "  North  American  Review,"  which  he  con- 
ducted nearly  eleven  years,  writing,  during  this 
time,  about  one  fourth  of  the  articles  in  it.  In 
1848  and  1849  he  delivered  lectures  before  the 
Lowell  institute,  on  the  application  of  metaphys- 
ical and  ethical  science  to  the  evidences  of  religion. 
During  the  latter  part  of  Mr.  Bowen's  connection 
with  the  "  North  American  Review  "  attention  was 
attracted  by  his  articles  on  the  Hungarian  ques- 
tion, of  which  he  did  not  take  the  popular  side, 
and  on  account  of  these,  together  with  his  views 
on  other  political  subjects,  the  Harvard  overseers 
failed  to  confirm  his  appointment  as  McLean  pro- 
fessor of  history,  made  by  the  corporation  in  1850. 
(See  Carter,  Robert.)  In  the  winter  of  this  year 
he  lectured  again  before  the  Lowell  institute  on 
political  economy,  and  in  1852  on  the  origin  and 
development  of  the  English  and  American  consti- 
tutions. In  1853,  on  the  election  of  Dr.  Walker  to 
the  presidency  of  Harvard.  Mr.  Bowen  was  ap- 
pointed his  successor  in  the  Alford  professorship 
of  natural  religion,  moral  philosophy,  and  civil 
polity,  and  was  this  time  almost  unanimously 
confirmed  by  the  overseers.  Since  1858  he  lect- 
ured before  the  Lowell  institute  on  the  English 
metaphysicians  and  philosophers  from  Bacon  to 
Sir  William  Hamilton.  Prof.  Bowen  opposed  in 
his  philosophical  works  the  systems  of  Kant, 
Fichte,  Cousin,  Comte,  and  John  Stuart  Mill,  who 
has  replied  to  his  critic  in  the  third  edition  of  his 
"Logic."  In  political  economy  he  opposed  the 
doctrines  of  Adam  Smith  on  free-trade,  Malthus 
on  population,  and  Ricardo  on  rent.  He  took 
pains  to  trace  the  influence  of  our  form  of  govern- 
ment and  condition  of  society  upon  economical 
quest  ions.  Prof.  Bowen  published  "  Virgil,  with 
English  Notes,"  and  "  Critical  Essays  on  the  His- 
tory and  Present  Condition  of  Speculative  Philos- 
ophy "  (Boston,  1843) ;  "  Lowell  Institute  Lectures  " 
(1849 ;  revised  ed.,  1855) ;  an  abridged  edition  of  Du- 
gald  Stewart's  "  Philosophy  of  the  Human  Mind  " 
(1854) ;  "  Documents  of  the  Constitution  of  England 
and  America,  from  Magna  Charta  to  the  Federal 
Constitution  of  1789  "  (Cambridge,  1854) ;  the  lives 
of  Steuben,  Otis,  and  Benjamin  Lincoln,  in  Sparks's 
"  American  Biography  "  ;  "  Principles  of  Political 
Economy,  applied  to  the  Condition,  Resources,  and 
Institutions  of  the  American  People "  (Boston, 
1856) ;  a  revised  edition  of  Reeve's  translation  of 
De  Tocqueville's  "  Democracy  in  America  "  (2  vols., 
Cambridge,  1862) ;  a  "  Treatise  on  Logic  "  (1864) ; 
"  American  Political  Economy,"  with  remarks  on 
the  finances  since  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war 
(New  York,  1870) ;  "  Modern  Philosophy,  from  Des- 
cartes to  Schopenhauer  and  Hartmann  "  (1877) ; 
"Gleanings  from  a  Literary  Life,  1838-1880" 
(1880) ;  and  "  A  Layman's  Study  of  the  English 
Bible,  considered  in  its  Literary  and  Secular  As- 
pect "  (1886). 

BOWEN,  Georg"e  Thomas,  chemist,  b.  in  Provi- 
dence, R.  I.,  19  March,  1803;  d.  in  Nashville, 
Tenn.,  25  Oct.,  1828.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale 
in  1822,  studied  medicine  in  Philadelphia,  and  in 
1825  was  elected  professor  of  chemistry  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Nashville,  where  he  continued  until  his 
death.  While  an  undergraduate  in  college,  he 
showed  such  interest  in  chemistry  that  he  was  per- 
mitted to  devote  all  the  time  he  could  spare  from 
his  other  studies  to  laboratory  work  under  Prof. 
Silliman.  The  results  of  his  investigations  were 
published  in  1822  iinder  the  titles  "  On  the  Electro- 
magnetic Effects  of  Hare's  Calorimeter  "  and  "  On 
a  Mode  of  Preserving  in  a  Permanent  Form  the 
Coloring-Matter  of  Purple  Cabbage  as  a  Test  for 
Acids  and  Alkalies."    Analyses  and  descriptions  of 


several  minerals  prepared  by  him  date  from  this 
time.  In  Philadelphia  he  was  a  devoted  follower 
of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  and  contrib- 
uted to  its  memoirs  and  discussions. 

BOWEN,  James,  soldier,  b.  in  New  York  city 
in  1808  :  d.  in  Hastings-on-Hudson,  N.  Y.,  29  Sept", 
1886.  His  father,  a  successful  merchant,  left  him 
an  ample  fortune.  He  was  the  first  president  of 
the  Erie  railway,  and  held  that  office  for  several 
years.  He  was  a  member  of  the  legislature  in 
1848  and  1849,  and  president  of  the  first  board  of 
police  commissioners  under  the  law  of  1855,  estab- 
lishing the  present  metropolitan  police  force.  At 
the  beginning  of  the  civil  war  he  raised  six  or  seven 
regiments,  which  were  formed  into  a  brigade,  and 
took  command  of  them,  receiving  his  commission 
as  brigadier-general  of  volunteers,  11  Oct.,  1862. 
After  Gen.  Butler  had  left  New  Orleans,  Gen. 
Bowen  went  there,  and  served  as  provost-marshal 
general  of  the  department  of  the  gulf.  He  resigned 
on  27  July,  1864,  and  on  13  March,  1865,  was''bre- 
vetted  major-general  of  volunteers.  His  last  public 
office  was  that  of  commissioner  of  charities,  to 
which  he  was  appointed  by  Mayor  Havemeyer,  and 
continued  to  fill  most  acceptably  for  many  years. 
Gen.  Bowen  was  a  member  of  the  union  club,  and 
of  the  Kent  club,  where  he  was  an  associate  of  Moses 
H.  Grinnell,  Richard  M.  Blatchford,  James  Watson 
Webb,  and  Thurlow  Weed,  and  was  valued  for  his 
sound  views  on  literature.  These  gentlemen  were 
all  intimate  friends  of  Daniel  Webster.  It  is  related 
that  while  Mr.  Webster  was  secretary  of  state,  Gen. 
Bowen,  at  one  of  his  dinner-parties,  said:  'I  want 
you  to  do  me  a  favor,  Mr.  Webster,"  to  which  Web- 
ster replied,  "  To  the  half  of  my  kingdom."  Gen. 
Bowen  was  also  an  intimate  friend  of  William  H. 
Seward,  and  a  pall-bearer  at  his  funeral. 

BOWEN,  John  S.,  soldier,  b.  in  Georgia  in 
1829 ;  d.  in  Raymond,  Miss.,  13  July,  1863.  He 
was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1853,  and  became 
lieutenant  of  mounted  rifles,  serving  at  the  Car- 
lisle, Pa.,  cavalry  school,  and  on  the  frontier.  On 
1  May,  1856,  he  resigned  and  became  an  architect 
in  Savannah,  Ga.,  where  he  was  also  lieutenant- 
colonel  of  state  militia.  He  removed  his  office  to 
St.  Louis,  Mo.,  in  1857,  where  he  was  captain  in 
the  Missouri  militia  from  1859  till  1861.  He  was 
adjutant  to  Gen.  Frost  during  the  expedition  to 
the  border  in  search  of  Montgomery,  and,  when  the 
civil  war  began,  commanded  the  second  regiment 
of  Frost's  brigade.  He  was  acting  chief  of  staff  to 
Gen.  Frost  when  Camp  Jackson  was  captured  by 
Gen.  Lyon,  and  afterward,  disregarding  his  parole, 
raised  at  Memphis  the  1st  Missouri  infantry.  He 
was  severely  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Shiloh, 
where  he  commanded  a  brigade  in  Breckinridge's 
corps,  and  stubbornly  resisted  Grant's  advance 
near  Port  Gibson  in  May,  1863.  He  was  in  all  the 
battles  around  Vicksburg,  and  took  a  prominent 
part  in  the  negotiations  for  its  surrender,  and  his 
death  is  said  to  have  been  hastened  by  mortifica- 
tion at  that  event. 

BOWEN,  Nathaniel,  P.  E.  bishop,  b.  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  29  June,  1779 ;  d.  in  Charleston,  S.  C,  25 
Aug.,  1839.  His  father  removed  to  South  Carolina 
in  1787,  and  died  there  very  soon  afterward.  The 
boy's  education  was  chiefly  cared  for  by  Rev.  Dr. 
R.  Smith  (afterward  bishop*  of  South  Carolina).  He 
was  graduated  at  Charleston  in  1794,  and  served 
some  time  as  a  tutor  in  the  college,  and  then  went 
north  for  preparation  for  the  ministry.  He  studied 
under  Rev.  Dr.  Parker,  in  Boston  (afterward  bishop 
of  the  eastern  diocese),  and  was  ordained  deacon  in 
June,  1800,  priest  by  Bishop  Bass  in  October,  1802, 
and   became   assistant   minister   in   St.   Michael's 


BOWEN 


BOWERS 


337 


church,  Charleston.  In  December,  1804,  he  ac- 
cepted the  rectorship  of  St.  IVJichael's.  His  labors 
during  the  five  following  years  were  very  arduous, 
but  proved  to  be  of  the  highest  value  for  the  inter- 
ests of  the  Episcopal  church  in  South  Carolina. 
In  1809  he  became  the  rector  of  Grace  church. 
New  York  city,  and  discharged  the  duties  of  that 
office  with  great  acceptance  until  1818.  Early 
in  1818  Dr.  Bowen  was  elected  bishop  of  South 
Carolina,  and  also  rector  of  St.  Michael's  church, 
Charleston.  He  was  consecrated  in  Philadelphia, 
8  Oct.,  1818,  and  for  the  last  twenty  years  of  his 
life  gave  himself  to  his  work  with  untiring  fidelity. 
Bishop  Bowen  published  occasional  sermons,  ad- 
dresses, etc.,  together  with  six  sermons  on  "  Chris- 
tian Consolation"  (1831).  Two  volumes  of  his 
"  Sermons  "  were  published  after  his  death. 

BOWEN,  OHver,  naval  officer,  b.  in  the  last 
century;  d.  in  Providence,  R.  I.,  in  August,  1800. 
He  was  a  revolutionary  patriot  of  Augusta,  Ga., 
and  was  successful,  in  the  early  days  of  the  war,  in 
seizing  a  large  quantity  of  powder  stored  on  Tybee 
island,  near  Savannah,  10  July,  1775.  He  joined 
the  iinsuccessful  expedition  against  Wilmington 
in  1778.  He  was  a  member  of  the  provincial  con- 
gress of  1775,  and  of  the  council  of  safety. 

BOWEN,  Thomas  M.,  senator,  b.  in  Iowa,  near 
the  present  site  of  Burlington,  20  Oct.,  1835.  He 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  the  age  of  eighteen,  and 
began  practice  in  Wayne  eo.,  where  he  was  elected 
to  the  legislature  in  1856.  In  1858  he  removed  to 
Kansas.  In  June,  1861,  he  joined  the  volunteer 
army  as  captain,  and  subsequently  he  raised  the 
13th  Kansas  infantry  and  commanded  it  until  the 
end  of  the  war,  receiving  the  brevet  of  brigadier- 
general,  and  having  command  of  a  brigade  during 
the  last  two  years  of  hostilities  on  the  frontier,  and 
afterward  with  the  7th  army  corps.  He  was  a 
delegate  from  Kansas  to  the  national  republican 
convention  of  1864.  After  the  war  he  settled  in 
Arkansas  and  was  president  of  the  constitutional 
convention  of  that  state,  and  for  four  years  a  jus- 
tice of  the  state  supreme  court.  In  1871  he  ac- 
cepted the  appointment  of  governor  of  Idaho  ter- 
ritory, but  resigned,  returned  to  Arkansas,  and 
was  a  candidate  for  U.  S.  senator  in  opposition  to 
S.  W.  Dorsey,  of  the  same  party,  who  defeated  him 
in  an  open  contest  before  the  legislature.  In 
January,  1870,  he  removed  to  Colorado,  and  re- 
sumed the  practice  of  the  law.  When  the  state 
government  was  organized  in  1876,  he  was  elected 
a  district  judge,  and  was  four  years  on  the  bench. 
He  afterward  engaged  largely  in  mining  opera- 
tions. In  1883  he  was  elected  to  the  state  legis- 
lature, and  served  as  chairman  of  the  committee 
of  ways  and  means,  until  he  was  elected  to  the  U. 
S.  senate,  where  he  took  his  seat  on  3  Dec,  1883. 

BOWERS,  Elizabeth  Crocker,  actress,  b.  in 
Stamford,  Conn.,  12  March,  1830 ;  d.  in  Washing- 
ton, D.  C,  6  Nov.,  1895.  She  was  the  daughter  of  an 
Episcopal  clergyman,  and  when  sixteen  years  old 
she  appeared  in  the.  character  of  Amanthis  at  the 
Park  theatre.  New  York.  On  4  March,  1847,  she 
married  David  P.  Bowers,  an  actor  on  the  same 
stage.  A  week  later  she  appeared  in  the  Walnut 
street  theatre,  Philadelphia,  as  Donna  Victoria  in 
"  A  Bold  Stroke  for  a  Husband."  Afterward  she  be- 
came very  popular  at  the  Arch  street  theatre  in  the 
same  city,  and  remained  there  until  her  husband's 
death  in  June,  1857.  In  December  of  that  year, 
after  a  period  of  retirement  from  the  stage,  she 
leased  the  Walnut  street  theatre  and  retained  its 
nlanagement  until  1859.  She  then  leased  the  Phila- 
delphia academy  of  music  for  a  short  dramatic 
season.     Soon  after  this  she  married  Dr.  Brown,  of 


Baltimore,  who  died  in  1867,  and  in  September, 

1861,  she  went  to  England  and  made  her  appearance 
at  Sadler's  Wells  theatre,  London,  as  Julia,  in 
"  The  Hunchback."  She  soon  became  a  favorite 
with  the  English,  and  played  as  Geraldine  d'Arcy, 
in  "  Woman,"  at  the  Lyceum  theatre.  In  1863  she 
returned  to  this  country  and  acted  at  the  Winter 
Garden,  New  York.  After  a  few  years  she  retired 
from  the  stage,  and  lived  quietly  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Philadelphia  until  October,  1886,  when  she 
organized  a  new  dramatic  company,  and  visited  the 
principal  cities  of  the  United  States,  playing  many 
of  her  old  and  favorite  characters. 

BOWERS,  Theodore  Shelton,  b.  in  Lebanon 
county.  Pa.,  10  Oct.,  1832 ;  killed  at  Garrison's  Sta- 
tion, N.  Y.,  6  March,  1866.  When  very  young  he 
removed  to  Mount  Carmel,  111.,  and  there  learned 
the  printer's  trade.  When  the  civil  war  began  he 
was  editor  of  the  "  Register,"  a  local  democratic 
journal.  After  the  defeat  of  the  national  forces  in 
the  first  battle  of  Bull  Run,  he  raised  a  company 
of  volunteers  for  the  48th  Illinois  infantry,  declined 
its  captaincy  because  of  the  taunts  of  his  former 
political  associates,  and  went  to  the  front  as  a 
private.  He  was  soon  sent  home  on  recruiting 
service,  and  on  his  return  to  his  regiment  was  de- 
tailed as  a  clerical  assistant  at  Brig.-Gen.  Grant's 
headquarters  (25  Jan.,  1862).  In  this  capacity  he 
went  through  the  campaigns  of  Forts  Henry  and 
Donelson.  He  was  again  offered  the  captaincy  of 
his  old  company,  but  declined  on  the  ground  that 
the  first  lieutenant  deserved  the  place.  He  was, 
however,  commissioned  first  lieutenant,  24  March, 

1862,  and  on  26  April  following  was  detached  as 
aide-de-camp  to  Gen.  Grant.  He  acted  as  Maj. 
Rawlins's  assistant  in  the  adjutant's  office.  On 
1  Nov.,  1862,  he  received  the  regular  stalf  appoint- 
ment of  captain  and  aide-de-camp,  and  was  left  in 
charge  of  department  headquarters  while  the  army 
was  absent  on  the  Tallahatchie  expedition.  The 
confederates  under  Van  Dorn  seized  the  opportu- 
nity to  make  a  raid  to  the  rear  of  the  federal  ad- 
vance, and  captured  the  department  headquarters 
at  Holly  Springs  at  early  dawn  of  20  Dec,  1862. 
Capt.  Bowers  had  but  a  few  moments'  warning; 
but,  acting  with  great  presence  of  mind,  he  made 
a  bonfire  of  all  the  department  records,  and  when 
the  raiders  burst  into  his  quarters  everything  of 
value  to  them  was  destroyed.  Capt.  Bowers  re- 
fused to  give  his  parole,  and  succeeded  in  making 
his  escape  the  same  evening.  The  officer  com- 
manding the  rear-guard  was  severely  censured  by 
Gen.  Grant,  while  Capt.  Bowers  was  highly  com- 
plimented, and  was  presented  with  a  sword  in  ac- 
knowledgment of  his  services.  He  was  appointed 
judge  advocate  for  the  department  of  Tennessee, 
with  rank  of  major,  19  Feb.,  1863.  After  the  fall 
of  Vicksburg  he  was  assistant  adjutant-general  in 
place  of  Col.  Rawlins,  promoted.  His  services  had 
become  so  valuable  that  Gen.  Grant  procured  his 
appointment  as  captain  and  quartermaster  on  the 
regular  staff'  (29  July,  1864),  and  assistant  adjutant- 
general,  with  the  rank  of  major,  U.  S.  army,  6  Jan., 
1865.  His  final  promotions  as  brevet  lieutenant- 
colonel  and  colonel,  U.  S.  army,  are  dated  13  March, 
1865.  He  was  with  Gen.  Grant  in  the  field  until 
the  surrender  of  the  confederate  forces,  and  was 
retained  on  his  personal  staff  after  the  close  of  the 
war.  He  was  instantly  killed  while  attempting  to 
board  a  moving  train  on  the  Hudson  river  railroad. 
His  military  career  is  remarkable  since  he  rose  by 
sheer  force  of  character,  having  no  family  influ- 
ence or  special  training,  from  a  private  of  volun- 
teers to  one  of  the  highest  staff  appointments 
within  the  gift  of  the  commanding  general. 


338 


BOWIE 


BOWLES 


BOWIE,  James,  soldier,  b.  in  Burke  eo.,  Ga., 
about  1790;  d.  in  Alamo,  Texas,  6  March,  1836. 
He  settled  in  1802  in  Chatahoula  parish,  Louisiana, 
with  his  parents,  and  became  notorious  from  his 
participation  in  a  severe  contest  that  took  place 
opposite  Natchez,  on  the  Mississippi,  in  August, 
1827.  A  duel  having  been  arranged  between  Dr. 
Maddox  and  Samuel  Wells,  they  met  on  a  low 
sand-bar  near  the  city,  outside  the  state  limits. 
After  the  difficulty  had  been  adjusted  by  the  ex- 
change of  two  shots  without  effect,  the  principals 
were  joined  by  pai'ties  of  friends,  and  a  general 
melee  took  place,  in  which  fifteen  of  the  number 
were  wounded  and  six  killed.  Bowie,  who  had 
been  shot  early  in  the  engagement,  drew  his  knife, 
which  had  been  made  from  a  blacksmith's  rasp  or 
large  file,  and  killed  Maj.  Norris  Wright  with  it. 
After  the  conflict,  the  weapon  was  sent  to  Phila- 
delphia, where  it  was  fashioned  by  a  cutler  into 
the  form  of  a  knife,  which  style  of  weapon  has 
since  become  famous  as  the  '*  Bowie  knife."  When 
the  original  was  received  by  Bowie,  he  was  told  : 
"  It  is  more  trustworthy  in  the  hands  of  a  strong 
man  than  a  pistol,  for  it  will  not  snap."  Later  he 
-emigrated  to  Texas  with  his  brother,  and  took  a 
prominent  part  in  the  Texan  revolution.  He 
fought  in  the  engagement  near  San  Saba,  2  Nov., 
1831,  and  in  the  battles  with  the  Mexicans  near 
Nacogdoches  and  at  Concepcion  during  1835.  He 
attained  the  grade  of  colonel  and  commanded  at 
Grass  Fight,  25  Oct.,  1835.  In  January,  1836,  he 
was  ordered  to  Bexar ;  later  he  joined  Cols.  Travis 
and  Crockett,  and  was  killed  with  them  at  the 
taking  of  the  Alamo. 

BOVVIE,  Robert,  governor  of  Maryland,  b.  in 
Prince  George's  co.,  Md.,  about  1750 ;  d.  in  Not- 
tingham, Md.,  8  Jan.,  1818.  He  received  an  excel- 
lent education,  and  in  1776  was  a  captain  of  flying 
artillery.  Later  he  became  prominent  in  political 
affairs,  and  was  governor  of  the  state  in  1803-'6, 
and  in  1811-'2,  and  presidential  elector  in  1808. 

BOWLER,  Metcalf,  patriot,  b.  about  1730.  He 
was  speaker  of  the  Rhode  Island  assembly  in  1774, 
when  the  obnoxious  royal  decree  reached  Boston, 
closing  the  port  and  transferring  the  board  of  cus- 
toms to  Marblehead,  and  the  seat  of  government 
to  Salem.  A  conference  was  called  to  meet  in 
Faneuil  Hall,  and  on  12  May,  at  noon,  Bowler 
came  before  the  meeting  with  the  official  an- 
nouncement, received  in  answer  to  a  circular  letter 
from  the  Rhode  Island  assembly,  that  all  the  thir- 
teen colonies  had  pledged  themselves  to  union  in 
opposing  the  decree.  He  was  thus  the  first  to  an- 
noimce,  in  a  public  and  official  way,  the  first  united 
action  toward  resistance  to  royal  authority. 

BOWLES,  Samuel,  journalist,  b.  in  Spring- 
field. Mass.,  9  Feb.,  1826 ;  d.  there,  16  Jan.,  1878. 
His  education  was  of  the  usual  public-school  char- 
acter, and,  after  some  time  spent  at  the  high  school, 
was  finished  at  the  private  institution  of  George 
Eaton,  in  Springfield.  At  the  age  of  seventeen 
years  he  began  his  work  in  the  printing-office  of 
the  Springfield  "  Republican,"  a  weekly  paper, 
which  his  father  had  established  in  1824,  and  of 
which  he  was  the  proprietor.  For  a  year  his  work 
consisted  in  the  miscellaneous  duties  of  office-boy, 
and  included  everything  except  the  writing  of  lead- 
ing editorials.  In  1844  he  persuaded  his  father  to 
publish  the  paper  daily,  and  on  27  March  of  that 
year  the  first  daily  issue  appeared.  The  princi- 
pal duties  of  the  management  of  the  new  journal 
fell  on  young  Bowles,  but  early  as  the  winter  of 
1844-'5  his  health  gave  out,  and  he  was  obliged 
to  spend  some  time  in  the  south.  A  series  of  fif- 
teen letters,  descriptive  of  southern  experiences. 


contributed  to  the  paper  at  this  time,  were  widely 
read.  In  December,^1845,  the  "  Republican  "  be- 
came a  morning  paper,  and  with  the  change  fol- 
lowed the  severe  night-work  for  the  editors.  The 
father  meanwhile  devoted  more  attention  to  the 
counting-room,  and  the  son  occupied  himself  more 
exclusively  with  the  editorial  duties,  in  which  he 
was  ably  assisted  by  Dr.  J.  G.  Holland,  who  con- 
tinued with  the  paper  as  editor  until  1857,  and  as 
a  contributor  until  1864.  By  1850  the  "  Repub- 
lican "  had  acquired  the  largest  circulation  of  any 
daily  paper  in  New  England,  outside  of  Boston, 
and  as  fast  as  the  money  came  in  it  was  expended 
in  increasing  the  plant.  In  1851  the  father  died, 
and  the  entire  management  devolved  on  the  young 
Bowles,  who  was  then  twenty-five  years  old.  Dur- 
ing the  years  that  followed  the  time  was  occupied 
with  incessant  work  and  hard  struggles.  The 
paper  was  steadily  growing  in  reputation  and  cir- 
culation, and  its  editor  becoming  known  as  an  in- 
dustrious, bold,  and  fearless  journalist.  He  was 
frequently  in  opposition  to  public  sentiment.  Dur- 
ing 1856  lie  supported  Fremont  for  the  presidency, 
and  early  in  1857  he  accepted  the  editorship  of  the 
Boston  "  Traveller,"  with  which  he  continued  for 
but  a  few  months.  In  the  autumn  of  1857,  after  a 
brief  rest,  he  returned  to  Springfield,  and,  buying 
Dr.  Holland's  interest,  resumed  editorial  control  of 
the  '•  Republican."  From  1857  till  1865  the  influ- 
ence of  Mr.  Bowles  made  itself  felt,  not  only  dur- 
ing the  warm  political  discussions  of  Buchanan's 
administration,  but  also  during  the  civil  war  itself, 
when  his  journal  had  acquired  a  national  reputa- 
tion. In  1865  he  made  a  journey  to  the  Pacific 
coast  with  a  large  company,  and  in  1868  travelled 
as  far  as  Colorado.  In  1869  he  again  crossed  the 
continent.  He  visited  Europe  in  1862,  and  again 
in  1870,  1871,  and  1874;  indeed,  frequent  trips 
were  a  necessity  to  him  on  account  of  ill  health, 
his  constitution  having  long  since  been  impaired 
by  over-work.  In  1872  the  "  Republican "  sup- 
ported Mr.  Greeley  in  his  campaign  for  the  presi- 
dency, and  it  has  since  continued  independent  in 
politics.  Mr.  Bowles's  letters,  sent  to  the  paper 
during  his  western  trips,  were  collected  and  pub- 
lished under  the  titles  of  "  Across  the  Continent " 
(Springfield,  1865)  and  "The  Switzerland  of 
America"  (1869).  These  were  afterward  con- 
densed and  sold  by  subscription  as  "  Our  New 
West"  (Hartford,  1869).  "The  Pacific  Railroad 
Open,  How  to  Go,  What  to  See,"  was  a  small  col- 
lection of  papers  that  originally  appeared  in  the 
"Atlantic  Monthly"  (Boston,  1869).  See  "The 
Life  and  Times  of  Samuel  Bowles,"  by  George  S. 
Merriam  (New  York,  1885). 

BOWLES,  WiUiam  Angustus,  adventurer,  b. 
in  Frederick  co.,  Md.,  in  1763  ;  d.  in  Havana,  Cuba, 
23  Dec,  1805.  He  was  the  son  of  an  English 
school-master,  and  when  thirteen  years  of  age  ran 
away  from  home,  and,  joining  the  British  army  at 
Philadelphia,  soon  obtained  a  commission,  but  at 
Pensacola  was,  for  some  neglect,  dismissed  from 
the  service.  Afterward  he  entered  the  service  of 
the  Creek  Indians,  and  married  an  Indian  woman. 
He  instigated  many  of  their  excesses,  for  which  he 
was  rewarded  by  "the  British.  On  9  May,  1781, 
when  Pensacola  surrendered  to  the  Spaniards, 
Bowles  commanded  the  Indians,  whom  he  liad 
brought  there  to  assist  the  English,  and  for  this 
service  he  was  reinstated  in  the  British  army. 
After  the  war  he  joined  a  company  of  players  in 
New  York,  and  performed  in  the  Bahamas,  where 
he  also  painted  portraits.  Gov.  Dunmore  appoint- 
ed him  trading-agent  for  the  Creeks,  and  he  estab- 
lished a  house  on  the  Chattahoochie,  but  was  driven 


BOWLIN 


BOWNE 


339 


away  by  McGillivray.  He  then  went  to  England. 
On  his  return,  his  influence  with  the  Indians,  who 
had  chosen  him  commander-in-chief,  was  so  dis- 
astrous to  the  Spaniards  that  they  offered  $6,000 
for  his  apprehension.  Bowles  assumed  to  act 
among  the  Indians  under  authority  of  the  British 
government ;  but,  on  inquiry  by  the  president,  the 
ministry  promptly  and  explicitly  denied  that  they 
had  afforded  him  countenance,  assistance,  or  pro- 
tection. For  a  long  time  he  did  all  in  his  power 
to  annoy  Georgia  and  prevent  the  settlement  of 
her  difificulties  with  the  Indians.  He  was  en- 
trapped in  February,  1792,  sent  a  prisoner  to  Mad- 
rid, and  thence  to  Manila,  in  1795.  Obtaining 
leave  to  go  to  Europe,  he  returned  to  the  Creeks 
and  renewed  his  depredations,  but,  being  again  be- 
trayed into  the  hands  of  the  Spaniards  in  1804,  he 
was  confined  in  the  Moro  Castle,  Havana,  where 
he  died.  A  memoir  of  him  was  published  in  Lon- 
don in  1791,  in  which  he  is  called  "  Ambassador  of 
the  United  Nations  of  Creeks  and  Cherokees." 

BOWLIN,  James  Butler,  lawyer,  b.  in  Spott- 
sylvania  county,  Va.,  in  1804;  d.  in  St.  Louis,  19 
'  July,  1894.  He  was  early  apprenticed  to  a  trade, 
and  tauglit  school  while  acquiring  a  classical  educa- 
tion. In  1825  he  settled  in  Greenbrier  county,  where 
he  studied  law,  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  began 
practice.  He  removed  to  St.  Louis  in  1833,  and 
there  followed  his  profession,  also  establishing  the 
"  Farmers'  and  Mechanics'  Advocate."  In  1836  he 
was  a  member  of  the  state  legislature  and  for  some 
time  its  chief  clerk.  A  year  later  he  became  dis- 
trict attorney  for  St.  Louis,  and  in  1839  was  elected 
judge  of  the  criminal  court.  Afterward  he  was 
elected. to  congress  as  a  democrat,  and  served  from 
1  Dec,  1843,  to  3  March,  1851.  From  1854  till 
1857  he  was  minister  resident  in  Colombia,  and 
from  1858  till  1859  commissioner  to  Paraguay. 

BOWMAN,  Alexander  Hamilton,  soldier,  b. 
in  Wilkesbarre,  Pa.,  15  May,  1803;  d.  there.  11 
Nov.,  1865.  He  was  a  son  of  Capt.  Samuel  Bow- 
man, of  the  Massachusetts  line,  who  served  with 
distinction  in  the  revolutionary  war.  He  was 
graduated  at  the  U.  S.  military  academy  in  1825, 
standing  third  in  his  class,  was  promoted  to  second 
lieutenant  in  the  corps  of  engineers,  and  became 
assistant  professor  of  geography,  history,  and  ethics. 
In  1826  ho  was  appointed  assistant  engineer  in  the 
construction  of  the  defences  and  in  the  improve- 
ment of  harbors  and  rivers  on  the  gulf  of  Mexico. 
He  was  ordered,  in  1834,  to  superintend  the  con- 
struction of  a  military  road  from  Memphis,  Tenn., 
into  Arkansas,  and  further  charged  with  improv- 
ing the  navigation  of  Cumberland  and  Tennessee 
rivers  until  1838.  He  was  promoted  first  lieutenant, 
21  Jan.,  1835,  and  later  was  assigned  to  the  charge 
of  the  fortifications  for  the  defences  of  Charleston 
harbor,  S.  C,  where  he  remained  until  1853.  Mean- 
while he  had  been  made  captain,  7  July,  1838. 
During  1851-'2  he  was  at  West  Point  as  instructor 
of  practical  military  engineering,  and  subsequently 
was  chief  engineer  of  the  construction  bureau  of 
the  U.  S.  treasury  department,  and  was  employed 
in  locating  and  constructing  custom-houses,  post- 
offices,  marine  hospitals,  and  similar  buildings. 
On  5  Jan.,  1857,  he  was  made  major  of  engineers, 
and  during  the  civil  war  he  was  superintendent  of 
the  U.  S.  military  academy,  with  the  local  rank  of 
colonel,  serving  as  such  from  1  March,  1861,  until 
8  July,  1864.  He  then  became  a  member  of  the 
naval  and  engineering  commission  for  selecting 
sites  for  naval  establishments  on  the  western  riv- 
ers, and  from  20  June,  1865,  until  his  death,  was  a 
member  of  the  board  of  engineers  to  improve  and 
preserve  the  New  England  sea-coast  defences.     His 


regular  promotion  as  a  lieutenant-colonel  in  the 
corps  of  engineers  was  received  3  March,  1863. 

BOWMAN,  Francis  Caswell,  lawyer,  b.  in 
New  York  city,  26  Dec,  1831;  d.  there,  29  Oct., 
1884.  He  graduated  at  Brown  in  1852,  after  which 
he  studied  law  and  entered  upon  practice  in  New 
York.  At  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war  he  joined 
the  7th  New  York  regiment,  and  subsequently  be- 
came engaged  in  the  organization  and  service  of 
the  U.  S.  Sanitary  Commission  at  Washington.  Mr. 
Bowman  was  an  accomplished  musician,  founded 
the  Mendelssohn  Glee  Club,  of  New  York,  and  was 
its  president  for  five  years.  He  contributed  fre- 
quently to  periodicals,  and  for  seventeen  years  was 
musical  editor  of  the  New  York  "  Sun."  Many  of 
the  articles  on  musical  topics  in  the  "  American 
Cyclopfedia  "  were  written  by  him. 

BOWMAN,  Samuel,  P.  E.  bishop,  b.  in  Wilkes- 
barre, Pa.,  21  May,  1800;  d.  in  Kittanning,  Pa.,  3 
Aug.,  1861.  He  was  educated  in  private,  and 
studied  theology  under  Bishop  White,  by  whom 
he  was  ordained  deacon,  in  Philadelphia,  14  Aug., 
1823,  and  priest,  19  Dec,  1824.  His  first  post  of 
duty  was  in  Lancaster  co.,  where  he  remained  un- 
til 1825,  when  he  was  made  rector  of  Trinity 
church,  Easton.  In  1827  he  became  assistant  in 
St.  James's  church,  Lancaster,  and  in  1830  rector. 
In  1847  he  was  elected  bishop  of  Indiana,  but  de- 
clined. He  was  chosen  assistant  bishop  of  Penn- 
sylvania, and  consecrated  in  Christ  church,  Phila- 
delphia, 25  Aug.,  1858.  His  death  occurred  while 
on  a  visitation  in  Kittanning.  Bishop  Bowman, 
though  an  able  writer,  published  no  contribution 
to  church  or  secular  literature. 

BOWMAN,  Thomas,  M.  E.  bishop,  b.  near  Ber- 
wick, Columbia  co..  Pa.,  15  July,  1817.  He  was 
educated  at  Wilbraham  academy,  Mass.,  at  Caze- 
novia  seminary,  N.  Y.,  and  at  Dickinson  college, 
Carlisle,  Pa.,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1837. 
After  studying 
law  at  Carlisle 
for  a  year,  he 
entered  the  min- 
istry in  the  Bal- 
timore confer- 
enceof  the^Icth-  \ 

odist   Episcopal  f  j  ^4^^ 

church  in   1839.  *  t  — -^  i 

From  1840  to 
1843  he  taught 
in  the  grammar 
school  of  Dick- 
inson college, 
and  in  1848  or- 
ganized Dick- 
inson seminary 
at  Williamsport, 
Pa.,  over  which 
he  presided  for 
ten  years,  and 
became  distinguished  as  a  pulpit  orator.  In  1858 
he  was  elected  president  of  Indiana  Asbury  uni- 
versity at  Greencastle.  He  was  chaplain  of  the  U. 
S.  senate  in  1864-'5,  and  continued  to  preside  over 
the  Indiana  Asbury  university  till  May,  1872,  when 
he  became  a  bishop.  In  1878  he  visited,  officially, 
the  missions  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  church  in 
Europe  and  India. 

BOWNE,  Borden  Parker,  educator,  b.  in 
Leonardville,  N.  J.,  14  Jan.,  1847.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  the  University  of  New  York  in  1870.  and 
studied  for  two  years  at  the  universities  of  Halle 
and  Gottingen,  Germany.  Since  1876  he  has  been 
professor  of  philosophy  in  the  Boston  University. 
His  published  works  include  "  The  Philosophy  of 


\   I 


■-^1 


X^ 


340 


BOYCE 


BOYD 


Herbert  Spencer"  (New  York,  1874);  "Studies  in 
Theism"  (lb79);  "  Metaphysics  "  (1882);  and  "  In- 
troduction to  Psychological  Theory  "  (1886). 

BOYCE,  James  Petigrii,  clergyman,  b.  in 
Charleston,  S.  C,  in  1827 ;  d.  in  Paii,  Prance,  28 
Dec,  1888.  He  was  graduated  at  Brown  in  1847, 
and  studied  theology  at  Princeton  seminary.  He 
was  ordained  to  the  ministry  in  December,  1851,  and 
settled  over  the  Baptist  church  at  Columbia,  8.  C. 
In  1855  he  became  professor  of  theology  in  Fur- 
man  university.  He  was  elected  a  professor  in  the 
southern  Baptist  theological  seminary  at  Green- 
ville. S.  C,  in  February,  1858,  and  entered  upon 
the  duties  of  that  office  on  1  Oct.,  1859.  The  op- 
erations of  the  seminary  having  been  practically 
suspended  during  the  war,  he  entered  the  confed- 
erate army  as  a  chaplain,  and  served  in  that  ca- 
pacity for  six  months.  He  was  elected  to  the 
legislature  of  South  Carolina  in  1862,  and  re- 
elected in  1864.  In  1863  he  devised  a  plan  for 
extinguishing  the  confederate  debt,  and  was  ap- 
pointed a  special  commissioner  to  secure  its  adop- 
tion. After  the  war  he  gave  his  attention  to  the 
resuscitating  and  re-establishing  the  southern 
Baptist  theological  seminary  in  Kentucky,  and  in 
1874  secured  pledges  to  the  amount  of  $90,000  for 
the  support  of  the  seminary.  He  was  for  several 
successive  years  chosen  president  of  the  south- 
ern Baptist  convention.  Dr.  Boyce  received  the 
degree  of  S.  T.  D.  from  Columbian  university, 
Washington,  D.  C,  and  that  of  LL.  D.  from  Union 
university,  Tennessee,  in  1872.  He  contributed 
liberally  to  the  current  literature,  and  through  his 
sermons  and  addresses,  many  of  them  published 
in  j)aniphlet  or  book-form,  has  attained  an  influ- 
ential position  at  the  south. 

BOYD,  Andrew  Hunter  Holmes,  clergyman, 
b.  in  Boydsville,  Va.,  in  1814:  d.  there,  16' Dec, 
1865.  He  was  graduated  at  Jefferson  college  in 
1830,  studied  theology  in  Scotland,  was  ordained 
by  the  pi-esbytery  of  Winchester,  and  passed  his  life 
in  the  pastorate  of  the  Presbyterian  church  in  that 
section.  He  was  connected  with  the  new-school 
Presbyterian  body  until  1859  ;  but  at  the  session 
of  the  general  assembly  at  Cleveland,  in  that  year, 
the  discussion  of  the  slavery  question  developed 
irreconcilable  differences,  and  Dr.  Boyd,  with  other 
commissioners  from  the  slave-holding  states,  se- 
ceded from  the  assembly  and  organized  the 
"  United  Synod  of  the  Presbyterian  Church,"  com- 
posed of  those  presbyteries  in  the  slave-holding 
states  which  had  belonged  to  the  new-school  gen- 
eral assembly,  but  were  dissatisfied  with  its  course 
on  the  subject  of  slavery.  At  the  beginning  of 
the  war  he  took  decided  ground  in  favor  of  seces- 
sion, but  was  far  less  bitter  in  his  hostility  to  the 
north  than  most  of  the  clergy  of  that  section. 

BOY'D,  James  R.,  clergyman,  b.  in  Hunter, 
Greene  co.,  N.  Y.,  in  1804;  d.  in  Geneva,  N.  Y.,  19 
Feb.,  1890.  He  was  prepared  for  college,  and  was 
graduated  at  Union  in  1822.  After  completing 
the  theological  course  at  Princeton  in  1826,  he 
spent  a  few  weeks  at  Andover  theological  semi- 
nary, and  in  the  winter  of  1832  attended  the  lec- 
tures of  Dr.  Chalmers  in  the  university  of  Edin- 
burgh, Scotland.  Returning  to  this  country,  he  de- 
voted several  years  to  pastoral  labors  in  the  Pres- 
byterian connection,  but  ill  health  compelled  him 
to  relinquish  the  work.  He  occupied  for  a  time 
the  chair  of  moral  philosophy,  and  discharged  the 
duties  of  pastor  at  Hamilton  college,  but  soon  re- 
signed this  place  and  made  his  home  in  Geneva, 
N.  Y.,  devoting  himself  to  literary  work.  His 
"  Elements  of  Rhetoric  and  Literary  Criticism," 
"Eclectic  Moral  Philosophy,"  and  annotated  and 


critical  editions  of  standard  works,  have  filled 
an  important  place  among  college  and  academic 
text-books  in  the  United  States. 

BOYD,  John  A.,  Canadian  jurist,  b.  in  Toron- 
to, 23  April,  1837.  He  was  graduated  at  Toronto 
university,  where  he  took  the  prize  for  English 
verse,  and  became  a  master  in  chancery  in  1870, 
queen's  counsel  in  1880,  and  chancellor  of  Ontario 
in  1881,  and  in  1882  was  elected  president  of  the 
Baptist  union  of  Canada.  He  is  the  author  of  "A 
Summary  of  Canadian  History  "  (1860). 

BOYD,  John  Parker,  soldier,  b.  in  Newbury- 
port,  Mass.,  21  Dec,  1764;  d.  in  Boston,  4  Oct., 
1830.  He  is  best  described  as  a  free-lance  or  sol- 
dier of  fortune.  Too  young  to  take  part  in  the 
war  for  independence,  he  entered  the  service  as  en- 
sign soon  after  he  was  of  age  (1786) ;  but  the  period 
of  military  inanition  immediately  succeeding  the 
revolution  proved  too  dull  for  his  adventurous 
taste,  and  he  set  out  in  search  of  a  career.  In  1780 
he  was  at  the  head  of  a  small  army  of  mercenaries 
in  Hindustan.  He  had  sufficient  capital  to  equip 
three  battalions  of  about  500  men  each,  and  to 
engage  some  English  officers.  This  command  he 
held  ready  for  the  service  of  any  native  prince  that 
had  a  war  on  his  hands.  Strifes  between  princi- 
palities were  then  of  frec£uent  occurrence,  and  he 
was  at  different  times  in  the  service  of  Ilolkar, 
rajah  of  Indore,  of  the  Peishwa  chief  of  the  Mah- 
rattas,  and  of  Nizam  Ali  Khan.  Under  this  last- 
named  prince  he  was  given  an  important  com- 
mand in  IMadras,  having  at  one  time  an  army  of 
10,000  men  at  his  disposal.  About  1806  it  became 
evident  that  British  conquest  must  put  an  end  to 
independent  soldiering  as  a  remunerative  profes- 
sion, so  he  sold  his  entire  outfit  to  Col.  Felose,  a 
Neapolitan,  and  went  to  Paris.  Returning  to  the 
United  States,  he  was  made  colonel  of  the  4th  U. 
S.  infantry,  7  July,  1808,  and  in  the  autumn  of 
1811  was  ordered  to  join  Gen.  Harrison  in  his  ex- 
pedition up  the  Wabash  river  against  Tecumseh, 
the  Indian  chief,  and  was  present  with  his  regi- 
ment in  the  severe  fight  at  Tippecanoe  (7  Nov., 
1811).  He  was  commissioned  brigadier-general,  26 
Aug.,  1812,  and  participated  in  the  capture  of  Fort 
George,  near  the  mouth  of  Niagara  river,  27  May, 
1813.  In  the  autumn  of  that  year  he  commanded 
a  brigade  in  Gen.  Wilkinson's  expedition  down  the 
St.  Lawrence,  and  at  the  battle  of  Chrysler's  Field, 
near  Montreal  (11  Nov.),  his  brigade  bore  the  brunt 
of  the  fighting,  forcing  the  British  back  as  long  as 
the  ammunition  lasted,  and  holding  its  ground 
until  re-enforced.  After  nightfall  the  U.  S.  forces 
were  withdrawn,  and  the  British  claimed  the  vic- 
tory, although  their  antagonists  claimed  to  have 
had  the  best  of  the  actual  fighting.  After  the  war 
Boyd  was  appointed  naval  officer  for  the  port  of 
Boston,  which  office  he  held  until  his  death. 

BOYD,  Linn,  statesman,  b.  in  Nashville,  Tenn., 
28  Nov..  1800 ;  d.  in  Paducah,  Ky.,  16  Dec,  1859. 
While  he  was  a  boy  his  parents  removed  to  Trigg 
CO.,  Ky.,  where  he  was  brought  up  to  work  on  the 
farm,  and  could  only  attend  school  in  winter.  At 
twenty-six  years  of  age  he  had  a  farm  of  his  own 
in  Calloway  co.,  and.  notwithstanding  his  slender 
education,  was  elected  to  represent  that  county  in 
the  legislature  for  successive  terms  from  1827  till 
1830.  Returning  to  Trigg  co..  he  was  again  sent 
to  the  legislature  (1831-'2).  He  was  a  democrat 
in  politics,  and,  after  a  defeat  by  a  whig  candi- 
date in  1833,  was  elected  to  congress  in  1835.  He 
was  defeated  for  the  25th  congress,  but  elected 
for  the  26th,  and  from  1839  till  1855  regularly  re- 
elected to  the  national  house  of  representatives. 
His  native  abilities  soon  made  him  prominent  in 


BOYD 


BOYESEN 


341 


the  house,  and  he  became  chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee on  territories,  and  on  31  Dec,  1851,  was 
chosen  speaker,  which  oflRce  he  held  until  1855. 

Ele  was  lieuten- 
ant-governor of 
Kentucky  lor  a 
year  before  with- 
drawing from  po- 
litical life,  and 
when  he  finally 
retired  it  was 
with  a  high  rep- 
utation for  faith- 
fulness in  every 
public  trust. 

BOYD,  Sem- 
proni us  Hamil- 
ton, lawyer,  b.  in 
Williamson  co., 
Tenn.,  28  May, 
1828.  He  re- 
y?  7^  ceived     an    aea- 

(Z,i^^,5^^  /^-^'^^  demic  education 
^'^^^  y^  at       bprmgfield. 

Mo.,  after  which 
he  studied  law.  In  1855  he  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  and  practised  in  Springfield,  where  he  be- 
came clerk,  attorney,  and  twice  mayor.  During 
the  civil  war  he  was  colonel  of  the  24th  Missouri 
volunteers,  a  regiment  which  he  raised,  and  which 
was  known  as  the  "  Lyon  Legion."  In  1863  he 
was  elected  as  representative  in  congress  from 
Missouri.  Afterward,  I'esuming  his  profession,  he 
was  appointed  judge  of  the  14th  judicial  circuit  of 
Missouri.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the  Baltimore  con- 
vention in  1864,  and  in  1868  elected  to  congress, 
serving  until  3  March,  1871.  Since  then  he  has 
spent  a  quiet  life  in  Missouri,  devoting  his  time 
partly  to  the  practice  of  his  profession  and  partly 
to  stock-raising.  The  Springfield  wagon  factory 
and  the  first  national  bank  of  Springfield  were 
founded  by  him. 

BOYDEN,  Setli,  inventor,  b.  in  Foxborough, 
Mass.,  17  Nov.,  1788;  d.  in  Middleville,  N.  J.,^31 
March,  1870.  His  boyhood  was  spent  in  aiding 
his  father  in  farm  work,  or  in  attending  the  com- 
mort  school.  Such  leisure  as  he  could  obtain  was 
devoted  to  the  blacksmith's  shop,  and  at  the  age 
of  twenty-one  years  he  engaged  in  manufacturing 
nails  and  cutting  files  with  improved  machines  of 
his  own  construction.  He  then  improved  the  ma- 
chine originally  devised  by  his  father  for  leather- 
splitting,  which  he  adapted  to  the  splitting  of 
sheep-skins  and  thin  leather  for  bookbinders'  use. 
About  1813,  with  his  brother,  he  established  a 
leather-splitting  business  in  Newark,  and  in  1816 
he  still  further  improved  his  nail  machine.  He 
then  experimented  on  the  manufacture  of  patent 
leather,  and  in  1819  produced  a  superior  article, 
which  he  manufactured  and  sold  until  1831. 
Meanwhile  he  had  experimented  in  the  production 
of  malleable  iron  castings,  and,  succeeding  in  that, 
he  engaged  in  their  manufacture  from  1831  till 
1835.  During  the  latter  year  he  became  interested 
in  the  manufacture  of  steam-engines.  Fitting  up 
a  shop  for  himself,  he  introduced  the  cast-iron 
prome  or  bed  used  in  stationary  steam-engines, 
and  substituted  the  straight  axle  in  place  of  the 
crank  in  locomotives.  His  most  important  inven- 
tion was  the  cut-off  in  place  of  the  throttle-valve, 
and  he  connected  the  same  with  the  governor.  In 
1849  he  closed  out  his  business  and  sailed  for  Cali- 
fornia, but  after  two  years,  unsuccessful  in  gaining 
a  fortune,  he  returned  east,  and  began  experiment- 
ing in  agriculture.     He  succeeded  in  raising  new 


varieties  of  strawberries  of  a  size  and  qualitv  hith- 
erto unequalled.  The  principal  invention  of  his  later 
years  was  a  "hat-body  doming  machine,"  which 
is  now  extensively  used.  Other  inventions  have 
been  attributed  to  him,  but  they  failed  of  commer- 
cial success.  As  with  many  inventors,  the  just 
compensation  of  his  labors  was  secured  by  others, 
and  his  life  was  laborious  to  the  end. — His  brother, 
Uriah  Atherton,  inventor,  was  b.  in  Foxborough, 
Mass.,  17  Feb..  1804;  d.  in  Boston,  17  Oct.,  1879. 
In  early  life  he  worked  at  a  blacksmith's  forge, 
and  acquired  considerable  mechanical  skill  and  a 
thorough  knowledge  of  materials.  Later  he  be- 
came an  engineer,  and  was  employed  in  the  con- 
struction of  a  railroad  from  Boston  to  Nashua. 
He  then  turned  his  attention  to  hydraulic  engineer- 
ing, and  was  employed  in  Lowell  and  in  Manches- 
ter, where  he  found  time  to  make  a  comprehensive 
study  of  the  theory  of  the  turbine  water-wheel. 
Mr.  Boyden  succeeded  in  improving  the  construc- 
tion of  turbines  so  that  95  per  cent,  of  the  total 
power  of  the  water  expended  was  utilized,  thereby 
gaining  fully  20  per  cent.  In  1850  he  settled  in 
Boston  and  devoted  himself  thenceforward  to  the 
study  of  physics  and  chemistry.  He  gave  $1,000 
to  the  Boyden  library  of  Foxborough,  where  he 
also  established  the  soldiers'  memorial  building. 
In  1874  he  placed  |1,000  with  the  Franklin  Insti- 
tute, to  be  awarded  to  any  resident  of  North 
America  who  should  determine  by  experiment 
whether  all  rays  of  light  and  other  physical  rays 
were  or  were  not  transmitted  with  the  same  ve- 
locity. The  "  Foxborough  Official  Centennial 
Record  "  (1878)  contains  a  full  account  of  his  life. 
BOYER,  Jean  Pierre,  president  of  Havti,  b.  in 
Port  au  Prince,  28  Feb.,  1776;  d.  in  Paris',  9  July, 
1850.  Pie  was  a  mulatto,  and  first  became  known 
in  the  revolution  of  1792.  He  fled  to  France,  but 
returned  to  Hayti  with  Gen.  Leclerc  to  fight  for  the 
restoration  of  the  colony  to  France.  Afterward  he 
took  an  active  part  in  other  civil  contests,  including 
one  caused  by  Cristophe  when  he  proclaimed  him- 
self emperor.  In  1818  Boyer  succeeded  Petion  as 
president  of  the  republic,  which  office  he  held  for 
twenty-four  years,  until  his  tyranny  and  malad- 
ministration produced  his  fall.  In  1820,  after  Des- 
saline's  death,  he  added  the  latter's  empire  to  the 
Ilaytian  republic,  and  in  1822,  after  his  successful 
expedition  to  Santo  Domingo,  united  the  whole 
island  under  one  government. 

BOYESEN,  Hjalmar  Hjorth,  author,  b.  in 
Fredericksvoern,  Norway,  23  Sept.,  1848  ;  d.  in  New 
York  city.  4  Oct.,  1895.  He  attended  the  gymna- 
sium in  Christiania,  and,  after  a  course  of  study  at 
Leipsic,  Germany,  was  graduated  in  1868  at  the  uni- 
versity of  Norway.  He  came  at  once  to  the  United 
States,  and  in  1869  became  editor  of  the  "  Fremad," 
a  Scandinavian  paper  published  in  Chicago.  He 
was  appointed  professor  of  German  at  Cornell  in 
1874,  remaining  until  1880,  when  he  accepted  the 
corresponding  chair  at  Columbia.  Soon  after 
reaching  this  country  Prof.  Boyesen  evinced  a  re- 
markable facility  in  writing  English.  His  contri- 
butions to  the  periodicals  of  the  day  soon  attracted 
attention,  and  he  became  popular  as  a  story-teller 
in  prose  and  verse.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  authors'  club  in  New  York.  The  titles  of  his 
published  books  are  as  follows :  "  Gunnar :  A  Norse 
Romance  "  (New  York,  1874)  ;  "  A  Norseman's  Pil- 
grimage" (1875);  "Tales  from  Two  Heniisii]i(>res" 
(Boston,  1876 ;  4th  ed.,  1884) ;  "  Falconberg  "■  (1878) ; 
"  Goethe  and  Schiller :  Their  Lives  and  Works " 
(1878) ;  "  Ilka  on  the  Hill-Top  and  other  Stories  " 
(1881) ;  "  Queen  Titania  "  (1882) ;  "  A  Daughter  of 
the   Philistines"  (Boston,   1883);   "The   Story  of 


342 


BOYLAND 


BOYNTON 


Norway  "  (1886).  "  Ilka  on  the  Ilill-Top  "  was  dra- 
matized in  1884,  and  successfully  played  for  three 
months  in  New  York  and  for  ftve  months  in  other 
cities  of  the  United  States.  Many  of  his  books  and 
short  stories  have  been  translated  into  German  and 
Norwegian,  and  one  of  them  into  Russian. 

BOYLAND,  (xeorge  Halsted,  physician,  b.  in 
Cincinnati,  Ohio,  19  Jan.,  1845.  He  was  graduated 
at  Andover  academy  in  1862,  and  then  spent  some 
time  at  Yale.  Later  he  studied  medicine  in  Paris, 
and  received,  in  1874,  his  degree  from  the  univer- 
sity in  Leipsic  for  investigations  conducted  in  the 
Wagner  laboratory.  During  the  Fi-anco-Prussian 
war  of  1870-'l  he  served  in  the  surgical  corps  of 
the  French  army,  and  was  decorated  for  his  ser- 
vices. He  was  the  first  to  introduce  salicylic  acid 
made  from  carbolic  acid,  as  an  antiseptic,  in  the 
United  States.  Dr.  Boyland  has  been  a  frequent 
contributor  to  the  medical  and  scientific  press  of 
this  country,  and  is  the  author  of  "  Six  Months 
under  the  Red  Cross  with  the  French  Army  "  (Cin- 
cinnati, 1875). 

BOYLE,  Jeremiah  Tilford,  soldier,  b.  22  May. 
1818;  d.  in  Louisville,  Ky.,  28  July,  1871.  He 
was  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1838,  and,  after 
qualifying  himself  for  the  law,  he  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  and  began  practice  in  Kentucky.  When 
the  slave-states  seceded  from  the  union,  and  Ken- 
tucky was  in  doubt  which  side  to  join,  he  declared 
in  favor  of  the  union,  and  was  appointed  a  briga- 
dier-general of  U.  S.  volunteers,  9  Nov.,  1861. 
After  distinguished  and  patriotic  services  in  organ- 
izing for  defence  against  the  confederate  invasion 
that  was  threatened  from  the  south,  he  was  ap- 
pointed military  governor  of  Kentucky,  and  re- 
tained that  office  from  1862  till  1864,  when  he  re- 
signed his  commission.  From  1864  till  1866  he 
was  president  of  the  Louisville  city  railway  com- 
pany, and  from  1866  till  his  death  was  president 
of  the  Evansville,  Henderson,  and  Nashville  rail- 
road company. 

BOYLE,  John,  jurist,  b.  in  Botetourt  co.,  Va., 
28  Oct.,  1774;  d.  in  Kentucky,  28  Jan.,  1834.  His 
parents  removed  to  Kentucky  when  he  was  five 
years  old.  He  received  a  good  education,  studied 
law,  and  began  to  practise  his  profession  in  Lan- 
caster in  1797.  Elected  to  congress  in  1803,  he 
served  three  successive  terms  until  3  March,  1809. 
He  was  appointed  governor  of  Illinois,  then  a  ter- 
ritory, after  leaving  congress,  but  declined  to  serve, 
preferring  the  bench  of  the  court  of  appeals  of 
Kentucky.  Of  this  court  he  became  chief  justice 
in  April,  1810,  and  retained  the  place  until  8  Nov., 
1826,  when  he  was  appointed  U.  S.  district  judge 
for  Kentucky,  an  office  which  he  held  during  the 
remainder  of  his  life. 

BOYLE,  John  Alexander,  soldier,  b.  in  Balti- 
more, Md.,  13  Mav,  1816 ;  d.  near  Chattanooga, 
Tenn.,  29  Oct.,  1863.  He  became  a  Methodist 
preacher  in  1839,  his  station  being  in  Philadelphia 
and  vicinity,  where  he  had  received  his  education. 
After  repeated  and  prolonged  trials  he  was  obliged 
to  give  up  the  ministry  because  of  failing  health. 
Removing  to  Elk  co.,  Pa.,  he  became  a  lawyer  and 
afterward  an  editor.  He  volunteered  in  a  Penn- 
sylvania regiment  at  the  beginning  of  the  civil 
war  and  soon  rose  to  the  rank  of  major,  serving 
with  zeal  and  honor  in  Virginia  and  Tennessee, 
and  was  killed  in  the  battle  of  Wauhatchie. 

BOYLE,  Junius  J.,  naval  officer,  b.  in  Mary- 
land about  1802;  d.  in  Norfolk,  Va.,  11  Aug.,  1870. 
He  was  appointed  midshipman  in  the  navy  from 
the  District  of  Columbia  in  1823,  cruised  in  the 
sloop-of-war  "  Peacock  "  in  the  Pacific  in  1827,  and 
.ioined  the  Mediterranean   squadron   as  a   passed 


midshipman  in  1829.  He  was  commissioned  lieu- 
tenant, 21  June,  1832.  After  nine  years  of  sea 
duty  on  board  the  frigates  "  Delaware  "  and  "  Con- 
gress," most  of  the  time  in  the  Mediterranean,  he 
served  from  1843  till  1855  on  different  store-ships 
and  in  the  schooner  '•  Bonito  "  of  the  home  squad- 
ron. He  was  commissioned  commodore,  16  July, 
1862,  and  was  in  conunand  of  the  naval  asylum  at 
Philadelphia  in  1863-5. 

BOYLSTON,  Nicholas,  merchant,  b.  in  Boston 
in  1716;  d.  there  18  Aug.,  1771.  At  his  decease 
he  bequeathed  £1,500  to  found  a  professorship  of 
rhetoric  and  oratory  at  Harvard,  John  Quincy 
Adams  being  installed  as  the  first  professor,  12 
June,  1806. — His  nephew.  Ward  Nicholas,  was  b. 
in  Boston  22  Nov.,  1749 ;  d.  in  Roxbury,  Mass..  7 
Jan.,  1828.  After  completing  his  education  in  1773, 
he  passed  the  next  two  years  in  travelling.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  loyalist  association  formed 
in  London  in  1779,  returned  to  Boston  in  1800, 
and  presented  Harvard  university  with  a  valuable 
collection  of  medical  and  anatomical  works  and 
engravings  in  1810. 

BOYLSTON,  Zabdiel,  physician,  b.  in  Brook- 
line,  Mass..  in  1680;  d.  in  Boston.  1  March,  1766. 
After  a  good  private  education  he  studied  medi- 
cine under  his  father  and  Dr.  John  Cutter.  He 
then  settled  in  Boston,  where  he  soon  acquired 
considerable  reputation  and  fortune.  In  1721,  on 
the  reappearance  of  the  small-pox  in  Boston,  Cot- 
ton Mather  directed  the  attention  of  the  physicians 
to  the  practice  of  inoculation  as  carried  on  in  east- 
ern countries.  Boylston  at  once  became  a  believer 
in  the  system,  and  inoculated  his  son  and  two  of 
his  servants  with  complete  success.  His  fellow- 
practitioners  were  unanimously  opposed  to  the  in- 
novation and  protested  against  it.  The  citizens 
also  objected,  and  an  ordinance  from  the  select- 
men was  obtained  prohibiting  it.  Dr.  Boylston 
persevered,  and  was  encouraged  and  justified  in 
his  course  by  the  clergy.  Out  of  286  persons  in- 
oculated during  the  years  1721-2,  only  six  died. 
The  practice  became  genei-al  throughout  New  Eng- 
land long  before  it  did  so  in  England,  much  to  his 
satisfaction.  He  was  also  a  naturalist  of  consid- 
erable reputation,  sparing  no  labor  or  expense  in 
obtaining  rare  plants,  animals,  and  insects,  many 
of  which,  being  then  unknown  abroad,  were  sent 
to  England.  In  1725  he  visited  England  and  was 
made  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society,  to  whose  trans- 
actions he  contributed  several  papers.  He  also 
published  a  paper  on  inoculation  (Boston,  1721), 
and  an  account  of  the  small-pox  inoculation  in  New 
England  and  London  (1726).  See  "Zabdiel  and 
John  Boylston,"  in  the  "  New  England  Historical 
and  Genealogical  Register"  (vol.  xxxv.,  1881). 

BOYNTON,  Charles  Brandon,  clergyman,  b. 
in  Stockbridge,  Mass.,  12  June.  1806 ;  d.  in  Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio,  27  April,  1883.  He  entered  Williams 
in  the  class  of  1827,  but,  owing  to  illness,  was 
obliged  to  leave  college  during  his  senior  year.  He 
took  up  the  study  of  law,  and.  after  filling  one  or 
two  local  offices,  was  elected  to  the  Massachusetts 
legislature.  While  studying  law  he  became  inter- 
ested in  religion,  qualified  himself  for  the  minis- 
try, and  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian 
cliureh  at  Housatonic,  Conn.,  in  1840.  Thence, 
after  a  stay  of  three  years,  he  removed  successive- 
ly to  Lansingburg,  Pittsfield,  and  in  1846  to  Cin- 
cinnati, and  remained  there  until  1877,  with  the 
exception  of  his  terms  of  service  as  chaplain  of  the 
house  of  representatives  in  the  39th  and  40th  con- 
gresses. For  a  time  he  was  pastor  of  the  Congre- 
gational church  at  Washington,  D.  C.  He  bore  an 
important   part   in   the   anti-slavery  controversy. 


BOYNTON 


BOZMAN 


*^43 


which  was  fiercely  waged  in  Cincinnati  during  the 
early  years  of  his  pastorate.  His  published  books 
are  "Journey  through  Kansas,  with  Sketch  of 
Nebraska  "  (Cincinnati,  1855) ;  "  The  Russian  Em- 
pire "  (1856) ;  "  The  Four  Great  Powers — England, 
Prance,  Russia,  and  America ;  their  Policy,  Re- 
sources, and  Probable  Future  "  (1866) ;  "  History 
of  the  Navy  during  the  Rebellion"  (New  York, 
1868).  He  received  the  degree  of  D.  D.  from  Mari- 
etta college  in  recognition  of  his  acquirements  as 
a  biblical  scholar. — His  son,  Henry  Van  Ness, 
soldier,  b.  in  West  Stockbridge,  Mass.,  22  July, 
1835,  removed  to  Ohio  when  a  young  man,  and 
was  graduated  at  the  Woodward  high  school,  Cin- 
cinnati, in  June,  1855.  Thence  he  went  to  the 
Kentucky  military  institute,  where  he  passed 
through  a  semi-military  course  of  training  that 
prepai'ed  him  for  subsequent  service  in  the  field, 
and  became  a  civil  engineer.  At  the  beginning  of 
the  civil  war  he  was  commissioned  major  of  the 
35th  Ohio  volunteer  infantry  (27  July,  1861).  He 
was  promoted  lieutenant-colonel,  19  July,  1868, 
commanded  the  regiment  during  the  Tennessee 
campaigns,  and  was  brevetted  brigadier  for  good 
conduct  at  the  battles  of  Chickamauga  and  Mission- 
ary Ridge.  He  is  the  author  of  the  most  notable  of 
the  criticisms  called  out  by  Gen.  William  T.  Sher- 
man's "  Memoirs,"  namely,  "  Sherman's  Historical 
Raid  ;  the  Memoirs  in  the  Light  of  the  Record ;  a 
Review  based  upon  Compilations  from  the  Files  of 
the  War  onicc"  (Cincinnati,  1875). 

BOYNTON,  Edward  Carlisle,  soldier,  b.  in 
Windsor,  Vt.,  1  Feb.,  1824  :  d.  in  Newburg,  N.  Y..  13 
May,  1893.  He  was  graduated  at  the  U.  8.  military 
academy  in  1846,  and  ordered  at  once  to  join  the 
army  in  Mexico.  He  was  with  Gen.  Taylor  at  the 
front  of  the  invading  force,  and  participated  in 
the  siege  of  Vera  Cruz  and  the  battles  of  Contreras 
and  Churubusco,  in  which  last  engagement  he  was 
severely  wounded.  He  was  promoted  second  lieu- 
tenant 16  Feb.,  and  first  lieutenant  20  Aug.,  1847, 
and  'was  brevetted  captain  at  the  same  time.  He 
was  an  instructor  at  West  Point  in  1848-'55.  In 
1855-'6  he  accompanied  the  expedition  against  the 
remnant  of  the  Seminole  Indians  in  Florida.  He 
resigned  16  Feb.,  1856,  and  accepted  the  professor- 
ship of  chemistry  in  the  university  of  Mississippi, 
which  he  held  until  dismissed  in  1861  for  "  evin- 
cing a  want  of  attachment  to  the  government  of 
the  confederate  states."  He  declined  the  colonelcy 
of  a  volunteer  regiment,  and  was  reappointed  to 
the  U.  S.  army  as  captain  in  the  11th  infantry,  23 
Sept.,  1861.  He  was  at  once  assigned  to  duty  at 
the  military  academy,  first  as  adjutant  and  after- 
ward as  quartermaster,  remaining  at  that  post 
throughout  the  war,  and  receiving  at  its  close  the 
brevet  of  major  for  faithful  services.  He  was 
transferred  to  the  29th  infantry,  21  Sept.,  1866. 
Maj.  Boynton  is  the  author  of  "  History  of  West 
Point  and  its  Military  Importance  during  the 
Revolution,  and  the  Origin  and  Progress  of  the 
Military  Academy  "  (New  York,  1863) ;  a  "  Guide  to 
West  Point  and  the  U.  S.  Military  Academy" 
(1863) ;  "  Register  of  Cadets  admitted  to  the  Mili- 
tary Academy,  from  its  Origin  to  June  30,  1870  " 
(1870) ;  "  Several  Orders  of  George  Washington, 
Commander-in-Chief,  etc.,  issued  at  Newburg " 
(Newburg,  1883) ;  and  of  the  military  and  naval 
vocabulary  in  Webster's  "  Army  and  Navy  Dic- 
tionary "  (Springfield,  1886). 

BOYTON,  Paul,  nautical  adventurer,  b.  in 
Dublin,  Ireland,  29  June,  1848.  From  his  earliest 
youth  he  showed  a  great  fondness  for  aquatic 
sports,  and  after  a  desultory  education  entered  the 
navy  in  1864,  serving  until  the  close  of  the  civil 


war.  He  then  followed  the  business  of  submarine 
diving  for  several  years,  and  during  the  revolution 
in  Sonora,  Mexico,  he  served  under  Gen.  Pedro 
Martinez.  From  1867  till  1869  he  was  connected 
with  the  life-saving  service  on  the  Atlantic  coast, 
where  he  distinguished  himself  by  saving  seventy- 
one  lives.  In  I870-'1  he  served  in  the  Franco- 
Prussian  war  with  the  Franc-tireurs,  after  which 
he  visited  the  diamond-fields  of  South  Africa.  He 
then  re-entered  the  life-saving  service,  where  he  re- 
mained until  after  his  famous  leap  from  a  vessel 
off  the  coast  of  Ireland  in  1874.  This  feat  was  ac- 
complished, in  a  rubber  suit  of  his  own  invention, 
during  a  furious  gale.  After  remaining  nearly 
seven  hours  in  the  water,  traversing  a  distance  of 
forty  miles,  he  reached  the  land.  His  dress,  which 
is  manufactured  from  the  finest  vulcanized  rubber, 
is  divided  into  two  parts,  the  junction  being  at  the 
waist.  The  lower  half  terminates  in  a  steel  band, 
over  which  the  bottom  of  the  tunic  fits,  with  a  strap 
over  all,  making  a  perfectly  water-tight  joint.  On 
each  thigh,  on  the  breasts,  on  the  back,  and  at  the 
back  of  the  head,  are  five  internal  compartments, 
each  having  a  tube  for  the  purpose  of  infiating 
with  air  from  the  mouth.  The  only  part  of  the 
body  exposed  is  the  face.  His  position  in  the 
water  is  on  his  back,  and  he  drives  himself,  feet 
foremost,  with  a  double-bladed  paddle,  at  the  rate 
of  about  one  hundred  strokes  a  minute,  sometimes 
using  a  sail.  He  has  achieved  a  world-wide  repu- 
tation for  his  exploits,  among  which  are  his  cross- 
ing the  English  channel  in  twenty-four  hours,  on 
28  May,  1875.  In  October,  1875,  he  paddled  on  the 
Rhine  from  Basel,  Switzerland,  to  Cologne,  Ger- 
many, 430  miles.  Early  in  1876  he  made  the  run 
from  Alton,  111.,  to  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  on  the  Missis- 
sippi, and  from  the  Bayou  Govda  to  New  Orleans,. 
La..  100  miles,  in  twenty-four  hours.  In  May,  1876, 
he  was  again  in  Europe,  and  made  the  descent 
of  the  Danube  from  Lintz,  Austria,  to  Budapest, 
Hungary,  460  miles,  in  six  days.  He  remained  in 
Europe  imtil  November,  1878,  navigated  the  im- 
portant rivers  of  the  continent,  passed  through  the 
canals  of  Venice,  and  crossed  the  straits  of  Gibral- 
tar. Among  his  important  American  trips  is  the 
voyage  from  Oil  City,  Pa.,  to  the  gulf  of  Mexico, 
2,342  miles,  made  in  eighty  days.  During  the  first 
portion  of  this  expedition  the  weather  was  ex- 
tremely cold,  while  toward  the  end  Capt.  Boyton 
suffered  severely  from  the  heat.  In  August,  1879, 
he  crossed  from  Long  Branch  to  Manhattan  beach,, 
and  in  November  he  made  the  descent  of  Connecti- 
cut river  from  Canada  to  Long  Island  sound.  Dur- 
ing 1880-'l  he  was  commander  of  the  Peruvian 
torpedo  service.  He  was  captured  by  the  Chilians, 
and  his  execution  ordered ;  but  managed  to  es- 
cape to  the  coast,  and  was  picked  up  by  a  vessel 
bound  north.  His  longest  voyage,  over  3,580  miles, 
was  made  from  the  mouth  of  Cedar  creek,  Mon- 
tana territory,  starting  on  17  Sept.,  1881,  to 
St.  Loiiis,  Mo.,  reaching  there  on  20  Nov.  He  has- 
travelled  through  the  United  States,  giving  ex- 
hibitions of  his  feats.  An  account  of  his  adven- 
tures has  been  published  under  the  title  of 
"  Roughing  it  in  Rubber"  (1886). 

BOZMAN,  John  Leeds,  lawyer  and  author,  b. 
in  Oxford,  on  the  eastern  shore  of  Maryland,  in 
1757;  d.  in  1823.  He  was  educated  at  the  univer- 
sity of  Pennsylvania,  afterward  read  law  in  the 
Middle  Temple,  London,  became  an  eminent  law- 
yer, and  for  several  years  was  deputy  attorney- 
general  of  Maryland.  He  was  the  author  of  "  OId- 
servations  on  the  Statute  of  Jac.  I.,  ch.  16,  in  Re- 
lation to  Estates  Tail "  ;  "A  New  Arrangement  of 
the  Courts  of  Justice  of  the  State  of  Maryland" 


344' 


BRACE 


BRACE 


(1802) ;  "  Essay  on  the  Colonization  Society  "  (Wash- 
ington, 1822) ;  and  "  History  of  Maryland,  from 
1683-'60,''  the  introduction  of  which  was  pub- 
lished in  1811,  and  the  complete  work  in  Baltimore 
in  1837.  He  was  a  frequent  contributor  of  prose 
and  verse  to  Dennie's  "  Port-Folio "  and  other 
journals ;  and  he  wrote  also  "  An  Historical  and 
Philosophical  Sketch  of  the  Prime  Causes  of  the 
Revolutionary  War,"  which  was  suppressed  be- 
cause of  its  partisanship,  praising  Washington  at 
the  expense  of  Franklin. 

BRACE,  John  Pierce,  educator,  b.  in  Litch- 
field, Conn.,  10  Feb..  1793;  d.  there,  18  Oct.,  1872. 
He  was  graduated  at  Williams  in  1812,  and,  after 
several  years  of  study,  took  charge  of  the  Litchfield 
academy,  where  he  remained  until  1832,  when  he 
became  principal  of  the  Hartford  female  seminary, 
in  which  his  niece,  Catharine  E.  Beecher,  had  al- 
ready become  distinguished.  In  these  two  institu- 
tions Mr.  Brace  trained  many  young  ladies  who 
became  prominent  in  the  different  walks  of  life ; 
among  them,  Mrs.  H.  B.  Stowe,  Mrs.  Cyrus  W. 
Field,  Mrs.  Cornelius  Du  Bois,  Mrs.  M.  0.  Roberts, 
the  missionaries  Mrs.  Bliss  and  Mrs.  Van  Lennep, 
of  Hartford,  and  Mrs.  McCulloch,  wife  of  the  U.  S. 
secretary  of  the  treasury.  After  teaching  for  many 
years,  Mr.  Brace  became  editor  of  the  Hartford 
■"  Courant,"  one  of  the  oldest  and  best  of  New  Eng- 
land journals,  which,  under  his  management,  at- 
tained a  higher  literary  reputation  than  it  had  pre- 
viously enjoyed.  He  was  thoroughly  equipped  in 
law,  medicine,  and  theology,  and  his  knowledge  of 
ancient  and  modern  history  was  wide  and  minute. 
In  mineralogy  and  botany  he  made  extensive  re- 
searches and  collections,  and  was  in  correspond- 
ence with  eminent  botanists  at  home  and  abroad 
during  most  of  his  life.  Even  in  unusual  sub- 
jects of  investigation,  such  as  heraldry,  astrology, 
cryptography,  and  musical  composition,  he  was 
singularly  well  versed.  These  varied  acquirements 
were  all  willingly  consecrated  to  the  service  of  his 
pupils.  For  the  last  nine  years  of  his  life  he  re- 
mained in  his  old  homestead  in  Litchfield,  pursu- 
ing his  favorite  studies.  Mr.  Brace  published 
several  monographs  on  mineralogy  and  botany ; 
"  Lectures  to  Young  Converts  " ;  a  learned  and  hu- 
morous work  entitled  "  Tales  of  the  Devil" ;  and  two 
novels,*"  The  Fawn  of  the  Pale-Faces,"  and  another 
story  of  early  New  England  life.  Few  men  of  the 
time  have  exerted  a  wider  infiuence  than  he  in  the 
direction  of  all  that  is  best  in  the  lives  of  American 
■women. — His  son,  Charles  Loriiig,  philanthropist, 
b.  in  Litchfield,  Conn.,  19  June,  182G ;  d.  in  Camp- 
for,  Switzerland,  11  Aug.,  1890.  He  was  graduated 
at  Yale  and  at  Union  theological  seminary  in  New 
York.  He  was  afterward  a  frequent  preacher,  but 
was  never  permanently  connected  with  any  church. 
In  1850  he  made  a  pedestrian  journey  in  Great  Brit- 
ain and  Ireland,  also  visiting  the  Rhine,  Belgium, 
and  Paris.  An  account  of  this  journey  was  pub- 
lished by  his  companion,  Frederick  Law  Olmsted, 
under  the  title  of  "  Walks  and  Talks  of  an  Ameri- 
can Farmer  in  England"  (New  York,  1852).  After 
spending  a  winter  in  study  at  Berlin,  he  visited 
Hungary  in  1851,  and  was'  the  first  American  to 
visit  the  interior  of  the  country.  While  in  Gros 
Wardein  he  was  arrested  on  suspicion  of  being  a 
secret  agent  of  the  Hungarian  revolutionists  in 
America,  imprisoned  in  the  castle  of  Gros  War- 
dein, and,  without  information  being  given  to  the 
American  minister,  was  tried  in  twelve  different 
sessions  before  a  court-martial.  An  opportunity, 
seemingly  accidental,  enabled  him  to  communi- 
cate the  fact  of  his  arrest  to  Charles  J.  McCurdy, 
U,  S,  charge  d'affaires  at  Vienna,  who  instituted 


vigorous  efforts  for  his  release,  and,  after  a  bitter 
diplomatic  correspondence  with  the  Austrian  min- 
istry, he  was  discliargcd  with  an  apology,  after  an 
imprisonment  of  a  month.  But  no  compensation 
for  his  detention  was  offered  by  the  Austrian  gov- 
ernment. He  afterward  visited  Switzerland,  Italy, 
England,  and  Ireland,  giving  special  attention  to 
schools,  prisons,  reformatory  institutions,  and  the 
condition  of  the  masses  in  European  countries. 
On  his  return  to  the  United  States,  in  1852,  his  at- 
tention being  especially  called  to  the  miserable 
condition  of  the  foreign  emigrants  and  the  poorest 
classes  in  the  city  of  New  York,  he  associated  him- 
self with  the  Rev.  Mr.  Pease  in  missionary  work  at 
the  Five  Points,  then  the  most  degraded  district 
of  the  city,  and  also  labored  on  Blackwell's  island 
among  the  prisons,  hospitals,  and  almshouses.  It 
soon  became  evident  to  him  and  the  gentlemen 
associated  with  him  that  nothing  could  be  done 
of  permanent  benefit  to  New  York  which  did  not 
especially  include  the  children  of  the  poor.  In 
1853  Mr.  Brace,  with  others,  formed  the  children's 
aid  society,  and  in  1854  he  founded,  outside  of  the 
society,  the  first  newsboys'  lodging-house  in  this 
country.  From  that  time  forward  he  devoted  the 
greater  part  of  his  time  for  many  years  to  writing 
for  the  journals,  delivering  public  addresses  de- 
signed to  enlist  the  fortunate  classes  in  the  move- 
ment in  behalf  of  the  children  of  the  poor,  and  in 
managing  this  association.  In  1856  Mr.  Brace  was 
a  delegate  to  the  international  convention  for 
children's  charities  in  London,  when  he  also  made 
a  journey  in  Norway  and  Sweden.  In  1865  he 
carried  out  a  special  sanitary  investigation  in  the 
cities  of  Great  Britain,  and  subsequently  made  a 
pedestrian  journey  through  Tyrol.  Pie  was  a  dele- 
gate to  the  international  prison  convention  in 
London  in  1872,  and  afterward  revisited  Hungary 
and  Transylvania,  where  he  was  received  with 
marked  attention.  He  was  a  constant  contributor 
to  the  press  of  New  York  city.  The  following  list 
includes  his  published  books,  which  have  nearly 
all  been  reprinted  in  England  :  "  Hungary  in  1851  " 
(New  York,  1852) ;  "  Home  Life  in  Germany " 
(1853) ;  "  Norse  Folk,"  a  description  of  the  relig- 
ious, social,  and  political  condition  of  the  people 
of  Norway  and  Sweden  (1857) ;  "  Races  of  the  Old 
World  "  (1863) ;  "  The  New  West "  (1869) ;  "  Short 
Sermons  for  Newsboys " ;  and  "  The  Dangerous 
Classes  of  New  York  "  (1872 ;  3d  ed.,  enlarged,  1880) ; 
"  Free  Trade  as  promoting  Peace  and  Good-will 
among  Men  "  (1879) ;  and  "  Gesta  Christi "  (1883). 

BRACE,  JuHa,  a  blind  deaf-mute,  b.  in  New- 
ington.  Conn.,  13  .June,  1807 ;  d.  in  Bloomington, 
Conn.,  12  Aug.,  1884.  At  the  age  of  four  years  and 
five  months  she  lost  sight  and  hearing,  and  soon 
forgot  the  few  words  she  had  learned  to  speak.  No 
intelligent  attempt  was  made  to  educate  her  until 
she  was  eighteen,  when  she  was  sent  to  the  Ameri- 
can asylum  for  the  deaf  and  dumb.  Here  she  re- 
mained for  about  thirty  years,  when  she  went  to 
live  with  her  sister  in  Bloomington,  Conn.  She 
was  paralyzed  and  bedridden  the  last  year  of  her 
life.  Her  case  is  peculiarly  interesting  because  her 
natural  intellectual  endowment  was  not  of  a  high 
order,  and  as  she  had  reached  adult  years  before 
any  attempt  at  education  was  made.  She  was  very 
irascible  and  sullen,  owing  probably  to  over-indul- 
gence when  she  first  came  to  the  asylum,  but  un- 
der judicious  treatment  became  more  amiable. 
She  attained  considerable  skill  in  sewing,  readily 
threading  her  own  needle,  and  in  the  laundry, 
where  she  selected  and  ironed  her  own  clothes. 
She  made  her  own  dresses,  being  particular  to  have 
them  "  in  the  fashion,"  and  did  much  sewing  for 


BRACKEN 


BRACKETT 


345 


others.  Her  memory  of  tangible  facts  was  very 
tenacious,  but  it  had  no  grasp  of  abstractions,  and 
it  was  never  apparent  that  she  comprehended  the 
idea  of  a  Deity.  She  had  a  decided  aversion  to  men 
in  general,  and  did  not  hesitate  to  show  it.  Some 
of  the  older  male  teachers,  however,  succeeded  at 
the  last  in  gaining  her  confidence.  Her  moral 
sense  was  wonderfully  strong.  She  was  tenacious 
of  her  own  rights,  but  never  intentionally  invaded 
those  of  others,  and  she  was  never  known  to  de- 
ceive. So  kind  and  gentle  was  she  that  she  was 
intrusted  with  the  care  of  the  sick,  and  made  an 
excellent  nurse.  A  full  account  of  her  case  is 
given  in  Dunglison's  "  Physiology"  (vol.  ii.). 

BRACKEN,  John,  clergyman,  d.  in  Williams- 
burg, Va.,  15  July,  1818.  He  was  president  of 
William  and  Mary  college  in  1813,  and  professor  of 
humanities  tliere  from  1773  till  his  death. 

BRAIKEMIIDGE,  Hngh  Henry,  jurist,  b. 
near  Campbeltun,  Scotland,  in  1748;  d.  in  Car- 
lisle, Pa.,  25  June,  181G.  When  five  years  old  he 
accompanied  his  father,  a  poor  farmer,  to  this  coun- 
try, and  settled  in  York  co..  Pa.,  near  the  Mary- 
land border.  He  supported  himself  by  farming 
and  teaching  while  preparing  for  college,  and  was 
graduated  at  Princeton  in  1771,  in  the  same  class 
with  James  Madison.  In  conjunction  with  Philip 
Freneau,  he  wrote  a  poetical  dialogue  entitled 
"  The  Rising  Glory  of  America,"  which  formed 
part  of  the  graduating  exercises,  and  was  after- 
ward published  (1772).  After  graduation  he  was 
for  some  time  a  tutor  at  Princeton,  and  then 
taught  school  in  Maryland  for  several  years.  Dur- 
ing this  time  he  wrote  for  his  pupils  a  drama  called 
"Bunker  Hill"  (Philadelphia,  1770).  In  1776 
Brackenridge  went  to  Philadelphia  and  became 
editor  of  the  "  United  States  Magazine."  Some 
strictures  on  Gen.  Charles  Lee,  published  in  this 
magazine,  so  enraged  that  officer  that  he  called  at 
Brackenridge's  office  for  the  purpose  of  horsewhip- 
ping him,  but  the  editor  prudently  refused  to  ap- 
pear. Brackenridge  had  studied  divinity,  and  was 
for  some  time  chaplain  in  the  revolutionary  army. 
Six  of  his  political  sermons,  delivered  in  camp, 
were  afterward  published.  He  was  never  regular- 
ly ordained,  however,  and  his  tastes  lay  in  a  clifEer- 
ent  direction.  After  studying  law  at  Annapolis, 
Md.,  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  removed  in  1781 
to  Pittsburg,  then  a  small  frontier  town,  and  soon 
became  prominent  in  his  profession.  In  178G  he 
was  sent  to  the  legislature  to  secure  the  establish- 
ment of  Alleghany  co.  In  1794  he  was  prominent 
in  the  "  Whiskey  Insurrection  "  but  used  his  influ- 
ence in  bringing  about  a  settlement  between  the 
government  and  the  malcontents.  He  vindicated 
his  course  in  "  Incidents  of  the  Insurrection  in 
Western  Pennsylvania  "  (Philadelphia,  1795).  Af- 
ter the  democratic  victory  in  1799  the  new  gov- 
ernor of  Pennsylvania,  Mr.  Kean,  appointed 
Brackenridge  to  the  supreme  bench  of  the  state, 
where  he  remained  until  his  death.  Besides  works 
already  mentioned,  he  wrote  a  "  Eulogium  of  the 
Brave  who  fell  in  the  Contest  with  Great  Britain," 
an  oration,  delivered  at  Philadelphia.  4  July,  1778 ; 
another  oration,  delivered  4  Julv,  1793  ;  '•  Gazette 
Publications  Collected"  (1806);  "Law  Miscel- 
lanies "  (1814) ;  and  "  Modern  Chivalry,  or  the  Ad- 
ventures of  Capt.  Farrago  and  Teague  O'Regan, 
his  Servant."  The  last  named,  a  political  satire,  is 
his  best  work,  the  materials  of  the  story  being 
drawn  from  the  author's  own  experience.  The 
first  part  was  published  in  Pittsburg  in  1796  and 
republished  in  Philadelphia  in  1846,  with  illustra- 
tions by  Darley.  The  second  portion  appeared  in 
1806,   and   both   were    issued    together  in    1819. 


Brackenridge  wrote  also  many  miscellaneous  es- 
says and  poems. — His  son,  Henry  Marie,  author, 
b.  in  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  11  May,  1786;  d.  thert^  18 
Jan.,  1871.  When  seven  years  old  he  was  sent 
to  a  school  at  St.  Genevieve,  in  upper  Louisiana, 
to  learn  French,  and  remained  there  three  years, 
after  which  his  father  took  personal  charge  of 
his  education.  He  began  the  study  of  law  at 
the  age  of  fifteen,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  1806.  After  a  year  or  two  more  of  special 
study  with  his  father,  he  began  practice  in  Balti- 
more, Md.,  but  soon  removed  to  Somerset,  where 
in  the  intervals  of  business  he  read  history  and 
studied  Italian  and  German.  He  revisited  Louisi- 
ana in  1810,  and,  after  practising  law  a  short  time, 
went  to  St.  Louis.  Here  he  began  to  collect  mate- 
rials for  a  work  on  Louisiana  (Pittsburg,  1812),  and 
also  began  the  study  of  Spanish.  In  1811  he  de- 
scended the  river  in  a  "  keel-boat "  to  New  Or- 
leans, and  in  a  month  or  two  was  appointed  depu- 
ty attorney-general  for  the  territory  of  Orleans,  as 
it  was  then  called.  He  became  district  judge  in 
1812,  though  only  twenty-three  years  old,  and 
gave  his  attention  for  several  years  to  the  study 
of  Spariish  law.  During  the  war  of  1812  he  gave 
important  information  to  the  government,  and 
afterward  published  a  popular  history  of  the  war, 
which  was  translated  into  French  and  Italian. 
This  was  undertaken  at  the  instance  of  a  book- 
seller in  Baltimore,  where  Judge  Brackenridge  took 
up  his  residence  in  1814.  He  joined  with  Henry 
Clay  in  urging  the  acknowledgment  of  the  South 
American  republics,  and  wrote  much  on  the  subject, 
his  principal  publication  being  a  pamphlet  of  100 
pages,  addressed  to  President  Monroe,  and  signed 
"  An  American."  This  was  republished  in  Eng- 
land and  Prance,  and,  as  it  was  supposed  to  repre- 
sent the  views  of  the  American  government,  was 
answered  by  the  Spanish  minister,  the  duke  of  San 
Carlos.  About  the  same  time  Judge  Bracken- 
ridge published,  in  "  Walsh's  Register,"  an  elabo- 
rate paper  on  the  Louisiana  boundary  question. 
In  1817  he  was  appointed  secretary  of  the  commis- 
sion sent  to  the  South  American  republics,  and 
after  his  return  published  a  "  Voyage  to  South 
America  "  (2  vols.,  Baltimore,  1818  ;  London,  1820), 
which  was  highly  praised  by  Humboldt.  In  1821 
he  went  to  Florida,  which  had  just  come  into  the 
possession  of  the  American  government,  and,  by 
his  knowledge  of  French  and  Spanish,  rendered 
valuable  service  to  Gen.  Jackson.  In  May  of  that 
vear  he  was  appointed  U.  S.  judge  for  the  western 
district  of  Florida,  and  held  this  office  till  1832, 
when  he  removed  to  Pittsburg.  He  was  elected  to 
congress  in  1840,  but  did  not  take  his  seat,  and  in 
1841  was  named  a  commissioner  under  the  treaty 
with  Mexico.  After  this  he  remained  in  private 
life,  devoting  himself  to  literature.  Besides  works 
already  mentioned,  he  published  "  Recollections 
of  Persons  and  Places  in  the  West "  (Philadelphia, 
1834;  2d  ed.,  enlarged,  1868);  "Essay  on  Trusts 
and  Trustees  "  (Washington,  1042) ;  and  "  History 
of  the  Western  Insurrection  "  (1859),  a  vindication 
of  his  father's  course  at  that  time.  He  also  wrote 
numerous  pamphlets  and  articles  in  journals,  in- 
cluding a  "  Eulogy  on  Adams  and  Jefferson,"  de- 
livered at  Pensacola,  Fla.,  in  August,  1820,  and  a 
series  of  letters  in  favor  of  the  Mexican  war  (1847). 
BRACKETT,  Albert  Gallatin,  soldier,  b.  in 
Cherry  Valley,  N.  Y.,  14  Feb.,  1829 ;  d.  in  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  25  June,  1896.  He  removed  to  In- 
diana in  1846,  and,  during  the  war  with  Mexico, 
was  first  lieutenant  in  the  4th  Indiana  volunteers, 
being  present  at  Huamantla,  Puebla,  and  Atlixco. 
On  16  July,  1848,  he  was  honorably  discharged. 


346 


BRACKETT 


BRADBURY 


On  3  March,  1855,  he  became  captain  in  the  2d 
U.  S.  cavahy,  and,  after  raising  a  company  in  Indi- 
ana and  Illinois,  served  on  the  Texas  frontier,  dis- 
tinguishing himself  in  actions  against  the  Co- 
manche Indians.  He  was  the  first  U.  S.  officer  that 
crossed  into  Mexico  in  pursuit  of  hostile  Indians. 
When  Gen.  Twiggs  surrendered  to  the  confeder- 
ates in  1861,  Capt.  Brackett  escaped.  He  com- 
manded the  cavalry  at  Blackburn's  Ford  and  the 
first  battle  of  Bull  Run,  and  in  August,  1861,  be- 
came colonel  of  the  9th  Illinois  cavalry,  serving 
with  credit  through  the  Arkansas  campaign,  and 
being  severely  wounded  at  Stewart's  Plantation, 
where  he  saved  a  valuable  train  from  falling  into 
the  hands  of  the  confederates.  On  28  June,  1862, 
he  was  brevetted  major  in  the  regular  army  for 
services  in  the  Arkansas  campaign,  and  on  17  July 
received  his  full  commission  as  major  in  the  1st 
cavalry.  In  1863  he  was  chief  of  cavalry  in  the 
department  of  the  Missouri,  and  in  1864  assistant 
inspector-general  of  cavalry,  in  the  department  of 
the  Cumberland.  He  was  engaged  in  the  battles 
around  Atlanta,  was  brevetted  lieutenant-colonel 
on  1  Sept.,  1864,  for  his  services  there,  and  at  the 
close  of  the  war  was  brevetted  colonel.  After  that 
time  he  served  principally  against  hostile  Indians 
in  Nevada,  Wyoming,  and  Arizona.  He  received 
his  full  commission  as  lieutenant-colonel,  2d  cav- 
alry, on  9  June,  1868,  and  on  20  March,  1879,  when 
commanding  the  district  of  the  Yellowstone,  was 
made  colonel  of  the  3d  cavalry.  He  was  afterwai'd 
assigned  to  the  command  of  Fort  Davis,  Texas, 
and  in  March,  1886,  was  recommended  by  the  con- 
gressional delegation  of  Indiana  and  Texas  for 
promotion  to  the  rank  of  brigadier-general.  He 
published  "General  Lane's  Brigade  in  Central 
Mexico"  (Cincinnati,  1854);  "History  of  the 
United  States  Cavalry"  (New  York,  1865);  and 
wrote  many  magazine  and  newspaper  articles,  espe- 
cially in  regard  to  military  aifairs.  Col.  Brackett 
was  retired  in  Februarv,  1891. 

BRACKETT,  Anthony,  soldier,  d.  21  Sept., 
1689.  He  was  a  son  of  Anthony  Brackett,  of 
■Greenland,  N.  H.,  and  as  early  as  1662  settled  in 
Portland  (then  Casco),  Me.,  where  he  had  a  farm 
-of  400  acres.  On  11  Aug.,  1676,  the  Indians  made 
an  attack;  on  Casco,  and  captured  or  killed  thirty- 
four  persons,  Brackett,  his  wife  and  five  children, 
and  a  negro  servant,  being  among  the  prisoners. 
They  were  taken  to  Arrousic  island,  and  in  Novem- 
ber managed  to  escape  in  a  leaky  birch-bark  canoe, 
which  Mrs.  Brackett  had  mended  with  needle  and 
thread.  They  boarded  a  vessel  bound  to  Piscata- 
qua,  and,  after  peace  had  been  made,  returned  to 
Casco,  12  April,  1678.  In  1682  Brackett  was  given 
the  command  of  Port  Loyall,  and  in  1688  held  the 
command  of  the  three  forts  erected  by  Gov.  An- 
dros.  He  met  his  death  at  the  hands  of  the  Indians. 
BRACKETT,  Edward  Augustus,  sculptor,  b. 
in  Vassalborough,  Me.,  1  Oct.,  1819.  He  began  his 
career  in  1838,  and  has  produced  portrait  busts  of 
Washington  Allston,  Richard  Henry  Dana,  Bry- 
ant, Longfellow,  Rufus  Choate,  Charles  Sumner, 
John  Brown,  William  Lloyd  Garrison,  Wendell 
Phillips,  Gen.  Butler,  and  others.  His  marble 
^roup  of  the  "  Shipwrecked  Mother  and  Child  "  is 
now  the  property  of  tlie  Boston  atheni^um. — His 
brother,  Walter  M.,  painter,  b.  in  Unity,  Me., 
14  June,  1823,  began  painting  in  1843,  giving  his 
attention  to  portraits  and  ideal  heads,  and  exe- 
cuted likenesses  of  Charles  Sumner,  Edward  Ever- 
ett, and  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes.  He  also  painted 
portraits  of  the  first  four  secretaries  of  war,  for  the 
war  department  at  Washington.  For  some  years 
be  has  devoted  himself  almost  exclusively  to  the 


painting  of  game  fish,  especially  of  salnxon  and 
trout.  A  series  of  four  of  his  pictures,  representing 
the  capture  of  a  salmon  with  a  fly,  was  exhibited 
at  the  Crystal  Palace,  London.  He  now  lives  in 
Boston,  Mass.,  where  he  has  for  some  time  been 
president  of  the  art  club,  of  which  he  was  one  of 
the  original  members. 

BRACKETT,  Joshua,  physician,  b.  in  Green- 
land, N.  H.,  5  May,  1733;  d.  17  July,  1802.  He 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1752.  At  the  desire 
of  his  parents  he  studied  theology  and  began  to 
preach,  but  afterward  studied  medicine  with  Dr. 
Jackson,  of  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  and  became  a 
physician  in  that  town.  He  was  a  zealous  patriot, 
a  member  of  the  state  committee  of  safety,  and 
during  the  revolution  was  judge  of  the  New  Hamp- 
shire maritime  court.  He  was  a  founder  of  the 
state  medical  society,  and  its  president  from  1793 
till  1799.  He  gave  it  143  volumes  of  medical  works 
at  its  establishment,  and  his  wife,  Hannah  Whip- 
ple, of  Kittery,  Me.,  left  the  society  at  her  death, 
23  April,  1805,  a  bequest  of  $500.  Dr.  Brackett 
bequeathed  $1,500  to  Harvard  toward  founding 
a  professorship  of  natural  historv. 

BRADBURY,  James  Ware,  senator,  b.  in  Par- 
sonfield,  Me.,  10  June,  1802.  He  was  graduated 
at  Bowdoin  in  1825  with  Hawthorne  and  Longfel- 
low, standing  second  in  his  class,  and,  after  teach- 
ing in  the  Hallowell  academy,  began  the  study  of 
law.  He  settled  in  Augusta  in  1830,  where'  he 
was  for  a  time  editor  of  the  "  Maine  Patriot,"  and 
was  county  attorney  from  1834  till  1838.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  Baltimore  convention  of  1844, 
which  nominated  Polk  for  the  presidency,  and  in 
1847  was  elected  to  the  U.  S.  senate  as  a  democrat. 
He  was  chairman  of  a  select  committee  on  French 
spoliations.  Declining  to  be  a  candidate  for  re- 
election, he  returned,  at  the  close  of  his  term,  to 
the  practice  of  his  profession.  He  has  been  presi- 
dent of  the  Maine  historical  society  for  fourteen 
and  a  member  for  forty  years,  and  is  the  oldest 
surviving  ex-U.  S.  senator! 

BRADBURY,  Theophilus,  jurist,  b.  in  New- 
bury, Mass.,  13  Nov.,  1739 ;  d.  in  Newburyport, 
Mass.,  6  Sept.,  1803.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
in  1757,  and  studied  law  while  teaching  at  Fal- 
mouth (now  Portland),  Me.  Having  been  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar,  he  practised  there  from  May, 
1761,  till  1779,  when  he  returned  to  Newbury. 
Here  he  filled  several  local  offices,  and  was  at  dif- 
ferent times  a  member  of  both  houses  of  the  state 
legislature.  He  was  elected  to  congress,  took  his 
seat  7  Dec,  1795,  and  was  re-elected,  but  resigned 
in  1797,  having  been  appointed  a  judge  of  the 
Massachusetts  supreme  court.  He  was  a  presi- 
dential elector  in  1801,  and  was  a  member  of  the 
American  academy  of  arts  and  sciences. 

BRADBURY,  WiUiam  Batchelder,  musi- 
cian, b.  in  York,  Me.,  6  Oct.,  1816 ;  d.  in  Montclair, 
N.  J.,  7  Jan.,  1868.  He  inherited  a  taste  for  music 
from  his  parents,  who  were  excellent  singers,  his 
father  being  the  leader  of  a  choir.  Before  he  was 
fourteen  years  old  he  had  become  a  skillful  me- 
chanic, and  mastered  every  instrument  that  came 
in  his  way,  but  never  saw  an  organ  or  a  piano  until 
1830,  when  he  removed  to  Boston.  Here  he  met 
Dr.  Lowell  Mason,  and  in  1834  was  known  as  an 
organist.  In  1840  he  began  teaching  in  New  York 
and  Brooklyn,  where  he  gained  popularity  by  his 
free  singing-schools,  and  by  his  concerts,  at  which 
the  performers,  all  children,  sometimes  numbered 
1,000.  In  1847  he  went  to  Germany,  where  he 
studied  harmony,  composition,  and  vocal  and  in- 
strumental music  with  the  best  masters.  In  1854 
he  began  in  New  York  city,  in  connection  wiuh  his 


BRADBURY 


BRADDOCK 


347 


brother,  E.  G.  Bradbury,  the  manufacture  of  pia- 
nos, in  which  he  was  very  successful.  Mr.  Brad- 
bury is  best  known  as  a  composer  and  publisher  of 
a  series  of  musical  collections  for  choirs  and  schools. 
He  was  the  author  and  compiler  of  fifty-nine  sep- 
arate books,  besides  contributing  largely  to  the 
periodical  musical  literature,  and  writing  letters 
from  Europe  to  the  New  York  "  Evangelist."  The 
first  of  his  books  was  published  in  1841,  and  they 
continued  to  appear  during  nearly  thirty  years. 
They  include  "The  Golden  Chain"  (1801) ;  "The 
Key-Note  "  and  "  Pilgrim  Song  "  (1863) ;  "  Golden 
Trio  "  (1864) ;  "  The  Shawm  "  (1864) ;  "  The  Jubi- 
lee" (1865);  and  "Temple  Choir"  and  "Fresh 
Laurels"  (1867).  This  was  his  last  new  book, 
though  "  Clarina,"  a  compilation  from  his  works, 
appeared  in  his  name  in  Oct.,  1867.  In  the  com- 
pilation of  some  of  his  books  he  was  assisted  by 
the  composer  Thomas  Hastings.  Among  Mr.  Brad- 
bury's compositions  was  a  cantata  entitled  "  Esther, 
or  the  Beautiful  Queen  "  (New  York,  1857).  Over 
5,000,000  copies  of  his  works  have  been  sold. 

BRADBURY,  William  Frothiiig^liaiu,  edu- 
cator, b.  in  Westminster,  Mass.,  17  May,  1829.  He 
was  graduated  at  Amherst  in  1856,  and  was  vale- 
dictorian. He  taught  school  every  winter  from  1848 
till  his  graduation,  and  then  became  a  teacher  in 
the  Cambridge,  Mass.,  high  school,  of  which  he  be- 
came head  master  in  1878.  He  has  published  a 
series  of  nine  mathematical  text-books,  and  "  Cam- 
bridge High  School  History  and  Catalogue."  He 
has  patented  devices  for  teaching  the  metric  sys- 
tem, and  assisted  to  organize  the  American  metric 
bureau.  Mr.  Bradbury  in  1883-'4  was  a  member 
of  the  Cambridge  common  council. 

BRADDOCK,  Edward,  British  soldier,  b.  in 
Perthshire,  Scotland,  about  1695 ;  d.  near  Pitts- 
burg, Pa.,  13  July,  1755.  He  had  attained  the 
grade  of  major-general  after  more  than  forty 
years'  service  in  the  British  guards,  when  on  the 
eve  of  the  French  war  he  was  sent  here  as  general- 
issimo of  all  the  British  forces  in  the  colonies.  He 
landed,  20  Feb.,  1755,  at  Hampton,  Va.,  and  de- 
barked his  troops  at  Alexandria,  to  which  point 
the  Virginia  levies  had  also  been  directed.  The 
house  that  was  his  headquarters  in  Alexandria, 
shown  in  the  engraving,  is  still  standing.  The 
general  was  a  good  tactician,  but  a  very  martinet, 


Wj-r- 


proud,  prejudiced,  and  conceited.  Hoi'ace  Walpole 
describes  him  as  "  a  very  Iroquois  in  disposition," 
and  tells  an  anecdote  that  sheds  light  on  his  char- 
acter. "  He  once  had  a  duel  with  Col.  Glumley, 
who  had  been  his  great  friend.  As  they  were  going 
to  engage,  Glumley,  who  had  good  humor  and  wit 
{Braddock  had  the  latter),  said  :  '  Braddock,  you  are 
a  poor  dog !  here,  take  my  purse ;  if  you  kill  me, 
you  will  be  forced  to  run  away,  and  then  you  will 
not  have  a  shilling  to  support  you.'     Braddock  re- 


fused the  purse,  insisted  on  the  duel,  was  disarmed, 
and  would  not  even  ask  for  his  life."  When  Brad- 
dock heard  that  not  more  than  twenty-five  wagons 
could  be  procured  for  the  use  of  the  army,  he  de- 
clared that  the  expedition  should  not  start.  Wash- 
ington was  made  his  aide-de-camp.  At  Frederick- 
town,  Benjamin  Franklin,  then  postmaster-general, 
with  his  usual  sagacity  and  energy,  undertook  to 
provide  the  necessary  conveyances,  and  records  the 
conversation  with  Braddock  in  which  he  unfolded 
his  intentions.  "After  taking  Fort  Duquesne," 
said  the  general,  "  1  am  to  proceed  to  Niagara ; 
and,  having  taken  that,  to  Frontenac  if  the  season 
will  allow  time,  and  I  suppose  it  will,  for  Duquesne 
can  hardly  detain  me  above  three  or  four  days ; 
and  then  I  can  see  nothing  that  can  obstruct  my 
march  to  Niagara."  Franklin  thoixght  the  plan 
excellent,  provided  he  could  take  his  fine  troops 
safely  to  Fort  Duquesne,  but  apprehended  danger 
from  the  ambuscades  of  the  Indians,  who  might 
destroy  his  army  in  detail.  The  intimation  struck 
Braddock  as  absurd,  and  he  said  :  "  These  savages 
may  indeed  be  a  formidable  enemy  to  raw  Amer- 
ican military,  but  upon  the  king's  regular  and  dis- 
ciplined troops,  sir,  it  is  impossible  they  .should 
make  an  impression."  Similar  warnings  by  Wash- 
ington met  with  similar  replies.  The  expedition 
made  slow  progress,  but  at  last  drew  near  the  fort, 
and  crossed  the  Monongahela  in  regular  order ;  the 
drums  were  beating,  the  fifes  playing,  the  colors 
flying,  and  their  bayonets  glittered  in  the  sun. 
Suddenly,  as  the  van  was  ascending  a  slope  with 
underbrush  and  ravines  on  both  sides,  it  was  ex- 
posed to  a  murderous  fire  from  an  invisible  foe. 
Braddock  ordered  the  main  body  to  halt,  the  firing 
continued,  and  the  British  for  the  first  time  heard 
the  terrible  war-whoop.  The  effect  of  the  Indian 
rifles,  directed  by  the  French,  was  deadly;  most  of 
the  grenadiers  and  many  of  the  jiioneers  were  shot 
down,  and  those  who  escaped  the  bullets  were  com- 
pelled to  fall  back.  The  British  were  ordered  to 
form  in  line,  but  the  men  were  so  frightened  by 
the  demoniac  yells  of  the  hidden  savages  that  they 
refused  to  follow  their  officers  in  small  divisions. 
The  Virginians,  familiar  with  Indian  warfare,  seji- 
arated,  and  from  behind  sheltering  rocks  or  trees 
picked  off  the  enemy.  Washington  suggested  to 
the  general  to  pursue  the  same  course  with  the 
regulars ;  but  he  scorned  to  receive  advice,  and  is 
reported  to  have  said  that  a  British  general  might 
dispense  with  the  military  instruction  of  a  Vir- 
ginia colonel.  He  insisted  that  his  men  should  be 
formed  in  regular  platoons ;  they  fired  by  platoons 
at  random  at  the  rocks,  into  the  ravines  and  the 
bushes,  and  killed  a  number  of  Americans — as 
many  as  fifty  by  one  volley — while  they  them- 
selves fell  with  alarming  rapidity.  The  officers 
behaved  splendidly,  and  Braddock's  personal  bra- 
very was  conspicuous ;  five  horses  had  been  killed 
under  him,  when  at  last  a  bullet  passed  through 
his  right  arm  and  lodged  in  his  lungs.  He  fell 
from  his  horse,  and  was  with  difficulty  removed 
from  the  gi-ound.  The  defeat  was  total,  and  the 
rout  complete.  Washington's  escape  was  almost 
miraculous;  sixty-four  out  of  eighty-five  officers 
were  killed  or  wounded.  There  is  little  doubt  that, 
but  for  the  obstinacy  and  self-sufficiency  of  Brad- 
dock, the  disaster  might  have  been  averted;  for 
the  crushing  and  sanguinary  defeat  of  9  July  was 
inflicted  by  a  handful  of  men,  who  intended  only 
to  molest  his  advance.  The  retreat  was  covered  by 
Washington,  and  the  remnant  of  the  army  went 
into  camp  at  the  Great  Meadows  four  days  later. 
Braddock  said  nothing,  but  exclaimed  in  the 
evening  after  the  engagement,  "  Who  would  have 


348 


BRADFORD 


BRADFORD 


thought  it?"  Then  he  relapsed  into  silence,  un- 
broken until  a  few  minutes  before  his  death  at  the 
Great  Meadows  on  the  evening  of  13  July,  when 
he  said  :  "  We  shall  better  know  how  to  deal  with 
them  another  time."  He  was  buried  before  break 
of  day,  Washington  reading  the  burial  service, 
for  the  chaplain  had  been  wounded.  His  grave 
(though  now  well  known,  and  pointed  out  seven 
miles  east  of  Uniontown)  was  at  the  time  levelled 
with  the  ground  to  prevent  Indian  outrage.  See 
"  The  History  of  an  Expedition  against  Fort  Du- 
quesne  in  1755,  under  Major-General  Edward 
Braddock.  Edited  from  the  Original  Manuscripts 
by  Winthrop  Sargent,  M.  A."  (Philadelphia,  1855). 

BRADFORD,  Alexander  Warfleld,  jurist,  b. 
in  Albany,  N.  Y.,  in  1815 ;  d.  in  New  York  city,  5 
November,  1867.  He  was  a  son  of  John  M.  Brad- 
ford, D.  D.,  of  Albany,  was  graduated  at  Union  in 
1832,  studied  law,  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  soon 
achieved  a  high  reputation  for  extensive  knowledge 
of  law.  In  1848  he  entered  upon  political  life,  and 
was  elected  surrogate,  was  twice  re-elected,  and  was 
connected,  either  as  judge  or  advocate,  with  many 
prominent  cases,  among  them  the  Parish  will,  the 
Seguin  will,  the  Burdell-Cunningham  trial,  and 
the  Gardiner  and  Tyler  will.  He  prepared  ten 
volumes  of  legal  reports,  four  of  "  Reports  of  Sur- 
rogates' Cases,"  and  six  of  "  Bradford's  Reports," 
the  latter  of  which  became  a  standard  authority. 
He  also  edited  a  work  on  "  American  Antiquities," 
and,  in  conjunction  with  Dr.  Anthon,  edited  "  The 
Protestant  Churchman."  He  was  one  of  the  com- 
missioners designated  by  the  legislature  to  codify 
the  laws  of  the  state.  In  1846  he  published  a  dis- 
course delivered  in  1845  before  the  New  York  his- 
torical society,  and  in  1863  a  semi-centennial  ad- 
dress to  the  Albany  academy. 

BRADFORD,  Ausrnstus  Williamson,  b.  in 
Belair,  Md..  9  Jan.,  1806  ;  d.  in  Baltimore,  1  March, 
1881.  He  studied  law,  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and 
became  an  active  whig  politician.  He  was  an  ear- 
nest unionist  during  the  civil  war.  In  1861  he  was 
a  delegate  to  the  peace  congress,  and  in  1863  was 
elected  governor  of  the  state,  serving  until  1866. 
In  July,  1 864,  confederate  raiders  burned  his  house. 
In  1864  he  was  influential  in  securing  the  adop- 
tion of  the  new  constitution  of  Maryland,  by  which 
slavery  was  abolished,  and  under  President  John- 
son was  surveyor  of  the  port  of  Baltimore. 

BRADFORD,  Gamaliel,  revolutionary  soldier, 
b.  in  Duxbury,  Mass.,  3  Sept.,  1731 ;  d.  there,  9 
Jan.,  1807.  He  was  a  descendant  of  Gov.  William 
Bradford  and  son  of  Judge  Gamaliel  Bradford, 
who  was  a  councillor  imder  Govs.  Bernard  and 
Hutchinson,  and  who  died  34  April,  1778,  aged 
seventy-three  years.  The  son  served  in  the  French 
war  as  captain  and  rose  to  the  rank  of  major. 
During  the  revolutionary  war  he  commanded  the 
14th  Massachusetts  regiment  of  continentals.  After 
the  war  he  was  a  member  of  the  legislature  and  a 
judge. — His  son,  Alden,  author,  b.  in  Duxbury, 
Mass.,  19  Nov.,  1765 ;  d.  in  Boston,  Mass.,  36  Oct., 
1843.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1786,  and 
was  a  tutor  in  the  college  in  1791-'3,  then  pastor 
of  the  Congregational  church  in  Wiscasset,  Me., 
till  1801,  afterward  for  some  time  clerk  of  the  su- 
preme court  of  Massachusetts,  next  a  bookseller  in 
Boston,  and  then,  from  1813  to  1834,  he  held  the 
office  of  secretary  of  state  for  the  commonwealth, 
and  in  1826  edited  the  Boston  "Gazette."  He  was 
the  author  of  "  Eulogy  on  Washington  "  (1804) ; 
"  On  the  Death  of  Gen.  Knox  "  (1806) ;  "  Life  of  C. 
Strong  "  (1830) ;  "  History  of  Massachusetts  from 
1764  till  1789,"  subsequently  continued  down  to 
.  1830  (Boston,  1833-'9) ;   "  Life  of  Jonathan  May- 


hew  "  (1838) ;  "  History  of  the  Federal  Government " 
(Boston,  1840) ;  "  Biographical  Notices  of  Distin- 
guished Men  of  Massachusetts"  (1843);  "New 
England  Chronology,  1497-1800 "  (1843) ;  and  ac- 
counts of  Wiscasset  and  Duxbury. — His  great- 
grandson,  Gamaliel,  political  writer,  b.  in  Boston, 
15  Jan.,  1881.  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1849. 
He  is  the  principal  advocate  for  the  admission  of 
cabinet  officers  to  a  seat  and  a  voice  in  congress, 
without  the  right  of  voting. 

BRADFORD,  Joseph,  journalist,  b.  near  Nash- 
ville, Tenn.,  24  Oct.,  1843 ;  d.  in  Boston,  Mass.,  13 
April,  1886.  His  real  name  was  William  Randolph 
Hunter.  He  was  appointed  to  the  U.  S.  naval 
academy  in  1859,  but  did  not  take  a  full  course. 
In  1863  he  entered  the  navy,  and  served  with  dis- 
tinction until  1864,  when  he  resigned  on  account 
of  illness.  He  turned  to  the  stage,  making  his  first 
appearance  in  Baltimore,  and  at  that  time  assumed 
the  name  of  Joseph  Bradford,  Bradford  having  been 
his  mother's  maiden  name.  He  remained  upon 
the  stage  several  years,  during  which  time  he  was 
connected  with  stock  companies  in  Philadelphia, 
Baltimore,  and  Boston.  But,  although  he  achieved 
a  fair  measure  of  success  in  the  profession,  espe- 
cially in  a  certain  type  of  eccentric  light  comedy, 
which  he  played  with  great  delicacy  and  beauty, 
his  natural  bent  was  toward  literature.  The  last 
fifteen  years  of  his  life  were  mainly  passed  in  Bos- 
ton, and  were  devoted  to  dramatic,  journalistic, 
and  general  literary  work.  Among  his  most  suc- 
cessful plays  were  "  Our  Bachelors,"  "  One  of  the 
Finest^"  and  "  The  Cherubs."  All  of  these  had  long 
runs,  and  the  first  two  are  still  popular.  His  humor 
was  exemplified  in  a  series  of  satirical  verses,  mostly 
political,  published  in  the  Boston  dailies.  Some  of 
his  serious  poems,  notably  those  on  the  deaths  of 
Victor  Hugo,  Vice-President  Hendricks,  and  Gen. 
Grant,  were  widely  copied.  A  collection  of  his 
poems,  edited  by  his  widow,  is  now  (1886)  in  press. 

BRADFORD,  Joseph  M.,  naval  officer,  b.  in 
Sumner  co.,  Tenn.,  4  Nov.,  1834;  d.  in  Norfolk, 
Va.,  14  April,  1873.  He  entered  the  navy  as  mid- 
shipman, 10  Jan.,  1840;  became  a  lieutenant,  16 
Sept.,  1855;  a  commander,  35  July,  1866;  retired 
5  Feb.,  1873,  and  was  made  a  captain  on  the  re- 
tired list,  16  JMarch,  1873.  He  was  fleet-captain  of 
the  South  Atlantic  blockading  squadron  from  No- 
vember, 1863,  till  June,  1865,  during  which  period 
he  saw  severe  service  and  performed  his  difficult 
duties  to  the  satisfaction  of  his  superior  officers. 

BRADFORD,  Robert,  soldier,  b.  in  Plymouth, 
Mass.,  in  1750;  d.  in  Belpre,  Ohio,  in  1833.  He 
served  through  the  revolutionary  war,  from  Bunker 
Hill  to  Yorktown,  and  was  present  at  many  im- 
portant engagements.  He  held  the  rank  of  major 
and  was  presented  by  Lafayette  with  a  sword  for 
gallantry.  As  a  member  of  the  Ohio  company  he 
removed  to  Marietta  in  1788,  and  in  the  following 
year  with  a  number  of  associates  settled  Belpre. 
He  was  a  descendant  of  the  sixth  generation  from 
Gov.  Bradford. 

BRADFORD,  William,  colonial  governor,  b. 
in  Austerfield,  Yorkshire,  England,  in  March,  1588 ; 
d.  in  Plymouth,  Mass.,  9  May,  1657.  He  inherited 
a  yeoman's  freehold,  was  seriously  and  religiously 
inclined  from  childhood,  and  joined  the  Puritan 
separatist,  or  Brownist,  church  established  in  1606 
l)v  William  Brewster  at  Scrooby  Manor,  near  by 
in  Nottinghamshire,  thereby  drawing  upon  him- 
self the  hostility  and  contempt  of  his  relatives  and 
neighbors.  The  company,  being  threatened  with 
persecution,  resolved  to  emigrate  to  flolland.  In 
the  autumn  of  1607,  Bradford  and  the  other  prin- 
cipal members  of  the  society  made  an  agreement 


BRADFORD 


BRADFORD 


349 


with  a  Dutch  captain  to  embark  at  Boston ;  but 
the  sliipper  betrayed  them  to  the  magistrates,  who 
committed  some  of  them  to  prison,  and  sent  the 
rest  to  their  homes.  After  several  months  of  con- 
finement, Bradford  escaped  in  the  spring  of  1608 
and  joined  iris  companions  in  Amsterdam,  where 
he  apprenticed  himself  to  a  silk-weaver,  a  French 
Protestant.  When  he  came  of  age  he  sold  his  land 
in  England  and  engaged  in  business  on  his  own 
account,  in  wliich  he  incurred  losses.  Removing 
with  the  rest  of  the  company  to  Leyden  about 
1609,  he  was  eager  and  active  in  promoting  the 
scheme  of  emigrating  to  an  English  colony.  A 
patent  was  obtained  for  a  tract  of  land  in  Virginia, 
with  the  assistance  of  Sir  Edwin  Sandys,  then 
treasurer  of  that  colony.  On  5  Sept.,  1620,  Brad- 
ford embarked  at  Southampton  in  the  "  May- 
flower "  with  the  first  hundred  pilgrims  that  left 
for  America.  Obliged  by  stress  of  weather  to  put 
in  at  Plymouth  harbor,  they  signed  a  compact  of 
government  before  landing,  according  to  which 
Carver  became  governor.  On  the  death  of  the 
first  governor,  21  April,  1621,  Bradford  was  elected 
in  his  place,  and  was  continued  in  the  office  each 
year  thereafter  by  the  suffrage  of  the  colonists. 
His  authority  was  restricted  at  his  request,  in  1624, 
by  a  council  of  five,  and  in  1633  by  one  of  seven 
members.  In  the  council  he  had  a  double  vote. 
One  of  his  first  acts  on  assuming  the  executive  was 


to  send  an  embassy,  in  July,  1621,  to  confirm  the 
league  entered  into  with  the  Indian  sachem  Mas- 
sasoit,  the  most  influential  and  powerful  of  the 
native  chiefs.  His  friendly  relations  with  the  In- 
dians, who  had  known  the  English  only  as  kidnap- 
pers, were  essential  to  the  continued  existence  of 
the  colony  and  to  its  future  prosperity.  He  under- 
stood the  native  character,  and  exhibited  the  com- 
bination of  firmness  and  energy  with  patience  and 
gentleness  that  is  most  successful  in  dealing  with 
savages.  In  1622  Canonicus,  sachem  of  the  Narra- 
gansetts,  to  whom  the  governor  returned  a  skin 
filled  with  powder  and  shot  in  reply  to  the  snake- 
skin  of  arrows  sent  to  him  as  a  challenge,  sued  for 
peace.  When  William  Bradford  was  chosen  gov- 
ernor, because  of  his  precarious  health,  William 
AUerton  was  given  him  as  an  assistant.  In  1622 
the  emigrants  were  reduced  to  famine,  owing  part- 
ly to  the  communistic  system  adopted  at  first,  and 
partly  to  the  arrival  of  new  comers  without  provi- 
sions, and  Gov.  Bradford  made  several  excursions 
among  the  Indians,  procuring  corn  and  beans. 
The  fur-trading  colony  established  beside  Plym- 
outh plantation  in  Boston  harbor  provoked  by 
their  oppressions  a  conspiracy  among  the  In- 
dians to  exterminate  all  the  English,  which  was 
revealed  by  Massasoit ;  and,  on  the  advice  of  that 
chief,  Oapt.  Standish  was  sent  by  the  governor  to 
put  the  ringleaders  to  death.     In  1624  the  English 


adventurers  who  had  supplied  the  capital  for  the 
establishment  of  the  colony,  relying  on  the  profits 
of  the  fur-trade  for  their  returns,  were  bought 
out,  and  eight  of  the  most  enterprising  of  the  emi- 
grants, for  a  six  years'  monopoly  of  trade,  assumed 
all  the  engagements  of  the  colony.  In  1629  a  pat- 
ent was  obtained  from  the  New  England  council — 
a  band  of  noblemen  who  in  1620  received  from 
King  James  absolute  property  in  the  country  lying 
between  40°  and  48°  of  north  latitude — conferring 
upon  William  Bradford,  his  heirs,  associates,  and 
assigns,  the  title  to  the  tract  on  which  Plymouth 
plantation  was  situated.  In  1634  the  governor  and 
his  assistants  were  constituted  a  Judicial  court,  and 
afterward  the  supreme  tribunal  of  the  colony ;  in 
1639  legislation,  in  which  up  to  that  date  all  the 
freemen  took  part,  was  vested  in  a  general  court, 
to  which  all  the  towns  sent  representatives;  in 
1640,  at  the  request  of  the  general  court.  Gov. 
Bradford  conveyed  to  it  his  title  to  the  territory  of 
the  colony,  reserving  to  himself  only  his  propor- 
tion as  a  settler,  previously  agreed  upon.  For  one 
period  of  two  and  one  of  three  years  he  declined 
re-election  as  governor,  but  was  returned  to  the 
office  every  other  year  until  his  death.  Gov.  Brad- 
ford married  in  Leyden,  on  20  Nov.,  1613,  Dorothy 
May,  who  was  drowned  in  Cape  Cod  harbor  on  7 
Dec,  1620,  while  exploring  in  a  small  boat  in 
search  of  a  place  to  establish  a  settlement.  On  14 
Aug.,  1623,  he  married  Alice  Carpenter,  widow  of 
Edward  Southworth,  a  lady  whom  he  had  known 
in  England,  and  who  came  out  to  be  married  to 
him.  He  left  one  son  by  his  first,  and  two  sons 
and  a  daughter  by  his  second  marriage.  His 
house  in  Plymouth,  shown  in  the  engraving,  is 
still  standing.  Gov.  Bradford  possessed  a  higher 
degree  of  literary  culture  than  was  usual  among 
persons  similarly  circumstanced.  He  had  some 
acquaintance  with  Latin  and  Greek,  and  a  slight 
knowledge  of  Hebrew,  was  well  read  in  history 
and  philosophy,  and  much  of  his  leisure  time  was 
spent  in  literary  composition.  "A  Diary  of  Oc- 
currences," covering  the  first  year  of  the  colony 
from  the  landing  at  Cape  Cod  on  9  Nov.,  1620,  till 
18  Dec,  1621,  was  written  by  him  in  conjunction 
with  Edward  Winslow  (London,  1622).  No  other 
production  of  his  pen  was  published  during  his 
lifetime ;  but  he  left  some  manuscript  books  in 
verse,  which  he  mentioned  in  his  will.  One,  enti- 
tled "  Some  Observations  of  God's  Merciful  Deal- 
ings with  Us  in  this  Wilderness,"  was  published  in 
a  fragmentary  form  in  the  "  Collections  "  of  the 
Massachusetts  historical  society  in  1794,  and  in 
the  "  Proceedings  "  of  the  society  for  1869-'70  was 
printed  entire.  "  A  Word  to  Plymouth  "  was  first 
published  in  the  same  volume.  "  A  Word  to  New 
England  "  and  "  Of  Boston  in  New  England  "  ap- 
peared in  1838  in  the  "  Collections  "  of  the  society. 
"  Epitaphium  Meum  "  was  issued  in  Morton's  "  New 
England's  Memorial "  (Cambridge,  1669).  A  long 
piece  in  verse  on  the  religious  sects  in  New  Eng- 
land, preserved  with  the  other  manuscripts  in  the 
cabinet  of  the  historical  society  of  Massachusetts, 
has  never  been  printed.  The  "  Diary  of  Occur- 
rences "  was  reprinted  in  an  abridged  form  in  Pur- 
chas's  "Pilgrims"  in  1625.  The  8th  volume  of 
the  "  Collections  "  of  the  Massachusetts  historical 
society  contains  a  reprint  of  this  abridgment,  and 
the  19th  volume  the  omitted  portions  and  correc- 
tions of  the  errors  in  Purehas.  "  A  Dialogue,  or  the 
Sum  of  a  Conference  between  some  Young  Men 
born  in  New  England,  and  sundry  Ancient  Men 
that  came  out  of  Holland  and  Old  England,"  was 
printed  in  1648.  A  "Memoir  of  Elder  Brewster" 
was  copied  with  the  above  and  others  of  William 


350 


BRADFORD 


BRADFORD 


Bradford's  writings  in  the  records  of  the  first 
church,  Plymouth,  by  secretary  Morton.  In  the 
same  place  is  a  fragment  of  Bradford's  "  History 
of  the  Plymouth  Plantation."  All  these  prose  writ- 
ings were  reprinted  in  Alexander  Young's  "  Chron- 
icles of  the  Pilgrim  Fathers  of  the  Colony  of  Ply- 
mouth from  1002  to  1636  "  (Boston,  1841-'6),  which 
contains  also  the  fragments  still  extant  of  Brad- 
ford's letter-book,  comprising  letters  addressed  to 
him.  These  letters  were  rescued  in  a  grocer's 
shop  in  Halifax,  but  only  after  the  earlier  and 
more  valuable  portion  had  been  destroyed.  Brad- 
ford wrote  two  dialogues  besides  the  one  mentioned 
above.  One  of  these,  "  Concerning  the  Church  and 
the  Government  thereof,"  dated  1652,  was  discov- 
ered in  1826,  and  published  in  the  "  Proceedings  " 
of  the  historical  society  for  1869-70 ;  the  other  is 
lost.  Copies  of  several  of  his  letters  were  printed 
in  the  third  volume  of  the  1st  series  of  the  so- 
ciety's "  Collections,"  and  his  letters  to  John  Win- 
throp  in  the  sixth  volume  of  the  fourth  series. 
The  most  valuable  of  Bradford's  writings  was  a 
"  History  of  the  Plymouth  Plantation,"  including 
the  history  of  the  society  from  its  inception  in 
1602  till  the  time  when  it  departed  for  America 
in  1620,  and  its  history  in  Plymouth  down  to  1647. 
This  manuscript  folio"  volume  of  270  pages  disap- 
peared during  the  American  revolution  and  was 
supposed  to  have  been  taken  by  the  British  sol- 
diers who  used  the  old  South  church  of  Boston, 
where  it  was  deposited,  for  a  riding-school,  or  to 
have  been  carried  away  by  Gov.  Hutchinson  in 
1774.  In  1855  Samuel  G.  Drake  identified  passages 
from  a  manuscript  "  History  of  Plymouth  "  in  the 
Fulham  library,  quoted  by  Samuel  Wilberforce 
in  his  "History  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
Church  in  America"  (1846),  with  portions  of  the 
fragmentary  history  printed  from  the  I'ecords  of 
the  first  church,  Plymouth.  The  work  was  found 
complete  in  Gov.  Bradford's  handwriting  in  the 
Fulham  library.  On  a  blank  page  was  the  book- 
plate of  the  New  England  library,  from  the  cabi- 
net of  which,  in  the  Old  South  church,  the  volume 
had  disappeared.  A  copy  was  taken,  and  the  work 
was  printed  in  full  in  1856  in  the  "  Collections  " 
of  the  Massachusetts  historical  society.  Nathaniel 
Morton,  Prince,  and  Gov.  Hutchinson,  in  the 
preparation  of  their  histories  of  Massachusetts 
colony,  had  access  to  this  work  and  to  the  letters 
and  other  writings  of  Gov,  Bradford,  and  drew 
mainly  from  those  sources  in  narrating  the  story 
of  the  initial  period  of  the  colony.  In  1897  the 
original  manuscript  of  Gov.  Bradford's  narrative, 
at  the  original  suggestion  and  through  the  influ- 
ence of  Thomas  F.  Bayard,  during  his  ambassador- 
ship to  Great  Britain,  was  turned  over  to  Col.  John 
Hay,  the  American  ambassador,  by  the  bishop  of 
London,  in  whose  library  at  B^ulham  it  then  was, 
for  return  to  the  commonwealth  of  Massachusetts, 
as  an  act  of  international  courtesy.  In  1896  the 
manuscript  was  reproduced  in  London  in  photo- 
zincograph  fac-simile.  It  has  often  been  insuffi- 
ciently described  as  the  "  log  of  the  '  Mayflower,' " 
and  many  persons,  in  speaking  of  it,  have  wrongly 
supposed  it  to  be  the  actual  manuscript  of  that  log. 
BRADFORD,  William,  printer,  b.  in  Leicester, 
England,  in  1663;  d.  in  New  York,  23  May,  1752. 
He  was  one  of  the  Quakers  brought  over  by  Penn 
in  1682,  who  founded  in  the  midst  of  the  forest  the 
town  of  Philadelphia.  In  1685  he  set  up  his  print- 
ing-press, the  first  one  south  of  New  England,  and 
the  third  one  in  the  colonies.  The  same  year  he 
issued  the  "  Kalendarium  Pennsilvaniense "  for 
1686.  In  1690  he  joined  with  two  others  in  bu.ild- 
,ing  a  paper-mill  on  the  Schuylkill.     Among  his 


earliest  publications  were  Keith's  polemical  tracts 
against  the  New  England  churches.  In  1691,  hav- 
ing sided  with  Keith  in  his  quarrel  with  the  au- 
thorities, and  printed  his  "  Appeal  to  the  People," 
and  other  ti'acts  on  his  side  of  the  controversy, 
Bradford  was  arrested  for  seditious  libel,  and  his 
press,  forms,  materials,  and  publications  were  con- 
fiscated. He  was  tried  on  the  charge  of  having 
printed  a  paper  tending  to  weaken  the  hands  of 
the  magistrates,  but,  conducting  his  own  case  with 
shrewdness  and  skill,  escaped  punishment  through 
the  disagreement  of  the  jviry.  In  his  defence  he 
contended,  in  opposition  to  the  ruling  of  the  court 
directing  the  Jury  to  find  only  as  to  the  facts  of 
the  printing,  that  the  jurors  were  judges  of  the 
law  as  well  as  of  the  fact,  and  competent  to  deter- 
mine whether  the  subject-matter  was  seditious,  a 
point  that,  in  after  times,  was  much  controverted 
in  similar  cases.  Having  incurred  the  displeasure 
of  the  dominant  party  in  Philadelphia,  and  re- 
ceiving an  invitation  to  establish  a  printing-press 
in  New  York,  he  settled  there  in  1693,  set  up  the 
first  press  in  the  province,  and  the  same  year 
printed  the  laws  of  the  colony.  He  was  appointed 
public  printer  with  an  allowance  of  £50  per  an- 
num, and  also  received  the  appointment  of  printer 
to  the  government  of  New  Jersey.  He  retained  an 
interest  in  the  j^ress  in  Philadelphia,  which  was 
managed  by  a  Dutchman  named  Jansen  until 
Bradford's  eldest  son,  Andrew,  took  charge  of  it 
in  1712,  and  obtained  the  appointment  of  public 
printer.  On  16  Oct.,  1725,  William  Bradford  be- 
gan the  publication  of  the  "  New  York  Gazette," 
the  fourth  newspaper  in  the  colonies,  and  in  1728 
he  established  a  paper-mill  at  Elizabethtown,  N. 
J.  He  was  the  only  printer  in  the  colony  for 
thirty  years,  and  retained  the  office  of  public 
printer  for  more  than  fifty  years.  He  is  buried  in 
Trinity  church-yard. — His  son,  Andrew  Sowles, 
b.  in  Philadelphia  in  1686;  d.  23  Nov.,  1742,  was 
the  only  printer  in  Pennsylvania  from  1712  to  1723. 
On  22  Dec,  1719,  he  began  the  publication  of  the 
first  newspaper  printed  in  the  middle  colonies,  the 
"American  Weekly  Mercury."  Benjamin  Frank- 
lin, upon  arriving  in  Philadelphia  in  1723,  found 
employment  as  a  compositor  in  his  printing-oifice. 
Andrew  Bradford  was  postmaster  of  Philadelphia 
in  1732.  He  kept  a  book-store  at  the  sign  of  the 
Bible  in  Second  street  in  1735,  and  in  1738  removed 
to  South  Front  street.  In  1741  he  started  a  period- 
ical called  the  "American  Magazine." — William, 
printer,  and  soldier  of  the  revolution,  b.  in  New 
York  in  1719 ;  d.  in  Philadelphia,  25  Sept.,  1791, 
was  a  grandson  of  William  Bradford,  and  became 
a  partner  of  his  uncle  Andrew ;  but  a  love-affair 
of  the  younger  Bradford  led  to  a  breach  of  this  re- 
lation. In  1741  he  went  to  England,  and  the  next 
year  he  returned  to  Philadelphia  with  printing 
material  and  a  library,  and  on  2  Dec,  1742,  issued 
the  first  number  of  the  "Pennsylvania  Journal." 
In  1754  he  established  the  London  coffee-house  in 
Philadelphia;  and  in  1762,  in  association  with  Mr. 
Rydd,  he  opened  a  marine-insurance  office.  He 
was  a  spirited  writer,  and  in  his  journal  assailed 
the  pretensions  of  the  British  government,  and  in- 
veighed against  the  stamp  act.  When  the  revolu- 
tionai-y  war  began  he  joined  the  Pennsylvania 
militia.  As  a  major,  and  afterward  a  colonel,  he 
fought  in  the  battles  of  Trenton  and  Princeton, 
being  wounded  in  the  latter  action,  and  was  at 
Fort  Mifflin  when  it  was  bombarded  by  the  British 
fleet  on  16  Nov.,  1777.  After  the  withdrawal  of 
the  British  troops  from  Philadelphia  he  returned 
from  the  army,  broken  down  in  health  and  ruined 
in  purse.     His  son,  Thomas,  continued  the  publi- 


BRADFORD 


BRADISH 


351 


cation  of  the  "  Pennsylvania  Journal,"  which  was 
transformed  into  the  "  True  American  "  in  1801. 
— Thomas,  printer,  b.  in  Philadelphia,  Pa„  4  May, 
1745;  d.  there,  7  May,  1888,  was  a  son  of  Col. 
William,  and,  after  leaving  the  college  of  Phila- 
delphia, entered  his  father's  printing-office,  and 
became  his  partner  and  associate  editor  of  the 
"  Pennsylvania  Journal,"  which  he  transformed 
into  the  "  True  American  "  in  1801.  It  was  printed 
in  the  same  building  occupied  by  his  great-uncle, 
Andrew,  at  No.  8  Front  street.  In  1775  he  became 
captain  of  a  military  company  in  Philadelphia, 
and  later  was  commissary-general  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vania division  of  the  continental  army.  After  the 
establishment  of  the  federal  government  he  be- 
came printer  to  congress.  He  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  philosophical  society.  His  son, 
Thomas,  was  a  philanthropic  lawyer  of  Philadel- 
phia, b.  in  that  city,  11  Sept.,  1781 ;  d.  there,  35 
Oct.,  1851. — William,  jurist,  another  son  of  Col. 
William,  b.  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  14  Sept.,  1755 ;  d. 
23  Aug.,  1795.     He  was  graduated  at  Princeton  in 

1772,  studied  law  with  Edward  Shippen,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  of  the  supreme  court  in  177!). 
His  legal  studies  were  interrupted  by  the  events  of 
the  revolution.  When  the  Philadelphia  militia 
was  called  out  and  formed  a  flying  camp,  he 
served  as  major  of  brigade  to  Gen.  Roberdeau,  and 
after  his  term  expired  accepted  the  command  of  a 
company  in  Col.  Hampton's  regiment  of  regular 
troops.  Soon  afterward  he  was  given  the  place  of 
deputy  muster  master-general,  with  the  rank  of 
lieutenant-colonel,  in  which  capacity  he  served  for 
two  years,  until  failing  health  impelled  him  to  re- 
sign his  commission  and  I'eturn  home.  In  1780  he 
was  appointed  attorney-general  of  Pennsylvania. 
He  married  in  1784  a  daughter  of  Elias  Boudinot, 
of  New  Jersey.  When  the  judiciary  was  reorgan- 
ized under  the  new  constitution  of  Pennsylvania, 
he  was  appointed,  on  22  Aug..  1791,  a  judge  of  the 
supreme  court.  On  8  Jan.,  1794,  he  succeeded  Ed- 
mund Randolph  as  attorney-general  of  the  United 
States  by  the  appointment  of  President  Washing- 
ton, which  office  he  held  until  his  death.  In  early 
life  he  wrote  pastoral  poems  in  imitation  of  Shen- 
stone,  which  were  published  in  the  "  Philadelphia 
Magazine."  In  1793  he  published  "An  Inquiry 
how  far  the  Punishment  of  Death  is  Necessary  in 
Pennsylvania,"  an  essay  in  the  form  of  a  report  for 
the  use  of  the  legislature,  prepared  at  the  request 
of  Gov.  Mifflin,  which  brought  about  a  mitigation 
of  the  penal  laws  of  Pennsylvania,  a  reform  that 
was  followed  by  other  states. 

BRADFORD,  William,  physician,  b.  in  Plymp- 
ton,  Mass.,  4  Nov.,  1729  ;  d.  in  Bristol,  R.  I.,  6  July, 
1808.  He  was  a  descendant  of  Gov.  Bradford, 
studied  medicine  and  practised  in  Warren,  R.  I., 
removed  to  Bristol,  where  he  built  a  fine  residence, 
and  there  studied  and  practised  law,  attaining  a 
high  rank  in  the  profession.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  Rhode  Island  committee  of  correspondence  in 

1773,  was  chosen  deputy  governor  of  Rhode  Island 
the  same  year,  and  was  elected  a  delegate  from 
Rhode  Island  to  the  continental  congress,  but 
never  took  his  seat.  When  Bristol  was  bom- 
barded by  Capt.  Wallace  on  7  Oct.,  1775,  in  re- 
venge for  the  removal  of  the  cattle,  Gov.  Bradford 
went  on  board  "  The  Rose,"  and  treated  with  the 
British  commander  for  the  cessation  of  the  can- 
nonade. His  own  house,  among  others,  was  ig- 
nited by  the  fire  of  the  enemy  and  destroyed.  In 
1793  he  was  elected  U.  S.  senator  from  Rhode  Isl- 
and. On  6  July,  1797,  he  was  chosen  president  of 
the  senate  pro  fempore,  and  later  in  that  year  he 
resigned  his  seat. 


BRADFORD,  William,  painter,  b.  in  New 
Bedford.  Mass.,  in  1827;  d.  there,  25  April.  1892. 
He  was  brought  up  to  mercantile  business,  but 
practised  painting  in  his  leisure  hours,  and  in  mid- 
dle life,  after  failing  in  business,  adopted  it  as  a 
profession.  He  began  by  painting  ships  at  Lynn 
and  in  other  harbors,  and  became  known  as  a  care- 
ful and  accurate  portrayer  of  all  varieties  of  ves- 
sels. He  then  made  extensive  studies  of  the  coast 
scenery  of  New  England  and  British  North  Ameri- 
ca as  far  as  Labrador,  and  with  the  same  fidelity 
to  detail  that  characterized  his  delineations  of 
shipping  painted  picturesque  sketches  of  coast 
not  before  visited  by  artists.  In  depicting  the 
forms  and  motions  of  waves  and  the  aspect  of  the 
sea  in  storms,  he  produced  realistic  effects  not  ob- 
tained by  previous  painters.  His  accuracy  of  ob- 
servation and  drawing  are  best  seen  in  his  studies 
in  colors  and  India  ink ;  for  his  painted  canvases 
have  not  the  variety  of  his  sketches,  and  are  some- 
what hard  in  manner,  although  he  improved  in  his 
handling  of  the  brush  and  the  use  of  pigments 
through  two  years'  association  with  Van  Beest, 
with  whom  he  occupied  the  same  studio  in  Pair- 
haven.  Subsequently  Mr.  Bradford  extended  his. 
studies  to  the  Arctic  regions.  With  Dr.  Hayes  and 
others  he  made  excursions  to  the  ice-fields  of  the 
North  Atlantic,  in  a  vessel  chartered  by  him,  and 
sketched  floes  and  bergs  and  the  coast  scenery  of 
the  frozen  regions.  The  ice-scenes  that  he  painted 
from  these  studies  attracted  attention  both  in  Eng- 
land and  America.  His  "  Steamer  Panther  among 
Icebergs  and  Field-Ice  in  Melville  Bay,  under  the 
Light  of  the  Midnight  Sun,"  was  purchased  by 
Queen  Victoria,  and  was  exhibited  with  her  per- 
mission at  the  royal  academy  in  1875.  Among 
his  other  notable  works  are  "  Fishing-Boats  in  the 
Bay  of  Fundy  "  ;  "  Shipwreck  oft'  Nantucket " ; 
"Lighthouse  in  St.  John  Harbor";  "Fishing- 
Boats  getting  under  Way  "  ;  "  The  Island  of  Grand 
Menan  "  ;  "  Fishing-Boats  at  Anchor  "  ;  "  Sudden 
Squall  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy  "  ;  "A  Stiff  Breeze  in 
the  Harbor  of  Eastport " ;  "  The  Coast  of  Labra- 
dor "  ;  "  Crushed  by  Icebergs  "  ;  "  Boarding  the 
Sloop  "  ;  and  "  Sunset  in  the  North  "  and  "  Arctic 
Scene,"  exhibited  in  the  national  academy.  New 
York,  in  1886. 

BRADISH,  Luther,  statesman,  b.  in  Cumming- 
ton,  Mass.,  15  Sept.,  1783;  d.  in  Newport,  R.  I.,  30 
Aug.,  18G3.  He  was  graduated  at  Williams  in  1804, 
and  studied  law 
in  New  York. 
After  a  tour  in 
Europe,  he  em- 
barked, in  1820, 
on  board  the  U. 
S.  ship-of-war 
"Columbus"  for 
the  Mediterra- 
nean, for  the 
purpose  of  col- 
lecting informa- 
tion respecting 
the  commerce  of 
the  Levant,  pre- 
liminary to  the 
establishment  of 
diplomatic  rela- 
tions with  the 
porte.  At  the 
conclusion  of  his 
mission  he  trav- 
elled over  Europe  and  the  east,  and  in  1826  re- 
turned to  New  York.  About  the  same  time  he  re- 
moved to  Franklin  co.,  N.  Y.    He  was  a  member 


852 


BRADLEE 


BRADLEY 


of  the  assembly  in  1827-'30,  an  unsuccessful  can- 
didate of  the  anti-masonic  party  for  congress  in 
1830,  and  again  a  member  of  the  assembly  in 
1835-'8,  serving  during  his  last  term  as  speaker. 
Prom  1839  till  1843  he  was  lieutenant-governor  of 
the  state,  and  in  1842  he  was  the  unsuccessful 
whig  candidate  for  governor.  Subsequently  to  that 
period  he  lived  in  retirement,  except  during  the 
administration  of  President  Fillmore,  when  he  filled 
the  office  of  assistant  U.  S.  treasurer  in  New  York. 
During  the  latter  part  of  his  life,  which  he  passed 
in  New  York,  he  was  much  occupied  with  educa- 
tional, charitable,  and  reformatory  projects,  and  at 
his  death  was  president  of  the  New  York  histori- 
cal society,  and  of  the  American  Bible  society. 

BRABLEE,  Caleb  Davis,  clergvman,  b.  in  Bos- 
ton, Mass..  24  Feb..  1831 ;  d.  in  Brookline,  Mass., 
1  May,  1897.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1852,  and  in  December,  1854,  became  pastor  of  the 
Allen  street  church,  Cambridge,  where  he  remained 
for  three  years.  Then  he  took  charge  of  the  Church 
of  tlie  Redeemer,  Boston,  and  later  of  other  Unita- 
rian churches  in  Massachusetts.  He  published  two 
vohmies  of  sermons  and  "  Recollections  of  a  Min- 
istry of  Forty  Years,"  and  also  contributed  prose 
and  verse  to  periodicals,  especially  the  "  New  Eng- 
land Historical  and  Genealogical  Register."  He 
was  a  member  of  the  American  authors'  guild  and 
many  other  societies.  He  received  the  degree  of 
D.  D.  from  Tuft's  college. 

BRADLEY,  Denis,  R.  C.  bishop,  b.  in  Ireland 
in  1840.  His  family  emigrated  to  the  United  States, 
and  settled  in  Manchester,  N.  H.,  in  1854.  After 
finishing  his  classical  studies  at  Holy  Cross  college, 
Worcester,  he  entered  St.  Joseph's  seminary,  Troy, 
in  1867.  He  was  ordained  in  1871,  and  stationed 
at  the  cathedral  in  Portland,  Me.,  where  he  re- 
mained nine  years,  filling  the  offices  of  chancellor 
of  the  diocese  and  rector  of  the  cathedral.  He  was 
then  appointed  pastor  of  St.  Joseph's  church,  Man- 
chester, N.  H.,  and  in  1884  was  consecrated  bishop 
of  Manchester. 

BRADLEY,  Joseph  P.,  jurist,  b.  in  Berne,  Al- 
bany CO.,  N.  Y.,  14  March,  1813  :  d.  in  Washington, 
22  Jan.,  1892.  His  earliest  ancestor  in  the  United 
States  was  Francis  Bradley,  who  was  a  member  of 
Gov.  Eaton's  family  in  New  Haven,  Conn.,  in  1650, 
and  removed  to  Fairfield  in  the  same  state  in  1G60. 
From  Francis  Bradley  the  judge  is  the  sixth  in 
line.  In  1791  the  family  removed  to  Berne.  His 
father  was  Philo  Bradley,  and  his  mother  was 
Mercy  Gardiner,  of  a  Newport,  R.  I.,  family.  The 
father  was  a  farmer,  and  had  a  library  containing 
historical  and  mathematical  works.  Joseph  was  the 
eldest  of  eleven  children,  and  worked  on  the  farm 
until  he  reached  the  age  of  sixteen.  His  oppor- 
tunities for  obtaining  an  education  consisted  prin- 
cipally in  his  attendance,  three  or  four  months  in 
each  vear,  at  a  country  school  when  he  was  be- 
tween the  ages  of  five  and  fourteen ;  but  he  made 
constant  use  of  his  father's  library,  and  his  attain- 
ments must  have  been  very  considerable.  He 
taught  a  country  school  every  winter  from  his  six- 
teenth year  till  his  twenty-first.  During  this  period 
he  also  practised  surveying  occasionally  for  the 
neighboring  farmers.  His  love  of  study  attracted 
the  attention  of  the  clergyman  of  the  village,  who 
offered  to  pre23are  him  for  college.  This  invitation 
he  accepted,  and  at  the  age  of  twenty  Mr.  Brad- 
ley entered  Rutgers,  where  he  was  graduated  with 
honor  in  1836,  unusually  distinguished  as  a  mathe- 
matician. After  devoting  six  months  to  teaching, 
he  began  the  study  of  law  with  Arthur  GifEord  at 
Newark,  N.  J.,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  No- 
.vember,  1839.     In  May,  1840,  he  opened  an  office 


in  Newark,  where  he  continued  in  practice  thirty 
years,  until  his  appointment  to  be  a  justice  of  the 
supreme  court.  He  was  engaged  in  many  of  the 
most  important  and  difficult  cases  that  arose  in 
the  New  Jersey  courts  and  in  the  courts  of  the 
United  States  for  that  district,  and  his  services  as 
a  counsellor  were  sought  in  a  multitude  of  other 
business  transactions.  His  professional  career  was 
attended  throughout  with  great  success.  In  1860 
he  argued  the  celebrated  New  Jersey  bridge  case  in 
the  supreme  court  of  the  United  States  with  a  power 
and  cogency  that  were  long  remembered.  During 
many  years  he  was  a  director  and  principal  coim-. 
seller  of  the  New  Jersey,  Trenton,  and  Philadel- 
phia, and  of  the  Camden  and  Amboy  milroad  com- 
panies, and  his  influence  was  exerted  to  induce 
those  companies  to  yield,  in  favor  of  the  public, 
monopolies  granted  to  them  by  the  legislature,  but 
odious  to  the  community  at  large.  From  1857  till 
1863  he  was  the  actuary  of  the  mutual  benefit  in- 
surance company  of  Newark,  and  from  1865  till 
1869  was  president  of  the  New  Jersey  mutual  life 
insurance  company.  He  was  also  a  director  of 
various  other  financial  institutions.  In  1849  he  ad- 
dressed the  literary  societies  of  Rutgers  college  on 
the  subject  of  "progress,"  and  he  delivered  lec- 
tures to  the  classes  on  political  economy  and  con- 
stitutional law.  In  1851  he  delivered  the  annual 
address  before  the  historical  society  of  New  Jersey 
on  "  The  Perils  through  which  the  Federal  Con- 
stitution has  passed,  and  which  still  threaten  it," 
and  in  1865  he  delivered  an  admirable  address  on 
the  life  and  character  of  the  Hon.  William  L.  Day- 
ton. In  June,  1870,  he  delivered  the  centennial  ad- 
dress at  Rutgers  college.  He  contributed  valuable 
articles  to  several  cyclopiedias.  In  1859  Lafayette 
college  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  LL.  D. 
In  March,  1870,  he  was  appointed  by  President 
Grant  a  justice  of  the  supreme  court  of  the  United 
States,  and  was  designated  circuit  justice  for  the 
large  southern  circuit.  Subsequently,  on  the  resig- 
nation of  Justice  Strong,  he  was  assigned  to  the 
third  circuit,  embracing  the  states  of  Pennsylvania, 
New  Jersey,  and  Delaware.  During  his  member- 
ship of  the  supreme  court  a  very  large  number  of 
cases  have  been  broiight  into  it,  involving  ques- 
tions arising  out  of  the  civil  war,  the  reconstruc- 
tion and  other  acts  of  congress,  the  constitutional 
amendments,  the  difficulties  and  controversies  of 
railroad  companies,  and  other  subjects.  In  no 
former  equal  peritKl  have  as  many  cases  of  supreme 
importance  been  decided  by  that  court.  Many  of 
them  were  not  only  novel,  but  intricate  and  diffi- 
cult of  solution.  In  the  investigation  and  decision 
of  all  of  them  Judge  Bradley  bore  a  distinguished 
part.  His  mind  was  remarkably  analytical,  capa- 
ble of  discovering  and  appreciating  occult  though 
important  distinctions.  Added  to  this,  his  legal 
learning  was  so  large  and  accurate,  his  acquaint- 
ance with  English  and  American  decisions  so  ex- 
tensive, and  his  habit  of  looking  beyond  the  rule 
for  the  reason  or  principle  upon  which  it  is  founded 
so  constant,  that  his  opinions  have  been  of  high 
value.  Those  opinions  appear  in  more  than  forty 
volumes  of  the  supreme  court  reports,  beginning 
with  9th  Wallace.  Many  of  them  are  notable  alike 
for  the  importance  of  the  subject  discussed  and 
for  the  manner  of  the  discussion.  In  patent  cases 
Judge  Bradley  exhibited  marked  ability,  his  natu- 
ral aptitude  for  comprehending  mechanical  devices 
qtialifying  him  unusually  for  such  cases.  His 
opinions  in  maritime  cases,  in  cases  relating  to 
civil  rights  and  habeas  corpus,  in  suits  upon  poli- 
cies of  insurance,  and  in  cases  in  which  statutory 
or  constitutional  construction  has  been  required, 


BRADLEY 


BRADSTREET 


353 


are  specially  noteworthy  as  able  and  instructive. 
When  in  January,  1877,  in  pursuance  of  an  act  of 
congress,  an  electoral  commission  was  constituted 
to  consider  and  report  upon  the  controversies  that 
had  arisen  over  the  counting  of  the  votes  of  presi- 
dential electors,  Judge  Bradley  was  a  member,  and, 
as  such,  concurred  in  the  conclusions  reached  by 
the  majority  of  the  commissioners,  supporting 
those  conclusions  by  elaborate  arguments,  which 
were  published  with"  the  other  proceedings  of  the 
commission.  Judge  Bradley  was  never  what  is 
called  a  politician,  though  always  holding  decided 
opinions  respecting  constitutional  and  other  public 
questions,  and  occasionally  giving  those  opinions 
to  the  press.  In  his  earlier  years  he  was  attached 
to  the  whig  party,  and  later  became  a  republican. 
To  the  govern me"nt  he  uniformly  gave  a  steady  and 
efficient  support.  When  the  southern  states  at- 
tempted secession,  he  devoted  his  power  and  in- 
fluence to  sustaining  the  government  against  dis- 
union, and,  as  counsel  and  director  of  the  New 
Jersey  railroad  companies,  he  assisted  very  mate- 
rially in  forwarding  troops  and  military  supplies. 
On  several  occasions  he  accompanied  new  regi- 
ments to  the  field,  and  addressed  tliem  on  the  pend- 
ing issues.  In  1862,  with  much  reluctance,  he  ac- 
cepted the  republican  nomination  for  congress  in 
the  sixth  congressional  district  of  New  Jersey  ;  but 
so  strongly  democratic  was  the  district  that  he  was 
defeated.  In  1868  he  headed  the  New  Jersey  re- 
publican electoral  ticket.  He  was  an  accomplished 
mathematician,  familiar  with  the  higher  and  more 
abstruse  processes  of  mathematical  investigation, 
and  not  infrequently  amused  himself  by  indulgence 
in  such  pursrits.  In  1844  he  married  Mary,  daugh- 
ter of  Chief  Justice  Hornblower,  of  New  Jersey,  by 
whom  he  had  two  sons  and  two  daughters. 

BRADLEY,  Luther  Prentice,  soldier,  b.  in 
New  Haven,  Conn.,  8  Dec,  1822.  He  was  educated 
in  the  common  schools  of  his  native  city.  Enter- 
ing the  army  as  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  51st  Illi- 
nois volunteers,  on  15  Oct.,  1861,  he  was  on  recruit- 
ing duty  until  February,  1862,  and  was  afterward 
engaged  at  the  capture  of  Island  No.  10,  New 
Madrid,  Farmington,  and  Nashville,  Tenn.  He 
became  colonel  of  his  regiment  15  Oct.,  1862,  com- 
manded a  brigade,  and  was  in  the  battles  of  Stone 
River,  Chickamauga,  where  he  was  wounded,  Resa- 
ca.  New  Hope  Church,  Kenesaw  Mountain,  Peach 
Tree  Creek,  Atlanta,  and  Jonesboro,  Ga.  lie  was 
made  brigadier-general  of  volunteers,  30  July,  1864, 
and  was  in  the  campaign  against  Gen.  Hood,  being 
wounded  at  the  battle  of  Franklin,  Tenn.  He  re- 
signed on  30  June,  1865,  and  was  appointed  lieu- 
tenant-colonel of  the  27th  U.  S.  infantry,  28  July, 
1866.  He  was  brevetted  colonel  in  the  regular  army 
on  2  March,  1867,  for  services  at  Chickamauga,  and 
brigadier-general  for  services  at  Resaca.  He  be- 
came colonel  of  the  3d  infantry,  20  March,  1879, 
and  on  14  June  was  transferred  to  the  13th. 

BRADLEY,  Stephen  Row,  senator,  b.  in  Wal- 
lingford  (now  Cheshire),  Conn.,  20  Oct.,  1754;  d.  in 
Walpole.  N.  H.,  16  Dec,  1830.  He  was  graduated 
at  Yale  in  1775,  studied  law  under  Judge  Reeve, 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1779.  During  the 
revolutionary  war  he  commanded  a  company  of 
the  Cheshire  volunteers,  and  was  the  aide  of  Gen. 
Wooster  when  that  officer  was  killed  at  Danbury. 
In  1779  he  settled  in  Vermont  and  became  active 
in  the  organization  of  the  state.  He  was  one  of 
its  first  senators,  being  elected  as  a  democrat  to 
the  2d,  3d,  and  7th,  to  12th  congresses,  and  was 
president  pro  tern,  during  portions  of  the  7th  and 
10th  congresses.  He  was  the  author  of  "Ver- 
mont's Appeal"  (1779),  which  has  been  ascribed 
VOL.  I.— 23 


to  Ira  Allen. — His  son,  William  Czar,  lawyer, 
b.  in  Westminster,  Vt.,  23  March,  1783 ;  d.  there, 
3  March,  1867.  He  entered  Yale,  but  left  at  the 
end  of  his  freshman  year  in  1796,  and  began  the 
study  of  law  with  his  father.  After  being  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1802,  he  began  practice  in 
Westminster.  From  1800  till  1803  he  was  secre- 
tary of  the  commissioners  of  bankruptcy,  and  from 
1804  till  1811  he  was  prosecuting  attorney  for 
Windham  co.  He  was  elected  to  the  lower  branch 
^f  the  legislature,  and  in  1812  was  made  a  state 
counsellor.  In  1813  he  became  a  representative  in 
congress  from  Vermont.  From  1817  till  1822  he 
was  the  agent  of  the  United  States  under  the  treaty 
of  Ghent,  and  was  again  a  member  of  congress  dur- 
ing 1823-'7.  In  1850  he  was  elected  to  the  state 
senate,  in  1856  was  a  presidential  elector,  and  in 
1857  a  member  of  the  state  constitutional  conven- 
tion. He  took  a  formal  farewell  of  the  bar  in 
1858,  after  fifty-six  years  of  practice. 

BRADLEY,  YVarren  Ives,  author,  b.  in  For- 
restville,  Bristol,  Conn.,  20  March,  1847 ;  d.  there, 
15  June,  1868.  He  was  educated  by  his  uncle. 
Prof.  Newton  Manross,  under  whose  tuition  he 
made  rapid  progress  in  literature  and  science.  Be- 
fore he  was  twenty-one  years  of  age  he  wrote  nu- 
merous articles  for  papers  and  magazines,  and  pub- 
lished, under  the  pen-name  of  Glance  Gaylord, 
books  for  children.  These  include  "Boys  at  Dr. 
Murray's  "  (Boston,  1866) ;  "  Gilbert  Starr  and  his 
Lessons  "  (1866) ;  "  Uncle  Donnie's  Home  "  (1866) ; 
"  Culm  Rock,  the  Story  of  a  Year,"  for  which  he 
received  a  prize  of  $350  over  seventy-two  competi- 
tors (1867);  "Gay  Cottage"  (1867);  "Gilbert's 
Last  Summer  at  Rainsford,  and  what  it  Taught " 
(1867) ;  "  Will  Rood's  Friendship  "  (1867) ;  "  After 
Years"  (1868);  "Donald  Deane  and  his  Cross" 
(1868) ;  "  Jack  Arcombe ;  the  Story  of  a  Waif " 
(1868);  "Miss  Patience  Hathaway"  (1868);  and 
"  Mr.  Pendleton's  Cup  "  (1869). 

BRADSTREET,  John,  soldier,  b.  in  Horbling, 
England,  in  1711 ;  d.  in  New  York  city,  25  Sept., 
1774.  When  a  young  officer  he  was  sent  to  join 
the  British  forces  in  America,  where  he  remained 
for  the  rest  of  his  life.  In  1745  he  served  with  the 
expedition  against  Louisburg  as  lieutenant-colonel 
of  Pepperell's  (York,  Me.)  regiment,  and  contrib- 
uted largely  to  its  success  by  his  zeal,  activity,  and 
judgment,  and  by  his  particular  knowledge  of  the 
circumstances  of  the  place.  On  5  Sept.,  1745,  he 
was  made  a  captain,  and  on  16  Sept.,  1746,  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  lieutenant-governorship  of  St.  John's, 
Newfoundland,  a  sinecure.  In  1755  he  was  ordered 
by  Gen.  Braddock  to  Oswego,  and  became  the  ad- 
jutant-general to  Gov.  Shirley.  During  the  fol- 
lowing summer  he  conveyed  from  Albany  a  great 
quantity  of  stores,  with  six  months'  provisions,  to 
Oswego,  and  on  his  return  from  the  fort  was  at- 
tacked by  a  strong  party  of  French,  whom  he  de- 
feated. In  March,  1757,  he  was  appointed  to  a  com- 
pany in  the  60th  regiment  royal  American,  and  in 
December  was  made  lieutenant-colonel  and  deputy 
quartermaster-general.  He  participated  in  the  at- 
tack on  Ticonderoga  in  1758,  after  which  he  was 
made  full  quartermaster-general  with  the  rank  of 
colonel.  On  27  Aug.,  1758,  he  captured  Fort  Fron- 
tenac,  which  he  razed  to  the  ground,  and  destroyed 
such  stores  as  could  not  be  removed.  He  served 
under  Amherst  in  his  expedition  against  Ticon- 
deroga and  Crown  Point  in  1759,  received  his 
colonelcy  in  February,  1762,  and  was  advanced  to 
the  rank  of  major-general  on  25  May,  1772.  Dur- 
ing Pontiac's  war  he  commanded  an  expedition 
against  the  western  Indians,  with  whom  he  nego- 
tiated a  treaty  of  peace  in  Detroit,  7  Sept.,  1764. 


354 


BRADSTREET 


BRADY 


-h 


^'K.jxSrdfiHlr 


BRADSTREET,  Simon,  colonial  governor,  b. 
in  Horbling,  Lincolnshire,  England,  in  March, 
1603  ;  d.  in  Salem,  Mass.,  27  March,  1697.  He  was 
educated  at  Emanuel  college,  Cambridge,  and  be- 
came steward  of  the  countess  of  Warwick.  Hav- 
ing been  persuaded  to  join  the  colony  of  Massa- 
chusetts, he  was  chosen  assistant  judge  of  the  court 
to  be  established  there,  and  arrived  in  Salem  dur- 
ing 1630.  He  was  associated  in  the  proceedings  of 
the  first  court  held  in  Charlestown  on  23  Aug.,  1630, 
and  later  became  agent  and  secretary  of  Massachu- 
setts and  commissioner  of  the  united  colonies.  He 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  Cambridge  in  1631,  and 
also  connected  with  the  settling  of  Andover.  He 
resided  at  Ipswich,  Salem,  and  Boston.    In  1653  he 

was  among  those 
who  vigorously 
and  successfully 
opposed  making 
war  on  the  Dutch 
in  New  York,  and 
on  the  Indians, 
although  that 
course  was  strong- 
ly urged  by  the 
commissioners  of 
the  other  colonies. 
He  was  sent  to 
England  in  1660 
to  congratulate 
Charles  II.  on  his 
restoration,  and 
to  act  as  agent  for 
the  colony.  From 
1630  till  1679  he 
was  assistant,  and 
then  until  16H6 
(when  the  charter  was  annulled)  governor  of  the  col- 
ony. He  was  opposed  to  the  arbitrary  measures  of 
Andros,  subsequent  to  whose  imprisonment  he  again 
became  governor,  and  continued  as  such  until  1692, 
when  Sir  William  Phipps  arrived  with  a  new  char- 
ter, after  which  he  was  first  councillor.  For  sixty- 
two  years  he  was  in  the  service  of  the  government, 
and  was  not  only  a  popular  magistrate,  but  also  a 
man  of  gi*eat  integrity,  piety,  and  prudence.  He 
opposed  the  witchcraft  delusion  of  1692,  and  ad- 
vised the  surrender  of  the  charter  of  Massachu- 
setts to  Charles  II.,  distrusting  the  ability  of  the 
colonists  to  resist. — His  wife,  Anne,  poet,  b.  in 
Northampton,  England,  about  1612;  d.  16  Sept., 
1672,  was  a  daughter  of  Gov.  Thomas  Dudley, 
married  Gov.  Bradstreet  in  1628,  and  went  to  New 
England  with  him  in  1630.  Mrs.  Bradstreet  was 
the  mother  of  eight  children.  In  the  intervals 
of  household  duties  she  wrote  poems,  which  were 
published  under  the  title  "  Several  Poems  com- 
piled with  great  Variety  of  Wit  and  Learning, 
full  of  Delight,  wherein  especially  is  contained 
a  Complete  Discourse  and  Description  of  the  Four 
Elements,  Constitutions,  Ages  of  Men,  Seasons 
of  the  Year,  together  with  an  Exact  Epitome  of 
the  Three  First  Monarchies,  viz.,  the  Assyrian, 
Persian,  and  Grecian,  and  the  Beginning  of  the 
Roman  Commonwealth  to  the  End  of  their  last 
King ;  with  Divers  other  Pleasant  and  Serious  Po- 
ems, by  a  Gentlewoman  of  New  England  "  (Bos- 
ton, 1640).  This  was  also  issued  in  London  in  1650, 
under  a  slightly  different  title,  beginning,  "  The 
TentTi  Muse  lately  sprung  up  in  America."  A 
second  American  edition  (Boston,  1678)  contains 
her  best  poem,  "  Contemplations."  A  third  ap- 
peared in  1758.  Her  complete  works,  prose  and 
verse,  have  been  edited  by  John  Harvard  Ellis 
(Charlestown,    Mass.,    1868).      Mrs.    Bradstreet's 


poems  contain  much  curious  learning,  and  show 
that  she  had  a  large  fund  of  information.  Her 
verses  are  quaint,  and  the  descriptions  are  some- 
times more  literal  than  would  be  thought  neces- 
sary at  the  present  day.  Her  contemporaries  gave 
her  the  most  extravagant  praise ;  John  Norton 
said  that  if  Virgil  could  hear  her  poems  he  would 
throw  his  own  into  the  flames.  In  1666,  by  the 
burning  of  her  house.  Mrs.  Bradstreet  lost  her  en- 
tire library. — Their  grandson,  Simon,  clergyman, 
b.  in  New  London,  Conn.,  7  March,  1671  \  d.  in 
Charlestown,  Mass.,  31  Dec,  1741.  His  father,  the 
Rev.  Simon  Bradstreet  (1640-'83),  was  a  son  of  Gov. 
Simon  Bradstreet.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
in  1693.  On  26  Oct.,  1698,  he  was  ordained,  and 
succeeded  the  Rev.  Charles  Morton  as  minister  of 
Charlestown.  lie  was  very  learned,  with  a  tena- 
cious memory  and  lively  imagination,  but  of  mel- 
ancholy disposition.  He  was  considered  one  of 
the  first  literary  characters  and  best  preachers  in 
America.  For  some  years  prior  to  his  death  he 
was  afraid  to  preach  from  his  pulpit,  and  delivered 
his  sermons  from  the  deacon's  seat,  using  no  notes. 
— His  son,  Simon,  clergyman  (1709-71),  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1728  and  ordained,  4 
Jan.,  1738,  as  minister  of  the  second  Congrega- 
tional churcli  of  Marblehead,  where  he  remained 
until  his  death. 

BRADY,  Hugh,  soldier,  b.  in  Northumberland 
county.  Pa.,  in  July,  1768;  d.  in  Detroit,  Mich., 
15  April,  1851.  He  entered  the  U.  S.  army  as  an 
ensign  7  March,  1792,  and  served  in  the  western 
expedition  under  Gen.  Wayne  after  the  defeat  of 
Gen.  St.  Clair.  In  February,  1794,  he  was  made 
lieutenant,  and  on  8  Jan.,  1799,  captain.  Later  he 
resigned,  but  was  i-eappointed  in  1808  by  President 
Jeft'erson,  who  at  that  time  had  undertaken  to  re- 
form the  army.  On  6  July,  1812,  he  was  appointed 
colonel  of  the  22d  infantry,  and  led  his  troops  in 
the  hard-fought  battle  of  Chippewa,  displaying  the 
greatest  bravery.  He  also  distinguished  himself 
at  the  battles  of  Lundy's  Lane  and  Niagara,  and 
was  wounded  in  each  of  these  engagements.  On 
the  reduction  of  the  army  in  1815  he  was  retained, 
and  became  colonel  of  the  2d  infantry.  In  1835  he 
was  placed  in  command  of  the  department  of  which 
Detroit  was  the  headquarters,  and  during  the  Cana- 
dian troubles  he  contributed  greatly  to  the  preser- 
vation of  peace  on  the  frontier.  On  6  July,  1822, 
he  received  the  brevet  rank  of  brigadier-general, 
and  on  30  May,  1848,  that  of  major-general  for 
long  and  faithful  service. 

BRADY,  James  Topham,  lawyer,  b.  in  New 
York  city,  9  April,  1815;  d.  there,  9  Feb.,  1869. 
His  education  was  obtained  under  the  direction  of 
his  father,  Thomas  S.  Brady,  subseqviently  an  emi- 
nent lawyer  and  jurist,  who  at  that  time  was  en- 
gaged in  preparing  students  for  college.  At  the 
age  of  sixteen  Brady  had  acquired  a  good  knowl- 
edge of  law,  and  frequently  acted  the  part  of  junior 
counsel  to  his  father.  In  November,  1836,  he  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  New  York,  where  he  imme- 
diately opened  an  office  for  himself.  Early  in  his 
practice  he  was  called  upon  to  secure  the  release 
of  Sarah  Coppin,  a  young  English  girl,  whose 
parents  had  died  on  the  voyage  to  this  country. 
After  her  arrival  in  New  York  she  was  rol)V)ed  of 
her  money,  turned  into  the  street,  and  afterward 
bound  out  by  the  authorities.  Her  brother  ob- 
tained the  legal  services  of  Mr.  Brady,  who  was 
successful  in  liberating  the  girl.  The  great  skill 
with  which  he  conducted  this  case,  his  eloquence, 
his  success,  and  the  ability  of  the  opposing  coun- 
sel, brought  him  reputation  at  once.  He  was  con- 
spicuous for  his  knowledge  in  all  departments  of  the 


BRAGDON 


BRAGG 


355 


law,  winning  verdicts  from  judges  and  jurors  alike 
in  great  patent  cases,  like  that  of  Goodyear  v. 
Day ;  cases  involving  questions  of  medical  juris- 
prudence, like  the  Allaire  and  Parish  will  cases, 
and  the  moral  insanity  plea  in  the  case  of  the 
forger  Huntington  or  the  homicide  Cole ;  divorce 
cases,  like  that  of  Mrs.  Edwin  Forrest,  and  also 
in  civil  cases  of  all  sorts.  But  his  special  power 
was  seen  to  the  best  advantage  in  criminal  cases, 
where  he  usually  undertook  the  defence.  At  one 
time  he  successfully  defended  four  clients  charged 
with  murder  in  a  single  week,  and  all  without  fee 
or  reward.  In  1843  he  was  appointed  district 
attorney  of  New  York  during  the  temporary  ab- 
sence of  Matthew  C.  Patterson,  and  two  years  later 
he  became  corporation  attorney  for  the  city.  In 
1859  he  was  selected  by  Daniel  E.  Sickles  to  be 
one  of  the  counsel  in  his  trial  for  the  assassination 
of  Philip  Barton  Key,  and  made  the  opening  ad- 
dress for  the  defence  to  the  jury,  which  was  one  of 
his  most  notable  efforts  as  a  criminal  lawyer.  Mr. 
Brady  was  retained  as  counsel,  on  one  side  or  the 
other,  in  many  of  the  important  crijninal  and  civil 
cases  of  his  time.  His  success  as  an  advocate 
was  due  to  a  clear  statement  of  the  case  and  a 
skilful  and  courteous  cross-examination  of  wit- 
nesses. His  arguments  were  put  with  such  tact, 
his  statements  of  facts  so  lucid  and  candid,  and 
his  appeals  were  so  eloquent  and  impressive,  that 
he  almost  invariably  carried  judge  and  jury  with 
him.  It  has  been  said  that  he  never  lost  a  case  in 
which  he  was  before  a  jury  for  more  than  a  week  ; 
in  that  time  they  saw  everything  through  his  eyes. 
He  was  naturally  a  political  leader,  and  was  fre- 
quently urged  to  accept  office,  but  invariably  re- 
fused unless  the  place  was  in  the  line  of  his  pro- 
fession. Prior  to  the  civil  war  he  was  an  ultra 
state-rights  man,  and  supported  Breckinridge  in 
the  canvass  of  1860,  in  which  year  he  was  candi- 
date for  governor  on  the  "  hard-shell "  or  pro- 
slavery  democratic  ticket.  During  Mr.  Lincoln's 
administrations  he  supported  the  war  measures 
generally  and  made  speeches  on  national  questions, 
some  of  which  produced  a  strong  impression. — His 
brother,  John  Riker,  b.  in  Xew  York  in  1832;  d. 
there,  16  March,  1891.  He  studied  law,  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1844,  practising  first  in  his 
father's  office  and  later  in  partnership  with  his 
brother,  .lames  T.  In  1856  he  was  elected  a  justice 
of  the  New  York  court  of  common  pleas,  and  in 
1869  to  the  bench  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
state,  being  unanimously  reelected  in  1877,  both 
parties  nominating  him.  For  thirty-five  years  he 
was  on  the  bench  continuously.  Judge  Brady  was 
gifted  like  his  brother  with  eloquence"  and  wit,  and 
for  a  score  of  years  was  perhaps  the  most  popular 
after-dinn?r  speaker  in  the  state.  He  administered 
the  oatli  of  the  presidential  office  to  Vice-President 
Arthur  in  New  York. 

BRAGDON,  Edmniid  Erastns  Eastman,  edu- 
cator, b.  in  Acton,  Me.,  8  Dec,  1813 ;  d.  in  Lima,  N.  Y., 
20  March,  1862.  He  was  graduated  at  Wesleyan  uni- 
versity in  1841,  and  taught  in  the  Mexicoville  acad- 
emy until  1843,  when  he  became  principal  of  Ful- 
ton academy.  During  the  same  year  he  joined  the 
Black  river  conference  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
church,  and  was  stationed  at  Wolcott,  N.  Y.  He 
became  principal  of  the  Mexicoville   academy  in 

1846,  and  was  stationed  at  Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  during 

1847.  From  1848  till  1852  he  was  principal  of 
Falley  seminary,  and  in  1853  he  joined  the  New 
York  conference  and  was  stationed  at  the  Vestry 
street  church  in  New  York.  Later  in  the  same 
year  he  accepted  the  professorship  of  ancient  lan- 
guages in  Ohio  university,  Athens,  Ohio,  and  in 


1854  the  chair  of  Latin  in  Indiana  university. 
From  1858  until  his  death  he  was  professor  of 
ancient  languages  in  Genesee  college,  Lima,  N.  Y. 

BRAGCr,  Braxton,  soldier,  b.  in  Warren  co.,  N. 
C,  33  March,  1817;  d.  in  Galveston,  Texas,  27  Sept., 
1876.  He  was  graduated  at  the  U.  S.  military  acad- 
emy in  1837,  standing  5th  in  a  class  of  fifty.  Among 
his  classmates  were  Gens.  Benham,  Townsend, 
Sedgwick,  and  Hooker  on  the  national  side,  and 
Early  and  Pemberton  on  the  confederate  side.  He 
was  appointed  lieutenant  of  artillery,  and  served 
mainly  in  Florida  until  1843.  during  the  war  with 
the  Seminoles ;  from  1843  till  1845  he  was  stationed 
at  Fort  Moultrie,  in  Charleston  harbor,  and  just 
before  the  war  with  Mexico  was  ordered  to  Texas. 
In  May,  1846,  he  was  made  captain  by  brevet  for 
gallant  conduct  in  the  defence  of  Fort  Brown, 
Texas,  and  in  June  was  promoted  captain  of  artil- 
lery. He  was  present  at  the  battle  of  Monterey, 
21-23  Sept.,  and  was  brevetted  major  for  gallant 
conduct  there.  In 
1847  he  was  bre- 
vetted lieutenant- 
colonel  for  gal- 
lantry at  the  bat- 
tle of  Buena  Vis- 
ta. From  1848  till 

1855  he  was  en- 
gaged in  frontier 
service  at  Jef- 
ferson Barracks, 
Mo.,  Fort  Gib- 
son, and  Washita. 
In  March,  1855, 
he  was  appointed 
major  of  caval- 
ry, but  declined 
andreceived  leave 
of  absence.  In 
January,  1856,  he 
resigned  his  com- 
mission and  re- 
tired to  his  plan- 
tation at  Thibodeaux,  La.  In  1859-'61  he  was  com- 
missioner of  the  board  of  public  works  of  the  state 
of  Louisiana.  When  the  civil  war  began  he  was  ap- 
pointed brigadier-general  in  the  confederate  army 
in  1861,  and  placed  in  command  at  Pensacola,  Fla. 
In  February,  1862,  he  was  promoted  major-general 
and  ordered  to  join  the  army  of  the  Mississippi. 
He  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Shiloh,  6-7  April, 
and  was  promoted  general  in  place  of  A.  S.  John- 
ston, killed.  After  the  evacuation  of  Corinth  he 
succeeded  Gen.  Beauregard  in  command  of  the  de- 
partment. In  August  he  led  a  formidable  force, 
45,000  strong,  into  Kentucky,  but,  after  the  battle 
of  Perryville,  8  Oct.,  he  retreated,  carrying  with 
him  a  vast  quantity  of  supplies.  He  was  removed 
from  his  command  and  placed  under  arrest,  but 
was  soon  restored,  and  resumed  command  of  the 
force  opposed  to  the  national  army  under  Rose- 
crans.  He  was  worsted  by  Roseerans  in  the  pro- 
tracted contest  of  Stone  river  or  Murfreesboro,  31 
Dec,  1862,  and  2  Jan.,  1863;  again  encountered 
and  defeated  him  at  Chickamauga,  19  and  20 
Sept.,  1863 ;  but  was  decisively  defeated  by  Gen. 
Grant  at  Chattanooga,  23-25  Nov.  About  2  Dec. 
he  was  relieved  from  command  and  called  to  Rich- 
mond, where  for  a  time  he  acted  as  military  ad- 
viser to  Mr.  Davis,  with  whom  he  was  a  favorite. 
In  the  autumn  of  1864  he  led  a  small  force  from 
North  Carolina  to  Georgia  to  operate  against  Sher- 
man, but  without  success.  After  the  war  he  be- 
came chief  engineer  for  the  state  of  Alabama,  and 
superintended  the   improvements   in  Mobile  bay, 


356 


BRAGa 


BRAINARD 


but  with  these  exceptions  his  life  was  passed  in 
comparative  retirement. — His  brother,  Thomas, 
governor  of  North  Carolina,  b.  in  Warrenton,  War- 
ren CO.,  N.  C,  in  1810 ;  d.  in  Raleigh,  21  Jan.,  1872. 
He  was  educated  at  the  military  academy  at  Mid- 
dletown,  Conn.,  studied  law,  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1831,  and  began  practice  at  Jackson,  N.  C. 
He  was  chosen  to  the  state  legislature  in  1842,  and 
in  1854  was  elected  governor  of  North  Carolina, 
holding  that  office  until  1858.  He  was  elected  U. 
S.  senator  in  1859,  but  withdrew  in  1861  after  the 
secession  of  his  state.  Jefferson  Davis  made  him 
attorney-general  in  his  cabinet,  22  Feb.,  1801,  and 
he  acted  in  that  capacity  two  years.  Having  lost 
all  his  means  by  the  war,  Gov.  Bragg  resumed  the 
practice  of  his  profession  and  also  re-entered  politi- 
cal life,  becoming  chairman  of  the  state  democratic 
committee.  He  was  active  in  the  impeachment 
proceedings  against  Gov.  Holden. 

BRAGG,  Edward  Stuyvesant,  soldier,  b.  in 
Unadilla,  N.  Y.,  20  Feb.,  1827.  He  studied  three 
years  at  Geneva,  now  Hobart.  college,  left  at  the 
end  of  the  junior  year,  and  studied  law  in  the  office 
of  Judge  Noble,  in  Unadilla.  He  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1848,  and  soon  after  removed  to  Fond 
du  Lac,  Wis.  In  1854  he  was  elected  district  at- 
torney for  Fond  du  Lac  co.,  and  served  two  years. 
He  was  a  Douglas  democrat,  and  a  delegate  to  the 
Charleston  convention  in  1860.  At  the  beginning 
of  the  civil  war  he  entered  the  military  service  of 
the  United  States  as  captain,  5  May,  1861,  and 
held  all  the  intermediate  grades  to  and  including 
that  of  brigadier-general,  with  which  rank  he  was 
mustered  out,  8  Oct.,  1865.  He  participated  in  all 
the  campaigns  of  the  army  of  the  Potomac  except 
the  Peninsular,  Gettysburg,  and  Five  Forks.  In 
1866  he  was  a  delegate  to  the  Philadelphia  union 
convention.  In  1867  he  was  elected  to  the  state 
senate,  and  served  one  term.  In  1868  he  was  a 
delegate  to  the  soldiers'  and  sailors'  convention  in 
New  York,  which  nominated  Horatio  Seymour  for 
president.  In  1872  he  was  a  delegate  to  the  na- 
tional democratic  convention  in  Baltimore,  which 
nominated  Horace  Greeley  for  president.  He  was 
elected  to  congress  for  three  successive  terms,  be- 
ginning with  the  45th  congress.  He  was  a  dele- 
gate to  the  democratic  national  convention  in  1884, 
and,  as  chairman  of  his  delegation,  seconded  the 
nomination  of  Grover  Cleveland  for  the  presi- 
dency. The  same  year  he  was  elected  to  the  49th 
congress.  During  his  congressional  career  he  was 
regarded  as  one  of  the  most  dangerous  antagonists 
in  debate  in  the  whole  house.  Small  of  stature 
and  belligerent  in  bearing,  he  was  perpetually  in 
the  thick  of  the  fight,  and  had  few  equals  in  his 
power  of  acrimonious  retort  and  invective.  Al- 
though he  was  intensely  a  democrat  in  a  partisan 
sense,  he  never  could  be  counted  upon  to  vote 
steadily  with  his  party. 

BRAINARD,  DaVid  Legg-,  explorer,  b.  in  Nor- 
way, Herkimer  co.,  N.  Y..  21  Dec,  1856.  He  at- 
tended a  district  school  ^intil  his  eleventh  year,  when 
his  father's  family  removed  to  Freetown,  where  he 
was  sent  to  the  state  normal  school.  On  18  Sept., 
1876,  he  enlisted  in  the  regular  army,  and  was  as- 
signed to  the  2d  cavalry,  then  stationed  at  Fort 
Ellis,  Montana.  He  participated  in  the  Indian 
campaigns  under  Gen.  Miles,  and  was  wounded  in 
the  face  in  action  with  the  Sioux  at  Muddy  Creek, 
Montana,  7  May,  1877.  In  the  following  August 
he  was  one  of  the  four  men  selected  to  act  as  es- 
cort to  Gen.  Sherman  and  party  in  their  tour 
through  the  National  park.  In  July,  1879,  he 
was  promoted  sergeant,  and  in  May,  1880,  recom- 
mended for  detail  on  the  Howgate  polar  expedi- 


tion ;  but,  the  enterprise  having  been  abandoned, 
he  returned  to  his  regiment  at  Fort  Assiniboine. 
Early  in  the  spring  of  the  following  year  he  was 
again  ordered  to  Washington  and  made  first  ser- 
geant (chief  of  the  enlisted  men)  of  the  Lady 
Franklin  bay  expedition  under  Lieut.  Greely, 
which  place  he  held  during  three  years  of  Arctic 
service,  being  in  command  of  many  important 
boat  and  sledge  expeditions.  He  was  associated 
with  Lieut.  Lockwood  in  all  the  important  geo- 
graphical work,  and  was  one  of  the  three  who,  on 
15  May,  1882,  attained  the  highest  northern  point 
on  the  globe  ever  reached  bv  man.  taking  observa- 
tions in  lat.  83°  24^',  long.  40°  46i'  W.  ^Vhile  the 
party  were  in  camp  at  Cape  Sabine,  undergoing 
terrible  privations.  Sergeant  Brainard  fished  for 
shrimps,  and  prolonged  the  lives  of  the  party  for 
about  seventy  days.  Brainard  received  from  the 
Royal  geographical  society  of  Great  Britain  a  tes- 
timonial consisting  of  an  elegant  gold  watch,  with 
accompanying  diploma  ;  and  the  U.  S.  government 
attached  Iiim  to  the  signal  service  dejiartment, 
and  in  October,  1886,  commissioned  him  2d  lieu- 
tenant of  cavalry. 

BRAINARD,  Daniel,  surgeon,  b.  in  Whites- 
borough,  Oneida  co.,  N.  Y.,  15  May,  1812  ;  d.  in 
Chicago,  III.,  10  Oct.,  1866.  He  received  an  aca- 
demic education,  and  studied  medicine,  first  at 
Fairfield  medical  college  and  afterward  at  Jeffer- 
son medical  college,  where  he  was  graduated  in  the 
spring  of  1834.  He  delivered  a  course  of  lectures 
on  anatomy  and  physiology  at  Oneida  institute  in 
1836,  studied  in  Europe  in  1839-'41,  and  in  1842  be- 
came professor  of  anatomy  in  the  university  of  St. 
Louis.  He  was  the  founder  of  Rush  medical  col- 
lege, Chicago,  and  occupied  its  chair  of  surgery 
from  1843  till  his  death.  Under  Presidents  Pierce 
and  Buchanan  he  was  surgeon  of  the  marine  hos- 
pital, Chicago.  He  was  a  corresponding  member 
of  the  societies  of  surgery  of  Paris  and  Geneva, 
and  published  a  work  on  rattlesnake  bites ;  "  Un- 
united Fractures  and  Deformities,"  the  American 
medical  association  prize  essay  for  1854 ;  and  many 
articles  in  the  "  Chicago  Medical  Journal."  At 
the  time  of  his  death  he  had  been  for  several  years 
engaged  on  an  extensive  surgical  work,  which  re- 
mains unfinished.  Dr.  Brainard  was  one  of  the 
most  prominent  surgeons  of  the  northwest.  His 
reputation  rests  largely  on  his  advocacy  of  subcu- 
taneous perforation  of  ununited  bones  for  the  cure 
of  false  joint,  and  the  treatment  of  poisoned 
wounds  bv  means  of  alterative  injections. 

BRAINARD,  John  Gardiner  Calliins,  poet, 
b.  in  New  London,  Conn.,  21  Oct.,  1796 ;  d.  there, 
26  Sept.,  1828.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1815, 
and  studied  law,  but,  after  practising  a  short  time 
at  Middletown,  Conn.,  went  to  Hartford,  and  took 
charge  there,  in  1822,  of  the  "  Connecticut  Mirror." 
He  paid  little  attention  to  politics,  but  devoted 
himself  to  the  literary  part  of  the  paper,  publishing 
in  it  many  poems, "  mostly  ballads,  which  soon 
brought  him  into  notice.  He  had  previously  writ- 
ten a  few  pieces  for  a  New  Haven  paper  called  the 
"Microscope."  Brainard  had  always  been  deli- 
cate, and  in  1827  consumption  forced  him  to  give 
up  his  editorship  and  retire  to  the  east  end  of 
Long  Island,  where  he  remained  until  he  returned 
to  his  father's  house  in  New  London,  to  die.  Al- 
though he  suffered  much,  he  continued  to  write 
until  just  before  his  death.  He  published  a  collec- 
tion of  his  poems  (New  York,  1825) ;  and  a  second 
edition  enlarged,  entitled  "Literary  Remains," 
with  a  sketch  of  the  author,  by  John  G.  Whittier, 
his  successor  as  editor  of  the  "  Mirror,"  was  pub- 
lished after  Brainard's  death  (1832 ;  3d  ed.,  with 


BRAINE 


BRAINERD 


357 


portrait,  Hartford,  1842).  — His  brother,  Dyar 
Tliroop,  a  well-known  physician  of  New  London, 
also  eminent  as  a  botanist  and  chemist,  was  gradu- 
ated at  Yale  in  1810,  and  died  in  New  London,  6 
Feb.,  1863,  aged  seventy-three  years. 

BRAINE,  Daniel  Lawrence,  naval  officer,  b. 
in  New  York  city.  18  May,  1829 ;  d.  in  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y..  30  Jan..  1898.  He  was  appointed  to  the 
navy  in  1846,  and  during  the  Mexican  war  was  in 
the  actions  at  Alvarado,  Tabasco,  Laguna,  Tuspan, 
Tampico,  and  Vera  Cruz.  He  was  made  passed 
midshipman,  8  June,  1852,  master  in  1855,  and  lieu- 
tenant, 15  Sept.,  1858.  At  the  beginning  of  the 
civil  war  he  was  selected  by  the  union  defence  com- 
mittee to  command  the  steamer  "  Monticello," 
fitted  out  in  forty-eight  hours  to  provision  Fortress 
Monroe.  The  "  Monticello "  was  afterward  at- 
tached to  the  North  Atlantic  blockading  squad- 
ron, and  on  19  May,  1861,  participated  in  the  first 
naval  engagement  of  the  war,  with  a  battery  of 
five  guns,  at  Sewall's  Point,  Va.  In  October,  1861, 
he  attacked  the  confederate  gun-boats  above  Cape 
Hatteras  and  dispersed  two  regiments  of  infantry, 
sinking  two  barges  filled  with  soldiers,  and  rescu- 
ing the  20th  Indiana  regiment,  who  were  cut  off 
from  Hatteras  inlet  by  the  enemy.  On  15  July, 
1862,  he  received  his  commission  as  lieutenant- 
commander,  and  from  that  time  till  1864  was  in 
numerous  engagements,  commanding  the  "Pe- 
quot  "  in  the  attacks  on  Fort  Fisher,  Fort  Ander- 
son, and  the  forts  on  Cape  Fear  river.  For  "  cool 
performance  of  his  duty  "  in  these  fights  he  was 
recommended  for  promotion  by  Rear-Admiral 
Porter  in  his  despatch  of  28  Jan.,  1865,  and  on  25 
July,  1866,  was  commissioned  as  commander.  He 
had  charge  of  the  equipment  department  of 
the  Brooklyn  navy-yard  from  1869  till  1872, 
and  commanded  the  "Juniata,"  of  the  Polaris 
search  expedition,  in  1873.  In  the  latter  part  of 
that  year  he  demanded  and  received  the  "  Virgini- 
us "  prisoners  at  Santiago  de  Cuba,  and  brought 
them  to  New  York.  He  became  captain  on  11  Dec, 
18T4.  commodore,  2  March.  1885.  and  admiral.  4 
Sept.,  1887.  He  was  assigned  to  the  command  of 
the  South  Atlantic  squadron  in  August.  1886.  Ad- 
miral Braine  was  retired  18  May.  1891,  after  forty- 
one  years  of  service  afloat  and  ashore. 

BRAINERD,  David,  missionary,  b.  in  Had- 
dam.  Conn.,  20  April,  1718 ;  d.  in  Northampton, 
Mass.,  9  Oct.,  1747.  From  early  childhood  he  had 
strong  religious  feeling,  and  after  entering  Yale 
college  in  1739,  at  the  time  of  the  great  revival 
under  Whitefield,  his  zeal  led  him  into  indiscre- 
tions. The  attitude  of  the  college  toward  the 
"  New  Lights "  was  cold,  and  students  had  been 
forbidden  to  attend  their  meetings.  Brainerd. 
then  in  his  junior  year,  disobeyed  this  rule,  and 
was  also  heard  to  say  of  one  of  the  tutors  that  he 
had  "  no  more  religion  than  the  chair  on  which  he 
sat."  Refusing  to  make  public  confession  of  these 
offences  in  chapel,  Brainerd  was  expelled.  He 
never  ceased  to  regard  this  action  as  unjust, 
though  acknowledging  that  he  had  been  at  fault. 
After  leaving  college  he  began  to  study  theology, 
and  on  20  July,  1742,  was  licensed  to  preach  by 
the  Danbury  association  of  ministers.  He  had  for 
some  time  been  interested  in  missions,  and  in  the 
autinim  after  he  was  licensed  received  an  appoint- 
ment from  the  society  for  the  propagation  of 
Christian  knowledge  as  missionary  at  the  Indian 
village  of  Kaunameek,  twenty  miles  from  Stock- 
bridge,  Mass.  He  arrived  at  his  post  on  1  April, 
1743,  and  labored  there  for  a  year,  living  in  a  wig- 
wam and  enduring  many  hardships.  After  he 
had  persuaded  the  Indians  to  move  to  Stockbridge 


and  place  themselves  in  charge  of  the  minister 
there,  Mr.  Brainerd  was  ordained  by  the  New  York 
presbytery  at  Newark,  N.  J.,  and  went  to  the  forks 
of  the  Delaware,  where  he  remained  for  about  a 
year,  making  two  visits  to  the  Indians  of  the  Sus- 
quehanna, but  meeting  with  little  success.  He 
next  went  to  Crossweeksung,  near  Freehold,  N.  J., 
where  his  labor  had  a  wonderful  result.  In  less 
than  a  year  he  had  baptized  seventy-seven  persons, 
of  whom  thirty-eight  were  adults,  and  the  lives  of 
most  of  these  were  permanently  reformed.  In 
1747  Brainerd's  health,  exhausted  by  his  labors, 
broke  down  completely.  He  had  never  been 
strong;  while  he  was  in  college  a  severe  illness 
had  almost  ended  his  life,  and  after  that  he  suf- 
fered from  consumption.  By  advice  of  his  phy- 
sician, he  determined  to  visit  his  friends  in  New 
England.  July,  1747,  found  him  in  Northampton, 
Mass.,  at  the  house  of  Jonathan  Edwards,  to  whose 
daughter  he  was  betrothed,  and  here  he  remained 
till  his  death.  Brainerd  wrote  an  account  of  his 
labors  at  Kaunameek,  which  was  published  with 
the  sermon  delivered  at  his  ordination.  His  joui'- 
nals,  under  the  titles  "  Mirabilia  Dei  apud  Indicos  " 
and  "  Divine  Grace  Displayed,"  appeared  in  1746. 
His  life,  compiled  chiefly  from  his  diary,  was  writ- 
ten by  Jonathan  Edwards  (1749),  and  a  second 
edition,  including  the  journals  mentioned  above, 
was  edited  by  Sereno  Edwards  Dwight  (New  Haven, 
Conn.,  1822).  A  third  edition  was  edited  by  J.  M. 
Sherwood,  with  an  introductory  essay  on  Brain- 
erd's life  and  character  (New  York,  1884).  An 
abridgment,  by  John  Wesley,  of  Edwards's  life, 
was  also  published  in  England  (2d  American  ed., 
Boston,  1821).  See  also  Sparks's  "  American  Biog- 
raphies "  and  Sprague's  "  Annals  of  the  American 
Pulpit." — His  brother,  John,  missionary,  b.  in 
Haddam,  Conn.,  28  Feb.,  1720;  d.  in  Deerfield,  N. 
J.,  18  March,  1781,  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1746, 
and  in  April,  1747,  became  his  brother's  successor 
at  the  settlement  of  Bethel,  near  Cranberry,  N. 
J.,  whither  the  Indians  under  his  charge  had  re- 
moved from  Crossweeksung.  He  encountered  great 
difiiculties,  owing  to  troubles  about  the  ownership 
of  the  land,  the  enlistment  of  many  of  his  flock  in 
the  army,  the  breaking  out  of  hostilities  on  the 
border,  and  the  opposition  of  the  Quakers  to  his 
work.  He  was  obliged  to  move  twice  with  his  con- 
gregation, and  paid  nearly  $2,000  out  of  his  own 
pocket  for  various  expenses.  The  society  in  whose 
employ  he  was,  dissatisfied  with  the  state  of  affairs, 
twice  dismissed  him,  and  as  many  times  asked  him 
to  undertake  the  work  again.  He  preached  for 
some  time  at  Newark,  N.  J.,  and  also  at  Mount 
Holly,  N.  J.,  and  from  1760  till  1777  preached 
about  five  hundred  times  in  filling  vacancies  near 
Egg  Harbor,  N.  J.  In  1777  he  removed  to  Deer- 
field,  N.  J.,  and  remained  there  until  his  death. — 
Thomas,  clergyman,  b.  in  Leyden,  N.  Y.,  17  June, 
1804 ;  d.  in  Scranton,  Pa.,  21  Aug.,  1866.  He  passed 
most  of  his  childhood  in  Rome,  N.  Y.,  and  after 
his  graduation  at  Hamilton  college  began  the  study 
of  law,  but  left  it  to  enter  Andover  theological 
seminary,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1831.  After 
studying  under  the  Rev.  Dr.  Patterson,  of  Phila- 
delphia, he  was  ordained  as  a  Presbyterian  on  7 
Oct.  of  that  year,  and  went  to  Cincinnati,  where 
he  took  charge  of  the  4th  Presbyterian  church 
until  1833.  From  1833  till  1836  he  edited  the 
"  Cincinnati  Journal "  and  the  "  Youth's  Maga- 
zine," and  also  assisted  in  editing  the  "  Presbyte- 
rian Quarterly  Review."  He  espoused  the  cause  of 
Dr.  Lyman  Beecher,  who  was  then  the  head  of  the 
newly  established  Lane  theological  seminary,  and 
was  encountering  much  opposition  because  of  his 


358 


BRAINERD 


BRANDT 


"  new-school "  theology.  From  1837  until  his 
death  Dr.  Brainerd  was  pastor  of  the  old  Pine 
street  church  in  Philadelphia.  During  the  civil 
war  he  was  earnest  in  his  support  of  the  govern- 
ment, both  in  the  pulpit  and  in  conversation,  and 
so  great  was  his*  influence  that  130  young  men 
of  his  congregation  volunteered  either  in  the  army 
or  the  navy.  He  published  a  "  Life  of  John  Brain- 
erd, the  Brother  of  David  Brainerd,  and  his  Suc- 
cessor as  Missionary  to  the  Indians  of  New  Jersey  " 
(Philadelphia,  1866),  and  numerous  sermons  and 
tracts.  He  was  also  a  frequent  contributor  to  the 
magazines.  See  "  Memoir  of  Thomas  Brainerd," 
by  Mary  Brainerd  (Philadelphia,  1870). 

BRAINERD,  Lawrence,  senator,  b.  in  1794; 
d.  in  St.  Albans,  Vt.,  9  May,  1870.  He  was  active 
in  forwarding  the  political,  commercial,  and  rail- 
road interests  of  Vermont,  and  was  for  several 
years  candidate  for  governor.  After  the  death  of 
Senator  Upham,  Mr.  Brainerd  was  chosen  to  the 
senate  as  a  f ree-soiler  for  the  remainder  of  the  term, 
serving  from  5  Dec,  1854,  till  3  March,  1855. 

BRAMAN,  Benjamin,  microscopist,  b.  in  Nor- 
ton, Mass.,  23  Nov.,  1831.  He  was  graduated  at 
Brown  in  1854,  and  at  Andover  theological  semi- 
nary in  1859,  after  which  he  was  acting  pastor  at 
Shutesbury,  Mass.,  and  in  1863-'3  principal  of  an 
academy  in  Westport,  Mass.  During  1863-'4  he 
was  teaching  at  Astoria,  and  after  that  date  taught 
drawing  in  the  Cooper  Union  and  elsewhere  in 
New  York.  He  is  a  skilful  microscopist,  and  from 
its  first  issue  has  edited  the  "  Journal  of  the  New 
York  Microscopical  Society,"  of  which  organiza- 
tion he  has  some  time  been  president. 

BRAMLETTE,  Thomas  E.,  governor  of  Ken- 
tucky, b.  in  Cumberland  co.,  Ky.,  3  Jan.,  1817 ;  d. 
in  Louisville,  Ky.,  12  Jan.,  1875.  He  was  educated 
in  the  schools  of  his  native  county,  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1837,  became  attorney  for  the  state  in 
1848,  and  in  1850  resigned,  to  devote  himself  to 
his  private  practice.  In  1856  he  was  chosen  judge 
of  the  sixth  judicial  district,  and  in  1861  resigned 
and  entered  the  national  army.  He  raised  the 
3d  Kentucky  infantry,  and  became  its  colonel. 
He  was  elected  governor  of  his  state,  as  a  union 
man,  in  1863,  and,  by  re-election,  remained  in  office 
until  1867,  and  afterward  was  a  successful  lawyer 
in  Louisville.  He  was  also  U.  S.  district  attorney 
for  some  time. 

BRANCH,  Charles  James,  clergyman,  b.  in 
Barbadoes  iu  1834.  He  was  educated  at  Codring- 
ton  college,  of  that  place ;  was  appointed  curate  of 
St.  Simon's,  Barbadoes,  in  1857;  rector  of  St.  An- 
drew's, Grenada,  in  1864 ;  rector  of  St.  John's,  St. 
Croix,  in  1866  ;  and  archdeacon  of  Antigua  in  1879. 
On  25  July,  1882,  he  was  consecrated  bishop-coad- 
jutor of  Antigua,  in  the  chapel  of  Lambeth  palace. 

BRANCH,  John,  secretary  of  the  navy,  b.  in 
Halifax,  N.  C,  4  Nov.,  1782 ;  d.  in  Enfield,  N.  C., 
4  Jan.,  1863.  After  graduation  at  the  university 
of  North  Carolina  in  1801,  he  studied  law,  became 
judge  of  the  superior  court,  and  was  a  state  sena- 
tor from  1811  till  1817,  in  1822,  and  again  in  1834. 
He  was  elected  governor  of  his  state  in  1817,  and 
from  1823  till  1829  was  U.  S.  senator,  resigning  in 
the  latter  year,  when  he  was  appointed  secretary 
of  the  navy  by  President  Jackson.  He  held  this 
office  till  1831,  when  the  cabinet  broke  up,  more 
on  account  of  social  than  political  dissensions,  as 
was  commonly  thought.  A  letter  from  Sec. 
Branch  on  the  subject  is  published  in  Niles's 
"Register"  (vol.  xli.).  Judge  Branch  was  elected 
to  congress  as  a  democrat  in  1831.  In  1838  he 
was  defeated  as  democratic  candidate  for  governor 
of  his  state,  and  in  1844-"5  was  governor  of  the 


territory  of  Florida,  serving  until  the  election  of  a 
governor  under  the  state  constitution. — His  son, 
Lawrence  O'Brien,  soldier,  b.  in  Halifax  co.,  N. 
C,  7  July,  1820 ;  killed  at  Antietam,  17  Sept.,  1862, 
was  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1838,  studied  law, 
and  began  practice  at  Raleigh.  He  was  chosen  to 
congress  for  three  successive  terms,  serving  from 
3  Dec,  1855,  till  3  March,  1861.  After  the  seces- 
sion of  his  state  in  May,  1861,  he  entered  the  con- 
federate army,  and  became  a  brigadier-general  in 
November  of  that  year.  He  commanded  at  New- 
bern,  N.  C,  when  it  was  captured  by  Burnside, 
and  afterward  took  part  in  several  battles  in  that 
state  and  on  the  peninsula. 

BRANCH,  Mary  Lydia  Belles,  author,  b.  in 
New  London,  Conn.,  13  June,  1840.  Her  maiden 
name  was  Bolles.  She  was  educated  at  the  New 
London  high  school  and  at  L.  F.  Emerson's  school 
in  Boston,  where  she  was  graduated  in  1860.  She 
was  assistant  editor  of  the  Philadelphia  "  Saturday 
Evening  Post"  for  a  short  time  in  1865,  and  has 
written  much  for  periodicals,  principally  stories 
and  poems  for  young  people.  Her  best-known 
poem  is  ''  The  Petrified  Fern."  She  married  John 
S.  Branch,  a  lawver  in  New  York  city. 

BRANCIFORTE,  Bliguel  de  la  Grna  Tala- 
manca  (bran-the-for'tay),  marquis  of,  Spanish  sol- 
dier, b.  in  Sicily,  Italy,  about  the  middle  of  the 
18th  century.  He  belonged  to  the  family  of  the 
Sicilian  princes  Carini,  and  served  in  the  body- 
guards of  both  Charles  III.  and  Charles  IV.  After 
he  had  reached  the  rank  of  lieutenant-general  in 
the  Spanish  army  he  was  appointed  governor  of 
the  Canary  islands,  and  subsequently  viceroy  of 
New  Spain,  and  as  such  was  received  in  Mexico 
in  July,  1794.  He  promoted  public  works  and  in- 
dustries, but  was  not  liked  by  the  people  on  ac- 
count of  his  intrigues  against  his  predecessor,  the 
count  of  Revillagigedo,  a  very  popular  man  in 
Mexico.  He  was  finally  replaced  by  Azanza  on  31 
May,  1798.  During  the  French  invasion  (1808-'14) 
he  joined  the  Napoleonic  party,  and  for  this  cause 
his  property  in  Mexico  was  confiscated  by  order  of 
the  viceroy,  Archbishop  Lizana. 

BRANDRETH.  Benjamin,  physician,  b.  in 
Leeds,  England,  9  Jan.,  1807  ;  d.  in  Sing  Sing,  N.Y., 
19  Feb.,  1880.  He  was  a  grandson  of  "Dr.  William 
Brandreth,  introducer  of  Brandreth's  pills.  Com- 
ing to  the  United  States  in  1835,  he  established  a 
laboratory  in  Sing  Sing,  N.  Y.  In  1874  he  presented 
to  Dr.  RoiDert  S.  Newton  and  his  associates  the  build- 
ing used  by  the  eclectic  medical  college  of  New  York. 

BRANDT,  Carl  Lndwig-,  artist,  b.  near  Ham- 
burg, in  Ilolstein,  Germany,  22  Sept.,  1831.  His 
fatlier  and  grandfather  were  eminent  physicians  in 
Hamburg.  His  father  taught  him  drawing  at  the 
age  of  seven,  and  he  subsequently  studied  in  the 
principal  galleries  of  Europe.  He  served  in  the  war 
of  1848-50,  between  Germany  and  Denmark,  and 
came  to  the  United  States  in  1852.  He  painted 
several  portraits  previous  to  1864,  and  in  that  year 
built  his  studio  in  Hastings-on-Hudson,  N.  Y.,  but 
lived  in  Europe  from  1865  till  1869.  He  was  chosen 
a  national  academician  in  1872,  and  in  1883  was 
elected  director  of  the  "  Telfair  Academy  of  Arts 
and  Sciences,"  Savannah,  Ga.,  where  he  resides  in 
winter.  Among  his  works  are  "A  Dish  of  Alpine 
Strawberries  " ;  "  The  Fortune-Teller  "  (1869) ;  "  Re- 
turn from  the  Alps  "  (1874) ;  "  Monte  Rosa  at  Sun- 
rise " ;  "  Bay  of  Naples  during  Eruption  of  Vesu- 
vius in  1867";  "Etna  from  Taurinino,  Sicily"; 
"Resignation";  and  "The  Golden  Treasures  of 
Mexico."  The  numerous  portraits  painted  since 
his  return  from  Europe  include  likenesses  of  John 
Jacob  Astor  the  elder ;  Mr.  and  Mrs.  William  B. 


BRANNAN 


BRANT 


359 


Astoi-;  Dr.  John  W.  Draper:  George  S.  Appleton; 
Gen.  Henry  R.  Jackson;  and  a  full-length  figure 
of  his  wifel  The  last  was  shown  at  the  academy 
exhibition  of  1882  and  the  international  exposition 
at  Munich  in  1883.  Dr.  F.  Pecht,  in  his  "  Modern 
Art  at  the  International  Exhibition,"  says  of  it : 
"  The  most  skilful  of  all  these  ladies'  portraits  is 
the  one  in  full  figure  by  Carl  L.  Brandt,  in  fact,  a 
most  charming  picture,  a  masterpiece  good  enough 
for  a  Neteher."  Mr.  Brandt  has  also  done  some 
work  as  a  sculptor,  and  has  nearly  ready  (1886)  a 
colossal  bust  of  Humboldt. 

BRANNAN,  John  Milton,  soldier,  b.  in  the 
District  of  Columbia  in  1819;  d.  in  New  York  city, 
IT  Dec,  1893.  He  was  graduated  at  the  U.  S.  mili- 
tary academy,  served  during  the  border  disturb- 
ances of  184i-'2,  and  in  the  Mexican  war  as  first 
lieutenant  of  the  1st  artillery.  He  was  at  Vera 
Cruz,  Cerro  Gordo,  La  Hoya,  Contreras,  and  Churu- 
buseo,  and  for  his  conduct  in  the  two  actions  last 
named  was  brevetted  captain,  20  Aug.,  1847.  On 
13  Sept.  he  was  severely  wounded  at  the  Belen 
gate  in  the  assault  on  the  city  of  Mexico.  After 
this  he  served  on  garrison  duty  in  various  forts, 
and  against  the  Seminoles  in  1856-'8.  On  28 
Sept.,  1861,  he  was  made  brigadier-general  of  vol- 
unteers, commanded  the  department  of  Key  West, 
Fla.,  in  1862,  and  served  in  the  department  of  the 
South  from  June,  1863,  till  24  Jan.,  1863.  During 
this  time  he  commanded  the  St.  John's  river  expe- 
dition of  25  Sept.,  1863,  receiving  the  brevet  of 
lieutenant-colonel  for  his  services  at  the  battle  of 
Jacksonville,  was  engaged  at  Pocotaligo,  S.  C,  24 
Oct.,  1862,  and  twice  temporarily  commanded  the 
department.  In  the  Tennessee  campaign  of  1863 
he  was  engaged  at  Hoover's  Gap,  Tullahoma,  Elk 
River,  and  Chickamauga,  winning  two  brevets. 
Prom  10  Oct.,  1863,  till  35  June,  1865,  he  was  chief 
of  artillery  of  the  department  of  the  Cumberland, 
and  was  engaged  at  Chattanooga  until  May,  1864, 
in  arranging  the  armament  of  its  defences.  He 
was  in  the  battle  of  Missionary  Ridge,  23-25  Nov., 
1863,  and  from  4  May  till  1  Oct.,  1864,  took  part 
in  the  Georgia  campaign,  being  engaged  at  Resa- 
ca,  Dallas,  Kenesaw  Mountain,  and  the  siege  and 
surrender  of  Atlanta.  On  23  Jan.,  1865,  he  was 
bi-evetted  major-general  of  volunteers,  and  on  13 
March,  1865,  received  the  brevet  of  brigadier-gen- 
eral in  the  regular  army  for  his  services  at  Atlanta, 
and  that  of  major-general  for  his  services  durini;-  the 
war.  In  1870  Jtie  commanded  the  troojis  at  ( )g(lcns- 
burg  at  the  time  of  the  threatened  Pcnian  raids 
into  Canada,  and  in  1877  at  Philadelphia  during 
the  railroad  riots.  He  was  made  colonel  of  the 
4th  artillery,  15  March,  1881,  and  was  retired  from 
active  service  on  19  April,  1882. 

BRANNAN,  Samuel,  pioneer,  b.  in  Saco,  Me., 
in  1819.  In  his  youth  he  was  an  editor  and  printer, 
and  gained  some  notoriety  as  editor  of  Mormon 
journals.  He  was  an  elder  in  that  church,  and 
arrived  in  San  Francisco  in  July,  1846,  as  leader 
of  the  Mormon  colony  sent  out  in  the  ship  "  Brook- 
lyn "  from  New  York.  The  colonists  were  disap- 
pointed on  their  arriA^al  to  find  the  country  already 
a  part  of  the  United  States,  by  virtue  of  Sloat's 
proclamation  of  7  July,  1846 ;  but  they  soon  forgot 
their  vexation  and  entered  enthusiastically  upon 
the  business  of  the  new  American  community.  Mr. 
Brannan  began  the  publication  of  a  newspaper, 
the  "  Star,"  the  second  in  California  and  the  first 
published  in  the  San  Francisco  district.  Mean- 
while he  preached  every  Sunday,  took  part  in  po- 
litical controversies,  and  did  whatever  he  could  as 
editor  to  bring  California  into  notice  at  the  east. 
The  gold   discovery   in  1848  brought   him   great 


wealth,  but  led  to  the  dissolution  of  the  Mormon 
community  in  California,  and  thus  a  little  later  to 
Brannan's  apostasy  from  the  Mormon  church,  an 
event  that  followed  directly  upon  a  quarrel  with 
Brigham  Young  and  the  other  Utah  leaders.  In 
San  Francisco  Mr.  Brannan  owned  large  tracts  of 
land,  and  so  had  much  influence  upon  the  early 
development  of  the  city.  In  Sacramento  he  was 
also  a  large  land-owner  and  a  partner  in  several 
great  mercantile  enterprises.  He  was  prominent 
in  1850  in  the  efforts  to  suppress  the  squatter 
movement  at  that  place,  and  he  took  part  on  the 
side  of  the  law  during  the  squatter  riots  of  that  year. 
In  1851,  however,  he  was  prominent  in  the  extra- 
legal popular  movement  against  crime  in  San  Fran- 
cisco, publicly  advocating,  as  was  his  wont  when 
excited,  the  most  violent  measures  against  male- 
factors. He  offered  the  use  of  his  own  place 
of  business  as  the  headquarters  of  the  vigilance 
committee  of  June,  1851,  and  was  one  of  the  ex- 
ecutive leaders  of  the  committee  itself,  being  es- 
pecially forward  in  addressing  public  assemblages 
and  in  assisting  to  conduct  the  few  public  execu- 
tions that  the  committee  ordered.  In  1859  Mr. 
Brannan  purchased  a  great  estate  at  Calistoga, 
north  of  San  Francisco  bay,  and  acquired  an  ex- 
tensive reputation  in  connection  with  the  further 
development  of  that  region.  Later  he  aided  the 
Mexicans  with  money  and  supplies  in  their  strug- 
gle against  Maximilian,  and  in  1880  he  received  a 
grant  of  lands  in  Sonora.  A  colonization  scheme 
resulting  from  this  grant  has  not  succeeded. 

BRANNAN,  William  Penn,  painter,  d.  in  Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio.  9  Aug.,  1866.  He  settled  in  Cincinnati 
about  1840,  and  became  known  as  a  portrait-painter 
of  ability,  but  through  indolence  failed  to  turn  his 
talents  to  account.  About  1860  he  began  to  con- 
tribute to  the  daily  press,  writing  under  vai'ious 
assumed  names,  but  most  commonly  under  that 
of  "  Vandyke  Brown."  His  published  works  are 
"  Vagaries  of  Vandyke  Brown  "  (Cincinnati,  1865), 
and  "  The  Harp  of  a  Thousand  Strings,  or  Laughter 
for  a  Lifetime." 

BRANT,  Joseph  (Thayendanegea),  Mohawk 
chief,  b.  on  the  banks  of  the  Ohio  in  1742  ;  d.  at 
the  old  Brant  mansion,  Wellington  square.  Canada, 
24  Nov.,  1807.  His  father  was  a  full-blooded  Mo- 
hawk of  the  Wolf  tribe  and  a  son  of  one  of  the  five 
sachems  that  excited  so  much  attention  at  the 
court  of  Queen  Anne  in  1710.  Brant  was  a  favorite 
of  Sir  William  Johnson's,  by  whom  he  was  sent  for 
a  year  to  the  "  Moor  charity  school,"  then  under 
the  charge  of  Dr.  Eleazar  Wheelock,  and  which 
subsequently  became  Dartmouth  college.  He  was 
present  at  the  battle  of  Lake  George  in  1755  when 
but  thirteen  years  of  age,  accompanied  Sir  William 
Johnson  during  the  Niagara  campaign  in  1759, 
and  acquitted  himself  with  distinguished  bravery. 
He  was  in  Pontiac's  war  in  1763,  and  when,  in 
1774,  Guy  Johnson  succeeded  to  the  superintend- 
ency  of  Indian  affairs  on  the  death  of  his  uncle. 
Sir  William,  the  former  pupil  of  Dr.  Wheelock  was 
made  his  secretary.  During  the  revolutionary  war, 
under  a  colonel's  commission,  he  was  constantly 
employed  by  Gov.  Carleton  in  fierce  raids  against 
the  colonists,  and  took  an  active  part  in  the  mas- 
sacre at  Cherry  Valley  and  in  the  one  that  deso- 
lated Minisink  in  July,  1779.  He  also  led  a  clan 
of  the  Hurons  and  a  few  of  the  Six  Nations  in  the 
expedition  of  Col.  St.  Leger  against  Fort  Stanwix, 
and  bore  a  prominent  part  in  the  battle  of  Oriska- 
ny,  6  Aug.,  1777.  After  the  war  his  great  influ- 
ence with  the  different  Indian  tribes  was  thrown 
on  the  side  of  peace,  and  in  July,  1793,  at  the  so- 
licitation of  \Vashington  and  Clinton,  he  visited 


360 


BRASHER 


BRATTON 


^ 


J^i/./^r^^^ 


the  Miamis  and  materially  assisted  the  Indian 
commissioners  in  securing  a  treaty  of  peace  be- 
tween that  tribe  and  the  United  States.  During 
the  latter  years  of  his  life  he  was  a  consistent  be- 
liever in  evangel- 
ical Christianity. 
He  visited  Eng- 
land in  1786  and 
raised  the  funds 
with  which  the  1st 
Episcopal  church 
in  Upper  Canada 
was  built.  He 
translated  the  gos- 
pel of  St.  Mark 
into  the  Mohawk 
language,  and,  to- 
gether with  Col. 
^  <•  \  Daniel  Claus,  ren- 

J^-^r^  dered      into      the 

same  tongue  the 
"  Book  of  Com- 
mon Prayer."  Asa 
warrior  he  was  cau- 
tious, sagacious, 
and  brave;  as  a  dip- 
lomat and  courtier, 
adroit  and  accom- 
plished ;  and  as  a 
friend,  chivalrous 
and  faithful.  His 
humanity  toward  a  captive  or  a  fallen  foe  is  too 
well  established  to  admit  of  doubt,  nor  has  the 
purity  of  his  private  morals  ever  been  questioned. 
A  monument  to  his  memory,  the  main  feature  of 
which  is  a  statue  of  heroic  size,  was  unveiled  at 
Brantford,  Canada,  13  Oct.,  188(3. — His  son,  John, 
b.  27  Sept.,  1794 ;  d.  in  September,  1832,  served  on 
the  British  side  with  distinction  in  the  war  of  1812, 
and  was  a  member  of  the  Canadian  parliament  in 
1832.— Catherine  Brant  Johns,  b.  in  1800 ;  d.  in 
Wellington  square,  Canada,  in  1867,  was  the  last 
survivor  of  Brant's  children. — The  Canadian  gov- 
ernment in  1886  gave  to  an  association  thirteen 
bronze  cannon  for  a  statue  to  Brant's  memory. 
See  "  Life  of  Joseph  Brant,"  by  William  L.  Stone 
(1838  ;  new  ed.,  Albany,  1865). 

BRASHER,  Abraham,  soldier,  b.  in  New  York 
city,  2  Dec,  1734;  d.  in  exile  in  1782.  He  was  one 
of  the  most  active  associates  of  the  "  liberty  boys  " 
of  his  native  city,  and  wrote  many  of  the  popular 
ballads  of  the  revolutionary  period.  Among  his 
poetical  productions  were  "  Another  New  Year's 
Address  "  and  the  "  General's  Trip  to  Morristown," 
which  were  favoiites  in  the  American  camp. 

BRASSEUR  1)E  BOURBOURG,  Charles  ^ti- 
enne,  French  explorer,  b.  in  Bourbourg,  8  Sept., 
1814  ;  d.  in  Nice,  in  January,  1874.  He  studied  for 
the  priesthood  at  Ghent,  was  ordained  at  Rome  in 
1845,  and  became  professor  of  ecclesiastical  history 
in  the  seminary  at  Quebec.  In  1846  he  was  ap- 
pointed vicar-general  at  Boston.  From  1848  till 
1863  he  was  engaged  in  explorations  in  the  United 
States,  and  in  Mexico  and  Central  America.     A 

f)art  of  the  time  he  acted  as  chaplain  to  the  French 
egation  in  Mexico,  and  for  a  time  devoted  himself 
to  teaching  the  Indians  in  Guatemala.  In  1864  he 
returned  to  Mexico  as  archaeologist  to  the  French 
scientific  expedition.  During  his  self-sacrificing 
labors  as  a  missionary  among  the  Central  Amer- 
ican races  he  studied  for  years  their  various  dia- 
lects, and  applied  his  mind  to  the  problem  of  the 
ancient  Aztec  hieroglyphics.  In  November,  1863, 
he  wrote  a  letter  from  Spain  to  M.  de  Quatrefages, 
published  in  the  "Bulletin"  of  the  French  geo- 


graphical society  for  March,  1864,  announcing  his 
discovery,  in  the  archives  of  Madrid,  of  the  alpha- 
bets of  the  inscriptions  on  the  Aztec  monuments 
of  Central  America.  These  alphabets,  which  are 
phonetic,  enabled  him,  with  the  aid  of  the  "  Codex 
Mexicanus  "  and  documents  contained  in  the  Dres- 
den library,  to  decipher  several  words.  His  dis- 
covery of  a  key  to  the  picture-writing  is  still  a 
matter  of  doubt,  although  no  one  has  acquired  a 
sufficient  acquaintance  with  the  Indian  languages 
to  test  it  critically.  In  1857-'9  he  published  an 
account  of  Aztec  civilization  under  the  title  of 
"  Histoire  des  nations  civilisees  du  Mexique  et  de 
I'Amerique  Centrale  avant  Christophe  Colomb." 
His  philological  researches  into  Central  American 
languages  are  contained  in  "  Collection  de  docu- 
ments dans  les  langues  indigenes  pour  servir  a 
I'etude  de  I'histoire  et  de  la  philologie  de  I'Ame- 
rique ancienne "  (4  vols.,  1861-'8).  In  the  third 
volume,  which  relates  to  Yucatan,  is  an  inquiry  as 
to  whether  there  are  sources  of  the  primitive  his- 
tory of  Mexico  in  the  Egyptian  monuments,  and 
of  the  primitive  history  of  the  Old  World  in  the 
American  monuments.  His  illustrated  "  Monu- 
ments anciens  du  Mexique "  was  published  in 
1864-'6  under  the  auspices  of  the  French  govern- 
ment. He  has  also  published  '•  Histoire  du  Canada, 
de  son  eglise,"  etc.  (1852),  and  two  novels,  "  La 
derniere  vestale"  (1839)  and  "  Le  khalife  de  Bag- 
dad "  (1853).  His  later  works  include  "  Voyage 
sur  I'isthme  de  Tehuantepec  "  (1860) ;  "Manuscrit 
Troano,  etude  sur  le  systeme  graphique  et  la  langue 
des  Indiens  Mayas  "  (2  vols.,  1869-'70) ;  and  "  Bib- 
liotheque  Mexico-Guatemalienne  "  (1871). 

BRATTLE,  Thomas,  merchant,  b.  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  5  Sept.,  1657;  d.  there,  18  May,  1713.  He 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1676,  and  became 
treasurer  of  the  college.  He  wrote  "  Eclipse  of  the 
Sun  and  Moon  observed  in  New  England,"  pub- 
lished in  the  "  Philosophical  Transactions "  for 
1704;  "Lunar  Eclipse,  New  England,  1707";  and 
a  private  letter  giving  an  account  of  the  witch- 
craft delusion  in  1692,  which  is  preserved  in 
the  "  Massachusetts  Historical  Collections." — His 
brother,  William,  was  pastor  of  the  church  in 
Cambridge,  having  been  previously  a  tutor  in  Har- 
vard college.  He  published  a  treatise  on  logic  enti- 
tled "  Compendium  logicjB  secundum  Principia  D. 
Renati  Cartesii,"  which  was  long  used  as  a  reci- 
tation-book in  the  college.  His  death,  at  the  age 
of  fifty-four,  occurred  on  15  Feb.,  1717. — William, 
son  of  William,  loyalist,  b.  in  Cambridge,  Mass., 
about  1702  ;  d.  in  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia,  in  October, 
1776.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1722,  stud- 
ied theology,  and  ]  )i'eached  acceptably ;  then  became 
a  lawyer,  and  was  for  many  years  a  member  of  the 
legislature  and  of  the  governor's  council.  He  also 
practised  medicine  extensively,  and  was  besides  a 
military  man,  becoming  captain  of  the  artillery 
company  in  1733,  and  afterward  major-general  of 
militia.  His  talents  and  attractive  manners  made 
him  a  favorite  with  the  governor,  and  popular 
among  the  people.  When  the  revolutionary  war 
began,  his  attachment  to  Gen.  Gage  impelled  him 
to  side  with  the  British.  He  withdrew  to  Boston, 
and,  when  the  troops  evacuated  that  city,  accom- 
panied them  to  Halifax.  The  family  is  commemo- 
rated bv  a  well-known  street  in  Boston. 

BRATTON,  Martha,  patriot,  b.  in  Rowan  co., 
N.  C. ;  d.  near  Yorkville,  S.  C,  in  1816.  Her  hus- 
band, William  Bratton,  was  a  colonel  in  the  revo- 
lutionary army.  In  June,  1780,  a  party  of  British 
cavalry  under  Capt.  Huck  called  at  her  house,  and 
vainly,  though  with  threats  of  death,  tried  to  ob- 
tain information  as  to  her  husband's  whereabouts. 


BRAVO 


BRAXTON 


361 


Even  when  a  reaping-hook  was  held  to  her  throat 
her  mien  was  bold  and  fearless.  On  that  same 
evening  Col.  Bratton  arrived  with  seventy-five 
men,  and,  taking  the  royalists  by  surprise,  totally 
defeated  them.  Mrs.  Bratton  received  the  wounded 
of  both  sides,  and  showed  them  impartial  atten- 
tion. Just  before  the  fall  of  Charleston,  Gov.  Rut- 
ledge  intrusted  to  Mrs.  Bratton's  care  a  quantity 
of  powder,  and  she  blew  it  up  when  it  was  in 
danger  of  being  captured  by  the  British. 

BRAVO,  Nicolas  (brah'-vo),  Mexican  soldier,  b. 
in  Chilpancingo  about  1790 ;  d.  there,  22  April,  1854. 
He  took  part  in  the  first  revolution  in  1810,  served 
in  all  the  actions  till  1814,  and  fought  under  Father 
Morelos  at  Acapulco.  Having  joined  Mina's  party 
in  1817,  he  was  imprisoned  in  Mexico  till  1820.  He 
was  a  zealous  supporter  of  the  emperor  Iturbide, 
and  became  a  member  of  the  regency  that  exer- 
cised the  supreme  power  for  forty  days  in  1822 ; 
but  he  contributed  to  the  deposition  of  the  em- 
peror in  1823,  and  was  a  member  of  the  provisional 
government  with  Gens.  Victoria  and  Negrete  till 
1824.  In  December,  1827,  he  headed  a  revolt 
against  President  Bustamante,  being  at  the  time 
vice-president,  which  office  he  held  till  April,  1829. 
In  1830  he  commanded  against  the  insurgents 
under  Guerrero,  who  was  captured  and  executed 
by  Bravo's  order,  17  Feb.,  1831.  In  1839  he  be- 
came president  of  the  council,  and  in  1842-'3  held 
the  supreme  power  for  a  few  months  as  substitute 
of  Santa  Anna,  who  was  absent  with  the  army; 
and  he  was  again  temporary  president  from  29 
July  till  4  Aug.,  184G,  when  he  was  deposed  by  a 
revolution.  During  the  war  with  the  United  States 
he  participated  in  the  battle  of  Cerro  Gordo  ;  and 
toward  the  end  of  1853,  being  accused  by  Santa 
Anna's  ministry  of  having  secretly  joined  the  in- 
surrection headed  by  Juan  Alvarez,  he  denied  the 
accusation  and  retired  from  public  life.  His 
death  was  sudden  and  suspicious. 

BRAXTON,  Carter,  signer  of  the  Declaration 
of  Independence,  b.  in  Newington,  King  and  Queen 
CO.,  Va.,  10  Sept.,  1736;  d.  in  Richmond,  Va.,  10 
Oct.,  1797.  He  inherited  a  large  estate  in  land  and 
slaves  from  his  father  and  grandfather,  was  edu- 
cated at  William 
and  Mary  col- 
lege, and  mar- 
ried, at  the  age 
of  nineteen,  a 
wealthy  heiress 
named  Judith 
Robinson,  who 
died  two  years 
latei",  leaving  two 
daughters.  Af- 
ter spending  two 
or  three  years  in 
England,  he  mar- 
ried Elizabeth 
Corbin,  daugh- 
ter of  the  king's 
receiver  -  general 
of  customs,  and 
lived  in  great  splendor  in  richly  furnished  man- 
sions on  two  of  his  plantations.  He  entered  the 
house  of  burgesses  about  1761,  and  in  1765  sup- 
ported Patrick  Henry's  stamp-act  resolutions  with 
vigor.  He  was  a  member  of  the  subsequent  legis- 
latures that  were  dissolved  by  the  governor,  and  of 
the  Virginia  convention  of  1769.  In  the  assembly 
elected  in  place  of  the  one  dissolved  by  Lord 
Botetourt  in  1769,  Mr.  Braxton  was  appointed  on 
three  of  the  six  standing  committees.  After  its 
dissolution  by  Lord  Dunraore,  12  Oct.,  1771,  he 
VOL.  I. — 24 


Qoyi/e^  Z^^a^F^^^ 


was  not  elected  to  the  next  assembly  because  the 
office  that  he  lield  of  high  sUeriff  of  the  county 
made  him  ineligible.  But  he  was  the  representa- 
tive from  King  William  co.  in  the  convention  that 
met  in  Williamsburg  in  Aug.,  1774,  after  Lord 
Dunmore's  dissolution  of  the  new  assembly,  and  in 
that  body  he  recommended  a  general  congress  of 
the  colonies.  The  convention  agreed  to  make 
common  cause  with  Boston,  and  to  break  off  com- 
mercial intercourse  with  the  mother  country.  On 
reassembling,  20  March,  1775,  it  adopted  measures 
for  the  defence  of  the  country,  and  for  the  encour- 
agement of  the  domestic  production  of  textiles, 
iron,  and  gunpowder.  When  Lord  Dunmore,  on 
20  April,  1775,  caused  the  powder  belonging  to  the 
colony  to  be  removed  to  a  British  vessel  in  James 
river,  and  when  Patrick  Henry  alone,  of  the  lead- 
ers of  the  militia  who  flew  to  arms  in  consequence 
of  this  act,  refused  to  disband  his  troops  and  in- 
sisted upon  making  reprisals  on  the  king's  property 
sufficient  to  cover  the  value  of  the  powder,  Mr. 
Braxton  interceded  and  obtained  from  his  father- 
in-law,  the  receiver-general,  a  bill  on  Philadelphia 
for  the  amount  of  Henry's  demand,  whereupon  the 
latter  dismissed  his  men,  and  bloodshed  was  for 
the  time  averted.  Braxton  was  chosen  a  member 
of  the  last  house  of  burgesses,  which  was  elected 
immediately  after  the  dissolution  in  May,  1774, 
and  convened  on  1  June,  1775.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  general  convention  that,  after  the  flight  of 
the  governor  on  7  June,  was  convened  in  Rich- 
mond on  17  July,  1775,  and,  assuming  the  powers  of 
the  executive  and  the  legislature,  passed  acts  for 
the  organization  of  the  militia  and  minute-men. 
He  was  one  of  the  eleven  members  of  the  commit- 
tee of  safety  appointed  by  that  body.  Peyton 
Randolph,  delegate  to  the  continental  congress 
from  Virginia,  and  the  first  president  of  that  body, 
died  in  Oct.,  1775,  and  when  the  convention  reas- 
sembled, on  1  Dec,  in  Richmond,  and  afterward 
in  Williamsburg,  Mr.  Braxton  was  chosen,  on  15 
Dec,  1775,  to  succeed  the  deceased  representative. 
He  affixed  his  name  to  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence on  4  July,  1776,  but,  in  consequence  of  a 
resolve  passed  by  the  Virginia  convention  on  20 
June,  1776,  reducing  the  number  of  delegates  from 
Virginia  in  the  general  congress  from  seven  to 
five,  he  ceased,  on  11  Aug.,  1776,  to  be  a  member  of 
the  congress.  His  "  Address  to  the  Convention  of 
Virginia  on  the  Subject  of  Government "  (Phila- 
delphia, 1776)  contained  sentiments  not  relished  by 
the  more  eager  patriots.  His  popularity  was,  how- 
ever, not  so  much  impaired  but  that  he  was  elected 
to  succeed  William  Aylett  (who  resigned  to  join 
the  army)  in  the  general  convention,  and  in  virtue 
of  that  election  he  became  a  member  of  the  first 
house  of  delegates  under  the  constitution.  He 
was  chairman  of  the  committee  of  religion,  made 
the  reports  of  the  committee  of  grievances  and 
propositions,  and  was  a  member  of  the  'committee 
of  trade,  and  of  important  special  committees.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  house  of  delegates  in  1777, 
1779,  1780,  1781,  1783,  and  1785.  In  the  latter 
year  he  supported  Jefferson's  act  for  the  freedom 
of  religion.  In  January,  1786,  he  was  appointed  a 
member  of  the  privy  council,  or  council  of  state, 
and  remained  in  that  office  till  30  March,  1791. 
He  then  returned  to  the  legislature  as  member 
for  Henrico  co.,  having  removed  to  Richmond  in 
1786.  In  1793  he  was  again  appointed  by  the  gen- 
eral assembly  a  member  of  the  executive  council, 
and  continued  to  serve  until  his  death.  The  great 
fortune  that  he  inherited  he  risked  in  extensive 
commercial  enterprises,  and  during  the  revolu- 
tionary  war    his  vessels  were    captured    by   the 


362 


BRAY 


BRAYMAN 


enemy,  the  debts  due  him  became  worthless  on  ac- 
count of  the  depreciation  of  tlie  currency,  and  he 
was  involved  in  endless  litigation  and  intermina- 
ble pecuniary  embarrassments,  into  which  his  sons- 
in-law  and  other  friends  were  also  drawn. 

BRAY,  Thomas,  clergyman,  b.  in  Marten, 
Shropshire,  England,  in  1656 ;  d.  in  London,  15 
Feb.,  1730.  He  took  his  bachelor's  degree  at  Ox- 
ford in  1678,  and  through  the  patronage  of  Lord 
Digby,  who  heard  him  preach  an  assize  sermon, 
was  given  the  vicarage  of  Over-Whiteacre,  and  in 
1690  the  rectory  of  Sheldon.  He  published  a  vol- 
ume of  "  Catechetical  Lectures "  that  made  him 
well  known.  About  1691  the  colonial  government 
of  JMaryland  determined  to  divide  the  province 
into  parishes,  and  to  maintain  regular  ministers  in 
each  parish.  In  1695  the  governor  requested  Dr. 
Compton,  bishop  of  London,  to  send  over  a  clergy- 
man to  fill  the  judicial  office  of  commissary-gen- 
eral. Bishop  Compton  recommended  Bray,  who 
accepted  the  post,  but  remained  in  England  in  or- 
der to  facilitate  the  enactment  of  a  law  establish- 
ing the  English  church  in  Maryland.  Meanwhile 
he  sought  for  missionaries  to  take  over  with  him  ; 
and  as  only  poor  men,  unable  to  buy  books,  vol- 
unteered, he  made  it  a  condition  of  his  own  going 
that  the  bishops  should  assist  in  supplying  pa- 
rochial libraries.  He  projected  a  scheme  for  sup- 
plying parish  libraries  in  England  as  well  as  in 
America,  which  was  eventually  so  far  successful 
that  he  saw  eighty  established  before  he  died,  be- 
sides the  American  libraries  and  others  in  foreign 
countries.  In  North  America  thirty-nine  were  es- 
tablished thi'ough  his  efforts.  The  first  one  was 
founded  in  Annapolis  with  the  aid  of  a  liberal  con- 
tribution from  Princess  Anne,  in  return  for  the 
compliment  of  naming  after  her  the  new  capital 
of  Maryland.  He  afterward  proposed  a  plan  for  a 
Protestant  congvegationpro  propaganda  fide,  which 
resulted  in  1698  in  the  formation  of  the  society  for 
promoting  Christian  knowledge.  Successive  acts 
of  parliament  for  the  establishment  of  the  church 
of  England  in  Maryland  were  passed  in  1692  and 
1694  ;  but  in  1695  they  were  repealed  because  they 
met  with  strong  opposition  from  Roman  Catholics 
and  Quakers.  In  1696  a  new  law  was  passed  ;  but, 
owing  to  opposition,  it  was  not  signed  by  the  king, 
and  in  1699  was  annulled  by  an  order  in  council, 
on  the  ground  that  it  declared  all  the  laws  of  Eng- 
land to  be  in  force  in  the  province  of  Maryland. 
Dr.  Bray  then  determined  to  go  to  Maryland  and 
effect  the  passage  of  a  new  law  by  the  legislature. 
On  20  Dec,  1699,  he  set  sail  and  arrived  in  Mary- 
land on  12  March,  1700.  He  called  a  convention 
of  the  clergy  of  the  western  shore,  and  made  his 
parochial  visitation.  When  the  assembly  met  in 
May  the  desired  act  of  religion  was  passed.  It  was 
thought  advisable  for  him  to  return  with  the  bill 
to  England,  in  order  to  resist  the  opposition  to  it, 
and  secure,  if  possible,  the  royal  sanction.  He 
reached  England  again  early  in  1701,  and  there 
found  a  powerful  Quaker  interest  enlisted  to  de- 
feat the  establishment  of  the  state  church  in  the 
colony ;  but  he  was  successful  in  overcoming  the 
opposition  and  obtaining  the  king's  approval  for 
an  established  maintenance  of  the  Maryland 
clergy.  In  June,  1701,  he  obtained  a  charter  for 
the  incorporation  of  a  separate  society  for  propa- 

fating  the  gospel  in  British  plantations.  In  1706 
e  accepted"  the  living  of  St.  Bartolph,  Aldgate, 
which  he  had  before  refused  in  order  to  go  to 
America.  In  1709  an  act  was  passed  by  parlia- 
ment providing  for  the  better  preservation  of  pa- 
rochial libraries  in  England.  When  attacked  by 
,a  dangerous  illness  in  1723,  Dr.  Bray  named  sev- 


eral persons  who  should  carry  on  his  work  after 
him.  They  were  called  Dr.  Bray's  associates  for 
founding  clerical  libraries  and  supporting  negro 
schools,  which  association,  with  its  fund,  still  ex- 
ists, and  publishes  annual  reports,  each  of  which  is 
accompanied  by  a  memoir  of  Bray.  He  was  as 
active  and  original  in  his  parish  ministrations 
as  in  his  other  undertakings.  He  became  inter- 
ested in  the  prisoners  in  Whitechapel  prison,  and, 
coming  into  relations  with  Gov.  Ogletliorpe,  he 
added,  at  the  latter's  suggestion,  to  the  two  ob- 
jects of  his  society  the  third  one  of  establishing  a 
colony  in  America  to  provide  homes  for  the  needy 
and  unemployed.  Of  Dr.  Bray's  "  Course  of  Lec- 
tures upon  the  Church  Catechism,"  intended  to 
be  in  four  volumes,  only  one,  "  Upon  the  Pre- 
liminary Questions  and  Answers,"  was  published 
(Oxford,  1696).  In  1697  he  issued  "An  Essay 
toward  promoting  all  Necessary  and  Useful 
Knowledge,  both  Divine  and  Human,  in  all  Parts 
of  his  Majesty's  Dominions,"  and  another  book, 
relating  to  his  library  project,  entitled  "Biblio- 
theca  Paroehialis,  or  a  Scheme  of  such  Theological 
Heads  as  are  Requisite  to  be  studied  by  every 
Pastor  of  a  Parish."  In  1700  and  1701  he  pub- 
lished two  circular  letters  to  the  clergy  of  Mary- 
land :  "  A  Memorial  on  the  Present  State  of  Relig- 
ion on  the  Continent  of  North  America "  and 
"Acts  of  Visitation  at  Annapolis."  In  1702  ap- 
peared "Bibliotheca  Catechetica,  or  the  Country 
Curate's  Library."  In  1708  he  issued  a  sermon  en- 
titled "  For  God  or  Satan,"  and  in  1712  an  anti- 
papal  publication  entitled  "  A  Martyrology,  or 
History  of  the  Papal  Usurpation,"  consisting  of 
treatises  of  celebrated  authors  digested  into  a  regu- 
lar history,  only  one  volume  of  which  was  pub- 
lished during  his  lifetime.  In  1726  he  issued  the 
"  Directorium  Missionarium,"  followed  by  "  Pri- 
mordia  Bibliothecaria,"  containing  lists  for  pa- 
rochial libraries  and  a  plan  for  their  gradual  en- 
largement. He  published  also  a  "Life  of  Mr. 
John  Rawlet."  Dr.  Bray,  in  prosecuting  his  phil- 
anthropic schemes,  sacrificed  his  private  interests, 
refusing  valuable  livings  in  order  to  carry  them 
out ;  but  he  was  aided  in  the  execution  of  the 
projects  by  munificent  donations.  See  "  Public 
Spirit  illustrated  in  the  Life  and  Designs  of  Dr. 
Bray  "  (1746) ;  "  An  Account  of  the  Designs  of  the 
Associates  of  the  late  Dr.  Bray "  (1769) ;  Ander- 
son's "  History  of  the  Colonial  Church  "  ;  and  the 
annual  reports  of  the  association  of  the  late  Rev. 
Dr.  Bray  and  his  associates. 

BRAYMAN,  Mason,  soldier,  b.  in  Buffalo,  N. 
Y.,  23  May,  1813;  d.  in  Kansas  City,  27  Feb.,  1895. 
He  became  a  printer,  edited  the  Buffalo  "  Bulle- 
tin "  in  1834—'5,  studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1836.  In  1837  he  removed  to  the  west. 
was  city  attorney  in  Monroe,  Mich.,  in  1838,  and 
became  editor  of  the  Louisville  "  Advertiser,"  in 
1841.  In  1842  he  opened  a  law-office  in  Spring- 
field, 111.  The  year  following  he  was  appointed  a 
special  commissioner  to  adjust  Mormon  troubles, 
and  in  1845-'6  acted  as  special  attorney  to  prose- 
cute offences  growing  out  of  the  Mormon  difficul- 
ties, and  to  negotiate  a  peace  between  the  followers 
of  Joseph  Smith  and  their  enemies  in  Nauvoo.  In 
1844-'5  he  revised  and  published  the  statutes  of 
Illinois  under  the  appointment  of  the  governor 
and  the  authority  of  the  legislature.  He  afterward 
became  interested  in  railroad  enterprises.  He  was 
attorney  of  the  Illinois  Central  railroad  in  1851-'5, 
and  then  president  and  organizer  of  railroads  in 
Missouri  and  Arkansas  till  the  beginning  of  the 
war.  In  1861  he  joined  the  volunteer  army  as 
major  of  the  29th  Illinois  regiment,  of  which  he 


BRAYTON 


BRECK 


363 


became  colonel  in  May,  1863,  having  been  pro- 
moted for  meritorious  conduct  at  Pittsburg,  Tenn. 
He  acted  for  some  time  as  chief  of  staff  and  assist- 
ant adjutant-general  to  Gen.  McClernand,  and  was 
engaged  at  the  battles  of  Belmont,  Fort  Donelson, 
and  Shiloh.  On  24  Sept.,  1862,  he  was  promoted 
brigadier-general  of  volunteers  for  bravery  in  ac- 
tion, and  at  the  close  of  the  war  received  the  brevet 
of  major-general.  He  commanded  the  U.  S.  forces 
at  Bolivar,  Tenn.,  from  November,  1862,  to  June, 
1863,  and  repelled  Van  Dorn's  attack  on  that  place. 
He  afterward  reorganized  about  sixty  Ohio  regi- 
ments at  Camp  Dennison,  Ohio,  was  president  of  a 
court  of  inquiry  to  investigate  Gen.  Sturgis's  con- 
duct, commanded  at  Natchez,  Mississippi,  from 
July,  1864,  to  the  spring  of  1865,  and  then  presided 
over  a  commission  in  New  Orleans  to  examine  and 
report  upon  southern  claims  against  the  govern- 
ment. After  the  war  he  was  engaged  for  several 
years  in  reviving  railroad  enterprises  in  the  south, 
edited  the  "  Illinois  State  Journal "  in  1872-'8, 
removed  to  Wisconsin  in  the  latter  year,  was  ap- 
pointed governor  of  the  territory  of  Idaho  in  1876, 
served  a  term  of  four  years,  and  then  returned 
to  Wisconsin  and  later  removed  to  Kansas. 

BRAYTON,  Samuel  Nelson,  physician,  b.  in 
Queensbury,  N.  Y.,  11  Jan.,  1889;  d.  in  Buffalo, 
N.  Y.,  17  May,  1893.  After  graduation  at  the  Col- 
lege of  physicians  and  surgeons  he  entered  the 
navy  as  an  assistant  surgeon,  served  on  board  the 
monitor  "  Montauk "  during  her  numerous  con- 
tests with  the  enemy,  and  was  afterward  for  two 
years  in  the  Pacific.  He  then  resigned  from  the 
navy  and  engaged  in  business  in  New  York  city. 
He  partly  adopted  the  homoeopathic  system  of 
medicine  in  1868,  but  continued  to  use  the  meth- 
ods of  practice  of  the  old  school  to  a  considerable 
extent.  He  engaged  in  practice  in  Honeoye  Falls, 
N.  Y.,  removed  to  Buffalo  in  1877,  and  became 
professor  of  the  theory  and  practice  of  medicine 
in  the  Buffalo  college  of  physicians  and  surgeons 
upon  its  establishment,  and  dean  of  the  faculty  in 
1881.  He  is  also  editor  of  the  "  Eclectic  Physicians' 
and  Surgeons'  Investigator,"  a  monthly  homoeo- 
pathic journal,  published  in  Buffalo. 

BREARLEY,  David,  jurist,  b.  near  Trenton, 
N.  J..  11  June,  1745;  d.  in  Trenton,  16  Aug.,  1790. 
He  studied  law,  and  practised  in  Allentown,  N.  J,, 
early  took  part  in  the  controversy  of  the  colo- 
nies with  Great  Britain,  and  was  arrested  for  high 
treason,  but  was  set  free  by  a  mob  of  his  fellov/- 
citizens.  He  was  a  member  of  the  first  convention 
to  frame  a  constitution  prior  to  1781,  and  an  offi- 
cer in  the  revolutionary  army,  being  lieutenant- 
colonel,  at  first  in  the  4th  battalion  of  the  2d 
establishment,  and,  subsequent  to  January,  1777, 
in  the  1st  New  Jersey  regiment.  On  10  June, 
1779,  he  was  elected  chief  justice  of  New  Jersey, 
resigning  in  1789,  when  he  was  appointed  U.  S. 
district  judge.  In  the  constitutional  convention 
of  1787  he  protested  vehemently  against  an  un- 
equal representation  of  the  states,  and  opposed  the 
joint  ballot  of  the  two  houses  of  congress,  on  the 
ground  that  it  impaired  the  power  of  the  small 
states.  He  presided  over  the  state  convention  that 
ratified  the  federal  constitution,  and  was  one  of 
the  presidential  electors  in  1788.  In  the  federal 
convention  he  was  a  member  of  the  committee  of 
eleven  selected  to  decide  on  the  length  of  tenure 
and  powers  of  the  president.  Judge  Brearley  was 
one  of  the  compilers  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
prayer-book  of  1785. — His  brother,  Joseph,  was  a 
soldier  of  the  revolution,  who  was  promoted  major 
in  1777,  and  served  through  the  war  without  com- 
pensation as  aide  to  Gen.  Washington. 


BREATHITT,  John,  governor  of  Kentucky, 
b.  near  New  London,  Va.,  9  Sept.,  1786 ;  d.  in  Frank- 
fort, Ky.,  21  Feb.,  1834.  He  removed  with  his 
father  to  Kentucky  in  1800,  was  a  surveyor  and 
teacher,  studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  1810.  He  was  an  earnest  Jacksonian  democrat, 
and  for  several  years  was  a  member  of  the  legisla- 
ture. He  was  lieutenant-governor  of  Kentucky  in 
1828-32,  and  governor  in  1832-4. 

BRiEBEUF,  Jean  de,  French  missionary,  b.  in 
Bayeux,  25  March,  1593  ;  killed  in  the  Huron 
country,  16  March,  1649.  He  accompanied  Cham- 
plain  as  a  Jesuit  missionary  to  Canada  in  1626, 
and  established  himself  among  the  Hurons,  ac- 
quiring their  language,  and  exercising  a  paternal 
influence  over  tliem.  He  was  carried  as  a  prisoner 
to  England  in  1629,  but  returned  in  1632  to  the 
Huron  country,  and  extended  his  missionary  labors 
to  the  Neuter  Indians  on  Niagara  river.  In  1634 
he  penetrated,  with  Daniel,  another  Jesuit,  to  the 
vicinity  of  Lake  Huron.  The  two  Christian  vil- 
lages of  St.  Louis  and  St.  Ignatius  were  founded, 
followed  by  St.  Mary's  on  the  Wye  river  and  otlier 
stations.  In  the  war  between  the  Hurons  and  the 
Iroquois  the  town  of  St.  Louis,  where  Father  Br6- 
beuf  resided,  was  captured  by  the  Iroquois  in  1649. 
He  and  his  companion  Lallemand  might  have  es- 
caped, but  remained  with  their  converts  and  were 
tortured  to  death.  They  were  covered  with  pine 
bark  full  of  pitch,  and  burned  on  a  scaffold.  Br6- 
beufs  skull  is  said  to  be  preserved  at  the  convent 
of  the  hospital  nuns  in  Montreal,  in  the  pedestal 
of  a  silver  bust.  His  translation  into  the  Huron 
tongue  of  Ledesma's  catechism  was  printed  at  the 
end  of  Champlain's  "  Voyages,"  and  is  the  earliest 
specimen  of  the  Indian  idioms  of  Canada.  His 
account  of  the  Hurons  in  the  Jesuit  "  Relations  " 
of  1635  and  1636,  embracing  a  treatise  on  their 
language,  was  translated  by  Albert  Gallatin  and 
published  in  the  memoirs  of  the  American  anti- 
quarian society.  Some  of  the  letters  of  Pere  Bre- 
beuf  were  issued  by  Carayon  (Paris,  1870). 

BRECK,  James  Lloyd,  clergyman,  b.  in  Phila- 
delphia, 27  June,  1818';  d.  in  Benicia,  Cal.,  30 
March,  1876.  His  early  education  was  received  in 
the  public  schools.  He  studied  for  three  years  un- 
der the  tuition  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Muhlenberg  at 
Flushing,  was  graduated  at  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania in  1888,  and  at  the  general  theological 
seminary.  New  York,  in  1841,  joining  the  same 
year  with  two  of  his  classmates,  William  Adams 
and  John  H.  Hobart,  in  the  formation  of  an  asso- 
ciate mission  for  work  in  the  west.  A  visit  from 
Bishop  Kemper  decided  the  young  men  to  go  to 
Wisconsin,  and  soon  after  their  arrival  at  Nasho- 
tah  in  September  the  associate  mission  was  fully 
organized  by  the  choice  of  the  Rev.  Richard  F. 
Cadle,  an  army  chaplain  stationed  at  Fort  Craw- 
ford, Wis.,  as  prior,  a  designation  somewhat  for- 
eign to  the  tenets  and  discipline  of  the  Episcopal 
church.  At  the  end  of  the  year,  however.  Prior 
Cadle,  who  was  also  called  "father,"  severed  his 
connection  with  the  mission,  and  Mr.  Breck  was 
left  with  his  original  associates  to  prosecute  the 
work.  In  the  summer  of  1842  a  tract  of  460  acres 
on  the  borders  of  Nashotah  lakes  was  purchased 
and  the  foundation  for  Nashotah  theological  semi- 
nary laid  by  receiving  students  in  divinity.  The 
seminary  did  not  prove  altogether  a  success,  vari- 
ous causes  contributing  to  this  result,  probably  not 
the  least  important  being  the  strictness  of  the  regu- 
lations and  their  rigorous  application  to  the  stu- 
dents. In  1850  Mr.  Breck  left  Nashotah,  and  in 
1851  went  to  Minnesota,  where  he  founded,  at 
Crow  Wing  and  elsewhere,  the  mission  work  among 


364 


BRECK 


BRECKENRIDGB 


the  Chippewa  Indians  which  has  since  assumed  im- 
portance in  the  churcli.  In  1858  he  established  at 
Faribault,  Minn,  (since  the  centre  of  church  work 
in  that  diocese),  its  schools  for  both  sexes  and  its 
divinity  school.  He  next  turned  his  attention  to 
California,  and  in  1867  went  there  with  the  inten- 
tion of  founding  similar  institutions.  At  the  liead 
of  an  associate  mission  he  landed  in  that  state  in 
May,  and,  locating  at  Benicia,  founded  Ht.  Augus- 
tine's college  and  grammar  school  with  a  divinity 
school  attached.  This  having  been  established  and 
given  over  to  a  board  of  trustees,  he  next  founded  a 
school  for  young  ladies,  St.  Mary's  hall ;  but  while 
in  the  midst  of  this  successful  work  he  died. 

BRECK,  Robert,  clergyman,  b.  25  July,  1713 ; 
d.  in  Springfield,  Mass.,  23  April,  1784.  He  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1730,  and  was  minister  of 
Springfield  from  26  July,  1736,  till  his  death.  His 
learning  was  extensive,  and  his  views  on  the  doc- 
trine of  the  atonement  so  liberal  that  a  contro- 
versy arose  over  his  settlement.  A  narrative  re- 
lating to  his  ordination  was  published,  followed  by 
an  "  Answer  to  the  Hampshire  Narrative,"  and  a 
"  Letter  to  the  Author  of  the  Narrative."  He 
published  funeral  sermons  on  the  Rev.  D.  Parsons 
(1781)  and  the  Rev.  S.  Williams  (1782),  and  a  cen- 
turv  sermon  on  the  burning  of  Springfield  by  the 
Indians,  16  Oct.,  1675.— His  father,  the  Rev. 
Robert  Breck,  who  died  6  Jan.,  1731,  at  the  age 
of  forty-eight,  was  minister  of  Marlborough,  and 
was  a  man  of  great  learning.  Before  his  settlement 
in  Marlborough,  on  25  Oct.,  1704,  he  preached  on 
Long  Island  and  asserted  the  rights  of  the  non-con- 
formists during  the  administration  of  Gov.  Corn- 
bury  with  such  boldness  as  to  provoke  serious 
threats  and  ill-treatment. 

BRECK,  Samuel,  merchant,  b.  in  Boston,  17 
July,  1771 ;  d.  in  Philadelphia,  1  Sept.,  1862.  The 
faniily  removed  to  Pennsylvania  in  1792.  He  was 
educated  at  a  military  college  in  France,  and  after 
his  return  became  a  merchant  in  Philadelphia. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Pennsylvania  legislature 
for  many  years,  and  was  elected  as  a  federalist  to 
the  18th  congress,  serving  from  1  Dec,  1823,  till 
3  March,  1825.  He  published  a  historical  sketch  of 
continental  paper-money  in  1843,  and  several  his- 
torical addresses.  See  "  Memoir  of  Samuel  Breck," 
by  J.  F.  Fisher  (Philadelphia,  1863).— His  brother, 
Daniel,  jurist,  b.  in  Topsfield,  Mass.,  12  Feb.,  1788 : 
d.  in  1871.  He  was  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in 
1812,  studied  law,  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and 
began  practice  in  Richmond,  Ky.,  in  1814.  He 
became  judge  of  the  Richmond  co.  court,  was 
a  member  of  the  Kentucky  house  of  representa- 
tives in  1824-'9;  president  of  the  Richmond  branch 
of  the  state  bank,  1835-43  ;  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  Kentucky,  1843-9  ;  and  was  elected  a  rep- 
resentative from  Kentucky  in  the  31st  congress, 
serving  from  3  Dec,  1849,  till  3  March,  1851,  after 
which  he  again  became  president  of  the  Richmond 
bank.— Their  father,  the  Rev.  Daniel  Breck  (who 
died  in  Rutland,  Vt.,  at  the  age  of  ninety-seven, 
in  December,  1845),  accompanied  Porter's  regiment 
to  Canada  as  chaplain,  and  -was  present  at  the  at- 
tack on  Quebec. 

BRECK,  Samuel,  soldier,  b.  in  Middleborough, 
Plymouth  co..  Mass.,  25  Feb.,  1834.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  the  U.  S.  military  academy  in  1855,  and 
served  in  the  Florida  war  of  1855-'6,  was  assistant 
professor  of  geography,  history,  and  ethics  in  the 
military  academy  in  1860-'l,  and  served  in  the 
civil  war  as  assistant  adjutant-general  of  Gen. 
McDowell's  division  in  the  beginning  of  1862,  and 
afterward  of  the  1st  army  corps,  and  of  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Rappahannock,  being  engaged  in  the 


occupation  of  Fredericksburg  and  the  Shenandoah 
valley  expedition,  and  from  2  July,  1862,  till  5  June, 
1870,  was  assistant  in  the  adjutant-general's  depart- 
ment at  Washington,  in  charge  of  rolls,  returns, 
and  the  preparation  of  the  "  Volunteer  Army  Reg- 
ister." He  was  brevetted  brigadier-general,  for 
faithful  services,  on  13  March,  1865.  From  1870  till 
1877  he  was  stationed  in  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  and 
from  24  Dec,  1877,  served  as  assistant  in  the  adju- 
tant-general's office  at  W^ashington,  and  at  depart- 
mental headquarters  in  California,  New  York, 
Minnesota,  and  Nebraska. 

BRECKEN,  Frederick  de  St.  Croix,  Canadi- 
an statesman,  b.  in  Charlotte  town.  Prince  Edward 
Island,  9  Dec,  1828.  He  was  educated  at  the  cen- 
tral academy  in  Charlottetown,  was  attorney-gen- 
eral and  advocate-general.  Prince  Edward  Island, 
from  April,  1859,  till  January,  1863,  and  from  Sep- 
tember, 1870,  till  1872  was  a  member  of  the  execu- 
tive council  and  attorney-general.  He  was  reap- 
pointed in  April,  1873,  and  held  office  until  Au- 
gust, 1876.  He  was  first  elected  to  the  legislature 
of  Prince  Edward  Island,  for  the  city  of  Charlotte- 
town,  in  1863,  and  was  returned  for  the  dominion 
parliament  in  1878.     He  is  a  conservative. 

BRECKENRIDGE,  James,  lawyer,  b.  near 
Fincastle,  Botetourt  co.,  Va.,  7  March,  1763 ;  d.  in 
Fincastle,  9  Aug.,  1846.  He  was  a  grandson  of  a 
Scottish  covenanter,  who  escaped  to  America  on 
the  restoration  of  the  Stuarts.  James  served,  in 
1781,  in  Col.  Preston's  rifle  regiment  under  Greene, 
was  graduated  at  William  and  Mary  college  in 
1785,  studied  law,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1787, 
and  began  practice  in  Fincastle.  He  was  for  sev- 
eral years  a  member  of  the  general  assembly  of 
Virginia,  and  a  leader  of  the  old  federal  party  in 
that  body,  and  from  22  May,  1809,  till  3  March, 
1817,  represented  the  Botetourt  district  in  congress. 
He  was  a  candidate  for  governor  against  James 
Monroe.  He  co-operated  with  Thomas  Jefferson  in 
founding  the  university  of  Virginia,  and  was  one 
of  the  most  active  promoters  of  the  Chesapeake 
and  Ohio  canal. — His  brother.  John,  statesman; 
b.  in  Augusta  co.,  Va.,  2  Dec,  1760;  d.  in  Lexing- 
ton, Ky.,  14  Dec,  1806,  while  a  student  in  the 
college  of  William  and  Mary,  at  the  age  of  nine- 
teen, he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  house  of  dele- 
gates in  1780.  The  house  set  aside  the  election,  as 
well  as  the  next  election,  when  he  was  again  re- 
turned ;  but  after  he  was  chosen  a  third  time  he 
took  his  seat.  He  studied  law,  and  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1785,  then  removed  to  Albemarle 
CO.,  and  began  practice  in  Charlottesville,  where 
he  became  intimate  with  Jeiferson,  Monroe,  and 
Madison.  In  December,  1793,  he  was  elected  to  the 
3d  congress,  but  did  not  take  his  seat.  The  same 
year  he  removed  to  Kentucky,  settled  on  the  farm 
called  Cabell's  Dale,  near  Lexington,  and  opened 
a  law-office  in  that  city,  devoting  himself  for  many 
years  to  the  adjustment  of  the  conflicting  land- 
titles  in  Kentucky,  growing  out  of  the  careless 
methods  of  making  surveys  and  land-grants  pur- 
sued by  Virginia.  On  19  Dec,  1795,  he  was  ap- 
pointed attorney-general  of  the  new  state,  and 
from  1797  till  1800  he  was  a  member  of  the  legis- 
lature, serving  as  speaker  in  his  third  and  last 
term.  In  1794  he  was  the  democratic  candidate 
for  senator ;  but  Humphrey  Marshall  was  elected 
by  a  narrow  federalist  maforitv.  In  the  summer 
of  1798,  after  the  passage  of  the  alien  and  sedition 
laws,  he  met  Jefferson  and  Nicholas  at  Monticello, 
and  there  the  famous  Kentucky  resolutions  of 
1798  were  drafted  by  Breckenridge,  as  is  asserted 
by  his  friends,  although  Jefferson  claimed  the  au- 
thorship in  a  letter  written  in  1821.     The  reso- 


BRECKENRIDGE 


BRECKENRIDGE 


365 


lutions  were  brought  forward  in  the  Kentucky 
legislature  by  Breckenridge,  and  were  carried  with 
only  one  dissenting  voice,  10  Nov.,  1798.  These 
resolutions,  clearly  formulating  the  principles  of 
the  strict  constructionists,  were  condemned  and 
declared  to  be  fraught  with  danger  by  the  legis- 
latures of  the  federalist  states  to  which  they  were 
sent.  In  reply  to  this  action,  Breckenridge  drew 
up  the  resolutions  adopted  by  the  Kentucky  legis- 
lature in  1799,  in  which  the  doctrines  of  state 
sovereignity  and  nullification  were  more  boldly 
enunciated.  In  1801  he  was  elected  to  the  U.  S. 
senate,  and  served  from  7  Dec,  1801,  till  25  Dec, 
1805,  when  he  resigned  to  accept  the  office  of 
attorney-general  conferred  upon  him  by  Jefferson 
in  August.  In  the  senate  he  at  once  took  the  place 
of  leader  on  the  democratic  side  and  chief  spokes- 
man for  the  administration.  He  introduced  the 
act  of  1803,  by  which  the  judiciary  law  of  1801, 
creating  new  circuit  judges,  was  repealed,  and  in 
the  brilliant  debate  over  this  measure  he  took  a 
distinguished  part.  He  led  the  senate  in  the  busi- 
ness relating  to  the  acquisition  of  Louisiana,  and 
moved  the  ratification  of  the  treaty,  the  enabling 
act  giving  authority  to  the  president  to  occupy 
the  ceded  territory,  and  the  bills  connected  with 
the  occupation.  Mr.  Jefferson  was  of  opinion  that 
an  amendment  to  the  constitution  was  necessary 
before  the  government  could  acquire  territory,  and 
wished  Breckenridge  to  move  an  amendment  for 
the  annexation  of  Louisiana;  but  the  latter  de- 
clined. He  took  his  seat  in  the  cabinet  as  attor- 
ney-general on  25  Dec,  1805,  but  died  of  typhus 
fever  while  in  office.  A  collection  of  his  speeches 
has  been  published. — John,  clergyman,  son  of 
John,  b.  at  Cabell's  Dale,  near  Lexington,  Ky., 
4  July,  1797;  d.  there,  4  Aug.,  1841,  was  gradu- 
ated at  Princeton  in  1818,  united  with  the  Pres- 
byterian church  while  in  college,  and  chose  the 
clerical  profession,  although  his  father  had  intend- 
ed him  for  the  law.  He  was  licensed  to  preach 
in  1822  by  the  presbytery  of  New  Brunswick,  and 
in  1822-'3  served  as  chaplain  to  congress.  On  10 
Sept.,  1823,  he  was  ordained  pastor  of  a  church  in 
Lexington,  Ky.,  over  which  he  presided  four  years. 
While  there  he  founded  a  religious  newspaper 
called  the  "  Western  Luminary."  In  1826  he  was 
called  to  the  2d  Presbyterian  church  of  Balti- 
more as  colleague  of  Dr.  Glendy,  and  in  1831  he 
removed  to  Philadelphia,  having  been  appointed 
secretary  and  general  agent  of  the  Presbyterian 
board  of  education.  This  place  he  resigned  in  1836, 
to  become  professor  of  theology  in  the  Princeton 
seminary.  While  occupying  that  chair  he  engaged 
in  a  public  controversy  with  Archbishop  Hughes, 
of  New  York,  on  the  subject  of  the  doctrines  of 
their  respective  churches,  and  their  arguments 
have  been  published  in  a  volume  entitled  "  A  Dis- 
cussion of  the  Question,  '  Is  the  Roman  Catholic 
Religion,  in  any  or  in  all  its  Principles  or  Doc- 
trines, inimical  to  Civil  or  Religious  Liberty  "i ' — 
and  of  the  Question, '  Is  the  Presbyterian  Religion, 
in  any  or  all  its  Principles  or  Doctrines,  inimical  to 
Civil  or  Religious  Liberty  °1 '  "  (Philadelphia,  1836). 
Mr.  Breckenridge  took  a  prominent  part  in  the 
controversies  in  the  Presbytei-ian  church,  uphold- 
ing, in  the  discussions  in  presbyteries,  synods,  and 
general  assemblies,  the  principles  of  old-school 
Presbyterianism,  and  published  a  number  of  po- 
lemical writings.  He  was  a  keen  debater,  and  was 
noted  for  his  concise,  accurate,  and  logical  extem- 
pore speeches  and  sermons.  He  became  secretary 
and  general  agent  of  the  Presbyterian  board  of 
foreign  missions  upon  its  organization  in  1838,  and 
devoted  his  energies  to  superintending  its  opera- 


tions until  he  broke  down  under  his  exhaustive 
labors,  and  died  while  on  a  visit  to  his  early  home. 
Just  before  his  death  he  received  a  call  to  the  presi- 
dency of  Oglethorpe  university  in  Georgia.  In 
1839  he  published  a  "  Memorial  of  Mrs.  Brecken- 
ridge."— Another  son,  Kobei't  Jefferson,  clergy- 
man, b.  in  Cabell's  Dale,  Ky.,  8  March,  1800 ;  d. 
in  Danville,  27  Dec,  1871,  studied  at  Princeton, 
Yale,  and  Union  colleges  successively,  graduat- 
ing at  Union  in  1819,  read  law,  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  of  his  native  state  in  1823,  and  practised 
eight  years.  For  four  successive  years  he  was  a 
member  of  the  legislature.  In  1829  he  made  a 
profession  of  religion,  and  determined  to  be  a 
preacher.  As  a  politician  he  had  advocated  the 
emancipation  of  the  slaves,  and  when  the  public 
sentiment  of  his  state  turned  in  favor  of  slavery, 
he  was  the  more  inclined  to  abandon  the  political 
career.  After  studying  theology  privately,  he  was 
licensed  to  preach  in  1832,  and  soon  afterward  be- 
came pastor  of  the  2d  Presbyterian  church  of  Bal- 
timore, in  which  place  he  remained  thirteen  years. 
In  1845  he  was  elected  president  of  Jefferson  col- 
lege. Pa.,  and  at  the  same  time  took  charge  of  a 
Presbyterian  church  in  a  neighboring  village.  After 
two  years  in  the  presidency  of  the  college,  he  re- 
moved to  Lexington,  Ky.,  where  he  became  pastor 
of  the  1st  Presbyterian  church,  and  also  superin- 
tendent of  public  instruction  for  the  state.  He  was 
the  principal  author  of  the  public-school  system  of 
Kentucky.  In  1853  lie  was  elected  professor  of  di- 
dactic and  polemic  theology  in  the  new  theological 
seminary  at  Danville,  which  chair  he  held  until  his 
death.  He  published  "  Travels  in  France,  Germany," 
etc.  (Philadelphia,  1839) ;  a  volume  on  "  Popery," 
in  1841 ;  "  Memoranda  of  Foreign  Travel "  (Balti- 
more, 1845) ;  the  "  Internal  Evidence  of  Christian- 
ity." in  1852 ;  and  "  The  Knowledge  of  God  Ob- 
jectively Considered  "  (New  York,  1857),  followed 
by  "  The  Knowledge  of  God  Subjectively  Con- 
sidered," two  parts  of  an  elaborate  work  on  theol- 
ogy as  a  science  of  positive  truth.  While  in 
Baltimore  he  edited  a  "Literary  and  Religious 
Magazine  "  and  the  "  Spirit  of  the  Nineteenth  Cen- 
tury," in  which  he  carried  on  discussions  with  the 
Roman  Catholics  on  questions  of  theology  and  his- 
tory. He  also  edited  at  Danville,  Ky.,  while  pro- 
fessor there,  the  "  Danville  Review,"  in  which  he 
not  only  defended  his  theological  views,  but  gave 
utterance  to  his  patriotic  sentiments  during  the 
war.  In  the  discussions  and  controversies  that 
preceded  the  disruption  of  the  Presbyterian  church 
he  was  the  champion  of  the  old-school  party.  He 
was  largely  instrumental  in  actuating  the  mana- 
gers of  the  American  Bible  society  to  recede  from 
their  resolution  to  adopt  the  revised  version  of  the 
Bible.  Previous  to  the  civil  war  he  had  been  in- 
clined to  conservatism,  though  disposed  to  depre- 
cate slavery ;  but  when  the  war  came  he  was  from 
the  first  intensely  loyal,  though  one  of  his  sons, 
and  his  iiephew,  John  C.  Breckinridge,  Avent  over 
to  the  confederacy.  He  presided  over  the  National 
republican  convention  at  Baltimore  in  1864,  which 
renominated  Mr.  Lincoln  for  the  presidency.— His 
son,  William  Canij)l>ell  Preston,  b.  in  Balti- 
more, Md.,  28  Aug.,  1837,  was  graduated  at  Centre 
college,  Danville,  Ky.,  in  1855,  entered  the  con- 
federate army  as  a  captain  in  1861,  became  colonel 
of  the  9th  Kentucky  cavalry,  commanded  the  Ken- 
tucky cavalry  brigade  when  it  surrendered,  was  an 
editor  for  two  years,  afterward  professor  of  equity 
jurisprudence  in  Cumberland  university,  Tennes- 
see, and  in  1884  was  elected  as  a  democrat,  with- 
out opposition,  to  the  U.  S.  house  of  representa- 
tives from  Kentucky. — Another  son,  Joseph  Ca- 


366 


BRECKINRIDGE 


BREESE 


bell,  soldier,  b.  in  Baltimore,  14  Jan.,  1842,  was 
graduated  at  the  University  of  Virginia  in  1860, 
and  volunteered  in  the  U.  S.  army  in  August,  1861. 
He  was  engaged  in  the  campaigns  in  Kentucky  and 
Tennessee,  ending  with  the  advance  on  Corinth, 
was  appointed  second  lieutenant  in  the  2d  artillery 
in  April,  1862,  for  gallantry  at  the  battle  of  Mill 
Spring,  promoted  first  lieutenant  in  August,  1863, 
and  served  in  Florida,  and  then  through  the  At- 
lanta campaign  with  his  battery  until  July,  1864, 
when  he  was  taken  prisoner  before  Atlanta,  6a. 
In  September  following  he  was  released,  and  was 
on  mustering,  staff,  and  recruiting  duty  during 
the  remainder  of  the  civil  war.  He  was  promoted 
captain.  17  June,  1874.  On  19  Jan.,  1881,  he  was 
transferred  to  the  inspector-general's  department 
with  the  rank  of  major,  promoted  lieutenant-colo- 
nel in  that  department,  5  Feb.,  1885,  and  colonel 
22  Sept.  the  same  year. 

BRECKINRIIWE,  John  Cabell,  vice  presi- 
dent of  the  United  States,  b.  near  Lexington,  Ky., 
21  Jan.,  1821 ;  d.  in  Lexington,  Ky.,  17  May,  1875. 
He  was  a  grandson  of  John  Breckenridge,  U.  S. 
senator  and  attorney-general,  was  educated  at 
Centre  college,  Danville,  studied  law  at  the  Tran- 
sylvania institute,  and,  after  a  short  residence  in 
Burlington,  Iowa,  settled  at  Lexington,  where  he 

practised  his 
profession  with 
success.  At  the 
beginning  of 
the  war  with 
Mexico,  in  1847, 
he  was  elect- 
ed major  in 
a  regiment  of 
Kentucky  vol- 
unteers, and 
while  on  duty 
in  Mexico  he 
was  employed 
by  Gen.  Pillow 
as  his  counsel 
in  his  litigation 
with  his  asso- 
/Tr^  /c  /7  /i  '  ■  y  ciates  and  su- 
c//^^2.     U/>vc<yr<f^^^^^'^     periors.   On  his 

return,  he  was 
elected  to  the  Kentucky  house  of  representatives. 
In  1851  he  was  elected  to  congress,  and  was  re- 
elected in  1853.  He  declined  the  Spanish  mis- 
sion tendered  him  by  President  Pierce.  In  the 
presidential  election  of  1856  he  was  chosen  vice- 
president  of  the  United  States,  with  Mr.  Bu- 
chanan as  president.  In  1860  he  was  the  candi- 
date for  president  as  the  representative  of  the 
slave-holding  interest,  nomii^xted  by  the  southern 
delegates  of  the  democratic  convention  who  sep- 
arated from  those  that  supported  Stephen  A. 
Douglas.  In  the  electoral  college  he  received  72 
votes,  to  180  cast  for  Lincoln,  39  for  Bell,  and  12 
for  Douglas,  all  the  southern  states  voting  for 
him  excepting  Virginia,  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  and 
Missouri.  In  the  same  year  he  was  elected  U.  S. 
senator  as  the  successor  of  John  J.  Crittenden, 
and  took  his  seat  in  March,  1861.  At  the  begin- 
ning of  the  civil  war  he  defended  the  southern 
confederacy  in  the  senate,  soon  afterward  went 
south,  entered  the  Confederate  army,  and  was  ex- 
pelled from  the  senate  on  4  Dec,  1861.  On  5 
Aiig.  of  the  following  summer  he  was  appointed  a 
major-general.  He  commanded  the  Confederate 
reserve  at  Shiloh,  6  April,  1862 ;  was  repelled  in 
the  attack  on  Baton  Rouge  in  August,  1862 ;  com- 
toanded  the  right  wing  of  Bragg's  army  at  Mur- 


freesboro,  31  Dec,  1862 ;  was  at  Chickamauga,  19 
and  20  Sept.,  1863 ;  and  Chattanooga,  25  Nov., 
1863 ;  defeated  Gen.  Sigel  near  Newmarket,  13 
May,  1864 ;  then  joined  Gen.  Lee's  army,  and  was 
at  the  battle  of  Cold  Harbor,  3  June,  1864;  com- 
manded a  corps  under  Early,  and  was  defeated  by 
Gen.  Sheridan  in  the  Shenandoah  valley  in  Sep- 
tember, 1864;  defeated  Gen.  Gillem  in  east  Ten- 
nessee, 12  Nov.,  1864 ;  and  was  in  the  battle  near 
Nashville,  15  Dec,  1864.  He  was  secretary  of 
war  in  Jefferson  Davis's  cabinet  from  January, 
1865,  till  the  surrender  of  Gen.  Joseph  E.  John- 
ston in  April.  He  left  Richmond  for  Charlotte, 
N.  C,  with  Mr.  Davis  and  the  other  officers  of  the 
Confederate  government,  and,  after  it  was  decided 
to  almndon  the  contest,  left  the  party  at  Washing- 
ton, Ga.,  made  his  escape  to  the  Florida  Keys,  and 
thence  embarked  for  Cuba,  and  sailed  from  Havana 
for  Europe.  He  returned  in  1868  determined  to 
take  no  further  part  in  politics,  and  to  devote  hnn- 
self  to  his  profession.  As  vice-president  he  was 
the  youngest  man  that  had  ever  held  that  office. 

BREE,  Herbert,  clergyman,  b.  in  Keswick, 
Cumberland,  England,  in  January,  1828.  He  was 
educated  at  Bury  school,  and  Cains  college,  Cam- 
bridge, from  which  he  was  graduated  in  1853. 
After  serving  the  curacies  of  Drinkstone  and  Wol- 
verstone,  he  was  collated  to  the  rectory  of  Hark- 
stead  in  1858.  He  was  curate  of  Long  Melford 
from  1865  till  1870.  when  he  was  appointed  to  the 
rectory  of  Brampton,  Huntingdonshire,  which 
charge  he  retained  until  1  May,  1882,  when  he  was 
consecrated  bisliop  of  Barbadoes. 

BREEN,  Henry  Hegart,  author,  b.  in  Kerry, 
Ireland,  in  1805.  He  was  educated  in  Paris,  settled 
in  the  West  Indies  in  1829,  and  in  1833  was  ap- 
pointed secretary  of  the  courts  of  justice  in  St. 
Lucia,  where  French  was  the  official  language.  In 
1857-'61  he  was  administrator  of  the  government 
of  St.  Lucia.  He  has  published  "  St.  Lucia,  His- 
torical, Statistical,  and  Descriptive  "  (1844) ;  "  The 
Diamond  Rock,  and  other  Poems  "  (1849) ;  "  Mod- 
ern English  Literature,  its  Blemishes  and  Defects  " 
(1857) ;  and  "  Warrawarra,  the  Carib  Chief,  a  Tale 
of  1770"  (1876). 

BREEN,  Patrick,  pioneer,  b.  in  Ireland  ;  d., 
at  an  advanced  age,  in  California,  in  1868.  He  is 
especially  noted  in  connection  with  the  Donner 
party,  who,  during  the  winter  of  1846-7.  were 
snowed  in  in  the  Sierras.  Breen  himself  finally 
escaped  with  all  his  family,  after  great  suffering. 
He  kept  a  diary  during  the  time  of  the  imprison- 
ment of  the  party  in  the  mountains,  and  this  is  the 
only  contemporary  record  of  their  remarkable  and 
tragic  experiences.  The  manuscript  of  the  diary 
is  still  extant,  and  more  or  less  extensive  extracts 
from  it  are  to  be  found  in  all  the  published  ac- 
counts of  the  Donner  party. 

BREESE,  Kidder  Randolph,  naval  officer,  b. 
in  Philadelphia,  14  April,  1831 ;  d.  13  Sept.,  1881. 
He  was  appointed  a  midshipman  from  Rhode 
Island  in  1846,  and  served  during  the  Mexican 
war  in  the  "  Saratoga,"  Commander  Farragut,  on 
the  coast  of  Mexico.  As  passed  midshipman  he 
served  in  Com.  Perry's  Japan  expedition  and  was 
on  the  "  Macedonian,"  which  visited  the  northern 
end  of  Formosa  to  search  for  coal  and  inquire  into 
the  captivity  of  Americans  on  that  island.  He  also 
served  in  Preble's  Paraguay  expedition,  from 
which  he  returned  in  September,  1859,  with  isth- 
mus fever.  He  next  served  on  the  "  San  Jacinto," 
which  captured  1,500  slaves  on  the  coast  of  Africa, 
and  took  Mason  and  Slidell  from  on  board  the 
"  Trent "  in  November,  1861.  He  was  ordered  to 
Porter's  mortar   flotilla  in  December,   1861,   and 


BREESE 


BRENT 


367 


took  part  in  the  attacks  on  New  Orleans  and 
Vicksburg  in  1862.  Promoted  lieutenant  -  com- 
mander, on  16  July,  1862,  at  the  time  of  the  estab- 
lishment of  that  grade,  he  joined  Porter's  Mississippi 
squadron  in  October,  1862,  took  command  of  the 
flag-ship  "  Black  Hawk,"  and  participated  in  the 
important  operations  in  the  Mississippi  and  the 
Red  river.  When  Admiral  Porter  was  placed  in 
command  of  the  North  Atlantic  blockading  squad- 
ron in  September,  1864,  he  selected  Breese  as  his 
floot-captuin,  in  which  capacity  he  served  vintil 
hostilities  came  to  an  end  in  May,  1865.  He  was 
engaged  at  the  Fort  Fisher  fights  and  in  the  at- 
tack "on  Fort  Anderson ;  and  in  the  naval  assault 
on  Fort  Fisher,  on  15  Jan.,  1865,  he  commanded 
the  storming  party,  which  gained  the  parapet,  but 
was  unable  to  maintain  the  position,  owing  to  lack 
of  support  from  the  marines.  He  was  recom- 
mended for  promotion  tor  services  on  that  oc- 
casion, promoted  commander  25  July,  1866,  and 
captain,  9  Aug.,  1874,  After  the  war  he  was  em- 
ployed in  the  testing  of  breech-loading  arms,  and 
in  other  ordnance  duties,  and  commanded  the 
"  Plymouth,"  of  the  European  squadron,  and  after- 
ward the  "  Pensacola." 

15REESE,  Samuel  Liviug-ston,  naval  officer, 
b.  in  Utica,  N.  Y.,  in  1794;  d.  at  Mount  Airy,  Pa., 
17  Dec,  1870.  He  was  appointed  a  midshipman, 
10  Sept.,  1810,  and  was  present  at  the  battle  of 
Lake  Champlain,  received  his  commission  as  lieu- 
tenant, 27  April,  1816,  as  captain,  8  Sept.,  1841, 
and  commanded  the  frigate  "  Cumberland,"  of  the 
Mediterranean  squadron,  in  1845.  He  was  in  the 
Pacific  during  the  Mexican  war,  and  was  present 
at  the  capture  of  Tuspan  and  Tobasco,  and  of 
Vera  Cruz.  In  1853-'5  he  was  commandant  of 
the  Norfolk  navy -yard,  in  1856-'8  command- 
ed the  Mediterranean  squadron,  and  in  1859-'61 
the  Brooklyn  navy-yard.  On  16  July,  1862,  he 
was  commissioned  as  commodore  and  placed  on 
the  retired  list,  and  on  3  Sept.,  1862,  was  made  a 
rear-admiral  on  the  retired  list.  He  served  in 
1862  as  light-house  inspector,  and  in  1869  was 
port-admiral  at  Philadelphia. 

BREESE,  Sidney,  jurist,  b.  in  Whitesboro,  N. 
Y.,  15  July,  1800;  d.  in  Pinckneyville,  111.,  27 
June,  1878.  He  was  graduated  at  Union  in  1818, 
removed  to  Illinois,  and  in  1821  was  admitted  to 
the  bar.  He  became  assistant  secretary  of  state, 
and  was  state  attorney  from  1822  till  1827,  when 
he  was  appointed  U.  S.  attorney  for  Illinois.  In 
1829  he  published  the  first  volume  of  supreme 
court  reports  in  that  state.  He  served  in  the 
Black  Hawk  war  as  a  lieutenant-colonel  of  volun- 
teers. In  1835  he  was  elected  a  circuit  judge,  and 
in  1841  to  the  supreme  court.  From  1843  to  1849 
he  was  a  senator  of  the  United  States,  having  been 
elected  as  a  democrat  to  succeed  Richard  M. 
Young.  He  was  a  regent  of  the  Smithsonian  in- 
stitution during  the  administration  of  President 
Polk,  and  served  as  chairman  of  the  senate  com- 
mittee on  public  lands,  in  which  capacity  he  made 
a  report  in  favor  of  a  transcontinental  railroad  to 
the  Pacific.  In  1850  he  was  speaker  of  the  Illi- 
nois house  of  representatives.  He  was  one  of  the 
originators  of  the  Illinois  central  railroad.  He 
again  became  a  circuit  judge  in  1855,  and  was 
made  chief  of  the  court.  In  1857  he  was  elected 
a  justice  of  the  supreme  court,  and  in  1873  he  be- 
came chief  justice,  in  which  office  he  continued 
till  the  time  of  his  death.  In  1869  he  published  a 
work  on  Illinois  and  one  treating  of  the  "  Origin 
and  Historv  of  the  Pacific  Railroad." 

BREIDENBALOH,  Edward  Swoyer,  chem- 
ist, b.  in  Newville,  Cumberland  co.,  Pa.,  13  Jan., 


1849.  He  was  educated  at  Pennsylvania  college, 
graduating  in  1868,  and  studied  chemistry  at  Shef- 
field scientific  school  from  1871  till  1873,  being  in- 
structor in  chemistry  during  the  latter  year.  From 
1873  till  1874  he  was  professor  of  natural  sciences 
at  Carthage  college.  111.,  but  in  1874  he  was  elect- 
ed professor  of  chemistry  and  mineralogy  in  Penn- 
sylvania college,  where  he  has  since  remained. 
During  the  years  1880-4  he  was  mineralogist  of 
the  Pennsylvania  state  board  of  agriculture.  Prof. 
Breidenbaugh  has  written  numerous  papers  on 
scientific  subjects,  of  which  the  more  important 
are  "  Analysis  of  Connecticut  Tobacco  Ash " 
(1872);  "The  Minerals  of  the  Tilly  Foster  Mine" 
(1873) ;  "  Fermentation  and  Germ  Theory  "  (1877) ; 
"  Concerning  Certain  Misconceptions  In  Consider- 
ing the  Relations  between  Science  and  Religion  " 
(1880) ;  "  The  Nitrogenous  Element  of  Plant  Food  " 
(1880);  and  "Mineralogy  on  the  Farm"  (1881). 
He  is  also  the  author  of  "  Lecture  Notes  on  Inor- 
ganic Chemistry  "  (Gettysburg,  1876)  and  "  Penn- 
sylvania College  Book  "  (Philadelphia,  1882). 

BRENAN,  Joseph,  poet,  b.  in  the  north  of  Ire- 
land in  1829 ;  d.  in  New  Orleans,  La.,  in  May, 
1857.  He  joined  the  young  Ireland  party  in  1848, 
and  was  one  of  the  editors  of  the  "  Irish  Felon." 
He  was  imprisoned  for  nine  months  for  political 
offences,  and  after  his  release  edited  the  "  Irish- 
man." In  October,  1849,  he  was  implicated  in  a 
revolutionary  movement  in  Tipperary,  and  fled  to 
the  United  States.  For  several  years  he  was  on 
the  editorial  staii  of  the  New  Orleans  "Delta." 
His  best-known  poem  is  "  The  Exile  to  his  Wife." 

BRENDON,  Saint,  b.  in  Ireland  in  the  mid- 
dle of  the  5th  century.  Among  the  legendary 
events  of  his  life  was  his  voyage  to  Hy  Brassail,  in 
company  with  some  holy  people.  This  story  was 
very  popular  in  the  middle  ages,  and  undoubtedly 
kept  alive  the  notion  of  a  western  continent.  It 
is  said  that  he  sailed  from  a  harbor  in  Kerry,  and 
after  a  long  voyage  reached  a  shore  where  he 
found  a  charming  climate  and  beautiful  birds. 
He  travelled  into  the  interior  for  fifteen  days,  but 
when  about  to  cross  a  great  river  he  was  warned 
back  by  an  angel,  who  told  him  he  had  gone  far 
enough  and  that  it  was  reserved  for  other  persons 
and  other  times  to  Christianize  the  land.  On  maps 
made  prior  to  Columbus,  St.  Brendon's  country  is 
placed  to  the  south  of  the  island  of  Antilia  and 
west  of  the  Cape  Verde  islands.  St.  Brendon's 
manuscript  is  mentioned  in  Dicuil's  collection  "  De 
mensura  Orbis."  It  is  in  the  Burgundian  library 
in  Brussels,  and  has  not  vet  been  translated. 

BRENEMAN,  Abram  Adam,  chemist,  b.  in 
Lancaster,  Pa.,  28  April,  1847.  He  was  graduated 
at  the  Pennsylvania  state  college  in  1866,  and  was 
during  1867-'8  instructor  in  chemistry  at  that 
institution,  and  full* professor  from  1869  till  1872. 
In  1875  he  was  appointed  assistant  professor  and 
lecturer  on  chemistry  at  Cornell,  where  from  1879 
till  1882  he  was  professor  of  industrial  chemistry. 
Since  then  he  has  resided  in  New  York,  where  he 
has  been  actively  engaged  in  professional  work  as 
a  writer,  an  analyst,  and  a  chemical  expert.  Prof. 
Breneman  has  published  papers  on  chemical  and 
sanitary  subjects  for  the  scientific  and  daily  pa- 
pers, devoting  his  attention  largely  to  the  subject 
of  water  and  its  contaminations.  He  has  also 
written  on  the  chemistry  of  ceramic  manufactures 
and  delivered  a  course  of  lectures  on  that  subject 
in  New  York.  With  Prof.  G.  C.  Caldwell  he  has 
published  "  A  Manual  of  Introductory  Laboratory 
Practice  "  (Ithaca,  1875). 

BRENT,  Henry  Johnson,  author,  b.  in  Wash- 
ington,  D.  C,  in  1811 ;  d.  in   New  Y'ork   city,  3 


368 


BRENT 


BREVARD 


Aug.,  1880.  He  was  descended  from  a  Roman 
Catholic  family,  early  settlers  of  Maryland,  and 
was  a  grand-nephew  of  Archbishop  Carroll.  Pie 
contributed  to  Porter's  "  Spirit  of  the  Times,"  over 
the  well-known  signature  of  "  Stirrup,"  and  was 
the  associate  of  Lewis  Gaylord  Clark  in  founding 
and  editing  the  "  Knickerbocker,"  a  magazine 
that  enjoyed  great  popularity  from  1833  until 
1864.  Mr.  Brent  was  also  a  painter.  His  best  lit- 
erary work  was  "  Life  Almost  Alone,"  published 
as  a  serial  in  the  "  Knickerbocker,"  and  "  Was  it  a 
Ghost  i  "  a  theory  and  discussion  of  the  celebrated 
murder  of  the  Joyce  children  (Boston,  1868). 

BRENT,  Ricliard,  senator,  b.  in  Virginia ;  d. 
in  Washington,  D.  C,  30  Dec,  1814.  He  was  a 
representative  in  congress  from  7  Dec,  1795,  till 
3  March,  1799,  and  again  from  7  Dec,  1801,  till  3 
March,  1803.  He  was  elected  a  senator  from  Vir- 
ginia, and  served  from  22  May,  1809,  till  his  death. 

BRENTANO,  Lorenzo,  journalist,  b.  in  Mann- 
heim, Germany,  4  Nov.,  1813 ;  d.  in  Chicago,  18  Sept., 
1891.  He  received  a  thorough  classical  training, 
and  studied  jurisprudence  at  Heidelberg  and  Frei- 
burg. He  was  admitted  to  practice  in  Baden,  and 
after  attaining  the  legal  age  was  elected  to  the 
chamber  of  deputies.  He  took  part  in  the  revolu- 
tion of  1848,  being  a  member  of  the  Frankfort 
parliament,  and  subsequently  president  of  the  pro- 
visional republican  government  established  in  1849, 
by  the  then  hopeful  revolutionists.  The  power  of 
Prussia  intervened  in  July  of  that  year,  and  the 
grand  duke  was  re-established.  Brentano  effected 
his  escape,  and  only  knew  that  he  had  been  sen- 
tenced to  imprisonment  for  life  after  reaching  the 
United  States.  He  settled  as  a  farmer  in  Kala- 
mazoo CO.,  Mich.,  and  remained  there  until  1859, 
when  he  removed  to  Chicago  and  was  admitted  to 
the  bar.  He  soon  became  editor  of  the  "  Illinois 
Staats-Zeitung,"  and  in  1862  was  a  member  of  the 
state  legislature.  For  five  years  he  was  president 
of  the  Chicago  board  of  education.  In  1868  he 
was  presidential  elector  on  the  Grant  and  Colfax 
ticket.  In  1869,  a  general  amnesty  having  been 
granted  to  the  revolutionists  of  1849,  he  revisited 
his  native  land.  He  was  appointed  U.  S.  consul 
at  Dresden  in  1872,  and  served  until  1876,  when 
he  was  elected  to  congress,  where  he  served  until 
3  March,  1879.  After  leaving  congress  he  devoted 
much  time  to  historical  and  literary  researches  de- 
signed to  compare  and  contrast  the  American  and 
European  codes  of  criminal  procedure.  In  this 
line  of  work  he  has  published  a  report  of  the  trial 
of  the  assassin  of  President  Garfield,  and  a  history 
of  the  celebrated  case  of  King  v.  Missouri  (U.  S. 
Supreme  Court  Reports,  107).  This  last  was  re- 
published in  Leipsic.  In  1884  Mr.  Brentano  gave 
up  active  work,  owing  to  partial  paralysis. 

BRENTON,  Jahleel,  sailor,  b.  in  Rhode  Island, 
22  Aug.,  1770;  d.  in  Elford,  England,  3  April, 
1844.  He  was  the  eldest  son  of  Rear-Admiral 
Jahleel  Brenton,  who,  with  his  family,  came  to 
America  early  in  the  17th  century.  The  father 
held  a  lieutenant's  commission  in  the  royal  navy 
when  the  war  for  independence  began,  and  re- 
mained loyal  to  the  crown,  as  did  nearly  all  the 
Americans  who  were  in  the  navy  at  that  time. 
Young  Jahleel  was  appointed  midshipman  on  his 
father's  ship  in  1781.  In  1802  he  married  Isabella 
Stewart,  an  American  lady,  to  whom  he  had  long 
been  engaged.  She  died  in  1817,  and  in  1822  he 
married  a  cousin,  Harriet  Brenton,  who  survived 
him.  He  rose  to  eminence  in  his  profession,  at- 
taining the  rank  of  rear-admiral  of  the  blue  in 
1830,  having  rendered  gallant  and  distinguished 
s^rvices  wherever   he   met   the  enemies  of  Great 


Britain.  Fortunately  he  was  not  called  ui)on  to 
encounter  the  navy  of  his  native  land  during  the 
war  of  1812.  He  was  very  devout,  and  gave  a 
great  part  of  his  time  and  energy  to  religious  and 
charitable  work,  especially  among  sailors.  He 
wrote  "  The  Hope  of  the  Navy  "  (London,  1839) ; 
"  An  Appeal  to  the  British  Nation  on  Behalf  of 
her  Sailors"  (1841);  "Memoir  of  Capt.  E.  P. 
Brenton  "  (1842) ;  and  "  Coast  Fisheries  "  (1843).  A 
memoir  of  his  life  and  services  was  published 
in  1846  by  the  Rev.  Henry  Raikes  (new  ed. 
abridged,  and  edited  by  Sir  Launcelot  Charles  Lee 
Brenton,  onlv  son  of  the  admiral,  1855). 

BRENTON,  Saiimel,  clergyman,  b.  in  Gallatin 
CO.,  Ky.,  22  Nov.,  1810 ;  d.  in  Fort  Wayne,  Ind., 
29  March,  1857.  He  received  an  English  educa- 
tion, and  at  the  age  of  twenty  entered  the  Methodist 
ministry  and  served  as  a  preacher  until  1848,  when 
he  suffered  a  stroke  of  paralysis.  During  his  min- 
istry he  had  studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar.  He  served  for  a  year  as  registrar  in  the  land- 
office  at  Fort  Wayne,  and  in  1851  was  elected  as  a 
whig  to  congress.  He  was  defeated  for  the  next 
congress,  but  in  the  mean  time  had  been  chosen 
president  of  Fort  Wayne  college  and  filled  the 
office  acceptably  until  1854,  when  he  was  re-elected 
as  a  republican  to  the  34th  and  35th  congresses. 

BRENTON,  William,  governor  of  Rhode  Isl- 
and, b.  in  England  early  in  the  17th  century ;  d.  in 
Newport,  R.  I.,  in  1674.  The  family  canie  from 
Hammersmith,  England,  where  they  were  persons 
of  wealth  and  high  social  standing  during  the 
reign  of  Charles  I.  William  Brenton  represented 
the  colony  at  Boston  for  several  years,  beginning 
in  1635,  was  lieutenant-governor  of  Rhode  Island 
prior  to  1660,  president  of  the  colony  between 
1660  and  1661,  and  governor  under  the  charter  ob- 
tained from  Charles  II.  from  1666  till  1669.  His 
original  grant  gave  him  a  certain  number  of  acres 
for  every  mile  of  land  surveyed,  and  on  the  strength 
of  this  he  secured  much  valuable  property.  He 
was  one  of  the  nine  original  proprietaries  of  Rhode 
Island.  He  selected  and  surveyed  the  site  of  New- 
port, built  a  large  brick  house  where  Fort  Adams 
now  stands,  arid  laid  out  handsome  walks  around 
it.  His  name  is  preserved  in  Brenton's  Point  and 
Brenton's  Reef,  Narragansett  bay. 

BRESSANI,  Francesco  Giiuseppe,  Italian 
Jesuit  missionary,  b.  in  Rome  in  1612 ;  d.  in  Flor- 
ence, 9  Sept.,  1672.  After  spending  two  years  with 
the  Indians  near  Quebec  he  was  sent  on  a  mission 
to  the  Hurons  in  1644,  was  captured  on  the  way 
by  the  Iroquois  and  tortured,  but  was  afterward 
made  over  to  an  old  squaw  to  take  the  place  of  a 
deceased  relative.  She  sent  him  to  Fort  Orange 
(now  Albany,  N.  Y.),  where  the  Dutch  paid  a  large 
ransom  for  him,  and  on  his  recovery  sent  him  to 
France.  He  came  again  to  this  country  in  the 
spring  of  1645,  maimed  and  disfigured,  and  lived 
with  the  Hurons  until  1650,  when  he  returned  to 
Italy,  in  broken  health.  He  published  "  Relazione 
dei  Missionarii  della  Compagnia  de  Gesu  nella 
Nuova-Prancia "  (Macerata,  1653 ;  English  trans- 
lation, Montreal,  1852). 

BRETON,  Raymond  (bray-tong),  French  mis- 
sionary, b.  in  1609  ;  d.  in  1679.  He  entered  the  Do- 
minican order,  and  for  twenty  years  devoted  him- 
self to  preaching  and  study  in  Santo  Domingo  and 
other  parts  of  the  West  Indies.  He  published  a 
French-and-Caribbean  dictionary,  a  Caribbean 
grammar,  and  a  Caribbean  catechism. 

BREVARD,  Ephraim,  patriot,  b.  about  1750; 
d.  in  Charlotte,  N.  C,  about  1783.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Princeton  in  1768,  studied  medicine,  and 
settled  at  Charlotte  to  practise.     He  sympathized 


BREVOORT 


BREWER 


369 


with  the  movement  for  hidependence,  and  was 
secretary  of  the  famous  Mecklenburg  conven- 
tion of  31  May,  1775.  He  was  one  of  the  com- 
mittee appointed  to  draft  resolutions,  and,  in  fact, 
the  actual  author  of  the  "  declaration,"  which  an- 
ticipates by  more  than  a  year  the  formal  Declara- 
tion of  Independence  by  congress,  though  it  was 
itself  anticipated  by  several  others  that  have  not 
become  so  celebrated,  notably  that  of  Mendon, 
Mass.,  in  1773.  When  the  British  invaded  the 
southern  states,  Dr.  Brevard  and  his  six  brothers 
entered  the  continental  service.  He  was  taken 
prisoner  at  Charleston  in  1780,  and  when  set  at 
liberty  was  so  broken  by  disease,  incurred  during 
confinement,  that  he  died  soon  afterward.  It  is 
known  that  he  was  buried  at  Hopewell,  but  in  the 
confusion  of  the  time  the  grave  was  not  marked, 
and  it  has  never  been  identified.  He  was  one  of 
the  most  accomplished  men  of  his  time,  and  exerted 
a  powerful  influence  in  behalf  of  independence. 

BREVOORT,  Henry,  b.  in  1791 ;  d.  in  Rye, 
N.  Y.,  11  April,  1874.  He  was  descended  from  the 
old  Holland  Dutch  stock,  and  inherited  a  large 
landed  estate  on  Manhattan  island,  which  became 
extremely  valuable  as  the  city  increased  in  popula- 
tion. He  was  a  gentleman  of  literary  taste  and 
the  life-long  friend  of  Washington  Irving,  with 
whom  he  travelled  in  Europe  and  corresponded 
for  half  a  century.  He  removed,  in  early  life,  to 
Yonkers,  but  returned  to  New  York  and  was  a 
member  of  the  common  council  for  many  years. 
In  1852  he  removed  to  Rye,  where  he  resided  until 
his  death.  One  of  his  daughters  married  Charles 
Astor  Bristed. — His  son,  James  Carsoii,  h.  in 
New  York  city,  10  July,  1818;  d.  in  Brooklp, 
N.  Y.,  7  Dec,  1887,  received  his  earjy  education 
at  home,  in  France,  and  at  Hofwyl,  near  Berne, 
Switzerland.  He  then  studied  at  the  Ecole  Cen- 
trale  des  Arts  et  Manufactures  in  Paris,  and  was 
graduated  with  the  diploma  of  a  civil  engineer. 
On  returning  to  the  United  States,  he  accompanied 
his  uncle,  James  Renwick,  one  of  the  commission- 
ers on  the  northeastern  boundary  survey.  In  1888 
he  went  abroad  as  private  secretary  to  Washington 
Irving,  U.  S.  minister  to  Spain.  After  serving  a 
year  in  this  capacity,  he  spent  several  years  in  Eu- 
ropean travel,  and  returned  home  in  1848.  Two 
years  later  he  married  the  daughter  of  Judge  Lef- 
fert  Lefferts,  of  Brooklyn,  where  he  has  since  re- 
sided, serving  on  the  board  of  education,  and  as 
one  of  the  constructing  board  of  water  commission- 
ers. For  ten  years,  beginning  in  1868,  he  was  presi- 
dent of  the  Long  Island  historical  society,  and  for 
two  years  superintendent  of  the  Astor  library  in 
New  York  city,  of  which  he  had  been  a  trustee 
since  1852.  He  became  a  regent  of  the  university 
of  New  York  in  1861,  and  the  same  year  received 
the  degree  of  LL.  D.  from  Williams.  He  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  New  York  historical  society,  the  acad- 
emy of  natural  sciences,  the  American  geographi- 
cal society,  the  Massachusetts  and  Pennsylvania 
historical  societies,  and  numerous  other  scientific, 
literary,  and  artistic  associations,  in  which  he  has 
always  taken  active  interest.  As  a  collector  of 
rare  books  and  coins  he  has  been  very  successful. 
From  his  father  he  inherited  about  6,000  volumes, 
mostly  Americana,  which  were  collected  in  Europe 
during  the  turbulent  years  from  1810  till  1832.  To 
this  library  Mr.  Brevoort  made  large  and  valuable 
additions,  imtil  in  1875  it  comprised  about  10,000 
volumes,  many  of  them  very  rare  and  costly.  He 
has  also  made  valuable  collections  of  medals  and 
manuscripts.  About  1875  he  began  wisely  to  an- 
ticipate the  usual  fate  of  such  collections,  and  has 
bestowed  many  of  his  treasures  upon  institutions 


where  they  will  be  carefully  preserved  for  the  bene- 
fit of  students  and  connoisseurs.  His  collections 
also  embrace  entomology  and  ichthyology  (books 
and  specimens),  and  for  the  preservation  of  these 
also  he  has  judiciously  provided.  He  contributed 
to  the  "  American  Journal  of  Numismatics "  a 
series  of  illustrated  papers  on  "  Early  Spanish  and 
Portuguese  Coinage  in  America."  In  the  "  His- 
torical Magazine  "  he  published  a  paper  on  the  dis- 
covery of  the  remains  of  Columbus,  and  in  1874 
prepared  a  volume,  printed  privately,  entitled 
"  Verrazano  the  Navigator,  or  Notes  on  Giovanni 
de  Verrazano,  and  on  a  Planisphere  of  1529,  illus- 
trating his  American  Voyage  in  1524,"  this  being  a 
revision  and  expansion  of  a  paper  read  before  the 
American  geographical  societv,  28  Nov.,  1871. 

BREVOORT,  James  Reiiwick,  painter,  b.  in 
Westchester  co.,  N.  Y.,  20  July,  1832.  After 
studying  with  Thomas  Cummings  in  this  country 
he  sjient  several  years  in  European  schools,  and 
sketched  in  the  picturesque  districts  of  England, 
Holland,  and  Italy.  He  was  elected  an  associate 
of  the  national  academy  in  1861,  and  a  full  mem- 
ber in  1863.  He  has  made  special  study  of  per- 
spective, and  was  professor  of  that  branch  of 
drawing  at  the  national  academy  in  1872.  He  is 
very  successful  in  the  treatment  of  American  land- 
scape in  a  low  tone  of  color,  this  being  his  favorite 
line  of  work.  Among  his  pictures  are  "  Scene  in 
Holland  "  ;  "  Lake  of  Cojno  "  (1878) ;  "  Storm  on 
English  Moor  "  (1882) ;  "  May  Morning,  Lake  Co- 
mo  "  (1883);  "New  England  Scene "^  "Morning 
in  Early  Winter "  (1884) ;  "  The  Wild  November 
Comes  at  Last "  ;  "  Windv  Evening  on  the  Moors  " 
(1885) ;  and  "  Windy  Day  on  a  Moor  "  (1886). 

BREWER,  David  Josiali,  jurist,  b.  in  Smyrna. 
Asia  Minor,  20  June,  1837.  The  son  of  a  mission- 
ary to  Turkey,  he  was  graduated  from  Yale  in  1856 
and  from  the  Albany  law  school  in  1858.  Estab- 
lishing himself  in  his  profession  at  Leavenworth, 
Kan.,  in  1859,  he  resided  there  until  he  removed  to 
Washington  to  enter  upon  his  present  duties ;  in 
1861  was  appointed  U.  S.  commissioner;  from  1862 
to  1865  was  judge  of  the  probate  and  criminal 
courts  of  Leavenworth  county ;  from  1865  to  1869 
was  judge  of  the  district  court;  in  1870  was  elect- 
ed a  justice  of  the  supreme  court  of  his  state,  and 
was  reelected  in  1875  and  1882 ;  in  1884  was  ap- 
pointed judge  of  the  circuit  court  of  the  United 
States  for  the  eighth  district;  was  appointed  to  his 
present  position  in  December,  1889,  and  was  com- 
missioned 18  Dec,  1889.  In  1896  Mr.  Cleveland 
appointed  Justice  Brewer  a  member  of  the  Venezue- 
lan boundary  commission,  of  which  he  was  unani- 
mously elected  president. 

BREWER,  Gardner,  merchant,  b.  in  Boston 
in  1806 ;  d.  in  Newport,  R.  I.,  30  Sept.,  1874.  He 
was  one  of  the  wealthiest  and  most  liberal  of  Bos- 
ton merchants.  After  attaining  his  majority  he 
was  for  some  time  a  distiller,  but  afterward  en- 
gaged in  the  dry-goods  trade,  and  founded  the 
house  of  Gardner  Brewer  &  Co.,  which  represented 
some  of  the  largest  mills  in  New  England,  and 
had  branches  in  New  York  and  Philadelphia.  In 
this  business,  by  accurate  method  combined  with 
great  sagacity,  he  accumulated  a  fortune  which,  at 
his  death,  was  estimated  at  several  millions  of  dol- 
lars. Mr.  Brewer  at  one  time  took  an  active  part 
in  politics  as  a  republican.  He  was  also  a  strong 
protectionist,  and  took  great  interest  in  the  indus- 
trial development  of  the  country.  He  used  his 
large  wealth  liberally  for  the  public  good,  and 
shortly  before  his  death  gave  to  the  city  of  Boston 
a  beautiful  fountain,  which  stands  on  an  angle  of 
the  common.     His  residence,  on  the  site  of  the 


370 


BREWER 


BREWERTON 


house  of  Jolin  Hancock,  is  one  of  the  finest  private 
dwellings  in  the  city.  The  "  great  fire  "  in  Boston 
(November,  1872)  destroyed  the  old  warehouse  of 
the  firm  ;  but  before  the  end  of  1873  a  new  build- 
ing, one  of  the  costliest  in  Boston,  was  erected  on 
its  site.     Mr.  Brewer  died  at  his  seaside  villa. 

BREWER,  Josiah,  missionary,  b.  in  Berkshire 
CO.,  Mass.,  in  1796 ;  d.  in  Stockbridge,  Mass.,  19 
Nov..  1872.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1821, 
and  became  a  tutor  in  the  college  after  post-grad- 
uate study.  He  was  one  of  the  first  to  volunteer 
as  a  missionary  to  Turlcey  for  the  American  board, 
and  in  1830  sailed  for  the  east,  beginning  his  la- 
bors at  Smyrna,  only  three  years  after  the  Greek 
revolution.  The  battle  of  Navarino  had  destroyed 
the  Turkish  navy,  and  had  opened  the  door  for  in- 
fluences from  abroad.  Mr.  Brewer  was  the  first  to 
introduce  schools  and  the  printing-press.  He  es- 
tablished the  first  paper  in  Smyrna,  where  several 
journals  are  now  published  in  different  languages. 
The  schools  he  founded  have  served  as  models  for 
others,  and  have  done  much  to  introduce  European 
education  into  the  Turkish  cmjiire.  After  a  few 
years  he  retumied  home.  He  jniblishod  "Resi- 
dence in  Constantinople "  (New  Haven,  1827)  and 
■"  Patinos  and  the  Seven  Churches  of  Asia  "  (1851). 

BREWER,  Leiffh  Richiuoiul,  P.  E.  bishop,  b. 
in  Berkshire,  Vt.,  29  .Jan.,  1839.  He  entered  Ho- 
bart  college,  Geneva,  N.  Y.,  and  was  graduated 
with  honors  in  1803,  and  at  the  general  theological 
seminary.  New  York,  in  1866.  He  was  ordained 
•deacon  in  New  York  city,  1  July,  1866,  and  priest 
in  Oswego,  N.  Y.,  16  June,  1867.  Mr.  Brewer  was 
rector  of  Grace  church,  Carthage,  N.  Y.,  for  six 
years,  when  he  became  rector  of  Trinity  church, 
Watertown.  N.  Y,  While  in  this  place  he  was 
elected  missionary  bishop  of  Montana,  and  conse- 
crated in  Watertown,  8  Dec,  1880.  In  his  trien- 
nial report  made  to  the  board  of  missions  in  1883, 
Bishop  Brewer  gives  an  interesting  and  encour- 
aging account  of  liis  missionary  labors  in  Montana. 

BREWER,  Thomas  Mayo,  naturalist,  b.  in 
Boston,  Mass.,  21  Nov.,  1814;  d.  there,  24  Jan., 
1880.  After  graduation  at  Harvard  in  1835,  and 
at  the  Massachusetts  medical  school  in  1838.  he 
became  editor  of  the  Boston  "  Atlas  "  (1840).  This 
engagement  lasted  until  1857,  wlien  he  joined  the 
publishing-house  of  Brewer  &  Tileston.  He  edited 
Wilson's  "  Birds  of  North  America"  (1839),  adding 
a  list  of  all  the  newly  classified  birds  known  at 
that  date.  Several  years  were  devoted,  in  company 
with  Messrs.  Baird  and  Ridgeway,  to  the  prepara- 
tion of  "  A  History  of  North  American  Birds " 
(Boston,  1874).  This  work,  in  three  volumes,  was 
the  first  attempt  made  on  a  large  scale,  for  nearly 
thirty  years  subsequent  to  Audubon's  gi'eat  work, 
to  complete  the  study  of  American  ornithology. 
Abundant  material  existed  in  government  reports 
and  in  the  archives  of  the  Sndthsonian  institution, 
and  this  was  edited  with  great  skill  and  judgment, 
the  accounts  of  the  habits  of  the  diffei'ent  species 
being  from  the  pen  of  Dr.  Brewer,  while  the  tech- 
nical descriptions  were  furnished  by  his  associates. 
There  was  also  published  by  the  Smithsonian  in- 
stitution in  1859  a  volume  on  the  "  Oology  of 
North  America."  During  1875  and  1876  he  visited 
nearly  all  the  great  oological  collections  of  Europe 
and  Great  Britain.  An  account  of  this  trip  may 
he  foimd  in  the  '•  Popular  Science  Monthly,"  vol.  xi. 

BREWER,  WiUiam  Henry,  chemist,  b.  in 
Poughkccpsie,  N.  Y.,  14  Sept.,  1828.  He  was 
grndiiatcd  at  Yale  (now  Sheffield)  scientific  school 
in  1852,  and  spent  some  time  in  Germany,  study- 
ing at  the  universities  of  Heidelberg  and  Munich. 
In  1858   he  became   professor   of  chemistry   and 


geology  in  Washington  college.  Pa.  From  1860 
till  1864  he  was  first  assistant  on  the  geological 
survey  of  California,  and  during  1863-4  profes- 
sor of  chemistry  in  the  university  of  California. 
In  1864  he  was  called  to  the  chair  of  agriculture 
at  Yale.  Prof.  Brewer  is  a  member  of  numerous 
scientific  societies,  and  in  1880  was  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  the  National  academy  of  sciences.  For 
some  years  he  has  been  a  member  of  the  Connecti- 
cut state  board  of  health,  and  has  contributed 
papers  to  its  reports.  He  has  also  contributed 
analyses  of  minerals  to  Dana's  "  Mineralogy  "  ;  but 
his  scientific  papers  are  devoted  principally  to 
chemical  agriculture.  He  has  edited  the  "  Botany 
of  California"  (vol.  i.,  1886)  and  "Cereal  Produc- 
tion in  the  United  States "("  Reports  of  the  Tenth 
Census,"  vol.  iii.). 

BREWERTON,  Henry,  soldier,  b.  in  New  York 
city,  25  Sept.,  1801 ;  d.  in  Wilmington,  Del,  17  April, 
1879.  He  was  at  the  head  of  the  2d  class  in  the 
U.  S.  military  academy  when  the  1st  class  was  to 
graduate.  He  obtained  leave  to  essay  the  examina- 
tion with  the  advanced  class,  and  was  graduated 
fifth  from  its  head,  thus  completing  the  usual  four 
years'  course  in  three  years.  At  the  same  time 
three  of  his  classmates  obtained  similar  permits 
and  passed  the  ordeal  successfully,  though  not 
with  so  high  grade.  But  these  irregularities  of 
administration  were  found  to  be  detrimental  to 
the  general  good  of  the  cadets,  and  were  not  per- 
mitted under  the  stricter  discipline  established 
soon  after  this  time.  Brewerton  was  at  once  com- 
missioned second  lieutenant  of  engineers,  and,  after 
a  temporary  detail  to  aid  in  determining  the  45th 
parallel  of  latitude  at  Rouse's  Point,  N.  Y.,  he  was 
in  September,  1819,  assigned  to  duty  as  an  instruc- 
tor at  the  military  academy.  He  was  promoted 
first  lieutenant  of  engineers,  1  Jan.,  1825  ;  captain, 
21  Sept.,  1826;  major,  23  Aug.,  1856;  and  lieuten- 
ant-colonel, 6  Aug.,  1861.  During  these  years  he 
was  continuously  engaged  on  important  engineer- 
ing works,  such  as  Fort  Adams,  Newport,  Fort 
Jackson,  La.,  the  defences  of  Charleston  harbor, 
on  the  light-house  board,  and  as  a  member  of 
various  boards  and  commissions  appointed  to  im- 
prove the  defences  of  the  United  States.  In  1847 
he  i^eceived  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  from  Dickinson 
college.  During  the  early  years  of  the  civil  war, 
from  1861  till  5  Nov.,  1864,  he  was  superintending 
engineer  of  the  fortifications  and  improvements  of 
Baltimore  harbor,  Md.  On  22  April,  1864,  he  was 
promoted  colonel  of  engineers.  The  winter  of 
ISe-l^'S  he  passed  in  the  neighborhood  of  Hampton 
Roads,  superintending  the  construction  of_  defen- 
sive works,  and  thence  he  was  transferred 'to  the 
defences  of  New  York.  He  was  brevetted  brigadier- 
general,  "  for  long,  faithful,  and  meritorious  ser- 
vices," 13  March,  1865,  and  retired  7  March,  1867, 
in  compliance  with  the  law.  "  having  been  borne  on 
tliearmy  register  more  than  forty-five  years." — His 
son,  Oeorg^e  Doiisrlas,  soldier,  b.  about  1820.  He 
joined  Stephenson's  regiment  of  "  California  volun- 
teers," in  1846,  as  second  lieutenant,  became  second 
lieutenant,  1st  U.  S.  infantry,  22  May,  1817,  and 
first  lieutenant  in  Jime,  1850.  He  is  the  author  of 
"  The  War  in  Kansas :  A  Rough  Trip  to  the  Border 
among  New  Homes  and  a  Strange  People  "  (New 
York,"  1856) ;  "  Fitzpoodle  at  Newport "  ;  a:id  "  Ida 
Lewis,  the  Heroine  of  Lime  Rock  "  (Newport.  1869). 
He  has  published  also,  through  a  New  York  firm, 
"  The  Automaton  Regiment "  (1862),  "  The  Autom- 
aton Company,"  and  "  The  Automaton  Battery  " 
(1863).  These  devices  for  the  instruction  of  mili- 
tary recruits  were  brought  out  when  hundreds  of 
thousands  of  untrained  soldiers  were  eagerly  study- 


BREWSTER 


BREWSTER 


371 


ing  the  rudiinonts  of  the  art  of  war.  and  were 
extensively  used  in  connection  with  the  regular 
books  of  tactics. 

BREWSTER,  Beiijainiii  Harris,  lawver.  b.  in 
Salem  co.,  N.  J.,  13  Oct.,  1816:  d.  in  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  4  April.  1S88.  He  was  graduated  at  Prince- 
ton and  adinitted  to  the  bar,  of  which  he  became 
a  distinguished  member.  He  was  appointed  by 
President  Polk  in  1846  a  commissioner  to  examine 
into  the  claims  of  the  Cherokee  Indians  against 
the  government.  From  1867  till  1869  he  was  attor- 
ney-general for  Pennsylvania.  He  acquired  a  high 
reputation  as  a  prosecutor  during  his  Philadelphi- 
an  experience,  was  made  attorney-general  of  the 
United  States  by  President  Arthur  in  December, 
1881,  and  served  in  that  capacity  until  1885,  a 
period  covering  the  conclusion  of  the  famous  Star 
Route  trials,  to  the  prosecution  of  which  he 
brought  to  bear  all  his  energy  and  experience. 
When  a  young  man,  he  risked  his  life  in  the  effort 
to  save  his  sister  from  death  by  fire,  and  was  him- 
self terribly  burned  and  disfigured  for  life. 

BREWSTER,  Cliarles  Warren,  journalist,  b. 
m  Portsmouth.  N.  H.,  18  Sept.,  1813 ;  d.  there,  3 
Aug.,  1868.  He  received  a  common-school  educa- 
tion, and  began  to  work  for  his  living  as  an  appren- 
tice in  the  office  of  the  Portsmouth  "Journal." 
In  fifteen  years  he  had  become  its  proprietor,  and 
when  he  died  had  been  connected  with  his  journal 
for  more  than  fifty  years.  He  served  several  terms 
in  the  legislature,  and  was  a  member  of  the  State 
constitutional  convention  of  185()-'l.  He  is  the 
author  of  "  Fifty  Years  in  a  Printing-Office  "  and 
"  Rambles  about  Portsmouth." 

BREWSTER,  James,  manufactui-er,  b.  in  Pres- 
ton, Conn.,  6  Aug.,  1788;  d.  in  New  Haven,  Conn., 
22  Nov.,  1866.  He  was  the  seventh  in  direct  de- 
scent from  Elder  Brewster,  who  came  over  in  the 
"  Mayflower."  The  early  death  of  his  father,  leav- 
ing the  family  with  but  limited  means,  made  it 
necessary  for  James  to  follow  a  trade,  and  after  a 
district-school  education  he  was  apprenticed,  in 
1804,  to  Charles  Chajjman,  of  Northampton,  Mass., 
to  learn  carriage-making.  On  attaining  his  ma- 
jority, he  was  offered  an  interest  in  his  employ- 
er's business,  but  this  he  refused,  preferring  to 
go  into  business  by  himself,  and  circumstances  led 
him  to  New  Haven.  At  that  time,  1810,  few  car- 
riages were  in  use,  one-horse  wagons  being  gener- 
ally employed,  and  even  Gov.  Strong,  of  Massachu- 
setts, rode  into  Boston  on  election-day  in  such  a 
vehicle.  Mr.  Brewster  undertook  the  improvement 
of  the  styles,  and  soon  became  known  as  the  manu- 
facturer of  "  Brewster  wagons,"  which  then  came 
into  extended  use.  He  made  a  specialty  of  the 
better  class  of  vehicles,  and  was  the  first  maker  in 
the  United  States  to  send  a  panelled  carriage  to  the 
south.  In  time  he  established  a  very  large  busi- 
ness in  the  improved  forms  of  buggies,  phaetons, 
victorias,  coaches,  and  similar  modern  vehicles. 
Mr.  Brewster  early  adopted  the  custom  of  paying 
his  workmen  every  Saturday  evening,  instead  of 
■continuing  the  old  practice  of  giving  orders  lor 
goods.  His  respect  for  religion  compelled  him  to 
realize  his  responsibility  to  those  in  his  employ, 
and  he  insisted  that  his  workmen  should  attend 
■divine  service.  Drinking  habits  prevailed  among 
the  journeymen  to  an  unfortunate  extent,  and  he 
strongly  advocated  temperance.  In  many  ways  he 
endeavored  to  educate  his  employees,  and  he  de- 
livered evening  addresses  to  his  men  on  moral  and 
practical  subjects.  Later  he  instituted  and  sus- 
tained a  course  of  scientific  lectures  by  such  men 
as  Professors  Olmsted,  Shepard,  and  Silliman,  of 
Yale.    These  lectures  cost  him  over  $5,000  annual- 


ly, and  he  built  a  hall  for  them,  all  of  which  at- 
tracted to  New  Haven  a  superior  class  of  workmen. 
In  1827  he  opened  a  branch  of  his  business  on 
Broad  street.  New  York,  near  the  present  stock  ex- 
change. In  1833  he  became  interested  in  railroad- 
building,  and  with  a  number  of  citizens  of  New 
Haven  obtained  a  charter  for  the  construction  of  a 
road  between  New  Haven  and  Hartford.  The  great 
fire  in  New  York,  which  occurred  in  1835,  made  it 
impossible  to  collect  a  portion  of  the  funds  sub- 
scribed, and  Mr.  Brewster  gave  up  a  fine  business 
in  order  to  devote  his  entire  energies  to  the  build- 
ing of  the  road,  giving  his  time  and  services  for 
four  years  to  the  accomplishment  of  this  enterprise. 
He  was  president  of  the  company,  giving  without 
remuneration  such  land  belonging  to  him  over 
which  the  road  passed.  The  rails  with  which  this 
line  was  built  were  imported  from  England  at  an 
expense  of  .$25().()()0.  and  he  became  responsible  for 
them  as  the  importers  refused  otherwise  to  deliver 
them.  In  1838  he  again  established  a  carriage 
business,  associating  with  him  his  son,  James  B. 
Brewster,  who  afterward  became  head  of  the  New 
York  house,  now  known  as  "  J.  B.  Brewster,  of 
25th  Street."  The  public  spirit  of  Mr.  Brewster  is 
further  attested  by  the  almshouse  and  orphan  asy- 
lum that  he  built  in  New  Haven. 

BREWSTER,  AVilliam,  [dlgrim,  b.  in  Eng- 
land in  1560;  d.  in  Plymouth,  Mass.,  10  April, 
1644.  There  is  a  conflict  of  authorities  as  to  the 
dates  of  his  birth  and  death.  Those  here  given 
agree  with  the  official  records  of  the  colony  as  kept 
by  Nathaniel  Morton.  Nottinghamshire  was  the 
county  of  his  birth ;  but  whether  his  father  was 
William  Brewster  of  Scrooby,  or  Henry  or  James 
Brewster,  vicar  of  Sutton-cum-Lound,  has  never 
been  positively  determined.  Gov.  Bradford  says 
that  Brewster  entered  Cambridge  university  and 
remained  thei-e  for  a  short  time,  but  his  college  is 
not  named.  He  was  of  good  fainily,  and  his  coat- 
of-arms  is  identical  with  that  of  the  ancient  Suffolk 
branch.  After  leaving  Cambridge,  probably  in 
1584,  he  entered  the  service  of  William  Davison, 
ambassador,  and  afterward  secretary  of  state  to 
Queen  Elizabeth,  and  with  him  visited  the  Nether- 
lands, remaining  in  his  service  two  years.  Then, 
having  become  an  earnest  devotee  of  the  Christian 
religion  as  taught  by  Hooker  and  his  followers,  he 
went  to  Scrooby,  and  so  zealously  interested  him- 
self in  advancing  the  cause  that  he  fell  eventually 
under  the  ban  of  the  church.  First,  however,  he 
became  postmaster  at  Scrooby.  an  office  of  much 
more  consequence  then  than  now,  as  it  involved 
the  supplying  of  relays  of  horses  and  the  entertain- 
ment of  travellers.  Such  offices  were  in  that  day 
often  filled  by  persons  of  high  social  station. 
While  holding  this  office,  Mr.  Brewster  occupied 
Scrooby  Manor,  a  possession  of  the  archbishop  of 
York,  where  royalty  had  often  been  entertained, 
and  where  Cardinal  Wolsey  passed  several  weeks 
after  his  deposition.  His  salary  was  20d.  a  day 
until  July,  1603,  when  it  was  raised  to  2s.  a  day. 
By  this  time  he  and  his  associate  "  separatists  "  had 
become  obnoxious  to  the  "  establishment,"  and  in 
1607  they  embarked  in  a  sloop  at  Boston,  bound 
for  Holland,  intending  to  flee  the  country ;  but  the 
skipper' betrayed  them,  and  they  were  arrested. 
Brewster  was  imprisoned  and  bound  over  for  trial. 
In  the  summer  of  1608  he  was  more  successful, 
sailed  from  Hull,  and  reached  Amsterdam  in  safety. 
Having  spent  most  of  his  property  in  effecting  his 
own  escape  and  aiding  his  poorer  associates,  he  was 
obliged  to  teach  English  for  a  living.  With  the 
aid  of  friends  he  set  up  a  printing-press,  and  did 
very  well  in  a  business  point  of  view  by  printing 


372 


BREWSTER 


BRIDGE 


religious  books  that  were  contraband  in  England. 
Through  the  assistance  of  his  friend,  Sir  Edwin 
Sandys,  treasurer  of  the  Virginia  company,  he  ob- 
tained a  grant  of  land  in  North  America,  and  in 
September,  1620,  the  first  company  of  pilgrims  set 
sail  in  the  "  Mayflower,"  landing  where  Plymouth, 
Mass.,  now  stands,  on  31  Dec,  1620.  Brewster  was 
ruling  elder  of  the  church,  and  until  162*J  acted  as 
teacher  and  minister,  enduring  the  hardships  of 
the  memorable  first  winter  with  wonderful  courage 
and  cheerfulness.  He  left  four  sons  and  a  daugh- 
ter, and  his  descendants  are  among  the  most  hon- 
ored New  England  families.  His  sword  and  many 
relics  of  his  personal  property  are  still  preserved 
in  the  museum  of  the  Massachusetts  historical  so- 
ciety in  Boston,  and  at  Plymouth,  Mass.  See  "  Life 
and  Times  of  William  Brewster,  Chief  of  the  Pil- 
grims "  (Philadelphia,  1857). 

BREWSTER,  William,  ornithologist,  b.  in 
South  Reading  (now  Wakefield),  Mass.,  5  July, 
1851.  He  was  graduated  at  the  Cambridge  high 
school  in  1869,  but  was  prevented  by  a  difficulty 
with  his  eyes  from  entering  Harvard.  Subse- 
quently he  devoted  his  attention  exclusively  to  the 
study  of  ornithology,  becoming  in  1880  assistant 
in  charge  of  the  collection  of  birds  and  mammals  in 
the  Boston  society  of  natural  history,  and  in  1885 
curator  of  ornithology  at  the  museum  of  compar- 
ative zoology,  Cambridge.  Mr.  Brewster  is  a 
fellow  of  the  American  association  for  the  ad- 
vancement of  science,  and  in  1876  became  presi- 
dent of  the  Nuttall  ornithological  club  of  Cam- 
bridge. He  has  published  articles  in  the  "  Bulletin 
of  the  Nuttall  Ornithological  Club,'"  in  the  "  An- 
nals of  the  New  York  Lyceum  of  Natural  History," 
"  Proceedings  of  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural 
History."  "  The  Auk,"  and  other  periodicals. 

BREWSTER,  William  R.,  soldier,  d.  in 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  13  Dec,  1869.  He  was  a  colonel 
in  the  Excelsior  brigade,  organized  by  Daniel  E. 
Sickles  in  18G1,  and  after  the  promotion  of  that 
officer  was  made  a  brigadier-general  of  vohinteers. 
At  the  time  of  his  death  he  held  a  place  in  the  U. 
S.  internal  revenue  department. 

BRICE,  Beiijamin  W.,  soldier,  b.  in  Virginia  in 
1809  ;  d.  in  Washington,  D.  C,  4  Dec,  1892.  He  was 
graduated  from  the  U.S.  military  academy  in  1829, 
served  as"a  lieutenant  of  infantry  in  an  expedition 
against  the  Sac  Indians  in  1831,  and  on  13  Feb.,  1831, 
resigned  from  the  army.  He  was  brigade  major  in 
the  Ohio  militia  in  1835-'9,  became  a  lawyer,  and 
was  a  judge  of  common  pleas  in  1845,  and  adju- 
tant-general of  the  state  in  1846.  At  the  begin- 
ning of  the  Mexican  war  he  re-entered  the  army 
with  the  rank  of  major  on  the  staff,  on  3  March, 
1847,  and  served  as  paymaster  at  Cincinnati  and  in 
the  field.  He  was  discharged  on  4  March,  1849, 
but  was  reappointed  on  9  Feb.,  1852,  and  served  in 
the  pay  department.  He  had  charge  of  the  pay 
district  of  Kansas  and  the  territories  in  1861-'2, 
and  of  that  of  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Mary- 
land, and  Delaware  in  1862-'4,  and  on  29  Nov., 
1864,  was  appointed  paymaster-general  with  the 
rank  of  colonel.  On  13  March,  1865,  he  was  bre- 
vetted  major-general  in  the  U.  S.  army  for  faithful, 
meritorious,  and  distinguished  services.  He  was 
continued  in  charge  of  the  pay  department  at 
Washington,  was  promoted  brigadier-general  oji 
28  July,  1866,  and  on  1  Jan.,  1872,  was  retired 
from  active  service. 

BRICE  NO,  Alonso  (bre-thayn'-yo),  b.  in  San- 
tiago de  Chili  in  1591 ;  d.  in  Caracas  in  1667.  He 
entered  the  Franciscan  order  in  Lima.  Peru,  30 
Jan.,  1605.  and  was  soon  promoted  to  the  office  of 
definer  and  inspector  of  the  convents  of  his  order 


in  Chili,  Charcas,  and  Cajamarca.  Briceno  pre- 
sided over  a  literary  assembly  in  Rome  and  dis- 
tinguished himself  so  much  that  he  was  appointed 
general  of  his  order  and  judge  of  appeals  of  the 
Spanish  provinces.  He  was  proposed  by  King 
Philip  IV.  for  the  bishopric  of  Nicaragua,  conse- 
crated at  Panama,  and  then  translated  to  the  see 
of  Caracas,_Venezuela,  where  he  died. 

BRICENO,  Antonio  Nicolas,  a  revolutionary 
chief  of  Venezuela,  and  one  of  the  signers  of  th& 
act  of  independence  of  that  republic,  d.  in  1813. 
He  was  called  "  the  devil "  on  account  of  his  fiery 
and  violent  temper.  He  was  the  first  chief  who 
made  war  to  the  death  against  the  Spanish  troops, 
as  Bolivar  did  afterward.  Briceno  did  not  follow 
Bolivar's  orders  and  separated  from  him.  Being 
routed  by  the  Spaniards  and  taken  prisoner,  he 
was  executed  with  others  in  Barinas. 

BRICHER,  Alfred  Thompson,  painter,  b.  in 
Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  10  April,  1837.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  Newburyport  (Mass.)  academy,  and  en- 
tered upon  a  mercantile  career  in  Boston,  devoting 
his  leisure  to  drawing  and  painting  without  pro- 
fessional instruction.  In  a  few  years  he  attained 
noteworthy  skill  in  making  landscape  studies  from 
nature,  and  after  1858  devoted  himself  to  the  art 
as  a  profession.  He  opened  a  studio  in  Boston,, 
and  met  with  some  success  there,  but  in  1868 
sought  a  wider  field  in  New  York.  At  the  na- 
tional academy  of  that  year  he  exhibited  "  Mill- 
Stream  at  Newburyport."  Soon  afterward  he  be- 
gan to  use  water-colors  in  preference  to  oils,  and 
in  1873  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  American 
water-color  society.  Since  then  he  has  devoted 
himself  mainly  to  water-color  painting  of  land- 
scape, marine,  and  coastwise  scenery.  His  color- 
ing is  brilliant,  harmonious,  and  singularly  trans- 
parent. His  attention  to  detail  bars  him  from  the 
ranks  of  modern  "  impressionists,"  but  he  has 
many  admirers  among  lovers  of  natural  scenery. 
Among  his  more  notable  drawings  are  "  Sunset  in 
October  "  (1869) :  "  The  Maiden's  Rock,  Lake  Pe- 
pin "  (1870) ;  "  Mt.  Adams  "  (1871) ;  "  On  the  Eso- 
pus"  (1874);  "Off  Halifax  Harbor"  (1875);  "A 
Lift  in  the  Fog  "  (1876) ;  "  St.  Michael's  Mount  " 
(1877) ;  and  "  What  the  Tide  Left "  (1878). 

BRICKETT,  James,  soldier,  b.  m  1737 ;  d.  in 
Haverhill,  Mass.,  9  Dec,  1818.  He  practised 
medicine  successfully  in  Haverhill  until  the  French 
war  offered  him  an  opportunity  for  service  in  the 
field.  He  was  a  surgeon  at  Ticonderoga  in  1759- 
'60,  when  the  French  abandoned  the  vicinity  of 
Lake  Champlain.  At  the  beginning  of  the  revo- 
lutionary war  he  was  nuide  lieutenant-colonel  of 
the  Essex  co.,  Mass.,  regiment,  20  May,  1775,  was 
wounded  at  Bunker  Hill,  17  June,  and  in  the  fol- 
lowing year  was  made  brigadier  in  the  expedition 
preparing  for  Canada.  After  Burgoyne's  surren- 
der at  Saratoga  (17  Oct.,  1777),  Gen.  Brickett  was 
placed  in  command  of  the  escort,  and  marched  the 
prisoners,  about  6,000  in  number,  from  the  battle- 
field on  Hudson  river  to  Cambridge,  Mass. 

BRIDGE,  Horatio,  naval  officer,  b.  in  Augusta, 
Me.,  8  April,  1806;  d.  in  Athens,  Pa..  20  March, 
1893.  He  was  graduated  at  Bowdoin  in  1825. 
Among  his  classmates  were  Nathaniel  Hawthorne 
and  Henry  W.  Longfellow.  After  the  usual  three 
years'  course  of  study  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  1828,  and  practised  for  ten  years,  at  first  in 
Showhegan,  and  afterward  in  Augusta.  In  1838  he 
was  appointed  a  paymaster  in  the  U.  S.  navy.  He 
was  assigned  to  the  "  Cyane,"  and  cruised  in  hei 
until  1841,  when,  after  aii  interval  of  shore  duty, 
he  was  ordered  to  the  "  Saratoga,"  and  in  her  vis- 
ited the  African  coast.     After  his  return  he  pub- 


BRIDGES 


BRIDGMAN 


373 


lished  "  The  Journal  of  an  African  Cruiser  "  (New 
York,  1845),  the  authorship  of  which  is  usually 
accredited  to  his  classmate,  Nathaniel  Hawthorne. 
The  book  was,  in  fact,  edited  by  Hawthorne  from 
Bridge's  notes.  In  184G-'8  he  cruised  in  the 
Mediterranean  and  ofE  the  African  coast  in  the 
frigate  "  United  States."  From  1849  till  1851  he 
was  stationed  at  Portsmouth  navy-yard.  Near  the 
close  of  1851  he  sailed  for  the  Pacific  in  the 
"  Portsmouth,"  and  while  on  this  cruise  was  ordered 
home  and  assigned  to  duty  as  chief  of  the  bureau 
of  provisions  and  clothing,  the  duties  of  which  he 
faithfully  performed  for  nearly  fifteen  years,  cov- 
ering the  whole  period  of  the  civil  war,  and  involv- 
ing transactions  and  disbursements  to  the  amount 
of  many  millions  of  dollars.  In  July,  1809,  he  re- 
signed this  place,  and  was  assigned  to  duty  as 
•chief  inspector  of  provisions  and  clothing  until  he 
reached  the  legal  limit  of  age  for  active  duty,  when 
he  was  retired  with  the  rank  of  commodore. 

BRIDGES,  Fidelia,  artist,  b.  in  Salem,  Mass., 
19  May,  1835.  She  removed  to  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  in 
1854,  and  in  1859  went  to  Philadelphia,  where  she 
was  a  pupil  of  W.  T.  Richards.  In  18G5-"6  she 
spent  eighteen  months  studying  art  in  Italy,  Swit- 
zerland, and  Prance.  She  sent  to  the  national 
academy,  in  oil,  "  Winter  Sunshine  "  and  "  Wild 
Flowers  in  Wheat "  (1869) ;  "  Blackberry  Bushes  " 
and  "Views  on  the  Ausable"  (1870^;  "Thistles 
and  Yellow-Birds  "  (1873) ;  and  "  Cornfield  "  and 
"  Salt  Marshes "  (1874).  She  began  painting  in 
water-colors  in  1871,  and  has  been  very  successful. 
8ome  of  her  water-color  pictures  are  "  Daisies  and 
Clover  "  (1874) ;  "  Lily  Pond  "  (1875) ;  "  Mouth  of 
a  River  "  (1876) ;  "  Rye-Field  "  (1877) ;  and  "  Morn- 
ing-Glories  "  (1878).  In  1876  she  sent  to  the  cen- 
tennial exhibition  at  Philadelphia  "  A  Flock  of 
Snow-Birds,"  "  Kingfisher  and  Catkins,"  and 
"  Corner  of  a  Rye-Field,"  all  in  water-colors.  She 
was  elected  an  associate  of  the  national  academy 
of  design  in  1873,  and  member  of  the  water-color 
society  in  1874.  In  1878-9  she  spent  a  year  in 
England.  Among  her  later  pictures  are  "  East 
Hampton  Meadows  "  (1884)  and  "  Pastures  by  the 
Sea  "  (1885). 

BRIDGrES,  (Jeorg-e  Washington,  lawyer,  b. 
in  Athens,  McMinn  co.,  Tenn.,  9  Oct.,  1821 ;  d. 
there,  16  March,  1873.  After  working  several 
years  at  the  tailor's  trade,  he  made  enough  money 
to  educate  himself,  and,  having  graduated  at  the 
university  of  Tennessee,  Knoxville,  studied  law, 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  He  became  attor- 
ney-general of  the  state  in  1848,  and  held  the 
office  until  1859,  when  he  resigned  it.  He  held 
also  the  places  of  bank  attorney  and  railroad  di- 
rector, and  was  a  presidential  elector  on  the  Doug- 
las ticket  of  1860.  In  August,  1861,  he  was  elected 
to  congress  as  a  unionist,  but  was  arrested  by  the 
confederate  authorities  while  on  his  way  to  Wash- 
ington, and  taken  back  to  Tennessee,  where  he 
was  kept  a  prisoner  for  over  a  year.  Finally  es- 
caping, he  took  his  seat  in  the  house,  25  Feb.,  1863, 
and  served  until  3  March.  He  was  commissioned 
as  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  10th  Tennessee  cavalry 
in  1864,  and  in  1865  was  elected  judge  of  the 
fourth  judicial  circuit  of  Tennessee. 

BRIDGES,  Robert,  colonial  iron-factor,  lived 
in  the  17th  century.  Little  is  known  of  him  per- 
.sonally,  save  that,  according  to  Edward  Johnson, 
of  Woburn,  author  of  "  The  Wonder- Working 
Providence  "  (Boston,  1651),  "  he  was  endued  with 
able  parts,  and  forward  to  improve  them  to  the 
glory  of  God  and  his  people's  good."  In  1645  he 
was  appointed  a  commissioner  to  confer  with  the 
governors  of  the  French  provinces  to  the  north  of 


New  England.  He  appears  as  a  member  of  the 
general  court  in  the  colonial  records,  and  in  1646 
was  elected  a  speaker  of  that  body.  He  settled  at 
Lynn,  Mass.,  and  in  1643  formed  a  company  to 
work  the  large  deposits  of  "  bog  iron-ore  "  found 
in  the  vicinity.  He  went  to  London  and  organ- 
ized "  The  Company  of  Undertakers  for  the  Iron 
Works,"  consisting  of  eleven  wealthy  Englishmen 
who  advanced  £1,000  to  begin  work.  A  foundry 
was  established  on  the  western  bank  of  Saugus 
river,  and  expert  foundrymen  and  iron-workers 
came  from  England  and  Scotland  to  develop  the 
industry.  These  works  furnished  most  of  the  iron 
used  in  the  country  for  several  years,  and,  but  for 
the  scarcity  of  money  in  the  colony  and  the  conse- 
qiient  difficulty  of  making  collections,  gave  every 
indication  of  success.  The  enterprise  ultimately 
failed,  though  on  a  small  scale  the  works  were  con- 
tinued for  more  than  a  century.  Capt.  Robert 
Bridges  was  probably  the  first  American  promoter 
of  an  American  mining  scheme  involving  the  in- 
vestment of  British  capital. 

BRIDGMAN,  Frertericlf  Arthur,  painter,  b. 
in  Tuskogee,  Ala.,  10  Nov.,  1847.  His  parents 
were  from  Massachusetts.  At  the  age  of  five  years 
he  declared  he  would  be  an  artist,  and  at  sixteen 
he  removed  to  New  York  and  became  an  appren- 
tice in  the  engraving  department  of  the  American 
Bank-Note  Company.  He  remained  there  two 
years,  studying  meanwhile  at  the  Brooklyn  art 
school  and  at  the  school  of  the  national  academy 
of  design  in  New  York.  He  went  to  Paris  in  1866, 
and  was  one  of  the  first  American  students  to  en- 
ter the  studio  of  Gerome  as  a  pupil.  He  studied 
at  the  ecole  des  beaux  arts  in  Paris  for  five  years, 
the  interval  of  study  being  devoted  to  diligent 
outside  work  at  Pont  Aven  and  elsewhere  in  Brit- 
tany. He  first  sent  a  picture  to  the  Paris  salon  in 
1868 ;  it  was  entitled  "  Jeu  Breton,"  and,  like  its 
almost  yearly  successors  in  that  exhibition,  had  the 
good  fortune  to  be  hung  "  on  the  line."  During  this 
period  he  contributed  to  the  salon  of  1869  "  The  Bre- 
ton Children  in  Carnival  Time,"  of  which  an  engrav- 
ing w^s  published  in  the  illustrated  papers.  In  1870 
he  sent  "  The  American  Circus  in  Brittany."  In 
1871  there  was  no  salon  because  of  the  Franco- 
Prussian  war.  His  contribution  in  1872  was 
"  Apollo  carrying  away  Cyrene."  Tlie  winter  of 
1872-'3  he  passed  in  Algiers,  and  returned  to  the 
Pyrenees  in  the  summer  of  1873  and  painted  "  The 
Diligence."  An  excursion  through  the  Pyrenees 
in  1872  furnished  the  suggestion  of  "  Bringing  in 
the  Maize  "  (near  Bayonne),  which  was  exhibited 
that  year,  and  is  one  of  his  most  successful  works. 
Later,  in  1873,  he  went  to  Egypt,  and,  after 
working  for  a  time  at  Cairo,  went  with  friends  as 
far  up  the  Nile  as  the  second  cataract.  His 
sketches  taken  at  this  time  furnished  the  theme  of 
his  contributions  to  the  salon  on  his  return  to 
France:  "The  Funeral  of  a  Mummy"  (1877); 
"Pastimes  of  an  Assyrian  King"  (1878):  and 
"  Procession  of  the  bull  Apis  "  (1879).  The  last  of 
these  is  now  in  the  Corcoran  art  gallery,  Washing- 
ton. "  The  Funeral  of  a  Mummy  "  was  one  of  the 
successful  pictures  of  the  Paris  international  exhi- 
bition of  1878,  where  it  was  awarded  a  medal  of 
the  second  class,  and  at  the  same  time  the  artist 
was  "  decore  "  by  the  "  legion  of  honor."  Many 
oriental  and  archa;ological  pictures  were  produced 
during  these  years,  several  of  which  were  engraved 
in  "  Harper's  Monthly  Magazine,"  October,  1881. 
In  1871  he  began  to  exhibit  pictures  in  the  New 
York  national  academy,  sending  for  that  year's  ex- 
hibition "  Illusions  in  High  Life."  In  1874  he 
exhibited  the  salon  picture  of  the  preceding  year, 


374 


BRIDGMAN 


BRIGGS 


"  Bringing  in  the  Maize,"  and  in  1875  three  :  "  The 
American  Circus  in  Paris,"  "  Tete  a  Tete  in  Cairo," 
and  "  In  the  Pyrenees."  Tlie  same  year  he  was 
made  an  associate  of  the  national  academy.  In 
1876  he  exhibited  "A  Moorish  Interior"  and 
"  Chapel-Noon,  Brittany,"  and  sent  to  the  centen- 
nial exhibition  at  Philadelphia  "  A  Kybelian 
Woman,"  "Flower  of  the  Harem,"  and  "The  Nu- 
bian Story-Teller."  Many  of  his  finest  ])aintings 
are  owned  in  this  country.  In  1880  Mr.  Bridgman 
came  to  America  and  gave  a  collective  exhibition 
of  his  works  in  New  York.  He  was  chosen  a  mem- 
ber of  the  National  Academy  of  Design  in  1881, 
and  the  same  year  returned  to  Paris,  where  he  re- 
sides and  has  his  studio.  His  latest  paintings  are 
"  Caid's  Escort  at  Rest " ;  "  Family  Bath  at  Cairo  " ; 
"  My  Last  Price "  (1884) ;  and  "  Summer  on  the 
Bosphorus"  (1885). 

BRIDGrMAN,  Laura  Dewey,  blind  deaf-mute, 
b.  in  Hanover,  N.  II.,  21  Dec,  1829 ;  d.  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  24  May,  1889.  When  she  was  two  years  old 
a  severe  illness  deprived  her  of  sight  and  hear- 
ing. Her  sense  of  smell  was  also  destroyed,  and 
that  of  taste  impaired.  At  the  age  of  eight  she  was 
placed  in  the  Perkins  institution  for  the  blind,  at 
Boston,  Mass.,  where  the  superintendent,  Dr. 
Samuel  G.  Howe,  undertook  the  difficult  task  of 
instructing  her.  The  first  step  was  to  teach  her 
the  names  of  objects,  and  this  was  done  by  putting 
into  her  hands  some  familiar  article,  together  with 
its  name  in  raised  letters.  When  she  had  begun  to 
realize  that  the  words  bore  some  relation  to  the 
objects,  the  former  were  given  her  alone,  and  it 
was  found  that  she  recognized  them.  The  letters 
were  then  taken  apart,  and  she  was  taught  how  to 
put  them  together  to  form  the  words.  After  she  had 
learned  many  names  in  this  way,  type  with  raised 
letters  were  given  her,  with  a  board  containing  holes 
for  their  reception,  and  it  afforded  her  great  amuse- 
ment to  form  with  these  materials  the  names  of  ob- 
jects that  were  presented.  She  was  also  taught 
the  manual  alphabet  and  its  connection  with  the 
raised  letters,  so  that  when  the  name  of  a  new  ob- 
ject was  spelled  on  her  teacher's  hands  she  would 
compose  the  same  with  her  type.  All  this  was 
done  in  three  months,  Laura  never  grew  tired  of 
learning,  and  Dr.  Howe,  after  continuing  for  two 
years  to  teach  her  the  names  of  objects,  next  tried  to 
instruct  her  in  their  qualities  and  relations.  The 
difficulties  connected  with  each  step  having  been 
surmounted  by  patience  and  perseverance,  she  was 
next  taught  to  write  with  a  lead-pencil.  After 
this  lier  studies  were  various.  She  acquired  a 
knowledge  of  arithmetic,  of  geography,  which  was 
taught  by  means  of  maps  and  globes  in  relief,  and 
also  learned  to  sew  and  to  do  household  work. 
The  statement  that  she  learned  to  play  on  the 
piano  is  incorrect.  She  constantly  thought,  and 
asked  questions  about  what  she  had  learned.  One 
day  Dr.  Howe,  when  asked  who  it  was  that  had 
made  land  and  sea,  explained  to  her  the  character 
of  God,  and  from  this  time  her  religious  feel- 
ings became  strongly  developed.  Miss  Bridgman 
taught  in  the  Perkins  institution  with  great  suc- 
cess, and  made  it  her  home  during  the  school  ses- 
sion, spending  the  summers  with  her  mother  at 
Hanover,  N.  H.  The  facts  in  lier  life  have  been 
referred  to  by  theologians,  philosopliers,  and  medi- 
cal men  all  over  the  world,  and  her  physical  and 
mental  condition  is  still  of  great  interest.  It  is 
probable  that  when  she  came  to  Dr.  Howe  she  was 
not  quite  so  completely  in  the  state  of  one  blind 
from  birth  as  he  supposed.  The  modesty  of  her 
demeanor,  which  surprised  him  so,  and  the  facility 
•with  which  she  learned,  were  doubtless  due  to  the 


influence  of  the  twenty-six  months  when  she  had 
full  possession  of  her  senses,  though  she  was  total- 
ly luuible  to  remember  anything  that  happened  in 
that  period.  She  was  so  deaf  that  her  hand  was 
more  sensitive  to  sonorous  vibrations  than  her 
head,  yet  she  was  easily  made  dizzy  by  whirling,  a 
fact  that  has  been  thought  to  contradict  the  hy- 
pothesis that  the  semicii'cular  canal  of  the  ear  is 
the  seat  of  giddiness.  Her  left  eye  was  sensitive 
to  a  strong  beam  of  light,  which,  however,  only 
caused  her  pain.  She  was  with  diificulty  able  to 
form  a  mental  picture  involving  space  relations, 
and  it  required  effort  for  her  to  tell,  for  instance, 
how  many  sides  of  an  object  were  visible  from  one 
point.  An  interesting  peculiarity  was  her  Homer- 
ic use  of  epithets.  Her  bed  was  always  "easy"  or 
"  soft,"  her  room  "  cosey,"  and  the  fire  "  nice  "  or 
"  warm."  She  was  very  neat  in  her  dress  and  in 
the  arrangement  of  her  room,  and,  while  regard- 
ing the  rights  of  others,  was  tenacious  of  her 
own.  She  was  very  fond  of  "  talking,"  and  often 
soliloquized  in  finger-language.  Dr.  Howe  wrote, 
in  1873  :  "  She  enjoys  life  quite  as  much,  probably 
more,  than  most  persons  do.  She  reads  whatever 
book  she  finds  in  raised  print,  but  especially  the 
Bible.  She  makes  much  of  her  own  clothing,  and 
can  run  a  sewing-machine.  She  seems  happiest 
when  she  can  find  some  person  who  knows  the 
finger  alphabet,  and  can  sit  and  gossip  with  her 
about  acquaintances,  the  news,  and  general  mat- 
ters. Her  moral  sense  is  well  developed."  See 
"  Life  and  Education  of  Laura  Dewey  Bridgman," 
by  her  instructor,  Mary  S.  Lamson  (Boston,  1878). 

BRIGGS,  Amos,  manufacturer,  b.  in  East 
Greenwich,  R.  I.,  in  1795;  d.  in  Newport,  R.  I.,  8 
Aug.,  1874.  He  removed  to  Schaghticoke,  N.  Y., 
in  1820,  and  was  engaged  in  manufacturing  there 
for  more  than  fifty  years.  He  held  many  local 
offices,  was  several  times  state  senator,  and  did 
much  by  his  energy  and  public  spirit  to  increase 
tlie  prosperity  of  the  town.  He  was  also  promi- 
nent in  I'eligious  matters. 

BRIGGS,  Caleb,  geologist,  b.  in  North  Roches- 
ter, Mass.,  24  May,  1812 ;  d.  there,  28  Sept.,  1884. 
He  was  educated  as  a  physician,  but  devoted  him- 
self to  the  study  of  geology  and  its  allied  sciences, 
and  was  engaged  in  the  first  survey  of  the  coal  and 
iron  regions  of  Ohio.  He  entered  upon  the  work 
in  June,  1837,  explored  Scioto,  Lawrence,  Gallia^ 
Athens,  Jackson,  Hocking,  and  afterward  Wood. 
Crawford,  and  Tuscarawas  cos.,  and,  after  the  sur- 
vey terminated  in  1839,  was  employed  in  survey- 
ing the  western  counties  of  Virginia.  He  then 
settled  at  Ironton,  Ohio,  where  he  engaged  in  min- 
ing, and  gave  |25,000  to  found  a  public  library. 

BRIGSs,  Charles  Augustus,  clergyman,  b.  in 
New  York  city,  15  Jan.,  1841.  He  studied  in  the 
university  of  Virginia  from  1857  till  18G0,  in  tlie 
union  theological  seminary.  New  York  city,  from 
1861  till  1863,  and  in  the  uiiiversitv  of  Berlin  from 
1866  till  1869.  Returning  to  this"  country,  he  be- 
came pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  church  at  Roselle, 
N.  J.,  and  in  1874  was  appointed  to  the  chair  of 
Hebrew  in  Union  theological  seminary.  He  is 
one  of  the  editors  of  the  "  Presbyterian  Review," 
and  has  published  "  Biblical  Study "  (New  York, 
1883);  "American  Presbvterianisni "  (1885):  and 
"Messianic  Prophecv"  (1886). 

BRIGGS,  Charles  Frederick,  author,  b.  in 
Nantucket,  Mass.,  in  1804 ;  d.  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y., 
20  June,  1877.  He  removed  to  New  York  eai-ly  in 
life,  and  was  there  connected  with  the  jiress  many 
years.  He  began  the  publication  of  the  "  Broad- 
way Journal "  in  1844,  and  in  the  following  year 
Edgar  A.  Poe  became  his  associate  editor.    Proff 


BRIGGS 


BRIGHAM 


375 


1853  till  1856,  in  connection  with  George  William 
Curtis  and  Parke  Godwin,  he  was  an  editor  of 
"  Putnam's  Magazine,"  and  was  also  an  editor  of  the 
new  series  begun  in  1869.  He  was  also  connected 
with  the  "  New  York  Times  "  and  the  '•  Elvening 

Mirror,"  in  which 
he  published  a 
series  of  humor- 
ous letters  signed 
"  Fernando  Men- 
dez  Pinto."  He 
was  afterward  em- 
ployed in  the  cus- 
tom-house, and 
in  1870  joined 
the  editorial  staff 
of  the  Brooklyn 
"Union,"  of  which 
he  was  chief  ed- 
itor in  1874.  In 
the  latter  part  of 
1874  he  became 
an  attache  of  the 
New  York  "  Inde- 
pendent," where 
he  continued  till 
his  death.  He 
published  "Harry 


Franco ;  a  Tale  of  the  Great  Panic  "  (1839) ;  "  The 
Haunted  Merchant  "  (1843) ;  "  Working  a  Passage, 
or  Life  on  a  Liner "  (1844) ;  "  Trippings  of  Tom 
Pepper "  (1847) ;  and,  in  connection  with  A.  Mav- 
erick, "History  of  the  Atlantic  Telegraph  Cable" 
(185S).  These  works  are  largely  humorous,  and 
deal  with  life  in  New  York  city.  Mr.  Briggs  also 
wrote  a  few  pieces  of  poetry,  some  of  which  ap- 
peared in  "  Putnam's  Magazine,"  and  others  in  a 
volume  of  selections  entitled  "  Seaweeds  from  the 
Shores  of  Nantucket "  (Boston,  1853). 

BRIGrGS,  George  Nixon,  governor  of  Massa- 
chusetts, b.  in  Adams,  Mass.,  13  April,  1796;  d.  in 
Pittsfield,  Mass.,  12  Sept..  1861.  His  father  served 
under  Stark  and  Allen  at  Bennington.  In  1809  he 
was  apprenticed  to  a  hatter  at  White  Creek,  N.  Y., 
but  was  taken  from  the  shop  in  1811  by  an  elder 
brother  and  given  a  year's  schooling.  He  then  be- 
gan the  study  of  law,  and  in  October,  1818,  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  of  Berkshire  co.,  Mass.,  where 
he  soon  became  prominent,  practising  in  Adams, 
Lanesborough,  and  Pittsfield.  In  1827,  by  his  de- 
fence of  a  Stockbridge  Indian,  who  was  tried  for 
murder  at  Lenox,  he  established  his  reputation  as 
one  of  the  best  criminal  lawyers  in  the  state. 
From  1824  till  1831  he  was  register  of  deeds  for  his 
county,  and  in  1830  was  elected  to  congress  as  a 
whig,  serving  six  successive  terms,  and  being  at  one 
time  chairman  of  the  post-office  committee.  He 
was  known  as  an  eloquent  debater.  From  1843  till 
1851  he  was  governor  of  Massachusetts.  During 
his  administration  the  murder  of  Dr  Pai'kmau  by 
Prof.  Webster  occurred,  and  the  most  extraor- 
dinary efforts  were  made  to  induce  the  governor 
either  to  pardon  the  offender  or  to  commute  his 
sentence ;  but,  believing  that  the  good  of  the  com- 
munity required  the  execution  of  the  murderer,  he 
refused  to  interpose.  Gov.  Briggs  was  appointed 
one  of  the  judges  of  the  court  of  common  pleas  in 
1851,  which  office  he  continued  to  fill  till  the  reor- 
ganization of  the  courts  of  the  state  in  1856.  In 
1853  he  was  a  member  of  the  state  constitutional 
convention.  In  1861  he  was  one  of  a  commission 
to  adjust  the  claims  between  the  United  States  and 
New  Granada ;  but  his  death,  which  resulted  from 
the  accidental  discharge  of  a  fowling-piece,  oc- 
curred before  he  had  entered  upon  his  duties.     He 


had  taken  a  deep  interest  in  the  great  struggle 
upon  which  the  nation  had  just  entered,  and  one 
of  his  last  public  acts  was  to  address  a  regiment  of 
Massachusetts  volunteers,  of  which  his  son  was  the 
colonel.  Gov.  Briggs  had  taken  through  life  an 
active  interest  in  religious  and  benevolent  enter- 
prises, and  at  the  time  of  his  death  was  president 
of  the  American  Baptist  missionary  union,  of  the 
American  tract  society  at  Boston,  the  American 
temperance  union,  and  the  Massachusetts  Sabbath- 
school  union,  and  director  in  several  other  benevo- 
lent societies.  He  was  also,  for  sixteen  years,  a 
trustee  of  Williams  college.  A  memoir  of  him,  with 
the  title  "  Great  in  Goodness,"  was  published  bv 
the  Rev.  William  C.  Richards  (Boston,  1866).— His 
son,  Henry  Shaw,  soldier,  b.  1  Aug.,  1824,  was- 
graduated  at  Williams  in  1844,  and  became  a  law- 
yer. At  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war  he  joined 
the  army  as  colonel  of  the  10th  Massachusetts  vol- 
unteers, and  distinguished  himself  at  the  battle  of 
Fair  Oaks,  where  he  was  wounded.  On  17  July, 
1862,  he  was  made  a  brigadier-general.  At  the 
close  of  the  war  he  was  a  member  of  the  general 
court-martial  in  Washington,  D.  C— Joseph  Will- 
iam, postal  reformer,  nephew  of  George  Nixon,  b. 
in  Clermont,  N.  Y.,  5  July,  1813 ;  d.  in  Cleveland, 
Ohio,  23  Feb.,  1872.  He  was  left  an  orphan  in 
infancy,  was  brought  up  in  the  family  of  his  uncle,, 
received  a  common-school  education,  and  followed 
the  trade  of  a  harness-maker.  In  1864,  having  be- 
come an  enthusiastic  advocate  of  the  free-delivery 
letter  system,  he  received  from  Postmaster-General 
Blair  the  appointment  of  superintendent  of  the- 
system  throughout  the  country.  He  organized  it 
in  fifty-two  cities,  and  literally  wore  himself  out  in 
the  service.  Mr.  Briggs  was  a  man  of  more  tlian 
ordinary  mechanical  genius.  In  1838  he  patented 
a  stitching-Dinchine,  and  claimed  that  he  was  the 
first  to  use  a  grooved-eye  pointed  needle  that  made 
a  lock-stitch. 

BRIGHAM,  Amariah,  physician,  b.  in  New 
Marlborough,  Berkshire  CO.,  Mass.,  26  Dec,  1798;. 
d.  in  Utica,  N.  Y.,  8  Sept.,  1849.  He  lost  his  father 
early  in  life,  and  was  taken  in  charge  by  his  uncle, 
a  physician  in  Schoharie,  N.  Y.,  who  intended  to 
educate  the  boy  for  his  own  profession.  But  his 
uncle's  death  forced  young  Brigham,  then  about 
fourteen  years  old,  to  rely  upon  himself,  and,  mak- 
ing his  way  alone  to  Albany,  he  obtained  a  place 
in  a  book-store,  where  he  remained  three  years,  ac- 
quiring a  great  f(indness  for  books.  Returning  to 
New  Marlborough,  he  spent  nearly  five  years,  first 
in  preparation  for  tlie  study  of  medicine,  and  then 
in  its  prosecution,  teaching  school,  meanwhile,  dur- 
ing the  winter  months.  Beginning  practice  about 
1821,  he  lived  two  years  in  Enfield,  Mass.,  and  then 
removed  to  Greenfield,  where  he  became  widely 
known  as  a  surgeon.  In  June,  1828,  he  visited 
Europe,  whci'e  he  spent  a  year  in  Great  Britain, 
France,  Italy,  and  Spain,  attending  occasional  lec- 
tures and  studying  in  hospitals  and  other  public 
institutions.  Returning  to  Greenfield,  he  remained 
until  April,  1831,  when  he  removed  to  Hartford, 
Conn.,  and  soon  became  eminent.  At  this  time  in- 
fant schools  were  in  high  favor  in  Hartford,  and 
frequent  revivals  were  in  progress  there.  Dr.  Brig- 
ham,  deeming  both  injurious,  published  his  views  on 
the  former  in  a  work  entitled  "  Influence  of  Mental 
Cultivation  on  the  Health  "  (1832  ;  3d  ed.,  Phila- 
delphia, 1845),  and  on  the  latter  in  "  Influence  of 
Religion  upon  the  Health  and  Physical  Welfare  of 
Mankind  "  (Boston,  1835).  These  outspoken  opin- 
ions of  Dr.  Brigham's,  together  with  his  politics, 
which  were  sti'ongly  democratic,  prejudiced  many 
worthy  people  against  him.     In  1837  he  delivered 


376 


BRIGHAM 


BRIGNOLI 


a  course  of  lectures  before  the  College  of  physicians 
and  surgeons  in  New  York,  and  in  1840  was  ap- 
pointed superintendent  of  the  Hartford  retreat  for 
the  insane,  notwithstanding  strong  opposition  from 
many  of  the  directors  on  grounds  stated  above.  In 
1842,  having  accepted  a  similar  place  in  the  state 
lunatic  asylum  at  Utica,  N.  Y.,  he  removed  to  that 
place,  and  remained  there  until  his  death.  Here, 
as  at  Hartford,  he  was  successful,  both  as  a  busi- 
ness manager  and  in  his  care  for  his  patients.  Be- 
sides having  personal  supervision  of  about  500  in- 
sane persons,  he  delivered  popular  lectures,  was 
often  called  to  testify  in  the  courts  as  an  expert, 
and  established,  in  1844,  the  quarterly  "  Journal  of 
Insanity."  This  strain  upon  him  was  one  of  the 
causes  of  his  death,  which  a  trip  through  the 
southern  states,  in  the  spring  of  1848,  was  unable 
long  to  postpone.  Dr.  Brigham  published,  besides 
the  works  already  mentioned,  a  "  Treatise  on  Epi- 
demic Cholera  "  (1832) ;  "  Diseases  of  the  Brain  " 
(Utica,  1836) ;  and  "  Asylum  Souvenir,"  a  small 
volume  of  maxims  for  the  use  of  those  who  had 
been  under  his  care  (Utica,  1849). 

BRIGrHAM,  Charles  Heiiry^  clergyman,  b.  in 
Boston,  Mass.,  27  July,  1820 ;  d.  in  Brooklyn,  N. 
Y.,  19  Feb.,  1879.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
in  1839,  and  on  27  March,  1844,  was  ordained  pas- 
tor of  the  first  Congregational  church  in  Taunton, 
Mass.  He  became  pastor  of  a  Unitarian  church  in 
Ann  Arbor.  Mich.,  in  1866,  and  in  the  same  year 
was  chosen  professor  of  biblical  archaeology  and 
ecclesiastical  history  at  Meadville  (Pa.)  theological 
school,  where  he  lectured  twice  a  year  for  ten  years. 
He  also  organized  in  Ann  Arbor  a  Bible-class  espe- 
cially for  the  students  of  Michigan  university.  In 
1877  ill  health  forced  him  to  give  up  his  work.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  State  board  of  health,  of  the 
American  oriental  society,  the  Philological  society, 
and  the  American  association  for  the  advancement 
of  science,  contributed  much  to  periodical  litera- 
ture, and  published  "  Letters  of  Foreign  Travel " 
(2  vols.)  and  "Life  of  Rev.  Simeon  Daggett."  A 
collection  of  his  papers,  with  a  memoir  by  Rev.  B. 
B.  Willson,  appeared  after  his  death  (Boston,  1881). 

BRIGHAM,  Paul,  soldier,  b.  in  1745;  d.  in 
Norwich,  Vt.,  16  June,  1824.  He  was  four  years  a 
captain  in  the  Revolutionary  army,  was  high  sheriff 
of  Windsor  county,  Vt.,  for  five  years,  major-gen- 
eral of  militia,  and  chief  judge  of  the  county  court 
for  five  years.  He  was  lieutenant-governor  of  the 
state  from  1796  till  1813,  and  again  from  1815  till 
1820.  From  25  Aug.  till  16  Oct.,  1797,  he  was  act- 
ing governor,  by  reason  of  the  death  of  Gov. 
Thomas  Chittenden. 

BRKtHT,  Jesse  D.,  senator,  b.  in  Norwich, 
Chenango  co.,  N.  Y.,  18  Dec,  1812 ;  d.  in  Balti- 
more, Md..  20  May,  1875.  He  was  taken  to  In- 
diana by  his  parents  in  1820,  received  an  academic 
education  there,  studied  law,  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1831.  and  began  practice  in  Madison, 
Ind.  He  was  elected  judge  of  the  probate  court 
of  Jefferson  co.  in  1834,  was  sent  to  the  legis- 
lature in  1836,  and  in  1841  became  lieutenant- 
governor  of  the  state.  He  had  also  served  as  cir- 
cuit judge  and  U.  S.  marshal.  He  was  sent  to  the 
U.  S.  senate  as  a  democrat  in  1845,  and  was  twice 
re-elected,  serving  several  times  as  its  president  pro 
tempore.  While  in  congress  he  voted  persistently 
with  the  southern  democrats  on  all  questions  in- 
volving the  restriction  of  slavery.  In  1857  it 
was  claimed  by  the  republicans  that  his  election 
was  fraudulent,  and  his  seat  was  contested.  He 
was  victorious,  however,  and  held  it  until  1862, 
when  a  charge  of  disloyalty  was  brought  against 
him,  the  chief  evidence  being  a  letter  addressed  to 


"  His  Excellency,  Jefferson  Davis,  President  of  the 
Confederation  of  States,"  recommending  a  friend 
who  had  an  "  improvement  in  fire-arms  "  of  which 
he  wished  to  dispose.  The  senate  committee  on  the 
judiciary  reported,  five  to  two,  that  this  did  not 
constitute  sufficient  evidence  against  Mr.  Bright. 
In  a  speech  in  his  own  behalf,  he  said  that  in  March, 
1861  (the  date  of  the  letter),  he  had  no  idea  that  there 
would  be  war,  and  that  he  wrote  it  to  rid  himself  of 
the  inventor's  importunities.  Nevertheless,  strong 
speeches  against  him  were  made  by  Charles  Sum- 
ner and  others,  and  on  5  Feb.,  1862,  he  was  for- 
mally expelled  from  the  senate,  by  a  vote  of  32  to 
14.  He  afterward  removed,  with  his  family,  to 
Carrollton,  Ky.,  and  then  to  Covington,  where  he 
was  elected  to  the  Kentucky  legislature  in  1866. 
In  1874  he  removed  to  Baltimore,  where  he  re- 
mained till  his  death. 

BRIGtHT,  Jonathan  Brown,  author,  b.  in 
Waltham,  Mass.,  23  April,  1800 ;  d.  there,  17  Dec, 
1879.  He  was  educated  in  the  Waltham  common 
schools  and  in  Westford  (Mass.)  academy,  and  at 
sixteen  years  of  age  removed  to  Missouri.  Five 
years  later  he  engaged  in  business  in  Alabama, 
and  in  1823  went  to  New  York,  where  he  became  a 
cotton-broker.  In  1849  he  left  business  and  re- 
tired to  his  native  place,  where  he  was  known  as  a 
public-spirited  citizen.  Mr.  Bright  became  inter- 
ested in  genealogy,  and  made  many  researches  into 
his  family  history  both  here  and  in  England,  the 
results  of  which  were  published  in  a  volume  in- 
tended for  private  distribution,  which  has  been 
pronounced  a  model  for  works  of  its  kind.  It  is 
entitled  "  The  Brights  of  Suffolk,  England,  repre- 
sented in  America  by  the  Descendants  of  Henry 
Bright,  Jr.,  who  settled  at  Watertown,  Mass.,  about 
1630"  (1858).  Mr.  Bright  left  to  Harvard  college 
$50,000,  the  income  to  h&  divided  between  the  pur- 
chase of  books  and  the  support  of  scholarships, 
to  which  Brights  lineally  descended  from  Henry 
Bright,  Jr.,  should  have  priority  of  claim. 

BRIGHT,  Marshal  Huntington,  b.  in  Hudson, 
N.  Y.,  18  Aug.,  1834.  He  received  an  academic 
education,  and  took  a  course  at  the  Lawrence  sci- 
entific school  of  Harvard  in  1852-'3.  In  1854  he 
became  associate  editor  of  the  Albany  '•  Argus," 
and  was  a  reporter  in  the  New  York  state  senate. 
He  was  appointed  on  the  staff  of  Gen.  Robert  An- 
derson in  October,  1861,  and  afterward  served  on 
the  staffs  of  Gens.  D.  C.  Buell,  W.  S.  Roseerans, 
and  George  H.  Thomas.  He  was  brevetted  major 
for  his  services  during  the  war,  and,  after  resign- 
ing his  commission  at  its  close,  engaged  in  silver- 
mining  in  Nevada.  In  1873  he  became  editor  of 
the  •'  Christian  at  Work,"  New  York,  and  continues 
in  that  position.  He  has  contributed  to  period- 
icals on  theological,  scientific,  and  sociological 
subjects,  and  has  delivered  numerous  addresses. 
Author  of  "  The  Story  of  America  "  (1895). 

BRIGNOLI,  Pasquale,  singer,  b.  in  Naples, 
Italy,  m  1824;  d.  in  New  York  city.  30  Oct.,  1884. 
He  received  a  fine  musical  education,  '''and  became 
a  pianist  of  some  ability.  It  is  said  that  at  the 
age  of  fifteen  he  wrote  an  opera,  and,  disgusted  at 
the  way  in  which  the  finest  aria  was  sung,  rushed 
upon  tiie  stage  and  sang  it  himself,  to  the  delight 
of  all.  He  paid  little  attention,  however,  to  the  cul- 
tivation of  his  voice  until  after  he  was  twenty-one. 
Success  in  the  concert-room  encouraged  him  to 
appear  in  opera,  in  Paris  and  London.  He  came 
to  the  United  States  with  Strakosch  in  1855,  and 
soon  attained  a  popularity  that  lasted  alm.ost  to 
the  end  of  his  life.  His  voice  in  his  best  days  was 
a  tenor  of  great  volume  and  sweetness,  and  even 
in  his  sixtieth  year  he  was  still  heard  with  delight 


BRILLAT-SAVARIN 


BRINTON 


377 


in  concert  and  English  opera.  He  was  unrivalled 
in  grace  of  execution  and  facility  in  phrasing.  He 
supported  Madame  Patti  on  her  hrst  appearance 
in  the  United  States,  and  afterward  sang  with  La 
Grange,  Parepa,  Nilsson,  Titiens,  and  many  other 
celebrated  artists.  Brignoli  made  three  trips  to 
Europe ;  but  this  country  became  his  adopted 
home.  Notwithstanding  the  large  sums  of  money 
that  he  made  bv  his  singing,  he  died  in  poverty. 

BRILLAT-SAVARIN,  Anthelme,  French  au- 
thor, b.  in  Bellay,  1  April,  1755:  d.  in  Paris,  2 
Feb.,  1826.  He  was  a  deputy  in  the  states-genei-al 
in  1789,  judge  of  the  court  of  cassation  in  1792, 
and  in  1793  mayor  of  Bellay,  but  fled  to  Switzer- 
land, and  thence  to  the  United  States  in  that  year 
to  escape  the  revolutionary  tribunal.  He  resided 
three  years  in  New  York,  where  he  taught  French 
and  played  an  -instrument  in  the  orchestra  of  a 
theatre.  After  his  return  to  France  in  1796  he 
was  a  judge  in  the  court  of  cassation.  Besides 
anonymous  writings  on  political  economy  and 
arch;eology,  and  a  volume  on  duelling,  he  pub- 
lished a  famous  work  entitled  "  Physiologic  du 
gout "  (1825),  interspersed  with  anecdotes  of  his 
sojourn  in  the  United  States. 

BRINDIS,  Claudio  J.,  Cuban  negro  violinist, 
b.  in  Havana  in  1852.  His  first  studies,  begun  un- 
der his  father,  were  completed  in  the  conservatory 
of  Paris,  where  he  won  the  first  prize.  He  has 
played  with  great  sviccess  in  all  the  principal  cities 
of  Europe,  and  received  many  decorations  from 
European  monarchs. 

BRINKERHOFF,  Jacob,  jurist,  b.  in  New 
York  in  1810 :  d.  in  Mansfield,  Ohio,  19  July,  1880. 
He  removed  early  to  Plymouth.  Ohio,  and  was 
elected  to  congress  as  a  democrat,  serving  from  4 
Dec,  1843,  till  3  March,  1847.  While  in  congress 
he  was  the  author  of  the  original  draft  of  the  cele- 
brated Wilmot  proviso.  From  1856  till  1871  he 
was  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  Ohio. 

BRINLEY,  Francis,  author,  b.  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  10  Nov..  1800  :  d.  in  Newport,  R.  L,  15  June, 
1889.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1818,  stud- 
ied law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  before  he  came 
of  age.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Boston  com- 
mon council  for  several  years,  and  its  president 
in  1850  and  1851.  He  was  a  member  of  the  lower 
house  of  the  legislature  in  1832,  1850,  and  1854, 
and  in  1852, 1853,  and  1863  of  the  state  senate.  In 
1853  he  was  a  delegate  to  the  state  constitutional 
convention.  In  1857  he  removed  to  Tyngsborough, 
and  afterward  to  Newport,  R.  I.  Mr.  Brinley  took 
great  interest  in  railways  and  other  internal  im- 
provements, and  advocated  the  abolition  of  im- 
prisonment for  debt,  and  the  maintenance  of  a 
well-regulated  militia.  He  was  three  times  cap- 
tain of  the  "  Ancient  and  Honorable  Artillery 
Company  "  of  Boston,  and  for  several  years  presi- 
dent of  the  Redwood  library,  Newport.  He  has 
contributed  frequently  to  '*  Hunt's  Merchant's 
Magazine  "  and  to  the  "  American  Jurist,"  and  his 
articles  on  dower  are  quoted  by  Chancellor  Kent 
in  his  commentaries.  He  also  wrote  much  for  the 
newspapers,  and  was  successful  as  a  lecturer.  He 
has  published  an  "  Address  before  the  Franklin 
Debating  Society  of  Boston  "  (1830),  and  a  life  of 
his  brother-in-law,  William  T.  Porter,  founder  of 
the  "  Spirit  of  the  Times  "  (1860). 

BRINLEY,  Georare,  book-collector,  b.  in  Bos- 
ton, 15  May,  1817 ;  d^.  in  Bermuda,  14  May,  1875. 
He  was  educated  at  the  best  schools  in  Boston. 
For  a  short  time  he  engaged  in  business ;  but  his 
health  admonished  him  to  adopt  a  different  mode 
of  life,  and,  having  inherited  a  sufficient  estate,  he 
Was  able  to  indulge  his  taste  for  rare  and  curious 


books.  He  employed  agents  and  purchasers  wher- 
ever books  were  to  be  bought,  and  made  a  collec- 
tion of  Americana  tliat  was  only  surpassed  by  those 
of  John  Carter  Brown  and  James  Lenox.  It  com- 
prised more  than  12,000  volumes,  a  large  propor- 
tion of  them  very  rare,  and  all  of  them  valuable. 
Such  of  the  books  as  required  binding  were  placed 
in  the  hands  of  the  most  skilled  workmen  of  mod- 
ern times.  In  his  will  Mr.  Brinley  gave  books  to> 
the  value  of  $25,000  to  the  libraries  of  Yale  and 
other  colleges ;  representatives  from  each  to  attend 
the  sale  and  bid  with  other  intending  buyers,  but 
not  being  required  to  pay  for  their  purchases  un- 
less the  pro-rata  amount  was  exceeded.  During 
most  of  his  life  Mr.  Brinley  resided  in  Hartford,. 
Conn.,  where  his  collection  was  jealously  guarded 
from  the  sight  of  all  save  the  most  appreciative 
and  trusted  of  his  book  -  loving  acquaintances. 
The  library  was  catalogued  by  Dr.  J.  Hammond 
Trumbull,  of  Hartford,  and  its  three  parts  com- 
prise a  nearly  exhaustive  bibliography  of  the  rarest 
American  books.  In  1868  Mr.  Brinley  received 
the  degree  of  M.  A.  from  Yale. — His  son,  Charles. 
Augustus,  b.  in  Hartford,  Conn.,  23  Aug.,  1847, 
was  attached  in  1864-5  to  the  field  party  of  the 
California  state  geological  survey,  and  was  with 
the  engineers  employed  by  the  U.  S.  government 
to  survey  a  wagon-road  to  Colorado  river.  Return- 
ing to  the  east,  he  entered  Sheffield  scientific  school, 
and  was  graduated  in  1869,  spending  three  years 
in  a  post-graduate  course  of  chemistry  and  metal- 
lurgy. In  these  branches  of  science  he  became  a 
recognized  expert,  and  since  1872  has  been  super- 
intendent of  the  Midvale  steel  works  near  Phila- 
delphia, and  of  a  sugar-refinery  in  that  city. 

BRINTON,  Daniel  Garrison,  ethnologist,  b. 
in  Chester  co..  Pa.,  13  May,  1837;  d.  in  Atlantic 
City,  N.  J.,  31  July,  1899.  He  was  graduated  at 
Yale  and  at  the  Jefl'erson  medical  college,  after 
which  he  spent  a  year  in  Europe.  On  his  return  he 
entered  the  army,  in  August,  1862,  as  acting  assist- 
ant surgeon.  In  February  of  the  following  year 
he  was  commissioned  surgeon,  and  served  as  sur- 
geon-in-chief of  the  second  division,  11th  corps. 
He  was  present  at  the  battles  of  Chancellorsville^ 
Gettysburg,  and  other  engagements,  and  was  ap- 
pointed medical  director  of  his  corps  in  October, 
1863.  In  consequence  of  a  sunstroke  received  soon 
after  the  battle  of  Gettysburg,  he  was  disqualified 
for  active  service,  and  in  the  autumn  of  that  year 
he  became  superintendent  of  hospitals  at  Quincy 
and  Springfield,  111.,  until  August,  1865,  when,  the 
civil  war  having  closed,  he  was  brevetted  lieuten- 
ant-colonel and  discharged.  He  then  settled  in 
Philadelphia,  where  he  became  editor  of  "  The 
Medical  and  Surgical  Reporter,"  and  also  of  the 
quarterly  "  Compendium  of  Medical  Science."  Dr. 
Brinton  has  likewise  been  a  constant  contributor 
to  other  medical  journals,  chiefly  on  questions  of 
public  medicine  and  hygiene,  and  has  edited  sev- 
eral volumes  on  therapeutics  and  diagnosis,  espe- 
cially the  popular  series  known  as  "Napheys's 
Modern  Tiierapeutics,"  which  has  passed  through 
many  editions.  In  the  medical  controversies  of 
the  day,  he  has  always  taken  the  position  that 
medical  science  should  be  based  on  the  results 
of  clinical  observation,  rather  than  on  physiologi- 
cal experiments.  He  has  become  prominent  as  a 
student  and  a  writer  on  American  ethnology,  his 
work  in  this  direction  beginning  while  he  was  a 
student  in  college.  The  winter  of  1856-'7,  spent  in 
Florida,  supplied  him  with  material  for  his  first 
published  book  on  the  subject.  In  1884  he  was 
appointed  professor  of  ethnology  and  archaeology 
in  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  Philadelphia. 


378 


BRION 


BRISSOT   DE   WARVILLE 


For  some  years  he  has  been  president  of  the  Nu- 
mismatic and  Antiquarian  Society  of  Pliiladelphia, 
and  in  1886  he  was  elected  vice-president  of  the 
American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of 
Science,  to  preside  over  the  section  on  anthro- 
pology. During  the  same  year  he  was  awarded 
the  medal  of  the  "  Societe  Americaine  de  France  " 
for  his  "  numerous  and  learned  works  on  American 
ethnology,"  being  the  first  native  of  the  United 
States  that  has  been  so  honored.  In  1885  the 
American  publishers  of  the  "  Iconographic  Ency- 
clopa3dia"  requested  him  to  edit  the  first  volume, 
to  contribute  to  it  the  articles  on  "Anthropology" 
and  "  Ethnology,"  and  to  revise  that  on  "  Ethnog- 
raphy," by  Prof.  Gerland,  of  Strasburg.  He  also 
contributed  to  the  second  volume  of  the  same  work 
an  essay  on  the  "  Prehistoric  Archasology  of  both 
Hemispheres."  Dr.  Brinton  has  established  a  li- 
brary and  publishing-house  of  aboriginal  Ameri- 
can literature,  for  the  purpose  of  placing  within 
the  reach  of  scholars  authentic  materials  for  the 
study  of  the  languages  and  culture  of  the  native 
races  of  America.  Each  work  is  the  production  of 
native  minds,  and  is  printed  in  the  original.  The 
series,  most  of  which  were  edited  by  Dr.  Brinton 
himself,  include  "The  Maya  Chronicles"  (Phila- 
delphia, 1882) ;  "  The  Iroquois  Book  of  Rites " 
(1883) ;  "  The  Giiegiience  :  A  Comedy  Ballet  in  the 
Nahuatt  Spanish  Dialect  of  Nicaragua  "  (1883) ;  "  A 
Migration  Legend  of  the  Creek  Indians "  (1884) ; 
"  The  Lenape  and  their  Legends  "  (1885) ;  "  The 
Annals  of  the  Cakchiquels  "  (1885).  Besides  pub- 
lishing numerous  papers,  he  has  contributed  valu- 
able reports  on  his  examinations  of  mounds,  shell- 
heaps,  rock  inscriptions,  and  other  antiquities.  He 
is  the  author  of  "The  Floridian  Peninsula:  Its 
Literarv  History,  Indian  Tribes,  and  Antiquities  " 
(Philadelphia,  1859);  "The  Myths  of  the  New 
Woi'ld :  A  Treatise  on  the  Symbolism  and  Mythol- 
ogy of  the  Red  Race  of  America"  (New  York, 
1868) ;  "  The  Religious  Sentiment :  A  Contribution 
to  the  Science  and  Philosophy  of  Religion  "  (1876) ; 
"American  Hero  Myths:  A  Study  in  the  Native 
Religions  of  the  Western  Continent  "  (Philadel- 
phia, 1882) ;  "  Aboriginal  American  Authors  and 
their  Productions,  especially  those  in  the  Native 
Languages  "  (1883) ;  and  "  A  Grammar  of  the  Cak- 
chiquel  Language  of  Guatemala"  (1884). 

BRION,  Luis  (bree-awn'),  Colombian  naval  offi- 
cer, b.  in  Cura9oa,  6  July,  1782 ;  d.  20  Sept.,  1821. 
He  was  sent  to  Holland  to  receive  his  education, 
his  father  being  a  native  of  that  country,  entered 
the  Dutch  army,  and  afterward  visited  the  United 
States,  where  he  studied  navigation.  On  the  death 
of  his  father  he  bought  a  vessel,  made  several  voy- 
ages, established  a  mercantile  house  at  Cura^oa, 
and  in  1811  was  appointed  captain  of  a  frigate  in 
the  service  of  the  republic  and  state  of  Caracas. 
At  his  own  expense  he  fitted  out  a  fleet,  and  at- 
tacked the  Spanish  forces  at  the  island  of  Marga- 
rita, where  he  gained  a  signal  victory.  Brion  dis- 
tinguished himself  at  the  conquest  of  Guiana,  and 
also  at  Santa  Marta  and  Cartagena.  The  Jatter 
part  of  his  life  was  rendered  unhappy  by  a  misun- 
derstanding with  Bolivar,  which  so  preyed  upon 
his  mind  that  he  became  ill,  and  returned  to  Cura- 
§oa.  dying  soon  afterward  in  poverty. 

BRISBANE,  Abbott  Hall,  military  engineer, 
b.  in  South  Carolina ;  d.  in  Summerville,  S.  C,  28 
Sept.,  1861.  He  was  graduated  at  the  U.  S.  mili- 
tary academy  in  1825,  and  appointed  second  lieuten- 
ant of  the  3d  artillery,  serving  on  topographical 
duty  in  the  city  of  Washington,  and  afterward 
with  the  engineer,  Bernard,  on  the  South  Atlantic 
goast  until  the  close  of  the  year  1827,  when  he  re- 


signed. He  served  in  the  Florida  war  against  the 
Seminole  Indians  in  1835-6  as  colonel  "of  South 
Carolina  volunteers,  and  was  engaged  in  the  skir- 
mish of  Tomoka,  10  March,  1836.  After  the  war 
he  turned  his  attention,  as  engineer,  to  a  projected 
railroad  from  Charleston,  S.  C,  to  Cincinnati,  Ohio, 
having  especially  intrusted  to  him  the  examina- 
tion of  the  mountain-passes  through  which  it  was 
to  run.  He  received  the  appointment  of  construct- 
ing engineer  of  the  projected  road,  which  place  he 
held  from  1836  till  1840.  He  was  also  chief  engi- 
neer of  the  Ocmulgee  and  Flint  railroad,  Ga.,  in 
1840-'4.  In  1847-8  he  was  superintending  en- 
gineer of  an  artesian  well  for  the  supply  of  water 
to  the  city  of  Charleston,  and  he  then  accepted  the 
chair  of  belles-lettres  and  ethics  in  the  South  Caro- 
lina military  academy,  occupying  the  place  from 
1848  till  1853,  after  which  he  retired  to  his  planta- 
tion near  Charleston.  He  was  the  author  of  a 
political  romance,  "  Ralphton,  or  the  Young  Caro- 
linian of  1776." 

BRISBANE,  William  H.,  clergvman,  b.  about 
1803;  d.  in  Arena,  Wis.,  in  1878.  He  inherited  a 
large  number  of  slaves,  but  became  convinced  that 
slavery  was  Avrong,  and  in  1835  brought  thirty- 
three  of  them  to  the  north,  manumitting  them  and 
aiding  them  to  settle  in  life.  In  consequence  of 
this,  he  was  obliged  to  take  rank  among  the  poor 
men  of  the  country.  Making  his  home  in  Cincin- 
nati, he  became  the  associate  of  prominent  aboli- 
tionists, and  a  constant  worker  in  their  cause.  In 
the  early  days  of  the  anti-slavery  agitation  he  was 
among  its  foremost  advocates.  In  1855  he  removed 
to  Wisconsin,  was  chief  clerk  of  the  state  senate  in 
1857,  became  pastor  of  the  Baptist  church  in  Madi- 
son, and  early  in  the  civil  war  was  tax  commis- 
sioner of  South  Carolina.  In  June,  1874,  he  took 
an  active  part  in  the  reunion  of  the  old  abolition 
guards  in  C!hicago. 

BRISBIN,  James  Sanks,  soldier,  b.  in  Boals- 
burg.  Pa..  23  May,  1837;  d.  in  Philadelphia,  14 
Jan.,  1892.  He  became  known  as  an  anti-slavery 
orator,  and  at  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war  en- 
listed as  a  private  in  a  Pennsylvania  regiment,  and 
in  April,  1861,  he  was  appointed  second  lieutenant 
of  the  1st  dragoons.  At  the  battle  of  Bull  Run,  21 
July,  1861,  he  was  twice  wounded.  He  was  pro- 
moted captain  in  the  6th  cavalry,  5  Aug.,  served 
with  his  regiment  in  the  peninsular  campaign  of 
the  army  of  the  Potomac  (1862),  and,  under  Gen.  Al- 
fred Pleasanton,  accompanied  the  expedition  to  the 
Blue  Ridge  mountains  in  1863.  He  was  appointed 
colonel  of  the  5th  U.  S.  colored  cavalry,  1  March, 
1864,  and  was  engaged  in  the  Red  river  expedition 
in  the  department  of  the  Gulf  in  April  and  May, 
1864.  Later  in  the  same  year  he  was  on  recruiting 
service  in  Kentucky,  and  chief  of  staff  to  Gen. 
Burbridge.  He  was  brevetted  brigadier-general  of 
volunteers,  13  March,  1865,  for  gallant  conduct  at 
the  battle  of  Marion,  Va.,  16-19  Dec,  1864,  and 
was  promoted  to  the  full  rank  of  brigadier-general 
of  volunteers,  1  May,  1865.  He  received  the  brevet 
of  major-general  of  voliniteers,  15  Dec,  1865.  In 
the  mean  time  he  had  received  brevets  of  major 
and  lieutenant-colonel  in  the  regular  service  for 
gallantry  at  Beverly  Ford,  9  June,  1863,  and  at 
Marion,  "Va.  He  was  brevetted  colonel  in  the  reg- 
ular army,  13  March,  1865,  for  "  meritorious  services 
during  tlie  war."  He  was  transferred  to  the  9th 
U.  S.  colored  cavalry  in  July,  1866,  and  was  pro- 
moted major.  2d  cavalry,  1  Jan.,  1868,  and  lieuten- 
ant-colonel, 9th  cavalry,  6  June,  1885. 

BRISSOT  DE  WARVILLE,  Jean  Pierre, 
French  author,  b.  in  Chart  res,  14  Jan.,  1754;  d.  31 
Oct.,  1793.     He  was  the  thirteenth  son  of  an  inn- 


BRISTED 


BRISTED 


379 


keeper,  and  was  brought  up  in  the  village  of  Ouar- 
ville,  or  Warville,  from  which  he  took  his  name, 
studied  law  in  Paris,  and  after  the  completion  of  his 
studies  was  employed  by  a  procurator,  for  whom 
Robespierre  also  worked.  His  first  book,  "  Theorie 
des  lois  criminelles,"  brought  him  to  the  notice  of 
Voltaire  and  D'Alembert,  and  his  "  Bibliotheque 
des  lois  criminelles  "  gave  him  a  wide  reputation. 
In  1784  he  was  imprisoned  for  four  months  in  the 
bastile  as  the  supposed  author  of  a  pamphlet  re- 
flecting on  the  queen,  which  was  really  written  by 
the  marquis  Pelleport.  Going  to  London  upon  his 
release,  he  there  edited  a  learned  periodical  called 
the  "  Lyceum."  On  returning  to  Paris,  he  founded, 
in  1788,  the  society  of  friends  of  the  blacks,  and 
came  to  the  United  States  in  its  commission  to 
inquire  into  the  condition  of  the  negroes.  He  re- 
turned to  France  at  the  beginning  of  the  revo- 
lution of  1789,  and  edited  "  Le  jDatriote  Fran^ais," 
was  elected  to  the  legislative  assembly,  and  became 
the  leader  of  the  girondists,  and  the  most  influen- 
tial opponent  of  the  court  and  the  aristocracy. 
After  the  king's  flight  Ije  became  leader  of  the 
party  that  demanded  his  deposition,  but  in  the 
convention,  in  which  he  sat  as  the  representative 
of  the  department  of  Eure-et-Loire,  he  opposed  the 
execution  of  the  king,  and  antagonized  the  men 
of  September.  He  was  instrumental  in  bringing 
about  the  declaration  of  war  against  England, 
Holland,  and  Austria.  Incurring  the  hostility  of 
Robespierre  and  the  montagnards,  he  was  accused 
of  I'oyalism  and  federalism.  After  the  defeat  of 
his  party,  the  girondists,  on  31  May.  1793,  he  fled, 
but  was  arrested  at  Moulins,  and,  after  a  long  im- 
prisonment, during  which  he  wrote  his  memoirs, 
was  guillotined.  The  nickname  "  Brissotins," 
originally  invented  by  the  royalists  to  designate 
the  revolutionists,  came  to  be  applied  to  the  giron- 
dists. While  in  America,  Brissot  adopted  the 
habits  of  the  Quakers,  and,  on  his  return  to  France, 
introduced  the  fashion  of  wearing  the  hair  with- 
out powder.  His  eloquence  and  literary  ability 
contributed  materially  to  the  success  of  the  French 
revolution.  He  published,  among  other  works, 
"Examination  of  the  Travels  of  Chastellux  in 
America  "  ;  "  The  Commerce  of  America  with  Eu- 
rope "  (London,  1793) ;  "  Letters  on  the  History  of 
England  "  ;  and  "  To  his  Constituents  on  the  Situ- 
ation of  the  National  Convention."  See  his  "  Me- 
moires  pour  servir  a  I'histoire  de  la  revolution," 
published  by  his  son  (Paris,  1830-2);  also  La- 
martine's  "History  of  the  Girondists"  and  "Vie 
pi'ive  et  politique  de  Brissot "  (Paris,  1792). 

BRISTED,  John,  clergyman,  b.  in  Dorsetshire, 
England,  in  1778;  d.  in  Bristol,  R.  I.,  23  Feb., 
1855.  He  was  the  son  of  a  clergyman  of  the  estab- 
lished church.  After  being  graduated  at  Win- 
■chester  college,  he  studied  medicine  in  Edinburgh, 
and  took  a  two  years'  course  of  law  in  the  office  of 
the  celebrated  Chitty.  He  removed  to  the  United 
States  in  1806,  practised  law  in  New  York  city  for 
several  years  with  success,  and  married,  in  1820,  a 
daughter  of  John  Jacob  Astor.  He  studied  divin- 
ity under  Dr.  (afterward  Bishop)  Griswold,  then 
rector  of  St.  Michael's,  Bristol,  R.  I.,  and  in  1828 
was  ordained  and  made  the  rector's  assistant.  In 
1829  Dr.  Griswold  remoA'^ed  to  Massachusetts,  and 
Mr.  Bristed  became  his  successor  as  i-ector  of  the 
parish,  where  he  remained  until  1843.  In  1807  he 
•conducted  the  "  ISIonthly  Magazine,"  and  in  1814 
delivered  an  oration  on  "  The  Utility  of  Literary 
Establishments."  His  piiblications  include  "A 
Pedestrian  Tour  through  Part  of  the  Highlands  in 
Scotland  in  1801 "  (2  vols.,  1804) ;  "  The  Adviser, 
or  the  Moral  and  Literary  Tribunal "  (4  vols.,  Lon- 


--  a\ 


don,  1802) ;  "  Critical  and  Philosophical  Essays " 
(1804);  "The  System  of  the  Society  of  Friends 
Examined  "  (1805) ;  "  Edward  and  Anna,"  a  novel 
(1805) ;  "  Hints  on  the  National  Bankruptcy  of 
Great  Britain  "  (New  York,  1809) ;  "  Resources  of 
the  British  Empire"  (1811);  "Resources  of  the 
United  States "  (New  York,  1818 ;  reprinted  in 
London,  under  the  title  of  "  America  and  her  Re- 
sources," 1818) ;  and  "  Thoughts  on  the  Anglican 
and  Anglo-American  Churches,"  a  reply  to  Mr. 
Wilkes's  work  on  "  Correlative  Claims  and  Duties  " 
(New  York  and  London,  1823).  An  English  re- 
viewer of  his  "Resources  of  the  United  States," 
which  was  published  about  the  same  time  that 
Sydney  Smith  asked  his  famous  question,  "  Who 
reads  an  American  book  ? "  referred  to  the  "  un- 
substantial prospect  with  which  the  prophetic 
folly  that  ever  accompanies  democracy  had  im- 
pressed his  mind  to  a  degree  almost  equalling  that 
of  the  vain  people  with  whom  he  had  domiciled." 
— His  son,  Charles  Astor,  author,  b.  in  New  York 
city,  6  Oct.,  1820 :  d.  in  Washington,  D.  C,  15  Jan., 
1874.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  with  honors  in 
1839,  and  afterward  spent  five  years  in  Trinity  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  England,  where  he  was  gradu- 
ated in  1845,  tak- 
ing    numerous  

prizes  and  being 
made  a  founda- 
tion scholar  of 
the  college.  In 
1847  he  mar- 
ried the  daugh- 
ter of  Henry 
Brevoort,  and 
travelled  exten- 
sively in  Eu- 
rope, amusing 
himself  by  writ- 
ing for  newspa- 
pers and  period- 
icals, on  social 
and  ephemeral 
topics,  general- 
ly over  the  pen- 
name  of  "  Carl 
Benson."  There 

was  a  cynical  tone  in  many  of  his  writings, 
which  increased  as  he  grew  older.  Classical  sub- 
jects, poetical  themes,  and  social  sketches  were 
treated  with  equal  ease ;  he  did  not  hesitate  to 
discuss  any  topic,  great  or  small,  that  struck  his 
fancy,  and  his  wide  culture  and  profound  schol- 
arship made  his  essays  attractive  to  readers  of 
light  literature.  Mr.  Bristed  was  one  of  the  trus- 
tees of  the  Astor  library  from  its  origin.  After 
spending  many  years  in  Europe,  at  its  gayest 
capitals  and  resorts,  wiiere  he  was  the  associate 
of  many  eminent  men  of  the  time,  he  returned  to 
this  country,  and  made  his  home  in  Washington. 
His  second  wife,  who  survives  him,  is  a  member  of 
the  Sedgwick  family.  Bristed's  published  works 
comprise  "  Selections  from  Catullus,"  by  an  Eton 
assistant  master,  which  he  revised,  adding  notes  of 
his  own  (1849) ;  "  Letters  to  Horace  Mann,"  being 
a  reply  to  some  strictures  on  the  characters  of  Gi- 
rard  and  Astor,  entitled  "  Thoughts  for  a  Young 
Man  "  (1850) ;  "  The  Upper  Ten  Thousand,"  a  series 
of  sketches  of  New  York  society  life,  first  printed 
in  "  Eraser's  Magazine  "  (New  York,  1852) ;  "  Five 
Years  in  an  English  University  "  (1852).  To  this 
last  volume  were  added  in  an  appendix  his  college 
orations  and  essays,  together  with  specimen 
examination-papers  (new  ed.,  enlarged.  New  York, 
1872).     He  also  published  the  "  Interference  Theory 


380 


BRISTOL 


BROADDUS 


of  Government "  (New  York,  1867),  and  "  Pieces  of 
a  Broken-down  Critic  "  (New  York,  1874). 

BRISTOL,  Augusta  Cooper,  educator,  b.  in 
Croydon,  N.  H.,  17  April,  1835.  She  was  tlie  young- 
est of  ten  children,  and  early  developed  a  fondness 
for  poetry,  music,  and  mathematics.  At  nine  years 
of  age  she  began  writing  poetry,  and  at  fourteen 
studied  from  the  same  mathematical  text-books 
used  by  her  brothers  at  Dartmouth.  Her  educa- 
tion was  acquired  at  Kimball  Union  Academy,  and 
in  1850  she  became  a  teacher.  In  18GG  she  married 
Louis  Bristol,  and  meanwhile  she  had  gained  some 
reputation  as  a  writer  of  poetry.  Later  her  arti- 
cles and  lectures  on  moral  and  social  topics  at- 
tracted attention,  and  during  the  summer  of  1880 
she  was  sent  to  study  the  Equitable  Association  of 
Labor  and  Capital  at  Guise,  in  France.  For  three 
months  she  resided  in  the  "Social  Palace,"  and 
very  thoroughly  investigated  the  subject.  In  Sep- 
tember, 1880,  she  was  delegated  to  represent  the 
constructive  liberal  thought  of  America  at  an  In- 
ternational Convention  of  Freethinkers  held  in 
Brussels.  On  her  return  to  the  United  States  she 
was  elected  state  lecturer  by  the  order  of  the  Pa- 
trons of  Husbandry  in  New  Jersey.  This  office 
she  filled  until  1884,  when,  the  work  having  be- 
come national,  she  was  sent  by  a  bureau  to  visit 
Illinois.  Indiana,  Michigan,  New  Hampshire,  and 
Ohio.  Besides  a  volume  of  "  Poems "  (Boston, 
1868),  she  has  published  "  The  Relation  of  the  Ma- 
ternal Function  to  the  Woman's  Intellect "  (Wash- 
ington, 1876);  "The  Philosophy  of  Art"  (New 
York,  1878) ;  "  Science  and  its  Relations  to  Human 
Character"  (1878;  translated  into  French,  Ant- 
werp, 1881) ;  and  "  The  Present  Phase  of  Woman's 
Advancement  "  (1880) ;  and  also  edited  and  assisted 
in  the  translation  of  the  "  Laws  and  Regulations 
of  the  Mutual  Assurance  of  the  Institution  at 
Guise  "  (1881). 

BRISTOL,  John  Buiiyau,  landscape-painter, 
b.  in  Hillsdale,  N.  Y.,  14  March,  1836.  His  early 
life  was  a  struggle  without  aid,  instruction,  or 
sympathy.  At  the  beginning  of  his  career  he 
painted  figures  and  portraits,  but  afterward  turned 
his  attention  exclusively  to  landscapes.  His  stud- 
ies were  from  nature.  The  season  of  1859  was  de- 
voted to  tropical  pictures,  which  attracted  much 
attention.  He  was  elected  an  associate  of  the 
national  academy,  and  also  a  member  of  the 
artists'  fund  society  in  1861,  and  an  academician 
in  1875,  exhibiting  regularly  in  the  gallery. 
Among  his  works  are  "  Autumn  Afternoon,  Bol- 
ton, Lake  George  "  ;  "  Sunrise,  Mount  Mansfield  "  ; 
"  Adirondacks,  from  Lake  Champlain  "  ;  "  On  the 
St.  John's  River,  Florida  "  (1862) ;  "  Ascutney  Moun- 
tain "  ;  "  In  the  Housatonic  Valley  "  (1875) :  "  Monu- 
ment Mountain,  Berkshire  Co."  (1875) ;  "  Mount 
Equinox,  Vermont "  (1878) ;  "  Evening  by  the 
Housatonic  "  (1878) ;  "  Lake  Memphremagog  " 
(1878) ;  "  Lake  Dunmore,  Vt."  (1888) ;  and  "  Hay- 
ing-Time near  Middlebury,  Vt."  (1886). 

BRISTOW.  Benjamin  Helm,  statesman,  b.  in 
Elkton,  Ky.,  20  June,  1832;  d.  in  New  York  city, 
22  June,  1896.  He  was  graduated  in  1851,  studied 
law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  of  Kentucky  in 
1853.  He  began  practice  at  Elkton,  whence  he 
removed  to  Ilopkinsville  in  1858.  At  the  begin- 
ning of  the  civil  war,  at  a  time  when  the  state  was 
wavering  between  loyalty  and  secession,  he  en- 
tered the  union  army  as  lieutenant  colonel  of  the 
25th  Kentucky  infantry,  and  was  engaged  at  the 
capture  of  Fort  Donelson  and  at  the  battle  of 
Shiloh,  where  he  was  wounded.  He  afterward 
became  colonel  of  the  8th  Kentucky  cavalry,  and 
served  throughout  the  war  with  distinction.    While 


still  in  the  field  he  was  elected  to  the  state  senate 
for  four  years,  but  resigned  at  the  end  of  two 
years,  serving  only  from  1863  until  1865.  He  was 
U.  S.  district  attorney  for  the  Louisville  district 
l:rom  1865  until  1870.  The  ability  with  which  he 
filled  these  offices  led  to  his  appointment  as  solici- 
tor-general of  the  United  States  on  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  department  of  justice  in  October,  1870. 
In  1872  he  resigned  to  become  attorney  of  the 
Texas  Pacific  railroad,  but  soon  returned  to  the 
practice  of  law  at  Louisville.  He  was  nominated 
attorney-general  of  the  United  States  in  Decem- 
ber, 1873,  but  not  confirmed.  President  Grant 
appointed  him  secretary  of  the  treasury  on  3  June, 
1874,  and  this  office  he  filled  acceptably  until  the 
end  of  June,  1876,  when  he  resigned,  owing  to  the 
demands  of  his  private  business.  At  the  republican 
national  convention  of  that  year,  held  in  Cincin- 
nati, Ohio,  he  was  a  leading  candidate  for  the 
presidential  nomination,  receiving  118  votes  on 
the  first  ballot.  Since  1876  he  has  practised  his 
profession  in  New  York  city. 

BRISTOW,  (Teorge, Frederick,  musician,  b. 
in  Brooklyn,  19  Dec,  1825;  d.  there,  13  Dec,  1898. 
He  was  a  violinist,  and  one  of  the  earliest  mem- 
bers of  the  New  York  philharmonic  society.  He 
has  composed  a  number  of  works,  among  which  is 
the  opera  of  "  Rip  Van  Winkle,"  represented  at 
Niblo's  Garden,  New  York,  in  1853,  re-written  to  a 
new  libretto  in  1880.  For  many  years  he  was  di- 
rector of  music  in  the  New  York  public  schools, 
and  is  the  author  of  various  services  for  church  use. 

BRITTAN,  Nathan,  inventor,  li.  in  Spencer,. 
Mass.,  2  Sept.,  1808 ;  d.  in  Adrian,  Mich.,  3  Jan., 
1872.  He  received  his  early  education  at  the  acad- 
emy in  Hawley,  Mass.,  and  was  graduated  at 
Brown  in  1837.  He  was  associated  as  a  teacher 
with  Dr.  Chester  Dewey,  at  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  in 
1837-'45,  removed  to  Lyons,  N.  Y.,  and  taught 
with  success  for  five  years,  and  then  established 
himself  in  Adrian,  Mich.  In  1851  his  attention 
was  directed  to  the  inadequacy  of  the  lightning- 
rods  in  use  in  that  part  of  the  country,  and  he  im- 
mediately devoted  laimself  to  the  study  of  the  laws 
of  atmospheric  electricity,  and  invented  a  new 
conductor,  known  as  the  "continuous  copper- 
strip,"  which  was  patented  and  received  with  gen- 
eral favor.  He  spent  the  remaining  years  of  his 
life  in  the  business  arising  from  his  invention, 
residing  at  difl'erent  periods  in  Lockport  and 
Rochester,  in  Detroit  and  Chicago,  and  returning 
in  1868  to  Adrian,  in  each  of  which  places  he  was 
actively  engaged  in  religious  efforts  and  in  enter- 
prises for  social  improvement. 

BRITTON,  Nathaniel  Lord,  botanist,  b.  on 
Staten  Island,  N.  Y.,  15  Jan.,  1858.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  the  Columbia  College  School  of  Mines  m 
1879  with  the  degree  of  E.  M.,  and  in  1881  received 
the  degree  of  Ph"D.  in  course.  In  1879  he  became- 
assistant  in  the  department  of  geology  and  paleon- 
tology, and  now  lectures  on  botany  in  the  school  of 
mines.  For  some  years  he  has  been  botanist  and 
assistant  geologist  to  the  New  Jersey  geological 
survey,  spending  his  summers  in  field-work.  The- 
"  Bulletin  of  the  Torrey  Botanical  Club  "  is  under 
his  editorial  supervision,  and,  besides  scattered 
papers  on  technicalities  in  scientific  journals,  he 
has  published  "Catalogue  of  the  Flora  of  Rich- 
mond County  (Staten  Island),  N.  Y."  (1879) ;  "  The 
Geology  of  Staten  Island"  (1880);  and  "  Cata- 
logue of  the  Flora  of  New  Jersey  "  (1882). 

BROADDUS,  Andrew,  clergyman,  b.  in  Caro- 
line CO.,  Va.,  4  Nov.,  1770 ;  d.  in  Salem,  Va.,  1  Dec,, 
1848.  At  the  age  of  eighteen  he  united  with  a  Bap- 
tist church,  and  began  exhortations  and  preaching. 


BROADHEAD 


BROCKENBOROUGII 


381 


His  education  had  been  limited,  but  he  had  a  mind 
of  more  than  oixlinary  capacity  and  an  impressive 
and  graceful  elocution,  which,  added  to  his  youth- 
ful appearance,  made  him  a  favorite  as  a  preacher. 
In  1821  he  became  assistant  pastor  of  a  church  in 
Richmond,  and  in  1882  he  was  moderator  of  the 
Dover  association  of  Baptist  churches.  He  de- 
clined the  pastorate  of  leading  Baptist  churches  in 
Boston,  New  York,  Philadelphia,  and  various 
southern  cities,  and  lived  and  died  a  country  pas- 
tor. In  1843  the  degree  of  D.  D.  was  conferred  by 
the  Columbian  college,  Washington,  D.  C,  but  de- 
clined. He  wrote  extensively  for  the  press,  and 
published  in  the  early  part  of"  his  ministry  a  "  His- 
tory of  the  Bible."  This  was  followed  by  a  "  Cate- 
chism," "  A  Form  of  Church  Discipline,"  the 
"Dover"  and  "Virginia  Selections  of  Hymns," 
both  of  which  were  long  popular  in  several  states, 
and  "  Letters  and  Sermons."  Some  of  his  sermons, 
with  a  memoir  by  J.  B.  Jeter,  D.  D.,  were  published 
in  New  York  in  1852. 

BROADHEAD,  Garland  Carr,  geologist,  b. 
near  Charlottesville,  Albemarle  co.,  Va.,  30  Oct., 
1827.  Pie  was  educated  at  the  University  of  Mis- 
souri. In  1857-61  and  1871-2  he  was  assistant  state 
geologist  of  Missouri,  and  in  1873-'5  state  geolo- 
gist. He  was  assistant  in  the  Illinois  geological 
survey  in  18G8,  and  a  member  of  the  Missouri  river 
commission  in  1884-'6.  He  has  made  extensive 
scientific  tours  in  the  west.  As  special  agent  of 
the  10th  census,  he  reported  on  the  quarry  indus- 
tries of  Missouri  and  Kansas  in  1881.  In  1875  he 
was  employed  by  the  Smithsonian  institution  to 
make  collections  in  Missouri  for  the  centennial 
exhibition,  and  in  1884  collected  objects  for  the 
New  Orleans  exhibition.  The  results  of  his  geo- 
logical investigations  in  Missouri  are  published  in 
"  Missouri  Geological  Reports,  1855-'71  "  (Jeffer- 
son Citv,  1873)  and  "  Missouri  Geological  Survey, 
1873-'4''  (1874). 

BROADUS,  John  Albert,  clergyman,  b.  in 
Culpeper  CO.,  Va.,  24  Jan.,  1827;  d.  in  Louisville, 
Ky.,  16  March,  1895.  He  was  educated  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Virginia,  and  was  professor  of  ancient  lan- 
guages there.  He  then  became  pastor  of  the  Bap- 
tist church  in  Charlottesville,  and  in  1859  professor 
of  New  Testament  interpretation  and  homiletics 
in  the  Southern  Baptist  theological  seminary  at 
Greenville,  S.  C,  now  in  Louisville,  Ky.  As  a  Greek 
scholar  and  New  Testament  critic  Dr.  Broadus 
stood  at  the  head  of  the  Baptists  of  the  south ; 
but  his  only  publication  in  this  department  is  an 
elaborate  review  (in  the  "  Religious  Herald,"  1866 
and  1868)  of  the  American  Bible  union's  revised 
version  of  the  New  Testament.  In  1870  he  jiub- 
lished  "The  Preparation  and  Delivery  of  Ser- 
mons," which  has  been  adopted  as  a  text-book  in 
several  theological  seminaries.  His  other  publica- 
tions consist  of  sermons  and  review  articles,  and 
■a  series  of  papers,  "  Recollections  of  Travel,"  in 
the  "  Religious  Herald,"  1872-'3,  describing  a  tour 
in  Europe  and  the  east ;  "  Lectures  on  the  History 
of  Preaching  "  (1877) ;  "  Three  Questions  as  to  the 
Bible  "  (1884) ;  "  Commentary  on  Matthew  "  (1886) ; 
and  "  Sermons  and  Addresses  "  (1886). 

BROBST,  Samuel  Kistler,  clergyman,  b.  in 
Lynn  township.  Pa.,  16  Nov.,  1822;  d.  in  Allen- 
town,  Pa..  24  Dec,  1876.  He  founded  in  1847  the 
"  Jugendfreund,"  the  first  juvenile  magazine  pub- 
lished in  the  United  States  in  the  German  lan- 
guage, which  was  subsequently  transformed  into 
the  •'  Lutherische  Zeitschrift."  He  also  founded  a 
German  teachers'  seminary,  which  became  Miihlen- 
berg  college.  He  wrote  on  the  subject  of  Sunday- 
schools,  published  a  volume  entitled  "  Ein  Wort  fiir 


das  Deutsche  und  die  Deutschen,"  and  an  annual 
Lutheran  church  almanac  in  German  and  English. 
He  was  pastor  of  a  church  in  Allentown,  Pa. 

BROCK,  Sir  Isaac,  soldier,  b.  in  the  island  of 
Guernsey,  6  Oct.,  1769 ;  killed  at  the  battle  of 
Queenstown,  Canada,  13  Oct.,  1812.  He  entered 
the  British  army  as  an  ensign  at  the  age  of  fifteen, 
purchased  a  lieutenancy  in  1790,  served  in  Jamaica 
and  Barbadoes  until  1793,  rose  by  successive  steps 
until  he  had  reached  the  senior  lieutenant-colonelcy 
with  less  than  thirteen  years'  total  service,  was 
with  the  expedition  to  North  Holland  in  1799, 
and  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Copenhagen,  also  in 
the  operations  in  the  Baltic  in  1801.  In  1802  he 
embarked  for  Canada,  and  in  the  following  year, 
single-handed,  suppressed  a  dangerous  conspiracy 
instigated  by  deserters,  and  caused  the  execution 
of  the  leaders.  Obtaining  leave  of  absence  in 
1805,  he  returned  to  England,  but  rejoined  his 
regiment  in  1806.  In  1810  he  was  sent  to  Upper 
Canada  to  take  command  of  the  troops,  and  was 
also  appointed  lieutenant-governor  of  the  province. 
His  first  effort  was  to  put  the  province  in  a  con- 
dition to  meet  the  impending  confiict  with  the 
United  States.  On  the  declaration  of  hostilities. 
Brock  advanced  upon  Detroit,  to  which  Gen.  Hull 
had  retired,  and  on  16  Aug.,  1812,  received  the 
surrender  of  the  entire  army,  with  all  its  cannon, 
arms,  and  stores,  as  well  as  the  armed  brig  "  John 
Adams."  For  this  he  was  made  a  Knight  of  the 
Bath.  After  the  capture  of  Detroit,  an  American 
force  of  6,000  was  gathered  on  the  Niagara  fron- 
tier, and,  in  the  battle  that  followed.  Gen.  Brock 
fell  at  the  head  of  his  troops,  pierced  by  three  balls. 
His  last  words  were :  "  Never  mind  me ;  push  on 
the  York  volunteers."  Brock  died  where  he  fell. 
After  lying  in  state  at  Government  House,  his  re- 
mains were  interred  in  one  of  the  bastions  of  Fort 
George.  During  his  funeral  the  Americans  fired 
minute-guns  "  as  a  mark  of  respect  to  a  brave 
enemy,"  forgetting  that  when  Brock  demanded  the 
surrender  of  Detroit  the  year  before,  he  had  tlireat- 
ened  to  let  loose  his  savage  allies  upon  the  inhabi- 
tants if  he  were  compelled  to  take  it  hj  assault.  He 
was  in  his  forty-fourth  year,  and  unmarried.  He 
was  six  feet  two  inches  in  height,  erect,  and  ath- 
letic. He  had  attained  the  rank  of  major-general. 
The  house  of  commons  voted  £1,575  for  a  public 
monument,  which  was  erected  in  St.  Paul's.  Pen- 
sions of  £200  were  awarded  to  each  of  the  mem- 
bers of  his  family,  consisting  of  four  brothers, 
together  with  a  grant  of  12,000  acres  of  land  in 
Canada.  A  monument  in  the  form  of  an  Etruscan 
column,  with  a  winding  stair  within,  standing  on 
a  rustic  pedestal,  was  erected  on  the  lieights  of 
Queenstown  at  a  cost  of  £3,000 ;  and  on  13  Oct., 
1824,  the  twelfth  anniversary  of  his  fall,  his  remains 
were  placed  in  the  vault  beneath.  The  monument 
was  blown  up  by  a  fanatic  on  Good  Friday,  1840.  Its 
ruins  were  seen  and  described  by  Charles  Dickens 
in  his  "  American  Notes."  On  30  July,  1841,  a 
mass-meeting  of  more  than  8,000  persons,  presided 
over  by  the  lieutenant-governor  of  Upper  Canada, 
was  held,  and  £5,000  voted  for  the  immediate  res- 
toration of  the  monument.  As  restored,  it  stands 
on  the  original  site,  and  is  a  tall  column  sur- 
mounted by  a  statue  of  the  general.  The  spot  on 
the  field  of  battle  where  he  fell  is  also  marked  by 
a  small  monument.  A  memorial  church  was 
erected  in  Queenstown  by  the  York  rifles,  to  whom 
his  last  order  was  given,  and  Broekville,  with  other 
names  in  Canada,  perpetuates  his  memory. 

BROCKENBOROUGH,  William,  jurist,  b.  10 
July,  1778 ;  d.  in  Richmond,  Va.,  10  Dec,  1888. 
He  represented  Essex  co.  in  the  legislature,  and 


382 


BROCKETT 


BRODHEAD 


was  subsequently  a  councillor.  lie  became  judge 
of  the  general  court  in  1809,  and  retained  that 
office  until  1884,  when  he  was  appointed  one  of 
the  judges  of  the  court  of  appeals,  an  office  that 
he  retained  until  his  death. — His  son,  William 
Henry,  jurist,  b.  in  Virginia  in  January,  1813 ; 
d.  in  Tallahassee,  Fla.,  in  June,  1850.  He  re- 
ceived a  classical  education,  studied  law,  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar,  and  settled  in  Tallahassee.  Al- 
though struggling  against  pulmonary  consump- 
tion, which  eventually  caused  his  death,  he  held  a 
distinguished  position  as  a  citizen.  Under  the  ter- 
ritorial government  he  was  a  senator  from  the 
western  district  and  at  one  time  president  of  the 
senate,  U.  S.  attorney  for  the  western  district  of 
the  territory,  judge  of  the  U.  S.  district  court,  and 
representative  in  congress,  successfully  contesting 
his  seat  with  Edward"  C.  Cabell,  and  serving  from 
24  Jan.,  1846,  till  3  March,  1847.  On  several  occa- 
sions he  was  a  presidential  elector. 

BKOCKETT,  Linus  Pieri>ont,  author,  b.  in 
Canton,  Conn.,  16  Oct.,  1820  ;  d.  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y., 
13  Jan.,  1893.  He  studied  at  Brown,  but  left  be- 
fore graduation,  taught  for  some  time,  studied 
medicine  in  Washington.  D.  C,  the  College  of  phy- 
sicians and  surgeons  in  New  York,  and  Yale  medi- 
cal college,  and  was  graduated  as  M.  D.  at  the  last 
in  1843.  After  practising  his  profession  for  several 
years  he  devoted  himself  to  literarv  pursuits  in 
Hartford,  Conn.  From  1847  till  1857  he  was  en- 
gaged in  the  publishing  business  in  that  city.  In 
1854  he  was  appointed  by  the  legislature  a  commis- 
sioner to  investigate  idiocy  in  Connecticut,  in  which 
task  he  spent  two  years.  After  1856  he  was  con- 
nected with  several  religious  papers,  and  contrib- 
uted to  cyelopsedias,  magazines,  and  reviews.  He 
was  also  at  different  times  editor  of  the  maga- 
zines called  the  "  Brooklyn  Monthly,"  the  "  Brook- 
lyn Advance,"  and  "Descriptive  America."  Be- 
sides these  labors  he  published  forty-six  distinct 
works  on  geographical,  biographical,  historical,  re- 
ligious, professional,  social,  and  literary  subjects. 
His  works  include  a  "  History  of  Education " 
(1859) ;  "  Philanthropic  Results  of  the  Civil  War  " 
(1864) ,  •'  Our  Great  Captains  "  (1865) ;  with  S.  M. 
Schmucker,  a  "History  of  the  Civil  War"  (1866); 
in  collaboration  with  Mrs.  M.  C.  Vaughan,  "  Wom- 
an's Work  in  the  Civil  War  "  (Philadelphia,  1867) ; 
"  Men  of  Our  Day  "  (Philadelphia,  1868 ;  revised 
ed.,  1872) ;  "  Woman  :  Her  Rights,  Wrongs,  Privi- 
leges, and  Responsibilities  "  (Hartford,  1869) ;  "  The 
Year  of  Battles,  a  History  of  the  Franco-German 
War  of  1870-'l "  (1871) ;  "  Epidemic  and  Conta- 
gious Diseases  "  (1873) ;  and  "  The  Silk  Industry 
in  America  "  (1876). 

BROCKLESBY,  John,  educator,  b.  in  West 
Bromwich,  England,  8  Oct.,  1811 ;  d.  in  Hartford, 
Conn..  21  June,  1889.  He  came  to  the  United  States 
in  1820,  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1835,  professor 
of  mathematics  and  natural  jJiilosophy  in  Trinity 
college,  Hartford,  from  1843  till  1873,  and  pro- 
fessor of  natural  philosophy  and  astronomy  from 
1873  till  1882.  He  was  acting  president  of  the 
college  in  1860,  1864,  1866,  1867,  and  1874.  In 
1868  he  received  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  from  Hobart 
college.  His  works  include  "  Elements  of  Meteor- 
ology "  (New  York,  1848);  "Views  of  the  Micro- 
scopic World"  (1850);  "Elements  of  Astronomy" 
(1855) ;  and  "  Elements  of  Physical  Geography  " 
(Philadelphia,  1868).  He  contributed  articles*  to 
scientific  periodicals,  notably  that  of  the  American 
association  for  the  advancement  of  science. 

BROCKWAY,  John  Hall,  lawyer,  b.  in  Ellmg- 
ton.  Conn.,  31  Jan.,  1801:  d.  there,  29  July,  1870. 
He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1820,  taught  school 


for  a  short  time,  studied  law,  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  of  New  Haven  in  1823,  and  opened  an  office  in. 
his  native  town.  In  1832  and  in  1838  he  was  a 
member  of  the  lower  branch  of  the  state  legisla- 
ture, and  in  1834  a  state  senator.  From  2  Dec, 
1839,  till  3  March,  1843,  he  was  a  representative 
from  Connecticut  in  congress.  He  was  appointed 
district  attorney  for  the  county  of  Tolland  in  1849, 
and  held  that  office  by  successive  reappointments 
until  Api-il.  18(!7,  when  he  resigned. 

BRODERICK,  David  Colbreth,  senator,  b.  in 
Washington,  D.  C,  4  Feb.,  1820:  d.  near  Lake 
Merced,  California,  16  Sept.,  1859.  His  father,  who 
had  emigrated  from  Ireland,  was  employed  in  cut- 
ting stone  for  the  capitol.  In  1823  the  family  re- 
moved to  New  York,  where  young  Broderiek  re- 
ceived a  public-school  education,  after  which  he 
was  apprenticed  to  learn  the  stone-cutter's  trade. 
He  became  actively  connected  with  the  volunteer 
fire  department  of  New  York,  and  at  the  same 
time  acquired  considerable  political  influence.  In 
1846  he  was  defeated  as  a  democratic  candidate 
for  congress  from  New  York.  Three  years  later 
he  went  to  California,  where  he  at  once  became 
prominent  in  politics.  In  1849  he  was  a  member 
of  the  California  constitutional  convention.  He 
was  elected  to  the  state  senate  in  1850  and  again 
in  1851,  when  lie  became  the  presiding  officer  of 
that  body.  In  1856  he  was  elected  U.  S.  senator 
from  California,  serving  from  4  March,  1857,  until 
his  death.  He  was  eminent  as  a  debater,  opposed 
the  admission  of  Kansas  as, a  state  under  the  Le- 
compton  constitution,  and  became  separated  from 
the  democratic  party  on  the  slavery  question  in 
1858.  His  death  resulted  from  a  wound  received 
in  a  duel  fought  with  David  S.  Terry,  chief  justice 
of  the  supreme  court  of  California.  Political  dif- 
ferences and  personal  abuse  in  public  speeches,  of 
which  Terry  and  Broderiek  were  about  equally 
guilty,  led  to  the  duel.  Judge  Terry  was  the  chal- 
lenger. Mr.  Broderiek  fell  at  the  first  fire,  his  own 
pistol  being  discharged  before  he  could  level  it. 

BRODHEAD,  Daniel,  soldier,  b.  in  Virginia 
in  1736;  d.  in  Milford,  Pa.,  15  Nov.,  1809.  He 
raised  in  1775  a  company  of  riflemen  who  served 
in  the  battle  of  Long  Island.  He  was  appointed 
colonel  of  the  8th  Pennsylvania  regiment,  and  in 
April,  1778,  led  a  successful  expedition  against  the 
Muskingum  Indians.  He  made  two  important 
treaties  with  the  Indians,  one  of  them  22  July, 
1779,  with  the  Cherokees,  and  received  the  thanks 
of  congress  for  his  success.  He  was  for  many  years 
surveyor-general  of  Pennsylvania. 

BRODHEAD,  Jacob,  clergyman,  b.  in  Ulster 
CO.,  N.  Y.,  14  May,  1782;  d.  in  Springfield,  Mass., 
6  June,  1855.  He  was  a  tutor  in  Union  college 
for  two  years  after  his  graduation  in  1801,  became 
pastor  of  the  Reformed  Dutch  church  in  Rhine- 
beck  in  1804,  was  settled  in  New  York  as  one  of 
the  pastors  of  the  Collegiate  church  in  1809,  and  in 
1813  established  the  1st  Reformed  Dutch  church  in 
Philadelphia.  In  1826  he  took  charge  of  a  church 
in  New  York.  From  1841  till  his  retirement  in  1847 
he  was  pastor  of  a  church  in  Brooklyn.  He  pub- 
lished a  number  of  discourses.  See  "  Memorial  of 
Rev.  Dr.  Jacob  Brodhead,"  by  George  W.  Bethune, 
D.  D.— His  son.  John  Ronieyn,  historian,  b.  in 
Philadelphia,  2  Jan.,  1814 ;  d.  in  New  York  city,  6 
May,  1873,  was  graduated  at  Rutgers  in  1831, 
studied  law  in  the  office  of  Hugh  Maxwell,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1835.  After  two  years 
of  practice  in  New  York  he  retired  to  Saugerties 
and  devoted  himself  to  literary  pursuits.  In  1839 
he  went  to  Holland  and  was  attached  to  the  Ameri- 
can  legation,   of  which    his    relative,   Harmanus 


BRODHEAD 


BROMFIELD 


383 


Bleecker,  was  charge  d'affaires.  There  he  conceived 
the  intention  of  writing  the  history  of  New  York. 
The  New  York  legislature,  on  3  May,  1839,  passed 
an  act,  at  the  suggestion  of  the  New  York  histori- 
cal society,  to  appoint  an  agent  to  procure  or 
transcribe  documents  in  Europe  relating  to  the 
history  of  New  York,  and  in  the  spring  of  1841  he 
was  commissioned  by  Gov.  Seward  to  investigate 
the  colonial  records  and  land-grants.  Pursuant  to 
this  act  he  spent  three  years  in  the  archives  of 
Holland,  England,  and  France,  and  procured  many 
valuable  documents  relating  to  the  early  history 
of  the  state.  Among  them  were  sixteen  volumes 
of  manuscript  from  Holland,  mainly  the  records  of 
the  colonial  secretaries  under  the  Dutch  suprem- 
acy, 1609-'74,  with  se])arate  records  also  of  New 
Amsterdam  (New  York)  and  Hcaverwyck  (Albany) ; 
forty-seven  volumes  from  England  and  seventeen 
from  France,  comprising  in  all  more  than  5,000 
important  papers.  These  documents  were  trans- 
lated and  edited  by  E.  B.  O'Callaghan,  and  pub- 
lished in  eleven  quarto  volumes  by  act  of  the  legis- 
lature. In  1840  Mr.  Brodhead  was  appointed  sec- 
retary of  legation  in  England,  where  Mr.  Bancroft 
was  then  minister.  He  returned  to  this  country 
in  1849,  and  was  naval  officer  of  the  port  of  New 
York  during  Pierce's  administration.  In  the  spring 
of  1855  he  was  appointed  consul-general  to  Japan, 
but  declined.  For  many  years  he  continued  his 
researches  relating  to  the  rule  of  the  Dutch,  and 
the  knowledge  thus  acquired  was  embodied  in  his 
"History  of  "the  State  of  New  York"  (3  vols..  New 
York,  1853-'71).  He  intended  to  add  a  third  vol- 
ume and  to  bring  the  narrative  down  to  the  pres- 
ent day,  but  had  to  abandon  the  intention  on  ac- 
count of  declining  health.  He  delivered  an  address 
before  the  New  York  historical  society  in  1844, 
and  one,  on  the  commercial  history  of  New  York, 
before  the  mercantile  library  association,  at  the 
opening  of  Clinton  hall,  8  June,  1854.  He  pub- 
lished also  an  "  Oration  on  the  Conquest  of  New 
Netherland,"  delivered  before  the  historical  socie- 
ty, 13  Oct.,  18(54,  and  "  Government  of  Sir  Edmund 
Andros  over  New  England  "  (1867). 

BROUHEAD,  John,  clergyman,  b.  in  Monroe 
CO.,  Pa.,  33  Oct.,  1770 ;  d.  in  Newmarket,  N.  H.,  7 
April,  1888.  In  1794-'6  he  travelled  as  a  Metho- 
dist preacher  in  New  Jersey  and  Maryland,  and 
then  went  to  New  England,  and  became  a  founder 
of  Methodism  there  and  in  Canada.  In  1811  he 
settled  in  Newmarket,  N.  II.  From  1839  till  1833 
he  was  a  representative  from  New  Hampshire  in 
congress. — His  son,  John  M.,  b.  in  Canaan,  N.  H., 
was  educated  as  a  physician  at  Dartmouth,  was 
appointed  second  comptroller  of  the  treasury,  held 
the  office  until  1856,  in  1863  was  reappointed,  and 
retained  it  until  he  resigned  in  January,  1876. — An- 
other son,  Thornton  F.,  soldier,  b.  in  New  Hamp- 
shire in  1833  ;  d.  in  Alexandria,  Va.,  31  Aug.,  1863. 
He  studied  law  at  Harvard,  and  practised  in  De- 
troit, Mich.  He  served  through  the  Mexican  war 
as  an  officer  in  the  loth  infantry,  and  was  twice 
brevetted  for  bravery.  Resuming  the  practice  of 
his  profession  after  the  war,  he  was  elected  to  the 
state  senate,  and  in  1853  appointed  postmaster  of 
Detroit.  At  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war  he 
raised  the  1st  Michigan  cavalry  regiment,  at  the 
head  of  which  he  served  under  Gens.  Banks,  Fre- 
mont, and  Pope.  He  died  of  wounds  received  at 
the  second  battle  of  Bull  Run. 

BRODHEAD,  Ricliard,  senator,  b.  in  Lehman 
township.  Pike  co..  Pa.,  5  Jan.,  1811 :  d.  in  Easton, 
Pa.,  16  Sept.,  1863.  He  was  educated  at  Lafayette 
college,  studied  law  with  James  M.  Porter,  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1836,  and  was  elected  a  mem- 


ber of  the  Pennsylvania  legislature  in  1837,  in 
which  he  sat  during  three  sessions.  In  1841  he 
was  treasurer  of  Northampton  co.,  and  in  1843  was 
elected  as  a  democrat  to  congress,  and,  being  twice 
re-elected,  served  from  4  Dec,  1843,  till  3  March,, 
1849.  In  1849  he  was  elected  to  the  U.  S.  senate, 
serving  from  1  Dec,  1851.  till  3  March,  1857. 

BROGDEN,  Curtis  Hooks,  governor,  b.  in 
Wayne  county,  N.  C,  6  Dec,  1816.  He  was 
brought  up  as  a  farmer,  became  prominent  in 
the  militia,  in  which  he  attained  the  rank  of  gen- 
eral, was  elected  to  the  legislature  in  1838,  and 
was  for  nearly  twenty  years  a  member  of  one  or 
the  other  house ;  was  comptroller  of  the  state 
from  1857  till  1867,  a  presidential  elector  in  1868, 
and  in  1869  was  appointed  collector  of  internal 
revenue.  After  serving  four  years  longer  in  the 
state  senate,  he  was  elected  lieutenant-governor  in 
1873,  and,  upon  the  death  of  Gov.  Caldwell  in  1874, 
succeeded  to  the  office  of  governor.  In  1876  he 
was  elected  as  a  republican  to  congress,  and  served 
from  15  Oct.,  1877.  till  3  March,  1879. 

BROOLIE,  Claude  Victor  Marie,  Prince 
de,  French  soldier,  b.  in  Paris  ni  1757;  executed 
37  June,  1794.  He  was  the  son  of  the  Marshal  de 
Broglie,  entered  the  French  army,  volunteered  his 
services  in  the  cause  of  American  independence, 
was  transferred  to  the  regiment  Saintonge,  com- 
manded by  Custine,  and  served  until  the  surren- 
der at  Yorktown.  After  returning  to  France  he 
was  elected  to  the  states-general,  and  espoused  the 
cause  of  popular  liberty.  He  was  president  of  the 
constituent  assembly  in  1791,  but  preferred  mili- 
tary service,  and  was  appointed  a  brigadier-gen- 
eral in  the  army  of  the  Rhine.  In  1793  he  was  re- 
moved for  refusing  to  recognize  the  decree  of  the 
national  assembly  suspending  the  prerogative  of 
the  king,  was  afterward  arraigned  before  the  revo- 
lutionarv  tribunal,  condenmed,  and  guillotined. 

BROKE,  Sir  Philip  Bowes  Vere,  British 
naval  officer,  b.  at  Broke  Hall,  near  Ipswich,  Eng- 
land, 9  Sept.,  1776;  d.  in  London,  3  Jan.,  1841. 
He  was  bred  to  the  sea  from  the  age  of  twelve, 
promoted  captain  in  1801,  placed  in  command 
of  the  frigate  "  Shannon  "  in  1806,  and  sailed  for 
Halifax  in  August,  1811.  On  1  June,  1813,  while 
the  "  Shannon "  was  cruising  off  Boston,  the 
American  frigate  "  Chesapeake,"  ranging  along- 
side at  a  distance  of  fifty  yards,  received  a  broadside 
which  struck  down  Capt.  Lawrence  and  more  than 
a  hundred  men.  The  Americans  returned  the  tire, 
but  their  execution  fell  far  short  of  that  of  the 
British  seamen,  trained  in  Broke's  novel  system  of 
gunnery  drill.  A  second  broadside  from  the 
"  Shannon  "  was  as  effective  as  the  first,  and  Broke, 
at  the  head  of  fifty  or  sixty  men,  boarded  the  Ameri- 
can and  succeeded  in  driving  the  survivors  of  the 
crew  below,  but  was  himself  disabled  for  life  by  a 
blow  on  the  head  from  a  musket  -  stock.  See 
Brighton's  "Memoir  of  Admiral  Sir  P.  B.  V, 
Broke,"  and  Roosevelt's  "  Naval  War  of  1813." 

BROMFIELD,  John,  merchant,  b.  in  New- 
buryport.  Mass.,  11  April,  1779;  d.  in  Boston,  8 
Dec.,  1849.  He  acquired  a  fortune  as  an  agent  in 
Europe  for  American  houses,  and  as  a  merchant 
in  Canton,  which  he  increased  by  investments  in 
Boston.  He  was  a  benefactor  of  various  charita- 
ble institutions  and  of  the  Boston  athenajum.  to 
which  he  made  a  gift  of  |35,000.  A  volume  of 
"  Reminiscences  of  John  Bromfield  "  was  published 
at  Salem  in  1853. — His  ancestor,  Edward,  came 
from  England  in  1675  and  was  a  member  of  the 
council. — Edward  (b.  in  1695;  d.  10  April,  1756), 
son  of  the  latter,  was  an  eminent  citizen  and  mem- 
ber of  the  general  court;  and  Edward,  his  son  (b. 


384 


BROMLEY 


BROOKE 


in  1723;  d.  18  Aug.,  1746),  was  a  young  man  of 
remarkable  mechanical  and  scientific  genius,  who 
constructed  an  organ  and  made  microscopes  of 
imjiroved  magnifying  })owers. 

BROMLEY,  Isaac  Hill,  journalist,  b.  in  Nor- 
wich, Conn.,  6  March.  1833;  d.  there,  11  Aug., 
1898.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale,  studied  law,  was 
clerk  of  the  Connecticut  house  of  representatives 
and  of  the  senate,  and  in  1858  began  the  publi- 
cation of  the  Norwich  "  Morning  Bulletin."  He 
served  as  captain  in  18G2,  and  afterward  was  pro- 
vost marshal.  In  1866  he  was  a  member  of  the 
legislature.  In  1868-'72  he  was  editor  and  part 
proprietor  of  the  Hartford  "  Evening  Post,"  in  1872 
a  writer  on  the  editorial  staff  of  the  New  York 
*'  Sun,"  and  editorial  writer  on  the  New  Y'^ork 
"  Tribune  "  from  1873  till  1883,  when  he  was  for  a 
few  months  editor  of  the  "  Commercial  Adver- 
tiser." He  was  appointed  a  government  director 
of  the  Union  Pacific  railroad  in  the  spring  of  1882, 
and  held  the  office  until  the  spring  of  1884  Dur- 
ing the  presidential  canvass  of  1884  he  edited  the 
Rochester,  N.  Y.,  "  Post-Express,"  and  subsequent- 
ly entered  the  service  of  the  Union  Pacific  railroad 
company,  and  was  appointed  assistant  to  the  presi- 
dent in  '31;ir(/li,  is.s,"). 

BR0M3IE,  Trauj^ott,  German  traveller,  b.  in 
Anger,  near  Leipsic,  in  1802 ;  d.  4  Dec,  1865.  He 
settled  in  the  United  States  in  1820,  and  afterward 
travelled  extensively  in  Texas  and  Mexico,  became 
surgeon  on  a  Columbian  war-schooner  cruising  in 
the  West  Indies,  and  was  detained  for  a  year  as  a 
prisoner  in  Hayti,  during  which  time  he  explored 
that  island.  After  his  return  to  Germany  he  be- 
came a  publisher,  and  wrote  books  on  his  travels 
in  America.  His  hand-book  for  North,  Central, 
and  South  America  jaassed  through  many  editions. 

BRONDEL,  John  Baptist,  R.  C.  bishop,  b. 
in  Bruges  in  1842.  He  studied  in  the  American 
college  of  the  university  of  Louvain,  and  was  or- 
dained at  Mechlin  in  1864.  In  1866  he  volunteered 
for  the  American  mission,  went  to  Washington 
territory,  and  in  1867  was  appointed  rector  of 
Heilacoom.  He  was  transferred  to  Walla  Walla 
in  1877,  but  returned  to  Heilacoom  in  1878.  He 
was  consecrated  bishop  of  Vancouver  island  in 
1879,  appointed  administrator  of  the  vicariate 
apostolic  of  Montana  in  1883,  and  in  1884  conse- 
crated bishop  of  Helena  in  the  same  territory.  He 
has  been  very  successful  in  civilizing  the  Indians 
of  his  diocese,  and  his  popularity  among  the  tribes 
has  often  enabled  him  to  render  important  services 
to  the  U.  S.  government. 

BRONSON,  Greene  Carrier,  lawyer,  b.  in 
Oneida,  N.  Y.,  in  1789 ;  d.  at  Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  3 
Sept.,  1863.  He  spent  the  greater  portion  of  his 
life  at  Utica,  where  he  obtained  an  extensive  prac- 
tice. In  April,  1819,  he  was  chosen  surrogate 
of  Oneida  eo.,  in  1822  was  a  member  of  assem- 
bly, and  in  1829  elected  attorney-general,  which 
office  he  held  up  to  January,  1836,  at  which  time 
he  became  one  of  the  puisne  Judges  of  the  supreme 
court  of  judicature.  He  was  next  appointed  chief 
justice  of  the  supreme  court  in  1845,  and  two  years 
subsequently  one  of  the  judges  of  the  court  of  ap- 
peals, then  just  organized.  After  leaving  the  bench 
he  removed  to  New  York  and  practised  law.  Hav- 
ing become  involved  in  unfortunate  speculations, 
he  lost  nearly  the  whole  of  his  property.  In  1853 
he  was  appointed  collector  of  the  port  of  New 
York,  but  removed  in  1854.  In  December,  1859, 
he  was  elected  corporation  counsel,  which  oiBce  he 
held  until  January,  1863.  In  politics  he  was  a 
democrat,  leader  of  the  "  hard-shell "  factwn  in 
New  York,  and  its  candidate  for  governor  in  1855. 


BRONSON,  Isaac  H.,  jurist,  b.  in  Rutland, 
N.  Y.,  16  Oct.,  1802 ;  d.  in  Palatka,  Fla.,  13  Aug., 
1855.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1822,  began 
practice  at  Watertown,  N.  Y.,  became  eminent  as 
a  lawyer,  and  elected  to  congress  as  a  democrat 
from  New  York  in  1836,  serving  as  chairman  of 
the  committee  on  territories.  He  was  defeated  in 
1838,  received  the  appointment  of  judge  of  the 
fifth  judicial  district  of  New  York,  and  later  that 
of  territorial  judge  for  Florida,  and  after  the  or- 
ganization of  the  state,  in  1845,  of  U.  S.  district 
judge  for  the  northern  district  of  Florida,  which 
office  he  held  until  his  death. 

BRONSON,  Silas,  philanthropist,  b.  in  Middle- 
bury,  Conn. ;  d.  in  New  York,  25  Nov.,  1867.  He 
acquired  a  fortune,  and,  among  other  bequests, 
left  $200,000  to  found  a  public  library  in  Water- 
bury,  CoiHl. 

BROOKE,  Ayonia  Stanhope  Jones,  actress, 
b.  in  New  York,  12  July,  1839 ;  d.  there,  4  Oct., 
1867.  She  was  the  daughter  of  George  Jones, 
known  as  "  Count  Johannes,"  and  made  her  first  ap- 
pearance on  18  April,  1856,  at  the  People's  theatre, 
Cincinnati,  Ohio,  as  Parthenia  in  "  Ingomar."  In 
1859  she  acted  in  San  Francisco,  and  then,  after 
returning  to  New  York,  sailed  for  Australia,  where 
she  was  very  successful.  In  1861  she  appeared  in 
London,  at  Drury  lane  theatre,  and,  while  in 
England,  married  Gustavus  Brooke,  the  tragedian. 
After  returning  to  this  country  and  acting  in  Phil- 
adelphia, she  visited  England  again,  in  1865,  and, 
contracting  a  cold  there,  died  of  consumption. 

BROOKE,  Francis  J.,  jurist,  b.  in  Smithfield, 
Va.,  27  Aug.,  1763 ;  d.  3  March,  1851.  In  1780  he 
joined  Harrison's  regiment  of  artillery  as  lieuten- 
ant— his  twin  brother,  John,  obtaining  a  similar 
commission  in  the  same  regiment — and  his  first 
campaign  was  under  Lafayette,  in  1781.  He  after- 
ward joined  Greene's  army,  and  served  until  the 
end  of  the  war.  On  his  return  to  Virginia,  after 
studying  medicine  for  a  year  with  his  elder  brother, 
Lawrence,  he  turned  his  attention  to  the  law,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1788.  He  practised  in 
the  counties  of  Monongahela  and  Harrison,  was 
appointed  commonwealth's  attorney  in  the  district 
court,  and  then  practised  in  Essex  co.,  and  in 
the  Northern  Neck.  He  was  elected  to  the  state 
house  of  delegates  in  1794,  removed  to  Fredericks- 
burg in  1796,  and  in  1800  was  chosen  to  the  state 
senate,  becoming  its  speaker.  In  1804  he  was 
elected  a  judge  of  the  general  court,  and  in  1811 
a  judge  of  the  court  of  appeals,  of  which  he  was 
president  for  eight  years.  In  1831  he  was  re-elected 
judge  of  the  same  court,  and  retained  the  office 
until  his  death.  Judge  Brooke  was  an  intimate 
friend  of  George  Washington. — His  son,  Francis 
J.,  b.  in  Virginia  in  1802,  was  graduated  at  the 
U.  S.  military  academy  in  1826,  served  as  second 
lieutenant  in  the  Black  Hawk  war,  became  first 
lieutenant  of  the  6th  infantry,  6  May,  1835,  and 
w^as  killed  at  the  battle  of  Okeechobee,  25  Dec, 
1837,  where  he  had  distinguished  himself  by  his 
bravery.  —  (ieorg-e  Mercer,  soldier,  brother  of 
Francis  J.,  the  elder,  b.  in  Virginia ;  d.  in  San  An- 
tonio, Texas,  9  March,  1851.  He  entered  the  army 
3  May,  1808,  as  first  lieutenant  in  the  5th  infantry, 
was  made  captain  1  May,  1810,  and  became  major 
in  the  23d  infantry  in  1814.  On  15  Aug.  of  that 
year  he  was  brevetted  lieutenant-colonel  for  gallant 
conduct  in  defence  of  Fort  Erie,  and  on  17  Sept. 
was  brevetted  colonel  for  his  services  in  the  sortie 
from  the  same  fort.  He  was  made  a  brevet  briga- 
dier-general 17  Sept.,  1824,  and  in  July,  1831,  served 
as  colonel  of  the  5th  infantry.  During  the  war 
with  Mexico  he  fought  with  distinction,  and  was 


BROOKE 


BROOKS 


385 


brevetted  major-general  for  his  services,  30  May, 
1848.  At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  in  com- 
mand of  tlie  8th  military  department.  Port 
Brooke,  at  the  head  of  Tampa  bay,  Florida,  re- 
L'eived  its  name  from  him. 

BROOKE,  Jolin  R.,  soldier,  b.  in  Pennsylvania. 
He  enlisted  in  the  4th  Pennsylvania  infantry  in 
April,  1861,  became  captain  at  the  organization  of 
the  regiment,  and  on  7  Nov.  was  made  colonel  of 
the  53d  Pennsylvania  infantry.  He  was  promoted 
brigadier-general  of  volunteers  12  May,  1864,  and 
brevetted  major-general  of  volunteers  1  Aug., 
1864.  In  the  regular  service  he  takes  rank  from 
28  July,  1866,  when  lie  was  appointed  lieutenant- 
colonel  of  the  37th  U.  S.  infantry,  one  of  the  new 
regiments  created  by  congress  at  that  time.  He 
was  transferred  to  the  3d  infantry  15  March,  1869 
— the  37th  infantry  being  consolidated  with  that 
corps  and  discontinued  by  act  of  congress.  He 
was  promoted  colonel,  13th  infantry,  20  March, 
1879,  and  re-transferred  to  the  3d  infantry  14  June, 
1879.  In  the  regular  army  he  received  brevets  as 
colonel  and  brigadier-general  for  gallantry  in  sev- 
eral battles — Cold  Harbor  (27  June,  1863) ;  Gettys- 
burg (1-3  July,  1863) ;  Spottsylvania  Court-House ; 
and  Tolopotomy  (May,  1864). 

BROOKE,  Walker,  senator,  b.  in  Virginia,  13 
Dec,  1813 ;  d.  in  Vicksburg,  Miss.,  19  Feb.,  1869. 
He  was  graduated  at  the  university  of  Virginia  in 
1835.  studied  law,  emigrated  to  Kentucky,  where 
he  taught  school  two  years,  and  then  began  to 
practise  law  in  Lexington,  Miss.  He  was  elected 
a  senator  in  congress  in  place  of  Henry  S.  Foote, 
who  had  resigned  in  order  to  accept  the  governor- 
ship, and  served  from  11  March,  1852,  till  3  March, 
1853.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Mississippi  seced- 
ing convention  of  1861,  elected  a  member  of  the 
provisional  Confederate  congress,  in  wliich  he  sat 
from  18  Feb.,  1861,  till  18  Feb.,  1862,  and  was  a 
candidate  for  the  Confederate  senate,  but  defeated 
by  James  Phelan. 

BROOKS,  Caroline  Sliawk,  sculptor,  b.  in 
Cincinnati,  Ohio,  28  April,  1840.  Her  father,  Abel 
Shawk,  was  the  inventor  and  builder  of  the  first 
successful  steam  fire-engine.  She  studied  drawing 
and  painting,  was  graduated  at  the  St.  Louis  nor- 
mal school  in  1862,  married  Samuel  H.  Brooks  the 
same  year,  and  first  became  known  as  an  artist 
through  an  alto-relievo  head  of  the  "  Dreaming 
lolanthe,"  executed  in  butter  at  the  centennial  ex- 
hibition. Subsequently  she  gave  public  exhibi- 
tions of  modelling  in  the  new  material.  In  1877 
she  secured  a  patent  for  improvements  in  the 
methods  of  producing  lubricated  moulds  in  plas- 
ter. In  May,  1878,  she  executed  in  butter  at 
Washington  a  life-size  statue  of  the  "  Dreaming 
lolanthe,"  which  was  successfully  transported  to 
Paris  and  exhibited  at  the  world's  fair  of  1878. 
She  subsequently  opened  a  studio  in  New  York, 
and  executed  portrait  marbles  of  Emanuel  Swe- 
denborg  (1883),  James  A.  Garfield  (1884),  Thurlow 
Weed  (1884),  George  Eliot  (1886),  and  Thomas 
Carlyle  (1886),  and  a  portrait  group  of  five  figures, 
representing  Mrs.  Alicia  Vanderbilt  La  Bau  and 
her  family  (1886). 

BROOKS,  Charles,  clergyman,  b.  in  Medford, 
Mass.,  30  Oct.,  1795;  d.  7  July,  1872.  He  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1816,  and,  after  officiating 
as  lay-reader  in  the  Protestant  Episcopal  church, 
became  pastor  of  the  3d  Congregational  church 
in  Hingham,  Mass.,  17  Jan.,  1821.  In  1838  he  was 
chosen  professor  of  natural  history  in  the  univer- 
sity of  New  York,  and  in  November,  1839,  sailed 
for  Europe,  where  he  passed  four  years  in  the  study 
■of  animals.  Shortly  after  his  return  failing  eye- 
TOL.   L — 25 


sight  compelled  him  to  resign  his  professorship. 
He  was  an  advocate  of  the  Prussian  educational 
system,  and  was  the  means  of  improving  the  New 
England  public  schools.  He.  also  aided  in  the  es- 
tablishment of  normal  schools,  a  work  completed 
by  Horace  Mann.  He  was  a  member  of  the  peace 
society,  and  an  advocate  of  the  temperance  reform 
and  the  African  colonization  scheme.  He  pub- 
lished "  History  of  Medford"  (1855);  "The  Chris- 
tian in  his  Closet  "  ;  "  Daily  Monitor  "  ;  "  Family 
Prayer-Book  "  ;  "  Elements  of  Ornithology  "  ;  "  In- 
troduction to  Ornithology  " ;  ten  volumes  of  biog- 
raphies ;  a  paper  on  the  state  sanitary  survey ;  a  re- 
port on  the  Middlesex  co.  tornado  of  "August,  1851 ; 
a  treatise  on  "  Peace,  Labor,  and  Education  in 
Europe  "  ;  and  several  pamphlets  and  sermons.  He 
also  contributed  to  periodical  literature. 

BROOKS,  Charles  Timothy,  author,  b.  in 
Salem,  Mass.,  20  June,  1813 ;  d.  in  Newport,  R.  I., 
14  June,  1883.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1832.  After  studying  theology  he  began  to  preach 
in  Nahant,  Mass.,  in  1835,  and,  after  officiating  in 
various  New  England  towns,  became,  4  June,  1837, 
pastor  of  the  Unitarian  church  in  Newport,  R.  I., 
Dr.  Channing  preaching  the  ordination  sermon. 
Mr.  Brooks  was  noted  for  his  translations  from  the 
German,  among  which  were  Schiller's  "  William 
Tell"  (Providence,  1838);  "Songs  and  Ballads 
from  the  German,"  forming  one  volume  of  George 
Ripley's  "  Specimens  of  Foreign  Standard  Litera- 
ture "■  (Boston,  1842) ;  Schiller's  "  Homage  of  the 
Arts"  (Boston,  1847;  2d  ed..  New  York,  1870); 
"  German  Lyrics "  (Boston,  1853) ;  Goethe's 
"  Faust "  in  the  original  metres  (1856) ;  "  Life, 
Opinions,  Actions,  and  Fate  of  Hieronymus  Jobs, 
the  Candidate,"  a  satirical  poem,  popular  in  Ger- 
many (Philadelphia,  1863) ;  Richter's  "  Titan  "  and 
"  Hesperus  "  (1865) ;  Schefer's  "  Layman's  Brevi- 
ary "  (1867)  and  "  \Vorld-Priest "  (1873) ;  Riickert's 
"  Wisdom  of  the  Brahmin "  (Boston,  1882) ;  and 
several  children's  books.  Mr.  Brooks  also  wrote 
"  Aquidneck,"  a  poem  delivered  at  the  hundredth 
anniversary  of  the  Redwood  library  (Newport, 
1848) ;  "  The  Controversy  touching  the  Old  Stone 
Mill,"  opposing  the  theory  that  it  was  built  by  the 
Northmen  (Newport,  1851) ;  "  Songs  of  Field  and 
Flood,"  a  volume  of  poems  (Boston,  1854) ;  "  Will- 
iam EUery  Channing,  A  Centennial  Memory"  (Bos- 
ton, 1880) ;  a  volume  of  sermons,  and  numerous 
occasional  verses.  Among  his  unpublished  trans- 
lations are  Schiller's  "  Mary  Stuart "  and  "  Joan 
of  Arc "  (1840) :  the  "  Autobiography  of  Klaus 
Harms  " ;  Richter's  "  Selina  " ;  Grillparzer's  "  Ahn- 
frau  "  ;  Immermann's  "  Der  letzte  Tulifant,"  and 
Hans  Sachs's  play,  "  The  Unlike  Children  of  Eve," 
first  acted  in  1553.  In  1853,  after  a  voyage  to 
India  for  his  health,  Mr.  Brooks  wrote  a  narrative 
entitled  "  Eight  Months  on  the  Ocean  and  Eight 
Weeks  in  India,"  which  is  also  still  in  manuscript. 
A  collection  of  his  poems,  original  and  translated, 
with  a  memoir  by  Charles  W.  Wendte,  was  pub- 
lished in  Boston  after  his  death. 

BROOKS,  David,  soldier,  b.  in  1756;  d.  in 
Dutchess  CO.,  N.  Y.,  30  Aug.,  1838.  He  joined  the 
army  in  1776,  as  lieutenant  in  the  Pennsylvania 
line,  was  captured  at  Fort  Washington,  16  Nov., 
1776,  and  remained  a  prisoner  two  years.  When 
exchanged,  he  was  made  assistant  clothier-general, 
in  which  responsible  position  he  became  a  friend 
of  Gen.  Washington.  After  the  war  he  settled  in 
New  York  city,  and  later  in  Dutchess  co.,  repre- 
senting both  places  in  the  legislature,  where  he 
served  six  years.  From  May  till  July,  1797,  he 
was  a  representative  in  congress,  and  afterward 
commissioner  for  making  a  treaty  with  the  Seneca 


886 


BROOKS 


BROOKS 


Indians,  which  was  signed  on  the  site  of  the  pres- 
ent city  of  Utica.  He  was  for  sixteen  years  first 
judge  of  Dutchess  co.,  and  at  the  time  of  his 
deatli  an  officer  of  the  customs. — His  son,  James 
GrOrdon,  author,  b.  in  Claverack,  N.  Y.,  3  Sept., 
1801  ;  d.  in  Albany,  N.  Y.,  20  Feb.,  1841,  was 
graduated  at  Union  in  1819,  and  studied  law  in 
Poughkeepsie,  but  was  never  in  active  practice. 
Wliile  there  he  published,  under  the  signature  of 
"  Florio,"  a  few  poems  which  attracted  much  at- 
tention. Removing  to  New  York  city,  in  1823, 
Mr.  Brooks  became  the  literary  editor  of  the 
"  Minerva,"  and  in  1825  established  the  "  Literary 
Gazette,"  which,  after  a  few  months,  was  united 
with  the  *' Athenaeum."  He  was  connected  with 
this  paper  about  two  years,  and  then  with  the 
"  Morning  Courier "  for  about  the  same  period. 
In  all  these  journals  he  published  poems,  which 
were  much  admired.  In  1828  Mr.  Brooks  married 
Miss  Mary  Elizabeth  Aiken,  who  had  written  many 

{)oems  over  the  signature  of  "  Noma."  They  pub- 
ished,  together,  a  volume  entitled  "  The  Rivals  of 
Este,  and  other  Poems"   (New  York,   1829),  the 

giece  that  gave  the  book  its  title  being  by  Mrs. 
Irooks.  Among  Mr.  Brooks's  contributions  to 
this  volume  was  a  poem  on  "  Genius,"  delivered 
before  the  Yale  Phi  Beta  Kappa  society  in  1827. 
In  1830  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Brooks  removed  to  Winches- 
ter, Va.,  where  the  former  edited  a  newspaper,  in 
1838  to  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  and  afterward  to  Albany. 
Mrs.  Brooks,  in  addition  to  her  talent  as  a  writer, 
was  a  skilful  designer.  The  plates  in  the  "  Natu- 
ral History  of  the  State  of  New  York,"  by  her 
brother-in-law,  Mr.  James  Hall,  are  from  drawings 
made  by  her  from  nature. 

BROOKS,  Edward,  educator,  b.  in  Stony  Point, 
Rockland  co.,  N.  Y.,  10  Jan.,  1831.  When  fifteen 
years  old  lie  removed,  with  his  father,  to  Sullivan 
CO.,  N.  Y.,  where  he  learned  a  trade,  but  occupied 
his  leisure  moments  in  study.  At  this  time  he 
formed  the  habit  of  noting  down  and  classifying 
important  facts  or  thoughts,  in  which  way  he  not 
only  mastered  the  common-school  branches,  but 
many  of  the  higher  ones,  becoming  also  expert  in 
composition.  His  career  as  a  teacher  began  with 
a  singing-school  held  in  a  barn.  He  afterward 
taught  a  common  school  for  six  months,  studied 
for  one  session  in  the  normal  institute  at  Liberty, 
N.  Y.,  and  then  entered  the  University  of  North- 
ern Pennsylvania,  but  was  not  graduated.  He  was 
teacher  there  in  1852-'3,  taught  mathematics  in 
the  Monticello,  N.  Y.,  academy,  in  1854,  and  in 
1855  accepted  the  professorship  of  mathematics  in 
the  State  normal  school  at  Millersville,  Pa.,  of 
which  he  was  principal  from  1866  to  1886.  Prof. 
Brooks  is  ■  the  author  of  a  series  of  mathematical 
text-books  (Philadelphia,  1858-77) ;  "  Philosophy 
of  Arithmetic  "  (1876) ;  "  Normal  Methods  of  Teach- 
ing "  (Lancaster,  Pa.,  1879) ;  "  Elocution  and  Read- 
ing" (Pliiladcljjhia,  1882);  and  "Mental  Science 
and  Culture"  (1SS3). 

BROOKS,  Edward  Toole,  Canadian  member 
of  parliament,  b.  in  Sherbrooke  about  1828.  He 
was  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1850,  admitted 
to  the  bar  of  Lower  Canada  in  1854,  first  returned 
to  parliament  as  a  conservative  for  Sherbrooke  in 
1872,  re-elected  by  acclamation  in  1874,  and  again 
at  the  last  general  election  in  1878.  He  is  vice- 
president  of  the  International  railway,  and  also  of 
the  Waterloo  and  Magog  railway,  and  is  one  of 
the  trustees  of  Bishop's  college,  and  president  of 
the  Sherbrooke  rifle  association. 

BROOKS,  Eleazer,  soldier,  b.  in  Concord, 
Mass.,  10  Sept.,  1727 ;  d.  in  Lincoln,  Mass.,  9  Nov., 
1806.     Without  schooling  he  acquired  a  valuable 


fund  of  knowledge,  his  practice  being  to  read  the 
best  books,  and  then  talk  about  them  to  intelligent 
men.  He  became  captain  of  militia  in  1773,  and 
took  a  prominent  part  in  the  war  for  independence, 
rising  to  tlie  rank  of  brigadier-general.  At  the 
battle  of  White  Plains  he  commanded  a  regiment 
and  distinguished  himself  by  his  bravery.  Enter- 
ing the  general  court  in  1774,  he  had  a  public  ca- 
reer of  thirty-seven  years,  becoming  successively  a 
representative,  a  member  of  the  senate,  and  a  coun- 
cillor.    In  1801  he  withdrew  from  public  life. 

BROOKS,  James,  journalist,  b.  in  Portland, 
Me.,  10  Nov.,  1810 ;  d.  in  Washington,  D.  C,  30 
April,  1873.  His  father,  a  sea-captain,  was  lost  at 
sea  while  James  was  yet  a  child,  and  the  family 
were  left  destitute.  He  was  sent  to  a  public 
school  in  Portland,  and  at  eleven  years  of  age  be- 
came a  clerk  in  Lewiston,  Me.,  then  a  frontier 
town.  His  employer,  observing  the  eagerness  of 
the  boy  for  learning,  offered  to  release  him  from 
his  apprenticeship  and  to  aid  him  in  obtaining  an 
education.  He  at  once  entered  the  academy  at 
Monmouth,  taught  school  at  ten  dollars  a  month 
and  board,  and  was  graduated  at  Waterville  in. 
1831.  Returning  to  Portland,  he  began  to  study 
law,  teaching  meanwhile  a  Latin  school  in  that 
city.  He  contributed  to  the  Portland  "  Adver- 
tiser," and  in  1832  went  to  Washington  as  its  cor- 
respondent, thus  introducing  the  fashion  of  regular 
Washington  letters.  After  that  he  travelled  through 
the  south,  writing  letters  from  the  Creek,  Chero- 
kee, and  Choctaw  country  in  Georgia  and  Alabama, 
at  the  time  when  those  tribes  were  compelled  to> 
move  west.  His  correspondence  at  this  period 
was  a  revelation  in  journalism.  In  1835  he  was  a 
member  of  the  Maine  legislature,  and  introduced 
the  first  proposition  for  a  railroad  from  Portland 
to  Montreal  and  Quebec.  After  the  adjournment 
he  sailed  for  Europe,  and  travelled  on  foot  over 
Great  Britain  and  the  continent,  writing  letters 
descriptive  of  his  travels.  In  1836  he  came  to 
New  York  and  established  the  "  Express,"  of  which, 
for  a  time,  both  a  morning  and  an  evening  edition 
were  published,  and.  although  he  met  with  discour- 
agements at  first,  the  paper  soon  became  a  success. 
Mr.  Brooks  made  political  speeches  in  Indiana  for 
Harrison  in  1840.  In  1841  he  married  Mrs.  Mary 
Randolph,  a  widow,  of  Richmond,  Va.,  whom  he 
required  to  manumit  three  or  four  slaves  before 
the  wedding.  In  1847  he  was  elected  to  the  New 
York  legislature,  and  two  years  later  to  congress, 
wliere  he  remained  two  terms,  1849-'53.  He  took 
ground  in  1850  in  favor  of  the  compromise  meas- 
ures, in  1854  became  identified  with  the  American 
party,  and  after  1861  with  the  democratic  party. 
He  was  elected  to  congress  again  in  1865,  and,  by 
repeated  re-elections,  served  till  1873.  He  made 
two  later  trips  to  Europe,  and  acquired  four  lan- 
guages. In  1867  he  was  a  member  of  the  state 
constitutional  convention,  and  in  1869  was  one  of 
the  government  directors  of  the  Union  Pacific  rail- 
way. In  February,  1873,  the  house  censured  Mr. 
Brooks  "for  the  use  of  his  position  of  government 
director  of  the  Union  Pacific  railroad,  and  a  mem- 
ber of  this  house,  to  procure  the  assignment  to 
himself  or  family  of  stock  in  the  Credit  Mobilier." 
Mr.  Brooks  believed  that  this  was  undeserved,  and 
the  mortification  it  caused  him  probably  hastened 
his  death.  In  1871-'2  Mr  Brooks,  in  pursuit  of 
health,  made  a  voyage  around  the  world,  and  gave 
the  results  of  his  observations  first  in  letters  to  the 
"  Express,"  and  afterward  in  "  A  Seven  Months' 
Run,  Up  and  Down  and  Around  the  World  "  (New 
York,  1872).  His  valuable  library  was  sold  at  auc- 
tion in  New  York  in  June,   1886. — His   brother,. 


BROOKS 


BROOKS 


387 


Erastiis,  jcmrnalist,  b.  in  Portland,  Me.,  31  Jan., 
1815 :  d.  in  West  New  Brighton.  Staten  island.  25 
Nov,  1886.  When  eight  years  old  he  was  clerk  for 
a  Boston  grocer,  who  taught  him  to  sand  the  sugar 
and  water  the  milk.  He  afterward  became  a  printer, 
and  edited  and  published  a  newspaper,  called  the 
"  Yankee,"  at  Wiscasset,  Me.,  acting  as  his  own 
compositor,  press-boy,  and  carrier.  Leading  arti- 
cles, essays,  and  stories  were  composed  as  he  set 
the  types,  without  the  intervention  of  manuscript. 
In  addition  to  this  work  he  began  to  prepare  him- 
self for  college,  teaching  school  at  the  same  time. 
After  studying  for  some  time  at  Brown,  he  took 
charge  of  a  grammar  school  at  Haverhill,  Mass., 
and  at  the  same  time  became  editor  and  part  pro- 

f)rietor  of  the  Haverhill  "  Gazette,"  which  he  final- 
y  sold  to  John  G.  Whittier.  In  1830  he  was  en- 
gaged as  Washington  correspondent  of  the  New 
Yoi'k  "  Daily  Advertiser,"  and  of  several  New  Eng- 
land papers,  and  in  the  same  year  became  joint 
editor  and  proprietor,  with  his  brother,  of  the  New 
York  "  Express,"  retaining  the  place  until  1877. 
He  acted  as  Washington  correspondent  of  the 
"  Express "  during  sixteen  successive  sessions  of 
congress,  and  in  1843  went  abroad  as  one  of  its 
foreign  correspondents.  He  was  elected  to  the 
New  York  state  senate  in  1853,  and  again  in  1855. 
His  support  of  the  bill  divesting  Roman  Catholic 
bishops  of  the  title  to  church  property  in  real  es- 
tate involved  him  in  a  controversy  with  Arch- 
bishop Hughes,  which  was  afterward  published  in 
two  rival  volumes  (New  York,  1855).  In  1856  he 
was  nominated  for  governor  of  New  York  by  the 
American  party,  but  was  not  elected,  though  lead- 
ing his  party  vote  by  several  thousand.  He  sub- 
sequently joined  the  democratic  party.  He  was  a 
delegate  to  the  State  constitutional  convention  in 
18(>7,  and  in  1871  was  a}ipointed  a  member  of  the 
constitutional  commission.  In  1878,  1879,  and 
1881  he  was  elected  to  the  assembly,  and  in  each 
of  these  years  was  the  democratic  candidate  for 
speaker,  and  the  leading  democratic  member  on 
the  committee  of  ways  and  means.  In  May,  1880, 
Mr.  Brooks  became  a  member  of  the  State  board 
of  health.  In  April,  1886,  he  delivered  before  the 
New  York  legislature,  by  its  invitation,  a  eulogy 
on  his  friend  Horatio  Seymour. 

BROOKS,  John,  governor  of  Massachusetts,  b. 
in  Medford,  Mass.,  31  May,  1752 ;  d.  1  March,  1825. 
His  early  life  was  spent  on  his  father's  farm,  and 
at  the  age  of  fourteen  he  was  api^renticed  to  Dr. 
Simon  Tufts,  under  whose  tuition  he  remained 
seven  years.  At  this  time  he  formed  an  intimacy 
with  his  fellow-student  Benjamin  Thompson, 
afterward  Count  Rumford,  and  they  continued 
friends  through  life.  After  settling  at  Reading  as 
a  physician,  he  undertook  to  drill  a  company  of 
minute-men,  was  present  with  them  at  the  battle 
of  Lexington,  and  received,  soon  afterward,  the 
commission  of  major.  He  assisted  in  fortifying 
Breed's  Hill  on  the  evening  of  16  June,  1775,  but 
was  not  present  at  the  battle  on  the  17th,  being 
sent  on  foot  with  a  despatch  from  Col.  Prescott  to 
Gen.  Ward.  In  1777  he  was  made  lieutenant- 
colonel  of  the  8th  Massachusetts  regiment,  which 
was  chiefly  raised  by  himself,  and  in  the  expedition 
for  the  relief  of  Fort  Stanwix,  in  August  of  that 
year,  suggested  a  successful  stratagem  for  dispers- 
ing the  Indians.  In  the  battle  of  Saratoga  he 
stormed  and  carried  the  German  intrenchments  at 
the  head  of  his  regiment.  Becoming  colonel  in 
1778,  he  was  associated  with  Baron  Steuben  in  the 
introduction  of  a  system  of  tactics,  and  acted  as 
adjutant-general  at  the  battle  of  Monmouth. 
During  the    Newburg    conspiracy  of    1783   Col. 


Brooks  was  a  faithful  adherent  of  Washington, 
After  the  war  he  returned  to  the  practice  of  his 
profession  in  Medford,  and  was  for  many  years 
major-general  of  militia.  In  1788  he  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  state 
convention  that 
ratified  the  fed- 
eral constitution. 
Washington  ap- 
pointed him  mai"- 
shal  of  the  district 
and  inspector  of 
the  revenue  in 
1795,  and  from 
1812  till  1815  he 
was  adjutant-gen- 
eral of  the  state. 
He  was  elected 
governor  in  1816, 
and  re-elected  sev- 
en years  in  suc- 
cession, finally  de- 
clining to  be  again 
a  candidate.  In 
1816  Harvard  gave 
him  the  degrees  of 
LL.  D,  and  M.  D. 
He  bequeathed  his  library  to  the  State  medical  so- 
ciety, of  which  he  was  president  from  1817  till  his 
death.  Gov.  Brooks  published  aif  oration  deliv- 
ered before  the  Society  of  the  Cincinnati  (1787),  a 
discourse  before  the  humane  society  (1795),  a 
eulogy  on  Washington  (1800),  and  a  discourse  on 
pneumonia  (1808). 

BROOKS,  Joseph,  clergyman,  b.  in  Buthr  co., 
Ohio,  1  Nov.,  1821 ;  d.  in  Little  Rock,  Ark.,  30 
April,  1877.  He  was  graduated  at  Indiana  Asbury 
university,  and  in  1840  entered  the  Methodist  min- 
istry. He  removed  to  Iowa  in  1846,  and  in  1856 
became  editor  of  the  St.  Louis  "  Central  Christian 
Advocate,"  the  only  anti-slavery  paper  published 
on  slave  soil  west  of  the  Mississippi.  When  the 
civil  war  began,  he  became  chaplain  of  the  Isfc 
Missouri  artillery.  Col.  Frank  P.  Blair's  regiment. 
He  afterward  aided  in  raising  the  11th  and  33d 
Missouri  regiments,  and  was  transferred  to  the 
latter  as  chaplain.  Early  in  the  war  Mr.  Brooks 
urged  the  enlistment  of  colored  troops,  and,  when 
it  was  decided  to  employ  them,  he  was  ofl:ered  a 
major-general's  commission  if  he  would  raise  a 
division,  but  he  declined.  He  afterward  became 
chaplain  of  the  3d  Arkansas  colored  infantry. 
After  the  war  Mr.  Brooks  became  a  planter  in  Ar- 
kansas, and  was  a  leader  in  the  State  constitutional 
convention  of  1868.  During  the  presidential  can- 
vass of  that  year  an  attempt  was  made  to  assas- 
sinate Mr.  Brooks  and  Congressman  C.  C.  Hines, 
which  resulted  in  the  death  of  the  latter  and  the 
wounding  of  Mr.  Brooks.  He  removed  to  Little 
Rock  in  the  autumn  of  1868,  and  was  elected  state 
senator  in  1870.  In  1872  he  was  a  candidate  for 
governor,  and,  when  his  opponent  was  declared  to 
be  elected  by  the  legislature,  he  claimed  that  the 
election  was  fraudulent,  and,  relying  on  the  de- 
cision of  a  state  court  in  his  favor,  took  forcible 
Possession  of  the  state-house,  13  April,  1874,  and 
eld  it  till  dispossessed  by  proclamation  of  Presi- 
dent Grant,  23  May,  1874.  (See  Baxter,  Elisha.) 
Mr.  Brooks  was  appointed  postmaster  at  Little 
Rock  in  March,  1875,  and  held  the  office  till  his 
death.  He  was  a  man  of  great  will-power  and  a 
strong  speaker. 

BROOKS,  Kendall,  educator,  b.  in  Roxbury, 
Mass.,  3  Sejit.,  1821.  He  was  graduated  at  Brown 
in  1841,  and  was  tutor  in  Columbian  university, 


388 


BROOKS 


BROOKS 


Washington,  D.  C,  in  1841-'3.  He  was  graduated 
at  Newton  theological  institute  in  1845,  and  in 
the  same  year  became  pastor  of  a  Baptist  church  in 
Eastport,  Me.,  where  he  remained  till  1852.  He  was 
then  appointed  professor  of  mathematics  and  natu- 
ral philosophy  at  Waterville,  and  in  1855  became 
pastor  of  a  church  in  Fitchburg,  Mass.  He  edited 
the  "  National  Baptist,"  in  Philadelphia,  from  1865 
till  1868,  and  then  became  president  of  Kalamazoo 
college,  Michigan, 

BROOKS,  Lewis,  philanthropist,  b.  in  New 
Milford,  Conn.,  in  1793 ;  d.  in  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  9 
Aug.,  1877.  He  received  a  common-school  educa- 
tion, settled  in  Rochester  when  he  was  twenty- 
nine  years  old,  and  first  engaged  in  the  manu- 
facture of  woollen  cloth,  and  later  in  mercantile 
business.  In  1837  he  retired,  and  devoted  his  time 
chiefly  to  investing  liis  money  and  looking  after  his 
real  estate.  He  made  various  charitable  bequests, 
among  which  was  $10,000  to  the  Rochester  city 
hospital,  a  like  sum  to  St.  Mary's  hospital,  and 
$5,000  each  to  the  industrial  school  and  the  female 
charitable  society.  He  also  bequeathed  $130,000 
to  the  University  of  Virginia,  $31,000  alone  being 
expended  on  the  work  of  collecting  a  cabinet.  Nu- 
mei'ous  other  gifts  were  made  to  several  societies, 
and  in  no  case  was  the  name  of  the  giver  known. 

BROOKS,  Maria  Ooweii,  poet,  h.  in  Medford, 
Mass.,  about  1795;  d.  in  Matanzas,  Cuba,  11  Nov., 
1845.  She  w5s  descended  from  a  Welsh  family 
that  settled  in  Charlestown  before  the  revolution. 
Her  father  was  a  man  of  literary  tastes,  numbering 
among  his  friends  several  of  the  Harvard  profes- 
sors, and  before  she  was  nine  years  old  his  daughter 
had  committed  much  poetry  to  memory,  and  was 
noted  for  the  elegance  of  her  conversation.  Before 
she  was  fourteen  her  father  died  bankrupt,  and 
Mr.  Brooks,  a  Boston  merchant,  to  whom  she  was 
already  betrothed,  completed  her  education  and 
then  married  her.  At  first  she  lived  in  affluence, 
but  in  a  few  years  heavy  losses  reduced  her  hus- 
band to  comparative  poverty,  and  she  began  to 
write  verses  for  consolation.  At  nineteen  she  had 
finished  a  metrical  romance,  which  was  never  pub- 
lished, and  in  1820,  after  several  anonymous  lyrics, 
she  published  "Judith,  Esther,  and  other  Poems, 
by  a  Lover  of  the  Fine  Arts."  Mr.  Brooks  died  in 
1823,  and  his  widow  went  to  live  with  an  uncle 

in  Cuba,  whose 
death  soon  after- 
ward gave  her  a 
settled  income. 
The  greater  part 
of  her  principal 
work,  a  poem  en- 
titled "  Zophiel, 
or  the  Bride  of 
Seven,"  was  writ- 
ten here,  and  the 
first  canto  was 
published  in  Bos- 
ton in  1825.  After 
her  uncle's  death 
she  returned  to 
this  country,  and 
in  1830  visited 
France  and  Eng- 
land. She  passed 
the  spring  of  1831 
at  Keswick,  the 
home  of  Robert  Southey,  the  poet,  where  the  latter 
part  of  "  Zophiel "  was  written.  Southey  admired 
her  work,  and  gave  her  the  name  of  "  Maria  del  Oc- 
cidente."  In  "  The  Doctor  "  he  speaks  of  her  as  "  the 
njost  impassioned  and  imaginative  of  all  poetesses," 


^?74^a'yi^c^^^^'^1.i^-er;^ 


2^^ 


and  under  his  care  the  completed  poem  was  pub- 
lished (London,  1 833).  "  Zophiel "  has  for  its  subject 
the  love  of  a  fallen  angel  for  a  beautiful  Hebrew 
maiden,  and  is  founded  on  the  story  of  Sara,  in 
the  apocryplial  book  of  Tobit.  Returning  to  this 
country,  Mrs.  Brooks  lived  for  some  time  near 
West  Point,  where  her  son  was  first  a  student  and 
afterward  assistant  professor,  and  her  house  was  a 
favorite  resort  of  the  officers  of  the  academy.  In 
1834  she  published  in  Boston  an  edition  of  "  Zo- 
phiel "  for  the  benefit  of  the  Polish  exiles  in  this 
country ;  but  at  the  end  of  a  month  only  twenty 
copies  had  been  sold,  and  Mrs.  Brooks  withdrew 
the  rest  of  the  edition  from  the  market.  While 
living  on  Governor's  island.  New  York  harbor, 
where  her  son  was  then  stationed,  Mrs.  Brooks 
published  "  Idomen,  or  the  Vale  of  Yunmri " 
(1843),  a  work  partaking  of  the  nature  of  an  auto- 
biography. In  December  of  the  same  year  she 
returned  to  her  Cuban  estate,  where  she  remained 
till  she  died.  One  of  her  latest  poems  was  an 
"  Ode  to  the  Departed,"  written  in  1843.  At  the 
time  of  her  death  she  had  planned  an  epic  entitled 
"  Beatriz,  tlie  Beloved  of  Columbus."  A  new  edi- 
tion of  "  Zophiel,"  edited  by  Zadel  Barnes  Gustaf- 
son,  was  published  in  Boston  in  1879. — Her  son, 
Horace,  soldier,  b.  in  Boston.  Mass..  14  Aug., 
1814;  d.  in  Kissimnie,  Fla.,  13  Jan.,  1894,  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  U.  S.  military  academy,  through  the 
influence  of  Lafayette,  and  was  graduated  there  in 
1835.  He  served  in  the  Seminole  war  of  1835-'6, 
receiving,  31  Dec,  1835,  the  brevet  of  first  lieu- 
tenant for  gallantry  and  good  conduct.  He  was 
assistant  professor  of  mathematics  in  the  U.  S. 
military  academy  from  November,  1836,  till  Au- 
gust, 1839,  and  served  on  garrison  and  recruit- 
ing duty  at  various  places  till  the  Mexican  war. 
On  18  June,  1846,  he  became  captain  in  the  2d 
artillery,  and  served  through  Scott's  campaign. 
For  his  services  during  the  war  he  received  two 
brevets — that  of  major,  20  Aug.,  1847,  for  Churu- 
busco  and  Contreras,  and  that  of  lieutenant- 
colonel,  8  Sept.,  1847,  for  Molino  del  Rey.  From 
this  time  until  the  civil  war  he  was  stationed  in 
various  forts,  taking  part  in  the  Utah  expedition 
of  1855  and  in  qvielling  the  Kansas  disturbances 
of  1860-'l.  On  28  April,  1861,  he  became  major 
in  the  second  artillery,  and  on  1  Aug.,  lieutenant- 
colonel.  He  served  in  defence  of  Washington 
from  February  till  March,  1861,  at  Fort  Pickens, 
Fla.,  until  October,  and  at  Fort  Jefferson,  Fla., 
until  March,  1862.  From  September,  1862,  till 
September,  1863,  at  the  time  of  the  Morgan  raid, 
he  was  chief  mustering  and  pay  officer  for  the 
state  of  Ohio,  under  Gov.  Todd,  and  during  the 
year  $1,000,000  passed  through  his  hands  without 
an  error  in  his  accounts.  After  this  he  served  on 
various  military  boards  at  Washington  and  else- 
where, becoming  colonel  on  1  Aug.,  1863,  and 
brevet  brigadier-general  at  the  close  of  the  war. 
From  1866  till  1868,  and  from  1869  till  1872,  he 
commanded  a  regiment  at  Fort  McHenry,  Md., 
being  at  the  head  of  the  department  of  Washing- 
ton 'in  the  interim.  From  18  Nov.,  1872,  till  10 
Jan.,  1877,  he  commanded  the  presidio  at  San 
Francisco,  and  on  the  latter  date  was  retired  from 
active  service,  being  over  sixty-two  years  of  age. 
He  became  a  resident  of  Baltimore,  Md. 

BROOKS,  Natlian  Covington,  educator,  b.  in 
Cecil  CO..  Md.,  12  Aug.,  1809  ;  d.  in  Philadelphia,  6 
Oct.,  1898.  He  was  graduated  at  St.  John's  col- 
lege, and  began  teaching  when  only  sixteen  years 
old.  He  was  chosen  first  principal  of  the  Balti- 
more high  school,  and  organized  the  Baltimore  fe- 
male college,  of  which  he  became  president.     Mr. 


BROOKS 


BROOKS 


389 


Brooks  has  published  "Scripture  Anthology  "  (Phil- 
adelphia, 1837):  "The  Literary  Amaranth,"  a  col- 
lection of  prose  and  poetry  (1840) ;  a  poetical  "  His- 
tory of  the  Church,"  delivered  before  the  Diag- 
nothian  society  of  Marshall  college  (1841);  and  a 
"Complete  History  of  the  Mexican  War,"  consid- 
ered a  standard  work  (1849 ;  new  ed.,  1865 ;  Ger- 
man translation  by  Joseph  Koch.  1849).  He  has 
also  prepared  a  large  number  of  Latin  and  Greek 
text-books,  among  which  is  a  series  of  lives  of  emi- 
nent Americans,  in  Latin,  entitled  "  V^iri  American " 
(New  York,  1864),  and  editions  of  Ovid  (Philadel- 
phia. 1848)  and  Virgil  (1869). 

BROOKS,  Noah,  author,  b.  in  Castine,  Me.,  30 
Oct.,  1830.  He  was  educated  for  an  artistic  career, 
but  in  1850  began  work  as  a  journalist,  in  Boston. 
He  went  west  in  1854,  and,  after  unsuccessful  ex- 
periences as  a  merchant  in  Illinois  and  as  a  farmer 
in  Kansas,  removed  to  California  at  the  close  of 
the  "  free-state  "  conflict.  Here,  in  company  with 
Benjamin  P.  Avery,  afterward  minister  to  China, 
he  founded  the  "Appeal,"  published  in  Marysville, 
Yuba  CO.,  but  in  1862  established  himself  in  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  as  correspondent  of  the  Sacramento 
"  Union."  His  letters,  over  the  signature  of  "  Cas- 
tine," made  him  widelv  known  in  the  west.  From 
1  July,  1865,  till  October,  1866,  Mr.-  Brooks  was 
naval  officer  of  the  port  of  San  Francisco,  and  then 
became  managing  editor  of  the  "  Alta  California." 
He  subsequently  removed  to  New  York,  and  after 
serving  on  the  staff  of  the  "  Tribune  "  from  1871 
till  1875,  and  of  the  "  Times  "  from  1875  till  1884, 
became  editor  of  the  Newark  (N.  J.)  "  Advertiser." 
He  has  published  "  The  Boy  Emigrants "  (New 
York,  1876);  "The  Fairport  Nine  "  (1881);  "Our 
Base-Ball  Club"  (1883);  "Life  of  Abraham  Lin- 
coln "  (1889) ;  and  "  American  Statesmen  "  (1893). 

BROOKS,  Peter  Chardon,  merchant,  b.  in 
North  Yarmouth,  Me.,  6  Jan.,  1767;  d.  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  1  Jan.,  1849.  His  father,  the  Rev.  Edward 
Brooks,  moved  to  Medford,  Mass.,  his  native  town, 
in  1769,  and  here  the  boyhood  of  young  Brooks 
was  passed  in  farm  work.  In  1789  he  engaged  in 
the  business  of  marine  insurance,  and  accumulated 
a  large  fortune.  He  made  it  a  rule  never  to  bor- 
row money,  never  to  engage  in  speculation  of  any 
kind,  and  never  to  take  more  than  the  legal  rate 
of  interest.  He  retired  from  business  in  1803,  and, 
until  1806,  devoted  himself  to  the  settlement  of  all 
the  risks  in  which  he  was  interested.  He  then  ac- 
cepted the  presidency  of  the  New  England  insur- 
ance company,  the  first  chartered  company  of  the 
kind  in  the  state,  and  filled  the  office  for  several 
years.  In  his  retirement  at  Medford  he  took  spe- 
cial pleasure  in  the  cultivation  of  trees,  planting 
many  thousands  of  them  about  his  farm.  He  was 
at  different  times  a  member  of  both  branches  of 
the  legislature,  of  the  first  Boston  city  council,  and 
of  the  constitutional  convention  of  1820.  While 
in  the  legislature  he  took  a  prominent  part  in  sup- 
pressing lotteries,  which  at  that  time  were  flour- 
ishing in  the  state.  Mr.  Brooks  gave  liberally,  and 
without  parade,  to  many  benevolent  objects,  and 
besides  this,  his  private  donations  for  many  years 
exceeded  his  domestic  expenses.  He  had  for  sons- 
in-law,  Edward  Everett,  Charles  Francis  Adams, 
and  Rev.  N.  L.  Frothingham,  who  delivered  his 
funeral  sermon  on  7  Jan.,  1849.  A  biography  of 
Mr.  Brooks  may  be  found  in  Hunt's  "  Lives  of 
American  Merchants  "  (New  York,  1856). 

BROOKS,  Phillips,  P.  E.  bishop,  b.  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  13  Dec,  1835  ;  d.  there.  23  Jan.,  1893.  He 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1855.  studied  theology 
at  the  seminary  in  Alexandria,  Va.,  was  ordained 
in  1859,  and  became  rector  of  the  church  of  the 


Advent,  Philadelphia.  In  1862  he  took  charge  of 
the  church  of  the  Holy  Trinity  in  that  city,  and 
in  1869  became  rector  of  Trinity  church,  Boston, 
which  was  erected 
for  him  at  a  cost  of 
more  than  $1,000,- 
000,  and  where  he 
exerted  a  powerful 
influence  for  good, 
especially  among 
young  men.  After 
declining  the  posi- 
tion of  preacher  and 
professor  in  Har- 
vard, and,  in  1886, 
the  office  of  assistant 
bishop  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, he,  in  April, 
1891,  accepted  the 
bishopric  of  Massa- 
chusetts, to  which 
he  was  elected  at  that  time.  Bishop  Brooks  was 
the  most  brilliant  pulpit  orator  of  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  church.  His  sermons  were  distinguished 
for  the  depth  of  their  insight  and  the  variety  of 
their  thought,  the  beauty  and  simplicity  of  their 
diction,  and  the  earnestness  of  their  spirituality. 
His  method  of  delivery  attracted  wide  attention, 
and  was  noted  for  its  rapidity  and  fervency.  A 
remarkable  memorial  meeting  was  held,  soon  after 
his  death,  in  New  York,  and  he  has  memorials 
at  Harvard,  and  at  Westminster,  London.  Bishop 
Brooks  published  "  Lectures  on  Preaching,"  deliv- 
ered before  the  Yale  divinity  school  (New  York, 
1877);  "Sermons"  (1878  and  1881):  "The  In- 
fluence of  Jesus,"  Bohlen  lectures  delivered  in 
Philadelphia  in  1879  (1879) ;  "  Baptism  and  Con- 
firmation "  (1880) ;  "  Sermons  preached  in  English 
Churches"  (1883);  "Oldest  School  in  America" 
(Boston,  1885) ;  "  Twenty  Sermons  "  (New  York, 
1886) ;  "  Tolerance,"  two  lectures  delivered  before 
the  General  Seminary  in  New  York  in  1887  (1887) : 
"  The  Light  of  the  World,  and  other  Sermons " 
(1890);  also  several  Christmas  and  Easter  Carols, 
and  many  magazine  articles. 

BROOKS,  Preston  Smith,  congressman,  b.  in 
Edgefield  District,  S.  C,  4  Aug.,  1819 ;  d.  in  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  27  Jan.,  1857.  He  was  graduated  at 
the  South  Carolina  college  in  1839,  studied  law, 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  May,  1843.  In 
1844  he  was  elected  to  the  state  legislature.  Dur- 
ing the  Mexican  war  he  served  as  captain  in  the 
Palmetto  regiment  of  South  Carolina  volunteers, 
and  on  his  return  he  gave  his  exclusive  attention 
to  planting.  He  was  elected  a  representative  from 
South  Carolina  to  congress,  as  a  state-rights  Demo- 
crat, in  1853,  and  was  re-elected  twice.  On  22  May, 
1856,  Mr.  Brooks  entered  the  senate-chamber  after 
that  body  had  adjourned,  approached  Charles  Sum- 
ner from  behind,  while  the  senator  was  still  seated 
at  his  desk,  and  struck  him  repeatedly  on  the  head 
with  a  cane,  till  Mr.  Sumner  fell  insensible  to  the 
floor.  Subsequently  a  committee  of  the  house  re- 
ported in  favor  of  Mr.  Brooks's  expulsion  ;  but  in 
the  final  action  on  the  report  there  were  121  votes 
in  favor  and  95  opposing  it,  which,  being  less  than 
the  requisite  two  thirds,  prevented  the  house  from 
agreeing  to  the  resolution.  Afterward,  during  a 
debate  in  the  house,  words  were  passed  between 
Anson  Burlingame,  then  a  member  from  Massa- 
chusetts, and  Mr.  Brooks,  in  consequence  of  which 
the  former  was  challenged  to  a  duel.  The  chal- 
lenge was  accepted,  Canada  chosen  as  the  place  of 
meeting,  and  rifles  as  the  weapons ;  but  Mr.  Brooks 
failed  to  appear,  giving  as  his  reason  that  he  would 


390 


BROOKS 


BROPHY 


have  to  "  pass  through  the  enemy's  country "  to 
get  there.  The  poet  Bryant  celebrated  the  event 
by  some  verses  in  the  '*  Evening  Post,"  in  which 
the  I'efrain  was,  "  Bully  Brooks  is  afraid."  Mr. 
Brooks  resigned  his  seat,  and  was  unanimously  re- 
elected by  his  constituents.  He  also  received  nu- 
merous costly  canes  and  other  testimonials  from 
different  parts  of  the  south. 

BROOKS,  Tlioinas  Benton,  engineer,  b.  in 
Monroe,  Orange  co.,  N.  Y.,  15  June,  1886.  He  was 
graduated  at  the  engineering  department  of  Union 
in  1858.  During  the  civil  war  he  was  captain 
in  the  1st  New  York  volunteer  engineers,  after- 
ward becoming  major  and  aide  on  the  general 
staff  of  the  army.  As  such  he  served  under  Gen. 
Gillmore  in  the  reduction  of  Fort  Pulaski  and  Fort 
Wagner  and  before  Chai'leston.  His  reports  are 
given  in  full  in  Gen.  Gillmore's  "Siege  and  Re- 
duction of  Fort  Pulaski  "  (New  York,  1862),  and  in 
his  "  Operations  against  the  Defences  of  Charles- 
ton Harbor "  (1863).  At  the  time  of  his  resigna- 
tion he  held  the  brevet  rank  of  colonel.  From 
1869  till  1879  he  was  assistant  geologist  in  charge 
of  the  surveys  of  the  Lake  Superior  iron  regions. 
In  this  connection  he  was  associated  with  Raphael 
Pumpelly,  and  prepared  "Geological  Survey  of 
Michigan  "  (vols.  i.  and  ii..  New  York,  1873";,  also 
"  Geology  of  Wisconsin  "  (part  of  vol.  iii.,  Madison, 
1879).  His  health  having  failed,  in  1879  he  turned 
his  attention  to  farming,  and  now  resides  at  New- 
burg.  N.  Y. 

BROOKS,  William  Keith,  naturalist,  b.  in 
Cleveland,  Ohio,  25  March,  1848.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Williams  in  1870,  and  at  Harvard  as  Ph. 
D.  in  1875,  after  which  he  became  assistant  in  the 
Boston  society  of  natural  history.  In  1876  he  was 
elected  a  fellow  of  Johns  Hopkins  university,  then 
an  associate,  and  since  1883  he  has  been  professor 
of  morphology.  Under  his  direction  the  Chesa- 
peake zoological  laboratory  of  Johns  Hopkins  uni- 
versity was  organized  in  1878,  and  it  has  been  un- 
der his  supervision  since  its  beginning.  In  con- 
nection with  this  work  he  has  edited  "  Studies 
from  the  Biological  Laboratory  "  (Baltimore,  1879, 
et  seq.).  He  has  also  published  "  Hand-Book  of  In- 
vertebrate Zoology  "  (Boston,  1882)  and  "  Heredi- 
ty "  (Baltimore,  1884).  The  artificial  development 
of  the  American  oyster  is  largely  due  to  his  efforts, 
and  in  that  connection  he  wrote  "  The  Develop- 
ment and  Protection  of  the  Oyster  in  Maryland  " 
(Baltimore,  1884).  He  has  contributed  many  valu- 
able scientific  papers  and  reports  to  periodicals, 
among  which  are  "  Conifer,  a  Study  in  Morpholo- 
gy," published  in  the  "  Philosophical  Transactions 
of  the  Royal  Society  "  (London,  1881),  and  "  Re- 
port on  the  Stomatopoda  collected  by  H.  M.  S. 
Challenger"  (1886).  Dr.  Brooks  is  a  "member  of 
the  Maryland  academy  of  sciences  and  other  scien- 
tific societies,  and  in  1884  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  National  academy  of  sciences. 

BROOKS,  William  Thomas  Harbaug-h,  sol- 
dier, b.  in  New  Lisbon,  Ohio,  28  Jan.,  1821 ;  d.  in 
Huntsville,  Ala.,  19  July,  1870.  He  was  graduated 
at  the  U.  S.  military  academv  in  1841  and  served 
in  Florida  in  1841-'2.  In  '  1843-5  he  was  on 
frontier  duty  in  Kansas,  and  in  1845-'6  served 
in  the  military  occupation  of  Texas,  becoming 
first  lieutenant  in  the  3d  infantry,  21  Sept.,  1846. 
He  was  in  nearly  all  the  battles  in  the  Mexican 
war,  was  brevetted  captain,  23  Sept.,  1846,  for  his 
conduct  at  Montei-ey,  and  major,  20  Aug.,  1847, 
for  services  at  Contreras  and  Churubusco.  In 
1848-'51  he  was  aide-de-camp  to  Gen.  Twiggs,  and 
on  10  Nov.,  1851,  became  captain  in  the  3d  in- 
fantry.    From   this  time   until   the  civil  war   he 


served  in  various  forts.  In  1854  and  again  in  1858 
he  was  on  scouting  duty,  and  from  1858  till  1860 
was  given  sick  leave.  On  28  Sept.,  1861,  he  was 
made  brigadier-general  of  volunteers,  and  served 
in  the  peninsular  campaign  of  1862,  being  engaged 
at  Yorktown,  Lee's  Mills.  Golden's  Farm,  Glen- 
dale,  and  Savage  Station,  where  he  was  wounded. 
In  September,  1862,  durmg  the  Maryland  cam- 
paign, he  was  in  the  battles  of  South  Mountain 
and  Antietam,  being  wounded  again  at  the  latter 
place.  In  October  and  November,  1862,  on  the 
march  to  Falmouth,  Va.,  he  commanded  a  divi- 
sion, and  again  in  the  Rappahannock  campaign, 
December,  1862,  to  May,  1863.  From  11  June, 
1863,  till  6  April,  1864,  he  commanded  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Monongahela,  and  in  the  operations 
before  Richmond  in  1864  was  at  the  head  of  the 
10th  army  corps,  being  engaged  at  Swift's  Creek, 
Drury's  Bluff,  Bermuda  Hundred,  Cold  Harbor, 
and  Petersburg.  His  health  failing  on  account  of 
wounds  and  exposure,  he  resigned  on  14  July,  1864, 
and  in  1866  went  to  a  farm  in  Huntsville,  Ala., 
where  he  remained  until  his  death. 

BROOM,  Jacob,  statesman,  b.  in  1752;  d.  in 
Philadelphia  in  April,  1810.  He  was  one  of  the 
delegates  from  Delaware  to  the  convention  that 
met  in  Philadelphia,  14  May,  1787,  pursuant  to  a 
resolution  of  congress,  to  adopt  a  federal  constitu- 
tion. His  signature  appears  among  those  who 
subscribed  to  the  document,  17  Sept.  He  held 
many  offices  of  pul)lic  honor  and  trust. 

BROOM,  Jacob,  statesman,  b.  in  Baltimore, 
Md.,  25  July,  1808;  d.  in  Washington,  D.  C,  in 
November,  1864.  After  receiving  a  classical  edu- 
cation he  removed  to  Pennsylvania,  and  was  ap- 
pointed deputy  auditor  of  the  state  in  1840.  In 
1849  he  was  appointed  clerk  of  the  orphans'  court 
in  Philadelphia.  In  politics  he  was  what  was  then 
known  as  an  American  whig,  and  as  such  was 
elected  to  congress,  serving  from  3  March,  1855, 
till  3  IMarch,  1857. 

BROOM,  James  M.,  statesman,  b.  in  Delaware 
in  1778.  He  was  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1794, 
and  was  a  member  of  congress  from  Delaware  from 
2  Dec.  1805,  till  3  March,  1807. 

BROOME,  John,  merchant,  b.  in  1738;  d.  8 
Aug.,  1810.  He  was  a  meml)er  of  the  New  York 
state  constitutional  convention  of  1777  and  lieu- 
tenant-governor of  the  state  in  1804.  During  the 
whole  of  his  public  career  he  was  prominent  in 
New  York,  and  was  for  many  years  at  the  head  of 
some  of  the  most  important  charitable  and  com- 
mercial institutions  of  the  city.  An  important 
thoroughfare  bears  his  name. 

BROOME,  John  L.,  soldier,  b.  in  New  York 
city,  8  March,  1824.  He  was  appointed  second 
lieutenant  in  the  U.  S.  marine  corps,  12  Jan.,  1848 ; 
promoted  first  lieutenant,  28  Sept.,  1857 ;  captain, 
26  July,  1861 ;  major,  8  Dec,  1864 ;  and  lieutenant- 
colonel,  16  March,  1879.  During  the  war  with 
Mexico  he  served  with  his  corps.  In  1862  he  com- 
manded the  marine  guard  of  the  "  Hartford,"  Far- 
ragut's  flag-ship,  and  was  present  at  the  passage  of 
Forts  Jackson  and  St.  Philip  (24  April),  and  in  the 
various  engagements  at  Vicksburg  and  Port  Hud- 
son, which  resulted  in  wresting  the  Mississippi  river 
from  the  confederate  forces.  He  was  twice  wounded 
during  the  war,  and  at  its  close  received  the  bre- 
vets of  major  and  lieutenant-colonel  for  gallant 
and  meritorious  services. 

BROPHY,  Georg-e  R.,  clergyman,  b.  near  Kil- 
kenny, Ireland,  in  August,  1775 ;  d.  in  Daven- 
port," Iowa,  16  Oct.,  1880.  He  was  the  son  of  an 
Irish  patriot  who,  after  the  battle  of  Vinegar  Hill 
in  the  rebellion  of  1798,  was  captured  and  exe- 


BROSS 


BROUGHAM 


391 


•cuted.     Young  Brophy  was  early  intended  for  the 

S)riesthood,  and,  after  graduating  at  Carlow  col- 
ege,  completed  his  theological  studies  in  Paris  and 
was  ordained  priest  in  1798.  In  1833  he  assisted 
^t  the  obsequies  of  Napoleon  I.  when  he  was  in- 
terred at  the  Hotel  des  Invalides ;  soon  afterward 
he  witnessed  the  attempt  made  upon  the  life  of 
Louis  Phillippe  by  Fieschi;  and  still  later,  with 
Archbishop  Dupontin,  he  was  at  the  death-bed  of 
Lafayette  as  his  spiritual  adviser.  In  1843  he  was 
settled  in  New  York  as  pastor  of  St.  Paul's  church. 
Through  his  efforts  several  churches  were  built 
.and  many  converts  were  made  to  the  Catholic  re- 
ligion. He  was  a  ripe  scholar  and  a  man  of  wide  ae- 
•quaintance,  numbering  among  his  personal  friends 
Presidents  Tyler,  Polk,  Fillmore,  Pierce,  Buchanan, 
and  Lincoln.  In  1865  he  removed  to  Iowa,  and, 
with  a  view  of  establishing  a  Catholic  college,  pur- 
chased a  large  tract  near  Boone ;  but  the  project 
was  never  executed.  His  later  yeai's  were  spent  at 
the  Mercy  hospital  in  Davenport,  Iowa. 

BROSS,  William,  journalist,  b.  in  Montague, 
Sussex  CO.,  N.  J.,  4  Nov.,  1813  ;  d.  in  Chicago,  28 
Jan..  1890.  He  was  fitted  for  college,  and  was  grad- 
uated at  Williams  in  1838,  after  which  he  taught 
school  for  ten  years.  He  then  went  to  Chicago, 
where,  from  1849  till  1851,  he  was  a  dealer  in 
books,  and  published  the  "  Prairie  Herald."  He 
formed  a  partnership  with  John  L.  Scripps  in  1852. 
and  established  the  "  Daily  Democratic  Press," 
which  was  consolidated  with  the  Chicago  "  Trib- 
une," 1  July,  1858.  For  several  years  he  was  presi- 
dent of  the  "  Tribune "  company.  During  1855 
and  1856  he  was  a  member  of  the  Chicago  city 
■council.  He  was  lieutenant-governor  of  Illinois 
from  1865  till  1869.  He  travelled  extensively  in 
America  and  Europe,  and  published  in  the  "  Trib- 
une "  many  letters  from  abroad,  and  from  almost 
every  pai-t  of  this  country.  He  became  a  member 
of  the  American  society  for  the  advancement  of 
science  in  1853,  and  read  papers  before  that  associa- 
tion, as  well  as  before  the  Chicago  historical  society 
and  the  academy  of  sciences.  He  was  identified 
with  the  republican  party  from  the  fii'st,  and  took 
a  prominent  part  in  its  campaigns  as  a  public 
speaker.  He  was  the  author  of  several  publica- 
tions in  book  or  pamphlet  form,  including  "  A  His- 
tory of  Chicago"  (Chicago,  1876);  "A  Compilation 
of  Editorials  from  the  Chicago  Tribune  "  and  "  Im- 
mortality "  (1877) ;  "A  History  of  Camp  Douglas  " 
(1878);  "Punishment"  and  "Chicago  and  the 
Sources  of  her  Future  Growth "  (1880) ;  "  The 
Winfield  Family  "  (1882) ;  and  "  Illinois  and  the 
Thirteenth  Amendment "  (1884). 

BROUGH,  John  (bruff),  governor  of  Ohio,  b.  in 
Marietta,  Ohio,  in  1811;  d.  in  Cleveland,  29  Aug., 
1865.  At  the  age  of  twelve,  and  with  only  the 
rudiments  of  a  common-school  training,  he  be- 
came an  apprentice  in  the  office  of  the  Marietta 
"  Gazette."  Here  he  stayed  for  two  years,  but  all 
the  time  sought  opportunities  for  education,  and 
in  1825  secured  a  place  in  the  office  of  the  Athens 
"  Mirror,"  within  reach  of  the  Ohio  university, 
then  in  its  infancy.  He  entered  at  once  as  a  stu- 
dent, and  so  improved  his  time  that  he  more  than 
made  good  his  lack  of  early  advantages.  At  the 
same  period  he  was  so  successful  in  business  that 
in  1831  he  became  proprietor  of  the  "Washington 
County  Republican,"  a  democratic  paper  published 
in  Marietta.  This  journal  he  sold  in  1833,  and,  in 
company  with  his  brother,  Charles  Henry  Brough, 
purchased  the  Lancaster  "  Eagle,"  and  soon  made 
its  influence  felt  as  a  democratic  organ  through- 
out the  state.  In  1835  Mr.  Brough  was  elected 
>clerk  of  the  Ohio  senate,  which  office  he  held  un- 


til 1838,  when  he  was  elected  to  the  state  legis- 
lature from  Fairfield  and  Hocking  counties.  Dur- 
ing this  period  (1835-'6)  he  was  member  of  a 
joint  commission  to  adjust  the  boundary  between 
Virginia  and  Ohio.  He  was  elected  state  auditor 
in  1839,  and  entered  upon  the  duties  of  his  office 
at  a  time  when  the  whole  country  still  felt  the 
effects  of  the  panic  of  1837,  and  when  the  state 
of  Ohio  was  peculiarly  burdened  with  liabilities 
for  which  there  appeared  to  be  no  adequate  relief, 
Mr.  Brough  devoted  himself  to  reconstructing  the 
whole  financial  system  of  the  state,  and  retired 
from  office  in  1846  with  a  high  reputation  as  a 
public  officer.  In  partnership  with  his  brother 
Charles  he  undertook  the  management  of  the  Cin- 
cinnati "  Enquirer,"  which  was  soon  one  of  the 
most  powerful  democratic  journals  in  the  west. 
At  the  same  time  he  opened  a  law  office  in  Cincin- 
nati. Personally,  Mr.  Brough  took  an  active  part 
in  politics,  and  became  the  most  popular  demo- 
cratic orator  in  the  state.  He  retired  from  active 
political  life  in  1848,  and  in  1853  was  elected  presi- 
dent of  the  Madison  and  Indianapolis  railway, 
then  one  of  the  great  lines  of  the  west.  He  removed 
his  residence  to  Cleveland,  and,  when  the  civil  war 
began  in  1861,  he  was  urged  to  become  a  candidate 
of  the  republican  union  party  for  governor.  This 
honor  he  declined,  although  his  position  as  a  "  war 
democrat "  was  always  distinctly  understood.  The 
canvass  of  1863  was  held  under  very  difficult  con- 
ditions. The  civil  war  was  at  its  height,  a  large  pro- 
portion of  the  loyal  voters  were  in  the  army,  and 
southern  sympathizers,  led  by  Clement  L.  Vallan- 
digham,  were  openly  defiant.  Vallandigham  was 
arrested  for  disloyal  utterances,  tried  by  court-mar- 
tial, and  banished  from  the  United  States.  He  was 
sent  within  the  confederate  lines,  and  subsequently 
received  the  regular  democratic  nomination  for 
governor  of  Ohio.  There  was  apparently  some 
danger  that  he  would  actually  be  elected  by  the 
"  peace  "  faction  of  the  party.  At  this  crisis  Mr. 
Brough  made  a  patriotic  speech  at  Marietta,  declar- 
ing slavery  destroyed  by  the  act  of  rebellion,  and 
earnestly  appealing  to  all  patriots,  of  whatever  pre- 
vious political  affiliations,  to  unite  against  the 
southern  rebels.  He  was  immediately  put  before 
the  people  by  the  republican  union  party  as  a  can- 
didate for  governor,  and  the  majority  that  elected 
him  (101,099)  was  the  largest  ever  given  for  a 
governor  in  any  state  up  to  that  time.  In  the  dis- 
charge of  his  duties  as  chief  magistrate  he  was  la- 
borious, patriotic,  far-sighted,  clear  in  his  convic- 
tions of  duty,  firm  in  their  maintenance,  and  fear- 
less in  their  execution.  He  was  distinctly  the  "  war 
governor  "  of  Ohio. — His  brother,  Cliarles  Henry, 
b.  in  Marietta,  Ohio,  17  Nov.,  1813 ;  d.  in  Cincin- 
nati, 10  May,  1849,  was  a  member  of  the  Ohio 
legislature  in  1840-'l ;  commanded  the  4th  Ohio 
regiment  during  the  war  with  Mexico,  and  was 
presiding  judge"  of  the  Hamilton  county  court  of 
common  pleas  at  the  time  of  his  death.  He  was 
associated  with  his  brother  in  many  of  his  busi- 
ness enterprises. 

■  BROUGHAM,  John,  actor,  b.  in  Dublin,  Ire- 
land, 9  May,  1810 ;  d.  in  New  York,  7  June,  1880. 
His  father,  an  Irishman  of  good  family,  was  an 
amateur  painter,  a  person  of  exceptional  talent 
and  gay  disposition,  and  died  young.  His  mother 
was  the  daughter  of  a  Huguenot,  whom  political 
adversity  had  forced  into  exile,  and  who  took  ref- 
uge in  the  Irish  capital.  John  was  the  eldest  of 
three  children.  The  other  two  died  in  youth,  and, 
the  father  being  dead  and  the  widowed  mother  left 
penniless,  the  surviving  boy  was  reared  in  the  fam- 
ily and  home  of  an  eccentric  uncle.     He  was  pre- 


392 


BROUGHAM 


BROUGHTON 


pared  for  college  at  an  academy  at  Trim,  in  the 
county  Meath,  twenty  miles  from  Dublin,  and 
subsequently  was  sent  "to  Dublin  university.  There 
he  acquired  classical  learning,  and  formed  interest- 
ing and  useful  associations  and  acquaintances ;  and 
there  also  he  became  interested  in  private  theat- 
ricals. He  was  a  frequent  attendant,  moreover,  at 
the  Theatre  Royal  in  Hawkins  street.  The  im- 
petus toward  his  theatrical  career  was,  doubtless, 
received  by  him  at  this  time  and  in  this  way.  Be- 
fore leaving  the  university  he,  by  chance,  became 
acquainted  with  the  fascinating  actress,  Mme.  Ves- 
tris,  afterward  the  first  wife  of  Charles  Mathews, 
the  comedian  ;  and  when,  at  a  later  period,  he  went 
up  to  London,  this  acquaintance  led  to  his  being 
engaged,  first  at  the  Tottenham,  and  then  at  the 
Olympic,  of  both  of  which  houses  she  was  the 
manager.  He  had  been  studying  surgery,  and 
walked  the  Peth  street  hospital  for  eight  months : 
but  misfortune  came  upon  his  opulent  uncle,  and 
so  the  youth  was  obliged  to  provide  for  himself. 
He  went  to  London  in  1830,  and,  after  a  brief  ex- 
perience of  poverty,  suddenly  determined  to  become 
an  actor.  He  was  destitute  of  everything  except 
fine  apparel,  and  he  had  actually  taken  the  ex- 
treme step  of  offering  himself  as  a  cadet  in  the 
service  of  the  East  India  company ;  but,  being  dis- 
suaded by  the  enrolling  officer,  who  lent  him  a 
guinea  and  advised  him  to  seek  for  other  employ- 
ment, and  happening  to  meet  with  a  festive  ac- 
quaintance, he  sought  recreation  at  the  Totten- 
ham theatre  (afterward  the  Prince  of  Wales's) 
where  Mme.  Vestris  was  acting ;  and  there,  present- 
ly, he  was  engaged.  Plis  first  regular  appearance 
on  the  stage  was  made  at  that  house  in  July,  1830, 
when  he  acted  several  minor  parts  in  "  Tom  and 
Jerry " ;  and  from  that  time  till  his  death,  fifty 
years  later,  he  remained  an  actor.  His  first  hit  was 
made  as  O'Slash  in  "  The  Invincibles,"  a  part  which 
in  its  name  is  typical  of  his  individual  line  of  dra- 
matic art.  The  first  twenty  years  of  Brougham's 
life  were  passed  in  and  around  Dublin.  The  rest 
of  it  was  divided  between  London  and  New  York. 
In  1831  he  followed  Mme.  Vestris  to  the  Olympic 
theatre,  and  his  name  ("  Mars — Mr.  Brougham")  ap- 
pears in  the  cast  of  "  Olympic  Revels,"  in  the  first 
full  bill  that  she  issued  there.  He  early  began  to 
write  for  the  stage,  his  first  play  being  a  burlesque 
written  for  William  E.  Burton,  who  was  then  act- 
ing, obscurely,  at  the  Pavilion  theatre  in  London. 
From  the  Olympic,  which  Mme.  Vestris  quitted  in 
1839,  Brougham  followed  her  to  Covent  Garden, 
and  he  there  remained  during  the  brief  period  of 
her  management  of  that  house.  About  this  time 
he  co-labored  with  Dion  Boucicault  in  writing  the 
comedy  of  "  London  Assurance,"  the  authorship  of 
which,  however,  has  always  been  claimed  exclusive- 
ly by  Mr.  Boucicault.  In  the  summer  of  1840 
Brougham  was  director  of  the  Lyceum,  and  for  that 
theatre  he  wrote  "Life  in  the  Clouds,"  "Love's 
Livery,"  "  Enthusiasm,"  and  "  Tom  Thumb  II." 

In  1843  he  came  to  New  York,  under  engage- 
ment to  Stephen  Price,  and  on  4  Oct.  in  that 
year,  at  the  old  Park  theatre,  he  made  his  first  ap- 
pearance on  the  American  stage,  enacting  O'Cal- 
laghan  in  "  His  Last  Legs."  He  was  accompanied 
by  his  first  wife,  Emma  Williams,  a  beauty  of  the 
Juno  type,  whom  he  had  met  and  married  in  Lon- 
don. This  lady  subsequently  was  separated  from 
him,  became  Mrs.  Robertson,  and  died  in  New 
York,  30  June,  1865.  His  second  wife,  Annette 
Nelson  (Mrs.  Hughes),  whom  he  married  in  1847, 
was  a  singing  actress  and  a  dancer,  and  at  one 
time  (1836)  manager  of  the  Richmond  Hill  theatre, 
a  play-house  just  opened,  in  1831,  on  the  corner  of 


Varick  and  Charlton  streets,  New  York,  in  what 
had  been  the  country  house  of  Aaron  Burr.  This 
lady  died  in  New  York,  4  May,  1870.  In  the  time 
of  Brougham's  first  visit  to  America  the  Park,  the 
Bowery,  the  Chatham,  and  the  National  were  the 
only  theatres  thought  to  be  within  the  city  limits. 
Niblo's  Garden  was  deemed  "  out  of  town."  The 
city,  indeed,  was  but  thinly  settled  from  Canal 
street  northward  to  Union  square ;  the  Third  ave- 
nue was  a  race-track,  and  all  the  present  Fifth 
avenue  hotel  region  was  the  resort  of  sportsmen. 
Brougham  was  received  with  kindness  at  the  old 
Park,  and  subsequently  he  made  a  professional 
tour  of  other  cities,  but  ultimately  settled  in 
New  York.  He  was  for  a  time  connected  with  the 
stock  company  at  Burton's  theatre  in  Chambers 
street,  and  made  many  brilliant  hits  there,  both  as 
actor  and  manager.  On  23  Dec,  1850,  he  opened 
Brougham's  Lyceum  in  Broadway,  near  the  south- 
west corner  of  Broome  street,  and  on  17  March, 
1852,  closed  it.  This  house  became  "  Wallack's 
Theatre,"  the  first  bearing  that  name,  which  has 
since  become  a  household  word  in  New  York, 
though  not  the  first  Wallack's  in  fact,  for  James 
William  Wallack  had  previously  managed  the 
National  in  Leonard  street.  After  the  collapse  of 
his  Lyceum,  Brougham  joined  Wallack's  stock  com- 
pany. In  1856  he  managed  the  Bowery  theatre, 
and  there  accomplished  a  splendid  revival  of 
Shakespeare's  "  King  John."  In  1800  he  went  to 
London,  where  he  remained  for  four  years.  He  was 
connected  with  the  Lyceum  under  Charles  Fech- 
ter's  management,  and  there  he  produced  the  popu- 
lar English  plays  of  "The  Duke's  Motto"  and 
"Bel  Demonio,"  based  on  French  originals.  He 
acted  at  the  Princess's,  also,  in  his  own  comedy  of 
"  Playing  with  Fire."  His  reappearance  in  the 
United  States  was  eifected,  in  this  latter  piece,  on 
30  Oct.,  1865,  at  the  Winter  Garden  theatre,  situ- 
ated in  Broadway,  opposite  the  end  of  Bond  street ; 
and  he  never  again  left  this  country.  On  25  Jan., 
1869,  he  opened  "  Brougham's  Theatre  "  in  Twenty- 
fourth  street,  but  this  was  taken  from  him  by  its 
owner  on  the  following  3  April.  From  this  time 
to  the  end  he  led  the  life  of  a  stock-actor,  a  wan- 
dering star,  and  a  playwright.  His  last  profes- 
sional tour  of  the  United  States  was  made  in  1877, 
and  his  last  appearance  on  the  stage  occurred  on 
25  Oct.,  1879,  at  Booth's  theatre.  New  York,  where 
he  enacted  Felix  O'Reilley,  a  detective,  in  Bouci- 
cault's  drama  of  "  Rescued."  Brougham  was  the 
proprietor  and  editor  of  "  The  Lantern,"  a  comic 
paper  published  in  New  York  in  1852,  and  he 
brought  out  two  collections  of  his  miscellaneous 
writings,  entitled  "  A  Basket  of  Chips  "  and  "  The 
Bunsby  Papers."  Toward  the  last  he  became  very 
poor,  and  on  17  Jan.,  1878,  a  performance  was 
given  at  the  New  York  academy  of  music  for  his 
benefit,  which  yielded  $10,279,  and  with  this  his 
friends  bought  an  annuity  for  him.  He  was  buried 
in  Greenwood  cemetery.  Brougham  wrote  about 
one  hundred  plays,  chief  among  which  were  "  Play- 
ing with  Fire,"  "  The  Gaine  of  Love,"  "  The  Game 
of  Life,"  "  Romance  and  Reality,"  "  The  Ruling 
Passion,"  "  O'Donnell's  Mission,"  "  The  Emerald 
Ring,"  "  The  Lily  of  France,"  and  the  burlesques 
of  "  Pocahontas  "  and  "  Columbus."  His  last  play, 
finished  at  Easter,  1880,  but  never  acted,  was  en- 
titled "  Home  Rule,"  and  it  was  designed  to  suggest 
expedients  for  improving  tlie  condition  of  the 
people  of  Ireland. 

BROUGHTON,  Thomas,  colonial  governor,  d. 
in  1738.  He  first  appears  in  the  history  of  South 
Carolina  as  a  councillor  and  collector  of  the  cus- 
toms revenue  in  1708.     Afterward  he  was  lieuten- 


BROUGHTON 


BROWN 


393 


a,nt-governor.  He  succeeded  Robert  Johnson  in  the 
governorship  in  May,  17^5,  and  died  while  still  in 
otRce.  Hewitt  describes  him  as  "  a  plain,  honest 
man,  but  little  distinguished  either  for  his  knowl- 
edge or  valor."  He  was  easily  accessible  to  de- 
signing men,  and  was  persuaded  to  sign  land-war- 
rants by  planters,  who  saw  their  oppoi'tunity  to 
gain  great  possessions.  Some  of  the  largest  estates 
in  South  Carolina  were  acquired  through  his  oblig- 
ing way  of  signing  official  paj)ers. 

BROUGHTON,  William  Robert,  naval  officer, 
b.  in  Gloucestershire,  England,  in  1763 ;  d.  in 
Florence,  Italy,  12  March,  1821.  He  entered  the 
royal  navy  as  a  midshipman  in  1774,  and  was  at- 
tached to  the  sloop  "  Falcon."  He  participated  in 
the  naval  attack  on  Bunker  Hill  (17  June,  1775), 
and  was  soon  afterward  captured  in  an  attempt  to 
bring  off  a  schooner  that  had  run  aground  at  Cape 
Ann.  He  was  exchanged  in  December,  1776,  and 
served  on  the  American  station  until  1778.  After 
several  years  of  service  in  East  Indian  waters,  he 
was  appointed,  in  1790,  to  the  command  of  the 
"  Chatham,"  a  brig  attached  to  Vancouver's  voy- 
age of  discovery  on  the  northwest  coast  of  Amer- 
ica. With  this  vessel  he  was  engaged  in  a  sur- 
vey of  Columbia  river  and  the  coasts  adjacent. 
Vancouver  named  a  group  of  islands  in  the  Pacific 
"  Broughton's  Archipelago,"  but  the  title  has  not 
survived.  In  1793  he  was  sent  home  with  de- 
spatches, and  travelled  over-land  from  San  Bias  to 
"V  era  Cruz,  a  distance  of  about  six  hundred  miles 
in  a  straight  line.  The  original  journal  kept 
■during  this  journey  is  preserved  in  the  library  of 
the  royal  united  service  institution  in  London.  He 
reached  England  in  the  autumn  of  1793,  and  on 
3  Oct.  was  placed  in  command  of  the  "  Provi- 
dence," a  vessel  of  four  hundred  tons,  in  which  he 
again  sailed  for  the  northwest  coast  of  America ; 
but  he  found  the  place  of  rendezvous  deserted, 
Vancouver  having  sailed  some  time  before.  This 
voyage  terminated  his  American  record.  He 
crossed  the  Pacific,  and  subsequently  rendered  dis- 
tinguished service  in  the  British  navy,  rising  to 
the  rank  of  captain.  In  1804  he  published  "A 
Voyage  of  Discovery  to  the  North  Pacific  Ocean," 
confined  mainly  to  the  Asiatic  coasts. 

BROUSE,  William  Henry,  Canadian  physi- 
cian, b.  in  Matilda,  Dundas,  Ontario,  in  1824.  He 
was  educated  at  McGill  college,  Montreal,  and 
Victoria  college,  Cobourg,  receiving  the  degree  of 
M.  D.  from  the  former  in  1847,  and  that  of  M.  A. 
from  the  latter  in  1849.  He  is  surgeon  of  the 
56th  battalion  of  volunteer  infantry,  a  member  of 
the  senate  of  Victoria  college,  and  appointed 
member  of  the  medical  examining  board.  Upper 
Canada,  in  1850.  He  was  elected  to  the  Dominion 
parliament  for  South  Grenville  in  1872,  re-elected 
in  1874,  and  called  to  the  senate  in  1878. 

BROUSSEAU,  Jean  Baptist,  Canadian  jour- 
nalist, b.  at  Beloeil,  county  Vercheres,  province  of 
Quebec,  1  Jan.,  1841.  He  was  educated  at  St.  Hya- 
cinthe  and  L'Assomption  colleges  in  his  native 
province,  studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
of  Lower  Canada  in  July,  1863.  He  was  editor  of 
"  Le  Messager  de  Sorel "  from  1874  till  1876,  and 
co-editor  of  "  La  Gazette  de  Sorel "  from  1874  to 
1876.  He  was  elected  to  the  provincial  legislature 
in  1878,  and  took  part  in  the  famous  debate  on 
the  constitutionality  of  the  dismissal  of  the  De 
Boucherville  (■•■ihinct  by  Lieut. -Gov.  Letellier. 

BROWN,  Aaron  Venable,  statesman,  b.  in 
Brunswick  co.,  Va.,  15  Aug.,  1795;  d.  in  Wash- 
ington. D.  C,  8  March,  1859.  He  was  graduated  at 
Chapel  Hill  university  (N.  C.)  in  1814,  removed  with 
his  parents  to  Tennessee  in  1815,  studied  law,  and 
VOL.  I. — 26 


when  admitted  to  practice  became  the  partner  of 
James  K.  Polk.  From  1821  till  1832  he  was  al- 
most continuously  a  member  of  the  state  legisla- 
ture. He  was  elected  to  congress  in  1839,  and  re- 
elected in  1841  and  1843.  On  retiring  from  con- 
gress, in  1845,  he  was  chosen  governor  of  Tennes- 
see, serving  until 
1847.  He  was  a 
delegate  to  the 
southern  conven- 
tion at  Nash- 
ville in  1850,  and 
is  the  author  of 
"  The  Tennes- 
see Platform," 
brought  forward 
at  that  time,  a 
document  that 
aroused  much 
comment.  In 
1852  he  was  a 
delegate  to  the 
democratic  con- 
vention in  Balti- 
more, and  re- 
ported the  plat- 
form    that   was 

adopted.  The  last  office  held  by  Mr.  Brown  was 
that  of  postmaster-general  in  President  Buchan- 
an's cabinet.  Among  the  measures  adopted  dur- 
ing his  administration  of  this  office  was  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  new  and  shorter  oceanic  mail-route 
to  California  by  way  of  Tehuantepec,  and  of  the 
transcontinental  mail-routes  from  St.  Louis  west- 
ward, prior  to  the  construction  of  the  railroads. 
He  was  for  twenty  years  one  of  the  most  trusted 
leaders  of  the  democratic  party.  A  volume  of  his 
speeches  was  published  in  Nashville  in  1854. 

BROWN,  Adam,  Canadian  merchant,  b.  in  Ed- 
inburgh, Scotland,  3  April,  1826.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  his  native  city  and  in  Montreal,  to  which 
place  the  family  had  emigrated  in  1833.  After 
passing  through  various  grades  in  the  mercantile 
service  he  accepted,  in  1850,  a  place  in  the  firm  of 
Donald  Mclnnes,  in  Hamilton,  Ontario.  Subse- 
quently he  became  a  partner  in  the  wholesale 
grocery  house  of  W.  P.  McLaren,  in  the  same  city, 
and  still  later  principal  of  the  firm  of  Brown,  Gil- 
lespie &  Co.  Mr.  Brown  has  been  president  of  the 
dominion  board  of  trade,  and  is  also  president  or 
director  of  various  railways,  besides  holding  many 
other  offices  of  honor  and  responsibility. 

BROWN,  Albert  Gallatin,  statesman,  b.  in 
Chester  District,  S.  C,  31  May,  1813 ;  d.  near  Jack- 
sonville, Miss.,  12  Jiuie,  1880.  His  parents  re- 
moved to  jMississippi  while  he  was  a  child.  He 
took  a  boyisii  interest  in  military  affairs,  and  was 
made  a  brigadier-general  in  the  state  militia  when 
only  nineteen  years  of  age.  He  adopted  the  law 
as  a  profession,  gaining  admission  to  the  bar  in 
1834,  and  was  a  member  of  the  state  legislature 
from  1835  till  1839,  and  member  of  congress  from 
Mississippi  in  1840-'l.  He  was  also  a  judge  of 
the  circuit  superior  court  in  1841-'3  ;  governor  of 
Mississippi  on  successive  re-elections  from  1843  till 
1848;  again  member  of  congress  from  1848  till 
1854 ;  and  U.  S.  senator  from  1854  till  1858.  He 
was  re-elected  for  six  years,  beginning  4  March, 
1859,  but  resigned  in  1861  to  join  in  the  rebellion. 
His  colleague  in  the  U.  S.  senate  at  the  time  was 
Jefferson  Davis,  and  they  both  attended  the  caucus 
of  seceding  senators,  held  in  Washington  6  Jan., 
1861.  He  was  an  uncompromising  adherent  of 
the  democratic  party  in  the  south.  A  volume  of 
his  speeches  was  published  in  1859. 


394 


BROWN 


BROWN 


BROWN,  Alexander,  b.  in  Ballymena,  county 
Antrim,  Ireland,  17  Nov.,  17G4;  d.  in  Baltimore, 
Md.,  6  April,  1834.  He  came  to  the  United  States 
in  1800,  settling  as  a  general  merchant  in  Balti- 
more, and  subsequently  associated  his  four  sons 
with  him  under  the  firm-name  of  Alexander  Brown 
&  Sons. — His  eldest  son,  William,  b.  in  Ballymena, 
30  May,  1784 ;  d.  in  Liverpool,  England,  3  March, 
1864,  accompanied  the  family  to  Baltimore  in 
1800,  received  his  commercial  education  in  his 
father's  counting-room,  and  early  in  life  became  a 
member  of  the  firm.  In  1809  he  returned  to  Eng- 
land and  established  a  branch  house  in  Liverpool, 
where  he  extended  the  business,  which  gradually 
became  general,  and  ultimately  developed  into  the 
transmission  of  money  on  public  account  between 
the  two  hemispheres.  The  firm  became  known 
later  as   Brown,  Shipley  &  Co.     Mr.  Brown  was 

Erominent  in  public  afl'airs,  and  represented  South 
lancashire  in  parliament  from  1840  till  1859.  He 
erected  the  free  public  library  and  Derby  museum 
in  Liverpool  at  a  cost  of  £40,000,  and  in  1863  was 
created  a  baronet. — The  second  son,  (ireorg'e,  b.  in 
Ballymena,  17  April,  1787;  d.  in  Baltimore,  Md., 
26  Aug.,  1859,  continued  his  residence  in  Balti- 
more, and  later  succeeded  to  the  head  of  that 
branch  of  the  business  which  was  carried  on  under 
the  old  firm-name  of  Alexander  Brown  &  Sons. 
Having  amassed  a  large  fortune,  he  withdrew 
from  active  connection  with  the  firm  in  1838. — The 
third  son,  Jolin  Alexander,  b.  in  Ballymena,  21 
May,  1788;  d.  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  31  Dec,  1872, 
was  educated  in  Baltimore,  and  became  associated 
in  business  with  his  brother.  In  1818  a  branch 
house  was  opened  in  Philadelphia,  which  John  A. 
Brown  managed  until  1838,  when  he  gave  up 
his  active  interest  in  the  firm.  He  attained  a  lead- 
ing position  in  the  business  community,  and  was 
elected  a  director  of  the  old  U.  S.  bank  under  the 
presidency  of  Nicholas  Biddle.  He  acquired  a 
large  fortune,  and  gave  more  than  $500,000  to  be- 
nevolent objects.  The  Presbyterian  hospital  of 
Philadelphia  received  a  donation  of  $300,000. — 
The  fourth  son.  James,  b.  in  Ballvmena,  4  Feb., 
1791 ;  d.  in  New  York  city,  1  Nov.,  1877,  estab- 
lished the  New  York  branch  of  the  banking-house 
in  1825.  Later  he  became  the  head  of  the  great 
banking  firm  of  Brown  Brothers  &  Co.,  and  was 
the  American  representative  of  the  Liverpool 
house.  Like  his  brother  John,  he  contributed 
large  sums  to  various  charities  connected  with  the 
Presbyterian  church. 

BROWN,  Andrew,  soldier,  b.  in  the  north  of 
Ireland,  about  1744 ;  d.  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  4  Feb., 
1797.  He  was  educated  at  Trinity  college,  Dublin, 
and  came  to  America  in  1773  as  an  oflicer  in  the  Brit- 
ish army,  but  left  that  service  and  settled  in  Mas- 
sachusetts. He  fought  on  the  patriot  side  at  Lex- 
ington and  Bunker  Hill,  was  made  general  muster- 
ing officer  in  1777,  and  served  under  Gates  and 
Greene,  with  the  rank  of  major.  After  the  peace 
he  established  an  academy  for  young  ladies,  first  at 
Lancaster,  Pa.,  and  afterward  at  Philadelphia.  He 
relinquished  this  occupation,  for  which  his  irrita- 
ble temper  unfitted  him,  and,  in  October,  1788, 
established  the  "  Federal  Gazette,"  the  title  of 
which  was  changed,  in  1793,  to  the  ''Philadelphia 
Gazette."  This  was  the  main  channel  through 
which  the  friends  of  the  federal  constitution  ad- 
di'essed  the  public,  and  it  was  the  first  journal  to 
publish  regular  reports  of  the  debates  in  congress. 
He  achieved  financial  success  after  many  discour- 
agements, through  remaining  at  his  post  and  pub- 
lishing his  paper  during  the  yellow-fever  epidemic 
of  1793,  when  the  contemporary  journals  were  sus- 


pended. His  death  was  caused  by  injuries  received 
while  fruitlessly  endeavoring  to  save  his  wife  and 
children  from  a  fire  that  destroyed  his  establish- 
ment on  the  night  of  27  Jan.,  1797. — His  son,  An- 
drew, b.  in  1774,  carried  on  the  "  Gazette "  until 
1802,  but,  taking  the  English  side  in  politics,  be- 
came unpopular,  and  went  to  England,  where  he 
died.  7  Dec,  1847. 

BROWN,    Antoinette    L.      See    Blackwell, 

A NTO I N  ETT E    B K O WX . 

BROWN,  Bartholomew,  musical  composer,  b. 
in  Sterling,  Mass.,  8  Sept.,  1772;  d.  in  Boston,  14 
April,  1854.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvai-d  in 
1799,  studied  law,  and  established  himself  in  prac- 
tice in  the  neighboring  towns  of  Sterling  and  East 
Bridgewater.  He  was  one  of  the  most  accom- 
plished musicians  of  his  day,  and  was  for  twenty 
years  associated  with  Nahum  Mitchell  in  the  edi- 
torship of  "Temi)li  Carniina,"  better  known  as  the 
"  Bridgewater  Collection  of  Sacred  Music  "  (Bridge- 
water,  1812).  This  collection,  though  received  at 
first  with  caution  by  the  churches,  soon  made  its 
way  into  general  favor.  It  contains  many  of  Mr. 
Brown's  musical  compositions.  He  wrote  the  cal- 
endars in  the  "  American  Farmer's  Almanac  "  for 
nearly  sixty  years. 

BROWN,' Bedford,  senator,  b.  in  Caswell  co., 
N.  C,  in  1795;  d.  there.  6  Dec,  1870.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  house  of  commons  of  North  Caro- 
lina in  1815-'7,  and  in  1823,  and  of  the  senate  in 
1828-'9.  On  the  resignation  of  John  Branch  he 
was  elected  as  a  democrat  to  the  U.  S.  senate, 
and  re-elected  for  a  full  term  in  1835,  serving  from 
28  Dec,  1829,  till  1840,  when  he  resigned  because 
he  was  miwilling  to  follow  the  instructions  of  the 
state  assembly.  In  1842  he  was  again  elected  to 
the  state  senate,  and  was  a  candidate  for  U.  S. 
senator,  but  was  defeated  by  W.  H.  Haywood,  Jr., 
and  retired  from  public  life.  He  removed  to  Mis- 
souri, but  returned  to  his  home  in  Caswell  co. 

BROWN,  Bnckminster,  surgeon,  b.  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  13  July,  1819.  His  father  and  grandfather 
were  physicians,  as  was  also  his  mother's  father, 
who  was  the  first  professor  of  surgery  at  Harvard. 
Dr.  Brown  was  graduated  at  Harvard  medical 
school  in  1844,  and,  after  extended  travels  and  sup- 

Elementary  stiidies  abroad  under  Drs.  Little,  of 
london,  Guerin  and  Bouvier,  of  Paris,  and  Prof. 
Strohmeyer,  of  Germany,  returned  to  Boston.  De- 
voting himself  to  orthopaedic  surgery,  he  has  at- 
tained experience  and  skill  that  places  him  among^ 
the  foremost  living  specialists  in  that  line.  One  of 
his  most  noteworthy  cases  was  double  congenital 
displacement  of  the  hips  in  a  girl  four  years  old. 
No  cotyloid  cavities  existed,  but,  after  two  years  of 
treatment,  cavities  were  formed,  and  the  child's 
walk  and  bearing  became  normal.  He  has  operated 
successfully  upon  diseased  and  angular  hips,  spinal 
deformities,  and  kindred  malformations.  In  1856 
he  married  Sarah  A.  Newcomb,  great-granddaugh- 
ter of  Gen.  Warren,  of  revolutionary  fame.  He  is 
a  member  of  the  Boston  medical  association,  of  the 
Massachusetts  medical  society,  and  of  the  Suffolk 
district  medical  society.  For  many  yeai-s  he  was 
surgeon  of  the  house  of  the  good  Samaritan.  He 
is  the  author  of  many  technical  treatises,  including 
a  full  account  of  the  instance  of  the  double-hip 
displacement  referred  to  above.  In  1856  he  pub- 
lished, in  the  "  North  American  Review,"  a  paper 
on  "  The  Poetry  of  Anatomy,"  and  he  has  contrib- 
uted largely  to"  medical  and"  surgical  journals. 

BROWN,  Chad  or  Chadd,  elder  in  the  Baptist 
church.  The  dates  of  his  birth  and  death  hav^ 
not  been  definitely  ascertained.  He  died,  proba- 
bly, in  1665 ;  but  the  colonial  records  were  largely 


BROWN 


BROWN 


395 


destroyed  during  King  Philip's  war,  ten  years 
later,  and  it  can  not  be  verified.  Concerning  the 
trans- Atlantic  origin  of  the  Rhode  Island  Browns 
or  Brownes  (for  the  final  vowel  was  in  early  times 
used  or  omitted  indiscriminately)  little  is  known. 
In  Burke's  "  Encyelop;edia  "  more  than  150  heral- 
dic escutcheons  are  described  as  the  property  of  as 
many  families  bearing  the  name.  The  difficulty  is 
obvious  of  identifying  the  particular  one  from 
which  sprung  the  founder  of  the  first  American 
branch.  Chad  Brown  came  over  in  the  ship  "  Mai-- 
tin  "  in  July,  1638.  His  name  appears  as  a  witness 
to  the  nuncupative  will  of  a  passenger  who  died 
on  the  voyage.  About  this  time  occurred  the 
"  anabaptist  heresy,"  and  many  of  the  Boston  colo- 
ny removed  to  the  Providence  plantations.  It  is 
probable  that  Mr.  Brown  was  among  these,  for  his 
tombstone,  erected  by  the  town,  bears  record  that 
he  was  "  exiled  from  Massachusetts  for  conscience' 
sake."  The  date  of  his  arrival  can  not  be  exactly 
fixed,  although  some  authorities  erroneously  place  it 
as  early  as  1636  ;  but  the  most  probable  date  is  the 
autumn  of  1638,  when  Roger  Williams  and  twelve 
others  executed  what  is  known  as  the  "  initial 
deed,"  assigning  the  lands  acquired  by  piirchase 
from  the  Indians.  Mr.  Brown  at  once  became  a 
leader  in  the  affairs  of  the  colony,  and  when,  after 
a  few  months,  the  restless  Williams,  finding  that 
the  church  would  not  implicitly  accept  his  teaching, 
again  seceded,  Mr.  Brown  was  chosen  as  his  succes- 
sor. He  was  formally  ordained  elder  in  England  in 
1642,  assumed  the  pastoral  office  on  his  return,  and 
was  in  reality  the  first  elder  of  the  oldest  Baptist 
church  in  America.  Prior  to  his  ordination  serious 
dissensions  had  arisen  in  the  colony,  involving  a 
C£uarrel  with  Massachusetts,  and  Mr.  Brown  was 
one  of  a  committee  appointed  to  make  peace.  He 
served  also  as  town  surveyor,  and  with  two  others 
compiled  a  list  of  the  original  divisions  or  grants 
of  land.  The  original  of  this  list  (1660)  is  still  on 
file  in  the  clerk's  office  of  Providence.  During  his 
pastorate  arose  the  controversy  respecting  "  the  lay- 
ing on  of  hands,"  which  resulted  in  the  secession 
of  the  "  Five-principle  Baptists "  from  the  origi- 
nal society,  a  schism  that  lasted  until  long  after 
Elder  Brown  was  laid  to  rest  in  his  own  home 
lot.  His  influence  in  shaping  the  early  tendencies 
of  the  colony  was  marked,  and  it  is  probable 
that,  but  for  his  resolute  character  and  judicious 
management,  the  daring  and  refractory  spirits  that 
composed  the  colony  would  have  come  to  blows  on 
a  dozen  different  questions  of  civil  and  religious 
import.  So  successful  was  he  in  adjusting  the 
quarrels  of  his  flock  that  the  honorable  title  of 
"Peacemaker"  was  popularly  accorded  him,  and 
more  than  a  century  after  his  death  (1792)  the  town 
of  Providence  voted  a  modest  sum  of  money  to 
erect  a  stone  over  his  grave  in  the  north  burying- 
ground,  whither  his  remains  were  moved  at  that 
date.  He  was  married  before  coming  to  this  coun- 
try, and  had  flve  sons. — John,  eldest  son  of  Chad, 
b.  in  England  about  1630.  He  came  to  America 
at  the  age  of  eight  years  and  settled  with  his 
parents  in  Providence.  He  appears  to  have  been  a 
man  of  influence  in  the  colony,  and  was  appointed, 
in  1662,  with  Roger  Williams  and  Thomas  Harris, 
to  make  up  the  town  council.  The  date  of  his 
death  is  not  known. — James,  second  son  of  John, 
b.  in  Providence,  R.  I.,  in  1666;  d.  there,  28 
Oct.,  1732.  He  became  the  colleague,  and  after- 
ward the  successor,  of  the  Rev.  Pardon  Tilling- 
hast,  in  charge  of  the  Baptist  church.  He  mar- 
ried Mary,  the  granddaughter  of  William  Harris, 
who  came  to  Providence  with  Roger  Williams, 
and   had  ten  children,  of  whona  James  was  b.  in 


Providence,  R.  I.,  22  March,  1698;  d.  there,  27 
April,  1739.  He  engaged  in  active  business  and 
became  a  successful  merchant  of  Providence.  In 
1723  he  married  Hope  Power,  the  granddaughter 
of  Rev.  Pai'don  Tillinghast,  and  had  one  daughter, 
Mary,  and  five  sons — James,  Nicholas,  Joseph, 
John,  and  Moses,  of  whom  the  last  four  are  known 
in  Providence  annals  as  the  "  Four  Brothers." — 
Nicholas,  b.  in  Providence,  R.  I.,  28  July,  1729 ; 
d.  there,  29  May,  1791.  He  was  left  an  orphan  at 
the  age  of  ten  years,  and  the  early  death  of  his 
elder  brother,  James,  made  him  the  senior  repre- 
sentative of  the  family.  On  coming  of  age  he 
could  readily  have  claimed  a  double  portion  of  his 
father's  projierty,  as.  under  the  existing  colonial 
laws,  he  was  entitled  to  the  inheritance  of  his 
brother  James.  Setting  aside  all  legal  rights  in 
the  matter,  he  divided  that  portion  equally  among 
his  brothers  and  sister.  He  followed  mercantile 
pursuits,  and  thereby  acquired  a  very  ample  for- 
tune. His  success  was  largely  due  to  habits  of  in- 
dustry and  punctuality  which  he  assiduously  ob- 
served throughout  his  career.  Mr.  Brown  was  a 
believer  in  the  Baptist  faith,  and  a  careful  observer 
of  its  forms,  although  he  never  made  a  public  pro- 
fession of  that  religion.  He  was  liberal  with  his 
wealth,  and  a  constant  benefactor  of  the  college 
and  other  public  buildings  devoted  to  religion  or 
science  in  Providence.  He  was  twice  married,  and 
his  son  of  the  same  name  survived  him. — Joseph, 
b.  in  Providence,  R.  I.,  3  Dec,  1733 ;  d.  there,  3 
Dec,  1785.  He  was  likewise  engaged  in  business, 
and  in  manufacturing,  and  acquired  sufficient 
wealth  to  permit  him  to  follow  his  natural  taste 
for  science.  He  was  greatly  interested  in  the  sci- 
ence of  electricity,  and  his  knowledge  of  that  sub- 
ject was  remarkable  for  the  time.  At  his  death  he 
left  an  electric  machine  of  his  own  construction, 
then  unsurpassed  by  any  other  in  the  country. 
He  devoted  considerable  study  to  mechanics  and 
was  proficient  in  astronomy.  His  attention  hav- 
ing been  directed  to  the  arrangements  in  course  of 
preparation  for  the  proper  observation  of  the  tran- 
sit of  Venus  in  1769,  he  sent  to  England  for  suita- 
ble instruments,  and  subsequently  an  account  of 
the  observations  made  in  Providence  was  published 
by  Prof.  Benjamin  West,  later  professor  of  natu- 
ral philosophy  in  the  college.  Mr.  Brown  was  a 
warm   friend  of  the  college,  and  was  one  of  its 


trustees  from  1769  till  1785.  In  1770  he  received 
the  honorary  degree  of  A.  M.  from  the  college,  and 
from  1784  until  his  death  held  the  chair  of  natural 
philosophy,  giving  his  services  to  the  institution 
without  compensation.  He  was  a  consistent  mem- 
ber of  the  Baptist  church,  and  he  was  the  only  one 
of  the  four  brothers  who  ever  made  a  public  pro- 
fession of  religion. — John,  b.  in  Providence,  R.  I., 
27  Jan.,  1736 ;  d.  there,  20  Sept.,  1803.  The  most 
energetic  of  the  four  brothers,  he  became  a  very 


396 


BROWN 


BROWN 


wealthy  merchant,  and  was,  it  is  said,  the  first  in 
Rhode  Island  to  carry  trade  to  China  and  the  East 
Indies.  He  was  the  leader  of  the  party  that  de- 
stroyed the  British  sloop-of-war  "  Gaspee  "  in  Nar- 
ragansett  bay  on  17  June,  1772.  and  was  sent  in  irons 
to  Boston  on  suspicion  of  having  been  concerned 
in  that  affair,  but  released  through  the  efforts  of 
his  brother  Moses.  Anticipating  the  war  of  the 
revolution,  he  instructed  the  captains  of  his  ships 
to  freight  their  vessels  on  their  return  voyages  with 
powder,  and  he  furnished  the  army  at  Cambridge 
with  a  supply  when  it  had  not  four  rounds.  He 
was  chosen  delegate  to  the  continental  congress  in 
1784,  but  did  not  take  his  seat.  Later  he  was 
elected  to  congress,  serving  from  2  Dec,  1799,  till 
3  March,  1801.  Mr.  Brown  laid  the  corner-stone 
of  the  first  building  of  Rhode  Island  college,  now 
Brown  university,  to  the  endowment  of  which  he 
was  one  of  the  largest  contributors,  and  was  for 
twenty  years  its  treasurer.  A  view  of  some  of 
the  buildings  is  given  on  page  395. — Moses,  b.  in 
Providence,  R.  I.,  23  Sept.,  1738 ;  d.  there,  6  Sept., 
1836.  He  was  brought  up  in  the  family  of  his 
uncle,  Obadiah  Brown,  whose  daughter  he  mar- 
ried, and  a  portion  of  whose  estate  he  inherited 
by  will.  In  1763  he  became  engaged  in  business 
with  his  three  brothers,  but,  after  ten  years'  ac- 
tive experience,  withdrew  to  follow  more  conge- 
nial interests.  Although  brought  up  in  the  Bap- 
tist faith,  he  became,  subsequent  to  severe  do- 
mestic affliction,  a  member  of  the  Society  of 
Friends,  and  remained  until  his  death  a  firm  ad- 
herent to  the  doctrines  of  that  society.  He  exerted 
a  strong  influence  in  all  its  concerns,  and  filled 
many  of  its  important  offices  with  dignity  and  use- 
fulness. The  Friends'  boarding-school  in  Provi- 
dence was  founded  by  him,  and  his  donations  to 
its  support  were  frequent  and  liberal.  In  1773  he 
manumitted  his  slaves,  and  was  one  of  the  found- 
ers of  the  abolition  society  of  Rhode  Island.  He 
was  also  an  active  member  and  liberal  supporter 
of  the  Rhode  Island  Peace  and  Bible  societies. — 
Nicholas,  philanthropist,  son  of  Nicholas,  b.  in 
Providence,  R.  I.,  4  April,  1769;  d.  there,  27  Sept., 
1841,  was  graduated  at  Rhode  Island  college  in 
1786.  and  in  1791  the  death  of  his  father  left  him 
with  a  handsome  fortune.  Foi'ming  a  partnership 
with  his  brother-in-law,  Thomas  P.  Ives,  he  be- 
came a  mer- 
chant, and,  by 
his  wisdom  and 
honorable  deal- 
ing, made  the 
firm  of  Brown  & 
Ives  one  of  the 
most  successful 
in  the  country, 
notwithstanding 
the  dangers  with 
which  commerce 
was  threatened 
by  the  French 
revolution  and 
the  war  of  1812. 
For  many  years 
he  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Rhode 
Island  legisla- 
ture, and  was  a 
delegate  to  the 
Harrisburg  convention  of  1840,  which  nominated 
Harrison  to  the  presidency.  He  was  one  of  the 
most  munificent  patrons  of  Rhode  Island  college, 
which,  in  1804,  changed  its  name  to  Brown  univer- 
sity in  his  honor.     His  donations  to   the  college 


Q/t(M}, 


amounted  in  all  to  nearly  $100,000.  In  1804  hs 
gave  $5,000  to  found  a  professorship  of  oratory 
and  belles-lettres.  In  1822  he  erected  the  second 
college  building,  which  he  presented  to  the  corpo- 
ration in  a  letter  dated  13  Jan.,  1823.  At  his  sug- 
gestion it  was  named  Hope  college  in  honor  of  his 
only  surviving  sister,  Mrs.  Hope  Ives.  In  1835  he 
erected  the  third  building,  requesting  that  it  be 
named  Manning  hall,  after  Dr.  Manning,  who  was 
president  of  the  college  during  his  undergraduate 
days.  He  also  gave  .$10,000  toward  building 
Rhode  Island  hall  and  the  president's  house.  Mr. 
Brown  was  officially  connected  with  the  college 
for  fifty  years,  during  twenty-nine  of  which  he 
was  its  treasurer.  He  was  chosen  a  trustee  in  1791, 
and  was  a  member  of  its  board  of  fellows  from 
1825  till  his  death.  Besides  his  donations  to  the 
university,  he  gave  nearly  $10,000  to  the  Provi- 
dence Athenaeum,  liberally  aided  in  the  building  of 
churches  and  the  endowment  of  colleges  and  acade- 
mies, and  l)('(|ucathed  $30,000  for  an  insaneasylum, 
to  be  eslaljlished  at  Providence.  See  Hunt's 
"  Lives  of  American  Merchants  "  (New  York,  1856). 
— 01)adiali,  merchant,  the  only  son  of  Moses,  b. 
in  Providence,  R.  I.,  15  July,  1771 ;  d.  there,  15 
Oct.,  1822.  He  engaged  in  business  with  William 
Almy,  and  they  associated  with  them  Samuel 
Slater,  who  introduced  into  this  country  the  spin- 
ning of  cotton  by  machinery  on  Arkwright's  prin- 
ciple, under  the  firm-name  of  Almy,  Brown  & 
Slater.  The  business  developed  very  largely  under 
their  management,  they  became  very  wealthy,  and 
the  source  of  support  to  a  large  population.  Mr. 
Brown  continued  in  the  religious  faith  of  his  fa- 
ther, and,  as  he  had  no  children  of  his  own,  distrib- 
uted his  wealth  among  deserving  objects  of  public 
and  private  charity.  His  benefactions  were  extend- 
ed to  worthy  enterprises  in  all  Christian  bodies,  al- 
though his  principal  donations  were  to  the  Friends' 
boarding-school,  founded  by  his  father,  to  which 
he  left  $100,000  by  his  will,  to  form  a  permanent 
charitable  fund.— John  Carter,  mercliant,  son  of 
the  second  Nicholas,  b.  in  Providence,  R.  I.,  28 
Aug.,  1797;  d.  there,  10  June,  1874,  was  graduated 
at  Brown  university  in  1816,  and  at  once  entered 
his  father's  counting-room,  becoming,  in  1832,  a 
partner  in  the  business.  Mr.  Brown  was  part 
owner  in  several  cotton-factories,  and  was  inter- 
ested in  business  enterprises  in  Rhode  Island,  New 
York,  and  elsewhere.  Although  an  active  mer- 
chant, he  continued  his  interest  in  literary  topics, 
and  gathered  a  fine  library  of  Americana  prior  to 
1800,  which  was  considered  the  most  complete  in 
the  world,  and  its  treasures  were  freely  placed  at 
the  service  of  scholars.  On  several  occasions  lie 
sent  to  eminent  historians  in  Europe  books  that,  if 
they  had  been  lost,  could  not  have  been  replaced. 
The  library  contained  the  most  complete  known  col- 
lection of  the  "  Jesuit  Relations  "  :  the  letters  and 
joiirnals  of  the  Jesuit  missionaries  in  North  Ameri- 
ca, embracing  forty-eight  volumes;  books  relating 
to  the  settlement  and  history  of  New  England, 
scarcely  an  important  work  laeing  wanting;  vol- 
umes relating  to  Spanish  and  Portuguese  America, 
the  north  polar  district,  and  other  regions  of  North 
and  South  America.  It  comprised  in  all  6,235 
separate  works  or  titles,  of  which  an  elaborate 
catalogue  was  prepared  by  John  Russell  Bartlett, 
and  printed  (4  vols..  8vo",  1865-'71).  Mr.  Brown 
was  liberal  in  his  gifts  for  educational  purposes, 
and  gave  to  Brown  viniversity  more  than  $160,000, 
which  was  devoted  principally  to  the  erection  of  a 
fire-proof  library  building.  He  was  a  trustee  of 
the  university  from  1828  till  1842,  and  a  fellow 
from  1842  till  1874.     On  his  death  he  left  about 


BROWN 


BROWN 


397 


^. /5^  ^ 


^-Ti^Tz/n-^ 


$50,000  to  charitable  institutions  in  Rhode  Island. 
A  full  account  of  this  family  is  given  in  the  "  Life, 
Times,  and  Correspondence  of  James  Manning,  and 
the  Early  History  of  Brown  University,"  by  Reuben 
Aldridge  Guild  (Boston,  1864).  See,  also,  "  Histoi*- 
ical  Sketch  of  the  Library  of  Brown  University," 
by  the  same  author  (New  Ilaven,  1861). 

BROWN,  Charles  Brockden,  author,  b.  in 
Philadelphia,  17  Jan..  1771 :  d.  there,  23  Feb.,  1810. 
His  ancestors  were  Quakers,  who  came  over  in  the 
ship  witli  William  Peiin.  Before  he  was  ten  years 
old  he  was  thoroughly  acquainted  with  geography, 
his  favorite  study,  and  had  read  every  book  he  could 

obtain.  Prom  his 
eleventh  till  his 
sixteenth  year  he 
was  at  the  school 
of  Robert  Proud, 
the  historian,  then 
a  noted  teacher, 
and  studied  so  as- 
siduously that  he 
was  often  obliged 
to  leave  his  books 
for  a  walking  trip 
through  the  coun- 
try. He  was  always 
physically  weak, 
and,  in  a  letter 
written  just  before 
his  death,  said  that 
he  never  had  been 
in  perfect  health 
for  more  than  half 
an  hour  at  a  time. 
On  leaving  school.  Brown  took  to  verse-writing, 
and  planned  three  epics  on  subjects  connected 
with  American  history,  but  no  fragments  of  these 
remain.  At  this  time  he  sent  to  a  periodical  a 
poetical  "  Address  to  Franklin,"  throughout  which 
the  editor  substituted  the  name  of  Washington 
for  that  of  the  philosopher,  without  regard  to  the 
context.  Brown  began  with  very  little  ardor  the 
study  of  law,  and  determined  to  abandon  it  for 
literature.  Although  this  change  was  contrary  to 
the  wishes  of  his  family,  it  was  the  result  of  care- 
ful thought.  He  had  tested  his  powers  as  a  writer 
by  contributing  to  the  "  Columbus  Magazine,"  by 
a  carefully  kept  diary,  and  by  numerous  essays  read 
before  a  "  Belles-Lettres  Club,"  of  which  he  had 
been  the  leader.  He  was  the  first  American  to 
adopt  literature  as  a  profession.  Soon  after  mak- 
ing this  decision  he  visited  his  friend.  Dr.  Elihu  H. 
Smith,  of  New  York,  and,  becoming  acquainted 
with  many  literary  and  scientific  men  of  that  city, 
virtually  made  it  his  residence  after  that  time.  In 
1797  he  wrote  a  work  entitled  "  Alcuin :  a  Dia- 
logue," discussing  with  some  boldness  the  topic  of 
divorce,  but  it  attracted  little  attention.  Soon 
after  this  he  projected  a  new  magazine,  which 
never  appeared,  and  in  1798  he  contributed  to  the 
"  Weekly  Magazine  "  a  series  of  reflections  on  men 
and  society,  entitled  "  The  Man  at  Home."  In  this 
year  he  also  began  the  publication  of  his  novels, 
which  are  his  best-known  works.  He  had  already 
made  two  abortive  attempts  at  novel-writing.  The 
first  was  never  finished,  and  the  death  of  his  printer 
put  a  stop  to  the  publication  of  the  second.  This 
was  entitled  "  Sky  Walk  ;  or,  the  Man  Unknown  to 
Himself,"  and  portions  of  it  were  incorporated  in 
"Edgar  Huntley."  a  later  work.  Between  1798 
and  1801  he  published  six  novels,  which  attained 
immediate  success,  and  were  the  finest  American 
fictions  until  the  appearance  of  Cooper's  novels. 
In  April,  1799,  Mr.  Brown   established,  in   New 


York,  the  "  Monthly  Magazine  and  American  Re- 
view," but  it  lasted  only  until  the  close  of  1800. 
In  1803  he  made  a  second  attempt,  issuing,  in 
Philadelphia,  the  "  Literary  Magazine  and  Ameri- 
can Register."  which  continued  about  five  years. 
In  1806  he  began  publishing  semi-annually  "  The 
American  Register,"  the  first  publication  of  the 
kind  in  the  country,  and,  ably  edited,  it  was  brought 
to  a  close  only  by  his  death.  In  person,  Mr.  Brown 
was  tall,  thin,  and  pale,  had  black  hair,  and  a  mel- 
ancholy expression  of  countenance.  He  intensely 
enjoyed  the  society  of  intimate  friends,  but  was  re- 
served with  all  others.  His  death  was  caused  by 
consumption,  against  which  he  had  been  struggling 
from  early  boyhood.  His  novels  are  "  Wieland,  or 
the  Transformation,"  an  improbable  though  fasci- 
nating tale  of  a  ventriloquist,  who  by  personating 
a  supernatural  being,  persuades  the  hero  to  kill 
his  wife  and  children  (1798  ;  London,  1811) ;  "  Or- 
mond,  or  the  Secret  Witness  "  (New  York,  1799; 
London,  1811):  "Arthur  Mervyn."  containing  a 
graphic  description  of  Philadelphia  as  it  was  dur- 
ing the  yellow-fever  plague  of  1798  (Philadelphia, 
1799-1800;  London,  1803) ;  "  Jane  Talbot  "  (1801) ; 
"  Edgar  Huntley,  or  the  Memoirs  of  a  Sleep- Walk- 
er "(1799;  London,  1804);  and  "Clara  Howard" 
(1801),  republished  as  "  Philip  Stanley  "  (London, 
1806).  These  were  published  collectively  (7  vols., 
Boston,  1827;  new  ed.,  6  vols.,  Philadelphia,  1857). 
Mr.  Brown  also  published  several  political  pam- 
phlets (1803-'9).  including  an  "  Address  to  Con- 
gress on  the  Utility  and  Justice  of  Restrictions  on 
Foreign  Commerce " ;  a  translation  of  Volney's 
"  Travels  in  the  United  States  "  (1804) ;  a  memoir 
of  his  brother-in-law,  Dr.  John  B.  Linn,  prefixed  to 
the  latter's  poem  "  Valerian  "  (1805) ;  "  Memoirs  of 
Stephen  Calvert,"  a  serial  story.  At  the  time  of 
his  death  he  had  nearly  completed  a  fine  system 
of  general  geography,  which  has  not  been  pub- 
lished ;  and  he  also  left  unfinished  literary  works. 
Several  elaborate  architectural  drawings  were 
made  as  a  recreation  in  the  midst  of  his  literary 
labors.  His  life  was  unsatisfactorily  written  by 
William  Dunlap  (Philadelphia,  1815).  A  sketch 
of  it  is  prefixed  to  the  1827  edition  of  his  novels 
(1815).  One  by  William  H.  Prescott  occurs  in  the 
first  series  of  Sparks's  "  American  Biographies " 
(1834 ;  reprinted  in  Prescott's  "  Miscellanies," 
1855) ;  a  fuller  sketch,  by  Charles  Dudley  Warner, 
will  be  found  in  his  volume  "  Washington  Irving," 
in  the  "  American  Men  of  Letters' "  series  (Bos- 
ton, 1881);  a  large  number  of  articles  in  the  older 
periodicals  discuss  the  novelist ;  and  a  new  life, 
by  E.  Irenaeus  Stevenson,  is  completed  (1897),  but 
not  yet  published. 

BROWN,  David,  Cherokee  preacher,  b.  about 
1800  ;  d.  in  C^reek  Path,  Miss.,  14  Sept.,  1829.  He 
was  educated,  with  his  sister  Catharine,  at  the 
school  of  Rev.  Cyrus  Kingsbury,  in  what  was  then 
the  Cherokee  territory,  in  northern  Alabama  and 
Mississippi,  and  engaged  with  her  in  educating 
and  Christianizing  their  native  tribe.  He  was  a 
preacher  and  interpreter,  and  also  acted  as  secre- 
tary of  the  Indian  government.  In  November. 
1819,  he  assisted  John  Arch  in  the  preparation  of 
a  Cherokee  spelling-book,  which  was  printed. 
Through  his  agency  a  mission  was  established  at 
Creek  Path  town  in  1820.  David  Brown  united 
with  the  church  at  this  time,  and  in  the  spring  of 
the  same  year  went  to  Cornwall,  Conn.,  to  attend 
school.  After  two  years  there  he  spent  a  year  at 
Andover,  fitting  himself  for  the  ministry.  Re- 
turning to  his  birth-place,  he  began  his  missionary 
work,  and  made  many  converts  to  Christianity 
among  the  Cherokees.    According  to  a  letter  writ- 


398 


BROWN 


BROWN 


ten  by  him  in  1825,  the  Christian  religion  was  gen- 
erally adopted  by  the  tribe,  and  an  advanced 
standard  of  prosperous  civilization  had  been  at- 
tained by  them.  He  died  before  the  Cherokees 
were  dispossessed  by  the  United  States  in  defiance 
of  treaty  obligations. — His  sister,  Catharine, 
teacher,  b.  near  Wills  Valley,  Ala.,  about  1800 ; 
d.  18  July,  1823,  was  a  Cherokee  Indian,  but  not 
full-blooded,  her  parents  being  half-breeds.  They 
were  prosperous  and  influential  members  of  the 
then  wealthy  and  largely  civilized  Cherokee  na- 
tion of  Alabama  and  Tennessee.  Through  the 
agency  of  the  Moravians,  a  school  was  established 
in  Tennessee,  a  hundred  miles  from  Wills  Valley, 
and  to  this  Catharine  went  with  her  brother  David 
when  she  was  seventeen  years  old.  She  had  some 
slight  acquaintance  with  English,  and  could  read 
words  of  one  syllable.  In  three  months  she  had 
learned  to  read  and  write.  She  iinited  with  the 
church  29  March,  1818,  and  in  June,  1820,  began 
to  teacli  at  Creek  Path,  near  her  home.  She  was 
one  of  the  most  promising  of  the  early  Indian  con- 
verts to  Protestantism,  and  her  death  terminated 
a  career  that  bade  fair  to  be  exceedingly  useful  to 
her  tribe.  Her  amiable  disposition,  bright  intel- 
lect, and  remarkable  personal  beauty  gave  her  un- 
usual power  and  influence  among  her  people.  A 
history  of  her  life,  prepared  by  Rufus  Anderson, 
was  publislied  in  New  York  in  1825. 

BROWN,  David  Paul,  lawyer,  b.  in  Philadel- 
phia, 28  Sept.,  1795;  d.  there,  11  July,  1872.  He 
was  the  only  son  of  Paul  Brown,  a  Quaker  de- 
scended from  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  New  Jer- 
sey. He  pursued  classical  studies  for  two  years  in 
Massachusetts,  and  began  the  study  of  medicine, 
but  turned  to  the  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  at  tlie  age  of  twenty-one.  His  first  case  was  a 
suit  against  a  prominent  citizen  for  severely  beat- 
ing a  child — a  bound  "  redemptioner  " — and  his  ve- 
hement pleading  won  the  case.  He  was  soon  busy 
in  the  courts,  where  he  had  abundant  opportunity 
for  his  masterly  examination  of  witnesses  and  ap- 
peals to  juries.  In  1824  he  successfully  defended 
Judge  Robert  Porter,  who  was  impeached  before 
the  senate  of  Pennsylvania.  Within  fifteen  years 
his  professional  income  amounted  to  $100,000,  but 
his  generous  living  liad  absorbed  it  all.  His  pow- 
ers and  gifts  as  an  orator  were  frequently  called 
forth  by  societies  of  various  kinds,  and  on  public 
occasions.  On  the  hundredtli  anniversary  of  the 
birthday  of  Washington  he  delivered  the  address 
at  the  laying  of  the  corner-stone  of  a  monument 
to  be  erected  in  Washington  square,  Pliihidelphia. 
Mr.  Brown  had  excellent  physical  qualifications 
for  an  orator,  was  of  medium  height,  with  full 
chest  and  a  voice  of  remarkable  compass  and 
sweetness.  He  carefully  cultivated  his  style  and 
manner.  He  was  a  lover  of  the  drama,  and  as- 
pired to  be  a  dramatist.  His  tragedy  "  Sertorius, 
or  the  Roman  Patriot,"  was  written  in  1880,  dur- 
ing his  evening  horseback  rides  from  Philadelphia 
to  Yellow  Springs,  in  Chester  co.  Though  the 
elder  Booth  took  the  title  role,  the  play  was  acted 
but  nine  times.  Another  tragedy,  "  The  Trial," 
had  even  less  success.  A  melodrama,  "  The  Prophet 
of  St.  Paul's,"  and  a  farce,  "  Love  and  Honor,"  com- 
plete the  list  of  his  dramatic  attempts.  Mr.  Brown 
was  courteous  to  his  opponents,  and  expert  in 
questioning  witnesses.  He  resolutely  declined 
office,  and  rarely  practised  in  other  states  than 
Pennsylvania.  Though  less  prominent  in  the 
courts  during  his  latter  days,  he  continued  the 
practice  of  his  profession  till  the  closing  year  of 
his  life.  In  1856  he  published  "The  Forum,  or 
Porty  Years'  Full    Practice  at  the  Philadelphia 


Bar "  (2  vols.).  This  work  contains  sketches  not 
only  of  the  judges  and  eminent  practitioners  of  his 
own  time,  but  also  of  their  predecessors.  It  has 
also  chapters  on  forensic  eloquence,  legal  ethics, 
and  professional  etiquette,  and  "  Golden  Rules  for 
Examination  of  Witnesses  "  and  "  Capital  Hints 
in  Capital  Cases."  In  1859  Mr.  Brown  published 
in  pamphlet  form  several  of  his  early  speeches 
(each  separately),  and  in  1869  a  pamphlet  on  "  The 
Press,  the  Politician,  the  People,  and  the  Judi- 
ciary." His  son.  Robert  Eden,  edited  and  pub- 
lished "  The  Forensic  Speeches  of  David  Paul 
Brown  "  (Philadelphia,  1873). 

BROWN,  Egbert  Benson,  soldier,  b.  in  Browns- 
ville, Jefferson  co.,  N.  Y.,  24  Oct..  1816.  He  ob- 
tained the  rudiments  of  education  in  a  log  school- 
house  in  Tecumseh,  Mich. ;  but  when  he  was  thir- 
teen years  old  he  began  work  with  such  diligence 
and  success  that  in  twenty  years  (1849)  he  was 
chosen  mayor  of  Toledo,  Ohio.  In  the  mean- 
while he  had  been  half  round  the  world  on  a  whal- 
ing voyage,  spending  nearly  four  years  in  the 
Pacific  ocean.  From  1852  till  1861  he  was  a  rail- 
way manager,  but  resigned  his  place  when  civii 
war  was  innuinent,  and  organized  a  regiment  of 
infantry  at  St.  Louis  in  May,  1861.  He  was  in- 
strumental in  saving  that  city  from  falling  into  the 
hands  of  the  secessionists,  and  was  appointed 
brigadier  of  Missouri  volunteers  in  May,  1862. 
After  the  battle  of  Springfield,  8  Jan.,  1868,  where 
he  was  severely  wounded,  he  was  appointed  briga- 
dier-general of  U.  S.  volunteers.  He  served 
through  the  civil  war,  mainly  in  Missouri,  Arkan- 
sas, and  Texas,  and  left  tlie  army  with  one  shoul- 
der almost  wholly  disabled  and  a  bullet  in  his  hip. 
The  legislature  of  Missouri  officially  complimented 
the  troops  of  his  command  for  their  conduct  at  the 
battle  of  Springfield.  From  1866  till  1868  he  was 
U.  S.  pension-agent  at  St.  Louis.  He  retired  to  a 
farm  at  Hastings,  Calhoun  co..  111.,  in  1869,  and 
has  since  resided  there,  serving,  however,  on  the 
state  board  of  equalization  from  1881  till  1884. 

BROWN,  Ethan  Allen,  jurist  and  statesman, 
b.  in  Darien,  Conn.,  4  July,  1776 ;  d.  in  Indianapo- 
lis, Ind.,  24  Feb.,  1852.  He  was  educated  by  an 
Irish  scholar,  and  acquired  a  critical  knowledge  of 
languages.  He  read  law  in  the  office  of  Alexander 
Hamilton,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1802,  and 
removed  to  the  west  with  his  cousin,  Capt.  John 
Brown,  in  1804.  He  settled  at  Cincinnati,  and 
soon  acquired  an  extensive  practice.  He  was  a 
judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  Ohio  from  10  Feb., 
1810,  till  1818;  and  "governor  of  the  state  from 
that  time  until  1822.  Resigning  the  governor- 
ship to  accept  a  seat  in  the  U.  S.  senate,  he  was  a 
member  of  that  body  until  1825,  acting  with  the 
democrats.  From  1825  till  1830  he  was  canal  com- 
missioner for  the  state  of  Ohio.  President  Jack- 
son appointed  him  minister  to  Brazil  in  1830,  and 
he  served  until  1834.  He  was  commissioner  of 
the  land-office  from  24  July,  1835,  till  31  Oct.,  1836, 
when  he  removed  to  Rising  Sun,  Ind.  In  1842  he 
was  a  member  of  the  Indiana  state  assembly. 

BROWN,  Francis,  president  of  Dartmouth 
college,  b.  in  Chester,  N.  H.,  11  Jan.,  1784;  d.  27 
July,  1820.  In  1805  he  was  graduated  at  Dart- 
mouth, and  from  1806  till  1809  held  a  tutorship 
there.  He  became  pastor  of  the  Congregational 
church  in  North  Yarmouth,  Me.,  in  January,  1810, 
and  married  the  daughter  of  Tristram  Oilman,  his 
predecessor  in  the  pastorate.  In  1815  Dr.  Whee- 
lock  was  removed  from  the  presidency  of  Dart- 
mouth by  the  board  of  trustees,  and  Mr.  Brown 
was  elected  to  the  place.  This  action  was  the  re- 
sult of  a  local  religious  controversy  of  long  stand- 


BROWN 


BROWN 


399 


ing,  and  provoked  great  indignation  throughout 
the  state.  The  legislature  passed  an  act  amend- 
ing the  charter  of  the  college,  changing  it  to  a 
univei"sity,  and  increasing  the  number  of  trustees. 
By  the  new  board,  Dr.  Wheelock  was  reinstated ; 
but  Dr.  Brown  and  the  former  trustees  began  a 
suit  for  the  recovery  of  the  property.  This  was 
decided  against  them  by  the  state  courts,  but  was 
carried  up  to  the  U.  S.  supreme  court,  where  judg- 
ment was  reversed,  and  the  principle  of  the  invio- 
lability of  chartered  property  was  affirmed,  Chief- 
Justice  Marshall  presiding.  Dr.  Brown  rendered 
valuable  assistance  to  the  counsel  for  the  college, 
of  whom  Daniel  Webster  was  one.  This  decision 
was  reached  in  1819,  and  Dr.  Brown  was  reinstated 
in  the  presidency,  but  died  of  consumption  shortly 
afterward.  Several  of  his  sermons  were  published, 
two  of  which,  bearing  date  of  1812  and  1814,  are  on 
the  evils  of  war,  and  had  for  their  motive  the  then 
existing  war  with  England. — His  son,  Samuel 
(xiliuan,  educator,  b.  in  North  Yarmouth,  Me., 
4  Jan.,  1813 ;  d.  in  Utica,  N.  Y.,  4  Nov.,  1885.  He 
was  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1831,  was  for  a 
while  principal  of  the  high  school  in  Ellington, 
Conn.,  and  then  entered  Andover  theological  semi- 
nary, where  he  was  graduated  in  1837.  He  was 
two  years  principal  of  Abbot  academy  at  Andover 
(1835-''7),  after  which  he  spent  two  years  in  travel 
abroad.  On  his  return  he  was  appointed  professor 
of  oratory  and  belles-lettres  in  Dartmouth,  which 
chair  he  held  till  1863,  when  he  was  appointed 
to  that  of  intellectual  philosophy  and  political 
economy.  On  6  Oct.,  1852,  he  was  ordained  a  Con- 
gregational minister  at  Woodstock,  Vt.  He  left 
Dartmouth  in  1867  to  become  president  of  Hamil- 
ton college,  Clinton,  N.  Y.  His  health  becoming 
impaired,  he  resigned  in  1881,  after  which  he  only 
gave  occasional  instruction  at  Dartmouth  and 
Bowdoin,  residing  chiefly  at  Utica,  N.  Y.  He  pub- 
lished "  Life  of  Rufus  Choate  "  (Boston,  1870),  and 
lectured  on  "  The  Earlier  English  Literature  "  and 
"  British  Orators."  On  21  Jiily,  1869,  he  delivered 
before  the  alumni  of  Dartmouth  college  the  his- 
torical discourse  commemorating  the  one  hun- 
dredth anniversary  of  the  institution. 

BROWN,  George,  naval  officer,  b.  in  Indiana, 
19  June,  1835.  He  was  appointed  midshipman 
from  his  native  state,  5  Feb.,  1849,  was  attached  to 
the  frigate  "  Cumberland,"  and  in  1851  to  the  "  St. 
Lawrence,"  cruising  in  both  vessels.  He  was  pro- 
moted to  passed  midshipman,  and  afterward  to 
master,  in  1856.  On  2  June,  1856,  he  became  lieu- 
tenant, and  served  in  the  Brazilian  and  African 
squadrons  until  1860,  when  he  was  ordered  to  spe- 
cial service  on  the  steam  sloop  "  Powhatan,"  and 
in  1861  transferred  to  the  "  Oetorora "  gun-boat, 
which  was  attached,  as  flag-ship,  to  Com.  Porter's 
mortar-boat  flotilla.  He  participated  in  the  haz- 
ardous ascent  of  the  Mississippi  river  under  Par- 
ragut,  and  in  the  first  attack  on  Vicksburg  in  June, 
1863,  and  for  his  conduct  on  this  occasion  was 
commended  in  the  official  report.  The  fleet  dropped 
down  the  river  to  avoid  the  season  of  low  water, 
.and  the  "  Oetorora "  was  ordered  to  blockading 
duty  off  Wilmington,  N.  C.  Lieut.  Brown  was 
promoted  lieutenant-commander  16  July,  1862,  and 
shortly  afterward  placed  in  charge  of  the  "  Indi- 
anola  "  iron-clad,  of  the  Mississippi  squadron.  The 
batteries  at  Vicksburg  and  Warrenton  were  suc- 
cessfully passed  14  Feb.,  1863.  An  engagement 
took  place  near  upper  Palmyra  island,  on  24  Feb., 
1863,  between  the  "  Indianola  "  and  four  confeder- 
ate gun-boats,  manned  by  more  than  a  thousand 
men.  The  fight  lasted  an  hour  and  twenty-seven 
minutes,  and  Lieut.-Commander  Brown,  severely 


wounded,  surrendered,  with  his  ship  in  a  sinking 
condition.  The  officers  and  crew  were  exchanged 
a  few  months  afterward,  and  Lieut.  Brown  was  as- 
signed to  the  steam  gun-boat  '•  Itasca,"  of  the  west- 
ern gulf  blockading  squadron,  which  he  command- 
ed in  the  action  of  5  Aug.,  1864,  in  Mobile  bay, 
and  in  the  naval  operations  against  Spanish  Port 
and  the  defences  of  Mobile,  in  March  and  April, 
1865.  He  was  promoted  commander,  25  July,  1866, 
and  stationed  at  the  Washington  navy-yard  untd 
1867,  when  he  was  granted  leave  of  absence  to 
serve  as  agent  for  the  Japanese  government  in 
command  of  an  iron-clad  man-of-war  purchased 
from  the  United  States.  He  was  promoted  captain 
25  April,  1877,  commodore  4  Sept.,  1887,  and  rear- 
admiral  27  Sept.,  1893.    He  will  be  retired  in  1898. 

BROWN,  (jeorge  Loring,  painter,  b.  in  Bos- 
ton, Mass..  2  Feb..  1814 ;  d.  in  Maiden,  Mass.,  25 
June,  1889.  He  began  to  draw  when  but  eight 
years  old.  He  went  to  the  Franklin  school,  won 
there  the  silver  medal,  and  at  twelve  years  of  age 
was  apprenticed  to  a  wood-engraver.  Experiment- 
ing with  colors,  his  efforts  attracted  the  attention 
of  an  artist,  and  he  was  introduced  to  Mr.  Cush- 
man,  a  wealthy  merchant.  Young  Brown  modestly 
asked  for  $100,  with  which  to  go  to  Europe,  which 
sum  Mr.  Cushman  advanced,  and  he  set  sail.  On 
reaching  Antwerp  he  had  but  $25  left,  but  bor- 
rowed $15  more  from  the  captain  of  the  brig,  and 
worked  his  way  to  London,  where  he  was  be- 
friended by  Mr.  Cheeney,  the  American  engraver, 
until  after  ten  months  he  had  a  remittance  from 
home.  He  spent  two  years  in  close  study,  and 
then  returned  to  Boston,  where  he  opened  a  studio, 
and  studied  under  Washington  Allston.  He  went 
abroad  again  in  1840,  and  studied  in  Paris  under 
Eugene  Isabey.  He  spent  twenty  years  in  Ant- 
werp, Rome,  Florence,  Paris,  and  London,  and  re- 
turned to  the  United  States  in  1860,  with  a  high 
reputation  as  a  landscape  painter  at  home  and 
abroad.  Among  his  more  important  pictures  are 
"  The  Bay  of  New  York  "  (1860),  presented  to  the 
prince  of  Wales,  as  a  memento  of  his  visit  to  this 
country,  by  a  number  of  New  York  gentlemen ; 
"  The  Crown  of  New  England  "  (1861),  purchased 
from  the  artist  by  the  prince  of  Wales ;  "  Venice  "  ; 
"  Sunset.  Genoa  "  ;  "  Niagara  by  Moonlight "  (1876) ; 
"  Capri "  (1878) ;  "  Doge's  Palace  at  Sunset "  (1881) ; 
"  Sunrise,  Venice  "  (1882) ;  and  "  Doge's  Palace  at 
Sunrise  "  (1885). 

BROWN,  (xoold,  grammarian,  b.  in  Providence, 
R.  I.,  7  March,  1791 ;  d.  in  Lynn,  Mass.,  31  March, 
1857.  He  was  descended  from  some  of  the  earliest 
Quaker  settlers  of  New  England,  and  was  educated 
in  the  schools  and  academies  of  his  native  state. 
At  nineteen  he  began  to  teach  a  district  school  in 
Rhode  Island,  then  a  Friends'  boarding-school  in 
Dutchess  CO.,  N.  Y.,  in  1811.  He  removed  to  New 
York  city  in  1813,  where  for  over  twenty  years  he 
conducted  an  academy.  He  soon  realized  that  the 
grammars  in  use  at  that  time  were  inadequate,  and 
set  about  providing  better  ones.  The  superiority 
of  his  methods  was  apparent  as  soon  as  his  books 
were  brought  into  use,  and  they  commanded  a  very 
large  sale.  He  published  "  Institutes  of  English 
Grammar "  (New  York,  1823) ;  "  First  Lines  of 
English  Grammar  "  (1823) ;  and  "  A  Grammar  of 
English  Grammars"  (1851).  He  had,  at  the  time 
of  his  death,  just  revised  the  last-named  work. 

BROWN,  Harvey,  soldier,  b.  in  Rahway,  N.  J., 
in  1795 ;  d.  in  Clifton,  N.  Y.,  31  March,  1874.  Af- 
ter graduation,  at  the  U.  S.  military  academy,  in 
1818,  he  joined  the  light  artillery,  and  served  on 
garrison  and  staff  duty  until,  on  the  reorganiza- 
tion of  the  army  in  1821,  he  was  assigned  to  the 


400 


BROWN 


BROWN 


1st  and  shortly  afterward  to  the  4th  artillery, 
when  he  was  promoted  first  lieutenant.  After 
ten  years'  service  in  this  grade  he  was  promoted 
captain.  He  was  in  the  Black  Hawk  expedition  in 
1882,  but  saw  no  actual  fighting.  After  four  years 
in  garrison  he  was  ordered  to  Florida,  in  1880,  and 
took  part  in  the  arduous  campaigns  against  the 
Seminole  Indians.  He  was  again  in  Florida  in 
1888-9,  and  later  in  1889  was  ordered  to  the 
northern  frontier,  to  quell  expected  disturbances 
on  the  Canadian  border.  He  was  major  of  the 
artillery  battalion,  in  the  Army  of  Occupation  in 
Mexico,  and  was  present  at  many  battles  of  the 
campaign.  For  gallantry  on  these  occasions  he 
received  successive  brevets,  including  that  of  colo- 
nel, 13  Sept.,  1847,  and  was  promoted  to  the  full 
grade  of  major,  9  Jan.,  1851.  He  was  superin- 
tendent of  recruiting  in  New  York  in  1851-'2, 
and  was  in  Florida  fighting  the  Seminoles  in 
1852-'3,  and  still  again  in  1854-'6.  After  an  in- 
terval of  garrison  and  recruiting  duty  he  was 
placed  in  command  of  the  artillery  school  for 
practice  at  Fort  IMonroe,  remaining  there,  with  brief 
details  on  other  duty,  until  the  civil  war  began,  in 
1861.  He  commanded  the  regulars  in  the  defences 
of  Washington  until  4  April,  1861,  when  he  was 
ordered  to  Fort  Pickens,  in  Pensacola  harbor,  Fla., 
and  on  28  April  was  promoted  lieutenant-colonel. 
He  repelled  the  confederate  attack  of  9  Oct.,  and 
in  turn  bombarded  their  works,  with  partial  suc- 
cess, 22-28  Nov.,  and  again  1  Jan.,  1862.  For 
these  services  he  was  brevetted  brigadier  in  the 
regular  service,  and  promoted  colonel,  5th  artillery, 
14  May,  1861 ;  but  he  declined  a  command  as  brig- 
adier in  the  volunteers.  He  was  in  command  of 
the  forces  in  New  York  city  during  the  formidable 
draft  riots  of  12-16  July,  1863,  and  was  brevetted 
major-general,  U.  S.  A.,  for  distinguished  services 
at  that  time.  He  was  retired  from  active  service 
1  Aug.,  1868,  having  been  borne  on  the  army  regis- 
ter more  than  forty-five  years,  and  having  passed 
the  legal  limit  of  age  for  active  duty. 

BROWN,  Henry  Armitt,  orator,  b.  in  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.,  1  Dec,  1844;  d.  there,  21  Aug.,  1879. 
He  received  a  careful  preliminary  training  and  was 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1865.  From  the  first  he  was 
a  leader  among  his  playmates  and  fellow-students 
in  all  that  called  for  brilliant  intellectual  powers 
and  natural  histrionic  talents.  He  studied  in 
Columbia  law  school,  and  afterward  in  Philadel- 
phia, whei'e  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1869. 
But  before  beginning  to  practise  he  spent  several 
years  in  travel  through  Europe  and  the  East.  On 
returning  to  Philadelphia  he  was  called  upon  to 
respond  to  a  toast  before  a  large  assembly  of  the 
bench  and  bar  of  that  city,  and  made  such  an  im- 
pression that  he  was  at  once  recognized  as  one  of 
the  most  promising  among  the  younger  generation 
of  lawyers.  He  took  an  active  part  in  the  presi- 
dential canvass  of  1876,  being  among  the  most 
eflfective  speakers  on  the  repviblican  side.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  "  Cobden  Club "  of  London,  of 
the  Union  League  in  Philadelphia,  and  of  many 
other  prominent  social  and  political  associations. 
His  principal  orations  are  historical  in  character 
and  were  delivered  on  commemorative  occasions, 
such  as  the  one  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  meet- 
ing of  congress  in  Carpenter's  hall,  Philadelphia 
(1874) ;  the  two  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  set- 
tlement of  Burlington,  N.  J.  (1877);  the  Valley 
Forge  centennial  (1878) ;  and  the  centennial  of  the 
battle  of  Monmouth  (1878).  These  addresses  were 
carefully  prepared  "  briefs,"  and  are  collected  in  a 
handsome  memoiral  volume,  prepared  bv  Prof.  J. 
M.  Hoppin,  of  Yale  college  (Philadelphia,"  1880), 


BROWN,  Henry  B.,  painter,  b.  in  Portland^ 
Me.,  in  1881 ;  d.  there  in  1860.  He  learned  the- 
trade  of  a  house,  sign,  and  banner  pamter,  but 
early  had  aspirations  for  work  of  a  less  mechanical 
description,  and  eventually  devoted  himself  to 
landscape  and  nu^rine  painting,  with  excellent  suc- 
cess. His  favorite  sketching-ground  was  the  North 
Atlantic  sea-coast,  including  Nova  Scotia  and 
Grand  Menan.  He  was  especially  successful  in 
depicting  coast  scenery;  and  Paul  Akers  wrote, 
"  in  his  wonderful  rendering  of  the  sea  he  stands 
among  American  artists  unrivalled."  "  East  High- 
lands," "  On  the  Androscoggin,"  and  "  On  the 
Coast  of  ^Alaine  "  are  among  the  best  of  his  works. 

BROWN,  Henry  Billings,  jurist,  b.  in  Lee, 
Mass.,  2  March,  1886.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale 
in  1856,  studied  law,  and  after  a  few  years'  prac- 
tice was  appointed  assistant  U.  S.  district  attorney 
(1863-'8).  In  1868  he  was  circuit  judge  for  Wayne 
CO.,  Mich.,  and  in  1875  became  U.  S.  district  judge, 
which  office  he  held  until  29  Dec,  1890,  when  he 
was  appointed  by  President  Harrison,  and  con- 
firmed by  the  senate,  associate  justice  of  the  su- 
preme court  of  the  United  States.  He  has  repeat- 
edly visited  Europe  and  travelled  there  extensively. 
Judge  Brown  compiled  a  volume  of  "Admiraltv 
Reports"  (New  York,  1875). 

BROWN,  Henry  Kirke,  sculptor,  b.  in  Ley- 
den,  Mass.,  24  Feb.,  1814;  d.  in  Newburg,  N.  Y., 
10  July,  1886.  At  the  age  of  seventeen  he  be- 
gan to  study  with  Chester  Harding,  a  portrait- 
painter  of  Bos- 
ton. The  sum- 
mers from  1836 
till  1889  were 
spent  in  survey- 
ing on  the  Illi- 
nois central  rail- 
road, and  the  win- 
ters in  Cincin- 
nati painting  and 
modelling  in  clay. 
His  first  finished 
work  in  this  line 
was  an  ideal  fe- 
male head.  After 
a  winter  in  Boston 
he  removed  first 
to  Troy  and  soon 
afterward  to  Al- 
bany, N.  Y.,  where 
he  devoted  him- 
self to  sculpture,  executing  portrait  busts  of  many- 
gentlemen  of  Albany  and  the  neighboring  cities. 
Among  these  are  the  Rev.  William  B.  Sprague,  D. 
D.,  Erastus  Corning,  Dr.  Eliphalet  Nott,  and  Silas 
Dutcher.  He  also  produced  two  ideal  statues, 
"  Hope,"  and  a  discobolus.  Accompanied  by  his 
wife,  he  went  to  Italy  in  1842  and  remained  there 
until  1846.  During  this  period  he  executed  "  Ruth," 
a  group  representing  a  boy  and  a  dog.  now  owned 
by  the  historical  society  of  New  York,  a  "  Rebecca," 
and  a  "  David,"  which  was  destroyed.  On  his  re- 
turn to  the  United  States  he  opened  a  temporary 
studio  in  New  York,  brought  over  skilled  work- 
men from  Europe,  and  did  some  preliminary  work 
in  bronze  casting,  the  first  attempted  in  this  coun- 
try. In  1848  he  went  among  the  Indians  and 
modelled  many  interesting  subjects,  some  of  which 
were  reproduced  in  bronze.  About  this  time  he 
made  the  altar-piece  for  the  church  of  the  Annun- 
ciation in  New  York,  and  modelled  portrait  busts 
of  William  Cullen  Bryant  and  Dr.  Willard  Parker, 
both  of  whom  were  his  warm  personal  friends. 
About  1850  he  built  a  studio  in  Brooklyn,  and  for 


,  /^^^i^i^'-z.-t^-^ 


BROWN 


BROWN 


401 


two  years  was  engaged  with  the  statue  of  De  Witt 
Clinton  for  Greenwood  cemetery.  This  was  the 
first  bronze  statue  cast  in  this  country.  During 
these  years  and  until  1855  he  was  at  work  on  the 
fine  equestrian  statue  of  Washington  in  Union 
square,  New  York.  In  1857  he  was  invited  by  the 
state  of  South  Carolina  to  undertake  the  decora- 
tion of  the  state-house  in  Columbia,  which  current 
rumor  made  the  capital  of  the  then  projected  con- 
federacy. The  principal  design  was  a  group  for 
the  main  pedimtnt,  a  colossal  ideal  figure  of  South 
Carolina,  with  Justice  and  Liberty  on  either  hand, 
while  the  industries  were  represented  by  negro 
slaves  at  work  in  cotton-  and  rice-fields.  The  fig- 
ure of  South  Carolina  was  nearly  finished  when 
the  civil  war  began,  and  Sherman's  soldiers,  re- 
garding it  as  the  typical  genius  of  secession,  de- 
stroyed it  when  they  passed  through  Columbia  in 
1865.  Mr.  Brown  made  many  friends  during  his 
residence  in  the  south,  was  strongly  urged  to  cast 
his  lot  with  the  seceding  states,  and  remained  in 
fiilfilment  of  his  professional  contract  until  hostili- 
ties actually  began.  During  1859  and  18G0  he 
served  on  an  art  commission  appointed  by  Presi- 
dent Buchanan,  and  wrote  a  report,  submitted  9 
March,  1860,  which  to  some  extent  disseminated 
correct  ideas  about  art  among  members  of  both 
houses  of  congress.  During  the  civil  war  he  was 
an  active  officer  of  the  sanitary  commission.  Mr. 
Brown's  average  work  undeniaialy  sufi'ers  by  com- 
parison with  the  highest  standards;  but  his  best 
efforts  evince  earnestness  and  dignity  and  no  small 
degree  of  artistic  talent.  Tiie  equestrian  statues 
are  particularly  good,  a  result  doubtless  due  to  his 
love  for  horses.  His  artistic  career  will  always  be 
noteworthy  as  covering  the  whole  period  of  Ameri- 
can sculpture  from  its  very  beginning  until  a  time 
when  our  sculptors  had  worked  their  way  to  the 
foremost  rank  of  contemporary  artists.  The  fol- 
lowing-named statues  are  among  his  principal 
works :  "  Dr.  Geo.  W.  Bethune,"  in  Packer  insti- 
tute, Brooklyn  (1865) ;  "  Lincoln,"  in  Prospect 
park,  Brooklyn  (1866) ;  "  Gen.  Nathanael  Greene," 
for  the  state  of  Rhode  Island,  presented  to  the  na- 
tional gallery  in  the  capitol  at  Washington  (1867) ; 
"  Lincoln,"  in  Union  square,  New  York  (1867-'8) ; 
"  Equestrian  Statue  of  Gen.  Scott,"  for  the  U.  S. 
government  (begun  in  1871),  considered  his  best 
work ;  "  Gen.  George  Clinton,"  for  presentation  to 
the  U.  S.  government  by  the  state  of  New  York 
(1873) ;  '•  Gen.  Philip  Kearny,"  in  Newark,  N.  J., 
also  "  Richard  Stockton,"  for  the  state  of  New 
Jersey  (1874);  "An  Equestrian  Statue  of  Gen. 
Nathanael  Greene,"  for  the  national  government 
(1875-'7) ;  "  The  Resurrection  "  (1877). 

BROWN,  Isfiac  Van  Arsdale,  clergyman,  b. 
in  Somerset  co.,  N.  J.,  4  Nov.,  1784 ;  d.  in  Trenton, 
N.  J.,  19  April,  1861.  He  was  graduated  at  Prince- 
ton in  1802  and  studied  theology  under  Dr.  John 
WoodhuU,  of  Freehold,  N.  J.,  was  ordained  by  the 
New  Brunswick  presbytery,  and  in  1807  was  made 
pastor  at  Lawrenceville,  N.  J.,  where  in  1810  he 
established  a  classical  and  commercial  boarding- 
school.  In  1843  he  removed  to  Mount  Holly,  and 
subsequently  to  Trenton,  N.  J.,  where  he  devoted 
his  time  principally  to  literary  work.  Among  his 
publications  are  "  Life  of  Robert  Finley,  D.  D.," 
"  The  Unity  of  the  Human  Race,"  and  also  a 
"  Historical  Vindication  of  the  Abrogation  of  the 
Plan  of  Union  by  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  the 
United  States  of  America"  (Philadelphia,  1855). 
Dr.  Brown  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Ameri- 
can Colonization  Society,  and  worked  for  its  ad- 
vancement, and  was  one  of  the  original  members 
of  the  American  Bible  Society. 


BROWN,  John  Appleton,  artist, b. in  Newbury- 
port,  Mass.,  24  July,  1844.  He  pursued  his  early 
art  studies  in  ^Boston  under  B.  C.  Porter,  and  in 
Paris  under  Emile  Lambinet.  On  his  return  to 
the  United  States  he  opened  a  studio  in  Boston, 
where  he  lias  since  resided.  Among  his  works  are 
"  A  View,  Dives  Calvados,  Prance  "  (1875) ;  "  Old 
Road  near  Paris  "  (1875) ;  "  On  the  Merrimac  at 
Newbuiyport,  Autumn  "  ;  "  Storm  at  the  Isle  of 
Shoals "  ;  "  Glen  Mill  Brook,  Byfield,  Mass."  ; 
"  Springtime  "  (1884). — His  wife,  Agnes,  b.  in  New- 
buryport,  is  also  an  artist,  painting  landscapes, 
flower-pieces,  and  animals  in  oil-colors ;  her  espe- 
cial forte  being  cats,  which  she  portrays  with  re- 
markable success.  Her  pictures  are  well  known  in 
the  principal  exhibitions  of  the  United  States. 

BROWN,  Jacob,  soldier,  b.  in  Bucks  co..  Pa., 
9  May,  1775 ;  d.  in  Washington,  D.  C,  24  Feb., 
1828.  He  was  of  Quaker  ancestry  and  supported 
himself  in  early  life  by  teaching  school.  From 
1796  till  1798  he  was  engaged  in  surveying  pub- 
lic lands  in  Ohio.  In  1798  he  settled  iii  New 
York,  where  he  conducted  a  school,  studied  law, 
and  wrote  political  articles  for  the  press.  Later 
he  purchased  land  in  Jefferson  co.,  N.  Y.,  where  he 
established  himself  and  erected  the  first  building 
ill  Brownsville,  which  has  since  become  a  flourish- 
ing village.  He  became  county  judge,  and,  having 
had  military  experience  as  secretary  to  Gen.  Alex- 
ander Hamilton,  he  was  in  1809  made  colonel  of 
the  militia.  In  1810  he  was  advanced  to  brigadier- 
general,  and  in  1812  received  the  appointment  of 
commander  of  the  frontier  from  Oswego  to  Lake 
St.  Francis,  a  line  200  miles  in  extent.  On  4  Oct., 
1812,  he  repelled  the  attack  of  a  superior  British 
force  on  Ogdensburg,  where  his  headquarters  were 
located.  He  was  then  offered  a  regiment  in  the 
regular  army,  but  he  declined.  During  the  spring 
of  1813  he  assumed  command  at  Sackett's  Harbor, 
where,  on  29  May,  1813,  he  defeated  an  attack  of  a 
superior  force.  On  19  July,  1813,  he  was  appointed 
brigadier-general  in  the  regular  army,  and  on  24 
Jan.,  1814,  placed  in  command  of  the  army  of  Ni- 
agara with  the  rank  of  major-general.  In  the 
campaign  that  followed  the  American  forces  were 
successful.  Gen.  Brown  took  possession  of  Fort 
Erie,  and  on  5  July,  1814,  gained  a  victory  over 
Gen.  Riall  at  Chippewa.  On  25  July  he  defeated 
a  superior  force  under  Gen.  Drummond  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Lundy's  Lane,  where  he  received  two  severe 
wounds.  In  the  sortie  from  Fort  Erie  on  17  Sept., 
1814,  he  again  defeated  Gen.  Drummond.  In  con- 
nection with  this  engagement  it  was  said  of  Gen. 
Brown  that  "  no  enterprise  that  he  undertook  ever 
failed."  The  city  of  New  York  voted  him  its  free- 
dom, he  received  the  tlianks  of  congress  on  3  Nov., 
1814,  and  was  awarded  a  gold  medal  emblematical 
of  his  triumphs.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he  was 
retained  in  command  of  the  northern  division  of 
tlie  army,  and  on  10  March,  1821,  became  general- 
in-chief  of  the  U.  S.  army.  He  was  buried  in  the 
Congressional  cemetery  in  Washington. — His  son, 
Natlian  W.,  soldier,  b."  in  New  York  about  1819. 
He  was  appointed  a  major  and  paymaster  in  the 
U.  S.  army  on  5  Sept.,  1849,  and  served  in  Florida 
in  1849,  in  California  in  1850-5,  in  New  York 
city  in  1856-'7,  in  Florida  and  the  west  in  1858- 
'60,  and  was  with  Sturgis  when  he  evacuated  Fort 
Smith,  Ark.,  in  April,  1861.  He  then  joined  Em- 
ory's command  at  Fort  Washita,  and  until  1869 
was  stationed  at  St.  Louis  in  charge  of  the  pay 
district  of  the  Missouri.  He  was  appointed  deputy 
paymaster-general,  with  the  rank  of  lieutenant- 
colonel,  on  4  April,  1864,  and  assistant  paymaster- 
general,  with  the  I'ank  of  colonel,  on  28  July,  1866. 


402 


BROWN 


BROWN 


On  13  March,  1865.  he  was  made  brigadier-general 
by  brevet  for  faithful  and  meritorious  services  dur- 
ing the  war.  On  8  June,  1880,  he  was  appointed 
paymaster-general,  with  the  rank  of  brigadier- 
general,  and  on  6  Feb.,  1882,  retired  from  service. 
— His  nepliew,  Thompson  S.,  civil  engineer,  b.  in 
Brownville,  N.  Y.,  in  1807;  d.  in  Naples,  Italy,  30 
Jan.,  1855,  was  graduated  at  the  U.  S.  military 
academy  in  1825,  and  was  assistant  professor  of 
mathematics  there  for  a  few  months,  then  served 
in  the  construction  of  Fort  Adams,  R.  I.,  and  from 
1828  till  1833  as  aide  to  his  uncle,  and  afterward 
in  the  construction  of  fortifications,  light-houses, 
harbors,  and  roads.  On  31  Oct.,  1836.  he  resigned 
his  commission,  and  was  chief  engineer  of  the 
Buffalo  and  Erie  railroad  in  1836-'8,  of  the  west- 
ern division  of  the  New  York  and  Erie  railroad  in 
1838-'42,  and  of  the  whole  road  from  1842  till  1849. 
He  then  went  to  Russia  as  consulting  engineer  of 
the  St.  Petersburg  and  Moscow  railroad. 

BROWN,  James,  publisher,  b.  in  Acton,  Mass., 
19  May,  1800;  d.  10  March,  1855.  Plis  entrance 
into  active  life  was  as  a  servant  in  the  family  of 
Prof.  Hedge,  of  Cambridge,  by  whom  he  was 
instructed  in  the  classics  and  in  mathematics.  He 
was  next  employed  by  William  Hillard  as  a  shop- 
boy,  and  in  clue  course  of  time  became  a  member 
of  the  publishing  firm  of  Hillard,  Gray  &  Co. 
That  firm  being  dissolved  in  consequence  of  the 
death  of  one  of  the  partners,  he  joined  that  of 
Charles  C.  Little  &  Co.,  afterward  Little  &  Brown, 
and  remained  in  connection  with  it  until  his 
death.  The  specialty  of  the  firm  to  which  Mr. 
Brown  belonged  was  the  publication  of  law-books 
and  the  importation  of  foreign  editions  in  the 
general  trade.  In  each  of  those  departments  his 
literary  knowledge  and  refined  taste  were  notable, 
and  materially  aided  in  improving  the  style  of 
book-making  in  the  United  States.  A  life  of  Mr. 
Brown,  by  George  S.  Hillard,  was  published  in  Bos- 
ton in  1855. 

BROWN,  James  Canldwell,  clergyman,  b.  in 
St.  Clairsville,  Ohio,  5  Oct.,  1815 ;  d.  in  Paducah, 
Ky.,  14  July,  1862.  He  was  graduated  at  Jefferson 
College,  Canonsburg,  Pa.,  in  1835,  after  which  he 
spent  two  years  at  the  Western  Theological  Semi- 
nary in  Alleghany,  Pa.,  and  then  studied  at  the 
theological  seminary  in  Columbia,  S.  C.  He  was 
licensed  to  preach  by  the  presbytery  of  Harmony, 
S.  C,  and  in  1839  went  to  Indiana  to  engage  in 
missionary  work  along  the  southern  shore  of  Lake 
Michigan.  Settling  in  Valparaiso,  Ind.,  he  preached 
there  for  twenty-one  years,  and  built  up  the  largest 
Presbyterian  church  in  northern  Indiana.  Nearly 
all  the  churches  of  his  denomination  within  a  cir- 
cuit of  thirty  miles  were  organized  by  him.  In 
1860  he  became  general  agent  of  the  Theological 
Seminary  of  the  Northwest  in  Chicago,  where  he 
initiated  measures  that  resulted  in  the  establish- 
ment of  a  Presbyterian  Seminary.  During  the 
winter  of  1861  he  preached  in  South  Bend,  Ind., 
and  while  there  was  elected  chaplain  of  the  48th 
Indiana  volunteers.  He  served  with  his  regiment 
from  May,  1862,  till  shortly  before  his  death, 
which  resulted  from  disease  contracted  in  camp. 

BROWN,  John,  soldier,  b.  in  Sandisfield,  Mass., 
19  Oct.,  1744;  d.  in  Stone  Arabia,  N.  Y.,  19  Oct., 
1780.  Ilis  parents  eai'ly  settled  in  Rutland,  Vt. 
He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1771,  and  studied  law 
with  Oliver  Arnold  in  Providence.  After  being 
admitted  to  the  bar  he  began  practice  at  Caghna- 
waga  (now  Johnstown),  N.  Y.,  where  he  was  ap- 
pointed king's  attorney.  In  1773  he  removed  to 
Pittsfield,  Mass.,  and  became  an  active  patriot. 
He  .was  sent  to  Canada  to  excite  the  people  to  re- 


volt in  1774,  and  again  in  1775.  His  pretence  was 
the  purchase  of  horses ;  but  the  Canadians  re- 
marked that  he  was  a  singular  jockey,  for  the 
horses  never  suited  him.  In  1775  he  was  a  dele- 
gate to  the  provincial  congress,  and  was  among 
those  from  Massachusetts  who  were  associated 
with  Ethan  Allen  in  tlie  capture  of  Fort  Ticon- 
deroga  and  intrusted  with  the  conveying  away  of 
the  prisoners.  During  July  of  1775  he  accompa- 
nied Allen  on  his  expedition  to  Canada,  and  on  24 
Sept.  captured  Fort  Chambly.  As  he  failed  to  co- 
operate with  Allen  at  the  engagement  before  Mon- 
treal, the  latter  was  captured  and  Brown  severely 
censured.  He  was  present  at  the  attack  of  Quebec 
on  31  Dec,  1775,  when  Gen.  Montgomery  fell,  and 
successfully  accomplished  the  firing  of  St.  John's 
gate.  Congress,  on  1  Aug.,  1776,  voted  him  a  com- 
mission as  lieutenant-colonel,  with  rank  and  pay  in 
the  continental  army  from  November,  1775.  During 
the  early  part  of  1777  he  was  actively  engaged  in 
the  fighting  along  the  shores  of  Lake  George,  and 
on  18  Sept.,  1777,  he  surprised  the  outposts  of  Fort 
Ticonderoga,  libei'ating  100  American  prisoners  and 
capturing  293  of  the  Biitish  forces,  together  with 
a  large  quantity  of  supplies.  He  then  joined  the 
main  army  inider  Gen.  Gates,  to  whom  during  the 
following  month  Gen.  Burgoyne  surrendered  his 
army.  Soon  after  this  event  Col.  Brown  retired 
from  the  service  on  account  of  his  detestation  of 
Benedict  Arnold,  whom  he  charged  with  having 
levied  contributions  on  the  Canadians  for  his  own 
private  use  and  benefit.  He  said  that  Arnold 
would  prove  a  traitor,  as  he  had  already  sold  many 
lives  for  money.  Subsequently  he  was  employed 
occasionally  in  the  Massachusetts  service,  and  was 
a  member  of  the  state  legislature  in  1778.  In  the 
autumn  of  1780  he  marched  up  the  valley  of  the 
Mohawk  for  the  relief  of  Gen.  Schuyler,  but  was 
led  into  an  ambuscade  of  Canadians,  tories,  and 
Indians  at  Stone  Arabia,  in  Palatine,  where  he  was 
killed  with  forty-five  of  his  men. 

BROWN,  Joliii,  senator,  b,  in  Staunton,  Va., 
12  Sept.,  1757 :  d.  in  Frankfort,  Ky.,  29  Aug.,  1837. 
He  was  a  student  at  Princeton  when  the  revolu- 
tionary army  retreated  through  New  Jersey,  and 
at  once  enlisted,  serving  until  the  close  of  the 
w^ar.  after  which  he  continued  his  education  at 
Washington  College,  Lexington,  Va.,  and  then 
taught  school  while  studying  law.  In  1782  he 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  and  began  practice  at 
Frankfort,  Ky.  He  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
legislature  of  Virginia  from  the  district  of  Ken- 
tucky, and  was  also  a  delegate  frgm  the  same  dis- 
trict to  the  continental  congress  in  1787-'8.  Later 
he  was  elected  to  congress  from  this  section  of 
Virginia,  serving  from  4  March,  1789,  till  5  Nov., 
1792,  when  he  became  the  first  U.  S.  senator  from 
Kentucky,  serving  from  5  Nov.,  1792,  till  3  March, 
1805.  Senator  Brown  took  a  prominent  part  in 
the  Indian  warfare  of  his  time,  in  the  admission 
of  Kentucky  into  the  union,  and  in  securing  for 
the  west  the  navigation  of  the  Mississippi.  He 
was  the  first  member  of  congress  from  the  Missis- 
sippi valley,  and  the  last  survivor  of  the  continen- 
tal congress. — His  brother,  James,  senator,  b.  near 
Staunton,  Va.,  11  Sept.,  1766;  d.  in  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  7  April,  1835.  He  received  a  classical  educa- 
tion at  Washmgton  College,  Lexington, Va.,  studied 
law,  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  began  practice 
m  Frankfort,  Ky.  In  1791  he  commanded  a  com- 
pany of  sharp-shooters  in  an  expedition  against  the 
Indians,  and  in  1792  became  secretary  to  Gov. 
Isaac  Shelby,  of  Kentucky.  Soon  after  the  cession 
of  Louisiana  he  removed  to  New  Orleans,  and  for  a 
time  assisted  Edwai'd  Livingston  in  compiling  the 


BROWN 


BROWN 


403 


Louisiana  code.  Later  he  was  appointed  secretary 
of  the  territory,  and  in  1804  became  U.  S.  Judge 
for  that  territory.  In  1812  he  was  elected  to  the 
U.  S.  senate  from  Louisiana,  serving  from  5  Feb., 
1813,  till  3  March,  1819.  He  was  again  elected, 
and  served  from  6  Dec,  1819,  till  10  Dec,  1823, 
when  he  was  appointed  minister  to  France,  where 
he  remained  until  1  July,  1829.  On  his  return  to 
the  United  States  he  settled  in  Philadelphia. — 
Another  brother,  Samuel,  physician,  b.  in  Rock- 
bridge CO.,  Va.,  30  Jan.,  1769 ;  d.  in  Alabama, 
12  Jan.,  1830,  graduated  at  Dickinson  college. 
Pa.,  in  1789,  studied  medicine  under  Dr.  Rush  in 
Philadelphia,  and  took  the  degree  of  M.  D.  at  Aber- 
deen, Scotland.  He  practised  a  while  near  the 
present  site  of  Washington  city,  settled  in  Lex- 
ington, Ky.,  in  1797,  and  in  1806  in  New  Orleans, 
whence  he  removed  to  Natchez,  where  he  married 
Miss  Catharine  Percy  in  1808,  after  which  he  re- 
sided on  a  plantation  in  the  vicinity  of  that  place, 
and  after  her  death  settled  on  a  plantation  near 
Huntsville,  Ala.  From  1819  till  1825  he  was  pro- 
fessor of  the  theory  and  practice  of  medicine  at 
Transylvania  imiversity,  Lexington,  Ky.  He  had 
intended  to  found  a  medical  school  in  Cincinnati, 
Ohio,  in  association  with  Dr.  Drake ;  but  at  the 
solicitation  of  the  trustees  of  the  university  in 
Lexington  he  began  the  enterprise  in  that  city, 
where  he  was  joined  by  Dr.  Drake,  who  in  1825 
succeeded  him  as  head  of  the  school.  Besides  at- 
tending to  an  extensive  practice  and  devoting 
himself  to  medical  and  scientific  instruction.  Dr. 
Brown  introduced  various  improvements  in  agri- 
cultural and  industrial  processes.  He  first  sug- 
gested the  method  that  came  into  general  use  for 
clarifying  ginseng  for  the  Chinese  market.  The 
process  of  using  steam  instead  of  the  direct  heat 
of  the  fire  in  the  distillation  of  spirits  was  invented 
by  him.  He  united  with  his  brothers  John  and 
James  Brown  and  Henry  Clay,  in  1799,  when  an  elec- 
tion for  a  constitutional  convention  was  penduig  in 
Kentucky,  in  advocating  the  abolition  of  slavery 
in  that  state  and  the  gradual  emancipation  of  the 
slaves  ;  but  the  majority  of  the  delegates  were  op- 
posed to  the  project.  In  medical  practice  Dr. 
Brown  was  instrumental  in  introducing  in  the 
United  States  the  process  of  lithotrity  shortly 
after  its  first  successful  application  by  French 
surgeons.  He  established  a  medical  society  in 
Lexington,  and  framed  for  it  a  code  of  medical 
ethics.  This  body,  at  first  a  secret  society,  was  the 
original  of  the  medical  associations  of  Philadel- 
phia, New  York,  and  Baltimore.  He  contributed 
to  the  "Transactions"  of  the  philosophical  so- 
ciety a  paper  entitled  "A  Description  of  a  Cave  on 
Crooked  Creek,  with  Observations  on  Nitre  and 
Gunpowder,"  and  was  also  a  contributor  to  the 
New  York  "  Medical  Repository." — John's  son. 
Mason,  jurist,  b.  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  10  Nov., 
1799;  d.  in  Frankfort,  Ky.,  27  Jan.,  1867,  was 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1820,  and  entered  the  law 
office  of  John  J.  Crittenden,  of  Frankfort,  Ky., 
completing  his  studies  in  the  Lexington  law- 
school.  Entering  upon  the  practice  of  his  profes- 
sion in  Frankforti  he  became,  after  a  few  years,  a 
partner  of  Gov.  Charles  S.  Morehead,  with  whom 
he  compiled  the  valuable  digest  of  the  state  laws, 
known  as  "  Morehead  and  13rown's  Digest."  He 
was  judge  of  the  circuit  court  of  his  district  for 
many  years,  and  from  1855  till  1859,  during  the  ad- 
ministration of  Gov.  Morehead,  he  was  secretary 
of  state.  To  his  public  spirit  Frankfort  was  large- 
ly indebted  for  works  of  public  utility  and  orna- 
ment.— Mason's  son,  Beiijainiii  (iratz,  lawyer,  b. 
in  Lexington,  Ky.,  28  May,  1826 ;  d.  in  St.  Louis, 


Mo.,  13  Dec,  1885,  was  graduated  at  Transylvania 
university,  Lexington,  Ky.,  in  1845,  and  at  Yale  in 
1847,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Louisville,  Ky., 
and  soon  afterward  settled  in  St.  Louis.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  Missouri  legislature  from  1852 
till  1859,  and  in  1857  made  there  a  remarkable 
anti-slavery  speech,  which  is  said  to  have  been  the 
beginning  of  the  free-soil  movement  in  that  state. 
He  edited  the  "  Missouri  Democrat,"  a  journal  of 
radical  republican  principles,  which  had  for  its 
most  violent  political  opponent  "  The  Missouri  Re- 
publican," a  democratic  sheet  of  the  most  uncom- 
promising character.  For  five  years  (1854-'9)  he 
constantly  opposed  the  pro-slavery  party,  and  was 
often  threatened  with  personal  violence,  on  one  oc- 
casion being  wounded  by  a  pistol-shot.  In  1857 
he  was  the  free-soil  candidate  for  governor,  and 
came  within  500  votes  of  election.  At  the  begin- 
ning of  the  civil  war,  in  1861,  he  gave  all  his  in- 
fluence to  the  support  of  the  union,  and  was  in 
close  consultation  with  Gen.  Lyon  when  he  planned 
the  capture  of  Camp  Jackson  and  broke  up  the  first 
secession  movement  in  St.  Louis.  Brown  com- 
manded a  regiment  of  militia  on  that  occasion,  and 
afterward,  during  the  invasion  of  the  state  by 
Price  and  Van  Dorn,  commanded  a  brigade.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  U.  S.  senate  from  1863  till 
1867,  and  lent  his  powerful  influence  in  1864  to 
favor  the  passage  of  the  ordinance  of  emancipation 
by  the  Missouri  state  convention.  In  1871  he  was 
elected  governor  of  Missouri,  on  the  liberal  repub- 
lican ticket,  by  a  majority  of  40,000.  In  1872  he 
was  the  candidate  for  vice-president  on  the  demo- 
cratic ticket  with  Horace  Greeley,  and  after  the 
election,  which  resulted  in  the  defeat  of  the  demo- 
ci-ats  and  the  election  of  the  republican  candidate. 
Gen.  Grant,  he  resumed  his  law  practice. 

BROWN,  John,  clergyman,  b.  in  county  An- 
trim, Ireland,  15  June,  1763 ;  d.  in  Fort  Gaines, 
Ga.,  11  Dec,  1842.  His  parents  emigrated  to  this 
country  and  secured  a  title  to  160  acres  of  land  in 
Chester  District,  S.  C.  The  son  was  compelled  to 
aid  his  parents  on  the  farm,  and  his  early  educa- 
tion consisted  of  a  short  course  in  a  grammar 
school  in  the  Waxhaw  settlement.  In  1779  he 
joined  the  revolutionary  army  as  a  volunteer  and 
fought  under  Gen.  Sumter.  After  the  war  he 
studied  theology  under  the  Rev.  Dr.  McCorkle 
near  Salisbury,  N.  C,  and  was  licensed  to  preach 
in  1788.  Shortly  afterward  he  became  pastor  of 
the  Waxhaw  church,  where  he  remained  until  1809, 
when  he  was  elected  professor  of  logic  and  moral 
philosophy  in  the  University  of  South  Carolina. 
In  1811  he  became  president  of  the  University  of 
Georgia,  where  he  remained  for  many  years,  and, 
on  retiring  from  teaching,  resumed  his  pastoral 
duties  at  Mount  Zion  church,  in  Hancock  co.,  Ga. 
His  last  years  were  spent  in  Fort  Gaines,  Ga. 

BROWN,  John,  clergyman,  b.  near  Bremen, 
Germany,  21  July,  1771 ;  d.  in  Virginia,  26  Jan., 
1850.  He  came  to  this  country  in  1797  and  studied 
theology  under  the  Rev.  Philip  Stoeck.  Pie  was 
licensed  by  the  synod  of  the  German  Reformed 
church  in  1800,  and  ordained  in  1803.  He  was 
given  charge  of  scattered  congregations  in  Vir- 
ginia, and  his  labors  extended  over  six  counties. 
During  the  early  part  of  his  ministry  he  was  com- 
pelled to  make  his  appointments  by  travelling  on 
foot.  For  nearly  half  a  century  he  labored  in  the 
same  field,  refusing  all  ofl'ers  from  elsewhere.  He 
preached  in  German  only,  and  in  1818  published  in 
that  language  a  volume  of  400  pages,  which  was  a 
pastoral  address  to  the  Germans  in  Virginia. 

BROWN,  John,  clergvman,  b.  in  New  York 
city,  19  May,  1791 ;  d.  in  Newburg,  N.  Y.,  15  Aug., 


404 


BROWN 


BROWN 


1884.  He  was  graduated  at  Columbia  in  1811,  and 
studied  for  the  Protestant  Episcopal  ministry  un- 
der Bishop  J.  H.  Hobart.  In  1812  he  was  ordained 
in  St.  Paul's  church,  New  York,  and  took  charge 
of  Trinity  church,  Fishkill,  where  he  remained  un- 
til 1815,  when  he  became  rector  of  St.  George's 
church,  Newburg.  He  continued  with  this  par- 
ish until  1878,  and  from  1818  till  1847  was  also 
rector  of  St.  Thomas's  church  in  New  Windsor. 
Dr.  Brown  succeeded  in  forming  his  own  congre- 
gation into  a  strong  parish,  and  largely  aided 
feebler  churches  in  neighboring  counties.  He  was 
believed  to  be  the  oldest  Episcopal  clergyman,  in 
point  of  service,  in  the  United  States,  and  was  also 
one  of  the  oldest  masons  in  the  country,  having 
been  initiated  on  10  June,  1817,  in  Hiram  lodge, 
Newburg.  When  Gen.  Lafayette  visited  the 
United  States,  in  1824,  Dr.  Brown,  at  a  reception 
held  at  Washington's  headquarters,  delivered  the 
address  of  welcome. 

BROWN,  John,  of  Osawatomie,  abolitionist, 
b.  in  Torrington,  Conn.,  9  May,  1800 ;  executed  in 
Charlestown,  Va.,  2  Dec,  1859.  His  ancestor, 
Peter  Brown,  came  over  with  the  historic  party  in 
the  "  Mayflower  "  in  1620.  Peter  was  unmarried, 
by  trade  a  carpenter,  and  drew  his  house-lot  in 
Plymouth  with  the  rest;  but  he  removed  soon 
afterward,  with  Bradford,  Standish,  and  Wins- 
low,  to  the  neighboring  settlement  of   Duxbury. 

He  was  twice 
married,  and  died 
early.  One  of 
his  descendants 
in  the  main  line 
was  a  Captain 
John  Brown,  of 
the  Connecticut 
militia,  who  died 
of  disease  in  the 
revolutionary  ser- 
vice in  1776.  This 
revolutionary  cap- 
tain married  Han- 
nah Owen,  of 
Welsh  origin ;  and 
their  son,  Owen 
Brown,  married 
Ruth  Mills,  who 
was  of  Dutch  de- 
scent ;  so  that 
John  Brown  of 
Osawatomie,  their 
son,  had  a  min- 
gling of  the  blood 
of  three  races  in 
his  veins,  resiilting  in  a  corresponding  mixture  of 
strong  qualities.  Owen  Brown  left  a  brief  auto- 
biography, which  begins  by  saying :  "  My  life  has 
been  of  little  worth,  mostly  filled  up  with  vanity." 
Then  he  goes  on  to  describe,  with  some  fulness, 
this  career  of  frivolity,  which  will  seem  to  most 
readers  grave  and  decorous  to  the  last  degree. 
The  most  interesting  entry  is  the  following :  "  In 
1800,  May  9,  [my  son]  John  was  born,  one  hundred 
years  after  his  great-grandfather;  nothing  else 
very  uncommon " ;  and  he  adds,  in  tranquil  ig- 
norance of  the  future :  "  We  lived  in  peace  with  all 
mankind,  so  far  as  I  know."  How  far  the  parent 
would  have  approved  the  stormy  career  of  the  son 
is  now  matter  of  inference  only;  but  we  have  it 
in  Owen  Brown's  own  declaration  that  he  was  one 
of  that  early  school  of  abolitionists  whom  Hopkins 
and  Edwards  enlightened ;  and  he  apparently  took 
part  in  the  forcible  rescue  of  some  slaves  claimed 
by  a  Virginia  clergyman  in  Connecticut  in  1798, 


cArfn^    Uey^ni^^ 


soon  after  that  state  had  abolished  slavery.  The 
continuous  anti-slavery  devotion  of  the  whole  fam- 
ily, for  three  generations,  was  a  thing  almost  un- 
exampled. Mr.  Sanborn  has  preserved  verbatim 
a  most  quaint  and  graphic  fragment  of  autobiog- 
raphy, written  by  John  Brown,  of  Osawatomie,  in 
1859.  In  this  he  records  with  the  utmost  frank- 
ness his  boyish  pursuits  and  transgressions ;  how 
at  the  age  of  four  he  stole  three  brass  pins,  and 
at  the  age  of  five  removed  with  his  parents  to 
Ohio,  where  he  grew  familiar  with  the  Indians, 
who  were  then  dwelling  all  around  them.  He  says 
of  himself :  "  John  was  never  quarrelsome ;  but 
was  exceedingly  fond  of  the  harshest  and  roughest 
kind  of  plays;  and  could  never  get  enough  [of] 
them.  Indeed,  when  for  a  short  time  he  was 
sometimes  sent  to  school,  the  opportunity  it  offered 
to  wrestle  and  snow-ball  and  run  and  jump  and 
knock  off  old  seedy  wool  hats,  offered  to  him 
almost  the  only  compensation  for  the  confinement 
and  restraint  of  school."  In  this  boyish  combat- 
iveness,  without  personal  quarrelsomeness,  we  see 
the  quality  of  the  future  man.  He  further  records 
that  in  boyhood  his  great  delight  was  in  going  on 
responsible  expeditions,  and  by  the  age  of  twelve 
he  was  often  sent  a  hundred  miles  into  the  wilder- 
ness with  cattle.  This  adventurous  spirit  took  no 
military  direction ;  he  was  disgusted  with  what  he 
heard  of  the  war  of  1812,  and  for  many  years  used 
to  be  fined  for  refusing  to  do  militia  duty.  He 
was  very  fond  of  reading,  and  familiar  with  every 
portion  of  the  Bible ;  but  he  never  danced,  and 
never  knew  one  card  from  another.  Staying  in  a 
house  where  there  was  a  slave-boy  almost  his  own 
age.  and  seeing  this  boy  ill-treated — even  beaten, 
as  he  declares,  with  an  iron  fire-shovel — he  became, 
in  his  own  words,  "  a  most  determined  abolition- 
ist," and  was  led  "  to  declare,  or  swear,  eternal  war 
with  slavery."  From  the  fifteenth  to  the  twentieth 
years  of  his  age  he  worked  as  a  farmer  and  currier, 
chiefly  for  his  father,  and  for  most  of  the  time  as 
foreman.  He  then  learned  surveying,  and  followed 
that  for  a  while,  afterward  gratifying  his  early 
love  for  animals  by  becoming  a  shepherd.  Mean- 
while he  married,  as  he  says,  "  a  remarkably  plain, 
but  neat,  industrious,  and  economical  girl,  of  ex- 
cellent character,  earnest  piety,  and  good  prac- 
tical common  sense,"  who  had,  he  asserts,  a  most 
powerful  and  good  influence  over  him.  This  was 
Dianthe  Lusk,  a  widow,  and  they  had  seven  chil- 
dren. His  second  wife  was  Mary  Anne  Day,  by 
whom  he  had  thirteen  children,  and  who  survived 
him  twenty-five  years,  dying  in  San  Francisco  in 
1884.  She  also  was  a  woman  of  strong  and  decided 
character ;  and  though  among  the  twenty  children 
of  the  two  marriages  eight  died  in  early  childhood, 
the  survivors  all  shared  the  strong  moral  convic- 
tions of  their  father,  and  the  whole  family  habitu- 
ally lived  a  life  of  great  self-denial  in  order  that 
his  purposes  might  be  carried  out. 

The  contest  for  Kansas  in  1855-6  between  the 
friends  of  freedom  and  those  of  slavery  was  un- 
doubtedly, as  it  has  since  been  called,  the  skirmish- 
line  of  the  civil  war.  It  was  there  made  evident — 
what  an  anti-slavery  leader  so  conspicuous  as 
Joshua  R.  Giddings  had  utterly  refused  to  believe 
— that  the  matter  was  coining  to  blows.  The  con- 
dition of  affairs  was  never  better  stated  than  in  the 
Charleston  "  Mercury  "  by  a  young  man  named 
Warren  Wilkes,  who  had  commanded  for  a  time  a 
band  of  so-called  southern  "  settlers  "  in  Kansas. 
He  wrote  in  the  spring  of  1856  :  "  If  the  south  se- 
cures Kansas,  she  will  extend  slavery  into  all  terri- 
tories south  of  the  fortieth  parallel  of  north  lati- 
tude to  the  Rio  Grande ;  and  this,  of  course,  will 


BROWN 


BROWN 


405 


secure  for  her  pent-up  institution  of  slavery  an 
ample  outlet,  and  restore  her  power  in  congress. 
If  the  north  secures  Kansas,  the  power  of  the 
south  in  congress  will  be  gradually  diminished, 
and  the  slave  property  will  become  valueless.  All 
depends  upon  the  action  of  the  present  moment." 
Here  was  a  point  on  which  young  Wilkes  on  the 
one  side,  and  John  Brown  on  the  ot  her,  were  abso- 
lutely agreed ;  and  each  went  to  work  in  his  own 
way  to  save  Kansas  to  his  side  by  encouraging  im- 
migration from  their  respective  regions.  We  can, 
at  this  distance  of  time,  admit  that  this  was  with- 
in the  right  of  each ;  but  the  free-state  men  went 
almost  wholly  as  bona-fide  settlers,  while  num- 
bers of  those  who  went  from  Missouri,  Virginia, 
and  South  Carolina  viewed  the  enterprise  simply 
as  a  military  foray,  without  intending  to  remain. 
It  was  also  true  that  the  latter  class,  coming  from 
communities  then  more  lawless,  went  generally 
armed ;  while  the  free-state  men  went  at  first  un- 
armed, afterward  arming  themselves  reluctantly 
and  by  degrees.  The  condition  of  lawlessness  that 
ensued  was  undoubtedly  demoralizing  to  both 
sides ;  it  was  to  a  great  extent  a  period  of  violence 
and  plunder — civil  war  on  a  petty  scale ;  but  the 
original  distinction  never  wholly  passed  away,  and 
the  ultimate  character  of  the  community  was  for- 
tunately shaped  and  controlled  by  the  free-state 
settlers.  However  it  might  be  with  others,  for 
John  Brown  the  Kansas  contest  was  deliberately 
undertaken  as  a  part  of  the  great  war  against 
slavery.  He  went  there  with  more  cautious  and 
far-reaching  purposes  than  most  others,  and  he 
carried  out  those  purposes  with  the  strength  of  a 
natural  leader.  As  early  as  1834,  by  a  letter  still 
in  existence,  he  had  communicated  to  his  brother 
Frederick  his  purpose  to  make  active  war  upon 
slavery,  the  plan  being  then  to  bring  together 
some  "  first-rate  abolitionist  families  "  and  under- 
take the  education  of  colored  youth.  "  If  once  the 
( 'hristians  of  the  free  states  would  set  to  work  in 
earnest  teaching  the  blacks,  the  people  of  the  slave- 
holding  states  would  find  tliemselves  constitu- 
tionally driven  to  set  about  the  work  of  emanci- 
pation immediately."  This  letter  was  written 
when  he  was  postmaster  under  President  Jack- 
son, at  Randolph,  Pa.,  and  was  officially  franked 
by  Brown,  as  was  then  the  practice.  When  we 
consider  what  were  Jackson's  views  as  to  anti- 
slavery  agitation,  especially  through  the  mails,  it 
is  curious  to  consider  what  a  firebrand  he  was  har- 
boring in  one  of  his  own  post-offices.  It  appears 
from  this  letter  and  other  testimony  that  Brown 
at  one  time  solemnly  called  his  older  sons  together 
and  pledged  them,  kneeling  in  prayer,  to  give  their 
lives  to  anti-slavery  work.  It  must  be  remembered 
that  Prudence  Crandall  had  been  arrested  and 
sent  to  jail  in  Connecticut,  only  the  year  before, 
for  doing,  in  a  small  way,  what  Brown  now  pro- 
posed to  do  systematically.  For  some  time  he  held 
to  his  project  in  this  form,  removing  from  Penn- 
sylvania to  Ohio  in  1835- '6,  and  from  Ohio  to 
Massachusetts  in  1846,  engaging  in  different  en- 
terprises, usually  in  the  wool  business,  but  always 
keeping  the  main  end  in  view.  For  instance,  in 
1840  he  visited  western  Virginia  to  survey  land 
belonging  to  Oberlin  college,  and  seems  to  have 
had  some  plan  for  colonizing  colored  people  there. 
At  last,  in  184G,  on  tlie  anniversary  of  West  India 
emancipation,  Grerrit  Smith,  a  great  land-owner  in 
New  York  state,  offered  to  give  a  hundred  thousand 
acres  of  wild  land  in  northern  New  York  to  such 
colored  families,  fugitive  slaves,  or  others  as  would 
take  them  in  small  farms  and  clear  them.  It  was 
a  terribly  hard  region  into  which  to  invite  those 


children  of  the  soiith ;  six  months  of  winter  and 
no  possibility  of  raising  either  wheat  or  Indian 
corn.  Brown  convinced  himself,  nevertheless,  that 
he  could  be  of  much  use  to  the  colored  settlers, 
and  in  1848-'9  pui'chased  a  farm  from  Mr.  Smith 
and  removed  the  younger  part  of  his  family  to 
North  Elba,  which  was  their  home  until  his  death. 
His  wife  and  young  children  lived  there  in  the 
greatest  frugality,  voluntarily  practised  by  them 
all  for  the  sake  of  helping  others.  He,  meanwhile, 
often  absented  himself  on  anti-slavery  enterprises, 
forming,  for  instance,  at  Springfield,  Mass.,  his 
former  home,  a  "  League  of  Gileadites,"  pledged 
to  the  rescue  of  fugitive  slaves.  In  one  of  his 
manuscript  addresses  to  this  body  he  lays  down 
the  rule,  "  Stand  by  one  another  and  by  your 
friends  while  a  drop  of  blood  remains ;  and  be 
hanged  if  you  must,  but  tell  no  tales  out  of 
school."  This  was  nearly  nine  years  before  his 
own  death  on  the  scaffold. 

In  1854  five  of  Brown's  sons,  then  resident  in 
Ohio,  made  their  arrangements  to  remove  to  Kan- 
sas, regarding  it  as  a  desirable  home,  where  they 
could  exert  an  influence  for  freedom  ;  but  they 
were  so  little  prepared  for  an  armed  struggle  that 
they  had  among  them  only  two  small  shot-guns 
and  a  revolver.  They  selected  claims  eight  or  ten 
miles  from  Osawatomie,  and  their  fatlier,  contrary 
to  his  previous  intention,  joined  them  there  in  Oc- 
tober, 1855.  In  March  of  that  year  the  first  elec- 
tion for  a  territorial  constitution  had  taken  place. 
Thousands  of  Missourians,  armed  with  rifles,  and 
even  with  cannon,  had  poured  over  the  border,  and, 
although  less  than  a  thousand  legal  votes  were 
thrown  in  the  territory',  more  than  six  thousand 
went  through  the  form  of  voting.  This  state  of 
things  continued  through  that  year  and  the  next, 
and  the  present  writer  saw  an  election  precisely 
similar  in  the  town  of  Leavenworth,  in  the  autumn 
of  1856.  Hostilities  were  soon  brought  on  by  the 
murder  and  unlawful  arrest  of  men  known  to  be 
opposed  to  slavery.  The  Brown  family  were  mus- 
tered in  as  Kansas  militia  by  the  free-state  party, 
and  turned  out  to  defend  the  town  of  Lawrence 
from  a  Missourian  invasion,  which  was  compro- 
mised .without  bloodshed.  A  few  months  later 
Lawrence  was  attacked  and  pillaged.  Other  mur- 
ders took  place,  and  a  so-called  grand  jury  indicted 
many  free-state  men,  including  in  the  indictment 
the  "  Free  State  Hotel "  in  Lawrence.  Two  of 
Brown's  sons  were  arrested  by  United  States  cav- 
alry, which,  at  this  time.  Pierce  being  president, 
acted  wholly  with  the  pro-slavery  party.  John 
Brown,  Jr.,  the  oldest,  was  driven  on  foot  at  the 
head  of  a  cavalry  company,  at  a  trot,  for  nine  miles 
to  Osawatomie,  his  arms  being  tied  behind  him. 
This  state  of  things  must  be  fully  remembered  in 
connection  with  the  so-called  "  Pottawatomie  mas- 
sacre," which  furnishes,  in  the  opinion  of  both 
friends  and  foes,  the  most  questionable  incident  in 
Brown's  career.  This  occurrence  took  place  on  25 
May,  1856,  and  consisted  in  the  deliberate  assassi- 
nation of  five  representatives  of  the  pro-slavery 
party  at  night,  they  being  called  from  their  beds 
for  the  purpose.  It  was  done  in  avowed  retribu- 
tion for  the  assassination  of  five  free-state  men, 
and  was  intended  to  echo  far  beyond  Kansas,  as  it 
did,  and  to  announce  to  the  slave-holding  com- 
munity that  blood  for  blood  would  henceforth  be 
exacted  in  ease  of  any  further  invasion  of  rights. 
[t  undoubtedly  had  that  effect,  and  though  some 
even  in  Kansas  regarded  it  with  disapproval,  it  is 
certain  that  leading  citizens  of  the  territory,  such 
as  Governor  Robinson,  themselves  justified  it  at 
the  time.     Robinson  wrote,  as  late  as  February, 


406 


BROWN 


BROWN 


1878  :  "  I  never  had  much  doubt  that  Capt.  Brown 
was  the  author  of  the  blow  at  Pottawatomie,  for 
the  reason  that  he  was  the  only  man  who  compre- 
hended the  situation,  and  saw  the  absolute  neces- 
sity of  some  such  blow,  and  had  the  nerve  to  strike 
it."  Brown  himself  said,  a  few  years  later:  "I 
knew  all  good  men  who  loved  freedom,  when  they 
became  better  acquainted  with  the  circumstances 
of  the  case,  would  approve  of  it."  It  is,  neverthe- 
less, probable  that  the  public  mind  will  be  perma- 
nently divided  in  judgment  upon  this  act ;  just  as 
there  is  still  room,  after  centuries  have  passed,  for 
two  opinions  as  to  the  execution  of  Charles  I.  or 
the  banishment  of  Roger  Williams.  Much,  of 
course,  turns  upon  the  actual  character  of  the  five 
men  put  to  death — men  whom  the  student  will  find 
painted  in  the  darkest  colors  in  Mr.  Sanborn's  life 
of  John  Brown,  and  in  much  milder  hues  in  Mr. 
Spring's  "  History  of  Kansas."  The  successive 
phases  of  sentiment  on  the  whole  subject  may  be 
partly  attributed  to  the  fact  that  the  more  pacific 
Kansas  leaders,  such  as  Robinson  and  Pomeroy, 
have  happened  to  outlive  the  fighting  men,  such  as 
Brown,  Lane,  and  IMontgomery ;  so  that  there  is  a 
little  disposition  just  now  to  underrate  the  services 
of  the  combatants  and  overrate  those  of  the  non- 
combatants.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  there  was  in  the 
territory  at  the  time  no  noticeable  difference  of 
opinion  between  those  two  classes ;  and  it  is  quite 
certain  that  slavery  would  have  triumphed  over 
all  legal  and  legislative  skill  had  not  the  sword 
been  thrown  into  the  balance,  even  in  a  small 
way.  The  largest  affairs  in  wliich  Brown  and  his 
sons  took  part,  "  Black  Jack  "  and  "  Osawatomie," 
for  instance,  seem  trifling  amid  the  vast  encoun- 
ters of  the  civil  war ;  but  these  petty  skirmishes, 
nevertheless,  began  that  great  conflict. 

The  purpose  that  finally  took  John  Brown  to 
Virginia  had  doubtless  been  many  years  in  his 
mind,  dating  back,  indeed,  to  the  time  when  he  was 
a  surveyor  in  the  mountains  of  that  state,  in  early 
life.  Bishop  Meade  says,  in  his  "  Old  Churches 
and  Ministers  of  Virginia,"  that  he  wrote  the  book 
in  view  of  a  I'ange  of  mountains  which  Washing- 
ton had  selected  as  the  final  stronghold  of  his  revo- 
lutionary army,  should  he  be  defeated  in  the  con- 
test with  England ;  and  it  was  these  same  moun- 
tains which  John  Brown  regarded  as  having  been 
designed  by  the  Almighty,  from  all  eternity,  as  a 
refuge  for  fugitive  slaves.  His  plan  for  his  enter- 
prise varied  greatly  in  successive  years,  and  no 
doubt  bore  marks  of  the  over-excited  condition  of 
his  mind ;  but  as  he  ordinarily  told  it  to  the  few 
with  whom  he  had  cortsulted  outside  of  his  own 
band,  there  was  nothing  incoherent  or  impractica- 
ble about  it ;  it  was  simply  the  establishment  on 
slave  soil  of  a  defensible  station  for  fugitive  slaves, 
within  the  reach  of  the  Pennsylvania  border,  so 
that  bodies  of  slaves  could  hold  their  own  for  a 
time  against  a  superior  force,  and  could  be  trans- 
ferred, if  necessary,  through  the  free  states  to 
Canada.  Those  who  furnished  him  with  arms  and 
money  at  the  north  did  so  from  personal  faith  in 
him,  and  from  a  common  zeal  for  his  objects,  with- 
out asking  to  know  details.  He  had  stated  his 
general  plan  to  Douglass  and  others  in  1847,  and 
in  1857  had  established  at  Tabor,  in  Iowa,  a  town 
peculiarly  friendly  to  the  free-state  men  during 
the  Kansas  troubles,  a  sort  of  school  of  mili- 
tary drill  under  the  direction  of  a  Scottish 
adventurer,  Hugh  Forbes,  who  attempted  to  be- 
tray him.  He  afterward  had  a  similar  school  at 
Springfield,  Iowa,  and  meanwhile  negotiated  with 
his  eastern  friends  for  funds.  He  had  already  in 
his  hands  two  hundred  rifles  from  the  national 


Kansas  committee ;  and  although  these  were  really 
the  property  of  George  L.  Stearns,  of  Medford, 
Mass.,  representing  a  small  part  of  the  $10,000 
which  that  gentleman  had  given  to  make  Kansas 
free,  yet  this  was  enough  to  hamper  in  some  de- 
gree the  action  of  his  Boston  allies.  Their  posi- 
tion was  also  embarrassed  by  many  curious,  ram- 
bling letters  from  his  drill-master,  Forbes,  written 
to  members  of  congress  and  others,  and  disclosing 
what  little  he  knew  of  the  plans.  This  led  the 
eastern  allies  to  insist — quite  unnecessarily,  as  it 
seemed  to  one  or  two  of  them — on  a  postponement 
for  a  year  of  the  whole  enterprise.  On  3  June, 
1858,  Brown  left  Boston,  with  |500  in  gold  and 
with  liberty  to  keep  the  Kansas  rifles.  Most  of 
his  friends  in  the  eastern  states  knew  nothing 
more  of  his  movements  until  it  was  announced 
that  he  had  taken  possession  of  the  U.  S.  arsenal 
at  Harper's  Ferry,  Va.  A  few,  however,  were 
aware  that  he  was  about  to  enter  on  the  execution 
of  his  plans  somewhere,  though  they  did  not  know 
precisely  where.  Late  in  June,  1859,  Brown  and 
several  of  his  men  appeared  in  the  vicinity  of  Har- 
per's Ferry,  and  soon  afterward  hired  a  small  farm, 
which  they  occupied.  Then  his  daughter  Anne,  a 
girl  of  fifteen,  together  with  his  daughter-in-law, 
wife  of  Oliver  Brown,  appeared  upon  the  scene  and 
kept  house  for  them.  There  they  lived  for  many 
weeks,  unsuspected  by  their  neighbors,  and  gradu- 
ally receiving  from  Ohio  their  boxes  of  rifles  and 
pistols,  besides  a  thousand  pikes  from  Connecticut. 
In  August  he  was  visited  by  Frederick  Douglass,  to 
whom  he  disclosed  his  plan  of  an  attack  on  Har- 
per's Ferry,  which  Douglass  opposed,  thinking  it 
would  not  really  be  favorable  to  his  idtimate  ob- 
ject of  reaching  the  slaves.  But  he  persevered, 
and  finally  began  his  operations  with  twenty-two 
men,  besides  himself.  Six  of  these  were  colored ; 
and  it  may  be  added  that  only  six  of  the  whole 
party  escaped  alive,  and  only  one  of  these  is  now 
(September,  1886)  living — Owen  Brown. 

On  Sunday  evening,  16  Oct.,  1859,  Brown  mus- 
tered eighteen  of  his  men — the  rest  having  been 
assigned  to  other  duties  —  saying:  "  Men,  get  on 
your  arms ;  we  will  proceed  to  the  Ferry."  It  was 
a  cold,  dark  night,  ending  in  rain.  At  half-past 
ten  they  reached  the  armory-gate  and  broke  it  in 
with  a  crow-bar,  easily  overpowei'ing  the  few  watch- 
men on  duty.  Before  midnight  the  village  was 
quietly  patrolled  by  Brown's  men,  without  firing 
a  gun,  and  six  men  had  been  sent  to  bring  in  cer- 
tain neighboring  planters,  with  their  slaves.  He 
had  taken  several  leading  citizens  prisonei's,  as 
hostages,  but  had  allowed  a  railway  train  to  go 
through  northward,  which  of  course  carried  the 
news.  The  citizens  of  the  town  gradually  armed 
themselves,  and  some  shots  were  exchanged,  kill- 
ing several  men  ;  and  before  night  Brown,  who 
might  easily  have  escaped,  was  hopelessly  hemmed 
in.  Col.  Robert  E.  Lee,  afterward  well  known  in 
history,  arrived  from  Washington  at  evening  with  a 
company  of  U.  S.  marines,  and  all  was  practically 
over.  Brown  and  his  men,  now  reduced  to  six, 
were  barricaded  in  a  little  building  called  the  en- 
gine-house, and  were  shot  down  one  by  one.  thou- 
sands of  bullets,  according  to  a  Virginia  witness, 
having  been  imbedded  in  the  walls.  Brown  con- 
stantly returned  the  fire,  refusing  to  surrender; 
but  when  some  of  his  men  aimed  at  passers-by 
who  had  taken  no  part  in  the  matter,  he  would 
stop  them,  according  to  the  same  Virginia  witness, 
Capt.  Dangerfield,  saying  :  "  Don't  shoot !  that  man 
is  unarmed."  Col.  Washington,  another  Virginia 
witness,  has  testified  to  the  extraordinary  coolness 
with  which  Brown  felt  the  pulse  of  his  dying  son. 


BROWN 


BROWN 


407 


while  holding  his  own  rifle  with  the  other  hand, 
and  encouraging  his  men  to  be  firm.  All  this 
time  he  was  not  recognized,  until  Lieut.  J.  E.  B. 
Stuart,  who  had  known  him  in  Kansas,  called  him 
by  his  name.  When  he  was  finally  captured,  his 
two  sons  were  dead,  and  he  himself  was  supposed 
to  be  dying. 

No  one  will  ever  be  able  exactly  to  understand 
that  mood  of  John  Brown's  mind  which  induced 
him  to  remain  in  Harper's  Ferry  to  certain  death. 
Ilis  reason  for  taking  possession  of  the  town  and 
arsenal  was  undoubtedly  a  desire  to  alarm  the 
country  at  large,  and  not  merely  secure  arms,  but 
"attract  recruits  to  his  side,  after  he  should  have 
withdrawn.  Why  did  he  remain  ?  Those  who  es- 
caped from  the  terrible  disaster  could  not  answer. 
Brown  himself  is  reported  as  saying  that  it  was 
preordained ;  that  if  he  had  once  escaped,  he  knew 
the  Virginia  mountains  too  well  to  be  captured ; 
but  that  he  for  the  first  time  lost  command  of 
himself  and  was  punished  for  it.  Gov.  Wise,  of 
Virginia,  with  several  hundred  men,  reached  Har- 
per's Ferry  by  the  noon  train  of  18  Oct.,  and  Brown 
held  conversations,  which  have  been  fully  reported, 
with  him  and  others.  Gov.  Wise  said  of  him  : 
"  They  are  mistaken  who  take  Brown  to  be  a  mad- 
man. He  is  a  bundle  of  the  best  nerves  I  ever 
saw;  cut  and  thrust  and  bleeding  and  in  bonds. 
He  is  a  man  of  clear  head,  of  courage,  fortitude, 
and  simple  ingenuousness.  He  is  cool,  collected, 
indomitable  ;  and  it  is  but  just  to  him  to  say  that 
he  was  humane  to  his  prisoners,  and  he  inspired 
me  with  great  trust  in  his  integrity  as  a  man  of 
truth."  This  opinion,  coming  from  the  man  whose 
immediate  duty  it  was  to  see  him  tried  and  exe- 
cuted as  a  felon,  may  be  regarded  as  a  final  and 
trustworthy  estimate. 

John  Brown  was  tried  before  a  Virginia  court, 
legal  counsel  going  to  him  from  Massachusetts. 
All  thought  of  a  rescue  was  precluded  by  strong 
messages  of  prohibition  sent  by  him.  The  pro- 
posal to  send  his  wife  to  him,  this  being  planned 
partly  in  the  hope  that  she  might  shake  his  deter- 
mination, was  also  refused,  and  she  did  not  see 
him  until  after  his  trial.  He  was  sentenced  to 
death  by  hanging,  and  this  sentence  was  executed 
2  Dec,  1859.  On  the  day  of  his  death  he  handed 
to  one  of  his  guards  a  paper  on  which  he  had  writ- 
ten this  sentence :  "  Charlestown,  Va.,  Dee.  2,  1859. 
I,  John  Brown,  .am  now  quite  certain  that  the 
crimes  of  this  guilty  land  will  never  be  purged 
away  but  with  blood.  I  had,  as  I  now  think,  vain- 
ly flattered  myself  that  without  very  much  blood- 
shed it  might  be  done."  Within  eighteen  months 
this  prophecy  was  fulfilled,  and  many  a  northern 
reginient,  as  it  marched  to  the  seat  of  war,  sang 
that  which  will  always  remain,  more  than  any 
other,  the  war-song  of  the  great  conflict : 

"  John  Brown's  body  lies  a-mouldering  in  the 
grave. 
But  his  soul  is  marching  on." 
His  bearing  on  the  scaffold,  under  exceptionally 
trying  circumstances,  evinced  wonderful  fortitude. 
After  the  sheriff  had  told  him  that  all  was  ready, 
and  had  adjusted  the  rope  and  the  cap,  ten  or  fif- 
teen minutes  passed,  while  the  military  escort 
formed  a  hollow  square.  During  this  painfully 
long  interval,  John  Brown,  blindfolded,  stood 
alone  erect,  like  a  statue  unsupported.  An  eye- 
witness who  was  very  near  him  could  not  detect  a 
tremor.  A  further  delay  occurred  while  the  sheriff 
descended  the  steps  of  the  scaffold,  but  Brown 
never  wavered,  and  died  apparently  with  muscles 
and  nerves  still  subject  to  his  iron  will.  His  ca- 
reer is  remarkable  for  its  dramatic  quality,  for  the 


important  part  he  played  in  events  preliminary  to 
the  great  civil  war,  and  for  the  strong  and  heroic 
traits  shown  in  his  life  and  death.  He  belonged 
to  a  class  of  men  whose  permanent  fame  is  out  of 
all  proportion  to  their  official  importance  or  con- 
temporary following ;  and  indeed  he  represents  a 
type  more  akin  to  that  seen  among  the  Scottish 
covenanters  of  two  centuries  ago  than  to  anything 
familiar  in  our  own  days.  CopeJand,  Green,  Cook, 
and  Coppoc,  of  his  company,  were  executed  by 
hanging  two  weeks  later.  Stephens  and  Hazlett 
were  put  to  death  in  the  same  way  16  March,  1860. 
An  effort  for  their  rescue,  organized  in  Boston, 
with  men  brought  mainly  from  Kansas,  under 
Capt.  Montgomery  as  leader,  proved  abortive. 

In  regard  to  the  bearing  of  John  Brown's  enter- 
prise upon  subsequent  history,  it  is  enough  if  we 
recall  the  fact  that  a  select  committee  of  the  U.  S. 
senate  investigated  the  whole  att'air,  and  the  ma- 
jority, consisting  of  James  M.  Mason,  Jefferson 
Davis,  and  Graham  N.  Fitch,  submitted  a  report 
in  which  occurs  the  following  passage :  "  The  in- 
vasion (to  call  it  so)  by  Brown  and  his  followers 
at  Harper's  Ferry  was  in  no  sense  of  that  char- 
acter. It  was  simply  the  act  of  lawless  ruffians, 
under  the  sanction  of  no  public  or  political  au- 
thority— distinguishable  only  from  ordinary  felo- 
nies by  the  ulterior  ends  in  contemplation  by  them, 
and  by  the  fact  that  the  money  to  maintain  the 
expedition,  and  the  large  armament  they  brought 
with  them,  had  been  contributed  and  furnished 
by  the  citizens  of  other  states  of  the  union,  under 
circumstances  that  must  continue  to  jeopard  the 
safety  and  peace  of  the  southern  states,  and  against 
which  congress  has  no  power  to  legislate.  If  the 
several  states,  whether  from  motives  of  policy  or 
a  desire  to  preserve  the  peace  of  the  union,  if  not 
from  fraternal  feeling,  do  not  hold  it  incumbent 
on  them,  after  the  experience  of  the  country,  to 
guard  in  future  by  appropriate  legislation  against 
occurrences  similar  to  the  one  here  inquired  into, 
the  committee  can  find  no  guarantee  elsewhere 
for  the  security  of  peace  between  the  states  of  the 
union.'  It  is  a  sufficient  commentary  on  the  im- 
plied threat  with  which  this  report  concludes,  to 
point  out  that  two  of  its  three  signers,  within  the 
year  following,  became  leaders  of  the  movement 
for  a  forcible  division  of  the  union.  In  view  of 
this  fact,  it  is  impossible  to  doubt  that  the  enter- 
prise of  John  Brown  was  an  important  link  in  the 
chain  of  historical  events.  The  life  of  Capt.  Brown 
has  been  at  least  three  times  written — by  James 
Redpath,  by  Richard  D.  Webb,  of  Dublin,  and  by 
Frank  B.  Sanborn.  The  last  named  is  the  fullest 
work,  and  has  the  approval  of  John  Brown's  fami- 
ly ;  it  is  the  result  of  much  personal  research,  and 
is,  with  some  defects  of  arrangement,  a  mine  of 
information  in  regard  to  one  of  the  most  remark- 
able men  of  his  time. 

BROWN,  John  B.,  politician,  b.  in  Richfield, 
N.  Y.,  16  July,  1807 ;  d.  in  Washington,  D.  C,  9 
Dec,  1867.  In  1849  he  removed  to  Virginia,  where 
he  became  prominent  in  politics  in  that  state.  In 
1856  he  was  one  of  the  electors  for  Fremont,  and 
in  1860  a  delegate  to  the  Chicago  convention, 
where  Lincoln  was  nominated.  On  his  return  to 
Virginia  he  was  thrown  into  prison  on  the  charge 
of  circulating  incendiary  documents.  At  the  be- 
ginning of  the  civil  war  the  confederate  authorities 
offered  $1,000  for  his  apprehension.  He  subse- 
quently received  an  appointment  in  Washington. 

BROWN,  John  Calvin,  soldier,  b.  in  Giles  co., 
Tenn.,  6  Jan.,  1827 ;  d.  at  Red  Boiling  Springs, 
Tenn.,  17  Aug.,  1889.  He  was  graduated  at  Jackson 
college,  Tenn.,  in  1846.     He  entered  the  military 


408 


BROWN 


BROWN 


service  of  the  confederate  states  at  the  beginning 
of  the  civil  war,  and  was  successively  promoted  to 
colonel,  brigadier-general,  and  major-general.  Lett 
nearly  penniless  by  the  war,  he  found  employment 
as  a  railroad  surveyor  at  a  small  salary,  but  proved 
so  efficient  a  manager  that  he  was  made  president 
of  the  Nashville  railroad.  After  constructing  sev- 
eral small  lines  in  Tennessee,  he  entered  the  ser- 
vice of  the  Texas  Pacific  railroad  and  had  charge  of 
it  durmg  its  extension  westward  to  the  Rio  Grande 
and  eastward  to  New  Orleans.  Later  he  was  ap- 
pointed receiver  of  the  entire  property.  He  was 
president  of  the  constitutional  convention  of  Ten- 
nessee, and  was  twice  governor  of  the  state — in 
1870  and  1875.  He  travelled  extensively  in  Europe, 
Asia,  Africa,  and  North  America. — His  brother, 
Neil  S.,  d.  in  Feb.,  1886,  was  governor  of  Tennes- 
see in  1847  and  1840,  and  was  U.  S.  minister  to 
Russia  under  Taylor's  administration. 

BROWN,  Jolin  Georgre,  artist,  b.  in  Durham, 
England,  11  Nov.,  1881.  He  studied  in  Newcastle- 
on-Tyne  and  in  the  royal  Scottish  academy,  where 
he  received  a  medal  in  the  antique  class  in  1853. 
During  the  same  year  he  came  to  the  United  States 
and  studied  in  the  National  Academy  of  Design  in 
New  York.  He  has  received  medals  in  Boston  and 
in  San  Francisco.  In  1863  he  was  chosen  a  mem- 
ber of  the  National  Academy,  and  in  1866  was 
among  the  original  members  of  the  Water-Color  So- 
ciety, serving  during  several  years  as  its  vice-presi- 
dent. He  was  actively  interested  in  the  "  Artists' 
Fund,"  and  filled  a  similar  place  in  that  organiza- 
tion. Mr.  Brown  has  made  a  specialty  of  Ameri- 
can subjects.  Among  his  best-known  works  are 
"  His  First  Cigar,"  "  Curling  in  Central  Park  " 
(1876) ;  "  The  Passing  Show  "  (1877) ;  "  The  Dress 
Parade  "  ;  "  The  Three  (Scape)  Graces  "  ;  "  The 
'Longshoreman's  Noon  "  (1880) ;  "  A  Merry  Air 
and  a  Sad  Heart  "  (1880) ;  '^  The  Thrilling  Mo- 
ment "  (1881) ;  "  The  Old  Folks  at  Home  "  (1882) ; 
and  "  A  Jolly  Lot  "  (1885). 

BROWN,  John  Henry  Hobart,  P.  E.  bisliop, 
b.  in  New  York  city.  1  Jan.,  1831 ;  d.  in  Fond  du 
Lac,  Wis.,  3  I\Iay,  1888.  He  was  graduated  at  tlie 
general  theological  seminary,  New  York,  in  1854, 
and  was  ordained  priest,  1  Dec,  1855.  He  be- 
came assistant  minister  in  Grace  church,  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.,  in  1854,  and  soon  afterward  rector  of  a  new 
church  organized  by  him  in  that  city.  In  1856  he 
assumed  the  rectorship  of  the  church  of  the  Evan- 
gelists, New  York,  and  in  1863  that  of  St.  John's 
church,  Cohoes,  N.  Y.  He  was  secretary  of  the 
convention  of  Albany  in  1868,  and  archdeacon  of 
the  Albany  convocation  in  1870.  He  was  chosen 
to  be  the  first  bishop  of  the  diocese  of  Fond  du 
Lac,  Wis.,  and  was  consecrated  in  Cohoes,  15  Dec, 
1875.  Bishop  Brown  published  a  number  of  ser- 
mons, addresses,  etc. 

BROWN,  John  Newton,  clergyman,  b.  in  New 
London,  Conn.,  29  June,  1803  ;  d.  in  Germantown, 
Pa.,  15  May,  1868.  He  was  graduated  at  the  Ham- 
ilton Literary  and  Theological  Institution  (now 
Madison  University),  Hamilton,  N.  Y.,  in  1823.  For 
a  year  he  preached  in  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  and  then  be- 
came pastor  of  the  1st  Baptist  church  in  Provi- 
dence, R.  I.,  after  which  he  had  charge  of  churches 
in  Maiden,  Mass.,  and  in  Exeter,  N.  H.  In  1833 
he  removed  to  Boston,  where  he  edited  the  "  Ency- 
clopaedia of  Religious  Knowledge "  (Brattleboro, 
1835),  which  was  republished  in  England.  From 
1838  till  1845  he  was  professor  of  theology  and  ec- 
clesiastical history  in  the  New  Hampton  Theologi- 
cal Institution,  N.  II. ;  but  the  failure  of  his  health 
compelled  him  to  go  south.  He  was  pastor  of  a 
church  in  Lexington,  Va.,  from  1845  till  1849,  and 


was  subsequently  editorial  secretary  of  the  Ameri- 
can Baptist  Publication  Society  and  editor  of  the 
"Christian  Chronicle"  and  the  "National  Bap- 
tist." The  remainder  of  his  life  was  spent  in  the 
service  of  this  society,  for  which  he  edited  the 
works  of  Bunyan  and  Fuller  and  Fleetwood's 
"  Life  of  Christ."  The  Baptist  articles  of  faith 
called  the  "  New  Hampshire  Confession  "  were  pre- 
pared by  him  and  revised  in  1852.  One  of  his  best 
efforts  was  a  translation  of  the  "  Dies  Irae,"  and 
he  published  "  Emily  and  other  Poems  "  (1840). 

BROWN,  John  Porter,  oriental  scholar,  b.  in 
Chillicothe,  Ohio,  17  Aug.,  1814 ;  d.  in  Constanti- 
nople, Turkey,  28  April,  1872.  After  serving  for- 
some  years  in  the  navy  as  a  midshipman,  in  1832 
he  accompanied  his  uncle,  David  Porter,  to  Con- 
stantinople, where  the  latter  has  been  sent  as  first 
American  minister  to  the  porte.  He  applied  him- 
self at  once  to  the  study  of  the  oriental  languages 
and  literature,  and  with  such  success  that  for  many 
years  he  was  regarded  as  one  of  the  most  accom- 
plished orientalists  in  Turkey.  In  1833  he  was 
appointed  assistant  dragoman,  and  three  years 
later  was  promoted  to  be  first  dragoman.  From 
1858  till  his  death  he  was  secretary  of  legation. 
During  his  forty  years  of  service  he  represented 
the  United  States  nine  times  as  charge  d'affaires. 
He  was  acting  in  that  capacity  when  the  Ilimga- 
rian  patriot,  Martin  Koszta,  after  giving  notice  of 
his  intended  citizenship  to  the  American  consul, 
was  seized  by  the  Austrian  authorities  at  Smyrna 
and  sent  on  board  of  one  of  their  frigates.  Koszta 
appealed  to  the  American  legation  for  protection, 
and  Mr.  Brown's  simple  instructions  to  Capt.  In- 
graham,  of  the  U.  S.  corvette  "  Dale,"  were,  "  Take 
him."  On  receipt  of  this  order  the  Austrian  cap- 
tain was  given  three  hours  to  deliver  up  the  pris- 
oner, and  meanwhile  the  American  vessel  prepared 
for  action.  Half  an  hour  before  the  time  expired 
Koszta  was  handed  over  to  the  French  consul,  who 
delivered  him  to  Capt.  Ingraham.  The  day  fol- 
lowing, two  Austrian  line-of-battle  ships  entered 
the  bay;  but  the  American  corvette  had  sailed. 
For  his  conduct  on  this  occasion  Mr.  Brown  re- 
ceived a  service  of  plate  from  his  American  ad- 
mirers. He  was  a  frequent  contributor  to  Ameri- 
can newspapers  and  magazines,  and  wrote  "  Der- 
vishes, or  Oriental  Spiritualism "  (Philadelphia, 
1868),  and  also  translated  Ahmed  Ben  Ilemden's 
"  Turkish  Evening  Entertainments "  (New  York, 
1850),  and  Constantine's  "  Ancient  and  Modern 
Constantinople  "  (1868). 

BROWN,  Joseph  Emerson,  statesman,  b.  in 
Pickens  co.,  S.  C,  15  April.  1821 ;  d.  in  Atlanta,  Ga., 
30  Nov.,  1894.  He  removed  with  his  father  to  Geor- 
gia, and,  after  being  educated  at  Calhoun  academy, 
S.  C,  taught  school  at  Canton,  Ga.,  studied  law, 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  August,  1845.  He 
was  graduated  at  Yale  law-school  in  1846,  and  be- 
gan practice  at  Canton,  Ga.,  was  elected  to  the  state 
senate  in  1849,  chosen  a  presidential  elector  on  the 
Pierce  ticket  in  1852,  and  in  1855  became  judge  of 
the  superior  coui'ts  of  the  Blue  Ridge  circuit.  He 
was  elected  governor  by  the  democrats  in  1857, 
and  was  re-elected  by  increased  majorities  in  1859, 
1861,  and  1863.  Pie  was  an  active  secessionist, 
seizing  Forts  Pulaski  and  Jackson,  near  Savannah, 
on  3  Jan.,  1861,  sixteen  days  before  his  state  se- 
ceded, and  taking  possession  of  the  U.  S.  arsenal  at 
Augusta,  five  days  after  the  passage  of  the  ordi- 
nance. During  the  war  he  was  a  vigorous  sup- 
porter of  the  confederate  government,  but  disputed 
with  Mr.  Davis  the  constitutionality  of  the  con- 
scription measures.  During  Sherman's  invasion 
he   put   into   the   field   an   army   of   10,000   men. 


BROWN 


BROWN 


409 


made  up  of  state  officers,  youth,  aged  men,  and 
others  usually  exempt  from  military  duty,  but  re- 
fused to  send  them  out  of  the  state  when  requisi- 
tion for  them  was  made  by  the  confederate  govern- 
ment. In  October,  1864,  he  refused  Gen.  Sher- 
man's request  for  a  conference,  denying  that  he  had 
power  to  act  without  the  permission  of  the  legisla- 
ture. On  his  release  from  the  prison,  where  he  had 
been  confined  by  the  national  authorities  at  the 
conclusion  of  the  war,  he  resigned  the  governor- 
ship, and,  after  a  visit  to  Washington,  in  1866, 
strongly  advised  his  state  to  accept  the  situation 
and  comply  with  the  terms  of  reconstruction. 
This  position  made  him  unpopular,  and  for  a  time 
he  acted  with  the  republicans,  supporting  Gen. 
Grant  in  1868,  and  being  the  defeated  republican 
candidate  for  U.  S.  senator  in  the  same  year.  After 
his  defeat  he  was  appointed  chief  justice  of  the 
Georgia  supreme  court,  which  office  he  resigned 
in  December,  1870,  and  temporarily  left  public  life. 
After  that  time  he  was  president  of  the  Western 
and  Atlantic  railroad  company,  and  of  several 
other  large  corporations,  and  promoted  the  devel- 
opment of  the  resources  of  his  state.  After  1872 
he  acted  with  the  democrats,  and  in  1880  was 
chosen  U.  S.  senator  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused  by 
the  resignation  of  Gen.  Gordon.  In  1884  he  was 
re-elected,  with  but  a  single  opposing  vote,  for  the 
term  ending  in  March,  1891.  After  his  election  in 
1880  he  made  a  speech  before  the  assembly,  justi- 
fying his  course  in  1866,  and  declaring  that  the  re- 
sults of  the  war  must  be  accepted  as  final ;  that 
the  sentiments  of  the  former  slave-holding  aristoc- 
racy must  be  rejected  ;  and  that  the  negroes  must 
be  assured  absolute  civil  and  political  equality. 
See  "  Life  and  Times  of  Joseph  E.  Brown,"  bv  H. 
Fielder  (Springfield,  Mass.,  1883). 

BROWN,  Matthew,  educator,  b.  in  North- 
umberland CO.,  Pa.,  in  1776;  d.  in  Pittsburg,  Pa., 
29  July,  1853.  His  father,  who  was  of  Scotch- 
Irish  extraction,  died  when  Matthew  was  two  years 
old,  and  the  boy  was  adopted  by  his  uncle.  William 
Brown,  who  lived  near  Harrisburg,  Pa.  He  was 
graduated  at  Dickinson  college,  Carlisle,  Pa.,  in 
1794,  and  taught  a  classical  school  in  Northumber- 
land CO.,  where  he  became  acquainted  with  Dr. 
Joseph  Priestley  and  other  well-known  men.  He 
began  the  study  of  divinity  in  1796,  and  was 
licensed  to  preach  by  the  Carlisle  presbytery  on  3 
Oct.,  1799.  In  1801  he  was  ordained  pastor  of  the 
united  congregations  of  Mifflin  and  Lost  Creek, 
and  in  1805  became  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian 
church  at  Washington,  Pa.,  and  principal  of  the 
academy  there.  When  the  academy  was  chartered 
as  Washington  college,  in  1806,  Mr.  Brown  was 
made  its  first  president.  He  resigned  in  1816,  still 
retaining  his  pastorate.  After  refusing  the  presi- 
dency of  Centre  college,  Danville,  Ky.,  he  accepted, 
in  1822,  that  of  Jefferson  college,  Cannonsburg, 
Pa.  For  several  years  he  also  assisted  Dr.  McMil- 
lan, the  pastor  at  Chartiers,  Pa.,  but,  on  the  organi- 
zation of  a  church  at  Cannonsburg,  he  took  charge 
of  it  until  failing  health  forced  him  to  sever  his 
connection  with  the  college  in  1845.  From  this 
time  until  his  death,  however,  he  preached  fre- 
quently. Princeton  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.  D. 
in  1823,  and  he  received  that  of  LL.  D.  from  Ham- 
ilton in  1835,  and  from  Jefferson  in  1845.  Dr. 
Brown  published  a  "  Memoir  of  0.  Jennings,  D.  D." 
(1832),  and  "Life  of  Rev.  John  McMillan,  D.  D.," 
besides  numerous  addresses  and  sermons. 

BROWN,  Moses,  naval  officer,  b.  in  Newbury- 
port,  Mass.,  20  Jan.,  1742 ;  d.  at  sea,  1  Jan.,  1804. 
During  the  revolutionary  war  he  commanded  some 
of  the  largest  privateers  of  New  England,  and  was 


engaged  in  several  battles.  He  is  probably  the 
Capt.  Brown  that  commanded  the  "  Diligent "  dur- 
ing the  engagements  off  Penobscot  in  July  and 
August,  1779,  and  later  in  the  same  year  captured 
four  vessels  under  Capt.  Gardiner,  while  he  com- 
manded the  "  Intrepid."  On  the  establishment  of 
the  U.  S.  na\ry,  the  merchants  of  Newburyport 
built  the  "  Merrimack,"  by  subscription,  for  the 
government,  and  Capt.  Brown  was  placed  in  com- 
mand of  her,  his  commission  dating  from  15  Sept., 
1798.  This  vessel,  tmder  his  captaincy,  was  one  of 
the  squadron  commanded  by  Coms.  J.  Barry  and 
S.  Decatur,  in  1798-'9,  and  1800.  The  capture  of 
the  French  vessels  "  Le  Phenix,"  "  Le  Magicien," 
"  Le  Bonaparte,"  and  "  Le  Brillante,"  during  1799 
and  1801,  was  accomplished  by  him.  When  the 
reduction  of  the  navy  took  place,  he  was  among 
those  who  were  dismissed ;  but  he  continued  to  fol- 
low the  sea  until  his  death. 

BROWN,  Olympia,  lecturer,  b.  in  Prairie 
Ronde,  Mich.,  5  Jan.,  1835.  She  went  to  Mount 
Holj^oke  seminary  and  to  Antioch  college.  Yellow 
Springs,  Ohio,  where  she  was  graduated  in  1860. 
Bantering  the  Universalist  theological  school  at 
Canton.  N.  Y.,  she  was  graduated  and  ordained  in 
June,  1863,  and  in  February,  1864,  was  installed 
as  pastor  of  a  church  in  Weymouth,  Mass.  In 
1869  she  became  pastor  of  a  church  in  Bridge- 
port, Conn.,  and  afterward  married  Henry  Willis. 
She  has  since  been  pastor  of  churches  in  the  west, 
lectures  frequently,  and  is  now  (1887)  president  of 
the  Wisconsin  woman  suffrage  association. 

BROWN,  Peter,  Canadian  journalist,  b.  in 
Scotland  in  1784;  d.  in  Toronto,  30  June,  1863. 
During  his  earlier  years  he  was  engaged  in  busi- 
ness in  Edinburgh,  and  took  an  active  part  in  poli- 
tics, on  the  liberal  side,  at  the  time  of  the  borough- 
reform  agitation.  He  emigrated  with  his  family  to 
the  United  States  in  1838,  and  for  the  five  years 
following  resided  in  New  York.  During  a  part  of 
that  period  he  was  on  the  editorial  staff  of  the 
"  Albion,"  and  he  afterward  became  editor  of  the 
"  British  Colonist."  In  1843  Mr.  Brown  removed 
to  Toronto,  where  he  established  the  "'  Banner,"  an 
organ  of  liberal  Presbyterian  views.  This  journal 
was  edited  with  great  ability  for  many  years,  and, 
besides  vigorously  supporting  the  claims  of  the 
Free  Church  party  in  the  PresVjyterian  denomina- 
tion, in  opposition  to  the  claims  of  the  Established 
Church  in  the  same  body,  also  gave  its  support  to 
the  cause  of  political  reform.  Prom  1844  till  1849 
Mr.  Brown  also  contributed  largely  to  the  columns 
of  the  "  Globe,"  which  had  been  established  by  his 
son  George.  While  in  New  York  he  published 
"  The  Fame  and  Glory  of  England  Vindicated " 
(1842),  which  was  intended  as  a  rejoinder  to 
Charles  Edwards  Lester's  "  Glory  and  Shame  of 
England." — His  son,  (Jeorg'e,  Canadian  journalist, 
b.  in  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  29  Nov.,  1818  ;  d.  in  To- 
ronto, 9  May,  1880,  was  educated  at  the  high  school 
and  the  southern  academy  of  his  native  city.  After 
finishing  his  studies  he  assisted  his  father  in  busi- 
ness, and  emigrated  with  him  to  the  United  States. 
In  New  York  George  was  for  a  time  his  father's 
publisher  and  general  manager  in  his  newspaper 
enterprise.  In  1843  the  former  visited  Canada, 
and,  being  promised  the  support  of  influential  lib- 
erals, established  the  "  Globe "  newspaper,  as  a 
weekly,  in  Toronto,  the  first  issue  appearing  on  5 
March,  1844.  Under  his  management  this  journal 
became  a  great  success,  and  was  soon  issued  as  a 
daily.  In  1864  he  founded  the  "  Canada  Farmer," 
a  journal  devoted  to  agricultural  interests,  and  he 
subsequently  engaged  largely  in  stock-raising  at 
his  model  Bow  Park  farm.     Mr.  Brown  first  en- 


410 


BROWN 


BROWN 


4i^- 


^-T-^^^T? 


tered  parliament  in  1852,  and  was  opposed  during 
his  candidature  by  the  well-known  leader  of  the 
rebellion  of  1837,  William  Lyon  Mackenzie,  who 
had  returned  from  his  exile  two  years  before.  Mr. 
Brown  soon  took  rank  as  a  powerful  speaker,  and 
such  measures  of  reform  as  the  abolition  of  the 
clergy  reserves,  state  churchism,  and  seigniorial 
tenure,   always  found   in   him   an  able  advocate, 

both  in  parlia- 
ment, through  the 
columns  of  his  pa- 
per, and  on  the 
lecture  platform. 
He  was  called  up- 
on to  form  a  gov- 
ernment by  Sir 
Edmund  Head  on 
2  Aug.,  1858,  and 
the  Brown-Dori- 
on  administration 
came  into  exist- 
ence as  the  result. 
Before  it  was  pos- 
sible for  the  mem- 
bers of  his  admin- 
istration to  be  re- 
elected, the  house 
of  assembly  passed 
a  vote  of  want  of  confidence,  and  the  governor- 
general  having  refused  to  grant  a  dissolution,  as 
desired  by  Mr.  Brown,  he  and  his  colleagues  at  once 
resigned,  after  holding  office  for  three  days.  On 
30  June,  1864,  he  entered  the  coalition  government, 
formed  for  the  purpose  of  securing  confederation, 
being  leader  of  the  reform  section,  then  in  a  ma- 
jority in  the  house,  as  John  A.  Macdonald  was 
leader  of  the  conservatives  of  Ontario,  and  Mr. 
Cartier  of  the  French  Canadian  conservatives.  In 
the  session  of  1864  Mr.  Brown  had  obtained  a  se- 
lect committee  to  inquire  into  and  report  upon 
such  changes  in  the  constitution  as  would  satisfy 
the  just  expectations  of  the  people  of  western 
Canada.  The  committee  reported  in  favor  of  a 
federal  system,  such  as  was  afterward  established 
in  1869.  On  21  Dec,  1865,  he  resigned,  after  the 
confederation  scheme  was  arranged,  though  the 
imperial  act  was  not  passed,  owing  to  his  disappro- 
val of  the  policy  of  the  government  relative  to  a 
reciprocity  treaty  with  the  United  States.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  Charlottetown  union  conference 
in  1864,  and  of  that  at  Quebec  the  same  year,  and 
of  the  confederate  council  of  British  North  Ameri- 
can colonies,  for  the  negotiation  of  commercial 
treaties,  which  sat  in  Quebec  in  September,  1865. 
He  went  to  England,  as  a  delegate,  on  public  busi- 
ness in  1865,  and  to  Washington  in  1874,  in  behalf 
of  Canada  and  the  empire,  as  joint  plenipotentiary 
with  Sir  Edward  Thornton,  to  negotiate  with  the 
United  States  a  commercial  treaty.  In  1875  he 
declined  the  lieutenant-governorship  of  Ontario,  as 
he  had  also  declined  the  twice-offered  honor  of 
knighthood.  He  was  called  to  the  senate  on  16 
Dec,  1873,  from  which  time  he  did  not  actively 
interfere  in  politics  except  through  the  columns  of 
the  "  Globe."  In  1862  he  visited  Scotland,  and 
while  there  married  Annie,  the  daughter  of  Thom- 
as Nelson,  the  well-known  Edinburgh  publisher. 
On  25  March,  1880,  he  was  shot  in  the  leg  by  a  dis- 
charged employee,  and  though  the  woiind  was  not 
regarded  as  dangerous  at  the  time,  he  died  from 
its  effects  on  9  May  following.  Mr.  Brown's  tragic 
death  was  deeply  regretted,  even  by  those  he  had  so 

Eersistently  opposed  politically,  the  statue  erected  to 
is  memory  in  Queen's  park,  Toronto,  which  was 
unv.eiled  25  Nov.,  1884,  being  purchased  partly  by 


their  contributions.  Though  Mr.  Brown  was  for 
years  looked  upon  as  the  leader  of  the  Reform 
party  in  Canada,  and  was  always  a  power  in  poli- 
tics, he  never  secured  an  enthusiastic  following  in 
parliament  or  the  steady  allegiance  of  his  col- 
leagues in  office,  the  reason  probably  being  that  he 
was  too  uncompromising  and  required  an  unhesi- 
tating obedience,  which  his  political  associates 
were  but  rarely  willing  to  concede.  In  1882  was 
published  "  The  Life  and  Speeches  of  the  Hon. 
George  Brown,"  by  Alexander  Mackenzie. — John 
Gordon,  Canadian  journalist,  brother  of  George, 
b.  in  Alloa,  Scotland,  16  Nov.,  1827,  was  educated 
in  Edinburgh  and  New  York,  coming  to  the  latter 
city  in  November,  1838.  In  1843  he  removed  to 
Toronto,  and  in  1844  became  connected  with  the 
"  Globe  "  newspaper.  Subsequently  he  edited  the 
Quebec  "  Gazette "  for  about  a  year,  and  in 
1851  became  actual  editor  of  the  "  Globe,"  his 
brother,  for  many  years  before  his  death,  devoting 
himself  almost  exclusively  to  the  commercial  de- 
partment of  the  paper,  and  to  political  matters 
not  intimately  connected  therewith.  After  the 
death  of  his  brother  his  formal  elevation  to  the 
position  of  managing  editor  and  president  of  the 
"  Globe  "  association  took  place.  A  difference  of 
opinion  between  Mr.  Brown  and  the  majority  of 
the  members  of  the  association  relative  to  the  en- 
forced withdrawal  of  Alexander  Mackenzie  from 
the  leadership  of  the  Liberal  party,  the  expediency 
and  honorable  character  of  which  course  was 
doubted  by  Mr.  Brown,  together  with  other  disa- 
greements, led  to  his  leaving  the  "  Globe  "  in  1882. 
In  May,  1883,  he  was  appointed  registrar  of  the 
surrogate  court  of  Toronto. 

BROWN,  Phoebe  Hinsdale,  poet,  b.  in  Ca- 
naan, N.  Y.,  in  1783;  d.  in  Henry,  111.,  10  Oct., 
1861.  She  married  Timothy  II.  Brown.  In  1824 
she  contributed  to  Dr.  Asahel  Nettleton's  "  Village 
Hymns "  the  popular  lyric,  "  I  Love  to  steal 
Awhile  Away,"  and  several  of  her  hymns  are  in 
Cleveland's  "  Lyra  Sacra  Americana."  One  of  her 
sons  became  a  missionary  in  Japan. 

BROWN,  Rawdon,  English  antiquarian,  b.  in 
1803;,  died  in  Venice,  Italy,  25  Aug.,  1883.  He 
spent  many  years  in  searching  the  Venetian  ar- 
chives for  material  illustrating  English  history, 
and  in  the  course  of  his  investigations  threw  some 
light  on  early  American  history.  During  his 
labors  he  sent  no  less  than  126  volumes  of  manu- 
script copies  to  the  public  record  office.  Much  of 
this  material  has  been  published  by  the  English 
government  in  the  rolls  series,  under  the  title, 
*'  Calendar  of  State  Papers  in  the  Archives  of 
Venice."    Six  volumes  have  been  issued  (1864-'86). 

BROWN,  Richard,  Cherokee  chief,  b.  in  1773; 
d.  in  Tennessee,  26  Jan.,  1818.  During  the  Creek 
war  he  led  the  Cherokees,  under  Jackson,  with  the 
rank  of  colonel,  and  was  present  at  every  battle, 
being  severely  wounded  in  the  action  at  Horseshoe, 
Ala.,  in  1814.  He  was  a  personal  friend  of  Gen. 
Jackson,  and  was  regarded  by  his  countrymen  as  a 
leader  both  in  war  and  peace.  At  the  time  of  his 
death  he  was  one  of  a  delegation  sent  to  Washing- 
ton respecting  a  treaty  with  the  United  States. 

BROWN,  Robert,  soldier,  b.  in  Northampton 
CO.,  Pa.,  in  1745 ;  died  there,  26  Feb.,  1823.  He 
was  appointed  at  the  beginning  of  the  revolution 
an  officer  in  the  Pennsylvania  '*  flying  camp,"  was 
made  prisoner  on  Long  Island,  and,  being  permitted 
to  work  at  his  trade,  that  of  a  blacksmith,  distrib- 
uted the  proceeds  of  his  wages  among  his  fellow- 
prisoners.  He  was  made  a  brigadier-general  of  the 
state  militia,  filled  several  civil  stations,  and  was  a 
member  of  the  state  senate  for  some  time.    In  1798 


BROWN 


BROWN 


411 


he  was  elected  to  congress  from  Pennsylvania  to 
fill  a  vacancy  caused  by  the  resignation  of  Samuel 
Sitgreaves,  and  served  by  successive  re-elections  till 
2  March,  1815. 

BROWN,  Samuel  R.,  author,  b.  in  1775 ;  d.  in 
Cherry  Valley,  N.  Y.,  15  Sept.,  1817.  He  was  a 
volunteer  in  the  war  of  1812,  and  afterward  edited, 
until  1815,  a  newspaper  called  the  "Patriot,"  at 
Cayuga,  N.  Y.  Pie  published  "  A  View  of  the 
Campaigns  of  the  Northwestern  Army"  (1814); 
"  History  of  the  War  of  1812  "  ;  and  "  The  Western 
Gazetteer;  or.  Emigrant's  Directory"  (1817). 

BROWN,  Samuel  R.,  missionary,  b.  in  Con- 
necticut in  1810 ;  d.  in  Monson,  Mass.,  in  1880.  He 
was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1832,  and  in  1838  went 
as  a  missionary  to  China,  and  founded  the  first 
Protestant  school  in  that  country,  the  Morrison 
Chinese  school  for  boys,  at  Canton,  of  which  he 
was  the  head  from  1838  till  1847.  He  returned  to 
the  United  States  in  1847,  but  in  1859  again  went 
out  as  a  missionary,  and  was  stationed  at  Yoko- 
hama, where  he  was  one  of  the  earliest  Christian 
teachers.  He  translated  the  Bible  into  Japanese, 
and  a  number  of  Japanese  books  into  English,  pre- 
pared grammars  entitled  "  Colloquial  Japanese  " 
and  "  Prendergast's  Mastery  System  applied  to 
English  and  Japanese,"  and  wrote  many  articles 
on  Chinese  and  Japanese  subjects. 

BROWN,  Solyman,  author,  b.  in  Litchfield, 
Conn.,  17  Nov.,  1790 ;  d.  in  New  York  about  1865. 
He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1812,  was  ordained 
a  Congregational  minister  in  1814,  and  preached 
and  taught  school  until  1833,  when  he  removed  to 
New  York,  where  he  preached  Swedenborgianism. 
After  1833  he  practised  dentistry  in  that  city.  He 
published  an  essay  on  American  poetry,  together 
with  some  miscellanies  (1818) ;  "  Dentologia,"  a 
poem  on  the  diseases  of  the  teeth  (1833) ;  and 
"  Dental  Hygeia,"  a  poem  on  the  general  laws  of 
health  (1838).  He  was  co-editor  of  the  "  Journal  of 
Dental  Science."  He  was  a  friend  and,  for  many 
years,  a  correspondent  of  Fitz-Greene  Halleck. 

BROWN,  Staley,  Canadian  merchant,  b.  in 
Glasgow,  Scotland,  in  1801 ;  d.  14  April,  1877.  The 
family  emigrated  to  Nova  Scotia  and  settled  in 
Yarmouth  about  1813.  After  being  engaged  for 
many  years  as  a  successful  merchant,  he  was  elected 
to  the  assembly  in  1843,  and  at  once  nominated  to 
the  legislative  council.  In  January,  1856,  he  be- 
came receiver-general  in  the  Conservative  adminis- 
tration of  James  W.  Johnston,  and  held  office  un- 
til the  fall  of  the  cabinet  in  1860.  From  11  March, 
1874,  until  19  Jan.,  1875,  he  was  president  of  the 
council,  and  afterward  provincial  treasurer. 

BROWN,  Tarletou,  soldier  of  the  revolution, 
b.  in  Barnwell  District,  S.  C,  in  1754;  d.  in  1846. 
He  served  through  the  war  of  independence,  at- 
taining the  rank  of  captain.  His  "  Memoirs,"  with 
notes  I)y  Charles  J.  Bushnell  (New  York  printed, 
privately,  1862),  contain  interesting  and  original 
information  in  relation  to  the  events  of  his  time  in 
the  Carolinas. 

BROWN,  Thomas,  colonial  author,  b.  about 
1740.  He  was  a  resident  of  Charlestown,  Mass.  In 
1757  he  was  captured  by  the  Indians,  after  being 
wounded  in  an  engagement  between  the  French 
and  English.  He  was  held  in  captivity  for  nearly 
four  years,  and  then  returned  to  his  father's  house. 
The  narrative  of  his  adventures,  written  by  him- 
self (Boston,  1760),  is  perhaps  the  rarest  of  Ameri- 
can books  of  its  class.  Its  title-page  reads:  "A 
Plain  Narrativ  of  the  uncommon  Sufferings  and 
Remarkable  Deliverance  of  Thomas  Brown  of 
Charlestown  in  New  England  ;  who  returned  to 
his   Father's    House   in    the    Beginning   of    Jan. 


1760,  after  having  been  absent  three  years  and 
about  eight  months :  Containing  An  Account  of 
the  Engagement  between  a  Party  of  English  com- 
manded by  Major  Rogers,  and  a  Party  of  French 
and  Indians  in  Jan.  1757,  in  which  Capt.  Spike- 
man  was  kill'd ;  and  the  Author  .  .  ,  left  for  dead 
on  the  field.  .  .  .  How  he  was  taken  Captive  by 
the  Indians,  and  carried  to  Canada,  and  from 
thence  to  the  Mississippi,  etc."  The  only  copy 
that  has  found  its  way  into  open  market  of  late 
years  brought  $30  at  the  sale  of  the  Brinley  col- 
lection in  1879. 

BROWN,  Thomas,  lawyer,  b.  in  Ohio  about 
1819 ;  d.  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  13  June,  1867.  He 
passed  the  earlier  years  of  his  life  upon  his  father's 
farm,  was  graduated  at  Franklin  college,  and  stud- 
ied law  in  Cleveland,  where,  for  a  time,  he  practised 
his  profession.  He  took  a  prominent  part  in  the 
free-soil  movement  of  1848,  and  in  1850  abandoned 
the  profession  of  law,  and,  in  connection  with  Col. 
John  C.  Vaughn,  established  the  "  True  Demo- 
crat," the  free-soil  organ  of  northern  Ohio.  In 
1853  he  withdrew  from  that  paper,  which,  in  the 
course  of  the  next  year,  became  the  "  Cleveland 
Leader,"  and  established  the  "  Ohio  Farmer." 
When  his  friend,  Salmon  P.  Chase,  became  secre- 
tary of  the  treasury,  Mr.  Brown  was  appointed 
special  agent  of  the  treasury  department  for  the 
Pacific  coast.  In  that  capacity  he  first  went  to 
San  Francisco  in  1862,  and  while  there  he  corrected 
irregularities  in  the  management  of  the  mint,  ma- 
rine hospital,  and  custom-house.  At  the  time  of 
his  death  he  was  supervisor  and  special  agent  of 
the  treasury  department  in  New  York  city. 

BROWN,  Thomas,  naval  officer,  b.  "in  Dela- 
ware ;  d.  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  28  Nov.,  1828.  He 
entered  the  service  as  midshipman,  37  April,  1801, 
was  promoted  a  lieutenant,  21  March,  1807,  master, 
1  March,  1815,  and  captain.  3  March,  1825.  He 
commanded  the  schooner  *'  Gov.  Tompkins "  in 
several  engagements  with  the  enemy  on  Lake  On- 
tario in  1814.  In  1819-'21  he  commanded  the  ship 
"  Peacock  "  in  the  Mediterranean. 

BROWN,  Tliomas  Storrow,  Canadian  insur- 
gent, b.  in  St.  Andreas,  New  Brunswick,  7  May, 
1803,  of  New  England  loyalist  parentage.  He  was 
a  prosperous  hardware  merchant  in  Montreal.  His 
strong  democratic  tendencies  led  him  to  ally  him- 
self with  the  "  Sons  of  Liberty,"  a  French-Cana- 
dian political  organization  which  undertook  to  re- 
lease Lower  Canada  from  British  rule.  Papineau 
and  the  other  French-Canadian  leaders  of  the  revo- 
lutionary movement  gladly  welcomed  recruits  of 
English  descent,  and  Mr.  Brown  soon  became  gen- 
eral of  the  order.  The  first  conflict  was  in  street 
riots  in  Montreal,  and  Brown  received  a  blow  that 
destroyed  one  eye  and  subsequently  caused  his  total 
blindness.  Warrants  having  been  issued  for  the 
arrest  of  the  principal  agitator's.  Brown,  among 
others,  escaped  to  the  banks  of  the  Richelieu,  where 
the  people  were  eagerly  waiting  to  take  up  arms. 
He  commanded  the  rebels  at  the  battle  at  St. 
Charles,  wliere  they  were  routed  by  the  loyal  troops. 
He  escaped  across  the  frontier,  and,  settling  in 
Florida,  was  employed  in  various  public  capacities 
in  that  state.  In  1844  the  Canadian  government 
entered  a  nolle  prosequi  in  his  case,  and  he  re- 
turned to  Montreal.  In  1862  he  was  appointed 
chairman  of  a  commission  to  investigate  the  con- 
dition of  the  public  departments  of  Canada,  and 
in  1864  an  official  assignee.  He  retired,  in  1876, 
owing  to  his  loss  of  sight,  but  continued  to  take  an 
active  interest  in  social  movements.  In  spite  of 
his  blindness  and  his  advanced  age  he  is  still  one 
of  the  most  active  leaders  of  the  temperance  move- 


412 


BROWN 


BROWNE 


niciit  in  the  province  of  Quebec.  He  has  been  a 
prolific  contributor  to  the  press  of  Montreal,  New 
York,  and  Florida. 

BROWN,  Thurlow  Weed,  journalist,  d.  at 
Fort  Atkinson,  Wis.,  4  May,  18(56.  He  was  for 
some  years  editor  of  the  "  Cayuga  Chief,"  and  from 
18G0,  when  he  removed  to  Atkinson,  edited  the 
"Wisconsin  Chief."  He  published  a  volume  of 
"  Miscellanies,"  mostly  on  the  subject  of  tem- 
perance, of  which  he  was  an  eloquent  advocate ; 
"  Miimie  Hermon,  the  Landlord's  Daughter  "  (New 
York,  1854) ;  "  Why  I  am  a  Temperance  Man " 
(Auburn,  1853);  and  "Temperance  Tales  and 
Hearthstone  Revelations." 

BROWN,  WiHiain,  Argentine  naval  officer,  b. 
in  Foxford,  Ireland,  22  June,  1777;  d.  in  Buenos 
Ayres,  3  May,  1857.  He  went  to  Baltimore  in 
17*93,  and  three  years  later  he  was  impressed  by 
a  British  man-of-war.  In  1814,  being  at  Buenos 
Ayres  in  command  of  an  English  merchant-ship, 
during  the  war  of  independence,  he  was  induced 
to  enter  the  naval  service  of  that  country.  Re- 
ceiving the  command  of  its  flotilla,  he  engaged,  in 
April,  1814,  some  Spanish  vessels  off  the  island  of 
Martin  Garcia.  In  the  ensuing  May  a  more  de- 
cisive engagement  took  place  off  Montevideo,  while 
Gen.  Alvear  attacked  the  city  by  land.  Four  of 
the  enemy's  vessels  were  taken  or  destroyed,  and 
the  rest  dispersed,  causing  the  speedy  capture  of 
that  city.  Brown  was  made  admii-al,  planned  an 
expedition  against  the  Spaniards  in  the  Pacific 
ocean,  and  was  for  some  time  successful,  taking 
many  rich  prizes.  After  greatly  annoying  the 
Spanish  commerce  in  the  Pacific,  he  was  returning, 
when  he  was  captured  by  a  British  ship-of-war, 
carried  into  Antigua,  and  condemned  upon  frivo- 
lous allegations.  Owing  to  this  proceeding.  Brown 
lived  at  Buenos  Ayres  in  retirement,  and  almost  in 
poverty,  until  the  war  with  Brazil,  which  began  in 
1826,  when  he  defeated  the  Brazilian  fleet,  and 
rendered  other  important  services. 

BROWN,  William,  Canadian  author,  b.  in  Tur- 
rifl:.  Aberdeenshire,  Scotland,  14  April,  1835.  He 
is  the  son  of  James  Brown,  LL.  D.,  author  of  "  The 
Forester."  He  received  his  education  in  the  Scot- 
tish parochial  schools  until  his  seventeenth  year, 
after  which  he  was  entirely  self-taught.  He  was 
a  railway  director  in  Aberdeenshire  from  1864  till 
1869,  also  commissioner  for  that  county.  In  1871 
he  emigrated  to  Canada,  and  in  1875  was  given 
charge  of  the  Ontario  agricultural  college.  His 
writings  include  "  British  Sheep  Farming "  and 
"  Claims  of  Arboriculti;re  as  a  Science." 

BROWN,  William  Faulkner,  clergyman,  b.  in 
New  York  city ;  d.  in  New  Jersey,  22  Aug.,  1881. 
He  was  educated  as  a  physician,  and  during  the 
civil  war  served  as  surgeon  on  the  U.  S.  steamer 
"  Mystic,"  and  afterward  as  examining  surgeon  at 
Park  barracks.  New  York.  He  subsequently  went 
to  Rome  as  a  newspaper  correspondent,  and  re- 
ported the  proceedings  of  the  Vatican  council  for 
Catholic  newspapers,  having  been  converted  to 
Catholicism  in  1857.  After  his  return  from  Rome 
he  studied  in  a  theological  seminary,  and  took 
clerical  orders  in  Louisville,  Kentucky.  He  was 
assigned  to  a  parish  in  Georgia,  where  he  suffered 
so  severely  from  the  effects  of  yellow  fever  that 
he  was  obliged  to  remove  to  the  north,  and  in  1880 
accepted  the  place  of  chaplain  to  St.  Joseph's  hos- 
pital at  Paterson. 

BROWN,  AVilliam  Henry,  capitalist,  b.  in 
North  Huntington,  Westmoreland  co.,  Pa.,  15  Jan., 
1815  ;  d.  in  Philadelphia,  12  Oct.,  1875.  He  was  in 
early  life  a  canal-boatman  and  coal-digger,  became 
a  small  dealer  in  coal  in  Pittsburg,  afterward  part 


owner  in  a  mine,  and  in  1848  commenced  mining 
and  coking  for  the  Pittsburg  iron  furnaces.  In 
1858  he  began  the  new  enterprise  of  sending  coal 
in  flat-boats,  towed  by  steamers,  down  the  Missis- 
sippi. He  supplied  the  government  with  coal  at 
Cairo  and  Memphis  during  the  war,  also  furnished 
it  for  the  gas-works  of  St.  Louis,  and  stood  at  the 
head  of  the  coal  trade  of  New  Orleans  and  the 
lower  Mississippi. 

BROWN,  William  Hill,  poet,  b.  in  1766;  d.  in 
Murfreesborough,  N.  C,  2  Sept.,  1793.  He  wrote  a 
tragedy,  founded  on  the  death  of  Major  John 
Andre,  and  a  comedy.  His  "  Ira  and  Isabella " 
was  published  in  1807. 

BROWNE,  B.  Bernard,  physician,  b.  in  Wheat- 
lands,  Queen  Anne  co.,  Md.,  11  June,  1842.  After 
graduation  at  Loyola  college,  Baltimore,  he  studied 
medicine  in  the  university  of  Maryland,  and  was 
graduated  there  in  1867.  Several  years  of  practi- 
cal experience  in  the  Bay  View  asylum  led  him  to 
turn  his  attention  chiefly  to  surgery  as  applied  to 
the  diseases  of  women,  and  to  obstetrics.  He  holds 
professorships  in  the  medical  college  of  Baltimore, 
in  the  polyclinic  and  post-graduate  medical  school 
of  that  city,  and  is  president  of  the  Baltimore 
clinical  society.  He  has  successfully  introduced  a 
new  operation  for  chronic  inversion  of  the  uterus,, 
and  has  written  extensively  for  the  medical  jour- 
nals on  obstetrical  and  gynaecological  subjects. 

BROWNE,  Charles  Farrar,  humorist,  b.  in 
Waterford,  Me.,  about  1834 ;  d.  in  Southampton,. 
England,  6  March,  1867.  Mr.  Browne  was  much 
better  known  as  "  Artemus  Ward  "  than  by  his  real 
name.  He  began  learning  the  printer's  trade  when 
under  fourteen  years  of  age  as  a  compositor  on  the 
Skowhegan  (Me.)  "Clarion,"  and  when  about  fif- 
teen was  working  in  a  similar  capacity  on  the 
"  Carpet  Bag,"  a  comic  weekly  journal  in  Boston. 
To  this  he  made  his  first  contributions.  Before 
abandoning  type-setting  for  literary  work,  he  was 
one  of  the  most  expert  compositors  in  the  United 
States.  After  leaving  Boston,  he  became  a  report- 
er on  the  Cleveland  "  Plaindealer,"  a  daily  paper 
of  extensive  circulation.  Here  the  idea  of  writing 
in  the  character  of  a  showman,  and  giving  his  ob- 
servations on  all  sorts  of  topics,  first  occurred  to 
him,  and  he  began  his  first  series  of  "Artemus 
Ward's  Sayings."  At  the  outset  these  articles  were 
written  carelessly,  and  without  any  expectation 
that  they  would  serve  for  anything  more  than 
"  filling  " ;  but,  finding  that  they  attained  an  ex- 
tended notoriety,  he  bestowed  more  care  upon 
them,  and  their  real  merit  made  even  the  atrocious 
spelling  attractive,  and  gained  for  him  a  reputa- 
tion as  one  of  the  most  clever  and  original  humor- 
ous writers  in  the  country.  When  "  Vanity  Fair  " 
was  established  in  New  York,  he  was  asked  to  be- 
come one  of  its  contributors,  and  after  a  time  its 
editor.  Its  existence  was  brief  but  brilliant.  Dur- 
ing this  period  he  projected  his  humorous  lec- 
tures, delivering  the  first  one  in  Brooklyn,  and 
afterward  repeating  the  series  in  other  cities.  The 
titles  were  "  The  Babes  in  the  Wood,"  "  Sixty 
Minutes  in  Africa,"  etc.  These  proved  very  suc- 
cessful. In  1862  he  visited  California  and  Utah 
in  search  of  materials  for  illustrating  the  peculiar 
characteristics  of  Mormon  life.  The  result  of  this 
expedition  was  a  series  of  comic  lectures  on  Mor- 
monism  with  panoramic  accompaniment,  which 
were  the  best  of  their  kind  ever  attempted  either  in 
this  country  or  in  England,  and  of  so  novel  a  char- 
acter that  they  were  very  popular.  About  1864  the 
premonitory  symptoms  of  pulmonary  consumption, 
the  disease  from  which  he  finally  died,  made  their 
appearance,  and  he  was  obliged  for  a  time  to  desist 


BROWNE 


BROWNE 


413 


from  public  engagements.  His  health  apparently 
improving  in  the  spring  of  1866,  he  resolved  to 
undertake  a  lecturing  tour  abroad.  He  reached 
England  in  June,  1866,  but  was  too  feeble  to  lec- 
ture. In  November  he  made  his  first  appearance, 
was  most  warmly  welcomed,  and  achieved  a  pop- 
ularity as  unexpected  as  it  was  gratifying.  For 
three  months  he  continued  his  lectures  with  the 
greatest  success,  but  his  health  completely  failed 
•early  in  February,  1867.  He  went  first  to  the  isle 
of  Jersey,  and  thence  to  Southampton,  intending 
to  return  home;  but  was  not  strong  enough  to 
attempt  the  voyage.  By  his  will,  after  providing 
for  his  mother  and  for  the  education  of  a  lad  who 
had  been  kind  to  him  in  his  last  sickness,  he  left 
his  property  to  found  an  asylum  for  printers,  and 
for  the  education  of  their  orphan  children.  His 
published  books  are  as  follows :  "  Artemus  Ward, 
His  Book,"  and  '•Artemus  Ward,  His  Travels" 
(New  York,  1865) ;  "  Artemus  Ward  in  London  " 
(1867) ;  "  Artemus  Ward's  Lecture,  as  delivered  in 
Egyptian  Hall,  London,"  edited  by  T.  W.  Robert- 
son and  E.  P.  Hingston  (1869) ;  "  "Artemus  Ward, 
His  Works  Complete,"  with  a  biographical  sketch 
by  Melville  D.  Landon  (1875). 

BROWNE,  Francis  Fisher,  editor,  b.  in  South 
Halifax,  Vt.,  1  Dec,  1843.  His  father,  William 
Goldsmith  Browne,  b.  in  Vermont  in  1812,  is  the 
author  of  the  popular  song  "  A  Hundred  Years  to 
Come,"  and  other  poems.  Francis  was  educated  at 
the  high  school  of  Chicopee,  Mass.,  which  he  left  to 
enlist  in  the  46th  Massachusetts  volunteers  in  1863, 
serving  till  its  discharge.  He  studied  law  in  Roch- 
ester, N.  Y.,  and  at  the  University  of  Michigan 
<1866-'7).  He  edited  the  "Lakeside  Monthly," 
Chicago,  in  1869-'74;  afterward  was  literary  edi- 
tor of  the  "  Alliance " ;  and  in  1880  became  edi- 
tor of  tlie  Chicago  "Dial."  He  has  compiled  and 
edited  "  Golden  Poems,  by  British  and  American 
Authors"  (Chicago,  1881);  "The  Golden  Treas- 
ury of  Poetry  and  Prose "  (St.  Louis,  1883) ;  and 
"  Bugle  Echoes,"  a  collection  of  poems  of  the  civil 
war,  both  national  and  confederate  (New  York, 
1886).  He  has  written  "The  Every-day  Life  of 
Abraham  Lincoln  "  (St.  Louis,  1886). 

BROWNE,  Irving,  lawyer,  b.  in  Marshall, 
Oneida  co.,  N.  Y.,  14  Sept.,  1835 ;  d.  in  Buifalo.  6 
Feb.,  1899.  He  was  educated  in  the  academies, 
and  was  graduated  from  Albany  law-school  in 
1857.  Mr.  Browne  settled  in  Troy,  and  there 
followed  his  profession,  becoming  for  two  terms 
president  of  tlie  school  board.  In  1879  he  re- 
moved to  Albany,  and  became  editor  of  the  "  Al- 
bany Law  Journal "  and  the  "  American  Reports." 
Besides  his  editorial  work,  he  has  published  an 
English  metrical  translation  of  "  The  Suitors," 
from  Racine  (New  York,  1871) ;  "  Humorous 
Phases  of  the  Law"  (San  Francisco,  1875);  "Our 
Best  Society,"  a  parlor  comedy  (New  York,  1876) ; 
"  Short  Studies  of  Great  Lawyers  "  (Albany,  1878) ; 
"Judicial  Interpretation  of  Common  Words  and 
Phrases  "  (San  Francisco,  1883) ;  "  Law  and  Law- 
yers in  Literature "  (Boston,  1883) ;  and  "  Icouo- 
clasm  and  Whitewash  "  (New  York,  1885). 

BROWNE,  John  Ross,  traveller  and  author,  b. 
in  Ireland  in  1817 :  d.  in  Oakland,  Cal.,  9  Dec,  1875. 
While  he  was  a  child  his  father  emigrated  to  the 
United  States  and  settled  in  Kentucky.  In  his 
eighteenth  year  the  son  descended  the  Ohio  and 
Mississippi,  from  Louisville  to  New  Orleans.  He 
was  employed  for  two  or  three  years  as  a  short- 
hand reporter  in  the  senate.  His  passion  for  travel 
then  impelled  him  to  embark  on  a  whaler,  and  on 
his  return,  after  visiting  a  great  part  of  the  world, 
he  published  "  Etchings  of  a  Whaling-Cruise,  with 


Notes  of  a  Sojourn  on  the  Island  of  Zanzibar" 
(New  York,  1846).  He  next  became  private  secre- 
tary to  Robert  J.  Walker,  secretary  of  the  treasury, 
and  in  1849  went  to  California  as  a  government 
commissioner,  and  was  employed  in  reporting  the 
proceedings  of  the  convention  for  framing  the  state 
constitution.  In  1851  he  went  to  Eui'ope  as  a  news- 
paper correspondent.  A  tour  in  Sicily  and  the 
Holy  Land  he  described  in  "  Yusef,  or  the  Journey 
of  the  Fragi :  a  Crusade  in  the  East  "  (New  York, 
1853).  After  his  return  to  the  United  States  he 
became  an  inspector  of  customs  on  the  northern 
frontier  and  the  Pacific  coast.  He  wrote  numer- 
ous magazine  articles,  one  series  of  which  was  pub- 
lished in  a  volume  entitled  "  Adventures  in  the 
Apache  Country  "  (1869).  In  1861  he  went  to  Eu- 
rope again,  and,  leaving  his  children  in  Frankfort 
to  be  educated,  travelled  through  Algeria,  Iceland, 
Russia.  Poland,  and  other  countries.  Some  of  his 
excursions  were  described  in  the  volumes  entitled 
"The  Land  of  Thor"  (1866),  and  "Adventures  of 
an  American  Family  in  Germany"  (1867).  His 
books  of  travel  are  illustrated  with  comical  draw- 
ings from  his  own  pencil.  After  his  return  home 
he  was  commissioned  by  the  government  to  inves- 
tigate the  mineral  I'esources  of  the  region  west  of 
the  Rocky  mountains.  His  report,  descriptive  of 
the  mines,  climate,  agriculture,  and  commerce  of 
that  part  of  the  country,  was  published  under  the 
title  "  Resources  of  the  Pacific  Slope  "  (1869).  He 
published,  also,  "  Crusoe's  Island,  with  Sketches  of 
Adventures  in  California  and  Washoe  "  (1864).  On 
11  March,  1868,  he  was  appointed  U.  S.  minister  to 
China,  but  was  recalled  on  5  July,  1869.  After  his 
return  he  resided  in  Oakland. 

BROWNE,  Samuel  J.,  clergyman,  b.  in  Eng- 
land, 19  March,  1788;  d.  at  Harrison  Junction, 
Ohio,  10  Sept.,  1872.  He  went  to  Cincinnati  in 
1798  with  his  father,  Rev.  John  W.  Browne,  who 
was  an  English  Independent  minister.  He  became 
a  minister  of  the  United  Brethren,  but  parted  with 
them  on  the  question  of  secret  societies,  and  joined 
the  presbytery  of  Cincinnati  about  1868.  He  ac- 
cumulated a  large  fortune  by  the  rise  of  real  estate 
in  that  city,  and  bequeathed  $150,000  for  the  es- 
tablishment of  a  university  to  bear  his  name,  also 
land  whereon  to  erect  the  building,  and  an  endow- 
ment for  professorships.  He  left  other  sums  for 
the  building  of  a  church  and  for  the  establishment 
of  a  free  school  in  Cincinnati. 

BROWNE,  Sara  H.,  author,  b.  in  Sunderland, 
Mass.  She  has  published  "  The  Book  for  the  El- 
dest Daughter,"  "  The  Borrowed  Bible,"  "  Philip 
Alderton,"  "  Maggie  Menealy,"  and  other  volumes 
for  the  young;  also  "A  Manual  of  Commerce," 
and  magazine  articles  in  prose  and  poetry. — Her 
sister,  Maria  J.  B.,  b.  in  Northampton,  Mass.,  be- 
came a  teacher  by  profession,  devoting  herself  to 
the  study  of  Spanish  and  other  languages,  and 
writing  extensively  for  magazines  and  newspapers. 
She  has  published  "  Margaret."  "  Laura  Huntley," 
and  "  Story  of  a  Western  Sunday-School,"  and 
translated  into  Spanish  "The  Borrowed  Bible," 
written  by  her  sister,  and  two  other  small  volumes. 
She  translated  from  the  Spanish  "  A  History  of 
Granada,"  by  Jose  Francisco  de  Luque. 

BROWNE,  Thomas,  soldier,  d.  in  the  island  of 
St.  Vincent,  3  Aug.,  1825.  He  was  a  resident  of 
Augusta,  Ga.  In  1775  he  incurred  the  enmity  of 
the  whigs  by  ridiculing  them  in  toasts  at  dinner, 
and,  when  warned  of  popular  vengeance,  he  fled, 
but  was  brought  back,  tarred  and  feathered,  and 
drawn  in  a  cart  exposed  to  the  populace.  Remov- 
ing to  Florida,  he  collected  a  small  force,  and  made 
raids  as  far  as  the  banks  of  the  Savannah.     Joined 


414 


BROWNE 


BROWNELL 


in  1778  by  about  300  tories  from  the  interior,  he 
organized  the  king's  rangers,  uniformed  and  com- 
manded tliem,  with  the  ranli  of  lieutenant-colonel. 
In  1779,  at  the  head  of  400  mounted  men,  he  made 
a  forced  march  to  Augusta,  and,  after  being 
wounded  and  twice  defeated  by  Cols.  Twiggs  and 
Few,  he  reached  that  place,  and  established  a  mili- 
tary post.  In  September,  1780,  Col.  Clarke  be- 
sieged him,  but,  although  shot  through  botli  thighs, 
he  conducted  the  defence  with  skill  until  he  was 
re-enforced  by  Col.  Cruger.  The  wounded  of  the 
patriot  force  who  fell  into  his  hands  were  hanged 
or  delivered  over  to  the  Indians  to  be  burned  alive. 
He  was  again  besieged  in  April,  1781,  by  Pickens 
and  Lee,  and  forced  to  surrender  in  June.  Such 
was  the  hatred  his  cruelties  had  inspired  that  he 
was  specially  guarded  until  delivered  at  Savannah. 
The  British  officer  in  command  at  St.  Augustine 
threatened  to  hang  six  rebel  prisoners  if  Browne 
were  not  treated  as  a  prisoner  of  war.  After  he 
was  exchanged  he  served  at  Savannah.  In  the  lat- 
ter part  of  the  war  he  was  colonel  commandant  of 
the  queen's  rangers  of  South  Carolina,  and  super- 
intendent-general of  Indian  affairs  in  the  southern 
districts  of  North  America.  In  May,  1782,  he 
marched  out  with  a  considerable  force,  but  was 
completely  routed  by  Wayne.  His  estates  in  Geor- 
gia and  South  Carolina  having  been  confiscated,  he 
retired  to  the  Bahamas  at  the  peace,  whence,  in 
1786,  he  wrote  an  elaborate  and  able  reply  to  Ram- 
saj'^s  comments  on  his  conduct  during  the  war,  ad- 
dressed to  the  historian  himself.  In  1800  he  re- 
ceived a  grant  of  ((,000  acres  of  crown  lands  in  the 
island  of  St.  Vincent. 

BROWNE,  William,  loyalist,  of  Massachusetts, 
b.  27  Feb.,  1787;  d.  in  England,  13  B'eb.,  1802.  He 
was  a  grandson  of  Gov.  Burnet,  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1755,  and  was  many  years  a  repre- 
sentative of  Salem  and  a  colonel  of  the  Essex  co. 
militia.  He  was  one  of  the  seventeen  rescinders 
of  1768,  and  was  a  judge  of  the  superior  court  in 
1773-'4.  Prior  to  the  revolution  he  enjoyed  great 
popularity.  In  1774  a  committee  of  the  Essex 
CO.  convention  waited  on  him  to  express  the 
grief  of  the  county  at  his  exertions  to  carry  out 
acts  of  parliament  calculated  to  ruin  and  enslave 
his  native  land.  He  had  retired  to  London  as 
early  as  May,  1776.  He  was  included  in  the  ban- 
ishment act  of  1778,  and  his  extensive  landed  es- 
tates were  confiscated.  The  English  government 
made  him  governor  of  Bermuda  in  1781,  which 
office  he  retained  until  1790. 

BROWNE,  William  Hand,  author,  b.  in  Balti- 
more, Md.,  31  Dec,  1828.  He  was  educated  at  the 
university  of  Maryland  and  studied  medicine.  In 
conjunction  with  R.  M.  Johnston  he  has  prepared  a 
"  Life  of  Alexander  H.  Stephens  "  and  a  "  Histori- 
cal Sketch  of  English  Literature,"  and,  with  J.  T. 
Scharf,  a  "  School  History  of  Maryland."  He  has 
also  assisted  in  the  compilation  of  the  "  Clarendon 
Dictionary,"  and  is  the  author  of  "  Maryland  "  in 
the  "Commonwealth  Series"  (Boston,  1884).  He 
has  translated  Jakob  von  Falke's  work  on  "  Greece 
and  Rome  "  (New  York,  1882). 

BROWNELL,  Henry  Howard,  author,  b.  in 
Providence,  R.  I.,  6  Feb.,  1820 ;  d.  in  East  Hart- 
ford, Conn.,  31  Oct.,  1872.  He  was  a  nephew  of 
Bishop  Brownell,  was  graduated  at  Trinity  college, 
Hartford,  in  1841,  studied  law,  and  was  admitted 
to  the  bar,  but  became  a  teacher,  and  settled  in 
Hartford.  Early  in  the  civil  war  he  turned  into 
spirited  verse  the  "  General  Orders "  issued  by 
Farragut  for  the  guidance  of  his  fleet  in  the  attack 
on  the  defences  of  New  Orleans.  This  piece  of 
verse,  floating  through  the  newspapers,  came  to 


Farragut's  notice,  and  so  pleased  him  that  he 
made  inquiry  for  the  author.  In  a  correspondence 
that  ensued,  Brownell  expressed  a  strong  desire  to 
witness  a  naval  battle,  and  Farragut  promised  to 
gratify  him,  a  promise  that  was  fulfilled  in  Brown- 
ell's  appointment  as  acting  ensign  on  the  flag-ship 
"  Hartford,"  and  his  participation  in  the  battle  of 
Mobile  bay.  "  The  River  Fight  "  and  "  The  Bay 
Fight,"  describing  the  naval  actions  at  New  Or- 
leans and  Mobile,  are  his  longest  and  finest  poems. 
Oliver  Wendell  Holmes  said  of  them :  "  They  are  to 
all  the  drawing-room  battle-poems  as  the  torn  flags 
of  our  victorious  armadas  to  the  stately  ensigns 
that  dressed  their  ships  in  the  harbor."  After  the 
war  he  accompanied  Admiral  Farragut  on  his 
cruise  in  European  waters.  He  published  "  Poems  " 
(New  York,  1847) ;  "  The  People's  Book  of  Ancient 
and  Modern  History  "  (Hartford,  1851) ;  "  The  Dis- 
coverers, Pioneers,  and  Settlers  of  North  and  South 
America "  (Boston,  1853) ;  "  Lyrics  of  a  Day,  or 
Newspaper  Poetry,  by  a  Volunteer  in  the  U.  S.  Ser- 
vice "  (New  York,  1864) ;  and  a  revised  edition  of 
his  poems,  containing  all  that  he  cared  to  preserve 
(Boston,  1866).  See  "  Our  Battle  Laureate,"  by 
Oliver  Wendell  Holmes,  in  the  "  Atlantic  Monthly  " 
for  May,  1865. 

BROWNELL,  Thomas  Church,  P.  E.  bishop, 
b.  in  Westport,  Mass..  19  Oct..  1779;  d.  in  Hart- 
ford, Conn.,  13  Jan.,  1865.  His  early  education 
was  in  a  common  school,  in  which  he  himself  served 
as  teacher  at  the  age  of  fifteen.  Preparing  for 
college  at  Bristol  academy,  Taunton,  he  entered 
Brown  just  be- 
fore attaining 
his  majority. 
At  the  close  of 
his  sophomore 
year  he  fol- 
lowed Presi- 
dent Maxcy  to 
Union,  where 
he  was  gradu- 
ated with  the 
honors  of  the 
valedictory  in 
1804.  In  the 
following  year 
he  was  ap- 
pointed tutor 
in  Greek  and 
Latin,  and  in 
1806  professor 
of  logic  and 
belles-lettres ; 

then,  after  three  years,  having  spent  a  year  in 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland  in  the  study  of  chemis- 
try and  kindred  sciences  and  in  pedestrian  excur- 
sions, he  entered  upon  new  duties  as  lecturer  on 
chemistry,  and  in  1814  was  elected  professor  of 
rhetoric  and  chemistry.  Having  become  convinced 
of  the  historical  and  scriptural  grounds  of  Episco- 
pacy, as  opposed  to  the  Calvinistic  Congregational- 
ism in  which  he  had  been  educated  and  to  the  min- 
istry of  which  he  had  meant  to  devote  himself,  he 
was  baptized  and  confirmed  in  1813,  and,  after  pur- 
suing the  study  of  theology  in  connection  with  his 
academic  duties,  was  ordained  deacon  by  Bishop 
Hobart  in  New  York,  11  April,  1816.  In  1818  he 
was  elected  assistant  minister  of  Trinity  church. 
New  York,  and  in  the  following  June  the  conven- 
tion of  the  diocese  of  Connecticut  chose  him  to  the 
episcopate,  which  had  been  vacant  for  six  years. 
He  was  consecrated,  27  Oct.,  1819,  in  Trinity  church. 
New  Haven,  by  Bishops  White,  Hobart,  and  Gris- 
wold.     Bishop  Brownell  entered  upon  his  duties  in 


»^  ^  UJn.xr'i'<'>^^0<yC^^ 


BROWNING 


BROWNLOW 


415 


Connecticut  at  a  very  important  time.  The  adop- 
tion of  a  state  constitution  in  1818  had  caused  the 
overthrow  of  the  Congregational  "  Standing  Order," 
and  effected  a  revolution,  political,  social,  and  relig- 
ious. The  new  bishop  made  good  use  of  his  leai'n- 
ing  and  his  quiet,  practical  wisdom,  and  laid  hold  of 
his  opportunities.  The  efforts  to  establish  a  church 
college  in  Connecticut  were  renewed,  and  in  1828 
the  charter  of  Washington  college  (now  Trinity), 
Hartford,  was  granted  by  the  legislature,  and 
Bishop  Brownell  was  elected  its  first  president. 
In  the  winter  of  1829-'30,  at  the  request  of  the  gen- 
eral missionary  society  of  the  church,  he  visited 
the  south,  travelling  down  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi 
rivers  from  Pittsburgh  to  New  Orleans.  He  offici- 
ated as  bishop  in  Kentucky,  Mississippi,  Louisiana, 
and  Alabama,  and  assisted  in  organizing  the  church 
in  the  two  last-named  states.  A  second  visit  to 
the  church  in  the  south  was  paid  in  1834.  In  1831, 
at  the  request  of  the  convention  of  the  diocese. 
Bishop  Brownell  withdrew  from  the  presidency  of 
the  college,  and  was  given  the  honorary  office  of 
chancellor,  the  active  duties  of  the  episcopate  de- 
manding all  his  time.  These  duties  called  for  no 
little  amount  of  literary  labor,  and  his  publications 
were  of  much  use  to  his  people.  In  1851,  on  ac- 
count of  growing  infirmities.  Bishop  Brownell 
asked  for  an  assistant,  and  the  Rev.  John  Williams, 
D.  D.,  president  of  Trinity  college,  was  chosen. 
The  senior  bishop  officiated  from  time  to  time  as 
he  was  able,  his  last  public  service  being  in  1860. 
During  the  forty-five  years  of  his  episcopate,  for 
the  last  twelve  of  which  he  had  been,  by  seniority, 
presiding  bishop  of  the  Episcopal  church  in  the 
United  States,  he  had  seen  the  number  of  the 
clergy  of  his  diocese  increase  fivefold,  and  he  him- 
self had  ordained  179  deacons  and  confirmed  over 
15,000  persons ;  and  the  small  number  of  parishes 
that  he  found  in  1819,  of  which  but  seven  could 
support  full  services,  had  increased  to  129.  A 
colossal  statue  of  him,  the  gift  of  his  son-in-law, 
Gordon  W.  Burnham,  stands  on  the  campus  of 
Trinity  college.  Bishop  Brownell  was  for  many 
years  president  of  the  corporation  of  the  retreat 
for  the  insane  at  Hartford.  Among  his  publica- 
tions, which  included  sermons,  charges,  and  ad- 
dresses, are  "  The  Family  Prayer-Book,"  an  edition 
of  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer,  with  ample  ex- 
planatory and  devotional  notes,  chiefly  from  Eng- 
lish authors  (New  York,  1823) ;  "  Selections  on  the 
Religion  of  the  Heart  and  Life  "  (Hartford,  1840) ; 
"  The  Christian's  Walk  and  Consolation,"  and  an 
abridgment  of  an  English  commentary  on  the  New 
Testament.  His  charge  to  his  clei'gy,  in  1843,  on 
the  "  Errors  of  the  Times,"  called  forth  an  ani- 
mated discussion  on  the  contrasted  doctrines  and 
usages  of  Episcopalianism  and  Puritanism. 

BROWNING,  Orville  Hickman,  senator,  b.  in 
Harrison  co.,  Ivy.,  in  1810;  d.  in  Quincy,  111.,  10 
Aug.,  1881.  He  removed  to  Bracken  co.,  Ky.,  early 
in  life,  and  received  a  classical  education  at  Au- 
gusta college,  being  at  the  same  time  employed  in 
the  county  clerk's  office.  He  afterward  studied 
law,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1831,  and  began 
practice  in  Quincy,  111.  He  served  in  the  Black 
Hawk  war  of  1832,  and  was  a  member  of  the  state 
senate  from  1836  till  1840,  when  he  was  elected  to 
the  lower  branch  of  the  legislature  and  served  till 
1843.  At  the  Blooraington  convention  he  assisted 
Abraham  Lincoln  to  organize  the  republican  party 
of  Illinois.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the  Chicago  con- 
vention of  1800,  which  nominated  Lincoln  for  the 
presidency,  and  was  an  active  supporter  of  the  gov- 
ernment during  the  civil  war.  In  1861  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  Gov.  Yates  to  the  U.  S.  senate,  to  fill 


the  vacancy  caused  by  the  resignation  of  Stephen 
A.  Douglas,  and  served  till  1863.  On  18  July, 
1861,  he  spoke  in  the  senate,  declaring  in  favor  of 
the  abolition  of  slavery,  should  the  south  force  the 
issue,  and  on  25  Feb.,  1862,  took  an  active  part  in 
the  debate  on  the  confiscation  bill,  speaking  in  op- 
position to  it.  While  in  Washington  he  practised 
law  with  Jeremiah  Black  and  Thomas  G.  Ewing. 
Mr.  Browning  was  an  active  member  of  the  union 
executive  committee  in  1866,  and  in  the  same  year 
was  appointed  secretary  of  the  interior  by  Presi- 
dent Johnson,  serving  till  3  March,  1869.  After 
March,  1868,  he  also  acted  as  attorney-general.  In 
1869  he  was  a  member  of  the  state  constitutional 
convention,  and  from  that  time  till  his  death  prac- 
tised his  profession  at  Quincy,  111. 

BROWNLEE,  William  Crai^,  clergyman,  b. 
in  Torfoot,  Lanarkshire,  Scotland,  in  1784;  d.  in 
New  York  city,  10  Feb.,  1860.  He  studied  for  five 
years  in  the  university  of  Glasgow,  and  received 
the  degree  of  M.  A.  He  was  licensed  to  preach  m 
1808,  married,  and  came  to  this  country,  where  he 
became  pastor  of  two  Associate  churches  in  Wash- 
ington CO..  Pa.  He  was  invited  to  the  Associate 
church  in  Philadelphia  in  1813,  and  in  1815  be- 
came rector  of  the  grammar  school  in  New  Bruns- 
wick, N.  J.  He  was  called  to  the  Presbyterian 
church  in  Baskingridge,  N.  J.,  in  1817,  and  ,in  1825 
made  professor  of  Latin  and  Greek  at  Rutgers. 
In  1826  he  was  installed  as  one  of  the  ministers  of 
the  Collegiate  Reformed  Dutch  church  in  New 
York.  About  1843  Dr.  Brownlee  had  a  paralytic 
stroke,  from  which  he  never  fully  recovered.  He 
was  prominent  as  a  controversial  writer,  and  was 
an  earnest  opponent  of  the  Roman  Catholic  church 
and  the  Quakers.  He  edited  the  "  Dutch  Church 
Magazine  "  through  four  consecutive  volumes,  and 
published  "  Inquiry  into  the  Principles  of  the  Quak- 
ers "  (Philadelphia,  1824) ;  "  The  Roman  Catholic 
Controversy  "  (1834) ;  "  Treatise  on  Popery  "  (New 
Yoi-k,  1847) ;  "  Lights  and  Shadows  of  Christian 
Life"  (1847);  "The  Christian  Youths'  Book," 
"  Christian  Father  at  Home,"  "  Deity  of  Christ," 
"  History  of  the  Western  Apostolic  Church,"  "  The 
Converted  Murderer,"  and  "  The  Whigs  of  Scot- 
land," a  romance,  besides  several  pamphlets.  See 
"  Memorial  of  Dr.  Brownlee  "  (New  York,  1860). 

BROWNLOW,  William  Gannaway,  journal- 
ist, b.  in  Wythe  co.,  Va.,  29  Aug.,  1805;  d.  in 
Knoxville,  Tenn.,  29  April,  1877.  He  was  left  an 
orphan  at  the  age  of  eleven,  but,  having  earned 
enough  by  hard  work  as  a  carpenter  to  give  him- 
self a  fair  English  education,  he  entered  the  Meth- 
odist ministry  in  1836,  and  labored  for  ten  years  as 
an  itinerant  preacher.  He  began  to  take  part  in 
politics  in  1828  by  advocating,  in  Tennessee,  the  re- 
election of  John  Quincy  Adams  to  the  presidency ; 
and  while  travelling  the  South  Carolina  circuit,  in 
which  John  C.  Calhoun  lived,  made  himself  un- 
popular by  publicly  opposing  nullification.  He 
afterward  published  a  pamphlet  in  vindication  of 
his  course.  He  became  editor  of  the  Knoxville 
"  Whig  "  in  1838,  and  from  his  trenchant  mode  of 
expression  became  known  as  "the  fighting  parson." 
He  was  a  candidate  for  congress  against  Andrew 
Johnson  in  1843,  and  in  1850  was  appointed  by 
President  Fillmore  one  of  several  commissioners  to 
carry  out  the  provisions  made  by  congress  for  the 
improvement  of  navigation  on  the  Missouri.  Al- 
though an  advocate  of  slavery,  he  boldly  opposed 
the  secession  movement,  taking  the  ground  that 
southern  institutions  were  safer  in  the  union  than 
out  of  it.  His  course  subjected  him  to  much  perse- 
cution. For  a  time  his  house  was  the  only  one 
in  Knoxville  where  the  union  flag  was  displayed  i 


416 


BROWN-SEQUARD 


BROWN-SEQUARD 


but  all  efforts  to  make  hiin  haul  it  down  were  un- 
successful. His  paper  was  finally  suppressed  by 
the  confederate  authorities,  and  in  the  last  issue, 
that  of  24  Oct.,  1861,  he  published  a  farewell  ad- 
dress to  his  readers,  in  which  he  said  that  he  pre- 
ferred imprisonment  to  submission.  Refusing  to 
take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  confederate  gov- 
ernment, he  was  at  last  persuaded  by  his  friends  to 
leave  Knoxville  for  another  district.  During  his 
absence  he  was  accused  of  burning  railway  bridges 
in  east  Tennessee,  and  a  company  of  troops  was 
sent  out  with  orders  to  shoot  him  on  sight ;  but  he 
escaped  by  secreting  himself  among  the  loyalists  on 
the  North  Carolina  border.  He  was  finally  induced, 
by  the  promise  of  a  free  pass  to  Kentucky,  to  re- 
turn to  Knoxville,  but  was  arrested  there,  6  Dec, 
1861,  on  charge  of  treason,  and  thrown  into  jail, 
where  he  was  confined  without  fire,  and  suffered 
much  during  his  imprisonment.  He  was  released 
at  the  close  of  the  month,  but  was  detained  at  his 
own  house  under  guard.  Hearing  that  Judah  P. 
Benjamin  had  called  him  a  "  dangerous  man,"  and 
had  wished  him  out  of  the  confederacy,  Brownlow 
■wrote  him  a  characteristic  letter,  in  which  occur  tlie 
words,  "  Just  give  me  my  passport,  and  I  will  do 
more  for  your  confederacy  than  the  devil  has  ever 
done — I  will  leave  the  country."  Benjamin  ad- 
vised his  release,  to  relieve  the  government  from 
the  odium  of  having  entrapped  him.  Brownlow 
was  taken  at  his  word,  and  sent  inside  the  union 
lines  at  Nashville,  on  3  March,  1862.  After  this  he 
made  a  tour  through  the  northern  states,  speaking 
to  immense  audiences  in  the  principal  cities,  and  at 
Philadelphia  was  joined  by  his  family,  who  had 
also  been  expelled  from  Knoxville.  He  returned 
to  Tennessee  in  1864,  and,  on  the  reconstruction  of 
the  state  in  1865,  was  elected  governor,  serving  two 
terms.  In  his  message  of  October,  1865,  he  advo- 
cated the  removal  of  the  negro  population  to  a 
separate  territory,  and  declared  it  bad  policy  to 
give  them  the  ballot.  In  that  of  November,  1866, 
he  reiterated  these  sentiments,  but  recognized  the 
fact  that  the  blacks  had  shown  greater  aptitude  for 
learning  than  had  been  expected,  and,  although 
confessing  to  "  caste  prejudice."  said  he  desired  to 
act  in  harmony  with  the  great  body  of  loyal  people 
throughout  the  union.  In  1867  Gov.  JBrownlow 
came  into  conflict  with  Mayor  Brown,  of  Nashville, 
over  the  manner  of  appointing  judges  of  election 
under  the  new  franchise  law.  The  U.  S.  troops 
were  ordered  to  sustain  the  governor,  and  the  city 
authorities  finally  submitted.  During  the  ku-klux 
troubles  Gov.  Brownlow  found  it  necessary  to  pro- 
claim martial  law  in  nine  counties  of  the  state.  In 
1869  he  was  elected  to  the  U.  S.  senate,  and  resigned 
the  office  of  governor.  In  1875  he  was  succeeded 
in  the  senate  by  ex-President  Johnson.  After  the 
close  of  his  term  he  returned  to  Knoxville,  bought 
a  controlling  interest  in  the  "  Whig,"  which  he  had 
sold  in  1869,  and  edited  it  until  iiis  death.  He  pub- 
lished "  The  Iron  Wheel  Examined,  and  its  False 
Spokes  Extracted,"  a  reply  to  attacks  on  the  Meth- 
odist church  (Nashville,  1856) ;  "  Ought  American 
Slavery  to  be  Perpetuated  1 "  a  debate  with  Rev.  A. 
Prynne,  of  New  York,  in  which  Mr.  Brownlow  took 
the  affirmative  (Philadelphia,  1858) ;  and  "  Sketches 
of  the  Rise,  Progress,  and  Decline  of  Secession, 
with  a  Narrative  of  Personal  Adventures  among 
the  Rebels"  (1862). 

BROWN-SEQUARD,CharlesE(Iouar(l,physi- 
ologist,  b.  in  the  island  of  Mauritius,  8  April,  1817 ; 
d.  in  Paris,  Prance.  2  April,  1894.  Ilis  father  was 
a  sea-captain,  whose  vessel  was  lost  in  an  attempt 
to  convey  provisions  to  Mauritius  during  a  famine, 
and  who  married  a  French  lady  on   the   island 


named  Sequard.  Their  son  was  carefully  educated 
in  Mauritius  and  sent  to  Paris  to  complete  his 
studies.  He  took  the  degree  of  bachelor  of  letters 
in  1838,  that  of  bachelor  of  science  in  1839,  and, 
pursuing  his  studies  in  the  school  of  medicine,  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  M.  D.  in  1846.  He  devoted 
himself,  after  acquiring  his  profession,  to  physio- 
logical experiments,  and  made  important  discov- 
eries. Five  prizes  were  awarded  him  by  the  French 
academy  of  sciences,  and  twice  he  received  the 
queen's  grant  for  the  encouragement  of  science 
from  the  British  royal  society.  By  the  transfu- 
sion of  defibrinated  blood  he  produced  results 
tending  to  show  that  the  fibrin  in  the  blood  has  no 
value  in  nutrition,  but  is  an  excrementitious  prod- 
uct. He  discovered  that  defibrinated  and  oxy- 
genated blood  will  restore  the  irritability  of  the 
muscles  after  a  corpse  has  become  rigid ;  that  the 
blood  returns  through  the  veins  as  venous  blood, 
containing  fibrin ;  and  that  by  injecting  it  repeat- 
edly into  the  arteries,  after  defibrinating  and  oxy- 
genating it  each  time,  the  irritability  of  the  muscles 
can  be  maintained  for  hours.  His  experiments  led 
him  to  the  conclusion  that  arterial  blood  alone  is 
subservient  to  nutrition,  but  that  venous  blood  is 
necessary  to  produce  contractions  of  the  muscles. 
He  conducted  a  series  of  experiments  on  animal 
heat,  by  which  he  fixed  the  temperature  of  the 
human  body  at  103° — several  degrees  higher  than 
previous  investigators.  He  found  that,  in  the  case 
of  poisons  that  cause  a  diminution  of  temperature, 
the  toxic  action  can  be  counteracted  to  a  consider- 
able extent  by  artificially  maintaining  the  heat  of 
the  body.  His  experiments  on  the  spinal  cord  led 
him  to  the  conclusion  that  the  fibres  of  the  poste- 
rior or  sensory  columns  of  the  cord  do  not  connect 
directly  with  the  brain,  but  convey  impressions  to 
the  gray  matter  of  the  cord,  which  transmits 
them  to  the  brain,  and  that  the  fibres  intersect 
within  the  gray  matter,  near  the  point  where  they 
enter,  and  not  in  the  cerebrum  or  medulla  oblon- 
gata. The  decussation  of  the  motor  fibres,  those 
of  the  anterior  column  of  the  spinal  cord,  he 
found,  on  the  other  hand,  is  in  the  medulla  oblon- 
gata. He  experimented  likewise  on  the  muscles, 
on  the  sympathetic  system  of  nerves  and  ganglions, 
and  on  the  effect  of  the  removal  of  the  supra- 
renal capsules.  In  May,  1858,  he  delivered  a  series 
of  lectures  on  the  nervous  system  before  the  royal 
college  of  jihysicians  and  surgeons  in  London.  In 
1864  he  was  appointed  professor  of  the  physiology 
and  pathology  of  the  nervous  system  at  Harvard, 
and  took  up  his  residence  in  the  United  States. 
He  held  the  professorship  for  four  years,  and  in 
1869  returned  to  France,  and  was  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  experimental  and  comparative  pathology 
in  the  school  of  medicine  in  Paris,  which  chair 
he  held  till  1871.  In  1858  he  established  in  Paris 
the  "Journal  de  la  physiologic  de  I'horame  et 
des  animaux,"  which  he  conducted  till  1863. 
After  his  return  to  France  in  1869  he  founded 
another  journal,  called  "  Archives  de  la  physiologie 
normale  et  pathologique."  In  1873  he  became  a 
practitioner  in  New  York  city.  In  association 
with  Dr.  E.  C.  Seguin  he  began  in  that  city  the 
publication  of  a  medical  journal  entitled  "  Archives 
of  Scientific  and  Practical  Medicine."  Eventually 
he  returned  to  Paris,  and  on  3  Aug.,  1878,  succeeded 
Claude  Bernard  in  the  chair  of  experimental  medi- 
cine in  the  College  of  France.  The  same  year  he 
was  elected  to  the  chair  of  medicine  in  the  French 
academy  of  sciences.  His  services  were  in  con- 
stant demand  as  a  consulting  physician  in  diseases 
of  the  nervous  system,  to  which  special  branch  he 
had  confined  his  practice.     He  had  been  remark- 


BROWNSON 


BROWN  SON 


417 


ably  successful  in  the  treatment  of  difficult  and 
obscure  diseases  of  the  spinal  column  and  the 
nervous  system.  In  his  numerous  visits  to  Eng- 
land and  America  he  had  delivered  short  courses 
of  lectures  and  instructed  private  classes  of  physi- 
cians iu  his  discoveries,  illustrating  them  by  vivi- 
section. He  was  elected  in  1868  a  member  of  the 
National  Academy  of  Sciences.  Besides  special 
memoirs,  he  published  "  Lectures  on  the  Physiol- 
ogy and  Pathology  of  the  Nervous  System  "  (Phila- 
delphia, 1800) :  ••  Lectures  on  Paralysis  of  the  Lower 
Extremities"  (1860);  and  "Lectures  on  Nervous 
Affections  "  (1873). 

BROWNSON,  Nathan,  statesman,  d.  in  Liberty 
CO.,  Ga.,  6  Nov.,  1796.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale 
in  1761,  studied  medicine,  and  practised  in  Liberty 
CO.,  Ga.  He  was  an  early  supporter  of  the  patriot 
cause,  was  a  member  of  the  provincial  congress  of 
1775,  and  was  for  some  time  surgeon  in  the  revolu- 
tionarv  army.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the  conti- 
nental'congress  in  1776  and  1778,  and  in  1781,  when 
speaker  of  the  Georgia  legislature,  was  chosen  by 
that  body  governor  of  the  state.  He  was  again 
speaker  in  1788,  and  president  of  the  state  senate  in 
1789-91.  In  1789  he  was  a  member  of  the  conven- 
tion that  framed  the  state  constitution. 

BROWNSON,  Orestes  Augustus,  author,  b.  in 
Stockbridge,  Vt.,  16  Sept.,  1803:  d.  in  Detroit, 
Mich.,  17  April,  1876.  His  father  died,  leaving  the 
family  in  poverty,  and  from  his  seventh  till  his 
fourteenth  year  he  lived  with  elderly  relatives  at 
Royalton,  who  reared  him  in  the  simple,  rigorous 
discipline  of  puritanism.  After  this  he  removed  to 
Saratoga,  and  there  earned  enough  money  to  enter 

an  academy 
at  Ballston  ; 
whiletherehe 
united  with 
the  Presbyte- 
rian church 
in  1822;  but 
he  afterward 
changed  his 
views,  and  be- 
came in  1825 
aUniversalist 
minister.  He 
preached  in 
Vermont  and 
New  York, 
conductedthe 
"  Gospel  Ad- 
vocate," the 
leading  Uni- 
versalist  or- 
gan, was  af- 
terward edi- 
tor of  the  "  Philanthropist,"  and  wrote  tor  religious 
periodicals  in  support  of  his  new  belief.  Making  the 
acquaintance  of  Robert  Owen,  he  was  fascinated  by 
schemes  of  social  reform,  and  in  1828  was  promi- 
nent in  the  formation  of  the  working-men's  party 
in  New  York,  the  design  of  which  was  to  relieve 
the  poorer  classes  by  political  organization  ;  but  he 
presently  despaired  of  the  effectiveness  of  this  move- 
ment. Afterward  the  writings  of  Dr.  Channing 
drew  his  attention  to  the  Unitarians,  and  in  1832  he 
became  pastor  of  a  congregation  of  that  denomina- 
tion. In  1836  he  organized  in  Boston  the  Society 
for  Christian  Union  and  Progress,  of  which  he  re- 
tained the  pastorate  till  he  ceased  preaching  in 
1843.  Mr.  Brownson  became  a  popular  leader  in 
the  democratic  party,  a  vigorous  and  acrimonious 
opponent  of  the  whigs,  whom  he  regarded  as  an 
aristocratic  party,  and  a  favorite  stump-speaker, 
■■  VOL.  I. — 27 


^-^^^ 


^2—t7ZiT7i.^c 


especially  in  Massachusetts.     He  was  one  of  the 
founders   of   the  original  loco-foco  party  in  New 
York,  and  in  his  review  he  warmly  supported  Van 
Bur  en,  who,  when  president,  gave  him  the  appoint- 
ment of  steward  of  Chelsea  hospital.     He  was  in- 
dependent in  his  political  views,  and  troublesome 
to  party  leaders.     When  the  democrats  and  free- 
soilers  of  Massachusetts  agreed  on  a  new  constitu- 
tion, he,  with  other  independents,  secured  its  re- 
jection and  helped  to  secure  the  triumph  of  the 
whigs.     Immediately  after  removing  to  Boston  he 
published  his  "  New  Views  of   Christian  Society 
and  the  Church  "  (Boston,  1836),  remarkable  for  its 
protest   against   Protestantism.     Articles    on   the 
eclectic  philosophy,  published  in  the   "  Christian 
Examiner,"  in   1837,  gave   him  a  reputation  as  a 
philosopher.     In  1838  he  established  the  "  Boston 
Quarterly  Review,"  of    which  he  was  proprietor, 
and  almost  sole  writer,  during  the  five  years  of  its 
separate   existence,  and  to  which   he  contributed 
largely  during  the  first  year  after  it  was  merged 
in  the  "  Democratic  Review,"  of   New  York.     It 
was  designed  not  to  support  any  definite  doctrine, 
but  to  awaken  thought  on  great  subjects  and  lead 
the  way  to  radical  changes.     Mr.  O'SuUivan,  pro- 
prietor of  the  "  Review  "  when  he  purchased  the 
subscription-list  of  the  "  Quarterly,"  entered  into  a 
contract  to  allow  Dr.  Brownson  to  print  what  he 
pleased.     His   articles  were  often  opposed  to  the 
policy  of  the  party,  and  cost  the  "  Democratic  Re- 
view" many  subscribers.     He  published   in  1840 
"  Charles  Elwood,  or  the  Infidel  Converted,"  an 
autobiographic  philosophical  novel,  which  passed 
through  several  editions ;  but,  because  the  author 
changed  his  religious   views,  he   refused  to   have 
more  than  one  edition  issued  in  the  United  States. 
In  1844  he  entered  the  Roman  Catholic  commun- 
ion, to   which  he    afterward   remained    attached. 
The  method  adopted  in  his  philosophical  system  is 
the  distinction  between  intuition  and  indirect  or 
reflex  knowledge.     His  review  was  continued  un- 
der the  title  of  "  Brownson's  Quarterly  Review," 
but  was  afterward  transferred  to  New  York.     He 
came   into   collision  with   the   authorities  of    his 
church  on  certain  questions,  which  he  treated  from 
the  stand-point  of  what  was  called  liberal  Catho- 
licity.    The  writings  of  Cousin,  Leroux,  and  Gio- 
berti  had  always  had  much  influence  over  him,  and 
certain  theories  of  those  philosophers  were  so  much 
insisted  on  in  the  pages  of  the  "  Review  "  that  the 
question  of  Dr.  Brownson's  orthodoxy  was  referred 
to  Rome,  and  Cardinal  Franzelin  was  deputed  by 
the  pope  to  examine  the  matter.     This  great  theo- 
logian found  nothing  worthy   of  censure  in   the 
opinions  of  Dr.  Brownson,  but  recommended  him 
to  be  more  moderate  in  his  language.     However, 
the   indignation  that  his  views  on  certain  points 
aroused  among  the  clergy,  combined  with  domestic 
trials,  impaired  health,  and   his  anxiety  for   the 
safety  of  the  union,  to  whose  cause  he  had  given 
two  sons,  had  such  a  depressing  effect  on  him  that 
he  discontinued  the  "  Review  "  in  1864.     When  the 
syllabus  was  published  in  the  following  year  he 
wrote   strongly   in   its   defence   in   the  "  Catholic 
World  "  and  "  Tablet,"  and  was  accused  of  being 
too  rigorous  on  some  points  of  Catholic  doctrine, 
while  he  was  lax  on  others.      He  was  offered  a 
chair  in  the  new  university  in  Dublin,  but  pre- 
ferred to  continue  his  labors  in  his  native  country. 
He  revived  his  "  Review "  in  1873,  but  after  two 
years   discontinued    it    again,   partly   because    he 
wished  to  live  in  Detroit  with  his  son,  and  partly 
because  he  disliked  the  contests  that  certain  news- 
papers tried  to  force  upon  him.     "  Brownson's  Re- 
view "  was  the  first  American  periodical  reprinted 


418 


BRUCE 


BRUCE 


in  England,  where  it  had  a  large  circulation.  The 
later  publioations  of  Mr.  Brownson's  are :  "  Essays 
and  Reviews "  (New  York,  1852) ;  "  The  Spirit- 
Rapper,  an  Autobiography  "  (Boston,  1854) ;  "  The 
Convert,  or  Leaves  from  my  Experience"  (New 
York,  1857) ;  "  The  American  Republic,  its  Consti- 
tution, Tendencies,  and  Destiny,"  a  work  treating 
of  the  ethics  of  politics  (1865) ;  "  Conversation  on 
Liberalism  and  the  Church"  (1870).  Translations 
of  several  of  his  works  and  essays  have  appeared 
in  Europe.  A  collected  edition  of  his  works  has 
been  published  in  nineteen  volumes. 

BRUCE,  Archibald,  physician,  b.  in  New 
York  in  February.  1777 ;  d.  there,  22  Feb.,  1818. 
He  was  graduated  at  Columbia  in  1797.  His 
father,  William  Bruce,  head  of  the  medical  depart- 
ment of  the  British  army  at  New  York,  on  being 
ordered  to  the  West  Indies,  specially  directed  that 
his  son  should  not  be  brought  up  to  the  medical 
profession.  But  from  the  medical  lectures  of 
Nicholas  Romayne,  the  teachings  of  Dr.  Hosack, 
and  attendance  on  the  courses  of  medical  instruc- 
tion of  Columbia,  he  attained  a  knowledge  of  the 
science.  lie  went  to  Europe  in  1798,  received  the 
degree  of  M.  D.  from  the  university  of  Edinburgh 
in  1800,  and,  in  a  tour  of  two  years  in  France, 
Switzerland,  and  Italy,  collected  a  mineralogical 
cabinet  of  great  value.  He  married  in  London, 
and  in  the  summer  of  1803  I'eturned  to  New  York 
city  and  began  practice.  In  1807  he  was  appointed 
professor  of  materia  medica  and  mineralogy  in  the 
college  of  physicians  and  surgeons,  being  the  first 
to  fill  such  a  chair  in  the  United  States.  On  the 
reorganization  of  the  college  in  1811,  he  was  super- 
seded on  account  of  some  disagreement  with  the 
management,  and  after  1812  filled  the  same  chair 
in  Queen's,  now  Rutgers,  college.  New  Jersey.  He 
projected  the  "  American  Mineralogical  Journal  " 
in  1810,  and  edited  it  until  1814.  His  chemical 
analysis  "  of  native  magnesia  from  New  Jersey " 
made  known  to  science  the  mineral  now  called 
after  him,  "  Brucite."  He  also  detected  and  cor- 
rectly analyzed  the  zincite  of  Sussex  co.,  N.  J.,  and 
published  a  valuable  paper  "  On  the  Ores  of  Titan- 
ium occurring  within  the  United  States."  Dr. 
Bruce  was  one  of  the  original  members  of  the  New 
York  historical  society,  and  at  the  time  of  his 
death  was  a  member  of  many  learned  societies 
both  in  this  country  and  in  Europe, 

BRUCE,  Blanche  Kelso,  senator,  b.  in  Prince 
Edward  co.,  Va.,  1  March,  1841 ;  d.  in  Washington, 
17  March,  1898.  He  was  born  a  slave,  and  received 
the  rudiments  of  education  from  the  tutor  of  his 
master's  son.  Wlu^n  the  civil  war  began  he  left  his 
young  master,  whose  companion  he  had  been,  and 
who  went  from  Missouri  to  join  the  confederate 
army.  Mr.  Bruce  taught  school  for  a  time  in  Han- 
nibal, Mo.,  became  a  student  at  Oberlin.  afterward 
pursued  special  studies  at  home,  and  after  the  war 
went  to  Mississippi.  In  1869  he  became  a  planter 
in  Mississippi.  He  was  sergeant-at-arnis  of  the 
legislature,  a  member  of  the  Mississippi  levee  board, 
sheriff  of  Bolivar  county  in  1871-'4,  county  super- 
intendent of  education  in  1872-'3,  and  was  elected 
U.  S.  senator  on  8  Feb.,  1875,  as  a  republican,  tak- 
ing his  seat  on  4  March,  1875,  and  serving  till  3 
March,  1881.  He  was  a  member  of  every  republi- 
can convention  held  after  1868.  In  May,  1881,  he 
entered  upon  the  office  of  register  of  the  treasury, 
from  which  he  was  removed  by  President  Cleve- 
land. In  1886  he  delivered  a  noted  lecture  on  the 
condition  of  his  race,  entitled  "  The  Race  Problem." 
In  1897  he  again  became  register  of  the  treasury. 

BRUCE,  Sir  Frederick  William  Adolphus, 
British  diplomatist,  b.  in  Broomhali,  Fifeshire,  Scot- 


land, 14  April,  1814;  d.  in  Boston,  Mass.,  19  Sept., 
1867.  He  was  the  fourth  son  of  the  seventh  earl  of 
Elgin,  a  distinguished  diplomatist.  Sir  Frederick 
was  graduated  at  Oxford  in  1834,  and  was  called  to 
the  bar  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  but,  his  tendencies  being 
strongly  manifested  toward  diplomacy,  he  never 
attempted  to  gain  practice  as  a  barrister.  In  1842 
he  was  attached  to  Lord  Ashburton's  special  mis- 
sion to  the  United  States  for  settling  the  north- 
eastern boundary  question.  After  this  he  filled 
various  important  diplomatic  offices,  and,  while 
minister  to  China  in  1861,  distinguished  himself 
by  services  toward  Americans  there.  A  contro- 
versy having  arisen  in  1864  between  this  country 
and  the  republic  of  Colombia,  he  was  appointed 
umpire  by  the  two  governments,  and  discharged 
the  delicate  duties  to  general  acceptance.  In  1865, 
when  Lord  Lyons  was  removed  from  Washington 
to  Constantinople,  Sir  Frederick  was  selected  by 
the  earl  of  Clarendon  to  fill  the  important  and 
difficult  position  of  minister  to  the  United  States. 
His  course  in  the  fulfilment  of  his  duties  was 
always  judicious.  The  London  "  Times  "  (21  Sept., 
1867)  is  authority  for  the  statements  that  "  it  was 
in  accordance  with  his  repeated  advice  and  exhor- 
tations that  a  wise  overture  toward  a  settlement " 
of  the  Alabama  claims  was  made  by  the  British 
government,  and  that  it  was  greatly  owing  to  his 
representations  that  the  United  States  government 
interrupted  the  preparations  for  the  Fenian  raid 
into  Canada  in  1866. 

BRUCE,  George,  type-founder,  b.  in  Edin- 
burgh, Scotland,  5  July,  1781 :  d.  in  New  York 
city,  6  July,  1866.  He  emigrated  to  the  United 
States,  where  his  brother  David  had  preceded  him 
in  July,  1795,  and  at  first  attempted  to  learn  the 
book-binder's  trade,  but,  his  master  being  tyranni- 
cal and  exacting,  he  left  him,  and  by  his  brother's 
persuasion  apprenticed  himself  to  Thomas  Dobson, 
printer  in  Philadelphia.  In  1798  the  destruction 
of  Dobson's  office  by  fire,  and  the  prevalence  of 
yellow  fever,  led  the  brothers  to  leave  the  city. 
George  had  yellow  fever  at  Amboy,  but  recovered 
through  his  brother's  care.  The  two  went  to  Al- 
bany and  obtained  employment  there,  but  after  a 
few  months  returned  to  New  York.  In  1803  young 
Bruce  was  foreman  and  a  contributor  to  the  "  Daily 
Advertiser,"  and  in  November  of  that  year  printer 
and  publisher  of  the  paper  for  the  proprietor.  In 
1806  the  two  brothers  opened  a  book  printing-office 
at  the  corner  of  Pearl  street  and  Coffee-house  slip. 
The  same  year  they  brought  out  an  edition  of 
"  Lavoisier's  Chemistry,"  doing  all  the  work  with 
their  own  hands.  Their  industry  and  personal  at-, 
tention  to  business  soon  brought  them  abundant 
employment,  and  in  1809,  removing  to  Bloat  lane, 
near  Hanover  square,  they  had  nine  presses  in  op- 
eration, and  published  occasionally  on  their  own 
account.  In  1812  David  went  to  England,  and 
brought  back  with  him  the  secret  of  stereotyping. 
The  brothers  attempted  to  introduce  the  process, 
but  encountered  many  difficulties,  which  it  re- 
quired all  their  ingenuity  to  surmount.  The  type 
of  that  day  was  cast  with  so  low  a  bevelled  shoulder 
that  it  was  not  suitable  for  stereotyping,  as  it  in- 
terfered with  the  moulding  and  weakened  the  plate. 
They  found  it  necessary,  therefore,  to  cast  their 
own  type.  They  invented  a  planing-machine  for 
smoothing  the  backs  of  the  plates  and  reducing 
them  to  a  uniform  thickness,  and  the  mahogany 
shifting-blocks  to  bring  the  plates  to  the  same 
height  as  type.  Their  first  stereotype  works  were 
school  editions  of  the  New  Testament  in  bourgeois, 
and  the  Bible  in  nonpareil  (1814  and  1815).  They 
subsequently  stereotyped  the  earlier  issues  of  the 


BRUCE 


BRUNOT 


419 


American  Bible  society,  and  a  series  of  Latin  clas- 
sics. In  1816  they  sold  out  the  printing  business, 
and  bought  a  building  in  Eldridge  street  for  their 
foundry.  Here,  and  subsequently  in  1818,  when 
they  erected  the  foundry  still  occupied  by  their 
successors  in  Chambers  street,  George  gave  his  at- 
tention to  the  enlargement  and  development  of  the 
type-founding  business,  while  David  confined  his 
labors  to  stereotyping.  In  1822  David's  health 
failed,  and  the  partnership  was  dissolved.  George 
soon  relinquished  stereotyping,  and  gave  his  whole 
attention  to  type-founding,  and  introduced  valu- 
able improvements  into  the  business,  cutting  his 
own  punches,  making  constantly  new  and  tasteful 
designs,  and  graduating  the  size  of  the  body  of  the 
type  so  as  to  give  it  a  proper  relative  proportion  to 
the  size  of  the  letter.  In  connection  with  his 
nephew,  David  Bruce,  Jr.,  he  invented  the  only 
type-casting  machine  that  has  stood  the  test  of  ex- 
perience, and  is  now  in  general  use.  His  scripts 
became  famous  among  printers  as  early  as  1832, 
and  retained  their  pre-eminence  for  a  generation. 
The  last  set  of  punches  he  cut  was  for  a  great 
primer  script.  He  was  at  the  time  in  his  seventy- 
eighth  year,  but  for  beauty  of  design  and  neatness 
of  finish,  the  type  in  question  has  rarely  been  ex- 
celled. Mr.  Bruce  was  a  man  of  large  benevolence, 
of  unflinching  integrity,  and  great  decision  of 
character.  He  was  president  for  many  years  of 
the  Mechanics'  institute,  and  of  the  type-founders' 
association,  and  an  active  member  of.  and  contrib- 
utor to,  the  historical  society,  St.  Andrew's  society, 
the  typographical  society,  and  the  general  society 
of  mechanics  and  tradesmen. 

BRUCE,  Henry,  naval  officer,  b.  in  Maehias, 
Me.,  12  Feb.,  1798;  d.  in  Somerville,  Mass.,  9  Feb., 
1895.  He  was  appointed  as  midshipman  on  9  Nov., 
1813,  and  was  captured  while  attached  to  the 
"  Frolic,"  18  guns,  when  she  surrendered  to  the  Brit- 
ish man-of-war  "  Orpheus,"  36  guns,  remaining  for 
six  months  as  prisoner  of  war  in  Halifax.  N.  S. 
He  became  lieutenant  on  13  Jan.,  1825,  was  attached 
to  the  "  Macedonian  "  and  afterward  to  the  "  Frank- 
lin," when  she  conveyed  Minister  Rush  to  England. 
He  was  appointed  to  the  frigate  "  Brandywine," 
of  the  Mediterranean  squadron,  in  1837,  and  was 
commissioned  commander,  8  Sept.,  1841.  In  1845 
he  was  appointed  to  the  brig  "  Truxtun,"  on  the 
African  coast,  capturing  the  slaver  "Spitfire"  dur- 
ing his  cruise,  and  in  1848-'50  commanded  the 
naval  rendezvous  at  Boston,  Mass.  He  was  put  on 
the  reserved  list,  13  Sept.,  1855,  commissioned  com- 
modore, 16  July,  1862.  and  retired,  4  April,  1867. 

BRUCE,  Wallace,  lecturer,  b.  in  Hillsdale,  Co- 
lumbia CO.,  N.  Y.,  10  Nov.,  1844.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Yale  in  1867,  and  has  lectured  extensively 
before  lyceums  and  associations  on  literary  sub- 
jects, especially  on  Shakespeare,  Scott,  Burns,  Irv- 
ing, and  Bryant.  He  has  published  "Land  of 
Burns  "  (Boston,  1878) ;  "  Yosemite  "  (1879) ;  "  The 
Hudson  "  (1881) ;  and  "  From  the  Hudson  to  the 
Yosemite  "  (New  York,  1884). 

BRUEN,  Matthias,  clergyman,  b.  in  Newark, 
N.  J.,  11  April,  1793 ;  d.  In  New  York  city,  6 
Sept.,  1829.  He  was  fond  of  books,  and  when 
only  six  years  old  would  sometimes  lock  him- 
self in  a  room  that  he  might  read  undisturbed. 
He  was  graduated  at  Columbia  in  1812  and  licensed 
to  preach  in  1816  ;  but  failing  health  forced  him  to 
travel  in  Europe  for  the  next  three  years.  He  was 
ordained  in  London,  4  Nov.,  1818,  and  took  charge 
of  the  "  American  chapel  of  the  oratory  "  in  Paris 
for  six  months  before  returning  to  this  country. 
After  another  visit  to  Europe  in  1821,  he  became 
in  1822  a  missionary  in  New  York  city,  and  as  a 


result  of  his  work  the  Bleecker  street  congregation 
was  formally  organized,  22  Aprils  1825.  He  was 
installed  as  its  pastor  on  14  June,-  1825,  and  held 
the  olfice  until  his  death.  JMr.  Bruen  published 
"  Essays  descriptive  of  Scenes  in  Italy  and  France  " 
(Edinburgh,  1822) ;  a  sermon  on  taking  leave  of 
lais  congregation  in  Paris  (1819);  a  Thanksgiving 
sermon  delivered  at  Woodbridge,  N.  J.  (1821) ;  and 
contributed  to  various  periodicals.  A  memoir  of 
him  written  by  Mrs.  Duncan,  of  Scotland,  was  pub- 
lished in  New  York  in  1831. 

BRUHL,  Gustavus,  physician,  b.  in  Herdorf, 
Prussia,  31  May,  1826.  He  studied  at  the  colleges 
of  Siegen,  Miinstereifel,  and  Treves,  was  graduated 
at  the  last  named,  and  studied  medicine  at  Munich, 
Halle,  and  Berlin.  In  1848  he  removed  to  Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio.  He  was  physician  of  St.  Mary's 
hospital,  lecturer  on  laryngoscopy  in  Miami  medi- 
cal college,  and  one  of  the  founders  and  first  presi- 
dent of  the  Peter  Claver  society  for  the  education 
of  colored  children.  From  1869  till  1871  he  edited 
the  "  German  Pioneer,"  and  in  1871  was  nominated 
by  the  democrats  for  state  treasurer.  In  1874  he 
was  one  of  the  examiners  of  public  schools  in  Cin- 
cinnati. He  has  published  "  Poesien  des  Urwalds  " 
(1871),  and  has  written  much  for  periodicals,  both 
in  prose  and  in  verse. 

BRUNEL,  Alfred,  Canadian  engineer,  b.  in 
1818.  From  1844  till  1850  he  was  employed  on 
various  public  works  in  Canada.  He  was  superin- 
tendent of  the  Northern  railway  from  1853  till 
1856,  was  a  commissioner  to  inquire  into  the  work- 
ings of  the  free  ports  of  Gaspe  and  Sault  Ste.  Marie 
in  1862,  and  in  1863  he  was  appointed  inspector  of 
customs,  excise,  and  canals,  in  1869  assistant  com- 
missioner of  inland  revenue,  and  in  1871  commis- 
sioner of  inland  revenue.  During  the  Fenian  troub- 
les he  was  in  active  service  as  lieutenant-colonel 
of  the  10th  royal  regiment. 

BRUNEL,  Sir  Mark  Isaiubard,  French  engi- 
neer, b.  in  Hacqueville,  near  Rouen,  France,  25 
April,  1769 ;  d.  in  London,  England,  12  Dec,  1849. 
He  became  a  sailor  in  1786,  made  voyages  to  the 
West  Indies,  and  in  1793  escaped  from  Prance  for 
political  reasons  and  settled  in  New  York.  He 
surveyed  lands  belonging  to  a  French  company, 
and  in  1794  began  the  surveys  for  the  Champlain 
canal.  He  was  much  employed  as  an  engineer  and 
architect  in  New  York,  where  he  built  the  Park 
theatre  and  took  charge  of  the  construction  of  for- 
tifications in  the  harbor.  He  also  conducted  a 
cannon-foundry.  His  design  for  the  national  Capi- 
tol at  Washington  was  rejected  because  it  involved 
too  great  expense.  After  remaining  many  years  in 
the  United  States  he  settled  in  England,  where  he 
invented  machinery  for  cutting  blocks  used  in  the 
rigging  of  ships  besides  other  useful  devices,  con- 
structed the  Thames  tunnel  and  other  works  of 
engineering,  and  designed  several  important  public 
buildings. 

BRUNOT,  Felix  R.,  philanthropist,  b.  in  New- 
port, Ky.,  7  Feb.,  1820  ;  d.  in  Allegheny,  Pa.,  9  May, 
1898.  He  was  educated  at  Jefferson  college,  fol- 
lowed the  profession  of  civil  engineer,  bpcanie  a 
miller  at  Rock  Island,  III,  and  in  1847  returned  to 
Pittsburg,  where  his  early  years  had  been  spent, 
and  purchased  an  interest  in  a  steel  furnace.  He 
devoted  his  mind  largely  to  benevolent  schemes, 
and  when  the  civil  war  began  he  went  to  the  seat 
of  war  in  charge  of  a  corps  of  volunteer  physicians, 
with  medicines  and  comforts  for  the  sick  and 
wounded.  In  1865  President  Grant  appointed  him 
one  of  the  commissioners  to  investigate  Indian 
grievances.  He  was  chosen  president  of  the  board, 
and  spent  five  summers  in  visiting  the  tribes. 


420 


BRUSH 


BRUTE 


BRUSH,  Charles  Francis,  inventor,  b.  in  Eu- 
clid, Ohio,  17  March,  1849.  His  early  life  was 
spent  on  his  father's  farm,  after  which  he  entered 
the  public  schools  in  Cleveland  and  was  graduated 
at  the  high  school.  During  the  years  so  occupied 
he  was  interested  in  physics,  chemistry,  and  engi- 
neering, in  which  subjects  he  became  very  profi- 
cient. Much  of  his  leisure  was  spent  in  experi- 
menting and  in  manufacturing  scientific  instru- 
ments. As  early  as  1864  he  constructed  microscopes 
and  telescopes  for  himself  and  his  companions,  and 
during  the  same  year  he  devised  a  plan  tor  turning 
on  gas  in  street-lamps,  lighting  it,  and  then  turn- 
ing it  off  again.  Soon  after  leaving  the  high 
school  he  entered  the  University  of  Michigan,  whei'e 
he  was  graduated  in  1869  with  the  degree  of  M.  B. 
Returning  to  Cleveland,  he  fitted  up  a  laboratory, 
became  an  analytical  chemist,  and  within  three 
years  obtained  a  high  reputation  for  the  accuracy 
of  his  work.  Then  for  four  years  he  was  engaged 
in  the  iron  business.  In  1875  Mr.  Brush's  atten- 
tion was  directed  to  electric  lighting.  The  prob- 
lem of  producing  a  dynamo  machine  that  could 
generate  the  proper  amount  and  kind  of  electrical 
current  for  operating  several  lamps  in  a  single  cur- 
rent was  submitted  to  him,  and  in  less  than  two 
months  a  machine  was  built  so  perfect  and  com- 
plete that  for  ten  years  it  has  continued  in  regular 
use  without  change.  A  lamp  that  could  success- 
fully work  upon  a  circuit  with  a  large  number  of 
other  lamps,  so  that  all  would  burn  uniformly,  was 
then  necessary,  and  this  he  produced  in  a  few 
weeks.  These  two  inventions  were  successfully  in- 
troduced in  the  United  States  during  1876.  Since 
then  he  has  obtamed  more  than  fifty  patents,  two 
thirds  of  which  are  sources  of  revenue.  They  re- 
late principally  to  details  of  his  two  leading  inven- 
tions— the  dynamo  and  the  lamp — and  to  methods 
for  their  production.  All  of  his  patents,  present 
and  future,  are  the  property  of  the  Brush  electric 
company  of  Cleveland,  and  his  foreign  patents  are 
owned  by  the  Anglo-American  Brush  electric  light 
corporation  of  London.  Mr.  Brush  has  been  fortu- 
nate both  in  honors  and  in  pecuniary  reward.  In 
1880  he  received  the  degree  of  Ph.  D.  from  Western 
Reserve,  and  in  1881  the  French  government  dec- 
orated him  chevalier  of  the  legion  of  honor. 

BRUSH,  George  Jaryis,  mineralogist,  b.  in 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  15  Dec,  1831.  He  removed  with 
his  father  to  Danbury,  Conn.,  in  1835,  and  returned 
to  Brooklyn  in  1841.  He  was  educated  in  the 
schools  of  these  places  and  at  West  Cornwall, 
Conn.,  where  he  acquired  a  fondness  for  science. 
From  1846  till  1848  he  was  in  business  in  New 
York ;  but  in  the  latter  year  a  severe  illness  deter- 
mined him  to  become  a  farmer,  and  he  went  to 
New  Haven  to  attend  a  six-months'  course  of  lec- 
tures on  agriculture.  Instead  of  leaving  at  the  end 
of  that  time,  he  remained  two  years  studying  chem- 
istry and  mineralogy.  In  October,  1850,  he  went 
to  Louisville,  Ky.,  as  assistant  to  Benjamin  Silli- 
man,  Jr.,  who  had  been  chosen  professor  in  the  uni- 
versity there,  and  in  1851  accompanied  the  elder 
Silliman  on  a  tour  in  Europe.  In  1852  he  was  one 
of  six  who  received,  after  examination,  the  newly 
created  degree  of  Ph.  B.  from  Yale,  and  in  1853-'3 
was  assistant  in  chemistry  at  the  University  of 
Virginia,  where  he  made,  with  Prof.  J.  L.  Smith,  a 
series  of  valuable  examinations  of  American  min- 
erals, the  results  of  which  were  published  in  volumes 
XV.  and  xvi.  of  the  "American  Journal  of  Sci- 
ence." From  1853  till  1855  he  studied  at  Munich 
and  Freiburg,  and  in  the  latter  year  was  elected 
professor  of  metallurgy  in  Yale  Scientific  School. 
This  chair  he  exchanged  in  1864  for  that  of  miner- 


alogy. After  a  course  of  study  in  the  Royal  School 
of  Mines,  London,  and  a  visit  to  the  principal 
mines  and  smelting- works  of  Europe,  he  returned 
to  this  country,  and  in  January,  1857,  entered  upon 
his  new  duties.  From  that  time  till  the  present 
Prof.  Brush  has  been  identified  with  the  Sheffield 
Scientific  School,  where  his  energy,  judgment,  and 
executive  capacity  soon  gave  him  the  leading  direc- 
tion in  its  affairs.  He  was  for  some  time  its  secre- 
tary, has  always  been  its  treasurer,  and,  since  the 
formal  organization  of  its  faculty  in  1872,  has  been 
director  of  the  governing-board.  Prof.  Brush  has 
aided  Prof.  James  D.  Dana  in  the  picparaiion  of 
the  recent  editions  of  his  "  Descriptive  ^Icni'i  alogy," 
has  published  a  "  Manual  of  Determinative  Miner- 
alogy "  (1875),  and  has  been  a  constant  conti-ibutor 
to  the  '*  American  Journal  of  Science."  He  is  a 
member  of  numerous  scientific  societies  in  this 
country  and  abroad.  In  1868  he  received  his  elec- 
tion to  the  National  Academy  of  Sciences,  and  in 
1880  was  chosen  president  of  the  American  Asso- 
ciation for  the  Advancement  of  Science.  For  a 
list  of  his  numerous  scientific  papers,  see  a  sketch 
of  him  by  Prof.  Lounsbury,  in  the  "  Popular  Sci- 
ence Monthlv,"  November.  1881. 

BRUTE,  "Simon  Gabriel,  R.  C.  bishop,  b.  in 
Rennes,  France,  in  1779;  d.  in  Vincennes,  Ind.,  in 
1839.  His  father,  who  was  superintendent  of  the 
royal  domains  in  Brittany,  died,  leaving  his  affairs 
in  such  embarrassment  that  his  widow  was  obliged 
to  sacrifice  her  private  fortune  to  pay  her  debts. 
Being  a  woman  of  cultivated  intellect,  she  conduct- 
ed the  education  of  her  son,  assisted  by  the  cele- 
brated Abbe  Carron.  He  afterward  studied  in  one 
of  the  colleges  of  his  native  city,  where  he  prepared 
himself  to  enter  the  polytechnic  school ;  but  the 
breaking  out  of  the  French  revolution  changed  all 
his  plans.  During  the  reign  of  terror  many  priests 
were  secreted  in  his  mother's  house,  and  he  visited 
and  relieved  otliers  in  their  retreats.  His  mother 
having  been  forced  to  open  a  printing-office  on  ac- 
count of  family  reverses,  he  worked  at  type-set- 
ting, and  became  a  skilful  compositor.  In  1796  he 
entered  the  medical  college  of  Rennes,  and  in  1799 
went  to  Paris  to  complete  his  professional  studies. 
He  was  graduated  in  1803,  winning  the  first  prize 
among  the  120  students  selected  to  compete  for  it 
out  of  the  1,100  that  attended  the  college.  He  was 
immediately  appointed  physician  to  the  First  Dis- 
pensary of  Paris ;  but  he  had  already  determined 
upon  a  different  career,  and  in  November  entered 
the  seminary  of  St.  Sulpice,  at  Paris,  where  he  de- 
voted himself  ardently  to  the  study  of  theology  and 
canon  law.  He  was  ordained  in  1808,  and  was  of- 
fered several  places,  among  them  that  of  chaplain 
to  the  Emperor  Napoleon ;  but,  preferring  to  be 
the  guide  of  young  candidates  for  the  ministry,  he 
refused  them  all,  and  was  appointed  professor  of 
theology  in  the  Sulpitian  seminary  of  his  native 
city.  In  1810  he  met  Bishop  Flaget,  of  Kentucky. 
During  his  ecclesiastical  course  in  the  seminary  he 
had  often  thought  of  devoting  himself  to  the  for- 
eign missions,  and  his  intercourse  with  the  Ameri- 
can prelate  now  revived  his  early  intentions,  and, 
with  the  consent  of  Jiis  superiors,  he  embarked  at 
Bordeaux,  and  landed  at  Baltimore  in  1810.  Im- 
mediately on  his  arrival  he  was  made  professor  of 
philosophy  in  the  college  of  St.  Mary's,  and  during 
his  two  years'  I'esidence  he  did  much  to  elevate  the 
reputation  of  that  institution.  In  1812  he  was 
summoned  by  Father  Dubois  to  assist  him  in  his  mis- 
sionary work  at  Emmittsburg,  where  he  became 
spiritual  attendant  to  the  sisters  of  charity,  and 
was  principally  instrumental  in  building  up  the  in- 
stitution they  had  established.     He  went  to  France 


BRUYAS 


BRYANT 


421 


m  1815  with  the  object  of  interesting  the  French 
church  in  the  American  mission,  and  also  of  bring- 
ing over  his  valuable  library  of  more  than  5,000 
volumes,  which  he  presented  to  St.  Mary's  college. 
After  spending  two  years  as  president  of  St.  Mary's, 
he  returned  to  Emmittsburg,  where,  in  addition  to 
his  pastoral  duties,  he  lectured  on  sacred  Scripture, 
and  was  professor  of  theology  and  moral  philoso- 
pliy  in  the  ecclesiastical  seminary,  and  taught  natu- 
ral philosophy  and  various  other  branches  in  the 
college.  Here  he  was  consulted  by  the  clergy  and 
bishops  of  America  on  the  most  abstruse  subjects, 
and  it  is  doubtful  if  any  priest  has  since  exercised 
the  same  influence  over  the  entire  Catholic  church 
of  the  United  States.  The  see  of  Vincennes,  com- 
prising Indiana  and  the  greater  part  of  Illinois, 
was  created  in  1833,  and  Father  Brute  was  nomi- 
nated its  first  bishop.  Being  struck  on  his  first 
visit  to  his  diocese  by  its  impoverished  condition 
and  dearth  of  priests,  he  went  to  France,  hoping  to 
secure  both  money  and  inissionaries,  and  was  suc- 
cessful, but  returned  in  failing  health.  He  em- 
ployed the  money  he  had  collected  in  Europe  in 
establishing  a  diocesan  seminary  at  Vincennes,  as 
well  as  an  orphan  asylum  and  free  school.  The 
surplus  he  devoted  to  the  erection  of  his  cathedral, 
and  of  small  churches  in  other  parts  of  his  diocese. 
He  afterward  crossed  the  ocean  eight  times  to  ob- 
tain resources  for  carrying  on  his  mission.  When 
he  entered  his  diocese  he  had  but  two  priests ; 
when  he  died  he  left  twenty-four.  He  built  twenty- 
three  churches,  one  theological  seminary,  one  col- 
lege for  young  men,  one  female  academy,  and  two 
free  schools.  He  also  established  two  religious 
communities,  and  he  did  all  this  without  incurring 
debt  or  leaving  a  mortgage. 

BRUYAS,  Jaques,  missionary,  b.  in  the  17th 
century.  He  went  from  Lyons  to  New  France  in 
1666,  and  reached  Quebec  Aug.  3  of  that  year. 
He  became  chief  of  the  Iroquois  missions  in  1671, 
and  superior  of  his  order  in  1693.  In  1700  he  was 
instrumental  in  securing  a  treaty  of  peace  with  the 
Five  Nations,  which  lasted  more  than  half  a  cen- 
tury. This  treaty  was  formally  ratified  the  follow- 
ing year,  and  Bruyas  attended  the  ceremonies. 
He  wrote  several  books  in  the  Mohawk  language, 
including  a  dictionary  and  a  catechism. 

BRYAN,  Greorg'e,  jurist,  b  in  Dublin,  Ireland, 
in  1731 ;  d.  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  27  Jan.,  1791.  He 
came  to  this  country  in  early  life,  and  was  engaged 
some  years  in  commercial  pursuits  in  Philadelphia. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  state  assembly,  and  in 
1765  was  a  delegate  to  the  stamp-act  congress,  in 
which,  and  in  the  subsequent  struggle,  he  took  an 
active  part.  He  was  vice-president  of  the  supreme 
executive  council  of  Pennsylvania  from  the  period 
of  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  and  in  May, 
1778,  was  advanced  to  the  presidency.  In  Novem- 
ber of  that  year  he  sent  a  message  to  the  assembly, 
pressing  upon  their  attention  a  bill  proposed  by 
the  council  in  1777  for  the  gradual  abolition  of 
slavery  in  the  state.  "  In  divesting  the  state  of 
slaves,"  said  he,  "  you  will  equally  serve  the  cause 
of  humanity  and  policy,  and  offer  to  God  one  of 
the  most  proper  and  best  returns  of  gratitude  for 
his  great  deliverance  of  us  and  our  posterity  from 
thraldom."  In  1779  Bryan  was  elected  to  the  legis- 
lature. On  his  motion  the  subject  was  referred 
to  a  committee,  of  which  he  himself  was  a  member, 
and  he  prepared  the  draft  of  a  law  for  gradual 
emancipation.  He  was  appointed  a  judge  of  the 
state  supreme  court  in  1780.  and  remained  in  that 
oifice  until  his  death.  In  1784  he  was  elected  one 
of  the  council  of  censors.  He  strenuously  opposed 
the  adoption  of  the  federal  constitution. 


BRYAN,  Mai-y  Edwards,  author,  b.  in  Jeffer- 
son CO.,  Fla.,  in  1846.  Her  father  was  Maj.  John 
D.  Edwards,  an  early  settler  in  Florida,  and  a 
member  of  the  legislature.  She  was  married  at 
sixteen  years  of  age,  and,  while  still  at  school,  to 
Mr.  Bryan,  a  wealthy  Louisianian.  Mrs.  Bryan 
began  to  write  for  publication  at  an  early  age, 
and,  after  acting  for  a  year  as  literary  editor 
of  the  "Literary  and  Temperance  Crusader,"  a 
weekly  journal  published  in  Atlanta,  Ga.,  became 
a  regular  contributor  to  the  '■  Southern  Field  and 
Fireside."  After  the  war  she  became  editor  of  the 
"Semi- Weekly, Times,"  published  in  Natchitoches, 
La.,  writing  political  leading  articles  as  well  as 
stories,  sketches,  and  poems.  She  left  this  place 
to  assume  control  of  the  "  Sunny  South,"  an  eight- 
page  illustrated  paper  published  in  Atlanta,  Ga., 
which  she  edited  for  ten  years.  In  1885  she  be- 
came assistant  editor  of  the  "  Fashion  Bazar"  and 
"  Fireside  Companion "  in  New  York.  She  has 
published  several  novels :  "  Manch  "  (New  York, 
1879) ;  "  Wild  Work,"  a  story  of  the  reconstruc- 
tion period  in  Louisiana  (1881) ;  and  "  The  Bayou 
Bride  "  and  "  Kildee  "  (1886). 

BRYAN,  Thomas  Jefferson,  art  collector,  b. 
in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  about  1800 ;  d.  at  sea,  between 
Havre  and  New  York,  15  May,  1870.  He  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1823.  and  studied  law,  but 
gave  much  of  his  time  to  foreign  travel,  and  to 
forming  a  valuable  collection  of  paintings,  which 
he  bequeathed  to  the  New  York  historical  society. 
His  favorite  work  was  a  beautiful  face  and  figure 
by  Greuze,  which  was  always  hung  so  that  it  should 
be  the  first  object  that  met  his  gaze  on  awakening 
in  tlie  morning.  The  handsome  old  man  called  it 
his  wife,  having  no  other. 

BRYANT,  Edwin,  pioneer,  b.  in  Massachusetts 
in  1805 ;  d.  in  Louisville,  Ky.,  in  1869.  Before 
1846  he  was  for  some  time  a  journalist  in  Ken- 
tucky. In  the  summer  of  that  year,  chiefly  with  a 
view  to  travelling,  he  acted  as  leader  of  a  party  of 
emigrants  from  Missouri  to  California.  While  va- 
rious parties  had  gone  overland  to  California  since 
1841,  the  large  numbers  and  the  critical  circum- 
stances of  this  emigration  gave  it  much  historical 
importance.  The  conquest  of  California  by  Fre- 
mont, Sloat,  and  Stockton  passed  through  its  early 
stages  while  the  emigrants  of  1846  were  on  the 
way.  They  arrived,  therefore,  to  find  the  supposed 
Mexican  territory,  which  they  had  gone  to  seek, 
already  a  province  of  their  own  country.  But  they 
were  just  in  time  to  give  much  -  needed  aid  in 
suppressing  the  disturbances  of  the  winter  of 
1846-'7 ;  and,  by  virtue  of  their  numbers  and  en- 
ergy, they  took  thenceforth  an  important  part  in 
all  the  pioneer  life  of  California.  The  emigration 
of  1846  deserved,  therefore,  a  chronicler,  and  Bry- 
ant did  this  service,  describing  the  overland  jour- 
ney, the  explorations  undertaken  by  the  way,  the 
conditions  just  succeeding  the  conquest,  as  ob- 
served on  his  arrival,  the  life  of  the  California  bat- 
talion under  Fremont  during  the  suppression  of 
the  revolt  of  the  winter  of  1846-'7,  and  his  own 
experiences  as  alcalde  in  the  San  Francisco  district. 
He  added  a  general  summary  of  such  portions  of 
the  conquest  history  as  he  had  not  personally  wit- 
nessed, and  gave  a  good  geographical  sketch  of  the 
country.  His  book  was  published  under  the  title 
"What  I  Saw  in  California"  (New  York,  1848). 
Bryant,  after  serving  as  alcalde,  returned  east  with 
Gen.  Kearny,  was  witness  at  the  Fremont  court- 
martial,  and,  after  1849,  attracted  by  the  gold  ex- 
citement, once  more  lived  for  a  time  in  California, 
being  prominent  as  a  politician.  His  later  life  was 
passed  in  Kentucky, 


422 


BRYANT 


BKYANT 


BRYANT,  Gridley,  engineer,  b.  in  Scituate, 
Mass.,  in  1789;  d.  there,  13  June,  1867.  He  was 
left  fatherless  at  an  early  age,  was  apprenticed  to 
a  builder  in  Boston  when  fifteen  years  old,  and 
when  twenty-one  began  business  on  his  own  ac- 
count. In  1828  lie  invented  the  portable  derrick. 
He  obtained  the  contract  for  building  the  U.  S. 
bank  in  Boston,  and  other  public  buildings,  and 
was  master  builder  and  contractor  to  supply  stone 
for  Bunker  Hill  monument.  In  order  to  bring  the 
stone  from  his  quarry  at  Quincy,  he  conceived  the 
plan  of  building  a  railroad,  suggested  by  the  Liv- 
erpool and  Manchester  railroad,  then  in  contempla- 
tion in  England,  but  not  yet  built.  Thomas  H. 
Perkins  and  other  members  of  the  Bunker  Hill 
monument  association  consented  to  the  project, 
though  doubtful  of  its  success ;  the  legislature 
hesitated  to  charter  the  corporation,  and  finally 
granted  a  charter  that  was  encumbered  with 
vexatious  restrictions.  Mr.  Perkins  alone  of  the 
original  subscribers  was  willing  to  risk  capital  in 
the  venture,  and  took  the  whole  stock  when  the 
others  neglected  to  pay  their  assessments.  The 
railroad,  four  miles  long,  including  branches,  was 
begun  on  1  April,  1826,  and  on  7  Oct.  of  the  same 
year  the  first  train  of  cars  passed  over  the  entire 
line.  Bryant  devised  a  swing  platform,  balanced 
by  weights,  to  receive  the  loaded  cars  as  they  came 
from  the  quarry.  The  platform  was  connected 
with  an  inclined  plane,  on  which  the  cars  were 
lowered,  by  means  of  an  endless  chain,  to  the  rail- 
road, eighty-four  feet  below.  He  also  constructed  a 
turn-table  at  the  foot  of  the  quarry.  All  the  cars, 
tracks,  and  machinery  were  invented  by  him.  His 
cars  had  four-wheeled  trucks,  which  were  used 
singly,  or  were  joined  in  pairs,  by  means  of  a  plat- 
form and  king-bolts,  to  form  eight-wheeled  ears. 
The  turn-table,  switches,  and  turnouts  invented 
by  Bryant  were  not  patented,  but  were  abandoned 
to  the  public,  and  were  afterward  in  general  use 
on  railroads.  In  1834  Ross  Winans  patented  an 
eight-wheeled  car  with  appliances  and  improve- 
ments adapted  for  general  railroad  use ;  but,  in- 
stead of  taking  out  a  patent  for  his  improvements 
and  combmations,  he  claimed  the  invention  of  the 
principle  of  eight-wheeled  carriages.  Other  rail- 
roads besides  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio,  which  con- 
trolled the  Winans  patent,  used  eight-wheeled  cars 
similar  to  those  of  Winans,  on  the  strength  of  Bry- 
ant's prior  invention,  which  was  not  patented ;  and 
after  five  years  of  litigation  the  courts  decided 
against  the  validity  of  the  Winans  patent.  Mr. 
Bryant's  testimony  was  frequently  required  in  the 
Ross  Winans  suit.  He  had  become  reduced  in 
circumstances,  and  was  encouraged  to  incur  much 
trouble  and  outlay  by  repeated  promises  of  ample 
compensation  from  the  interested  railroad  corpora- 
tions ;  and  their  failure  to  keep  these  promises, 
after  winning  the  suit,  greatly  depressed  his  spirits 
and  hastened  his  death  from  paralysis. 

BRYANT,  Joel,  physician,  b.  in  Suffolk  co., 
N.  Y.,  10  Nov.,  1813 ;  d.  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  20 
Nov.,  1868.  He  was  graduated  at  Pennsylvania 
medical  college,  and  entered  upon  his  profession  in 
his  native  village,  but  removed  to  Brooklyn  in 
1850,  and  became  quite  prominent  as  a  practi- 
tioner. For  some  years  previous  to  his  death  he 
was  a  great  sufferer,  and  was  unable  to  attend  to 
his  duties  as  a  physician.  He  was  the  author  of 
several  treatises  on  homoeopathy,  the  best  of  which 
was  "  The  Pocket  Manual,  or  Repertory  of  Homoeo- 
pathic Practice  "  (New  York,  1851). 

BRYANT,  Solomon,  Indian  clergyman,  b.  in 
Massachusetts  in  16J)5  ;  d.  8  May,  1775."  After  the 
resignation  of  Rev.  Joseph  Bourne  as  pastor  of  the 


Indian  church  at  Marshpee,  Mass.,  Bryant  was  or- 
dained in  his  stead  in  1742  and  preached  to  the  In- 
dians in  their  own  language.  He  was  a  good  min- 
ister, but  imprudent  in  admitting  members  to  the 
church,  and  was  deficient  in  economy.  He  was 
dismissed  from  his  place  in  1758,  on  account  of 
dissatisfaction  among  his  flock,  and  was  succeeded 
by  Rev.  Mr.  Hawley,  but  continued  to  preach  occa- 
sionally at  Marshpee  for  several  years. 

BRYANT,  William  Cullen,  poet  and  editor, 
b.  in  Cummington,  Mass.,  3  Nov.,  1794 ;  d.  in  New 
York,  12  June,  1878.  His  ancestry  might  have 
been  inferred  from  the  character  of  his  writings, 
which  reflect  whatever  is  best  and  noblest  in  the 
life  and  thought  of  New  England.  The  first  Bry- 
ant of  whom  there  is  any  account  in  the  annals  of 
the  New  World,  Stephen,  came  over  from  Eng- 
land, and  was  at  Plymouth,  Mass.,  as  early  as  1632, 
of  which  town  he  was  chosen  constable  in  1663. 
He  married  Abigail  Shaw,  who  had  emigrated  with 
her  father,  and  who  bore  him.  several  children  be- 
tween 1650  and  1665.  Stephen  Bryant  had  a  son 
Ichabod,  who  was  the  father  of  Philip  Bryant,  born 
in  1732.  Philip  married  Silence  Howard!  daughter 
of  Dr.  Abiel  Howard,  of  West  Bridgewater,  whose 
profession  he  adopted,  practising  in  North  Bridge- 
water.  He  was  the  father  of  nine  children,  one  of 
whom,  Peter,  born  in  1767,  succeeded  him  in  his  pro- 
fession. Young  Dr.  Bryant  married  in  1792  Miss 
Sarah  Snell,  daughter  of  Ebenezer  Snell,  of  Bridge- 
water,  who  removed  his  family  to  Cummington, 
where  the  subject  of  this  sketch  was  born.  Dr. 
Bryant  was  proud  of  his  profession ;  and  in 
the  hope,  no  doubt,  that  his  son  would  become  a 
shining  light  therein,  he  perpetuated  at  his  chris- 
tening the  name  of  a  great  medical  authority,  who 
had  died  four  years  before,  William  Cullen.  The 
lad  was  exceedingly  frail,  and  had  a  liead  the  im- 
mensity of  which  troubled  his  anxious  father. 
How  to  reduce  it  to  the  normal  size  was  a  puzzle 
that  Dr.  Bryant  solved  in  a  spring  of  clear,  cold 
water,  into  which  the  child  was  immersed  every 
morning,  head  and  all,  by  two  of  Dr.  Bryant's  stu- 
dents. William  Cullen  Bryant's  mother  was  a 
descendant  of  John  Alden  ;  and  the  characteristics 
of  his  family  included  some  of  the  sterner  qualities 
of  the  Puritans.  His  grandfather  Snell  was  a 
magistrate,  and  without  doubt  a  severe  one,  for 
the  period  was  not  one  that  favored  leniency  to 
criminals.  The  whipping-post  was  still  extant  in 
Massachusetts,  and  the  poet  remembered  that  one 
stood  about  a  mile  from  his  early  home  at  Cum- 
mington, and  that  he  once  saw  a  young  fellow  of 
eighteen  who  had  received  forty  lashes  as  a  pun- 
ishment for  theft.  It  was,  he  thought,  the  last  ex- 
ample of  corporal  punishment  inflicted  by  law  in 
that  neighborhood,  though  the  whipping-ijost  re- 
mained in  its  place  for  several  years. 

Magistrate  Snell  was  a  disciplinarian  of  the 
stricter  sort ;  and  as  he  and  his  wife  resided  with 
Dr.  Bryant  and  his  family,  the  latter  stood  in  awe 
of  him,  so  much  so  that  William  Cullen  was  pre- 
vented from  feeling  anything  like  affection  for 
him.  It  was  ah  age  of  repression,  not  to  say  op- 
pression, for  children,  who  had  few  rights  that 
their  elders  were  boimd  to  respect.  To  the  terrors 
of  the  secular  arm  were  added  the  deeper  terrors  of 
the  spiritual  law,  for  the  people  of  that  primitive 
period  were  nothing  if  not  religious.  The  minister 
was  the  great  man,  and  his  bodily  presence  was  a 
restraint  upon  the  unruly,  and  the  ruly  too,  for 
that  matter.  The  lines  of  our  ancestors  did  not 
fall  in  pleasant  places  as  far  as  recreations  were  con- 
cerned ;  for  they  were  few  and  far  between,  con- 
sisting,  for    the   most    part,   of    militia  musters, 


<^^rtttCoyyw  CJluny  uS^a^<A=;:-^ 


BRYANT 


BRYANT 


423 


"  raisings,"  corn-huslvings,  and  singing-schools,  di- 
versified with  the  making  of  maple  sngar  and 
cider.  Education  was  confined  to  the  tliree  R's, 
though  the  cliildren  of  wealthy  parents  were  sent  to 
colleges  as  they  now  are.  It  was  not  a  genial  social 
condition,  it  must  be  confessed,  to  which  William 
CuUen  Bryant  was  born,  though  it  might  have 
been  worse  but  for  his  good  father,  who  was  in 
many  respects  superior  to  his  rustic  neighbors.  He 
was  broad-shouldered  and  muscular,  proud  of  his 
strength,  but  his  manners  were  gentle  and  reserved, 
his  disposition  serene,  and  he  was  fond  of  society. 
He  was  elected  to  the  Massachusetts  house  of  rep- 
resentatives several  times,  afterward  to  the  state 
senate,  and  associated  with  the  cultivated  circles 
of  Boston  both  as  legislator  and  physician. 

We  have  the  authority  of  the  poet  himself  that 
his  father  taught  his  youth  the  art  of  verse.  His 
first  efliorts  were  several  clever  "  Enigmas,"  in  imi- 
tation of  the  Latin  writers,  a  translation  from 
Horace,  and  a  copy  of  verses  written  in  his  twelfth 
year,  to  be  recited  at  the  close  of  tiie  winter  school, 
"in  the  presence  of  the  master,  the  minister  of  the 
parish,  and  a  number  of  private  gentlemen."  They 
were  printed  on  18  March,  1807,  in  the  "  Hamp- 
shire Gazette,"  from  which  these  particulars  are 
derived,  and  which  was  favored  witJi  other  contri- 
butions from  the  pen  of  "  C.  B."  The  juvenile 
poems  of  William  CuUen  Bryant  are  as  clever  as 
those  of  Chatterton,  Pope,  and  Cowley ;  but  they 
are  in  no  sense  original,  and  it  would  have  been 
strange  if  they  had  been.  There  was  no  original 
writing  in  America  at  the  time  they  were  written  ; 
and  if  there  had  been,  it  would  hardly  have  com- 
mended itself  to  the  old-fashioned  taste  of  Dr. 
Bryant,  to  whom  Pope  was  still  a  power  in  poetry. 
It  was  natural,  therefore,  that  he  should  offer  his 
boy  to  the  strait-laced  muses  of  Queen  Anne's 
time ;  that  the  precocious  boy  should  lisp  in  heroic 
couplets ;  and  that  he  should  endeavor  to  be 
satirical.  Politics  were  running  high  in  the  first 
decade  of  the  present  century,  and  the  favorite 
bugbear  in  New  England  was  President  Jefferson, 
who.  in  1807,  had  laid  an  embargo  on  American 
shipping,  in  consequence  of  the  decrees  of  Napo- 
leon, and  the  British  orders  in  council  in  relation 
thereto.  This  act  was  denounced,  and  by  no  one 
more  warmly  than  by  Master  Bryant,  who  made  it 
the  subject  of  a  satire :  "  The  Embargo  ;  or.  Sketches 
•of  the  Times "  (Boston,  1808).  The  first  edition 
was  sold,  and  it  is  said  to  have  been  well  received  ; 
but  doubts  were  expressed  as  to  whether  the  author 
was  really  a  youth  of  thirteen.  His  friends  came 
to  his  rescue  in  an  "  Advertisement,"  prefixed  to  a 
second  edition  (1809),  certifying  to  his  age  from 
their  personal  knowledge.  They  also  certified  to 
his  extraordinary  talents,  though  they  preferred  to 
have  him  judged  by  his  works,  without  favor  or 
affection,  and  concluded  by  saying  that  the  printer 
was  authorized  to  disclose  their  addresses. 

The  early  poetical  exercises  of  William  Cidlen 
Bryant,  like  those  of  all  young  poets,  were  colored 
oy  the  books  he  read.  Among  these  were  the  works 
of  Pope,  and,  no  doubt,  the  works  of  Cowper  and 
Thomson.  The  latter,  if  they  were  in  the  library 
of  Dr.  Bryant,  do  not  appear  to  have  impressed  his 
son  at  this  time ;  nor,  indeed,  does  any  English 
poet  except  Pope,  so  far  as  we  can  judge  from  his 
contributions  to  the  "  Hampshire  Gazette."  They 
were  bookish  and  patriotic :  one,  written  at  Cum- 
mington,  8  Jan.,  1810.  being  "  The  Genius  of  Co- 
lumbia "  ;  and  another,  "  An  Ode  for  the  Fourth 
of  July,  1812,"  to  the  tune  of  "  Ye  Gentlemen  of 
England."  These  productions  are  undeniably  clev- 
er, but  they  are  not  characteristic  of  their  writer, 


nor  of  the  nature  that  surrounded  his  birthplace, 
with  which  he  was  familiar,  and  of  which  he  was  a 
close  observer. 

He  entered  Williams  college  in  his  sixteenth 
year,  and  remained  there  one  winter,  distinguish- 
ing himself  for  aptness  and  industry  in  classical 
learning  and  polite  literature.  At  the  end  of  two 
years  he  withdrew,  and  began  the  study  of  law, 
first  with  Judge  Howe,  of  Worthington,  and  after- 
ward with  William  Baylies,  of  Bridgewater.  So 
far  he  had  written  nothing  but  clever  amateur 
verse ;  but  now,  in  his  eighteenth  year,  he  wrote 
an  imperishable  poem.  The  circumstances  under 
which  it  was  composed  have  been  variously  related, 
but  they  agree  in  the  main  particulars,  and  are 
thus  given  in  "The  Bryant  Homestead  Book": 
"  It  was  here  at  Cummington,  while  wandejing  in 
the  primeval  forests,  over  the  floor  of  which  were 
scattered  the  gigantic  trunks  of  fallen  trees,  mould- 
ering for  long  years,  and  suggesting  an  indefinitely 
remote  antiquity,  and  where  silent  rivulets  crept 
along  through  the  carpet  of  dead  leaves,  the  spoil 
of  thousands  of  summers,  that  the  poem  entitled 
'  Thanatopsis '  was  composed.  The  young  poet 
had  read  the  poems  of  Kirke  White,  which,  edited 
by  Southey,  were  published  about  that  time,  and  a 
small  volume  of  Southey's  miscellaneous  poems; 
and  some  lines  of  those  authors  had  kindled  his 
imagination,  which,  going  forth  over  the  face  of 
the  inhabitants  of  the  globe,  sought  to  bring  under 
one  broad  and  comprehensive  view  the  destinies  of 
the  human  race  in  the  present  life,  and  the  perpet- 
ual rising  and  passing  away  of  generation  after 
generation  who  are  nourished  by  the  fruits  of  its 
soil,  and  find  a  resting-place  in  its  bosom."  We 
should  like  to  know  what  lines  in  Southey  and 
Kirke  White  suggested  "  Thanatopsis,"  that  they 
might  be  printed  in  letters  of  gold  hereafter. 

When  the  young  poet  quitted  Cummington  to  be- 
gin his  law  studies,  he  left  the  manuscript  of  this 
incomparable  poem  among  his  papers  in  the  house 
of  his  father,  who  found  it  after  his  departure, 
"  Here  are  some  lines  that  our  CuUen  has  been 
writing,"  he  said  to  a  lady  to  whom  he  showed 
them.  She  read  them,  and,  raising  her  eyes  to  the 
face  of  Dr.  Bryant,  bui'st  into  tears — a  tribute  to 
the  genius  of  his  son  in  which  he  was  not  ashamed 
to  join.  Blackstone  bade  his  Muse  a  long  adieu 
before  he  turned  to  wrangling  courts  and  stubborn 
law ;  and  our  young  lawyer  intended  to  do  the 
same  (for  poetry  was  starvation  in  America  four- 
score years  ago),  but  habit  and  nature  were  too 
strong  for  him.  There  is  no  difficulty  in  tracing 
the  succession  of  his  poems,  and  in  a  few  instances 
the  places  where  they  were  written,  or  with  which, 
they  concerned  themselves.  "  Thanatopsis,"  for 
example,  was  followed  by  "  The  Yellow  Violet," 
which  was  followed  by  the  "  Inscription  for  the 
Entrance  to  a  Wood,"  and  the  song  beginning 
"  Soon  as  the  glazed  and  gleaming  snow."  The 
exquisite  lines  "  To  a  Waterfowl  "  were  written  at 
Bridgewater,  in  his  twentieth  year,  where  he  was 
still  pursuing  the  study  of  law,  which  appears  to 
have  been  distasteful  to  him.  The  concluding 
stanza  sank  deeply  into  a  heart  that  needed  its 
pious  lesson : 

"  He  who,  from  zone  to  zone. 
Guides  through  the  boundless  sky  thy  certain  flight, 
In  the  long  way  that  I  must  tread  alone. 
Will  lead  my  steps  aright." 

The  lawyer-poet  had  a  long  way  before  him,  but 
he  did  not  tread  it  alone  ;  for,  after  being  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  Plymouth,  and  practising  for  a  time 
in  Plainfield,  near  Cummington,  he  removed  to 
Great  Barrington,  in  Berkshire,  where  he  saw  the 


424 


BRYANT 


BRYANT 


dwelling  of  the  Genevieve  of  his  chilly  little  "  Song." 
his  Genevieve  being  Miss  Frances  Fairchild  of  that 
beautiful  town,  whom  he  married  in  his  twenty- 
seventh  year,  and  who  was  the  light  of  his  house- 
hold for 'nearly  half  a  century.  It  was  to  her,  the 
reader  may  like  to  know,  that  he  addressed  the 
ideal  poem  beginning  "  0  fairest  of  the  rural  maids  " 
{circa  1825),  "  The  Future  Life"  (1837),  and  "  The 
Life  that  Is  "  (1858) ;  and  her  memory  and  her  loss 
are  tenderly  embalmed  in  one  of  the  most  touching 
of  his  later  poems,  "  October,  1866." 

•'  Thanatopsis  "  was  sent  to  the  "  North  Ameri- 
can Review  "  (whether  by  its  author  or  his  father 
is  uncertain),  and  with  such  a  modest,  not  to  say 
enigmatical,  note  of  introduction,  that  its  author- 
ship was  left  in  doubt.  The  "Review"  was  man- 
aged by  a  club  of  young  literary  gentlemen,  who 
styled  themselves  ''  The  North  American  Club," 
two  of  whose  members,  Richard  Henry  Dana  and 
Edward  Tyrrel  Channing,  were  considered  its  ed- 
itors. Mr.  Dana  read  the  poem  carefully,  and  was 
so  surprised  at  its  excellence  that  he  doubted 
whether  it  was  the  production  of  an  American,  an 
opinion  in  which  his  associates  are  understood  to 
have  concurred.  While  they  were  hesitating  about 
its  acceptance,  he  was  told  that  the  writer  was  a 
member  of  the  Massachusetts  senate  ;  and,  the  sen- 
ate being  then  in  session,  he  started  immediately 
from  Clambridge  for  Boston.  He  reached  the  state- 
house,  and  inquired  for  Senator  Bryant.  A  tall, 
middle-aged  man,'  with  a  business-like  look,  was 
pointed  out  to  him.  He  was  satisfied  that  he  could 
not  be  the  poet  he  sought,  so  he  posted  back  to 
Cambridge  without  an  introduction.  The  story 
ends  here,  and  rather  tamely ;  for  the  original  nar- 
rator forgot,  or  perhaps  never  knew,  that  Dr.  Bry- 
ant was  a  member  of  the  senate,  and  that  it  was 
among  the  possibilities  that  he  was  the  senator 
with  a  similar  name.  American  poetry  may  be 
said  to  have  begun  in  1817  with  the  September 
number  of  the  "  North  American  Review,"  which 
contained  '•  Thanatopsis  "  and  the  "  Inscription  for 
the  Entrance  of  a  Wood,"  the  last  being  printed 
as  a  "  Fragment."  In  March,  1818,  the  impression 
that  "  Thanatopsis "  created  was  strengthened  by 
the  appearance  of  the  lines  "  To  a  Waterfowl,"  and 
the  "  Version  of  a  Fragment  of  Simonides." 


Mr.  Bryant's  literary  life  may  now  be  said  to 
have  begun,  though  he  depended  upon  his  profes- 
sion for  his  daily  bread.  He  continued  his  contri- 
butions to  the  "  North  American  Review  "  in  prose 
papers  on  literary  topics,  and  maintained  the  most 
friendly  relations  with  its  conductors ;  notably  so 
with  Mr.  Dana,  who  was  seven  years  his  elder,  and 
who  possessed,  like  himself,  the  accomplishment  of 
verse.  At  the  suggestion  of  this  poetical  and  crit- 
ical brother,  he  was  invited  to  deliver  a  poem  be- 
fore the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  society  at  Harvard  col- 
lege— an  honor  which  is  offered  only  to  those  who 


have  already  made  a  reputation,  and  are  likely  to 
reflect  credit  on  the  society  as  well  as  on  them- 
selves. He  accepted,  and  in  1821  wrote  his  first 
poem  of  any  length,  "  The  Ages,"  which  still  re- 
mains the  best  poem  of  the  kind  that  was  ever  re- 
cited before  a  college  society  either  in  this  country 
or  in  England ;  grave,  stately,  thoughtful,  present- 
ing in  animated  picturesque  stanzas  a  compact 
summary  of  the  history  of  mankind.  A  young 
Englishman  of  twenty-one,  Thomas  Babington 
Macaulay,  delivered  in  the  same  year  a  poem  on 
"  Evening,"  before  the  students  of  Trinity  college, 
Cambridge ;  and  it  is  instructive  to  compare  his 
conventional  heroics  with  the  spirited  Spenserian 
stanzas  of  Bryant.  The  lines  "  To  a  Waterfowl." 
written  at  Bridgewater  in  1815,  were  followed  by 
"  Green  River,"  "  A  Winter  Piece,"  "  The  West 
Wind,"  "  The  Burial-Place,"  "  Blessed  are  they  that 
mourn,"  "  No  man  knoweth  his  Sepulchre,"  "  A 
Walk  at  Sunset,"  and  the  "  Hymn  to  Death." 
These  poems,  which  cover  a  period  of  six  busy 
years,  are  interesting  to  the  poetic  student  as  ex- 
amples of  the  different  styles  of  their  writer,  and  of 
the  changing  elements  of  his  thoughts  and  feel- 
ings. "  Green  River,"  for  example,  is  a  momen- 
tary revealment  of  his  shy  temperament  and  his 
daily  pursuits.  Its  glimpses  of  nature  are  charm- 
ing, and  his  wish  to  be  beside  its  waters  is  the  most 
natural  one  in  the  world.  The  young  lawyer  is 
not  complimentary  to  his  clients,  whom  he  styles 
"  the  dregs  of  men,"  while  his  pen,  which  does  its 
best  to  serve  them,  becomes  '"a  barbarous  pen." 
He  is  dejected,  but  a  visit  to  the  river  will  restore 
his  spirits ;  for,  as  he  gazes  upon  its  lonely  and 
lovely  stream, 

"  An  image  of  that  calm  life  appears 
That  won  my  heart  in  my  greener  years." 
"  A  Winter  Piece "  is  a  gallery  of  woodland  pic- 
tures, which  surpasses  anything  of  the  kind  in  the 
language.  "  A  Walk  at  Sunset "  is  notable  in  that 
it  is  the  first  poem  in  which  we  see  (faintly,  it  must 
be  confessed)  the  aboriginal  element,  which  was 
soon  to  become  prominent  in  Bryant's  poetry.  It 
was  inseparable  from  the  primeval  forests  of  the 
New  World,  but  he  was  the  first  to  pei'ceive  its 
poetic  value.  The  "  Hymn  to  Death " — stately, 
majestic,  consolatory — concludes  with  a  touching 
tribute  to  the  worth  of  his  good  father,  who  died 
while  he  was  writing  it,  at  the  age  of  fifty-four.  The 
year  1821  was  important  to  Bryant,  for  it  wit- 
nessed the  publication  of  his  first  collection  of 
verse,  his  marriage,  and  the  death  of  his  father. 

The  next  four  years  of  his  life  were  more  pro- 
ductive than  any  that  had  preceded  them,  for  he 
wrote  more  than  thirty  poems  during  that  time. 
The  aboriginal  element  was  creative  in  "  The  Indi- 
an Girl's  Lament,"  "  An  Indian  Story,"  "  An  In- 
dian at  the  Burial-Place  of  his  Fathers,"  and,  no- 
blest of  all,  "  Monument  Mountain  "  ;  the  Hellenic 
element  predominated  in  "  The  Massacre  at  Scio  " 
and  "  The  Song  of  the  Greek  Amazon  " ;  the  He- 
braic element  touched  him  lightly  in  "  Rizpah " 
and  the  "  Song  of  the  Stars  "  ;  and  the  pure  poetic 
element  was  manifest  in  "  March,"  "  The  Rivulet " 
(which,  by  the  way,  ran  through  the  grounds  of  the 
old  homestead  at  Cummington),  "After  a  Tem- 
pest," "  The  Murdered  Traveller,"  ''  Hymn  to  the 
North  Star,"  "  A  Forest  Hymn,"  "  0  Fairest  of  the 
Rural  Maids,"  and  the  exquisite  and  now  most  pa- 
thetic poem,  "June."  These  poems  and  others  not 
specified  here,  if  read  continuously  and  in  the  order 
in  which  they  were  composed,  show  a  wide  range 
of  sympathies,  a  perfect  acquaintance  with  many 
measures,  and  a  clear,  capacious,  ever-growing  in- 
tellect.    They  are  all  distinctive  of  the  genius  of 


BRYANT 


BRYANT 


425 


their  author,  but  neither  exhibits  the  full  measure 
of  his  powers.  The  publication  of  Bryant's  little 
volume  of  verse  was  indirectly  the  cause  of  his 
adopting  literature  as  a  profession.  It  was  warmly 
commended,  and  by  no  one  more  so  than  by  Gidian 
C.  Verplanck  in  the  columns  of  the  New  York 
"  American."  He  was  something  of  a  literary  au- 
thority at  the  time,  a  man  of  fortune  and  college- 
bred.  Among  his  friends  was  Henry  D.  Sedgwick, 
a  summer  neighbor,  so  to  speak,  of  Bryant's,  hav- 
ing a  country-house  at  Stockbridge,  a  few  miles 
from  Grreat  Barrington,  and  a  house  in  town, 
"which  was  frequented  by  the  literati  of  the  day, 
such  as  Cooper,  Halleck,  Percival,  Verplanck,  and 
others  of  less  note.  An  admirer  of  Bryant,  Mr. 
Sedgwick  set  to  work,  with  the  assistance  of  Mr. 
Verplanck,  to  procure  him  literary  employment  in 
New  York  in  order  to  enable  him  to  escape  his 
bondage  to  the  law  ;  and  he  was  appointed  assist- 
ant editor  of  a  projected  periodical  called  the 
"New  York  Review  and  Athena?um  Magazine." 
The  at  last  enfranchised  lawyer  dropped  his  bar- 
barous pen,  closed  his  law-books,  and  in  the  winter 
or  spring  of  1825  removed  with  his  household  to 
New  York.  The  projected  periodical  was  begun, 
as  these  sanguine  ventures  always  are,  with  fair 
hopes  of  success.  It  was  well  edited,  and  its  con- 
tributors were  men  of  acknowledged  ability.  The 
June  number  contained  two  poems  that  ought  to 
have  made  a  great  hit.  One  was  "  A  Song  of  Pit- 
cairn's  Island  "  ;  the  other  was  "  Marco  Bozzaris." 
There  was  no  flourish  of  trumpets  over  them,  as 
there  would  be  now ;  the  writers  merely  prefixed 
their  initials,  "  B."  and  "  H."  The  reading  public 
of  New  York  were  not  ready  for  the  "  Review,"  so 
after  about  a  year's  struggle  it  was  merged  in  the 
"  New  York  Literary  Gazette,"  which  had  begun 
its  mission  about  four  years  earlier.  This  maga- 
zine shared  the  fate  of  its  companion  in  a  few 
months,  when  it  was  consolidated  with  the  "  United 
States  Literary  Gazette,"  which  in  two  months  was 
swallowed  up  in  the  "  United  States  Review."  The 
honor  of  publishing  and  finishing  the  last  was 
shared  by  Boston  and  New  York.  Profit  in  these 
publications  there  was  none,  though  Bryant,  Hal- 
leck, Willis,  Dana,  Bancroft,  and  Longfellow  wrote 
for  them.  Too  good,  or  not  good  enough,  they 
lived  and  died  prematurely. 

Mr.  Bryant's  success  as  a  metropolitan  man  of 
letters  was  not  brilliant  so  far ;  but  other  walks 
than  those  of  pure  literature  were  open  to  him  as 
to  others,  and  into  one  of  the  most  bustling  of 
these  he  entered  in  his  thirty-second  year.  In  other 
words,  he  became  one  of  the  editors  of  the  "  Even- 
ing Post."  Henceforth  he  was  to  live  by  journal- 
ism. Journalism,  though  an  exacting  pursuit, 
leaves  its  skilful  followers  a  little  leisure  in  which 
to  cultivate  literature.  It  was  the  heyday  of  those 
ephemeral  trifles,  "  Annuals,"  and  Mr.  Bryant  found 
time  to  edit  one,  with  the  assistance  of  his  friend 
Mr.  Verplanck  and  his  acquaintance  Robert  C. 
Sands ;  and  a  very  creditable  work  it  was.  His 
contributions  to  '•  The  Talisman  "  included  some  of 
his  best  poems.  Poetry  was  the  natural  expression 
of  his  genius,  a  fact  he  could  never  understand,  for 
it  always  seemed  to  him  that  prose  was  the  natural 
expression  of  all  mankind.  His  prose  was  master- 
ly. Its  earliest  examples,  outside  of  his  critical 
papers  in  the  "  North  American  Review "  and 
other  periodicals  (and  outside  of  the  "  Evening 
Post,"  of  course),  are  two  stories  entitled  "  Med- 
field  "  and  "  The  Skeleton's  Cave,"  contributed  to 
"Tales  of  the  Glauber  Spa"  (1832),  a  collection  of 
original  stories  by  Paulding,  Verplanck,  Sands, 
William  Leggett,  and  Catharine  Sedgwick.     Three 


years  before  (1828)  he  had  become  the  chief  editor 
of  the  "  Evening  Post."  Associated  with  him  was 
Mr.  Leggett.  who  had  shown  some  talent  as  a 
writer  of  sketches  and  stories,  and  who  had  failed, 
like  himself,  in  conducting  a  critical  publication 
for  which  his  countrymen  were  not  ready.  He  made 
a  second  collection  of  his  poems  at  this  time  (1832), 
a  copy  of  which  was  sent  by  Mr.  Verplanck  to 
Washington  Irving,  who  was  then,  what  he  had 
been  for  years,  the  idol  of  English  readers,  and  not 
without  weight  with  the  ti'ade.  Would  he  see  if 
some  English  house  would  not  reprint  itf  No 
leading  publisher  nibbled  at  it,  not  even  Murray, 
who  was  Irving's  publisher ;  but  an  obsciire  book- 
seller named  Andrews  finally  agreed  to  undertake 
it  if  Irving  would  put  his  valuable  name  on  the 
title-page  as  editor.  He  was  not  acquainted  with 
Bryant,  but  he  was  a  kind-hearted,  large-souled 
gentleman,  who  knew  good  poetry  when  he  saw  it, 
and  he  consented  to  "  edit "  the  book.  It  was  not 
a  success  in  the  estimation  of  Andrews,  who  came 
to  him  one  day,  by  no  means  a  merry  Andrew,  and 
declared  that  the  book  would  ruin  hira  unless  one 
or  more  changes  were  made  in  the  text.  What  was 
amiss  in  it  ?  He  turned  to  the  "  Song  of  Marion's 
Men,"  and  stumbled  over  an  obnoxious  couplet  in 
the  first  stanza : 

"  The  British  soldier  trembles 
When  Marion's  name  is  told." 
"  That  won't  do  at  all,  you  know."  The  absurdity 
of  the  objection  must  have  struck  the  humorist 
comically :  but,  as  he  wanted  the  volume  repub- 
lished, he  good-naturedly  saved  the  proverbial 
valor  of  the  British  soldier  by  changing  the  first 
line  to 

"  The  f oeman  trembles  in  his  camp," 
and  the  tempest  in  a  teapot  was  over,  as  far  as 
England  was  concerned.  Not  as  far  as  the  United 
States  was  concerned,  however,  for  when  the  cir- 
cumstance became  known  to  Mr.  Leggett  he  exco- 
riated Irving  for  his  subserviency  to  a  bloated 
aristocracy,  and  so  forth.  Prof.  Wilson  reviewed 
the  book  in  "  Blackwood's  "  in  a  half-hearted  way, 
patronizing  the  writer  with  his  praise. 

The  poems  that  Bryant  wrote  during  the  first 
seven  years  of  his  residence  in  New  York  (about 
forty,  not  including  translations)  exhibited  the 
qualities  that  distinguished  his  genius  from  the  be- 
ginning, and  were  marked  by  characteristics  rather 
acquired  than  inherited;  in  other  words,  they  were 
somewhat  different  from  those  written  at  Great 
Barrington.  The  Hellenic  element  was  still  visi- 
ble in  "  The  Greek  Partisan "  and  "  The  Greek 
Boy,"  and  the  aboriginal  element  in  "  The  Disin- 
terred Warrior."  The  large  imagination  of  "  The 
Hymn  to  the  North  Star "  was  radiant  in  "  The 
Firmament "  and  in  "  The  Past."  Ardent  love  of 
nature  found  expressive  utterance  in  "  Lines  on 
Revisiting  the  Country,"  "  The  Gladness  of  Na- 
ture," "  A  Summer  Ramble,"  "  A  Scene  on  the 
Banks  of  the  Hudson,"  and  "  The  Evening  Wind." 
The  little  book  of  immortal  dirges  had  a  fresh 
leaf  added  to  it  in  "  The  Death  of  the  Flowers," 
which  was  at  once  a  pastoral  of  autumn  and  a 
monody  over  a  beloved  sister.  A  new  element  ap- 
peared in  "  The  Summer  Wind,"  and  was  always 
present  afterward  in  Mr.  Bryant's  meditative  poetry 
— the  association  of  humanity  with  nature — a  calm 
but  sympathetic  recognition  of  the  ways  of  man 
and  his  presence  on  the  earth.  The  power  of  sug- 
gestion and  of  rapid  generalization,  which  was  the 
key-note  of  "  The  Ages,"  lived  anew  in  every  line 
of  "  The  Prairies,"  in  which  a  series  of  poems  pre- 
sent themselves  to  the  imagination  as  a  series  of 
pictures  in  a  gallery — pictures  in  which  breadth 


426 


BRYANT 


BRYANT 


and  vigor  of  treatment  and  exquisite  delicacy  of 
detail  are  everywhere  harmoniously  blended  and 
the  unity  of  pure  art  is  attained.  It  was  worth 
going  to  the  ends  of  the  world  to  be  able  to  write 
"  The  Prairies." 

Confiding  in  the  discretion  of  his  associate,  Mr. 
Leggett,  and  anxious  to  escape  from  his  daily  edi- 
torial labors,  Bryant  sailed  for  Europe  with  his 
family  in  the  summer  of  1834.  It  was  his  inten- 
tion to  perfect  his  literary  studies  while  abroad, 
and  devote  himself  to  the  education  of  his  children  ; 
but  his  intention  was  frustrated,  after  a  short 
course  of  travel  in  France,  Germany,  and  Italy,  by 
the  illness  of  Mr.  Leggett,  whose  mistaken  zeal  in 
the  advocacy  of  unpopular  measures  had  seriously 
injured  the  "  Evening  Post."  He  returned  in 
haste  early  in  1836,  and  devoted  his  time  and  ener- 
gies to  restoring  the  prosperity  of  his  paper.  Nine 
years  passed  before  he  ventured  to  return  to 
Europe,  though  he  visited  certain  portions  of  his 
own  country.  His  readers  tracked  his  journeys 
through  the  letters  that  he  wrote  to  the  "  Evening 
Post,"  which  were  noticeable  for  justness  of  obser- 
vation and  clearness  of  expression.  A  selection 
from  his  foreign  and  home  letters  was  published 
in  1853,  under  the  title  of  "  Letters  of  a  Traveller." 

The  last  thirty  years  of  Bryant's  life  were  devoid 
of  incident,  though  one  of  them  (1865)  was  not 
without  the  supreme  sorrow,  death.  Pie  devoted 
himself  to  journalism  as  conscientiously  as  if  he 
still  had  his  spurs  to  win,  discussing  all  public 
questions  with  independence  and  fearlessness ;  and 
from  time  to  time,  as  the  spirit  moved  him,  he 
added  to  our  treasures  of  song,  contributing  to  tlie 
popular  magazines  of  the  period,  and  occasionally 
issuing  these  contributions  in  separate  volumes. 
He  published  "  The  Fountain  and  Other  Poems  " 
in  1842  ;  "  The  White-Footed  Deer  and  Other  Po- 
ems "  in  1844 ;  a  collected  edition  of  his  poems, 
with  illustrations  by  Leutze,  in  1846  ;  an  edition  in 
two  volumes  in  1855 ;  "  Thirty  Poems  "  in  1864 ; 
and  in  1876  a  complete  illustrated  edition  of  his 
poetical  writings.  To  the  honors  that  these  vol- 
umes brought  him  he  added  fresh  laurels  in  1870 
and  1871  by  his  translation  of  the  "  Iliad  "  and  the 
"  Odyssey  " — a  translation  which  was  highly  praised 
both  at  home  and  abroad,  and  which,  if  not  the 
best  that  the  English  language  is  capable  of.  is,  in 
many  respects,  the  best  that  any  English-writing 
poet  has  yet  produced. 

There  comes  a  day  in  the  intellectual  lives  of 
most  poets  when  their  powers  cease  to  be  progres- 
sive and  productive,  or  are  productive  only  in  the 
forms  to  which  they  have  accustomed  themselves, 
and  wiiich  have  become  mannerisms.  It  was  not 
so  with  Mr.  Bryant.  He  enjoyed  the  dangerous 
distinction  of  proving  himself  a  great  poet  at  an 
early  age ;  he  preserved  this  distinction  to  the  last, 
for  the  sixty-four  years  that  elapsed  between'  the 
writing  of  '"  Thanatopsis  "  and  the  writing  of  "The 
Flood  of  Years  "  witnessed  no  decay  of  his  poetic 
capacities,  but  rather  the  growth  and  development 
of  trains  of  thought  and  forms  of  verse  of  which 
there  was  no  evidence  in  his  early  writings.  His 
sympathies  were  enlarged  as  the  years  went  on, 
and  the  crystal  clearness  of  his  mind  was  colored 
with  human  emotions.  To  Bryant  the  earth  was  a 
theatre  upon  which  the  great  drama  of  life  was 
everlastingly  played.  The  remembrance  of  this 
fact  is  his  inspiration  in  "  The  Fountain,"  "  An 
Evening  Revery,"  "  The  Antiquity  of  Freedom," 
"  The  Crowded  Street,"  "  The  Planting  of  the  Ap- 
ple-Tree,"  "  The  Night  Journey  of  a  River,"  "  The 
Sower."  and  "  The  Flood  of  Years."  The  most  poet- 
ical of  Mr.  Bryant's  poems  are,  perhaps,  "  The  Land 


of  Dreams,"  "  The  Burial  of  Love,"  "  The  May  Sun 
sheds  an  Amber  Light,"  and  "  The  Voice  of 
Autumn  " ;  and  they  were  written  in  a  succession 
of  happy  hours,  and  in  the  order  named.  Next  to 
these  pieces,  as  examples  of  pure  poetry,  should  be 
placed  '•  Sella "  and  •'  The  Little  People  of  the 
Snow,"  which  are  exquisite  fairy  fantasies.  The 
qualities  by  which  Bryant's  poetry  are  chiefly  dis- 
tinguished are  serenity  and  gravity  of  thought; 
an  intense,  though  repressed,  recognition  of  the 
mortality  of  mankind ;  an  ardent  love  for  human 
freedom ;  and  unrivalled  skill  in  painting  the 
scenery  of  his  native  land.  He  had  no  superior  in 
this  walk  of  poetic  art — it  might  almost  be  said  no 
equal,  for  his  descriptions  of  nature  are  never  in- 
accurate or  redundant.  "  The  Excursion "  is  a 
tiresome  poem,  which  contains  several  exquisite 
episodes.  Bryant  knew  how  to  write  exquisite 
episodes  and  omit  the  platitudes  through  which 
we  reach  them  in  other  poets. 

It  is  not  given  to  many  poets  to  possess  as  many 
residences  as  Bryant,  for  he  had  three — a  town- 
house  in  New  York,  a  country-house,  called 
"  Cedarmere,"  at  Roslyn,  Long  Island,  and  the  old 
homestead  of  the  family  at  Cummington,  Mass. 


The  engraving  on  page  424  represents  the  house  in 
Cummington ;  that  on  this  page  is  a  view  of  his 
home  in  Roslyn.  He  passed  the  winter  months  in 
New  York,  and  the  summer  and  early  autumn  at 
his  country-houses.  No  distinguished  man  in 
America  was  better  known  by  sight  than  he. 
"  0  good  gray  head  that  all  men  knew  " 
rose  unbidden  to  one's  lips  as  he  passed  his  fellow- 
pedestrians  in  the  streets  of  the  great  city,  active, 
alert,  with  a  springing  step  and  a  buoyant  gait. 
He  was  seen  in  all  weathers,  walking  down  to  his 
office  in  the  morning,  and  back  to  his  house  in  the 
afternoon — an  observant  antiquity,  with  a  majes- 
tic white  beard,  a  pair  of  sharp  eyes,  and  a  face 
that,  when  observed  closely,  recalled  the  line  of 
the  poet : 

"  A  million  wrinkles  carved  his  skin." 
Bryant  had  a  peculiar  talent,  in  which  the 
French  excel — the  talent  of  delivering  discourses 
upon  the  lives  and  writings  of  eminent  men  ;  and 
he  was  always  in  request  after  the  death  of  his 
contemporaries.  Beginning  with  a  eulogy  on  his 
friend  Cole,  the  painter,  who  died  in  1848,  he  paid 
his  well-considered  tributes  to  the  memory  of 
Cooper,  Irving,  Fitz-Greene  Halleck,  and  Ver- 
planck,  and  assisted  at  the  dedication  in  the  Cen- 
tral park  of  the  Morse,  Shakespeare,  Scott,  and 
Halleck  statues.  His  addresses  on  these  and  other 
occasions  were  models  of  justice  of  appreciation 
and  felicity  of  expression.  His  last  public  appear- 
ance was  at  the  Central  park,  on  the  afternoon  of 
29  May,  1878,  at  the  unveiling  of  a  bust  of  Mazzini. 
It  was' an  unusually  hot  day,  and  after  delivering 
his  address,  which  was  remarkable  for  its  eloquence, 


BRYANT 


BRYMNER 


427 


he  accompanied  Gen.  Jas.  Grant  Wilson,  a  friend 
of  many  years'  standing,  to  his  residence,  No.  15 
East  Seventy-fourth  street.  Gen.  Wilson  reached 
his  door  with  IMr.  Bryant  leaning  on  his  arm  ;  he 
took  a  step  in  advance  to  open  the  inner  door,  and 
while  his  back  was  turned  the  poet  fell,  his  head 
striking  on  the  stone  platform  of  the  front  steps. 
It  was  his  death-blow;  for,  though  he  recovered 
his  consciousness  sufficiently  to  converse  a  little, 
and  was  able  to  ride  to  his  own  house  with  Gen. 
Wilson,  his  fate  was  sealed.  He  lingered  until  the 
morning  of  12  Jime,  when  his  spirit  passed  out  into 
the  unknown.  Two  days  later  all  that  was  mortal 
of  him  was  buried  at  Roslvn,  L.  I.,  beside  his  wife, 
who  died  27  July,  1865. 

Since  the  poet's  death  the  name  of  one  of  the 
city  pleasure-grounds  has  been  changed  (in  1884) 
to  Bryant  park,  where  there  will  be  soon  unveiled 
a  noble  bronze  statue  of  the  poet,  to  be  erected  by 
his  many  friends  and  admirers.  In  the  Metropoli- 
tan museum  of  art  may  be  seen  a  beautiful  silver 
vase,  presented  to  Bryant  in  1876,  and  an  admira- 
ble bronze  bust  of  heroic  size,  executed  from  life 
by  Launt  Thompson.  Among  the  many  portraits 
of  Bryant,  painted  by  prominent  American  artists, 
the  poet  preferred  Inman's  and  Durand's ;  but 
these  were  supplanted  in  his  estimation  by  photo- 
graphs of  later  days,  from  one  of  which  was  taken 
the  fine  steel  portrait  that  accompanies  this  article. 
A  complete  edition  of  his  poetical  and  prose  works 
(4  vols.,  8vo)  was  published  in  1888-'4.  See  "  Homes 
of  American  Authors"  (New  York,  1853);  "The 
Bryant  Homestead  Book  "  (1870) ;  "  Presentation 
to  Brvant  at  Eighty  Years  "  (1876) ;  "  Bryant  Me- 
morifil  Meeting  of  the  Goethe  Club  "  (1878) ;  Sym- 
ington's "  Biographical  Sketch  of  Bryant  "  (1880) ; 
Godwin's  "  Life  of  Bryant "  (1883) ;  Wilson's  "  Bry- 
ant and  his  Friends "  (1886,  two  editions,  one  on 
large  paper  and  illustrated).  A  new  life  of  Bryant, 
by  John  Bigelow,  was  issued  three  years  later. 
His  brother,  John  Howard,  b.  in  Cummington, 
Mass.,  22  July,  1807.  He  studied  at  the  Rensselaer 
polytechnic  institute  in  Troy,  N.  Y.,  but  was  never 
graduated.    He  removed  to  Illinois  in  1831,  became 

justice  of  the 
peace  for  Put- 
nam CO.  in  1834, 
and  in  1837  was 
elected  first  re- 
corder of  deeds 
for  the  newly  or- 
ganized Bureau 
CO.  He  was  twice 
a  member  of  the 
legislature,  fre- 
quently served 
on  the  board  of 
supervisors,  and 
was  for  fifteen 
years  a  member 
of  the  board  of 
education,  and 
most  of  the 
time  its  chair- 
man. President 
Lincoln  made 
him  collector  of  internal  revenue  in  1862,  and  he 
held  the  office  till  1864.  Until  his  sixtieth  year 
Mr.  Bryant  took  charge  of  the  farm  on  which  he 
has  always  lived,  laboring  on  it  with  his  own  hands 
for  the  greater  part  of  the  time.  He  is  the  author 
of  "  Poems,"  a  small  volume  (New  York,  1855) ; 
"Poems  written  from  Youth  to  Old  Age;  1824- 
1884"  (printed  privately,  Princeton,  111.,  1885) ;  and 
several  addresses. 


',<rL^  H^  /%j^ 


BRYANT,  William  Perkins,  jurist,  b.  in  Mer- 
cer CO.,  Ky.,  3  Aug.,  1806 ;  d.  10  Oct.,  1860.  He 
was  educated  in  Sliakertown,  Ky.,  but  removed  to 
Rockville,  Ind.,  in  1825.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
state  house  of  representatives  for  Parke  co.  in 
1832-'3,  and  of  the  senate  in  1838-'9,  served  in  the 
Black  Hawk  war,  and  subsequently  emigrated  to 
Oregon  while  it  was  still  a  territory.  In  1849  he 
was  appointed  chief  justice  of  the  tJ.  S.  court  for 
that  district. 

BRY€E,  George,  Canadian  educator,  b.  m 
Mount  Pleasant,  Brant  co.,  Ontario.  22  April, 
1844.     He  was  graduated  at  Toronto  university  in 

1867,  and  at  Knox  college  (Presbyterian)  in  1871, 
having  taken  five  out  of  the  six  scholarships  open 
for  competition.  In  1871  he  was  selected  as  assist- 
ant and  successor  in  Chalmer's  church,  Quebec, 
and  in  August  of  the  same  year  was  authorized  by 
the  home  mij5sion  committee  of  the  Presbyterian 
general  assembly  to  found  a  college  among  the 
Selkirk  settlers  on  Red  river,  and  also  to  organize 
a  Presbyterian  church  in  Winnipeg,  Manitoba. 
The  projected  college  was  successfully  organized 
by  him  and  established  at  Kildonan,  four  miles 
from  Winnipeg.  In  1883  it  was  incorporated,  and 
in  1884  removed  to  Winnipeg.  Mr.  Biyce,  in 
1877,  was  one  of  the  principal  founders  of  Mani- 
toba university,  which  includes  St.  Boniface  (Ro- 
man Catholic),  St.  John's  (Episcopal),  and  Manitoba 
(Presbyterian)  colleges.  He  was  appointed  first 
inspector  of  Winnipeg  public  schools  in  1877,  and 
has  been  an  examiner  in  natural  science  in  Mani- 
toba university  since  1878.  He  is  trustee  of  all  the 
Presbyterian  Indian  mission  property  in  the  north- 
west, and  in  1884  was  appointed  moderator  of  the 
first  Presbyterian  synod  of  Manitoba  and  the 
northwest  territories.  He  is  the  author  of  "  Mani- 
toba :  its  Infancy,  Growth,  and  Present  Condition  " 
(London,  1882),  and  of  "  IManitoba  "  in  the  "  Ency- 
clopaedia Britannica,"  and  is  now  (1886)  writing  a 
history  of  Canada  and  the  northwest. 

BR'YDGES,  Charles  John,  Canadian  official, 
b.  in  England  in  February,  1826.  He  was  in  the 
service  of  the  London  and  Southwestern  railway 
company,  ultimately  becoming  assistant  secretary  ; 
appointed  managing  director  of  the  Grand  Trunk 
railway  of  Canada  in  September,  1862,  and  became 
intercolonial   railway  commissioner  in  December, 

1868.  He  was  made  general  superintendent  of 
government  railways  in  1874.  and,  since  the  aboli- 
tion of  the  Intercolonial  railway  commission,  has 
had  charge  of  the  completion  of  the  works  of  that 
railway,  and  also  of  the  government  railways  east 
of  Quebec. 

BRYMNER,  Douglas,  Canadian  archivist,  b. 
in  Greenock,  Scotland,  in  1823.  He  was  educated 
at  the  Greenock  grammar  school,  and  received  a 
thorough  mercantile  training.  He  began  business, 
and  subsequently  admitted  his  brother  as  a  partner, 
but  was  forced  to  retire  in  1856  in  consequence  of 
failing  health.  In  1857  he  emigrated  to  Canada, 
and  subsequently  became  editor  of  the  "  Presby- 
terian," and  about  the  same  time  was  appointed 
associate  editor  of  the  Montreal  "Herald."  In 
1872  he  was  made  historical  archivist  of  the  Do- 
minion, and  in  this  capacity  has  been  awarded 
much  praise  for  his  painstaking  labors  in  collect- 
ing the  historical  records  of  the  Dominion  and  the 
provinces  and  in  their  selection  and  arrangement. 
Under  the  pen-name  of  "  Tummas  Treddles  "  he 
wrote  humorous  articles  for  the  Montreal  "  Her- 
ald," was  for  some  time  a  contributor  to  the 
"  Scottish  American  Journal,"  New  York,  and  has 
translated  the  odes  of  Horace  into  verse  in  the 
Lowland  Scottish  dialect. 


428 


BRYSON 


BUCHANAN 


BRYSON,  Andrew,  naval  officer,  b.  in  New 
York  city.  22  July,  1822 ;  d  in  Washington,  7  Feb., 
1892.  He  entered  the  navy,  became  lieutenant  on 
30  Aug.,  1851 ;  commander,  16  July,  18G2 ;  captam. 
25  July,  1866 ;  commodore,  14  Feb.,  1873 ;  rear- 
admiral,  25  JMarch,  1880,  with  which  rank  he  was 
retired  on  1  July,  1881.  During  the  civil  war  he 
commanded  the  steamer  "  Chippewa "  on  special 
service  in  1862-'3  ;  the  iron-clad  "  Lehigh,"  of  the 
South  Atlantic  blockading  squadron,  in  1863,  being 
present  at  the  reduction  of  Fort  Macon,  and  in  the 
principal  actions  off  Charleston  from  22  Sept., 
1863,  till  5  April,  1864,  receiving  a  wound  from 
a  shell,  and  in  1864-'5  commanded  the  iron-clad 
"  Essex  "  in  the  Mississippi  squadron.  Previous  to 
his  retirement,  after  forty-three  years  of  service,  he 
was  in  command  of  the  South  Atlantic  station. 

BUCAEELI  Y  URSIIA,  Antonio  Maria  de 
(boo-cah-ray'-le),  forty-seventh  viceroy  of  Mexico. 
He  filled  that  office  from  2  Sept.,  1771,  till  his 
death,  9  April,  1779.  Bucareli's  administration 
was  very  successful  in  every  respect.  In  his  time 
three  great  benevolent  institutions  were  founded : 
the  Montepio,  the  Hospicio,  and  the  Cuna.  He 
also  established  the  mining  court,  and  obtained 
from  the  king  of  Spain  permission  to  use  quick- 
silver from  the  Mexican  mines.  Many  other  im- 
provements and  industries  for  the  public  welfare 
were  promoted  by  him,  and  a  j)romenade  in  the 
city  of  Mexico  still  bears  his  name.  His  remains 
are  buried  in  the  colegiata  of  Guadalupe. 

BUCHAN,  David,  British  explorer,  b.  in  1780; 
lost  at  sea  in  1837.  He  became  a  lieutenant  in  the 
British  navy  in  1806,  and  commanded  a  schooner 
on  the  Newfoundland  station  in  1810,  when  he  was 
despatched  by  Admiral  Sir  John  Duckworth  to 
explore  the  river  Exploit  and  open  communica- 
tions with  the  natives.  He  penetrated  160  miles 
into  the  interior  early  in  1811,  sustaining  many 
hardships.  In  1816  he  was  promoted  commander, 
and  in  1818  sent  out  on  an  expedition  to  the  north 
pole,  at  the  same  time  that  Ross  and  Parry  were 
despatched  in  search  of  the  northwest  passage. 
The  "  Dorothea "  and  "  Trent,"  commanded  by 
Capt.  Buehan  and  Lieut.  Franklin,  sailed  in  April, 
1818,  and  reached  Magdalena  bay,  Spitzbei'gen, 
about  1  June.  They  attempted  to  penetrate  the 
ice-field  on  7  June,  and  were  shut  up  in  the  floes 
for  thirteen  days.  On  6  July  they  made  another 
attempt  to  find  a  passage  through  the  ice-barrier, 
and  sailed  northward  until  the  ice  closed  in  on 
them  in  lat.  80°  34'  N.  After  vainly  attempting  to 
drag  the  vessels  northward  by  means  of  ropes  and 
ice-anchors,  they  sailed  for  the  coast  of  Greenland. 
The  "  Dorothea  "  was  disabled  by  the  floating  ice, 
and  the  expedition  consequently  returned  to  Dept- 
ford  on  18  Oct.  Buehan  was  made  a  captain  in 
1823,  and  for  some  time  was  commodore  on  the 
Newfoundland  station.  In  1825  he  became  high 
sheriff  in  Newfovindland.  A  few  years  later  he  set 
out  on  a  new  arctic  expedition,  and  was  never  heard 
from  afterward.  His  vessel  is  supposed  to  have 
been  burned  at  sea.  He  made  important  observa- 
tions on  the  variations  of  the  needle,  on  under- 
currents, on  the  temperature  of  the  ocean's  depths, 
and  on  the  compression  of  the  earth  at  the  pole. 

BUCHANAN,  Franklin,  naval  officer,  b.  in 
Baltimore,  Md.,  17  Sept.,  1800;  d.  in  Talbot  eo., 
Md.,  11  May,  1874.  He  entered  the  navy  as  a  mid- 
shipman, 28  Jan.,  1815,  served  some  years  at  sea, 
and  before  reaching  the  age  of  twenty-one  served 
as  acting-lieutenant  on  a  cruise  to  India.  He  be- 
came lieutenant,  13  Jan.,  1825,  and  in  July,  1826, 
commanded  the  frigate  "  Baltimore,"  builtfor  the 
emperor  of  Brazil,  on  her  voyage  to  Rio  Janeiro. 


On  his  return  he  sailed  in  the  Pacific,  part  of  the 
time  being  attached  to  the  "  Peacock."  On  8  Sept., 
1841,  he  was  promoted  to  master-commandant, 
having  charge  of  the  "  Mississippi,"  and  afterward 
of  the  "  Vincennes."  In  1845  he  was  selected  by 
the  secretary  of  the  navy  to  organize  the  naval 
academy  at  Annapolis.  The  same  year  he  opened 
the  school  as  its  fii'st  superintendent,  but  in  1847 
left  the  place  for  the  command  of  the  "  German- 
town,"  in  which  he  took  part  in  the  Mexican 
war,  participating  in  the  capture  of  Vera  Cruz. 
In  1852  he  commanded  the  "  Susquehanna,"  flag- 
ship of  Com.  Perry's  Japan  expedition,  which 
opened  China  and  Japan  to  the  commerce  of  the 
world,  and  on  14  Sept.,  1855,  was  made  captain. 
He  was  made  commandant  of  the  Washington 
navy-yard  in  1859,  but  on  22  April,  1861,  after  the 
attack  on  the  Massachusetts  troops  in  Baltimore, 
resigned  his  commission.  Finding  that  his  state 
did  not  secede,  he  wrote  to  Gideon  "Welles,  secre- 
tary of  the  navy,  withdrawing  his  resignation,  and 
asking  to  be  restored,  but  his  request  was  refused. 
He  entered  the  confederate  navy  in  September,  1861, 
with  the  rank  of  captain,  superintended  the  fitting 
out  of  the  "  Merrimac,"  and  commanded  her  in  the 
attack  on  the  federal  fleet  in  Hampton  Roads,  when 
the  "  Cumberland  "  was  sunk  and  the  "  Congress  " 
blown  up.  He  was  so  severely  wounded,  in  this 
action  that  he  could  not  take  command  of  his  ves- 
sel in  her  subsequent  combat  with  the  "  Monitor." 
For  his  gallantry  at  this  time  he  was  thanked  by 
the  confederate  congress,  and  promoted  to  full  ad- 
miral and  senior  officer  of  the  confederate  navy. 
Subsequently  he  was  placed  in  command  of  the 
naval  defences  of  Mobile,  and  there  superintended 
the  construction  of  the  iron-clad  ram  "  Tennessee," 
which  he  commanded  during  the  action  with  the 
union  fleet  in  Mobile  bay,  5  Aug.,  1864.  His  vessel 
finally  surrendered  after  her  armor  had  been  pene- 
trated and  her  steering  apparatus  disabled,  and 
Admiral  Buchanan  was  again  wounded  and  taken 
prisoner  of  war,  but  was  exchanged  in  February 
following.  After  the  war  he  was  for  a  time  presi- 
dent of  the  Maryland  agricultural  college,  and 
afterward  was  for  a  few  months  an  agent  for  a  St. 
Louis  life  insurance  company. 

BUCHANAN,  Isaac,  Canadian  statesman,  b.  in 
Glasgow,  Scotland,  21  July,  1810 ;  d.  1  Oct.,  1883. 
He  migrated  to  Canada  in  1833,  and  became  one 
of  the  principal  pioneer  merchants  of  Uppei-  Can- 
ada, and  was  elected  to  the  1st  Parliament  of  the 
united  provinces  in  1840  as  a  supporter  of  the 
principle  of  responsible  government,  professing 
allegiance  to  neither  of  the  political  parties.  He 
entered  the  Tache-Macdonald  cabinet  in  1864  as 
president  of  the  council,  declining  the  salary  of  the 
office,  and  retired  on  the  formation  of  the  coalition 
government.  He  was  appointed  a  Dominion  arbi- 
trator in  1878,  and  retained  that  appointment  until 
his  death.  Mr.  Buchanan  was  an  able  writer  on 
political  and  commercial  questions,  and  was  the 
author  of  "  The  Relations  of  the  Industry  of  Canada 
with  the  Mother-Country  and  the  United  States." 

BUCHANAN,  James,  fifteenth  president  of  the 
United  States,  b.  near  Mei'cersburg,  Pa.,  23  April, 
1791 ;  d.  in  Lancaster,  Pa.,  1  June.  1868.  The  days 
of  his  youth  were  those  of  the  nation's  youth ;  his 
public  career  of  forty  years  saw  all  our  great  exten- 
sions of  boundary  on  the  south  and  west,  acquired 
from  foreign  powers,  the  admission  of  thirteen  new 
states,  the  development  of  many  important  ques- 
tions of  internal  and  foreign  policy,  and  the  grad- 
ual rise  and  final  culmination  of  a  great  and  disas- 
trous insurrection.  He  was  educated  at  a  school 
in  Mercersburg  and  at  Dickinson  college.  Pa.,  where 


^ 


"cZ^Le^  ^Zy^^a^l^^y'TZ^^o^T/P 


BUCHANAN 


BUCHANAN 


429 


he  was  graduated  in  1809.  He  began  to  practise 
law  in  Lancaster  in  1812.  His  early  political  prin- 
ciples were  those  of  the  federalists,  who  disap- 
proved of  the  war;  yet,  as  he  himself  said,  "he 
thought  it  was  the  duty  of  every  patriot  to  defend 
the  country,  while  the  war  was  raging,  against 
a  foreign  enemy."  His  first  public  address  was 
made  at  the  age  of  twenty-three,  on  the  occa- 
sion of  a  popular  meeting  in  Lancaster  after  the 
capture  of  Washington  by  the  British  in  1814.  He 
urged  the  enlistment  of  volunteers  for  the  defence 
of  Baltimore,  and  was  among  the  first  to  enroll  his 
name.  In  October  of  the  same  year  he  was  elected 
to  the  house  of  representatives  in  the  legislature  of 
Pennsylvania  for  Lancaster  county.  Peace  was  pro- 
claimed early  in  1815.  and  on  4  July  Mr.  Buchanan 
delivered  an  oration  before  the  Washington  associa- 
tion of  Lancaster.  In  it  he  spoke  of  the  war  as  "  glo- 
rious, in  the  highest  degree,  to  the  American  char- 
acter, but  disgraceful  in  the  extreme  to  the  admin- 
istration." The  speech  excited  much  criticism,  and 
in  later  life  he  said  that  "  it  contained  many  senti- 
ments which  he  regretted,  but  that  at  the  same  time 
it  could  not  be  denied  that  the  country  was  wholly 
unprepared  for  war  at  the  period  of  its  declaration, 
and  the  attempt  to  carry  it  on  by  means  of  loans, 
without  any  resort  to  taxation,  had  well  nigh  made 
the  government  bankrupt."  He  was  again  elected  to 
the  legislature  in  October,  1815,  and  at  the  close  of 
that  session  he  retired  to  the  practice  of  his  profes- 
sion, in  which  he  gained  early  distinction,  especially 
in  the  impeachment  of  a  judge,  whom  he  successfully 
defended.  His  intention  at  this  time  was  not  to  re- 
enter public  life,  but  the  death  of  a  young  lady  to 
whom  he  was  engaged  caused  him  to  seek  change 
and  distraction  of  thought,  and  he  accepted  a  nomi- 
nation to  congress,  and  was  elected  in  1820  for  a 
district  composed  of  the  counties  of  Lancaster, 
York,  and  Dauphin,  taking  his  seat  in  Decem- 
ber, 1821.  He  was  called  a  federalist,  but  the  party 
distinctions  of  that  time  were  not  very  clearly  de- 
fined, and  Mr.  Buchanan's  political  principles,  as  a 
national  statesman,  were  yet  to  be  formed.  Mr. 
Monroe  had  become  president  in  1817,  and  held 
that  office  during  two  terms,  his  administration  be- 
ing called  "  the  era  of  good  feeling."  The  excite- 
ment and  animosities  of  the  war  of  1812  had  sub- 
sided, and  when  Mr.  Buchanan  entered  congress 
there  was  no  sectionalism  to  disturb  the  repose  of 
the  country.  Questions  of  internal  policy  soon 
arose,  however,  and  he  took  an  able  part  in  many 
important  debates.  Mr.  Monroe's  veto  of  a  bill 
imposing  tolls  for  the  support  of  the  Cumberland 
road,  for  which  Mr.  Buchanan  had  voted,  pro- 
duced a  strong  effect  upon  the  latter's  consti- 
tutional views.  It  was  the  first  time  that  his  mind 
had  been  brought  sharply  to  the  consideration 
of  the  question  in  what  mode  "  internal  improve- 
ments "  can  be  effected  by  the  general  government, 
and  consequently  he  began  to  perceive  the  dividing 
line  between  the  federal  and  the  state  powers.  Mr. 
Buchanan  remained  in  the  house  of  representa- 
tives ten  years — during  Mr.  Monroe's  second  term, 
through  the  administration  of  John  Quincy  Adams, 
and  during  the  first  two  years  of  Jackson's  admin- 
istration. In  December,  1829.  he  became  chairman 
of  the  judiciary  committee  of  the  house,  and  as 
such  introduced  a  bill  to  amend  and  extend  the 
judicial  system  of  the  United  States,  by  includ- 
ing in  the  circuit -court  system  six  new  states,  and 
by  increasing  the  number  of  judges  of  the  supreme 
court  to  nine.  His  speech  in  explanation  of  this 
measure — which  was  not  adopted  at  the  time — 
was  as  important  as  any  that  has  been  made  upon 
the   subject.     Another  measure,   evincing  a  thor- 


ough knowledge  and  very  accurate  views  of  the 
nature  of  our  mixed  system  of  government,  was  a 
minority  report,  presented  by  him  as  chairman  of 
this  committee,  against  a  proposition  to  repeal  the 
25th  section  of  the  judiciary  act  of  1789,  which 
gave  the  supreme  court  a])pellate  jurisdiction,  by 
writ  of  error  to  the  state  courts,  in  cases  where  the 
constitution,  treaties,  and  laws  of  the  United  States 
are  drawn  in  question.  This  report  caused  the  re- 
jection of  the  bill  by  a  vote  of  138  to  51.  During 
Mr.  Adams's  term  the  friends  of  the  administration 
began  to  take  the  name  of  national  republicans, 
while  the  opposing  party  assumed  the  name  of 
democrats.  Mr.  Buchanan  was  one  of  the  leaders 
of  the  opposition  in  the  house  of  representatives. 
He  was  always  a  strong  supporter  and  warm  per- 
sonal friend  of  Gen.  Jackson.  At  the  close  of  the 
21st  congress  in  March.  1831,  it  was  Mr.  Buchanan's 
wish  to  retire  from  public  life,  but,  at  the  request 
of  Gen.  Jackson  (who  had  become  president  in  1829), 
he  accepted  the  mission  to  Russia.  He  embarked 
from  New  York  in  a  sailing-vessel  on  8  Ajjril,  1832, 
and  arrived  at  St.  Petersburg  about  the  middle  of 
June.  The  chief  objects  of  his  mission  were  the  ne- 
gotiation of  a  commercial  treaty  that  should  pro- 
mote an  increase  of  the  commerce  between  Russia 
and  the  United  States  by  regulating  the  duties  to  be 
levied  on  the  merchandise  of  each  country  by  the 
other  so  far  as  to  prevent  undue  discrimination  in 
favor  of  the  products  of  other  countries ;  to  provide 
for  the  residence  and  functions  of  consuls,  etc. ;  and 
also  the  negotiation  of  a  treaty  respecting  the  mari- 
time rights  of  neutral  nations  on  the  principle  that 
"  free  ships  make  free  goods."  The  Russian  minis- 
ter for  foreign  affairs  at  this  time  was  Count  Nes- 
selrode.  He  favored  the  treaty  of  commerce,  and, 
though  there  was  much  opposition  to  it  from  some 
members  of  the  Russian  ministry,  it  was  finally 
concluded  on  18  Dec,  1832.  The  negotiation  con- 
cerning a  treaty  on  maritime  rights  was  not  suc- 
cessful, because,  as  Mr.  Buchanan  wrote,  "Russia 
is  endeavoring  to  manage  England  at  present,  and 
this  is  an  unpropitious  moment  to  urge  her  to 
adopt  principles  of  ptiblic  law  which  would  give 
offence  to  that  nation,  and  which  would  in  any  way 
abridge  her  own  belligerent  rights."  His  attractive 
manners  and  evident  sincerity  of  character  produced 
their  effect  on  the  Russians,  especially  the  emperor 
and  empress  ;  and  he  wrote  home :  "  I  flatter  myself 
that  a  favorable  change  has  been  effected  in  his  [the 
emperor's]  feelings  toward  the  United  States  since 
my  arrival  "  :  and  at  his  audience  of  leave  the  em- 
peror told  him  to  tell  Gen.  Jackson  to  send  him 
another  minister  exactly  like  himself.  He  wrote 
to  President  Jackson :  "  Your  foreign  policy  has 
had  no  small  influence  on  public  opinion  through- 
out Europe."  Of  Russia  and  the  emperor  Mr.  Bu- 
chanan wrote :  "  There  is  no  freedom  of  the  press, 
no  public  opinion,  and  but  little  political  conversa- 
tion, and  that  very  much  guarded ;  in  short,  we 
live  in  the  calm  of  despotism,  though  the  Emperor 
Nicholas  [I.]  is  one  of  the  best  of  despots.  Coming 
abroad  can  teach  an  American  no  othei'  lesson  but 
to  love  his  country,  its  institutions,  and  its  laws 
better,  much  better  than  he  did  before.  I  have  not 
yet  learned  to  submit  patiently  to  the  drudgery  of 
etiquette.  Foreign  ministers  miist  drive  a  carriage 
and  four  with  a  postilion."  He  left  St.  Petersburg 
on  8  Aug.,  1833,  spent  a  short  time  in  Paris  and 
London,  and  reached  home  in  November.  The 
next  year  was  spent  in  private  occupations  in  Lan- 
caster, except  that  he  was  one  of  the  commissioners 
appointed  by  Pennsylvania  to  arrange  with  com- 
missioners from  New  Jersey  concerning  the  use  of 
the   waters   of  Delaware   river.     On  6  Dec,  1834, 


430 


BUCHANAN 


BUCnA:NAN 


the  legislature  of  Pennsylvania  elected  him  to  the 
U.  S.  senate  to  succeed  Mr.  Wilkins,  who  had  been 
appointed  minister  to  Russia.  This  office  was  ac- 
knowledged b)'  Mr.  Buchanan  afterward  to  be  "  the 
only  public  station  he  desired  to  occupy."  He  took 
his  seat  Dec.  15.  He  held  very  strongly  the  doe- 
trine  of  instruction,  that  is,  the  right  of  a  state 
legislature  to  direct  the  vote  of  a  senator  of  the  state 
in  congress,  and  the  duty  of  the  senator  to  obey. 
There  has  never  been  a  period  in  the  history  of  the 
senate  when  more  real  power  of  debate  was  dis- 
played, or  when  public  measures  were  more  thor- 
oughly considered,  than  at  this  time.  President 
Jackson's  celebrated  j^roclamation  against  nullifi- 
cation, and  his  removal  of  the  public  deposits 
from  the  bank  of  the  United  States  into  certain 
selected  state  banks,  had  been  made  during  Mr. 
Buchanan's  residence  abroad.  Jackson  enjoyed 
great  popularity  and  influence  throughout  the 
country,  but  a  large  majority  of  the  senate  were 
opposed  to  his  financial  measures.  This  opposing 
party,  the  old  "  national  republicans "  of  John 
Quincy  Adams's  administration,  were  now  called 
whigs,  and  included  Mr.  Clay,  Mr.  Webster,  Mr. 
Clayton,  of  Delaware,  Mr.  Ewing,  of  Ohio,  and 
Mr.  Frelinghuysen  aTid  Mr.  Southard,  of  New  Jer- 
sey. Among  the  Jackson  men,  or  democrats,  were 
Mr.  Buchanan,  Mr.  Wright,  of  New  York,  Mr.  Ben- 
ton, of  Missouri,  and  Mr.  King,  of  Alabama.  Mr. 
Callioun  stood  apart  from  both  the  political  parties, 
a  great  and  powerful  debater  who  had  been  vice- 
president,  and  who  was  now  senator  from  the  "  nul- 
lifying "  state  of  South  Carolina.  One  of  the  first 
debates  in  which  Mr.  Buchanan  took  part  in  the 
senate  (and  one  that  has  not  yet  lost  its  interest) 
was  upon  a  bill  requiring  the  president,  when  mak- 
ing a  nomination  to  fill  a  vacancy  occasioned  by  the 
removal  of  any  officer,  to  state  the  fact  of  such  re- 
moval and  to  render  reasons  for  it.  Mr.  Buchanan 
opposed  it.  He  contended  that  the  constitution 
only  made  the  consent  of  the  senate  necessary  in 
the  appointment  of  officers  by  the  executive,  not  in 
their  removal ;  that,  if  such  consent  were  required, 
long  and  dangerous  delays  might  occur  when  the 
senate  was  not  in  session  ;  and  that,  if  the  president 
must  assign  reasons  for  removals,  these  reasons 
must  be  investigated,  much  time  would  be  con- 
sumed, and  the  legislative  branch  of  the  govern- 
ment would  thus  exercise  functions  to  which  it 
has  no  claim.  Another  great  discussion  into  which 
Mr.  Buchanan  entered  related  to  the  refusal  of 
the  legislative  chambers  of  France  to  pay  a  cer- 
tain sum  that  had  been  promised  in  1831  by  a 
convention  between  the  United  States  and  the  gov- 
ernment of  King  Louis  Philippe  for  the  liquida- 
tion of  certain  claims  of  American  citizens  against 
France.  The  United  States  waited  three  years  in 
vain  for  the  payment  of  this  money ;  and  finally, 
in  January,  1836,  the  president  recommended  to 
congress  a  partial  non-intercourse  with  France. 
Mr.  Buchanan  made  a  long  and  earnest  speech, 
contending  against  Webster  and  Clay,  in  support 
of  this  measure,  insisting  that  "  there  is  a  point  in 
the  intercourse  between  nations  at  which  diplomacy 
must  end  and  a  nation  must  either  consent  to 
abandon  her  rights  or  assert  them  by  force."  There 
was  some  danger  for  a  time  of  war  with  France, 
but  eventually  Great  Britain  made  an  offer  of  me- 
diation and  the  difficulty  was  amicably  adjusted. 
In  January,  1837,  Mr.  Buchanan  delivered  a  speech 
that  may  be  regarded  as  his  ablest  effort  in  the 
senate.  It  was  in  support  of  Col.  Benton's  "  ex- 
punging" resolution,  which  proposed  to  cancel  in 
the  journal  of  the  senate  Mr.  Clay's  resolution  of 
censure  against  President  Jackson  for  his  removal 


of  the  public  deposits  from  the  bank  of  the  United 
States.  In  this  argument  Mr.  Buchanan  sepai-ated, 
in  a  remarkable  degree,  that  which  was  personal 
and  partisan  in  the  controversy  from  the  serious 
questions  involved.  He  contended  that  the  cen- 
sure passed  by  the  senate  in  1834  upon  the  presi- 
dent was  unjust,  because  he  had  violated  no  law; 
and  that  the  senate,  in  recording  such  a  mere  cen- 
sure, adopted  in  its  legislative  capacity,  had  ren- 
dered itself  incompetent  to  perform  its  high  judi- 
cial function  of  impeachment.  He  concluded  with 
a  very  ingenious  and  elaborate  criticism  of  the 
word  "expunge."  The  "expunging"  resolution 
was  adopted  by  a  party  vote.  Toward  the  end  of 
Jackson's  administration  the  subject  of  slavery  be- 
gan to  be  pressed  upon  the  attention  of  congress  by 
petitions  for  its  abolition  in  the  District  of  Colum- 
bia. One  memorial  on  this  subject  was  presented 
by  Mr.  Buchanan  himself  from  some  Quakers  in  his 
own  state.  Mr.  Calhoun  and  others  objected  to  the 
reception  of  these  petitions.  Mr.  Buchanan,  though 
he  disapproA^ed  of  slavery,  yet  contended  that  con- 
gress had  no  power  under  the  constitution  to  in- 
terfere with  slavery  within  those  states  where  it  ex- 
isted, and  that  it  would  be  very  unwise  to  abolish  it 
in  the  District  of  Columbia — "  a  district  carved  out 
of  two  slave-holding  states  and  surrounded  by  them 
on  all  sides  "  ;  but,  nevertheless,  he  also  contended, 
in  a  long  and  forcible  speech,  for  the  people's  right 
of  petition  and  the  duty  of  congress,  save  under  ex- 
ceptional circumstances,  to  receive  their  petitions. 
In  June,  1836,  Mr.  Buchanan  argued,  against  Mr. 
Webster,  for  a  bill,  introduced  in  conformity  with  a 
special  recommendation  from  President  Jackson, 
prohibiting  the  circulation  through  the  mails  of 
incendiary  publications  on  the  subject  of  slavery. 
In  a  very  sarcastic  speech  against  a  bill  to  prevent 
the  interference  of  certain  federal  officers  with 
elections,  even  in  conversation,  Mr.  Buchanan  thus 
expressed  his  political  faith  :  "  I  support  the  presi- 
dent because  he  is  in  favor  of  a  strict  and  limited 
construction  of  the  constitution,  according  to  the 
true  spirit  of  the  Virginia  and  Kentucky  resolu- 
tions. I  firmly  believe  that  if  this  government  is 
to  remain  powerful  and  permanent  it  can  only  be 
by  never  assuming  doubtful  powers  which  must 
necessarily  bring  it  into  collision  with  the  states. 
I  oppose  the  whig  party,  because,  according  to  their 
reading  of  the  constitution,  congress  possesses,  and 
they  think  ought  to  exercise,  powers  which  would 
endanger  the  rights  of  the  states  and  the  liberties 
of  the  people."  The  most  important  and  far- 
reaching  of  President  Jackson's  executive  meas- 
ures was  his  veto  in  1832  of  a  bill  for  renewing  the 
charter  of  the  bank  of  the  United  States.  Jack- 
son removed  the  national  deposits  into  certain  state 
banks,  which  produced  financial  distress  throughout 
the  land.  Mr.  Buchanan  was  conspicuous  in  the 
senate  as  a  supporter  of  Jackson's  financial  policy 
throughout  his  administration  and  that  of  his  suc- 
cessor, Mr.  Van  Buren,  of  the  same  party,  Mr.  Bu- 
chanan had  been  reelected  to  the  senate  in  January, 
1837,  by  a  very  large  vote  and  for  a  full  term,  his 
first  election  having  been  to  a  vacancy,  and  he  was 
the  first  person  that  had  ever  received  a  second  elec- 
tion from  the  legislature  of  Pennsylvania.  In  1839 
Mr.  Van  Buren  offered  Mr.  Buchanan  the  attorney- 
genei-alship,  which  Mr.  Grundy  had  resigned.  Mr. 
Buchanan  answered  that  he  "  preferred  his  position 
as  a  senator  from  Pennsylvania :  that  nothing 
could  induce  him  to  waive  this  preference  except  a 
sense  of  public  duty,  and  that  he  felt  that  he  could 
render  a  more  efficient  support  to  the  principles  " 
of  the  administration  "  on  the  floor  of  the  senate 
than  he  could  in  an  executive  office."     The  great 


BUCHANAN 


BUCHANAN 


431 


commercial  distress  of  the  country  produced,  in  the 
elections  of  1840,  a  political  revolution,  and  on  4 
March,  1841,  the  whigs  came  into  power  under  Presi- 
dent Harrison.  His  death  in  April  placed  in  the 
executive  chair  Mr.  Tyler,  who  proved  to  be  opposed 
to  a  national  hank,  and  vetoed  two  bills  :  the  first  for 
a  national  bank,  and  the  second  for  a  "  Fiscal  Cor- 
poration of  the  United  States."  Mr.  Clay  made  fre- 
quent attacks  upon  Mr.  Tyler's  vetoes,  and  even 
proposed  a  joint  resolution  for  an  amendment  of 
the  constitution  requiring  but  a  bare  majority,  in- 
stead of  two  thirds,  of  each  house  of  congress  to 
pass  a  bill  over  the  president's  objections.  Mr. 
Buchanan,  on  2  Feb.,  1842,  replied  to  Mr.  Clay  in 
a  speech  that  may  be  ranked  very  high  as  an  ex- 
position of  one  of  the  most  important  parts  of  our 
political  system.  He  showed  that  the  president's 
veto  was  the  people's  safeguard,  through  the  officer 
who  "  more  nearly  represents  a  majority  of  the 
whole  people  than  any  other  branch  of  the  gov- 
ernment," against  the  encroachments  of  the  sen- 
ate. The  veto  power  "owes  its  existence,"  said 
he,  "  to  a  revolt  of  the  people  of  Rome  against  the 
tyrannical  decrees  of  the  Roman  senate.  The  presi- 
dent of  the  United  States,  elected  by  his  fellow- 
citizens  to  the  highest  official  trust  in  the  country, 
is  directly  responsible  to  them  for  the  manner  in 
which  he  shall  discharge  his  duties ;  and  he  will 
not  array  himself,  by  the  exercise  of  the  veto  power, 
against  a  majority  in  both  houses  of  congress,  un- 
less in  extreme  cases,  where,  from  strong  convic- 
tions of  public  duty,  he  may  be  willing  to  draw 
down  upon  himself  their  hostility."  Mr.  Buchanan 
was  one  of  those  that  opposed  the  ratification  of 
the  treaty  with  England  negotiated  by  Mr.  Webster 
and  Lord  Ashburton  in  1842.  In  1843  he  was 
elected  to  the  senate  for  a  third  term,  and  in  1844 
his  name  was  brought  forward  as  the  democratic 
candidate  of  Pennsylvania  for  the  presidential 
nomination ;  but  before  the  national  convention 
met  he  withdrew  in  order  that  the  whole  strength 
of  the  party  might  be  concentrated  upon  one  can- 
didate. James  K.  Polk  was  elected ;  he  asked  Mr. 
Buchanan  to  become  his  secretary  of  state,  and  the 
invitation  was  accepted.  In  this  responsible  posi- 
tion Mr.  Buchanan  had  two  very  important  ques- 
tions to  deal  with,  and  they  required  the  exercise 
of  all  his  political  tact  and  indefatigable  industry. 
One  was  the  settlement  of  the  boundary  between 
the  territory  of  Oregon  and  the  British  posses- 
sions. (See  Polk,  James  Knox.)  The  other  was 
the  annexation  of  Texas,  which  resulted  in  the 
Mexican  war.  Texas  had  been  for  nine  years  inde- 
pendent of  Mexico,  and  now  sought  admission  into 
our  union.  The  difficulties  that  attended  this  ques- 
tion were,  on  the  one  hand,  the  danger  of  increas- 
ing the  excitement,  already  considerable,  against 
slavery  (for  Texas  would  be  a  slave-holding  state) ; 
and,  on  the  other,  the  danger  of  interference  on 
the  part  of  England  if  Texas  should  remain  in- 
dependent and  resume  her  war  with  Mexico.  The 
adoption  by  Texas  of  the  basis  of  annexation  pro- 
posed by  the  United  States  was  followed  by  the 
refusal  of  the  Mexican  government  to  receive  Mr. 
Slidell,  sent  by  Mr.  Polk  as  envoy  extraordinary, 
with  the  object  of  avoiding  a  war  and  to  settle  all 
•questions  between  the  two  countries,  including  the 
western  boundary  of  Texas.  The  result  of  the 
Mexican  war  was  the  cession  to  the  United  States 
•of  California  and  New  Mexico  and  the  final  settle- 
ment of  the  Texan  boundary.  The  policy  of  Mr. 
Polk's  administration  toward  the  states  of  Central 
America  and  on  the  subject  of  the  Monroe  doctrine 
was  shaped  by  Mr.  Buchanan  very  differently  from 
that  adopted  by  the  succeeding  administration  of 


Gen.  Taylor,  whose  secretary  of  state  was  Mr.  Clay- 
ton, the  American  negotiator  of  the  Clayton-Bul- 
wer  treaty  with  Great  Britain.  Acting  under  Mr. 
Buchanan's  advice.  President  Polk,  in  his  first  an- 
nual message,  in  December.  1845,  reasserted  the 
Monroe  doctrine  that  no  European  nation  should 
henceforth  be  allowed  by  the  United  States  to  plant 
any  colony  on  the  American  continent  or  to  inter- 
fere in  any  way  in  American  affairs.  This  declara- 
tion was  intended  to  frustrate  the  attempts  of 
England  to  obtain  a  footing  in  the  then  Mexi- 
can province  of  California  by  an  extensive  system 
of  colonization.  England's  aims  were  defeated  for 
the  time.  Two  years  afterward,  when  the  Mexican 
war  was  drawing  to  a  close,  Mr.  Buchanan  turned 
the  attention  of  President  Polk  to  the  encroach- 
ments of  the  British  government  in  Central  Amer- 
ica, under  the  operation  of  a  protectorate  over  the 
kingdom  of  the  Mosquito  Indians.  Great  disturb- 
ances followed  in  Yucatan,  and  the  Indians  began 
a  war  of  extermination  against  the  whites.  If 
not  actually  incited  by  the  British  authorities,  the 
savages  were  known  to  be  supplied  with  British 
muskets.  The  whites  were  reduced  to  such  ex- 
tremities that  the  authorities  of  Yucatan  offered  to 
transfer  the  dominion  and  sovereignty  of  the  pen- 
insula to  the  United  States,  as  a  consideration  for 
defending  it  against  the  Indians,  at  the  same  time 
giving  notice  that  if  this  oifer  should  be  declined 
they  would  make  the  same  proposition  to  England 
and  Spain.  The  president  recommended  to  con- 
gress the  appeal  of  Yucatan,  but  declined  to  recom- 
mend the  adoption  of  any  measure  with  a  view  to 
acquire  the  dominion  and  sovereignty  over  the  pen- 
insula. In  April,  1848,  the  United  States  appointed 
a  charge  d'affaires  to  Guatemala,  and  Mr.  Buchanan 
instructed  him  to  "  promote,  by  his  counsel  and  ad- 
vice, should  suitable  occasions  offer,  the  reunion  of 
the  states  that  formed  the  federation  of  Central 
America;  to  cultivate  the  most  friendly  relations 
with  Guatemala  and  the  other  states  of  Central 
America;  and  to  communicate  to  the  state  depart- 
ment all  the  information  obtainable  concerning  the 
British  encroachments  upon  the  Mosquito  king- 
dom." The  new  charge  was  prevented  from  reach- 
ing Guatemala  until  late  in  Mr.  Polk's  adminis- 
tration, and  the  plan  wisely  conceived  by  Mx:  Bu- 
chanan was  not  carried  out.  In  the  mean  time  the 
British  government  seized  upon  the  port  of  San  Juan 
de  Nicaragua,  the  only  good  harbor  along  the  coast. 
Instead  of  carrying  out  the  policy  of  President  Polk 
and  Mr.  Buchanan,  the  administration  of  President 
Taylor,  without  consulting  the  states  of  Central 
America,  entered  in  1850  into  the  Clayton-Bulwer 
treaty,  the  ambiguous  language  of  which  soon  gave 
rise  to  such  complications  and  misunderstandings 
between  England  and  the  United  States  that  Mr. 
Buchanan  was  obliged  to  go,  subsequently,  as  min- 
ister to  London,  to  endeavor  to  unravel  them.  In- 
stead of  a  simple  provision  requiring  Great  Britain 
absolutely  to  recede  from  the  Mosquito  protecto- 
rate, and  to  restore  to  Honduras,  Nicaragua,  and 
Costa  Rica  their  respective  territories,  the  treaty 
declared  that  neither  of  the  parties  should  "  make 
use  of  any  protection  which  either  affords  or  may 
afford,  or  any  alliance  which  either  has  or  may 
have,  to  or  with  any  state  or  people,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  erecting  or  maintaining  any  fortifications, 
or  of  occupying,  fortifying,  or  colonizing  any  part 
of  Central  America,  or  of  assuming  or  exercising 
any  dominion  over  the  same."  It  soon  became  the 
British  construction  of  this  clause  that  it  recog- 
nized the  existence  of  the  Mosquito  protectorate 
for  all  purposes  other  than  those  expressly  prohib- 
ited ;  and  down  to  the  time  when  Mr.  Buchanan 


432 


BUCHANAN 


BUCHANAN 


was  sent  by  President  Pierce  as  minister  to  Eng- 
land tliis  claim  was  still  maintained. 

On  the  accession  of  the  whig  party  to  power 
under  Taylor,  in  March,  1849,  Mr.  Buchanan  re- 
tired for  a  time  from  official  life.  His  home,  from 
the  age  of  eighteen,  had  been  the  city  of  Lancaster, 
where  he  owned  a  house.  In  the  autumn  of  1848 
he  purchased  a  small  estate  of  twenty-two  acres, 
known  as  Wheatland,  about  a  mile  from  the  town. 
The  house  was  a  substantial  brick  mansion,  and,  on 
Mr.  Buchanan's  retirement  from  the  cabinet,  this 
became  his  permanent  abode  when  he  was  not  oc- 
cupying an  official  residence  in  London  or  in 
Washington.  Mr.  Buchanan  never  married.  The 
death  of  the  lady  whom  he  had  intended  to  marry 
was  a  deep  and  lasting  sorrow.  The  loss  of  his 
sister,  Mrs.  Lane,  in  1889,  and  of  her  husband  two 
years  later,  gave  him  the  care  of  their  four  chil- 
dren ;  and  the  youngest  of  these,  afterward  widely 
known  as  Miss  Harriet  Lane,  became  an  inmate  of 
his  household.  James  Buchanan  Henry,  the  son 
of  another  sister,  who  died  about  the  same  time, 
was  also  taken  into  his  family ;  and  these  two  cous- 
ins were  brought  up  by  their  uncle  with  the  most 
wise  and  affectionate  care.  Mr.  Buchanan's  letters 
to  his  niece,  begun  when  she  was  a  school-girl,  and, 
after  Miss  Lane  had  grown  ;ip,  written  almost 
daily  during  her  absences  from  him,  give  a  charm- 
ing picture  of  his  private  life.  During  the  few 
years  of  Mr.  Buchanan's  unofficial  life,  passed  chiefly 


at  Wheatland,  he  does  not  appear  to  have  devoted 
much  time  to  the  law.  His  correspondence  was 
large ;  and  this,  with  a  constant  and  lively  interest 
in  public  affairs,  rendered  him,  even  in  retirement, 
very  busy.  He  lent  considerable  influence  to  his 
party  as  a  private  individual ;  but  his  exertions 
were  not  marked  by  purely  partisan  feeling.  He 
strenuously  opposed  the  Wilmot  proviso,  which 
aimed  at  excluding  slavery  from  all  newly  acquired 
territory;  and  favored  Mr.  Clay's  "Compromise 
Measures  of  1850,"  which  provided  for  the  admis- 
sion of  California  as  a  free  state,  and  the  abolition 
of  the  slave-trade  in  the  District  of  Columbia ;  but, 
by  the  fugitive  slave  law,  secured  the  return  to  their 
owners  of  slaves  that  had  escaped  into  free  states. 
He  wrote  many  influential  public  letters,  in  one  of 
which  he  declared  that  "  two  things  are  necessary  to 
preserve  the  union  from  danger:  1.  Agitation  in 
the  north  on  the  subject  of  southern  slavery  must 
be  rebuked  and  put  down  by  a  strong  and  enlight- 
ened public  opinion ;  2.  The  fugitive  slave  law  must 
be  enforced  in  its  spirit."  In  the  presidential  elec- 
tion of  1853  Mr.  Buchanan  was  a  candidate  for  the 
democratic  nomination ;  but  Gen.  Franklin  Pierce 
received  the  nomination  and  was  elected.  The  most 
important  service  rendered  by  Mr.  Buchanan  to  his 
party  in  this  election — and  with  him  a  service  to  his 
party   was    alike  a  service  to  his  country — was  a 


speech  made  at  Greensburgh,  Pa.,  in  October,  1852, 
in  opposition  to  the  election  of  Gen.  Scott,  the  whig 
candidate.  This  speech  exhibited  in  a  very  clear 
light  the  whole  political  history  of  that  period,  and 
asserted  a  principle  which  he  said  ought  to  be  an 
article  of  democratic  fdltli :  "  Beware  of  elevating 
to  the  highest  civil  trust  the  commander  of  your 
victorious  armies,"  drawing  a  distinction  between 
one  "  who  had  been  a  man  of  war,  and  nothing  but 
a  man  of  war  from  his  youth  upward,"  and  such  as 
had  been  "  soldiers  only  in  the  day  and  hour  of 
danger,  when  the  country  had  demanded  their  ser- 
vices, and  who  had  already  illustrated  high  civil 
appointments  " ;  and  then  criticising  exhaustively 
each  of  Gen.  Scott's  avowed  political  opinions,  and 
quoting  Mr.  Thurlow  Weed,  "  one  of  Gen.  Scott's 
most  able  supporters,"  as  acknowledging  that 
"  there  was  weakness  in  all  Scott  said  or  did  about 
the  presidency."  When  in  1853  Franklin  Pierce, 
became  president,  he  appointed  Mr.  Buchanan 
minister  to  England.  Buchanan,  though  social 
in  his  nature,  was  a  man  of  simple  republican 
tastes,  and  the  formality  and  etiquette  of  life 
at  a  foreign  court,  never  agreeable,  now,  at  the 
age  of  sixty-two,  appeared  to  him  particulai'ly  dis- 
tasteful ;  besides,  he  considered  that  his  duty  ta 
his  young  relatives  as  well  as  to  his  only  surviving 
brother,  a  clergyman  in  delicate  health,  required 
his  presence  at  home.  But  with  Mr.  Buchanan 
duty  to  his  country  always  outweighed  every  other 
consideration,  and  Mr.  Pierce's  urgent  appeal  to 
him  to  accept  what  was  at  that  time  a  very  impor- 
tant mission,  at  length  prevailed.  Mr.  Buchanan 
sailed  for  England  from  New  York  on  5  Aug.,  1853, 
and  landed  in  Liverpool  on  the  17th.  There  were 
three  important  questions  to  be  settled  with  Eng- 
land at  this  time  :  the  first  related  to  the  fisheries  \ 
the  second  was  the  desire  of  England  to  establish 
reciprocal  free  trade  in  certain  enumerated  articles 
between  the  United  States  and  the  British  North 
American  provinces,  and  thus  preserve  their  alle- 
giance and  ward  oft'  the  danger  of  their  annexation 
to  the  United  States ;  and  this  Mr.  Buchanan  was 
very  desirous  to  use  as  a  powerful  lever  to  secure 
the  third  point,  which  the  United  States  earnestly 
desired,  viz.,  the  withdrawal  of  all  British  dominion 
in  Central  America,  and  the  recognition  of  the  Mon- 
roe doctrine,  which  the  Clayton-Bulwer  treaty  had 
not  firmly  established.  President  Pierce  considered 
it  best  that  the  reciprocity  and  fishery  questions 
should  be  settled  at  Washington ;  but  IMr.  Buchan- 
an was  intrusted  with  the  negotiation  of  the  Central 
American  question  in  London.  Mr.  Buchanan's 
main  object  was  to  develop  and  ascertain  the  precise 
differences  between  the  two  governments  in  regard 
to  the  construction  of  the  Clayton-Bulwer  treaty, 
but  the  Crimean  war  so  long  delayed  the  negotia- 
tions with  this  country  that  nothing  could  be  ac- 
complished while  he  remained  in  England.  As  the 
war  approached,  and  when  it  was  finally  declared, 
the  principles  of  neutrality,  privateering,  and  many 
other  topics  came  within  the  range  of  the  discus- 
sion ;  and  it  was  very  much  in  consequence  of  the 
views  expressed  by  Mr.  Buchanan  to  Lord  Claren- 
don, and  by  the  latter  communicated  to  the  Brit- 
ish cabinet,  that  the  course  of  England  toward 
neutrals  during  that  war  became  what  it  was. 
When  Lord  Clarendon,  in  1854,  presented  to  Mr. 
Buchanan  a  projet  for  a  treaty  between  Great  Brit- 
ain, France,  and  the  United  States,  making  it  pira- 
cy for  neutrals  to  serve  on  board  of  privateers  cruis- 
ing against  the  commerce  of  either  of  the  three 
nations  when  such  nation  was  a  belligerent,  th& 
very  impressive  reasons  that  Mr.  Buchanan  opposed 
to  "it   caused  it  to  be  abandoned.     An  Americac? 


BUCHANAN 


BUCHANAN 


433 


minister  at  the  English  court,  at  periods  of  exciting 
and  critical  questions  between  the  two  nations,  is 
very  likely  to  experience  a  considerable  variation 
in  the  social  barometer.  But  the  strength  of  Mr. 
Buchanan's  character,  and  the  agreeable  personal 
qualities  which  were  in  him  united  with  the  grav- 
ity of  years  and  an  experience  of  a  very  uncommon 
kind,  overcame  at  all  times  any  tendency  to  social 
unpleasantness  that  might  have  been  caused  by 
national  feelings  excited  by  temporary  causes. 
Throughout  his  residence  in  England  Mr.  Buchan- 
an was  treated  with  marked  attention,  not  only  by 
society  in  general,  but  by  the  queen  and  the  prince 
consort.  Miss  Lane  joined  him  in  the  spring  of  1854, 
and  remained  with  him  until  the  autumn  of  1855. 
Mr.  Buchanan  arrived  in  New  York  in  April,  1856, 
and  there  met  with  a  public  reception  from  the  au- 
thorities and  people  of  the  city,  that  evinced  the 
interest  that  now  began  to  be  everywhere  mani- 
fested in  him  as  the  probable  future  president. 
Prior  to  the  meeting  of  the  national  democratic 
convention  at  Cincinnati  in  June,  1856,  there  was 
lack  of  oi'ganization  on  the  part  of  Mr.  Buchan- 
an's political  friends ;  and  Mr.  Buchanan  him- 
self, tliough  willing  to  accept  the  nomination,  made 
no  efforts  to  secure  it,  and  did  not  believe  that  he 
would  receive  it.  The  rival  claimants  were  Presi- 
dent Pierce  and  Senator  Douglas,  of  Illinois. 
Chiefly  through  the  efforts  of  Mr.  Slidell,  Mr.  Bu- 
chanan was  nominated.  By  this  time  the  whig 
party  had  disappeared,  the  old  party  lines  were  ob- 
literated, and  the  main  political  issue  had  come  to 
be  the  question  of  slavery  or  no  slavery  in  the  ter- 
ritories. The  anti-slavery  party  now  called  them- 
selves republicans,  and  their  candidate  was  Gen. 
Fremont.  The  result  of  the  election  shows,  with 
great  distinctness,  the  following  facts :  1.  Tliat 
Mr.  Buchanan  was  chosen  president  because  he  re- 
ceived the  electoral  votes  of  the  five  free  states  of 
Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey,  Indiana,  Illinois,  and 
California  (sixty-two  in  all),  and  that  without  them 
he  could  not  have  been  elected.  2.  That  his  south- 
ern vote  (that  of  every  slave-holding  state  except- 
ing Maryland)  was  partly  given  to  him  because  of 
his  conservative  opinions  and  position,  and  partly 
because  the  candidate  for  the  vice-presidency,  Mr. 
Breckinridge,  was  a  southern  man.  3.  That  Gen. 
Fremont  received  the  electoral  vote  of  no  southern 
state,  and  that  this  was  due  partly  to  the  character 
of  the  republican  party,  and  partly  to  the  fact 
that  the  republican  candidate  for  the  vice-presi- 
dency, Mr.  Dayton,  of  New  Jersey,  was  a  citi- 
zen of  a  non-slaveholding  state.  Gen.  Fremont 
himself  was  nominally  a  citizen  of  California. 
This  election,  therefore,  foreshadowed  the  section- 
al division  that  would  be  almost  certain  to  happen 
in  the  next  one  if  the  four  years  of  Mr.  Bu- 
chanan's administration  should  not  witness  a  sub- 
sidence in  the  sectional  feelings  between  the  north 
and  the  south.  It  would  only  be  necessary  for 
the  republicans  to  wrest  from  the  democratic  par- 
ty the  five  free  states  that  had  voted  for  Mr. 
Buchanan,  and  they  would  elect  the  president  in 
1860.  Whether  this  was  to  happen  would  depend 
upon  the  ability  of  the  democratic  party  to  avoid  a 
rupture  into  factions  that  would  themselves  be 
representatives  of  irreconcilable  dogmas  on  the  sub- 
ject of  slavery  in  the  territories.  Hence  it  is  that 
Mr.  Buchanan's  course  as  president,  for  the  first 
three  years  of  his  term,  is  to  be  judged  with  refer- 
ence to  the  responsibility  that  was  upon  him  so  to 
conduct  the  government  as  to  disarm,  if  possible, 
the  antagonism  of  section  to  section.  His  admin- 
istration of  affairs  after  the  election  of  Mr.  Lincoln 
is  to  be  judged  simply  by  his  duty  as  the  executive 


in  the  most  extraordinary  and  anomalous  crisis  in 
which  the  country  had  ever  been  placed. 

Mr.  Buchanan  was  inaugurated  on  4  March,  1857. 
The  cabinet,  which  was  confirmed  by  the  senate 
on  6  March,  consisted  of  Lewis  Cass,  of  Michigan, 
secretary  of  state ;  Howell  Cobb,  of  Georgia,  secre- 
tary of  the  treasury ;  John  B.  Floyd,  of  Virginia, 
secretary  of  war ;  Isaac  Toucey,  of  Connecticut, 
secretary  of  the  navy ;  Aaron  V.  Brown,  of  Tennes- 
see, postmaster-general ;  Jacob  Thompson,  of  Mis- 
sissippi, secretary  of  the  interior ;  and  Jeremiah 
S.  Black,  of  Pennsylvania,  attorney-general.  The 
internal  affairs  of  the  country  during  Buchanan's 
administration  occupied  so  nmeh  of  the  public 
attention  at  the  time,  and  have  since  been  a  sub- 
ject of  so  much  interest,  that  his  management 
of  our  foreign  relations  has  been  quite  obscured. 
The  wisdom  displayed  in  this  branch  of  his  duties 
was  such  as  might  have  been  expected  from  one 
who  had  had  his  previous  experience  in  the  state 
department  and  in  important  diplomatic  posts. 
His  only  equals  in  the  executive  oifice  in  this  re- 
spect have  been  Mr.  Jefferson  and  Mr.  John  Quincy 
Adams.  During  an  administration  fraught  with 
the  most  serious  hazards  to  the  internal  relations 
of  the  states  with  each  other,  he  kept  steadily 
in  view  the  preservation  of  peace  and  good  will 
between  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain,  while 
he  abated  nothing  from  our  just  claims  or  our 
national  dignity.  He  left  to  his  successor  no  unset- 
tled question  between  these  two  nations  that  was 
of  any  immediate  importance,  and  he  also  left  the 
feeling  between  them  and  their  respective  govern- 
ments in  a  far  better  condition  than  he  found  it 
on  his  accession  to  the  presidency.  The  long-stand- 
ing and  dangerous  question  of  IBritish  dominion  in 
Central  America,  in  the  hope  of  settling  which  Mr. 
Buchanan  had  accepted  the  mission  to  England, 
was  still  pending,  but  it  was  at  length  amicably 
and  honorably  settled,  under  his  advice  and  appro- 
bation after  he  became  president,  by  treaties  be- 
tween Great  Britain  and  the  two  Central  American 
states,  in  accordance  with  the  American  construc- 
tion of  the  Clayton-Bulwer  treaty.  Another  subject 
of  contention  that  had  long  existed  between  the 
two  countries  was  removed  by  President  Buchan- 
an in  a  summary  and  dignified  way.  The  bellig- 
erent right  of  search  had  been  exercised  by  Great 
Britain  in  the  maritime  war  of  1812.  In  pro- 
cess of  time  she  undertook  to  assert  a  right  to 
detain  and  search,  on  the  high  seas,  in  time  of 
peace,  merchantmen  suspected  of  being  engaged 
in  the  slave-trade.  In  1858  she  despatched  some 
cruisers  with  such  orders  to  the  coast  of  Cuba 
and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  President  Buchanan,  al- 
ways vigilant  in  protecting  the  commerce  of  the 
country,  but  mindful  of  the  importance  of  prevent- 
ing any  necessity  for  war,  remonstrated  to  the  Eng- 
lish government  against  this  violation  of  the  free- 
dom of  the  seas.  Then  he  sent  a  large  naval  force 
to  the  neighborhood  of  Cuba  with  instructions  "  to 
protect  all  vessels  of  the  United  States  on  the  high 
seas  from  search  or  detention  by  the  vessels  of  war 
of  any  other  nation."  The  effect  was  most  salu- 
tary. The  British  government  receded,  abandoned 
the  claim  of  the  right  of  search,  and  recognized  the 
principle  of  international  law  in  favor  of  the  free- 
dom of  the  seas.  During  the  whole  of  Mr.  Buchan- 
an's administration  our  relations  with  Mexico  were 
in  a  complicated  and  critical  position,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  internal  condition  of  that  country 
and  of  the  danger  of  interference  by  European 
powers.  Great  outrages  were  committed  in  Mexi- 
co upon  our  citizens  and  their  property,  and 
their    claims   against   that  government    exceeded 


434 


BUCHANAN 


BUCHANAN 


-$10,000,000.  Mr.  Buchanan  recommended  to 
congress  to  send  assistance  to  the  constitutional 
government  in  Mexico,  which  had  been  forcibly 
superseded  by  military  rule,  but  which  still  held  the 
allegiance  of  the  majority  of  the  people,  and  to 
enforce  redress  for  the  wrongs  of  our  citizens.  He 
saw  very  clearly  that,  unless  active  measures  should 
be  taken  by  the  government  of  the  United  States 
to  reach  a  power  with  which  a  settlement  of  all 
claims  and  diificulties  could  be  effected,  some  other 
nation  would  undertake  to  establish  a  government 
in  Mexico,  and  the  United  States  would  then  have 
to  interfere,  not  only  to  secure  the  rights  of  their 
citizens,  but  to  assert  the  principle  of  the  Monroe 
doctrine.  He  also  instructed  the  Mexican  minis- 
ter, Mr.  McLane,  to  make  a  "  Treaty  of  Transit  and 
Commerce  "  and  a  "  convention  to  enforce  treaty 
stipulations,  and  to  maintain  order  and  security  in 
the  territory  of  the  republics  of  Mexico  and  the 
United  States."  But  congress  took  no  notice  of  the 
president's  recommendation,  and  refused  to  ratify 
the  treaty  and  the  convention.  Mexico  was  left  to 
the  interference  of  Louis  Napoleon  ;  the  establish- 
ment of  an  empire,  under  Maximilian,  followed, 
for  the  embarrassment  of  President  Lincoln's  ad- 
ministration while  we  were  in  the  throes  of  our  civil 
war,  and  the  claims  of  American  citizens  were  to 
•all  appearance  indefinitely  postponed.  Our  rela- 
tions with  Spain  were  also  in  a  very  unsatisfactory 
condition  at  the  beginning  of  Mr.  Buchanan's  term. 
There  were  many  just  claims  of  our  citizens  against 
the  Spanish  government  for  injuries  received  in 
Cuba,  and  Mr.  Buchanan  succeeded  in  having  a 
"  convention  concluded  at  Madrid  in  1800,  establish- 
ing a  joint  commission  for  the  final  adjudication  and 
payment  of  all  the  claims  of  the  respective  parties." 
The  senate  refused  to  ratify  this  convention  also, 
probably  because  of  the  intense  excitement  against 
slavery,  the  convention  having  authorized  the  pre- 
senting before  the  commissioners  of  a  Spanish 
claim  against  the  United  States  for  the  value  of 
certain  slaves.  In  the  settlement  of  claims  against 
the  government  of  Paraguay  the  president's  firm 
policy  was  seconded  by  congress,  and  he  was  author- 
ized to  send  a  commissioner  to  that  country  ac- 
companied by  "a  naval  force  sufficient  to  exact 
justice  should  negotiation  fail."  This  was  entirely 
successful ;  full  indemnification  was  obtained 
without  any  resort  to  arms.  Mr.  Buchanan's  ne- 
gotiations with  China,  conducted  througli  Will- 
iam B.  Reed  as  minister,  were  also  successful ;  a 
treaty  was  concluded  in  1858,  which  established 
very  satisfactory  commercial  relations  with  that 
country  and  secured  the  liquidation  of  all  claims. 
June  22,  1860,  Mr.  Buchanan  vetoed  a  bill  "to 
secure  homesteads  to  actual  settlers  in  the  public 
domain,  and  for  other  purposes."  The  other  pur- 
poses contemplated  donations  to  the  states.  The 
ground  of  the  veto  was  that  the  power  "  to  dis- 
pose of"  the  territory  of  the  United  States  did 
not  authorize  congress  to  donate  public  lands 
to  the  states  for  their  domestic  purposes.  In  the 
senate  the  bill  failed  to  receive  the  two  thirds 
majority  necessary  to  pass  it  over  the  veto.  In 
internal  affairs  the  preceding  administration  of 
President  Pierce  had  left  a  legacy  of  trouble  to  his 
successor  in  the  repeal  of  the  Missouri  compi'omise, 
which  was  followed  by  a  terrible  period  of  lawless- 
ness and  bloodshed  in  Kansas,  vinder  what  was 
called  "  squatter  sovereignty,"  the  slavery  and  the 
anti-slavery  parties  among  the  settlers  struggling 
for  supremacy.  The  pro-slavery  party  sustained 
the  territorial  government  and  obtained  control 
of  its  legislature.  The  anti-slavery  party  repu- 
diated this  legislature   and   held  a  convention  at 


Topeka  to  institute  an  opposition  government. 
Congress  had  recognized  the  authority  of  the  terri- 
torial government,  and  Mr.  Buchanan,  as  president, 
had  no  alternative  but  to  recognize  and  uphold  it 
also.  The  fact  that  the  legislature  of  that  govern- 
ment was  in  the  hands  of  the  pro-slavery  party 
made  the  course  he  adopted  seem  as  if  he  fa- 
vored their  pro-slavery  designs,  while,  in  truth, 
he  had  no  object  to  subserve  but  to  sustain,  as  he 
was  officially  obliged  to  sustain,  the  government 
that  congress  had  recognized  as  the  lawful  gov- 
ernment of  the  territory.  Now,  throughout  the 
north,  the  press  and  the  pulpit  began  to  teem  with 
denunciations  of  the  new  president,  who  had  not 
allowed  revolutionary  violence  to  prevail  over  the 
law  of  the  land,  and  this  was  kept  up  throughout 
his  administration.  The  anti-slavery  party  gained 
ground,  and  the  election  of  1860  resulted  in  the 
triumph  of  Mr.  Lincoln.  Mr.  Buchanan  was  a  con- 
servative and  far-seeing  man,  who,  though  opposed 
to  slavery,  believed  that  the  blind  and  fanatical 
interference  of  the  northern  abolitionists  in  the 
domestic  affairs  of  the  southern  states  would  excite 
the  latter  in  a  manner  dangerous  to  the  peace  and 
prosperity  of  the  union.  His  messages  constantly 
recommended  conciliatory  legislative  measures ; 
but  congress  paid  no  attention  to  his  advice.  Fi- 
nally the  election  of  Mr.  Lincoln  was  seized  upon 
as  the  signal  in  South  Carolina  for  the  break- 
ing out  of  her  old  doctrine  of  secession.  She 
passed  her  ordinance  of  secession  on  20  Dec, 
1860.  Mr.  Buchanan  never  for  a  moment  admitted 
that  a  state  had  any  power  to  secede  from  the 
union.  South  Carolina  had  once  and  forever 
adopted  and  ratified  the  constitution  of  the  United 
States,  and  he  maintained  that  she  had  by  this  act 
permanently  resigned  certain  powers  to  the  federal 
government,  and  that  she  could  not,  by  her  own 
will  and  without  the  consent  of  the  other  states, 
resume  those  powers  and  declare  herself  independ- 
ent. She  could,  if  actually  oppressed  by  the  gen- 
eral government,  seek  to  redress  her  wrongs  by 
revolution  ;  but  never  by  secession.  He  refused  to 
receive,  in  their  assumed  official  capacity,  the  com- 
missioners sent  by  South  Carolina,  in  December, 
1860,  to  treat  with  him  as  with  a  foreign  power. 
In  October,  1860,  before  the  election,  Mr.  Buchanan 
received  from  Gen.  Scott,  the  general-in-chief  of 
the  army,  a  communication  saying  that,  in  the 
event  of  Mr.  Lincoln's  election,  Gen.  Scott  antici- 
pated that  there  would  be  a  secession  of  one  or 
more  of  the  southern  states;  and  that,  from  the 
general  rashness  of  the  southern  character,  there 
was  danger  of  a  "  preliminary "  seizure  of  certain 
southern  forts.  This  paper  became  known  as 
"  General  Scott's  Views."  It  was  the  foundation,  at 
a  lafter  period,  of  a  charge  that  President  Buchan- 
an had  been  warned  by  Gen.  Scott  of  the  danger  of 
leaving  the  southern  forts  without  sufficient  gar- 
risons to  prevent  surprises,  and  that  he  had  neg- 
lected this  warning.  Mr.  Buchanan,  who  had 
publicly  denied  the  right  of  secession,  could  not 
furnish  the  southern  states  with  any  justification 
of  such  a  proceeding  by  prematurely  reenforcing 
the  forts  as  if  he  anticipated  secession.  But,  even 
if  the  president  had  wished  to  adopt  such  a  meas- 
ure, there  were,  as  Gen.  Scott  himself  said,  but 
five  companies  of  regular  troops,  or  400  men,  avail- 
able for  the  garrisoning  of  nine  fortifications  in  six 
highly  excited  southern  states.  The  remainder  of 
the  army  was  scattered  over  the  western  plains. 
Scott's  views  were  clearly  impracticable,  and  pro- 
duced no  impression  upon  the  president's  mind. 

Mr.  Buchanan  has  been  often  and  severely  re- 
proached for  a  "  temporizing  policy  "  and  a  want 


BUCHANAN 


BUCHANAN 


435 


•of  such  vigor  as  might  have  averted  the  civil  war ; 
but  the  policy  of  Mr.  Lincoln's  administration, 
until  after  the  attack  on  Fort  Sumter,  was  identi- 
cal with  that  of  Mr.  Buchanan.  In  his  annual 
message  of  5  Dec,  1860,  Mr.  Buchanan  stated 
clearly  and  forcibly  his  denial  of  the  right  of  se- 
cession, and  also  his  conviction  that  if  a  state 
should  adopt  such  an  unconstitutional  measure  the 
federal  government  had  no  power,  under  the  con- 
stitution, to  make  aggressive  war  upon  her  to  com- 
pel her  to  remain  in  the  union ;  bat  at  the  same 
time  drawing  a  definite  distinction  between  this 
and  the  right  of  the  use  of  force  against  individu- 
als, in  spite  of  secession,  in  enforcing  the  execution 
of  federal  laws  and  in  the  preservation  of  federal 
property.  This  doctrine  met  the  secessionists  upon 
their  own  ground  ;  for  it  denied  that  a  state  ordi- 
nance of  secession  could  absolve  its  people  from 
obeying  the  laws  of  the.  United  States.  Mr.  Bu- 
chanan thus  framed  the  only  justifiable  basis  of  a 
civil  war,  and  left  upon  the  records  of  the  country 
the  clear  line  of  demarcation  that  would  have  to 
be  observed  by  his  successor  and  would  make  the 
use  of  force,  if  force  must  be  used,  a  war,  not  of 
aggression,  but  of  defence.  In  order  to  disarm  all 
unreasonable  opposition  from  the  south,  Mr.  Bu- 
chanan urged  upon  congress  the  adoption  of  an 
"  explanatory  amendment "  of  the  constitution, 
which  should  effectually  secure  to  slave-holders  all 
their  constitutional  rights.  From  all  parts  of  the 
•country,  north  and  south,  he  received  private  let- 
ters approving,  on  various  grounds,  the  tone  of  the 
message ;  but  nearly  the  whole  of  the  republican 
party  saw  fit  to  treat  it  as  a  denial  by  the  president 
of  any  power  to  enforce  the  laws  against  the  citi- 
zens of  a  state  after  secession,  and  even  after  act- 
ual rebellion ;  while  this  very  power,  emphatically 
stated  as  it  was  in  the  message,  was  made  by  the 
secessionists  their  ground  of  attack.  It  was  the 
great  misfortune  of  Mr.  Buchanan's  position  that 
he  had  to  appeal  to  a  congress  in  which  there  were 
two  sectional  parties  breathing  mutual  defiance ; 
in  which  broad  and  patriotic  statesmanship  was 
confined  to  a  small  body  of  men,  who  could  not 
win  over  to  their  views  a  sufficient  number  from 
either  of  the  parties  to  make  up  a  majority  upon 
any  proposition  whatever.  In  the  hope  of  prevent- 
ing the  secession  of  South  Carolina,  the  president 
sent  Caleb  Cushing  to  Charleston,  with  a  letter  to 
Gov.  Pickens,  urging  the  people  of  the  state  to 
await  the  action  of  congress. 

After  the  actual  secession  of  South  Carolina, 
Mr.  Buchanan's  two  great  objects  were :  1.  To 
confine  the  area  of  secession,  so  that  if  there  was 
to  be  a  southern  confederacy  it  might  comprehend 
only  the  cotton  states,  which  were  most  likely  to 
act  together.  2.  To  induce  congress  to  prepare  for 
a  civil  war  in  case  one  should  be  precipitated. 
While  he  made  it  apparent  to  congress  that  at  that 
time  he  was  without  the  necessary  executive  pow- 
ers to  enforce  the  collection  of  the  revenue  in 
South  Carolina,  he  did  not  fail  to  call  for  the  ap- 
propriate powers  and  means.  But  at  no  time  dur- 
ing that  session  did  a  single  republican  senator 
(and  the  republicans  had  a  majority  in  the  senate), 
in  any  form  whatever,  give  his  vote  or  his  influ- 
ence for  any  measure  that  would  strengthen  the 
hands  of  the  president  either  in  maintaining  peace 
•or  in  executing  the  laws  of  the  United  States. 
Whatever  was  the  governing  motive  for  their  in- 
action, it  never  can  be  said  that  they  were  not  sea- 
sonably warned  by  the  president  that  a  policy  of 
inaction  would  be  fatal.  That  policy  not  only 
■crippled  him,  but  crippled  his  successor.  When 
Mr.  Lincoln  came  into  office,  seven  states  had  al- 


ready seceded,  and  not  a  single  law  had  been  put 
upon  the  statute-book  that  would  enable  the  execu- 
tive to  meet  such  a  condition  of  the  union.  Mr. 
Crittenden,  of  Kentucky,  had  introduced  into  the 
senate  a  resolution,  which  became  known  as  the 
"  Crittenden  Compromise,"  providing  in  substance 
for  a  restoration  of  the  Missouri  compromise-line 
of  36"  30' :  and  it  was  proposed  that  this  question 
should  be  referred  to  a  direct  vote  of  the  people  in 
the  several  states.  On  8  Jan.,  1861,  Mr.  Buchanan 
sent  a  special  message  to  congress,  strongly  recom- 
mending the  adoption  of  this  measure ;  but  it  pro- 
duced no  effect.  During  the  last  three  months  of 
his  term  there  were  several  changes  in  his  cabinet. 
Mr.  Cobb  resigned  his  portfolio  on  8  Dec,  1860, 
and  Mr.  Thomas,  who  succeeded  him  as  secretary 
of  the  treasury,  also  resigned  on  11  Jan.,  their 
sympathies  being  with  the  secessionists.  This  de- 
partment was  then  taken  by  Gen.  John  A.  Dix. 
Mr.  Thompson,  secretary  of  the  interior,  resigned 
on  8- Jan.,  also  because  he  was  a  southern  man,  and 
the  duties  of  this  office  were  subsequently  per- 
formed by  Moses  Kelly,  chief  clerk.  Gen.  Cass 
and  Gov.  Floyd  resigned  their  offices  in  Decem- 
ber ;  Judge  Black  was  transferred  from  the  attor- 
ney-generalship to  the  state  department,  and  Ed- 
win M.  Stanton  became  attorney-general.  Joseph 
Holt  succeeded  Sec.  Floyd  in  the  war  department. 

The  two  critical  questions  which  it  was  impor- 
tant that  the  president  should  correctly  and  con- 
sistently decide  were,  whether  he  was  to  receive  in 
their  assumed  official  character  any  commissioners 
sent  by  the  southern  states  as  to  a  foreign  power, 
and  whether  re-enforcements  should  be  sent  to 
Maj.  Anderson  at  Fort  Sumter,  or  to  any  other 
southern  fort.  Mr.  Buchanan  always  refused  to 
receive  both  the  Soutli  Carolina  commissioners  and 
also  Mr.  Crawford,  the  first  of  the  commissioners 
from  the  confederate  government  at  Montgomery, 
who  arrived  in  Washington  just  before  the  close 
of  his  term ;  he  thus  left  the  new  president  entire- 
ly free  to  act  as  he  saw  best,  and  entirely  untram- 
melled by  any  previous  pledges.  As  to  re-enforce- 
ments for  southern  forts,  Maj.  Anderson  was  in- 
structed to  report  to  the  government  any  necessity 
for  assistance,  and  in  the  mean  time  an  expedition 
was  fitted  out  at  New  York  and  held  in  readiness 
to  sail  at  an  hour's  notice.  Until  the  close  of  Mr. 
Buchanan's  administration,  Maj.  Anderson  con- 
sidered himself  sufficiently  strong,  and  agreed  with 
the  president  that  any  unnecessary  movement  of 
troops  would  be  regarded  by  the  south  as  a  menace 
and  would  provoke  hostilities.  Mr.  Buchanan 
would  not  initiate  a  civil  war;  his  policy  was  en- 
tirely defensive ;  and  yet  he  did  all  that  he  could, 
constitutionally,  to  avert  a  war.  It  has  often  been 
asked,  Why  did  Mr.  Buchanan  suffer  state  after 
state  to  go  out  of  the  union  ?  Why  did  he  not  call 
on  the  north  for  volunteers,  and  put  down  rebel- 
lion in  its  first  stage  ?  The  president  had  no  power 
to  call  for  volunteers  under  any  existing  law ;  con- 
gress, during  the  whole  winter,  refused  to  pass  any 
law  to  provide  him  with  men  or  money.  In  the 
application  of  all  the  means  that  he  had  for  pro- 
tecting the  public  property,  he  omitted  no  step 
that  could  have  been  taken  with  safety,  and,  at  the 
inauguration  of  Mr.  Lincoln,  Maj.  Anderson  not 
only  held  Fort  Sumter,  but  had  held  it  down  to 
that  time  in  perfect  confidence  that  he  could  main- 
tain his  position. 

On  9  March,  1861,  Mr.  Buchanan  returned  to 
his  home  at  Wheatland,  a  view  of  which  appears 
on  page  432,  rejoicing  to  be  free  from  the  cares 
of  a  long  and  responsible  public  life,  and  wel- 
comed  by  an   immense  gathering  of  his  neigh- 


436 


BUCHANAN 


BUCHANAN 


bors  and  the  citizens  of  Lancaster.  Here  he  lived 
quietly  for  the  remaining  seven  years  of  his  life, 
taking,  however,  a  lively  interest  in  public  aifairs 
and  always  supporting,  with  his  influence  as  a  pri- 
vate citizen,  the  maintenance  of  the  war  for  the 
restoration  of  the  union.  His  health  was  generally 
good  throughout  his  whole  life.  After  his  final 
return  to  Wheatland  he  began  to  be  attacked  occa- 
sionally by  rheumatic  gout,  and  this  malady  at 
last  terminated  his  life  in  his  seventy-eighth  year. 
His  remains  were  interred  in  a  cemetery  near  Lan- 
caster. No  man  was  ever  treated  with  greater  in- 
justice than  he  was  during  the  last  seven  years  of 
his  life  by  a  large  part  of  the  public.  Men  said  he 
was  a  secessionist ;  he  was  a  traitor ;  he  had  given 
away  the  authority  of  the  government ;  he  had 
been  weak  and  vacillating ;  he  had  shut  his  eyes 
when  men  about  him,  the  very  ministers  of  his 
cabinet,  were  plotting  the  destruction  of  the  union ; 
he  was  old  and  timid ;  he  might  have  crushed  an 
incipient  rebellion,  and  he  had  encouraged  it. 
But  he  bore  all  this  with  patience  and  dignity,  for- 
bearing to  say  anything  against  the  new  adminis- 
tration, and  confident  that  posterity  would  ac- 
knowledge that  he  had  done  his  duty.  In  18G2  he 
was  attacked  by  Uen.  Scott,  who  made  several 
statements  concerning  the  president's  management 
of  the  Fort  Sumter  afiiairs  during  the  last  winter 
of  his  administration,  which  Mr.  Buchanan  suc- 
cessfully refuted.  Mr.  Buchanan's  loyalty  to  the 
constitution  of  the  United  States  was  unbounded. 
He  was  not  a  man  of  brilliant  genius,  nor  did  he 
ever  do  any  one  thing  to  make  his  name  illustrious 
and  immortal,  as  Webster  did  when  he  defended 
the  constitution  against  the  heresy  of  nullification. 
But  in  the  course  of  a  long,  useful,  and  consistent 
life,  filled  with  the  exercise  of  talents  of  a  fine 
order  and  uniform  ability,  he  had  made  the  con- 
stitution of  his  country  the  object  of  his  deepest 
affection,  the  constant  guide  of  all  his  public  acts. 
He  published  a  vindication  of  the  policy  of  his  ad- 
ministration during  the  last  months  of  his  term, 
"  Buchanan's  Administration  "  (New  York,  1866). 
See  "  Life  of  President  Buchanan,"  by  George 
Ticknor  Curtis  (2  vols..  New  York,  1883). 

BUCHANAN,  Joseph  Rhodes,  physician,  b.  in 
Frankfort,  Ky.,  11  Dec,  1814.  He  was  graduated 
as  M.  D.  at  Louisville  university  in  1843,  and  in 
1846  to  1856  was  professor  of  physiology  in  the 
eclectic  medical  institute  of  Cincinnati.  He  was 
dean  of  the  faculty  from  1850  to  1855,  and  edited 
the  medical  journal  connected  with  the  institute. 
He  was  subsequently  connected  with  similar  col- 
leges in  New  York  and  Boston.  Prof.  Buchanan 
has  discovered  what  he  calls  the  sciences  of  Psy- 
chometry  and  Sarcognomy,  and  claims  to  have 
demonstrated  the  action  of  the  brain  on  the  body 
as  its  controlling  physiological  organ.  He  pub- 
lished "  Buchanan's  Journal  of  Man,"  from  1849 
to  1856,  and  has  written  "  Outlines  of  Lectures  on 
the  Neurological  System  of  Anthropology  "  (Cincin- 
nati, 1854),  "  Eclectic  Practice  of  Medicine  and  Sur- 
gery "  (3d  revised  ed.,  Philadelphia,  1868),  "  The 
New  Education  "  (3d  ed.  New  York,  1882),  "  Thera- 
peutic Sarcognomy"  (Boston,  1884),  "Manual  of 
Psychometry"  (1885),  and  is  preparing  a  volume 
on  "  Cerebral  Physiology." 

BUCHANAN,"  McKean,  actor,  b.  in  Philadel- 
phia, Pa.,  28  Feb.,  1823;  d.  in  Denver,  Col.,  16 
April.  1872.  He  was  the  son  of  Paymaster  McKean 
Buchanan,  U.  S.  navy.  He  was  educated  for  the 
navy,  and  served  three  years  as  midshipman  on 
the  sloop-of-war  "  St.  Louis."  His  first  appearance 
as  an  actor  was  made  at  the  St.  Charles  theatre. 
New  Orleans,  in  the  character  of  Hamlet,  in  which 


role  he  made  his  appearance  in  New  York  in  1850j 
but  with  little  success.  He  visited  England  twice, 
and  also  made  tours  in  Australia  and  California. 
His  sombre  and  antiquated  style  did  not  please  the 
people  of  New  York,  and  during  the  latter  years  of 
his  professional  life  he  confined  his  labors  to  the 
west,  where  he  was  very  popular.  Mr.  Buchanan 
possessed  sterling  merit  as  an  actor  and  made  many 
warm  friends. — His  daughter,  Virginia  Ellen,  b. 
in  1866,  has  adopted  her  father's  profession. — His 
son,  Thomas  McKean,  lieutenant-commandei-,  U. 
S.  navy,  b.  in  Bellefonte,  Pa.,  10  Sept.,  1837 ;  d.  in 
Bayou  Teche,  La.,  15  Jan.,  1862.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  the  U.  S.  naval  academy  in  1855,  became 
lieutenant  in  1860  and  lieutenant-commander  in 
1862.  He  co-operated  with  the  national  army  fh 
many  battles  on  the  lower  Mississippi,  and  was 
killed  while  encouraging  his  men  in  the  sharp  action 
at  Bayou  Teche.  Parragut  called  him  "  one  of  our 
most  gallant  and  persevering  young  officers." 

BUCHANAN,  Robert  Christie,  soldier,  b.  in 
Maryland  about  1810 ;  d.  in  Washington,  D.  C,  29 
Nov.,  1878.  He  was  appointed  to  the  U.  S.  military 
academy  from  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  after 
his  graduation  in  1830  served  as  lieutenant  in  the 
Black  Hawk  and  Seminole  wars.  He  was  made  cap- 
tain on  1  Nov.,  1838,  and  in  the  war  with  Mexico 
took  part  in  numerous  battles.  He  was  brevet  ted 
major,  9  May,  1846,  commanded  a  battalion  of  jMary- 
land  volunteers  from  25  Nov.,  1846,  till  30  May,  1847, 
and  brevetted  lieutenant-colonel,  8  Sept.,  1847,  for 
services  at  Molino  del  Rey.  He  was  made  major  in 
the  4th  infantry,  3  Feb.,  1855,  served  against  hos- 
tile Indians  and  in  various  positions  until  the  be- 
ginning of  the  civil  war,  when  he  became  lieuten- 
ant-colonel of  his  regiment  and  stationed  in  the 
defences  of  Washington  from  November,  1861,  till 
March,  1862.  He  had  command  of  his  regiment  in 
the  army  of  the  Potomac  during  the  peninsular 
campaign,  and  afterward  of  a  brigade  of  infantry. 
He  was  engaged  in  the  siege  of  Yorktown  and  in 
the  battles  of  Gaines's  Mills,  Glendale,  and  Malvern 
Hill,  and  made  brevet  colonel  27  June.  1862.  He 
took  part  in  the  second  battle  of  Bull  Bun  and  in 
the  Maryland  and  Rappahannock  campaign,  in 
November,  1862,  was  appointed  brigadier-general 
of  volunteers,  and  in  March,  1863,  was  placed  in 
command  of  Fort  Delaware.  In  February,  1864, 
he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  colonel  of  the  1st 
infantrv.  which  regiment  he  commanded  at  New 
Orleans  from  December,  1864,  till  August,  1865. 
In  March,  1865,  he  was  made  brevet  brigadier-gen- 
eral of  the  U.  S.  army  for  gallant  conduct  at  Mal- 
vern Hill,  and  brevet  major-general  for  services  at 
Manassas  and  Fredericksburg,  He  commanded 
the  district  of  Louisiana  from  January,  1868,  till 
January,  1869,  and  on  31  Dec,  1870,  was  retired, 
on  his  own  application,  after  thiity  years  of  con- 
secutive service.  When  retired  he  was  in  com- 
mand of  Fort  Porter,  N.  Y. 

BUCHANAN,  Sarah,  pioneer,  d.  in  Buchanan's 
Station,  Tenn.,  23  Nov.,  1831.  She  was  the  wife  of 
Maj.  Buchanan,  in  command  of  a  frontier  fort, 
and  displayed  much  bravery  on  many  occasions. 
At  one  time,  while  riding  in  the  woods  with  a  kins- 
woman, she  was  intercepted  by  a  party  of  Indians, 
whom  the  women  deceived  by  assuming  the  posi- 
tions of  men  on  horseback  and  charging  on  the 
savages  with  furious  yells.  During  the  war  with 
the  Creeks  and  Cumberlands  in  1792  the  fort  was 
attacked  by  the  Indians.  When  the  bullets  gave 
out,  Mrs.  Buchanan  was  at  hand  with  an  apronful 
moulded  from  pewter  plates  and  spoons  during  the 
progress  of  the  fight.  She  cheered  the  defenders 
of  the  fort  in  every  possible  way  during  the  long 


BUCK 


BUCKHOUT 


437 


attack,  and  after  its  repulse  became  celebrated  as 
the  greatest  heroine  of  the  west. 

BUCK,  Dudley,  composer,  b.  in  Hartford, 
Conn.,  10  March,  1889.  He  studied  at  Trinity  col- 
lege and  afterward  at  the  Leipsic  Conservatory  of 
Music,  where  he  was  associated  with  A.  Sullivan, 
and  had  instruction  from  Hauptmann,  Richter, 
Rietz,  Moschelles,  and  Plaidy.  Subsequently  he 
studied  under  Schneider  at  Dresden.  He  was  at 
Paris  in  1861-'2.  He  was  for  many  years  the  or- 
ganist of  Music  Hall,  Boston,  and  gained  a  de- 
served reputation  as  a  performer  as  well  as  a 
composer.  In  1875  he  was  invited  by  Theodore 
Tliomas  to  become  assistant  director  at  the  garden 
concerts  in  New  Yorli,  then  the  centre  of  the  high- 
est musical  culture  in  the  United  States.  He  was 
requested  to  compose  the  cantata  to  be  sung  at  the 
opening  of  the  centennial  exhibition  in  Philadel- 
phia in  1876,  which  work  he  performed  with  distin- 
guished success.  The  music  was  rendered  by  a 
chorus  of  800  voices  and  150  instruments  under 
the  direction  of  Theodore  Thomas.  He  also  be- 
came organist  of  the  Church  of  the  Holy  Trinity, 
Brooklyn,  and  director  of  the  Apollo  club.  Mr. 
Buck  has  produced  some  excellent  operetta,  notably 
that  written  for  William  A.  Croffut's  humorous 
drama  "  Deseret."  He  has  published  a  large  num- 
ber of  compositions  for  the  organ,  including  a  prize 
*'  Te  Deum,"  which  has  won  a  wide  popularity. 
Three  more  important  works  have  recently  ap- 
peared, namelv,  "  The  Legend  of  Don  Munio '" 
(1874),  "Marm'ion"  (1880), 'and  "The  Golden  Le- 
gend." Tiie  latter  won  the  prize  of  $1,000  offered 
by  the  Cincinnati  May  festival  for  the  best  compo- 
sition for  solo  voices,  chorus,  and  opera.  He  has 
also  written  music  to  several  of  Edmund  C,  Sted- 
man's  poems,  some  of  which  have  become  popular. 
He  has  published  a  "  Dictionary  of  Musical  Terms," 
and  a  work  on  the  "  Influence  of  the  Organ  in  His- 
tory "  (Xew  York,  1882). 

BUCK,  Criirdoii,  surgeon,  b.  in  New  York  city, 
4  May,  1807 ;  d.  there,  6  March,  1877.  He  received 
a  classical  education  in  the  schools  of  his  native 
city,  and  engaged  in  business  for  several  years ; 
but  finally,  after  studying  medicine  under  Dr. 
Thomas  Cock,  he  was  graduated  at  the  college  of 
physicians  and  surgeons  in  1830.  He  first  served 
the  regular  term  in  the  medical  department  of  the 
New  York  hospital,  and  then  went  abroad  to  com- 
plete his  professional  studies,  whence  he  returned 
in  1838  and  began  practice  in  New  York  city, 
wliere  lie  afterward  resided.  During  a  second  trip 
to  Europe  (1835-7)  he  married  Miss  Wolff,  of  Gene- 
va, Switzerland.  He  was  successful  in  performing 
many  difficult  operations  in  surgery,  and  brought 
into  general  use  the  treatment  of  fractures,  gen- 
erally known  as  "  Buck's  extension."  He  was  one 
of  the  oldest  hospital  surgeons  in  New  York,  hold- 
ing the  place  of  visiting  surgeon  of  the  New  York 
hospital  from  1837  till  his  death.  He  was  also  vis- 
iting surgeon  of  the  St.  Luke's  and  the  Presbyte- 
rian hospitals,  consulting  surgeon  of  the  Roosevelt 
hospital,  and  for  ten  years  previous  to  1862  visit- 
ing surgeon  of  the  New  York  eye  and  ear  infirm- 
ary. Besides  being  a  fellow  of  the  academy  of 
medicine  from  the  time  it  was  founded,  and  serv- 
ing one  term  as  its  vice-president,  he  was  con- 
nected with  the  New  York  pathological  society, 
the  American  medical  association,  and  at  different 
times  acted  as  a  trustee  of  the  New  York  eye  and 
ear  infirmary,  the  college  of  physicians  and  sur- 
geons, the  New  York  dispensary,  and  the  New 
York  ophthalmic  and  aural  institute.  For  thirty- 
five  years  he  was  a  frequent  contributor  to  medical 
journals.     He  also  published  an  elaborate  treatise 


entitled  "  Contributions  to  Reparative  Surgery " 
(New  York.  1876). 

BUCKALE W,  Charles  R.,  senator,  b.  in  Colum- 
bia CO.,  Pa.,  28  Dec,  1821 ;  d.  in  Bloomsburg,  Pa., 
19  May,  1899.  After  receiving  an  academic  edu- 
cation, he  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  For  two  years 
he  was  prosecuting  attorney  for  Columbia  county, 
and  from  1850  till  1856  a  state  senator.  In  1854  he 
was  a  commissioner  to  ratify  a  treaty  witli  Para- 
guay, in  1857  chairman  of  the  state  democratic 
committee,  elected  again  a  state  senator,  and  a 
commissioner  to  revise  the  Pennsylvania  penal 
code.  In  1858-'61  he  was  U.  S.  minister  to  Ecuador. 
He  was  chosen  U.  S.  senator  in  1863  by  a  majority 
of  one  vote,  and  served  until  1869.  While  in  the 
senate  he  served  on  important  committees,  and 
took  an  active  part  in  the  debates,  particularly  in 
those  on  the  reconstruction  measures,  which  he 
opposed  as  illegal.  In  1869  he  was  again  chosen 
to  the  state  senate,  and  while  there  began  the 
movement  for  a  state  constitutional  convention, 
of  which  he  was  afterward  a  leading  member.  In 
1886  he  was  elected  to  congress  from  Pennsylvania. 

BUCKE,  Richard  Maurice,  Canadian  phy- 
sician, b.  in  Methwold.  Norfolk,  England,  18  March, 
1837.  When  a  year  old  he  came  to  Canada  with 
his  father,  the  Rev.  Horatio  Walpole  Bucke,  who 
settled  near  London.  He  was  educated  at  the 
London  grammar  school,  and  studied  medicine  at 
McGill  university,  being  graduated  in  1862.  After 
further  professional  study  in  London  and  Paris, 
he  returned  to  Canada  in  1864,  and  in  the  follow- 
ing year  began  practice  at  Sarnia.  In  1876  he  was 
appointed  medical  superintendent  of  the  asylum 
for  the  insane  at  Hamilton,  Ontario,  and  in  Feb- 
ruary, 1878,  medical  superintendent  of  the  London 
insane  asylum.  Dr.  Bucke  is  the  author  of  "  Man's 
Moral  Nature  "  (New  York,  1879)  and  "  Walt  Whit- 
man" (1882),  which  has  been  republished  in  Eng- 
land.    He  has  written  many  magazine  articles. 

BUCKHOUT,  Isaac  Craig,  civil  engineer,  b. 
in  Morrisania,  N.  Y.,  in  1831 ;  d.  in  White  Plains, 
N.  Y.,  27  Sept.,  1874.  His  father  was  manager  of 
the  old  Gouverneur  Morris  estate.  On  leaving 
school  in  1848  he  was  employed  on  the  Harlem 
railroad  as  a  rodman  under  Allen  Campbell,  who 
afterward  became  president  of  the  road.  Here  he 
attracted  the  attention  of  his  employers  by  his  in- 
telligence and  quickness.  He  was  afterward  a  sur- 
veyor in  Paterson,  N.  J.,  and  was  then  made  engineer 
and  superintendent  of  the  water-works  of  that  city. 
After  this  he  returned  to  New  York,  became  city 
surveyor,  and  then  resumed  his  connection  with 
the  Harlem  railroad  company,  superintending  the 
construction  of  the  old  viaduct  over  the  Harlem 
flats  and  bridge  over  the  Harlem  river  in  1853. 
He  was  engineer  of  the  company  in  1857,  and  in 
1863  was  made  superintendent.  He  designed  the 
Grand  Central  station,  as  well  as  the  improvement 
on  Fourth  avenue.  When  the  charter  for  that  work 
was  granted,  the  legislature  appointed  a  board  of 
four  engineers,  one  of  whom  was  Mr.  Buckhout, 
and  the  members  elected  him  as  the  superinten- 
dent. When  Mr.  Vanderbilt  obtained  the  charter 
for  building  an  underground  railroad  to  the  City 
Hall,  Mr.  Buckhout's  plan  was  declared  the  best 
submitted,  and  his  plan  for  an  underground  rail- 
road in  Brooklyn  was  also  adopted.  Mr.  Buckhout 
was  a  personal  friend  of  Horace  Greeley,  and  su- 
perintended the  improvements  about  Mr.  Greeley's 
residence  at  Chappaqua.  His  death  was  caused  by 
fever,  contracted  by  standing  on  the  marshy  ground 
at  Sixtieth  street  and  North  river,  where  he  was 
superintending  the  construction  of  an  elevator  for 
the  Hudson  river  railroad  company. 


438 


BUCKINGHAM 


BUCKINGHAM 


BUCKINGHAM,  Cathariniis  Putnam,  sol- 
dier, b.  in  Springfield,  Ohio,  14  March,  1808 ;  d.  in 
Chicago,  30  Aug.,  1888.  He  was  graduated  at  the 
U.  S.  military  academy  in  1829,  and  served  as  sec- 
ond lieutenant  in  the  3d  artillery  on  topographical 
duty  till  19  Aug.,  1830,  and  as  assistant  professor  of 
natural  and  experimental  philosophy  at  West  Point 
till  28  Aug.,  1831.  He  resigned  from  the  army,  30 
Sept.,  1831,  and  from  1833  till  1836  was  professor 
of  mathematics  and  natural  jihilosophy  in  Kenyon 
college,  Ohio.  From  1849  till  1861  he  was  pro- 
prietor of  the  Kokosing  iron  works,  Knox  co.,  Ohio. 
He  was  appointed  assistant  adjutant-general  of 
Ohio  on  3  May,  1861,  commissary-general  on  8  May, 
and  adjutant-general  on  1  July,  1861,  serving  until 
2  April,  1862.  He  became  brigadier-general  of  vol- 
unteers, 16  July,  1862,  and  served  on  special  duty 
in  the  war  department  at  Washington  till  11  Feb., 
1863,  when  he  resigned,  and  became  a  merchant  in 
New  York  city.  From  1868  till  1873  he  was  occu- 
pied in  building  the  Illinois  central  grain  elevators 
at  Chicago,  and  rebuilding  them  after  their  destruc- 
tion by  the  great  fire.  From  1873  till  his  death  he 
was  president  of  the  Chicago  steel  works. 

BUCKINGHAM,  James  Silk,  English  travel- 
ler, b.  in  Flushing,  near  Falmouth,  England,  in 
1786;  d.  in  London,  30  June,  1855.  He  was  in- 
tended for  the  church,  but  preferred  a  career  of  ad- 
venture. Before  he  reached  his  thirtieth  year  he 
had  been  sailor,  bookseller's  clerk,  law  student, 
printer,  and  captain  of  a  West-Indiaman,  and  had 
three  times  lost  all  his  property.  In  1813  he  was 
engaged  by  the  pacha  of  Egypt  to  determine  the 
best  site  for  a  canal  across  the  isthmus  of  Suez. 
After  being  stripped  by  robbers,  he  reached  Suez, 
but  the  pacha  gave  up  his  design  and  sent  Bucking- 
ham to  India,  where  he  took  command  of  a  ship 
belonging  to  the  sultan  of  Muscat.  He  was  ex- 
pelled from  India  because  he  had  no  license  from 
the  East  India  company ;  but,  after  returning  to 
Egypt  and  travelling  through  the  east  disguised  as 
a  Mameluke,  he  was  given  leave  to  res'de  at  Cal- 
cutta, and  established  there,  in  1816,  the  Calcutta 
Journal."  Offending  the  government  by  his  strict- 
ures, he  was  again  expelled,  and  his  press  seized. 
He  thus  lost  his  property  a  fourth  time.  He  then 
returned  to  London  and  established  the  "  Oriental 
Herald"  and  the  "Athenaeum."  Between  1822 
and  1830  he  published  his  "  Travels  in  Palestine," 
"  Travels  in  Arabia,"  "  Travels  in  Mesopotamia," 
and  "  Travels  in  Assyria  and  Media,"  and  subse- 
quently two  volumes  on  Belgium,  the  Rhine,  and 
Switzerland,  and  two  on  France,  Piedmont,  and 
Switzerland.  He  lectured  throughout  the  United 
Kingdom  in  support  of  various  reforms,  and  from 
1832  till  1837  was  member  of  parliament  for  Shef- 
field. After  this  he  travelled  extensively  in  Amer- 
ica, lecturing  on  temperance  and  anti-slavery.  He 
published  his  travels  in  ten  octavo  volumes,  three 
being  devoted  to  the  northern  United  States,  three 
to  the  slave  states,  three  to  the  eastern  and  west- 
ern states,  and  one  to  Canada,  Nova  Scotia,  and 
New  Brunswick  (London,  1841-3).  In  1849  he  pub- 
lished a  volume  on  "  National  Evils  and  Practical 
Remedies,"  in  1851  became  president  of  the  Lon- 
don temperance  league,  and  published  the  first 
two  volumes  of  his  autobiography  (1855),  but  died 
before  the  work  was  finished. 

BUCKINGHAM,  Joseph  Tinker,  journalist, 
b.  in  Windham,  Conn.,  21  Dec,  1779;  d.  in  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.,  11  April,  1861.  His  father's  name 
was  Nehemiah  Tinker ;  but  Joseph,  when  twenty- 
seven  years  old,  was  authorized  by  the  Massachu- 
setts legislature  to  take  his  mother's  name  of 
Buckingham.      Nehemiah   Tinker    died   in   1783, 


leaving  his  widow  and  ten  children  so  destitute 
that  they  were  supported  during  one  winter  by  the 
town  authorities.  They  then  removed  to  Worth- 
ington,  Mass.,  where  Joseph  was  apprenticed  to  a 
farmer,  and  acquired  a  knowledge  of  reading, 
writing,  and  arithmetic.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  he 
entered  a  printing-office  at  Walpole,  N.  H.,  and  a 
few  months  later  became  a  printer  in  the  ol?ice  of 
the  Greenfield,  Mass.,  "  Gazette."  He  removed  to 
Boston  in  1800,  and  in  1803  filled  the  office  of 
prompter  to  a  company  of  comedians.  He 
founded  the  "  Polyanthus,"  a  monthly  magazine^ 
in  1806,  but  discontinued  it  in  September,  1807,. 
and  published  a  weekly,  called  the  "  Ordeal,"  in 
1809,  but  it  ran  only  six  months.  The  "  Polyan- 
thus "  was  revived  in  1812,  and  continued  through 
six  volumes.  From  1817  till  1828,  in  company 
with  Samuel  L.  Knapp,  he  published  the  "New 
England  Galaxy  and  Masonic  Magazine,"  which 
sided  with  the  federalists  in  politics.  In  1828  he 
sold  the  "  Galaxy  "  that  he  might  give  his  whole 
attention  to  the  Boston  "  Courier,"  which  he  had 
begun  to  publish  in  1824.  He  continued  to  edit 
this  till  1848,  and  from  1831  till  1834  published, 
with  his  son  Edwin,  the  "  New  England  jMaga- 
zine."  In  this  magazine  Dr.  Holmes  publislu'd 
one  or  two  articles  under  the  title  of  "  The  Auto- 
crat of  the  Breakfast-Table,"  which  became  fa- 
mous when  he  resumed  it  twenty-five  years  later 
for  a  series  in  the  "  Atlantic  Monthly."  Mr. 
Buckingham  was  frequently  elected  to  the  lower 
house  of  the  legislature,  and  in  1847  and  1850 
served  in  the  state  senate.  Among  other  public 
services,  he  made  a  report  in  favor  of  the  suppres- 
sion of  lotteries.  He  was  president  of  the  IMiissa- 
chusetts  charitable  association,  of  the  Bunker  Hill 
monument  association,  and  of  the  Middlesex  agri- 
cultural society.  After  retiring  from  the  press  he 
published  "  Specimens  of  Newspaper  Literature, 
with  Personal  Memoirs,  Anecdotes,  and  Reminis- 
cences "  (2  vols.,  Boston,  1850) ;  "  Personal  Memoirs 
and  Recollections  of  Editorial  Life  "  (2  vols.,  1852) ; 
and  "  Annals  of  the  Massachusetts  Charitable 
Mechanics'  Association  "  (1853). — His  son,  Edwin, 
associated  with  him  in  the  publication  of  the  "  New 
England  IVIagazine,"  died  at  sea,  on  a  voyage  to 
Smyrna,  in  1833,  aged  twenty-three  years. 

BUCKINGHAM,  William  Alfred,  governor 
of  Connecticut,  b.  in  Lebanon,  Conn.,  28  May, 
1804 ;  d.  in  Norwich.  Conn.,  3  Feb.,  1875.  He  was 
educated  in  the  public  schools,  and  spent  his  boy- 
hood on  his  father's  farm.  When  twenty-one 
years  old  he  removed  to  Norwich,  and  was  for 
many  years  a  successful  merchant  and  manufac- 
turer there.  He  was  mayor  of  the  city  in  1849, 
1850,  1856,  and  1857,  and  was  elected  governor  of 
the  state  every  year  from  1858  till  1866,  when  he 
refused  a  renomination.  In  1860  the  result  of  tlie 
election  in  Connecticut  was  awaited  with  interest 
by  the  whole  country,  and  the  defeat  of  ex-Gov. 
Thomas  PI.  Seymour,  the  democratic  candidate,  by 
Gov.  Buckingham,  was  I'egarded  by  the  southern 
leaders  as  an  indication  of  the  general  feeling  at 
the  north.  During  the  war  Gov.  Buckingham 
co-operated  promptly  with  the  president,  and  was 
untiring  in  his  efforts  to  sustain  the  national  gov- 
ernment. He  was  one  of  the  governors  on  whom 
Mr.  Lincoln  especially  leaned.  The  number  of 
troops  he  raised  was  prodigious  for  the  population 
of  the  state,  then  only  461,000.  Connecticut 
never  suffered  a  draft,  and  sent  into  the  field 
nearly  55,000  men — 6,000  more  than  her  quota. 
This  was  due  largely  to  Gov.  Buckingham's  efforts. 
Although  known  as  the  "  war  governor  of  Con- 
necticut," he  was  by  nature  and  training  a  civilian. 


BUCKLAND 


BUCKLEY 


439 


of  kindly  disposition  and  gentle  manners.  He 
was  president  of  the  American  temperance  union, 
moderator  of  the  first  national  Congregational 
council,  and  one  of  the  corporate  members  of  the 
American  board  of  commissioners  for  foreign  mis- 
sions. After  two  years  in  private  life  he  was 
elected,  in  1868,  to  the  U.  S.  senate,  and  died  just 
before  the  expiration  of  his  term.  Gov.  Bucking- 
ham contributed  liberally  to  the  poor,  and  for  re- 
ligious and  educational  purposes ;  among  his  gifts 
was  |;25,000  to  Yale  theological  school.  A  bronze 
statue  of  Gov.  Buckingham  was  unveiled  in  the 
State-house  at  Hartford,  Conn.,  on  18  June,  1884. 

BUCKLANI),  Cyrus,  inventor,  b.  in  Manches- 
ter, Conn.,  10  Aug.,  1799;  d.  in  Springfield,  Mass., 
26  Feb.,  1891.  He  turned  his  attention  to  mechani- 
cal pursuits  at  the  ago  of  twenty-one,  and  assisted 
in  building  the  machinery  in  a  cotton  factory  at 
Monson,  Mass.,  and  in  the  first  mills  erected  at 
Chicopee  Falls,  Mass.  In  1828  he  became  a  pat- 
tern-maker in  the  U.  S.  armory  at  Springfield, 
Mass.  He  rose  to  be  a  designer  of  machinery  and 
tools  for  the  manufacture  of  fire-arms,  and  at 
different  times  was  employed  as  inspector  in  all 
the  different  parts  of  the  armory,  and  also  as  in- 
spector of  cannon.  His  skill  and  inventive  pow- 
ers were  called  into  requisition  in  remodelling 
old  weapons  and  designing  new  ones,  and  in  de- 
vising labor-saving  machinery  for  producing  the 
arms  used  in  the  U.  S.  service.  The  machinery 
in  the  armory  was  in  a  prmiitive  condition  when 
he  entered  it ;  but  the  improvements  suggested  by 
him  raised  the  machinery  and  appliances  to  a 
standard  of  mechanical  attainment  far  above  any 
private  establishment  in  the  country.  A  set  of 
stocking-machines  of  his  invention,  perfected  in 
1842,  comprises  thirteen  machines  for  working  gun- 
stocks  from  the  rough  state,  as  they  were  served 
out  at  the  mills,  to  a  degree  of  finish  that  requires 
only  the  smoothing  of  the  outer  surface  to  com- 
plete the  manufacture.  One  machine  cuts  the 
groove  in  the  stock  in  which  the  barrel  is  inserted ; 
a  second  profiles  the  stock ;  a  third  cuts  the 
groove  for  the  butt-plate  and  bores  the  holes  for 
the  screws  that  fasten  it ;  a  fourth  cuts  on,  in  a 
single  operation,  the  three  bands  that  bind  to- 
gether the  stock  and  the  barrel ;  a  fifth  trims  off 
the  surplus  wood  between  the  bands ;  a  sixth  re- 
turns the  stock  and  gives  it  the  final  form ;  a 
seventh  cuts  the  bed  for  the  guard,  with  mortise, 
screw-holes,  etc. ;  and  an  eightii  is  a  finishing-ma- 
chine for  cutting  in  the  band-springs,  boring  for 
band-spring  and  ramrod-spring,  wires,  grooving 
for  the  ramrod,  etc.  Buckland  invented  machines 
for  turning  the  upper  band  of  the  musket ;  for 
punching  and  cutting  various  parts  of  the  arm ; 
for  finishing  the  cone ;  for  milling  screws  ;  for  fin- 
ish-milling and  tapping  the  cone-seat ;  for  check- 
ing the  comb  of  the  hammer ;  for  boring  and  turn- 
ing the  barrel ;  for  milling  the  lock-plate  edges ; 
for  rifling  muskets ;  and  for  cutting  the  thread  of 
the  screw  on  the  inside  of  the  barrel  and  milling 
the  breech-screw.  This  last  invention,  perfected 
in  1857,  effected  a  great  improvement  in  the  manu- 
facture of  small-arms  by  producing  a  perfect  in- 
terchange of  parts,  any  screw  fitting  any  barrel. 
The  stocking  apparatus  and  other  inventions  of 
Mr.  Buckland  reduced  the  cost  of  making  muskets 
fifty  per  cent.  The  British  government  sent  over 
commissioners,  who  had  the  gun-stock  machines 
copied  in  Chicopee,  and  imported  men  from  the 
Springfield  armory  to  work  them.  Continental 
governments  likewise  adopted  this  machinery. 
Mr.  Buckland  received  no  compensation  for  his 
valaable  inventions  beyond  his  daily  wages,  but 


when  he  retired  congress  voted  him  a  grant  of 
110,000.  His  nervous  system  broke  down  under 
the  protracted  mental  strain,  and  he  retired  from 
the  armorv.  an  invalid,  in  1859. 

BUCKLAND,  Ralph  Pomeroy,  soldier,  b.  in 
Levden,  Mass.,  20  Jan.,  1812;  d.  in  Cleveland, 
Ohio,  27  May,  1892.  His  father  removed  to  Ohio. 
The  son  was  educated  at  Kenyon  college,  but  was 
never  graduated,  afterward  studied  law,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1837.  He  was  a  delegate 
to  the  whig  national  convention  of  1848,  served  as 
state  senator  from  1855  till  1859,  and  in  1861  was 
appointed  colonel  of  the  72d  Ohio  infantry.  He 
commanded  the  4th  brigade  of  Sherman's  divi- 
sion at  the  battle  of  Shiloh,  and  was  made  a  briga- 
dier-general 29  Nov.,  1862.  He  also  commanded 
a  brigade  of  the  15th  army  corps  at  Vicksburg 
and  the  district  of  Memphis  during  the  year  1864. 
During  absence  from  the  field,  in  1864,  he  was 
elected  to  congress,  and  served  two  terms.  He  re- 
signed from  the  army,  9  Jan.,  1865,  and  on  13 
March  was  brevetted  major-general  of  volunteers. 
He  was  a  delegate  to  the  Philadelphia  loyalists'^ 
convention  of  1866,  to  the  Pittsburgh  st)ldiers' 
convention,  and  to  the  republican  national  conven- 
tion of  1876.  Gen.  Buckland  was  president  of  the 
managers  of  the  Ohio  soldiers'  ^nd  sailors'  orphans' 
home  from  1867  till  1873,  and  government  director 
of  the  Pacific  railroad  from  1877  till  1880. 

BUCKLEY,  James  Monroe,  clergyman,  b.  in 
Rah  way,  N.  J.,  16  Dec,  1836.  He  was  educated  at 
Pennington,  N.  J.,  seminary,  and  entered  the  class 
of  1860  at  Wesleyan  university,  but  left  during- 
freshman  year,  to  study  theology  at  Exeter,  N.  H. 
In  1858  he  joined  the  New  Hampshire  Methodist 
Episcopal  conference  on  trial,  and  was  stationed  at 
Dover  in  that  state.  After  proving  his  abilities  at 
several  small  stations,  he  was  transferred  to  De- 
troit, Mich.,  in  1864,  and  to  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  in 
1866.  He  was  a  member  of  the  general  conference  in 
1872,  1876,  and  1880,  and  in  1881  was  a  delegate 
to  the  Methodist  ecumenical  conference  in  London. 
The  same  year  he  was  elected  editor  of  the  "  New 
York  Christian  Advocate."  Since  1866  he  has  been 
constantly  assigned  to  the  most  important  posts, 
and  he  is  one  of  the  most  influential  men  among 
the  denominational  clergy.  He  received  the  de- 
gree of  D.  D.  from  Wesleyan  university  in  1872, 
and  that  of  LL.  D.  from  Emory  and  Henry  col- 
lege, Virginia.  He  has  written  "  Two  Weeks  in  the 
Yosemite  Valley"  (New  York,  1873);  "Supposed 
Miracles "  (Boston,  1875) ;  "  Christians  and  the 
Theatre  "  (1877) ;  "  Oats  or  Wild  Oats '"  (New  York, 
1885) ;  and  "  The  Land  of  the  Czar  and  the  Nihil- 
ist "  (Boston,  1886). 

BUCKLEY,  Samuel  Botsford,  naturalist,  b.  in 
Torrey,  Yates  co.,  N.  Y.,  9  May,  1809 ;  d.  in  Aus- 
tin, Tex.,  18  Feb.,  1884.  He  "was  graduated  at 
Wesleyan  university,  Middletown,  Conn.,  in  1836, 
and  in  1837-8  made  botanical  collections  in  Vir- 
ginia and  Illinois.  In  1839-'40  he  was  principal  of 
AUenton,  Ala.,  academy,  and  in  1842  travelled  ex- 
tensively through  the  south,  discovering  twenty- 
four  new  species  of  plants  and  a  new  genus,  which 
was  named  Bucklcya.  He  also  discovered  and  ob- 
tained in  Alabama  a  nearly  complete  skeleton  of  a 
zeuglodon.  In  1843  he  studied  at  the  college  of 
physicians  and  surgeons.  New  York,  and  in  the 
same  year,  in  an  expedition  to  Florida,  he  discov- 
ered thirteen  new  species  of  shells.  From  1843  till 
1855  he  lived  on  the  homestead  farm.  In  1858  he 
determined  barometrically  the  height  of  several 
mountains  in  Tennessee  and  North  Carolina,  and 
one  of  them.  Mount  Buckley,  N.  C,  bears  his 
name.     In  1859-'60  he  travelled  south  and  west  to 


440 


BUCKMINSTER 


BUDD 


collect  materials  for  a  supplement  to  Michaux  and 
Nuttall's  Sylva.  He  was  assistant  geologist  and 
naturalist  of  the  Texas  geological  survey  in  1860-'l, 
and  from  1862  till  1865  was  connected  Avith  the 
U.  S.  sanitary  commission.  He  was  state  geologist 
of  Texas  from  1866  till  1867,  and  again  from  1874 
till  1877,  and  prepared  two  geological  maps  of  the 
state.  He  showed  by  his  investigations  that  Texas 
had  deposits  of  iron  and  coal  of  much  greater  ex- 
tent than  had  been  supposed.  In  1871-'2  he  was 
scientific  editor  of  the  "  State  Gazette,"  Austin, 
Tex.  From  1877  till  1881  he  was  engaged  in  pre- 
paring a  work  on  the  geology  and  natural  history 
of  the  state.  He  was  a  member  of  various  learned 
societies,  and  contributed  largely  to  scientific  pub- 
lications. He  also  published  several  valuable  re- 
ports as  state  geologist.  A  list  of  his  scientific 
papers  may  be  found  in  "Alumni  Record  of  Wes- 
leyan  Universitv  "  (Middletown,  Conn.,  1883). 

BUCKMINSTER,  Joseph,  clergyman,  b.  in 
Rutland,  Mass.,  14  Oct.,  1751 ;  d.  in  Readsboro, 
Vt.,  10  June,  1812.  He  was  graduated  in  1770  at 
Yale,  studied  three  years  longer  on  a  Berkeley 
scholarship,  and  was  a  tutor  from  1774  till  1778. 
Thomas,  his  ancestor,  came  early  to  Boston,  and 
died  in  Brookline  in  1656.  He  was  the  son  of 
Joseph  Buckminstgr,  nephew  of  Col.  William 
Buckminster,  and  minister  of  Rutland,  Mass.,  who 
published  several  sei'mons,  and  died  27  Nov.,  1792, 
aged  seventy-two  years.  He  became  attached, 
while  at  New  Haven,  to  a  lady  of  reputation  and 
celebrity,  whose  history  is  the  basis  of  Miss  Fos- 
ter's story,  "The  Coquette."  He  was  ordained  in 
January,  1779,  pastor  of  the  North  church  in 
Portsmouth,  N.  H.  After  a  ministry  of  thirty- 
three  years,  his  health  becoming  greatly  impaired, 
he  left  home,  2  June,  1812,  accompanied  by  his  wife 
and  two  friends,  but  died  a  few  days  after.  He 
was  an  earnest  preacher,  distinguished  for  fervent 
eloquence,  and  was  interested  in  the  controversy 
that  led  to  a  division  in  the  Congregational 
chui'ch,  adhering  to  conservative  and  orthodox 
principles,  while  his  son  adopted  liberal  views.  He 
published  about  twenty-five  sermons  and  a  short 
sketch  of  Dr.  McClintock,  and  was  part  author  of 
the  "  Piscataqua  River  Prayer-Book."  Eliza  B. 
Lee,  his  daughter,  published  "IMemoirs  of  the 
Rev.  Joseph  Buckminster,  I).  D.,  and  of  his  Son, 
the  Rev.  Joseph  Stevens  Buckminster"  (Boston, 
1851). — His  son.  Joseph  Stevens,  clergyman,  b.  in 
Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  26  May.  1784;  d.  9  June,  1812. 
He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1800,  studied  the- 
ology and  general  literature,  and  was  for  a  time 
an  assistant  in  Phillips  Exeter  academy,  where  he 
had  Daniel  Webster  as  one  of  his  pupils.  In  Oc- 
tober, 1804,  he  preached  in  Boston  for  the  first 
time,  and  accepted,  in  1805,  an  invitation  from  the 
Brattle  street  society  there.  A  voyage  to  Europe 
was  rendered  necessary  for  the  restoration  of  his 
health  ;  and  in  1806-'7  he  travelled  in  England 
and  on  the  continent,  While  in  London  he  pur- 
chased many  books  for  the  Boston  Athena?um.  He 
was  an  active  member  of  the  anthology  club,  fa- 
mous for  the  gifted  men  it  included,  and  for  hav- 
ing originated  one  of  the  first  purely  literary  peri- 
odicals of  this  country.  In  1809  he  delivered  be- 
fore the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  society  of  Harvard  an 
address  on  "  The  Dangers  and  Duties  of  Men  of 
Letters."  He  was  a  celebrated  preacher  and  a 
contributor  to  periodicals.  The  new  edition  of  the 
Greek  Testament  of  Griesbach  was  directed  by 
him  in  1808.  In  1811  he  was  appointed  the  first 
lecturer  on  biblical  criticism  at  Harvard ;  but, 
"while  preparing  for  this  oifice,  he  was  attacked 
with  epilepsy,  a  disease  with  which  he  was  affected 


during  his  entire  life,  and  died  after  a  few  days. 
In  1808  he  published  a  collection  of  hymns  for  the 
use  of  his  society.  A  volume  of  his  sermons  was 
published,  with  a  memoir  of  his  life  and  character, 
by  Samuel  C.  Thacher,  in  1814.  His  collected  works 
were  issued  in  two  volumes  (Boston,  1839). 

BUCKMINSTER,  William,  soldier,  b.  in 
Framingham,  Mass.,  15  Dec,  1736;  d.  22  June, 
1786;  removed  to  Barre  in  1757,  commanded  the 
minute-men  in  1774,  was  lieutenant-colonel  of 
Brewer's  regiment  at  Bunker  Hill,  and  received 
there  a  wound  that  crippled  him  for  life. 

BUCKMINSTER,  William  J.,  journalist,  b. 
in  Maine  in  1813 ;  d.  in  Maiden,  Mass.,  2  March, 
1878.  He  was  a  son  of  the  founder  of  the  "  IMassa- 
chusetts  Ploughman,"  and  was  for  twenty-one 
years  one  of  its  editors  and  publishers.  He  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1835.  His  father, 
William,  died  at  Framingham,  Mass.,  in  June, 
1865,  aged  eighty-two  years. 

BUCKNER,  Alexander,  senator,  b.  in  Indi- 
ana ;  d.  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  15  June,  1833.  He  set- 
tled in  Missouri,  was  a  member  of  the  state  consti- 
tutional convention  in  1820,  was  several  terms  in 
the  legislature,  and  was  elected  to  the  U.  S.  senate, 
serving  from  4  March,  1831,  until  his  death. 

BUCKNER,  Simon  Bolivar,  soldier,  b.  in 
Kentucky  in  1823.  He  was  graduated  at  the  U.  S. 
military  academy  in  1844.  Entering  the  2d  in- 
fantry, he  was,  from  August,  1845,  till  May,  1846, 
assistant  professor  of  ethics  at  West  Point.  He 
was  brevetted  first  lieutenant  for  gallantry  at  Con- 
treras  and  Churubusco,  where  he  was  wounded, 
and  captain  for  gallantry  at  Molino  del  Rey.  He 
was  appointed  assistant  instructor  of  infantry  tac- 
tics at  West  Point,  August,  1848,  and  resigned  25 
March,  1855.  He  was  superintendent  of  construc- 
tion of  the  Chicago  custom-house  in  1855,  and 
colonel  of  the  volunteers  raised  in  Illinois  in  that 
year  for  the  Utah  expedition,  but  not  mustered 
into  service.  He  then  practised  law,  and  became 
the  most  prominent  of  the  Knights  of  the  Golden 
Circle  in  Kentucky.  After  the  civil  war  began  he 
was  made  commander  of  the  state  guard  of  Ken- 
tucky and  adjutant-general  of  the  state.  On  12 
Sept.,  1861,  he  issued  from  Russellville  an  address 
to  the  people  of  Kentucky,  calling  on  them  to  take 
up  arms  against  the  usurpation  of  Abraham  Lin- 
coln, after  which  he  occupied  Bowling  Green.  Af- 
ter the  capture  of  Fort  Henry  he  evacuated  that 
place  and  withdrew  to  Fort  Donelson,  where  he 
commanded  a  brigade  in  the  battles  of  13.  14,  and 
15  Feb.,  1862,  and,  after  the  escape  of  Pillow  and 
Floyd,  surrendered  the  fort,  16  Feb.,  to  Gen.  Grant, 
with  16,000  prisoners  and  vast  stores.  He  was  im- 
prisoned at  Fort  Warren,  Boston,  until  exchanged 
in  August,  1862.  He  subsequently  commanded  the 
1st  division  of  Gen.  Hardee's  corps  in  Bragg'sarmy 
in  Tennessee.  Later  he  was  made  a  major-general, 
and  assigned  to  the  3d  grand  division,  was  in  the 
battles  of  Murfreesboro  and  C'hickamauga,  and  sur- 
rendered with  Kirby  Smith's  army  to  Osterhaus,  at 
Baton  Rouge,  26  May,  1865.  Gen.  Buckner's  first 
wife  was  a  daughter  of  Maj.  Kingsbury.  He  was 
one  of  the  pall-bearers  at  Gen.  Grant's  funeral. 
He  was  elected  governor  of  Kentucky  in  1887. 

BUDD,  Charles  Henry,  physician,  b.  in  Pem- 
berton,  N.  J.,  8  Dec,  1822 ;  d.  in  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
22  Oct.,  1880.  He  was  educated  at  Marshall  col- 
lege, Mercersburg,  Pa.,  and  studied  medicine  at 
the  university  of  Pennsylvania,  after  which  he  be- 
gan to  practise  in  Darby,  Pa.  At  the  beginning 
of  the  civil  war  he  received  an  appointment  at  the 
Chestnut  Hill  hospital,  and  afterward  at  the  Nice- 
town  hospital,  Philadelphia.     Subsequent  to  the 


BUDINGTON 


BUELL 


441 


war  he  practised  medicine  in  Jenkintown.  but  soon 
was  elected  to  the  chair  of  chemistry  and  natural 
science  in  Franklin-Marshall  college,  Lancaster, 
Pa.  Later  he  became  professor  of  natural  history 
in  Girard  college,  Philadelphia,  where  he  continued 
until  his  death.  He  was  early  a  member  of  the 
academy  of  natural  sciences,  and  an  active  partici- 
pator in  its  work.  Possessed  of  considerable  me- 
chanical skill,  he  constructed  scientific  instruments, 
and  also  devised  several  processes  that  have  since 
become  of  commercial  value. 

BUDINGTON,  William  Ives,  clergyman,  b.  in 
New  Haven,  Conn.,  25  April,  1815  ;  d.  in  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.,  29  Nov.,  1879.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale 
in  1834,  and  studied  theology  in  New  Haven  and 
at  Andover,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1839.  La 
AprU,  1840,  he  was  installed  as  pastor  of  the  First 
church  in  Charlestown,  Mass.,  and  remained  there 
until  1854,  when  he  removed  to  Philadelphia.  He 
intended  to  enter  upon  a  pastorate  there,  but 
changed  his  plans  in  consequence  of  the  death  of 
his  wife.  In  December  of  the  same  year  he  accept- 
ed a  call  to  the  Clinton  Avenue  Congregational 
church  in  Brooklyn.  The  church  flourished  under 
his  charge,  and  he  became  a  leader  in  the  denomi- 
nation. In  maintaining  orthodoxy  and  resisting 
innovations,  he  was  supported  by  his  congrega- 
tion. His  death  was  caused  by  a  cancer,  from 
which  he  suifered  for  two  years.  Dr.  Budington's 
publications  were  the  "  History  of  the  First  Church 
of  Charlestown  "  (1845) ;  a  sermon  on  "  Patriotism 
and  the  Pulpit,"  delivered  at  the  anniversary  of 
the  American  educational  society  of  Boston  in 
1861 :  an  address  on  "  The  Relations  of  Science  to 
Religion,"  delivered  at  Yale  college  in  1871 :  and 
"Responsive  Worship"  (New  York,  1874). 

BUEL,  Jesse,  agriculturist,  b.  in  Coventry, 
Conn.,  4  Jan.,  1778 ;  d.  in  Danbury,  Conn.,  G  Oct., 
1839.  He  was  originally  a  printer.  He  began  the 
Troy  "Budget"  in  1797,  and  the  Poughkeepsie 
"  Guardian  "  in  1801,  failed,  and  removed  to  Kings- 
ton, N.  Y.,  where  he  edited  the  "  Plebeian,"  re- 
moved to  Albany  in  1813,  and  established  the 
"  Argus,"  which  he  edited  until  1821,  when  he  re- 
tired to  a  farm  on  an  elevated  and  sandy  tract 
near  Albany,  which  was  unproductive  luider  the 
prevailing  system  of  cultivation,  but  which  lie 
made  one  of  the  best  farms  in  the  state  by  deeper 
tillage  and  the  application  of  fertilizers.  Pie  was 
in  1823  a  member  of  the  state  assembly,  for  many 
years  a  judge,  whig  candidate  for  governor  in  183(i, 
and  at  the  time  of  his  death  a  regent  of  the  state 
university.  In  1834  he  established  the  "  Culti- 
vator," which  exerted  great  influence  among  agri- 
culturists, and  was  the  means  of  effecting  many 
improvements  in  husbandry.  He  delivered  numer- 
ous addresses  and  published  the  "  Farmer's  In- 
structor," in  ten  volumes,  and  the  "  Farmer's  Com- 
panion, or  Essays  on  the  Principles  and  Practice 
of  American  Husbandry  "  (New  York,  1839). 

BUEL,  Ricliard  Hooker,  engineer,  b.  in  Cum- 
berland. Md.,  9  Nov..  1842.  He  was  graduated  at 
Rensselaer  polytechnic  institute,  Troy,  N.  Y..  in 
1862,  was  an  engineer  officer  in  the  U.  S.  navy  in 
1862-'7,  and  in  1870  assistant  civil  engineer  in 
the  Tehuantepec  canal  survey.  Mr.  Buel  has  pub- 
lished -'The  Cadet  Engineer"  (Philadelphia,  1875); 
"  Safety- Valves  "  (New  York,  1878) ;  additions  to 
Weisbach's  "  Mechanics  of  Engineering"  on  heat, 
steam,  and  steam-engines  (1878) ;  and  "  The  Com- 
pound Steam-Engine  and  its  Steam-Generating 
Plant "  (1884). 

BUELL,  Abel,  mechanic,  b.  in  Killingworth, 
Conn.,  about  1750;  d.  in  New  Haven  about  1825. 
His  youth  was  spent  as  an  apprentice  to  a  gold- 


and  silver-smith,  and  his  skill  in  engraving  led 
him,  before  he  became  of  age,  to  alter  ingeniously 
a  colonial  note.  This  act  was  detected  and  pun- 
ished. The  first  lapidary  machine  is  believed  to 
have  been  constructed  by  him.  Later  he  estab- 
lished a  type-foundry,  and,  unaided,  completed 
several  fonts  of  long-primer  type.  He  then  re- 
moved to  New  Haven,  and  was  employed  by  Ber- 
nard Romano  in  the  construction  of  a  map  of 
North  America.  For  this  purpose  he  surveyed  the 
coast  about  Pensacola.  and  afterward  eugraved  the 
map  that  was  published  during  the  revolutionary 
war.  In  consideration  of  his  various  services  to 
the  public  he  was  restored  to  his  civil  rights  by 
the  legislature.  Subsequent  to  the  war  he  was  em- 
ployed by  the  state  in  coining,  for  which  he  de- 
vised all  of  his  own  apparatus.  He  then  visited 
England,  where  he  acquired  some  knowledge  of 
the  machinery  used  in  the  manufacture  of  cloth, 
and  on  his  return  erected  a  cotton-factory  in  New 
Haven,  one  of  the  first  in  the  United  States. 

BUELL,  Don  Carlos,  soldier,  b.  on  the  site  of 
Lowell,  Ohio,  23  March,  1818 ;  d.  near  Rockport, 
Ky.,  19  Nov.,  1898.  He  was  graduated  at  the  U.  S. 
military  acad- 
emy, entered 
the  army,  be- 
camefirst  lieu- 
tenant, and 
won  the  bre- 
vet of  captain 
at  Monterey, 
and  of  major 
at  Contreras 
and  Churu- 
busco,  where 
he  was  severe- 
ly wounded. 
He  served  as 
assistant  ad- 
jutant-gener- 
al at  Washing- 
ton  in  1848- 
'9,      and      at 


the  headquar- 


a^ 


ters   of    vari-       a^^^:p^.       /lt<.^C, 
ous      depart- 
ments        till 

1861.  was  made  a  lieutenant-colonel  on  the  staff, 
11  May,  1861,  and  appointed  brigadier-general  of 
volunteers,  17  May,  1861.  After  assisting  in  or- 
ganizing the  army  at  Washington,  he  was  assigned 
in  August  to  a  division  of  the  Army  of  the  Po- 
tomac, which  became  distinguished  for  its  dis- 
cipline. In  November  he  superseded  Gen.  W.  T. 
Sherman  in  tlie  department  of  the  Cumberland, 
which  was  reorganized  as  that  of  the  Ohio.  The 
campaign  in  Kentucky  was  begun  by  an  attack 
upon  his  pickets  at  Rowlett  station,  near  Mun- 
fordsville,  on  17  Dec.  On  14  Feb.,  1862,  Gen. 
Buell  occupied  Bowling  Green.  On  the  23d.  with 
a  small  force  he  took  possession  of  Gallatin,  Tenn., 
and  on  the  25th  his  troops  entered  Nashville,  sup- 
ported by  gunboats.  He  was  promoted  major-gen- 
eral of  volunteers  on  21  March,  1862.  and  on  the 
same  day  his  district  was  incorporated  with  that 
of  the  Mississippi,  commanded  by  Gen.  Halleck. 
He  arrived  with  a  part  of  a  division  on  the  battle- 
field of  Shiloh,  near  the  close  of  the  first  day's 
action,  6  April.  Three  of  his  divisions  came  up 
the  next  day,  and  the  confederates  were  driven  to 
their  intrenchments  at  Corinth.  On  12  June  he 
took  command  of  the  district  of  Ohio.  In  July 
and  August  Bragg's  army  advanced  into  Kentucky, 
capturing  several  of  Buell's  posts,  compelling  the 


442 


BUELL 


BUPPUM 


abandonrnent  of  Lexington  and  Frankfort,  and  the 
removal  of  the  state  archives  to  Louisville,  which 
■city  was  threatened  as  well  as  Cincinnati.  Gen. 
Bragg  advanced  from  Chattanooga  on  5  Sept.,  and, 
■entering  Kentucky  by  the  eastern  route,  passed  to 
the  rear  of  Buell's  army  in  middle  Tennessee.  The 
manoeuvre  compelled  Gen.  Buell,  whose  communi- 
cations with  Nashville  and  Louisville  were  en- 
dangered, to  evacuate  central  Tennessee  and  re- 
treat rapidly  to  Louisville  along  the  line  of  the 
railroad  from  Nashville  to  Louisville.  The  ad- 
vance of  Gen.  E.  Kirby  Smith  to  Frankfort  had 
already  caused  consternation  in  Cincinnati,  which 
place,  as  well  as  Louisville,  was  exposed  to  attack. 
At  midnight  of  24  Sept.,  Buell's  retreating  array 
entered  Louisville  amid  great  excitement,  as  it  was 
feared  that  Bragg  would  reach  there  first.  On  30 
Sept.,  by  order  from  Washington,  Buell  turned 
over  his  command  to  Gen.  Thomas,  l)ut  was  re- 
stored the  same  day,  and  on  1  Oct.  began  to  pursue 
the  confederates.  On  7  Oct.  the  two  divisions  of 
the  confederate  army  formed  a  junction  at  Fi'ank- 
fort.  Bragg  had  already  drained  the  country  of 
supplies  and  sent  them  southward,  which  was  the 
object  of  his  raid,  before  Gen.  Buell  was  able  to 
meet  him  with  equal  numbers.  As  the  confeder- 
ates retreated  the  union  troops  pressed  upon  their 
heels,  and  at  Perryville  Gen.  Bragg  halted  and 
determined  to  give  battle.  The  two  armies  formed 
in  order  of  battle  on  opposite  sides  of  the  town. 
The  action  was  begun,  after  the  opening  artillery 
fire,  by  a  charge  of  the  confederates  early  in  the 
afternoon  of  the  8  Oct.,  1862,  and  soon  became 
general,  and  was  hotly  contested  until  dark,  with 
heavy  losses  on  both  sides.  The  next  morning  Gen. 
Bragg  withdi'ew  to  Plarrodsburg.  Tlie  confeder- 
ates retreated  slowly  to  Cumbeiland  Gaj).  and, 
though  Gen.  Buell  pursued  them,  he  was  l)h(med 
for  not  moving  swiftly  enough  to  bring  them  into 
action  again.  On  the  24th  he  was  ordered  to  trans- 
fer his  command  to  Gen.  Rosecrans.  A  military 
commission,  appointed  to  investigate  his  opera- 
tions, made  a  report,  which  was  first  published  in 
1886.  He  was  mustered  out  of  the  volunteer  ser- 
vice on  23  May,  1864,  and  on  1  June  resigned  his 
commission  in  the  regular  army,  having  been  be- 
fore the  military  commission  from  24  Nov.,  1862, 
till  10  May,  1863,  and  after  that  time  waiting  or- 
ders at  Indianapolis.  He  became  president  of  the 
Green  River  iron-works  of  Kentucky  in  1865,  and 
subsecjuently  held  the  office  of  pension  agent  at 
Louisville,  Ky.,  from  which  he  was  removed  in  1890. 

BUELL,  Jacob  Dockstader,  Canadian  politi- 
cian, b.  in  Brockville,  Ontario,  4  Oct.,  1827.  He 
is  a  son  of  the  late  William  Buell,  of  the  7th 
Leeds  militia,  who  held  the  medal  with  clasps  for 
the  battle  of  Chrysler's  Farm,  1813,  and  who  sat 
as  a  representative  for  the  county  of  Leeds  in  the 
Upper  Canada  assembly  from  1828  till  1836.  He 
was  educated  at  the  public  schools  of  Brockville, 
studied  law,  and  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1854.  In 
1872  he  was  elected  to  the  House  of  Commons 
from  Brockville,  and  re-elected  for  the  same  con- 
stituency in  1874.  He  is  lieutenant-colonel  in  the 
42d  battalion,  Brockville.     He  is  a  liberal. 

BUELL,  Rufiis  Freeman,  missionary,  b.  in 
1813;  d.  in  Washington,  D.  C,  21  Feb.,  1866.  He 
studied  at  Madisoii  university,  and  was  graduated 
at  Andover  theological  seminary  in  1840.  In  the 
spring  of  the  following  year  he  set  sail  for  Greece, 
where  he  and  his  wife  labored  as  missionaries  of  the 
American  Baptist  missionary  union,  amid  many 
discouragements,  and  in  the  face  of  violent  oppo- 
sition, until  the  Greek  mission  was  abandoned  in 
1855.      After  their  return   they  taught  a  young 


ladies'  school  in  Providence,  R.  L  Mr.  Buell  sub- 
sequently removed  to  Washington,  where  he  held 
an  appointment  in  the  internal  revenue  office.  He 
edited  a  "  Life  of  Washington  "  in  Greek. 

BUFFINGTON,  Adelbert  R.,  soldier,  b.  in 
Wheeling,  Va.,  22  Nov.,  1837.  He  was  graduated 
at  the  U.  S.  military  academy  in  May,  1861.  and 
made  brevet  second  lieutenant  of  ordnance.  Dur- 
ing the  civil  war  he  served,  first,  in  drilling  volun- 
teers at  Washington,  D.  C,  from.  7  May,  till  5 
June,  1861 ;  was  assistant  ordnance  officer  at  St. 
Louis  arsenal  from  8  June  till  15  Oct.,  1862,  and 
was  promoted  first  lieutenant  of  ordnance,  22  July. 
From  25  Oct.,  1862,  till  12  Sept.,  1863,  he  was  en- 
gaged in  mustering  Missouri  and  Illinois  volun- 
teers ;  aided  with  artillery  and  men  in  the  defence 
of  Pilot  Knob,  Mo. ;  acted  as  assistant  adjutant- 
general  of  the  5th  division.  Army  of  the  West ; 
drilled  and  organized  the  employees  of  the  arsenal 
into  a  regiment  of  Missouri  militia  (of  which  he 
was  commissioned  colonel  by  Gov.  Gamble) ;  and 
also  commanded  the  Wheeling.  W.  Va.,  ordnance 
depot.  He  was  inspector  of  rifiing  sea-coast  can- 
non from  19  Sept.,  1863,  till  13  July,  1864,  and  bre- 
vet major,  13  March,  1865.  He  was  in  command 
of  the  New  York  arsenal  from  13  July,  1864,  till 
September,  1865,  and  of  Baton  Rouge  arsenal.  La., 
from  14  Sept.,  1865,  till  15  Aug.,  1866 ;  was  chief 
of  ordnance,  department  of  the  gulf,  from  15  Aug., 
1866,  till  26  March,  1867 ;  of  the  5th  military  dis- 
trict, Texas  and  Louisiana,  in  1867-'8 ;  was  in 
command  of  the  Watertown  arsenal  from  May, 
1868,  till  20  Oct.  of  the  same  year,  and  assigned  to 
the  command  of  Detroit  arsenal,  15  Dec,  1870, 
from  which  he  retired,  in  February,  1872,  to  super- 
intend the  southern  forts,  first,  as  assistant,  from 
Februarv,  1872,  till  April,  and  then  as  chief  from 
that  time  till  May,  1873.  From  14  May  till  Octo- 
ber, 1873,  was  assistant  at  Watervliet  arsenal ;  was 
in  command  of  Indianapolis  arsenal,  15  Oct.,  1873, 
till  19  April,  1875  ;  was  promoted  major  of  ord- 
nance, 23  June,  1874;  and  was  in  command  of  the 
Alleghany  arsenal  from  19  April,  1875,  till  Decem- 
ber, 1880,  and  of  Watervliet  arsenal  from  Decem- 
ber, 1880,  till  3  Oct.,  1881.  He  was  on  leave  of  ab- 
sence, inspecting  arms  for  the  Egyptian  govern- 
ment, from  6  Dec,  1865,  till  22  April,  1876.  On  1 
June,  1881,  he  was  promoted  to  lieutenant-colonel 
of  ordnance,  made  a  member  of  the  board  on  heavy 
ordnance  and  projectiles,  13  July,  1881,  till  May, 
1882,  and  on  3  Oct.  of  that  year  placed  in  com- 
mand of  the  national  armory.  He  has  perfected 
the  following  inventions :  A  magazine  fire-arm ; 
carriages  for  light  and  heavy  guns ;  parts  of  mod- 
els of  1884  Springfield  rifies,  and  several  mechan- 
ical devices.  He  also  introduced  the  gas-forging 
furnaces  and  improved  methods,  simplifying  and 
reducing  the  cost  of  manufacture,  at  the  national 
armory,  of  Springfield  rifles,  and  was  the  originator 
of  the  nitre  and  manganese  method  of  bluing  iron 
and  steel  surfaces,  which  is  used  at  the  national 
armorv  for  small  arms. 

BUFFUM,  Edward  Goiild,  journalist,  b.  in 
Rhode  Island  about  1820;  d.  in  Paris,  France,  24 
Oct.,  1867.  He  was  the  son  of  Arnold  Buffum,  a 
well-known  philanthropist  of  New  England.  In 
early  life  he  became  connected  with  the  "  New 
York  Herald,"  and  continued  his  connection  with 
this  journal  until  the  beginning  of  the  Mexican 
war,  when  he  joined  Col.  Stevenson's  regiment  of 
New  York  volunteers,  with  which  he  went  to  Cali- 
fornia in  1846  as  a  lieutenant.  He  served  on  the 
Pacific  side  of  Mexico,  and  at  the  close  of  the  war 
returned  to  California  and  took  an  active  part  in 
the  explorations  for  gold.     The  fruits  of  his  obser- 


BUFORD 


BUIL 


443 


rations  he  embodied  in  a  work  entitled  "Six 
Months  in  the  Gold  Mines  "  (Philadelphia,  1850). 
When  the  "  Alta  California  "  newspaper  was  found- 
ed, Mr.  Buft'um  became  its  editor-in-chief.  He 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  legislature  from 
San  Francisco,  and  declined  the  speakership.  He 
wrote  a  history  of  Col.  Stevenson's  regiment,  in 
which  he  gave  a  graphic  and  interesting  descrip- 
tion of  life  in  California  in  its  early  days.  He 
went  to  Europe  as  special  correspondent  of  the 
"  New  York  Herald,"  residing  in  Paris  in  that 
capacity  for  more  than  eight  years,  up  to  the  time 
of  his  death.  He  was  a  frequent  contributor  to 
magazines,  both  European  and  xVmerican. 

BUFORD,  Abraham,  soldier,  b.  in  Virginia; 
d.  in  Scott  CO.,  Ky.,  29  June,  1838.  He  was  ap- 
pointed colonel  of  Morgan's  11th  Virginia  regi- 
ment, 16  May,  1778.  On  29  May,  1780,  his  com- 
mand was  surprised  and  massacred  by  Col.  Tarle- 
ton's  at  Waxhaw  Creek.  They  had  set  out  for 
Charleston  to  relieve  Gen.  Lincoln,  but,  hearing 
of  his  surrender,  were  on  the  return  march.  Tarle- 
ton's  men  surrounded  the  force,  which  consisted 
of  400  infantry  and  a  small  detachment  of  cavalry, 
with  700  cavalry  and  mounted  infantry.  While 
parleying,  the  British  commander  prepared  for  an 
attack,  which  was  carried  out  so  suddenly,  when 
Col.  Buford  refused  the  offered  terms,  that  the 
continental  troops  were  thrown  into  confusion  and 
were  killed  without  quarter  by  the  British. 
"  Tarleton's  quarter  "  after  that  came  to  be  a  syno- 
nym for  barbarity. 

BUFORD,  Abraham,  soldier,  b.  in  Kentucky 
about  1820  :  d.  9  June,  1864.  He  was  graduated  at 
the  U.  S.  military  academy  in  1841,  and  assigned 
to  the  1st  dragoons,  was  promoted  first  lieuten- 
ant in  1846,  and  brevetted  captain  for  gallantry  at 
Buena  Vista.  In  1848-'51  he  served  in  New  Mexi- 
co, and  in  1852-'4  in  the  cavalry  school  at  Carlisle, 
Pa.,  and  as  secretary  of  the  military  asylum  of 
Harrodsburg,  Ky.,  with  the  rank  of  captain,  and 
on  23  Oct.,  1854,  he  resigned  from  the  army  and 
became  a  farmer  in  Woodford  co.,  Ky.  In  1861  he 
entered  the  service  of  the  Confederate  states,  was 
commissioned  a  brigadier-general,  and  performed 
distinguished  services.     He  died  by  his  own  hand. 

BUFORD,  Napoleon  Bonaparte,  soldier,  b.  in 
Woodford  co.,  Ky.,  13  Jan.,  1807 ;  d.  28  March, 
1883.  He  was  graduated  at  the  U.  S.  military 
academy  in  1827,  and  employed  as  a  lieutenant 
of  artillery  in  various  surveys.  In  1831  he  ob- 
tained leave  to  enter  Harvard  law-school,  and  in 
1834-'5  was  assistant  professor  of  natural  and 
experimental  philosophy  at  West  Point.  On  31 
Dec,  1835,  he  resigned  his  commission,  and  be- 
came resident  engineer  of  the  Licking  river  im- 
provement, in  the  service  of  the  state  of  Kentucky, 
and  afterward  an  iron-founder  and  banker  at  Rock 
Island,  111.,  and  in  1857  president  of  the  Rock  Isl- 
and and  Peoria  railroad.  On  10  Aug.,  1861,  he 
entered  the  national  army  as  colonel  of  the  27th 
Illinois  volunteers,  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Bel- 
mont, Mo.,  7  Nov.,  1861,  was  in  command  at  Co- 
lumbus, Ky.,  after  its  evacuation  by  the  confeder- 
ates in  March,  1862,  and  in  the  attack  on  Island  No. 
10,  captured  Union  City  by  surprise  after  a  forced 
march,  commanded  the  garrison  at  Island  No.  10 
after  the  capitulation  of  the  fort,  and  was  engaged 
in  the  expedition  to  Fort  Pillow  in  April,  1862. 
He  was  promoted  brigadier-general  on  15  April, 
1862,  took  part  in  the  siege  of  Corinth,  commanded 
a  division  at  Jacinto  fi'ora  June  till   September, 

1862,  was  engaged  at  the  battle  of  Corinth  on  3 
und  4  Oct.,  1862,  and  in  the  siege  of  Vicksburg  in 

1863,  and  was  in  command  of  Cairo,  111.,  from 


March  till  September,  1863,  and  at  Helena,  Ark., 
from  12  Sept.,  1863,  till  9  March,  1865.  He  was 
brevetted  major-general  of  volunteers  on  13  March, 
1865,  and  mustered  out  of  the  service  on  24  Aug., 
1865.  He  was  special  U.  S.  commissioner  of  In- 
dian affairs  from  7  Feb.  till  1  Sept.,  1868,  and  for 
inspecting  the  Union  Pacific  railroad  from  1  Sept., 
1867,  till  10  March,  1869,  when  the  road  was  com- 
pleted.— His  half-brother,  John,  soldier,  b.  in  Ken- 
tucky in  1825 ;  d.  in  Washington.  D.  C.,  16  Dec, 
1863,  was  graduated  at  the  U.  S.  military  academy 
in  1848 ;  was  appointed  brevet  second  lieutenant 
in  the  1st  dragoons  and  served  on  the  plains, 
being  engaged  in  the  Sioux  expedition  of  1855,  at 
Blue  Water,  in  the  Kansas  disturbances  of  1856-'7, 
and  in  the  Utah  expedition  of  1857-'8  until  the 
civil  war  began  ;  he  was  made  a  major  in  the  in- 
spector-general's corps  on  12  Nov.,  1861.  His  du- 
ties did  not  give  him  an  opportunity  to  engage 
in  the  campaigns  until  1862,  when  he  was  at- 
tached to  the  staff  of  Gen.  Pope  in  the  Army  of 
Virginia  on  26  June,  and  on  27  July  made  a  briga- 
dier-general, assigned  to  the  command  of  a  brigade 
of  cavalry  under  Gen.  Hooker  in  the  northern  Vir- 
ginia campaign,  and  engaged  at  the  skirmish  at 
Madison  Court-House,  9  Aug.,  the  passage  of  the 
Rapidan  in  pursuit  of  Jackson's  force,  12  Aug., 
Kelly's  I^'ord,  Thoroughfare  Gap,  28  Aug.,  and 
Manassas,  29  and  30  Aug.,  where  he  was  wounded. 
He  served  as  chief  of  cavalry  of  the  Army  of  the 
Potomiac  in  the  Maryland  campaign,  being  engaged 
at  South  Mountain,  14  Sept.,  1862,  at  Antietam,  17 
Sept.,  where  he  succeeded  Gen.  Stoneman  on  Gen. 
McClellan's  staff,  and  in  the  march  to  Falmouth. 
When  the  cavalry  organization  of  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac  was  perfected,  of  which  Gen.  Stoneman  was 
at  that  time  the  chief,  Gen.  Buford  was  assigned 
to  command  the  reserve  cavalry  brigade.  He  was 
subsequently  conspicuous  in  almost  every  cavalry 
engagement,  being  at  Fredericksburg,  13  Dec, 
1862,  in  Stoneman's  raid  toward  Richmond  in  the 
beginning  of  May,  1863,  and  at  Beverly  Ford,  9 
June,  1863.  He  commanded  the  cavalry  division 
of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  in  the  Pennsylvania 
campaign,  was  engaged  at  Aldie,  Middleburg,  and 
Upperville,  and  at  Gettysburg  he  began  the  attack 
on  the  enemy  before  the  arrival  of  Revnolds  on  1 
July,  and  the  next  day  rendered  important  services 
both  at  Wolf's  Hill  and  Round  Top.  He  partici- 
pated in  the  pursuit  of  the  enemy  to  Warrenton, 
and  in  the  subsequent  operations  in  Virginia,  being 
engaged  at  Culpepper,  and,  after  pursuing  the  ene- 
my across  the  Rapidan,  cut  his  way  to  rejoin  the 
army  north  of  the  Rappahannock.  A  short  time 
previous  to  his  death  he  was  assigned  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  cavalry  in  the  Army  of  the  Cumber- 
land, and  had  left  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  for 
that  purpose.  His  last  sickness  was  the  result  of 
toil  and  exposure.  His  commission  as  major-gen- 
eral reached  him  on  the  day  of  his  death. 

BU(jiBEE,  Lncius  Halen,  educator,  b.  in  Go- 
waudu,  N.  Y.,  25  Nov.,  iy3U :  d.  in  Geneva,  N.  Y., 
28  July,  1883.  He  was  graduated  at  Amherst,  be- 
came a  teacher,  was  ordained  a  minister  in  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  church,  and  was  principal  of 
Fayette  semuiary,  Iowa,  in  1857-'60,  pastor  of  a 
church  in  Chicago,  111.,  in  1861-'3,  president  of  the 
iS'orthweslern  female  college  at  Evanstown,  111.,  in 
1865-'8,  of  Cincinnati  Wesleyan  college  in  1868-'75, 
and  afterward  of  Alleghany  college,  Meadville,  Pa. 

BUIL,  Bernardo  (boo-eel),  Spanish  missionary, 
b.  in  Catalonia;  d.  in  Cuxa  in  1520.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Benedictine  order,  a  monk  of  St. 
Benoit,  in  Austria,  and  in  1493  was  appointed  by 
the  pope  vicar-apostolic  in  the  New  World.    He  ae- 


444 


BUIST 


BULL 


eompanied  Columbus  on  his  second  voyage  to  the 
New  World,  bringing  with  him  several  priests.  In 
consequence  of  differences  with  Columbus  respect- 
ing the  treatment  of  the  natives  of  Hispaniola,  he 
returned  to  Spain,  supported  the  charges  that 
brought  about  the  downfall  of  the  admiral,  and 
died  abbot  of  the  convent  at  Cuxa.  An  account 
of  what  he  did  in  America,  entitled  "  Nova  Typis 
transacta  navigatione  Novi  Orbis  Indiae  occi- 
dentalis,"  published  in  1021  under  the  name  of 
Franciscus  Honorius  Philoponus,  is  supposed  to 
have  been  written  by  Buil  himself. 

BUIST,  (xeorge,  clergvman,  b.  in  Fifeshire, 
Scotland,  in  1770 ;  d.  in  Charleston,  S.  C,  31  Aug., 
1808.  He  was  educated  at  Edinburgh  university, 
attained  great  proficiency  in  philology,  was  called 
to  a  church  in  Charleston  in  1793,  and  in  1805  be- 
came principal  of  the  college  in  that  city.  He 
published  an  abridgment  of  Hume's  "  History " 
for  schools  (1792)  and  a  version  of  the  Psalms 
(1796),  and  contributed  to  the  "  British  Encyelo- 
pfedia."  A  volume  of  his  sermons,  with  a  memoir, 
was  published  in  1809. 

BULFINCH,  Charles,  architect,  b.  8  Aug., 
1763 ;  d.  in  Boston,  15  April,  1844.  He  was  a  son 
of  Dr.  Thomas  Bulfinch,  an  eminent  physician, 
who  attempted  to  establish  a  small-pox  hospital  in 
Boston  in  1763,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1781, 
and  acquired,  by  travel  in  Europe,  a  knowledge  of 
architecture.  On  his  return  from  Europe  in  1786, 
he  devoted  himself  to  architecture  as  a  profession. 
In  1793  he  built  the  first  theatre  in  Boston.  He 
drew  the  plans  for  the  state-house  and  city-hall  in 
Boston,  for  the  capitol  at  Washington,  for  Faneuil 
hall,  and  designed  as  many  as  forty  churches  and 
other  buildings  in  New  England  cities.  He  was 
the  architect  of  the  national  capitol  fi"om  1817 
until  it  was  completed  in  1830. — His  son,  Stephen 
Greenleaf,  clergyman,  b.  in  Boston,  Mass.,  18 
June,  1809 ;  d.  in  Cambridge,  Mass.,  12  Oct.,  1870. 
He  accompanied  his  father  to  Washington  at  the 
age  of  nine,  and  was  graduated  at  Columbian  col- 
lege in  1826.  After  studying  at  the  Cambridge 
divinity  school,  he  was,  from  1830  till  1837,  a  Uni- 
tarian clergyman  at  Augusta,  Ga.  He  taught 
school  and  preached  in  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  and  was 
similarly  engaged  in  Washington,  D.  C,  for  six 
years.  In  1845  he  was  settled  in  Nashua,  N.  H., 
and  in  1852  removed  to  Boston.  He  published 
"Contemplations  of  the  Saviour"  (Boston,  1832); 
a  volume  of  "Poems"  (Charleston,  1834);  "The 
Holy  Land  and  its  Inhabitants "  (Boston,  1834) ; 
"  Lays  of  the  Gospel "  (1835) ;  "  Communion 
Thoughts"  (1852);  "The  Harp  and  the  Cross" 
(1857) ;  "  Plonor,  or  the  Slave  Dealer's  Daughter  " 
(1864) ;  "  Manual  of  the  Evidences  of  Christianity  " 
(1866) ;  and  "  Studies  in  the  Evidences  of  Christ- 
ianity '■  (1869).  He  was  a  contributor  to  the  collec- 
tion of  Unitarian  hymns. 

BULFINCH,  Thomas,  author,  b.  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  15  July,  1796;  d.  there,  27  May,  1867.  He 
studied  in  the  Latin  school  and  at  Phillips  Exeter 
academy,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1814. 
He  was  in  mercantile  business  until  1837,  and  a 
clerk  in  the  Boston  merchants'  bank  during  the 
rest  of  his  life.  His  leisure  hours  were  devoted  to 
literary  pursuits.  He  published  "  Hebrew  Lyrical 
History"  (Boston,  1853);  "The  Age  of  Fable" 
(1855);  "The  Age  of  Chivalry"  (1858);  the  "Boy 
Inventor  "  (1860) :  "  Legends  of  Charlemagne " 
(1863) ;  "  Poetry  of  the  Age  of  Fable  "  (1863) ;  and 
"  Oregon  and  Eldorado ;  or,  Bomance  of  the 
Rivers  "  (1866). 

BULKELEY,  EHphalet  Adams,  lawyer,  b.  in 
Colchester,  Conn.,  29  June,  1803 ;  d.  in  Hartford, 


13  Feb.,  1872.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1824, 
studied  law,  and  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Leba- 
non, Conn.  Later  he  settled  in  East  Haddam, 
where  he  followed  his  profession  and  became  presi- 
dent of  the  bank.  While  residing  in  this  district 
he  was  elected  to  the  lower  branch  of  the  state 
legislature,  and  afterward  twice  to  the  senate.    In 

1847  he  removed  to  Hartford,  where  he  was  ap- 
pointed school-fund  commissioner,  and  in  1857 
again  elected  to  the  state  legislature,  becoming 
speaker  of  the  house.  For  many  years  he  was  as- 
sociated in  law  business  with  Judge  Henry  Perkins, 
under  the  firm-name  of  Bulkeley  &  Perkins.  Dur- 
ing the  latter  portion  of  his  life  he  was  interested  in 
the  business  of  life  insurance,  and  associated  in  the 
organizing  of  both  the  Connecticut  mutual  com- 
pany, becoming  its  first  president,  and  the  ^tna 
life  insurance  company,  of  which  he  was  president 
from  1850  till  his  death. — His  son,  Morg^au  firardi- 
iier,  financier,  b.  in  East  Haddam,  Conn.,  26  Dec, 
1838,  was  educated  in  Plartford,  and  subsequently 
entered  upon  a  mercantile  career  in  Brooklyn.  On 
the  death  of  his  father  he  returned  to  Hartford 
and  became  president  of  the  United  States  bank, 
and  later  was  elected  to  the  presidency  of  the 
-(Etna  life  insurance  company.  He  is  prominent 
in  Connecticut  politics  as  a  republican,  and  has 
four  times  been  elected  mayor  of  Hartford. 

BULKELEY,  Peter,  clergyman,  b.  in  Odell, 
Bedfordshire,  England,  31  Jan.,  1583 ;  d.  in  Con- 
cord, Mass.,  9  March,  1659.  He  was  educated  at 
Cambridge,  where  he  afterward  became  a  fellow. 
Later  he  took  orders,  and  succeeded  to  the  living 
of  his  father  in  Odell,  where  he  remained  for 
twenty-one  years,  when  he  was  removed  by  Arch- 
bishop Laud  for  non-conformity.  In  1635  he  sold 
his  estates  and  came  to  this  country  with  other 
settlers.  He  remained  for  some  time  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  but  pushed  farther  inland  and  founded 
Concoi'd,  where  he  lived  until  his  death.  Mr. 
Bulkeley  was  an  excellent  scholar.  He  wrote 
Latin  verses,  some  of  which  have  been  preserved 
in  Cotton  Mather's  "  History  of  New  England  " ;  an 
elegy  on  the  Rev.  Thomas  Hooker ;  and  "  The  Gos- 
pel Covenant ;  or,  the  Covenant  of  Grace  Opened  " 
(London,  1646).  He  contributed  a  large  part  of 
his  own  valuable  collection  to  establish  the  library 
of  Harvard  college. 

BULKLEY,  Henry  Dagg'ett,  physician,  b.  in 
New  Haven,  Conn.,  20  April,  1803  ;  d.  in  New  York 
city,  4  Jan.,  1872.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in 
1820,  and  spent  several  years  in  New  York,  en- 
gaged in  business,  after  which  he  returned  to  New 
Haven  and  studied  medicine  under  Dr.  Knight, 
receiving  his  medical  degree  in  1830.  lie  spent 
some  time  in  the  study  of  cutaneous  diseases  in 
the  hospitals  of  Paris,  and  in  November,  1832, 
settled  in  New  York  and  devoted  his  attention 
principally  to  that  specialty,  in  which  he  became  a 
recognized  authority.  He  delivered  several  courses 
of  lectures  on  this  subject  in  the  college  of  physi- 
cians and  surgeons,  and  was  the  first  to  establish 
a  dispensary  in  New  York  for  skin  diseases.     In 

1848  he  was  appointed  attending  physician  to  the 
New  York  Hospital,  a  post  which  he  occupied  until 
his  death.  He  was  a  member  of  medical  societies 
and  some  time  president  of  the  New  York  County 
Medical  Society  and  of  the  New  York  Academy  of 
Medicine.  Dr.  Bulkley  edited  the  American  edi- 
tions of  Cazenave  and  Schedel's  "  ]\Ianual  of 
Diseases  of  the  Skin "  (New  York,  1846),  and 
Gregory's  "  Eruptive  Fevers  "  (1851). 

BULL,  Henry,  governor  of  Rhode  Island,  b.  in 
South  Wales  in  1609;  d.  in  Rhode  Island  in  1693. 
He  early  emigrated  to  America,  and  after  a  short 


BULL 


BULLARD 


445 


residence  in  Massachusetts,  with  a  party  of  seven- 
teen, pui'chased  land  and  settled  in  Newport  about 
1638.     In  1685  and  in  1689  he  was  governor. 

BULL,  Ole  Boriieiuaiin,  violinist,  b.  in  Ber- 
gen, Norway,  5  Feb.,  1810 ;  d.  there,  18  Aug.,  1880. 
Music  came  as  if  by  instinct  to  this  artist.  When 
only  five  years  of  age  he  played  on  the  violin  with- 
out having  any  previous  training.  His  fondness 
for  music  was  encouraged  by  his  uncle,  Jens  Bull, 
and  in  his  eighth  year  he  began  receiving  in- 
struction. A  year  later  he  was  first  violinist  at 
the  theatre  where  his  father  acted,  the  latter  be- 
ing a  clever  amateur  performer.  In  1822  he  stud- 
ied under  Lundholm,  a  Swede  who  settled  in  Ber- 
gen, and  soon  acquired  the  little  that  this  mu- 
sician could  impart  to  him.  Later  his  father,  who 
desired  that  he  should  become  a  clergyman,  placed 
him  under  the  care  of  Mus^us ;  but,  as  he  was 
not  permitted  to  use  his  violin,  he  soon  revolted. 
In  1828  he  was  sent  to  the  lani versify  at  Christi- 
ania;  but  his  stay  was  short,  and  he  became  di- 
rector of  the  philharmonic  and  dramatic  societies. 
He  then  determined  to  study  music  under  Louis 
Spohr  at  Cassel ;  but  his  reception  was  so  cold  that 
he  turned  his  attention  to  study  and  spent  a  few 
months  at  Gottingen.  Returning  to  Norway,  he 
gave  several  concerts,  and  so  obtained  funds  with 
which  to  visit  Paris.  His  experiences  there  were 
the  same  as  those  of  many  men  of  genius  that,  first 
and  last,  have  been  attracted  to  that  gay  capital. 
Faith  in  himself,  hope,  struggling,  despondency, 
death  almost,  then  rescue  and  success,  is  the  brief 
story.  After  a  severe  illness  at  the  residence  of 
Madame  Villeminot,  whose  granddaughter  he  mar- 
I'ied  some  years  later  (1836),  he  was  enabled  to  give 
his  first  concert  under  the  patronage  of  the  duke 
of  Montebello,  and  with  the  proceeds  he  made  a 
concert  tour  througli  Switzerland  and  Italy,  spend- 
ing some  time  in  hard  study  at  Milan.  His  fii'st 
really  great  success  was  made  in  Bologna.  Mali- 
bran  and  De  Beriot  were  to  appear  together  at  a 
concert ;  but  at.  the  last  moment  Malibran  declined 
to  sing  on  account  of  indisposition,  and  De  Beriot 
claimed  that  he  was  suffering  from  a  sprained 
thum.b.  Ole  Bull  was  hastily  sought  out,  and,  al- 
though he  had  retired  for  tlie  night,  hurried  to  the 
theatre.  Wearied  and  almost  unnerved,  choosing 
his  own  composition  and  closing  his  eyes,  he  played 
with  such  ecstasy  of  feeling  that  he  captivated  his 
audience.  His  reputation  was  now  established, 
and  he  continued  in  Italy,  giving  concerts  in  the 
principal  cities  until  May,  1835,  when  he  returned 
to  Paris.  The  Grand  Opera  was  open  to  him,  and 
he  gave  several  concerts  there,  after  which  he 
played  in  Lyons  and  elsewhere  in  France.  In  1836 
he  visited  London,  and.  after  a  series  of  successful 
concerts,  made  a  tour  through  the  United  King- 
dom. During  the  following  years  he  visited  Bel- 
gium, Germany,  Russia,  Sweden,  and  his  own  home 
in  Norway,  then  Denmark,  Austria,  and  until  1843 
travelled  in  continental  Europe.  Late  in  1843  he 
landed  in  Boston,  and  travelled  through  the  United 
States,  Canada,  and  part  of  the  West  Indies,  re- 
turning to  Paris  in  December,  1845.  From  that 
time  until  1852  he  was  in  Europe,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  a  brief  experience  in  Algiers  with  Gen. 
Youssuf  in  1847.  In  1848  he  settled  in  Norway, 
and  for  some  time  devoted  all  his  energies  to  the 
establishment  of  a  national  theatre  in  Bergen,  in 
which  he  was  successful ;  but  ultimately  its  man- 
agement passed  into  other  hands.  In  1852  he  re- 
turned to  the  United  States  and  remained  for  five 
years.  "While  in  Pennsylvania  he  purchased  a  large 
tract  of  land  in  Potter  co.  and  endeavored  to  found 
a  colony,  to  which  he  gave  the  name  Oleana ;  but 


he  had  been  deceived  in  regard  to  the  land-titles, 
and  the  project,  after  considerable  expenditure, 
was  abandoned.  He  returned  to  Bergen,  where  for 
a  time  he  managed  the  theatre  he  had  originated, 
but  later  made  concert  tours,  and  from  1863  till 
1867  was  so  occupied  in  Germany,  Poland,  and 
Russia.  During  1867  he  again  visited  the  United 
States,  returning  to  Bergen  for  a  short  time  in 
1870,  when  he  married  Miss  Thorpe,  whom  he  had 
met  in  1868  at  Madison,  Wis.  In  1872  he  spent 
the  summer  in  Norway,  but  returned  to  the  United 
States  in  the  autumn.  Later  he  spent  some  time 
in  Europe ;  but  in  1876  he  again  came  to  this  coun- 
try, and  appeared  in  the  principal  cities  afterward. 
During  the  years  that  followed,  his  summers  were 
spent  abroad  and  his  winters  in  America,  that  of 
1879,  at  Cambridge,  Mass.  See  "Ole  Bull:  a  Me- 
moir," by  his  widow,  Sara  C.  Bull,  (Boston,  1883). 

BULL,  William,  lieutenant-governor  of  South 
Carolina,  b.  in  1710;  d.  in  London,  4  July,  1791. 
He  was  a  son  of  William  Bull,  who  had  also  been 
lieutenant-governor  of  South  Carolina,  and  who 
died  in  1755,  aged  seventy-two.  After  distinguish- 
ing himself  in  his  studies  at  home,  he  went  to  Eu- 
rope and  became  a  pupil  of  Boerhaave,  the  famous 
Leyden  physician,  and,  having  completed  his  stud- 
ies, returned  to  South  Carolina.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  colonial  council  of  South  Carolina  in  1751 
and  speaker  of  the  house  of  delegates  in  1768,  and 
was  appointed  lieutenant-governor  of  that  colony 
in  1764.  He  continued  in  the  latter  office  many 
years,  and  was  commander-in-chief  of  the  colony. 
In  1782  he  accompanied  the  British  troops  to  Eng- 
land, and  remained  there  until  his  death. 

BULLARD,  Asa,  clergyman,  b.  in  Northbridge, 
Mass.,  26  March,  1804;  d.  in  Cambridge,  Mass.,  5 
April,  1888.  He  was  graduated  at  Amherst  in 
1828,  and  from-  1829  till  1831  he  studied  at  Andover 
theological  seminary,  and  on  13  Jan.,  1832,  was  or- 
dained. In  1831  he  became  agent  and  secretary  of 
the  Maine  Sabbath-school  union,  and  in  1834  was 
elected  secretary  of  the  Massachusetts  Sabbath- 
school  society  (afterward  Congregational  publish- 
ing society),  continuing  as  such  until  1875,  when 
he  became  honorary  secretary  and  its  representa- 
tive before  the  churches.  He  edited  a  great  num- 
ber of  the  society's  books,  and  also  wrote  "Chil- 
dren's Album  of  Pictures  and  Stories  "  (Spring- 
field, 1867);  "Children's  Book  for  Sabbath  Hours" 
(1875);  "Sunnybank  Stories"  (Boston,  1863); 
"Fifty  Years  with  the  Sabbath-Schools  "  (Boston, 
1876).  From  1834  till  1844  he  edited  "  The  Sab- 
bath-School Visitor."  and  afterward  he  had  charge 
of  "  The  Well-Spring." 

BULLAED,  Henry  Adams,  jurist,  b.  in  Gro- 
ton,  Mass.,  9  Sept.,  1781 ;  d.  in  New  Orleans,  La., 
17  April,  1851.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1807,  and  studied  law.  He  accompanied  Gen.  To- 
ledo on  his  revolutionary  expedition  to  New  Mexico 
in  the  spring  of  1813  in  the  capacity  of  aide  and 
military  secretary.  The  revolutionists  were  de- 
feated by  the  royal  troops  at  San  Antonio,  and 
BuUard  *  suffered  many  hardships,  but  reached 
Natchitoches,  where  he  entered  upon  the  practice 
of  his  profession.  He  was  elected  a  district  judge 
in  1822,  entered  congress  in  1831,  and  served  till 
1834,  when  he  was  raised  to  the  supreme  bench  of 
Louisiana,  and  held  that  office  till  1846,  except  in 
1839,  when  he  served  as  secretary  of  state  for  Lou- 
isiana. In  1847  he  became  professor  of  civil  law 
in  the  law-school  of  Louisiana.  In  1850  he  was 
elected  to  the  legislature,  and  a  few  weeks  later 
was  chosen  to  serve  out  the  unexpired  term  of 
Charles  M.  Conrad  in  congress,  but  died  from 
fatigue  after  returning  from  Washington. 


446 


BULLARD 


BULLOCK 


BULLARD,  Talbot,  physician,  b.  in  Sutton, 
Mass.,  IG  Aug.,  1815;  d.  in  Indianapolis,  Ind.,  18 
June,  1863.  He  was  educated  at  Marietta,  and 
tlien  studied  medicine  in  tlie  Cincinnati  medical 
college.  After  settling  in  Indianapolis  he  followed 
his  profession  and  acquired  a  lucrative  practice. 
Soon  after  the  beginning  of  the  war  he  became  in- 
terested in  the  welfare  of  the  soldiers,  and  at  the 
battle  of  Pittsburg  Landing  he  assumed  the  super- 
intendence and  care  of  the  Indiana  wounded. 
The  devotion  he  showed  at  that  time  was  such  that 
his  service  was  called  for  by  Gov.  Morton  after 
every  subsequent  battle  in  which  Indiana  troops 
were  engaged.  At  Pittsburg  Landing  he  con- 
tracted a  complaint  from  which  he  never  recov- 
ered, and  when  called  on  by  the  governor  to  go  to 
Vicksburg,  he  did  so  contrary  to  the  advice  of  his 
friends,  and,  after  the  mission  was  accomplished, 
returned  to  his  home  and  soon  died. 

BULLIONS,  Peter,  clergyman,  b.  in  Moss 
Side,  Scotland,  in  December,  1791 ;  d.  in  Troy,  N. 
Y.,  13  Feb.,  1864.  He  received  an  excellent  early 
education,  and  assisted  his  parents  on  the  farm. 
In  1810  he  entered  the  University  of  Edinburgh, 
supporting  himself  during  his  three  years'  course 
by  teaching.  He  then  studied  theology  under 
Prof.  Paxton,  and  late  in  1817  came  to  the  United 
States.  In  March,  1818,  he  was  ordained  pastor  at 
Argyle,  N.  Y.,  where  he  remained  until  1824,  when 
ill  health  compelled  his  resignation.  He  then  be- 
came professor  of  languages  in  the  Albany  acade- 
my, and  continued  as  such  until  1848.  From  1882 
till  1852  he  was  pastor  of  the  United  Presbj-lerian 
congregation  in  Troy,  N.  Y.,  and  again  from  1853 
until  his  death,  having  in  the  meanwhile  spent 
some  time  in  travel.  He  published  an  extensive 
series  of  classical  text-books,  which  came  into  use 
very  extensively.  Among  them  are  "  Principles  of 
English  Grammar"  (New  York,  1834);  "Analyti- 
cal and  Practical  English  Grammar "  (1850) ; 
"  Cicero's  Select  Orations  "  (1851) ;  "  Principles  of 
Greek  Grammar "  (1840) ;  "  Principles  of  Latin 
Grammar"  (1853);  "Latin  Exercises"  (1855); 
"  Latin  and  English  Dictionary  "  (1862).  He  also 
published  a  "  Life  of  Alexander  Bullions." 

BULLITT,  Alexander  Scott,  statesman,  b.  in 
Prince  William  co.,  Va.,  in  1761 ;  d.  in  Jefferson 
CO.,  Ky.,  13  April,  1816.  In  1784  he  settled  in 
Shelby  co.,  Va.  (now  Kentucky),  but  the  continual 
depredations  of  the  Indians  caused  him  to  remove 
to  Jefferson  co.,  and  he  settled  near  Sturgus'  Sta- 
tion. He  was  a  delegate  to  the  convention  that 
met  at  Danville  in  1792  to  frame  the  constitution 
of  Kentucky.  After  its  adoption  he  represented 
his  county  in  the  state  senate,  and  was  the  first 
speaker,  serving  as  such  from  1792  till  1804.  In 
1799  he  was  a  delegate  to  the  convention  that  met 
at  Frankfort  for  the  purpose  of  amending  the  state 
constitution,  and  presided  at  its  meetings.  He 
became  in  1800  the  first  lieutenant-governor  of 
Kentucky,  He  retired  from  politics  in  1808.  and 
passed  the  latter  portion  of  his  life  on  the  farm 
in  Jefferson  co.,  where  he  died. 

BULLOCH,  Archibald,  lawyer,  b.  in  Charles- 
ton, S.  C,  about  1730 ;  d.  in  Savannah,  Ga.,  22  Feb., 
1777.  He  received  a  liberal  education,  studied  law, 
was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  settled  in  Georgia. 
In  1772  he  became  speaker  of  the  commons  house, 
in  1775  wa^  elected  a  member  of  the  provincial 
congress,  and  became  its  president,  and  during  the 
following  year  he  was  again  called  upon  to  pre- 
side over  the  second  provincial  congress,  and  sent 
as  a  delegate  to  the  continental  congress  meeting 
at  Philadelphia.  He  would  have  been  one  of  the 
signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence  had  not 


official  duties  called  him  home  ;  but  he  was  the 
first  person  in  Georgia  to  receive  a  copy  of  that 
document,  which  he  read  publicly  to  the  citizens  of 
Savannah.  He  was  chosen  first  republican  presi- 
dent of  Georgia,  holding  that  office  from  20  June, 
1776,  till  5  Feb.,  1777,  when  the  state  constitution 
came  into  existence.  Gov.  Bulloch  was  one  of  the 
most  eminent  men  of  his  time,  and  had  great  in- 
fluence in  shaping  the  course  of  his  state. — His  son, 
William  Bellinger,  U.  S.  senator,  b.  in  Savannah, 
Ga.,  in  1776;  d.  there,  6  March,  1852.  He  received 
a  classical  education,  after  which  he  studied  law. 
As  a  lawyer  he  became  prominent,  and  in  1809  was 
elected  mayor  of  Savannah.  Subsequently  he  be- 
came collector  of  the  port,  and  during  the  war  of 
1812  served  in  the  Savannah  heavy  artillery.  He 
was  appointed  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused  by  the 
resignation  of  William  II.  Crawford  in  the  U.  S. 
senate,  and  served  from  24  May,  1813,  till  6  Dec, 
1813.  From  1816  till  1843  he  was  president  of  the 
state  bank  of  Georgia,  having  been  one  of  the 
founders  of  that  institution. 

BULLOCK,  Alexander  Hamilton,  governor 
of  Massachusetts,  b.  in  Royalston,  Mass.,  2  March, 
1816;  d.  in  Worcester,  17  Jan.,  1882.  He  was 
graduated  at  Amherst  in  1836,  and  for  three  years 
he  taught  school  in  Princeton,  N.  J.,  after  wliich, 
from  1839  till  1841,  he  studied  law  with  Emory 
Washburn  and  in  Harvard  law-school.  In  1841  he 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  and  began  practice  at 
Worcester.  He  soon  became  interested  in  politics, 
and  was  a  member  of  the  lower  branch  of  the  legis- 
lature from  1845  till  1847,  and  again  from  1862  till 
1866,  acting  as  speaker  during  the  latter  period. 
In  1849  he  was  elected  to  the  state  senate,  from 
1853  till  1856  was  commissioner  of  insolvency, 
and  in  1856-'8  judge  of  the  court  of  insolvency. 
In  1859  he  was  elected  mayor  of  Worcester,  and 
from  1866  till  1868  was  governor  of  Massachusetts. 
From  1848  till  1850  he  edited  "The  ^gis"  in 
Worcester.  Pie  was  elected  trustee  of  Amherst 
college  in  1852,  and  received  the  degree  of  LL.  D. 
from  Harvard  in  1866.  Gov.  Bullock  published 
addresses,  both  political  and  literary,  Among  which 
is  "  The  Centennial  Situation  of  Women  "  (Worces- 
ter, 1876).  He  was  a  member  of  the  Massachusetts 
historical  society,  and  his  death  was  commemorated 
by  an  address  by  the  president.  See  Winthrop's 
"  Addresses  "  (Boston,  1886). 

BULLOCK^  Jonathan  Russell,  b.  in  Bristol, 
R.  I.,  6  Sept.,  1815.  He  was  graduated  at  Brown 
in  1834,  studied  law  in  his  father's  office,  and  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1836.  Soon  afterward  he  re- 
moved to  Alton,  111.,  where  he  practised  his  pro- 
fession till  April,  1843,  when  he  returned  to  Rhode 
Island,  and  was  associated  in  practice  with  the  late 
Joseph  M.  Blake,  then  attorney-general  until  1849. 
when  he  was  appointed  collector.  In  1844  and  the 
two  succeeding  years  he  was  chosen  first  representa- 
tive to  the  general  assembly  from  the  town  of 
Bristol;  but  in  1847,  having  been  retained  as 
counsel  from  that  town  in  an  important  question 
affecting  its  boundaries,  then  pending  before  the 
legislature,  he  declined  re-election.  In  1849  he  was 
selected  as  one  of  a  committee  of  three  to  inquire 
into  the  validity  of  the  state  (revolutionary)  debt, 
and  in  the  saine  year  was  appointed  collector  of 
Bristol  and  Warren,  an  office  which  he  held  until 
4  March,  1854.  In  Ajiril,  1859,  he  was  elected  to 
the  state  senate,  and  in  December,  1860,  was  chosen 
lieutenant-governor.  In  December,  1861,  he  was 
appointed  by  the  governor  a  special  commissioner 
to  adjust  the  accounts  between  Rhode  Island  and 
the  United  States,  growing  out  of  the  expenses  in- 
curred by  the  state  in  raising  troops  to  suppress 


BULLOCK 


BULLUS 


447 


the  rebellion,  and  while  engaged  in  this  duty  in 
September,  1862,  he  was  chosen  a  judge  of  the  su- 
preme court.  He  remained  upon  the  bench  of  this 
court  until  March,  1804,  when  he  was  appointed 
by  President  Lincoln  judge  of  the  district  court  of 
the  United  States  for  Rhode  Island.  In  Septem- 
ber, 1869,  in  consequence  of  failing  health,  he  re- 
signed this  office. 

BULLOCK,  Riifiis  Brown,  governor  of  Geor- 
gia, b.  in  Bethlehem,  .\lbany  co.,  N.  Y.,  28  March, 
1834.  He  was  graduated  at  Albion  (N.  Y.)  acade- 
my in  1850,  and,  after  various  pursuits,  was  sent 
during  1859-'60  to  organize  the  business  of  the 
Adams  express  company  in  the  South  Atlantic 
states.  His  headquarters  were  at  Augusta,  Ga., 
where  he  formed  the  southern  express  company, 
and  became  one  of  its  active  managers.  During 
tlie  civil  war  he  continued  this  occupation  imder 
tlie  direction  of  the  confederate  governuient,  es- 
tablishing railroads  and  telegraph  lines  on  interior 
routes.  Later  he  was  placed  in  charge  of  contri- 
butions for  the  officers  and  men  of  the  Army  of 
Northern  Virginia,  and  at  Appomattox  he  gave  his 
parole  as  an  acting  assistant  quartermaster-general. 
After  the  cessation  of  hostilities,  Mr.  Bullock  re- 
sumed the  general  management  of  express  affairs, 
and  was  elected  one  of  the  trustees  and  secretary  of 
the  southern  express  company.  Its  present  magni- 
tude is  largely  due  to  his  management  at  that  time. 
He  was  also  associated  in  the  organization  of  tiie 
first  national  bank  of  Georgia,  and  was  elected  pres- 
ident of  the  Macon  and  Augusta  railroad.  In  1867 
he  was  chosen  a  delegate  to  the  convention  called 
to  frame  a  constitution  under  the  reconstruction 
laws  then  recently  passed.  His  course  at  that  con- 
vention met  witti  the  approval  of  its  progressive 
members,  and  he  was  their  unanimous  choice  as 
candidate  for  governor.  After  a  bitter  canvass  in 
the  spring  of  1868,  the  new  constitution  was  rati- 
fied, and  Mr.  Bullock  was  declared  elected.  But 
the  reactionists  obtained  a  majority  in  the  legisla- 
ture, and  expelled  the  colored  men  who  had  been 
elected  and  seated.  Against  this  action  Gov. 
Bullock  earnestly  protested,  and  after  its  accom- 
plisliment  brought  the  matter  to  the  attention  of 
congress,  by  which  he  was  empowered  to  reassem- 
ble the  old  legislature,  including  the  expelled  col- 
ored members.  This  struggle  for  the  rights  of  ne- 
groes to  hold  office  rendered  him  very  unpopular,  in 
his  state,  and  he  was  overwhelmed  with  abuse.  At 
the  next  regular  election  the  opposition  seated  a 
large  majority  of  the  general  assembly,  and,  just 
prior  to  its  convening  in  November,  1870,  Gov. 
Bullock  resigned  his  office.  Charges  of  corruption 
were  made  against  him,  and,  after  a  hearing  in  the 
state  courts  at  Atlanta,  he  was  acquitted  and  thor- 
oughly vindicated  from  every  accusation.  During 
his  term  of  office  over  600  miles  of  new  railroad 
were  built  within  the  state,  and  the  value  of  prop- 
erty as  returned  by  its  owners  for  taxation  was 
increased  over  .|50,000,000.  Gov.  Bullock  contin- 
ued his  residence  in  Georgia,  and  became  president 
of  one  of  the  largest  cotton-mills  in  Atlanta.  He 
has  taken  no  public  part  in  politics  since  his  resig- 
nation of  the  office  of  governor. 

BULLOCK,  William  A.,  inventor,  b.  in  Green- 
ville, Greene  co.,  N.  Y.,  in  1813 ;  d.  in  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  14  April,  1867.  At  an  early  age  he,  with  his 
brother,  learned  the  trade  of  iron-founder  and  ma- 
chinist. He  devoted  all  his  leisure  to  books,  and 
acquired  a  good  theoretical  as  well  as  practical 
knowledge  of  mechanics.  After  engaging  in  vari- 
ous pursuits,  and  making,  among  other  things, 
hay-  and  cotton-presses,  he  began  the  publication 
of  a  newspaper,  the   "  Banner  of  the  Union,"  in 


Philadelphia  in  1849.  The  establishment  was  re- 
moved three  years  later  to  Catskill,  N.  Y.,  where 
he  made  in  1852,  for  his  own  use,  a  wooden  press 
turned  by  a  hand-crank.  To  this  machine  a  self- 
feeder  was  attached,  which  contained  the  germ  of 
one  of  his  most  important  inventions.  Mr.  Bullock 
soon  afterward  went  to  New  York  city,  where  he 
constructed  a  fast  press  on  the  planetary  system 
for  "  Frank  Leslie's  Illustrated  Weekly."  His 
name  became  immediately  prominent  because  of 
the  unprecedented  rapidity  with  which  a  very  large 
edition  of  the  paper,  containing  an  illustrated  ac- 
count of  a  prize-fight,  was  issued.  He  devoted  his 
attention  to,  and  perfected,  about  this  time,  the 
automatic  feeding  mechanism  that  forms  an  im- 
portant feature  in  the  presses  bearing  his  name, 
Mr.  Bullock  now  gave  his  energies  to  the  problem 
of  constructing  a  printing-press  that  should  em- 
body in  one  machine  accurate  self-adjustment  and 
feeding,  perfecting,  or  printing  on  both  sides,  with 
the  highest  rate  of  speed.  He  was  successful  in 
accomplishing  all  these  objects,  and  the  Bullock 
web  perfecting  press  revolutionized  the  art  of 
press-building.  In  carrying  into  practice  his  plans, 
he  fed  the  paper  from  a  roll  containing  five  or  six 
miles  of  linear  measurement,  moistened  it  by  pass- 
ing it  through  a  spray,  carried  it  between  the  im- 
pression cylinder  and  the  form,  first  for  one  side, 
then  for  the  other,  and  cut  the  sheets  olf  at  the 
proper  intervals  with  great  precision  with  a  serrated 
knife  which  struck  the  paper  with  lightning-like 
rapidity,  and  was  so  constructed  as  rarely  to  need 
sharpening,  after  which  the  sheets  were  automat- 
ically delivered  on  the  receiving-board  at  the  rate, 
in  his  earlier  presses,  of  12,000  an  hour.  Sub- 
sequent modifications  and  improvements  have 
brought  the  delivery  up  to  30,000  an  hour.  While 
engaged  in  setting  up  and  adjusting  one  of  his 
new  presses  for  the  "  Public  Ledger,"  in  Philadel- 
phia, Mr.  Bullock  was,  3  April,  1867,  accidentally 
caught  by  the  main  driving-belt  from  the  engine- 
room.  His  leg  was  crushed,  and  he  sustained  other 
injuries,  which  caused  his  death.  He  had  a  long 
time  in  his  confidence  one  of  his  workmen,  a  for- 
eigner, to  whom  he  had  imparted  many  of  his 
ideas,  so  that  after  his  death  improvements  of  his 
own  devising  were  made,  and  the  Bullock  press 
rapidly  superseded  all  previous  ones. 

BULLUS,  Oscar,  naval  officer,  b.  about  1800 ; 
d.  in  New  York  city,  29  Oct.,  1871.  In  1815  he 
was  appointed  from  New  York  to  the  U.  S.  mili- 
tary academy,  but  resigned  and  entered  the  navy 
as  a  midshipman  in  1817.  He  was  ordered  to  the 
sloop  "  Ontario,"  and  served  under  Capt.  Biddle  in 
the  Pacific  ocean  until  1819.  From  1819  till  1821 
he  was  in  service  on  the  Mediterranean,  where,  in 
June,  1821,  he  fell  from  aloft  and  received  injuries 
that  led  to  his  being  placed  on  the  reserved  list. 
From  1822  till  1824  he  was  on  duty  on  the 
"  Washington,"  and  at  the  navy-yard.  New  York. 
In  1830  he  was  assigned  the  command  of  the 
"  Rush,"  later  of  the  receiving-ship  "  Franklin," 
then  was  on  the  sloop  "  St.  Louis,"  and  from  1835 
till  1838  on  the  "  Constitution."  From  1842  till 
1844  he  was  in  command  of  the  "  Boxer,"  and, 
after  short  duty  at  New  York,  commander  of  the 
store-ship  "  Relief."  In  1848  he  was  commissioned 
commander,  and  assigned  to  the  charge  of  the 
"  Michigan  "  on  the  lakes.  He  was  piaced  on  the 
retired  list  in  September,  1855,  for  disability  re- 
ceived in  the  line  of  duty.  He  was  commissioned 
captain  in  1861,  and  in  command  of  rendezvous. 
New  York,  rendered  good  service  in  connection 
with  recruiting.  In  1867  he  was  promoted  commo- 
dore, and  had  charge  of  the  depot  at  Maiden,  Mass. 


448 


BULWER 


BUNCOMBE 


BULWER,  William  Henry  Lytton  Earle, 

Baron,  diplomatist,  b.  in  London,  13  Feb.,  1801 ; 
d.  at  Naples,  23  May,  1872.  To  citizens  of  the 
United  States  he  is  iaetter  known  as  Sir  Henry 
BuLWER,  negotiator  with  Senator  John  M.  Clayton 
of  the  Clayton-Bulwer  treaty.  He  was  educated  at 
Cambridge,  but  left  the  university  in  1824  to  begin 
his  diplomatic  career  as  a  government  messenger 
to  Greece.  On  his  return  in  1825  he  entered  the  2d 
life-guards  as  a  cornet,  but  soon  obtained  an  un- 
attached commission  on  half-pay,  and,  commuting 
the  latter  by  one  of  those  convenient  regulations 
known  to  the  British  army,  entered  the  civil  ser- 
vice. He  was  appointed  attache  at  Berlin  in  1827, 
transferred  to  Vienna  in  1829,  and  to  the  Hague 
in  1830.  His  despatches  during  the  revolutionary 
proceedings  in  Belgium  that  year  were  considered 
so  able  that  he  was  given  a  regular  official  appoint- 
ment at  Brussels.  He  was  returned  to  ijarliament 
in  1830,  and  during  the  four  succeeding  sessions 
won  high  repute  as  a  debater.  He  was  appointed 
secretary  of  legation,  and  afterward  charge 
d'affaires  at  Brussels  in  1835-'6.  In  1837  he  was 
sent  to  Constantinople  as  secretary  of  embassy, 
thence  to  St.  Petersburg,  and  thence  to  Paris  in 
1839  as  charge  d'affaires.  He  was  ambassador  to 
Spain  from  1843  till  1848.  In  all  of  these  places  he 
evinced  unusual  diplomatic  talents,  and  conducted 
several  important  and  complicated  negotiations. 
On  19  May,  1848,  Marshal  Navarrez  expelled,  him 
from  Spain,  because  he  formally  protested  against 
some  ct  the  insurrectionary  proceedings  in  Madrid. 
In  December  of  the  same  year  he  married  a  niece 
of  the  first  duke  of  Wellington.  On  27  April,  1849, 
Sir  Henry  was  appointed  British  minister  at  Wash- 
ington, where  he  remained  three  years.  During 
this  time  he  was  associated  with  Senator  John 
Middleton  Clayton  in  preparing  the  treaty  bearing 
their  joint  names,  which  is  still  in  force.  This 
guarantees  the  neutrality  of  interoceanic  commer- 
cial routes  across  the  Central  American  isthmus. 
After  this  he  was  sent  successively  to  Florence, 
Constantinople,  and  the  Danubian  principalities, 
adding  greatly  to  his  reputation  as  a  skilled  diplo- 
matist. He  retired  from  the  diplomatic  service  in 
1865,  and  two  years  later  re-entered  parliament,  and 
retained  his  seat  until  he  was  raised  to  the  peerage 
in  1871  as  Baron  Dalling  and  Bulwer.  He  pub- 
lished a  small  volume  of  poems  (1822) ;  "  Autumn 
in  Greece  "  (1826) ;  "  France,  Social,  Literary,  and 
Political "  (1834).  The  last  named  is  the  first  half 
of  a  work  completed  in  1836,  called  "  The  Monarchy 
of  the  Middle  Classes."  He  prefixed  a  "Life  of 
Lord  Byron  "  to  the  Paris  edition  of  that  poet's 
works  (1835).  His  best-known  books  are  "  Histori- 
cal Characters  "  (London,  1868)  and  "  Life  of  Pal- 
merston"  (2  vols.,  London,  1870;  Philadelphia, 
1871).  He  was  a  brother  of  Bulwer  the  novelist, 
and  during  his  residence  at  Washington  had  for 
his  private  secretary  the  present  Lord  Lytton, 
known  in  literature  as  "  Owen  Meredith." 

BUMSTEAD,  Freeman  Josiah,  physician,  b. 
in  Boston,  Mass.,  21  April,  1826 ;  d.  in  New  York 
city,  28  Nov.,  1879.  He  was  graduated  at  Williams 
in  1847,  and  at  Harvard  medical  college  in  1851, 
after  which  he  attended  medical  lectures  in  Paris. 
In  1852  he  settled  in  New  York,  and  became  a 
specialist  in  venereal  diseases.  He  held  many  im- 
portant offices,  among  which  were  those  of  surgeon 
to  the  New  York  eye  and  ear  infirmary,  to  the 
venereal  wards  of  the  charity  hospital,  Blackwell's 
island,  to  the  stranger's  hospital ;  and  from  1867 
till  1871  he  was  professor  of  venereal  diseases  at 
the  college  of  physicians  and  surgeons,  New  York. 
Dr.  Bumstead  was  a  member  of  various  medical 


societies,  and  from  1875  till  1876  vice-president  of 
the  Torrey  botanical  club.  He  contributed  papers 
to  the  medical  journals,  and  translated  Ricord's 
notes  to  "  Hunter's  Treatise  on  the  Venereal  Dis- 
eases'*  (Philadelphia,  1854),  and  Cullerier's  "Atlas 
of  Venereal  Diseases "  (1867).  "  Pathology  and 
Treatment  of  Venereal  Diseases"  (1861)  is  his 
most  important  work. 

BUNCE,  Oliver  Bell,  author,  b.  in  New  York 
city,  8  Fel).,  1828;  d.  there,  15  May,  1890.  He 
was  educated  at  Rand's  academy,  in  New  York, 
and  was  for  twenty  years  a  bookseller  and  pub- 
lisher. His  first  book  was  "  The  Romance  of  the 
Revolution,"  a  compilation  of  revolutionary  inci- 
dents and  anecdotes  (New  York,  1852).  His  other 
works  include  "  A  Bachelor's  Stoiy  "  (1859) ;  "  Life 
Before  Him"  (1860);  "Bensley"  (1863)— the  last, 
two  published  anonymously ;  "  Bachelor  Bluff," 
a  collection  of  social  and  literary  essays  (1882) ; 
"  Don't,"  a  small  book  on  manners,  of  which  more 
than  85,000  copies  were  sold  in  the  United  States, 
and  there  are  several  English  editions  (1884) ; 
"  My  House,  an  Ideal "  (1885) ;  and  "  Timias  Terry- 
stone,"  a  novel  (1885).  He  also  wrote  a  romantic 
drama,  "  Marco  Bozzaris,"  which  was  produced  in 
1849;  and  "Love  in  '76"  (1856),  which  enjoys  the 
distinction  of  being  the  only  parlor  comedy  of  the 
revolution.  Mr.  Bunce  was  connected  editorially 
with  "  Appletons'  Journal "  during  its  existence, 
first  as  associate  editor,  and  afterward  as  editor-in- 
chief,  and  also  contributed  to  other  periodicals. 

BUNCE,  Francis  Marvin,  naval  officer,  b.  in 
Hartford,  Conn.,  25  Dec,  1836.  After  graduation 
at  the  U.  S.  naval  academy,  in  1857,  he  became 
lieutenant  in  1861,  lieutenant-commander  in  1863, 
commander  in  1871,  captain  in  1883,  and  commo- 
dore in  1895.  In  1891-'4  he  was  in  command  of 
the  naval  training-station  in  Newport,  and  then 
became  a  member  of  the  inspection  board.  From 
1895  till  1897  he  was  president  of  the  naval  exam- 
ining board.  lu  1897  he  was  ordered  to  command 
the  North  Atlantic  station  with  the  rank  of  rear- 
admiral,  and  also  placed  in  charge  of  the  New  York 
navy-yard  and  station.  Commodore  Bunce  has 
given  sixteen  years  of  sea-service,  and  will  become 
rear-admiral  in  February,  1898.  —  His  brother, 
William  (iJedney,  landscape  painter,  b.  in  Hart- 
ford, 19  Sept.,  1842.  He  studied  under  William 
Hart  in  New  York,  and  subsequently  lived  for 
twelve  years  abroad,  studying  under  Andreas 
Aschenbach  in  Diisseldorf,  and  under  Paul  Jean 
Clays  in  Brussels.  His  first  public  exhibition  was 
in  the  Paris  salon  in  1875.  On  his  return  to  the 
United  States  he  opened  a  studio  in  New  York. 
His  pictures  include  "Venice — Night"  (1876); 
"Venice — Mornnig";  "  LaLunaVeneziana"(1878); 
"  Watch  Hill,  Rhode  Island"  (1880);  "  Among  the 
Sail,  Venice";  "Bit  of  Harbor,  Venice"  (1882); 
"  Sun,  Sails,  and  Sea,  Venice  "  ;  "  Day  in  May.  Ven- 
ice" (1883);  "  In  the  Lagoon,  San  Giorgio  "  (1884) ; 
"  Venetian  Day  "  and  "  Venetian  Night "  (1885). 

BUNCOMBE,  Edward,  soldier,  b.  in  St.  Kitts, 
W.  I.;  d.  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  in  1777.  He  was 
educated  in  England,  inherited  a  large  estate,  came 
to  this  country,  and  in  1776  settled  in  Tyrrel  co., 
N.  C.  During'^the  revolutionary  war  he  raised  and 
commanded  the  5th  North  Carolina  regiment,  and 
fought  under  Gen.  Francis  Nash  at  the  battles  of 
Brandywine  and  Germantown.  He  was  severely 
wounded  in  the  latter  engagement,  and,  after  being 
captured,  was  taken  to  Philadelphia,  where  he  soon 
died  from  the  effects  of  his  injuries.  In  1791  his 
name  was  given  to  a  county  in  North  Carolina. 
The  Americanism  "  speaking  for  Buncombe,"  signi- 
fying any  speech  made  solely  to  please  a  constitu- 


BUNTING 


BURCHARD 


449 


ency  or  the  public,  is  derived  from  the  following 
incident :  A  representative  in  congress  from  Bun- 
combe CO.  was  in  the  habit  of  making  speeches  to 
which  no  one  listened.  One  day,  observing  that 
many  members  were  leaving  the  house  wliile  he  was 
speaking,  he  declared  that  he  did  not  care  how 
many  left — he  was  not  speaking  to  the  house,  but 
to  Buncojnbe. 

BUNTING,  Christopher  William,  Canadian 
publisher,  b.  in  Amigan,  county  Limerick,  Ireland, 
in  September,  1837.  He  was  educated  in  Ireland 
and  Toronto,  and  was  connected  with  the  press  in 
early  life,  but  left  journalism  and  engaged  for 
many  years  in  the  West  India  trade.  He  has  been 
for  some  time  the  proprietor  and  publisher  of  the 
Toronto  '•  Mail,"  the  principal  organ  of  the  Con- 
servatives in  Canada.  He  was  first  returned  to 
Parliament  in  1878. 

BURBANK,  Sidney,  soldier,  b.  in  Massachu- 
setts, 26  Sept.,  1807 ;  d.  in  Newport,  Ky.,  7  Dec, 
1882.  He  was  graduated  at  the  U.  S.  military 
academy  in  1829,  and  entered  the  1st  infantry 
as  second  lieutenant.  After  some  years  of  fron- 
tier duty,  a,t  various  garrisons,  he  served  in  the 
"  Black  Hawk  "  war  in  1832,  and  at  the  military 
academy  from  1836  till  1839,  as  instructor  of  in- 
fantry tactics.  He  was  made  captain  in  1839,  and 
fought  in  the  Florida  war  against  the  Seminole 
Indians.  He  was  again  on  frontier  duty  from 
1841  till  1859,  when  he  became  superintendent  of 
the  western  recruiting  service  at  Newport  bar- 
racks, Ky.  During  the  civil  war  he  was  colonel  of 
the  2d  infantry  and  in  command  of  a  brigade  at- 
tached to  the  array  of  the  Potomac.  He  was  pres- 
ent at  the  battles  of  Chancellorsville  and  Gettys- 
burg, and  for  his  services  received  the  brevet  of 
brigadier-general.  Subsequent  to  the  war  he  joined 
his  regiment,  and  was  stationed  at  Newport  bar- 
racks, Ky.,  and  at  Louisville.  Later,  from  1867 
till  1869,  he  was  in  command  of  the  district  of 
Kentucky,  and  from  1869  till  1870  superintend- 
ent of  general  recruiting  service.  He  was  retired 
in  1870,  after  forty  consecutive  years  of  service. 

BURBECK,  Henry,  soldier,  b.  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  8  June,  1754 ;  d.  in  New  London,  Conn.,  2 
Oct.,  1848.  He  was  the  son  of  an  officer  at  Castle 
William,  Boston  harbor,  and  served  with  distinc- 
tion in  the  revolutionary  war.  In  1776  he  was 
made  a  lieutenant,  and  subsequently  participated 
in  the  battles  of  Brandywine  and  Germantown,  as 
well  as  in  the  terrible  privations  and  sufferings  of 
Valley  Forge.  He  shared  the  perils  of  the  mem- 
orable retreat  through  New  Jersey,  and  was  pres- 
ent at  the  battle  of  Monmouth.  In  1777  he  was 
made  a  captain  in  the  artillery,  and  continued  in 
active  service  until  the  close  of  the  war,  when  he 
received  the  brevet  of  major.  He  again  entered 
the  service  in  1786  as  captain  in  the  artillery,  and 
was  actively  engaged  for  some  time  in  the  Indian 
war  on  the  western  border  under  Gen.  Anthony 
Wayne.  After  several  promotions  he  received  the 
rank  of  colonel  in  the  artillery,  and  in  1813  the 
brevet  of  brigadier-general.  In  1815  he  was  mus- 
tered out  of  service. 

BURBRIDGE,  George  Wheelock,  Canadian 
jurist,  b.  in  Cornwallis,  Nova  Scotia,  6  Feb.,  1847. 
He  was  graduated  at  Mount  Allison  Wesleyan  col- 
lege in  1864,  studied  law,  and  in  1871  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  of  New  Brunswick,  and  began  to  prac- 
tise at  St.  John.  He  was  secretary  of  the  com- 
missioners for  consolidating  the  laws  of  New 
Brunswick  in  1877,  became  deputy  minister  of 
justice  and  solicitor  of  Indian  affairs  in  1882,  and 
in  1883  was  selected  as  one  of  the  commissioners 
to  revise  and  consolidate  the  statutes  of  Canada. 
VOL.  I.— 29 


BURBRIDGE,  Stephen  Gano,  soldier,  b.  m 
Scott  CO.,  Ky.,  19  Aug.,  1831.  He  was  educated  at 
Georgetown  college,  and  at  the  Kentucky  military 
institute  in  Frankfort,  after  which  he  studied  law 
with  Senator  Garrett  Davis  in  Paris,  Ky.  From 
1849  till  1853  he  followed  mercantile  pursuits  in 
Georgetown,  D.  C,  and  then  turned  his  attention  to 
agriculture.  He  conducted  a  large  farm  in  Logan 
CO.  until  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war,  when  he 
raised  the  26th  Kentucky  infantry  and  was  made 
its  colonel.  At  the  battle  of  Shiloh  he  distin- 
guished himself,  and  was  made  a  brigadier-general. 
During  Gen.  Bragg's  invasion  of  Kentucky  in  1862, 
he  was  ordered  to  that  state,  and  was  variously  en- 
gaged until  the  confederate  forces  were  driven  out. 
He  then  joined  the  expedition  against  Vicksburg, 
and  participated  in  several  actions.  He  had  com- 
mand of  the  1st  brigade  in  the  1st  division  of  the 
13th  corps  of  the  army  of  the  Mississippi,  and  led 
the  charge  at  Arkansas  Post  that  resulted  in  its 
capture,  planting  the  American  flag  upon  the  fort, 
which  had  been  placed  in  his  hands,  as  a  tribute  to 
his  gallantry,  by  Gen.  A.  G.  Smith,  for  that  pur- 
pose. Gen.  Burbridge  was  also  conspicuous  at  the 
capture  of  Port  Gibson,  and  was  among  the  first  to 
enter  the  place.  Later  he  was  placed  in  command 
of  the  military  district  of  Kentucky,  and  defeated 
Gen.  John  H.  Morgan  on  his  raid,  driving  him  into 
Tennessee.  For  this  service  he  received  the  thanks 
of  President  Lincoln,  and  on  4  July,  1864,  the 
brevet  of  major-general.  He  resigned  in  1865,  and 
retired  to  Kentucky. 

BURCHARD,  Samnel  Dickinson,  clergyman, 
b.  in  Steuben,  N.  Y.,  6  Sept.,  1812;  d.  in  Saratoga, 
I^ .  Y.,  25  Sept.,  1891.  At  eighteen  years  of  age  he 
removed  to  Kentucky,  and  was  graduated  at  Cen- 
tre college,  Danville,  in  1836.  Immediately  after 
graduation  he  began  to  lecture  on  temperance, 
slavery,  and  religious  questions,  and  thus  became 
known  throughout  the  state.  He  also  won  many 
friends  in  Kentucky  by  his  services  as  a  volunteer 
nurse  during  the  cholera  epidemic  of  1837.  He 
was  licensed  to  preach  in  1838,  and  was  installed  as 
pastor  of  a  Presbyterian  church  in  New  York  city, 
1  May,  1839.  He  was  very  successful  as  a  pastor 
and  as  a  lecturer,  and  was  at  different  times  chan- 
cellor of  Ingham  university  and  president  of  Rut- 
gers female  college.  He  was  peculiarly  happy  in 
making  addresses  on  occasions  when  it  was  desira- 
ble to  entertain  a  miscellaneous  audience.  Having 
nearly  finished  an  exceptionally  honorable,  useful, 
and  unobtrusive  career  as  a  clergyman,  it  was  his 
fate,  near  the  close  of  the  exceedingly  bitter  presi- 
dential canvass  of  1884,  to  raise  himself,  by  the 
utterance  of  a  brief  alliterative  sentence,  into  the 
most  unprecedented  and  unexpected  political  noto- 
riety. A  few  days  before  the  election  the  repub- 
lican managers  called  a  "  ministers'  meeting "  in 
New  York.  About  600  clergymen,  nominally  rep- 
resenting all  denominations,  assembled,  and  Dr. 
Burchard  addressed  them  in  a  dignified  and,  in  the 
main,  tempei'ate  speech.  In  concluding,  however, 
he  stigmatized  the  democrats  as  the  party  of  "  Rum, 
Romanism,  and  Rebellion."  Mr.  Blaine,  the  repub- 
lican candidate  for  the  presidency,  was  present, 
but  failed  to  repudiate  the  sentiment  on  the  spot. 
Extraordinary  and,  it  was  believed,  successful 
effoi'ts  had  been  made  by  the  republicans  to  secure 
the  Roman  Catholic  vote ;  but  these  fatal  words 
undid  the  work  of  months.  Hardly  had  they  been 
uttered  when  the  democratic  managers  saw  their 
importance,  and  the  whole  country,  especially  near 
the  centres  of  Roman  Catholic  population,  was 
placarded  with  posters  headed  '■  R.  R.  R.,"  with  all 
manner  of  additions  and  variations.     Liquor-deal- 


450 


BURDEN 


BURGER 


ers  labelled  their  bottles  "  Riim,  Romanism,  and 
Rebellion,"  and  nothing  was  left  undone  to  convey 
the  impression  that  the  republican  leaders  secretly, 
if  not  openly,  approved  the  expression.  The  elec- 
tion proved  closer  even  than  was  anticipated,  and 
eventually  the  choice  depended  upon  the  vote  of 
New  York  state,  which  was  so  evenly  balanced  that 
it  remained  for  several  days  in  doubt.  The  official 
count  gave  the  state,  and  the  presidency,  to  the 
democrats  by  only  1,047  votes,  and  the"  number 
changed  by  Dr.  Burchard's  remark  was  reasonably 
estimated  at  several  thousand.  For  weeks  he  was 
subjected  to  untold  annoyances,  and  it  is  but  fair 
to  say  that  he  bore  them  in  a  philosophical,  manly, 
and  Christian  manner,  alleging  that  if  he  had  been 
made  an  instrument  for  good  or  evil  in  the  hands 
of  Providence  against  his  own  will,  he  was  content 
to  abide  by  the  consequences. 

BURDEN,  Henry,  inventor,  b.  in  Dumblane, 
Scotland,  20  April,  'l791 ;  d.  in  Troy,  N.  Y.,  19 
Jan.,  1871.  He  was  a  farmer's  son,  and  early 
showed  his  inventive  genius  by  m.aking,  with  his 
own  hands,  labor-saving  machinery  from  the  rough- 
est materials,  and  with  but  few  tools  and  no  moulds. 
His  first  great  success  was  in  the  construction  of  a 
threshing-machine  ;  afterward  he  was  engaged  in 
erecting  grist-mills  and  in  making  farm  imple- 
ments. Having  decided  to  come  to  the  United 
States,  with  the  intention  of  becoming  an  inventor, 
he  followed  in  Edinburgh  a  full  course  of  scientific 
studies,  including  mathematics,  engineering,  and 
drawing.  He  left  Scotland  in  1819,  and  on  his 
arrival  in  this  country  at  once  devoted  himself  to 
the  manufacture  of  agricultural  implements.  His 
first  effort  resulted  in  the  production  of  an  im- 
proved plough,  which  received  the  first  premium 
at  three  county  fairs.  The  first  cultivator  invented 
in  this  country  was  patented  by  him  in  1820.  and  in 
1825  he  received  a  patent  for  making  the  wrought- 
iron  spike.  Meanwhile,  in  1822,  he  had  become 
the  agent  of  the  Troy  iron  and  nail  factory,  which 
was  greatly  enlarged  under  his  supervision,  and 
ultimately  he  became  sole  proprietor.  In  1835  he 
invented  a  machine  for  making  horse-shoes,  and  in 
1840  one  for  making  the  hook-headed  spike,  after- 
ward used  on  nearly  every  railroad  in  the  United 
States.  Without  this  invention  the  rapid  progress 
of  railroad  building  in  this  country  woidd  have 
been  impossible ;  for  spikes  could  not  have  been 
made  by  hand  with  sufficient  rapidity  to  supply 
the  demand.  He  was  continually  improving  his 
inventions,  and  in  1843  received  a  patent  for  a 
modification  of  his  machine  for  making  horse- 
shoes, and  in  1849  patented  a  self-acting  machine 
for  rolling  iron  into  bars.  His  greatest  triumph 
in  mechanics  was  his  new  machine  for  making 
horse-shoes,  which  he  devised  in  June,  1857.  A  rod 
of  iron,  fed  into  this  machine,  is  converted  into 
shoes  entirely  completed,  with  creases  and  counter- 
sunk holes,  leaving  nothing  more  to  be  done  but 
to  clean  out  the  holes,  and  each  machine  produces 
from  the  iron  bars  sixty  shoes  a  minute,  which 
is  equivalent  to  a  day's  labor  of  two  men.  Mr. 
Burden  obtained  patents  for  this  machine  from 
nearly  every  government  in  Europe.  He  was  also 
interested  in  steam  navigation,  and  in  1833  built  a 
steamboat,  which  from  its  shape  was  called  the 
"cigar-boat."  In  1836  he  warmly  advocated  the 
construction  of  a  line  of  ocean  steamers  of  18,000 
tons'  burden,  and  in  1845  visited  Enghmd  for  the 
purpose  of  persuading  ship-owners  to  adopt  the 
side-wheel ;  but  in  this  he  was  unsuccessful.  The 
works  at  Troy  were  increased  until  the  plant  be- 
came one  ot  the  most  extensive  in  the  world. 
Blast-furnaces,    Bessemer-furnaces,    and    rolling- 


mills  were  built,  and  the  manufacture  of  iron  be- 
came the  principal  business  of  the  corporation. 
Mr.  Burden  accumulated  a  large  fortune,  and  was 
liberal  inJiis  donations  for  charitable  purposes. — 
His  son,  James  Abercronibie,  iron-master,  b. 
in  Troy,  N.  Y.,  G  Jan.,  1833.  He  studied  in  New 
Haven  with  a  tutor,  and  attended  lectures  in  the 
Yale  scientific  school,  after  which  he  pursued  a 
partial  course  -in  the  Rensselaer  polytechnic  in- 
stitute. Later  he  became  a  practical  mechanical 
engineer  and  millwright,  and  then  was  made  fore- 
man of  one  of  the  departments  of  the  works,  ad- 
vancing step  by  step  until  he  became  president  of 
the  Burden  iron  company.  Subsequently  he  held 
many  places  of  trust,  and  was  for  some  time  presi- 
dent of  the  Hudson  river  ore  and  iron  company, 
Mr.  Burden  has  obtained  several  patents  for  inven- 
tions of  his  own,  the  most  important  of  which  are 
one  for  the  manufacture  of  horse-  and  mule-shoes, 
and  one  for  making  snow-  and  mud-shoes  for 
horses  and  mules.  From  these  inventions  alone  a 
very  large  revenue  is  obtained.  In  1880  he  was  a 
presidential  elector  on  the  republican  ticket.  He 
is  a  prominent  member  of  the  American  institute 
of  mining  engineers,  and  has  been  elected  its  vice- 
president  several  times. 

BURDETTE,  Robert  Jones,  humorist,  b.  in 
Greensborough,  Pa.,  30  July,  1844.  Early  in  life 
he  removed  to  Peoria,  111.,  where  he  was  educated 
in  the  public  schools.  He  enlisted  as  a  private  in 
the  47th  Illinois  volunteers  in  1862,  and  served 
during  the  war.  In  1869  he  became  one  of  the 
editors  of  the  Peoria  "  Transcript,"  was  afterward 
connected  with  the  "  Review,"  and  still  later,  in 
connection  with  others,  established  a  new  paper  in 
Peoria,  which  did  not  succeed.  He  then  became 
associate  editor  of  the  Burlington,  Iowa,  "  Hawk- 
eye,"  and  his  humorous  contributions  to  this  jour- 
nal, being  widely  copied,  made  his  reputation.  In 
1877  he  began  to  deliver  public  lectures,  in  which 
he  has  been  very  successful,  his  subjects  being 
"  The  Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Mustache,"  "  Home," 
and  "The  Pilgrimage  of  the  Funny  Man."  He 
has  published,  in  book-form,  "  The  Rise  and  Fall 
of  the  Mustache  and  other  Hawkeyetems "  (Bur- 
lington, 1877) ;  "  Hawkeyes  "  (1880) ;  "  Life  of  Will- 
iam Penn  "  (IS'ew  York,  1882) ;  and  "  Innach  Gar- 
den, and  other  Comic  Sketches"  (1886). 

BUREAU,  Jacqnes  Olivier,  Canadian  states- 
man, b.  in  Three  Rivers,  province  of  Quebec,  in 
February,  1820.  He  was  educated  at  Nicolet  col- 
lege, and  was  admitted  as  a  notaiy  public  of  Lower 
Canada  in  1843,  represented  Napierville  in  the 
Canadian  assembly  from  1854  until  1862,  when  he 
was  elected  for  "  De  Lorimer"  division,  for  which 
he  sat  until  the  union  in  1867.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  executive  council  and  provincial  secretary 
(succeeding  A.  A.  Dorion)  from  January  to  May, 
1863.  He  was  a  reformer  in  politics,  and  was  called 
to  the  senate  in  1867. 

BURIiiER,  Louis,  soldier,  b.  in  Spire,  Bavaria,, 
6  Feb.,  1821;  d.  in  New  York  city,  25  May,  1871. 
He  was  educated  at  the  high  school  in  Kaisers- 
lautern,  and  then  at  the  polytechnic  school  in 
Munich,  where  he  devoted  special  attention  to  en- 
gineering and  architecture  during  1840-'4.  After- 
ward he  followed  his  profession  and  filled  various 
posts  in  Bavaria  and  Wlirtemberg.  Subsequent 
to  the  revolution  in  1849  he  came  to  the  United 
States  and  established  himself  in  New  York  as  an 
architect.  In  1854  he  organized  the  engineer  corps 
of  the  5th  regiment  of  the  New  York  state  national 
guards,  and  was  elected  captain.  During  the  civil 
war  he  commanded  his  regiment  in  the  short  cam- 
paign in  1861,  and  again  during  the  invasion  of 


SURGES 


BURGESS 


451 


Pennsylvania  in  18G3,  and  for  his  services  he  re- 
ceived the  brevet  of  brigadier-general.  In  1865  he 
was  elected  brigadier-general  of  the  2d  brigade,  1st 
division  of  the  State  national  guard.  He  was  twice 
president  of  the  "  Liederkranz,"  a  German  musical 
society  in  Xew  York,  and  was  a  director  of  the 
Bowery  national  bank  and  German  savings  bank. 

BURGES,  Tristam,  jurist,  b.  in  Rochester, 
Mass.,  36  Feb.,  1770 ;  d.  in  Providence,  R.  I.,  13  Oct.. 
1853.  He  was  graduated  at  Brown  in  1796.  and, 
while  teaching  school  in  Providence,  studied  law 
with  Judge  Barnes,  in  1799  he  was  admitted  to 
the  Rhode  Island  bar,  and  soon  rose  to  the  head  of 
his  profession.  He  became  a  prominent  leader  of 
the  federal  party,  and  in  1811  entered  the  state 
legislature.  In  1815  he  was  appointed  chief  jus- 
tice of  the  supreme  court  of  Rhode  Island,  and 
from  1815  till  1828  was  professor  of  oratory  and 
belles-lettres  in  Brown  university.  He  was  elected 
in  1825  representative  in  congress,  and  served  con- 
tinuously until  3  March,  1835.  In  1836  he  was  de- 
feated as  whig  candidate  for  governor,  and  then 
retired  from  public  life,  resuming  his  practice. 
His  famous  retort  to  John  Randolph,  of  Virginia — 
"  Moral  monsters  can  not  propagate ;  we  rejoice 
that  the  father  of  lies  can  never  become  the  fa- 
ther of  liars  " — made  while  a  member  of  congress, 
is  historical.  He  published  orations  and  speeches, 
and  also  wrote  the  "  Battle  of  Lake  Erie,  with  No- 
tices of  Com.  Elliott's  Conduct "  (Philadelphia, 
1839).  See  "Memoirs  of  Tristam  Burges,"  by  H. 
L.  Bowen  (Providence,  1835). 

BURGrESS,  Alexander  Mackiiiiion,  Cana- 
dian journalist,  b.  in  Strathspey,  Inverness-shire, 
Scotland,  21  Oct.,  1850.  He  was  educated  at  the 
University  of  Aberdeen,  emigrated  to  Canada  in 
1871,  and  was  editor  and  chief  reporter  of  the  de- 
bates of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Commons  in 
1876.  In  1882  he  was  appointed  secretary  of  the  de- 
partment of  the  interior,  and  on  1  July,  1883,  was 
created  deputy  minister  of  the  interior.  Mr.  Bur- 
gess was  at  one  time  a  member  of  the  staff  of  the 
Toronto  "  Globe,"  became  editor  of  the  Ottawa 
"  Times  "  on  1  July,  1874,  and  subsequently  owner 
of  that  paper,  which  he  retained  until  1876. 

BURGrESS,  Ebenezer,  clergyman,  b.  in  Ware- 
ham,  Mass.,  1  April,  1790 ;  d.  in  Dedham,  5 
Dec,  1870.  He  was  graduated  at  Brown  in  1809, 
and  was  a  tutor  there  from  1811  till  1813.  He 
then  entered  Andover  theological  seminary,  was 
graduated  there  in  1815,  and  was  professor  of 
mathematics  and  natural  philosophy  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Vermont  from  1815  till  1817.  He  was  the 
agent  of  the  American  colonization  society  in 
Africa  from  1817-'18,  assisted  in  founding  the 
colony  of  Liberia,  and  in  1818-'19  was  the  society's 
agent  in  the  United  States.  He  was  acting  pastor 
of  the  first  Congregational  church  in  Dedham, 
Mass.,  in  1820-'l,  was  ordained  its  pastor  in  March 
of  the  latter  year,  and  remained  there  till  his  death. 
He  published  "  The  Dedham  Pulpit "  (1846),  and 
''  The  Burgess  Genealogy  "  (1865). 

BURGrESS,  Ebenezer,  missionary,  b.  in  Graf- 
ton, Vt.,  25  June,  1805 ;  d.  in  Newton  Centre, 
Mass.,  1  Jan.,  1870.  He  was  graduated  at  Amherst 
in  1831,  and  became  a  tutor  there  from  1833  till 
1835.  He  then  entered  Andover  theological  semi- 
nary, was  graduated  in  1837,  and  taught  Hebrew 
and  Greek  in  Union  theological  seminary.  New 
York  city,  for  a  year.  After  another  year,  spent 
at  Andover  in  advanced  study,  he  was  ordained  on 
19  March,  1839,  and  went  as  a  missionary  to  the 
Mahrattas,  in  western  India.  He  was  stationed  at 
Ahmednuggertill  1851,  then  at  Satara,  and  in  1854 
returned  to  the  United  States.     He  was  acting  pas- 


tor at  Centreville,  Mass.,  from  1857  till  1859,  at 
Lanesville  from  1861  till  1863,  and  at  South 
Franklin  from  1864  till  1867.  He  afterward  en- 
gaged in  lecturing  and  literary  work  until  his 
death.  He  had  nearly  completed  an  elaborate 
work  on  the  antiquity  of  man,  on  which  he  had 
been  engaged  since  his"  return  from  India. 

BURGESS,  Edward,  naval  architect,  b.  in 
West  Sandwich.  iMass.,  30  June,  1848;  d.  in  Bos- 
ton. 12  July,  1891.  Graduating  at  Harvard  in 
1871,  he  became  secretary  of  the  Boston  society  of 
natural  history,  edited  its  publications,  and  pub- 
lished several  memoirs  on  anatomical  subjects. 
From  1879  till  1883  he  was  instructor  in  ento- 
mology in  Harvard.  He  travelled  in  Europe,  and, 
in  an  amateur  way,  studied  the  principles  of  naval 
architecture,  bringing  his  knowledge  and  judgment 
to  the  practical  test  of  designing  and  building  ves- 
sels for  his  own  use.  His  success  in  this  line  was 
so  marked  that  when,  in  1883,  a  reverse  of  fortune 
threw  him  upon  his  own  resources  for  a  livelihood, 
he  naturally  turned  to  the  designing  of  sailing- 
yachts.  Several  of  his  boats  won  fame  in  eastern 
waters,  and  when,  in  1884,  it  became  necessary  to 
build  a  large  sloop-yacht  to  represent  the  United 
States  in  a  series  of  international  races,  he  was 
selected  by  a  committee  of  Boston  gentlemen  to 
draw  plans  for  a  suitable  vessel.  The  famous 
sloop  "  Puritan  "  was  the  result,  and  in  the  con- 
test for  the  "  America's  "  cup  in  1885  she  defeated 
all  competitors,  including  the  fine  English  cutter 
"  Genesta,"  which  had  crossed  the  ocean  to  enter 
the  contest.  This  was  a  remarkable  triumph  in 
view  of  the  fact  that  it  was  the  first  attempt  of  an 
American  designer  to  solve  certain  ship-building 
problems  to  which  Englishmen  had  given  their  at- 
tention for  a  score  of  years.  In  the  following  sea- 
son Mr.  Burgess  brought  out  the  "  Mayflower,"  a 
sloop  slightly  larger  than  the  "  Puritan,"  and  the 
"  Sachem,"  a  large  schooner-yacht  that  has  shown 
remarkable  sea-going  qualities.  During  the  season 
of  1886  the  "  Mayflower"  easily  defeated,  not  only 
all  American  vessels  of  her  class,  but  distanced  the 
English  cutter  "  Galatea  "  which  had  come  over  in 
the  hope  of  redeeming  the  "Genesta's"  defeat  of 
the  preceding  year. 

burgess;  Georg'e,  P.  E.  bishop,  b.  in  Provi- 
dence, R.  I.,  31  Oct.,  1809 ;  d.  at  sea,  near  Port  au 
Prince,  W.  I.,  23  April,  1866.  His  father,  Thomas 
Burgess,  who  died  in  1856,  was  for  many  years  a 
judge  in  Rhode  Island.  He  was  graduated  at 
Brown  in  1826,  with  the  highest  honors,  and  spent 
some  time  abroad  in  1831-'4,  of  which  an  interest- 
ing journal  remains.  He  was  admitted  to  deacon's 
orders,  by  Bishop  Griswold,  in  Providence,  10 
June,  1834,  and  ordained  priest,  2  Nov.,  1834.  He 
thereupon  became  rector  of  Christ  church,  Hart- 
ford, Conn.,  was  married  in  October,  1846,  and  be- 
came actively  engaged  in  literary  as  well  as  profes- 
sional work.  He  was  elected  first  bishop  of  Maine, 
early  in  October,  1847,  and  consecrated  in  Christ 
church,  Hartford,  31  Oct.  On  removing  to  Maine 
he  took  the  rectorship  of  the  church  in  Gardiner, 
which  place  he  retained  until  his  death.  Bishop 
Burgess  joined  the  Rev.  Dr.  Muhlenberg  in  what 
is  known  as  the  "  Memorial  Movement "  in  1853. 
He  was  active  in  parochial  as  well  as  episcopal  la- 
bors, in  missions  of  the  church,  in  the  house  of 
bishops,  and  as  a  teacher.  His  churchmanship 
was  of  the  style  of  Muhlenberg,  Alonzo  Potter,  and 
Bishop  Griswold.  sometimes  designated  as  high 
church  evangelicals.  Bishop  Burgess  was  one  of  the 
presenters  of  Bishop  G.  W.  Doane,  of  New  Jersey, 
on  charges  affecting  that  prelate's  financial  integ- 
rity.    He  was  attacked  with  severe  hasmorrhage  in 


452 


BURGESS 


BURGOYNE 


July,  1865,  sailed  for  the  West  Indies  in  December, 
and,  by  appointment  of  the  house  of  bishops,  visited 
Hayti  in  the  interests  of  tiie  church.  He  published 
"  The  Book  of  Psalms,  translated  into  English 
Verse  "  (New  York,  1840) ;  "  Strife  of  Brothers,"  a 
poem  (1844) ;  "  Pages  from  the  Ecclesiastical  His- 
tory of  New  England  between  1740  and  1840" 
(Boston,  1847) ;  "  The  Last  Enemy  "  (Philadelphia, 
1850);  "Ternon  on  the  Christian  Life"  (1854): 
besides  numerous  sermons,  charges,  etc.  After  his 
death  a  volume  containing  his  "Poems"  was  pub- 
lished, with  an  introduction  by  Arthur  Cleveland 
Coxe  (1868).— His  brother,  Alexander,  P.  E.  bish- 
op, b.  in  Providence,  R.  I.,  31  Oct.,  1819.  He  was 
graduated  at  Brown  in  1838,  and  at  the  general 
theological  seminary,  New  York,  in  1841.  He  was 
ordained  deacon  in  Providence,  3  Nov.,  1842,  and 
priest,  1  Nov.,  1843.  While  in  deacon's  orders  he 
had  charge  of  St.  Stephen's  church.  East  Haddam, 
Conn.  In  1843  he  became  rector  of  St.  Mark's 
church,  Augusta,  Me.,  which  place  he  held  until 
Easter,  1854.  He  then  removed  to  Portland,  and 
was  rector  of  St.  Luke's  church  from  1854  till  1867. 
In  the  latter  year  he  became  rector  of  St.  John's 
church,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  where  he  served  for  two 
years.  He  then  accepted  the  rectorship  of  Christ 
church,  Springfield,  Mass.,  which  he  held  until  his 
elevation  to  the  episcopate.  Dr.  Burgess  was  a 
deputy  to  the  general  convention  of  the  Episcopal 
church  from  1844  till  1877,  and  represented  the 
diocese  of  Maine,  Long  Island,  and  Massachusetts 
during  that  time.  In  1877  he  was  president  of  the 
house  of  deputies.     After  his  brother's  death,  in 

1866,  he  was  elected  by  the  clergy  of  Maine  to  be 
the  bishop,  but  declined  to  allow  his  name  to  go 
to  the  laity  for  confirmation.  He  also  served  on 
standing  committees  of  the  three  dioceses  just 
named.  When  the  new  diocese  of  Quincy,  111.,  was 
formed,  he  was  chosen  to  be  its  first  bishop,  and 
was  consecrated  in  Christ  church,  Springfield, 
Mass.,  15  May,  1878.  Bishop  Burgess  has  pub- 
lished a  memoir  of  his  brother,  the  first  bishop  of 
Maine  (1869) ;  also  sermons,  addresses,  etc.,  with 
Sunday  -  school  question  -  books,  and  carols  and 
hymns;  and  has  been  a  contributor  to  periodical 
churcli  literature. 

BURGESS,  John  William,  educator,  b.  in 
Cornersville,  Giles  co.,  Tenn.,  26  Aug.,  1844.  He 
was  educated  at  Cumberland  university,  Lebanon, 
Tenn.,  and  at  Amherst,  where  he  was  graduated  in 

1867,  studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  at 
Springfield  in  1869.  The  same  year  he  was  called  to 
the  professorship  of  English  literature  and  political 
economy  in  Knox  college,  which  he  filled  for  two 
years.  He  then  studied  public  law  and  political 
science  for  two  years  at  Gottingen,  Leipsic,  and 
Berlin,  and  on  his  return  to  the  United  States  be- 
came professor  of  history  and  political  science  at 
Amherst,  and  in  1876  of  history,  political  science, 
and  international  law  in  Columbia  college,  New 
York  city,  and  of  public  law  and  political  science 
in  the  law  school,  the  title  of  which  chair  was 
changed  in  1878  to  international  and  constitutional 
law  and  political  science.  In  1880  he  became  also 
professor  of  constitutional  and  international  his- 
tory and  law  in  the  Columbia  college  school  of  po- 
litical science.  "* 

BURCrOA,  Francisco  (boor-go'-ah),  Mexican 
monk,  b.  in  Oajaca  about  1605;  d.  in  Teozopotlan 
in  1681.  He  was  a  professor  of  theology,  and  a 
thorough  scholar  in  the  Mixteco  and  Zapoteco  lan- 
guages. Burgoa  was  provincial  of  the  Dominican 
order,  and  represented  it  at  a  general  chapter  held 
in  Rome.  Among  his  works  are  "  Palestra  his- 
torica,"  a  history  of  the  Dominican  province  of  Oa- 


jaca ;  "  Descripcion  geografica  de  la  America  Sep- 
tentrional y  de  la  Nueva  Iglesia  de  Occidente: 
Situaeion  Astronomica  de  la  Provincia  de  Santo 
Domingo  de  Oajaca  "  ;  and  an  "  Itinerario  de  Oa- 
jaca ii  Roma  y  de  Oajaca  a  Roma." 

BURGOTNE,  Jolin,  British  soldier,  b.  24  Feb., 
1723 ;  d.  in  London,  4  Aug.,  1792.  He  was  the 
eldest  son  of  John  Burgoyne  and  Anna  Maria, 
daughter  of  Charles  Burneston,  of  Hackney,  in 
Middlesex.  The  popular  belief  that  he  was  a 
natural  son  of  Lord  Bingley  is  pure  fiction,  and 
had  its  rise  in  the  malicious  gossip  of  Horace 
Walpole.  Burgoyne  was  educated  at  Westminster, 
and  entered  the  army  at  an  early  age.  While  at 
Preston  with  his  regiment,  he  eloped  with  Lady 
Charlotte  Stanley,  daughter  of  the  eleventh  earl 
of  Derby ;  and  the  earl,  becoming  reconciled  to 
the  marriage,  obtained  for  him  a  captaincy  in  the 
11th  dragoons,  14  June,  1756.  He  was  in  the  at- 
tack on  Cherbourg  in  1758,  and  also  in  the  abor- 
tive attempt  on  St.  Malo  the  same  year ;  was  ap- 
pointed, 10  May,  1758,  captain-lieutenant  in  the 
Coldstream  guards,  and  next  year  was  promoted 
to  the  command  of  the  16th  dragoons,  called  sub- 
sequently "  Burgoyne's  light-horse."  He  was  elect- 
ed to  parliament  in  1762,  held  his  seat  in  that  body 
continuously  until  his  death,  and  took  an  active 
part  in  matters 
relating  to  In- 
dia, hence  in- 
curring the  dis- 
pleasure of  Ju- 
nius, by  whom 
he  was  severely 
criticised.  He 
was  made  ma- 
jor-general, 25 
May,  1772,  ap- 
pointed to  a 
command  in 
America,  ar- 
rived in  Bos- 
ton, 25  May, 
1775,  and  wit- 
nessed the  bat- 
tle of  Bunker 
Hill,  of  which 
hegaveagraph- 
ic  description 
in  a  letter  to 
his  brother-in- 
law,  Lord  Stan- 
ley. He  was  commissioned,  1  Jan.,  1776,  lieu- 
tenant-general in  America  only,  and  took  part 
in  the  operations  of  that  year  for  expelling  the 
Americans  from  Canada ;  but  in  November,  dis- 
satisfied with  his  subordinate  position  under  Carle- 
ton,  he  returned  to  England.  In  December  he 
concerted  with  the  British  ministry  a  plan  for  the 
campaign  of  1777.  A  large  force  under  his  com- 
mand was  to  go  to  Albany  by  way  of  Lakes  Cham- 
plain  and  George,  while  another  body,  under  Sir 
Henry  Clinton,  advanced  up  the  Hudson.  Simul- 
taneously, Col.  Barry  St.  Leger  was  to  make  a  di- 
version, by  way  of  Oswego,  on  the  Mohawk  river. 
In  pursuance  of  this  plan,  Burgoyne,  in  June,  be- 
gan his  advance  with  one  of  the  best-equipped 
armies  that  had  ever  left  the  shores  of  England. 
Proceeding  up  Lake  Champlain,  he  easily  forced 
the  evacuation  of  Crown  Point,  Ticonderoga,  and 
Fort  Anne.  But,  instead  of  availing  himself  of 
the  water-carriage  of  Lake  George,  at  the  head  of 
which  there  was  a  direct  road  to  Fort  Edward,  he 
advanced  upon  that  work  by  land,  consuming 
three  weeks  in  cutting  a  road  through  the  woods 


BURGOYNE 


BURKE 


453 


and  building  bridges  over  swamps.  This  gave 
time  for  Schuyler  to  gather  the  yeomanry  together, 
and  for  Washington  to  re-enforce  that  general 
with  troops,  under  Morgan,  from  the  southern  de- 
partment. Burgoyne  also  lost  valuable  time  and 
received  a  fatal  check  by  his  disastrous  attack  on 
Bennington.  At  length,  finding  his  progress 
stopped  by  the  intrenchments  of  Gates  at  Bemus's 
heights,  nine  miles  south  of  Saratoga  (Schuyler- 
ville),  he  endeavored  to  extricate  himself  from  his 
perilous  position  by  fighting.  Two  battles  were 
fought,  on  nearly  the  same  ground,  on  19  September 
and  7  October.  The  first  was  indecisive ;  the  sec- 
ond resulted  in  so  complete  a  rout  for  the  British 
that,  leaving  his  sick  and  wounded  to  the  compas- 
sion of  Gates,  Burgoyne  retreated  to  Saratoga. 
Here,  finding  that  his  provisions  were  giving  out. 
Stark  in  his  rear,  and  that  there  was  no  chance  of 
escape,  he  capitulated  with  his  entire  army,  17  Oct., 
1777.  This  event  was  the  turning-point  in  the 
American  revolution.  It  secured  the  French  alli- 
ance, and  lifted  the  clouds  of  moral  and  financial 
gloom  that  had  settled  upon  the  hearts  of  the  lead- 
ers, even  the  hopeful  Washington.  Burgoyne, 
until  his  unfortunate  campaign,  stood  very  high 
in  his  profession.  He  had  made  a  brilliant  record 
on  the  banks  of  the  Tagus  for  dash  under  that 
master  in  the  art  of  war,  the  famous  Count 
Schaumberg-Lippe.  He  also  added  to  a  prepos- 
sessing exterior  the  polished  manners  and  keen 
sagacity  of  a  courtier.  He  was  likewise  witty  and 
brave.  But  he  was  hasty  and  self-willed.  Desirous 
to  do  everything  himself,  he  rarely  consulted  with 
others ;  yet  he  never  knew  how  to  keep  a  plan  se- 
cret. While  in  a  subordinate  position,  he  was 
continually  carping  at  his  military  superiors,  yet, 
when  given  a  separate  command,  he  was  guilty  of 
the  same  faults  that  he  had  reprehended  in  others. 
His  boastful  ways  drew  up(  m  him  the  nicknames 
of  "  Sir  Jack  Brag  "  and  "  Chrononhotonthologos," 
a  character  in  a  burlesque  play  by  Henry  Carey. 
Being  a  Sybarite,  he  often  neglected  the  duties  of  a 
general,  and  while  he  was  enjoying  his  wines  and 
choice  food,  his  army  suffered  the  keenest  want. 
Early  in  1778  he  returned  to  England,  and  justly 
threw  the  failure  of  the  expedition  upon  the  min- 
istry, since,  in  arranging  the  campaign,  he  had  in- 
sisted that  success  depended  upon  Howe's  co-opera- 
tion. Had  he  been  properly  supported  he  would, 
despite  mistakes,  have  reached  Albany,  as  Gates 
would  not  have  been  at  Bemus's  heights  to  oppose 
him.  On  his  arrival  in  England  he  was  received 
very  coldly  by  the  court  and  people,  the  king  re- 
fusing to  see  him.  Having  in  vain  demanded  a 
court-martial,  he  succeeded  in  obtaining  a  hearing 
on  the  floor  of  parliament;  and  in  1780  published 
a  narrative  of  the  campaign  and  a  vindication  of 
himself  in  a  work  entitled  "  A  State  of  the  Expe- 
dition." Joining  the  opposition,  he  resigned,  in 
1779,  all  his  offices.  Upon  a  change  in  the  minis- 
try he  regained  somewhat  of  his  popularity,  and 
in  1782  was  restored  to  his  rank  in  the  army  and 
appointed  prize-councillor  and  commander-in-chief 
in  Ireland.  In  1784  he  retired  from  public  life, 
and,  possessing  considerable  literary  ability,  amused 
himself  in  writing  numerous  comedies  and  poems, 
which  were  published  (2  vols.,  1808).  He  was  one 
of  the  managers  of  the  impeachment  of  Warren 
Hastings,  but  did  not  live  to  see  the  result  of  that 
trial.  By  his  wife  he  had  but  one  daughter,  who 
died  in  childhood ;  but  by  Miss  Susan  Caulfield, 
after  his  wife's  death,  he  had  four  children,  of 
whom  the  late  Sir  John  Burgoyne,  of  Crimean 
fame,  was  the  eldest.  His  descendants  have  filled 
many  honorable  positions  in  the  British  army  and 


navy,  and  several  of  them  are  still  (1886)  living. 
For  an  exhaustive  sketch  of  Burgoyne  and  an  an- 
alysis of  his  campaigns,  see  "  Hadden's  Journal," 
edited  by  Gen.  Horatio  Rogers. — His  son.  Sir  John 
Fox,  British  soldier,  b.  in  London,  24  July,  1782  ; 
d.  7  Oct.,  1871.  He  was  educated  at  Eton  and 
Woolwich,  and  entered  the  royal  engineers  as  sec- 
ond lieutenant  in  1798.  He  acted  as  commanding 
engineer  under  Gen.  Frazer  at  the  siege  of  Rosetta 
and  the  assault  on  Alexandria,  Egypt,  in  1807 ;  un- 
der Sir  John  Moore  in  his  Portuguese  campaign  in 
1808,  and  in  the  peninsular  war.  He  served  dur- 
ing the  war  between  the  United  States  and  Great 
Britain  in  1812-'5,  and,  as  commanding  engineer 
under  Gen.  Pakenham,  was  present  at  the  battle  of 
New  Orleans,  8  Jan.,  1815,  and  also  at  the  capture 
of  Fort  Bowers  (Mobile  Point)  on  11  February.  In 
1845  he  was  appointed  inspector-general  of  fortifi- 
cations. In  the  Crimean  war  he  rendered  distin- 
guished services  at  the  battles  of  the  Alma,  Bala- 
klava,  and  Inkerman,  and  at  the  siege  of  Sebasto- 
pol.  On  his  recall  from  the  Crimea  he  received  a 
baronetcy  and  was  made  a  general  and  resumed  his 
position  at  the  war-office  as  inspector-general  of 
fortifications,  retiring  in  1868  with  the  rank  of 
field-marshal.  The  "  Military  Opinions  of  Sir  John 
Fox  Burgoyne,"  edited  by  G.  Wrottesley,  was  pub- 
lished in  London  in  1859.  He  was  also  the  author 
of  a  "  Treatise  on  the  Blasting  and  Quarrying  of 
Stone  "  (London,  1852). 

BURK,  John  Daly,  historian,  b.  in  Ireland ; 
d.  near  Campbell's  Bridge,  Va.,  11  April,  1808.  He 
was  of  the  same  family  as  Ednuind  Burke,  the 
orator.  While  in  Trinity  college,  Dublin,  he  pub- 
lished articles  in  the  Dublin  "  Evening  Post,"  which 
caused  his  expulsion  on  a  charge  of  deism  and 
republicanism.  He  afterward  made  himself  ob- 
noxious to  the  government,  and  fied  to  this  country 
about  1796.  In  October  of  that  year  he  established 
a  daily  paper  in  Boston,  called  the  "  Polar  Star," 
which  met  with  little  success,  and  was  discontinued 
in  1797.  He  afterward  edited  another  paper  in 
New  York  city,  where  he  was  arrested  under  the 
sedition  law  for  publishing  a  libel.  He  then  re- 
moved to  Petersburg,  Va.,  and  devoted  himself  to 
the  practice  of  law  and  to  literature.  He  was  killed 
in  a  duel  with  Felix  Coquebert,  in  consequence  of 
a  political  dispute.  Burk  was  at  one  time  master 
of  ceremonies  at  the  Boston  theatre.  He  published 
"  Bunker  Hill,"  a  tragedy ;  "  Bethlem  Gabor,"  an 
historical  drama  (1803);  "  History  of  the  Late  War 
in  Ireland  "  (Philadelphia,  1799) ;  and  a  "  History  of 
Virginia  from  its  First  Settlement  to  1804  "  (3  vols., 
Petersburg,  1804).  An  additional  volume,  by  Messrs. 
Jones  and  Girardin,  was  published  in  1816.  Burk's 
"Bunker  Hill"  was  for  some  time  performed  peri- 
odically at  the  Boston  theatre,  to  please  patriotic 
audiences.  It  was  hastily  written,  and  had  little 
merit.  President  Adams  said  it  represented  War- 
ren as  a  "bully  and  a  blackguard." — Burk's  son, 
John  Jnnins,  b.  in  Virginia  in  1800;  d.  in  Baton 
Rouge,  La.,  17  July,  1866,  was  educated  at  William 
and  Mary  college,  went  to  Louisiana,  where  he 
studied  law,  and  was  for  many  years  a  prominent 
lawyer  there,  and  judge  of  the  state  court.  See  a 
meiiioir  of  Burk,  by  Charles  Campbell  (Albany,  1868). 

BURKE,  jEdahus,  jurist,  b.  in  Galway,  Ireland, 
16  June,  1743 ;  d.  in  Charleston,  S.  C,  30  March,  1802. 
He  was  educated  as  a  priest  at  the  college  of  St, 
Omer,  in  France,  visited  the  West  Indies,  and  came 
thence  to  South  Carolina  near  the  beginning  of  the 
revolution.  He  volunteered  in  the  patriot  army, 
was  chosen  a  judge  of  the  state  supreme  court  in 
1778,  and,  when  the  British  overran  that  part  of 
the  country,  left  the  bench  and  again  joined  the 


454 


BURKE 


BURKE 


army.  When  the  courts  were  re-established,  he  re- 
sumed his  office,  and  in  1785  was  appointed  one  of 
three  commissioners  to  form  a  digest  of  the  state 
law.  He  was  outspoken  in  the  state  convention 
against  the  federal  constitution,  because  he  feared 
consolidated  power,  but  after  its  adoption  was 
elected  to  the  1st  congress.  He  served  from  4 
March,  1789,  until  he  resigned  in  1791,  the  South 
Carolina  legislature  having  passed  a  law  prohibit- 
ing any  state  judge  from  leaving  the  state.  Judge 
Burke  was  for  several  years  a  member  of  the  as- 
sembly, and  just  before  his  death  became  chancellor 
of  the  state.  He  published  a  pamphlet  against  the 
Society  of  the  Cincinnati,  which  became  famous, 
and  caused  that  body  to  abandon  some  of  the 
aristocratic  provisions  formerly  in  its  constitution. 
The  pamphlet  was  translated  into  French  by  Mi- 
rabeau,  and  used  by  him  in  the  assembly.  Judge 
Burke  had  a  plentiful  fund  of  Irish  wit,  and  many 
stories  are  told  of  him ;  but,  though  eccentric,  he 
was  an  u])right  and  earnest  republican. 

BURKE,  Ediuiiud,  English  statesman,  b.  in 
Dublin,  1  Jan.,  1730;  d.  in  Beaconsfield,  England, 
9  July,  1797.  He  was  the  son  of  a  Dublin  attor- 
ney, was  graduated  at  Trinity  college  in  1748,  stud- 
ied law,  and,  going  to  London,  wrote  political  ar- 
ticles for  newspapers  there.  In  1755  he  was  offered 
a  government  place  in  America,  and  was  anxious 
to  take  it,  but  was  deterred  by  his  father's  opposi- 
tion. He  published  in  1756  his  "Vindication  of 
Natural  Society  "  and  the  essay  on  "  The  Sublime 
and  Beautiful,"  in  1757  "An  Account  of  the 
European  Settlements  in  America,"  and  in  1758-'9 
established,  with  Dodsley,  "  The  Annual  Register." 
In  1761-'5  he  was  the  friend  and  adviser  of  William 
Gerard  Hamilton,  secretary  to  the  lord-lieutenant 
of  Ireland,  and  in  1765-'(3  was  secretary  to  the 
prime-minister,  Rockingham,  and  entered  parlia- 
ment 14  Jan.,  1766.  He  took  an  active  part  in  the 
discussion  of  American  questions,  and  proved  him- 
self an  able  and  eloquent  speaker.  His  thorough 
acquaintance  with  American  affairs  was  "swarded, 
in  November,  1771,  by  the  appointment  of  agent 
for  the  colony  of  New  York.  On  19  April,  1774, 
he  made  a  speech  on  American  taxation,  considered 
by  many  as  the  greatest  effort  of  oratory  ever 
heard  in  the  house  of  commons.  His  speech  of  22 
March,  1775,  recommending  conciliatory  measures 
toward  the  colonies,  also  excited  general  admira- 
tion. His  earnestness  in  espousing  the  cause  of 
the  colonists  displeased  his  constituents,  and  he  de- 
fended his  course  in  two  able  "  Letters  to  Gentle- 
men of  Bristol."  At  the  opening  of  the  November 
session  of  parliament  in  1781,  Burke  ridiculed  the 
king's  speech,  which,  in  spite  of  Cornwallis's  sur- 
render, insisted  on  the  rights  of  the  crown  in  Amer- 
ica. He  compared  the  ministry  to  men  who  would 
shear  a  wolf,  and  in  the  next  year  the  combined 
attacks  of  Fox  and  himself  on  the  conduct  of  the 
war.  forced  North  to  retire.  During  Rockingham's 
brief  administration  in  1782,  Burke  was  a  privy 
councillor  and  paymaster  of  the  forces,  a  place  he 
also  held  under  the  coalition  ministry  in  1783.  He 
took  a  prominent  part  in  the  affairs  of  India,  and, 
in  January,  1786,  began  the  prosecution  of  Warren 
Hastings.  His  speech  on  the  opening  of  Hastings's 
trial,  10  Feb.,  1788,  was  worthy  of  the  occasion  and 
of  his  great  reputation.  Though  the  impeachment 
of  Hastings  was  not  carried,  the  herculean  labors 
of  Burke  in  behalf  of  India  were  not  fruitless.  In 
November,  1790,  he  published  his  great  work  in 
opposition  to  the  French  revolution,  entitled  "  Re- 
flections on  the  Revolution  in  France."  On  6  May, 
1791,  an  open  rupture  took  place  between  Burke 
and   Fox,  who   accused   him   of   abandoning   the 


principles  of  his  party.  Burke  vindicated  himself 
in  his  "  Appeal  from  the  New  to  the  Old  Whigs." 
In  1796  he  wrote  his  "  Letter  to  a  Noble  Lord,"  one 
of  the  most  successful  and  popular  of  all  his  pro- 
ductions. The  tjcst  e(liri(jn  of  his  works  is  that 
edited  by  George  Nichols (12  vols.,  Boston,  1865-7). 
BURKE,  Ediuuiid,  lawyer,  b.  in  Westminster, 
Vt.,  23  Jan.,  1809 ;   d.  in  Newport,  N.  H.,  25  Jan., 

1882.  He  was  educated  by  privajte  tutors,  studied 
law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  Imr  in  1829,  beginning 
practice  in  Newport,  N.  H.,  in  1833.  He  established 
the  "  New  Hampshire  Argus  "  in  1835,  and  edited 
it  for  many  years.  Pie  was  adjutant  in  the  state 
militia  in  1837,  and  brigade  inspector  in  1838  ;  was 
elected  to  congress  as  a  democrat,  and  served  three 
successive  terms,  from  2  Dec,  1839,  till  3  March, 
1845.  President  Polk  appointed  him  commissioner 
of  patents  in  1846,  and  he  retained  the  office  till 
1850,  after  which  he  resumed  practice  in  Newport, 
N.  H.,  having  also  an  office  in  Boston.  He  was  a 
delegate  to  the  Philadelphia  union  convention  of 
1866.  He  published  a  pamphlet  entitled  "  The  Pro- 
tective System  Considered  "  (1846). 

BURKE,  John  Edmund,  clergvman,  b.  in 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  22  Jan.,  1852.  He  'attended  St. 
Francis  Xavier's  college  in  New  York,  and  studied 
for  the  priesthood  at  Mount  St.  Mary's  seminary, 
Emmetsburg,  Md.,  and  at  the  American  college  in 
Rome,  where  he  was  ordained  a  priest  on  4  Aug., 
1878.  On  his  return  to  the  United  States  he  be- 
came pastor  of  the  church  of  the  Epiphany,  New 
York.  Becoming  deeply  interested  in  the  spiritual 
condition  of  the  colored  Roman  Catholics  of  that 
city,  and  realizhig  their  great  need  of  church  accom- 
modation, he,  in  1878,  voluntarily  resigned  his  pas- 
toral charge  to  devote  himself  to  supplying  this 
want  of  the  colored  Roman  Catholics.     On  4  Oct., 

1883,  the  property  of  the  3d  Universalist  church 
society,  on  the  southeast  corner  of  Bleecker  and 
Downing  streets,  was  purchased  by  James  Clyne 
for  Father  Richard  L.  Burtsell,  of  the  church  of  the 
Epiphany,  and  on  18  November  of  that  year  the 
church  was  re-dedicated  as  the  church  of  St.  Bene- 
dict the  Moor,  the  Rev.  Mi-.  Burke  being  appointed 
its  pastor.  This  is  the  first  church  for  colored 
Roman  Catholics  in  the  United  States. 

BURKE,  SteA^enson,  lawyer,  b.  in  St.  Law- 
rence CO.,  N.  Y.,  26  Nov.,  1826.  He  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  Elyria,  Ohio,  in  1848,  was  judge  of 
common  pleas  in  Lorain  co.  from  1862  till  1869, 
and  subsequently  practised  law  in  Cleveland.  He 
was  attorney  for  the  Erie  railway  company  in  the 
proceedings  connected  with  the  re-organization  of 
the  Atlantic  and  Great  Western  I'ailroad,  and  acted 
with  Chief-Justice  W^aite  as  arbitrator  in  the  case. 
He  was  counsel  for  some  of  the  Oberlin  rescuers, 
who  forcibly  released  an  escaped  slave  that  had 
been  seized  by  sheriff's  officers  from  Kentucky. 
Despairing  of  an  acquittal  of  his  clients  in  Cleve- 
land, he  secured  the  ai-rest  of  the  Kentuckians  and 
their  indictment  for  kidnapping  in  Lorain  co.,  a 
proceeding  that  impelled  the  opposite  counsel  to 
agree  to  a  discontinuance  of  the  cases  on  both 
sides.  In  the  Butzman  and  Mueller  case  in  1884 
he  delivered  a  notable  argument  against  the  con- 
stitutionality of  the  Scott  liquor  law.  He  was  the 
agent  employed  by  the  managers  of  the  New  York 
Central  railroad  in  the  purchase  of  the  New  York, 
Chicago,  and  St.  Louis,  known  as  the  "  Nickel 
Plate  "  railroad,  and  has  been  the  regular  attorney 
of  several  railroad  corporations  and  taken  an  active 
part  in  the  management  of  railroads,  becoming 
vice-president  of  the  Cleveland,  Columbus,  Cin- 
cinnati, and  Indianapolis,  and  the  Indianapolis 
and  St.  Louis  railroads,  and  president  of  the  Cleve- 


BURKE 


BURLEY 


455 


^'and  and  Mahoning  Valley  railroad.  He  is  also 
interested  in  the  Hocking  valley  coal-lands,  and 
purchased  for  their  owners  the  three  railroads  car- 
rying coal  from  that  field  in  June,  1881,  and  in  1885 
the  Ohio  Central  railroad. 

BL'RKE,  Thomas,  governor  of  North  Carolina, 
b.  in  Ireland  about  1747 ;  d.  in  Hillsborough,  N.  C, 
2  Dec,  1783.  He  left  Ireland  about  17(54,  and  lived 
for  some  years  in  Aceomac  co.,  Va.,  engaged  in  the 
study  and  practice  of  medicine.  He  next  studied 
law,  began  practice  in  Norfolk,  and  in  1774  re- 
moved to  Hillsborough,  N.  C.  Of  a  bold  and  im- 
petuous temper,  a  ready  writer  and  speaker,  he  be- 
came one  of  the  leading  spirits  in  the  revolutionary 
contest.  While  he  was  in  Virginia,  his  writings  in 
opposition  to  the  stamp-act  had  brought  him  into 
notice ;  and  he  had  a  large  share  in  the  formation 
of  the  constitution  of  North  Carolina.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  provincial  congress  at  Halifax  in 
1776,  and  a  volunteer  at  the  battle  of  Brandywine. 
He  was  a  member  of  congress  from  December,  1776, 
until  1781,  when  he  was  chosen  first  governor  of 
North  Carolina  under  the  new  constitution.  In 
September  of  thkt  year  he  was  surprised  and  seized 
by  the  tories,  and  retained  at  James  island,  S.  C, 
as  a  prisoner  on  parole.  Obnoxious  to  the  tories 
from  his  previous  course,  he  was  in  daily  apprehen- 
sion of  assassination,  to  escape  which,  after  endeav- 
oring unsuccessfully  to  obtain  an  exchange  or  a 
parole  to  some  other  state,  he  effected  his  escape  in 
the  night  of  16  Jan.,  1782,  after  an  imprisonment 
of  four  months.  In  a  letter  to  Gen.  Leslie,  Burke 
gave  his  reasons  for  withdrawing,  and  said  that  he 
still  considered  himself  subject  to  the  disposal  of 
the  British  authorities.  He  was  regularly  ex- 
changed soon  afterward,  and  resumed  his  duties  as 
governor,  but  was  defeated  the  following  year, 
when  a  candidate  for  re-election,  it  being  urged 
that  he  had  violated  his  parole. 

BURLEIGH,  William  Henry,  journalist,  b. 
in  Woodstock,  Conn.,  2  Feb.,  1812  ;  d.  in  Brook- 
lyn, N.  Y.,  18  March,  1871.  He  was  a  lineal  de- 
scendant, on  his  mother's  side,  of  Gov.  Bradford. 
His  father,  a  graduate  of  Yale  in  1803,  had  been  a 
popular  and  successful  teacher,  but  in  1827  became 
totally  blind.  William,  who  had  been  bred  on  a 
farm  and  educated  principally  by  his  father,  was 
now  apprenticed  to  a  clothier  and  afterward  to  a 
village  printer.  He  contributed  to  the  columns  of 
the  newspaper  it  was  a  part  of  his  duty  to  print, 
not  in  written  communications,  but  by  setting  up 
his  articles  without  the  intervention  of  writing. 
From  the  autumn  of  1832  till  1835  he  was  almost 
constantly  engaged  in  editorial  duties  and  in  charge 
of  papers  advocating  one  or  all  of  the  great  reforms 
then  agitating  the  public  mind— anti-slavery,  tem- 
perance, and  peace.  Though  naturally  one  of  the 
most  genial  and  amiable  of  men,  Mr.  Burleigh  was 
stern  in  his  adherence  to  principle.  In  1836  he 
added  to  his  editorial  duties  the  labor  of  lecturing 
in  behalf  of  the  American  anti-slavery  society,  and 
defending  their  views.  For  a  time  he  had  charge 
of  the  "  Literary  Journal "  in  Schenectady,  then  be- 
came in  1837  editor  of  the  Pittsburg  "  Temperance 
Banner,"  afterward  called  the  "  Christian  Witness," 
the  organ  of  the  western  Pennsylvania  anti-slavery 
society.  In  1843  he  was  invited  to  Hartford  by  the 
executive  committee  of  the  Connecticut  anti-slavery 
society,  and  took  charge  of  its  organ,  the  "  Chris- 
tian Freeman,"  which  soon  became  the  '•  Charter 
Oak,"  a  vigorously  edited  and  brilliant  defender  of 
the  anti-slavery  and  temperance  reforms.  Mr.  Bur- 
leigh afterward  took  charge  of  the  Washington 
"  Banner."  He  struck  trenchant  blows  at  popular 
vices  and  political  depravity  in  his  papers,  and  re- 


ceived his  reward  more  than  once  in  mob  violence. 
But  while  he  deemed  this  heroic  defence  of  un- 
popular doctrines  a  duty,  and  maintained  it  with 
unfaltering  heart,  he  disliked  controversy,  and, 
whenever  he  could  command  the  means  for  it,  he 
would  establish  a  purely  literary  paper,  which, 
though  generally  short-lived,  always  contained 
gems  of  poetry  and  prose  from  his  prolific  pen,  and 
avoided  controversial  topics.  In  1850  he  disposed 
of  the  "  Charter  Oak  "  to  the  f  ree-soilers,  the  nu- 
cleus of  the  republican  party,  and  removed  to  Syra- 
cuse, and  subsequently  to  Albany,  N.  Y.,  to  be  the 
general  agent  and  lecturer  of  the  New  York  state 
temperance  society  and  editor  of  the  "  Prohibition- 
ist." When  in  1855  Gov.  Clai"k  offered  him,  un- 
solicited, the  place  of  harbor-master  of  the  port  of 
New  York,  he  accepted  it  and  removed  to  Brook- 
lyn. For  the  next  fifteen  years  he  was  either  har- 
bor-master or  port-warden,  but  found  time  for 
much  literary  and  some  political  labor.  In  the 
political  campaigns  he  was  in  demand  as  a  speaker, 
and  his  thorough  knowledge  of  all  the  questions 
before  the  people,  together  with  his  eloquence, 
made  him  popular.  He  was  also  in  request  as  a 
lyceura  lecturer,  especially  on  anti-slavery  sub- 
jects. A  collection  of  his  poems  was  published  in 
1841,  followed  by  enlarged  editions  in  1845  and 
1850.  A  part  of  these  were  after  his  death  pub- 
lished, with  a  memoir  by  his  widow  (Boston,  1871). 
— His  wife,  Celia,  reformer,  b.  in  Cazenovia,  N. 
Y.,  in  1825  ;  d.  in  Syracuse,  26  July,  1875.  She 
was  a  teacher,  and  in  1844  married  C.  B.  Kellura 
and  removed  with  him  to  Cincinnati.  She  was 
divorced  from  him,  and  in  1851  married  Charles 
Chauncy  Burr ;  was  again  divorced,  and  in  1865 
married  Mr.  Burleigh.  She  was  the  first  president 
of  the  Woman's  club,  Brooklyn,  and  took  an  active 
part  in  advocating  woman  suffrage  and  other  re- 
form movements.  After  Mr.  Burleigh's  death  she 
prepared  herself  for  the  ministry,  and  was  pastor 
of  a  Unitarian  church  in  Brooklyn,  Conn.,  until 
1873  ;  but  failing  health  compelled  her  to  resign  in 
October,  1871,  when  she  went  to  the  water-cure  es- 
tablishment of  Dr.  Jackson  in  Danville,  N.  Y. 
Mrs.  Burleigh  had  a  wide  reputation  as  an  able 
writer  and  an  eloquent  speaker. — His  brother, 
Charles  C,  abolitionist,  b.  in  Plainfield,  Conn., 
10  Nov.,  1810 ;  d.  in  Florence,  Mass.,  14  June,  1878. 
He  studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  laar  of 
Windham  co..  Conn.,  but  soon  became  interested  in 
the  anti-slavery  movement,  in  which  he  attained 
high  distinction  as  an  orator  and  an  earnest  worker. 
He,  with  his  brother,  edited  an  abolitionist  news- 
paper called  "  The  Unionist,"  the  publisher  being 
Miss  Prudence  Crandall  {q.  v.),  who  was  indicted 
for  keeping  a  colored  school  in  Connecticut.  He 
rendered  efficient  service  to  Mr.  Gai'rison  in  Boston 
in  protecting  him  from  the  violence  of  the  mob  in 
1835,  and  was  one  of  the  speakers  in  Pennsylva- 
nia hall,  in  Philadelphia,  when  that  building  was 
burned  by  a  mob  in  1838.  He  was  one  of  the  earliest 
advocates  of  women's  rights  and  of  liberalism  in  re- 
ligion, as  he  was  also  of  temperance  principles,  in 
behalf  of  which  he  spoke  frequently.  For  fifteen 
years  he  was  resident  speaker  of  the  free  Congrega- 
tional society  in  Florence,  Mass.,  and  for  one  year 
preached  in  Bloomington,  111.  He  was  the  author  of 
"  Thoughts  on  the  Death  Penalty "  (1845),  and  a 
tract  on  the  Sabbath,  which  advanced  anti-Sabba- 
tarian views. 

BURLEY,  Bennett  0.,  Confederate  naval  offi- 
cer. On  19  Sept.,  1864,  assisted  by  Capt.  Bell  and 
others,  he  captured  the  steamer  "  Philo  Parsons," 
plying  between  Detroit  and  Sandusky,  when  about 
two  miles  from  Kelly's  island,  off  the  Ohio  coast. 


456 


BURLINQ 


BURLINGAME 


Subsequently  another  American  steamer,  the 
"  Island  Queen."  was  captured  by  Burley  and  his 
party,  and  after  her  passengers,  including  twenty- 
five  U.  S.  soldiers,  had  been  made  prisoners  and 
transferred  to  the  "  Philo  Parsons."  the  "  Island 
Queen  "  was  sent  adrift.  The  "  Philo  Parsons  "  was 
afterward  taken  to  Sandwich,  on  the  Canadian 
shore,  and  left  there.  Burley  was  arrested,  and  the 
evidence  produced  at  the  extradition  trial  at  To- 
ronto in  his  case  rendered  it  manifest  that  he  was 
acting  under  the  authority  of  the  southern  confed- 
eracy in  the  capture  of  the  steamers ;  that  the  im- 
mediate object  was  the  capture  of  the  U.  S.  war- 
vessel  "  Michigan,"  guarding  Johnson's  island :  and 
the  ultimate  object,  the  taking  of  Johnson's  island 
and  the  liberation  of  the  3,000  Confederate  soldiers 
imprisoned  there.  That  all  this  was  not  attempted 
by  Burley  and  his  comrades  was  probably  owing 
to  the  fact  of  his  discovery  of  the  hazardous  and 
seemingly  impossible  character  of  the  undertaking, 
after  he  had  captured  the  "  Philo  Parsons "  and 
the  "  Island  Queen."  After  some  diplomatic  corre- 
spondence between  the  British  government  and 
that  of  the  United  States,  Burley  was  surrendered 
to  the  authorities  of  the  latter,  under  the  pro- 
visions of  the  extradition  treaty,  the  plea  of  "  bel- 
ligerent rights "  in  his  behalf  by  Jefferson  Davis 
not  being  regarded  by  the  court  as  sufficient  to  free 
him  from  the  crime  of  robbery  charged  against 
him  in  the  indictment. 

BURLING},  Gilbert,  painter,  b.  in  1843 ;  d.  in 
1875.  At  the  beginning  of  his  artistic  career  he 
painted  almost  exclusively  in  oil-colors ;  but  his 
later  and  best  work  is  in  water-colors,  which  expe- 
rience proved  to  be  a  better  medium  for  his  style. 
He  excelled  in  studies  of  game-birds,  and  contrib- 
uted to  the  illustrated  publications  several  articles 
on  this  subject,  accompanied  with  his  own  draw- 
ings. He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  American 
society  of  painters  in  water-colors,  and  was  always 
represented  in  their  exhibitions.  His  last,  aiid 
perhaps  his  best,  works  were  exhibited  in  the  year 
of  his  death.  They  were  entitled  "  Normandy 
Sketches,"  "  Beach  below  Easthampton,"  and  "  A 
Canadian  Lake." 

BURLINGAME,  Anson,  diplomatist,  b.  in  New 
Berlin,  Chenango  co.,  N.  Y.,  14  Nov.,  1820  :  d.  in  St. 
Petersburg,  Russia,  23  Feb.,  1870.  He  was  the  de- 
scendant of  a  family  who  were  among  the  early  set- 
tlers of  Rhode 
Island.  His  fa- 
ther, a  farmer, 
removed,  when 
Anson  was  three 
years  old,  to  a 
farm  in  Seneca 
CO.,  Ohio,  where 
they  lived  for 
ten  years,  and  in 
1833  again  re- 
moved to  De- 
troit, and  after 
two  years  more 
to  a  farm  at 
Branch,  Mich. 
In  1837  Anson 
was  admitted  to 
the  University 
of  Michigan,  and 
six  years  later 
went  to  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.,  and  entered  the  law-school  of  Har- 
vard university,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1846. 
He  began  the  practice  of  the  law  in  Boston,  and  a 
year  or  two  later  became  an  active  member  and  a 


C-^^a^^Z-i/      /lyiu-'iC^^y    /^^f**iuj 


popular  orator  of  the  free-soil  party,  then  recently 
formed.  In  the  political  campaign  of  1848  he  ac- 
quired a  wide  reputation  as  a  public  speaker  in  be- 
half of  the  election  of  Van  Buren  and  Adams.  In 
1849-'50  he  visited  Europe.  In  1852  he  was 
elected  to  the  Massachusetts  senate,  and  in  1853  he 
served  as  a  member  of  the  state  constitutional  con- 
vention, to  which  he  was  elected  by  the  town  of 
Northborough,  though  he  resided  in  Cambridge. 
He  joined  the  American  party  on  its  formation  in 
1854,  and  in  that  year  was  elected  by  it  to  the  34th 
congress.  In  the  following  year  he  co-operated  in 
the  formation  of  the  republican  party,  to  which  he 
ever  afterward  steadily  adhered.  In  congress  he 
bore  himself  with  courage  and  address,  and  was 
recognized  as  one  of  the  ablest  deliaters  on  the 
anti-slavery  side  of  the  house.  For  the  severe 
terms  in  which  he  denounced  the  assault  commit- 
ted by  Preston  S.  Brooks  upon  Senator  Sumner,  in 
1856,  he  was  challenged  by  Brooks.  He  promptly 
accepted  the  challenge,  and  named  rifles  as  the 
weapons,  and  Navy  island,  just  above  Niagara 
Falls,  as  the  place.  To  the  latter  proposition  Mr. 
Brooks  demurred,  alleging  that,  in  order  to  meet 
his  opponent  in  Canada,  in  the  then  excited  state 
of  public  feeling,  he  would  have  to  expose  himself 
to  popular  violence  in  passing  through  "  the 
enemy's  country,"  as  he  called  the  northern  states. 
The  matter  fell  through,  but  the  manner  in  which 
Mr.  Burlingame  had  conducted  himself  greatly 
raised  him  in  the  estimation  of  his  friends  and  of 
his  party  ;  and  on  his  return  to  Boston,  at  the  end 
of  his  term,  he  was  received  with  distinguished 
honors.  He  was  re-elected  to  the  35th  and  36th 
congresses ;  but  failing,  after  an  animated  and 
close  contest,  to  be  returned  to  the  37th,  his  legis- 
lative career  ended  in  March,  1861.  He  was  im- 
mediately appointed  by  President  Lincoln  minis- 
ter to  Austria ;  but  that  government  declined  to 
receive,  in  a  diplomatic  capacity,  a  man  who  had 
spoken  often  and  eloquently  in  favor  of  Hungarian 
independence,  and  had  moved  in  congress  the 
recognition  of  Sardinia  as  a  first-class  power.  He 
was  then  sent  as  minister  to  China.  In  1865  he 
returned  to  the  United  States  with  the  intention 
of  resigning  his  office  ;  but  the  secretaiy  of  state 
urged  him  to  resume  his  functions  for  the  pur- 
pose of  carrying  out  important  projects  and  ne- 
gotiations that  he  had  initiated.  To  this  he 
finally  consented.  When,  in  1867,  he  announced 
his  intention  of  returning  home,  Prince  Kimg, 
regent  of  the  empire,  offered  to  appoint  him 
special  envoy  to  the  United  States  and  the  great 
European  powers,  for  the  purpose  of  framing 
treaties  of  amity  with  those  nations — an  honor 
never  before  conferred  on  a  foreigner.  This  place 
Mr.  Burlingame  accepted,  and,  at  the  head  of  a 
numerous  mission,  he  arrived  in  the  United  States 
in  March,  1868.  On  28  July  supplementary  arti- 
cles to  the  treaty  of  1858  were  signed  at  Washington, 
and  soon  afterward  ratified  by  the  Chinese  govern- 
ment. These  articles,  afterward  known  as  "  The 
Burlingame  Treaty,"  marked  the  first  official  ac- 
ceptance by  China  of  the  principles  of  interna- 
tional law,  and  provided,  in  general,  that  the 
privileges  enjoyed  by  western  nations  under  that 
law — the  right  of  eminent  domain,  the  right  of  ap- 
pointing consuls  at  the  poi'ts  of  the  United  States, 
and  the  power  of  the  government  to  grantor  with- 
hold commercial  privileges  and  immunities  at  their 
own  discretion,  subject  to  treaty — should  be  se- 
cured to  China ;  that  nation  undertaking  to  ob- 
serve the  corresponding  obligations  prescribed  by 
international  law  toward  other  peoples.  Special 
provisions  also  stipulated  for  entire  liberty  of  con- 


BURMEISTER 


BURNET 


457 


science  and  worship  for  Americans  in  China,  and 
Cliinese  in  America ;  for  joint  eiforts  against  the 
cooly  trade ;  for  the  enjoyment  by  Chinese  in 
America  and  Americans  in  China  of  all  rights  in 
respect  to  travel  and  residence  accorded  to  citizens 
of  the  most  favored  nation  ;  for  similar  reciprocal 
rights  in  the  matter  of  the  public  educational  in- 
stitutions of  the  two  countries,  and  for  the  right  of 
establishing  schools  by  citizens  of  either  country 
in  the  other.  The  concluding  article  disclaims,  on 
the  part  of  the  United  States,  the  right  of  inter- 
ference with  the  domestic  administration  of  China 
in  the  matter  of  railroads,  telegraphs,  and  internal 
improvements,  but  agrees  that  the  United  States 
will  furnish  assistance  in  these  points  on  proper 
conditions,  when  requested  by  the  Chinese  govern- 
ment. From  America  Mr.  liurlingame  proceeded 
in  the  latter  part  of  1868  to  England,  and  thence 
to  France  (1869),  Denmark,  Sweden,  Holland,  and 
Prussia,  in  all  of  which  countries  he  was  favorably 
received,  and  in  all  of  which,  but  France,  to  which 
he  intended  returning,  he  negotiated  important 
treaties  or  articles  of  agreement.  He  reached  St. 
Petersburg  early  in  1870,  and  had  just  entered 
upon  the  business  of  his  mission  when  he  died  of 
pneumonia,  after  an  illness  of  only  a  few  days. — 
His  son,  Edward  Livermore,  b.  in  Boston,  Mass., 
30  May,  1848,  entered  Harvard,  but  left  before 
graduation,  accompanying  his  father  to  China  as 
his  private  secretary.  He  studied  at  Heidelberg, 
Grennany,  in  1867-9,  taking  the  degree  of  Ph.  D., 
and  afterward  at  Berlin.  He  travelled  extensively 
in  Japan  and  China  in  1866,  and  afterward  in 
Europe.  He  was  on  the  editorial  staff  of  the  New 
York  "  Tribune  "  in  1871,  and  on  that  for  the  re- 
vision of  the  "  American  Cyclopaedia "  in  1873-'6, 
has  been  a  contributor  to  periodical  literature, 
and  associated  in  the  preparation  of  several  his- 
tories and  other  works.  In  1879  he  became  con- 
nected editorially  with  the  publishing-house  of 
Charles  Scribner's  Sons,  New  York,  and  in  1886  was 
appointed  editor  of  its  new  magazine.  He  has 
translated  and  edited  "  Art  Life  and  Theories  of 
Richard  Wagner  "  (New  York,  1875). 

BURMEISTER,  Karl  Hermann  Konrad,  zo- 
ologist, b.  in  Stralsund,  Germany,  15  Jan.,  1807; 
d.  in  Buenos  Ayres,  1  May,  1891.  In  1848,  dur- 
ing the  revolutionary  excitement,  he  was  sent  by  the 
city  of  Halle  as  deputy  to  the  national  assembly, 
and  subsequently  by  the  town  of  Leibnitz  to  the 
first  Prussian  chamber.  At  the  close  of  the  session 
he  travelled  for  two  years  in  Brazil,  and  in  1861  was 
appointed  director  of  the  Museum  of  natural  his- 
tory at  Buenos  Ayres.  He  was  also  at  the  head  of 
the  academy  of  sciences,  formed  from  the  scientific 
faculty  of  the  national  university  of  Cordoba,  Ar- 
gentine Republic.  Among  his  works  are  a  "  Trea- 
tise on  Natural  History  "  (Halle,  1830) ;  "  Manual 
of  Entomology  "  (4  vols.,  1832-'4) ;  "  Natural  His- 
tory of  the  Calandra  Species  "  (1837) ;  "  The  His- 
tory of  Creation  "  (Leipsic,  1843) ;  "  Geological 
Pictures  of  the  History  of  the  Earth  and  its  In- 
habitants "  (1851) ;  and  "  The  Animals  of  Brazil " 
{2  vols.,  1854r-'6).  Dr.  Burmeister  has  also  pub- 
lished the  "  Anales  del  Museo  Publico,"  a  scientific 
periodical  which  contained  detailed  descriptions  of 
many  new  species,  the  originals  of  which  are  in  the 
museum  at  Buenos  Ayres.  The  huge  edentates 
and  other  mammalia,  which  have  rendered  that 
museum,  which  was  established  by  him,  so  famous, 
are  described  and  pictured  in  this  work. 

BURNABY,  Andrew,  English  clergyman,  b.  in 

Asfordby,  Leicestershire,  in  1732  ;  d.  9  March,  1812. 

He  was  educated  at  Westminster  and  Cambridge, 

receiving  the  degree  of  M.  A.  in  1757.     He  pub- 

VOL.  I.— 30 


lished,  in  1776,  "Travels  through  the  Middle  Set- 
tlements of  North  America  in  1759-'60,"  and  in 
1786  was  made  archdeacon  of  Leicester. 

BURNAP,  George  Washington,  clergyman,  b. 
in  Merrimack,  N.  H.,  30  Nov.,  1802;  d.  in  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.,  8  Sept.,  1859.  He  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1824,  and  on  23  April,  1828,  was  or- 
dained pastor  of  the  1st  Congregational  church  of 
Baltimore.  Among  his  published  works  are  "  Lec- 
tures on  the  Doctrines  of  Controversy  between  Uni- 
tarians and  other  Denominations  of  Christians" 
(1835) ;  "  Lectures  to  Young  Men  "  (Baltimore, 
1840) ;  "  Lectures  on  the  Sphere  and  Duty  of  Wom- 
an "  (1840) ;  "  Lectures  on  the  History  of  Christian- 
ity "  (1842) ;  "  Biography  of  Henry  A.  Ingalls " 
(1845) ;  "  Expository  Lectures  on  the  Principal 
Texts  which  relate  to  the  Doctrine  of  the  Trinity  " 
(1845);  "Miscellaneous  Writings"  (Philadelphia); 
"  Popular  Objections  to  Unitarian  Christianity  Con- 
sidered and  Answered  "  (Boston,  1848) ;  "  What  is 
Unitarianism  ?  "  (1848) ;  "  Lectures  on  Doctrines  of 
Christianity  "  (1848) ;  "  Discourses  on  the  Rectitude 
of  Human  Nature  "  (1850) ;  "  Christianity,  its  Es- 
sence and  Evidence,  or  an  Analysis  of  the  New 
Testament,"  a  compendious  and  lucid  statement 
of  the  biblical  theology  of  the  author's  particular 
school  of  Unitarianism  (1855). 

BL'RNET,  Robert,  Canadian  clergyman,  b.  in 
Ladykirk,  Berwickshire,  Scotland,  in  June,  1823. 
He  was  educated  at  Edinburgh  and  Aberdeen,  and 
received  ordination  as  a  Presbyterian  minister  in 
1852.  Soon  afterward  he  went  to  Canada  as  a  mis- 
sionary, was  stationed  at  Hamilton,  and  called  to 
the  pastorate  of  St.  Andrew's  church  there.  Here 
he  remained  for  twenty-five  years,  and  established 
a  flourishing  congregation.  In  1876  he  took  charge 
of  St.  Stephen's  church,  London,  and  remained 
in  connection  with  it  for  three  years,  when  he 
accepted  a  call  from  the  Pictou,  N.  S.,  Presbyte- 
rian church.  As  a  preacher,  Mr.  Burnet  is  dis- 
tinguished for  his  clear,  well-arranged  sermons, 
which  are  often  eloquent  in  the  highest  degree, 
and  always  delivered  extemporaneously.  He  is 
also  well  known  in  a  widely  different  sphere  of  ac- 
tion, being  regarded  as  an  authority  on  the  subjects 
of  scientific  agriculture  and  fruit-culture.  While 
a  resident  of  Ontario  he  was  a  member  of  the  Do- 
minion and  Provincial  boards  of  agriculture,  of  the 
Entomological  society,  and  the  Fruit-growers'  asso- 
ciation. Papers  by  him  on  scientific  subjects  have 
been  published  in  «the  "  Transactions "  of  the 
American  pomological  society. 

BURNET,  William,  colonial  governor,  b.  at 
the  Hague,  Holland,  in  March,  1688 ;  d.  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  7  Sept.,  1728.  He  was  the  eldest  son  of 
Bishop  Burnet,  and  had  for  his  godfather  William 
of  Orange,  afterward  king  of  England.  Having 
lost  his  fortune  by  speculation  in  the  shares  of 
Law's  South  Sea  company,  he  obtained  the  ap- 
pointment of  governor  of  the  colonies  of  New  York 
and  New  Jersey,  relinquishing  the  post  of  comp- 
troller-general of  customs  in  England,  in  which  he 
was  succeeded  by  Robert  Hunter,  the  retiring  gov- 
ernor of  New  York.  He  arrived,  17  Sept.,  1720, 
and  instituted  a  vigorous  policy  to  frustrate  French 
schemes  of  aggrandizement,  and  to  acquire  the  in- 
terior for  Great  Britain.  In  1722  he  established  a 
trading-post  at  Oswego,  where,  in  1696,  Frontenac, 
French  governor  of  Canada,  had  built  a  stockade 
fort,  and  in  1727  he  erected  there  and  armed,  at 
his  own  expense,  a  small  fort,  planting  the  English 
standard  for  the  first  time  on  the  great  lakes, 
though  the  friendly  Senecas  and  Oneidas  objected, 
and  Beauharnois,  governor  of  Canada,  protested 
vigorously.     He  convened  a  congress  of  governors 


458 


BURNET 


BURNETT 


and  commissioners  at  Albany  in  1722,  and  per- 
suaded them  to  send  a  message  to  the  eastern  In- 
dians, threatening  them  with  war  unless  they  con- 
cluded a  treaty  with  the  English.  He  secured  the 
passage  by  the  assembly  of  an  act  forbidding  the 
sale  of  goods  to  French  traders,  a  very  unpopular 
measure,  and  rendered  himself  obnoxious  also  by 
following  out  the  instructions  of  the  royal  govern- 
ment in  prolonging  the  period  of  the  existing  as- 
sembly until  it  had  lasted  more  than  eleven  years, 
by  obtaining  for  Horace  Walpole  his  sinecure  per- 
quisites as  auditor-general,  and  by  supporting  the 
court  of  chancery,  which  he  brought  into  further 
disrepute  by  his  precipitate  decisions  as  chancellor. 
On  15  April,  1728,  he  was  removed,  not  so  much 
on  account  of  his  unpopularity,  as  to  make  a  place 
for  John  Montgomerie,  a  favorite  of  George  II. 
Gov.  Burnet  was  transferred  to  Massachusetts,  and 
there  became  involved  in  a  quarrel  with  the  assem- 
bly by  repeating  the  demand  of  his  jsredecessor  for 
a  fixed  salary.  The  assembly  insisted  on  its  char- 
tered right  to  raise  and  appropriate  all  moneys  for 
the  support  of  the  government.  The  British  house 
of  commons,  in  answer  to  a  petition  that  Massa- 
chusetts might  be  heard  by  counsel  in  the  matter, 
passed  a  resolve  that  the  proceeding  tended  "  to 
shake  off  the  dependency  of  the  said  colony  upon 
this  kingdom,  to  which,  in  law  and  right,  they 
ought  to  be  subject."  Burnet  was  eventually 
obliged  to  recede  from  his  position.  In  1730  he 
was  made  governor  of  New  Hampshire  also.  He 
was  a  man  of  superior  talents  and  accomplish- 
ments, an  honest  administrator,  and  was  impelled 
to  some  of  the  more  objectionable  features  of  his 
policy  by  the  instructions  of  his  superiors,  rather 
than  by  his  own  arbitrary  nature.  He  published 
astronomical  observations  in  the  "  Transactions  " 
of  the  Royal  society,  and  an  essay  on  the  fulfilment 
of  prophecies  in  the  book  of  Daniel  (London,  1724). 
BURNET,  William,  physician,  b.  in  Eliza- 
beth, N.  J.,  18  Dec,  1730;  d".  in  Newark,  N.  J.,  7 
Oct.,  1791.  He  was  the  son  of  a  physician  who 
came  from  Scotland,  was  a  graduate  of  Princeton 
in  1749,  the  second  year  of  the  college,  and  became 
a  physician.  He  held  at  different  times  various 
offices  in  the  state  government,  was  elected  to  con- 
gress under  the  confederation  in  1776,  was  a  mem- 
ber of  congress  in  1780-'l,  and  surgeon-general  of 
the  eastern  district  of  the  United  States  from  1776 
till  the  close  of  the  revolutionary  war.  He  suffered 
much  in  property  by  the  dep«edations  of  the  ene- 
my, who  carried  off  his  valuable  library.  He  was 
a  skilful   and   successful   physician,   of   extensive 

Sractice. — His  son,  Jacob,  jurist,  b.  in  Newark, 
[.  J.,  22  Feb.,  1770;  d.  in"  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  10 
May,  1853,  was  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1791, 
studied  law  in  the  office  of  Judge  Boudinot,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1796.  The  same  year 
he  removed  to  Ohio,  where  he  became  distin- 
guished as  a  lawyer  and  was  a  leading  citizen  in 
the  new  settlement  of  Cincinnati.  In  1799  he  was 
appointed  to  the  legislative  council  of  the  territory, 
continuing  a  member  of  that  body,  in  which  he 
took  the  most  prominent  part  in  the  preparation 
of  legislative  measures,  until  the  formation  of  a 
state  government.  In  1812  he  was  a  member  of 
the  state  legislature,  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court 
of  Ohio  in  1821-'8,  and  in  1828-'31  U.  S.  senator. 
He  was  chosen  by  the  legislature  of  Kentucky  a 
commissioner  to  adjust  certain  territorial  disputes 
with  Virginia.  He  took  part  in  the  establishment 
of  the  Lancastrian  academy  in  Cincinnati,  and  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  Cincinnati  college,  and 
its  first  president,  and  was  active  in  reorganizing 
the  Medical  college  of  Ohio.     He  was  a  delegate  to 


the  Harrisburg  convention  in  1839,  and  was  main- 
ly instrumental  in  securing  the  nomination  of 
Harrison  to  the  presidency.  He  was  the  first 
president  of  the  Colonization  society  of  Cincinnati. 
His  efforts  to  alleviate  the  distress  felt  by  pur- 
chasers of  western  lands,  on  account  of  indebted- 
ness to  the  government  which  they  were  unable  to 
discharge,  resulted  in  an  act  of  congress  granting 
relief  to  the  entire  west,  extricating  the  settlers 
from  serious  financial  distress.  The  debt  due  to- 
the  government  amounted  to  $22,000,000,  exceed- 
ing the  volume  of  currency  in  circulation  in  the 
west,  and  threatening  both  farmers  and  speculators 
with  bankruptcy.  The  people  of  the  southwest 
were  in  the  same  situation :  all  the  banks  had  sus- 
pended payment,  and  forcible  resistance  was  threat- 
ened if  the  government  should  attempt  to  dispos- 
sess the  settlers.  Judge  Burnett  drew  up  a  memorial 
to  congress,  proposing  a  release  of  back  interest 
and  permission  to  settlers  to  relinquish  as  much  of 
the  land  entered  as  they  were  unable  to  pay  for. 
The  memorial  was  generally  approved  by  the  in- 
habitants of  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  valleys,  and 
in  1821  congress  granted  relief  in  the  form  desired. 
In  1830  Judge  Burnett  secured  the  revocation  of 
the  forfeiture  of  the  congressional  land-grant  to  the 
state  of  Ohio  for  the  extension  of  the  Miami  canal, 
and  an  additional  grant  that  emboldened  the  legis- 
lature of  Ohio  to  carry  ovit  the  work.  He  published 
"  Notes  on  the  Early  Settlement  of  the  Northwest- 
ern Territory"  (New  York,  1847). — Another  son,, 
Dayid  G.,  Texan  politician,  b.  in  Newark,  N.  J.,  4 
April,  1789;  d.  in  Galveston,  Texas,  5  Dec,  1870, 
entered  a  counting-house  in  New  York,  and  in 
1806  joined  Gen.  Miranda's  expedition  to  Venezue- 
la. He  became  a  merchant  in  Natchitoches,  La.,  in 
1817,  then  studied  law  in  Cincinnati,  and  in  1826 
went  to  Texas,  then  a  Mexican  state,  and  entered 
zealously  into  the  contest  to  wrest  the  state  from 
Mexico  and  establish  a  republic.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  San  Felipe  convention,  1  April,  1833, 
and  was  appointed  judge  of  the  municipality  of 
Austin  in  1834.  After  the  assumption  of  dictato- 
rial powers  by  Santa  Anna,  the  convention  of  1 
March,  1836,  issued  a  declaration  of  independence, 
and  on  16  March,  chose  Mr.  Burnett  provisional 
president  of  the  new  republic.  Four  weeks  later 
he  fled  before  Santa  Anna,  and  escaped  to  Galves- 
ton, which  was  made  the  seat  of  the  government. 
On  22  Oct.  he  gave  over  the  government  into  the 
hands  of  Houston,  the  constitutionally  elected 
president.  He  was  afterward  elected  vice-presi- 
dent, and,  after  the  admission  of  Texas  to  the 
union,  lived  in  retirement  near  the  battle-field  of 
San  Jacinto.  He  remained  in  the  south  during 
the  civil  war,  and  at  its  close  was  elected  in  1866 
to  the  U.  S.  senate  from  Texas,  but  congress  re- 
fused to  admit  him.  After  that  he  resided  in  re- 
tirement on  his  plantation  near  Houston. 

BURNETT,  Frances  Hodgrson,  novelist,  b.  in 
Manchester,  England,  24  Nov.,  1849.  She  was  edu- 
cated in  her  native  city,  where  she  became  familiar 
with  the  Lancashire  dialect  and  character.  About 
the  close  of  the  American  civil  war  her  parents 
were  impelled  by  pecuniarv  misfortune  to  emigrate 
to  the  United  States.  They  settled  in  1865  at 
Knoxville,  Tenn.,  and  subsequently  removed  to 
Newmarket.  She  there  began  to  write  short  stories, 
the  first  of  which  appeared  in  a  magazine  in  1867. 
In  1872  Miss  Hodgson  contributed  to  *'  Scribner's 
Monthly"  a  dialect  story  entitled  "Surly  Tim's 
Trouble,"  republished  in  book-form  with  other  tales 
in  1877.  In  1873  she  married  Dr.  Luan  M.  Bur- 
nett, of  Knoxville.  and,  after  returning  from  a  visit 
to  Europe  in   1875,  resided  in  Washington,  D.  C. 


BURNETT 


BURNHAM 


459 


Her  story  of  "  That  Lass  o'  Lowrie's,"  printed  in 
"  Scribner's  Magazine,"  obtained  great  popularity, 
and  was  immediately  issued  in  a  separate  volume 
(New  York,  1877).  In  1878-'9  some  of  her  earlier 
magazine  stories  were  reprinted,  viz.,  "  Kathleen 
Mavourneen,"  "  Lindsay's  Luck,"  "  Miss  Cres- 
pigny,"  "  Pretty  Polly  Pemberton,"  and  "  Theo." 
They  were  originally  contributed  to  a  periodical  in 
Philadelphia,  and  were  published  in  book-form 
without  her  permission  by  a  house  in  that  city,  a 
proceeding  that  led  to  a  public  controversy.  Her 
second  novel,  "  Haworth's,"  was  published  as  a  serial 
in  two  magazines,  and  was  printed  in  a  volume  in 
1879.  In  1879  an  authorized  edition  of  her  earlier 
love-tales  was  issued  in  New  York.  In  1880  ap- 
peared a  new  novelette  entitled  "  Louisiana."  Her 
third  novel,  "  A  Fair  Barbarian,"  was  published  as 
a  serial  in  1881,  and  in  a  volume  the  year  follow- 
ing ;  and  a  fourth,  entitled  "  Through  One  Admin- 
istration," appeared  in  book-form  in  1883.  In  1886 
a  juvenile  tale,  entitled  "  Little  Lord  Pauntleroy," 
was  printed  as  a  serial  in  the  "  St.  Nicholas  "  maga- 
zine. "  That  Lass  o'  Lowrie's,"  depicting  life  at 
the  Lancashire  mines,  went  through  many  editions 
in  England,  and  has  been  repeatedly  dramatized. 

BURNETT,  Henry  CLay,  lawyer,  b.  in  Essex 
CO.,  Va.,  5  Oct.,  1825 ;  d.  near  Hopkinton,  Ky.,  1 
Oct.,  1860.  He  received  a  classical  education,  re- 
moved early  to  Kentucky,  where  he  entered  upon 
the  practice  of  law,  and  was  in  1851-'3  clerk  of  the 
circuit  court  of  Trigg  co.  He  was  elected  to  congress 
as  a  democrat  in  1855,  1857,  1859,  and  1861,  but 
was  expelled,  for  his  open  sympathy  with  secession, 
on  3  Dec  ,  1861.  He  had  presided  over  a  Kentucky 
southern  conference  held  at  Russellville  on  29 
Oct.,  1861,  and  called  a  sovereignty  convention  at 
Russellville  on  18  Nov.,  of  which  also  he  was  presi- 
dent, and  which  passed  an  ordinance  of  secession 
and  organized  a  state  government.  He  was  a  rep- 
resentative from  Kentucky  in  the  provisional  Con- 
federate congress,  serving  from  18  Nov.,  1861,  till 
17  Feb.,  1862,  and  a  senator  in  the  Confederate  con- 
gress, serving  from  19  Feb.,  1862,  till  18  F«b.,  1865. 
After  the  downfall  of  the  Confederacy  he  exerted 
himself  to  restore  the  peace  democrats  to  the  as- 
cendency in  his  state. 

BURNETT,  Peter  Hardeman,  governor  of 
California,  b.  in  Nashville,  Tenn.,  15  Nov.,  1807; 
d.  in  San  Francisco,  Cal,  16  May,  1895.  Burnett 
was  a  trader  and  lawyer.  He  went  to  Oregon,  over- 
land, in  1843,  took  a  prominent  part  there  in  the  or- 
ganization of  the  territorial  government,  was  mem- 
ber of  the  legislature  in  1844  and  1848,  and  became 
a  judge  of  the  supreme  court.  The  gold  excitement 
attracted  him  to  California  in  1848,  and  he  worked 
for  a  short  time  in  the  mines,  and  then  became  agent 
in  managing  the  complicated  affairs  of  the  Sutter 
family  and  estate  at  New  Helvetia.  In  1849  he  was 
one  of  tiie  most  active  persons  in  urging  the  rights 
and  necessities  of  the  people  of  California  as  suffi- 
cient warrant  for  the  formation  of  a  state  govern- 
ment in  advance  of  congressional  authority.  Dur- 
ing the  agitation  of  that  summer  he  was  an  out- 
spoken opponent  of  the  United  States  military  gov- 
ernment of  the  territory ;  but  he  cheerfully  joined 
in  accepting,  at  length.  Gov.  Riley's  action,  where- 
by a  constitutional  convention  was  officially  called. 
Under  the  new  constitution  he  was  at  once  elected 
governor,  and  assumed  the  office,  although  the 
state  was  not  admitted  by  congress  until  September, 
1850.  He  resigned  the  governorship  in  1851,  then 
practised  law,  and  was  one  of  the  supreme  judges 
m  1857-8.  From  1863  till  1880  he  was  president 
of  the  corporation  now  known  as  the  Pacific  Bank 
in  San  Francisco.     He  has  published  "  The  Path 


which  Led  a  Protestant  Lawyer  to  the  Catholic 
Church  "  (New  York,  1860) ;  "  The  American  The- 
ory of  (rovernment,  considered  with  reference  to 
the  Present  Crisis"  (1861);  "Recollections  of  an 
Old  Pioneer"  (1878),  whicli  is  especially  valuable 
in  connection  with  the  early  political  and  constitu- 
tional history  of  the  Pacific  coast ;  and  '*  Reasons 
why  we  should  Believe  in  God,  Love  God,  and 
Obey  God  "  (1884). 

BURNETT,  Waldo  Irving-,  naturalist,  b.  in 
Southborough,  Mass.,  12  July,  1828 ;  d.  in  Boston, 
1  July,  1854.  He  was  interested  from  his  boyhood 
in  entomology,  studied  medicine  under  the  direc- 
tion of  his  father,  a  physician,  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  medical  school  in  1849,  and  spent  some 
time  in  Europe,  studying  natural  history  and  mak- 
ing microscopic  observations.  After  his  return  to 
the  United  States,  though  suffering  from  consump- 
tion, he  accomplished  much  valuable  scientific  work, 
the  results  of  which  were  published  in  the  "  Jour- 
nal "  and  "  Proceedings  "  of  the  Boston  society  of 
natural  history,  the  "  Memoirs  "  of  the  Ameri-can 
academy  of  arts  and  sciences,  the  "  American  Jour- 
nal of  Science,"  the  "  Transactions  "  of  the  Ameri- 
can medical  association  for  1853,  and  the  "  Ameri- 
can Journal  of  Medical  Science."  His  principal 
work  was  a  prize  essay  on  "  The  Cell,  its  Physiol- 
ogy, Pathology,  and  Philosophy,  as  deduced  from 
Original  Observations ;  to  which  is  added  its  His- 
tory and  Criticism,"  published  by  the  medical  as- 
sociation. He  was  engaged  at  the  time  of  his  death 
in  translating  from  the  German  the  "  Comparative 
Anatomy  "  of  Siebold  and  Stannius. 

BURNETT,  Ward  Benjamin,  soldier,  b.  in 
Pennsylvania  in  1811 ;  d.  in  "Washington,  D.  C,  24 
June,  1884.  He  was  graduated  at  the  U.  S.  mili- 
tary academy  in  1832,  served  in  the  Black  Hawk 
war  of  that  year,  in  garrison  at  Fort  Jackson,  La., 
was  an  instructor  at  the  military  academy  in  1833- 
'4,  and  on  topographical  and  ordinance  duty  until 
1836.  when  he  resigned  and  became  a  civil  engi- 
neer. At  the  beginning  of  the  Mexican  war  he  was 
made  colonel  of  the  2d  New  York  volunteers,  and 
was  sent  to  join  the  army  under  Gen.  Scott.  He 
was  engaged  with  his  regiment  at  the  siege  of  Vera 
Cruz,  and  in  the  battles  of  Cerro  Gordo,  Contreras, 
and  C)hurubusco,  in  the  last  of  which  he  was  severe- 
ly wounded.  The  regiment  was  disbanded  1  Aug., 
1848.  Col.  Burnett  received  the  thanks  of  the  state 
legislature  and  a  silver  medal  from  the  city  of  New 
York,  and  was  brevetted  brigadier-general.  The 
surviving  members  of  his  regiment  gave  him  a 
gold  medal,  20  Aug.,  1853,  and  further  recognized 
his  services,  18  Aug.,  1859,  by  presenting  to  him 
the  gold  snuff-box  in  which  the  freedom  of  the 
city  of  New  York  had  been  officially  given  to  An- 
drew Jackson  forty  years  before.  As  a  civil  engi- 
neer he  was  engaged  on  dry-dock  construction  from 
1849  till  1855  in  the  U.  S.  navy-yards  at  Brooklyn 
and  Philadelphia,  and  on  the  water-works  of  Brook- 
lyn and  Norfolk,  Va.,  in  1855  and  1856.  From 
1858  till  1860  he  was  U.  S.  surveyor-general  of 
Kansas  and  Nebraska.  During  the  latter  years  of 
his  life  he  was  an  invalid,  and  gave  up  aU  active 
work.  He  was  buried  at  West  Point.  He  mar- 
ried a  daughter  of  Gen.  Aaron  Ward,  of  West- 
chester CO.,  and  his  son,  a  lieutenant  in  the  navy, 
adopted  his  grandfather's  name. 

BURNHAM,  Gordon  Webster,  manufacturer, 
b.  in  Hampton,  Conn.,  20  March,  1803 ;  d.  in  New 
York  city,  18  March,  1885.  He  was  a  farmer's  boy 
and  began  life  poor,  but  saved  money  while  a  clerk 
in  his  native  place,  with  wliich  in  1828  he  entered 
into  business  as  a  principal.  Successful  in  this,  he 
entered  the  firm  of  Benedict  &  Coe  in  Waterbury, 


460 


BURNHAM 


BURNS 


Conn.,  manufacturers  of  brass  goods,  and  two  years 
later  with  other  parties  established  branch  houses 
in  New  York  and  Boston.  These  were  continued 
until  1863  and  1867  respectively,  when,  on  the  dis- 
solution of  the  partnership,  Mr.  Burnham  found 
himself  the  possessor  of  a  large  fortune.  Mean- 
while he  had  become  interested  in  many  of  the 
manufactures  of  Waterbury,  and  successively  be- 
came president  of  the  Waterbui'y  Clock  Co.,  the 
Waterbury  Watch  Co.,  the  Waterbury  Brass  Co., 
and  the  American  Pin  Co.  Mr.  Burnham  made 
liberal  use  of  his  money  for  the  public  good,  and 
gave  freely  to  the  support  of  i-eligion.  He  was  an 
ardent  admirer  of  Daniel  Webster,  whom  he  re- 
garded as  the  greatest  of  American  statesmen,  and, 
as  a  testimonial  of  this  sentiment,  in  1876  he  pre- 
sented to  New  York  city  a  heroic  bronze  statue  of 
Webster  by  Thomas  Ball,  which  was  erected  in 
Central  park.  Mr.  Burnham  married  a  daughter 
of  Bishop  Brownell,  of  Connecticut,  to  whom  he 
erected  a  bronze  statue  in  Hartford.  His  own 
monument  in  Greenwood,  built  some  years  prior  to 
his  death,  is  one  of  the  finest  in  the  cemetery. 

BURNHAM,  Hiram,  soldier,  b.  in  Maine; 
killed  in  battle  at  Chapin's  Farm,  29  Sept.,  1864. 
He  entered  the  service  as  colonel  of  the  6th  Maine 
volunteers,  leading  them  with  skill  and  gallantry 
through  the  peninsular  campaign,  at  Antietam, 
and  in  subsequent  engagements.  At  the  second 
battle  of  Fredericksburg  he  distinguished  himself 
for  bravery  and  courage,  and  again  at  Gettysburg. 
In  April,  1864,  he  was  made  brigadier-general, 
and  during  the  campaign  from  the  Wilderness  to 
Petersburg  he  bore  a  conspicuous  part.  A  few 
weeks  previous  to  his  death  he  was  assigned  to  a 
brigade  in  Stannard's  division,  18th  corps. 

BURNHAM,  James  C,  soldier,  b.  in  New  York 
about  1820 ;  d.  there,  2  Sept.,  1866.  He  was  ap- 
pointed major  in  the  2d  New  York  infantry,  3 
Dec,  1846,  and  served  with  the  command  in  that 
capacity  from  Vera  Cruz  to  Churubusco.  After 
the  fall  of  Col.  Baxter  he  commanded  the  regiment 
at  the  storming  of  Chapultepec,  was  promoted  to 
be  lieutenant-colonel,  27  Sept.,  1847,  and  led  the 
regiment  through  the  several  battles  around  the 
city  of  Mexico,  distinguishing  himself  in  the  attack 
on  the  Belen  gate.  After  the  war  Col.  Burnham 
was  city  marshal  of  New  York  under  Mayor  Wood, 
and  was  a  prominent  politician  for  several  years. 

BURNHAM,  Samuel,  author,  b.  in  Kindge,  N. 
H.,  in  1833 ;  d.  in  Boston,  Mass.,  22  June,  1873. 
He  was  graduated  at  Williams  in  1855,  and  as- 
sumed charge  of  the  academy  at  Amherst,  N.  H. 
Subsequently  he  removed  to  Boston  and  entered 
upon  a  literary  career.  He  wrote  the  history  of 
East  Boston,  several  small  volumes  for  the  Ameri- 
can tract  society  on  natural  history,  was  one  of  the 
editors  of  the  "  Congregationalist,"  literary  editor 
of  the  "  Watchman  and  Reflector,"  a  correspondent 
for  periodicals,  edited  Charles  Sumner's  works,  and 
at  the  time  of  his  death  had  nearly  completed  a 
history  of  the  Old  South  church  of  Boston. 

BURNS,  Alexander,  Canadian  educator,  b.  in 
Castlewellan,  county  Down,  Ireland,  12  Aug.,  1834. 
He  emigrated  to  Canada  in  1847  with  his  parents, 
who,  after  residing  for  three  years  in  Quebec,  re- 
moved to  Toronto.  He  had  been  reared  a  Presbyte- 
rian, but  became  a  convert  to  Methodism,  and  en- 
tered Victoria  college  with  the  intention  of  ultimate- 
ly becoming  a  minister  of  that  denomination.  He 
was  graduated  there  with  honors  in  1861,  and,  after 
remaining  in  the  college  for  a  year  as  a  classical 
teacher,  passed  the  next  three  years  in  preaching. 
In  1865  he  accepted  the  chair  of  mathematics  in 
Iowa  Wesleyan  university  at  Mount  Pleasant,  and 


in  1868  became  president  of  Simpson  centenary 
college,  which  he  retained  until  1878,  when  he  ac- 
cepted the  presidency  of  the  Wesleyan  ladies'  col- 
lege, Hamilton,  Ontario.  In  1870  the  University 
of  Indiana  conferred  on  him  the  degree  of  S.  T.  D., 
and  in  1878  his  alma  mater  gave  him  the  degree  of 
LL.  D.  In  1882  Dr.  Burns  was  tried  before  the 
London,  Ontario,  conference  for  holding  views  con- 
traiy  to  the  tenets  of  the  Methodist  church,  the 
charge  being  based  upon  statements  contained  in  a 
letter  of  sympathy  which  he  had  written  to  the 
Rev.  Dr.  Thomas,  of  Chicago.  The  trial  resulted 
in  his  acquittal. 

BURNS,  Anthony,  fugitive  slave,  b.  in  Virginia 
about  1830 ;  d.  in  St.  Catharines,  Canada,  27  July, 
1862.  He  effected  his  escape  from  slavery  in  Vir- 
ginia, and  was  at  work  in  Boston  in  the  winter  of 
1853-'4.  On  23  May,  1854,  the  U.  S.  house  of 
representatives  passed  the  Kansas-Nebraska  bill 
repealing  the  Missouri  compromise,  and  permit- 
ting the  extension  of  negro  slavery,  which  had  been 
restricted  since  1820.  The  news  caused  great  in- 
dignation throughout  the  free  states,  especially  in 
Boston,  where  the  anti-slavery  party  had  its  head- 
quarters. Just  at  this  crisis  Burns  was  arrested 
by  U.  S.  Marshal  Watson  Freeman,  under  the  pro- 
visions of  the  fugitive-slave  act,  on  a  warrant  sworn 
out  by  Charles  F.  Suttle.  He  was  confined  in  the 
Boston  court-house  under  a  strong  guard,  and  on 
25  May  was  taken  before  U.  S.  Commissioner  Lor- 
ing  for  examination.  Through  the  efforts  of  Wen- 
dell Phillips  and  Theodore  Parker,  an  adjourn- 
ment was  secured  to  27  May,  and  in  the  mean  time 
a  mass-meeting  was  called  at  Faneuil  hall,  and  the 
U.  S.  marshal  summoned  a  large  posse  of  extra 
deputies,  who  were  armed  and  stationed  in  and 
about  the  court-house  to  guard  against  an  expected 
attempt  at  the  rescue  of  Burns.  The  meeting  at 
Faneuil  hall  was  addressed  by  the  most  prominent 
men  of  Boston,  and  could  hardly  be  restrained 
from  adjourning  in  a  body  to  storm  the  court-house. 
While  this  asseml)ly  was  in  session,  a  premature 
attempt  to  rescue  Burns  was  made  under  the  leader- 
ship of  Thomas  W.  Higginson.  A  door  of  the  court- 
house was  battered  in,  one  of  the  deputies  was  killed 
in  the  fight,  and  Col.  Higginson  and  others  of  the  as- 
sailants were  wounded.  A  call  for  re-enforcements 
was  sent  to  Faneuil  hall,  but  in  the  confusion  it 
never  reached  the  chairman.  On  the  next  day  the 
examination  was  held  before  Commissioner  Loring, 
Richard  H.  Dana  and  Charles  M.  Ellis  appearing 
for  the  prisoner.  The  evidence  showed  that  Burns 
was  amenable  under  the  law,  and  his  surrender  to 
his  master  was  ordered.  When  the  decision  was 
made  known,  many  houses  were  draped  in  black, 
and  the  state  of  popular  feeling  was  such  that  the 
government  directed  that  the  prisoner  be  sent  to 
Virginia  on  board  the  revenue  cutter  "  Morris." 
He  was  escorted  to  the  wharf  by  a  strong  guard, 
through  streets  packed  with  excited  crowds.  At 
the  wharf  the  tumult  seemed  about  to  culminate 
in  riot,  when  the  Rev.  Daniel  Foster  (who  was 
killed  in  action  early  in  the  civil  war)  exclaimed, 
•'  Let  us  pray ! "  and  silence  fell  upon  the  mul- 
titude, who  stood  with  uncovered  heads,  while 
Burns  was  hurried  on  board  the  cutter.  A  more 
impressively  dramatic  ending,  or  one  more  charac- 
teristic of  an  excited  but  law-abiding  and  God- 
fearing New  England  community,  could  hardly  be 
conceived  for  this  famous  case.  Burns  afterward 
studied  at  Oberlin  college,  and  eventually  became 
a  Baptist  minister,  and  settled  in  Canada,  where, 
during  the  closing  years  of  his  life,  he  presided  over 
a  congregation  of  his  own  color.  See  "  Anthony 
Burns,  A  History,"  by  C.  E.  Stevens  (Boston,  1854). 


BURNS 


BITRNS 


461 


BURNS,  Francis,  M.  E.  bishop,  b.  in  Albany, 
N.  Y.,  5  Dec,  1809 ;  d.  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  18  April, 
1868.  New  York  was  still  a  slave-state  when  at  five 
vears  of  age  the  little  negro  Francis  Burns  was  in- 
dentured as  a  servant  by  his  parents,  who  were  so 
poor  that  they  took  this  metliod  of  reducing  ex- 
penses. He  was  converted  at  the  age  of  fifteen, 
and  soon  entered  the  Lexington  Heights  academy 
and  studied  for  the  ministry.  He  obtained  a  fair 
education,  and  soon  evinced  such  talent  as  a  leader 
among  his  own  people  that,  after  serving  as  an  ex- 
horter  and  preacher  under  the  direction  of  the 
Methodist  church,  he  was  appointed  to  the  Libe- 
rian  mission  in  1834,  and  landed  in  Monrovia  on 
18  Oct.  His  first  appointment  was  as  a  teacher  at 
Cape  Palmas.  He  joined  the  Liberia  mission  con- 
ference in  1838,  and  from  1840  till  1842  was  an  as- 
sistant on  the  Bassa  circuit.  During  1843  and  the 
early  part  of  1844  he  was  engaged  at  Monrovia,  but 
sailed  for  the  United  States,  and  was  ordained  dea- 
con in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  16  June,  and,  later  on  the 
same  day,  crossed  over  to  New  York  and  was  or- 
dained elder  in  the  Mulberry  street  church.  Bishop 
Janes  officiating.  In  the  same  year  he  returned  to 
Liberia.  The  next  session  of  the  conference  ap- 
pointed him  presiding  elder  of  the  Cape  Palmas 
district.  In  1851,  by  order  of  the  missionary  board, 
he  was  detailed  to  open  an  academy  at  Monrovia 
and  superintend  the  mission  there.  In  1858  he 
visited  the  United  States  and  was  ordained  mis- 
sionary bishop  at  Perry,  Wyoming  co.,  N.  Y., 
Bishops  Janes  and  Baker  officiating.  Almost  im- 
mediately he  returned  to  Africa,  and  labored  there 
for  five  years  until  his  health  failed.  He  returned 
to  the  United  States  by  the  advice  of  a  physician, 
and  died  shortly  afterward. 

BURNS,  James  Austin,  educator,  b.  in  Ox- 
ford, Me.,  25  Jan.,  1840.  He  was  educated  at  Bow- 
doin,  wiiere  in  1885  he  received  the  degree  of  Ph. 
D.  In  August,  1861,  he  entered  the  U.  S.  volun- 
teer service  as  lieutenant  in  the  7th  Connecticut 
infantry,  and  was  promoted  to  be  captain  in  1862, 
after  which  he  served  on  the  staffs  of  Gens.  Viele, 
Stephens,  Seymour,  Strong,  and  Terry,  and  was  en- 
gaged in  the  sieges  of  Ports  Pulaski,  Sumter,  and 
Wagner,  and  in  the  investment  of  Petersburg. 
Subsequent  to  the  war  he  settled  in  Atlanta,  Ga., 
where  he  has  followed  the  profession  of  civil  engi- 
neering and  also  filled  the  chair  of  chemistry  in 
the  Southern  medical  college  in  Atlanta.  He  has 
publislied  a  series  of  "  Juxtalinear  Translations  of 
the  Classics"  (Atlanta,  1886  et  seq.).  The  set  in- 
cludes Virgil,  Horace,  Cicero,  Sallust,  Caesar,  Ho- 
mer, Xenophon,  Demosthenes,  and  Sophocles. 

BURNS,  Jolin,  soldier,  b.  in  Burlington,  N.  J., 
5  Sept.,  1793 ;  d.  in  Gettysburg,  Pa.,  7  Feb.,  1872. 
He  was  of  Scottish  ancestry,  and  through  his  father 
claimed  relationship  with  the  poet.  He  was  among 
the  first  to  volunteer  for  the  war  of  1812 ;  was  pres- 
ent in  the  actions  at  Plattsburg,  Queenstown,  and 
Lundy's  Lane,  in  which  last-named  engagement  he 
was  one  of  Col.  Miller's  regiment  that  captured  the 
British  battery  in  the  centre  and  turned  the  tide 
in  favor  of  the  Americans.  He  volunteered  prompt- 
ly for  the  war  with  Mexico,  and  again  for  the  civil 
war.  For  this  last  service  he  was  rejected  on  ac- 
count of  his  age  by  the  United  States  mustering 
officer,  but  managed  to  go  with  the  army  as  a 
teamster,  and  was  always  anxious  to  borrow  a  rifle 
and  be  in  the  ranks  when  the  enemy  was  encoun- 
tered. His  age  soon  told  against  him,  and,  con- 
trary to  his  will,  he  was  sent  home  to  Gettysburg, 
where  his  townsmen  made  him  constable  to  keep 
him  busy  and  contented.  When  the  foremost  Con- 
federate scouts  approached  in  June,  1863,  he  went 


out  with  a  party  of  volunteers  to  fight  them,  but 
was  turned  back  by  the  national  cavalry.  When 
the  Confederates  under  Gen.  Early  occupied  the 
town,  26  June,  Burns  had  to  be  locked  up  for  as- 
serting his  civil  authority  as  constable  in  opposi- 
tion to  that  of  the  Confederate  provost  guard.  As 
soon  as  the  enemy  advanced  toward  York,  Burns 
resumed  his  official  functions  and  began  to  arrest 
Confederate  stragglers,  including  a  chaplain  named 
Gwin,  who  bore  despatches.  Two  days  later  the 
National  advance  under  Gen.  Buford  arrived  and 
relieved  the  veteran  from  his  self-imposed  duty  of 
facing  the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia  single-hand- 
ed. Shortly  after  the  preliminary  skirmishing  of 
the  battle  of  Gettysburg  began.  Burns  met  a 
wounded  Union  soldier,  borrowed  his  rifle  and  am-, 
munition,  with  which  he  went  to  the  front  and 
offered  his  services  as  a  volunteer  to  Maj.  Cham- 
berlain, of  the  155th  Pennsylvania  regiment.  He 
was  referred  to  the  7th  Wisconsin  volunteers,  near 
by,  they  being  sharply  engaged  with  the  enemy. 
The  old  man  proved  himself  such  a  skilful  sharp- 
shooter that  the  colonel  commanding  the  regi- 
ment sent  him  a  favorite  long-range  rifle,  which 
he  used  all  day  with  deadly  effect  in  the  advanced 
line  ;  but  he  was  badly  wounded  in  the  afternoon, 
wlien  the  National  troops  were  forced  back.  He 
told  a  plausible  story  to  his  Confederate  captors, 
and  got  himself  carried  to  his  own  house,  where 
his  wounds  were  dressed  by  the  surgeons ;  and, 
after  a  narrow  escape  from  execution  as  an  un- 
uniformed  combatant,  he  was  left  when  the  Con- 
federates were  in  turn  driven  back  and  finally  de- 
feated. The  story  of  his  patriotic  zeal  aroused  the 
greatest  interest  in  the  northern  states;  he  was 
lauded  as  the  "  hero  of  Gettysburg,"  and  after  the 
war,  as  his  home  was  on  the  battle-field,  became  an 
object  of  curiosity  to  visitors  and  accumulated  a 
competence  through  their  generosity.  During  the 
last  two  years  of  his  life  his  mind  failed,  and  his 
friends  were  unable  to  prevent  his  wandering  about 
the  country.  He  was  found  in  New  York  city  on 
a  cold  winter's  night  in  December,  1871,  in  a  state 
of  destitution,  and  was  cared  for  and  sent  home, 
but  died  of  pneumonia. 

BURNS,  Robert,  Canadian  clergyman,  b.  in 
BoiTowstounness,  Linlithgowshire,  Scotland,  13 
Feb.,  1798  ;  d.  in  Toronto,  19  Aug.,  1869.  He  was 
graduated  in  arts  at  Edinburgh  university  in  1805, 
and  in  divinity  in  1810.  He  was  minister  of  St. 
George's  church,  Paisley,  from  July,  1811,  till  the 
disruption  which,  in  May,  1843,  resulted  in  the  se- 
cession of  the  Free  Church  from  the  Established. 
He  came  out  with  the  Free  Church,  and  in  March, 
1845,  removed  to  Canada,  and  the  same  year  be- 
came minister  of  Knox  church,  Toronto,  a  charge 
which  he  retained  till  1856.  In  that  year  he  was 
appointed  professor  of  church  history  and  apolo- 
getics in  Knox  college,  Toronto,  retiring  in  1864. 
He  penetrated  the  remotest  bush-regions  in  the 
land  of  his  adoption,  so  that  his  name  was  familiar 
throughout  Canada.  When  pastor  in  Paisley  he, 
for  fourteen  years,  occupied  the  same  pulpit  as  Dr. 
Witherspoon,  the  only  clergyman  whose  name  was 
affixed  to  the  "  Declaration  of  Independence."  In 
1838-'9  he  edited  the  Edinburgh  "  Christian  In- 
structor." His  publications  include  "  Letters  to 
Dr.  Chalmers  on  the  Protestant  and  Roman  Catho- 
lic Religions  "(Paisley,  1818) ;  "Historical  Disser- 
tation on  the  Law  and  Practice  of  Great  Britain, 
and  particularly  of  Scotland,  with  regard  to  the 
Poor"  (2d  ed.,"  Edinburgh,  1819):  "'Woodrow's 
History  of  the  Sufferings  of  the  Clhurch  of  Scot- 
land "  (4  vols.,  Glasgow,  1830) ;  "  Treatise  on  Plu- 
ralities "  (1824) ;  and  a  "  Life  of  Dr.  McGill."     Ills 


462 


BURNS 


BURNSIDE 


life  has  been  written  by  his  son  (Toronto,  1871). — 
His  son,  Robert  Ferrier,  Canadian  clergyman,  b. 
in  Paisley,  Scotland,  23  Dec,  1826.  He  entered 
the  University  of  Glasgow  in  1840,  and  distin- 
guished himself  as  a  student.  During  1844-'5  he 
attended  New  college,  Edinburgh,  a  theological 
institution  established  by  the  Free  Church  immedi- 
ately after  the  disruption.  In  1845  he  arrived  in 
Canada,  a  short  time  after  his  father,  and  com- 
pleted his  theological  course  at  Knox  college, 
Toronto.  In  July,  1847,  he  was  ordained  a  minis- 
ter of  the  Presbyterian  church,  and  soon  after- 
ward became  pastor  of  Chalmer's  church,  Kings- 
ton. In  1855  he  took  charge  of  Knox  church,  St. 
Catherines,  retaining  it  for  twelve  years,  during 
which  time  he  was  a  member  of  the  grammar- 
school  board,  and  organized  the  system  of  Sabbath- 
school  conventions.  In  1867  he  became  pastor  of 
the  Scottish  church  in  Chicago,  and,  after  minister- 
ing there  for  three  years,  during  part  of  which 
time  he  assisted  Mr.  Moody  in  his  evangelistic  work, 
he  accepted  a  call  to  Cote  street  church,  Montreal, 
and  in  1875  was  transferred  to  Fort  Massey  Pres- 
byterian church,  Halifax,  N.  S.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  second  pan-Presbyterian  council,  which 
was  held  in  Philadelphia  in  1880,  also  of  the  third, 
held  in  Belfast  in  1884,  representing  the  mari- 
time provinces.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the  Interna- 
tional temperance  council,  held  at  Philadelphia  in 
1876,  to  Raikes's  centennial  of  Sabbath-schools,  held 
in  London  in  1880,  and  also  from  the  international 
committee  to  the  World's  convention  of  young 
men's  Chi-istian  associations  in  Berlin  in  1884.  In 
1866  the  degree  of  D.  D.  was  conferred  upon  him 
by  Hamilton  college.  He  has  published,  besides 
the  life  of  his  father,  "  Maple  Leaves  for  the 
Grave  of  Abraham  Lincoln  "  (St.  Catherines,  1865) ; 
"  Plea  for  Lord's  Day  "  (Montreal,  1874) ;  "  Maine 
Law"  (Halifax,  1875);  "Modern  Babylon"  (1876); 
"  Confession  and  Absolution "  (1888) ;  a  contro- 
versy with  Roman  Catholic  authorities ;  and  con- 
tributions to  current  periodicals. 

BURNS,  Robert  Easton,  Canadian  jurist,  b. 
in  Niagara,  Canada  West,  26  Dec,  1805  ;  d.  near 
Toronto,  12  Jan.,  1863.  He  was  educated  at  home, 
studied  law,  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  practised 
for  several  years  in  Niagara,  St.  Catherines,  and 
Hamilton.  In  September,  1837,  he  was  appointed 
judge  of  Niagara  district,  and  in  1838  removed  to 
Toronto,  and  entered  into  partnership  with  Attor- 
ney-General Hagerman.  When  the  seat  of  govern- 
ment was  taken  to  Kingston,  the  court  of  chancery 
followed,  and  he  became  a  resident  of  that  city, 
but  returned  to  Toronto  when  the  government 
was  established  in  Montreal.  In  Toronto  he  en- 
tered into  partnership  with  Philip  Vankoughnet, 
afterward  chancellor  of  Upper  Canada,  and  Oliver 
Mowat,  premier  of  Ontario.  Soon  afterward  he 
was  appointed  judge  of  the  home  district,  which 
office  he  retained  until  his  resignation,  in  1848. 
Within  a  short  time,  however,  he  was  appointed 
by  the  Baldwin  -  Lafontaine  government  puisne 
judge  of  the  court  of  queen's  bench,  an  office 
which  he  retained  until  his  death. 

BURNS,  William  Wallace,  soldier,  b.  in  Co- 
shocton. Ohio,  3  Sept.,  1825 ;  d.  in  Beaufort,  S.  C, 
19  Aprd,  1892.  Joining  the  3d  infantry  after 
graduation  from  the  U.  S.  military  academy,  he 
served  through  the  war  with  Mexico,  and,  after  ten 
years  of  frontier,  garrison,  and  recruiting  service, 
received  a  staff  appointment  as  captain  and  com- 
missary of  subsistence.  His  experience  in  the  sup- 
ply department  led  to  his  appointment  for  similar 
important  duties  during  the  civil  war.  He  served 
in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  and  was  wounded  in 


the  action  at  Savage's  station,  29  June,  1862.  He 
was  in  the  field  with  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  to 
and  including  the  battle  of  Fredericksburg,  De- 
cember, 1862,  and  was  then  appointed  chief  com- 
missary of  the  department  of  the  northwest. 
During  the  closing  years  of  the  civil  war  he  was  in 
charge  of  the  commissary  departments  successively 
of  the  Carolinas,  of  Georgia,  and  of  Florida,  and 
lastly  of  the  whole  department  of  the  south.  Since 
the  war  he  has  been  on  duty  at  Washington. 

BURNSIDE,  Ambrose  Everett,  soldier,  b.  in 
Liberty,  Ind.,  23  May,  1824 ;  d.  in  Bristol,  R.  I.,  3 
Sept.,  1881.  The  Burnside  family  is  of  Scottish 
origin.  Having  followed  the  fortunes  of  Charles 
Edward  the  pretender  until  his  final  defeat  at 
CuUoden  in  1746,  the  founders  of  the  American 
branch  emigrated  to  South  Carolina.  The  revolt 
of  the  American  colonies  against  Britain  divided 
them,  some  joining  the  patriots,  others  remaining 
loyal  to  the  crown.  Among  the  latter  was  James, 
grandfather  of 
Ambrose,  who 
was  a  captain  in 
one  of  the  regi- 
ments of  South 
Carolinian  roy- 
alists. When  it 
became  certain 
that  the  revolu- 
tion would  be 
successful,  he,in 
company  with 
others,whose  es- 
tates were  con- 
fiscated,escaped 
to  Jamaica,  but 
eventually  ob- 
tained amnesty 
from  the  young 
republic  and  re- 
turned to  South 
Carolina.  After 

his  death,  his  widow  and  her  four  sons  migrated 
to  Indiana,  manumitting  their  slaves  from  consci- 
entious motives.  Edghill,  the  third  of  these  sons, 
settled  in  the  new  town  of  Liberty,  and  in  1814 
married  Pamelia  Brown,  another  emigrant  from 
South  Carolina.  He  taught  school  for  a  time,  and, 
having  some  legal  knowledge,  was  in  1815  elected 
associate  judge  of  the  county  court,  and  subse- 
quently clerk  of  court,  which  office  he  held  until 
1850.  Ambrose,  the  fourth  of  nine  children,  was 
born  in  a  rude  log  cabin  at  the  edge  of  the  wilder- 
ness. The  village  schools  were  exceptionally  good 
for  a  frontier  town,  and  at  seventeen  he  had  acquired 
a  better  education  than  most  boys  of  his  age ;  but 
his  father  could  not  afford  to  give  him  a  profes- 
sional training,  and  he  was  indentured  to  a  mer- 
chant tailor.  After  learning  the  trade,  he  returned 
to  Liberty  and  began  business  as  a  partner  under 
the  style  of  "  Myers  &  Burnside,  Merchant  Tailors." 
Conversation  with  veterans  of  the  second  war 
with  Great  Britain  interested  him  in  military 
affairs.  He  read  all  the  histories  and  other  books 
bearing  on  the  subject  that  he  could  procure, 
and  local  tradition  is  to  the  effect  that  Caleb  B, 
Smitli,  congressman  from  the  district,  entering 
the  sho[)  to  have  his  coat  repaired,  found  the 
young  tailor  with  a  copy  of  "  Cooper's  Tactics " 
propped  up  against  the  "  goose,"  and  kept  open  by 
a  pair  of  shears,  so  that  he  could  study  and  work 
at  the  same  time.  Some  conversation  followed, 
and  the  congressman  was  so  impressed  by  the  in- 
telligence and  appearance  of  the  young  man  that 
he  sought  his  appointment  as  a  cadet  at  the  mili- 


y'/^U/t^Vt^t^  cCc 


BURNSIDE 


BURNSIDE 


463 


tary  academy,  and,  although  the  first  attempt  was 
a  t'kihire,  fortune  at  last  favored  him,  and  he  en- 
tered the  class  of  1847,  when  there  were  at  the  acad- 
emy more  than  a  score  of  future  generals,  includ- 
ing MeClellan,  Hancock,  and  "  Stonewall "  Jack- 
son. The  war  with  Mexico  was  nearly  over  when 
Burnside  was  graduated  ;  but  he  accompanied  one 
of  the  last  detachments  of  recruits  to  the  conquered 
capital,  and  remained  there  as  second  lieutenant 
of  the  3d  artillery  during  the  military  occupation 
of  the  place.  Then  followed  years  of  life  in  gar- 
rison and  on  the  frontier,  including  some  Indian 
fighting.  In  1852  he  married  Mary  Richmond, 
daughter  of  Nathaniel  Bishop,  of  Providence,  R.  I., 
and  in  November  of  the  same  year  resigned  his 
commission,  having  invented  a  breech-loading 
rifle,  the  manufacture  of  which  he  wished  to  super- 
intend. In  August,  1857,  a  board  of  army  officers 
reported  favorably  upon  the  Burnside  breech- 
loader ;  but  the  inventor  would  not  pay  his  way 
among  the  underlings  of  the  war  department,  and 
was  forced  to  go  into  bankruptcy.  He  devoted  all 
his  personal  property  to  the  liquidation  of  his 
debts,  sought  employment,  found  it  at  Chicago, 
under  George  B.  MeClellan,  then  vice-president  of 
the  Illinois  central  railroad,  and,  by  practising 
strict  economy,  he  eventually  paid  every  obliga- 
tion. In  June,  1860,  he  became  treasurer  of  the 
Illinois  central  railroad,  his  office  being  in  New 
York  city.  In  the  autumn  of  that  year  he  visited 
New  Orleans  on  business,  and  gained  an  insight 
into  the  movement  for  secession  that  shook  his  life- 
long faith  in  the  democratic  party.  So  confidently 
did  he  anticipate  war  that  he  set  his  business  af- 
fairs in  order,  and  was  ready  to  start  at  once  when, 
on  15  April,  1861,  Gov.  Sprague,  of  Rhode  Island, 
telegraphed  for  him  to  take  command  of  the  1st 
regiment  of  detached  militia.  On  20  April  the 
regiment  left  Providence  by  sea,  and  marched,  with 
the  other  battalions  that  had  been  hurried  forward, 
from  Annapolis  to  Washington,  reaching  the  capi- 
tal on  26  April.  The  preliminary  operations  about 
Washington  soon  culminated,  owing  mainly  to 
popular  outcry  and  political  pressure  at  the  north, 
in  the  premature  advance  of  the  federal  army,  and 
the  battle  of  Manassas  or  Bull  Run  (21  July).  Col. 
Burnside  commanded  a  brigade  on  the  extreme 
right  of  Hunter's  division,  which  was  detached 
from  the  main  army  early  in  the  morning,  and  sent 
across  an  upper  ford  to  turn  the  confederate  left. 
The  movement  was  anticipated  by  the  enemy,  and 
a  sharp  engagement  took  place,  at  the  beginning 
of  which  Gen.  Hunter  was  wounded,  leaving  Bui'n- 
side  in  command.  The  Confederates  were  forced 
back,  losing  heavily,  until  nearly  noon,  when  they 
were  re-enforced  by  Gen.  Johnston's  advance  bri- 
gade under  Jackson,  who  stemmed  the  tide  of  fugi- 
tives, and  there  won  his  name  of  "  Stonewall."  By 
this  time  Burnside's  ammunition  was  exhausted, 
and  his  command  had  to  fall  back.  It  made  no 
further  aggressive  movement,  but  retained  its  or- 
ganization after  the  rout  of  the  main  army,  and 
on  the  retreat  toward  Washington.  A  period  of 
comparative  inactivity  followed,  during  which  Col. 
Burnside's  regiment  was  mustered  out  on  the  expi- 
ration of  its  term  of  service.  On  6  Aug.,  1861,  he 
was  commissioned  a  brigadier-general  of  volun- 
teers, and  given  a  command  composed  of  the  three- 
year  regiments  then  assembling  at  Washington. 
On  23  Oct.,  Gen.  Burnside  was  directed  to  organ- 
ize a  "  coast  division "  with  headquarters  at  An- 
napolis. This  force  was  largely  composed  of  regi- 
ments recruited  on  tthe  New  England  coasts,  and 
was  intended  for  operations  along  the  lower  Poto- 
jnae  and  Chesapeake  bay.     The  plan  was  changed, 


however,  the  expeditionary  force  was  largely  in- 
creased, and,  on  12  Jan.,  1862,  a  corps  of  12,000 
men,  on  a  fleet  of  forty-six  transports,  sailed  from 
Hampton  Roads  with  sealed  orders,  directing  them 
to  rendezvous  in  Pamlico  sound  by  way  of  Hatteras 
inlet.  Within  twenty-four  hours  a  heavy  gale 
arose,  which  lasted  nearly  two  weeks,  scattered  the 
fleet,  and  imperilled  its  safety.  On  25  Jan.,  how- 
ever, all  the  vessels  had  passed  through  Hatteras 
inlet  and  were  safe  in  the  sound.  On  5  Feb.  the 
fleet,  with  an  escort  of  gun-boats,  moved  toward 
Roanoke  island,  a  fortified  post  of  the  confederates, 
and  engaged  the  gun-boats  and  batteries.  Within 
a  few  hours  a  landing  was  efi'ected,  and  on  8  Feb. 
the  confederate  position  near  the  middle  of  the 
island  was  carried  and  the  garrison  captured,  num- 
bering 2,500  men.  The  possession  of  Roanoke  isl- 
and gave  command  of  the  extensive  land-locked 
waters  of  Albemarle  and  Pamlico  sounds,  and  was 
one  of  the  earliest  substantial  successes  of  the  na- 
tional arms.  Newbern,  N.  C,  was  occupied,  after  a 
sharp  struggle,  on  14  March.  The  surrender  of  Fort 
Macon  and  Beaufort  soon  followed,  and,  when  Gen. 
Burnside  visited  the  north  on  a  short  leave*  of  ab- 
■feence,  he  found  himself  welcomed  as  the  most  uni- 
formly successful  of  the  federal  leaders. 

During  the  campaign  in  the  Carolinas  and  the 
early  summer  following,  the  army  of  the  Potomac, 
under  MeClellan,  had  been  defeated  before  Rich- 
mond, and  had  in  turn  re])ellod  the  confederates  at 
Malvern  Hill.  Burnside  rclin([uished  the  command 
of  the  department  of  North  Carolina,  and,  with  his 
old  divisions  reorganized  as  the  9th  corps,  was 
transferred  to  the  army  of  the  Potomac,  which 
held  the  north  shore  of  the  Rappahannock  opposite 
Fredericksburg.  The  chief  command  was  offered 
to  Burnside.  but  he  resolutely  declined  it,  frankly 
declaring  that  he  did  not  consider  himself  compe- 
tent. On  27  June  the  order  was  issued  relieving 
MeClellan  and  placing  Pope  in  command.  The 
fortunes  of  the  confederacy  now  seemed  so  dis- 
tinctly in  the  ascendant  that  it  was  determined  at 
Richmond  to  assume  the  offensive.  The  prepara- 
tions for  the  movement  were  at  once  known  in 
Washington,  and  the  administration  urged  Gen. 
Pope  to  create  a  diversion  along  the  line  of  the  Rap- 
pahannock. This  he  attempted,  but  was  foiled  al- 
most at  all  points,  and  the  army  of  Virginia,  as  it 
was  temporarily  designated,  fell  back  sullen  and 
demoralized  after  a  second  defeat  at  Manassas,  upon 
the  defences  of  Washington,  where  Burnside  was 
again  asked  to  take  command,  but  again  declined. 
In  its  extremity,  the  administration  again  called 
upon  MeClellan,  who  in  a  remarkably  short  time 
brought  order  out  of  chaos  and  reinspired  the  army 
with  a  degree  of  confidence.  By  this  time  Lee's 
advance  had  crossed  the  Potomac  near  Sharpsburg, 
and  Burnside  was  sent  to  meet  him  with  the  1st 
and  9th  corps.  He  left  Washington  Sept.  3.  On 
12  Sept.  he  met  the  enemy's  pickets  at  Frederick 
City,  and  on  the  14th  encountered  the  confederates 
in  force  at  South  Mountain,  and  very  handsomely 
dislodged  them  from  a  strong  position.  The  en- 
ergy of  this  movement  was  probably  not  anticij^ated 
by  Gen.  Lee.  He  retreated  to  Antietam  creek, 
threw  up  intrenchments,  and  awaited  attack.  To 
Burnside's  9th  corps,  on  the  morning  of  the  bat- 
tle of  Antietam  (Sept.  17),  was  assigned  the  task  of 
capturing  and  holding  a  stone  bridge.  This  was 
done  at  a  teri'ible  sacrifice  of  life ;  but  it  was  the 
key  of  the  position,  and,  according  to  a  high  Con- 
federate authority  (Edward  A.  Pollard,  the  histo- 
rian), if  the  bridge  could  have  been  re-captured,  the 
result  of  the  battle  of  Antietam  would  have  been 
decisive.     The  army  remained  in  the  neighborhood 


464 


BURNSIDE 


BURNSIDE 


of  Sharpsburg  until  early  in  November,  when  Mc- 
Clellan  was  relieved,  and  on  10  Nov.  Burnside  re- 
luctantly assumed  command.  At  this  time  the 
Confederate  army  was  divided,  Longstreet  and 
Jackson  commanding,  respectively,  its  right  and 
left  wings,  being  separated  by  at  least  two  days' 
march.  McClellan  and  Burnside  were  always  warm 
personal  friends,  and  the  former  gave  his  successor 
in  command  the  benefit  of  his  projected  plans. 

A  month  passed  in  reorganizing  the  array  in  three 
grand  divisions,  under  Generals  Suraner,  Franklin, 
and  Hooker,  with  the  11th  corps  under  Sigel  as  a  re- 
serve. The  plan  was  to  cross  the  Rappahannock  at 
Fredericksburg  and,  if  possible,  crush  the  separated 
wings  of  the  confederate  army  in  detail.  The  move- 
ment began  15  Nov.,  and  four  days  later  the  army 
occupied  the  heights  opposite  Fredericksburg,  but 
with  the  river  intervening  and  no  pontoon-train 
ready.  The  responsibility  for  this  failure  has  never 
been  charged  to  Gen.  Burnside,  nor  has  it  ever  been 
definitely  fixed  upon  any  one  save  a  vague  and 
impersonal  "  department " ;  but  it  necessitated  a 
fatal  delay,  for  Lee  had  moved  nearly  as  rapidly 
as  BurUside,  and  promptly  occupied  and  fortified 
the  heigiits  south  of  the  river.  During  the  period 
of  enforced  inaction  that  followed,  Gen.  Burnside 
went  to  Washington  and  expressed  his  doubts  as 
to  the  policy  of  crossing  the  river,  in  view  of  the 
failure  of  the  attempt  to  divide  Lee's  forces.  But 
he  was  urged  to  push  a  winter  campaign  against 
Richmond,  and,  returning  to  the  front,  gave  orders 
to  place  the  bridges.  This  was  gallantly  effected 
in  the  face  of  a  sharp  resistance,  Fredericksburg 
was  cleai'ed  of  the  enemy,  and  on  13  Dec.  the 
whole  national  army  had  crossed  and  was  in  posi- 
tion south  of  the  Rappahannock.  The  situation 
in  brief  was  this :  South  and  in  the  rear  of  Fred- 
ericksburg is  a  range  of  hills  irregularly  parallel 
to  the  course  of  the  river ;  the  space  between  is  a 
plateau  well  adapted  for  the  movement  of  troops. 
This  was  occupied  by  the  national  army  in  the 
three  grand  divisions  specified,  Sumner  holding 
the  right.  Hooker  the  centre,  and  Franklin  the 
left.  The  Confederates  occupied  the  naturally 
strong  position  along  the  crest  of  the  hills,  and 
were  well  intrenched,  with  batteries  in  position. 
Longstreet  commanded  the  right  wing,  and  Jack- 
son the  left.  The  weak  point  of  the  Confederate 
line  was  at  its  right,  owing  to  a  depression  of  the 
hills,  and  here  it  was  at  first  intended  to  make  a 
determined  assault ;  but,  for  some  reason,  orders 
were  sent  to  Franklin,  at  the  last  moment,  merely 
to  make  a  demonstration,  while  Sumner  attempted 
to  carry  Marye's  hill,  which,  naturally  a  strong 
position,  was  rendered  nearly  impregnable  by  a 
sunken  road,  bordered  by  a  stone  wall,  along  its 
base.  The  best  battalions  in  the  army  were  sent 
against  this  position ;  but  the  fire  of  artillery  and 
infantry  was  so  severe  that  nothing  was  gained, 
although  the  struggle  was  kept  up  till  nightfall, 
Gen.  Hooker's  division  being  the  last  to  attack, 
only  to  be  repelled  as  its  predecessors  had  been. 
Burnside  would  have  renewed  the  attack  on  the 
next  day,  but  Sumner  dissuaded  him  at  the  last 
moment,  and  that  night  the  whole  army  recrossed 
the  river,  having  lost,  in  killed,  wounded,  and 
missing,  more  than  12,000  men.  Some  of  these, 
however,  afterward  returned  to  their  regiments. 
The  Confederate  loss  was  5,309.  Insubordination 
was  soon  developed  among  the  corps  and  division 
commanders,  and  Burnside  issued  an  order,  sub- 
ject to  the  president's  approval,  summarily  dis- 
missing several  of  them  from  the  service,  and  re- 
lieving others  fi'om  duty.  The  order,  which 
sweepingly  included   Hooker,  Franklin,  Newton, 


and  Brooks,  was  not  approved,  and  Gen.  Burnside 
was  superseded  by  Maj.-Gen.  Hooker. 

Transferred  to  the  department  of  the  Ohio,  with 
headquarters  at  Cincinnati,  Burnside  found  him- 
self forced  to  take  stringent  measures  in  regard  to 
the  proceedings  of  southern  sympathizers  on  both 
sides  of  the  river.  On  13  April,  1863,  he  issued  his 
famous  general  order  defining  certain  treasonable 
offences,  and  announcing  that  they  would  not  be 
tolerated.  Numerous  arrests  followed,  including 
that  of  Clement  L.  Vallandigham,  who  was  tried 
by  military  commission  for  making  a  treasonable 
speech,  was  found  guilty,  and  sentenced  to  impris- 
onment during  the  remainder  of  the  war.  This 
sentence  the  president  commuted  to  banishment, 
and  Vallandigham  was  sent  within  the  lines  of  the 
Confederacy.  The  democrats  of  Ohio  thereupon 
nominated  him  for  governor,  but  he  was  defeated 
by  a  majority  of  more  than  100,000.     Li  August, 

1863,  Burnside  crossed  the  Cumberland  mountains 
at  the  head  of  18,000  men,  marching  250  miles  in  14 
days,  causing  the  Confederates,  who  had  tlieir  head- 
quarters at  Knoxville,  to  make  a  hasty  retreat.  He 
pushed  forward,  and  Cumberland  Gap  was  cap- 
tured, with  its  garrison  and  stores.  Attacked  by 
Longstreet,  with  a  superior  force,  Gen.  Burnside 
retreated  in  good  order,  fighting  all  the  way  to 
Knoxville,  where  he  was  fortified  and  provisioned 
for  a  siege  by  the  time  Longstreet  was  ready  to  in- 
vest the  place.  This  movement,  according  to  Gen. 
Burnside's  biographer,  was  made,  on  his  own  re- 
sponsibility, to  draw  Longstreet  away  from  Grant's 
front,  and  thus  facilitate  the  defeat  of  Gen.  Bragg, 
which  soon  followed.  The  siege  of  Knoxville  was 
prosecuted  with  great  vigor  for  a  month,  when  the 
approach  of  Gen.  Sherman  compelled  Longstreet 
to  raise  the  siege.  Immediately  afterward  Gen. 
Burnside  was  relieved,  and  devoted  himself  to  re- 
cruiting and  reorganizing  the  9th  corps.    In  April, 

1864,  he  resumed  command  at  Annapolis,  with  the 
corps  nearly  20,000  strong.  Attached  once  more 
to  the  army  of  the  Potomac,  this  time  under  Gen. 
Grant,  he  led  his  corps  through  the  battles  of  the 
Wilderness  and  Cold  Harbor,  and  the  operations 
against  Petersburg.  In  these  latter  engagements 
the  corps  suffered  very  heavily,  and  Gen.  Meade 
preferred  charges  of  disobedience  against  Burn- 
side, and  ordered  a  court-martial  for  his  trial. 
This  course  was  disapproved  by  Gen.  Grant,  and,  at 
Burnside's  request,  a  court  of  inquiry  was  ordered, 
which  eventually  found  him  "  answerable  for  the 
want  of  success."  He  always  held  that  the  failure 
was  due  to  interference  with  his  plan  of  assault, 
and  before  a  congressional  committee  of  investi- 
gation much  testimony  was  adduced  to  show  that 
this  was  really  the  case.     ■ 

Gen.  Burnside  resigned  from  the  army  on  15 
April,  1865,  with  a  military  record  that  does  him 
high  honor  as  a  patriotic,  brave,  and  able  ofiicer, 
to  whom  that  bane  of  army  life,  professional  jeal- 
ousy, was  unknown.  He  always  frankly  admitted 
his  own  unfitness  for  the  command  of  a  large  army, 
and  accepted  such  commands  only  under  stress  of 
circumstances.  Returning  to  civil  life,  he  became 
at  once  identified  with  railroad  construction  and 
manageraent.  He  was  elected  governor  of  Rhode 
Island  in  April,  1866,  and  re-elected  in  1867  and 
1868.  Declining  a  fourth  nomination,  he  devoted 
himself  successfully  to  the  great  railroad  interests 
with  which  he  was  identified.  He  went  to  Europe 
on  business  during  the  height  of  the  Franco-Prus- 
sian war,  and,  as  a  soldier,  naturally  wished  to  wit- 
ness some  of  the  siege  openitions  before  Paris. 
Visiting  the  Prussian  headquarters  at  Versailles 
simply  in  a  private  capacity,  he  found  himself  called 


BURNSIDE 


BURR 


465 


upon  to  act  as  an  envoy  between  the  hostile  forces, 
which  he  did,  passing  back  and  forth  under  a  fiag- 
of-truce,  endeavoring  to  further  negotiations  for 
peace.  In  Paris,  and  among  the  German  besiegers, 
he  was  looked  upon  with  the  greatest  curiosity, 
and,  although  his  efforts  at  peace-making  were  un- 
successful, he  secured  the  lasting  respect  and  con- 
fidence of  both  sides.  In  January,  1875,  after  his 
return  to  this  country,  he  was  elected  U.  S.  senator 
from  Rhode  Island,  and  in  1880  was  re-elected. 
He  took  a  leading  position  in  the  senate,  was  chair- 
man of  the  committee  on  foreign  affairs,  and  sus- 
tained his  life-long  character  as  a  fair-minded  and 
patriotic  citizen.  His  death,  which  was  very  sud- 
den, from  neuralgia  of  the  heart,  occurred  at  his 
home  in  Bristol,  R.  I.  The  funeral  ceremonies  as- 
sumed an  almost  national  character,  for  his  valua- 
ble services  as  a  soldier  and  as  a  statesman  had  se- 
cured general  recognition,  and  in  his  own  state  he 
was  the  most  conspicuous  man  of  his  time.  Burn- 
side  was  a  tall  and  handsome  man  of  soldierly 
bearing,  with  charming  manners,  which  won  for 
him  troops  of  friends  and  admirers.  He  outlived 
his  wife,  and  died  childless.  See  "  Life  and  Public 
Services  of  Ambrose  E.  Burnside,"  by  Benjamin 
Perley  Poore  (Providence,  1882). 

BURNSIDE,  John,  planter,  b.  in  Ireland  about 
1800;  d.  at  White  Sulphur  Springs.  Va.,  29  .June, 
1881.  At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  the  largest 
sugar-planter  in  the  United  States.  He  began  life 
in  poverty,  and  his  first  business  engagement  was 
in  a  country  store  in  Virginia ;  but  so  marked  was 
his  ability  that  he  became  partner  in  a  large  New 
Orleans  house.  About  1852  he  began  to  invest 
money  in  sugar  lands,  and  eventually  owned  ten 
of  the  finest  plantations  in  the  sugar  district  of 
Louisiana  and  the  finest  residence  in  New  Orleans. 
In  spite  of  the  loss  of  more  than  2,000  slaves,  he 
was  among  the  first  to  try  sugar-planting  with  free 
labor  on  a  large  scale,  and  his  success  had  much  in- 
fluence in  re-establishing  the, broken  industries  and 
credit  of  the  south. 

BURNYEAT,  John,  preacher,  b.  in  Crabtree- 
beek,  Cumberland,  in  1631;  d.  in  Dublin,  11  July, 
1690.  He  travelled  in  England  and  Ireland,  and 
in  1672  came  with  George  Fox  to  America.  His 
"  Truth  Exalted  in  the  Writings  of  that  Eminent 
and  Faithful  Servant,  J.  Burnyeat"  (1691),  is  a 
collection  of  his  expository  essays,  and  his  "  Me- 
morials "  describe  the  condition  of  Maryland  and 
the  other  colonies  through  which  he  passed  from 
New  England  to  North  Carolina.  He  was  a  zeal- 
ous advocate  of  the  creed  and  polity  of  the  society 
of  Friends,  and  suffered  much  persecution  because 
of  his  steadfast  ministry. 

BURPEE,  Isaac,  Canadian  statesman,  b.  in 
Sheffield,  N.  B.,  28  Nov.,  1825;  d.  in  New  York 
city,  1  March,  1885.  He  was  educated  at  the  county 
grammar-school,  and  in  1848  went  to  St.  John, 
shortly  afterward  entering  into  partnership  with 
his  brother  in  the  hardware  trade.  He  was  first 
elected  to  Parliament  in  1872  for  St.  John,  N.  B., 
re-elected  in  1874,  and  sworn  of  the  Privy  council 
and  appointed  Minister  of  customs  in  the  Macken- 
zie administration  (Liberal),  7  Nov.,  1874.  He  was 
re-elected  in  1878,  and  holds  many  offices  of  honor 
and  public  trust. 

BURR,  Aaron,  clergyman,  b.  in  Fairfield,  Conn., 
4  Jan.,  1716;  d.  24  Sept.,  1757.  He  belonged  to  a 
Puritan  family  that  for  three  generations  had  given 
to  church  and  state  men  of  eminence.  He  was 
graduated  at  Yale  in  his  nineteenth  year,  having 
gained  one  of  the  three  Berkely  scholarships,  which 
entitled  him  to  maintenance  at  the  college  for  two 
years  after  graduating.     While  pursuing  his  post- 


graduate studies  he  was  converted,  and  at  once 
turned  his  attention  to  theology.  At  the  age  of 
twenty-two  he  became  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian 
church  in  Newark,  N.  J.,  where  he  soon  acquired  a 
commanding  reputation  as  a  pulpit  orator.  Here 
he  also  established  a  school  for  boys,  which  proved 
highly  successful.  He  prepared  for  his  pupils  a  Latin 
grammar  known  as  the  "  Newark  Grammar  "  (1752), 
which  was  long  in  use  at  Princeton.  In  later  years 
he  published  a  small  work  on  the  "  Supreme  Deity 
of  Our  Lord  Jesus  Christ "  (new  ed.,  1791),  with  an 
occasional  sermon.  In  1748,  at  the  age  of  thirty- 
two,  he  became  president  of  the  College  of  New 
Jersey,  but  without  interrupting  his  pastoral  ser- 
vice. In  the  summer  of  1752  he  married  Esther, 
daughter  of  Jonathan  Edwards,  of  Stockbridge, 
Mass.  In  the  autumn  of  1756  he  resigned  his 
charge  at  Newark  and  removed  to  Princeton,  where 
he  (lied  from  overwork.  He  left  two  children, 
Sarah,  b.  3  May,  1754,  and  Aaron.  As  scholar, 
preacher,  author,  and  educator.  President  Bui-r  was 
one  of  the  foremost  men  of  his  time.  To  his  more 
solid  qualities  were  added  a  certain  grace  and  dis- 
tinguished style  of  manner,  which  re-appeared  in 
his  son.  Though  nominally  the  second  president 
of  Princeton,  he  was  practically  the  first,  since  the 
former.  Jonathan  Dickinson,  only  served  for  a  few 
months.  He  was  in  a  true  sense  its  founder,  and 
the  college  may  be  said  to  be  his  monument.  Six 
of  its  presidents  are  buried  in  Princeton  by  his 
side. — His  son,  Aaron,  statesman,  b.  in  Newark,  N. 
J.,  6  Feb.,  1756;  d.  on  Staten  Island,  N.  Y.,  14 
Sept.,  1836.  His  mother  was  Esther  Edwards,  the 
flower  of  the  remarkable  family  to  which  she  be- 
longed, celebrated  for  her  beauty  as  well  as  for 
her  superior  intellect 
and  devout  piety. 
In  the  truest  sense, 
Aaron  Burr  was  well 
born.  Jonathan  Ed- 
wards, his  grand- 
father, illustrious  as 
divine  and  meta- 
physician, had  been 
elected  to  succeed 
his  son-in-law  as 
president  of  Prince- 
ton, but  died  of 
a  fever,  residting 
from  inocidation  for 
small-pox,  before  he 
had  fairly  entered 
upon  his  work.  Mrs. 
Burr,  his  daughter, 
died  of  a  similar 
disease  sixteen  days 
later.  The  infant 
Aaron  and  his  sister  Sarah,  left  doubly  orphaned, 
were  placed  in  charge  of  their  uncle,  the  ReVo 
Timothy  Edwards,  of  Elizabethtown  (now  Eliz- 
abeth), N.  J.  A  handsome  fortune  having  been 
bequeathed  to  them  by  their  father,  their  edu- 
cation was  conducted  in  a  liberal  manner ;  a  pri- 
vate tutor  was  provided.  Tapping  Reeve,  who  af- 
terward married  his  pupil,  Sarah  Burr,  and  be- 
came judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  Connecticut. 
A  bright,  mischievous  boy,  and  difficult  to  control, 
Aaron  was  still  sufficiently  studious  to  be  prepared 
to  enter  Princeton  at  the  age  of  eleven,  though  he 
was  not  admitted  on  account  of  his  extreme  youth. 
He  was  very  small,  but  strikingly  handsome,  with 
fine  black  eyes  and  the  engaging  ways  that  be- 
came a  fascination  in  his  maturer  life.  In  1769  he 
was  allowed  as  a  favor  to  enter  the  sophomore 
class,  though  only  in  his  thirteenth  year.     He  was 


466 


BURR 


BURR 


a  fairly  diligent  student  and  an  extensive  reader, 
and  was  graduated  with  distinction  in  September, 
1772.  Stories  of  wild  dissipation  during  his  college 
course  are  probably  exaggerations.  Just  before 
his  graduation  the  college  was  profoundly  stirred 
by  religious  excitement,  and  young  Burr,  who  con- 
fessed that  he  was  moved  by  the  revival,  resorted 
to  Dr.  Witherspoon,  the  president,  for  advice.  The 
doctor  quieted  his  anxiety  by  telling  him  that  the  ex- 
citement was  fanatical.  Not  entirely  satisfied,  he 
went  in  the  autumn  of  the  next  year  to  live  for  a  while 
in  the  family  of  the  famous  theologian.  Dr.  Bella- 
my, of  Bethlehem,  Conn.,  with  the  ostensible  pur- 
pose of  settling  his  mind  with  regard  to  the  claims 
of  Christianity.  The  result  was  a  great  surprise  to 
his  friends,  if  not  to  himself ;  he  deliberately  re- 
jected the  gospel  and  adopted  the  infidelity  then  so 
rife  in  Europe  and  America.  The  form  of  unbelief 
accepted  by  him  was  that  of  Lord  Chesterfield, 
along  with  his  lordship's  peculiar  views  of  morali- 
ty. Here  is  probably  the  key  to  a  comprehension 
of  Burr's  entire  life.  He  resolved  to  be  a  "  perfect 
man  of  the  world,"  according  to  the  Chesterfieldian 
code.  Most  of  the  next  year  (1774)  he  passed  in 
Litchfield,  Conn.,  where  he  began  the  study  of  the 
law  under  Tapping  Reeve,  who  had  married  his  sis- 
ter. At  the  beginning  of  the  revolution,  in  1775, 
Burr  hastened  to  join  the  patriot  army  near  Bos- 
ton. He  had  a  genuine  passion  for  military  life, 
and  was  singularly  qualified  to  excel  as  a  soldier. 
Here,  fretted  by  inaction,  he  resolved  to  accompany 
Col.  Benedict  Arnold  in  liis  expedition  to  Quebec. 
Against  the  expostulations  of  all  his  friends  and  the 
commands  of  his  uncle,  Timothy,  he  persisted  in 
his  determination.  Out  of  the  memorable  hard- 
ships and  disasters  of  that  expedition  young  Burr 
came  back  with  the  rank  of  major  and  a  brilliant 
reputation  for  courage  and  ability.  Soon  after  his 
return  he  became  a  member  of  Gen.  Washington's 
family.  From  some  cause  the  place  did  not  please 
him,  and  after  about  six  weeks  he  withdrew  from 
Washington's  table  and  accepted  an  appointment 
as  aide  to  Gen.  Putnam.  This  incident  was  ex- 
tremely unfortunate  for  him.  During  their  brief 
association  Burr  contracted  prejudices  against 
Washington  which  grew  into  deep  dislike,  and 
Washington  got  impressions  of  Burr  that  ripened 
into  settled  distrust.  Li  July,  1777,  Burr  was  pro- 
moted to  the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel,  with  the 
command  of  his  regiment,  the  colonel  preferring  to 
remain  at  home.  In  September,  while  occupying 
the  house  near  Ramapo  Pass,  of  which  a  represen- 
tation is  here  given,  he  defeated  the  enemy  near 


Hackensack  and  drove  them  back  to  Paulus  Hook. 
At  Monmouth  he  distinguished  himself  at  the  head 
of  a  brigade.  While  Burr's  command  lay  in  Orange 
CO.,  N.  Y.,  he  became  acquainted  with  Mrs.  Theo- 
dosia  Prevost,  an  intelligent  and  accomplished  lady 
living  at   Paramus,  widow  of  an  English  officer 


who  had  recently  died  in  the  West  Indies.  She 
was  ten  years  his  senior  and  had  two  sons.  In 
March,  1779,  after  four  years  of  service,  he  resigned 
his  commission  on  account  of  broken  health.  In 
the  autumn  of  1780,  his  health  having  improved. 
Burr  resumed  the  study  of  law,  first  with  Judge 
Patterson,  of  New  Jersey,  and  afterward  with 
Thomas  Smith,  of  Haverstraw,  N.  Y.  On  17  April, 
1782,  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  AlV)any,  the 
rule  that  required  three  years  spent  in  study  having 
been  in  his  case  relaxed  on  account  of  his  serv- 
ice as  a  soldier.  Now,  at  the  age  of  twenty-six, 
he  took  an  office  in  Albany  and  almost  immedi- 
ately commanded  a  large  practice.  Being  at  last 
in  a  condition  to  warrant  this  step,  he  married 
Mrs.  Prevost,  2  July,  1782,  and  at  once  began 
housekeeping  in  Albany  in  handsome  style.  In 
the  first  year  of  his  marriage  his  daughter,  Theo- 
dosia,  was  born,  the  only  child  of  this  union.  In 
the  latter  part  of  the  next  year,  just  after  the  Brit- 
ish had  evacuated  the  city,  he  returned  to  New  York 
and  devoted  himself  to  his  profession  for  eight 
years,  having  during  that  period  twice  served  as  a 
member  of  the  New  York  legislature.  He  stood 
among  the  leaders  of  the  bar,  with  no  rival  but  Alex- 
ander Hamilton.  Obtaining  possession  of  Richmond 
Hill,  a  fine  New  York  mansion  with  ample  grounds, 
he  dispensed  a  liberal  hospitality.  Talleyrand, 
Volney,  and  Louis  Philippe  were  among  his  guests. 
In  1788,  just  after  the  adoption  of  the  constitution, 
Burr  entered  the  arena  of  politics  as  a  candidate  of 
the  anti-federal  party,  though  he  was  not  distinctly 
identified  with  those  who  nominated  him,  and  soon 
afterward  he  was  appointed  by  Gov.  Clinton  attor- 
ney-general, an  office  which  he  held  for  two  years. 
In  1791  he  was  elected  to  the  U.  S.  senate  over 
Gen.  Philip  Schuyler,  to  the  great  surprise  of  the 
country  and  tlie  keen  disappointment  of  Ham- 
ilton, Schuyler's  son-in-law.  The  federalists  had 
a  majority  in  the  legislature,  and  Schuyler  was 
one  of  the  pillars  of  the  federal  party.  The 
triumph  of  Burr  under  these  circumstances  was 
mysterious.  For  six  years  he  served  in  the 
senate  with  conspicuous  ability,  acting  steadily 
with  the  republican  party.  Mrs.  Burr  died  of 
cancer  in  1794.  Among  the  last  words  he  ever 
spoke  was  this  testimony  to  the  wife  of  his  youth : 
"  The  mother  of  my  Theo  was  the  best  woman  and 
finest  lady  I  have  ever  known."  After  her  death 
the  education  of  his  daughter  engrossed  a  large 
share  of  his  attention.  In  1797  the  tables  turned, 
and  his  defeated  antagonist.  Gen.  Schuyler,  was  al- 
most unanimously  elected  to  his  seat  in  the  sen- 
ate. Burr  was  shortly  afterward  made  a  member 
of  the  New  York  assembly.  Into  the  presidential 
contest  of  1800  he  entered  with  all  his  energy.  The 
republicans  triumphed ;  but  between  the  two  high- 
est candidates  .there  was  a  tie,  each  receiving 
seventy-three  votes,  which  threw  the  election  into 
the  house  of  representatives.  In  connection  with 
this  affair.  Burr  was  charged  with  intriguing  to 
defeat  the  public  will  and  have  himself  chosen  to 
the  first  office,  instead  of  Jefferson.  After  a  fierce 
struggle  of  seven  days,  the  house  elected  Jefferson 
president  and  Burr  vice-president.  He  was  then 
forty-five  years  old  and  at  the  top  of  his  fortune. 
His'daughter  had  made  a  highly  satisfactory  mar- 
riage, and  his  pecuniary  prospects  were  improved. 
In  1801,  just  before  entering  upon  his  duties  as 
vice-president,  he  was  a  member  of  a  convention  of 
the  state  of  New  York  for  revising  its  constitution, 
and  was  made  chairman  by  unanimous  vote.  But 
a  great  change  was  at  hand.  Near  the  close  of  his 
term  of  office  as  vice-president.  Burr,  finding  him- 
self under  a  cloud  with  his  party,  sought  to  re- 


BURR 


BURR 


467 


cover  his  popularity  by  being  a  candidate  for  the 
governorship  of  New  York,  but  was  defeated  by 
Morgan  Lewis.  In  this  contest  Alexander  Hamil- 
ton had  put  forth  his  utmost  energies  against 
Burr.  Though  the  relations  of  these  political 
leaders  had  remained  outwardly  friendly,  they  had 
long  been  rivals,  and  Hamilton  had  not  hesitated 
to  express  in  private  his  distrust  of  Burr,  and  to 
balk  several  of  his  ambitious  projects.  In  the 
gubernatorial  canvass  Hamilton  had  written  con- 
cerning his  rival  in  a  very  severe  manner,  and 
some  of  his  expressions  having  got  into  the  news- 
papers. Burr  immediately  fastened  upon  them  as 
ground  for  a  challenge.  A  long  correspondence 
ensued,  in  which  Hamilton  vainly  sought  to  avoid 
extremities.  At  length  the  challenge  was  accepted, 
and  the  parties  met  on  the  bank  of  the  Hudson,  at 
Weehawken,  N.  J.,  at  seven  o'clock  a.  m.,  7  July, 
1SU4.  At  the  first  fire  Hamilton  fell  mortally 
wounded.  But  Burr's  shot  was  more  fatal  to  him- 
self than  to  his  foe ;  he  left  that  "  field  of  honor  " 
a  ruined  man.  The  tragedy  aroused  an  unprece- 
dented excitement,  before  which  Burr  felt  it  wise 
to  fly.  The  coroner's  inquest  having  returned  a 
verdict  of  murder,  he  escaped  to  South  Carolina 
and  took  refuge  in  the  home  of  his  daughter. 
Though  an  indictment  for  murder  was  obtained 
against  him,  the  excitement  subsided,  and  he  was 
left  unmolested.  After  a  season  he  ventured  to 
Washington,  and  completed  his  term  of  service  as 
vice-president.  Though  his  political  prospects 
were  now  blasted  and  his  name  execrated,  his  bold 
and  resolute  spirit  did  not  break.  Courage  and 
fortitude  were  the  cardinal  virtues  of  his  moral 
code,  and  his  restless  mind  was  already  employed 
with  new  and  vast  projects.  Early  in  1805  he 
turned  his  course  toward  the  great  west,  then  a 
new  world.  From  Pittsburg  he  floated  in  a  boat, 
specially  built  for  him,  down  to  New  Orleans,  stop- 
ping at  many  points,  and  often  receiving  enthusi- 
astic attention.  After  some  time  spent  in  the 
southwest,  he  slowly  returned  to  Washington, 
where  he  sought  from  the  president  an  appoint- 
ment suitable  to  his  dignity.  Foiled  in  this  effort, 
he  turned  more  earnestly  to  his  mysterious  western 
projects.  His  purpose  seems  to  have  been  to  col- 
lect a  body  of  followers  and  conquer  Texas — per- 
haps Mexico — establishing  there  a  republic  of 
which  he  should  be  the  head.  With  this  he  asso- 
ciated the  hope  that  the  western  states,  ultimately 
falling  away  from  the  union,  would  cast  in  their 
lot  with  him,  making  New  Orleans  the  capital  of 
the  new  nation.  As  a  rendezvous  and  refuge  for 
his  followers,  he  actually  bought  a  vast  tract  of 
land  on  Washita  river,  for  which  the  sum  of 
$40,000  was  to  be  paid.  It  was  a  wild  scheme,  and, 
if  not  technically  treasonable,  was  so  near  to  it  as 
to  make  him  a  public  enemy.  Events  had  ad- 
vanced rapidly,  and  Burr's  plans  were  nearly  ripe 
for  execution,  when  the  president,  who  had  not 
been  ignorant  of  what  was  maturing,  issued  a 
proclamation,  27  Oct.,  1806,  denouncing  the  enter- 
prise and  warning  the  people  against  it.  The  pro- 
ject immediately  collapsed.  On  14  Jan.,  1807, 
Burr  was  arrested  in  Mississippi  territory,  and, 
having  escaped,  was  again  arrested  in  Alabama, 
whence  he  was  conveyed  to  Richmond,  Va.  Here 
was  held  the  memorable  trial  for  treason,  begin- 
ning 22  May,  1807,  and  lasting,  with  some  inter- 
ruptions, for  six  months.  In  the  array  of  distin- 
guished counsel,  William  Wirt  was  pre-eminent 
for  the  prosecution  and  Luther  Martin  for  the  de- 
fence. Burr  himself  took  an  active  part  in  the 
case.  On  1  Sept.  the  jury  returned  a  verdict  of 
not  guilty  on  the  indictment  for  treason,  and  some 


time  afterward  the  prisoner  was  acquitted,  on 
technical  grounds,  of  the  charge  of  misdemeanor. 
Though  Burr  was  now  free,  his  good  name  was 
not  restored  by  the  issue  of  the  trial,  and  he  soon 
sailed  for  England,  still  animated  by  new  schemes 
and  hopes.  After  various  adventures  in  that 
country,  he  was  expelled  as  an  "  embarrassing " 
person,  and  went  to  Sweden.  Having  spent  some 
time  in  Copenhagen  and  various  cities  of  Germany, 
he  reached  Paris  in  February,  1810.  Here,  kept 
under  government  surveillance,  and  refused  per- 
mission to  return  to  the  United  States,  he  was  re- 
duced to  the  severest  pecuniary  straits.  Return- 
ing again  to  England,  he  was  obliged  to  remain 
there  in  desperate  extremities  for  a  year  and  a 
half.  At  last  he  got  away  in  the  ship  "  Auro- 
ra," and  reached  Boston  in  May,  1812.  Disguised 
under  the  name  of  Arnot,  as  well  as  with  wig, 
whiskers,  and  strange  garments,  the  returning  ex- 
ile entered  the  city  in  a  most  humiliating  plight. 
The  government  prosecutions  still  hung  over  his 
head,  and  some  of  his  creditors  had  executions 
against  him,  which  might  throw  him  into  a  prison. 
He  ventured  to  New  York,  however,  reaching  that 
place  four  years  after  leaving  it.  He  soon  opened 
an  office  in  Nassau  street,  old  friends  rallied  around 
him,  and  the  future  began  to  brighten  somewhat, 
when  he  was  stunned  by  the  information  that  his 
only  grandchild,  Theodosia's  son,  aged  eleven,  was 
dead.  A  still  more  crushing  blow  soon  came. 
The  daughter,  who  was  his  idol,  perished  at  sea 
while  on  a  voyage  from  Charleston  to  New  York 
in  January,  1813.  Burr  was  now  fifty-seven  years 
old.  Shunned  by  society,  though  with  a  consider- 
able practice,  he  lived  on  for  twenty-three  years. 
At  the  age  of  seventy-eight  he  married  Madame 
Jumel,  widow  of  a  French  merchant,  who  had  a 
considerable  fortune.  The  union  soon  proved  un- 
happy, owing  to  Burr's  reckless  use  of  his  wife's 
money,  and  t.hey  finally  separated,  though  not  di- 
vorced. In  his  last  days  Burr  was  dependent  on 
the  charity  of  a  Scotch  woman,  a  friend  of  former 
yeaus,  for  a  home.  He  died  at  Port  Richmond, 
Staten  Island,  and  his  remains  lie,  according  to  his 
request,  in  the  cemetery  at  Princeton,  near  those 
of  his  honored  father  and  grandfather.  In  person. 
Burr  was  small,  often  being  spoken  of  as  "  little 
Burr,"  but  his  appearance  and  manners  were  fasci- 
nating. In  his  case  the  finest  gifts  of  nature  and 
fortune  were  spoiled  by  unsound  moral  principles 
and  the  absence  of  all  genuine  convictions.  His 
habits  were  licentious.  He  was  a  master  of  in- 
trigue, though  to  little  purpose.  He  was  a  re- 
spectable lawyer  and  speaker,  but  lacked  the  quali- 
ties of  a  statesman.  Dauntless  resolution  and  cool 
self-possession  never  forsook  him.  On  the  morn- 
ing of  his  duel  with  Hamilton  he  was  found  by  a 
friend  in  a  sound  sleep.  Though  a  skeptic,  he  was 
not  a  scoffer.  In  his  last  hours  he  said  of  the 
holy  Scriptures :  "  They  are  the  most  perfect  system 
of  truth  the  world  has  ever  seen." — His  daughter, 
Theodosia,  b.  in  New  York  city  in  1783 ;  d.  at  sea 
in  January,  1813,  was  one  of  the  most  highly  ac- 
complished and  brilliant  of  American  women.  Her 
father,  to  whom  she  was  an  object  of  pride  as  well 
as  passionate  affection,  devoted  himself  to  inform- 
ing her  mind  and  training  her  character  in  accord- 
ance with  his  own  ideal  of  womanhood.  In  her 
tenth  year  she  read  Horace  and  Terence  in  the 
original  Latin,  spoke  French,  and  was  studying 
the  Greek  grammar.  He  was  as  careful  of  her 
physical  as  of  her  mental  education,  and  sought  to 
develop  the  independence  of  thought  and  self-reli- 
ance that  was  universally  discouraged  at  the  time 
in  the  training  of  girls.     After  her  mother's  death, 


468 


BURR 


BURRILL 


in  1794.  Theodosia  became  mistress  of  her  father's 
house  and  the  companion  of  his  leisure  hours.  On 
2  Feb.,  1801,  she  married  Joseph  Allston,  a  wealthy 
and  talented  young  planter  of  South  Carolina,  who 
in  after  years  became  governor  of  his  native  state. 

The  devotion  of 
Theodosia  to  her 
father  approached 
idolatry ;  through 
all  the  disasters 
of  his  career  she 
clung  to  him  with 
unshaken  fidelity. 
She  and  her  hus- 
band were  cogni- 
zant of  her  fa- 
ther's scheme  to 
become  emperor 
of  Mexico,  her  son 
was  to  be  the  heir 
to  the  throne, 
and  when  Burr 
was  brought  to 
trial  at  Richmond 
his  daughter  was 
there,  and,  by  the 
power  of  her  beau- 
ty and  intellectual  graces,  did  much  to  stay  the  tor- 
rent of  popular  indignation  and  secure  a  favorable 
verdict.  Her  eloquent  letters  to  Mrs.  Madison,  Sec. 
Gallatin,  and  other  old  friends  of  Burr  paved 
the  way  for  his  return  to  New  York  after  four 
years  of  exile  and  poverty.  Before  his  arrival 
Theodosia's  son  and  only  child  died,  in  his  eleventh 
year.  In  consequence  of  this  blow  she  was  pros- 
trated by  a  nervous  fever ;  but,  eager  to  see  her 
father  once  more,  she  embarked  at  Charleston  for 
New  York,  29  Dec,  1812,  on  a  pilot-boat  called  the 
"  Patriot."  A  storm  soon  arose,  and  raged  along 
the  coast,  in  which  the  "  Patriot "  probably  foun- 
dered off  Hatteras.  Nothing  was  ever  heard  of 
the  vessel  again.  This  event  completed  the  tragedy 
of  the  Burr  family.  The  accompanying  poi»trait 
of  Theodosia  represents  her  at  the  age  of  nine- 
teen. See  "  Life  of  Aaron  Burr,"  by  Samuel  L. 
Knapp  (New  York,  1835);  "Memoirs,  with  Selec- 
tions from  his  Correspondence  "  (2  vols.,  1837-'8), 
and  "  Private  Journal "  during  his  residence  abroad, 
with  selections  from  his  correspondence  (2  vols., 
1838),  both  edited  by  Matthew  L.  Davis;  and 
"  Life  and  Times  of  Aaron  Burr,"  by  James  Par- 
ton  (New  York,  1858). 

BURR,  Enoch  Fitch,  author,  b.  in  Green's 
Farms,  Fairfield  co.,  Conn.,  21  Oct.,  1818.  He  was 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1839,  and  spent  several  years 
at  New  Haven  in  theological  and  scientific  studies. 
After  a  year  spent  in  foreign  travel,  he  became,  in 
1850,  pastor  of  a  Congregational  church  in  Lyme, 
Conn.  He  has  published  "  A  Treatise  on  the 
Application  of  the  Calculus  to  the  Theory  of  Nep- 
tune "  (New  Haven,  1848) ;  "  Ecce  Coelum  "  (Bos- 
ton, 1867) :  "  Pater  Mundi  "  (1869) ;  "  Ad  Fidem  " 
(1871);  "Facts  in  Aid  of  Faith"  (New  York, 
1872);  "Doctrine  of  Evolution"  (Boston,  1873); 
"  A  Song  of  the  Sea,"  an  illustrated  poem  (1873) ; 
"  Pasce  Agnos  "  (1873) ;  "  Sunday  Afternoons  " 
(New  York,  1874) ;  "  Thy  Voyage  "  a  poem  (1874) ; 
"  Toward  the  Strait  Gate "  and  "  Work  in  the 
Vineyard  "  (Boston,  1876) ;  "  From  Dark  to  Day," 
a  poem  (1877) ;  "  Dio  the  Athenian  "  (New  York, 
1880);  "Tempted  to  Unbelief"  (1882);  "Ecce  Ter- 
ra" (Philadelphia,  1884);  "Celestial Empires"  (New 
York,  1885) ;  and  "  Consensus  of  Faith  "  (1886). 

BURRALL,  Jonathan,  soldier,  b.  in  1753 ;  d. 
in  Goshen,  N.  Y.,  18  Nov.,  1834.    In  1776  he  joined 


the  northern  army  under  Schuyler.  His  talents 
soon  procured  him  the  appointment  of  assistant 
paymaster,  and,  at  the  close  of  the  war,  a  place  in 
the  commission  for  settling  the  accounts  of  the 
commissary  and  quartermaster's  departments.  He 
was  afterward  assistant  postmaster-general,  cashier 
of  the  U.  S.  branch  bank  of  New  York,  and  manager 
of  the  New  York  state  lotteries  at  a  time  when 
public  confidence  in  them  had  been  shaken. 

BURRALL,  William  Porter,  railroad  official, 
b.  in  Canaan,  Conn.,  in  1806 ;  d.  in  Hartford,  Conn., 
3  March,  1874.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in 
1826,  studied  law  in  Salisbury,  Conn.,  and  at  the 
Litchfield  law-school,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
of  Litchfield  county  in  1829.  He  practised  law 
in  his  native  town  until  October,  1839.  when  he 
was  chosen  president  of  the  Housatonie  railroad 
company,  and  removed  to  Bridgeport,  Conn.  This 
office  he  held  for  fifteen  years,  when  he  resigned 
in  consequence  of  the  pressure  of  other  engage- 
ments. He  was  also  connected  with  the  New  York 
and  New  Haven  railroad  during  its  construction 
and  the  earlier  years  of  its  operation,  was  treas- 
urer, and  afterward  president,  of  the  Illinois  cen- 
tral railroad,  vice-president,  and  afterward  presi- 
dent, of  the  Hartford  and  New  Haven  railroad, 
and  was  finally  vice-president  of  the  New  York, 
New  Haven,  and  Hartford  railroad  upon  the  con- 
solidation of  those  companies.  He  removed  to 
Salisbury,  Conn.,  in  1859,  subsequently  represented 
that  town  several  times  in  the  general  assembly, 
and  was  also  a  member  of  the  state  senate. 

BURRIEL,  Andres  Marcos  (boor-e-el'),  Span- 
ish scholar,  b.  in  1719;  d.  in  1762.  Twelve  years 
before  his  death  he  was  commissioned  to  make 
some  archiBological  explorations,  which  he  effected 
with  great  success.  Among  his  best  works  are 
"  Prologo  "  on  the  travels  of  Jorge  Juan  and  Anto- 
nio de  Ulloa  in  Ecuador,  "  Paleografia  Espaiiola," 
and  "  Noticia  de  la  California,  Cartas,"  etc. 

BURRILL,  Alexander  M.,  legal  writer,  b.  in 
1807 ;  d.  in  Kearney,  N.  J.,  7  Feb.,  1869.  He  was 
graduated  at  Columbia,  in  1824,  with  the  highest 
honors  of  the  class,  studied  several  years  in  the 
office  of  Chancellor  Kent,  and  was  admitted  to 
the  New  York  bar  in  1828.  He  was  remarkable 
for  his  scholarly  precision  and  discrimination  in 
the  use  of  language.  He  published  "  Practice  of 
the  Supreme  Court  of  the  State  of  New  York  "  (2 
vols.,  1840;  2d  ed.,  3  vols.,  1846);  "Law  Diction- 
ary and  Glossary  "  (2  vols.,  New  York,  1850) ;  "  Law 
and  Practice  of  Voluntary  Assignments  "  (1853) ; 
and  "Circumstantial  Evidence"  (1856).  He  also 
aided  in  compiling  "  Worcester's  Dictionary." 

BURRILL,  James,  statesman,  b.  in  Providence, 
R.  I.,  25  April,  1772;  d.  in  Washington,  D.  C,  25 
Dec,  1820.  He  was  graduated  at  Rhode  Island 
college  (now  Brown  university)  in  1788,  and,  after 
studying  law  with  Theodore  Foster  and  David  How- 
ell (both  afterward  U.S.  senators),  he  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  September,  1791.  He  was  attorney- 
general  of  Rhode  Island  from  1797  till  1813,  when 
the  decline  of  his  health  caused  his  retirement  from 
the  bar.  He  was  a  member  of  the  legislature  in 
1813,  speaker  in  1814,  and  chief  justice  of  the  state 
supreme  court  in  1816.  He  was  chosen  U.  S.  sena- 
tor in  1817,  but  died  before  the  expiration  of  his 
term.  He  i)ore  a  distinguished  part  in  the  senate, 
especially  in  the  debate  on  the  Missouri  compro- 
mise, to  which  he  was  inflexibly  opposed. 

BURRILL,  Thomas  Jonathan,  naturalist,  b. 
in  Pittsfield,  Mass.,  25  April,  1839.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  the  Illinois  state  normal  university  in  1865, 
where,  in  1868,  he  was  elected  professor  of  botany 
and  horticulture.     From  1877  till  1884  he  was  dean 


BURRINGTON 


BURROUGHS 


469 


of  the  department  of  natural  sciences,  and  in  1882 
he  became  vice-president  of  the  university.  In 
connection  with  his  botanical  studies,  Prof.  Bur- 
rill  has  travelled  extensively  through  the  United 
States  and  Central  America,  and  was  a  member  of 
Maj.  J.  W.  Powell's  first  expedition  to  the  Rocky 
mountains  in  1867.  He  has  made  careful  studies 
of  the  diseases  of  plants,  and,  after  his  investiga- 
tions on  the  "  Pear-Tree  Blight "  during  1878-'80, 
announced  that  bacteria  were  a  cause  of  disease  in 
plants.  In  1878  he  was  president  of  the  Illinois 
state  horticultural  society,  during  1888-'4  vice- 
president  of  the  American  horticultural  society, 
vice-president  of  the  section  of  biology  of  the 
American  association  for  the  advancement  of  sci- 
ence, and  in  1885-6  president  of  the  American 
society  of  microscopists.  He  edited  the  biennial 
reports  of  the  University  of  Illinois  during  the 
years  1874  to  1886,  and  has  written  many  papers 
and  pamphlets,  among  which  are  "  The  Bacteria "' 
(Springfield,  1882)  and  the  "  Uredineae,  or  Para- 
sitic Fungi  of  Illinois  "  (Peoria,  1885). 

BURRINGTON,  Georg'e,  colonial  governor  of 
North  Carolina,  d.  in  1734.  He  was  appointed 
governor,  15  .Jan.,  1724,  because  his  father  had 
been  active  in  support  of  the  British  government 
at  the  accession  of  George  I.  Burrington  was  ig- 
norant and  profligate,  and  on  7  April,  1725,  was 
succeeded  by  Sir  Richard  Everard.  His  retirement 
angered  him  so  much  that  he  proceeded  to  make 
himself  disagreeable  to  Everard  in  various  ways, 
and  was  several  times  indicted  for  disorderly 
conduct,  once  for  knocking  loudly  on  the  new 
governor's  door,  calling  him  "  a  noodle  and  an 
ape,"  and  declaring  that  he  was  "  no  more  fit  to  be 
governor  than  Sancho  Panza."  Burrington  did 
not  appear  at  the  time  set  for  his  trial,  and  a  nolle 
prosequi  was  finally  entered  by  the  governor's  or- 
der. Burrington  left  the  colony,  and  in  1730, 
when  Everard  was  removed,  the  home  government, 
strangely  enough,  considering  his  previous  experi- 
ence, sent  him  out  again  as  governor  of  North 
Carolina.  He  arrived  in  February,  1731,  and  con- 
ducted himself  with  such  a  want  of  prudence  as  to 
increase  the  number  of  his  enemies.  Riding  across 
the  country  one  day,  and  observing  that  a  poor 
man  had  built  a  cabin  on  his  land,  the  governor 
ordered  his  servant  to  burn  the  cabin.  Finally, 
knowing  that  Smith,  late  chief  justice  of  the  colony, 
had  been  sent  to  England  by  the  council  to  com- 
plain of  him,  Burrington  left,  in  April,  1734,  osten- 
sibly on  a  visit  to  South  Carolina,  but  went  im- 
mediately to  England.  Some  time  after  this  he 
engaged  in  a  drunken  frolic  in  London,  and  was 
found  murdered  one  morning  in  St.  James's  park. 

BURRITT,  Eliliu,  refonner,  b.  in  New  Britain, 
Conn.,  8  Dec,  1810 ;  d.  there,  9  March,  1879.  He 
was  the  son  of  a  shoemaker,  was  educated  in  the 
common  schools  of  his  native  place,  and  in  1828, 
after  his  father's  death,  was  apprenticed  to  a 
blacksmith.  The  stories  of  the  old  revolutionary 
soldiers  who  came  to  his  father's  house  had  given 
him  a  desire  to  know  more  of  books,  and,  when  his 
apprenticeship  was  ended,  he  studied  Latin,  French, 
and  mathematics  with  his  brother,  the  principal  of 
a  small  boarding-school.  He  attempted  to  perform 
the  duties  of  a  teacher  as  a  means  of  support,  but 
poor  health  prevented  success.  He  returned  to  his 
forge,  still  continuing  his  studies,  often  watching 
the  castings  in  his  furnace  with  a  Greek  grammar 
in  his  hand.  After  beginning  the  study  of  He- 
brew, he  thought  of  going  to  sea  and  using  his 
wages  to  buy  oriental  books  at  the  first  port,  but 
gave  up  this  plan,  and,  going  to  Worcester,  Mass., 
resumed  work  at  the  anvil  and  the  study  of  Ian- 


Sfci 


guages,  for  which  the  antiquarian  library  there  gave 
him  special  facilities.  Here  he  translated  all  the 
Icelandic  sagas  relating  to  the  discovery  of  America, 
and  obtained  the  name  of  the  "  learned  blacksmith." 
In  1839  he  published  for  a  year  a  monthly  pe- 
riodical to  teach 
French,  called 
"  The  Literary 
Gemini."  Mr. 
Burritt  made  his 
first  public  ap- 
pearance in  1841 
as  a  lecturer, 
maintaining  the 
doctrine  that  all 
mental  attain- 
ments are  the 
result  of  persist- 
ent studv  and 
effort.  In  1842  he 
established  the 
"  Christian  Citi- 
zen" at  Worces- 
ter, a  weekly 
journal,  devoted 
to  anti-slavery, 
peace,  temper- 
ance, and  self- 
culture.  Four  years  later  he  went  to  Europe, 
and  during  a  visit  of  three  years  devoted  him- 
self to  co-operation  with  the  English  peace  advo- 
cates. During  this  time  also  he  developed  the 
basis  of  an  international  association  known  as  the 
League  of  universal  brotherhood,  which  aimed  at 
the  abolition  of  war  and  the  promotion  of  frater- 
nal relations  and  feelings  between  different  coun- 
tries. At  this  time  he  was  proprietor  and  editor 
of  the  "  Peace  Advocate,"  and  published  a  periodi- 
cal tract,  the  "  Bond  of  Brotherhood."  He  was 
prominent  in  orga,nizing  the  first  peace  congress, 
and  took  part  in  two  subsequent  congresses,  in 
1849  and  1850.  In  1852  he  became  editor  of  the 
"  Citizen  of  the  World,"  Philadelphia,  in  which  he 
urged  the  compensated  emancipation  of  southern 
slaves.  His  disappointment  at  the  failure  of  his 
project  was  great.  He  had  advocated  it  clearly 
and  forcibly,  and  to  its  advancement  had  devoted 
all  his  time  and  resources,  living  at  times  almost  in 
r.overty.  Mr.  Burritt  then  retired  to  a  small  farm 
which  he  owned  at  New  Britain.  He  made  a  brief 
visit  to  England  in  1863,  and  during  the  following 
two  years  he  published  three  new  books  and  several 
volumes  of  general  writings.  He  was  appointed 
U.  S.  consul  at  Birmingham  in  1865,  returned 
to  America  in  1870,  and  spent  the  remainder  of 
his  days  in  his  native  village.  He  published 
"  Sparks  from  the  Anvil "  (London,  1848) ;  ''  Mis- 
cellaneous Writings  "  (1850) ;  "  Olive  Leaves " 
(1853) ;  "  Thoughts  of  Things  at  Home  and  Abroad  " 
(Boston,  1854) ;  "  Hand-Book  of  the  Nations " 
(New  York,  1856) ;  "  A  Walk  from  John  O'Groat's 
to  Land's  End "  (London,  1864) ;  "  The  Mission 
of  Great  Sufferings  "  (1867) ;  "  Walks  in  the  Black 
Countrv  "  (1868) :  "  Lectures  and  Speeches  "  (1869) : 
"Ten  Minute  Talks"  (1873);  and  "Chips  from 
Manv  Blocks  "  (1878).  See  "  Life  of  Elihu  Burritt," 
by  Charles  Xorthend  (New  York,  1879). 

BURROUGHS,  Charles,  clergyman,  b.  in  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  27  Dec,  1787;  d.  in  Portsmouth,  N.  H., 
5  March,  1868.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
in  1806,  studied  theology,  was  ordained  a  priest 
of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  church  in  1812,  and 
was  rector  of  St.  John's  church,  Portsmouth  for 
nearly  half  a  century.  He  was  for  thirty  years 
president  of  the  New  Hampshire  insane  asylum ; 


470 


BURROUGHS 


BURRO  WES 


was  for  nearly  forty  years  annually  elected  presi- 
dent of  the  Portsmouth  athenaeum  ;  was  elected 
in  1842  corresponding  member  of  the  Massachu- 
setts historical  society,  and  was  president  of  the 
general  theological  library  of  Boston  from  its  es- 
tablishment until  his  death.  In  1838  the  degree 
of  D.  D.  was  conferred  upon  him  by  Columbia. 
He  published  "  Memoirs  of  Horace  B.  Morse " 
(1821))  and  "The  Poetry  of  Religion,  and  Other 
Poems  "(1851). 

BURROUGHS,  George,  clergyman,  b.  about 
1650 ;  d.  in  Salem,  Mass.,  19  Aug.,  1692.  He  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1670,  was  a  preacher  at 
Falmouth  (now  Portland),  Me.,  in  1676,  and  at 
Salem,  Mass.,  in  1680.  Here  he  remained  until 
1683,  when,  in  consequence  of  some  dispute,  he  re- 
turned to  Falmouth,  where  his  former  parishioners 
had  given  him  200  acres  of  land.  His  place  of 
residence  after  1690  is  not  certainly  known,  but  in 
1692  he  was  accused  of  witchcraft  in  Salem.  He 
was  brought  to  trial  on  5  Aug.,  and  it  was  declared 
in  the  indictment  that,  by  his  wicked  arts,  one 
Mary  Wolcott  "  was  tortured,  afflicted,  pined,  con- 
sumed, wasted,  and  tormented."  The  evidence 
against  him  was  derived  principally  from  the  "af- 
flicted persons  "  and  from  those  who  had  confessed 
that  they  were  witches.  These  latter  affirmed  that 
Burroughs  had  attended  witch-meetings  with  them, 
and  compelled  them  to  the  snares  of  witchcraft. 
Burroughs  possessed  great  physical  strength,  and 
this  fact  was  used  against  him.  Just  after  his  ar- 
rest, as  the  constables  were  taking  him  through  a 
wood,  there  had  been  a  violent  thunder-storm,  and 
this,  in  the  minds  of  the  judges,  was  additional 
proof  of  his  connection  with  the  evil  one.  He 
was  condemned  to  death.  It  is  thought  that  his 
conviction  was  the  indirect  result  of  the  prejudice 
that  had  been  excited  against  him  in  Salem  while 
he  was  pastor  there.  At  the  execution  he  repeated 
without  mistake  the  Lord's  prayer,  which,  it  was 
said,  could  not  be  done  by  a  witch.  He  moved 
many  to  tears  by  his  last  words ;  but  Cotton 
Mather,  who  was  sitting  on  horseback  in  the  crowd, 
reminded  the  people  that  the  devil  often  appeared 
as  an  angel  of  light.  Burroughs  was  the  only  cler- 
gyman that  suffered  during  the  reign  of  this  re- 
markable delusion.  A  list  of  works  referring  to 
him  may  be  found  in  Sprague's  "  Annals  of  the 
American  Pulpit." 

BURROUGHS,  John,  author,  b.  in  Roxbury, 
N.  Y.,  3  April,  1837.  He  is  the  son  of  a  farmer, 
and,  after  receiving  an  academic  education,  taught 
school  eight  or  nine  years.  He  was  a  clerk  in  the 
treasury  department  at  Washington  from  1864 
till  1873,  and  was  then  appointed  receiver  of  the 
Wallkill  national  bank  in  Middletown,  N.  Y.  He 
settled  on  a  farm  in  Esopus,  N.  Y..  in  1874.  giving 
his  time  to  literature  and  fruit-culture,  except  the 
months  when  his  duties  as  bank-examiner  called 
him  away.  He  has  contributed  largely  to  period- 
icals, writing  mainly  upon  rural  themes.  His  books 
are  "  Walt  Whitman  as  Poet  and  Person  "  (New 
York,  1867);  "  Wake  Robin  "  (Boston,  1871) ;  "  Win- 
ter Sunshine"  (1875);  "Birds  and  Poets"  (1877); 
"Locusts  and  Wild  Honey"  (1879);  "Pepacton" 
(1881);  "Fresh  Fields"  (1884);  "Signs  and  Sea- 
sons" (1886);  "Indoor  Studies "(1889y;  "  Riverby  " 
(1894) ;  and  "  Whitman,  a  Studv  "  (Boston,  1896). 

BURROUGHS,  John  Curtis,  educator,  b.  in 
Stamford,  Delaware  co.,  N.  Y.,  7  Dec,  1818  ;  d.  in 
Chicago,  111..  21  April,  1892.  He  was  graduated 
at  Yale  in  1842  and  at  Madison  theological 
seminary  in  1846.  After  preaching  one  year  in 
Waterford,  N.  Y.,  he  was  pastor  of  the  Baptist 
church  in  West  Troy  for  five  years,  and  in  1852 


assumed  the  pastorate  of  the  1st  Baptist  church 
of  Chicago.  In  1855  he  began  a  movement  in  the 
interests  of  higher  education,  which  resulted  in 
the  establishment,  in  1857,  of  the  university  of 
Chicago.  In  1855  Dr.  Burroughs  declined  the 
presidency  of  Shurtleff  college,  but  in  1856  he 
accepted  the  presidency  of  the  University  of  Chi- 
cago, which  he  resigned  in  1874.  Soon  afterward 
he  was  appointed  a  member  of  the  Chicago  board 
of  education,  and  in  1884  he  was  elected  assistant 
superintendent  of  public  schools  in  that  city.  He 
received  the  degree  of  I).  D.  in  1858  from  the  Uni- 
versity of  Rochester,  and  in  1869  that  of  LL.  D. 
from  Madison  university. 

BURROUGHS,  Stephen,  adventurer,  b.  in 
Hanover.  N.  H.,  in  1765;  d.  in  Three  Rivers, 
Canada,  28  Jan.,  1840.  He  was  the  son  of  a  Con- 
gregational clergyman,  and  early  gained  the  repu- 
tation of  the  worst  boy  in  town.  He  ran  away 
when  fourteen  years  old  and  joined  the  army,  but 
deserted  and  soon  afterward  entered  Dartmouth, 
where  he  engaged  in  all  sorts  of  mischief.  He  left 
college  secretly  before  the  end  of  his  course,  went 
to  sea  as  a  privateersman,  and  then  figured  as 
ship's  physician.  Returning  to  land,  he  became  a 
school-master,  and  then,  assuming  the  name  of 
Davis,  took  charge  of  a  Congregational  church  at 
Pelham,  Mass.  He  preached  there  six  months 
without  detection,  but  was  then  discovered,  and 
shortly  afterward  arrested  in  Springfield,  Mass.,  for 
passing  counterfeit  money.  He  was  convicted  and 
imprisoned  at  Northampton,  where,  after  numer- 
ous unsuccessful  attempts  to  escape,  he  set  fire  to 
the  jail  and  was  then  removed  to  Castle  island, 
Boston  harbor.  Even  from  this  place  he  escaped, 
but  was  recaptured  and  served  out  his  term.  He 
then  went  to  Canada,  where  he  was  for  yeai's  the 
head  of  a  gang  of  counterfeiters.  Later  in  life  he 
reformed,  imited  with  the  Roman  Catholic  church, 
and  supported  himself  by  educating  the  sons  of 
wealthy  Canadians  at  his  home,  where  he  had  a 
valuable  libi'ary.  He  was  successful  as  a  teacher, 
beloved  by  his  pupils,  and  respected  by  all,  not- 
withstanding his  career.  His  charitable  deeds 
were  many,  even  in  the  worst  part  of  his  life.  He 
published  "  Memoirs  of  Mv  Own  Life  "  (Albanv, 
1811;  Philadelphia,  1848).  ' 

BURROWES,  Georg-e,  educator,  b.  in  Trenton, 
N.  J.,  3  April,  1811 :  d.  ui  San  Francisco.  19  April, 
1894.  Ho  was  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1832, 
and  took  a  three  years'  course  in  the  theological 
senunary  there,  also  acting  as  tutor.  He  was  or- 
dained by  New  Castle  presbytery,  13  Dec.  1836, 
preached  at  West  Nottingham,  Md.,  from  1836  till 
1850,  and  for  the  next  five  years  was  ])rofessor  of 
Latin  and  Greek  at  Lafayette  college,  Easlun.  Pa. 
He  preached  at  Newton,  "Pa.,  from  1857  till  1859, 
when  he  removed  to  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  and  was 
the  founder  there  of  City  college,  now  University 
college.  He  began  this  work  under  the  direction  of 
the  Presbyterian  board  of  education  in  November, 
1859.  with  four  pupils  and  not  a  dollar  of  property. 
When  he  left,  on  account  of  broken  health,  in  1865, 
the  institution  numbered  200  pupils  and  ten  teach- 
ers and  owned  property  valued  at  $200,000.  He 
was  again  professor  in  Lafayette  college  from  1865 
till  1869,  when  he  returned  to  California  and  es- 
tablished a  large  school  at  University  Mound,  three 
miles  from  San  Francisco,  remaining  its  principal 
till  1873.  He  became  professor  of  Hebrew  at  the 
Presbyterian  tlii'ological  seminary,  San  Francisco, 
in  1872,  and  in  1S75  was  given  the  chair  of  Greek 
exegesis.  Washington  college,  Pa.,  gave  him  the 
degree  of  I).  D.  in  1853.  He  has  contributed  to 
periodical  literature,  and  has  published  a  "  Com- 


BURROWS 


BURTON 


471 


mentary  on  the  Song  of  Solomon  "  (Philadelphia, 
1853) ;  "  Octorara,  a  Poem,  and  Occasional  Pieces  " 
(1855) ;  and  "  Advanced  Growth  in  Grace  "  (San 
Francisco,  1885). 

BURROWS,  William,  naval  officer,  b.  in 
Kensington,  now  part  of  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  6  Oct., 
1785;  d.  near  Portland.  Me.,  5  Sept.,  1813.  He 
was  the  son  of  Lieut.-Ool.  Burrows,  formerly  com- 
mandant of  the  marine  corps,  and  received  a  mid- 
shipman's warrant  in  November,  1799,  joining  the 
"  Portsmouth,"  bound  for  France,  in  January,  1800. 
He  joined  the  "  Constitution  "  in  1803.  and  Com. 
Preble,  taking  a  fancy  to  him,  made  him  acting 
lieutenant,  in  which  rank  he  served  through  the 
Tripolitan  war.  He  returned  to  this  country  in 
1807,  and  in  1808  commanded  gun-boat  119,  on  the 


Delaware,  enforcing  the  embargo  law.  In  1809  he 
became  first  lieutenant  of  the  "  Hornet,"  and,  find- 
ing himself  outranked  by  his  former  juniors,  ten- 
dered his  resignation  to  See,  Hamilton,  but  it  was 
not  accepted.  After  a  furlough  of  about  a  year, 
during  which  he  made  a  voyage  to  India,  he  was 
ordered  to  the  command  of  the  sloop  "Enterprise, 
of  fourteen  guns.  He  still  intended  to  resign,  but 
decided  to  serve  through  the  war.  The  "  Enter- 
prise "  sailed  from  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  on  1  Sept., 
1813,  and  on  5  Sept.  fell  in  with  the  British  brig 
"  Boxer,"  twelve  guns,  off  Portland,  Me.,  and  cap- 
tured her  after  an  action  of  forty-five  minutes. 
Burrows,  and  Capt.  Blythe,  of  the  "  Boxer,"  both 
fell  at  the  beginning  of  the  action.  Blythe  was 
cut  in  two  by  a  chain-shot,  but  Burrows,  though 
mortally  wounded,  lived  long  enough  to  receive 
the  surrender  of  his  adversary.  The  commanders 
were  buried  side  by  side  in  Portland,  and  congress 
voted  a  gold  medal  to  Burrows's  nearest  male  rela- 
tive.    The  engraving  is  a  view  of  their  graves. 

BURT,  Armistead,  speaker  of  the  house  of 
representatives,  b.  in  Edgefield  District,  S.  C,  16 
Nov.,  1802 ;  d.  in  Abl)eville,  S.  C,  30  Oct.,  1883.  His 
father  removed  to  Pendleton,  S.  C,  in  1810.  Young 
Burt  received  a  classical  education,  studied  law, 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  He  moved  to  Abbe- 
ville in  1828,  and  practised  law  there  until  his 
death.  He  was  elected  to  congress  as  a  Calhoun 
democrat,  and  served  from  1843  till  1853.  In  1848, 
during  the  absence  of  the  speaker,  Robert  C.  Win- 
throp,  Mr.  Burt  was  speaker  pro  tempore.  During 
the  civil  war  he  was  strongly  in  sympathy  with 
the  Confederate  government,  but  held  no  office. 
He  was  a  delegate  to  the  New  York  democratic 
convention  of  1868. 

BURT,  Nathaniel  Clark,  clergvman,  b.  in 
Fairton,  N.  J.,  23  April,  1825 ;  d.  in  Rome,  Italy,  4 
March,  1874.  He  was  graduated  at  Princeton  in 
1846,  and  took  a  three  years'  course  in  the  theo- 
logical seminary  there.  He  was  ordained  by  the 
Miami  presbytery  on  1  Nov.,  1850,  and,  after  a  five 
years'  pastorate  at  Springfield,  Ohio,  was  called  to 


the  Franklin  street  Presbyterian  church  in  Balti- 
more in  1855,  and  in  1860  to  the  7th  Presbyterian 
church  in  Cincinnati.  He  spent  most  of  the  years 
1866  and  1867  in  travel  abroad  for  his  health,  vis- 
iting Europe,  Egypt,  and  Palestine,  where  his  in- 
vestigations added  much  to  our  knowledge  of  the 
localities  and  sites  of  places  mentioned  in  the 
Scriptures.  He  was  at  last  compelled  by  failing 
health  to  give  up  his  pastorate,  and  was  president 
of  the  Ohio  female  college  from  1868  till  1870,  when 
he  was  forced  to  resign  this  office  also,  and  spent 
the  rest  of  his  life  in  southern  Europe.  Here  he 
undertook  the  care  of  young  ladies  who  wished  to 
finish  their  educationr  abroad,  spending  his  winters 
in  Rome,  Dresden,  or  Nice,  and  making  excursions 
to  the  principal  cities  of  the  continent.  Dart- 
mouth gave  him  the  degree  of  D.  D.  in  1861.  Dr. 
Burt  wrote  nuich  for  religious  periodicals,  and 
published  "  Hours  among  the  Gospels"  (Philadel-* 
l)liia,  1865);  "The  Far  East"  (Cincinnati,  1867); 
and  "  The  Land  and  its  Story  "  (New  York,  1869). 

BURT,  W^illiam  A.,  surveyor,  b,  in  Worcester, 
Mass.,  13  June,  1792;  d.  18  Aug.,  1858.  He  re- 
ceived a  good  education,  was  for  some  years  an  en- 
gineer in  Erie  co.,  N.  Y.,  settled  near  Detroit, 
IMich.,  in  1824,  and  served  several  terms  in  the  ter- 
ritorial council.  He  became  U.  S.  deputy  sur- 
veyor, and  in  1840-'7  surveyed  northern  Michigan. 
He  originated  the  idea  of  the  solar  compass,  and 
was  awarded  a  prize  medal  for  it  in  1851  at  the 
London  industrial  exhibition.  He  also  introduced 
important  improvements  in  geological  surveying, 
and  in  1856  patented  an  equatorial  sextant,  but  died 
before  bringing  it  to  perfection.  He  was  a  judge  of 
the  Michigan  circuit  court  and  member  of  the  leg- 
islature for  several  terms,  and  was  chief  mover  in 
the  construction  of  the  Saute  Ste.  Marie  canal. 

BURTON,  Asa,  clergvman,  b.  in  Stonington, 
Conn.,  25  Aug.,  1752;  d.  "in  Thetford,  Vt.,  1  May, 
1836.  His  parents  removed  to  Preston,  Conn.,  in 
his  infancy,  and  in  his  fourteenth  year  to  Norwich, 
Vt.,  where  for  the  next  six  years  he  aided  his 
father  in  clearing  the  land  for  cultivation.  It  is 
said  that  he  was  one  of  a  few  that  cut  away  the 
forest-trees  from  the  spot  where  the  Dartmouth 
college  buildings  now  stand.  Somewhat  against 
his  father's  will  he  entered  Dartmouth  soon  after 
its  foundation,  and  was  graduated  in  1777.  Dur- 
ing his  course  the  students  were  frequently  on 
guard  all  night,  fearing  attacks  from  hostile  Indi- 
ans or  tories  of  the  neighboring  province.  He  re- 
mained at  college  after  graduation,  reading  theol- 
ogy, and  in  August  or  September,  1777,  with  what 
would  now  be  thought  absurdly  little  preparation, 
was  licensed  to  preach.  After  officiating  in  vari- 
ous towns  and  continuing  his  studies  he  was  or- 
dained, 19  Jan.,  1779,  as  j^astor  of  the  Congrega- 
tional church  at  Thetford,  Vt.,  whei'e  he  remained 
more  than  fifty  years.  During  the  first  years  of 
his  ministry  there  was  no  church  building  in  Thet- 
ford, but  services  were  held  in  private  dwellings  in 
winter  and  in  barns  in  summer.  Besides  dis- 
charging his  duties  as  minister,  Mr.  Burton  taught 
a  singing-school  for  two  years  that  the  church  mu- 
sic might  be  improved.  In  1804  he  received  the 
degree  of  D.  D.  from  Middlebury  college.  Dr.  Bur- 
ton was  noted  as  a  theological  teacher,  and  from 
1786  till  1816  trained  about  sixty  young  men  for 
the  ministry.  His  congregation  gave  him  a  col- 
league in  1825,  and  after  1831  Dr.  Burton  retii-ed 
altogether  from  his  labors.  He  published  many 
occasional  sermons  and  "  Essays  on  some  of  the 
First  Principles  of  Metaphysics,  Ethics,  and  The- 
ology "  (Portland,  Me.,  1824).  A  memoir  of  him 
has  been  published  by  Thomas  Adams. 


472 


BURTON 


BURTON 


BURTON,  Henry  S.,  soldier,  b.  in  New  York 
in  1818 ;  d.  in  Fort  Adams,  Newport,  R.  I.,  4  April, 
1869.  He  was  appointed  to  the  U.  S.  military 
academy  from  Vermont,  was  graduated  in  1839, 
and  served  as  second  lieutenant  of  the  3d  artillery 
in  the  Florida  war  from  1839  till  1842.  He  was 
made  first  lieutenant,  11  Nov.,  1839,  and  was  an 
assistant  instructor  at  West  Point  from  16  June, 
1843,  till  5  Aug.,  1846.  He  served  in  the  Mexican 
war  as  lieutenant-colonel  of  New  York  volunteers, 
distinguished  himself  by  his  defence  of  La  Paz. 
Lower  California,  and  was  also  engaged  at  Todos 
Santos.  He  was  made  captain,  22  Sept.,  1847,  and 
remained  in  California  on  duty  in  various  forts 
most  of  the  time  till  1862,  when,  having  been  pro- 
moted to  major  on  14  May,  1861,  he  had  charge  of 
the  prisoners  of  war  at  Fort  Delaware  until  Sep- 
tember, 1863.  He  was  made  colonel  of  the  5th  ar- 
tillery, 11  Aug.,  1863,  and  commanded  the  artillery 
reserve  of  the  army  of  the  Potomac  from  January 
1ill  May,  1864.  He  was  inspector  of  artillery  in 
the  Richmond  campaign,  and  held  the  same  office 
in  the  department  of  the  east  fi'om  7  Sept.  till  2 
Dec,  1864,  when  he  became  a  member  of  the  retir- 
ing board,  and  served  there  till  15  May,  1865.  He 
was  brevetted  brigadier-general,  U.  S.  army,  13 
March,  1865,  for  services  at  the  capture  of  Peters- 
burg, and  commanded  his  regiment,  stationed  in 
various  forts,  for  the  remainder  of  his  life.  From 
October,  1868,  till  March,  1869,  he  was  member  of 
a  court-martial  in  New  York  city. 

BURTON,  Napier  Christie,  British  soldier,  b. 
in  America  in  1759  ;  d.  in  England  in  January, 
1835.  He  entered  the  service  in  August,  1775,  as 
ensign  of  the  22d  regiment,  and  was  made  captain 
in  September.  He  served  in  the  Jerseys  during  the 
winter  of  1779-'80,  in  the  actions  of  Elizabethtown 
and  Springfield  in  1780,  went  to  Portsmouth,  Va., 
in  August,  and  thence  to  South  Carolina.  He  was 
engaged  in  the  affairs  of  the  Catawba  and  Yadkin, 
in  the  battles  of  Guilford  and  Cross  Creek,  and 
was  taken  prisoner  at  Yorktown.  He  was  made 
lieutenant-colonel  in  1789,  served  in  Flanders,  and 
was  appointed  lieutenant-governor  of  Upper  Cana- 
da in  1799.  He  became  lieutenant-general,  1  Jan., 
1805,  general,  4  June,  1814,  and  from  1796  till  1806 
was  incinlicr  of  parliament  for  Beverley. 

BURTON,  Ralph,  British  soldier,  d.  in  1768. 
He  was  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  48tli  foot,  and 
was  wounded  at  Braddock's  defeat.  He  com- 
manded the  3d  brigade  in  the  expedition  against 
Louisburg  in  1758,  was  wounded  at  the  capture  of 
<5uebec,  and  commanded  the  reserve  on  the  Plains 
of  Abraham.  He  was  made  lieutenant-governor  of 
Quebec,  brigadier-general  in  1760,  and  major-gen- 
eral, 10  July,  1762.  In  Gen.  Murray's  operations 
at  the  reduction  of  Montreal  he  commanded  the 
1st  brigade. 

BURTON,  Robert,  soldier,  b.  in  Mecklenburg 
CO.,  Va.,  in  1747 ;  d.  in  Granville  co.,  N.  C,  in  1825. 
He  was  a  planter,  removed  to  Granville  about 
1775,  and  served  in  the  revolutionary  army,  attain- 
ing the  rank  of  colonel.  From  1787  till"  1788  he 
was  a  member  of  congress  under  the  confederation. 
In  1801  he  was  a  member  of  a  commission  to  fix  the 
boundary  between  the  Carolinas  and  Georgia. 

BURTON,  Warren,  author,  b.  in  Wilton,  N.  H., 
13  Nov.,  1800;  d.  in  Salem,  Mass.,  6  June,  1866. 
Having  attended  the  district  school  of  his  native 
town,  he  prepared  himself  for  Harvard,  and  was 
graduated  there  in  1821.  After  teaching  for  some 
time,  he  entered  the  Cambridge  theological  school, 
and,  on  5  March,  1828,  was  ordained  at  East  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.,  but,  after  a  brief  ministry,  devoted 
himself  to  objects  of   reform,  still  continuing  to 


preach  occasionally.  He  was  a  minister  at  large 
in  Boston  from  1844  till  1848,  chaplain  of  the 
Worcester  prison  in  1849,  to  the  state  senate  in  1852, 
to  the  house  in  1858  and  1860,  and  to  the  state  con- 
vention in  1853.  He  labored  to  promote  true  cul- 
ture, to  raise  the  condition  of  schools,  and  especially 
to  secure  universal  attention  to  the  sphere  of  home 
education,  by  lectures,  meetings  for  discussion,  and 
through  the  newspaper  press.  His  publications  are 
"  Cheering  Views  of  Man  and  Providence  "  ;  "  My 
Religious  Experience  at  my  Native  Home  "  (1829) ; 
"Essay  on  thi'  Dinne  Agency  in  the  Material  Uni- 
verse," maintaining  the  immediate  activity  of  the 
Creator  in  all  his  w  -rks  (1834) ;  "  Uncle  Sam's 
Recommendations  .f  Phrenology"  (New  York, 
1842) ;  "  District  School  as  it  was  "  (Boston,  1850, 
republished  in  England) ;  "  Helps  to  Education  in 
the  Homes  of  Our  Country"  (1863);  "Discipline 
of  the  Observing  Faculties"  (New  York,  1865); 
"  Scenery  Showing,  or  W  rd-Paintings  of  the 
Beautiful,  Picturesque,  and  Grand  in  Nature  " ;  be- 
sides articles  in  annuals  and  periodicals. 

BURTON,  William  Erans,  actor,  b.  in  Lon- 
don, England,  24  Sept.,  1804 ;  d.  in  New  York,  10 
Feb.,  1860.  His  father,  George  Burton,  was  the 
author  of  "  Biblical  Researches "  and  other  writ- 
ings, and  was  likewise  a  printer.  Burton  was  a 
pupil  at  St.  Paul's  school  in  his  native  city,  an  in- 
stitution associated  also  with  the  dramatic  names 
of  Elliston  and  Mathews.  At  the  age  of  eighteen, 
in  consequence  of  the  death  of  his  father,  the  youth 
was  called  to  take  charge  of  the  printing-office ; 
and  also  to  be  the  main-stay  of  a  widowed  mother. 
His  first  effort  was  to  establish  a  monthly  magazine. 
The  attempt  was  a  failure,  but  it  brought  him 
theatrical  acquaintances,  and  under  their  influence 
he  presently  drifted  toward  the  stage.  The  first 
step,  as  usual,  was  to  join  an  amateur  dramatic 
society,  and  it  is  said  that  about  this  time  he  gave 
a  performance  of  "  Hamlet "  somewhere  on  the 
Strand.  In  1825  he  was  associated  with  a  provin- 
cial company  acting  at  Norwich,  and  elsewhere  in 
England,  and  he  played  low  comedy.  His  aspira- 
tions at  the  start  were  for  the  tragic,  and  it  is 
known  that  late  in  life  he  still  at  times  entertained 
the  fancy  that  nature  had  intended  him  to  be  a 
tragedian.  This  is  a  peculiarity  of  mental  bias  by 
no  means  unusual 
with  actors  ;  and  it 
is  furthermore  to 
be  observed  that,  in 
actual  experience, 
tragic  actors  are 
often  found  to  be 
cheerful,  and  even 
hilarious,  as  private 
individuals,  while 
comedians  are  ex- 
tremely apt  to  prove 
serious,pensive,  and 
even  melancholy. 
Burton  was  one  of 
the  funniest  crea- 
tures that  ever  lived, 
but  his  interior  na- 
ture was  thoughtful 
and  saturnine.  He 
thought,  felt,  and 
understood  trag- 
edy, but  when  he 
came  to  act,  he  was  all  comedian.  At  the  outset  of 
his  career  he  led  the  usual  life  of  an  itinei'ant  actor. 
There  is  a  tradition  that  in  the  course  of  his  wan- 
derings he  once  played  before  George  IV.  at  Wind- 
sor.    His  first  professional  appearance  in  London 


jMJd^ 


BURTON 


BURY 


473 


was  made,  in  1831,  at  the  Pavilion  theatre,  as 
Wormwood  in  "  Tlie  Lottery  Ticlcet,"'  in  which 
part  he  was  much  admired,  and  which  he  then 
acted  there  upward  of  fifty  consecutive  times. 
Liston  was  then  the  reigning  favorite  in  London 
(Munden,  wlio  died  in  1832,  being  in  decadence), 
and  next  to  Liston  stood  John  Reeve,  upon  whom 
it  is  thought  that  the  earlier  style  of  Burton  was 
in  a  measure  founded.  In  1832  Burton  obtained  a 
chance  to  show  his  talents  at  the  Haymarket — Lis- 
ton having  temporarily  withdrawn  in  a  pet — and 
there  he  played  Marall  to  Edmund  Kean  as  Sir  Giles 
Overreach,and  Mrs,  Glover  as  Meg  in  "  A  New  Way 
to  Pay  Old  Debts,"  a  circumstance  which  he  always 
remembered,  and  often  mentioned  with  pride  and 
pleasure.  His  talents  as  a  writer  likewise  dis- 
played themselves  at  an  early  age.  In  May,  1833, 
a  play  from  his  pen,  called  "  Ellen  Wareham,"  was 
first  presented,  and  it  is  mentioned  that  this  piece 
had  the  somewhat  unusual  fortune  of  being  acted 
at  five  difl:"erent  theatres  of  London  on  the  same 
evening.  In  1834  he  came  to  the  United  States, 
making  his  first  appearance  in  this  country  on 
3  Sept.  at  the  Arch  street  theatre,  Philadelphia,  as 
Dr.  Ollapod  and  Wormwood.  In  that  city  he  re- 
mained for  four  years,  acting  in  many  old  standard 
plays,  and  continually  advancing  in  the  public 
favor.  On  31  Oct.,  1837,  he  made  his  advent  in 
New  York  at  the  National  theatre  in  Leonard 
street,  enacting  Guy  Goodluck  in  "John  Jones." 
The  theatre  was  under  the  management  of  James 
W.  Wallack,  and  this  ])c'rf()rmance  was  given  for 
the  benefit  of  Samuel  Wdodwortli,  author  of  "The 
Old  Oaken  Bucket."  Burton  began  a  star  engage- 
ment there  on  4  Feb.,  1839,  as  Billy  Lackaday  in 
"  Sweethearts  and  Wives."  It  was  not  until  1848, 
however,  that  he  finally  settled  in  New  York,  as  a 
manager.  On  10  July  of  that  year  he  opened  his 
theatre  in  Chambers  street  (it  had  been  Palmo's 
opera-house,  built  in  1842),  and  from  that  time  for 
eight  years  he  was  the  leader  of  the  dramatic  pro- 
fession in  the  United  States.  His  theatrical  com- 
pany included,  first  and  last.  John  Brougham, 
William  Rufus  Blake,  Henry  Placide,  John  Lester 
Wallack,  George  Jordan,  Humphrey  Bland,  George 
Barrett,  T.  B.  Johnston,  John  Dyott,  Charles  Fish- 
er, Lysander  Thompson,  George  Holland,  C.  W. 
Clarke,  W.  H.  Norton.  Charles  IMathews,  Daniel  E. 
Setchell,  Mary  Devlin  (afterward  the  first  wife  of 
Edwin  Booth),  Mrs.  Russell  (afterward  Mrs.  Hoey), 
Lizzie  Weston  (afterward  Mrs.  A.  H.  Davenport, 
and  finally  Mrs.  C.  Mathews),  Mrs.  Hughes  (after- 
ward wife  of  John  Brougham),  Mrs.  Skerrett,  Mrs. 
Hough,  Mrs.  Rea,  Miss  Raymond,  Miss  Agnes 
Robertson  (afterward  wife  of  Dion  Boucicault), 
Miss  Malvina  Pray  (afterward  Mrs.  W.  J.  Florence), 
Fanny  Wallack,  Miss  Chapman,  and  Mary  Taylor. 
Burton  revived  "  Twelfth  Night,"  and  other  Shake- 
spearian comedies  in  a  luxurious  style,  and  pro- 
duced a  great  variety  of  plays  in  the  best  possible 
manner.  The  story  of  Burton's  Chambers  street 
theatre,  indeed,  is  one  of  the  brightest  passages  in 
the  chronicle  of  the  American  stage.  The  stock  sys- 
tem was  maintained,  and  every  detail  of  the  work 
was  planned  and  accomplished  with  sedulous  care. 
Here  it  was  that  Burton  made  brilliant  and  mem- 
orable hits  as  Sir  Toby  Belch,  Capt.  Cuttle  (with 
John  Brougham  as  Bunsby  and  as  Bagstock),  Job 
Thornbury,  Micawber,  Sam  Weller,  Bottom,  Lord 
Duberly,  Mr.  Toodles  (fii-st  given  Oct.  2,  1848), 
Jeremiah  Clip,  Touchstone,  Aminidab  Sleek,  Cali- 
ban, Autolycus,  and  Falstaff.  Burton  acted  Fal- 
stafE  in  the  "  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor  "  ;  never  in 
"  Henry  IV."  This  enumeration,  although  it  gives 
but  a  few  of  the  characters  in  which  he  was  pre- 


eminently fine,  and  in  which  he  became  widely 
famous,  may  serve  to  indicate  the  direction  and  the 
range  of  his  faculties.  The  Chambers  street  theatre 
was  closed  on  0  Sept.,  1856,  and  the  comedian  then 
opened  the  Metropolitan,  which  afterward  became 
Winter  Garden ;  but  he  did  not  luxuriantly  pros- 
per in  the  new  house,  and  in  1858  he  gave  it  itp 
and  reverted  to  "  starring."  His  last  appearance  in 
New  York  was  made,  on  15  Oct.,  1859,  at  Niblo's 
Garden,  where,  for  his  benefit,  afternoon  and  night, 
he  played  Mr.  Toodles,  Mr.  Sudden,  Toby  Tramp, 
and  Micawber.  His  last  performance  on  any  stage 
occurred  on  16  Dec,  1859,  at  Mechanics'  Hall, 
Hamilton,  Canada,  where  he  acted  Aminidab  Sleek 
and  Goodluck  in  "  The  Serious  Family  "  and  "  John 
Jones."  The  former  pa.rt  was  acted  by  Burton  600 
times,  and  Mr.  Toodles  was  acted  by  him  640  times, 
in  the  course  of  his  professional  career.  His  affec- 
tionate and  reverent  biographer,  William  L.  Keese, 
whose  "Life  of  Burton"  was  published  in  New 
York  in  1885,  enumerates  184  characters  with  which 
the  great  comedian's  name  was  prominently  associ- 
ated. Burton  wrote  several  works,  "The  Actor's 
Ailoquy  "  and  "  Waggeries  and  Vagaries  "  among 
the  rest,  edited  the  "  Literary  Souvenir "  in  1838 
and  1840.  established  "The  Gentleman's  Maga- 
zine "  in  New  York  in  1837,  of  which  periodical  for 
a  short  time  in  1840  Edgar  Allan  Poe  was  assistant 
editor,  and  published  a  "Cyclopaedia  of  Wit  and 
Humor  "  (2  vols..  New  York,  1858).  He  collected  a 
magnificent  library,  especially  rich  in  Shakespeare- 
an literature.  He  was  twice  married,  and  left  a 
widow  and  three  daughters.  He  was  buried  in 
Greenwood  cemetery. 

BURTT,  John,  poet,  b.  in  Riccarton,  Ayrshire, 
Scotland,  26  May,  1789;  d.  in  Salem,  N.  J.,  24 
March,  1866.  He  lost  his  mother  when  a  child, 
and  went  to  live  with  his  grandmother.  After  at- 
tending school  and  becoming  a  good  classical 
scholar,  he  was  sent  to  learn  the  weaver's  trade,  but 
soon  returned  to  his  books.  When  sixteen  years 
old  he  fell  into  the  hands  of  a  press-gang,  and 
served  five  years  in  the  Royal  navy  as  a  common 
sailor.  He  then  escaped,  opened  a  school  at  Kil- 
marnock, and  in  1816  went  to  Glasgow,  where  he 
attended  medical  lectures  at  the  university.  He 
came  to  the  United  States  in  1817,  and  in  1822  en- 
tered Princeton  theological  seminary,  where  he  re- 
mained nearly  a  year.  He  then  acted  as  a  domes- 
tic missionary  at  Trenton  and  Philadelphia,  was 
ordained  by  the  presbytery  of  the  latter  place  on  8 
June,  1824,  and  became  pastor  of  a  church  at  Sa- 
lem, N.  J.,  where  he  remained  till  1830.  He  be- 
came editor  of  the  Philadelphia  "  Presbyterian  "  in 
1831,  and  of  the  Cincinnati  "  Standard  "  in  1833,. 
and  from  1835  till  1842  was  pastor  of  the  5th 
church  in  the  latter  city.  He  supplied  the  pulpit 
of  a  church  in  Blackwoodtown,  N.  J.,  from  1842 
till  1859,  and  in  the  latter  year  retired  to  Salem, 
N.  J.,  where  he  remained  until  his  death.  Mr. 
Burtt  began  to  write  poetry  while  he  was  a  sailor, 
and  continued  to  do  so  throughout  his  life.  A 
collection  of  his  verses  was  published  before  he 
came  to  this  country  (Glasgow,  1817),  and  was  re- 
published, with  additions,  imder  the  title  "  Horae 
Poetica?"  (Bridgeton,  N.  J.,  1819).  See  Wilson's 
"  Poets  and  Poetry  of  Scotland  "  (New  York,  1876). 

BURY,  William  Coutts  Keppel,  Viscount, 
British  official,  b.  in  1832.  He  is  a  son  of  the  earl 
of  Albemarle,  who  is  one  of  the  few  survivors  of 
the  battle  of  Waterloo,  was  educated  at  Eton,  and 
entered  the  Scots  fusilier  guards  in  1849.  He  af- 
terward went  to  India  as  aide-de-camp  to  Lord  F. 
Fitz-Clarence,  and  in  1854  was  nominated  civil 
secretary  and  supei'intendent-general  of  Indian  af- 


474 


BUSH 


BUSHNELL 


fairs  for  the  province  of  Canada.  He  entered  par- 
liament in  1857,  and  was  appointed  treasurer  of 
the  Royal  household  on  the  return  of  Lord  Palmer- 
ston  to  office  in  1859.  In  1876  he  was  summoned  to 
the  house  of  peers  in  his  father's  barony  of  Ash- 
ford,  and  was  appointed  Under-secretary  of  state 
for  war  in  succession  to  Lord  Cadogan  in  March, 
1878,  and  held  that  office  until  the  Conservatives 
lost  control  of  the  government  in  1880.  He  mar- 
ried a  daughter  of  Sir  Alan  Napier  MacNab,  so 
long  p'rominent  in  Canada.  In  1879  Lord  Bury 
entered  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  and  in  1885 
he  visited  the  United  States.  He  is  the  author  of 
a  history  of  American  colonization,  entitled  "  Exo- 
dus of  the  Western  Nations  "  (London,  1865) ;  "  A 
Report  on  the  Condition  of  the  Indians  of  British 
North  America,"  and  other  historical  papers. 

BUSH,  George,  theologian,  b.  in  Norwich,  Vt., 
12  June,  1796 ;  d.  in  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  19  Sept.,  1859. 
He  was  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1818,  studied 
theology  at  Princeton,  was  a  tutor  there  in  1823-'4, 
was  ordained  in  the  Presbyterian  ministry,  spent 
four  years  as  a  missionary  in  Indiana,  and  in  1831 
became  professor  of  Hebrew  and  oriental  litera- 
ture in  the  university  of  New  York.  He  pub- 
lished a  "  Life  of  Mohammed  "  (New  York,  1832), 
and  a  "Treatise  on  the  Millennium"  (1833),  in 
which  he  maintained  that  that  period  was  the  time 
when  Christianity  supplanted  Roman  paganism. 
He  also  published  a  "  Bible  Atlas,"  "  Illustrations 
from  the  Scriptures,"  a  "  Hebrew  Grammar,"  and 
commentaries  on  Exodus  and  other  books  of  the 
Old  Testament.  In  1844  he  published  a  monthly 
magazine  called  "  Hierophant,"  devoted  to  the  elu- 
cidation of  scriptural  prophecies.  The  same  year 
he  issued,  in  New  York,  a  work  entitled  "  Anas- 
tasis,"  in  which  he  opposed  the  doctrine  of  the  literal 
resurrection  of  the  body.  Attacks  upon  this  work, 
which  attracted  much  attention,  he  answered  in 
^'  The  Resurrection  of  Christ."  He  subsequently 
united  with  the  New  Jerusalem  church,  translated 
and  published  the  diary  of  Swedenborg  in  1845, 
became  editor  of  the  ''  New  Church  Repository," 
and  published  in  1845  "  The  Soul,  an  Inquiry  into 
Scripture  Psychology,"  in  1847  "  Mesmer  and 
Swedenborg,"  in  which  he  argued  that  the  doc- 
trines of  Swedenborg  were  corroborated  by  the  de- 
velopments of  mesmerism,  in  1855  "New  Church 
IMiscelliinies,"  and  in  1857  "  Priesthood  and  Clergy 
Unknown  to  Christianity."  A  memoir  of  him,  by 
W.  M.  Pernald,  was  published  in  1860. 

BUSH,  Norton,  artist,  b.  in  Rochester,  N.  Y., 
22  Feb.,  1834.  He  studied  art  in  his  native  town, 
and  in  1851  became  a  pupil  of  Jasper  P.  Cropsey 
in  New  York.  Most  of  his  life  has  been  spent  in 
San  Francisco.  In  1853,  1868,  and  1875  he  visited 
South  America,  and  he  has  devoted  himself  spe- 
cially to  painting  the  scenery  of  the  tropics.  He 
was  elected,  in  1877,  director  of  the  San  Francisco 
art  association,  of  which  he  had  been  a  member 
since  1874,  and  was  president  of  the  Sacramento 
"  Bric-a-Brac  Club  "  from  1879  till  1882.  Among 
his  works  are  "Mount  Diablo"  (1858);  "City  of 
Panama "  (1869) :  "  Western  Slope  of  the  Cordil- 
leras "  (1872) ;  "  Mount  Chimborazo  "  (1876) ; 
"  Lake  Tahoe  "  (1885) ;  and  "  Sutter's  Fort,  Califor- 
nia, in  1846  and  1886 "  (1886).  His  "  Summit  of 
the  Sierras"  (1868)  is  in  the  Crocker  gallery,  Sac- 
ramento, and  his  "  Lake  Nicaragua  "  (1869)  in  the 
Stanford  gallery,  San  Francisco. 

BUSHNELL,  Charles  Ira,  editor,  b.  in  New 
York  city,  28  July,  1826 ;  d.  there  in  1883.  He  was 
of  the  same  family  as  David  Bushnell,  the  inventor. 
He  studied  law  with  Thecxlore  Sedgwick  in  New 
York,  but  did  not  practise,  devoting  his  time  to  the 


editorship  and  publication  of  many  personal  nar- 
ratives of  the  revolution  and  the  collection  of  coins 
and  medals.  He  directed  his  attention  particu- 
larly to  the  antiquities  of  his  own  city,  of  which  he 
collected  many  curious  memorials.  A  full  list  of 
his  numerous  publications,  most  of  which  have 
been  printed  privately,  is  given  in  Duyckinck's 
"  Cyclopaedia  of  American  Literature."  Among 
them  are  "  An  Arrangement  of  Tradesmen's  Cards, 
etc.,  Current  for  the  last  Sixty  Years"  (1858);  a 
series  of  "  Crumbs  for  Antiquarians  " ;  and  "  Recol- 
lections of  Christopher  Hawkins  "  (New  York,  1864). 

BUSHNELL,  David,  inventor,  b.  in  Saybrook, 
Conn.,  in  1742;  d.  in  Warrenton,  Ga.,  in  1824.  He 
was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1775.  He  had  previously 
given  some  attention  to  submarine  warfare,  and 
during  his  college  course  he  matured  plans  that  led 
to  the  production  of  what  may  be  called  the  earli- 
est of  torpedoes.  His  intention  was  to  fix  a  small 
powder-magazine  to  the  bottom  of  a  vessel,  and  to 
explode  it  by  a  clock-work  apparatus.  In  order  to 
do  this,  he  contrived  a  tortoise-shaped  diving-boat 
of  iron  plate,  which  contained  air  enough  to  sup- 
ply a  man  for  half  an  hour.  This  boat,  called  the 
"American  Turtle,"  was  propelled  by  a  sort  of 
screw,  and  guided  by  means  of  a  compass  made 
visible  by  phosphorus.  The  torpedo  was  carried 
outside  of  the  boat,  but  could  be  detached  by  the 
concealed  operator  contained  within.  It  was  con- 
nected by  a  line  to  a  screw,  which  was  to  be  driven 
into  the  bottom  of  the  hostile  ship.  As  soon  as 
this  was  eflfected,  the  torpedo  was  to  be  cast  oflE 
when  it  floated  against  the  vessel's  side.  The  ac- 
tion of  casting  off  set  the  clock-work  going,  and 
then  the  operator  had  time  to  retii-e  to  a  safe  dis- 
tance before  the  catastrophe.  A  detailed  account 
of  this  machine  is  given  in  the  "  Transactions  of 
the  American  Philosophical  Society  "  and  in  Silli- 
man's  "  American  Journal  of  Science  "  in  1820.  A 
machine  capable  of  conveying  an  operator  with  100 
pounds  of  powder  was  tested  on  "  The  Eagle,"  a 
British  64-gun-ship  lying  in  New  York  harbor,  but 
the  attempt  proved  unsuccessful.  In  1777,  in  an 
attack  on  the  frigate  "  Cerberus "  at  anchor  off 
New  London,  he  blew  tip  a  schooner  astern  of  the 
frigate,  and  killed  several  men  on  board.  This  was 
the  first  vessel  ever  destroyed  in  such  a  manner. 
Mr.  Bnshnell  invented  several  other  machines  for 
the  annoyance  of  the  British  shipping;  but  from 
accidents,  not  militating  against  the  philosophical 
principles  on  which  their  success  depended,  they  but 
partially  succeeded.  In  January,  1778.  he  sent  a 
fleet  of  kegs  down  the  Delaware,  to  destroy  the 
British  ships  that  held  possession  of  the  river, 
against  which  fire-ships  had  been  ineffectually  em- 
ployed. Owing  to  tlie  darkness,  they  were  left  at 
too  great  a  distance  from  the  shipping,  and  were 
dispersed  by  the  ice,  but  during  the  following  day 
exploded  and  blew  up  a  boat,  occasioning  no  little 
alarm  to  the  British  seamen.  This  incident  gave 
rise  to  the  humorous  poem  bv  Francis  Hopkinson, 
entitled  "  The  Battle  of  the  Kegs."  Mr.  Bushnell 
served  continuously  during  the  war,  attaining  the 
rank  of  captain  in  the  corps  of  sappers  and  miners, 
and  was  on  duty  at  New  York,  Hudson  High- 
lands, Philadelphia,  Yorktown,  and  elsewhere. 
Later  he  went  to  France,  and  was  supposed  to  have 
died  tliere,  but  he  appeared  to  have  been  subse- 
quently at  the  head  of  one  of  the  most  important 
schools  in  Georgia,  after  which  he  settled  in  War- 
renton. where  he  practised  medicine  as  Dr.  Bush. 

BUSHNELL,  Horace,  clergyman,  b.  in  New 
Preston.  Litchfield  co.,  Conn..  14  April,  1802 ;  d. 
in  Hartford.  Conn.,  17  Feb.,  1876.  He  was  the  son 
of  a  farmer,  and  was  employed,  when  a  boy,  in  a 


BUSHNELL 


BUSTAMANTE 


475 


fulling-mill  in  his  native  place.  He  was  graduated 
at  Yale  in  1827,  became  literary  editor  of  the  New 
York  "  Journal  of  Commerce,"  and  then  taught 
school  in  Norwich,  Conn.  From  1829  till  1881  he 
was  a  tutor  at  Yale,  studying  law  at  the  same  time, 
and  afterward  theology.  In  May,  1833,  he  became 
pastor  of  the  North  Congregational  church  in 
Hartford,  Conn.,  where  he  made  a  reputation  as  a 
brilliant  preacher.  He  remained  in  Hartford  till 
his  death,  though  failing  health  compelled  him  to 
resign  his  pastorate  in  1859.  Pie  received  the  de- 
gree of  D.  D.  from  Wesleyan  university  in  1842, 
and  from  Harvard  in  1852,  and  Yale  save  him  that 
of  LL.  D.  in  1871.  In  1849  Dr.  Bushnell  published 
three  discourses,  under  the  title  of  "  God  in 
Christ "  (Hartford,  1849).  The  book  opened  with 
a  preliminary  dissertation  on  the  inefficacy  of 
language  to  express  thought.  The  views  of  the 
doctrine  of  the  Trinity  expressed  in  this  work  were 
obnoxious  to  many  of  Dr.  Bushnell's  fellow-clergy- 
men, and  he  was  brought  before  the  association  of 
Congregational  ministers,  of  which  he  was  a  mem- 
ber, to  answer  to  a  charge  of  heresy.  He  defended 
himself  with  much  skill,  and  the  charge  was  not 
sustained.  His  defence  was  afterward  published 
under  the  title  "Christ  in  Theology  "  (1851).  In 
the  preface  to  this  volume  the  author  concludes 
that  an  exposition  of  exact  theology  in  human 
language  is  impossible.  Dr.  Bushnell  wrote  much 
for  periodical  literature  and  published  many  ad- 
dresses. When  in  Europe,  in  1846,  he  wrote  a  let- 
ter to  the  pope,  which  was  published  in  London. 
He  was  a  bold  thinker,  and  his  writings  are  dis- 
tinguished by  their  graphic  style.  "  Bushnell 
Park,"  Hartford,  in  which  the  state-house  stands, 
was  named  in  his  honor.  Besides  works  already 
mentioned,  he  wrote  "  Christian  Nurture  "  (Hart- 
ford, 1847 ;  enlarged  ed..  New  York,  1860) ;  "  Ser- 
mons for  the  New  Life  "  (1858) ;  '"  Nature  and  the 
Supernatural  "  (1858) ;  "  Character  of  Jesus  "  (1861) ; 
"  Work  and  Play,"  a  collection  of  addresses  (1864) ; 
"  Christ  and  His  Salvation  "  (1864) ;  "  The  Vicari- 
ous Sacrifice "  (1865) ;  "  Moral  Uses  of  Dark 
Things  "  (1868) ;  "  Woman  Suffrage,  the  Reform 
against  Nature  "  (1869) ;  '•  Sermons  on  Living  Sub- 
jects "  (1872) ;  and  "  Forgiveness  and  Law  "  (1874). 
See  "  Life  and  Letters  of  Horace  Bushnell,"  by  his 
daughter,  Mary  Bushnell  Cheney  (New  York,  1880). 

BUSHNELL,  William,  physician,  b.  in  Hart- 
ford, Conn.,  10  Sept.,  1800.  His  father  settled  in 
Trumbull  county,  Oliio,  in  1805,  and  in  Ashland 
county  in  1820.  William  studied  medicine  in  the 
Ohio  medical  college,  supporting  himself  by  teach- 
ing, practised  a  year  in  Louisiana,  and  in  1828 
opened  an  office  in  Mansfield,  Ohio.  He  became 
interested  in  the  New  York,  Lake  Erie,  and  West- 
ern railroad,  and,  when  the  enterprise  was  threat- 
ened with  failure,  devoted  eight  years  to  superin- 
tending the  building  of  the  road,  securing  the  right 
of  way,  and  raising  the  capital.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  Ohio  legislature  in  1849  and  succeeding 
years,  and  assisted  in  passing  the  Ohio  school-law. 
In  1878  he  was  a  delegate  to  the  international  con- 
gress for  prison  reform  at  Stockholm. 

BU8HVHEAD,  Jesse,  chief  justice  of  the 
Cherokees,  d.  at  the  mission  in  the  Cherokee  na- 
tion, west,  17  July,  1844.  He  was  a  self-made 
man,  acquired  great  distinction  among  his  tribe, 
and  filled  with  fidelity  many  public  trusts. 

BUSSEY,  Benjamin,  philanthropist,  b.  in  Can- 
ton, Mass.,  1  March.  1757 ;  d.  in  Roxbury,  Mass., 
13  Jan..  1842.  He  enlisted  in  the  revolutionary 
army  when  eighteen  years  old,  and  was  present  at 
the  capture  of  Burgoyne.  At  the  age  of  twenty- 
two  he  married,  and  began  business  in  Dedham, 


Mass.,  as  a  silversmith,  with  a  capital  of  ten  dollars, 
He  removed  in  1782  to  Boston,  where  he  engaged  in 
foreign  trade,  and  made  a  fortune,  which  he  left, 
after  the  decease  of  certain  relatives,  to  Harvard 
university,  one  half  to  endow  a  school  of  agricul- 
ture and  the  other  half  for  the  support  of  the  law 
and  divinity  schools.  His  estate  included  a  farm 
of  several  hundred  acres  at  Jamaica  Plain,  near 
Boston,  and,  in  accordance  with  his  will,  the  uni- 
versity established  there  in  1869  a  School  of  practi- 
cal agriculture  and  horticulture.  Mr.  Bussey's  be- 
quest was  estimated  at  the  time  of  his  death  to 
amount  to  $350,000. 

BUSSEY,  Cyrus,  soldier,  b.  in  Hubbard,  Trum- 
bull CO.,  Ohio.  5  Oct.,  1833.  His  father  was  a 
Methodist  minister.  When  fourteen  years  old  he 
became  a  merchant's  clerk  in  Dupont,  Ind.,  and  at 
the  age  of  sixteen  began  business  on  his  own  ac- 
count. From  this  time  until  he  was  twenty-two 
he  devoted  several  hours  a  day  to  study,  and  for 
two  years  studied  medicine  with  his  brother.  Mr. 
Bussey  settled  in  Davis  co.,  Iowa,  in  1855,  was 
elected  to  the  state  senate  as  a  democrat  in  1858, 
and  was  a  delegate  to  the  Baltimore  convention 
that  nominated  Stephen  A.  Douglas  for  president. 
At  tlie  outbreak  of  the  war  he  strongly  supported 
the  government,  and  was  appointed  aide-de-camp 
to  Gov.  Kirkwood  and  commander  of  the  militia 
in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  state,  with  the  rank 
of  lieutenant-colonel.  On  10  Aug.,  1861,  he  be- 
came colonel  of  the  3d  Iowa  volunteer  cavalry, 
which  he  had  raised,  and  joined  the  Army  of  the 
Southwest.  He  commanded  a  brigade  in  the  bat- 
tle of  Pea  Ridge,  participated  in  the  Arkansas 
campaign  of  1862,  and  on  10  July  led  the  3d  bri- 
gade of  Steele's  division.  He  commanded  the  dis- 
trict of  eastern  Arkansas  from  11  Jan.,  1863,  till 
the  following  April,  when  he  took  charge  of  the  2d 
cavalry  division  of  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee.  He 
was  chief  of  cavalry  at  the  siege  of  Vicksburg, 
domg  good  service  in  watching  Gen.  Joseph  E. 
Johnston's  attempts  to  raise  the  siege,  led  the  ad- 
vance in  Sherman's  movement  against  Johnston, 
and  defeated  Jackson  at  Canton,  17  July,  1863. 
He  was  made  brigadier-general,  5  Jan.,  1864,  for 
"special  gallantry,"  and  shortly  afterward  was 
given  command  of  western  Arkansas  and  the  In- 
dian territory,  where  he  restored  discipline  and  put 
an  end  to  the  corruption  that  had  prevailed  in  the 
district  among  dishonest  contractors.  He  was  bre- 
vetted  major-general  on  13  March,  1865,  and  after 
the  war  resumed  business  as  a  commission  mer- 
chant, first  in  St.  Louis  and  then  in  New  Orleans. 
He  was  a  delegate  to  the  republican  convention  of 
1868,  which  nominated  Gen.  Grant  for  president, 
was  for  six  years  president  of  the  New  Orleans 
chamber  of  commerce,  and  chairman  of  a  commit- 
tee of  that  body  that  obtained  from  congress  the 
appropriation  for  Capt.  Eads's  jetties  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Mississippi.  He  was  for  three  years  chair- 
man of  the  Sanitary  association  of  New  Orleans,  a 
member  of  the  sanitary  council  of  the  Mississippi 
valley  and  of  the  National  board  of  health,  lie 
went  as  a  delegate  to  the  Methodist  ecumenical 
council  that  convened  in  London,  England,  in 
1881.  Gen.  Bussey  engaged  in  business  in  New 
York  city  in  1881,  and  in  1884  took  an  active  and 
exceedingly  energetic  part  in  the  canvass  of  Mr. 
Blaine  for  the  presidencv. 

BUSTAMANTE,  Anastasio,  president  of  Mex- 
ico, b.  in  Jiquilpan,  in  the  state  of  Michoacan,  27 
July,  1780 ;  d.  in  San  Miguel  de  Allende,  6  Feb., 
1853.  He  was  family  physician  to  Don  Felix 
Maria  Calleja,  military  governor  at  San  Luis  Po- 
tosi,  who  in  1808  gave  him  a  commission  in  the 


476 


BUSTAMANTE 


BUTLER 


San  Luis  regiment  of  militia,  composed  of  the  sons 
of  the  wealthy.  He  served  in  all  the  campaigns 
in  which  Calleja  commanded  till  1819,  gaining  dis- 
tinction especially  in  the  battles  of  Aculco,  Guana- 
juato, and  Calderon,  and  at  the  siege  of  Cuautla  in 
1812,  and  rising  to  the  rank  of  colonel.  In  1820, 
having  gained  the  confidence  of  Iturbide,  he  was 
made  chief  commander  of  the  cavalry,  and  in  1821 
member  of  the  provisional  junta.  He  was  shortly 
afterward  raised  to  the  rank  of  field-marshal  by 
the  regency,  and  appointed  captain-general  of  the 
eastern  and  western  provinces  of  the  interior.  In 
April,  1822,  he  gained  a  signal  victory  over  the  re- 
maining Spanish  forces  near  Juchi.  After  the 
death  of  the  Emperor  Iturbide,  having  taken  sides 
with  the  federal  party,  he  was  by  the  government 
of  Victoria  appointed  anew  military  governor  of 
the  provinces  of  the  interior,  with  the  rank  of  gen- 
eral of  division,  then  the  highest  in  the  Mexican 
army.  In  1829  he  headed  the  revolution,  and  pro- 
claimed the  plan  of  Jalapa  toward  the  end  of  the 
same  year ;  and  the  first  day  of  the  following  year 
found  him  vice-president  of  the  republic  and  exer- 
cising the  supreme  executive  power.  In  1832,  a 
new  revolution  having  taken  place  under  Santa 
Anna,  Bustamante  resigned  the  presidency.  In 
1833  he  was  exiled  and  visited  the  principal  coun- 
tries of  Europe,  but  especially  France,  where  he 
resided  till  1836,  when  he  was  recalled  by  the  gov- 
ei'nment  after  the  fall  of  Santa  Anna.  He  was  re- 
elected president  of  the  republic,  and  as  such  be- 
gan his  functions  on  19  April,  1837,  his  adminis- 
tration continuing  until  22  Sept.,  1841.  He  then 
set  out  anew  for  Europe,  and  remained  there  till 
1845.  The  next  year  he  was  appointed  president 
of  the  congress,  the  last  important  oiRce  that  he 
filled.  The  republic  had  been  prosperous  under 
his  administration. 

BUSTAMANTE,  Carlos  Maria,  Mexican  his- 
torian, b,  in  Oajaca,  4  Nov.,  1774;  d.  21  Sept.,  1848. 
He  was  graduated  as  a  lawyer  in  1801,  soon  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  his  profession,  and  the  Span- 
ish government  gave  him  an  important  office.  He 
then  served  the  revolutionary  party  during  the  war, 
both  with  pen  and  sword.  His  numerous  works 
include  "  Cuadro  Historico  de  la  Revolucion  de  la 
America  Mejicana,"  "  Galeriade  Antiguos  Principes 
Mejicanos,"  "  Cronicas  Mejieanas,"  "  Historia  del 
Emperador  D.  Agustin  de  Iturbide,"  and  "  Historia 
de  la  Invasion  de  los  Anglo- Americanos  en  Mejico." 

BUSTAMANTE,  Jose  Maria,  Mexican  com- 
poser, b.  in  Toluca  in  March,  1777;  d.  in  1861. 
He  received  a  scientific  education,  but  his  real  vo- 
cation was  music.  He  was  chapel-master  of  the 
cathedral,  as  well  as  of  many  other  churches  of 
the  city  of  Mexico,  and  left  a  large  number  of  com- 
positions, mostly  religious,  in  their  music  libraries. 
Bustamante  also  composed  several  special  orches- 
trations for  Italian  operas. 

BUSTAMANTE  ¥  GUERRA,  Jos6,  Spanish 
naval  officer,  b.  in  Santander  in  1759;  d.  in  Mad- 
rid in  1825.  He  made  an  important  exploring 
voyage  in  1780  to  examine  the  coasts  of  Marianas 
and  Philippine  islands,  Macao,  New  Guinea,  New 
Hebrides,  New  Zealand,  Peru,  Patagonia,  and  the 
Mai  dive  islands.  In  1796  he  was  appointed  gov- 
ernor of  Montevideo,  and  it  was  due  to  him  that 
the  English  fleet  failed  to  get  possession  of  that 
port.  While  he  was  escorting  a  transport  to  Lima 
four  British  ships  attacked  his  own,  and  he  was 
wounded,  made  a  prisoner,  and  taken  to  England 
with  his  flotilla.  When  he  had  recovered  from  his 
wounds  he  returned  to  Spain,  where,  after  an  in- 
quest, he  was  honorably  acquitted.  In  1810  he 
was  appointed   captain-general   and   president   of 


Guatemala,  and  thence  he  returned  to  Madrid  to 
be  director  of  the  navy  and  fill  other  high  offices 
until  his  death. 

BUSTEED,  Richard,  lawyer,  b.  in  Cavan,  Ire- 
land, 16  Feb.,  1822  ;  d.  in  Porilham,  N.  Y.,  14  Sept., 
1898.  His  father  was  a  Dublin  barrister,  and  at  one 
time  held  a  colonel's  commission  in  the  British 
army.  In  1829  the  elder  Busteed  was  appointed 
chief  secretary  of  the  island  of  St.  Lucia,  but  his 
zeal  in  the  cause  of  emancipation  led  to  his  re- 
moval from  office,  and,  after  returning  to  Ireland, 
he  emigrated  to  London,  Canada,  where  he  estab- 
lished a  paper  called  "  The  True  Patriot."  Richard 
began  work  on  this  paper  as  a  type-setter,  and 
afterward  accompanied  his  father  to  Cincinnati, 
Ohio,  to  Hartford,  Conn.,  and  finally  to  New  York, 
where  he  worked  on  the  "  Commercial  Advertiser." 
At  this  time  he  was  licensed  as  a  local  preacher  in 
the  Methodist  church.  After  a  visit  to  Ireland  for 
his  health  in  1840,  he  began  the  study  of  law.  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1846.  His  management 
of  the  defence  in  several  celebrated  extradition 
cases  soon  made  his  reputation,  and  he  became  a 
successful  lawyer.  In  1856  he  was  elected  corpora- 
tion counsel  of  New  York  city,  holding  the  office 
till  1859,  and  in  the  presidential  campaign  of  1860 
he  was  a  supporter  of  Douglas,  and  a  bitter  oppo- 
nent of  Lincoln,  but  after  the  attack  on  Sumter  he 
became  a  strong  union  man.  On  7  Aug.,  1862,  he 
was  appointed  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  by 
President  Lincoln,  and  assigned  to  duty,  first  in 
New  York  and  then  in  Washington.  In  December, 
1862,  he  took  command  of  a  brigade  at  Yorktown, 
Va.  Gen.  Busteed's  course  in  support  of  the  ad- 
ministration, and  on  the  slavery  question,  had 
raised  against  him  many  enemies,  who  determined 
to  prevent  his  confirmation.  The  five  colonels  of 
his  brigade  sent  a  joint  letter  to  the  senate,  testi- 
fying to  the  improvement  in  discipline  made  by 
their  commands  imder  him.  His  name,  however, 
was  not  sent  to  that  body  for  confirmation,  as  on 
10  March,  1863,  he  sent  his  resignation  to  the  presi- 
dent. On  17  Sept.,  1863,  Gen.  Busteed  was  ap- 
pointed by  President  Lincoln  to  be  U.  S.  district 
judge  for  Alabama.  He  was  unanimously  con- 
firmed by  the  senate  on  20  Jan.,  1864,  and  in  the 
autumn  of  1865  he  opened  the  court.  He  decided 
that  the  test-oath  prescribed  by  congress  was  un- 
constitutional, so  far  as  it  applied  to  attorneys 
practising  before  U.  S.  courts,  and  this  decision 
was  followed  by  judges  in  other  states,  the  supreme 
court  afterward  delivering  a  similar  opinion.  In 
November,  1865,  Judge  Busteed  had  a  controversy 
with  the  U.  S.  military  authorities  in  Alabama, 
which  excited  great  interest,  and  involved  impor- 
tant questions  relating  to  the  suspension  of  the 
habeas  corpus  act.  In  1874  he  resigned  and  re- 
sumed the  practice  of  law  in  New  York  city. 

BUTLER,  Benjamin  Franklin,  lawyer,  b.  at 
Kinderhook  Landing,  N.  Y.,  17  Dec,  1795;  d.  in 
Paris,  France,  8  Nov.,  1858.  He  was  a  lineal  de- 
scendant of  Oliver  Cromwell  on  his  mother's  side. 
His  early  years  were  spent  in  his  father's  store  and 
in  attending  the  district  school.  At  the  age  of 
fourteen  he  was  sent  to  the  academy  at  Hudson, 
and  soon  afterward  began  the  study  of  law  with 
Martin  Van  Buren,  then  practising  in  that  tovm. 
He  accompanied  Van  Buren  to  Albany  in  1816, 
and,  on  admission  to  the  bar,  in  1817,  became  his 
partner.  He  was  appointed  district  attorney  of 
Albany  co.  in  1821,  and  held  the  office  till  January, 
1825.  In  the  latter  year  he  was  named  by  the  leg- 
islature one  of  three  commissioners  to  revise  the 
statutes  of  New  York.  Chancellor  Kent  says  tnat 
"  the  plan  and  order  of  the  work,  the  learning  of 


BUTLER 


BUTLER 


477 


the  notes,  the  marginal  references,  should  be 
ascribed  to  Mr.  Butler."  Pie  was  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  the  assembly  in  1828,  for  the  special  purpose 
of  aiding  it  in  its  delibei-ations  on  the  work  sub- 
mitted by  himself  and  his  colleagues.  In  1833  he 
was  appointed  commissioner  for  the  state  of  New 
York  to  adjust  the  New  Jersey  boundary-line, 
Tlieodore  Frelinghuysen  being  the  New  Jersey 
commissioner,  and  in  the  autumn  of  that  year  was 
appointed  by  President  Jackson  attorne/-general 
of  the  United  States.  He  held  the  office  through 
a  part  of  Van  Buren's  administration,  resigning  in 
January,  1838,  and  from  October,  1836,  till  March, 
1837,  was  also  acting  secretary  of  war.  From  1838 
till  1841  he  was  U.  S.  district  attorney  for  the 
southern  district  of  New  York.  In  1848  he  was 
appointed  member  of  a  commission  to  codify  the 
laws  of  the  state,  but  declined.  By  request  of  the 
council  of  the  University  of  the  city  of  New  York, 
he  had  prepared,  in  1835,  a  plan  for  organizing  a 
faculty  of  law  in  that  institution,  and  in  1837  be- 
came its  principal  law  professor.  During  the  great- 
er part  of  his  life  he  was  an  influential  member  of 
the  democratic  party,  but  on  the  passage  of  the  Kan- 
sas-Nebraska bill,  abolishing  the  Missouri  compro- 
mise, he  joined  the  republicans,  and  voted  for  Fre- 
mont in  1856.  Mr.  Butler  was  a  thorough  scholar, 
and  a  great  admirer  of  the  Greek  and  Latin  writers. 
William  Cullen  Bryant,  in  1825,  writes  of  "  his  puri- 
ty of  character  and  singleness :  how  much  he  was 
admired  on  his  first  visit  to  New  York,  then  a  young 

man  with  finely 
chiselled  features, 
made  a  little  pale 
by  study,  and  ani- 
mated by  an  ex- 
pression both  of 
the  greatest  intel- 
ligence and  in- 
genuousness." In 
1847  Mr.  Butler 
delivered,  before 
the  New  York  his- 
torical society,  a 
discourse  entitled 
"  Outlines  of  the 
Constitutional  His- 
tory of  New  York" 
(New  York,  1847). 
See  "  Life  and 
Opinions  of  B.  F. 
Butler,"  by  W.  L. 
Mackenzie.  —  His 
son.  William  Allen,  lawyer,  b.  in  Albany,  N.  Y., 
20  Feb.,  1825,  was  graduated  at  the  University  of 
the  city  of  New  York  in  1843,  studied  law  with  his 
father,  and,  after  travelling  in  Europe  in  1846-8, 
and  contributing  sketches  of  travel  entitled  "'  Out- 
of-the-Way  Places  in  Europe "  to  the  "  Literary 
World,"  he  entered  upon  the  practice  of  his  pro- 
fession in  New  York,  which  he  actively  and  suc- 
cessfully pursued.  He  contributed  poetical  pieces, 
displaying  wit  and  fancy,  to  periodicals.  Among 
his  occasional  contributions  to  magazines  were  hu- 
morous papers  published  in  the  "  Literary  World," 
under  the  title  "  Tlie  Colonel's  Club,"  "  The  Cities 
of  Art  and  the  Early  Artists,"  printed  in  "  The 
Art  Union  Bulletin,"  and  poetical  contributions  to 
the  "  Democratic  Review."  In  1846  he  published 
"  The  Future,"  an  academic  poem  ;  in  1850,  "  Bar- 
num's  Parnassus,"  a  volume  of  the  character  of 
the  "  Rejected  Addresses  "  ;  in  1857_,  "  Nothing  to 
Wear,"  a  satirical  poem  which  attained  celebrity, 
and  was  published  in  many  forms  in  the  United 
States  and  in  England,  and  has  been  reproduced  in 


.,^€£^.-^^^^^^^ 


French  and  German  translations.  It  was  originally 
published  anonymously  in  "  Harper's  Weekly,"  and 
its  authorship  was  claimed  by  an  impostor,  until 
Mr.  Butler  publicly  declared  himself  the  author; 
in  1858,  "Two 
Millions,"  origi- 
nally written  for 
the  Phi  Beta  Kap- 
pa society  of  Yale 
college  ;  "  Gen- 
eral Average,"  a 
stinging  satire  on 
sharp  practices  in 
mercantile  life  ; 
in  1860,  "  The 
Bible  by  Itself," 
an  address  deliv- 
ered before  the 
New  York  Bible 
society;  in  1862, 
"  Martin  Van  Bu- 
ren,"  a  biograph- 
ical   sketch  ;    in 

1871,     "Lawyer      ^^^^t-^-^^c-^-t^z-^-^^— — ^ —  . 

and   Client,"   an  ' 

ethical  disquisi- 
tion on  their  relations,  being  the  substance  of  a 
lecture  delivered  to  the  law-school  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  the  city  of  New  York ;  and  his  collected 
poems  (Boston).  In  prose  fiction  he  published 
anonymously,  in  1876,  "  Mrs.  Limber's  Raffle,"  and 
in  1886  "  Domesticus,"  a  story  illustrating  vari- 
ous phases  of  the  labor  question.  In  1879  he  pub- 
lished a  memorial  address  on  Evert  A.  Duyckinck. 
He  is  a  trustee  of  the  New  York  library. 

BUTLER,  Beiiiamin  Franklin,  lawyer,  b.  in 
Deerfield,  N.  11..  5  Nov.,  1818:  d.  in  Washington, 
11  Jan.,  1893.  His  father  served  under  Jackson  at 
New  Orleans.  He  was  graduated  at  Waterville  col- 
lege (now  Colby  university),  Maine,  in  1838,  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1840,  began  practice  at  Lowell, 
Mass.,  in  1841,  and  afterward  had  a  high  reputation 
as  a  lawyer,  especially  in  criminal  cases.  He  early 
took  a  prominent  part  in  politics  on  the  demo- 
cratic side,  and  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Mas- 
sachusetts house  of  representatives  in  1853.  and 
of  the  state  senate  in  1859.  In  1860  he  was  a 
delegate  to  the  democratic  national  convention 
that  met  at  Charleston.  When  a  portion  of  the 
delegates  reassembled  at  Baltimore,  Mr.  Butler, 
after  taking  part  in  the  opening  debates  and  votes, 
announced  that  a  majority  of  the  delegates  from 
Massachusetts  would  not  further  participate  in  the 
deliberations  of  the  convention,  on  the  ground  that 
there  had  been  a  withdrawal  in  part  of  the  majority 
of  the  states ;  and  further,  he  added,  "  upon  the 
ground  that  I  would  not  sit  in  a  convention  where 
the  African  slave-trade,  which  is  piracy  by  the 
laws  of  my  country,  is  approvingly  advocated."  In 
the  same  year  he  was  the  unsuccessful  democratic 
candidate  for  governor  of  Massachusetts.  At  the 
time  of  President  Lincoln's  call  for  troops  in  April, 
1861,  he  held  the  commission  of  brigadier-general 
of  militia.  On  the  17th  of  that  month  he  marched 
to  Annapolis  with  the  8th  Massachusetts  regiment, 
and  was  placed  in  command  of  the  district  of  An- 
napolis, in  which  the  city  of  Baltimore  was  in- 
cluded. On  13  May,  1861,  he  entered  Baltimore  at 
the  head  of  900  men,  occupied  the  city  without  op- 
position, and  on  16  May  was  made  a  major-general, 
and  assigned  to  the  command  of  Fort  Monroe  and 
the  department  of  eastern  Virginia.  While  he  was 
here,  some  slaves  that  had  come  within  his  lines 
were  demanded  by  their  masters ;  but  he  refused 
to  deliver  them  up  on  the  ground  that  they  were 


478 


BUTLER 


BUTLER 


contraband  of  war ;  hence  arose  the  designation  of 
"  contrabands,"  often  applied  to  slaves  during  the 
war.  In  August  he  captured  Forts  Hatteras  and 
Clark  on  the  coast  of  North  Carolina.  He  then  re- 
turned to  Massa- 
chusetts to  recruit 
an  expedition  for 
the  gulf  of  Mexico 
and  the  Mississip- 
pi. Un  23  March, 
1802,  the  expedi- 
tion reached  Ship 
island,  and  on  17 
April  went  up  the 
Mississippi.  The 
fleet  under  Farra- 
gut  having  passed 
theforts,  24  April, 
and  virtually  capt- 
ured New  Orleans, 
Gen.  Butler  took 
possession  of  the 
cityonlMay.  His 
administration  of  affairs  was  marked  by  great  vigor. 
He  instituted  strict  sanitary  regulations,  armed  the 
free  colored  men,  and  compelled  rich  secessionists 
to  contribute  toward  the  support  of  the  poor  of 
the  city.  His  course  in  hanging  William  Mum- 
ford  for  hauling  down  the  U.  S.  flag  from  the  mint, 
and  in  issuing  "  Order  No.  28,"  intended  to  prevent 
women  from  insulting  soldiers,  excited  strong  re- 
sentment, not  only  in  the  south,  but  in  the  north 
and  abroad,  and  in  December,  18G2,  Jefferson  Davis 
issued  a  proclamation  declaring  him  an  outlaw. 
On  10  May,  1802,  Gen.  Butler  seized  about  $800,000 
which  had  been  deposited  in  the  office  of  the  Dutch 
consul,  claiming  that  arms  for  the  confederates 
were  to  be  bought  with  it.  This  action  was  pro- 
tested against  by  all  the  foreign  consuls,  and  the 
government  at  Washington,  after  an  investigation, 
ordered  the  return  of  the  money.  On  10  Dec, 
1802,  Gen.  Butler  was  recalled,  as  he  believes,  at 
the  instigation  of  Louis  Napoleon,  who  supposed 
the  general  to  be  hostile  to  his  Mexican  schemes. 
Near  the  close  of  1863  he  was  placed  in  command 
of  the  department  of  Virginia  and  North  Carolina, 
and  his  force  was  afterward  designated  as  the  Army 
of  the  James.  In  October,  1804,  there  being  ap- 
prehensions of  trouble  in  New  York  during  the 
election,  Gen.  Butler  was  sent  there  with  a  force  to 
insure  quiet.  In  December  he  conducted  an  inef- 
fectual expedition  against  Port  Fisher,  near  Wil- 
mington, N.  C,  and  soon  afterward  was  removed 
from  command  by  Gen.  Grant.  He  then  returned 
to  his  residence  in  Massachusetts.  In  1800  he  was 
elected  by  the  republicans  a  member  of  congress, 
where  he  remained  till  1879,  with  the  exception  of 
the  term  for  1875-'7.  He  was  the  most  active  of 
the  managers  appointed  in  1868  by  the  house  of 
representatives  to  conduct  the  impeachment  of 
President  Johnson.  He  was  the  unsuccessful  re- 
publican nominee  for  governor  of  Massachusetts  in 
1871 ;  and  in  1878  and  1879,  having  changed  his 
politics,  was  the  candidate  of  the  independent 
greenback  party  and  of  one  wing  of  the  democrats 
for  the  same  office,  but  was  again  defeated.  In 
1882  the  democrats  united  upon  him  as  their  can- 
didate, and  he  was  elected,  though  the  rest  of  the 
state  ticket  was  defeated.  During  his  administra- 
tion he  made  a  charge  of  gross  mismanagement 
against  the  authorities  of  the  Tewksbury  alms- 
house ;  but,  after  a  long  investigation,  a  committee 
of  the  legislature  decided  that  it  was  not  sustained. 
In  1883  he  was  renominated,  but  was  defeated. 
In  1884  he  was  the  candidate  of  the  greenback  and 


anti-monopolist  parties  for  the  presidency,  and  re- 
ceived 133,825  votes. — His  wife,  Sarali,  a  daughter 
of  Dr.  Israel  Hildreth,  of  Lowell,  b.  ni  1821 ;  d.  in 
Boston,  Mass.,  8  April,  1876,  was  on  the  stage  from 
1837  till  1842,  when  she  married  Gen.  Butler  and 
retired.  Their  daughter  married  Gen.  Adelbert 
Ames,  of  the  U.  S.  army.  See  '•  General  Butler  in 
New  Orleans,"  by  James  Parton  (New  York,  1863). 

BUTLER,  Charles,  lawyer,  b.  at  Kinderhook 
Landin^^,  N.  Y.,  15  Feb.,  1802;  d.  in  New  York 
city,  13  Dec,  1897.  lie  received  his  education  in 
his  native  village,  and  subsequently  studied  law  in 
Kinderhook.  Later  he  entered  the  office  of  Van 
•Buren  &  Butler,  living  in  the  family  of  Mr.  Van 
Buren,  then  attorney-general  of  the  state.  Ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1825,  he  began  practice  in 
Geneva,  N.  Y.,  where  he  resided  until  his  removal 
to  New  York.  In  1833  he  purchased  land  in  Chi- 
cago, then  known  as  Fort  Dearborn,  and  soon  after 
incluced  his  brother-in-law,  William  B.  Ogden,  to 
settle  there.  Mr.  Butler  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Union  theological  seminary  and  one  of  the 
earliest  patrons  of  the  New  York  university,  of 
both  of  which  institutions  he  was  president.  To 
each  he  gave  the  sum  of  $100,000,  and  he  was  also  a 
benefactor  to  many  charitable  societies.  For  sixty 
years  he  was  among  New  York's  best  citizens. 

BUTLER,  Clement  Moore,  clergyman,  b.  in 
Troy,  N.  Y.,  16  Oct.,  1810 :  d.  in  Germantown,  Pa., 
5  March,  1890.  He  was  graduated  at  Trinity  col- 
le<je  in  1833,  and  at  the  General  theological  semi- 
nary. New  York,  in  1836.  From  1837  to  1854  he 
was  pastor  of  churches  in  New  York  city,  Palmyra, 
N.  Y.,  Georgetown,  D.  C.  Boston,  Mass.,  and  Wash- 
ington, D.  0.  He  was  chaplain  of  the  U.  S.  senate 
from  1849  till  1853.  From  1854  till  1857  he  had 
charge  of  Christ  church,  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  and  then 
returned  to  Washington,  where  he  was  again  rector 
of  Trinity  church  tall  1861.  From  that  time  till 
1864  he  was  chaplain  to  the  U.  S.  minister  at  Rome, 
Italy,  and  rector  of  Grace  church  in  that  city.  He 
returned  to  the  United  States  in  1864,  and  became 
professor  of  ecclesiastical  history  in  the  divinity 
school  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  church  in  Phila- 
delphia, resigning  in  1884  on  account  of  failing 
health.  He  published  "  The  Year  of  the  Church," 
hymns  for  the  feasts  and  festivals  of  the  church, 
for  young  people  (Utica,  N.  Y.,  1840);  "The  Flock 
Fed,"  confirmation  lessons  (New  York,  1845);  "The 
Book  of  C!ommon  Prayer  interpreted  by  its  His- 
tory" (Boston,  1846;  2d  ed.,  enlarged,  Washington, 
D.  C.  1849) ;  "  Old  Truths  and  New  Errors  "  (New 
York,  1848) ;  "  Lectures  on  the  Revelation  of  St. 
John  "  (1850) ;  "  Addresses  in  Washington  "  (Cin- 
cinnati, 1868) ;  "  Ritualism  of  Law  "  (1859) :  "  St. 
Paul  in  Rome"  (Philadelphia,  1865);  "Inner 
Rome  "(1866):  Manual  of  Ecclesiastical  History, 
from  the  First  to  the  Nineteenth  Century  "  (2  vols., 
Philadelphia,  1868  and  1872);  "History  of  the 
Book  of  Common  Prayer"  (1879);  and  "History 
of  the  Reformation  in  Sweden  "  (New  York.  1883). 
Dr.  Butler  also  published  about  forty  occasional 
sermons,  among  them  the  funeral  sermons  of  John 
C.  Calhoun  and  Henry  Clay,  printed  by  order  of 
the  U.  8.  senate. 

BUTLER,  Ezra,  clergyman,  b.  in  Ijancast-er, 
Mass.,  in  September,  1703;  d.  in  Waterbury,  Vt., 
12  July,  1838.  His  mother  died  when  he  was  a 
mere  boy,  and,  after  living  for  a  few  years  with  his 
eldest  brother,  he  went,  at  the  age  of  fourteen,  to 
Claremont,  N.  II.,  where  he  took  charge  of  a  large 
farm,  remaining  there  till  he  was  of  age,  with  the 
exception  of  six  montlis'  service  in  the  revolution- 
ary army,  ni  1779.  In  1785,  with  his  brother 
Asaph,  he  removed  to  Waterbury,  Vt.,  then  in  the 


BUTLER 


BUTLER 


479 


midst  of  a  dense  forest.  They  arrived  there  on  20 
March,  having  travelled  the  last  twenty-five  miles 
of  their  journey  on  snow-shoes.  Mr.  Butler  began 
to  think  seriously  on  religious  subjects  in  1790,  be- 
came a  Baptist  in  the  following  year,  and  in  1800 
began  to  preach  at  Bolton,  Vt.  A  Baptist  church 
was  organized  in  Waterbury  in  the  same  year,  and 
he  was  its  pastor  for  more  than  thirty  years.  He 
had  been  the  first  town  clerk  of  Waterbury  in 
1790,  and  had  been  elected  to  the  legislature  in 
1797,  and  he  did  not  allow  his  ordination  to  the 
ministry  to  interfere  with  his  public  career.  He 
was  in  the  legislature  eleven  years,  in  the  council 
fifteen  years,  was  first  judge  of  Chittenden  county 
court  from  1803  till  1806,  chief  justice  of  that  coun- 
ty from  1806  till  1811,  and  of  Washington  county 
from  1814  till  1826.  He  was  a  member  of  congress 
from  1813  till  1815,  a  delegate  to  the  Vermont  con- 
stitutional convention  of  1822,  and  governor  of  the 
state  from  1826  till  1828.  His  administration  as 
governor  was  marked  by  the  suppression  of  lot- 
teries, and  by  improvement  in  the  state  educa- 
tional system.'  Gov.  Bu,tler  was  of  the  Jeffersonian 
school  of  politics,  and  was  fifty-three  years  in  the 
public  service,  not  including  the  time  when  he  held 
local  offices. 

BUTLER,  Fanny  Kemble.    See  Keimble. 

BUTLER,  Francis,  dog-trainer,  b.  in  England 
in  1810 ;  d.  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  17  June,  1874.  He 
was  an  accomplished  linguist,  and  had  been  pro- 
fessor of  languages  in  several  educational  institu- 
tions, but  finally  adopted  the  business  of  buying, 
training,  and  selling  dogs  of  the  choicest  breeds. 
His  ability  in  controlling  and  training  them  was 
remarkable.  He  died  of  hydrophobia  from  the 
bite  of  an  animal  he  had  undertaken  to  treat.     He 

Published  "  Breeding  and  Training  of  Dogs  "  (New 
'ork,  1857),  an  acknowledged  authority. 
BUTLER,  Francis  Eugene,  clergvman,  b.  in 
Suffolk,  Conn.,  7  Feb.,  1825 ;  d.  m  Suffolk,  Va.,  4 
May,  1863.  He  was  for  several  years  a  merchant 
in  New  York  city,  where  he  was  secretary  of  the 
New  York  Bible  society,  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Young  men's  Christian  association,  and  an  active 
friend  of  other  religious  institutions.  When 
twenty-nine  years  old,  he  entered  Yale  with  the 
determination  of  fitting  himself  for  the  ministry. 
He  was  graduated  in  1857,  and  spent  three  years 
in  the  study  of  theology  at  Princeton,  and  one  year 
at  Andover.  He  supplied  for  a  time  the  pulpit  of 
a  church  in  Bedford  Springs,  Pa.,  and  afterward 
that  of  the  second  Presbyterian  church  in  Cleve- 
land, Ohio.  After  his  ordination  on  16  April,  1862, 
he  preached  in  the  Congregational  church  in  Pater- 
son,  N.  J.  When  the  25th  regiment  of  New  .Jersey 
volunteers  was  organized,  he  accepted  the  post  of 
chaplain,  and  accompanied  the  regiment  to  Suf- 
folk, Va.  In  an  engagement  near  that  place  on  3 
May,  learning  that  some  men  of  a  Connecticut 
regiment  on  the  right  were  suffering  for  want  of 
surgical  assistance,  he  went  to  their  relief,  and  was 
shot  by  a  sharp-shooter  and  died  the  next  day. 

BUTLER,  Frederick,  author,  b.  about  1766; 
d.  in  1843.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1785,  and 
became  a  resident  of  Hartford,  Conn.  He  pub- 
lished "  Historv  of  the  United  States  to  1820  "  (3 
vols.,  Hartford,  1821);  "The  Farmer's  Manual" 
(Wethersfield,  Conn.,  1821);  and  "Memoirs  of 
Lafayette  and  his  Tour  in  the  United  States," 
with'plates  (Wethersfield,  1825). 

BUTLER,  (xeorge  Bernand,  lawyer,  b.  in  New 
Haven,  Conn.,  in  1809 ;  d.  in  New  York  city,  13 
April,  1886.  He  came  to  New  York  at  twenty, 
studied  law,  and  became  an  associate  of  Daniel 
Lord.     He  was  secretary  and  legal  adviser  of  the 


Hudson  river  railroad  company  at  its  formation, 
and,  after  the  completion  of  the  road,  joined  in 
publishing  the  ".Journal  of  Commerce,"  being  also 
one  of  its  editors  until  1857.  He  was  attorney  for 
A.  T.  Stewart  &  Co.  for  twenty-five  years. — His  son, 
George  Bernand,  artist,  b.  'in  New  York  city,  8 
Feb.,  1838.  He  began  under  Thomas  Hicks  to  study 
painting,  and  in  1859  spent  some  time  in  Thomas 
Couture's  studio  in  Paris.  In  the  autumn  of  1860 
he  returned  to  the  United  States  and  served  in  the 
National  army  during  the  civil  war.  losing  an  arm 
at  the  battle  of  Gettysburg.  He  returned  to  Eu- 
rope in  1865  and  devoted  himself  to  painting  ani- 
mals. For  two  years  he  worked  under  Couture  at 
Senlis,  and  spent  the  winter  of  1867-8  in  Italy. 
He  then  returned  to  this  country,  but  in  1873  vis- 
ited Europe  again,  and  was  during  the  ten  follow- 
ing years  in  Italy,  chiefly  in  Rome  and  Venice. 
At  this  time  he  met  Whistler,  who  exerted  great 
influence  on  his  work.  Since  1883  he  has  been  en- 
gaged principally  in  portraiture.  In  1873  he  was 
elected  a  National  academician. 

BUTLER,  James  Davie,  educator,  b.  in  Rut- 
land. Vt.,  15  March,  1815.  He  was  graduated  at 
Middlebury  in  1836,  and  at  Andover  theological 
seminary  in  1840,  having  been  tutor  in  Middle- 
bury  in  1837-'8.  He  was  professor  of  ancient  lan- 
guages in  Norwich  university,  Vt.,  in  1845-'7,  and, 
after  ordination  in  the  latter  year,  was  pastor  of 
Congregational  churches  in  Wells  River,  Vt.,  Pea- 
body,  Mass.,  and  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  He  held  the 
chair  of  ancient  languages  in  Wabash  college,  In- 
diana, in  1854-'8,  and  in  the  University  of  Wiscon- 
sin in  1858-'67.  Smce  then  he  has  devoted  him- 
self to  lecturing  and  occasional  preaching.  His 
best-known  lectures  are  "  The  Architecture  of  St, 
Peter's,"  "  Prehistoric  Wisconsin,"  "  The  Hapax 
Legomena  in  Shakespeare."  and  "  Commonplace 
Books."  Prof.  Butler  has  travelled  widely,  and 
has  contributed  largely  to  periodical  literature. 

BUTLER,  Jolm,  soldier,  b.  in  Connecticut ;  d. 
in  Niagara  in  1794.  He  was  a  well-known  resi- 
dent of  Tryon  county,  N.  Y.  (a  name  then  applied 
to  the  Mohawk  region  west  of  Schenectady),  and 
commanded  a  militia  regiment  there.  He  com- 
manded the  Indians  under  Sir  William  Johnson  m 
the  Niagara  campaign  of  1759,  and  also  in  the 
Montreal  expedition  of  1760.  At  the  beginning  of 
the  war  he  espoused  the  British  cause,  and  was 
made  deputy  superintendent  of  Indian  affairs.  In 
1775  he  was  one  of  a  party  of  tories  that  broke  up  a 
patriot  meeting  in  Tryon  county,  N.  Y.,  and  was  act- 
ive in  the  predatory  warfare  that  so  long  disturbed 
that  part  of  the  state.  In  1776  he  organized  a 
band  of  marauders  consisting  of  Indians  and  white 
men  painted  like  Indians,  and  commanded  these  at 
the  battle  of  Oriskany  in  1777.  In  July.  1778,  he 
led  the  force  of  1,100  men  that  desolated  Wyom- 
ing in  the  famous  "  Wyoming  massacre,"  and  was 
guilty  of  the  greatest  a'trocities.  He  fought  Sulli- 
van in  central  New  York  in  1779,  and  took  part  in 
Sir  John  Johnson's  raid  on  the  Schoharie  and  Mo- 
hawk settlements  in  1780.  After  the  war  Butler 
fled  to  Canada.  His  estates  in  this  country  were 
confiscated;  but  he  was  rewarded  by  the  British 
government  for  his  services  with  the  office  of 
Indian  agent,  a  salary  and  pension  of  $3,500  a 
year,  and"5,000  acres  of  land.  Butler's  barbarities, 
though  great,  have  been  exaggerated.  Some  of 
the  most  atrocious  deeds  at  Wyoming  were  due 
to  his  son  Walter,  a  major  in  the  British  ser- 
vice, commander  of  a  party  of  500  Indians  and 
whites,  who  massacred  women  and  children  at 
Cherry  Valley  on  11  Nov.,  1778.  Col.  John  But- 
ler professed  to  be  grieved  by  his  son's  conduct 


480 


BUTLER 


BUTLER 


on  this  occasion. — His  son,  Walter,  was  connected 
witli  some  of  tiie  most  infamous  transactions  of  the 
revolution.  While  a  lieutenant,  he  was  sentenced 
to  death  as  a  spy,  but  was  reprieved  at  the  inter- 
cession of  some  American  officers,  who  had  known 
him  as  a  law-student  in  Albany.  Shortly  after- 
ward, when  confined  in  a  private  house,  he  made 
his  escape.  He  was  killed  in  October,  1781,  in  an 
action  on  the  Mohawk. 

BUTLER,  John  B.,  soldier,  Ix  in  1792;  d.  in 
Mount  Auburn,  near  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  7  Dec, 
1870.  He  served  as  a  private  in  the  war  of  1812, 
after  which  he  went  to  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  and  engaged 
in  the  printing  business,  and  subsequently  was  for 
many  years  editor  and  publisher  of  the  Pittsburg 
"  Statesman."  At  this  period  of  life  he  was  active 
in  politics,  and  in  1888  was  appointed  recorder  of 
deeds  and  afterward  canal  commissioner.  At  the 
beginnmg  of  the  war  with  Mexico  he  was  commis- 
sioned paymaster  in  the  army,  25  June,  1846,  and 
accompanied  Gen.  Taylor's  command  to  the  seat  of 
war.  He  was  made  militaiy  storekeeper  at  the 
Alleghany  arsenal,  80  June,  1847,  and  remained 
there  until  he  was  retired,  1  Oct.,  1868. 

BUTLER,  John  Jay,  clergvman,  b.  in  Ber- 
wick, Me..  9  April,  1814;  d.  in' Hillsdale,  Mich., 
16  June,  1891.  He  was  graduated  at  Bowdoin  in 
1887,  taught  school,  and  was  principal  of  Clinton 
seminary.  New  York,  in  1841-'2.  After  gradua- 
tion at  Andover  theological  seminary  in  1844,  he 
was  ordained  as  a  Free  Baptist,  28  Jan.,  1846.  He 
was  professor  of  systematic  theology  at  the  semi- 
nary in  Whitestown,  N.  Y.,  from  1844  till  1854, 
when  he  went  to  fill  the  same  chair  in  the  New 
Hampton,  N.  H.,  theological  institute.  He  was 
professor  of  theology  in  Bates  college  from  1870 
till  1873,  and  in  the  latter  year  was  appointed  to 
the  chair  of  sacred  literature  in  Hillsdale  college, 
Michigan.  In  1860  Bowdoin  gave  him  the  degree 
of  D.  D.  He  published  many  theological  works, 
including  "  Natural  and  Revealed  Theology  "  (Do- 
ver, N.  II..  1861);  "  Commentary  on  the  Oospels" 
(1870);  and  •'Commentary  on  the  Acts.  Romans, 
and  First  and  Second  Corinthians "  (1871).  Dr. 
Butler  was  for  many  years  assistant  editor  of  the 
"  Morning  Star,"  the  organ  of  his  denomination, 
formerly  published  in  Dover,  N.  H.,  but  now  issued 
in  Boston,  Mass. 

BUTLER,  Mann,  author,  d.  in  November,  1835, 
in  consequence  of  a  railroad  accident  in  Missouri. 
He  emigrated  to  Kentucky  in  1806,  and  published 
a  "  History  of  Kentucky  "  (Louisville,  1834). 

BUTLER,  Moses,  surveyor,  b.  in  Berwick,  Me., 
18  July,  1702;  d.  in  1756.  His  father,  Thomas 
Butler,  who  was  prominent  in  the  affairs  of  York 
county.  Me.,  for  more  than  twenty  years,  was  a  de- 
scendant of  the  noble  house  of  Ormonde  in  Ire- 
land. His  son  was  chosen  in  1730  to  represent 
Berwick  in  matters  relating  to  the  seizure  of  prop- 
erty belonging  to  citizens,  by  the  crown  surveyor 
of  woods,  and  from  1738  till  1756  he  was  annually 
elected  selectman  of  Berwick  and  surveyor  of 
land.  He  was  commissioned  captain  in  the  1st 
Massachusetts  regiment,  5  Feb.,  1744,  and  during 
the  siege  and  capture  of  Louisburg  was  in  com- 
mand of  his  company,  under  Sir  William  Pepper- 
ell's  immediate  instructions.  In  a  letter  from  Sir 
William  Pepperell  to  John  Hill,  Capt.  Butler's 
alacrity  in  enlisting  his  full  company  of  men  for 
service  in  the  Louisburg  expedition  is  warmly 
praised.  He  was  chosen  in  1748  to  answer  a  peti- 
tion executed  against  the  town  of  Berwick  at  the 
general  court  in  Boston,  and  on  22  May,  1749,  was 
elected  a  representative  to  the  general  court.  Dr. 
George  H.  Butler,  of  New  York,  has  published  a 


work  entitled  "  Thomas  Butler  and  his  Descendants, 
1674-1886  "  (New  York,  1886). 

BUTLER,  Noble,  educator,  b.  in  Washington 
county,  Pa.,  in  1819  ;  d.  in  Louisville,  Ky.,  12  Feb., 
1882.  He  was  educated  at  Hanover  college,  Indi- 
ana, and  in  1889  became  professor  of  Greek  and 
Latin  in  the  University  of  Louisville,  Ky.  He 
published  a  "  Practical  and  Critical  English  Gram- 
mar "  (Louisville,  1875),  and  various  text-books  in 
reading  and  composition. 

BUTLER,  Pierce,  senator,  b.  in  Ireland,  11 
July,  1744;  d.  in  Philadelphia,  15  Feb.,  1822.  He 
was  the  third  son  of  Sir  Richard  Butler,  5th  baronet. 
He  was  made  lieutenant  in  the  46th  regiment  of 
the  British  army,  18  Aug.,  1761 ;  became  captain  in 
the  29th  in  July,  1762;  major  in  April,  1766,  and 
was  stationed  in  Boston,  but  resigned  before  the 
revolution  and  settled  in  Charleston,  S.  C.  He 
was  a  delegate  from  South  Carolina  to  the  old 
congress  in  1787,  and  in  1788  a  member  of  the 
convention  that  framed  the  federal  constitution, 
taking  an  active  part  in  its  discussions.  He  sup- 
ported the  "  Virginia  Plan,"  saying  that  he  had  been 
opi)osed  to  granting  new  powers  to  a  single  body, 
but  would  support  their  distribution  among  differ- 
ent bodies.  He  spoke  against  the  plan  of  a  triple 
executive,  and  maintained  that  property  was  the 
only  true  basis  of  representation.  After  the 
adoption  of  the  constitution  he  was  senator  from 
his  state  in  1789-'96  and  in  1802-'4.  He  opposed 
some  of  the  measures  of  Washington's  administra- 
tion, but  approved  of  the  war  of  1812.  Senator 
Butler  was  at  one  time  a  director  of  the  U.  S. 
bank.  He  was  proud  of  tracing  his  descent  from 
the  dukes  of  Ormond,  and  his  political  opponents 
often  twitted  him  upon  his  family  pride. — His  .son, 
Pierce,  b.  in  1807;  d.  in  Philadelphia,  15  Aug., 
1867,  was  a  lawyer  of  ability,  and  married  in  1834 
Miss  Fanny  Kemble,  the  actress,  who  had  come  to 
this  country  about  two  years  before.  In  1849, 
owing  to  incompatibility  of  temper,  they  were 
separated.     See  Kemble,  Frances  Anne. 

BUTLER,  Richard,  soldier,  b.  in  Dublin.  Ire- 
land, 1  April,  1748  ;  d.  in  battle,  4  Nov.,  1791.  He 
came  to  America  with  his  parents  before  1760.  was 
made  lieutenant-colonel  in  the  Pennsylvania  line 
at  the  beginning  of  the  Revolutionary  war,  in  the 
spring  of  1777  was  lieutenant-colonel  of  Morgan's 
rifle  corps,  and  distinguished  himself  on  many  oc- 
casions. While  with  Lafayette's  detachment  near 
Williamsburg,  Va.,  26  June.  1781,  he  attacked  Col. 
Simcoe's  rangers,  gaining  the  advantage.  He  held 
the  rank  of  colonel  of  the  9th  Pennsylvania  regi- 
ment at  the  close  of  the  war,  was  agent  for  Indian 
affairs  in  Ohio  in  1787,  and  in  the  expedition  of  St. 
Clair  against  the  Indians,  in  1791,  commanded  the 
right  wing,  with  the  rank  of  major-general.  When 
attacked,  he  repeatedly  charged  the  enemy,  received 
several  severe  wounds,  and  finally  was  scalped. — 
His  brother,  William,  b.  in  London,  6  Jan.,  1745 ; 
d.  in  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  in  1789,  was  lieutenant-colo- 
nel of  the  4th  Pennsylvania  regiment  in  the  Revo- 
lutionary army.  In  October,  1778,  after  the  de- 
struction of  VVyoming  by  John  Butler  and  the  In- 
dians, he  conducted  an  expedition  from  Schoharie, 
which  destroyed  the  Indian  settlements  of  LTna- 
dilla  and  Anaguaga.  His  account  of  the  expedition 
was  published. — Tliomas,  soldier,  third  of  the  But- 
ler brothers,  b.  at  sea,  26  May,  1748  ;  d.  in  New  Or- 
leans, La.,  7  Sept.,  1805.  In  1776,  while  studying  law 
with  Judge  Wilson,  of  Philadelphia,  he  joined  the 
army,  soon  obtained  a  company,  and  was  in  almost 
every  action  in  the  middle  states  during  the  revolu- 
tion." At  Brandy  wine,  11  Sept.,  1777.  he  received  the 
thanks  of  Washington  on  the  field  for  intrepidity 


BUTLER 


BUTLER 


481 


in  rallying  a  retreating  detachment.  At  Mon- 
mouth he  was  thanked  by  Wayne  tor  defending  a 
defile  in  the  face  of  a  heavy  fire,  while  Col.  Rich- 
ard Butler's  regiment  withdrew.  After  the  war 
he  retired  to  a  farm,  but  in  1791  was  made  major, 
and  commanded  a  battalion  from  Carlisle  in  Gib- 
son's regiment,  under  St.  Clair,  at  whose  defeat, 
4  Nov.,  he  was  twice  wounded.  His  elder  brother, 
Richard,  was  killed,  and  he  was  with  difficulty  re- 
moved, his  leg  having  been  broken  by  a  ball,  by 
his  surviving  brother,  Edward.  He  became  major 
of  the  4th  sub-legion  on  11  April,  1792,  lieutenant- 
colonel  commanding  the  4th  infantry  on  1  July, 
1792,  and,  on  the  reorganization  of  the  army  on  a 
peace  basis  in  June,  1802,  was  retained  as  colonel 
of  the  2d  infantry,  to  which  he  was  appointed  on  1 
April,  1802.  In  1797  he  was  ordered  by  President 
Washington  to  expel  settlers  from  Indian  lands  in 
Tennessee,  and  made  several  treaties  with  the  In- 
dians while  in  that  country.  His  son,  Robert 
Butler,  served  in  the  army  as  assistant  adjutant- 
general  to  Gen.  Harrison  in  the  battle  of  the 
Thames,  distinguished  himself  at  New  Orleans,  re- 
signed his  colonelcy  in  1821,  and  from  1824  till 
1849  was  surveyor  of  public  lands  in  Florida. — 
Pierce,  fourth  of  the  brothers,  soldier,  b.  in  Car- 
lisle, Pa.,  4  April,  17(30;  d.  in  Louisville,  Ky., 
11  Sept.,  1821.  He  was  a  captain  in  the  revolu- 
tionary army,  was  with  Morgan  at  Saratoga,  com- 
manded in  the  conflict  with  Col.  Simcoe  at  Spen- 
cer's Ordinary,  25  June,  1781,  and  served  at  the 
siege  of  Yorktown.  After  the  war  he  removed  to 
Jessamine  co.,  Ky.,  and  was  adjutant-general  in 
the  war  of  1812.  His  son,  Thomas  Langford,  sol- 
dier, b.  in  Lexington,  Ky.,  in  1789 ;  d.  in  Louis- 
ville, Ky.,  31  Oct.,  1880.  In  1796  he  removed  to 
Carrollton,  then  Port  William,  Ky.,  and  in  1809 
entered  the  army  as  lieutenant.  In  1813  he  was 
promoted  captain,  and  served  through  the  north- 
western campaign  under  Harrison.  In  1814,  as 
aide-de-camp  to  Gen.  Jackson,  he  was  at  the  siege 
of  Pensacola,  and  in  1815  at  the  battle  of  New 
Orleans,  and  was  brevetted  major  for  gallantry. 
After  the  war  he  received  the  appointment  of  sur- 
veyor and  inspector  of  the  port  of  New  Orleans. 
He  resigned  his  post  and  returned  to  his  home  in 
Kentucky.  In  1826  he  represented  Gallatin  co.  in 
the  legislature.  He  was  a  member  of  the  old  court 
party,  and  aided  in  its  success  on  the  question  that 
then  agitated  the  state.  In  1847  he  again  repre- 
sented Carroll  and  Gallatin  in  the  legislature.  An- 
other son,  William  Orlando,  soldier,  b.  in  Jessa- 
mine CO.,  Ky.,  in  1791 ;  d.  in  Carrollton,  Ky.,  6 
Aug.,  1880.  Pie  was  graduated  at  Transylvania 
university  in  1812,  and  was  studying  law  under 
Robert  Wickliffe  at  Lexington,  when,  at  the  break- 
ing out  of  hostilities  with  England,  he  enlisted  as 
a  private,  and  hastened  to  the  relief  of  Fort 
Wayne.  Promoted  ensign  in  the  17th  infantry,  he 
was  at  the  disastrous  battles  of  18  and  22  Jan., 
1813,  at  Raisin  river.  He  distinguished  himself  in 
the  second  engagement  by  burning  a  barn  from 
which  the  Indians  poured  a  galling  fire  into  the 
American  ranks,  was  afterward  wounded  and  taken 
prisoner,  and,  after  enduring  privations  and  inhu- 
man treatment,  was  paroled  at  Fort  Niagara,  and 
made  his  way  back  to  Kentucky  amid  many  hard- 
ships. Commissioned  a  captain,  he  raised  a  com- 
pany, and  did  good  service  at  Pensacola.  He  was 
ordered  to  New  Orleans,  where,  on  the  night  of  23 
Dec.  1814,  while  in  command  of  four  companies 
on  the  left  wing,  he  attacked  and  repelled  Gen.  Sir 
Edward  Pakenham.  This  check  gave  time  for  the 
construction  of  defences  at  Chalmette,  which  on  8 
Jan.   enabled   the   Americans    to   defeat    a    force 

VOL.  I. — 31 


■A,  \    ) 


-77-3 


double  their  own  and  win  a  decisive  victory.  For 
this  service  he  was  made  brevet  major.  In  the 
following  year  he  succeeded  his  brother,  Maj. 
Thomas  Butler,  as  aide-de-camp  to  Gen.  Jackson. 
In  1817  he  resigned  from  the  army  and  resumed 
the  practice  of  law,  was  elected  in  that  year  to  the 
legislature,  and  served  through  three  terms.  In 
1839  he  was  elected  as  a  democrat  to  congress,  and 
he  was  again  returned  in  1841,  but  declined  a 
third  nomination.  He  was  induced  to  accept  the 
nomination  for  governor  in  1844,  with  no  hope  of 
election,  but  with  the  effect  of  reducing  the  ma- 
jorities of  the 
whig  party  from 

28,000  to  few-  ""^ 

er  than  5,000. 
His  success  at 
the  bar  was 
marked,  but  at 
the  beginning 
of  the  Mexican 
war  he  joined 
thearmy,andon 
29  June,  1846, 
was  appointed 
major  -  general 
of  volunteers. 
He  reported  to 
Gen.  Taylor, 
and  in  the  early 
nnlitary  move- 
ments in  Texas 
and      northern 

Mexico  bore  a  prominent  part.  At  the  siege  of 
Monterey,  24  Sept.,  he  charged  a  battery,  was 
wounded  in  the  leg,  and  was  sent  home,  but  rejoined 
the  army  of  Gen.  Scott  the  following  year,  and  was 
at  the  capture  of  the  city  of  Mexico.  For  his  bra- 
very at  Monterey  he  received  a  sword  of  honor  from 
congress,  and  one  from  his  own  state.  In  Febi'u- 
ary,  1848,  being  senior  major-general,  he  succeeded 
Gen.  Scott  in  the  chief  command,  and  held  that 
place  when  peace  was  signed,  29  May,  1848.  In 
May,  1848,  the  national  democratic  convention  at 
Baltimore  nominated  Gen.  Butler  for  vice-presi- 
dent on  the  ticket  on  which  Lewis  Cass  held  the 
first  place.  This  ticket  was  defeated  by  the  schism 
in  the  party,  and  the  nomination  in  New  York  of 
the  free-soil  candidates.  Van  Buren  and  Adams. 
Gen.  Butler  remained  in  private  life  after  this  elec- 
tion, refusing  the  appointment  of  governor  of  the 
territory  of  Nebraska  in  1855.  His  last  appearance 
on  the  public  stage  was  as  a  member  of  the  peace 
congress  which  met  at  Washington  in  1861.  He 
was  the  author  of  "  The  Boatman's  Horn "  and 
other  short  poems.  His  "  Life  and  Public  Services," 
edited  by  Francis  P.  Blair,  Jr.,  appeared  in  1848. — 
Edward,  the  youngest,  b.  in  Mount  Pleasant,  Pa., 
20  March,  1762 ;  d.  at  Fort  Wilkinson,  Ga.,  6  May, 
1803,  was  a  captain  in  Gibson's  regiment  of  Penn- 
sylvania levies  of  1791,  adjutant-general  to  Gen. 
Wayne  in  1796,  and  was  retained  with  the  rank  of 
major  on  the  establishment  in  1802.  His  son,  Ed- 
ward G.  W.,  entered  the  array  as  a  cadet  in  1816, 
rose  to  be  1st  lieutenant,  resigned  in  1831,  re-en- 
tered the  army  from  Louisiana  in  1847  as  colonel 
of  dragoons,  and  served  in  the  Mexican  war. 

BUTLER,  Simeon,  publisher,  b.  in  1770;  d.  in 
Northampton,  Mass.,  in  1847.  In  1792  he  estab- 
lished the  first  publishing-house  in  western  Massa- 
chusetts at  Northampton.  He  printed  the  earliest 
American  edition  of  Vattel's  "  Law  of  Nations," 
and  the  first  volume  of  Massachusetts  supreme 
court  reports,  and  brought  out  Dwight's  "  School 
Geography,"  which  had  a  large  sale.    He  also  en- 


482 


BUTLER 


BUTLER 


gaged  in  paper-making,  and  manufactured  the  first 
domestic  letter-paper  used  by  the  U.  S.  senate. 

IJUTLEli,  Thomas  Beldeii,  jurist,  b.  in 
Wetlierslield,  Conn.,  22  Aug.,  1806  ;  d.  in  Norwalk, 
Conn.,  8  June,  1873.  He  received  a  classical  edu- 
cation, entered  Yale  medical  school  in  1826,  and 
took  his  degree  of  M.  D.  in  1828.  He  practised 
medicine  for  eight  years  in  Norwalk,  when,  finding 
that  it  afl'ected  his  health,  he  abandoned  it,  and 
studied  law  with  Clark  Bissell.  He  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  Norwalk  in  1837,  was  a  member  of  the 
Connecticut  house  of  representatives  in  1882-'46, 
and  of  the  state  senate  in  1848-'53,  and  in  1849  was 
elected  to  congress  as  a  whig,  and  served  one  term. 
In  May,  1855,  he  was  elected  a  judge  of  the  superior 
court,  in  1861  was  appointed  tf  the  supreme  court 
of  Connecticut,  and  was  made  chief  justice  in  1870. 
He  was  a  careful  student  of  the  law,  and  his  in- 
sight into  difficult  points,  and  perception  of  the 
principles  of  equity,  gave  his  decisions  a  high  re- 
putation. He  was  also  an  excellent  farmer,  versed 
in  the  principles  of  mechanics,  and  interested  in 
meteorology.  He  published  "  The  Philosophy  of 
the  Weather"  (New  York,  1856),  and  in  1870  an 
enlarged  edition  under  the  title  of  "  Concise  Ana- 
lytical and  Logical  Development  of  the  Atmos- 
pheric System,  and  Prognostication  of  the 
Weather  "(Norwalk). 

BUTLER,  William,  soldier  and  politician,  b. 
in  Prince  William  co.,  Va.,  in  1759  ;  d.  in  Columbia, 
S.  C,  15  Nov.,  1821.  He  was  a  son  of  James  But- 
ler, who  was  captured  and  murdered  by  the  notori- 
ous Cunningham,  was  graduated  at  Soutli  Carolina 
college  as  a  student  of  medicine,  became  a  lieuten- 
ant in  Lincoln's  army  in  1779,  was  engaged  at 
Stono,  and  served  in  the  famous  corps  of  Pulaski. 
Butler  next  joined  Gen.  Pickens,  subsequently 
served  with  Gen.  Lee,  under  Greene,  at  the  siege  of 
Ninety-Six,  and  was  detached  on  several  separate 
services  requiring  celerity,  courage,  and  vigilance. 
He  at  length  rose  to  a  command  of  mounted  rang- 
ers, and  took  part  in  many  affairs  with  the  tories. 
At  the  head  of  a  body  of  cavalry,  he,  with  C'apt. 
Michael  Watson,  attacked  and  dispersed  double  the 
number  of  the  enemy  in  Dean's  swamp,  though 
Watson  fell  in  the  action.  He  was  soon  after  the 
war  made  a  brigadier-general,  and,  in  1796,  major- 
general  of  militia.  He  was  a  member  of  the  con- 
vention of  1787  to  consider  the  adoption  of  the 
federal  constitution,  and,  with  Gen.  Sumter  and 
others,  voted  against  it.  He  was  subsequently  a 
member  of  the  convention  that  passed  the  pres- 
ent constitution  of  South  Cai'olina,  for  some  time 
a  member  of  the  legislature,  sheriff  in  1794,  and 
served  as  a  magistrate.  Prom  1801  till  1818,  when 
he  resigned  his  seat  to  make  way  for  John  C.  Cal- 
houn, he  was  a  member  of  congress.  In  1818  he  was 
again  a  candidate  for  congress,  but  was  defeated 
by  Eldred  Simkins.  In  the  war  of  1812  he  com- 
manded the  South  Carolina  troops  for  state  defence. 
— His  son,  Andrew  Pickens,  jurist,  b.  in  Edge- 
field district,  S.  C,  17  Nov.,  1796 ;  d.  near  Edgefield 
Court-House,  25  May,  1857,  was  graduated  at 
South  Carolina  college  in  1817,  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  1819,  and  soon  gained  a  reputation  for  eloquence 
and  humor.  He  was  elected  to  the  legislature  in 
1824,  and  in  1825,  as  aide  to  Gov.  Manning,  took  part 
in  the  reception  given  to  Gen.  Lafayette.  In  1827 
he  was  one  of  the  committee  that  conducted  the 
impeachment  trial  of  Judge  James,  a  revolutionary 
veteran,  charged  with  incompetence  and  drunken- 
ness. During  the  nullification  trouljles  in  1831  he 
commanded  a  cavalry  regiment.  He  was  judge  of 
sessions  in  1833,  and  of  the  state  court  from  1835 
till  1846,  and  was  then  appointed  by  the  governor 


to  the  U.  S.  senate  to  fill  a  vacancy,  and  was  after- 
ward elected  by  the  legislature,  remaining  a  sena- 
tor till  his  death.  Soon  after  taking  his  seat  he 
became  chairman  of  the  judiciary  committee,  and 
he  took  a  conspicuous  part  in  debate,  particularly 
on  questions  affecting  the  south.  His  report  on 
the  fugitive  slave  law  was  defended  by  him  in  an 
able  speech.  His  last  effort  was  in  reply  to  Charles 
Sumner  and  in  defence  of  his  state.  Judge  Butler 
was  a  relative  of  Preston  S.  Brooks,  and  it  was 
because  of  remarks  about  him  in  debate  that  Mr. 
Brooks  assaulted  Mr.  Sumner  in  the  senate-cham- 
ber.— Another  son.  Pierce  Mason,  b.  in  Edgefield 
district,  S.  C,  11  April,  1798;  killed  in  the  battle 
of  Churubusco,  Mexico,  20  Aug.,  1847,  received 
a  military  education,  and  entered  the  army  in  1819 
as  second  lieutenant  of  infantry.  He  displayed 
from  the  first  abilities  that  promised  distinction, 
was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  first  lieutenant  in 
1823,  and  attained  the  grade  of  captain  in  1825. 
After  four  years  of  service,  he  resigned  his  com- 
mission, and  in  1829  became  a  resident  of  Columbia, 
S.  C,  and  was  elected  president  of  a  bank  estab- 
lished at  that  place.  In  1836  he  resigned  the 
office  and  accepted  the  appointment  of  lieutenant- 
colonel  in  Goodwyn's  regiment  of  South  Carolina 
volunteers,  raised  to  aid  in  suppressing  the  Semi- 
nole Indians  of  Florida.  He  served  throughout 
the  war,  and  won  distinction  in  several  hard-fought 
battles.  On  his  return  from  Florida,  he  was  in 
1838  elected  governor  of  South  Carolina.  At  the 
end  of  his  term,  having  given  great  satisfaction  to 
the  state  by  the  dignity  and  ability  that  he  dis- 
played in  the  office,  he  was  appointed  by  the  presi- 
dent Indian  agent,  and  filled  that  place  to  the  sat- 
isfaction of  the  government  until  the  beginning  of 
the  war  with  Mexico  in  1846,  when  he  resigned  it 
to  enter  the  army.  He  organized  the  Palmetto 
regiment,  was  elected  its  colonel,  and  led  it  with  the 
greatest  gallantry  in  the  fierce  conflicts  in  which  it 
took  part,  winning  marked  distinction  in  the  battle 
of  Cerro  Gordo.  At  the  battle  of  Churubusco,  22 
Aug.,  1847,  Col.  Butler  was  wounded  in  the  early 
part  of  the  engagement,  but  would  not  retire  from 
the  field,  and  continued  to  lead  his  men  in  the  im- 
petuous charge  upon  the  Mexican  lines  until  he 
was  shot  through  the  head  and  killed  instantly. 
Col.  Butler  was  over  six  feet  in  height,  finely  pro- 
portioned, his  features  classical,  his  face  beaming 
with  the  ardor  of  his  heroic  spirit,  and  his  bearing 
full  of  soldierly  dignity. — Another  son,  William,  b. 
in  Columbia,  S.  C,  was  educated  at  South  Carolina 
college,  and  served  in  the  federal  liouse  of  repre- 
sentatives from  1841  tfll  1843.— Mattliew  Cal- 
braith,  senator,  son  of  William,  b.  near  Green- 
ville, S.  C,  8  March,  1836,  was  educated  at  South 
Carolina  college,  studied  law  at  Edgefield  Court- 
House  with  his  uncle,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1857,  practised  at  Edgefield  Court-House,  and  was 
elected  to  the  legislature  in  1859.  He  entered 
the  confederate  service  as  captain  in  June,  1861, 
became  colonel  of  the  2d  South  Carolina  cavalry 
on  22  Aug.,  1862,  brigadier-general  on  1  Sept., 
1863,  and  afterward  a  major-general,  commanding 
Wright's  and  Logan's  brigades  of  cavalry  in  the 
Army  of  northern  Virginia.  At  the  battle  of 
Brandy  Station,  9  June,  1863,  he  lost  his  right  leg. 
He  was  elected  to  the  legislature  of  South  Carolina 
in  1866,  was  a  candidate  for  lieutenant-governor  in 
1870,  and  received  the  democratic  vote  for  U.  S.  sen- 
ator the  same  year.  In  1876,  when  there  were  two 
contending  state  governments  in  existence,  he  was 
elected  U.  S.  senator  by  the  democratic  legislature, 
as  the  successor  of  Thomas  J.  Robertson,  republi- 
can.     David  T.  Corbin,  who  was  elected  by  the 


BUTLER 


BUTTERWORTH 


483 


republican  legislature,  contested  the  election;  but 
Gen.  Butler  was  admitted  to  the  seat  on  2  Dec, 
1877.  In  1882  he  was  re-elected  for  the  term  ex- 
piring 3  March,  1889. 

BUTLER,  William,  missionary,  b.  in  Dublin, 
Ireland,  31  Jan.,  1818 ;  d.  in  Old  Orchard,  Me.,  18 
Aug.,  1899.  He  studied  for  the  Wesleyan  ministry, 
completing  his  course  in  1844,  and  in  the  same 
year  joined  the  Irish  conference.  He  preached  six 
years  in  Ireland,  removed  to  the  United  States, 
remained  six  years  in  the  New  England  conference, 
and  in  1856  was  sent  to  India  to  select  and  organ- 
ize a  field  for  a  Methodist  mission.  He  estab- 
lished the  Methodist  missions  in  the  valley  of  the 
Ganges,  and  labored  there  for  nearly  ten  years.  In 
1864  he  returned  to  the  United  States,  preached 
for  a  time  in  New  England,  and  then  became  a 
secretary  of  the  American  and  foreign  Christian 
union.  In  1872  he  was  commissioned  to  found  a 
mission  for  his  church  in  Mexico.  He  reached  that 
country  23  Feb.,  1873,  and  labored  there  until 
obliged  by  failing  health  to  return  in  February, 
1879.  Afterward  he  resumed  the  pastoral  office  in 
the  New  England  conference.  He  is  the  author  of 
a  "  Missionary  Compendium  "  (New  York,  1850) ; 
"  The  Land  of  the  Veda  "  (1872) :  "  Mexico  from 
the  Conquest  to  1880  "  (1881) ;  and  "  From  Boston 
to  Bareilv  and  Back  "  (1885). 

BUTIJER,  Zebuloii,  soldier,  b.  in  Lyme,  Conn., 
in  1731 ;  d.  in  Wilkesbarre,  Pa.,  28  July,  1795.  He 
served  in  the  French  war  and  in  the  expedition  to 
Havana,  and  rose  to  be  a  captain  in  1761.  In  1769 
he  settled  at  Wyoming.  Pa.  In  the  early  part  of 
the  revolutionary  war  he  was  a  lieutenant-colonel 
in  the  Connecticut  line,  servmg  in  New  Jersey  in 
1777-8,  and  became  colonel  on  13  March,  1778. 
On  3  July,  1778,  he  commanded  the  weak  garrison 
at  Wyoming  at  the  time  of  the  massacre,  which  he 
wasiinableto  prevent.  He  accompanied  Sullivan 
in  his  Indian  expedition  in  1779,  and  served  with 
distinction  throughout  the  war.  See  Miner's  "  His- 
tory of  Wyoming  "  (Philadelphia,  1845). 

BUTTERFlELl),CoiisiilWillsliire,author,b. 
in  Mexico,  N.  Y.,  28  July,  1824  ;  d.  in  South  Omaha, 
Neb.,  25  Sept.,  1899.  He  was  educated  in  Albany, 
became  a  teacher,  and  in  1848-'9  superintendent  of 
schools  in  Seneca  co.,  Ohio,  and  removed  in  1875  to 
Wisconsin.  He  has  published  "  History  of  Seneca 
County,  Ohio  "  (Sandusky,  1848) ;  "  An  Historical 
Accoimt  of  the  Expedition  against  Sandusky  in 
1782  "  (Cincinnati,  1873) ;  ''  The  History  and  Bio- 
graphical Annals  of  the  University  of  Wisconsin  " 
(Madison,  1879) ;  and  •'  History  of  the  Discovery  of 
the  Northwest  by  John  Nicolet "  (Cincinnati,  1881). 
He  has  edited  the  "  Washington-Crawford  Letters  " 
^Cincinnati,  1877) ;  the  "  Washington-Irvine  Corre- 
spondence "  (Madison,  1882) ;  "  A  Short  Biography 
of  John  Leith  "  (Cincinnati,  1883) ;  and  "  Journal 
of  Capt.  Jonathau  Heart"  (Albanv,  1885). 

BUTTERFIELD,  John,  expressman,  b.  in  Hel- 
dcrberg,  N.  Y.,  in  1783;  d.  in  Utica,  15  Nov.,  1869. 
He  was  self-educated,  and  was  a  stage-coach  driver 
in  early  life.  In  1822  he  removed  to  LTtica  to  as- 
sist in  the  management  of  the  stage-line  between 
Albany  and  Buffalo,  and  soon  became  the  leading 
manager  of  that  business  in  the  state,  owner  of 
neai-ly  all  the  stage-coach  lines  in  western  New 
Y^jrk,  and  part-owner  of  a  line  of  steamers  on  Lake 
Ontario  and  the  St.  Lawrence  river.  In  1849  he 
formed  the  express  company  of  Butterfield,  Wesson 
&  Co.  On  the  establishment  of  railroads,  he  di- 
rected his  energies  to  the  new  project,  and  was  also 
the  originator  of  the  American  express  company, 
in  which  organization  he  -was  a  directing  power 
until  his  death.     The  corporation  was  formed  in 


1850  by  the  consolidation  of  the  rival  firms  of  But- 
terfield, Wesson  &  Co.,  Wells  &  Co.,  and  Livingston 

6  Fargo,  which  was  accomplished  at  the  suggestion 
of  Mr.  Butterfield.  Perceiving  the  commercial  im- 
portance of  the  electric  telegraph,  he  projected  and 
built  the  Morse  telegraph  line  between  New  Y'ork 
and  Bulfalo.  He  was  president  of  the  Overland 
mail  company,  which,  in  1858,  contracted  with  the 
government  to  carry  a  monthly,  and  subsequently 
a  daily,  mail  between  San  Francisco  and  the  Mis- 
souri river.  He  also  aided  largely  in  building  up 
the  city  of  Utica. — His  son,  Daniel,  soldier,  b.  in 
Utica,  i^.  Y.,  31  Oct.,  1881,  was  graduated  at  Union 
in  1849,  and  became  a  merchant  in  New  Y'ork 
city.  He  was  colonel  of  the  12th  New  York  militia 
when  the  civil  war  began.  Accompanying  his  regi- 
ment to  Washington  in  July,  1861,  he  led  the  ad- 
vance into  Virginia  over  the  Long  Bridge,  joined 
Gen.  Patterson  on  the  i;pper  Potomac,  and  com- 
manded a  brigade.  On  the  enlargement  of  the 
regular  army,  he  was  commissionecl  a  lieutenant- 
colonel,  and  "assigned  to  the  12th  infantry,  14  May, 
1861,   appointed   brigadier-general   of  volunteers, 

7  Sept.,  1861,  and  ordered  to  the  corps  of  Fitz- 
John  Porter,  in  which  he  made  the  campaign  of 
the  peninsula,  taking  a  conspicuous  part  in  the 
actions  at  Hanover  Court-House,  Mechanicsville, 
Gaines's  Mills,  where  he  was  wounded,  and  in  the 
battles  fought  during  the  retreat  of  McClellan's 
army  to  Harrison's  Landing,  where  he  comjnanded 
a  detachment  on  the  south  side  of  the  James  river 
to  cover  the  retreat.  He  took  part  in  the  great 
battles  under  Pope  and  McClellan  in  August  and 
September,  1862,  and  near  the  close  of  October  took 
command  of  Morell's  division.  He  became  major- 
general  of  volunteers  on  29  Nov.,  1862,  was  made 
colonel  of  the  5th  infantry  in  the  regular  army  on 
1  July,  1863,  and  commanded  the  5th  corps  at  the 
battle  of  Fredericksburg,  Va.,  was  chief  of  staff. 
Army  of  the  Potomac,  at  Chancellorsville,  and  at 
Gettysburg,  where  he  was  wounded,  was  ordered  to 
re-enforce  Rosecrans's  Army  of  the  Cumberland, 
in  October,  1863,  acting  as  chief  of  staff  to  Hooker 
at  Lookout  Mountain,  Mission  Ridge,  Ringgold, 
and  Pea  Vine  Creek,  Ga.  He  commanded  a  di- 
vision of  the  20th  corps  at  the  battles  of  Buzzard's 
Roost,  Resaca,  Dallas,  New  Hope  Church,  Kene- 
saw,  and  Lost  Mountain,  Ga.,  and  was  bi'evetted 
brigadier-  and  major-general,  U.  S.  A.,  for  gallant 
and  meritoi'ious  conduct.  He  is  the  author  of 
"  Camp  and  Outpost  Duty  "  (New  Y^ork,  1862).  He 
served  after  the  war  as  superintendent  of  the  gen- 
eral recruiting  service  of  the  U.  S.  army,  with  head- 
quarters in  New  York,  and  in  command  of  forces 
in  New  York  harbor  from  1865  till  1869,  when  he 
resigned  from  the  army  and  was  appointed  head  of 
the  Sub-treasury  of  the  United  States  in  New  Y^ork. 
Since  leaving  this  position  he  has  been  connected 
with  the  American  express  company.  On  21  Sept., 
1886,  he  married,  in  London,  England,  Mrs.  Julia 
L.  James,  of  New  Y^ork  city. 

BUTTERWORTH,  Benjamin,  b.  in  Warren 
county,  Ohio,  22  Oct.,  1822  ;  d.  in  Thomasville,  Ga., 
16  Jan.,  1898.  His  father  was  originally  a  Virginia 
planter,  who  had  freed  his  slaves,  and,  removing  to 
Ohio, became  active  with  Levi  Coffin  in  the  "under- 
ground railroad."  The  son  was  educated  at  Ohio 
university  in  Athens,  studied  law  in  Cincinnati, 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1861,  and  practised  in 
that  city.  He  was  U.  S.  district  attorney  in  1870, 
a  member  of  the  state  senate  in  1873  and  1874,  and 
was  elected  to  congress  in  1878,  and  re-elected  for 
the  following  terra.  He  was  the  author  of  the  com- 
pulsory army  retirement  act.  In  1883  President 
Arthur  appointed  him  a  commissioner  to  examine 


484 


BUTTERWORTH 


BUTTS 


a  pai-t  of  the  Northern  Pacific  railroad.  He  was 
also  retained  by  the  government  as  counsel  to  prose- 
cute the  South  Carolina  election  cases  in  that  year. 
After  the  retirement  of  E.  M.  Marble  from  the 
patent-office,  1  Sept.,  1883,  Mr.  Butterworth  was 
appointed  commissioner  of  patents.  In  1884  he  was 
a^'aiii  elected  to  con<;-ress. 

UUTTERWOllTH,  Hezekiah,  author,  b.  in 
Warren,  R.  I.,  22  Dec,  1839.  lie  received  a  com- 
mon-school education,  and  travelled  at  different 
times  in  Europe,  Cuba,  Canada,  and  the  United 
States.  In  1871  he  became  assistant-editor  of  the 
"  Youth's  Companion."  He  has  published  "  Story 
of  the  Hymns"  (Boston,  1876);  "Zig-Zag  Jour- 
neys" (187G-'94),  consisting  of  annual  volumes  de- 
scriptive of  the  Levant,  Acadia,  northern  lands, 
the  Occident,  the  orient,  and  classic  lands;  "The 
Prayers  of  History  "  (1880) ;  "  Poems  for  Christmas, 
Easter,  and  New  Year  "  (1883) ;  "  Great  Composers," 
■written  for  Chautauqua  readings ;  "  Wonderful 
Christmases  of  Old"  (1885);  "Ballads  and  Stories 
for  Readings  "  (Cincinnati,  1886) ;  "  Songs  of  His- 
tory "  (Boston,  1887);  "The  Story  of  the  Times" 
(New  York,  1890) ;  "  The  Log  Schoolhouse  on  the 
Columbia  "  (1890) ;  "  The  Christmas  Book  "  (Boston, 
1891) ;  "  Little  Arthur's  History  of  Rome  "  (New 
York,  1892) ;  "  In  the  Boyhood  of  Lincoln  "  (1892) ; 
"  The  Boys  of  Green  way  Court "  (1893) ;  "  The  Pa- 
triot Schoolmaster  "  (1894) ;  and  "  The  Parson's 
Miracle"  (Boston,  1894).  He  is  also  the  author  of 
the  cantata  "  Under  the  Palms,"  of  tliat  entitled 
"  Faith,"  and  of  one  called  "  Faith  Triumphant." 

BUTTERWORTH,  Samuel  F.,  lawyer,  d.  in 
San  Francisco,  5  May,  1875.  He  studied  and  prac- 
tised law  in  New  York  city,  and  during  the  ad- 
ministration of  President  Buchanan  was  at  the 
head  of  the  sub-treasury  in  New  York.  Afterward 
he  went  to  California  as  superintendent  of  a  mining 
company,  engaged  largely  in  gold-mining  and  land 
speculations,  and  acquired  a  fortune  estimated  at 
$7,000,000,  which  was  invested  in  real  estate. 

BUTTON,  Sir  Thomas,  English  navigator,  d.  at 
Plymouth,  England,  in  April,  1634.  He  command- 
ed an  expedition  sent  out  two  years  after  Hudson's 
last  voyage.  Pie  sailed  from  England  in  May,  1612, 
with  two  vessels,  the  "  Resolution  "  and  the  "  Dis- 
covery," provisioned  for  eighteen  months.  He 
passed  through  Hudson  strait  and  crossed  the  bay 
to  the  southern  point  of  Southampton  island., 
which  place  he  named  Carey's  Swan's  Nest.  He 
continued  his  course  westward,  expecting  to  find 
a  northwest  passage,  and,  when  he  came  to  the 
western  shore  of  the  bay,  gave  it  the  significant 
name  of  Hope's  Check ;  then  coasted  along  the 
shore  and  came  to  Nelson  river,  which  he  named 
Port  Nelson,  after  the  master  of  his  ship.  There  he 
wintered,  and  in  the  summer  of  1613,  after  the 
breaking  up  of  the  ice,  he  made  an  exploration  of 
the  bay  as  far  as  lat.  65°  N.,  and  of  Southampton 
island,  returning  to  England  in  the  autumn, 
thoroughly  convinced  that  a  northwest  passage 
existed.     He  was  knighted  for  his  services. 

BUTTRE,  Joliii  Chester,  engraver,  b.  in  Au- 
burn, N.  Y.,  10  June,  1821 :  d.  in  Ridgewood,  N.  J., 
2  Dec,  1893.  He  obtained  his  education  in  Auburn 
academy.  The  first  drawing-lessons  he  received 
were  from  one  Hulaniski,  a  Polish  exile  residing  in 
Auburn  ;  and  afterward,  while  assisting  his  father, 
he  devoted  his  leisure  to  the  study  of  portrait-paint- 
ing. In  the  practice  of  this  art  he  was  assisted  by 
friends ;  but  he  did  not  succeed  as  well  with  colors 
as  in  drawing,  and  his  attention  was  directed  to 
wood-engraving.  His  first  attempt  in  this  line 
was  a  series  of  small  penny  toy  primers.  By  de- 
grees the  work  progressed,  and  in  time  he  did  the 


business  of  a  general  engraver,  including  card- 
plates,  wood-cuts  for  the  newspapers,  marking  sil- 
ver-ware, and  various  kinds  of  simple  work.  In 
1841  he  removed  to  New  York,  and  thereafter  gave 
his  attention  to  steel-plate  engraving.  His  pro- 
ductions were  soon  in  demand,  and  appeared  in 
many  of  the  magazines.  About  1858  he  executed 
a  full-length  portrait  of  President  Buchanan,  which 
was  then  regarded  as  one  of  the  best  specimens  of 
that  kind  of  work.  He  also  engraved  and  pub- 
lished a  successful  full-length  portrait  of  Martha 
Washington.  During  the  civil  war  he  published 
"The  Empty  Sleeve,"  "Only  a  Little  Brook," 
"  Prayer  in  Camp,"  and  several  similar  pictures, 
whicH  had  an  extensive  sale.  His  work  included 
the  engraving  of  nearly  3,000  plates,  and  it  was  his 
pride  that  orders  came  to  him  on  account  of  his 
merit,  without  solicitation.  He  published  in  parts 
"  The  American  Portrait  Gallery,"  of  which  the 
letter-press  was  prepared  bv  his  daughter,  Lillian 
C.  Buttre  (3  vols..  New  York,  1880-'81). 

BUTTRICK,  John,  soldier,  b.  in  1715;  d.  in 
Concord,  Mass.,  16  May,  1791.  He  was  one  of  the 
leaders  of  the  Concord  militia  on  the  memorable 
19th  of  April,  1775. 

BUTTS,  Isaac,  journalist,  b.  in  Washington, 
Dutchess  CO.,  N.  Y..  11  Jan.,  1816  ;  d.  in  Rochester, 
N.  Y.,  20  Nov.,  1874.  At  the  age  of  twelve  he 
removed  with  his  father's  family  to  the  town  of 
Irondecjuoit,  adjoining  the  city  of  Rochester,  where 
he  lived  upon  a  farm  and  received  common-school 
instruction.  Approaching  to  majority,  he  sought 
a  more  liberal  education  and  received  it  under  the 
instruction  of  Prof.  Chester  Dewey,  principal  of 
the  Rochester  high  school.  After  successfully  fol- 
lowing various  pursuits,  he  adopted  the  profession 
of  journalism,  and  in  October,  1845,  purchased  and 
assumed  editorship  of  the  Rochester  "  Advertiser," 
the  oldest  daily  paper  in  the  United  States  west  of 
Albany,  and  the  leading  organ  of  the  Democratic 
party  in  western  New  York.  During  the  following 
year,  1846,  slavery  became  a  prominent  issue  in  the 
politics  of  the  United  States,  as  a  consequence  of 
the  war  with  Mexico,  and  the  pending  acquisition 
of  territory  by  treaty  of  peace.  The  question  was, 
whether  slavery  should  be  allowed  or  prohibited  by 
congress  in  the  acquired  territory,  and  discussion 
of  it  was  forced  in  August,  1846,  by  the  introduc- 
tion in  the  house  of  representatives  of  the  "  Wilmot 
proviso,"  to  the  effect  that  slavery  should  be  ex- 
cluded. Mr.  Butts  took  strong  ground  against 
both  sides  in  the  controversy,  and  promulgated  the 
doctrine  that  the  people  of  the  territories  should 
settle  the  question  for  themselves.  Credit  for  the 
origin  of  this  principle  of  "  Popular  Sovei-eignty," 
or  "  Squatter  Sovereignty,"  as  its  opponents  con- 
temptuously stigmatized  it,  has  been  erroneously 
claimed  for  each  of  three  distinguished  senators — 
Daniel  S.  Dickinson,  Lewis  Cass,  and  Stephen  A. 
Douglas  —  respectively  from  New  York,  Michi- 
gan, and  Illinois.  The  records  prove  that  it  was 
first  advocated  by  Mr.  Butts  in  the  daily  "Adver- 
tiser "  of  8  Feb.,"  1847;  by  Mr.  Dickinson  in  the 
senate,  13  Dec.  1847;  by  Gen.  Cass  in  his  Nichol- 
son letter,  24  Dec,  1847 ;  and  by  Judge  Douglas 
in  the  discussion  of  the  compromise  measures  in 
the  senate,  17  June,  1850.  In  the  division  of  the 
Democratic  party  that  followed  in  1848,  Mr.  Butts 
took  side  with  tlie  "  Barnburners  "  of  New  York  in 
support  of  Van  Buren  and  Adams,  against  the 
"  Hunkers,"  who  sustained  Cass  and  Butler.  After 
the  defeat  of  the  latter  he  sold  the  "  Advertiser  " 
to  a  syndicate  of  "  Hunkers,"  and,  retiring  from 
editorial  service,  engaged  in  the  enterprise  of  the 
House  printing  telegraph  and  in  the  construction 


BUXTOX 


BYLLYNGE 


485 


of  lines  in  the  western  states,  converging  at  St. 
Louis.  After  the  presidential  election  of  1852  he 
returned  to  journalism  by  the  purchase  of  a  half- 
interest  in  the  Kochester  daily  '.'  Union,"  which 
had  been  established  in  August  of  that  year  to 
support  the  Democratic  candidates,  Pierce  and 
King.  In  1857  the  daily  "  Advertiser  "  was  joined 
with  the  "  Union,"  and  Mr.  Butts  continued  as  edi- 
tor until  December,  1864,  when  he  permanently  re- 
tired. About  the  beginning  of  this  last  period  of 
editorial  service  there  was  a  consolidation  of  tele- 
graphic lines  and  interests  by  the  incorporation  of 
the  Western  Union  Telegraph  Company,  of  which 
Mr.  Butts  was  one  of  the  organizers  and  for  many 
years  one  of  the  managers.  Mr.  Butts  never  held 
any  public  position  beyond  acting  as  a  delegate 
for  his  party  in  several  state  and  national  conven- 
tions. He  was  elected  a  delegate  at  large  to  the 
New  York  constitutional  convention  of  1866,  but 
declined  to  serve.  He  was  a  man  of  marked  talent, 
both  natural  and  acquired.  Possessed  of  an  ana- 
lytical and  logical  mind,  he  was'  a  powerful  con- 
troversialist ;  and  he  has  left  brochures  on  finance, 
protection,  free-trade,  and  other  subjects,  that  are 
remarkable  for  originality  and  force.  His  volume 
on  "  Protection  and  Free-Trade,"  with  a  memoii', 
was  published  posthumously  (New  York,  1875). 

BUXTON,  Jarvis  Barry,  clergyman,  b.  in 
Newbern,  N.  C,  17  Jan.,  1792;  d.  in  Fayetteville, 
N.  C,  'SO  May,  1851,  He  was  ordained  a  deacon  in 
the  Protestant  Episcopal  church  at  Elizabeth  City, 
N.  C,  in  1827,  and  in  1831  he  i-emoved  to  Fayette- 
ville and  was  rector  there  vintil  his  death,  sustain- 
ing a  high  reputation  for  zeal  and  devotion,  A 
memoir  by  his  son.  Rev,  Jarvis  Buxton,  accom- 
panies a  volume  of  his  discourses  (Raleigh,  1853), 

BYERLY,  William  Elwood,  mathematician, 
b,  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  13  Dec,  1849.  He  was 
gi-aduated  at  Harvard  in  1871,  was  assistant  pro- 
fessor of  mathematics  at  Cornell  university  in 
1873-6,  was  employed  in  the  same  capacity  at 
Harvard  in  1876-'81,  and  appointed  full  professor 
in  1881,  He  has  published  "  Elements  of  Differen- 
tial Calculus  "  (Boston,  1879) ;  "  Elements  of  Inte- 
gral Calculus  "  (1881);  syllabi  of  the  Harvard  courses 
in  plane  trigonometry,  analytical  geometry,  equa- 
tions, and  methods  in  analytic  geometry, 

BYFIELD,  Natlianiel,  jurist,  b.  in  Long  Dit- 
ten,  Surrey,  England,  in  1653 ;  d.  in  Boston,  Mass., 
6  June,  1733.  Richard,  his  father,  was  one  of  the 
Westminster  assembly  divines,  his  mother  a  sister 
of  Bishop  Juxon.  He  arrived  in  Boston  in  1764, 
became  a  merchant,  and  soon  after  King  Philip's 
war  one  of  the  four  proprietors  and  the  principal 
settler  of  the  town  of  Bristol,  R.  I.  He  returned 
to  Boston  in  1724.  He  was  at  one  time  speaker  of 
the  house  of  representatives,  was  for  thirty-eight 
years  judge  of  the  court  of  common  pleas  in  Bris- 
tol, and  for  two  years  in  Suffolk  co.,  for  many 
years  a  member  of  the  council,  and  judge  of  the 
vice-admiralty  in  1704-'15  and  in  1729.  He  pub- 
lished an  "  Account  of  the  late  Revolution  in  New 
England"  (1689). 

BYFORD,  William  Heath,  physician,  b.  in 
Eaton,  Preble  co.,  Ohio,  20  March,  1817,  He  was 
graduated  at  the  Ohio  medical  college  in  1844,  be- 
came professor  of  anatomy  in  Evansville  medical 
college  in  1850,  and  of  the  theory  and  practice  of 
medicine  in  1852.  In  1857  he  went  to  Chicago  as 
professor  of  obstetrics  in  the  Rush  medical  college, 
and  in  1857  took  the  same  chair  in  the  Chicago 
medical  college.  In  1862  he  became  president  and 
professor  of  obstetrics  and  gynaecology  in  the 
Woman's  medical  college,  Chicago,  and  in  1880 
professor  of  gynaecology  in  Rush  medical  college. 


He  has  published  "  Chronic  Inflammation  of  the 
Cervix"  (Philadelphia,  1864);  "Treatise  on  the 
Chronic  Infiammation  and  Displacements  of  the 
Uterus"  (1864;  new  ed.,  1871);  "Practice  of  Medi- 
cine  and  Surgery  applied  to  Diseases  of  Women  " 
(1865;  revised  ed.,  1871) ;  "  Philosophy  of  Domestic 
Life  "  (Boston,  1868) ;  and  "  Treatise  on  the  Theory 
and  Practice  of  Obstetrics"  (New  York,  1870). 

BYINOTON,  Cyrus,  missionary,  b,  in  Stock- 
bridge,  Mass.,  11  March,  1793;  d.  In  Belpre,  Ohio, 
31  Dec,  1868.  He  studied  theology  at  Andover, 
where  he  was  graduated  in  1819 ;  and,  after  being 
for  some  months  in  the  employ  of  the  prudential 
committee  of  the  American  board  of  missions,  was 
sent  by  them  as  a  missionary  to  the  ChoctaM^s,  then 
in  the  southern  states.  He  remained  at  the  EHot 
station  from  1821  till  the  Choctaws,  by  the  treaty 
of  1830,  were  compelled  to  remove  to  the  present 
Indian  territory,  and  accompanied  them  thither, 
remaining  at  the  new  station,  Stockbridge,  till 
about  1866,  when  failing  health  compelled  him  to 
relinquish  work,  and  he  removed  to  Ohio.  He  pre- 
pared severjd  religious  books  for  the  Indians,  and 
translated  p(irt  inns  of  the  Bible  into  their  language. 

BYLES,  Matlicr,  clergyman,  b.  in  Boston,  15 
March,  1707 ;  d.  there,  5  July,  1788.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Harvard  in  1725,  ordained  and  took  charge 
of  the  Congregational  church  in  Hollls  street,  Bos- 
ton, on  20  Dec,  1733.  He  was  especially  distin- 
guished among  his  contemporaries  for  his  wit  and 
conversational  powers.  He  possessed  literary  taste 
and  solid  learning,  was  a  correspondent  of  Pope 
and  Swift,  and  published  a  "  Poem  on  the  Death 
of  George  I."  (1727),  a  "  Poetical  Epistle  to  Gov. 
Belcher  on  the  Death  of  his  Lady "  (1736),  and 
"  Miscellaneous  Poems  "  (1744).  He  had  just  claims 
to  regard  as  a  pulpit  orator ;  and  his  published 
sermons  evince  a  fine  imagination  and  great  com- 
mand of  language,  combined  with  terseness  of  ex- 
pression. He  maintained  his  loyalty  during  the 
troubled  ante-revolutionary  period  in  Boston,  In 
August,  1776,  at  the  age  of  seventy,  his  connection 
with  his  parish  was  dissolved  on  this  account.  The 
next  year,  in  May,  he  was  denounced  in  town-meet- 
ing as  an  enemy  to  the  country,  tried,  and  con- 
demned to  imprisonment  in  a  guard-ship,  and  to 
be  sent  with  his  family  to  England  within  forty 
days ;  but  this  sentence  was  afterward  commuted 
to  confinement  in  his  own  house,  from  which  he 
was  soon  released.  He  continued  to  reside  in  Bos- 
ton imtil  his  death,  but  held  no  pastoral  charge 
from  that  time.  His  two  daughters,  the  last  of 
whom  died  in  1837,  remained  staunch  loyalists  to 
the  end  of  their  days. — His  son,  Mather,  clergy- 
man, b.  12  Jan.,  1735 ;  d.  in  St.  John,  New  Bruns- 
wick, 12  March,  1814,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1751,  ordained  a  Congregationalist  minister,  and 
for  some  time  pastor  of  a  church  in  New  London, 
Conn.  In  1768  he  became  an  Episcopalian,  and 
was  called  to  Boston  as  rector  of  Christ  church, 
which  charge  he  held  until  the  expulsion  of  the 
tories.  A  few  years  after  St.  John  was  founded  by 
the  expelled  loyalists  he  became  rector  of  the 
parish,  which  charge  he  held  at  the  opening  of 
Trinity  church  in  1791,  and  until  his  death.  He 
received  the  degree  of  D.  D.  from  Oxford. 

BYLLYNGE,  Edward,  colonial  proprietary,  d. 
in  England  in  1687.  He  was  associated  with  John 
Fenwicke  in  the  purchase  of  a  large  tract  of  land 
in  New  Jersey,  embracing,  in  general  terms,  all  the 
province  north  of  a  line  drawn  from  Barnegat  to 
Burlington.  The  partners  were  Quakers,  but  had  a 
falling  out  regarding  the  division  of  the  property ; 
and  William  Penn,  being  called  upon  to  arbitrate, 
assigned  nine  tenths  of    the  tract   to  Byllynge. 


486 


BY  LOT 


BYRD 


But  the  latter  shortly  afterward  found  himself  in 
financial  straits,  and  was  obliged  to  make  an  as- 
signment for  the  benefit  of  his  creditors.  The 
trustees  effected  sales  of  land  to  two  companies  of 
Friends,  one  of  which  founded  Burlington  in 
1677.  The  estate,  in  its  divisions,  was  long  known 
as  "  The  Byllynge  tenths."  In  1681  Byllynge  was 
among  the  twenty-four  proprietaries  to  whom  the 
Duke  of  York  confirmed  the  sale  of  the  province ; 
and  in  1677  he  was  elected  by  the  land-owners 
governor  of  the  province  of  West  Jersey,  and, 
after  the  manner  of  such  officials,  named  deputies 
and  never  visited  his  domain  in  person.  He  was 
never  in  harmony  with  his  people,  who  vainly 
sought  to  have  him  removed  from  office  shortly  be- 
fore his  death. 

BYLOT,  or  BYLOR,  Robert,  British  navigator, 
lived  in  the  17th  century.  He  was  commanding 
officer  of  the  exploring  expeditions  that  William 
Baffin  accompanied  as  pilot.  His  name  is  often 
spelled  Bylor  in  ancient  and  modern  prints.  To 
Baffin  is  properly  ascribed  the  credit  of  the  fa- 
mous voyages  of  1615-'6 ;  but  prior  to  this  Bylot 
had  made  three  voyages  of  exploration  to  the 
northwest  in  the  "  Discovery,"  a  ship  of  fifty-five 
tons.  To  him  was  apparently  intrusted  the  ad- 
ministrative and  executive  responsibilities  of  the 
voyage,  while  Baffin  was  in  a  sense  the  expert  re- 
garding signs  of  sea,  sky,  and  coast-lines. 

BYRD,  Harvey  Leoiiidas,  physician  and  army 
surgeon,  b.  in  Salem,  Sumter  co.,  S.  C.  8  Aug., 
1820 ;  d.  29  Nov.,  1884.  He  was  descended  from 
the  earliest  settlers  of  the  Carolinas,  and  his  family 
has  always  been  prominent  in  the  state.  His  grand- 
father was  a  member  of  Marion's  brigade  in  the 
revolutionary  war.  After  acquiring  a  classical  edu- 
cation in  his  native  state.  Dr.  Byrd  went  to  Phila- 
delphia and  entered  the  famous  medical  schools — 
Jefferson  college,  Pennsylvania  college,  and  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  took  degrees  from  all 
of  them,  and  in  1840  began  practice  in  his  native 
town,  but  soon  removed  to  Georgetown,  and  after- 
ward to  Savannah,  where  he  became  a  professor  in 
the  Medical  college  and  in  Oglethorpe  medical  col- 
lege. In  1844  he  married  Adelaide  Dazier,  daugh- 
ter of  John  Dazier,  of  Williamsburg,  S.  C.  At  the 
beginning  of  the  civil  war  he  entered  the  Confed- 
erate army  as  a  surgeon,  and  served  until  the  sur- 
render, wiien  he  settled  in  Baltimore  and  began  a 
movement  for  the  reopening  of  Washington  uni- 
versity, which  had  been  suspended  during  the  war. 
He  was  cordially  seconded  by  others  of  the  profes- 
sion, was  nominated  dean  of  the  faculty,  and  the 
college  entered  almost  at  once  on  a  career  of  suc- 
cess. After  several  years  of  service,  he  withdrew, 
and  established  the  College  of  physicians  and  sur- 
geons of  Baltimore.  He  contributed  largely  to 
medical  periodicals,  edited  the  "  Oglethorpe  Medi- 
cal and  Surgical  J  ournal "  for  three  years,  and  was 
a  member  of  the  leading  medical  societies,  of  the 
Aryan  order,  and  of  various  historical  societies. 

BYRD,  William,  colonial  official,  b.  in  London 
in  1650;  d.  in  Westover,  Va.,  4  Dec,  1704.  He 
was  the  son  of  John  and  Grace  Stegge  Byrd,  of  the 
family  of  Brexton,  Cheshire,  England.  He  came 
to  America  in  1674  as  the  heir  of  his  uncle,  Capt. 
Thomas  Stegge,  "gent."  The  inherited  estate  in- 
cluded the  present  site  of  Richmond,  and  some  of 
the  best  land  in  Virginia.  He  married  Mary, 
daughter  of  Warham  Horsemanden,  Esq.,  of  Len- 
ham,  Kent.  Col.  Byrd  settled  near  the  falls  of  the 
James,  taking  at  once  a  prominent  part  in  the 
affairs  of  the  colony,  and  acquiring  large  wealth 
before  the  end  of  the  century.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  council ;  of  the  house  of  burgesses,  and  was 


commissioned  "  receiver-general  of  his  majesty's 
revenues  for  the  colony,"  an  office  which  he  retained 
until  his  death.  He  was  also,  according  to  the  Latin 
inscription  on  his  monument,  "  armiger,"  or  sword- 
bearer,  which  has  been  freely  rendered  "armor- 
bearer  to  the  king"  in  some  translations  of  the 
inscription.  His  wife  died  9  Nov.,  1699.  The 
accompanying  illustration  is  a  view  of  the  Byrd 


»k« 


H^     i^V^fS^^-^^^    ^^-Si^^i^V 


mansion,  known  as  "  Westover,"  on  James  river, 
which  is  still  in  the  possession  of  his  descendants. 
This  mansion — one  of  the  finest  in  historic  Virgin- 
ia— was  built  by  Thodorick  Bland,  and  purchased 
by  the  head  of  the  Byrd  family.  The  house  is 
substantially  constructed  of  red  brick,  and  fortu- 
nately escaped  serious  damage  during  the  civil 
war.  The  gate-posts  bear  the  ancient  arms  of  the 
family,  and  the  interior  of  the  house  is  elaborately 
decorated  with  wood-carvings  in  the  early  colonial 
style.  Westover  was  for  many  years  the  county 
seat  of  Charles  City  county,  and  the  court-house 
stood  near  the  residence.  In  1677,  according  to 
the  historian  Stith,  Col.  Byrd,  being  in  England, 
was  present  at  the  sale  of  the  effects  of  the  Earl  of 
Southampton,  and  purchased  for  sixty  guineas  a 
folio  copy  in  manuscript  of  the  "  Records  of  the 
Virginia  Company,"  from  28  April,  1619,  till  7 
June,  1624.  It  is  the  only  record  known  to  exist, 
the  originals  having  been  seized  when  the  charter 
of  the  company  was  annulled  in  1624.  The  manu- 
script descended  from  father  to  son,  and  was  event- 
ually found  among  Thomas  Jefferson's  books  after 
his  death,  and  so  came  into  the  possession  of  the 
L^.  S.  government,  which  purchased  Jefferson's  li- 
brary. A  considerable  part  of  the  original  collec- 
tion was  sold  after  the  death  of  the  third  Col. 
William  Byrd,  and  it  is  probable  that  Jefferson 
may  have  been  the  purchaser.  It  has  been  inti- 
mated, however,  that  Jefferson  borrowed  the  manu- 
script for  consultation,  and  died  before  returning 
it  to  its  rightful  owner. — His  son,  William,  b.  in 
Westover,  Va..  16  March,  1674;  d.  there,  26  Aug., 
1744,  was  educated  in  England,  and  read  law  in  the 
Middle  Temple.  Returning  to  his  American  estate, 
he  took  such  an  intelligent  interest  in  the  affairs 
of  the  colony  that  he  became  one  of  the  most 
trusted  and  influential  men  of  the  time.  He  was 
thrice  agent  for  the  colony  in  England,  succeeded 
his  father  as  receiver  of  its  revenues,  and  in  due 
time  was  confirmed  in  the  office  by  the  crown. 
For  thirty-seven  years  he  was  a  member  of  the 
"  king's  council,"  as  it  was  called,  and  eventually 
became  its  president.  As  wealth  accumulated  from 
his  estate,  he  lived  in  princely  style,  adding  to  his 
father's  collection,  and  acquiring  the  most  valuable 
library  then  in  the  state.  It  comprised  3,438  vol- 
umes, a  catalogue  of  which  is  still  in  existence. 
He  was  a  wit,  and  something  of  a  poet,  as  is  proved 
by  manuscripts  in  the  possession  of  R.  A.  Brock, 
Esq.,  of  the  Virginia  historical  society.     Col.  Byrd 


BYRNE 


BYRON 


487 


(second)  was  the  founder  of  Richmond,  Va.,  which 
was  laid  out  in  April,  1787,  by  Maj.  Thomas  Mayo, 
was  made  a  town  in  1742,  the  capital  of  the  state 
in  1779,  and  a  city  in  1783.  He  did  much  to  en- 
courage immigration,  especially  among  the  Swiss 
and  Germans,  and  to  this  end  he  offered  large 
tracts  of  land  in  Virginia  and  North  Carolina 
from  1785  till  1740,  making  favorable  terms  to 
actual  settlers.  lie  was  twice  married :  first  to 
Lucy,  daughter  of  Col.  Daniel  Parke,  governor  of 
the  Leeward  islands,  and  secondly  to  Marion, 
daughter  and  co-heiress  of  Thomas  Taylor,  of 
Kensington,  England.  He  was  one  of  the  commis- 
sioners tor  running  the  boundary-line  between  Vir- 
ginia and  North  Carolina,  and  was  the  author  of 
important  papers  known  as  the  "  Westover  Manu- 
scripts." An  edition  of  these  was  published  in 
Petersburg,  Va.,  in  1841  under  the  titles  of  "  The 
History  of  the  Dividing  Line,"  "  A  Journey  to  the 
Ijand  of  Eden,"  and  "  A  Progress  to  the  Mines." 
The  style  of  these  narratives  has  received  the  high- 
est praise,  and  they  are  undoubtedly  among  the 
most  remarkable  works  of  early  American  authors. 
Col.  Byrd  was  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  society  of  Great 
Britain,  and  a  liberal  patron  of  the  arts  and  sci- 
ences.— The  third  of  the  name  William  was  b.  6 
Sept.,  1728 ;  d.  1  Jan.,  1777.  He  was  the  eldest  son 
of  the  second  Col.  William  Byrd  by  the  second 
marriage.  He  served  as  a  member  of  the  council 
of  Virginia,  and  in  1756  was  colonel  of  the  2d  Vir- 
ginian regiment  in  the  old  French  war.  He  was 
twice  married :  first  (in  1748)  to  Eliza,  daughter  of 
John  Carter,  of  Shirley,  James  river,  Va. ;  she  died 
in  1760;  secondly  to  Mary,  daughter  of  Charles 
Willing,  of  Philadelphia,  who  survived  him. — Eve- 
lyn, daughter  of  Col.  William  (second),  was  b.  in 
Westover,  16  July,  1707;  died  there,  13  Nov.,  1737, 
was  taken  to  England  by  her  father  at  an  early  age, 
and  passed  several  years  there,  moving  in  aristo- 
cratic society,  and  winning  fame  for  her  wit,  beauty, 
and  accomplishments.  Some  of  her  court  dresses 
are  still  preserved,  and  several  portraits  exist  of 
her  and  of  her  father. 

BYRNE,  Andrew,  R.  C.  bishop,  b.  in  Navan, 
Ireland,  in  1802 ;  d.  in  Little  Rock,  Ark.,  in  1862.  He 
received  his  early  education  in  the  college  of  Navan. 
Meeting  with  Bishop  England,  who  was  seeking 
recruits  for  his  diocese,  he  agreed  to  accompany 
him  to  the  United  States  in  1820.  Having  finished 
his  theological  studies  under  that  prelate's  direc- 
tion, he  was  ordained  in  1827,  and  was  at  once 
sent  on  active  duty  to  several  stations  in  North  and 
South  Carolina.  The  long  and  fatiguing  journeys 
that  he  was  obliged  to  undertake,  owing  to  the 
distance  of  Catholic  families  from  one  another, 
undermined  his  health,  and  he  was  recalled  to 
Charleston  in  1830.  He  was  appointed  vicar-gen- 
eral, and  accompanied  Bishop  England  to  the  coun- 
cil of  Baltimore  in  1883  as  his  theologian.  He  re- 
moved to  New  York  in  1836,  and  was  assistant 
pastor  at  the  cathedral  and  afterward  pastor  of  St. 
James's  church.  Archbishop  Hughes  sent  him  to 
Ireland  in  1841  to  endeavor  to  procure  Christian 
brothers  for  the  parochial  schools  of  New  York,  in 
which  he  was  unsuccessful.  Shortly  after  his  return 
he  was  appointed  pastor  of  St.  Andrew's  church, 
which  had  originally  been  a  building  devoted  to 
secular  uses,  but  had  been  acquired  for  religious 
purposes  by  the  labors  of  Father  Byrne.  The  dio- 
cese of  Little  Rock,  which  comprised  the  state  of 
Arkansas  ancj  the  Cherokee  and  Choctaw  nations, 
having  been  created  in  1844,  Father  Byrne  was  ap- 
pointed its  first  bishop,  and  immediately  devoted 
himself  to  his  Episcopal  duties.  He  had  sometimes 
to  travel   on   his  visitation  from   one   mission  to 


another  from  700  to  1,000  miles.  He  next  went  to 
Ireland,  and  returned  with  a  number  of  priests, 
nuns,  and  catechists  for  his  diocese.  A  second  visit 
to  Ireland  resulted  in  his  procuring  a  colony  of 
sisters  of  mercy,  who  established  St.  Mary's  acad- 
emy at  Little  Rock,  one  of  the  finest  educational 
establishments  in  the  west.  He  afterward  founded 
four  other  convents  of  the  order,  and  purchased  a 
tract  of  land  a  mile  square  at  Fort  Smith,  on  which 
he  intended  building  the  college  of  St.  Andrew 
and  other  institutions.  He  attended  the  first  pro- 
vincial council  of  New  Orleans  in  1856.  Although 
in  failing  health,  he  continued  his  labors  up  to 
within  a  short  time  of  his  death.  During  his  min- 
istry the  churches  had  increased  from  four  to 
seventeen,  with  fifty  stations,  the  priests  from  four 
to  thirty,  and  the  Catholic  population  from  5,000 
to  more  than  50,000.  His  efforts  to  promote  im- 
migration were  of  great  benefit  to  the  southwest. 

BYRNE,  William,  educator,  b.  in  the  coimty 
Wicklow,  Ireland,  in  1780;  d.  at  St.  Mary's  college, 
Kentucky,  in  1833.  His  parents  were  laboring 
people,  and,  although  he  had  conceived  the  idea  of 
becoming  a  priest  at  an  early  age,  he  was  obliged  to 
work  for  the  maintenance  of  his  younger  brothers 
and  sisters  till  his  twenty-fifth  year.  Then  he  emi- 
grated to  the  United  States  and  applied  for  ad- 
mission to  Georgetown  college,  but  was  rejected,  ow- 
ing to  deficient  preparation.  He  was  successful  in 
gaining  admission  into  St.  Mary's  college,  Emmetts- 
burg,  and  there  began  the  study  of  Latin  when 
thirty  years  old.  After  some  years  he  was  allowed 
to  study  theology  in  St.  Mary's  seminary,  Balti- 
more, was  ordained  in  1819,  opened  a  school  in 
Marion  co.,  Ky.,  in  1821,  and  then  proceeded  to 
erect  St.  Mary's  college  on  Mount  Mary  farm. 
When  he  had  made  it  one  of  the  most  fiourishing 
institutions  in  the  state,  he  transferred  it  to  the 
Jesuits  in  1831,  on  the  understanding  that  he  was 
to  remain  president  for  a  year,  to  enable  them  to 
become  acquainted  with  the  working  of  the  college. 
He  died  of  cholera  contracted  while  ministering  to 
the  negroes  in  the  neighborhood  of  St.  Mary's. 

BYRON,  John,  British  naval  officer,  b.  at  New- 
stead  Abbey,  England,  8  Nov.,  1723;  d.  10  April, 
1786.  He  was  a  son  of  the  fourth  Lord  Byron.  At 
an  early  age  he  entered  the  navy  as  a  midshipman 
and  joined  the  "  Wager,"  one  of  the  six  ships  that 
sailed  for  the  Pacific  under  Lord  Anson  in  Sep- 
tember, 1740.  She  was  wrecked  on  Cape  Horn; 
but  Byron  and  the  survivors  were  taken  on  board 
the  three  vessels  that  rounded  the  cape.  Of  the  961 
men  that  left  England,  only  200  reached  home  in 
the  "  Centurion,"  the  only  remaining  ship,  in  1744. 
Byron  was  one  of  these.  He  was  promoted  captain, 
80  Dec,  1746.  In  1760  he  was  sent  with  a  fleet  to 
demolish  the  fortifications  of  Louisburg,  Nova 
Scotia,  already  wrested  from  the  French.  On  21 
June,  1764,  he  sailed  in  command  of  a  squadron 
for  the  south  seas,  and  returned  to  England  in 
May,  1766.  During  these  years  he  had  been  so 
buffetted  about  on  the  high  seas  that  he  had  won 
the  sailor-nickname  of  "  Foul-weather  Jack,"  and 
his  grandson,  the  poet,  perpetuated  his  fame  in  the 
"  Epistle  to  Augusta  "  : 

"  Reversed  for  him  our  grandsire's  fate  of  yore. 
He  had  no  rest  at  sea,  nor  I  on  shore." 
He  was  appointed  governor  of  Newfoundland  in 
1769,  attained  his  flag  rank  in  1775,  and  became 
vice-admiral  in  1776,  when  he  was  placed  in  com- 
mand of  the  West  India  squadron.  On  6  July, 
1779,  he  engaged  the  French  fleet  under  D'Estaing 
oS  Grenada;  but  the  action  was  indecisive.  He 
soon  afterward  returned  to  England  and  retired 
from  active  service. 


488 


CAAMANO 


CABELL 


c 


CAAMANO,  Jos^  M.  Placido,  president  of 
Ecuador,  b.  in  Guayaquil,  5  Oct.,  1838.  He  began 
the  study  of  law  and  theology  in  the  seminary  of 
his  native  city,  and  was  educated  in  Quito.  Sub- 
sequently he  was  mayor  of  Guayaquil,  and  chief  of 
the  custom-house  service.  Having  conspired 
against  the  dictator-general,  Veintimilla,  he  was 
banished  in  1882,  went  to  Lima,  organized  a  revo- 
lutionary expedition  with  which  he  left  Callao  on 
14  April,  1883,  and  landed  in  Ecuadorian  terri- 
tory three  days  afterward.  He  organized  a  di- 
vision and  joined  the  forces  that  were  besieging 
Guayaquil  about  the  middle  of  May.  The  place 
was  taken  by  storm  by  the  combined  forces  under 
Caamano,  Sarasti,  Alfaro,  and  Salazar.*  A  provis- 
ional government  was  appointed  until  the  national 
convention  could  meet,  and  on  11  Oct.  he  was  elect- 
ed president  ad  mterini,  and  finally  proclaimed 
president  of  the  republic  on  17  Feb.,  1884.  He 
is  the  leader  of  the  conservative  party ;  but  even 
his  political  opponents  gave  him  their  votes  to  his 
election.  On  6  Feb.,  1886,  an  attempt  was  made 
to  assassinate  him,  and  he  narrowly  escaped  death 
by  throwing  himself  into  a  river.  Under  his  ad- 
ministration telegraphs,  railways,  an  institute  of 
sciences,  several  colleges,  and  many  new  schools 
have  been  added  to  the  resources  of  Ecuador. 

CABALLERO,  Jose  Agustin  (kab-al-lyay'-ro), 
Cuban  educator,  b.  in  Havana  in  1771 ;  d.  in  1835. 
He  was  for  many  years  director  of  the  theological 
seminary  of  Havana  and  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
first  newspaper  published  in  Cuba.  He  wrote  in  1797 
a  work  on  eclectic  philosophy,  entitled  "  Lecciones 
de  Filosofia  Eclectica,"  He  translated  also  from 
the  Latin  the  "  History  of  America,"  by  Sepulveda, 
wrote  largely  for  the  press  on  educational  topics, 
and  did  much  to  propagate  public  instruction  in 
Cuba.     He  was  a  remarkable  j)ulpit  orator. 

CABALLERO  Y  OCIO,  Juan,  Mexican  philan- 
thropist, b.  in  Queretaro  in  1(544;  d.  11  April,  1707. 
He  studied  theology  in  the  city  of  Mexico,  was  or- 
dained priest,  and  filled  several  important  offices, 
both  civil  and  ecclesiastical,  but  would  not  accept 
that  of  "  adelantado  "  of  California  and  two  bish- 
oprics in  Spain  that  were  offered  him  by  tlie  king 
when  the  fame  of  his  extraordinary  donations  to 
the  poor  and  for  religious  institutions  had  reached 
the  Spanish  court.  He  inherited  an  immense  for- 
tune, amounting  to  millions,  which  he  spent  en- 
tirely in  alms  to  the  poor,  in  religious  and  benevo- 
lent foundations,  in  building  and  furnishing 
churches,  convents,  colleges,  and  infii'inaries,  in 
finishing  or  improving  many  other  buildings  and 
institutions,  in  endowments  for  over  two  hundred 
young  girls,  sixty  poor  priests,  and  many  ninis,  in 
helping  newly  arrived  foreigners,  and  in  distribut- 
ing useful  articles  to  the  sick  in  the  hospitals.  He 
also  built  and  endowed  a  church  in  Logroiio, 
Spain,  his  father's  native  city,  and  gave  the  Mexi- 
can Jesuits  $150,000,  church  ornaments,  and  every- 
thing they  desired  for  their  mission  in  California. 
In  1699  Caballero  finally  distributed  all  that  was 
left  of  his  property,  keeping  for  himself  nothing 
but  a  crucifix,  and  lived  humbly  for  the  rest  of  his 
days,  always  refusing  to  accept  public  honors. 

CABELL,  William,  surgeon,  b.  near  Warmin- 
ster, England,  1  March,  1687 ;  d.  near  Warminster, 
Nelson  co.,  Va.,  12  April,  1774.  He  was  tiie  son  of 
Nicholas,  an  English  gentleman  belonging  to  the 
Cabells  of  Devon  and  Somersetshire,  whose  estates 
were  confiscated,  either  wholly  or  in  part,  because 


of  their  allegiance  to  Cromwell.  One  of  the  finest 
specimens  of  mediasval  glass  that  has  survived  the 
iconoclasm  of  the  Roundheads  is  in  the  church  of 
St.  John  of  Frome  Selwood,  which  preserves  the 
Cabell  arms  in  the  four  panels  of  a  chapel-window. 
According  to  tradition.  Dr.  William  Cabell  was  a 
surgeon  in  the  British  navy,  who  was  captivated  by 
the  Virginian  climate,  resigned  his  commission  about 
1723,  and  procured  extensive  grants  of  land  along 
James  river,  in  the  present  counties  of  Buckingham, 
Nelson,  Appomattox,  and  Amherst.  The  patent 
for  these  was  issued  12  Sept.,  1738.  Dr.  Cabell 
married  Elizabeth  Birks,  but  whether  in  England 
or  America  is  uncertain.  In  1735  he  was  called  to 
England  by  the  death  of  his  father,  and  left  his 
wife  in  charge  of  the  Virginia  property.  He  re- 
mained in  England  for  nearly  six  years,  settling 
the  estates  of  his  father  and  other  recently  deceased 
relatives  and  practising  his  profession.  On  his  re- 
turn he  made  his  home  on  his  patented  lands,  and 
was  appointed  assistant  surveyor,  an  office  that  en- 
abled him  to  increase  his  already  generous  estate 
by  a  large  addition  of  valuable  lands,  though  not 
equal  in  fertility  to  those  at  first  obtained.  He 
promoted  immigration,  established  a  private  hos- 
pital near  his  residence,  and  made  professional 
visits  far  and  near,  charging  from  £1  to  £5  for  a 
visit,  according  to  the  distance  travelled.  For 
amputating  an  arm  the  charge  was  £7  10s.,  or  £12 
to  £15  if  "  a  cure  was  guaranteed."  He  had  ap- 
parently a  genuine  enthusiasm  for  his  profession, 
and  executive  abilities  of  a  high  order  to  carry  on 
such  extensive  enterprises  in  a  professional  way  as 
well  as  superintending'his  landed  interests  and  fill- 
ing acceptably  the  local  offices  that  he  held.  His 
first  wife,  by  whom  alone  he  had  issue,  died  21 
Sept.,  1756,  and  on  27  Sept.,  1762,  he  married  Mrs, 
Margaret  Meredith  (a  widow),  who  died  26  Feb., 
1768.  Dr.  Cabell  had  six  children,  a  daughter  and 
five  sons ;  and  all  of  the  sons  save  one,  who  died  in 
childhood,  attained  eminence. — William,  the  eldest 
(commonly  known  as  Col.  William  Cabell,  Sr.,  of 
Union  Hill),  b.  at  Licking  Hole,  Goochland  co.,  Va., 
13  March,  1730;  d.  at  Union  Hill,  23  March,  1798, 
received  the  best  education  attainable  in  the  colony. 
When  he  had  learned  to  read  at  eight  years  of  age 
his  father  sent  him  from  England  "  a  Bible,  a 
prayer-book,  and  a  small  gun."  He  became  sheriff 
of  Albemarle  co.  in  1751,  and  from  that  time  was 
constantly  in  responsible  positions,  assistant  survey- 
or for  the  county  in  1753,  "  his  majesty's  presiding 
justice  "  and  member  of  the  house  of  burgesses  in 

1757,  commissioner  for  settling  militia  claims  in 

1758,  and  first  presiding  magistrate  for  the  United 
States  after  the  declaration  of  independence.  Dur- 
ing all  this  time  he  was  an  active  promoter  of  schemes 
for  improving  James  river  and  for  increasing  the  ed- 
ucational and  commercial  advantages  of  the  colony. 
About  1773  he  aided  in  establishing  iron-works  on 
Hardware  river.  He  was  a  member  of  the  house  of 
burgesses  when  the  colonies  revolted  against  Great 
Britain,  and  a  delegate  to  all  the  conventions  look- 
ing toward  national  independence.  He  was  chosen 
first  state  senator  from  the  eighth  district,  and  was  a 
member  of  the  committee  that  prepared  the  famous 
"declaration  of  rights."  Throiighout  the  revolu- 
tion he  was  active,  in  both  public  and  private  ca- 
pacity, in  promoting  measures  for  an  efficient  civil 
and  military  service.  On  7  Jan.,  1789,  he  was  for 
the  last  time  a  candidate  for  a  public  office,  that  of 
presidential  elector,  and  received  the  vote  of  every 


CABELL 


CABEZA    DE   VACA 


489 


man  that  was  polled.  He  cast  his  vote  for  Wash- 
ington as  first  president  of  the  United  States.  He 
left  his  estate  of  20,000  acres  and  a  large  number  of 
slaves  "free  from  debt  and  every  other  incum- 
brance."— Joseph  (of  Sion  Hill),  the  second  son, 
b.  19  Sept.,  1732;  d.  at  Sion  Hill,  1  March,  1798. 
For  many  years  he  held  important  civil  offices  in 
his  native  state,  occupying  a  seat  in  the  house  of 
burgesses  and  serving  as  a  member  of  the  different 
conventions.  During  the  war  for  independence  he 
commanded  the  Buckingham  county  regiment, 
and  was  joined,  while  on  the  way  to  take  part  in 
the  siege  of  Yorktown,  by  the  students  of  William 
and  Mary  college,  who  had  formed  a  eomjiany  and 
volunteered  to  accompany  him. — WiUiam  H., 
youngest  son  of  Dr.  William  Cabell,  b.  at  Boston 
Hill,  Cumberland  co.,  Va.,  16  Dec,  1772;  d.  in 
Richmond,  17  Jan.,  1853,  was  educated  at  Hamp- 
den-Sidney  and  William  and  Mary  colleges,  being 
graduated  in  1793.  In  1794  he  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  Richmond.  He  married  Elizabeth,  youngest 
daughter  of  Col.  William  Cabell,  in  1795,  who  died 
in  1801.  He  was  first  a  member  of  the  house  of 
delegates  in  1796,  and  was  frequently  re-elected 
imtil  1805,  when  he  was  chosen  governor.  The 
same  year  he  married  Agnes  Sarah  Bell,  daughter 
of  Col.  Robert  Gamble,  of  Richmond,  and  sister  of 
Mrs.  Wirt,  of  Richmond.  In  the  mean  while  he 
had  twice  served  as  a  presidential  elector.  He  was 
governor  for  three  years,  when  he  was  elected  a 
judge  of  the  general  court,  and  in  1811  a  judge  of 
the  court  of  appeals,  of  which  last  he  was  president 
at  the  time  of  his  death. — Samuel  Jordan,  eldest 
son  of  Col.  William  Cabell.  Sr.,  b.  in  Amherst  co., 
Va.,  15  Dec,  1756;  d.  4  Aug.,  1818.  lie  received 
a  classical  education,  mainly  in  private  schools,  and 
entered  William  and  Mary  college  in  1773.  Wlien 
the  colonies  revolted  against  Great  Britain  he  was 
a  student,  but  at  once  left  college,  raised  a  com- 
pany of  riflemen  in  his  native  county,  and  entered 
the  continental  service.  This  company  was  in  all 
the  northern  campaigns,  and  is  said  to  have  opened 
the  engagement  at  the  battle  of  Saratoga.  Capt. 
Cabell  was  rapidly  promoted  major  and  lieutenant- 
colonel,  and  when  the  seat  of  war  was  transferred 
to  the  south  accompanied  Gen.  Greene  with  his 
regiment.  At  the  siege  of  Charleston  he  was  taken 
prisoner  and  paroled;  but,  failing  to  secure  an 
exchange,  was  inactive  till  the  close  of  the  war. 
During  the  formative  period  of  the  government  he 
was  almost  continuously  a  member  of  the  state 
legislature,  and  in  1788  sat  as  his  father's  colleague 
in  the  convention  that  passed  upon  the  proposed  fed- 
eral constitution,  and  both  of  them  voted  against  its 
adoption.  From  1785  till  1803  he  served  in  con- 
gress. He  married  Sarah,  daughter  of  Col.  John 
Syme,  of  Hanover  co.,  Va. — George  Craighead, 
grandson  of  Joseph  of  Sion  Hill,  was  b.  in  Dan- 
ville, Ky.,  25  Jan.,  1837.  He  was  one  of  a  family 
of  twenty  children.  His  father  removed  to  Ken- 
tucky in  1811.  He  was  educated  at  home  and  at 
Danville  academy.  As  his  father  had  suffered  pe- 
cuniary losses,  he  engaged  in  teaching  while  he 
studied  law  and  saved  the  means  to  complete  his 
professional  studies  at  the  University  of  Virginia. 
He  began  to  practise  law  in  1858,  and  the  same 
year  was  elected  commonwealth's  attorney,  which 
office  he  held  until  1801,  when  he  enlisted  as  a  pri- 
vate in  the  18th  Virginia  infantry,  and  was  rapidly 
promoted  to  major  and  lieutenant-colonel.  He 
took  part  in  most  of  the  hard  fighting  of  the  Army 
of  Northern  Virginia  during  the  civil  war  and  was 
thrice  wounded,  a  bullet  in  the  last  instance  enter- 
ing his  face  and  passing  out  at  the  back  of  his  head. 
He  was  promoted  colonel  of  cavalry  in  1865.  Re- 
voL.  I.— 32 


suming  his  law  practice  immediately  after  the  close 
of  hostilities,  he  soon  retrieved  his  wrecked  for- 
tunes, and  was  elected  to  the  44th  and  45th  con- 
gresses, representing  the  conservative  democratic 
element  of  his  state.— James  Laurence,  son  of 
Dr.  George  Cabell,  Jr.,  b.  in  Nelson  co.,  Va.,  26 
Aug.,  1813 ;  d.  in  Overton,  Va.,  13  Aug.,  1889.  He 
was  graduated  in  1833,  and  after  a  course  of  medi- 
cal study  in  Baltimore  and  Philadelphia  went  to 
Paris,  and  while  pursuing  his  studies  there  was 
elected  to  the  chair  of  anatomy  and  surgery  in  the 
University  of  Virginia.  He  was  chairman  of  the 
faculty,  a  place  corresponding  to  that  of  president 
in  other  institutions,  in  1840-'7.  During  the  civil 
war  he  had  charge  of  military  hospitals  for  the 
Confederate  government.  In  tlie  year  of  the  yellow 
fever  epidemic  at  Memphis  he  was'chosen  chairman 
of  the  National  sanitary  conference  at  Washington, 
and  subsecjuently  president  of  the  National  board 
of  health.  Dr.  Cabell  was  a  contributor  to  medical 
journals,  and  was  the  author  of  "  The  Testimony 
of  Modern  Science  to  the  Unity  of  Mankind  "  (New 
York,  1858).— Edward  Carringtou,  third  son  of 
William  II.,  was  b.  in  Richmond,  5  Feb.,  1816 ;  d. 
in  St.  Louis,  28  Feb.,  1896.  He  received  a  classical 
education,  and  afterward  studied  at  Lexington  and 
at  the  University  of  Virginia,  including  the  law 
section,  in  1834  and  1836.  Removing  to  Florida, 
he  was  elected  to  congress  by  the  whigs,  serving 
during  four  terms  from  1845  till  1853.  In  1853 
he  delivered  a  speech  in  congress  on  the  fortifica- 
tion of  Key  West  and  the  Tortugas,  which  is  said 
to  have  secured  the  appropriation  for  the  protec- 
tion of  those  important  points.  In  1850  he  mar- 
ried Anna  JMaria  Wilcox,  a  daughter  of  IMrs.  John 
J.  Crittenden  by  a  former  husband.  During  the 
civil  war  he  was  for  a  time  in  the  confederate  army. 
He  wrote  an  elaborate  account  of  Florida,  which 
was  publislied  first  in  the  "National  Intelligencer" 
and  afterward  in  "  De  Bow's  Review." 

CABEZA  DE  VACA,  Alvar  Nuiiez  (kah-bay  - 
thah-de-vah'-ka),  Spanish  explorer,  b.  in  Extrema- 
dura,  Spain,  in  1507 ;  d.  in  1559  (according  to  some 
authorities,  b.  1490  and  d.  1564).  He  belonged  to  a 
noble  Andalusian  family  living  in  Xeres,  and  went 
to  the  Indies  as  alguacil  major  and  treasurer  of  the 
expedition  of  Panfilo  de  Narvaez  that  left  Spain, 
29  June,  1527.  He  landed  with  Narvaez  on  the 
coast  of  Florida,  probably  at  Appalachee  bay,  and 
accompanied  him  in  his  painful  march  westward, 
and  in  the  voyage  along  the  coast  in  boats  con- 
structed by  the  men  with  tools  forged  from  their 
stirrups  and  spurs.  The  swift  current  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi dispersed  the  frail  craft.  Of  the  300  per- 
sons that  landed  on  the  Florida  coast,  Cabeza  de 
Vaca,  with  two  white  companions  named  Castillo 
and  Dorantes  and  Stephen,  a  negro  slave,  alone  re- 
turned to  civilization.  They  were  cast  ashore  at 
some  point  west  of  Matagorda  bay.  Many  of  the 
Spaniards  that  had  escaped  death  from  shipwreck 
fell  victims  to  the  cruelty  of  the  Indians  or  to  dis- 
ease. After  six  years  of  captivity  in  a  tribe  called 
by  him  the  Mariames,  Cabeza  met  on  the  shore  of 
Texas  the  three  other  survivors  of  the  expedition, 
who,  like  him,  had  been  held  in  slavery  l)y  roving 
tribes.  He  had  acquired  a  prestige  among  the  In- 
dians by  learning  the  healing  art,  as  practised  by 
them,  and  becoming  a  medicine-man.  He  also  fol- 
lowed the  trade  of  a  pedler,  and  travelled  as  far 
inland  as  the  Red  river,  south  of  Shreveport,  ex- 
changing shells  and  beads  for  skins,  flint,  red-earth, 
and  other  products  of  the  north,  but  always  re- 
turned to  the  coast  in  hope  of  meeting  some  of  his 
lost  companions.  When  the  four  came  together  at 
last,  they  took  the  earliest  oi)portunity  to  escape. 


490 


CABEZA   DE   VAC A 


CABLE 


They  made  their  way  to  a  tribe  called  the  Avavares, 
among  whom  they  passed  eight  months,  and  then 
to  the  Arbadaos,  whose  seat  was  near  the  Rio 
Grande.  They  shaped  their  course  westward  in 
hope  of  falling  in  with  some  Spanish  expedition  on 
the  Rio  Panuco  or  the  Pacific  coast.  Cabeza  de 
Vaca  taught  the  others  to  treat  diseases,  and  thus 
they  were  able  to  travel  as  successful  medicine-men 
from  tribe  to  tribe.  Besides  using  curative  herbs, 
empirical  methods  of  surgery,  and  the  signs  and 
incantations  of  Indian  sorcerers,  they  called  in  the 
aid  of  the  cross  and  of  Catholic  prayers.  The  cures 
that  they  accomplished  were  attributed  by  them  to 
the  miraculous  interposition  of  Providence.  They 
followed  a  large  river,  probably  the  Rio  Grande, 
passed  through  tribes  of  bison-hunters,  without 
entering  the  bison-range  themselves,  and  traversed 
high  mountains,  where  people  lived  in  houses  of 
sods  and  clay,  and  were  in  possession  of  turquoises 
and  cotton  cloth  obtained  from  the  people  farther 
north,  and  finally  fell  in  with  some  Sjmnish  ex- 
plorers on  the  river  Petatlan,  and  on  12  May,  1586, 
reached  the  town  of  San  Miguel  de  Caliacan  in 
Sinaloa.  Their  course  was  formerly  supposed  to 
have  been  through  New  Mexico,  from  Cabeza's 
mention  of  bison-hunters  and  people  that  mined  the 
turquoise;  but,  since  he  spoke  of  these  tribes  as 
living  in  the  north,  and  gives  no  account  of  the 
Staked  Plain,  others  have  traced  the  route  through 
southern  Texas  and  the  Mexican  states  of  Chi- 
huahua and  Sonora.  The  account  that  they  gave 
of  nations  dwelling  in  permanent  houses  impelled 
Coronado,  the  governor  of  New  Galicia,  to  under- 
take the  exploration  of  the  northern  countries,  and 
to  send  on  a  preliminary  journey  of  discovery  Fray 
Marcos,  of  Nizza,  who,  with  the  negro  Stephen  for 
his  guide,  entered  the  kingdom  of  Cibola,  the  coun- 
try of  the  civilized  Pueblo  Indians.  A  joint  report 
of  the  misfortunes  of  the  Narvaez  expedition,  and 
of  the  wanderings  of  the  four  survivors,  was  made 
by  Cabeza  de  Vaca,  Castillo,  and  Dorantes,  to  the 
royal  audiencia  of  Santo  Domingo,  given  in  Oviedo's 
"  Historia  general  y  natural  de  Indias."  A  narra- 
tive of  his  adventures  was  published  by  Cabeza  de 
Vaca  at  Zamora  in  1542.  The  mysterious  secrecy 
that  Cabeza  at  first  observed,  in  regard  to  the  na- 
tions he  visited,  excited  the  adventurous  spirit  of 
De  Soto  and  his  companions,  who,  in  1538,  left 
Spain  to  explore  and  take  possession  of  Florida. 
Cabeza  de  Vaca's  relation  of  the  adventures  of  the 
Narvaez  expedition  was  reprinted  at  Valladolid  in 
1555,  and  under  the  usually  cited  title  of  "  Nau- 
fragios  de  Alvar  Nufiez  de  Vaca,"  in  Barcia's  col- 
lection of  narratives  printed  in  1749.  An  Italian 
translation  was  included  in  Ramusio's  collection 
(1556),  and  an  English  version  in  Purchas's  "  Pil- 
grims." A  French  rendering  was  published  by 
Terneaux-Compans.  A  literal  English  translation 
was  made  by  Buckingham  Smith  and  privately 
printed  at  Washington  in  1857,  and  published,  in 
a  revised  form,  in  a  limited  edition  in  1871.  After 
his  return  to  Spain,  in  1537,  Cabeza  de  Vaca  was 
appointed  administrator  of  La  Plata.  He  sailed 
for  that  colony,  was  shipwrecked,  landed  on  the 
coast  of  Paraguay,  and  was  tlie  first  explorer  of 
that  country.  He  passed  through  the  country  of 
the  Guaranis,  whom  he  made  his  friends,  and  who 
assisted  him  to  descend  the  river  Plata.  On  15 
March,  1542,  he  established  his  headquarters  at 
Asuncion.  The  next  year  an  insurrection  broke 
out  in  consequence  of  a  fire,  his  subordinates  charg- 
ing him  with  undue  lenience  toward  the  Indian 
incendiaries.  He  arrested  the  leaders  in  the  mu- 
tiny, and  sent  them  as  prisoners  to  Spain.  He  re- 
duced to  subjection  the  Payagoaes,  who  murdered 


Ayolas  and  eighty  of  his  followers,  explored  the 
Iguayu  river,  and  subjugated  the  tribes  on  its 
banks  ;  but  was  beaten  by  the  Socorinis  and  Agaces, 
who  killed  ^ixty-three  of  his  men.  On  the  accusa- 
tion of  Domingo  de  Irala,  his  lieutenant,  he  was 
arrested  in  1544,  taken  to  Spain,  and  condemned 
by  the  council  of  the  Indies  to  banishment  to 
Africa.  Eight  years  later  he  was  pardoned  and 
recalled  by  the  king,  who  assigned  him  an  annual 
pension,  and  made  him  judge  of  the  supreme  court 
of  Seville,  where  lie  resided  until  his  death. 

CABEZAS  ALTAMIRANO,  Jnaii  de  las  (kah- 
bay'-thas),  Cuban  prelate,  b.  in  Zamora,  Spain,  in 
the  latter  part  of  the  16th  century;  d.  in  1615.  He 
was  appointed  bisliop  of  Cuba  and  Florida  in  Feb- 
ruary, 1602.  In  April,  1604,  while  visiting  his  dio- 
cese in  the  eastern  part  of  Cuba,  he  was  surprised 
near  Yara  by  the  French  pirate,  Gilbert  Giron,  who 
held  him  and  his  suite  in  captivity  for  eighty  days. 
He  was  ransomed,  and  the  peasants  afterward  fell 
on  Giron  and  his  troops,  routed  them,  and  killed 
the  pirate.  Cabezas  was  the  first  bishop  that  ever 
visited  Florida.  He  was  appointed,  in  1610,  bishop 
of  Guatemala,  and  afterward  bishop  of  Ai'equipa, 
Peru,  but  died  before  assuming  that  office. 

CABLE,  Georg-e  Washington,  author,  b.  in 
New  Orleans,  La.,  12  Oct.,  1844.  On  his  father's 
side  he  springs  from  an  old  family  of  colonial  Vir- 
ginia. The  Cabells  originally  spelled  the  name 
Cable,  and  their  ancient  coats  of  arms  introduce  the 
cable  as  an  accessory.  His  mother  was  of  old  New 
England  stock. 
The  family  re- 
moved to  New 
Orleans  soon  af- 
ter the  financial 
crisis  of  1837,  and 
for  a  time  the 
father  prospered 
in  business.  In 
1859  he  failed, 
and  died  shortly 
afterward,  leav- 
ing the  family 
in  such  strait- 
ened circum- 
stances that  the 
son  was  obliged 
to  leave  school 
and  seek  employ- 
ment as  a  clerk. 
He  was  thus  en- 
gaged until  1863, 
when,  though 
very  slight  and  youthful  in  his  appearance  and  but 
nineteen  years  of  age,  he  volunteered  in  the  Con- 
federate service,  joining  the  4th  Mississippi  cav- 
alry. He  employed  the  leisure  of  camp-life  in  study, 
but  saw  his  share  of  active  service,  and  is  described 
as  a  good  and  daring  soldier.  He  was  wounded  in 
the  left  arm,  and  narrowly  escaped  with  his  life. 
Returning  penniless  to  New  Orleans,  after  the  over- 
throw of  the  Confederacy,  he  began  to  earn  a  living 
as  an  errand-boy  in  a  mercantile  house,  and  varying 
fortune  sent  him  to  Kosciusko,  Miss.,  and  subse- 
quently, after  he  had  studied  civil-engineering,  to 
the  Teche  country,  where  he  was  attached  to  a  sur- 
veying expedition  on  the  levees  of  the  Atchafalaya. 
There  he  caught  the  malarial  fever  peculiar  to  the 
region,  and  did  not  fully  recover  for  two  years. 
During  this  time  he  collected  material  that  has 
since  done  good  literary  service.  He  began  writing 
for  the  New  Orleans  "  Picayune  "  over  the  pen- 
name  of  "Drop  Shot,"  contributing  critical  and 
humorous  papers  and  occasionally  a  poem,  and  he 


CABOT 


CABOT 


491 


was  soon  regularly  attached  to  the  editorial  staff, 
which  connection  was  abruptly  ended  on  his  re- 
fusal, from  conscientious  motives,  to  write  a  theat- 
rical criticism.  Once  more  he  became  a  clerk  and 
accountant,  this  time  for  a  cotton-dealer,  and  re- 
tained his  place  until  1879,  when  the  sudden  death 
of  the  head  of  the  house  threw  him  out  of  employ- 
ment. But  in  the  mean  time  his  sketches  of  Cre- 
ole life,  published  in  "  Scribner's  Monthly "  (now 
the  "  Century ")  proved  so  successful  that  he  de- 
termined to  give  all  his  time  to  literature.  He  has 
opened  a  new  field  in  fiction,  introducing  to  the 
outside  world  a  phase  of  American  life  hitherto 
unsuspected  save  by  those  that  have  seen  it.  His 
rendering  of  the  Creole  dialect,  with  its  French  and 
Spanish  variants,  is  full  of  originality,  and  his  keen 
powers  of  observation  have  enabled  him  to  depict 
the  social  life  of  the  Louisiana  lowlands,  Creole  and 
negro,  so  vividly  that  he  has  given  serious  offence 
to  those  whose  portraits  he  has  drawn.  He  has  been 
the  means  through  his  publications  of  effecting 
reforms  in  the  contract  system  of  convict  labor  in 
the  southern  states.  He  has  successfully  entered 
the  lecture-field,  reading  selections  from  his  own 
writings,  and  unaffectedly  singing  to  northern 
audiences  the  strange,  wild  melodies  current  among 
the  French-speaking  negroes  of  the  lower  Missis- 
sippi. Mr.  Cable's  published  works  are  "  Old  Creole 
Days "  (New  York,  1879) ;  "  The  Grandissimes " 
(1880);  "Madame  Delphine"  (1881);  "Dr.  Sevier" 
(Boston,  1883) ;  "  The  Creoles  of  Louisiana  "  (New 
York,  1884) ;  "  The  Silent  South  "  (1885).  He  has 
also  prepared  for  the  government  elaborate  reports 
on  the  condition  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  Teehe 
and  Attakapas  country  in  western  Louisiana. 

CABOT,  George,  statesman,  b.  in  Salem,  Mass., 
3  Dec,  1751 ;  d.  in  Boston,  18  April,  1823.  He  re- 
ceived a  classical  education  and  entered  Harvard, 
but  at  the  end  of  the  sophomore  year  left  his  class 
and  went  to  sea  as  a  cabin-boy.  He  was  master  of 
a  ship  before  he  was  of  age,  and  made  several  suc- 
cessful voyages.  At  twenty-five  he  was  chosen  to 
the  Massachusetts  provincial  congress.  In  1788  he 
became  a  member  of  the  state  convention  that 
adopted  the  federal  constitution.  He  represented 
Massachusetts  in  the  U.  S.  senate  from  1791  till 
1796,  and  was  the  fii'st  choice  of  Mr.  Adams  for 
secretary  of  the  navy  when  that  ofiice  was  created 
in  1798.  He  was  a  personal  friend  of  Washington 
and  Hamilton,  was  an  able  coadjutor  of  the  latter 
in  the  formation  of  his  financial  system,  and  one  of 
the  best  authorities  of  the  time  on  political  econo- 
my ;  for  this  reason,  mainly,  he  was  chosen  presi- 
dent of  the  Hartford  convention  (15  Dec,  1814,  to 
3  Jan.,  1815).  See  "  Plistory  of  the  Hartford  Con- 
vention," by  Theodore  Dwight  (Boston,  1833). 

CABOT,  John  (Italian.Giovanni  Caboto,  or 
Zuan  Call)ot,  or  Caboto,  Venetian  dialect),  discov- 
erer of  the  mainland  of  North  America.  The  time 
and  place  of  his  birth  are  not  positively  known. 
His  name  first  occurs  in  the  Venetian  archives, 
where  it  appears  he  was  accorded  the  rights  of  a 
citizen  on  28  March,  1476.  after  the  required  fif- 
teen years'  residence.  It  is  known  that  in  1495  he 
was,  and  probably  had  been  for  years,  an  English 
subject,  residing  at  Bristol.  Under  date  of  5 
March,  1496,  a  patent  was  issued  by  authority  of 
the  king,  Henry  VII.,  licensing  Cabot  and  his  three 
sons,  or  either  of  them,  their  heirs  or  assigns,  to 
search  for  islands,  provinces,  or  regions,  in  the 
eastern,  western,  or  northern  seas ;  and,  as  vassals 
of  the  king,  to  occupy  the  territories  that  might 
be  found,  with  an  exclusive  right  to  their  com- 
merce, on  paying  the  king  a  fifth  part  of  all  profits. 
Under  this  authority,  Cabot,  with  his  son  Sebas- 


tian, sailed  in  May,  1497,  and  held  a  westward 
course  for  an  estimated  distance  of  700  leagues. 
On  24  June  land  was  sighted,  which  he  believed  to 
be  part  of  the  dominions  of  the  Grand  Cham,  but 
which  was  really  the  coast  of  Labrador,  This 
shore  he  coasted  for  300  leagues,  finding  no  evi- 
dences of  human  habitation,  and  then  set  sail  for 
home,  reaching  Bristol  in  August.  At  this  time, 
owing  mainly  to  the  discoveries  of  Columbus,  the 
theory  that  the  earth  is  a  sphere  had  gained  gen- 
eral acceptance  among  advanced  thinkers,  and  it 
was  believed  that  the  shortest  route  to  the  Indies 
lay  westward.  Cabot's  discovery  therefore  caused 
much  excitement  among  the  adventurous  spirits  of 
the  day,  and  on  3  Feb.,  1498,  the  king  issued  a 
special  charter,  granting  to  John  Cabot  authority 
to  impress  six  English  ships  at  the  rates  then  cur- 
rent for  vessels  required  by  the  royal  navy,  to  en- 
list crews,  and  to  follow  up  his  discoveries  of  the 
preceding  year.  Under  this  charter  Cabot  made 
no  voyages.  It  has  erroneously  been  called  a  sec- 
ond charter,  but  did  not  in  any  way  set  aside  that 
of  1496,  which  still  remained  valid.  It  is,  how- 
ever, the  last  record  of  his  career,  and  it  is  uncer- 
tain when  or  where  he  died.  He  M^as  probably  a 
Venetian  by  birth,  as  he  is  named  in  the  charter 
of  1498  "  Kabotto,  Venecian,"  and  his  wife  was  a 
Venetian.  Had  there  been  any  possibility  of  prov- 
ing him  an  Englishman,  the  claim  would  undoubt- 
edly have  been  pressed.  The  authorities  concern- 
ing his  voyages  are  :  1.  A  letter  from  Lorenzo  Pas- 
quaiigo,  a  merchant  residing  in  London,  to  his 
brother  in  Venice,  bearing  date  23  Aug.,  1497 ;  2. 
The  legend  on  the  map  of  Sebastian  Cabot,  cited  by 
Hakluyt  and  giving  24  June,  1497,  as  the  date  of 
discovery ;  3.  An  Oxford  copy  of  Sebastian's  map, 
on  which  the  date  was  1494,  with  several  other  au- 
thorities giving  that  year,  instead  of  1497,  as  the 
correct  date.  But  the  only  official  documents — 
the  two  charters  of  Henry  VII. — agree  in  fixing  the 
date  as  first  given.  Much  light  has  been  shed  upon 
the  life  of  Cabot  by  the  researches  of  Rawdon 
Brown,  of  England. — His  son,  Sebastian,  dis- 
coverer, was 
born  proba- 
bly in  Venice 
between  1475 
and  1477;  d. 
in  London, 
subsequent  to 
1557.  Both 
places  and 
dates  are  un- 
certain. Rich- 
ard Eden  says 
that,  accord- 
ing to  Cabot's 
own  story,  he 
was  born  in 
Bristol  and 
carried  to 
Venice  at  four 
years  of  age ; 

but  Contarini,  the  Venetian  ambassador  at  the 
court  of  Chai'les  V.,  quotes  Cabot  in  his  diary  as 
claiming  Venetian  birth  and  English  education. 
It  is  believed,  but  without  positive  proof,  that  he 
accompanied  his  father  on  the  voyage  to  the  coast 
of  Labrador.  In  May,  1498,  presumably  under  au- 
thority of  the  royal  charter  granted  to  John  Ca- 
bot, he  sailed  from  Bristol  in  command  of  two 
ships  manned  by  volunteers,  in  search  of  a  north- 
west passage.  He  went  so  far  north  that,  in  the 
early  part  of  July,  daylight  was  almost  continuous. 
The  sea,  however,  was  so  full  of  icebergs  that  he 


492 


CABRAL 


CACERES 


worked  southward,  and  discovered  what  is  gen- 
erally believed  to  have  been  Newfoundland.  Pro- 
ceeding, he  reached  the  mainland,  made  several 
landings,  dealt  with  the  natives,  and  followed  the 
coast  southward,  probably  as  far  as  Chesapeake  bay. 
In  spite  of  the  discovery  of  a  wide  domain  under 
the  temperate  zone,  this  voyage  was  considered  a 
failure,  since  it  did  not  open  the  passage  to  the 
Indies.  The  contemporary  achievements  of  Vasco 
da  Gama  were  so  much  more  brilliant  that  the  Ca- 
bots  were  outshone,  and  so  careless  were  they  of 
their  chartered  rights  that  the  patent  giving  them 
exclusive  privileges  was  lost  or  mislaid.  On  the 
death  of  Henry  VII.,  Sebastian  was  invited  to 
Spain  by  Ferdinand  V.,  and  after  being  appointed 
one  of  the  '*  Council  of  the  New  Indies,"  was  in 
1518  named  pilot-major  of  the  kingdom.  He  never 
abandoned  his  ambition  to  discover  a  direct  route 
to  Asia,  and  in  1526  sailed  in  search  of  a  southwest 
passage.  In  1527  he  discovered  the  river  Plata, 
and  in  1530  returned  to  Spain.  Meanwhile  Ed- 
ward VI.  had  come  to  the  throne,  and,  recognizing 
the  value  of  Cabot  to  English  maritime  supremacy, 
issued  a  warrant  for  his  return,  designating  him  as 
"one  Shabot,  a  pilot."  Cabot  answered  the  writ 
in  person  in  1548,  still  bent  upon  voyages  of  dis- 
covery; and  on  6  Jan.,  1549,  the  king  gave  him  a 
pension  of  £166  13s.  4(1.  On  19  Jan.,  1550,  Charles 
V.  summoned  him  to  return  to  Spain ;  but  Cabot 
preferred  to  remain  under  English  colors,  and  re- 
ceived additional  emoluments,  secured  a  reissue  of 
the  lost  charter  granted  by  Henry  VII.,  and  became 
president  of  a  company  of  merchants,  having  ex- 
ploration as  its  object.  On  9  Sept.,  1558,  after  the 
accession  of  Queen  Mary,  Charles  V.  made  a  final 
attempt  to  induce  his  return  to  Spain,  so  great  was 
his  personal  influence  even  in  his  old  age.  A  new 
company  was  formed  for  discovery  on  23  Feb., 
1556,  with  Cabot  as  president,  and  early  in  the  suc- 
ceeding spring  an  expedition  was  sent  off.  The 
resignation  of  his  pension  on  27  May,  1557,  and  its 
reissue  two  days  later,  are  the  last  authentic  inci- 
dents in  the  career  of  this  remarkable  man,  who 
was  in  effect  the  discoverer  of  a  very  large  portion 
of  both  the  American  continents.  See  "  Jean  and 
Sebastian  Cabot,"  by  Henri  Harrisse  (Paris,  1882). 

CABRAL,  Pedro  Alyarez  de,  principal  dis- 
coverer of  Brazil,  b.  in  Portugal ;  d.  about  1526 
King  Emanuel  having  fitted  out  an  expedition  to 
Calicut  of  thirteen  ships,  Cabral  was  appointed 
commander-in-chief.  After  passing  the  Canaries, 
he  took  a  westerly  course,  and  discovered  Brazil,  of 
which,  24  April,  1500,  he  took  possession  in  the 
name  of  his  king,  and  left  a  small  garrison  there. 
He  then  sailed  for  India,  losing  half  his  fleet  in  a 
tempest,  landed  at  Calicut,  and  succeeded,  after 
negotiating  with  the  Indian  princes,  in  establish- 
ing a  factory  there.  Several  other  expeditions 
added  to  his  reputation  as  a  navigator. 

CABRERA,  Miffuel,  artist,  b.  in  Oaxaca,  Mexi- 
co; d.  there  about  1730.  Little  is  known  of  him. 
but  his  works  are  found  in  the  churches  and  con- 
vents of  Puebla  and  Mexico.  He  was  a  Zapotec 
Indian,  and  was  patronized  by  Salinas,  archbishop 
of  Mexico.  There  is  a  fine  "head  of  St.  Peter  by 
him  in  the  church  of  San  Ilipolito,  and  a  very 
large  canvas  in  the  Mexican  catiiedral.  His  mas- 
terpieces in  the  sacristy  of  the  church  of  Tasco  de- 
pict the  whole  life  of  "the  Virgin,  the  scene  of  the 
nativity  being  considered  pai-ticularly  fine.  Count 
Beltrani,  an  artist  and  critic  of  distinction,  says 
that  his  works  are  the  wonders  of  America.  He 
considers  that  the  life  of  St.  Dominick,  painted  in 
the  Dominican  convent,  and  the  life  of  St.  Igna- 
tius, in  the  cloister  of  La  Profesa,  are  equal  to  those 


in  the  convent  of  Santa  Maria,  in  Florence,  or  in  the 
Campo  Santo  of  Pisa.  Cabrera  was  also  an  archi- 
tect and  a  sculptor,  and  has  been  called  the  Michael 
Angelo  of  Mexico. 

CABRERA  QUINTERO,  Cayetaiio,  Mexican 
author,  b.  in  the  city  of  Mexico  about  the  end  of 
the  17th  century ;  d.  about  1775.  He  studied  at 
the  Seminario  Tridentino  of  Mexico,  was  graduated 
at  the  university,  and  held  the  professorship  of 
civil  and  canon  law.  By  his  zeal  and  example  he 
promoted  the  development  of  the  Academia  de 
San  Felipe  Neri.  Being  a  most  accomplished 
Latin,  Greek,  and  Hebrew  scholar,  Cabrera  wrote 
several  works  in  Ijatin,  and  translated  from  the 
classics,  especially  from  Horace  and  Juvenal,  into 
Spanish  Averse.  Among  his  numerous  writings 
are  •'  Ilymni  omnis,  generis  et  mensurae  ad  imi- 
tationem  Prudentii,  Christiane  Poetfe";  "LiV)er 
voriorum  Epigrammatum  e  Gra?co  in  Latinum 
translatorum  " ;  "  Letras  laureadas  "  (300  epigrams 
selected  from  Latin  classics);  " Disertaciones  y 
oraciones  academicas  "  ;  "  Sermones  panegiricos  y 
morales  " ;  "  Santa  Cristina,  la  admirable,"  a  poem  ; 
two  comedies  entitled  "  La  Esperanza  malograda  " 
and  "  El  Tris  de  Salamanca,"  and  many  descriptive 
works,  the  best  of  these  being  a  splendid  descrip- 
tion of  the  terrible  epidemics  called  "matlaza- 
hual,"  that  scourged  Mexico  in  1736-'7. 

CABRILLO,  Juan  Rodriguez  (cah-breel'-lo), 
Portuguese  navigator,  b.  in  the  latter  part  of  the 
15th  century ;  d.  on  the  island  of  San  Bernardo, 
Cal.,  3  Jan.,  1543.  By  order  of  the  king  of  Spain 
he  explored  California  in  1542,  and  discovered  the 
islands  of  Santo  Tomas  or  Eneapa,  Santa  Cruz, 
San  Miguel  (also  called  Santa  Rosa),  and  San  Ber- 
nardo. He  also  discovered  the  harbors  of  Abreo- 
jos,  Santa  Clara,  San  Bartolome,  Canoas,  and  San 
Jeronimo,  the  islands  of  Asuncion  and  San  Este- 
ban,  and  took  possession  of  the  harbor  of  Virgenes, 
and  discovered  those  of  Todos  Santos  and  San 
Diego,  Cape  San  Quintin,  islands  Caronadas  and 
Concepcion,  sierras  of  San  Martin,  and  Pinos  bay. 
He  wrote  a  description  of  his  discoveries  under 
the  title  of  "  Viaje  y  descubrimientos  hasta  el 
grado  48  de  Latitud,"  which  is  preserved  in  the 
"  Arehivo  General  de  Indias  "  of  Spain. 

CACERES,  Alonso  de  (cah'-the-res),  Spanish 
soldier,  b.  in  Palos,  Huelva,  in  1499;  d.  in  Arequi- 
pa,  Peru,  in  1554.  He  went  to  Santo  Domingo  in 
1519,  and  took  part  in  several  expeditions,  con- 
quered, with  Pedro  de  Heredia,  the  province  of 
Cartagena,  and  was  alcalde  of  its  capital  in  1534. 
In  the  following  year  he  was  present  at  the  discov- 
ery of  Cenii,  and  assisted  Alonso  de  Heredia,  whose 
expeditionary  forces  were  in  distress.  He  then 
undertook  the  conquest  of  Tolu  and  the  discovery 
of  Urate,  but  was  unsuccessful,  and  left  Cartagena 
for  Peru  about  1539.  He  accompanied  Vaca  de 
Castro  at  the  battle  of  Chupas,  and  sided  with  the 
royalists  during  the  revolts  promoted  by  Gonzalo 
Pizarro,  who,  on  his  entering  Lima  after  his  victo- 
ries, directed  the  imprisonment  of  Caceres.  After- 
ward he  became  friendly  with  Pizarro,  but  left  his 
army  diuing  the  battle  of  liiaquito,  and  again 
joined  the  king's  troops.  He  also  assisted  in  sev- 
eral conquests  in  lower  Peru  or  Bolivia  in  1550. 

CACERES,  Andres  AveHno,  Peruvian  soldier, 
b.  in  Huanta,  12  April,  1831.  He  was  a  law  stu- 
dent at  the  University  of  Lima  in  1852,  when  Cas- 
tilla  headed  a  revolt  to  abolish  slavery  in  Peru,  and 
joined  the  revolutionary  troops  as  a  second  lieu- 
tenant. He  distinguished  himself  in  the  attack 
upon  Arequipa,  a  place  very  well  fortified,  and  de- 
fended by  Vivanco.  and  Gen.  Castilla  promoted 
him   to  the  rank  of   captain  and  appointed  him. 


CADEXA 


CADWALADER 


493 


militaiy  attache  to  the  Peruvian  legation  at  Paris, 
where  he  remained  from  1857  till  1860.  On  his  re- 
turn to  Peru  in  the  latter  year  he  defended  the 
government  of  Pezet  in  several  revolutions,  and 
accompanied  Prado  at  Callao  during  the  attack 
against  that  place  by  the  Spanish  fleet  in  1866. 
Then  Caceres  won  the  rank  of  colonel,  and  was 
given  command  of  the  Zepita  regiment,  at  the  head 
of  which  he  fought  against  Pierola  from  1876  till 

1878,  During  the  war  with  Chili  he  was  promi- 
nent, especially  at  the  battle  of  Dolores,  2  Nov., 

1879,  when  he  successfully  resisted  the  Chilian 
troops  and  captured  some  of  their  guns.  At  the 
battle   of   Taena,  won  by   the  Chilians,  36   May, 

1880,  he  commanded  a  brigade  and  fought  well, 
after  which  he  offered  his  services  to  the  dictator 
Pierola,  who  gave  him  command  of  a  division 
camped  near  Lima,  which  was  attacked  and  de- 
feated by  the  Chilians,  14  Jan.,  1881.  When  Lima 
was  occupied  by  the  Chilian  army,  Caceres  and 
Pierola  retreated  with  the  rest  of  their  forces  to 
Arequipa,  the  former  being  appointed  brigadier- 
general,  and  authorized  by  congress  to  continue  the 
hostilities  against  the  Chilians  as  well  as  against 
the  Peruvian  Gen.  Iglesias,  who  had  established  a 
government  of  his  own  at  Cajamarca.  He  made 
several  unsuccessful  attacks  upon  the  Chilian 
troops,  and,  after  much  suffering  in  a  three  months' 
inarch  through  the  Sierras,  could  not  carry  out  the 
orders  of  congress  to  destroy  Iglesias's  govern- 
ment, for  he  was  defeated  by  a  Chilian  division 
under  Gorostiaga  near  Huamacucho,  14  Nov.,  1881. 
Caceres  then  went  to  the  interior,  raised  a  revolu- 
tion against  Iglesias,  put  himself  at  the  head  of  a 
considerable  force,  and  was  again  defeated  near 
Lima.  But  he  persistently  worked  to  depose  Igle- 
sias, collected  more  troops,  routed  those  of  the 
government,  and  finally  entered  the  capital  in 
5lareh,  1885,  and  at  once  directed  the  election  of  a 
special  board  to  govern  until  a  new  congress  and 
president  were  chosen.  He  was  elected  president 
on  3  Dec,  1885,  and  his  inauguration  took  place 
on  28  July.  1886. 

CADENA,  Trinidad  Grarcia  de  la  (cah-day- 
nah),  Mexican  soldier,  b.  in  Zacatecas  in  1832 ;  d. 
1  Nov.,  1886.  He  became  noted  during  the  French 
invasion,  fighting  with  success  at  the  head  of  gue- 
rillas. When  the  republic  was  re-established,  and 
Juarez  reinstated  as  president,  in  1867,  Cadena 
was  appointed  governor  of  Zacatecas ;  but  in  1872 
he  declared  against  Juarez,  and  for  Diaz,  revolting 
with  5,000  vfederal  troops  at  San  Luis  Potosi.  They 
were  joined  by  the  garrisons  of  Zacatecas  and 
Aguascalientes,  and  at  the  head  of  8,000  men  Ca- 
dena attacked  the  Tololotlan  bridge,  near  Guada- 
lajara, and  then  advanced  upon  that  city  to  lay 
siege  to  it ;  but  Gen.  Rocha  forced  him  to  give  up 
his  plan  and  I'etire  to  Lo  de  Ovejo.  Here  Cadena 
was  defeated  in  a  fierce  battle,  and  fled  with  700 
horsemen  toward  the  northern  frontier.  He  took 
advantage  of  llie  amnesty  proclaimed  in  February, 
1872,  but  three  years  afterward  again  revolted 
against  President  Lerdo  de  Tejada  and  in  favor  of 
the  plan  of  Tuxtepec,  advocated  by  Diaz.  He 
then  led  a  band  of  guerillas  at  Zacatecas  and 
Aguascalientes,  and,  in  an  encounter  with  the  gov- 
ernment troops,  killed  Col.  Ordonez.  On  the  final 
success  of  the  revolutionary  army,  Cadena  met 
Diaz  at  Lagos,  and  it  is  said  that  in  their  confer- 
ence Diaz  promised  Cadena  to  support  his  candi- 
dacy for  the  presidency  of  the  republic  as  soon  as 
he  should  be  in  power;  but  he  was  only  elected 
governor  of  Zacatecas,  and  Diaz  openly  supported 
Manuel  Gonzalez's  candidacy.  In  March,  1880,  an 
attempt  was  made  against  Cadena's  life  by  a  party 


of  masked  men  while  he  was  going  to  his  farm, 
fifteen  miles  from  Zacatecas.  He  defended  him- 
self with  liis  rifle,  killed  two  of  the  assailants,  and 
dis})ersed  the  others,  without  being  hurt.  This  and 
other  violent  acts  caused  him  to  remove  to  the 
city  of  Mexico  and  retire  temporarily  from  public 
life.  But,  being  annoyed  by  the  government  of 
Diaz,  he  disappeared  from  the  capital  in  the  latter 
part  of  October,  1886,  and  on  1  Nov.  was  taken 
prisoner  with  his  secretary,  and  immediately  shot 
by  order  of  President  Diaz,  whose  arbitrary  action 
in  tliis  matter  was  severely  criticised. 

CADILLAC,  Antoine  de  Li  Motlie,  founder 
of  Detroit,  b.  in  Gascony,  France,  in  1657;  d.  18 
Oct.,  1730.  He  was  of  noble  birth,  served  in  Aca- 
dia as  a  captain  in  the  French  army,  and  in  1680 
was  ordered  to  France  by  Louis  XIV.  to  furnish 
information  relative  to  New  France  and  the  Eng- 
lish colonies,  and  especially  to  the  condition  of  the 
harbors  and  defences  on  the  coast.  He  was  made 
lord  of  Bouagnat  and  Mount  Desert,  Me.,  in  1691, 
and  in  1694  Frontenac  appointed  him  commander 
of  Michilimackinae,  then  the  largest  place  in  Cana- 
da, next  to  Montreal  and  Quebec.  He  remained 
here  until  1697,  and  in  1699  laid  before  the  king  at 
Versailles  his  plan  of  establishing  a  permanent 
post  to  become  the  commercial  centre  of  the  north- 
west. The  king  favored  the  project ;  but  on  his 
return  to  Canada  Cadillac  met  with  discourage- 
ment from  the  governor-general.  Landing  flnally 
at  Detroit,  24  July,  1701,  with  flfty  settlers  and 
fifty  soldiers,  instead  of  the  200  settlers  and  six 
companies  that  he  had  been  promised  by  the  king, 
he  laid  the  foundations  of  the  present  city,  which 
he  named  Fort  Pontchartrain.  The  little  settle- 
ment had  among  its  enemies  the  Iroquois,  the  Jesu- 
its, and  all  the  Canadian  officials,  as  Cadillac,  un- 
like them,  received  his  commission  directly  from 
the  king :  and,  moreover,  this  post  threatened  to 
divert  profitable  trade  from  Montreal  and  Quebec. 
He  was  arrested  at  Quebec  in  1704  upon  charges  of 
official  misconduct,  but,  after  vexatious  delays,  was 
triumphantly  acquitted.  He  returned  to  Detroit 
in  the  fall  of  1706,  and  in  1707  marched  against 
the  Miamis  and  reduced  them  to  terms.  Visiting 
the  Illinois  country,  he  reported  the  discovery  of  a 
silver  mine,  afterward  called  the  La  Mothe  mine. 
He  next  established  a  post  among  the  Indians  of 
Alabama.  He  punished  the  hostile  Natchez  tribe, 
who  made  peace ;  and  a  fort  was  erected  in  their 
country  in  1714,  named  Fort  Rosalie,  in  honor  of 
Mine,  de  Pontchartrain ;  another  was  built  at 
Natchitoches,  to  prevent  the  Spaniards  approach- 
ing the  French  colony.  In  1711  he  was  made 
governor  of  Louisiana,  then  an  almost  unknown 
wilderness,  but  failed  in  his  endeavor  to  open 
trade  with  Mexico.  In  1717,  after  the  perfect- 
ing of  John  Law's  "  Mississippi  scheme,"  the  gov- 
ernment and  trade  of  Louisiana  passed  into  the 
hands  of  his  new  "  western  company,"  and  Cadillac 
returned  to  France.  In  1787  the  commonwealth 
of  Massachusetts  confirmed  to  his  granddaughter, 
Mine.  Gregoire,  so  much  of  Mount  Desert  Island  as 
was  not  already  granted  to  others. 

CADWALADER,  George,  soldier,  b.  in  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.,  16  May,  1806 ;  d.  there,  3  Feb.,  1879. 
He  was  a  sou  of  Gen.  Thomas  Cadwalader.  His 
boyhood  was  passed  in  Philadelphia,  where  he 
studied,  read  law,  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and 
practised  his  profession  until  1846,  when  war  with 
Mexico  was  declared,  and  he  was  commissioned 
brigadier-general  of  volunteers.  He  was  present 
at  the  battles  of  Molino  del  Rey  and  Chapultepec, 
and  for  gallantry  in  the  latter  engagement  was 
brevetted  major-general.     Resuming  his  law  prac- 


494 


CADWALADER 


CAICEDO 


tice  in  Philadelphia,  he  followed  it  until  1861, 
when  the  governor  appointed  him  major-general  of 
state  volunteers.  In  May  of  that  year  he  was 
placed  in  command  of  the  city  of  Baltimore,  then 
in  a  state  of  semi-revolt  against  the  national  gov- 
ernment. He  accompanied  Gen.  Patterson  as  his 
second  in  command  in  the  expedition  against  Win- 
chester (June,  1861).  On  25  April,  1862,  he  was 
commissioned  major-general  of  volunteers,  and  in 
December  of  the  same  year  appointed  one  of  a 
board  to  revise  the  military  laws  and  regulations  of 
the  United  States.  He  was  the  author  of  "  Ser- 
vices in  the  Mexican  Campaign  of  1847  "  (Phila- 
delphia, 1848). 

CADWALADER,  John,  b.  in  Philadelphia,  10 
Jan.,  1742;  d.  in  Shrewsbury,  Md.,  11  Feb.,  1786. 
He  took  part  in  public  affairs  prior  to  the  revolu- 
tionary war,  and,  when  the  movement  for  indepen- 
dence began,  was  a  member  of  the  Philadel[)hia 
committee  of  safety.  He  was  captain  of  a  military 
company  half  derisively  and  half  admiringly 
nicknamed  "  The  Silk-Stocking  Company,"  nearly 

all  of  whose  mem- 
bers afterward 
held  commissions 
in  the  patriot  ar- 
my. On  the  for- 
mation of  the  city 
battalions,  he  was 
placed  in  com- 
mand of  one  of 
them,  and  shortly 
afterward  was  pro- 
moted brigadier- 
general  and  placed 
in  command  of  the 
Pennsylvania  mili- 
tia. He  co-operated 
^  in  the  capture  of 

j£?^/7^i^i^  <:z!^c<^^cu^fi^^cyr-  the  Hessians  at 
(/  ^^  „     .     ^         Trenton,  26   Dec, 

1776,  and  was  pres- 
ent as  a  volunteer 
at  the  battles  of  Brandywine,  Germantown,  and 
Monmouth.  In  the  autumn  of  1777,  at  the  request 
of  Washington,  he  assisted  in  organizing  the  militia 
of  the  eastern  shore  of  Maryland.  In  the  following 
winter,  a  combination  against  Washington  was  de- 
veloped, which  threatened  to  be  formidable,  and 
Gen.  Cadwalader  challenged  the  most  outspoken  of 
the  plotters,  Thomas  Conway.  Cadwalader  shot 
his  antagonist  in  the  mouth,  and  was  himself  un- 
hurt. After  the  independence  of  the  United  States 
was  secured,  he  removed  to  Maryland,  and  became 
a  member  of  the  state  legislature.  His  daughter 
Fanny,  in  1800,  married  David  Montague,  after- 
ward Lord  Erskine.  Gen.  Cadwalader  published 
''A  Re}>lv  to  Gen.  Joseph  Reed's  'Remarks'" 
(Philadelphia.  17S8). 

CADWALADER,  Lambert,  soldier,  b.  in  Tren- 
ton, K  J.,  in  1748;  d.  there,  13  Sept.,  1823.  As 
colonel  of  a  New  Jersey  regiment  in  the  revolution- 
ary army,  he  served  in  the  war  for  independence, 
and  was  taken  prisoner  bv  the  British  at  the  cap- 
ture of  Fort  Washington,  N.  Y.,  16  Nov.,  1776.  He 
retired  to  his  estate  near  Trenton,  and  did  not 
again  enter  the  military  service.  From  1784  till 
1787  he  represented  New  Jersey  in  the  continental 
congress,  and  was  a  member,  from  the  same  state, 
of  the  1st  and  3d  congresses  of  the  United  States. 

CADY,  Albemarle,  soldier,  b.  in  Keene.  N.  IL, 
15  Feb.,  1807;  d.  in  New  Haven,  Conn.,  14  March, 
1888.  He  was  graduated  at  the  U.  S.  military  acad- 
emy in  1829,  and  was  on  garrison  and  frontier  duty 
until  1838,  when  he  served  against  the  Indians  in 


Florida  until  1842.  being  promoted  captain  7  July, 
1838.  In  the  war  with  IMexico  he  was  at  the  siege  of 
Vei'a  Cruz  and  in  the  battles  of  Cerro  Gordo,  Churu- 
busco,  and  Molino  del  Rey.  In  this  last  engage- 
ment he  was  wounded,  and  for  his  conduct  was 
brevetted  major.  He  accompanied  the  expedition 
against  the  Sioux  Indians  in  1855,  and  was  in  the 
action  at  Blue-Water,  Dakota,  3  Sept.  of  that 
year.  On  27  Jan.,  1857,  he  was  promoted  major. 
At  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war  he  was  on  duty 
on  the  Pacific  coast,  and  remained  there  until  1864, 
when  he  was  for  a  time  in  command  of  the  draft- 
rendezvous  at  New  Haven,  Conn.  He  was  retired 
18  May,  1864,  for  disability  resulting  from  long 
and  faithful  service,  and  received  the  brevet  of 
brigadier-general  U.  S.  A.,  13  March,  1865. 

CADY,  Daniel,  lawyer,  b.  in  Chatham,  N.  X., 
29  April,  1773;  d.  in  Johnstown,  N.  Y.,  31  Oct., 
1859.  His  education  was  acquired  at  the  public 
schools,  after  which  he  learned  the  shoemaker's 
trade,  but  studied  law,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1795,  and  began  practice  in  Johnstown.  He  was 
elected  to  the  legislature  in  1809,  and  returned 
until  1813,  when  he  was  elected  to  congress  as  a 
federalist,  serving  from  4  Dec.  1814,  until  3  March, 
1817.  Resuming  his  law  practice,  he  became  a  jus- 
tice of  the  state  supreme  court  in  1847,  and  served 
until  1855,  when  he  resigned. 

CAFFERTY,  James  H.,  artist,  b.  in  1819;  d. 
9  Sept.,  1869.  He  began  his  professional  life  as  a 
portrait-painter,  in  which  branch  he  attained  an 
excellent  reputation,  but  his  later  years  were  given 
for  the  most  part  to  game-pieces  and  still-life.  He 
was  chosen  an  associate  member  of  the  national 
academy  of  design  in  1849,  and  in  1853  became  an 
academician.  His  most  notable  paintings  are  "  My 
Girl"  (1868);  "My  Father"  (1869);  and  "Brook- 
Trout"  and  several  studies  of  fish  (1869).  With  L. 
M.  Wiles  as  his  associate  he  painted  the  gi'aveyard 
scene  from  "  Hamlet,"  a  picture  that  added  to  the 
reputation  of  both  artists. 

CAGGER,  Peter,  politician,  b.  in  Albany,  N. 
Y.,  6  July,  1812 ;  d.  in  New  Y'ork  city,  6  July,  1868. 
His  parents  were  Irish.  He  was  educated  at  the 
Roman  Catholic  colleges  in  Fordham,  N.  Y.,  and 
Montreal,  Canada,  studied  law,  and  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  firm  of  Hill,  Cagger  &  Porter.  He  be- 
longed to  the  powerful,  though  informal,  demo- 
cratic association  known  as  the  "  Albany  regency," 
which  for  many  years  dictated  the  policy  of  the 
party.  Personally  his  political  power  was  almost 
absolute,  but  he  never  sought  ofhce  lor  himself. 
His  great  wealth  was  freely  used  for  charitable 
purposes.  He  was  thrown  from  his  carriage  and 
fatally  injiired  in  Central  pai-k.  New  York. 

CAHOONE,  J.  Benjamin,  naval  pay-director, 
b.  hi  Rhode  Island,  in  1800;  d.  in  New  York  city, 
27  July,  1873.  He  was  appointed  purser  in  the 
U.  S.  navy,  12  Nov.,  1830,  and  after  sixteen  years 
of  sea  service  and  as  many  of  shore  duty,  he  was 
retired  in  1861,  having  reached  the  legal  limit  of 
age  for  active  service.  He  was,  however,  assigned 
to  duty  during  the  exigencies  of  the  civil  war  at 
the  navy-yards  of  Boston  and  Portsmouth,  was 
promoted  to  be  pay-director,  and  was  finally  retired 
with  the  relative  rank  of  commodore  in  1868,  after 
serving  for  thirty-eight  years  with  exemplary  dili- 
gence and  faithfulness. 

CAICEDO,  Domingo  (cah-e-thay'-do),  Colom- 
bian statesman,  b.  in  Bogota  in  1783;  d.  near  that 
city  in  1843.  In  1809  he  was  sent  to  Spain  by  the 
colonists  of  New  Granada  to  remonstrate  against 
the  acts  of  the  authorities  of  that  part  of  South 
America.  After  arriving  at  Seville  and  discharg- 
ing his  duties  as  an  envoy,  he  served  in  the  Span- 


CAIN 


CALDEROK 


495 


ish  army  against  the  French,  distinguishing  him- 
self greatly  at  the  battle  of  Barrosa.  He  was  a 
member  to  the  Cortes  of  1813,  and  acted  as  secre- 
tary of  that  assembly.  He  subsequently  returned 
to  South  America,  and  joined  the  revolutionists, 
fighting  to  the  end  of  the  war.  From  1823  till 
1827  he  belonged  to  the  congress  of  Colombia,  and 
in  the  latter  year  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
general.  Afterward  Caicedo  several  times  filled 
the  office  of  secretary  of  state,  and  was  president 
and  vice-president  of  the  old  republic  of  Colom- 
bia, and  finally  of  New  Granada. 

CAIN,  Ricliard  Harvey,  clergyman,  b.  in 
Greenbrier  county,  Va.,  12  April,  1825;  d.  in  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.  18  Jan.,  1887.  He  removed  to  Ohio 
in  1831,  settled  in  Gallipolis,  and  became  a  minister 
at  an  early  age.  In  1860  he  entered  Wilberforee 
university,  Xenia,  Ohio,  and  in  1865  went  south  and 
engaged  in  the  work  of  reconstruction.  In  1867 
he  was  elected  to  the  constitutional  convention  of 
South  Carolina,  and  the  year  following  to  the 
senate  of  that  state.  He  was  elected  to  congress 
for  two  terms,  serving  from  1876  till  1880.  In  1880 
he  was  chosen  bishop  by  the  General  conference  of 
the  African  Methodist  "Episcopal  church,  and  was 
appointed  to  supervise  its  interests  in  Louisiana 
and  Texas.  In  the  latter  state  he  organized  Paul 
Quinn  college  at  Waco.  He  was  presiding  bishop  of 
the  first  Episcopal  district  of  the  African  Methodist 
Ejaiscopal  church,  embracing  the  conferences  of 
New  York,  New  Jersey,  New  England,  and  Phila- 
delphia. In  1873  the  degree  of  D.  D.  was  conferred 
on  him  by  Wilberforee  university. 

CAINES,  George,  legal  writer,  b.  in  1771 ;  d.  in 
Catskill,  N.  Y.,  10  July,  1825.  He  was  for  many 
years  official  reporter  for  the  supreme  court  of  New 
York.  He  published  "  Lex  Mercatoria  Americana  " 
(1802) ;  "  Cases  in  the  Court  of  Errors  "  (2  vols., 
1805-7) ;  "  Forms  of  the  N.  Y.  Supreme  Court  " 
(1808);  "Summary  of  the  Practice  in  the  N.  Y. 
Supreme  Court "  (1808) ;  "  Cases  in  the  Court  for 
the  Trial  of  Impeachments,"  etc.  (2  vols.,  1805-'7); 
"  N.  Y.  Supreme  Court  Reports  "  (3  vols.,  1803-'5  ; 
2d  ed.,  1852). 

CA JltrAL,  Francisco  Antonio  (kah-he'-gahl), 
marquis  of  Cajigal,  b.  in  Santander,  Spain,  in  1695 ; 
d.  in  Spain  in  1777.  In  1738  he  was  appointed 
governor  of  Santiago  de  Cuba,  and  in  1742  he  re- 
pelled an  attack  of  the  English  admiral  Vernon, 
who  suffered  great  losses.  From  1747  till  1760  he 
was  governor-general  of  Cuba.  During  his  admin- 
istration the  offices  of  the  marine  department  wei'e 
removed  from  Vera  Cruz  to  Havana,  the  latter  port 
being  considered  the  safer  of  tlie  two  on  account 
of  its  fortifications.  He  also  established  the  navy- 
yard,  where  so  many  ships  were  built  for  the  Span- 
ish navy,  and  the  arsenal.  In  1760  Cajigal  was  ap- 
pointed viceroy  of  Mexico  ad  interim,  and  in  1761 
returned  to  Spain. 

CAJIGAL  Y  MONSERRATE,  Jnan  Manuel, 
Cuban  soldier,  b.  in  Santiago  de  Cuba,  in  1739;  d. 
in  1811.  Pie  entered  the  army,  and  in  1762  went 
to  Spain.  He  took  part  in  the  Spanish  and  Eng- 
lish war  of  1762-'3,  and  in  the  siege  of  Gibraltar  in 
1778.  In  1780  he  went  to  Cuba,  and  took  part,  in 
1781,  in  the  attack  on  Pensacola,  Florida,  by  the 
Spanish  fieet  and  army,  where  his  bravery  was  re- 
warded by  a  brevet  of  lieutenant-general.  He  was 
appointed,  in  1782,  governor-general  of  Cuba,  and 
in  the  same  year  took  from  the  English  the  city  of 
Nassau,  New  Providence.  Cajigal,  though  a  good 
soldier,  proved  to  be  an  incompetent  governor,  and 
a  few  months  after  taking  possession  of  his  office,  he 
was  recalled  by  the  Madrid  government,  and  was 
confined  in  a  castle  near  Cadiz  for  four  vears.     In 


1789  he  was  reinstated  by  the  king  of  Spain  in  his 
former  rank.    ^ 

CALAFQUIN  (cal-af-keen'),  Araiicanian  soldier, 
cacique  of  Trapan,  Chili,  b.  about  1540  ;  d.  in  1602. 
He  succeeded  Colcur  in  the  command  of  the  Arau- 
canian  armies  in  1599,  being  then  somewhat  ad- 
vanced in  years  and  having  a  long  experience  in 
warfare.  Early  in  1599  he  had  several  encounters 
with  the  Spanish  general,  Viscarra,  and  kept  him 
at  bay  until,  in  July,  Gen.  Quinones  routed  the 
Indians  in  a  long  and  bloody  battle  on  the  plains 
of  Yumpel.  Calaf  quin  introduced  in  his  army  the 
military  training  and  tactics  that  he  had  learned 
from  the  Spaniards,  organized  his  cavalry  with 
horses  taken  from  the  enemy  in  many  encounters, 
and  was  the  first  Indian  chief  that  taught  his 
troops  to  use  European  arms.  On  14  Nov.,  1599, 
he  arrived  before  the  city  of  Valdivia  at  the  head 
of  more  than  4,000  Indians,  among  them  sixty 
armed  with  arquebuses  and  200  protected  with 
cuirasses,  also  taken  from  the  Spaniards.  Pie  de- 
feated the  defenders  of  the  place,  entered  the  city, 
slaughtered  most  of  the  men,  carried  away  all  the 
women,  and  ransacked  the  buildings  and  burned 
them.  In  the  two  following  years  he  frequently 
defeated  the  Spaniards,  and  in  1601  routed  Gen. 
Alonso  de  Rivera  near  Concepcion,  and  attacked 
the  city,  which  was  entirely  destroyed  by  the  In- 
dians. Many  of  the  Spanish  settlements  south  of 
the  Biobio  river  were  also  destroyed  by  Calafquin's 
troops  in  1602. 

CALANCHA,  Antonio  de  La,  author,  b.  in 
Chuquisaca  in  1584;  d.  in  Lima  in  1654.  He  was 
a  professor  in  the  theological  college  of  Lima. 
He  wrote  the  "  Cronica  moralizada  del  Orden  de 
S.  Agustin  "  (1639  ;  Latin  translation,  1650) ;  "  De 
los  "\'arones  ilustres  del  Orden  de  S.  Agustin " ; 
and  '•  P)e  Immaculatte  Virginis  Marian  Conceptionis 
Certitudine  "  (Lima,  1629). 

CALDAS,  Francisco  Jose  de,  Colombian  nat- 
uralist, b.  in  Popayan,  4  Oct.,  1771 ;  d.  29  Oct.,  1816. 
He  mastered  the  rudiments  of  astronomy,  botany, 
and  medicine,  and  constructed  a  barometer  and 
sextant,  although  he  had  not  even  books  to  guide 
him  in  his  studies.  He  accompanied  for  some  time 
the  Spanish  explorer,  J.  C.  Mutis,  in  Peru  and  New 
Granada.  Subsequently  he  explored  the  Andes  and 
the  Magdalena  river,  and  in  1804  measured  the 
height  of  Chimborazo  and  Tunguragua.  He  was 
afterward  director  of  the  observatory  at  Bogota, 
and  in  1807  began  the  "  Seminario  de  la  Nueva  Gra- 
nada," a  scientific  journal,  republished  in  Paris  in 
1849.  Pie  was  executed  by  order  of  Morillo,  for 
espousing  the  cause  of  inde]iendence. 

CALDAS  PEREIRA  DE  SOUZA,  Antonio, 
Brazilian  poet,  b.  in  Rio  de  Janeiro,  23  Nov.,  1762 ; 
d.  there,  2  March,  1814.  He  studied  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Coinibra  in  Portugal,  and  spent  most  of  his 
life  in  Europe,  returning  to  Brazil  in  1808.  While 
at  the  university,  he  gave  umbrage  to  the  inquisi- 
tion, and,  on  being  consigned  to  a  convent,  devoted 
himself  to  the  clerical  profession.  His  writings 
have  a  high  moral  tone,  especially  his  ode  on  "  Man 
in  the  State  of  Barbarism."  They  were  published 
under  the  title  of  "  Poesias  Sagradas  e  Profanas," 
with  a  commentary  by  Gen.  Stockier  (Paris,  1821 ; 
new  ed.,  Coimbra,  1836).  His  translation  of  the 
Psalms  is  noted  for  its  beauty. 

CAL1)ER6n,  Fernando,  Mexican  dramatist, 
b.  in  Guadalajara,  20  July,  1809 ;  d.  in  Ojocaliente, 
18  Jan.,  1845.  He  was  a  colonel,  a  state  legislator, 
a  judge  and  secretary  in  the  government  of  Zaca- 
tecas,  as  well  as  an  industrious  writer.  His  finest 
dramas  are  :  "  The  Tourney,"  "  Anne  Boleyn,"  and 
"  The  Return  of  the  Crusader."     Even  his  lyrical 


496 


CALDEROX 


CALDWELL 


poetry  is  characterized  by  dramatic  fire.  His  plays 
have  gained  him  great  popularity,  not  only  in 
Mexico  but  in  all  Spanish  America. 

CALDERON,  Francisco  Santiago  (cal-day- 
rawn'),  Spanish  prelate,  b.  in  Torralba,  Spain,  in 
the  latter  part  of  the  17th  century ;  d.  in  Oaxaca, 
Mexico,  13  Oct.,  1736.  He  was  a  friar,  distinguished 
himself  for  his  learning,  taught  philosophy  in 
Huete  and  theology  in  the  imiversities  of  Sala- 
manca and  Alcala,  and  then  filled  several  impor- 
tant offices  of  the  church  in  Castile,  Galicia,  and 
Asturias.  In  1728  he  was  proposed  for  the  bishop- 
ric of  Oaxaca,  and  his  inauguration  took  place  on 

8  June,  1730.  He  finished  the  building  of  the 
cathedral,  consecrated  the  church,  established 
Spanish  schools  in  the  principal  towns  of  his  dio- 
cese, and  gave  a  large  sum  for  a  college  for  girls. 

CALDERON  J)E  LA  BARCA,  Frances  Inglis 
(cal-da-rawn'-de-lah-bar'-ca),  b.  in  Scotland  about 
1818.  Her  youth  was  passed  in  Normandy,  but  she 
came  to  this  country  with  her  mother,  and  they  es- 
tablished a  school  in  Boston.  She  was  also  for 
many  years  a  resident  of  Staten  Island.  She  mar- 
ried,'in  1838,  Calderon  de  la  Barca,  Spanish  minis- 
ter to  the  United  States,  and  subsequently  to  Mexi- 
co. She  published  "  Life  in  Mexico,"  with  a  preface 
by  VVilliam  H.  Prescott  the  historian  (3  vols.,  Bos- 
ton, 1843).  After  her  husband's  death  she  was 
attached  to  the  household  of  ex-Queen  Isabella  IL 
of  Spain  at  Seville. 

CALDICOTT,  Tlionias  Ford,  Canadian  clergy- 
man, b.  in  Buckbv,  Northamptonshire,  England, 
in  1803 ;  d.  in  Toronto,  Canada,  9  July,  1869.  He 
emigrated  to  Canada  in  1824,  and,  after  teaching 
there  for  seven  years,  removed  to  Hamilton,  Madi- 
son CO.,  N.  Y.,  and  thence  successively  to  Lock- 
port,  N.  Y.,  Boston,  Mass.,  and  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  in 
which  cities  he  preached  for  twenty-six  years,  also 
writing  much  for  the  periodical  religious  press. 
He  returned  to  Canada  in  1860,  and  was  settled 
as  pastor  of  the  Bond  street  Baptist  church, 
Toronto,  retaining  this  charge  until  his  death.  He 
was  distinguished  for  his  scholarship,  was  an  able 
writer  and  eloquent  preacher,  taking  an  active  part 
in  the  promotion  of  the  educational  and  benevolent 
institutions  of  the  Canadian  Baptists. 

CALDWELL,  Alexander,  jurist,  d.  in  Wheel- 
ing. Va.,  8  April,  1839.  He  was  for  several  years 
U.  S.  judge  for  the  western  district  of  Virginia. 

CALDWELL,  Alexander,  senator,  b.  in  Hun- 
tingdon CO.,  Pa.,  1  March,  1830.  He  received  a 
common-school  education,  and  in  1847  enlisted  for 
the  Mexican  war  in  a  company  commanded  by  his 
father,  who  was  killed  at  one  of  the  gates  of  the  city 
of  Mexico.  He  returned  in  1848,  became  teller  of  a 
bank  in  Columbia.  Pa.,  and  afterward  entered  busi- 
ness. He  went  to  Kansas  in  1861,  engaged  in  trans- 
porting military  supplies,  and  afterward  became 
interested  in  the  building  of  railways  and  bridges. 
He  was  elected  IT.  S.  senator  as  a  republican  in 
1871,  and  served  till  1873,  when  he  resigned.  Since 
that  time  he  has  been  engaged  in  manufacturing. 

CALDWELL,  Charles,  physician,  b.  in  Cas- 
well CO.,  N.  C,  14  May,  1772;  d.  in  Louisville,  Ky., 

9  July,  1853.  He  was  the  son  of  an  Irish  officer. 
After  teaching  school  for  a  time  in  North  Carolma, 
he  went  to  Philadelphia,  and  in  1792  entered  the 
medical  school  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 
During  the  yellow-fever  epidemic  of  the  following 
year  he  distinguished '  himself  by  his  professional 
zeal.  He  served  as  a  brigade  surgeon  In  Gen.  Lee's 
command  during  the  "  whiskey  insurrection "  of 
1791- '4.  In  1810  he  accepted  the  professorship  of 
natural  history  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 
He   succeeded   Nicholas  Biddle   as   editor   of  the 


"  Port-Folio  "  in  1814.  In  1819  he  became  profes- 
sor of  materia  medica  in  Transylvania  university, 
Lexington,  Ky.,  and  in  1820  visited  Europe  to  pur- 
chase books  and  apparatus.  In  1837  he  established 
a  medical  institute  in  Louisville,  Ky. ;  but,  owing 
to  a  misunderstanding  with  the  trustees,  his  re- 
lations therewith  were  abruptly  ended.  He  wrote 
a  translation  of  Blumenbach's  "  Elements  of  Phys- 
iology "  (1795) ;  edited  CuUen's  "  Practice  of  Phys- 
ic "  (1816) ;  published  "  Life  and  Campaigns  of 
Gen.  Greene  "  (1819) ;  "  Memoirs  of  Horace  Holley  " 
(1828);  and  "Bachtiar  Narneh,  or  the  Royal 
Foundling,"  a  Persian  tale  translated  from  the 
Arabic.  His  "  Autobiography,"  with  preface  and 
notes,  was  issued  in  Philadelphia  in  1855,  and  a 
biographical  notice  of  him  was  read  by  Dr.  B.  H. 
Coates  before  the  American  philosophical  society. 
His  technical  pamphlets,  essays,  etc.,  produced 
from  1794  till  1851,  nun.ber  more  than  200  titles. 

CALDWELL,  Charles  Henry  Bromedge, 
naval  officer,  b.  in  Hingham,  Mass.,  11  June,  1823; 
d.  in  Waltham,  Mass.,  30  Nov.,  1877.  He  entered 
the  navy  as  midshipman  27  Felo.,  1838,  and  became 
lieutenant  4  Sept.,  1852.  With  a  detachment  from 
the  "  Vandalia,"  he  defeated  a  tribe  of  cannibals  at 
Wega,  one  of  the  Feejee  islands,  and  burned  their 
town,  11  Oct..  1858.  In  1862  he  commanded  the 
gun-boat  "  Itasca,"  of  the  western  gulf  blockading 
squadron,  and  took  part  in  the  bombardment  of 
Forts  Jackson  and  St.  Philip.  On  the  night  of  20 
April  his  gun-boat,  with  the  "Pinola,"  was  sent  on 
an  expedition  under  the  command  of  Fleet-Capt. 
Bell,  to  make  a  passage  for  the  fleet  through  the 
chain  obstructions  near  the  forts.  Lieut.  Caldwell 
and  his  party  boarded  one  of  the  hulks  that  held 
the  chains,  and  succeeded  in  detaching  the  latter,  in 
spite  of  the  heavy  fire  to  which  they  were  subjected. 
The  "  Itasca  "  was  then  swept  on  shore  by  the  cur- 
rent, in  full  sight  of  the  forts,  and  it  was  half  an 
hour  before  she  was  afloat  again.  She  was  unable 
to  pass  the  forts  with  the  rest  of  the  fleet,  owing 
to  a  shot  that  penetrated  her  boiler.  Lieut.  Cald- 
well was  in  the  action  at  Grand  Gulf,  9  June,  1862, 
and  was  promoted  to  commander  on  16  July.  He 
commanded  the  iron-clad  "  Essex,"  of  the  Missis- 
sippi squadron  in  1862-'3,  and  took  part  in  the  op- 
erations at  Port  Hudson,  from  March  to  July  of 
the  latter  year,  in  command  of  the  "  Essex  "  and 
the  mortar  flotilla.  He  commanded  the  "  Glaucus  " 
of  the  North  Atlantic  blockading  squadron  from 
1863  till  1864,  and  the  "  R.  R.  Cuyler,"  of  the  same 
squadron,  from  1864  till  1865.  He  became  captain, 
12  Dec,  1867,  chief  of  staff  of  the  North  Atlantic 
fleet  in  1870,  and  commodore  on  14  June,  1874. 

CALDWELL,  David,  clergyman,  b.  In  Lancas- 
ter CO.,  Pa.,  22  March,  1725;  d.  m  North  Carolina, 
25  Aug.,  1824.  He  was  the  son  of  a  farmer,  and 
after  receiving  the  rudiments  of  an  English  educa- 
tion, was  apprenticed  to  a  house-carpenter,  and 
afterward  worked  at  his  trade  for  four  years.  He 
then  determined  to  become  a  minister,  and  was 
graduated  at  Princeton  in  1761.  After  teaching 
school  in  Cape  May  for  a  year,  and  also  studying 
theology,  he  completed  his  studies  in  the  Princeton 
semniary,  acting  at  the  same  time  as  an  instructor 
in  the  college.  He  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the 
New  Brunswick  presbytery,  8  June.  1763,  and,  after 
spending  a  year  in  North  Carolina  in  mission-work, 
was  ordained  in  Trenton,  N.  J.,  6  July,  1765.  He 
was  installed  on  3  March,  1768,  pastor  of  the 
churches  at  Buffalo  and  Alamance,  N.  C,  and  con- 
tinued there  till  within  a  few  years  of  his  death. 
As  his  salary  was  only  $200,  he  cultivated  a  small 
farm,  and  also  carried  on  a  classical  school  at  his 
house.     Many  of  his   pupils   became  noted   men. 


CALDWELL 


CALDWELL 


497 


Mr.  Caldwell  also  directed  his  attention  to  the 
study  and  practice  of  medicine,  and  was  an  inti- 
mate friend  of  Dr.  Rush,  with  whom  he  had  be- 
come acquainted  at  college.  Mr.  Caldwell  was  an 
earnest  patriot  in  the  revolutionary  war.  His 
house  was  plundered  by  the  British,  his  library 
burned,  and  everything  but  the  buildings  on  his 
plantation  destroyed.  Cornwallis  offered  $1,000 
to  any  one  who  should  bring  him  into  camp ;  but 
all  efforts  to  take  him  were  unsuccessful.  He  was 
a  member,  in  1776,  of  the  State  constitutional  con- 
vention, and,  although  clergymen  were  prohibited 
by  law  from  entering  the  legislature,  he  had  much 
influence  in  public  affairs,  and  earnestly  opposed 
the  federal  constitution  in  the  convention  called 
for  its  ratification.  In  1791,  when  the  University 
of  North  Carolina  was  founded,  he  was  offered  the 
presidency,  but  declined  on  account  of  his  advanced 
age.  The  trustees  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.  D.  in 
1810.  A  biography  of  Dr.  Caldwell,  by  E.  W.  Ca- 
ruthers.  D.  D.,  was  published  in  1842. 

CALDWELL,  Georg^e  Chapman,  chemist,  b. 
in  Framingham,  Mass.,  14  Aug.,  1834.  He  was 
graduated  at  Lawrence  scientific  school  of  Har- 
vard in  1855,  and  pui'sued  higher  studies  abroad, 
receiving  the  degree  of  Ph.  D.  from  Gottingen  in 
1856.  On  his  return  to  the  United  States,  he  was 
appointed  professor  of  chemistry  and  physics  in 
Antioch  college,  and  filled  that  chair  from  1859  till 
1862,  then  became  hospital  visitor  of  the  U.  S. 
sanitary  commission  in  charge  of  the  distribution 
of  supplies  to  the  hospitals  in  and  around  Wash- 
ington until  1864.  Dr.  Caldwell  then  occupied 
the  chair  of  chemistry  m  Pennsylvania  agricul- 
tural college  from  1864  till  1867,  and  was  vice- 
president  of  the  college  in  1867-'8.  Since  1868 
he  has  been  professor  of  agricultural  and  ana- 
lytical chemistry  at  Cornell,  and  has  become  an 
authority  on  chemistry  as  applied  to  agriculture 
and  similar  subjects.  He  is  the  author  of  numer- 
ous reports  and  many  papers  that  have  been  con- 
tributed to  state  reports  and  scientific  journals, 
and  has  published  "  Agricultural  Qualitative  and 
Quantitative  Chemical  Analysis "  (New  York, 
1869) ;  with  A.  A.  Breneman,  "  A  Manual  of  Intro- 
ductory Chemical  Practice  "  (1875),  and  with  S.  M. 
Babcock.  "A  Manual  of  Qualitative  Chemical 
Analvsis  "  (Ithaca.  1882). 

CALDWELL,  Henry  CLaj,  jurist,  b.  in  Mar- 
shall CO.,  W.  Va.,  4  Sept.,  1835.  He  was  educated 
in  the  common  schools  of  Iowa,  where  his  father 
had  moved  in  1837,  studied  law  in  Keosauque, 
Iowa,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1852.  He 
was  prosecuting  attorney  of  Van  Buren  co.,  Iowa, 
from  1856  till  1858,  and  a  member  of  the  legisla- 
ture from  1859  till  1861.  He  enlisted  in  the  3d 
Iowa  volunteer  cavalry  in  the  latter  year,  and  be- 
came successively  major,  lieutenant-colonel,  and 
colonel  of  his  regiment.  He  was  in  active  military 
service  from  1861  till  4  June,  1864,  when  he  re- 
signed his  commission,  having  been  appointed  U. 
S.  judge  for  the  eastern  district  of  Arkansas, 

CALDWELL,  James,  clergyman,  b.  in  Char- 
lotte CO.,  Va.,  in  April,  1734;  d.in  Elizabethtown, 
N.  J.,  24  Nov.,  1781.  He  was  graduated  at  the 
college  of  New  Jersey,  Princeton,  in  1759,  and 
three  years  later  became  pastor  of  the  church  in 
Elizabethtown.  During  the  political  agitations 
preceding  the  revolution  he  took  an  active  part  in 
arousing  the  spirit  of  rebellion,  thereby  incurring 
bitter  hatred  on  the  part  of  his  tory  neighbors.  As 
chaplain  in  the  New  Jersey  brigade,  after  the  be- 
ginning of  hostilities,  he  soon  earned  the  nickname 
of  the  "  soldier  parson,"  and  suffered  for  his  patri- 
otic zeal  by  having  his  church  and  house  burned  in 


1780  by  a  party  of  British  marauders  and  tories. 
His  family  sought  refuge  in  the  village  of  Con- 
necticut Farms  (now  Union),  N.  J.,  but  before  the 
close  of  the  year  a  reconnoitring  force  from  the 
British  camps  on  Staten  Island  pillaged  the  place, 
and  Mrs.  Caldwell  was  killed  by  a  stray  bullet 
while  in  a  room  praying  with  her  two  children. 
Her  husband  was  at  the  time  on  duty  with  the 
army  at  Morristown.  Shortly  after  this  (23  June, 
1780)  he  distinguished  himself  in  the  successful 
defence  of  Springfield,  N.  J.,  which  was  attacked 
by  a  heavy  force  of  the  British.  During  the  en- 
gagement he  supplied  the  men  with  hymn-books 
from  a  neighboring  church  to  use  as  wadding, 
with  the  exhortation,  "  Now  put  Watts  into  them, 
boys  ! "  He  was  shot  by  an  American  sentry  dur- 
ing an  altercation  concerning  a  package,  which 
the  sentry  thought  it  his  duty  to  examine.  The 
soldier  was  delivered  to  the  civil  authorities,  tried 
for  murder,  and  hanged,  29  Jan.,  1782.  Such  was 
the  popular  indignation  at  the  time  that  it  was 
commonly  believed  that  the  sentry  had  been  bribed 
by  the  British  to  kill  the  chaplain.  A  handsome 
monument  commemorating  the  life  and  services  of 
Mr.  Caldwell  and  his  wife  was  erected  at  Elizabeth- 
town  in  1846.  on  the  sixty-fourth  anniversary  of 
his  untimely  death. — His  son,  John  E.,  was  taken 
to  France  by  Lafayette,  and  there  educated.  He 
became  a  prominent  philanthropist,  edited  the 
"  Christian  Herald,"  and  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Bible  societv. 

CALDWELL,  John,  soldier,  b.  in  Prince  Ed- 
ward CO.,  Va.. ;  d.  in  Frankfort,  Ky.,  9  Nov.,  1804. 
He  removed  to  Kentucky  in  1781,  served  in  the 
conflicts  with  the  Indians,  and  became  a  major- 
general  of  militia.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Ken- 
tucky state  conventions  of  1787  and  1788,  and  of 
the  state  senate  in  1792  and  1793.  At  the  time  of 
his  death  he  was  lieutenant-governor. 

CALDWELL,  John  Cnrtis,  soldier,  b.  in  Low- 
ell, Vt.,  17  April,  1833.  He  was  graduated  at 
Amherst  in  1855,  At  the  beginning  of  the  civil 
war  he  became  colonel  of  the  11th  Maine  volun- 
teers. He  was  made  brigadier-general  of  volun- 
teers 28  April,  1862,  and  brevetted  major-general 
19  Aug.,  1865.  Gen.  Caldwell  was  in  every  action 
of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  from  its  organization 
till  Gen.  Grant  took  command,  and  during  the  last 
year  of  the  war  he  was  president  of  an  advisory 
board  of  the  war  department.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  Maine  senate,  adjutant-general  of  the  state 
in  1867,  and  in  1869  was  U.  S.  consul  at  Valpa- 
raiso, Chili.  From  1873  till  1882  he  was  minister 
to  Uraguay  and  Paraguay,  and  in  1885,  having 
removed  to  Kansas,  was  president  of  the  board  of 
pardons  of  that  state. 

CALDWELL,  Joseph,  educator,  b.  in  Lam- 
mington,  N.  J.,  21  April,  1773 ;  d.  in  Chapel  Hill, 
N.  C,  24  Jan.,  1835.  He  was  graduated  at  Prince- 
ton in  1791,  delivering  the  Latin  salutatory,  and 
then  taught  school  in  Lammington  and  Elizabeth- 
town,  where  he  began  the  study  of  divinity.  He 
became  tutor  at  Princeton  in  April,  1795,  and  in 
1796  was  appointed  professor  of  mathematics  in 
the  University  of  North  Carolina.  He  found  the 
institution,  then  only  five  years  old,  in  a  feeble 
state,  nearly  destitute  of  buildings,  library,  and  ap- 
paratus, and  to  him  is  ascribed  the  merit  of  having 
saved  it  from  ruin.  He  was  made  its  president  in 
1804,  and  held  the  office  till  his  death,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  the  vears  from  1812  till  1817.  Princeton 
gave  him  the  degree  of  D.  D.  in  1816.  In  1824  he 
visited  Europe  to  purchase  apparatus  and  select 
books  for  the  library  of  the  university.  A  monu- 
ment to  his  memory  has  been  erected  in  the  grove 


498 


CALDWELL 


CALHOUN 


surrounding  the  university  buildings.  Dr.  Cald- 
well published  "A  Compendious  System  of  Ele- 
mentary Geometry,"  with  a  subjoined  treatise  on 
plane  trigonometry  (1823),  and  "  Letters  of  Carle- 
ton  "  (1825).  The  latter  had  previously  appeared 
in  a  newspaper  in  Raleigh,  and  were  designed  to 
awaken  an  interest  in  internal  improvements. 

CALDWELL,  Lisle  Bones,  educator,  b.  in 
Wilna,  N.  Y.,  10  Jan.,  1834.  He  was  graduated  at 
Baldwin's  university,  Berea,  Ohio,  in  1868,  and  has 
since  been  engaged  in  teaching  and  in  charge  of 
various  Methodist  Episcopal  churches.  In  1877  he 
was  elected  to  the  chair  of  natural  sciences  in  East 
Tennessee  Wesleyan  university,  and  later  also  filled 
the  chair  of  physics.  In  1886  he  was  elected  pro- 
fessor of  applied  chemistry  and  agriculture  in  the 
Grant  memorial  university,  in  Athens,  Tenn.  He 
has  been  actively  connected  with  the  temperance 
movement,  and  has  filled  high  ottices  in  the  sons  of 
temperance.  Prof.  Caldwell  has  been  a  frequent 
contributor  to  periodical  litei-ature,  and  has  pub- 
lished "  Wines  of  Palestine ;  or.  The  Bible  De- 
fended"  (1859),  and  "Beyond  the  Grave"  (1884). 

CALDWELL,  Merritt,  educator,  b.  in  Hebron, 
Oxford  CO.,  Me.,  29  Nov.,  1806;  d.  in  Portland,  6 
June,  1848.  He  was  graduated  at  Bowdoin  in  1828, 
and  in  the  same  year  was  appointed  to  succeed  his 
brother  Zenas  as  principal  of  the  Maine  Wesleyan 
seminary  at  Read  field.  He  was  elected  professor 
of  mathematics  and  vice-president  of  Dickinson 
college,  Pa.,  in  1834,  and  in  1887  was  transferred  to 
the  chair  of  metaphysics  and  English  literature, 
which  he  held  for  the  rest  of  his  life.  The  presi- 
dent of  the  college  was  often  absent,  and  his  duties 
fell  on  Prof.  Caldwell,  who  performed  them  with 
great  ability.  He  wrote  much  for  the  press,  and 
was  specially  interested  in  the  temperance  reform. 
He  visited  England  in  1846  as  a  delegate  to  the 
world's  convention  that  formed  the  "evangelical 
alliance,"  and  was  also  a  delegate  to  the  world's 
temperance  convention  from  the  Pennsylvania  so- 
ciety. He  published  "  The  Doctrine  of  the  English 
Verb"  (1837);  "Manual  of  Elocution"  (Philadel- 
phia, 1846) ;  "  Philosophy  of  Christian  Perfection  " 
(1847) ;  and  "  Christianity  tested  by  Eminent 
Men"  (New  York,  1852).  A  memoir  of  him  has 
been  published  by  Rev.  S.  M.  Vail,  D.  D.— His  elder 
brother,  Zenas,  b.  in  Hebron,  Me.,  31  March,  1800 ; 
d.  26  Dec,  1826,  was  graduated  at  Bowdoin  in 
1824,  and  was  the  first  principal  of  Maine  Wes- 
leyan seminary.  A  volume  containing  some  of 
his  writings,  both  prose  and  poetry,  and  a  memoir 
by  Rev.  S.  M.  Vail,  D.  D.,  was  published  in  1855. 

CALDWELL,  Samviel,  soldier.  He  was  a  ma- 
jor of  the  Kentucky  "levies  of  1791,"  and  was  dis- 
tinguished in  Wilkinson's  expedition  against  the 
Indians  in  August  of  that  year.  He  was  lieuten- 
ant-colonel commanding  a  regiment  of  Kentucky 
volunteers  from  September  till  November,  1812, 
and  again  in  Green  Clay's  brigade  of  six-months 
volunteers  under  Gen.  Harrison  in  1813.  He  was 
made  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  on  31  Aug., 
1813,  and  commanded  a  brigade  in  the  battle  of 
the  Thames,  5  Oct.,  1813. 

CALDWELL,  Samuel  Luiit,  educator,  b.  in 
Newburyport,  Mass.,  13  Nov.,  1820;  d.  in  Providence, 
R.  I.,  26  Sept.,  1889.  He  was  graduated  at  Water- 
ville,  and,  after  teaching  school  at  Hampton  Falls, 
N.  H.,  and  Newburyport,  Mass.,  entered  Newton 
theological  institute,  where  he  was  graduated  in 
1845.  He  was  pastor  of  Baptist  churches  in  Ban- 
gor, Me.,  from  1846  till  1858,  and  in  Providence, 
R.  I.,  from  1858  till  1873.  He  then  became  professor 
of  church  history  in  Newton  theological  institute, 
and  on  12  Sept.,  1878,  was  elected  president  of  Vas- 


sar  college.  He  resigned  in  1885  and  removed  to 
Providence,  R.  I.  Colby  university  gave  him  the 
degree  of  D.  D.  in  1858,  and  Brown  that  of  LL.  D. 
in  1884.  Dr.  Caldwell  has  published  a  "  Memorial 
of  Prof.  R.  P.  Dunn  "  (Cambridge,  1867) ;  an  inde- 
pendence-day oration  (Providence,  1861) ;  "  Litera- 
ture in  Account  with  Life,"  an  oration  delivered  at 
the  commencement  of  Michigan  university  (1885) ; 
and  two  lectures  in  "  The  Newton  Lectures  "  (1886), 
besides  sermons  and  contributions  to  periodicals. 
He  edited  volumes  iii.  and  iv.  of  "  Publications  of 
the  Narragansett  Clul)"  (Providence,  1865). 

CALDWELL,  William  Warner,  b.  in  New- 
buryport, Mass.,  28  Oct.,  1823.  He  was  graduated 
at  Bowdoin  in  1843,  and  engaged  in  business  in 
his  native  town.  He  has  published  a  volume  of 
"Poems,  Original  and  Translated"  (Boston,  1857), 
containing  translations  from  the  German  of  Hebel. 
Geibel,  and  Fallersleben.  Since  that  time  many 
more  poems  and  translations  of  German  lyrics  by 
Mr.  Caldwell  have  appeared  in  the  Boston  "  Tran- 
script "  and  other  journals,  and  more  than  fifty  of 
them  set  to  music  have  been  published  in  the 
"  Normal  Music  Course." 

CALEF,  or  CALFE,  Robert,  author,  d.  about 
1723.  He  was  a  Boston  merchant,  and  powerfully 
attacked  the  witchcraft  delusion  in  a  book  called 
"  More  Wonders  of  the  Invisible  World  "  (London, 
1700 ;  Salem,  Mass.,  1796).  The  title  was  suggested 
by  Cotton  Mather's  "  Wonders  of  the  Invisible 
World."  Calef's  plain  facts  and  common-sense  ar- 
guments had  a  powerful  effect  on  public  opinion, 
and  conti'ibuted  much  to  the  decline  of  the  delu- 
sion. His  book  irritated  Mather,  who  called  Calef 
"  a  weaver  turned  minister "  and  "  a  coal  from 
hell,"  and  finally  prosecuted  him  for  slander.  Dr. 
Increase  Mather,  president  of  Harvard  college,  or- 
dered the  wicked  book  to  be  burned  in  the  college- 
yard.  The  members  of  the  Old  North  church  pub- 
lished a  defence  of  their  pastors,  the  Mathers, 
entitled  "  Remarks  upon  a  Scandalous  Book,"  etc., 
with  the  motto,  "  Truth  will  come  off  Conqueror." 
Calef's  book  made  him  unpopular,  and  Samuel 
Mather,  in  his  life  of  his  father,  says  :  "  There  was  a 
certain  disbeliever  of  witchcraft  who  wrote  against 
this  book ;  but,  as  the  man  is  dead,  his  book  died 
long  before  him." 

CALHOUN.  John  Caldwell,  statesman,  b.  in 
Ninety-six  district,  S.  C,  18  .March,  1782;  d.  in 
Washington,  D.  C,  31  March,  1850.  His  grand- 
father, James  Calhoun,  emigrated  from  Donegal, 
Ireland,  to  Pennsylvania  in  1733,  bringing  with 
him  a  family  of  children,  of  whom  Patrick  Cal- 
houn was  one,  a  boy  six  years  old.  The  family 
removed  to  western  Virginia,  again  moved  farther 
south,  and  in  1 756  established  the  "  Calhoun  set- 
tlement "  in  the  ^lpper  part  of  South  Carolina. 
This  was  near  the  frontier  of  the  Cherokee  In- 
dians ;  conflicts  between  them  and  the  whites 
were  frequent  and  bloody,  and  the  Calhoun  family 
suffered  severe  loss.  Patrick  Calhoun  was  distin- 
guished for  his  undaunted  courage  and  persever- 
ance in  these  struggles,  and  was  placed  in  com- 
mand of  provincial  rangers  raised  for  the  defence 
of  the  frontier.  His  resolute  and  active  character 
gave  him  credit  among  his  people,  and  he  was 
called  to  important  service  during  the  revolution- 
ary war,  in  support  of  American  independence. 
By  profession  he  was  a  surveyor,  and  gained  suc- 
cess by  his  skill.  He  was  a  man  of  studious  and 
thoughtful  habits,  and  well  versed  in  English  lit- 
erature. His  father  was  a  Presbyterian,  and  he 
adhered  to  the  religion  of  his  fathers.  In  1770  he 
married  Martha  Caldwell,  a  native  of  Virginia, 
daughter   of    an   Irish    Presbyterian    immigrant, 


CALHOUN 


CALHOUN 


499 


whose  family  was  devoted  to  the  American  cause, 
and  some  of  whom  were  badly  ti'eated  by  the  tories. 
By  heredity,  John  Cahlwell  C'alhoun  was  therefore 
entitled  to  manhood  from  his  race,  to  vigorous 
convictions  in  faith,  and  to  patriotic  devotion  to 
liberty  and  right.  He  was  early  taught  to  read 
the  Bible,  and  trained  in  Calvinistic  doctrines ;  and 
it  is  said  that  he  was  also  devoted  to  history  and 
metaphysics,  but  was  compelled  to  desist  from 
study  because  of  impaired  health. 

His  father  was  a  member  for  many  years,  during 
and  after  the  revolution,  of  the  legislature  of  his 
state,  and  his  counsels  made  a  deep  impression  on 
his  son,  though  he  died  when  the  latter  was  thir- 
teen years  of  age.  The  son  remembered  hear- 
ing the  father  say  that  "  that  government  was 
best  which  allowed  the  largest  amount  of  indi- 
vidual liberty  compatible  with  social  order,"  and 
that  the  improvements  in  political  science  would 
consist  in  throwing  off  many  restraints  then 
deemed  necessary  to  an  organized  society.  Until 
Mr.  Calhoun  was  ready  for  college,  he  was  under 
the  instruction  of  his  larother-in-law,  the  Rev.  Dr. 
Waddell,  a  Presbyterian  clergyman,  and  went  to 
Yale  in  1802.  He  evinced  great  originality  of 
thought,  devotion  to  study,  and  a  lofty  ambition, 
which  won  him  the  honors  of  his  class,  and  the 
prophetic  approval  of  President  Dwight  in  the 
declaration,  after  an  earnest  dispute  with  him  on 
the  rightful  source  of  political  power,  that  he 
would  reach  the  greatest  eminence  in  life,  and 
might  attain  the  presidency.  He  studied  law  with 
H.  W.  Desaussure,  of  South  Carolina,  for  a  time,  but 
was  graduated  at  Litchfield,  Conn.,  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1807.  He  took  part  in  a 
meeting  of  the  people  denouncing  the  British  out- 
rage on  the  frigate  "  Chesapeake,"  and  was  soon 
elected  to  the  legislature,  and  entered  the  house  of 
representatives  in  November,  1811,  in  his  thirtieth 
year.  Few  men  were  better  trained  for  the  career 
before  him.  Simple  and  sincere  in  his  tastes, 
habits,  and  manners,  strict  and  pure  in  his  morals, 
and  incorruptible  in  his  integrity,  severe  and 
logical  in  his  style,  analytic  in  his  studies,  and 
thorough  in  his  investigations,  with  a  genius  to 
perceive  and  comprehend  the  mass  of  elements 
that  entered  into  the  solution  of  the  problems  of 
our  political  life,  and  with  a  capacity  for  philo- 
sophic generalization  of  principles  unequalled  by 
any  contemporary,  he  began,  continued,  and  ended 
his  life,  in  the  manifestation  of  the  highest  quali- 
ties for  debate,  for  disquisitions  upon  constitu- 
tional government  and  free  institutions,  for  dis- 
cussions on  foreign  relations,  for  the  investigation 
of  political  and  social  economy,  and  for  the  con- 
duet  witii  ability  of  the  general  affairs  and  even 
for  the  details  of  departmental  administration. 

When  Calhoun  entered  congi-ess,  war  with  Great 
Britain  was  imminent.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
committee  on  foreign  affairs.  He  drew  a  report 
which  placed  before  the  country  the  issue  of  war, 
or  submission  to  wrong.  He  urged  a  declaration 
of  war,  and  upheld  the  cause  of  his  country  with 
an  eloqtience  that  inspired  patriotic  enthusiasm, 
and  with  a  logical  force  that  gave  fortitude  and 
zeal  to  the  army  and  navy  as  well  as  to  the  people. 
At  the  close  of  the  war  in  1815  the  country  was 
confronted  with  questions  of  currency,  finance, 
commercial  policy,  and  internal  development,  which 
offered  to  the  genius  of  Calhoun  fruitful  subjects 
for  his  original  and  patriotic  study.  He  pressed 
upon  congress  the  bank  bill,  the  tariff  of  1816,  and 
a  system  of  roads  and  canals.  On  these  questions 
he  afterward  modified  his  views  A^ery  greatly,  but 
defended,  his  real  consistency  of  thought,  under 


the  appearance  of  inconsistency,  by  saying  that  the 
remedies  proper  for  one  condition  of  things  were 
improper  for  others.  A  question  arose  in  the  dis- 
cussion of  the  act  to  carry  into  effect  the  treaty  of 
peace,  as  to  the  relation  of  the  treaty-making 
authority  to  the  powers  of  congress.  He  main- 
tained the  supremacy  of  the  treaty  power :  that  it 
prevailed  over  a  law  of  congress :  and  that  congress 
was  bound  to  pass  a  law  to  carry  a  treaty  into 
effect.  The  celebrated  William  P'inkney,  then  in 
the  zenith  of  his  fame,  declared  that  Mr.  Calhoun 
had  brought  into  the  debate  "  the  strong  power  of 
genius  from  a  higher  sphere  than  that  of  argu- 
ment." Its  power  was  undoubted,  though  the 
truth  of  his  theory  may  well  be  questioned. 

In  1817  Mr.  Monroe  called  Mr.  Calhoun  to  the 
war  department,  which  he  filled  until  1825.  In 
this  new  field  he  won  real  fame ;  to  this  day  the 
department,  by  the  testimony  of  recent  secretaries, 
feels  the  impress  of  his  genius  for  organization 
and  for  the  methodical  adjustment  of  the  functions 
of  its  various  branches  to  each  other  and  to  its 
head.  In  his  report  to  congress  in  1828  he  truly 
said  that  in  a  large  disbursement  of  public  money 
through  a  great  number  of  disbursing  agents, 
there  had  been  no  defalcation  nor  loss  of  a  cent  to 
the  government ;  that  he  had  reduced  the  exi)eiises 
of  the  army  from  $451  to  |287  per  man,  with  no 
loss  of  efficiency  or  comfort.  Pie  organized  the 
department  by  a  bill  that  he  drew  for  the  purpose ; 
and,  under  rules  prescribed  by  him,  introduced  or- 
der and  accountability  in  every  branch  of  service, 
and  established  a  system  that  has  survived,  in  a 
large  degree,  to  this  day.  Mr.  Clay,  in  his  eulogy 
on  Mr.  Calhoun,  said  :  "  Such  was  the  high  estimate 
I  formed  of  his  transcendent  talents,  that  if,  at  the 
end  of  his  service  in  the  executive  department  un- 
der Mr.  Monroe's  administration,  the  duties  of 
which  he  performed  with  such  signal  ability,  he 
had  been  called  to  the  highest  office  in  the  govern- 
ment, I  should  have  felt  perfectly  assured  that, 
under  his  auspices,  the  honor,  the  prosperity,  and 
the  glory  of  our  country  would  have  been  safely 
placed."  During  his  service  in  the  department, 
contention  arose  between  him  and  Gen.  Jackson  as 
to  the  conduct  of  the  latter  in  the  Seminole  war, 
which  was  the  chief  cause  of  the  breach  between 
them  during  Jackson's  administration. 

In  1824  there  were  four  candidates  for  the  presi- 
dency, which  resulted  in  the  election  of  John  Q, 
Adams  by  the  house  of  representatives.  Mr.  Cal- 
houn was  elected  vice-president  by  a  large  majority. 
His  vice-presidency  marks  the  beginning  of  Mr. 
Calhoun's  life  as  a  constitutional  statesman.  He 
said  in  1837 :  "  The  station,  from  its  leisure,  gave 
me  a  good  opportunity  to  study  the  genius  of  the 
prominent  measure  of  the  day,  called  then  the 
American  system,  by  which  I  profited."  From 
that  time  he  by  profound  study  mastered  the  prin- 
ciples of  our  constitutional  system,  and  may  be 
said  to  have  founded  a  school  of  political  philoso- 
phy, of  which  the  doctrines  are  maintained  in  his 
speeches,  reports,  and  public  writings.  Mr.  Clay's 
American  system,  to  which  Mr.  Calhoun  referred, 
was  in  full  success.  The  bank,  the  protective 
policy,  the  internal  improvement  system,  and  the 
'•  general  welfare  "  rule  for  constitutional  construc- 
tion, composed  this  celebrated  policy.  In  1828 
Gen.  Jackson  was  elected  president  and  Mr.  Cal- 
houn re-elected  vice-president.  The  Jackson  ad- 
ministration was  the  period  during  which  the 
democratic  party  under  Jackson  and  the  whig 
party  under  Clay  were  organized  for  their  great 
struggle  for  ascendency. 

Mr.  Calhoun  took  from  the  beginning  the  most 


600 


CALHOUN 


CALHOUN 


prominent  part  in  the  attitude  assumed  by  South 
Carolina  against  the  protective  system,  which  had 
reached  its  climax  in  the  tariff  law  of  1828.  In 
December,  1828,  he  drew  up  the  "Exposition," 
which,  with  amendments,  was  adopted  by  the  legis- 
lature of  South  Carolina  ;  also  an  address,  26  July, 
1831,  on  the  relations  of  the  states  to  the  general 
government;  also  a  report  for  the  legislature  in 
November,  1831 ;  also  an  address  to  the  people  of 
the  state  at  the  close  of  that  session ;  also  a  letter 
to  Grov.  Hamilton  on  state  interposition,  28  Aug., 
1832 ;  also  an  address  to  the  people  of  the  United 
States  by  the  convention  of  South  Carolina  in  No- 
vember, 1832.  In  these  papers  he  maintained  the 
doctrine  of  state  interposition,  or  "nullification." 
Dui-ing  .Jackson's  first  term,  the  influence  of  Mr. 
Van  liureii  became  paramount  with  the  president, 
and  the  alienation  between  the  latter  and  Mr.  Cal- 
houn became  irreconcilable.  JMr.  Van  Buren  was 
elected  vice-president  in  1832.  The  South  Carolina 
convention  in  November,  1832,  passed  the  ordi- 
nance nullifying  the  tariff  laws  of  1828  and  1832, 
and  Mr.  Calhoun  was  elected  to  the  senate  and  took 
his  seat  in  December,  having  resigned  tlie  vice- 
presidency.  He  appeared  as  the  champion  of  his 
state,  and  defender  of  its  ordinance  of  nullifica- 
tion, standing  alone,  but  firm  and  undaunted, 
iioth  parties  were  opposed  to  him,  and  the  admin- 
istration menacingly  so.  A  man  of  less  intellect 
or  less  coiirage  would  have  shrunk  from  the  con- 


p      '1 


U^  !r  hA  (■>! 


^    -  .-^''^^^^^,^^^^'^'^^m^'^ '' 


flict.  But  he  was  courageous  in  conviction,  and 
fearless  of  personal  consequences.  He  gave  up  the 
second  and  surrendered  all  hope  of  the  first  office 
in  the  country,  to  defend  his  state  in  her  solitary 
attitude  of  opposition  to  the  protective  policy. 
The  president's  proclamation  of  November,  1832, 
was  followed  by  the  proposed  "  force  bill."  Mr. 
Calhoun,  in  February,  1833,  made  an  elaborate 
speech  against  it.  To  this  Mr.  Webster  replied 
with  great  fulness  upon  certain  resolutions  pro- 
posed by  Mr.  Calhoun  on  the  general  question, 
whereupon  Mr.  Calhoun  called  up  his  resolutions, 
and  made,  26  Feb.,  1833.  a  speech  of  extraordinary 
force,  to  which  Mr.  Webster  never  replied.  The 
issue  in  this  debate  of  the  giants  was  on  the  first 
resolution,  as  follows : 

"  That  the  people  of  the  several  states  compris- 
ing these  United  States  are  united  as  parties  to  a 
constitutional  compact,  to  which  the  people  of  each 
state  acceded,  as  a  separate  and  sovereign  commu- 
nity, each  binding  itself  by  its  own  particular  rati- 
fication ;  and  that  the  union,  of  which  the  said 
compact  is  the  bond,  is  a  union  between  the  states 
ratifying  the  same."  Mr.  Webster  denied  the 
"  compact "  theory,  and  is  said  to  have  made  use  of 
much  of  the  materials  gathered  by  Judge  Story  in 
the  preparation  of  the  first  volume  of  his  commen- 
taries on  the  constitution,  published  in  1833.  Al- 
most all  of  the  democratic  party,  and  many  of  the 


whigs,  held  t'hat  the  constitution  was  a  compact 
but  denied  the  right  of  nullification  by  a  state; 
and  some  of  these  denied  the  right  of  secession  to 
a  state,  holding  the  indissolubility  of  the  union  of 
these  states  because  bound  by  a  perpetual  com- 
pact. They  admitted  Mr.  Calhoun's  premise  of 
"  compact,"  but  denied  his  conclusions.  Mr.  Web- 
ster denied  his  premise,  and  therefore  his  conclu- 
sion. Many,  also,  who  believed  in  the  right  of 
secession,  denied  the  right  of  nullification.  Mr. 
Calhoun  stood,  therefore,  alone  in  the  senate,  main- 
taining the  premise  of  a  "constitutional  compact," 
and  his  conclusion  of  the  right  of  a  state  to  nullify 
a  law  while  remaining  in  the  union,  or  to  secede 
from  the  iniion  I'litirely.  The  true  nature  of  the 
doctrine  of  nullification  was  this  :  1.  It  was  claimed 
as  a  remedy  within  the  union,  reserved  to  the  state 
according  to  the  constitution  ;  a  remedy  for  evils  in 
the  union ;  and  to  save,  but  not  to  dissolve,  it.  2. 
It  was  claimed  for  the  state,  as  a  party  to  the  com- 
pact, to  declare  when  it  was  violated,  and  to  pro- 
nounce void  an  unconstitutional  law  ;  not  to  annul 
a  valid  law,  but  to  declare  void  an  unconstitutional 
law.  3.  Its  effect  was  (as  claimed)  to  make  whol- 
ly inoperative  the  law  so  declared  void,  because 
unconstitutional,  within  the  state,  and  it  seems  that 
the  United  States  should,  according  to  the  doctrinCj 
thereupon  suspend  its  operation  elsewhere,  and  ap- 
peal to  the  states  to  amend  the  constitution  by  a 
new  grant  of  power  to  make  valid  the  law  so  de- 
clareti  void  by  the  state.  4.  This  declaration  of 
nullity  of  a  law  could  not  be  made  by  the  govern- 
ment "of  a  state,  but  only  by  a  convention  of  its 
people ;  that  is,  that  the  people  of  a  state  in  con- 
vention, which  had  ratified  in  convention  the  con- 
stitution originally,  should  have  power  to  declare 
unconstitutional  an  act  done  by  the  government 
created  by  that  constitution.  The  genius  of  Mr. 
Calhoun  was  equal  to  the  plausible  and  powerful 
support  of  this  theory,  which,  however  inconclusive 
from  his  premise  of  the  constitutional  compact, 
can  not  impair  the  truth  of  that  premise,  which, 
with  transcendent  ability  and  accurate  historic  re- 
search, he  established  on  an  impregnable  founda- 
tion. The  discussion  had  valuable  results.  Mr. 
Clay  introduced  his  "  compromise  tariff  "  of  1833, 
which  was  passed  before  the  session  closed,  with 
the  support  of  Mr.  Cidhoun.  It  provided  for  a 
gradual  reduction  of  duties  during  ten  years,  after 
which  duties  should  be  laid  on  a  revenue  basis. 
This  issue  ended,  the  re-charter  of  the  bank  of  the 
United  States,  and  the  removal  of  the  deposits 
therefrom  by  President  Jackson,  and  the  general 
question  of  currency,  became  prominent.  Execu- 
tive patronage  also  came  into  the  debates  of  the 
last  term  of  President  Jackson.  On  all  these  ques- 
tions Mr.  Calhoun  acted  with  the  whig  party.  He 
preferred  the  banlv  of  the  United  States  to  what 
was  called  the  "  pet  bank  system  "  of  the  executive. 
He  condenmed  what  he  deemed  executive  usurpa- 
tion, and  denounced  the  influence  of  patronage  as 
tending  to  the  organization  of  parties  upon  the 
principle  "of  the  cohesive  power  of  public  plun- 
der." He  claimed  to  belong  to  neither  party,  but 
to  lead  the  band  of  "  state  -  rights "  men,  whose 
course  was  directed  by  principle,  and  not  by  the 
motives  of  party  triumph  or  personal  ambition. 
He  took  no  part  in  the  presidential  election  of 
1836 ;  but  on  the  accession  of  Mr.  Van  Buren  to 
the  presidency,  and  in  the  extra  session  called  by 
him  in  1837,"  to  consider  the  financial  panic  of 
that  year,  he  took  ground  for  a  total  separation  of 
the  government  from  a  bank  or  banks,  favored  the 
constitutional  treasury  plan,  and  acted  generally 
with  the  democratic  party,     Gen.  Harrison  was 


CALHOUN 


CALHOUN 


501 


elected  president  in  1840,  bnt  died  4  April,  1841, 
and  was  succeeded  by  Vice-President  John  Tyler. 
An  extra  session  of  congress  was  called  in  the  sum- 
mer of  1841,  when  the  struggle  of  Mr.  Clay  for  the 
restoration  of  his  American  system— including  a 
bank,  protective  tariff,  internal  improvements,  and 
a  distribution  of  the  proceeds  of  the  public  lands — 
brought  on  a  memorable  discussion,  in  which  Mr. 
Calhoun  was  a  leader,  and  facile  princeps,  of  the 
democratic  party.  If  the  student  of  our  history 
will  consult  the  speeches  of  Mr.  Calhoun  in  the 
senate,  on  the  bank  question  generally,  and  on 
currency,  from  1837  4111  1842,  he  will  find  how 
thorough  his  analysis  of  these  abstruse  questions 
was,  and  how  broad  were  his  generalizations  of 
principles.  When  the  tariff  question  came  up 
again  in  1842,  the  compromise  of  1838  was  rudely 
overthrown,  and  the  protective  system  placed  in 
the  ascendent.  Mr.  Calhoun  discussed  the  ques- 
tion in  several  able  speeches,  but  delivered  one  5 
Aug.,  1843,  of  comprehensive  force,  in  which  he 
discriminated  with  analytic  precision  between  a 
revenue  and  a  protective  duty,  holding  a  tariff  for 
revenue  only  to  be  constitutional  and  riglit.  He 
discussed  the  question  of  wages,  and  closed  his 
speech  with  an  animation  not  to  be  forgotten  by 
one,  who  heard  him  utter  these  sentences :  "  The 
great  popular  party  is  already  rallied  almost  eii 
7nasse  around  the  banner  which  is  leading  the 
party  to  its  final  triumph.  The  few  that  still  lag 
will  soon  be  rallied  under  its  ample  folds.  On  that 
banner  is  inscribed:  Free  trade;  low  duties;  no 
debt  ;  separation  from  banks  ;  economy  ;  retrench- 
ment, and  strict  adherence  to  the  constitution.  Vic- 
tory in  such  a  cause  will  be  great  and  glorious ;  and 
long  will  it  perpetuate  the  liberty  and  prosperity 
of  the  country."  The  hostility  of  President  Tyler 
to  the  American  system  made  its  restoration  dur- 
ing his  administration  only  partial ;  but  questions 
of  deeper  import  came  before  the  country,  from 
which  results  of  great  consequence  have  followed. 
Mr.  Tyler  had  frequently  resorted  to  the  veto 
power  to  defeat  Mr.  Clay's  measures.  Mr.  Clay 
proposed  an  amendment  of  the  constitution  for 
the  abrogation  of  the  veto  power,  and  on  28  Feb., 
1842,  Mr.  Calhoun  delivered  a  speech  against  this 
proposition.  He  vindicated  and  sustained  the  veto 
as  an  essential  part  of  "  the  beautiful  and  profound 
system  established  by  the  constitution."  The  prop- 
osition never  came  to  a  vote. 

In  February,  1844,  the  unfortunate  explosion  of 
a  gun  on  the  deck  of  the  "  Princeton,"  near  Wash- 
ington, robbed  the  country  of  two  members  of 
President  Tyler's  cabinet.  The  vacancy  in  the 
state  department  occasioned  by  the  death  of  Judge 
Upshur  was  filled  by  Mr.  Calhoun,  who  had  ceased 
to  be  senator,  in  March,  1843.  Two  questions  of 
great  importance  were  considered  by  the  new  sec- 
retary. At  that  time  the  union  had  no  Pacific 
population,  California  had  not  been  acquired,  and 
Oregon  was  not  yet  within  our  grasp.  Great  Brit- 
ain had  an  adverse  claim  to  Oregon.  Our  title 
rested  on  discovery  and  the  French  treaty  of  1803. 
Access  to  it  there  was  none  but  by  sea  around  Cape 
Horn  or  across  the  isthmus.  Mr.  Calhoun  vindi- 
cated our  rights  in  a  diplomatic  correspondence 
upon  grounds  on  which  it  was  finally  adjusted  by 
treaty  in  1846.  In  his  speech  on  the  Oregon  ques- 
tion, 16  March,  1846,  he  spoke  of  the  physical  ele- 
ments of  civilization — steam  and  electricity.  As 
to  the  latter  (when  the  telegraph  was  in  its  infan- 
cy) with  wonderful  prevision  he  said :  "  Magic 
wires  are  stretching  themselves  in  all  directions 
over  the  earth,  and,  when  their  mystic  meshes  shall 
have  been  united  and  perfected,  our  globe  itself 


will  become  endowed  with  sensitiveness,  so  that 
whatever  touches  on  any  one  point  will  be  instant- 
ly felt  on  every  other."  Again :  ''  Peace  is  pre- 
eminently our  policy.  .  .  .  Providence  has  given 
us  an  inheritance  stretching  across  the  entire  con- 
tinent from  ocean  to  ocean.  .  .  .  Our  great  mis- 
sion, as  a  people,  is  to  occupy  this  vast  domain  ;  to 
replenish  it  with  an  intelligent,  virtuous,  and  in- 
dustrious population ;  to  convert  the  forests  into 
cultivated  fields ;  to  drain  the  swamps  and  morass- 
es, and  cover  them  with  rich  harvests;  to  build 
up  cities,  towns,  and  villages  in  every  direction, 
and  to  unite  the  whole  by  the  most  rapid  inter- 
course between  all  the  parts.  .  .  .  Secure  peace,  and 
time,  under  the  guidance  of  a  sagacious  and  cau- 
tious policy,  '  a  wise  and  masterly  inactivity,'  will 
speedily  accomplish  the  whole.  .  .  .  War  can 
make  us  great ;  but  let  it  never  be  forgotten  that 
peace  only  can  make  us  both  great  and  free." 

Another  question,  the  annexation  of  Texas,  oc- 
cupied his  mind,  and  gave  full  scope  to  his  fertile 
genius.  To  our  internal  concerns  it  was  as  im- 
portant as  to  our  foreign  relations.  It  can  only  be 
fully  comprehended  by  considering  the  slavery 
question,  with  which  it  became  involved  in  the  act 
of  annexation  and  in  its  consequences.  In  the 
federal  convention  of  1787  the  diversity  of  indus- 
tries growing  up  in  states  where  slavery  did  and 
did  not  exist  was  clearly  foreseen.  This  difference 
was  marked  by  the  terms  northern  and  southern, 
slaveholding  and  non-slaveholding,  commercial 
and  agricultural  states.  The  well-known  antipathy 
of  people,  among  whom  slavery  does  not  exist,  to 
that  form  of  labor  gave  rise  to  strong  feelings  in 
the  northern  states  for  its  abolition.  Among  south- 
ern people  there  was  much  of  regret  that  it  had 
ever  been  established ;  but  how  to  deal  with  it  was 
to  them  a  practical  question  for  their  most  serious 
consideration.  As  has  been  well  said,  "  We  had  the 
wolf  by  the  ears — to  hold  on,  was  a  great  evil ;  to 
let  go,  who  could  estimate  the  consequences?" 
It  was  important  as  a  question  of  property,  but  of 
far  greater  moment  as  a  social  and  political  prob- 
lem. What  relations,  social  and  political,  should 
exist  between  these  diverse  races,  when  both  were 
free  and  equal  in  citizenship?  One  thing  the 
south  felt  most  strongly.  The  solution  of  this  dif- 
ficult problem  should  be  left  to  those  who  were 
personally  interested  in  the  continuance  of  slavery, 
and  involved  in  the  consequences  of  its  abolition. 
Accordingly,  the  federal  constitiition  left  it  for  the 
states  to  deal  with,  threw  around  it  interstate 
guarantees,  and  put  it  beyond  the  reach  of  the  fed- 
eral government.  Without  these  guarantees,  the 
union  could  not  have  been  formed.  The  two  sec- 
tions watched  their  respective  growth  in  popula- 
tion, and  their  settlement  of  our  territories,  as 
bearing  on  their  related  powers  in  the  federal  gov- 
ernment. The  north  had  a  large  majority  in  the 
house  of  representatives,  and  in  the  electoral  col- 
lege. In  the  senate,  by  a  species  of  common  law,  an 
equilibrium  was  maintained  between  the  sections, 
one  free  state  being  admitted  with  one  slave  state 
for  nearly  fifty  years  of  our  history.  In  1820-'l 
the  Missouri  agitation  arose,  which  was  quieted 
for  the  moment  by  an  agreement  that  no  state 
should  be  admitted  north  of  lat.  36°  30'  which  al- 
lowed slavery,  while  south  of  that  line  they  might 
be  admitted  with  or  without  slavery,  as  the  people 
of  the  state  should  decide.  The  constitutionality 
of  this  Missouri  compromise  was  always  denied  by 
many  constitutional  lawyers,  though  it  is  said  Mr. 
Calhoun  admitted  its  constitutionality,  when  ap- 
plied to  the  territories,  but  not  as  to  a  state.  With 
a  senate  equally  divided  between  the  sections,  the 


502 


CALHOUN 


CALHOUN 


soutliern  states  felt  secure  against  action  hostile  to 
slavery  by  the  government.  But  the  equilibrium 
of  the  sections  in  that  body  being  overthrown,  they 
would  be  subject  to  the  will  of  a  northern  majority 
in  both  houses,  limited  only  by  its  interpretation 
of  its  constitutional  power  over  slavery.  In  1885, 
Texas,  peopled  by  emigrants  from  the  union,  but 
chiefly  from  the  southern  states,  carrying  their 
slaves  with  them,  won  its  independence  at  San 
Jacinto,  which  was  acknowledged  by  the  United 
States  in  183G.  The  territory  had  once  been  ours ; 
its  people  were  of  our  own  flesh  and  blood ;  emi- 
gration pressed  into  its  fields  from  the  south  ;  the 
government  of  Great  Britain  was  threatening  to 
keep  Texas  independent,  and,  by  procuring  the 
abolition  of  slavery  there,  to  operate  to  stop  slavery 
extension  toward  the  southwest,  and  place  an 
abolition  frontier  xipon  the  borders  of  Louisiana 
and  Arkansas.  Mr.  Calhoun  was  too  sagacious  not 
to  see  the  hostile  policy  of  England.  In  a  series  of 
papers  he  exposed  the  scheme,  and  negotiated  a 
treaty  with  Texas  for  her  incorporation  into  the 
union.  The  treaty  failed,  but  the  annexation  of 
Texas  became  a  pivotal  question  in  the  presi- 
dential election  of  1844,  and  Mr.  Polk  was  elected 
chiefly  upon  that  issue.  Many  people  looked  upon 
it  as  an  increase  of  the  slave  power  in  the  union, 
but  the  admission  of  Texas  was  made  subject,  as 
to  any  new  states  to  be  formed  out  of  it,  to  the 
provisions  of  the  Missouri  compromise.  Mr.  Cal- 
houn was  elected  to  the  senate  on  retiring  from 
the  state  department,  and  did  all  he  could  for  the 
peaceable  adjustment  of  the  Oregon  question,  and 
also  to  prevent  war  with  Mexico.  He  deprecated 
the  war  with  Mexico,  and  in  strong  terms  de- 
clared it  was  unnecessary.  When  it  was  finally 
determined  on,  he  was  greatly  disturbed,  and  pre- 
dicted evils,  which  even  he  could  not  see.  He  said  : 
"It  has  dropped  a  curtain  between  the  present  and 
the  future,  which  to  me  is  impenetrable ;  and,  for 
the  first  time  since  I  have  been  in  public  life,  I  am 
unable  to  see  the  future.  It  has  closed  the  first 
volume  of  our  political  history  under  the  constitu- 
tion, and  opened  the  second,  and  no  mortal  can  tell 
■what  will  be  written  in  it."  In  his  speech  on  the 
♦'  three-million  bill  "  (9  Feb.,  1847)  lie  explained  that 
what  constituted  this  "  impenetrable  curtain  "  was 
the  acquisition  of  territory  as  the  result  of  the  war, 
and  the  slavery  question,  which  would  be  involved 
in  the  legislation  respecting  it.  The  slavery  ques- 
tion, during  the  administrations  of  Jackson  and 
Van  Buren,  had  been  agitated  in  many  forms. 
Abolition  petitions  had  poured  in  upon  congress, 
and  the  power  of  congress  had  been  invoked  to 
prevent  the  transmission  through  the  mails  of 
abolition  documents.  On  this  point  Mr.  Calhoun 
difl'ered  with  President  Jackson  ;  the  former  main- 
taining in  an  able  report  (February,  183G)  that  the 
mail  could  not  be  the  instrument  for  incendiary 
purposes  against  the  laws  of  the  states,  but  that 
congress  had  no  power  to  decide  what  should  be 
transmitted  and  what  not,  without  state  action. 

Soon  after  the  Mexican  war  began,  the  acquisi- 
tion of  territory  from  Mexico  was  strongly  insisted 
on ;  and  at  once  the  anti-slavery  party  proposed 
what  was  known  as  the  Wilmot  proviso,  by  which 
it  was  declared  that  slavery  should  never  be  al- 
lowed in  any  Mexican  territory  acquired  by  treaty. 
The  agitation  convulsed  the  country.  On  19  Feb., 
1847,  Mr.  Calhoun  set  forth  his  views  in  certain 
resolutions,  of  which  the  substance  is  in  the  first 
two :  "  That  the  territories  of  the  United  States 
belong  to  the  several  states  composing  the  union, 
and  are  held  by  them  as  their  joint  and  common 
property;   that  congress,  as  the  joint   agent  and 


representative  of  the  states  of  the  union,  has  no 
right  to  make  any  law  or  do  any  act  whatever  that 
shall,  directly  or  by  its  effects,  make  any  discrimi- 
nation between  the  states  of  this  union  by  which 
any  of  them  shall  be  deprived  of  its  full  and  equal 
right  in  any  territory  of  the  United  States  ac- 
quired or  to  be  acquired."  Chief-Justice  Taney, 
delivering  the  opinion  of  the  court,  held  the  saiiie 
doctrine  in  the  Dred  Scott  decision  in  1857,  in  which 
six  of  the  nine  judges  concurred.  The  agitation 
continued  until  the  session  of  1849-'50,  when  the 
compromise  measures  were  proposed  and  passed. 
Mr.  Calhoun  made  his  last  speech  (read  for  him  by 
Senator  Mason,  of  Virginia)  upon  this  subject,  4 
March,  1850.  With  the  exception  of  a  few  remarks 
made  afterward  in  reply  to  Mr.  Foote  and  to  Mr. 
Webster,  he  never  again  addressed  the  senate. 

In  the  last  years  of  his  life  he  prepared  two 
works,  the  one  "  A  Disquisition  on  Government," 
and  the  other  "A  Discourse  on  the  Constitution 
and  Government  of  the  United  States,"  both  com- 
prehended in  a  volume  of  400  pages.  These  me- 
thodical treatises  on  the  science  of  government  and 
the  federal  constitution  place  him  in  the  highest 
position  among  original  thinkers  upon  political 
philosophy.  In  estimating  Mr.  Calhoun's  position 
absolutely  and  relatively,  he  is  liable  to  a  less  fa- 
vorable verdict  than  his  merits  demand.  He  repre- 
sented a  southern  state,  defended  her  slave  institu- 
tions, belonged  to  a  minority  section,  and  his  views 
have  been  condemned  by  the  majority  section  of 
the  country.  The  newspaper  and  periodical  press, 
therefore,  will  deny  him  the  pre-eminence  wliidi 
we  claim  for  him  as  a  broad  and  i^hilosophic  states- 
man, as  a  constitutional  lawyer,  and  as  a  leader  of 
thought  in  the  field  of  political  philosophy.  His 
fame  results  from  the  possession  of  an  ardent,  sin- 
cere, and  intense  soul  which  gave  impulse  and  mo- 
tive to  a  mind  endowed  with  extraordinary  ana- 
lytic force,  acute  and  subtile  in  its  insight,  fertile 
in  suggestion,  full  of  resources,  careful,  laborious, 
and  profound  in  research  and  comprehensive  in  its 
deduction  of  general  principles.  He  had  a  large 
imagination,  though  he  displayed  little  fancy. 
His  vigorous,  compact,  and  clean-cleaving  logic  put 
the  objects  of  his  creative  power  into  sharply  de- 
fined shapes,  arranged  in  perspicuous  order,  with 
a  severe,  trenchant,  and  condensed  rhetoric. 

In  his  reply  on  10  March,  1888,  to  Mr.  Clay's 
personal  attack  he  seems  to  have  defined  his  own 
characteristics  while  he  denied  them  to  his  great  op- 
ponent. He  said :  "  I  cannot  retort  on  the  senator 
the  charge  of  being  metaphysical.  I  cannot  accuse 
him  of  possessing  the  powers  of  analysis  and  gen- 
eralization, those  higher  faculties  of  the  •  mind 
(called  metaphysical  by  those  who  do  not  possess 
them)  which  decompose  and  resolve  into  their  ele- 
ments the  complex  masses  of  ideas  that  exist  in 
the  world  of  mind,  as  chemistry  does  the  bodies 
that  surround  us  in  the  material  world,  and  with- 
out which  these  deep  and  hidden  causes  which  are 
in  constant  action  and  producing  such  mighty 
changes  in  the  condition  of  society  would  operate 
unseen  and  undetected.  .  .  .  Throughout  the 
whole  of  my  service  I  have  never  followed  events, 
but  have  taken  my  stand  in  advance,  openly  and 
freely  avowing  my  opinions  on  all  questions,  and 
leaving  it  to  time  and  experience  to  condemn  or 
approve  my  course."  He  believed  the  constitution 
to  be  a  "  beautiful  and  profound  system,"  and  the 
union  under  it  an  inestimable  blessing.  His  "  Dis- 
quisition "  and  "  Discourse  "  were  devoted  to  show- 
ing how  the  true  philosophy  of  government  was 
realized  in  that  constitution.  An  epitome  of  his 
philosophy  may  be  attempted,  though  it  will  fall 


CALHOUN 


CALHOUN 


503 


to  do  it  justice.  He  believed  in  the  rights  of  the 
individual  man,  for  whose  benefit  society  and 
government  exist — "society  being  primary,  1o 
preserve  and  perfect  our  race ;  and  government 
secondary  and  subordinate,  to  preserve  and  perfect 
society.  Both  are,  however,  necessary  to  the  exist- 
ence and  well-being  of  our  race  and  equally  of  di- 
vine ordination."  But  government  ordained  to 
protect  may,  if  not  guarded,  be  made  a  means  of 
oppression.  "  That  by  which  this  is  prevented,  by 
whatever  name  called,  is  what  is  meant  by  consti- 
tution. .  .  .  Constitution  stands  to  government  as 
government  stands  to  society.  .  .  .  Constitution 
is  the  contrivance  of  man,  while  government  is  of 
divine  ordination.  Man  is  left  to  perfect  what  the 
wisdom  of  the  Infinite  ordained  as  necessary  to 
preserve  the  race."  He  then  takes  up  the  ques- 
tion, How  shall  government  be  constituted  so  as 
by  its  own  organism  to  resist  the  tendency  to  abuse 
of  power  i  The  first  device  is  the  responsibility  of 
rulers  through  suffrage  to  the  ruled  under  proper 
guards  and  with  sufficient  enlightenment  of  the 
voters  to  understand  their  rights  and  their  duty. 
This  secures  those  who  elect  against  abuse  by  those 
who  are  elected.  But  this  is  far  from  all  that  is 
needed.  When  society  is  homogeneous  in  interests 
this  may  suffice,  for  it  insures  a  control  of  no  man's 
right  by  any  other  than  himself  and  those  who 
have  common  interest  with  him.  But  where,  as  is 
generally  the  case,  society  has  diverse  and  inimical 
interests,  then  suffrage  is  no  security,  for  each  rep- 
resentative speaks  the  will  of  each  constituency, 
and  constituencies,  through  representation,  may  war 
on  each  other,  and  the  majority  interests  may  de- 
vour those  of  the  minority  through  their  repre- 
sentatives. Suffrage  thus  only  transfers  the  pro- 
pensity to  abuse  power  from  constituencies  to 
representatives,  and  despotism  is  secured  through 
that  suffrage  which  was  devised  to  prevent  it.  The 
remedy  for  this  evil  is  to  be  found  in  such  an  or- 
ganism as  will  give  to  each  of  the  diverse  interests 
a  separate  voice  and  permit  the  majority  of  each  to 
speak  in  a  separate  branch  of  the  organism,  and 
not  take  the  voice  of  the  majority  of  the  whole 
community  as  the  only  expression  of  the  people's 
will.  To  do  the  last  bases  government  on  the  nu- 
merical or  absolute  majority ;  to  do  the  first  is  to 
base  it  on  the  "  concurrent  constitutional  majority." 
The  latter  is  a  government  of  the  whole  people  ; 
the  former  only  of  a  majority  of  them.  This  prin- 
ciple is  illustrated  by  all  the  so-called  checks  and 
balances  in  all  constitutional  governments,  and  by 
the  concurrent  majority  of  numbers  in  the  house 
of  representatives  and  of  states  in  the  senate  in  our 
own  federal  system.  This  principle,  established 
with  scientific  precision,  is  the  fruitful  source  of  all 
of  Mr.  Calhoun's  doctrines.  His  vindication  of  the 
veto  power  was  against  the  claim  for  the  numerical 
majority.  His  nullification  was  the  requirement 
of  the  concurrent  majority  of  the  several  states  to 
a  law  of  doubtful  constitutionality.  His  proposed 
amendment  of  the  constitution  by  a  dual  executive, 
through  which  each  section  would  have  a  distinct 
representation,  was  an  application  of  the  same 
principle  ;  and  his  intense  opposition  to  the  admis- 
sion of  California,  by  which  the  senate  was  to  be 
controlled  by  a  northern  majority,  was  his  protest 
against  the  overthrow  of  the  concurrent  consent  of 
the  south,  through  an  equipoised  senate,  to  the 
legislative  action  of  congress.  Mr.  Calhoun  saw 
the  south  in  a  minority  in  all  branches  of  the  gov- 
ernment, and  he  desired,  by  giving  to  the  south  a 
concurrent  and  distinct  voice  in  the  organism  of 
our  system,  to  secure  her  against  invasion  of  her 
rights  by  a  hostile  majority,  and  thus  to  make  her 


safe  in  the  union.  When  the  abolition  party  was 
small  in  numbers  and  weak  in  organization,  and 
piiblic  men  treated  its  menaces  with  contempt,  Mr. 
Calhoun  saw  the  cloud  like  a  man's  hand  which 
was  to  overspread  our  political  heavens.  His  pro- 
phetic eye  saw  the  danger  and  his  voice  proclaimed 
it.  In  looking  at  the  growth  of  the  abolition  feel- 
ing in  1836,  he  predicted  that  Mr.  Webster  "  would, 
however  reluctant,  be  compelled  to  yield  to  that 
doctrine  or  be  driven  into  obscurity."  He  said, 
further :  "  Be  assured  that  emancipation  itself 
would  not  satisfy  these  fanatics.  That  gained,  the 
next  step  would  be  to  raise  the  negroes  to  a  social 
and  political  equality  with  the  whites."  In  1849 
he  wrote  the  "  Address  to  the  People  of  the  South," 
and,  with  a  precision  that  is  startling,  drew  the  fol- 
lowing picture  of  the  results  of  abolition :  "  If  it 
[emancipation]  ever  should  be  effected,  it  will  be 
through  the  agency  of  the  federal  government, 
controlled  by  the  dominant  power  of  the  northern 
states  of  the  confederacy  against  the  resistance  and 
struggle  of  the  southern.  It  can  then  only  be  ef- 
fected by  the  prostration  of  the  white  race,  and 
that  would  necessarily  engender  the  bitterest  feel- 
ings of  hostility  between  them  and  the  north  :  but 
the  reverse  would  be  the  case  between  the  blacks 
of  the  south  and  the  people  of  the  north.  Owing 
their  emancipation  to  them,  they  would  regard 
them  as  friends,  guardians,  and  patrons,  and  cen- 
tre accordingly  all  their  sympathy  in  them.  The 
people  of  the  north  would  not  fail  to  reciprocate, 
and  to  favor  them  instead  of  the  whites.  Under 
the  influence  of  such  feelings,  and  impelled  by  fa- 
naticism and  love  of  power,  they  would  not  stop  at 
emancipation.  Another  step  would  be  taken,  to 
raise  them  to  a  political  and  social  equality  with 
their  former  owners  by  giving  them  the  right  of 
voting  and  holding  public  offices  under  the  federal 
government.  .  .  .  But  when  once  raised  to  an 
equality  they  would  become  the  fast  political  asso- 
ciates of  the  north,  acting  and  voting  with  them  on 
all  questions,  and  by  this  political  imion  between 
them  holding  the  south  in  complete  subjection.  The 
blacks  and  the  profligate  whites  that  might  unite 
with  them  would  become  the  principal  recipients  of 
federal  offices  and  patronage,  and  would  in  conse- 
quence be  raised  above  the  whites  in  the  south  in 
the  political  and  social  scale.  We  would,  in  a  word, 
change  conditions  with  them — a  degradation  great- 
er than  has  ever  yet  fallen  to  the  lot  of  a  free  and 
enlightened  people,  and  one  from  which  we  could 
not  escape  but  by  fleeing  the  homes  of  ourselves 
and  ancestors,  and  by  abandoning  our  country  to 
our  former  slaves,  to  become  the  permanent  abode 
of  disorder,  anarchy,  poverty,  misery,  and  wretch- 
edness." 

The  estimate  we  have  placed  upon  the  genius  of 
this  remarkable  man  is  confirmed  by  the  touching 
tributes  of  his  great  rivals  at  the  time  of  his  death. 
Henry  Clay,  after  paying  a  tribute  to  his  private 
character  and  to  his  patriotism  and  public  honor, 
said :  "  He  possessed  an  elevated  genius  of  the 
highest  order.  In  felicity  of  generalization  of  the 
subjects  of  which  his  mind  treated  I  have  seen  him 
surpassed  by  no  one,  and  the  charm  and  captivat- 
ing influence  of  his  colloquial  powers  have  been 
felt  by  all  who  have  conversed  with  him."  Daniel 
Webster,  his  chief  competitor  in  constitutional  de- 
bate, said :  "  He  was  a  man  of  undoubted  genius 
and  of  commanding  talent.  All  the  country  and 
all  the  world  admit  that.  ...  I  think  there  is 
not  one  of  us  but  felt,  when  he  last  addressed  us 
from  his  seat  in  the  senate,  his  form  still  erect, 
with  clear  tones,  and  an  impressive  and,  I  may  say, 
an  imposing  manner,  who  did  not  feel  that  he  might 


504 


CALHOUN 


CALL 


imagine  that  we  saw  before  us  a  senator  of  Rome 
when  Rome  survived.  .  .  .  He  had  the  basis,  the 
indispensable  basis  of  all  high  character,  and  that 
was  unspotted  integrity,  unimpeaclied  honor,  and 
character.  If  he  had  aspirations,  they  were  high 
and  honorable  and  noble.  .  .  .  Firm  in  his  pur- 
pose, perfectly  patriotic  and  honest,  aside  from 
that  large  regard  for  that  species  of  distinction 
that  conducted  him  to  eminent  stations  for  the 
benefit  of  the  republic,  I  do  not  believe  he  had 
a  selfish  motive  or  selfish  feeling."  Mr.  Everett 
once  said :  "  Calhoun,  Clay,  Webster !  I  name 
them  in  alphabetical  order.  What  other  prece- 
dence can  be  assigned  them  1 "  Clay  the  great  lead- 
er, Webster  the  great  orator,  Calhoun  the  great 
thinker.  John  Stuart  Mill  speaks  of  the  great  abili- 
ty of  his  posthumous  work,  and  of  its  author  as  "  a 
man  who  has  displayed  powers  as  a  speculative 
political  thinker  superior  to  any  who  has  ap- 
peared in  American  polities  since  the  authors  of 
'  The  Federalist.'  "  It  has  been  said  that  Calhoun 
labored  to  destroy  the  Union,  that  he  might  be  the 
chief  of  a  southern  confederacy  because  he  could 
not  be  president  of  the  Union.  The  writer  remem- 
bers an  interview  tiiat  he  witnessed  between  Cal- 
houn and  a  friend  within  a  month  of  his  death, 
when  the  hopes  and  strifes  of  his  ambition  were 
soon,  as  he  knew,  to  be  laid  in  the  grave.  The 
friend  asked  him  if  nothing  could  be  done  to  save 
the  Union.  "Will  not  the  Missouri  compromise 
do  it  ?  "  He  replied,  the  light  in  his  great  eyes 
expressing  an  intense  solemnity  of  feeling  that  can 
never  be  forgotten,  "  With  my  constitutional  ob- 
jections I  could  not  vote  for  it,  but  I  would  acqui- 
esce in  it  to  save  this  Union ! " 

Mr.  Calhoun  in  his  private  life  as  husband,  fa- 
ther, friend,  neighbor,  and  citizen,  was  pure,  up- 
right, sincere,  honest,  and  beyond  reproach.  He 
was  simple  and  unpretending  in  manners,  rigid 
and  strict  in  his  morals,  temperate  and  discreet  in 
his  habits ;  genial,  earnest,  and  fascinating  in  con- 
versation, and  magnanimous  in  his  public  and  pri- 
vate relations.  He  was  beloved  by  his  family  and 
friends,  honored  and  almost  idolized  by  his  state, 
and  died  as  he  had  lived,  respected  and  revered  for 
his  genius  and  his  honorable  life  by  his  contem- 
poraries of  all  parties.  He  was  stainless  in  private 
and  public  life,  as  a  man.  a  patriot,  and  a  philoso- 
pher, and  his  fame  is  a  noble  heritage  to  his  country 
and  to  mankind.  The  view  on  page  500  represents 
the  summer  residence  and  office  of  Mr.  Calhoun  at 
Fort  Hill,  to  which  during  his  career  many  men 
of  distinction  repaired  to  enjoy  his  society  and 
his  liberal  hospitality.  Calhoun's  works  were  col- 
lected and  edited  by  Richard  K.  Cralle  (6  vols.. 
New  York,  1853-4). 

CALHOUN,  John  Erwin,  senator,  b.  in  1749 ; 
d.  in  Pendleton  district,  S.  C,  26  Nov.,  1802.  When 
very  young  he  lost  his  father,  but  was  educated  by 
his  uncle.  He  was  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1774, 
studied  law,  began  practice  in  Charleston,  S.  C.  in 
1789,  and  became  distinguished  in  his  profession. 
He  was  a  commissioner  of  confiscated  estates,  was 
for  many  years  a  member  of  the  South  Carolina 
legislature,  and  U.  S.  senator  from  11  Dec,  1801, 
till  his  death.  He  was  a  member  of  the  committee 
to  report  a  modification  of  the  U.  S.  judiciary  sys- 
tem. Senator  Calhoun  was  a  supporter  of  JefEer- 
son,  and  an  eloquent  and  independent  man. 

CALHOUN,  Simeon  Howard,  missionary,  b. 
in  Boston,  Mass.,  in  1804 ;  d.  in  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  14 
Dec,  1876.  He  was  graduated  at  Williams  in  1829, 
and  was  a  tutor  there  from  1833  till  1836.  He  was 
a  laborer  in  the  Holy  Land  for  nearly  forty  years, 
was  thoroughly  versed  in  the  Arabic  and  Turkish 


languages,  and  assisted  Dr.  Goodell  in  making  the 
first  translation  of  the  Bible  into  Turkish.  Will- 
iams gave  him  the  degree  of  D.  D.  in  1804. 

CALHOUN,  WiUiam  Barron,  lawyer,  b.  in 
Boston,  Mass.,  29  Dec,  1796;  d.  in  Springfield, 
Mass.,  8  Nov.,  1865.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  m 
1814,  studied  law,  and  by  his  talents  and  integrity 
soon  won  his  way  into  public  favor.  In  1825  he 
was  sent  to  the  legislature,  and  continued  a  repre- 
sentative for  ten  years,  being  speaker  during  the 
last  two  years.  He  was  elected  to  congress  as  a 
whig  in  1835,  and  continued  there  till  1843.  He 
was  president  of  the  state  senate  in  1846  and  1847, 
secretary  of  state  from  1848  till  1851,  bank  com- 
missioner from  1853  till  1855,  presidential  elector 
in  1844,  and  mayor  of  Springfield  in  1859.  In  1861 
he  was  again  a  representative  for  Springfield  in  the 
legislature.  For  many  years  he  was  an  occasional 
editorial  writer  for  the  Springfield  "Republican," 
and  for  a  long  period  was  a-  voluminous  contribu- 
tor to  its  columns.  Amherst  gave  him  the  degree 
of  LL.  D.  in  1858. 

CALKINS,  Norman  Allison,  educator,  b.  in 
Gainesville,  N.  Y.,  9  Sept.,  1822 ;  d.  in  New  York 
city,  22  Dec,  1895.  He  was  educated  in  a  classi- 
cal school.  At  the  age  of  eighteen  he  became  a 
teacher  at  Castile,  and  later  at  Gainesville,  where 
he  was  ultimately  principal  of  the  central  school. 
In  1845  he  was  elected  superintendent  of  schools 
for  his  native  town,  and  re-elected  in  1846.  He 
removed  to  New  York  in  the  autumn  of  1846,  and 
for  many  years  following  conducted  teachers'  in- 
stitutes in  New  York  and  the  adjoining  states.  In 
November,  1862,  he  was  elected  assistant  superin- 
tendent of  schools  in  New  York  city,  and  by  sub- 
sequent re-elections  continuously  held  this  place. 
The  official  designation  of  the  office  now  is  super- 
intendent of  primary  schools  and  primary  depart- 
ments. From  1870  till  1880  he  was  professor  of 
methods  and  principles  of  teaching  in  the  Satur- 
day sessions  of  the  normal  college  of  the  city  of 
New  York.  Prof.  Calkins  was  prominent  in' the 
National  educational  association,  having  been 
president  of  the  department  of  elementary  schools 
in  1873 ;  president  of  the  department  of  school 
superintendence  in  1883  ;  treasurer  in  1883-'5 ;  and 
president  in  1886.  From  1857  till  1883  he  held 
the  treasurership  of  the  American  Congregational 
union.  He  was  widely  known  in  connection  with 
his  writings  and  lectures  on  object-teaciiing  and 
other  advanced  methods  of  instruction.  For  ten 
years  he  published  "  The  Student,"  which  was 
used  as  a  school  reader,  and  furnished  fresh  read- 
ing matter  every  month.  His  contributions  to  edu- 
cational journals  were  very  large,  and  he  was  the 
author  of  " Primary  Object  Lessons"  (New  York, 
1861 ;  new  ed,,  1870 ;  Spanish  ed.,  1879) ;  "  Phonic 
Charts  "  (1869) ;  with  Henry  Kiddle  and  Thos.  F. 
Harrison,  "  How  to  Teach,  A  Graded  Course  of  In- 
struction and  Manual  of  Methods"  (Cincinnati, 
1873);  "Manual  of  Object-Teaching"  (New  York, 
1881) ;  and  "  From  Blackboard  to  Books  "  (1883). 
He  selected  and  classified  "  Prang's  Natural  His- 
tory Series"  (Boston,  1873),  and  wrote  the  accom- 
panying "  Manual " ;  also  "  Aids  for  Object-Teach- 
ing^Trades  and  Occupations,"  with  plates  (1877), 
aiid  "  Natural  History  Series  for  Children  "  (1877). 

CALL,  Daniel,  lawyer,  b.  about  1765 ;  d.  in 
Richmond,  Va.,  20  May,  1840.  He  was  a  brother- 
in-law  of  Chief-Justice  John  Marshall,  and  pub- 
lished "  Reports  of  the  Virginia  Court  of  Appeals" 
(6  vols.,  1790-1818 ;  2d  ed.,  edited  by  Joseph  Tate, 
1824-'33).— His  brother,  Richard  Keith,  soldier, 
b.  in  1757;  d.  in  1792,  was  a  citizen  of  Virginia, 
and  was  a  major  in  the  revolutionary  army.     He 


CALLEJA 


CALLENDER 


505 


was  one  of  seyen  who  cut  their  way  through  the 
British  cavalry  at  Charleston,  S.  C,  6  May,  1780, 
and  escaped.  He  commanded  a  rifle  corps  in  the 
action  with  Col.  Simcoe  at  Spencer's  Ordinary, 
Va.,  25  June,  1781,  and  at  Jamestown,  on  6  July, 
served  under  Gen.  Lafayette.  He  was  elected  sur- 
veyor-general of  Georgia  in  January,  1784. — Their 
nephew.  Richard  Keith,  soldier,  b.  near  Peters- 
burg, Va.,  in  1791  ;  d.  in  Tallahassee,  Fla.,  14 
Sept.,  1862,  was  appointed  first  lieutenant  in  the 
44th  infantry,  15  July,  1814 ;  brevet  captain,  7  Nov., 
1814;  volunteer  aide  to  Gen.  Jackson  in  April, 
1818 ;  captain,  July,  1818 ;  and  resigned,  1  May, 
1823.  He  was  a  member  of  the  legislative  council 
of  Florida  in  April,  1822;  brigadier-general  of 
west  Forida  militia  in  January,  1823 ;  delegate  to 
congress  from  1823  till  1825 ;  "and  receiver  of  the 
west  Florida  land-office  in  March.  1825.  Pie  was 
governor  of  Florida  from  1835  till  1840,  and  led 
the  army  against  the  Seminoles  from  6  Dec,  1835, 
till  6  Dec,  1836,  commanding  in  the  second  and 
third  battles  of  Wahoo  Swamp,  18  and  21  Nov., 
1836.  It  is  said  that  at  the  battle  of  Ouitlilacoo- 
chie  Gov.  Call  personally  saved  Gen.  Clinch  and 
his  command  from  being  cut  to  pieces,  contrary  to 
the  statement  made  by  the  latter  in  his  history  of 
the  Florida  war.  A  controversy  with  Joel  R. 
Poinsett,  secretary  of  war  in  Van  Buren's  cabinet, 
relative  to  the  misdirection  of  the  war,  cost  Gov. 
Call  his  office.  He  consequently  turned  whig,  and 
worked  earnestly  for  Harrison's  election,  canvass- 
ing the  northern  states  in  his  behalf.  President 
Harrison  reappointed  him  governor  of  Florida  in 
1841,  and  he  held  the  office  till  1844,  but  was  an  un- 
successful candidate  for  the  governorship  in  1845, 
when  the  territory  became  a  state.  Although  he 
had  sacrificed  fortune,  health,  and  popularity  to 
protect  the  citizens  of  Florida  during  the  Seminole 
war,  they  could  not  forgive  him  for  turning  whig, 
and  he  never  held  political  office  again  in  Florida. 
But  he  was  major-general  of  state  militia  from  1 
July  to  8  Dec,  1846.  Gov.  Call  took  great  interest 
in  the  development  of  his  state.  He  projected  and 
built  the  third  railroad  in  the  United  States,  from 
Tallahassee  to  St.  Marks,  and  also  located  the  town 
of  Port  Leon,  which  was  afterward  destroyed  by  a 
cyclone.  He  always  considered  himself  a  Jackson 
democrat,  as  opposed  to  later  democracy.  Feeling 
that  he  had  fought  at  Jackson's  side  for  every  inch 
of  ground  from  Tennessee  to  the  peninsula,  he  re- 
garded himself  as  one  of  the  builders  of  the  nation, 
and  during  the  civil  war  was  one  of  the  few  men  in 
the  south  that  looked  on  secession  as  treason.  On 
12  Feb.,  1861,  Gov.  Call  wrote  a  long  letter  to  John 
S.  Littell,  of  Pennsylvania,  deploring  secession,  but 
defending  slavery. — Gov.  Call's  nephew,  Wilkin- 
son, senator,  b.  in  Russellville,  Logan  co.,  Ky.,  9 
Jan.,  1834,  went  to  Florida  early  in  life,  and  be- 
came a  lawyer.  He  was  elected  to  the  U.  S.  senate 
in  December,  1865,  but  was  not  allowed  to  take  his 
seat,  owing  to  the  subsequent  passage  of  the  recon- 
struction act.  Pie  was  again  chosen  in  1879,  and 
was  re-elected  for  the  term  ending  in  March,  1891. 
CALLEJA,  Emilio,  Spanish  soldier,  b.  about 
1830.  He  had  served  with  distinction  as  an  in- 
fantry officer  when  Santo  Domingo  was  annexed  to 
Spain.  He  made  the  whole  campaign  in  that 
island  as  second  in  command  of  a  battalion  of  ma- 
rine infantry,  went  to  Porto  Rico  as  lieutenant- 
colonel  in  1867,  reached  the  rank  of  colonel  in 
1869,  and  was  sent  to  Cuba,  where  he  fought  for 
three  years  during  the  war  against  the  separatists. 
He  returned  to  Spain  in  1873,  was  made  a  briga- 
dier-general, served  under  Ijopez  Dominguez  in 
the  siege  of  Cartagena  until  the  place  was  surren- 


dered, and  then  made  the  campaign  against  the 
Carlists,  distinguishing  himself  in  the  battle  of 
Minglanilla,  soon  after  which  he  was  promoted  to 
the  rank  of  a  general  of  division.  A  few  months 
later  Calleja  filled  the  office  of  second  captain- 
general  of  Cuba,  and  was  also  military  governor 
of  several  Cuban  provinces.  On  his  return  to 
Spain  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  a  lieutenant- 
general,  and,  after  being  captain -general  of  Seville 
and  Old  Castile,  again  went  to  Cuba  as  governor- 
general  of  that  island,  in  March,  1886.  He  has 
voluntarily  reduced  his  own  salary  from  $50,000 
to  140,000,  and  made  important  reforms  in  the 
administration. 

CALLEJA,  FeHx  del  Rey  (kal-la'-ha),  Count 
DE  Caldkron,  Spanish  general,  b.  in  1750;  d. 
about  1821.  After  being  treasurer  of  the  council 
of  the  Indies  in  America,  he  commanded,  in  1810, 
at  San  Luis  Potosi,  Mexico,  when  he  was  ordered  to 
pursue  the  insurgent  Hidalgo,  who  was  advancing 
on  the  capital  with  a  large  native  force.  Easily  de- 
feating him,  he  carried  Guanajuato  by  assault,  and 
on  12  Jan..  1812,  defeated  and  mortally  wounded 
him  at  Guadalajara.  He  gained  other  advantages, 
but  his  cruelty  caused  the  insurrection  to  become 
much  more  formidable ;  and,  under  Father  Morelos, 
another  Mexican  chief,  the  success  was  balanced  be- 
tween the  two  parties.  Calleja  was  made  viceroy,  4 
March,  1813  ;  ordered  Morelos,  who  had  been  made 
prisoner,  to  be  shot,  22  Dec,  1815;  was  succeeded 
in  his  viceroyship  in  1817,  and,  returning  to  Spain, 
was  made  a  count.  In  1819  he  was  given  the  com- 
mand of  troops  destined  to  act  against  the  inde- 
pendents of  Paraguay,  but  was  taken  prisoner  by 
Riego,  and  confined  in  the  isle  of  Leon,  dying  soon 
after  recovering  his  libertv. 

CALLENDER,  Franklin  Dyre,  soldier,  b.  in 
New  York  in  1817;  d.  in  Daysville,  111.,  18  Dec, 
1882.  He  was  graduated  at  the  U.  S.  military 
academy  in  1839,  assigned  to  duty  as  brevet  second 
lieutenant  of  ordnance,  and  in  November  of  the 
same  j'ear  was  promoted  second  lieutenant.  Until 
1840  he  was  on  duty  at  Watervliet  arsenal.  New 
York,  from  1840  till  1842  served  in  the  Florida 
war,  and  was  brevetted  first  lieutenant  for  "  active 
and  highly  meritorious  services  against  the  Florida 
Indians."  Returning  to  ordnance  duty,  he  organ- 
ized a  howitzer  and  rocket  battery  at  F'ort  Monroe 
in  1846,  and  commanded  it  at  the  siege  of  Vera 
Cruz  in  the  war  Avith  Mexico,  1847.  He  was  pro- 
moted first  lieutenant,  3  March,  1847,  participated 
in  the  succeeding  campaigns,  and  was  twice  severely 
wounded  at  the  battle  of  Contreras.  For  his  con- 
duct during  these  campaigns  he  was  brevetted  cap- 
tain of  ordnance.  Pii  1853  he  was  promoted  cap- 
tain of  ordnance,  having  been  on  continuous  dtity 
at  different  arsenals  for  fourteen  years.  During 
the  civil  war  he  was  on  foundry  and  general  ord- 
nance duty,  and  was  brevetted  major  in  1862,  re- 
ceiving his  promotion  to  the  full  grade,  3  March, 
1863.  PPe  was  engaged  in  the  advance  against  Cor- 
inth, Miss.,  in  April  and  May,  1863,  and  was  after- 
ward chief  of  ordnance  of  the  department  of  Mis- 
souri. In  1865  he  received  successive  brevets  to 
include  the  grade  of  brevet  brigadier-general,  and 
was  promoted  to  the  full  grades  of  lieutenant- 
colonel,  6  April.  1866,  and  colonel  of  ordnance,  23 
June,  1874.     He  was  retired,  29  May,  1879. 

CALLENDER,  James  Thomas,  political  writer, 
b.  in  Scotland ;  drowned  in  James  river,  near  Rich- 
mond, Va.,  in  1813.  His  American  career  began 
after  1790,  when  he  came  to  Philadelphia  as  a 
political  refugee  from  England,  his  offence  being 
the  publication  of  a  pamphlet  entitled  "The  Po- 
litical   Progress   of    Britain"    (Edinburgh,   1792). 


506 


CALLENDER 


CALVERT 


Shortly  after  his  arrival  in  Philadelphia  he  pub- 
lished "  The  Political  Register  "  and  the  "  Ameri- 
can Register."  Subsequently  he  became  editor  of 
the  "  Richmond  Recorder,"  and  violently  denounced 
the  administrations  of  Washington  and  Adams. 
He  was  at  first  a  supporter  of  Jefferson,  but  be- 
came his  opponent.  "  The  Prospect  before  Us " 
and  "  Sketches  of  American  History  "  are  among 
his  literary  productions. 

CALLENDER,  John,  historian,  b.  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  in  1700;  d.  in  Newport,  R.  1.,  26  Jan., 
1748.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1723,  and 
in  1727  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  1st  Baptist 
church  in  Boston,  of  which  his  grandfather,  Ellis 
Callender,  and  his  uncle,  Elisha  Callender,  had 
been  pastors.  From  August,  1728,  till  February, 
1730,  he  had  charge  of  the  Baptist  church  in 
Swansey,  Mass..  and  on  13  Oct.,  1731,  was  settled 
over  the  1st  Baptist  church  in  Newport,  R.  I., 
where  he  remained  until  his  death.  Soon  after  re- 
moving to  Newport  he  joined  a  literary  and  philo- 
sophical society,  which  had  been  formed  there  in 
1730,  it  is  supposed  at  Berkeley's  suggestion. 
This  society  was  incorporated  in  1847  as  the 
"Company  of  the  Redwood  Library."  On  24 
March,  1738,  the  centennial  anniversary  of  the 
purchase  of  Aquidneck  island,  Mr.  Callender  de- 
livered an  address  entitled  "  An  Historical  Dis- 
course on  the  Civil  and  Religious  Affairs  of  the 
Colony  of  Rhode  Island  and  Providence  Planta- 
tions, from  the  First  Settlement  to  the  end  of  the 
First  Century  "  (1739).  This  was  for  over  a  cen- 
tury the  only  history  of  Rhode  Island,  and  it  was 
reprinted  by  the  State  historical  society,  with  notes, 
by  Rev.  Romeo  Elton,  D.  D.,  and  a  memoir  of  the 
author  (Providence,  1838).  Mr.  Callender  also  pub- 
lished several  sermons  and  made  a  collection  of 
papers  relating  to  the  history  of  Baptists  in 
America,  afterward  used  by  Rev.  Isaac  Backus. 

CALLIEEES  BONNEVUE,  Lonis  Hector, 
Chevalier  de  (deh-kal-leair'),  governor  of  French 
Canada,  b.  in  Torigni,  France,  in  1039 ;  d.  in  Que- 
bec, 20  May,  1703.  He  entered  the  army  when 
quite  young,  and  in  1064  obtained  a  captaincy  in 
the  regiment  of  Navarre.  He  went  to  Canada  as 
a  member  of  the  Montreal  company,  and  in  1684 
was  appointed  governor  of  that  city.  In  1087  he 
led  the  advance  of  Uenonville's  array,  which  had 
invaded  the  Seneca  covmtry  in  western  New  York ; 
but,  considering  it  impossible  to  retain  Canada 
without  the  possession  of  New  York,  he  laid  be- 
fore his  government  a  plan  for  its  reduction,  and 
went  to  France  in  1089  to  urge  the  project.  His 
administration  of  the  government  of  Montreal  was 
so  distinguished  for  judgment,  capacity,  and  brav- 
ery, that  in  1099  he  was  appointed  governor-gen- 
eral of  Canada.  The  ascendency  acquired  by  Pron- 
tenac  he  maintained  unimpaired,  founded  Detroit, 
secured  the  western  tribes  by  negotiation,  checked 
the  Iroquois,  and  supported  the  friendly  Abenaquis. 
He  was  succeeded  in  his  office  by  Vaudreuil. 

CALMES,  Marquis,  soldier,  b.  in  1755 ;  d.  in 
Woodford  co.,  Ky.,  27  Feb.,  1834.  He  was  a  cap- 
tain in  the  revolution,  and  was  distinguished  at  the 
battle  of  Monmouth.  He  became  brigadier-gen- 
eral of  Kentucky  volunteers,  31  Aug.,  1813,  served 
under  Gen.  Harrison,  and  commanded  a  brigade  at 
the  battle  of  the  Thames. 

CALTHROP,  Samuel  Robert,  clergyman,  b. 
at  Swine.shead  Abbey,  Lincolnshire,  England,  9 
Oct.,  1829.  He  was  educated  at  St.  Paul's  school, 
London,  where  he  remained  ten  years,  and  at 
Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  became  a  Unitarian 
clergyman,  removed  to  the  United  States,  and 
settled  in  Syracuse,  N.  Y.    He  has  given  much 


attention  to  scientific  studies,  and  invented  and 
modelled  a  railroad  train  and  engine  designed  to 
minimize  the  atmospheric  resistance.  He  has  pub- 
lished a  lecture  on  "  Physical  Education  "  and  an 
"  Essay  on  Religion  and  Science,"  presented  at  the 
Unitarian  conference  in  Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  in  1880. 

CALVERLEY,  Charles,  sculptor,  b.  in  Albany, 
N.  Y.,  1  Nov.,  1833.  He  was  educated  in  his  native 
city,  removed  to  New  York  in  1808,  was  chosen  an 
associate  of  the  national  academy  in  1872,  and 
academician  in  1875.  Among  his  works  are  "  The 
Little  Companions";  "Little  Ida,"  a  medallion; 
and  bronze  busts,  heroic  size,  of  John  Brown 
(1873) ;  Horace  Greeley,  on  his  monument  at  Green- 
wood (1876) ;  and  Elias  Howe,  also  at  Greenwood 
(1884).  He  sent  a  bas-relief  of  Peter  Cooper  and 
his  John  Brown  to  the  centennial  exhibition  of 
1876.  The  latter  is  now  the  property  of  the  union 
league  club. 

CALVERT.    See  Baltimore,  Lord. 

CALVERT,  Benedict,  governor  of  Maryland, 
1727-'32 ;  d.  1  June,  1732,  on  his  passage  to  Eng- 
land.— Edward  Henry,  brother  of  Benedict,  and 
president  of  the  council,  b.  in  1702;  d.  in  Annapo- 
lis, 24  April,  1730.  His  wife  was  a  daughter  of  the 
earl  of  Lichfield,  and  sister  of  the  wife  of  Edward 
Young  the  poet. 

CALVERT,  Georg-e  Henry,  author,  b.  in 
Prince  George  co.,  Jld.,  2  Jan.,  1803 ;  d.  in  New- 
port, R.  I.,  24  May,  1889.  He  was  a  great-grand- 
son of  Lord  Baltimore.  After  graduation  at  Har- 
vard in  1823  he  studied  at  Gottingen,  and  on  his 
return  lived  for  some  years  in  the  vicinity  of  Bal- 
timore. In  1843  he  removed  to  Newport,  R.  I., 
where  he  afterward  resided.  In  1853,  after  the 
revival  of  the  city  charter,  he  was  chosen  mayor  of 
Newport.  His  literary  career  began  shortly  after 
his  return  from  Germany,  when  he  became  editor 
of  the  Baltimore  "American,"  which  journal  he 
conducted  for  several  years.  He  was  an  original 
thinker  of  a  philosophic  cast  of  mind,  and  master 
of  a  pure  and  scliolarly  style  in  prose  and  poetry. 
He  contributed  largely  to  periodicals.  His  pula- 
lished  books  are  "  Illustrations  of  Phrenology " 
(Baltimore,  1832);  "A  Volume  from  the  Life  of 
Herbert  Barclay  "  (1833) ;  "  Don  Carlos,"  a  metrical 
version  from  the  German  (1836) ;  "  Count  Julian," 
a  tragedy  (1840) ;  "  Cabiro  "  (cantos  1  and  2,  1840  ; 
3  and  4,  1864) ;  "  Correspondence  between  Schiller 
and  Goethe,"  translation  (New  York,  1845); 
"  Scenes  and  Thoughts  in  Europe "  (two  series, 
1846  and  1852) ;  "  Poems"  (1847) ;  "The  Battle  of 
Lake  Erie,"  an  oration  (1853) ;  "  Comedies "  and 
"  Social  Science  "  (1856) ;  "  Joan  of  Arc  "  (Cam- 
bridge, 1860) ;  "  The  Gentleman  "  and  "  Anyta  and 
other  Poems"  (1863);  "Arnold  and  Andre,"  an 
historical  drama  (Boston,  1864) ;  "  Ellen,"  a  poem 
(1869);  "Goethe,  his  Life  and  Works"  (1872); 
"Brief  Essays  and  Brevities"  (1874);  "Essays 
^sthetical  "  (1875) :  "  Wordsworth  ;  A  Biographic 
Esthetic  Study  "  (Boston,  1875). 

CALVERT,'  Leonard,  governor  of  Maryland, 
b.  about  1606 ;  d.  9  June,  1647.  He  was  brother 
of  Cecil,  second  Lord  Baltimore,  and  sent  by  him 
to  found  the  Maryland  colony  and  act  as  its  gov- 
ernor. The  expedition,  consisting  of  two  small 
vessels,  the  "Ark"  and  the  "Dove,"  with  about 
200  men,  sailed  from  Cowes  on  22  Nov.,  1633. 
After  encountering  some  rough  weather  they 
reached  Point  Comfort,  Va.,  on  24  Feb.,  1634,  and 
on  25  March  landed  on  an  island  in  the  Potomac, 
which  they  named  St.  .Clement's,  and  there  mass 
was  celebrated  by  the  two  Jesuit  priests  that  ac- 
companied the  expedition.  Two  days  later  they 
founded  a  city,  of  which  scarcely  a  trace  remains, 


CALVIN 


CAMERON 


507 


and  which  they  called  St.  Mary's.  Calvert  found 
his  authority  opposed  at  the  outset  by  William 
Claiborne,  who  had  occupied  Kent  island  in  Chesa- 
peake bay,  and  who  now  began  hostilities  against 
the  settlers.  On  23  April,  1635,  Claiborne's  force, 
which  consisted  only  of  one  armed  pinnace  and 
fourteen  men,  was  captured ;  he  fled  to  Virginia, 
and  his  property  was  afterward  declared  forfeited. 
Gov.  Calvert  wished  to  carry  out  his  brother's  de- 
sign and  introduce  the  feudal  system  into  the 
province.  Fortunately  the  charter  contained  a 
provision  making  the  consent  of  the  freemen  neces- 
sary to  all  laws,  and  the  original  idea  of  creating 
an  aristocracy  was  never  carried  out.  Gov.  Calvert 
visited  England  in  1643  to  consult  with  his  brother. 
The  condition  of  the  province  was  somewhat  un- 
settled, and,  in  view  of  the  troubles  between  the  king 
and  parliament,  there  was  probably  some  fear  that 
the  royalist  proprietor  might  have  his  power  taken 
from  him.  In  the  governor's  absence,  Brent,  his 
deputy,  incautiously  seized  a  parliamentary  ship 
and  imprisoned  its  commander,  Richard  Ingle ;  but 
in  1644  Ingle  escaped,  obtained  letters  of  marque 
from  parliament,  returned,  and,  joining  Calvert's 
old  enemy,  Claiborne,  made  trouble  in  the  colony, 
so  that  when  the  governor  returned  in  September, 
1644,  he  found  all  in  confusion.  After  some  fight- 
ing, Calvert  was  forced  to  take  refuge  in  Virginia, 
where,  after  an  appeal  for  aid  had  been  refused  by 
the  governor  and  council,  he  finally  succeeded  in 
raising  a  force,  and,  in  1647,  regained  possession  of 
his  province.  A  few  months  later  he  died,  naming 
Thomas  Green  as  his  successor. 

CALVIN,  Samuel,  geologist,  b.  in  Wigton- 
shire,  Scotland,  2  Feb.,  1840.  He  came  to  the 
United  States  in  1851,  and  studied  at  Lenox  col- 
lege, Hopkinton,  Iowa.  He  served  as  a  private 
during  the  latter  part  of  the  civil  war,  and  subse- 
quently became  professor  of  geology  and  structural 
zoology  at  the  state  university  of  Iowa.  Prof.  Cal- 
vin has  travelled  extensively  throughout  the  United 
States  for  the  purpose  of  studying  the  above-named 
sciences,  and  has  published  papers  descriptive  of 
his  investigations. 

CALVO,  Carlos,  Argentine  diplomatist,  b.  in  the 
Argentine  Republic  in  1824,  He  was  sent  to  Paris 
as  Paraguayan  charge  d'affaires  in  June,  1860,  and 
also  represented  Paraguay  at  the  court  of  Great 
Britain.  He  is  a  corresponding  member  of  the 
Historical  institute  of  Paris,  and  also  of  the  French 
academy  of  moral  and  political  sciences,  for  which 
he  was  elected  in  February,  1869.  Among  his 
works,  all  in  French,  are  "Recueil  complet  des 
traites,  conventions,  et  autres  actes  diplomatiques 
de  tons  les  etats  de  I'Amerique  latine,"  with  statis- 
tical atlas,  diplomatic  dictionary,  historical  notes, 
etc.  (10  vols.,  1862-'5  ;  also  published  in  Spanish) ; 
"  Une  page  du  droit  international "  (1864) ;  and 
"Annales  historiques  de  la  revolution  de  I'Ame- 
rique latine  "  (15  vols.,  1864-'6). 

CALYO  DE  LA  PUERTA,  Sebastian  de(kahr- 
vo),  marquis  of  Casa-Calvo,  b.  in  Havana  in  the  latter 
part  of  the  18th  century  ;  d.  in  Paris  in  1820.  He 
entered  the  army,  was  governor  of  Louisiana,  and 
received  from  Charles  IV.,  of  Spain,  in  1800,  au- 
thority to  restoi-e  that  province  to  the  French  re- 
public. In  1806  he  went  to  Spain,  and  followed 
afterward  the  party  of  Joseph  Bonaparte,  whom 
the  first  Napoleon  placed  on  the  Spanish  throne. 
After  the  expulsion  of  the  French  invaders  from 
the  Spanish  peninsula, ^Calvo  went  to  Paris. 

CAMACHO  ROLDAN,  Salvador  (cam-ah'-cho), 
Colombian  statesman,  b.  in  Munchia,  Colombia,  in 
1827.  He  IS  distinguished  as  a  lawyer,  has  taken 
part  in  political  discussions,  and  has  been  repeat- 


edly elected  to  congress.  He  has  been  secretary 
of  state  several  times,  and  in  1870  was  president 
of  the  republic.  Camacho  is  considered  one  of  the 
most  learned  men  of  South  America. 

CAMARUO,  Serg'io,  Colombian  statesman,  b. 
in  Tiravitoba  in  1833.  For  some  years  he  studied 
law,  but  entered  the  army  and  soon  distinguished 
himself,  obtaining  rapid  promotions  until  he  at- 
tained the  rank  of  general-in-chief.  Then  he  filled 
the  office  of  secretary  of  war  and  that  of  president 
of  the  republic  in  1877,  and  afterward  represented 
his  country  as  minister  plenipotentiary  in  the 
United  States.  Great  Britain,  France,  Germany, 
and  Italy.  In  1883  he  held  a  similar  office  in 
Venezuela  and  Ecuador.  He  has  been  several 
times  president  of  the  state  of  Boyaea,  a  member 
of  the  legislatures  of  other  states,  and  representa- 
tive and  senator  at  the  Colombian  congress. 

CAMBRELENU,  Churchill  Caidom,  b.  in 
Washington,  N.  C.,  18  Dec,  1786  ;  d.  in  West  Neck, 
L.  I.,  30  April,  1862.  He  received  an  academical 
education  at  Newbern,  N.  C,  removed  in  1802  to 
New  York  city,  and  in  1806  was  a  counting-house 
clerk  in  Providence,  R.  I.  He  then  returned  to 
New  York,  where  he  subsequently  resided.  He  en- 
gaged at  an  early  day  in  mercantile  pursuits  with 
John  Jacob  Astor,  travelling  extensively  over  the 
world.  He  was  member  of  congress  from  New 
York  from  1821  till  1839,  and  chairnum  of  the  com- 
mittees on  commerce,  ways  and  means,  and  foreign 
affairs.  He  was  renominated  by  the  democrats  in 
1838,  but  was  defeated.  After  leaving  congress,  he 
went  abroad,  and,  while  travelling  there,  was  ap- 
pointed minister  to  Russia,  serving  from  20  May, 
1840,  till  13  July,  1841.  After  his  return  to  this 
country  he  was  a  member  of  the  state  constitution- 
al convention  of  1846.  Of  his  numerous  reports 
and  political  pamphlets,  that  on  commerce  and 
navigation  (New  York,  1830)  passed  through  sev- 
eral editions,  and  was  republished  in  London. 
William  Cullen  Bryant,  in  a  letter  written  29 
Jan.,  1832,  describes  a  call  at  the  White  House 
made  with  Mr.  Cambreleng  during  Jackson's  ad- 
ministration. 

CAMERON,  Sir  Alan,  British  soldier,  b.  in  In- 
verness-shire, Scotland,  in  1753;  d.  in  Fulhani, 
England,  9  March,  1828.  He  was  captured  in  1782, 
when  on  a  mission  to  organize  a  force  out  of  the 
Indian  tribes  of  the  west,  and  was  imprisoned  for 
nearly  two  years  in  the  common  jail  at  Philadelphia. 
In  attempting  to  escape  from  this  confinement.  Sir 
Alan  had  both  his  ankles  shattered  and  broken ; 
and  he  never  perfectly  recovered  from  the  effects 
of  those  injuries.  He  was  subsequently  placed  upon 
half-pay  as  a  provincial  officer,  but  in  1793  raised 
the  79th,  or  Cameron  Highlanders,  at  his  own  ex- 
pense. With  this  regiment  as  major,  and  then 
colonel  commanding,  he  served  in  the  Netherlands 
and  in  the  West  Indies,  and  subsequently  in  the 
peninsula,  where  he  distinguished  himself,  particu- 
larly at  Talavera  and  Busaco.  He  was  appoint- 
ed major-general,  25  July,  1810 ;  after  the  peace, 
K.  C.  B. :  and  on  12  Aug.,' 1819,  lieutenant-general, 

CAMERON,  Angus,  D.  in  Caledonia,  Livingston 
CO.,  N.  Y.,  4  Julv,  1826 ;  d.  in  Milwaukee.  Wis.,  30 
March,  1897.  He  studied  law  in  Buffalo,  N.  Y., 
and  was  graduated  at  the  national  law  school  in 
Ballston  Spa.  He  removed  to  La  Crosse,  Wis.,  in 
1857,  was  a  member  of  the  state  senate  in  1863, 
1864,  1871,  and  1872,  and  of  the  assembly  in  1866 
and  1867,  being  speaker  in  the  last-named  year.  He 
was  a  delegate  to  the  republican  national  conven- 
tion at  Baltimore  in  1864,  and  a  regent  of  the  uni- 
versity of  Wisconsin  from  1866  till  1875.  In  the  lat- 
ter year  he  was  chosen  U.  S.  senator  by  the  votes  of 


508 


CAMERON 


CAMERON 


democrats,  republicans,  and  liberals,  and  re-elected 
in  1881  to  fill  the  term  of  Senator  Matthew  H.  Car- 
penter, deceased,  serving  until  3  March,  1885. 

CAMERON,  Hector,  Canadian  lawyer,  b.  in 
Montreal,  3  June,  1833.  He  is  of  Scottish  descent, 
and  is  the  only  svirviving  son  of  the  late  assistant 
commissary-general,  Kenneth  Cameron.  He  was 
educated  at  King's  college,  London,  and  at  Trinity 
college,  Dublin,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1851. 
afterward  taking  the  degree  of  M.  A.  at  tlie  uni- 
versity of  Toronto.  He  studied  law  in  that  city, 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  of  Ontario  in  1854. 
Since  1874  he  has  represented  North  Victoria  in 
the  House  of  Commons.  Mr.  Cameron  is  regarded 
as  one  of  the  best  authorities  on  constitutional  law 
in  Canada,  and  was  selected  by  the  Dominion  gov- 
ernment to  argue  the  question  of  the  boundary  of 
Ontario  before  the  judicial  committee  of  the  Im- 
perial priw  council. 

CAMERON,  John,  Canadian  R.  C.  bishop,  b.  in 
Antigonish,  Nova  Scotia,  in  February,  1827.  He 
received  his  preparatory  education  at  home,  and, 
when  sixteen  years  of  age,  went  to  Rome,  where  he 
spent  ten  years  fitting  himself  for  the  priesthood. 
In  1853  he  was  ordained  a  priest,  and  at  the  same 
time  received  his  degree  as  doctor  of  philosophy, 
and  also  of  divinity.  The  year  following,  he  re- 
turned to  Nova  Scotia,  and  was  placed  in  charge 
of  St.  Frangois  Xavier  college  at  Arichat,  and,  after 
the  removal  of  this  seminary  to  Antigonish,  he 
acted  as  its  president  and  professor  of  divinity  for 
three  years.  He  returned  to  Arichat  in  1863,  and 
took  charge  of  a  large  parisli,  discharging  at  the 
same  time  the  duties  of  vicar-general.  In  1870  he 
was  appointed  titular  bishop  of  Titopolis,  and  co- 
adjutor to  the  bishop  of  Arichat,  and  was  con- 
secrated at  Rome  by  Cardinal  Cullen.  After  at- 
tending the  sittings  of  the  ecumenical  council,  he 
returned  to  his  diocese  in  the  autumn  of  the  same 
year.  Bishop  MacKinnon  becoming  infirm  through 
age,  in  1877  Dr.  Cameron,  his  coadjutor,  was  con- 
stituted administrator  of  the  diocese  of  Aricliat, 
becoming  bishop  shortly  afterward,  wlien  Bishop 
MacKinnon  resigned,  immediately  after  his  ap- 
pointment he  removed  to  Antigonish,  and  entered 
with  such  zeal  and  energy  u}:)on  the  work  before 
him  that  he  never  paused  until  he  freed  his  diocese 
of  the  heaA'y  debt  with  which  it  was  encumbered 
when  he  entered  upon  his  duties  as  bishop.  He  is 
an  eloquent  preacher  and  a  thoi'ough  scholar. 

CAMERON,  Jolin  Hillyard,  Canadian  states- 
man, b.  in  Beaucaire,  Languedoc.  B^rance,  14  April, 
1817;  d.  in  Toronto,  14  Nov.,  1876.  He  was  a  son 
of  Capt.  Angus  Cameron,  of  the  79th  Highlanders, 
was  educated  at  Kilkenny  college,  Ireland,  and  at 
Upper  Canada  college,  Toronto ;  studied  law,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  of  Upper  Canada  in 
1838,  and  to  that  of  Lower  Canada  in  18G9.  He 
was  first  elected  to  parliament  in  1846,  and  ap- 
pointed solicitor-general  the  same  year.  He  be- 
came a  member  of  the  executive  council  in  1847, 
and  had  a  seat  in  parliament  from  1846  till  1876, 
with  the  exception  of  four  years.  While  in  parlia- 
ment he  introduced  and  carried  the  address  to  the 
queen,  praying  for  the  exemption  from  the  income 
tax  of  the  property  of  colonists  in  Great  Britain, 
which  was  granted.  He  was  also  insti'umental  in 
securing  increased  postal  facilities  between  the 
United  States,  Great  Britain,  and  Canada ;  carried 
the  address  to  the  queen,  requesting  the  removal 
of  the  disabilities  that  prevented  synodical  action 
in  the  church  of  England  in  ( 'anada ;  and  he  also 
prepared  and  carried  through  two  church  synod 
bills.  He  published  a  "  Digest  of  Cases  determined 
in  the   Upper  Canada  Court "  (1840) ;    "  Rules  of 


Court  relating  to  Pleading  in  the  Court  of  Queen's 
Bench "  ;  and  "  Reports  of  Cases  determined  in 
the  Queen's  Bench."  lie  was  a  bencher  of  the  law 
society,  and  treasurer  of  that  body ;  chancellor  of 
the  university  of  Trinity  college  (from  which  he 
had  received  the  degree  of  D.  C.  L.),  and  a  member 
of  the  senate  of  Toronto  university.  He  was  a 
commissioner  for  revising  the  statutes  of  Upper 
Canada  in  1840,  and  for  consolidating  the  statutes 
in  1856.  He  married,  in  1843,  Elizabeth,  third 
daughter  of  H.  J.  Boulton,  at  one  time  chief  justice 
of  Newfoundland.  She  died  in  1844,  and  in  1849 
he  married  Ellen  Madeleine  de  Berrier,  second 
daughter  of  Gen.  Mallett,  of  Favetteville,  N.  C. 

CAMERON,  Malcolm,  Canadian  statesman,  b. 
in  Three  Rivers.  Canada  East,  25  April,  1808 ;  d. 
in  Ottawa,  1  June,  1876.  He  was  the  son  of  the 
hospital  sergeant  of  a  Highland  regiment,  was 
entirely  seir-('lucated,  and  served  first  as  a  farm- 
boy,  subse(|uently  as  a  stable-boy  in  Montreal,  then 
as  a  clerk  in  a  brewery,  which  he  finally  left  to 
open  a  general  store  on  his  own  account.  In  1836 
he  began  his  political  career  as  a  representative 
for  the  county  of  Lanark  in  the  old  Upper  Canada 
assembly.  He  who  had  arisen  from  poverty  and 
obscurity  to  a  place  of  honor  and  importance 
through  his  own  endeavors,  and  owed  nothing  to 
adventitious  circumstances,  was  not  likely  to  favor 
oligarchical  privileges,  a  state  church,  or  the  irre- 
sponsible government  of  a  family  compact ;  con- 
sequently he  opposed  those  abuses  with  all  his 
power,  both  in  parliament  and  on  the  hustings, 
and  contributed  in  no  slight  degree  to  a  removal 
of  disabilities  that  now  leaves  the  government  of 
Canada  so  essentially  a  government  of  the  people. 
Under  Sir  Charles  Bagot's  regime,  1842-3,  he  was 
appointed  inspector  of  revenue,  and  he  held  a  seat 
in  the  cabinet  of  the  Baldwin-Ijafontaine  adminis- 
tration. He  was  once  president  of  the  council, 
and  afterward  commissioner  of  public  works,  was 
also  minister  of  agriculture,  as  well  as  postmaster- 
general,  at  the  Ilincks  reconstruction  in  1851  be- 
came again  president  of  the  council,  and  at  the 
time  of  his  death  represented  South  Ontario  in  the 
House  of  Commons. 

CAMERON.  Matthew  Crooks,  Canadian  states- 
man, b.  in  Dundas,  Ontario,  2  Oct.,  1822.  He  was 
educated  at  Upper  Canada  college,  Toronto,  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1849,  and  rapidly  distinguished 
himself  in  his  profession.  In  1861  he  was  elected 
to  the  assembly  by  the  conservatives  of  North  On- 
tario. He  was  defeated  at  the  general  election  in 
1863,  but  returned  in  the  following  year.  After 
the  confederation  in  1867  he  contested  a  seat  in 
the  House  of  Commons,  but  was  not  successful. 
He  then  entered  the  Sandfield  Macdonald  cabinet 
(Ontario)  as  provincial  secretary  and  registrar, 
sitting  for  East  Toronto.  In  July,  1871,  he  ex- 
changed his  portfolio  for  that  of  commissioner  of 
crown  lands,  and  after  the  fall  of  the  government, 
in  December  of  the  same  year,  led  the  Ontario  op- 
position for  four  years.  He  was  appointed  puisne 
judge  of  the  court  of  queen's  bench  in  1878,  and 
chief  justice  of  the  court  of  common  pleas  in  1884. 

CAMERON,  Robert  Alexander,  soldier,  b.  in 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y..  22  Feb.,  1828.  He  was  graduated 
at  Indiana  medical  college  in  1850,  and  practised 
his  profession  at  Valparaiso,  Ind.,  till  1861.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Indiana  legislature  in  1860-'L 
He  entered  the  national  service  as  a  captain  in  tlie 
9th  Indiana  volunteers  in  1861,  became  lieutenant- 
colonel  of  the  19th  Indiana  the  same  year,  ami 
colonel  of  the  34th  in  1862.  He  was  made  briga- 
dier-general of  volunteers  on  11  Aug.,  1863,  and 
commanded  the  13th  army  corps  after  Gen.  Ran- 


CAMERON 


CAMERON 


509 


som  was  wounded  in  Banks's  Red  river  expedition 
of  1864.  After  this  he  commanded  the  district  of 
La  Foiirehe,  La.,  till  the  close  of  the  war,  receiving 
the  brevet  of  major-general  on  13  March,  1865, 
and  it  is  said  that  he  and  Crawford  are  the  only 
physicians  that  have  attained  the  rank  of  general 
officer  since  Dr.  Warren  fell  at  Bunker  Hill.  He 
was  superintendent  of  the  colony  that  founded  the 
town  of  Greeley,  Col.,  in  1870,  and  of  the  Colorado 
springs  and  Manitou  colonies  in  1871.  In  1885 
he  was  made  warden  of  the  state  penitentiary  at 
Cailon  City,  Col.  Cameron  parish.  La.,  Cameron's 
cone.  El  Paso  co..  Col.,  and  Cameron's  pass,  Lara- 
mie CO..  Col.,  were  named  for  him. 

CAMERON,  Sir  Roderick  William,  capitalist, 
b.  in  Glengarry  co.,  Canada,  25  July,  1825.  He  was 
educated  at  the  grammar-schools  of  Williamstown 
and  Kingston,  and  came  to  New  York,  where  he 
estal.)lislieil.  in  1852,  a  line  of  packet  ships  to  Aus- 
tralia, through  the  agency  of  John  Ogden,  who 
acted  as  broker.  The  line  continues  to  the  present 
day,  and  the  firm  of  R,  W.  Cameron  &  Co.  is 
well  and  favorably  known  in  this  country  and  in 
Australia.  Sir  Roderick  was  a  delegate  to  Wash- 
ington from  Canada  in  1849  and  1850,  to  advocate 
a  reciprocity  treaty,  and  has  been  honorary  com- 
missioner from  Australia  to  the  International  ex- 
hibitions at  Philadelphia  in  1876,  and  Paris  in 
1878,  and  from  Canada  to  those  of  Sydney  and 
Melbourne  in  1880  and  1881.  His  report  on  the 
Australian  exhibitions,  and  on  Australian  statis- 
tics, has  been  published  as  a  blue  book  by  the  do- 
minion government.  He  is  a  member  of  the  geo- 
graphical societies  of  New  York  and  England,  and 
is  vice-president  of  the  Canadian  club  of  New 
York  city.  Sir  Roderick  is  an  advocate  of  out- 
door sports  of  all  kinds,  as  contributing  to  im- 
prove the  physique  and  health  of  both  sexes,  and 
clainis  that  there  is  already  apparent  a  great  im- 
provement in  the  habits  and  appearance  of  the 
present  generation,  resulting  from  a  love  of  such 
sports.  Sir  Roderick  has  done  much,  by  his  judg- 
ment and  liberality,  for  the  improvement  of  the 
thoroughbred  horse  in  this  country.  Pie  was  the 
importer  of  Leamington,  the  sire  of  Iroquois,  win- 
ner of  the  Derby  and  St.  Leger  in  England,  and 
many  other  well-known  horses. 

CAMERON,  Simon,  statesman,  \^.  in  Lancas- 
ter CO.,  Pa.,  8  March,  1799;  d.  there,  26  June, 
1889.  He  early  received  a  fair  English  educa- 
tion, and  began  to 
learn  the  printer's 
trade  when  but 
nine  years  of  age. 
He  worked  as  a 
journeyman  in 
Lancaster,  Harris- 
burg,  and  Wash- 
ington, and  so  im- 
proved his  oppor- 
tunities that  in 
1820  he  was  edit- 
ing a  newspaper 
in  Doylestown, 
Pa.,  and  in  1822 
one  in  Harrisburg. 
As  soon  as  he  had 
accumulated  suf- 
ficient capital  he 
became  interested 
in  banking  and  in 
railroad  construc- 
tion in  the  cen- 
tral part  of  the  state.  He  was  for  a  time  adjutant- 
general  of  Pennsylvania.     He  was  elected  to  the 


t/^>2-i-'«-^k^, 


liL'^^tyU^.t.S'i^u^ 


U.  S.  senate  in  1845  for  the  term  ending  in  1849 
and  during  this  period  acted  with  the  democrats 
on  important  party  questions,  such  as  the  Missouri 
compromise  bill.  This  was  repealed  in  1854,  and 
Mr,  Cameron  became  identified  with  the  "  people's 
party,"  subsequently  merged  with  the  republicans. 
As  its  candidate  he  was  re-elected  to  the  senate  for 
the  full  term  of  six  years  beginning  in  1857,  a  pe- 
riod that  covered  the  exciting  crisis  of  secession. 


K^ 


During  this  time  he  was  so  earnest  an  advocate  of 
peace  that  his  loyalty  was  suspected.  At  the  re- 
publican convention  that  nominated  A'oraham  Lin- 
coln he  was  strongly  supported  for  the  presidency, 
and  again  for  the  vice-presidency  ;  but  lack  of  har- 
mony in  the  Pennsylvania  delegation  prevented 
his  nomination  to  the  latter  office.  Mr.  Lincoln  at 
once  called  him  to  the  cabinet  as  secretary  of  war, 
and  he  proved  equal  to  the  arduous  duties  of  the 
place.  He  advocated  more  stringent  and  aggres- 
sive war  measures  than  Mr.  Lincoln  was  prepared 
to  carry  out,  and  when  Gen.  Butler  asked  for  in- 
structions regarding  fugitive  slaves,  directed  him 
to  employ  them  "  under  such  organizations  and  in 
such  occupations  as  exigencies  may  suggest  or  re- 
quire." Similar  instructions  were  given  to  Gen. 
Sherman  and  other  officers  in  the  field.  In  the 
original  draft  of  his  annual  report  to  congress,  in 
December,  1861,  he  boldly  advocated  arming  fugi- 
tive slaves ;  but  this  was  modified,  on  consultation 
with  the  cabinet.  Mr.  Cameron  resigned  the  secre- 
taryship 11  Jan.,  1862,  was  at  once  appointed  min- 
ister to  Russia,  and  his  influence  undoubtedly 
tended  in  a  large  measure  to  secure  the  friendship 
of  that  powerful  nation  during  the  civil  war.  His 
official  conduct  in  a  certain  transaction  was  cen- 
sured by  the  house  of  representatives,  30  April, 
1862 ;  but  Mr.  Lincoln  immediately  sent  a  message 
assuming,  with  the  other  heads  of  departments,  an 
equal  share  in  the  responsibility.  He  resigned  as 
minister  to  Russia  8  Nov.,  1862,  and  remained  at 
home  until  1866,  when  he  was  elected  U.  S.  sena- 
tor, and  appointed  chairman  of  the  committee  on 
foreign  affairs  on  the  retirement  of  Mr.  Sumner  in 
1872.  He  was  sent  to  the  senate  for  the  fourth 
time  in  1873,  but  resigned  in  favor  of  his  son. 
During  the  years  of  his  active  public  life  he  was 
a  powerful  political  leader,  practically  dictating 
the  policy  of  the  republican  party  in  Pennsylvania, 
and  wielding  a  strong  influence  over  its  policy  in 
the  nation  at  large.  The  accompanying  view  rep- 
resents "  Lochiel,"  the  residence  at  Harrisburg  of 
the  "  Czar  of  Pennsylvania  politics,"  as  Cameron 
has  been  called. — His  brother.  James,  soldier,  b. 
in  Maytown,  Lancaster  co..  Pa.,  1  March,  1801 ; 
killed  21  July,  1861.  At  nineteen  years  of  age  he 
entered  the  printing-office  of  his  brother  Simon,  at 
Harrisburg,  and  in  1827  removed  to  Lancaster  and 
assumed  the  editorship  of  the  "  Political  Sentinel," 
studying  law  in  the  mean  time  in  the  office  of 


510 


CAMINATZiN 


CAMPBELL 


James  Buchanan.  During  the  Mexican  war  he 
accompanied  the  volunteers  of  his  state  as  sutler, 
in  January,  1847.  When  the  civil  war  began  he 
was  living  in  retirement  upon  his  estate  on  the 
banks  of  the  Susquehanna,  but  upon  urgent  en- 
treaty accepted  the  appointment  of  colonel  of  the 
79th  (Highland)  regiment  of  New  York  state  mili- 
tia. He  was  killed  while  gallantly  leading  his  men 
in  a  charge  at  Bull  Run. — Simon's  son,  James 
Donald,  senator,  b.  in  JNIiddletown,  Dauphin  co.. 
Pa.,  14  May,  1888,  was  graduated  at  Princeton,  in 
1852,  entered  the  Middletown  bank  as  clerk,  be- 
came cashier,  and  afterward  president.  He  was  also 
president  of  the  Northern  Central  railway  company 
of  Pennsylvania  from  1803  until  the  road  was 
leased  by  the  Pennsylvania  railroad  in  1874,  and 
in  this  place  did  good  service  to  the  national  cause 
during  the  civil  war.  The  road,  although  several 
times  cut  by  the  Confederates,  was  a  means  of 
communication  between  Pennsylvania  and  Wash- 
ington, and  after  the  war  it  was  extended,  imder 
Mr.  Cameron's  administration,  to  Elmira,  N.  Y.,  so 
as  to  reach  from  the  great  lakes  to  tide-water.  Mr. 
Cameron  has  since  been  connected  with  various 
coal,  iron,  and  manufacturing  industries  in  his 
state.  He  was  secretary  of  war  under  President 
Grant  from  22  May,  1876,  till  8  March.  1877,  and 
was  then  chosen  IT.  S..  senator  to  fill  the  vacancy 
caused  by  his  father's  resignation.  He  was  re- 
elected in  1879,  and  again  in  1885,  for  the  term 
ending  in  1891.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the  Chicago 
republican  conventions  of  1868  and  1880.  and  chair- 
man of  the  national  republican  committee  in  the 
latter  vear. 

CAMINATZIN  (cah-me-naht-zeen'),  also  called 
Cacamatzin,  Cacamaziii,  Cacuiuatzin,  and  Ca- 
cumazin,  Mexican  king,  d.  in  1521.  He  was 
nephew  of  Montezuma,  reigned  over  Tezcoco,  the 
principal  city  of  Anahuac,  and  made  an  official  visit 
to  Cortes  at  Ayotzinco.  When  Caminatzin  sug- 
gested a  declaration  of  war  against  the  foreigners, 
the  proposal  was  received  with  enthusiasm,  and  he 
called  upon  the  Spaniards  to  leave  the  country  im- 
mediately. Cortes  was  preparing  to  march  against 
Tezcoco.  when  the  representations  of  Montezuma 
concerning  the  defences  of  the  town  and  the  dar- 
ing of  the  population  induced  him  to  change  his 
plan  and  resort  to  treason.  At  his  instigation 
Montezuma  invited  his  nephew  to  Mexico  to  be- 
come reconciled  with  the  Spaniards.  Caminatzin 
answered  that  he  could  enter  Mexico  only  to  de- 
stroy the  oppressors  of  his  country.  Montezuma 
then  despatched  secret  agents  to  Tezcoco  to  get 
possession  of  the  young  prince.  His  officers  and 
friends  were  corrupted,  and  he  was  delivered  by 
them  to  Cortes,  imprisoned,  and  subsequently  re- 
placed on  the  throne  by  his  brother  Cuicuitzcatzin. 
He  was  released  after  the  expulsion  of  the  Span- 
iards from  the  city  of  Mexico,  and  is  supposed  to 
have  perished  soon  after  in  the  siege. 

CAMINHA  DE  MENESES,  Antonio  Telles 
da  (cah-meen'-ya).  Marquis  de  Rezende,  Brazilian 
diplomatist,  b.  in  Torres-vedras,  Portugal,  22  Sept., 
1790;  d.  in  Lisbon,  8  April,  1875.  Being  in  Brazil 
during  the  war  of  independence,  he  adhered  to  the 
revolutionary  party,  entered  the  diplomatic  ser- 
vice, and  was  Brazilian  minister  plenipotentiary  in 
Paris,  St.  Petersburg,  and  Vienna.  On  his  return 
to  Brazil  he  was  appointed  to  a  high  office  in  the 
imperial  household.  He  was  a  member  of  various 
European  scientific  societies.  His  principal  works 
are  "  Descripgas  e  recordagoes  historicas,"  "  Elogio 
historico  de  Jose  de  Seabra  de  Silva,"  "  Memoria 
historica  de  dom  frei  Francisco  de  S.  Luis  Saravia," 
''  Titulo  de  Augusto,"  "Eclaircissements  historiques 


sur  mes  negotiations  relatives  aux  affaires  de  Por- 
tugal depuis  la  mort  du  roi  don  Jean  VI.,"  and 
translations  from  the  French  and  other  languages. 

CAMMERHOFF,  John  Frederick,  Moravian 
bishop,  b.  near  Magdeburg,  Germany,  28  July,  1721 ; 
d.  28  April,  1751.  He  was  educated  at  Jena,  and 
when  but  twenty-five  years  of  age  was  consecrated 
a  bishop,  25  Sept.,  1746,  in  London,  and  sent  to 
America  as  Bishop  Spangenberg's  assistant.  He 
began  his  work  with  enthusiasm,  helping  to  super- 
intend the  churches,  going  out  to  preach  to  the 
settlers  of  Pennsylvania  and  New  York,  and  pro- 
moting the  mission  among  the  Indians.  His  friend- 
ly ways  and  great  zeal  made  such  an  impression 
upon  the  aborigines  that  the  Iroquois  formally 
adopted  him  into  the  Turtle  tribe  of  the  Oneida 
nation,  giving  him  the  name  of  Gallichwio,  or  "  A 
Good  Message."  He  frequently  visited  the  Indian 
country,  and  gained  many  converts.  In  1750  lie 
undertook  a  visit  to  Onondaga,  the  capital  of  the 
Six  Nations,  enduring  hardships  and  dangers  with 
the  fortitude  of  an  apostle.  His  journal  of  this 
tour,  which  occupied  three  months,  and  embraced 
a  distance  of  1,600  miles,  is  full  of  startling  in- 
cidents and  hair-breadth  escapes.  Cammerhoff's 
physical  frame  was  too  weak  to  bear  the  strain  of 
such  journeys,  and  he  died  at  the  age  of  twenty- 
nine.  When  the  Iroquois  heard  of  his  death,  they 
mourned  for  him  as  for  a  bi'other.  "  He  was,"  they 
said,  "  an  honest,  upright  man,  in  whose  heart  no 
guile  was  found."  Thirty-one  years  later,  Zeis- 
berger,  apostle  of  the  western  Indians,  heard  his 
name  mentioned  among  them  with  deep  respect. 
He  was  a  fine  scholar  and  a  powerful  orator. 

CAMPBELL,  Alexander,  merchant,  b.  in  Scot- 
land about  1707 :  d.  there  about  1790.  Some  years 
before  the  revolution  he  emigrated  to  America  and 
was  a  merchant  in  Falmouth,  Va.  On  the  break- 
ing out  of  the  war  he  adhered  to  the  cause  of  the 
crown,  lost  his  property,  and  returned  to  Scotland 
in  1776,  in  a  very  impoverished  condition.  He 
settled  in  Glasgow,  and  there  his  son  Thomas,  the 
distinguished  poet,  was  born  in  1777.  Archibald 
Campbell,  brother  of  Alexander,  an  Episcopal  min- 
ister and  a  whig,  remained  in  the  country  and  had 
Washington  and  Lee  among  his  parishioners.  An 
elder  brother  of  the  poet  married  a  daughter  of 
Patrick  Henry. 

CAMPBELL,  Sir  Alexander,  Canadian  states- 
man, b.  in  Yorkshire,  England,  in  1822 ;  d.  in 
Toronto,  24  May,  1892.  He  was  of  Scottish  de- 
scent, and  came  to  Canada  when  a  child,  receiving 
his  early  tuition  from  a  Presbyterian  minister  at 
Lachine,  where  his  parents  had  settled,  and  subse- 
quently attended  the  Roman  Catholic  seminary  of 
St.  Hyacinthe  in  the  same  place.  His  education 
was  completed  at  the  royal  grammar  school  of 
Kingston.  He  studied  law  in  the  office  of  John 
A.  Macdonald,  and  in  1848  was  admitted  as  an 
attorney,  and  at  once  formed  a  partnership  with 
Mr.  Macdonald.  In  1858  he  was  elected  to  the 
legislative  council  in  the  liberal  conservative  inter- 
est for  the  Cataraqui  division,  in  1862  was  chosen 
speaker  of  the  council,  and  in  1864  was  asked  to 
form  a  cabinet,  but  declined.  He  accepted  the 
portfolio  of  crown  lands  commissioner  in  the 
Tache-Macdonald  ministry  in  1864,  which  he  re- 
tained until  the  confederation  in  1867,  at  which 
date  he  was  called  to  the  senate.  On  1  July  of  the 
same  year  he  became  postmaster-general,  and  about 
six  months  afterward  resigned  this  office  to  become 
minister  of  the  interior,  which  oflice  he  held  until 
his  party  went  out  of  power  on  5  Nov.,  1873.  From 
that  time  until  the  resignation  of  the  Mackenzie 
ministry  he  was  leader  of  the  opposition  in   the 


CAMPBELL 


CAMPBELL 


oil 


senate.  In  1878  he  was  sworn  in  as  receiver- 
general,  in  1879  as  postmaster-general,  in  January, 
1880,  as  minister  of  militia,  in  May,  1881,  as  minis- 
ter of  justice,  and  in  1887  became  lieutenant-gov- 
ernor of  Ontario,     in  1879  he  was  knighted. 

CAMPBELL,  Alexander  Auarustus,  clergy- 
man, b.  in  Amherst  co.,  Va.,  30  Dec,  1789;  d.  in 
Jackson,  Tenn.,  27  May,  1846.  After  receiving  a 
common-school  education,  he  studied  medicine,  and 
was  graduated  at  Philadelphia  in  1811.  For  sev- 
eral years  he  had  been  an  infidel,  but  became  con- 
verted during  an  attack  of  yellow  fever.  After 
practising  medicine  in  North  Carolina,  Virginia, 
and  Alabama,  he  began  the  study  of  divinity,  was 
licensed  to  preach  by  the  North  Alabama  presby- 
tery, 22  April,  1822,  and  was  ordained  29  Sept., 
1823.  He  was  pastor  of  churches  in  Tuscumbia, 
Russellville,  and  Florence,  Ala.,  was  a  missionary 
in  west  Tennessee,  and  became  pastor  at  Jackson, 
Tenn.,  3  Oct.,  1833,  where  he  also  lectured,  edited 
the  Jackson  "  Protestant,"  and  practised  medicine, 
chiefly  among  the  Cherokee  and  Creek  riiission- 
aries.  Pie  published  a  treatise  on  "  Scripture  Bap- 
tism "  (1844). 

CAMPBELL,  Andrew,  inventor,  b.  near  Tren- 
ton, N.  J.,  14  June,  1821 ;  d.  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y., 
13  April,  1890.  He  received  a  common-school  edu- 
cation, and,  after  a  year's  experience  as  a  farmer's 
boy,  he  was  apprenticed  to  learn  the  trade  of  car- 
riage-making at  Mattawan,  N.  J.,  but,  as  he  was 
only  allowed  to  work  on  stormy  days,  he  ran  away 
to  Trenton,  where  he  learned  to  make  brushes.  At 
this  time,  early  in  1837,  he  made  his  first  invention, 
the  brush-drawer's  vise,  which  is  now  universally 
used.  In  April,  1837,  he  started  for  the  west,  and 
after  a  journey  lasting  over  five  months,  part  of 
which  was  made  on  foot,  he  reached  Alton,  111.,  where 
he  again  apprenticed  himself  to  a  carriage-maker. 
He  went  to  St.  Louis  in  1842,  and  for  a  time  resumed 
the  brush  business.  During  his  residence  there  he 
aided  in  the  construction  of  the  first  omnibus  ever 
used  in  St.  Louis,  and  also  designed  and  built  in 
1846  the  "  Great  Western,"  the  largest  omnibus 
ever  seen  on  a  common  road,  which  seated  easily 
50  and  often  carried  100  at  a  time.  It  was  the 
first  monitor  top  vehicle  ever  built.  In  1850  he 
removed  to  Paducah,  to  put  into  operation  some 
box  machinery,  but  was  induced  to  go  into  bridge- 
building,  and  constructed  over  Cedar  river,  Iowa, 
the  longest  single-span  wooden  bridge  ever  erected, 
it  being  558  feet  between  abutments.  He  removed 
in  1851  to  Linneus.  Mo.  Prior  to  this  time  his 
attention  had  not  been  specially  devoted  to  print- 
ing-presses, although  in  1844,  while  in  St.  Louis, 
he  repaired  an  old  press  belonging  to  ths  "  Repub- 
lican," and  later  the  presses  of  the  "  Statesman  "  in 
Columbia,  Mo.,  one  of  which  was  the  first  press 
west  of  the  Mississippi,  having  been  taken  originally 
to  St.  Louis  in  1808.  At  Linneus,  his  attention 
was  called  to  the  fact  that  George  Bruce,  of  New 
York,  offered  $1,000  for  a  press  that  would  print 
500  copies  an  hour,  and  could  be  sold  for  f 500. 
The  solution  of  this  problem  occupied  him  for 
some  time,  but,  on  corresponding  with  Mr.  Bruce, 
he  found  that  the  time  had  expired  in  which  to 
submit  his  plans.  The  world's  fair,  held  in  New 
York  in  1853.  aiforded  him  tlie  opportunity  of 
visiting  the  metropolis,  and  he  devised  a  lathe 
capable  of  turning  fifty  match-boxes  a  minute, 
which  was  disposed  of  at  the  exhibition.  While  in 
New  York  he  submitted  his  plans  to  the  leading 
press-builders,  but  failed  to  convince  them  of  their 
value.  He  then  invented  a  machine  intended  to 
feed  forty  sheets  a  minute,  which  he  persuaded 
A.  B.  Taylor  «&.  Co.  to  build  for  him.     He  entered 


the  employ  of  this  firm  as  foreman  of  the  printing- 
press  factory,  and  continued  with  it  until  1858, 
meanwhile  becoming  familiar  with  the  details  of 
manufacture  and  inventing  numerous  devices, 
among  which  was  the  endless  band-fly  used  on  the 
Bullock  press.  During  these  years  he  built  presses 
for  Harper  Brothers  and  Frank  Leslie,  among 
which  were  the  first  ever  produced  in  this  country 
with  table  distribution;  and  the  first  automatic 
press  ever  built  he  set  up  for  Mr.  Leslie  in  1857. 
A  year  later  he  began  business  for  himself,  and  in 
1861  brought  out  his  country-newspaper  press, 
which  was  the  first  registering  power-printing  press 
for  color-work  ever  invented.  This  press,  for  sim- 
plicity of  construction,  thorough  distribution, 
clearness  and  beauty  of  impression,  and  perfection 
of  register,  was  far  superior  to  anything  then 
made.  In  1866  he  invented  his  two-revolution 
book-press,  and  in  1868  his  art-press  for  fine  illus- 
trations. Later  he  constructed  for  J.  C.  Ayer  & 
Co.  the  first  super-imposing  press,  with  which  it  was 
possible  to  print  120  almanacs  a  minute,  and  on 
which  7,000,000  impressions  have  been  taken  from 
one  form  without  perceptible  damage  to  the  plates. 
In  1876  he  contracted  to  build  for  the  Cleveland 
"  Leader  "  a  press  from  which  12,000  copies  could 
be  printed  in  an  hour,  and  constructed  the  first 
press  ever  built  that  printed,  inserted,  pasted, 
folded,  and  cut  in  one  continuous  operation.  He 
has  since  made  numerous  improvements  in  his 
presses,  and  his  patents,  numbering  nearly  fifty, 
are  applied  to  everv  branch  of  press-building. 

CAMPBELL,  Sir  Archibald,  British  soldier, 
b.  in  Inverary,  Scotland,  in  1739:  d.  in  London, 
England,  31  March,  1791.  He  was  appointed  cap- 
tain in  the  42d  regiment  in  October,  1758;  major 
in  December,  1760;  and  lieutenant-colonel  of  the 
71st  regiment  in  1775.  While  entering  Boston 
harbor  just  after  Gen.  Howe  had  departed,  he  was 
taken  prisoner  with  a  portion  of  his  corps,  and 
was  made  a  subject  of  retaliation  for  the  cruel 
treatment  of  captive  American  officers,  '  Notwith- 
standing this,  he  afterward  displayed  gentleness 
and  humanity  toward  his  foes,  when  conducting 
active  ojjerations  in  the  south,  where  he  proved 
himself  a  brave  and  skilful  commander.  He  led 
an  expedition  against  Savannah,  Ga.,  in  1778,  start- 
ing from  Sandy  Hook  on  27  Nov.  with  2,000  troops 
and  a  small  squadron.  He  landed  his  force  on  29 
Dec,  and  on  the  same  day  defeated  Gen.  Robert 
Howe  and  took  the  city.  He  issued  orders  to  com- 
manders in  the  lower  part  of  the  state  to  treat  the 
people  leniently ;  and  in  answer  to  his  proclama- 
tion, inviting  them  to  join  the  BritiL^h  standard, 
several  hundred  proclaimed  their  loyalty.  Camp- 
bell then  encouraged  the  tories  of  South  Carolina 
to  join  him  in  an  attack  on  Augusta,  and  on  29 
Jan.,.  1779,  marched  on  that  city  with  2,000  men. 
He  took  possession  of  it,  but  was  obliged  to  retreat 
to  Savannah  on  13  Feb.  He  became  colonel  on  7 
Dec,  1779,  and  major-general  20  March.  1782, 
He  was  governor  of  Jamaica  from  1781  till  1784, 
knighted  in  1785,  and  governor  of  Madras  from 
1785  till  1789,  commanding  the  forces  on  the  coast 
of  Coromandel,  East  Indies.  He  was  member  of 
parliament  for  Sterling  from  1774  till  1780,  and 
again  in  1789. 

CAMPBELL,  Bartley,  dramatist,  b.  in  Alle- 
gheney  Citv,  Pa.,  12  Aug.' 1843 ;  d.  in  Middletown, 
N.  Y.,  30  July,  1888.  In  1856  he  entered  a  Pitts- 
burg law  office,  but  was  declared  an  unpromising 
student,  and  in  1858  became  a  reporter  for  the  Pitts- 
burg "  Leader."  In  1863  and  1864  he  made  public 
speeches  in  the  interest  of  the  democratic  party. 
He  founded  the  "'  Evening  Mail "  in  Pittsburg  in 


512 


CAMPBELL 


CAMPBELL 


1868,  and  the  "  Southern  Magazine "  in  New  Or- 
leans the  following  year,  and  was  the  official 
reporter  of  the  Louisiana  house  of  representatives 
in  1870.  His  first  play  was  a  sensational  drama, 
"  Through  Fire,"  written  in  1871,  and  played  for 
four  weeks.  His  second  was  "  Peril,"  a  comedy 
laid  at  Long  Branch,  brought  out  in  1872.  These 
were  followed  by  "  Pate,"  which  was  taken  to 
England  by  Carlotta  Leclerq,  "  Risks,"  and  "  The 
Virginian,"  played  in  England,  and  afterward 
bought  by  Frank  Mayo,  who  changed  its  name  to 
''  Van  the  Virginian."  "  Gran  Uale  "  was  brought 
out  in  1874,  and  "  On  the  Rhine,"  at  San  Fran- 
cisco, in  1875.  Mr.  Campbell  adapted  the  German 
comedy  "Ultimo,"  under  the  title  of  "The  Big 
Bonanza,"  in  1875,  and  in  four  weeks  it  brought  a 
profit  of  $16,000  to  a  theatre  in  San  Francisco. 
His  "  Heroine  in  Rags  "  and  "  How  Women  Love  " 
were  written  in  England  in  1876.  The  latter  was 
reconstructed  as  "  The  Vigilantes."  In  1877-'8 
was  written  "  Clio,"  and  in  tiie  following  spring 
"  Fairfax,  or  Life  in  the  Sunny  South,"  brought 
out  in  1879.  Earlier  the  same  season  was  played 
"  My  Partner,"  the  first  of  Mr.  Campbell's  plays  to 
achieve  success  in  New  York.  "  The  Galley  Slave  " 
was  also  produced  in  1879,  and  all  three  of  these 
were  on  the  metropolitan  boards  the  same  season. 
"  Matrimony "  was  also  written  in  the  winter  of 
1879-80.  Other  plays  by  Mr.  Campbell  are  "  The 
White  Slave,"  "  My  Geraldine,"  "  Sibei'ia,"  and 
"  Paquita."  Mr.  Campbell  leased  the  Fourteenth 
street  theatre  in  New  York  city,  but  was  obliged  to 
give  it  up  in  1886  on  account  of  failing  health,  and 
on  28  Sept.  of  that  year  a  sheriff's  jury  declared 
him  to  be  insane. 

CA3IPBELL,  Charles,  historian,  b.  in  Peters- 
burg, Va.,  1  May,  1807;  d.  in  Staunton,  Va.,  11 
July,  1876.  He  was  the  son  of  John  Wilson  Camp- 
bell, a  Petersburg  bookseller,  who  published  a 
"  History  of  Virginia  to  1781  "  (Philadelphia,  1813). 
Charles  Campbell  was  graduated  at  Princeton  in 
1835,  kept  a  select  classical  school  in  Petersburg 
from  1842  till  1855,  and  was  subsequently  principal 
of  the  Anderson  seminary  in  that  city.  He  pub- 
lished "  The  Bland  Papers  "  (1840-'3) ;  "  An  Intro- 
duction to  the  History  of  the  Colony  and  Ancient 
Dominion  of  Virginia"  (Richmond,  1849;  Phila- 
delphia, 1859) ;  "  Some  Materials  for  a  Memoir  of 
John  Daly  Burk  "  (Albany,  1868) ;  and  "  Genealogy 
of  the  Spotswood  Family."  He  was  a  member  of 
the  Virginia  historical  society,  a  contributor  to  the 
"  Historical  Register  "  and  the  "  Southern  Literary 
Messenger,"  and  edited  the  "  Orderly  Book  "  of  Gen. 
Andrew  Lewis  in  1776  (Richmond,  "i860). 

CAMPBELL,  Charles  Thomas,  soldier,  b.  in 
Franklin  county,  Pa.,  10  Aug.,  1823.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Marshall  college,  and  on  18  Feb.,  1847,  be- 
came second  lieutenant  in  the  8th  U.  S.  infantry.  He 
served  through  the  Mexican  war,  becoming  captain 
in  August,  1847,  and  was  mustered  out  in  August, 
1848.  In  1852  he  was  a  member  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vania legislature.  He  was  commissioned  colonel 
of  the  1st  Pennsylvania  artillery  in  May,  1861,  but 
resigned  in  December,  and  was  made  colonel  of  the 
57th  infantry.  He  was  wounded  three  times  at 
Fair  Oaks,  and  twice  at  Fredericksburg,  and  a 
horse  was  killed  under  him  in  each  of  these  battles. 
He  was  taken  prisoner  with  his  regiment,  but  they 
succeeded  in  releasing  themselves  and  carrying 
back  more  than  200  of  the  enemy  as  captives.  His 
wounds,  seven  in  number,  necessitated  a  long  and 
tedious  confinement  in  the  hospital,  and  prevented 
him  from  seeing  any  more  active  service.  He  was 
promoted  to  brigadier-general  on  13  March,  1863, 
and  after  the  close  of  the  war  removed  to  Dakota. 


CAMPBELL.  Cleveland  J.,  soldier,  b.  in  New 
York  city  in  July,  1836:  d.  in  Castleton,  N.  Y.,  13 
June,  1865.  He  was  graduated  successively  at  the 
free  academy.  Union  college,  and  the  University  of 
Gottingen.  Early  in  the  war  he  enlisted  in  the  44th 
N.  Y.  volunteers,  was  soon  pi'omoted  to  be  a  lieuten- 
ant on  Gen.  Palmer's  staff,  was  next  adjutant  of  the 
152d  N.  Y.  volunteers,  then  captain  in  Upton's  121st 
N.  Y.  volunteers,  and,  after  j>assing  a  most  brilliant 
examination,  was  commissidned  lieutenant-colonel, 
and  finally  colonel,  of  the  2od  regiment  of  colored 
troops.  He  led  his  regiment  into  the  hottest  of  the 
fight  at  Petersburg,  when  the  mine  exploded,  and 
left  in  and  around  the  crater  nearly  400  of  his  men, 
killed  or  wounded.  Col.  Campbell  himself  received 
injuries  from  a  bursting  shell  that  ultimately 
caused  his  death.  He  was  brevetted  brigadier-gen- 
eral of  volunteers  on  13  March,  1865. 
^  CAMPBELL,  Donald,  British  soldier,  b.  in 
Scotland  about  1735;  d.  near  Fort  Detroit  (now 
Detroit,  Mich.),  in  1763.  He  became  a  lieutenant 
in  the  "  Royal  American  "  regiment  (then  the  62d 
foot)  on  4  Jan.,  1756.  He  was  promoted  to  captain- 
lieutenant  in  the  same  regiment,  then  the  60th 
foot,  and  commanded  by  Sir  Jeffrey  Amherst,  on 
14  April,  1759,  and  on  29  Aug.  became  captain. 
He  had  been  acting  major  and  commandant  of 
Fort  Detroit,  but  had  been  succeeded  by  Maj, 
Henry  Gladwin.  Maj.  Campbell  had  gained  the 
confidence  of  the  Indians  by  his  fairness,  and,  dur- 
ing the  siege  of  the  fort  by  Pontiac,  offered  to  con- 
fer with  the  latter  at  his  request.  Campbell  ac- 
cordingly set  out,  accompanied  by  Lieut.  McDougal 
and  other  Canadians.  He  had  been  several  times 
warned  of  treachery,  and  after  his  departure  mes- 
sengers were  sent  after  him  by  M.  Gonin,  an  old 
and  wealthy  settler,  urging  him  to  return,  but 
without  avail.  After  haranguing  an  assemblage 
of  impassable  savages,  he  was  about  to  return  to 
the  fort,  when  Pontiac  arose  and  said :  "  My  father 
will  sleep  to-night  in  the  lodges  of  his  red  chil- 
dren." The  captives  were  shielded  by  the  chief 
from  the  fury  of  the  Indians,  who  wovdd  have 
killed  them,  and  were  protected  for  some  time; 
but  Pontiac  refused  to  give  them  up  at  Maj.  Glad- 
win's demand.  McDougal  finally  managed  to  es- 
cape, but  Campbell,  being  able  neither  to  run  nor 
to  see  plainly,  could  not  get  away.  Finally  Was- 
sin,  an  Ojibway  chief,  whose  nephew  had  been 
killed  in  a  skirmish  and  scalped  by  the  British, 
seized  Campbell,  and  he  was  put  to  death  with 
torture.  The  savages  are  said  to  have  torn  out  his 
heart  and  eaten  it,  that  they  might  gain  courage. 
Pontiac  is  said  by  some  to  have  consented  to  tiiis 
outrage,  but  is  exculpated  by  others.  See  Park- 
man's  "  Conspiracy  of  Pontiac  "  (Boston,  1855),  and 
Maj.  Rogers's  "  Diary  of  the  Siege  of  Detroit," 
edited  by  Franklin  B.'  Hough  (Albany,  1860). 

CAMPBELL,  Duncan  R.,  clergyman,  b.  in 
Perthshire,  Scotland,  14  Aug.,  1814 ;  d.  in  Coving- 
ton, Ky.,  16  Aug.,  1865.  He  was  educated  for  the 
Presbyterian  ministry.  Emigrating  to  the  United 
States  in  1842,  he  settled  in  Richmond,  Va.,  where 
he  became  a  Baptist,  and  accejited  a  pastorate.  He 
afterward  I'emoved  to  Kentucky,  and, was  elected 
professor  of  Hebrew  and  biblical  literature  in  the 
theological  seminary  at  Covington.  In  1852  he  be- 
came president  of  Georgetown  college,  and  ably 
discharged  the  duties  of  that  office  until  his  death. 
The  degree  of  LL.  D.  Avas  conferred  upon  him. 

CAMPBELL.  George  Washington,  statesman, 
b.  in  Tennessee  in  1768;  d.  in  Nashville,  Tenn.,  17 
Feb.,  1848.  He  was  gi*aduated  at  Princeton  in 
1794.  He  took  his  seat  as  a  representative  in  con- 
gress in  1803,  and  remained  till  1809,  serving  as 


CAMPBELL 


CAMPBELL 


513 


chairman  of  the  ways  and  means  committee  during 
his  last  term.  He  was  chosen  U.  S.  senator  from 
Tennessee  in  1811,  but  resigned  in  1814,  on  being 
appointed  secretary  of  the  treasur)?.  He  was  again 
elected  to  the  senate  in  1815,  and  served  till  April, 
1818,  when  he  was  appointed  minister  to  Russia. 
On  his  way  to  his  post  in  June,  1818,  he  stopped  at 
Copenhagen  and  endeavored  to  adjust  the  Danish 
spoliation  claims.  He  returned  to  the  United  States 
in  July,  1820,  and  in  1831  was  a  member  of  the 
French  claims  commission. 

CAMPBELL,  Helen  Stuart,  author,  b.  in 
Lockport,  N.  Y.,  4  Julv,  1839.  She  attended  school 
in  Warren,  R.  J.,  and  from  1850  until  1858  at  Mrs. 
Cook's  seminary,  Bloomfield,  N.  J.  She  began  to 
contribute  sketches  to  the  magazines  and  news- 
papers at  an  early  age,  and  devoted  her  attention 
largely  to  housekeeping  on  a  basis  of  scientific 
common  sense.  She  has  also  studied  carefully  the 
problem  of  the  poor  in  great  cities  and  elsewhere, 
and  has  contributed  valuable  papers,  drawn  from 
personal  experience,  to  current  publications.  Her 
novels  are  all  written  in  an  earnest  spirit,  and  are 
yet  full  of  touches  of  wit  and  pathos.  From  1881 
till  1884  she  was  literary  editor  of  "  The  Continent " 
(Philadelphia).  Her  published  books  are  :  "  The 
Ainslee  Series  "  (New  York,  1864-'7) ;  "  His  Grand- 
mothers" (1877);  "Six  Sinners"  (1878);  "Unto 
t lie  Third  and  Fourth  Generation"  (1880);  "The 
Easiest  Way  in  Housekeeping  and  Cooking" 
(1881);  "The  Problem  of  the  Poor"  (1882);  "  The 
American  Girl's  Home-Book  of  Work  and  Play  " 
(1883) ;  "  Under  Green  Apple-Boughs  "  (1883) ;  "  The 
What-to-do  Club"  (Boston.  1884):  "Mrs.  Hern- 
don's  Income  "  (1885) ;  and  "  Miss  Melinda's  Oppor- 
tunity" (1886).  She  began  in  the  New  York  "  Trib- 
une," in  October,  1886,  a  series  of  articles  on  the 
working-women  of  New  York. 

CAMPBELL,  Hugh  George,  naval  officer,  b. 
in  South  Carolina  in  1760;  d.  in  Washington.  D. 
C,  11  Nov.,  1820.  In  1775  he  volunteered  on  board 
the  first  man-of-war  commissioned  by  the  council 
of  South  Carolina.  He  was  made  master  com- 
mander, 27  July,  1799,  and  captain,  16  Oct.,  1800. 
He  served  in  the  Mediterranean  in  1804- '5,  and  in 
1812  commanded  some  gun-boats  in  St.  Mary's 
river  during  an  insurrection  against  the  Spanish 
rule  in  Florida. 

CAMPBELL,  Jabez  Pitt,  A.  M.  E.  bishop,  b. 
in  Slaughter's  Neck,  Delaware,  6  Feb.,  1815  ;  d.  in 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  9  Aug.,  1891.  He  was  of  Afri- 
can descent,  but  was  born  free,  and  fled  to  Phila- 
delphia in  1828.  He  was  licensed  to  preach  in  1837, 
and  in  1856  he  was  elected  publisher  and  editor  of 
the  "  Christian  Recorder,"  the  organ  of  the  African 
Methodist  Episcopal  church.  He  was  elected  a 
bishop  in  1864.  and  assigned  the  task  of  organizing 
the  church  work  in  Louisiana  and  California,  visit- 
ing the  last-named  state  in  1865.  In  1876  he  was 
sent  as  a  delegate  to  the  Conference  of  the  Wesleyan 
connection  of  England.  He  was  presiding  bishop 
of  the  third  district  of  the  African  Methodist  Epis- 
copal church,  was  pi'esident  of  the  board  of  trustees 
of  Wilberforce  university,  and  also  of  the  educa- 
tional department  of  the  denomination  to  which 
he  belonged.  The  degree  of  D.  D.  was  conferred 
upon  him  bv  Wilberforce  university  in  1871. 

CAMPBELL,  James,  jurist,  b.  in  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  1  Sept.,  1812;  d.  there,  27  Jan.,  1893.  After 
receiving  a  thorough  education  he  was  admitted, 
in  1834,  to  the  Philadelphia  bar,  where  he  soon 
took  high  rank.  He  was  a  judge  of  the  court  of 
common  pleas  from  1842  till  1850,  became  attorney- 
general  of  the  state  in  1852,  and  on  4  March,  1853, 
was  made  postmaster-general  bv  President  Pierce, 
VOL.  I.— 33 


serving  through  the  entire  administration.  In  1862 
he  was  defeated  foi'  the  U.  S.  senate. 

CAMPBELL,  James  Valentine,  jurist,  b.  in 
Builalo,  N.  Y.,  25  Feb.,  1823;  d.  in  Detroit,  Mich., 
26  March,  1890.  He  was  graduated  at  St.  Paul's 
college.  College  Point,  L.  I.,  in  1841,  studied  law 
in  Detroit,  and  was  admitted  to  practice  in  1844. 
He  was  a  master  of  chancery  in  the  state  and  fed- 
eral courts,  and  when  a  supreme  court  was  estab- 
lished in  Michigan,  in  1857,  was  elected  one  of  the 
associate  justices.  During  nearly  thirty  years'  ser- 
vice on  the  bench  he  rendered  valuable  decisions, 
some  of  which  were  important  contributions  to 
the  body  of  the  law.  In  1859,  when  the  law  de- 
partment in  the  University  of  Michigan  was  insti- 
tuted, Judge  Campbell  was  given  a  chair  in  the 
law-school,  and  lectured  for  twenty-five  years.  In 
1845  he  edited  Walker's  "  Chancery  Reports."  He 
was  politically  a  wliig  until  the  whigs  were  merged 
in  the  republican  party  in  1854,  when  he  joined  the 
republicans,  but  condemned,  in  some  instances,  the 
expansion  of  executive  and  judicial  powers  by  the 
fetleral  authorities  under  republican  administra- 
tion. He  devoted  his  leisui-e  to  literary  and  his- 
torical studies,  and  gave  special  attention  to  the 
history  of  Michigan  and  the  northwest  territory. 
In  1876  he  published  "  Outlines  of  the  Political 
History  of  Michigan  "  (Detroit).  Among  his  con- 
tributions to  the  press  are  essays  on  the  polity  of 
the  Protestant  Episcopal  church  and  on  questions 
in  jurisprudence,  and  many  poems  depicting  the 
life  of  the  Michigan  pioneers. 

CAMPBELL,  Jesse  H.,  clergyman,  b.  in  Mc- 
intosh county,  Ga.,  10  Feb.,  1807.  He  is  one  of  the 
most  laborious  and  useful  preachers  in  his  native 
state.  His  chief  literary  work  is  "  Georgia  Bap- 
tists— Historical  and  Biographical." 

CAMPBELL,  John,  publisher,  b.  in  Scotland 
in  1653;  d.  in  Boston,  Mass.,  in  March,  1728.  He 
was  a  Boston  bookseller,  and  on  24  April,  1704, 
issued  the  "  Boston  News-Letter,"  the  first  perma- 
nent newspaper  published  in  North  America.  He 
was  postmaster  of  Boston  for  many  years,  ending 
with  1718,  and  was  for  several  years  justice  of  the 
peace  for  Sufi'olk  co. 

CAMPBELL,  John,  British  author,  b.  in  Edin- 
burgh, 8  March,  1708;  d.  28  Dec,  1775.  He  was 
intended  for  the  law,  but  at  the  age  of  twenty- 
eight  entered  on  a  literary  career  that  ended  only 
with  his  life.  Those  of  his  books  that  appeared 
prior  to  1742  were  published  anonymously.  From 
1755  until  his  death  he  was  agent  of  the  British 
government  for  the  province  of  Georgia.  His 
works  relating  to  this  country  are  "  Concise  His- 
tory of  Spanish  America "  (1741);  "Voyages  and 
Travels,  from  Columbus  to  Anson"  (1744);  "New 
Sugar  Islands  in  the  West  Indies  "  and  "  Trade  of 
Great  Britain  to  America"  (1772).  He  also  pub- 
lished "  Lives  of  the  English  Admirals  "  (1744) ;  "  A 
Survey  of  the  Present  State  of  Europe  "  (1750) ;  "  A 
Political  Survey  of  Great  Britain  "  (1774) ;  and  nu- 
merous other  works. 

CAMPBELL,  John,  British  soldier,  b.  in  Stra- 
chur,  Scotland ;  d.  early  in  1806.  He  entered  the 
army  in  June,  1745,  as  lieutenant  of  Loudon's 
Highlanders,  served  through  the  Scotch  rebellion, 
and  made  the  campaign  in  Flanders  in  1747.  He 
was  made  captain,  1  Oct.,  1747,  appointed  to  the 
42d  Highlanders,  9  April,  1756,  and  wounded  in 
the  attack  on  Ticonderoga  in  1758.  He  became 
major  of  the  17th  foot,  11  July,  1759,  lieutenant- 
colonel  in  the  army,  1  Feb.,  1762,  and  commanded 
this  regiment  in  the  expeditions  against  Martinico 
and  Havana.  He  became  lieutenant-colonel  of  the 
37th  foot,  1  May,  1773,  and  returned  to  America 


514 


CAMPBELL 


CAMPBELL 


in  1776  with  his  regiment  at  the  outset  of  the 
revolution ;  was  appointed  major-general,  19  Feb., 
1779 ;  colonel  of  his  regiment,  2  Nov.,  1780 ;  and 
commanded  the  British  forces  in  west  Florida, 
where,  after  a  gallant  defence,  he  was  obliged  to 
surrender  Pensacola  to  the  Spaniards,  10  May,  1781. 
He  became  lieutenant-general,  28  Sept.,  1787,  and 
general  in  the  army,  2G  Jan.,  1797. 

CAMPBELL,  John,  surgeon,  b.  in  New  York 
state  about  1822.  He  was  appointed  an  assistant 
surgeon  in  the  U.  S.  army  in  December,  1847,  served 
in  Mexico,  and  was  stationed  successively  in  Texas, 
in  California,  at  forts  along  the  western  frontier, 
and  at  different  eastern  posts,  including  the  mili- 
tary academy  at  West  Point.  He  was  promoted 
surgeon  in  May,  1861,  acting  through  the  civil  war 
in  that  grade,  and  at  its  close  received  brevets  of 
lieutenant-colonel  and  colonel,  U.  S.  A.,  for  faith- 
ful and  meritorious  services.  He  was  advanced  to 
the  full  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel,  8  Nov.,  1877, 
colonel,  7  Dec,  1885,  and  placed  on  the  retired 
list,  16  Sept.,  1885. 

CAMPBELL,  John,  Canadian  physician,  b.  in 
North  Sherbrooke,  county  Lanark,  Ontario,  10  Feb., 
1839.  He  received  his  early  education  at  the  com- 
mon school  in  his  native  place,  and  when  twelve 
years  of  age  became  a  clerk.  Subsequently  he  was 
a  teacher,  and  studied  at  McGill  medical  college, 
Montreal,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1869.  In 
1882  he  received  the  degree  of  the  royal  college  of 
physicians  from  Edinburgh  medical  university.  He 
is  the  author  of  "  The  Land  of  Burns." 

CAMPBELL,  John  Allen,  soldier,  b.  in  Salem, 
Ohio,  8  Oct.,  1835  :  d.  in  Washington,  D.  C.  14  July, 
1880.  After  receiving  a  common-school  education, 
he  learned  the  printing  business,  and  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  war  entex'ed  the  army  as  second  lieuten- 
ant of  volunteers.  He  became  major  and  assistant 
adjutant-general,  27  Oct.,  1862,  and  was  bre vetted 
brigadier-general  of  volunteers  on  13  March,  1865, 
"  for  courage  in  the  field  and  marked  ability  and 
fidelity"  at  Rich  Mountain,  Shiloh,  Perryville, 
Murfreesboro,  and  through  the  Atlanta  campaign. 
He  was  mustered  out  on  1  Sept.,  1866,  and  for  a 
time  assistant  editor  on  the  Cleveland  "Leader." 
In  October,  1867,  he  was  appointed  second  lieuten- 
ant in  the  5th  artillery,  regular  army,  and  at  once 
brevetted  first  lieutenant,  captain,  major,  and  lieu- 
tenant-colonel. He  served  on  Gen.  Schofield's  staff, 
but  resigned  in  1869,  and  was  appointed  the  first 
governor  of  Wyoming  territory.  He  was  reap- 
pointed in  1873,  and  in  1875  became  third  assistant 
secretary  of  state  at  Washington. 

CAMPBELL,  John  Archibald,  jurist,  b.  in 
Washington,  Ga.,  24  June,  1811;  d.  in  Baltimore, 
Md.,  12 "March,  1889.  His  grandfather  served  in 
the  revolution,  and  his  father.  Col.  Duncan  G. 
Campbell,  was  a  distinguished  Georgia  lawyer,  and 
one  of  the  two  commissioners  appointed  by  Presi- 
dent Monroe,  in  1824,  to  treat  with  the  Creek  In- 
dians for  the  sale  of  their  lands.  John  A.  Camp- 
bell was  graduated  at  the  university  of  Georgia  in 
1826,  studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1829  by  special  act  of  legislature,  as  he  had  not 
attained  his  majority.  He  then  moved  to  Mont- 
gomery, Ala.,  where  he  practised  law,  and  was  sev- 
eral times  a  member  of  the  legislature.  He  was 
appointed  associate  justice  of  the  U.  S.  supreme 
court  by  President  Pierce,  22  March,  1853,  and  held 
this  office  till  1861,  when  he  resigned.  He  exerted 
all  his  influence  to  prevent  the  civil  war,  but 
though  he  opposed  secession,  he  believed  it  to  be 
right.  He  was  afterward  assistant  secretary  of  war 
of  the  Confederate  states,  and  was  one  of  the  peace 
commissioners  appointed  to  meet  Mr.  Lincoln  and 


Mr.  Seward  at  Fort  Monroe  in  February,  1865. 
After  the  war  he  was  arrested  and  lodged  "in  Fort 
Pulaski,  but  was  discharged  on  parole,  and  after- 
ward resumed  his  law  practice  in  New  Orleans. 

CAMPBELL,  John  Lyle,  chemist,  b.  in  Rock- 
bridge CO.,  Va.,  7  Dec,  1818;  d.  in  Lexington,  V^a., 
2  Feb.,  1886.  He  was  graduated  at  Washington 
college  (now  Washington  and  Lee)  in  1843.  On 
leaving  college  he  became  assistant  in  the  academy 
at  Staunton,  Va.,  and  afterward  had  charge  of  "a 
similar  institution  in  Richmond,  Ky.  In  1851  he 
was  called  to  the  chair  of  chemistry  and  geology 
at  Washington  college,  an  office  which  he  con- 
tinued to  occupy  until  his  death.  He  was  a  recog- 
nized authority  on  the  geology  of  Virginia,  and 
wrote  reports  on  that  subject  as  well  as  frequent 
contributions  to  the  scientific  journals.  Among 
his  larger  works  were :  "  Geology  and  Mineral  Re- 
sources of  the  James  River  Valley "  (1882),  and 
"  Campbell's  Agriculture ;  A  Manual  of  Scientific 
and  Practical  Agriculture  for  the  School  and 
Farm  "  (Philadelphia,  1859). 

CAMPBELL,  John  Nicholson,  clergyman,  b. 
in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  4  March,  1798;  d.  in  Albany, 
N.  Y.,  27  March,  1864.  He  was  a  pupil  of  James 
Ross,  a  celebrated  teacher  of  Philadelphia,  and  at 
an  early  age  entered  the  University  of  Pennsylva- 
nia, but  was  never  graduated.  He  studied  theology 
with  Rev.  Ezra  Stiles,  and  afterward  in  Virginia, 
where  he  was  for  a  few  months  teacher  of  lan- 
guages in  Hampden-Sidney  college.  On  10  May, 
1817,  he  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  presbytery 
of  Hanover,  Va.,  and  in  1820  was  chosen  chap- 
lain to  congress.  After  preaching  in  Petersburg, 
Va.,  and  Newbern,  N.  C,  he  became  in  1823  the 
assistant  of  Rev.  Dr.  Balch,  of  Georgetown,  D.  C, 
and  in  1825  accepted  a  call  to  the  pastorate  of  the 
New  York  avenue  Presbyterian  church,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C,  where  his  eloquence  and  ability  soon 
gathered  a  large  congregation.  He  was  at  this 
time  one  of  the  most  active  managers  of  the  Amer- 
ican colonization  society.  He  was  called  to  the 
1st  Presbyterian  church  in  Albany,  N.  Y.,  in 
1831,  and  remained  there  until  his  death.  He  was 
also  for  more  than  twenty  years  one  of  the  regents 
of  the  university  of  the  state  of  New  York.  Dr. 
Campbell  was  a  man  of  quick  perception,  tenacious 
memory,  great  decision  of  character,  and  of  cour- 
teous and  dignified  manners.  He  possessed  grea.t 
executive  ability,  was  an  eloquent  preacher,  and 
an  able  writer.  He  published  sermons  and  ad- 
dresses, and  wrote  reports  of  the  board  of  regents. 

CAMPBELL,  Jolm  Poage,  clergyman,  b.  in 
Augusta  CO.,  Va.,  in  1767;  d.  near  Chillieothe, 
Ohio,  4  Nov.,  1814.  He  removed  to  Kentucky  with 
his  father  in  1781.  After  receiving  a  good  educa- 
tion, he  became,  when  nineteen  years  old,  precep- 
tor of  an  academy  at  Williamsburg,  N.  C.  Here  he 
adopted  atheistic  views,  but  was  converted  by  read- 
ing Jenyns's  "  Treatise  on  the  Internal  Evidence 
of  Christianity,"  and,  giving  up  the  study  of  medi- 
cine, in  which  he  had  engaged,  resolved  to  become 
a  clergyman.  He  was  graduated  at  Hampden- 
Sidney  in  1790,  was  licensed  to  preach  in  May, 
1792,  and  settled  in  Kentucky  in  1795,  preaching 
in  various  places.  In  1811  he  was  chaplain  to  the 
legislature.  As  his  salary  was  insufficient  for  the 
support  of  his  family,  he  was  obliged  To  practise 
medicine.  His  death  resulted  from  exposure  while 
he  was  preaching.  Dr.  Campbell  was  a  graceful 
preacher  and  an  accomplished  scholar.  He  pub- 
lished "  The  Passenger  "  (1804) ;  "  Strictures  on 
Stone's  Letters  on  the  Atonement "  (1805) ;  "  Vin- 
dex  "  (1806) ;  "  Letters  to  the  Rev.  Mr.  Craighead  " 
(1810);    "The   Pelagian   Detected"   (1811);    "Air 


CAMPBELL 


CAMPBELL 


615 


Answer  to  Jones"  (1812);  and  many  sermons.  He 
left  a  manuscript  history  of  the  western  country. 

CAMPBELL,  John  Wilson,  jurist,  b.  in  Augus- 
ta county,  Va.,  2'd  Feb.,  1782 ;  d.  in  Delaware,  Ohio, 
24  Sept.,  1833.  His  parents  removed  to  Kentucky, 
and  afterward  to  Ohio.  Young  Campbell  received 
a  common-school  education,  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1808,  and  began  practice  in  West  Union, 
Ohio.  He  held  several  local  offices,  was  prosecut- 
ing attorney  for  Adams  and  Highland  cos.,  and 
a  member  of  the  Ohio  legislature.  He  was  chosen 
to  congress  as  a  democrat,  served  from  1  Dec, 
1817,  till  3  March,  1827,  and  was  U.  S.  judge  for 
the  district  of  Ohio  from  1829  till  his  death.  See 
"  Biographical  Sketch  and  Literary  Remains,"  by 
his  widow  (Columbus,  Ohio,  1838). 

CAMPBELL,  Lewis  Davis,  diplomatist,  b.  in 
Franklin,  Ohio,  9  Aug.,  1811;  d.  2G  Nov.,  1882. 
On  leaving  school  he  was  apprenticed  to  a  printer 
in  1828,  and  was  afterward  assistant  editor  of  the 
Cincinnati  "  Gazette."  He  published  a  whig  news- 
paper at  Hamilton,  Ohio,  from  1831  till  1836,  sup- 
porting Henry  Clay,  and  was  then  admitted  to  the 
bar  and  began  to  practise  at  Hamilton.  He  was 
elected  to  congress  as  a  whig,  and  served  from  3 
Dec,  1849,  till  25  May,  1858,  being  chairman  of 
the  ways  and  means  committee  during  his  last 
term.  He  claimed  to  have  been  elected  again  in 
1858,  but  the  house  gave  the  seat  to  C.  L.  Vallan- 
digham.  He  served  as  colonel  of  an  Ohio  regiment 
of  volunteer  infantry  from  1861  till  1862,  when  he 
resigned  on  account  of  failing  health.  President 
Johnson  appointed  him  minister  to  Mexico  in  De- 
cember, 1865 ;  but,  before  leaving  for  his  post,  he 
was  a  delegate  to  the  Philadelphia  union  conven- 
tion and  the  Cleveland  soldiers'  convention  of  1866. 
He  sailed  for  Mexico,  in  company  with  Gen.  Sher- 
man, 11  Nov.,  1866,  authorized  to  tender  to  Presi- 
dent Juarez  the  moral  support  of  the  United  States, 
and  to  offer  him  the  use  of  our  military  force  to  aid 
in  the  restoration  of  law.  Mr.  Campbell  remained 
in  Mexico  until  1868,  and  from  1871  till  1873  was 
again  a  member  of  congress. 

CAMPBELL,  Richard,  soldier,  b.  in  the  val- 
ley of  Virginia ;  d.  in  Eutaw  Springs,  S.  C,  8  Sept., 
1781.  He  was  commissioned  captain  in  1776,  and 
subsequently  major,  served  in  Gibson's  regiment  at 
Pittsburgh,  and  on  Mcljilosh's  expedition  against 
the  Ohio  Indians  in  1778.  In  Jtme,  1779,  he  led  a 
relief  party  to  Fort  Laurens,  and  commanded  that 
garrison  for  a  time.  He  was  promoted  lieutenant- 
colonel,  and  commanded  a  Virginia  regiment  at 
Guilford,  Hobkirk's  Hill,  Ninety-Six,  and  Eutaw 
Springs,  where  he  was  mortally  wounded  while 
leading  the  charge  that  drove  the  British  from  the 
field.  Some  hours  after,  hearing  that  the  enemy 
were  in  full  retreat,  he  died,  exclaiming,  "I  die 
contented."  Many  writers  have  confounded  him 
with  Gen.  William  Campbell,  one  of  the  leaders  at 
King's  Mountain.  See  Draper's  "  King's  Mountain 
and  its  Heroes." 

CAMPBELL,  Rohert,  soldier,  b.  in  Virginia  in 
1755;  d.  near  Knoxville,  Tenn.,  in  February,  1832. 
I  le  displayed  great  bravery  in  many  conflicts  with 
the  Cherokees,  and  commanded  a  regiment  at  the 
battle  of  King's  Mountain,  7  Oct.,  1780.  He  was 
nearly  forty  years  a  magistrate  of  Washington 
county,  Va.,  and  in  1825  emigrated  to  Tennessee. 

CAMPBELL,  Thomas,  clergyman,  b.  in  Ire- 
land, 1  Feb.,  1763 ;  d.  in  Bethany,  W.  Va.,  4  Jan., 
1854.  He  was  trained  in  scholarship  at  Glasgow 
university,  and  for  the  ministry  under  the  Scottish 
establishment.  He  was  descended  from  the  Camp- 
V)ells  of  Argyle.  Entering  the  ministry  in  1798, 
he  soon  became  identified  with  the  "  seceders,"  as 


they  were  called,  and  emigrated  to  the  United 
States  in  1807,  joined  the  associate  synod  of  North 
America  at  Philadelphia,  and  ministered  to  desti- 
tute congregations  in  western  Pennsylvania.  In 
1809  he  was  joined  by  his  son,  Alexander,  and 
thenceforward  the  histories  of  father  and  son  were 
closely  identified.  On  12  June,  1812,  in  company 
with  his  son  and  their  joint  congregation,  they 
were  immersed  by  Elder  Luse,  of  the  Baptists,  but 
with  a  stipulation  in  writing  that  no  term  of  union 
or  communion  should  be  required  other  than  the 
holy  Scriptures.  The  son  soon  assumed  the  leader- 
ship, which  finally  resulted  in  the  formation  of 
the  sect  that  is  inseparably  connected  with  the 
family  name.  Thomas  Campbell  labored  zealously 
until  age,  and  at  last  total  blindness,  compelled 
him  to  desist. — His  son,  Alexander,  theologian,  b. 
at  Shaw's  Castle,  county  Antrim,  Ireland,  in  June, 
1786 ;  d.  in  Bethany,  W.  Va.,  4  March,  1866.  He 
was  educated  at  the  University  of  Glasgow,  came 
to  the  United  States  in  1809,  and  made  his  home 
in  Washington  co..  Pa.,  where  he  became  pastor  of 
a  Presbyterian  church,  within  which  denomina- 
tion he  had  been  reared.  He  soon  became  dissatis- 
fied with  the  tenets  of  the  sect,  holding  that  the 
Bible  should  be  the  sole  creed.  His  father  joined 
him  in  his  belief,  and  in  1810  they  founded  a  new 
society  at  Brush  Run,  Pa.  Accepting  the  doctrine 
of  immersion,  they  joined  in  a  temporary  union 
with  the  Baptists,  but,  persisting  in  their  refusal  to 
accept  any  human  creed,  Mr.  Campbell  and  his  con- 
gregation were  disfellowshiped  in  1827,  and  began 
at  once  to  form  a  sect  of  their  own.  They  called 
themselves  "  The  Disciples  of  Christ,"  but  are 
widely  known  as  "  Campbellites,"  or  simply  as 
"  Disciples."  They  soon  began  to  gain  recruits, 
and  by  1864  numbered  350.000  members,  increased 
in  1880  to  500,000.  In  1823  Mr.  Campbell  began 
to  publish  "  The  Christian  Baptist,"  which  was 
shortly  afterward  merged  in  the  "  Millennial  Har- 
binger." In  1840-'l  he  founded  Bethany  college 
and  was  its  first  president.  Mr.  Campbell  held 
that  slavery  was  permissible  to  Christians  under 
his  creed,  the  Bible.  He  was  a  prolific  writer  for 
the  denominational  papers.  His  published  works 
number  fifty-two,  all  of  them  bearing  directly 
upon  his  views  of  Christian  belief.  He  was  a 
man  of  remarkable  intellectual  and  moral  pow- 
ers, and  a  cultivated  scholar. 

CAMPBELL,  Thompson,  congressman,  b.  in 
Pennsylvania;  d.  in  California,  7  Dec,  1868.  He 
received  a  public-school  education,  and  studied 
law.  He  then  removed  to  Galena,  111.,  and  became 
interested  in  mining.  He  was  elected  secretary  of 
state  of  Illinois  by  the  democratic  party  in  1843, 
and  served  until  1846.  In  1850  he  was  elected  a 
representative  in  congress  from  the  Galena  district, 
and  served  from  1851  till  1853 ;  subsequently  he 
was  appointed  by  President  Pierce  land  commis- 
sioner in  California,  for  the  purpose  of  adjusting 
titles  under  the  treaty  with  Mexico,  in  accordance 
with  grants  made  by  the  Mexican  government. 
He  served  in  the  California  legislature,  and  was  a 
supporter  of  the  government  during  the  civil  war. 

CAMPBELL,  Lord  William,  governor  of 
South  Carolina,  d.  5  Sept.,  1778.  He  was  the 
youngest  son  of  the  fourth  duke  of  Argyll,  became 
a  captain  in  the  British  navy  on  20  Aug.,  1762, 
member  of  parliament  in  1764,  and  was  governor 
of  Nova  Scotia  from  1766  till  1773.  He  had  mar- 
ried, in  1763,  Sarah  Izard,  a  wealthy  lady  of  South 
Carolina,  sister  of  Ralph  Izard,  a  well-known  pa- 
triot, and  in  1774  was  appointed  royal  governor  of 
that  province.  He  entered  on  his  duties  in  June, 
1775,  and  was  cordially  welcomed  by  the  people. 


516 


CAMPBELL 


CAMPBELL 


for  whom  he  professed  great  attachment.  They 
soon  found,  however,  that  he  was  active  in  fo- 
menting insurrectionary  movements  favorable  to 
the  crown  among  the  border  population  and  the 
red  men,  and  the  popular  indignation  against  him 
increased  daily.  After  he  saw  that  preparations 
for  resistance  were  going  on  steadily,  and  that  the 
public  military  stores  had  been  secured  by  the  pa- 
triots, he  took  refuge  on  board  a  British  man-of- 
war,  where  he  was  joined  by  his  wife.  In  this  ves- 
sel he  threatened  the  city  of  Charleston,  but  the 
guns  of  Fort  Johnson  forced  him  to  retreat.  After 
sailing  to  Jamaica,  he  returned  in  the  following 
year,  and  was  mortally  wounded  on  board  the 
"  Bristol  "  during  the  attack  on  Fort  Moultrie. 

CAMPBELL,  William,  soldier,  b.  in  Augusta 
county,  Va.,  in  1745 ;  d.  at  Rocky  Mills,  Hanover 
CO.,  Va.,  22  Aug.,  1781.  After  his  father's  death  in 
1767  he  removed  with  his  mother  and  four  sisters 
to  the  Holston  valley.  In  1773  he  was  appointed  a 
justice  of  the  peace,  and  in  1774  a  captain  of  mili- 
tia. He  served  in  Col.  Christian's  regiment  in  the 
campaign  against  the  Shawnees,  which  terminated 
in  Lord  Dunmore's  treaty  of  peace  at  Camp  Char- 
lotte. In  September,  1775,  he  led  a  fine  company 
to  Williamsburg,  joining  Patrick  Henry's  regi- 
ment. Under  Gen.  Lewis  he  assisted  in  dislodging 
Gov.  Dunmore  from  Gwyn's  island  in  July,  1776, 
and  at  the  close  of  the  year  resigned,  so  that  he 
might  better  protect  his  frontier  home  from  the 
encroachments  of  the  Cherokees.  In  1777  he  was 
continued  a  justice  of  the  peace  in  the  newly 
formed  county  of  Washington,  and  made  lieuten- 
ant-colonel of  the  militia.  He  was  one  of  the 
commissioners  in  1778  to  run  the  boundary-line 
between  Virginia  and  the  Cherokee  country.  In 
1779  he  aided  in  driving  the  tories  from  his  region, 
having  a  severe  personal  rencounter  with  one  of 
their  leaders,  Francis  Hopkins,  in  the  bed  of  the 
Holston  ;  the  miscreant  was  overcome,  and  hanged 
with  his  own  halter  on  the  nearest  sycamore. 
Campbell  was  promoted  in  1780  to  the  full 
colonelcy  of  the  regiment,  and  chosen  a  member 
of  the  legislature.  After  scouring  the  neighboring 
country  in  North  Carolina,  routing  and  dispersing 
the  tories,  he  led  his  regiment  of  riflemen  in  the 
King's  Mountain  campaign,  and  distinguished 
himself  by  his  valor  and  good  conduct,  if  the  evi- 
dence of  his  own  officers  and  soldiers  is  to  be  cred- 
ited. Washington,  Gates,  and  Greene,  together 
with  the  Virginia  legislature  and  the  continental 
congress,  expressed  their  high  sense  of  his  merits 
and  services.  After  serving  on  the  frontiers,  he 
responded  to  Gen.  Greene's  appeal,  and  joined 
him  with  a  corps  of  riflemen,  sharing  in  the  battle 
of  Guilford  Court-House,  in  March,  1781,  where  he 
thought  he  was  not  properly  supported  by  Lee's 
cavalry,  and  soon  afterward  retired  from  the  ser- 
vice. After  a  term  in  the  legislature  he  was  made 
a  brigadier-general  in  the  militia,  and  served  un- 
der Lafayette  in  the  battle  of  Jamestown,  and 
shortly  afterward  sickened  and  died.  Lafayette 
asserted  that  his  services  at  King's  Mountain  and 
Guilford  would  "  do  his  memory  everlasting  honor, 
and  insure  hira  a  high  rank  among  the  defenders 
of  liberty  in  the  American  cause  "  ;  and  Jefl'erson 
feelingly  declared  that  "  Gen.  Campbell's  friends 
might  quietly  rest  their  heads  on  the  pillow  of  his 
renown."  His  wife  was  a  sister  of  Patrick  Henry. 
— His  nephew,  John  B.,  soldier,  b.  in  Kentucky ; 
d.  28  Aug.,  1814,  was  appointed  lieutenant-colonel 
of  the  19th  infantry,  12  March,  1812,  and  com- 
manded a  detachment  against  the  Mississinewa 
Indians  in  December,  1812,  for  which  service  he 
was  brevetted  colonel.     He  was  made  colonel  of 


the  11th  infantry  on  9  April,  1814,  and  distin- 
guished himself  in  the  battle  of  Chippewa,  5  July, 
1814,  where  he  commanded  the  right  wing  of  the 
army  under  Scott,  and  received  fatal  wounds. 

CAMPBELL,  Sir  William,  Canadian  jurist,  b. 
in  Scotland  in  1758;  d.  in  Toronto  in  1834.  He 
entered  the  army  as  a  private,  came  to  America  as 
a  non-commissioned  officer  in  a  Highland  regiment, 
and  took  part  in  the  revolutionary  war,  his  military 
career  ending  with  the  surrender  of  Cornwallis  in 
1781,  when  he  became  a  prisoner  with  the  rest  of 
the  command.  Having  regained  his  freedom,  in 
1783  he  removed  to  Nova  Scotia  and  devoted  him- 
self to  the  study  of  law.  After  practising  for  nine- 
teen years,  he  was  appointed  attorney-general  of 
Cape  Breton,  and  elected  to  the  assembly  of  that 
province.  He  was  promoted  to  a  puisne  judge- 
ship in  Upper  Canada,  and  became  chief  justice 
upon  the  retirement  of  William  Dummer  Powell 
in  1825.  In  1829  he  retired  in  consequence  of  fail- 
ing health,  and  was  succeeded  by  the  attorney-gen- 
eral at  that  time,  afterward  Sir  John  Beverley 
Robinson,  bart.  On  the  occasion  of  his  retirement 
he  was  knighted. 

CAMPBELL,  William  Boiven,  governor  of 
Tennessee,  b.  in  Sumner  county,  Tenn.,  1  Feb.,  1807 ; 
d.  in  Lebanon,  Tenn.,  19  Aug.,  1867.  He  studied 
law  in  Abingdon  and  W^inchester,  Va.,  was  admit- 
ted to  the  bar  in  Tennessee,  and  practised  in  Car- 
thage. He  was  chosen  district  attorney  for  the 
fourth  district  of  his  state  in  1831,  and  "became  a 
member  of  the  legislature  in  1835.  He  raised  a 
cavalry  company,  and  served  as  its  captain  in  the 
Creek  and  Florida  wars  of  1836,  and  from  1837  till 
1843  was  a  whig  member  of  congress  from  Tennes- 
see. He  was  elected  major-general  of  militia  in 
1844,  and  served  in  the  Mexican  war  as  colonel  of 
the  1st  Tennessee  volunteers,  distinguishing  him- 
self in  the  battles  of  Monterey  and  Cerro  Gordo, 
where  he  commanded  a  brigade  after  Gen.  Pillow 
was  wounded.  He  was  governor  of  Tennessee  in 
1851-'3,  and  in  1857  was  chosen,  by  unanimous 
vote  of  the  legislature,  judge  of  the  state  circuit 
court.  He  canvassed  the  state  in  opposition  to 
secession  in  1861,  and  on  30  June,  1862,  without 
solicitation,  was  appointed  by  President  Lincoln 
brigadier-general  in  the  National  army.  He  re- 
signed, 26  Jan.,  1863,  on  account  of  failing  health. 
At  the  close  of  the  war  he  was  again  chosen  to  con- 
gress, but  was  not  allowed  to  take  his  seat  until 
near  the  end  of  the  first  session  in  1866.  He  served 
until  3  March,  1867,  and  was  a  member  of  the  com- 
mittee on  the  New  Orleans  riots. 

CAMPBELL,  William  Henry,  educator,  b.  in 
Baltimore,  Md.,  14  Sept.,  1808 ;  d.  in  NewBrunswick, 
N.  J.,  7  Dec,  1890.  He  was  graduated  at  Princeton 
theological  seminary  in  1831,  ordained  by  the  Re- 
formed Dutch  classis  of  Cayuga  on  1  Sept.,  1831, 
was  pastor  of  the  Reformed  church  in  Chittenango, 
N.  Y.,  in  1831-2,  principal  of  Erasmus  Hall,  Flat- 
bush,  L.  I.,  in  1833-'9,  held  several  other  charges, 
and  was  professor  of  oriental  literature  in  the  Re- 
formed Dutch  theological  seminary.  New  Bruns- 
wick, N.  J.,  in  1851-'63,  of  moral  philosophy  at 
Rutgers  in  1862-'3,  and  president  of  Rutgers  in 
1863-'82.  During  his  administration  more  than 
$200,000  was  raised  for  the  college,  six  new  profes- 
sorships established,  the  number  of  pupils  doubled, 
and  several  fine  buildings  erected.  His  pitblica- 
tions  include,  besides  numerous  addresses,  "Sub- 
jects and  Modes  of  Baptism  "  (1844) ;  "  Influence 
of  Christianity  in  Civil  and  Religious  Liberty" 
(Proceedings  of  the  Evangelical  Alliance,  1873); 
and  "  System  of  Catechetical  Instruction "  (Re- 
formed church  centennial  discourses,  1876). 


CAMPBELL 


CANBY 


517 


CAMPBELL,  William  W.,  jurist,  b.  in  Cherry 
Valley,  Otsego  co.,  N.  Y.,  10  June,  1806 ;  d.  there, 
7  Sept.,  1881.  He  was  graduated  at  Union  in 
1827,  studied  law  with  Judge  Kent,  and  began 
practice  in  New  York  city  in  1831.  He  was  elected 
to  congress  by  the  national  American  party,  and 
served  from  1  Dec,  1845,  till  3  March,  1847.  After 
spending  a  year  in  Europe  he  was  appointed,  in 
1849,  a  justice  of  the  superior  court  of  New  York 
city,  served  till  1855,  and  from  1857  till  18G5  was 
a  judge  of  the  state  supreme  court  for  the  sixth 
district.  He  published  "  Annals  of  Tryon  County, 
N.  Y."  (New  York,  1831;  revised  ed.,  entitled 
"  Border  Warfare,"  1849 ;  3d  ed..  Cherry  Valley, 
N.  Y.,  1880) ;  "  Memoirs  of  Mrs.  Grant,  Missionary 
to  Persia  "  (1840) ;  "  Life  and  Writings  of  Be  Witt 
Clinton "  (1849) ;  and  '•  Sketches  of  Robin  Hood 
and  Captain  Kidd  "  (1853). 

CAMPECHE,  Jos6  (cam-pay'-che),  Porto  Rican 
painter,  b.  in  St.  John,  Porto  Rico,  6  Jan.,  1752; 
d.  7  Nov.,  1809.  He  belonged  to  an  humble  family, 
and  received  no  artistic  education,  but  from  early 
childhood  showed  extraordinary  fondness  for 
drawing,  and  soon  became  noted  for  his  composi- 
tions and  portraits,  drawn  with  charcoal  or  chalk 
on  the  walls  and  curbstones.  Without  means  of 
any  kind,  he  learned  how  to  prepare  canvas  and 
paints,  and  how  to  make  brushes,  varnishes,  and 
everything  else  necessary  to  the  use  of  colors.  Only 
in  the  second  period  of  his  artistic  career  did  he  re- 
ceive some  few  lessons  from  the  Spanish  painter  Luis 
Paredes.  Campeche  gained  great  reputation,  and 
King  Charles  IV.,  of  Spain,  appointed  him  painter 
to  the  royal  household ;  but  lie  never  left  Porto  Rico. 
His  paintings  numbered  over  400,  many  of  them 
being  very  large.  Their  chief  qualities  are  good 
composition,  correctness  of  drawing,  and  beaxity  of 
color.  The  most  remarkable  are  "  St.  Michel  fight- 
ing Satan,"  "  Our  Lady  of  Mercy,"  "  The  Siege  of 
St.  John  of  Porto  Rico  by  the  English  in  1797," 
"  St.  Stephen,"  "  Our  Lady  of  Sorrows,"  and  the 
"  Nativity  of  the  Saviour."  Campeche  also  showed 
artistic  power  in  sculpture,  architecture,  and  music. 

CAMPUZANO,  Baltasar,  Peruvian  monk,  b. 
in  Lima,  Peru,  or  in  Guadalajara,  about  the  end  of 
the  16th  century ;  d.  in  Rome,  Italy,  in  1666.  He 
was  prefect  of  the  province  of  his  order,  the  Au- 
gustinian,  in  Peru.  He  wrote  "  El  sumo  Sacerdote  " 
(Rome,  1655) ;  "  Antigiiedad  de  Guadalajara  "  (Mad- 
rid, 1661);  "Conversion  de  la  Reina  de  Suecia"; 
and  "  Alma  y  Cuerpo  de  las  Cualidades  de  un 
Nepote  de  Papa  "  (Rome,  1666). 

CANALES,  Servando  (cah-nah'-les),  Mexican 
soldier,  b.  in  Matamoros,  Tamaulipas,  28  June, 
1830;  d.  7  Oct.,  1883.  When  the  American  army 
passed  the  Mexican  frontier  in  1847  he  joined  the 
national  troops  and  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Padi- 
erna,  but  left  the  regular  army  and  became  a  gue- 
rilla. At  the  end  of  the  war  he  had  reputation  and 
influence  in  the  state  of  Tamaulipas,  where  after- 
ward he  was  a  rival  of  his  old  friend.  Gen.  Cortina, 
in  smuggling  and  similar  pursuits.  From  1852  till 
1857  he  served  under  Gen.  Vidaurri  as  a  colonel,  and 
then  retired  to  his  ranch  of  Las  Piedras,  but  in 
1861  again  organized  a  guerilla  band,  joined  Gen. 
Ignacio  Zaragoza,  and  accompanied  him  at  the 
siege  of  Puel)la  in  May,  1862.  Canales  escaped 
from  that  city,  went  to  the  frontier,  and  assumed 
command  of  a  volunteer  corps  of  cavalry,  contin- 
ued the  warfare  against  the  French,  and  in  1867 
incorporated  his  troops  with  those  of  Gen.  Esco- 
bedo.  He  took  part  in  the  siege  of  Queretaro,  and 
was  present  at  the  execution  of  Maximilian  and 
Gens.  Miramon  and  j\Iejia.  Having  rebelled  with 
300  horsemen  in  favor  of  Porfirio  Diaz  in  Febru- 


ary,  1874,  he  sustained  his  operations  in  the  states 
of  Nuevo  Leon  and  Coahuila  until  1876,  when  the 
revolutionists  completed  their  triumph.  In  the  fol- 
lowing year  the  new  government  gave  him  the 
military  command  of  that  section  of  Mexico,  and 
in  1879  he  was  elected  governor  of  Tamaulipas. 
He  visited  the  forts  in  Texas,  and  often  prevented 
serious  difficulties  on  the  frontier. 

CANBY,  Edward  Richard  Sprigg-,  soldier,  b. 
in  Kentucky  in  1819 ;  killed  in  Siskiyou  co.,  Cal., 
11  April,  1873.  His  parents  removed  to  Indiana, 
where  he  went  to  school,  and  whence  he  was  ap- 
pointed cadet  at  the  U.  S.  military  academy  in 
183-5.  He  was  graduated  in  1839  in  the  same  class 
with  Gens.  Halleck,  Isaac  Stevens,  Ord,  Paine,  of 
Illinois,  and  other  distinguished  officers.  After 
graduation  he  was  at  once  commissioned  second 
lieutenant,  assigned  to  the  2d  infantry,  and  served 
in  the  Florida  war  as  quartermaster  and  commis- 
sary of  subsistence  from  October,  1839  till  1842, 
and  after  the 
close  of  that 
war  was  en- 
gaged in  the 
removal  of 
the  Chero- 
kees,  Creeks, 
and  Choctaws 
to  the  present 
Indian  terri- 
tory. He  was 
on  garrison 
dutv  from 
1842  till  1845, 
and  on  re- 
cruiting ser- 
vice during 
1845  and  a 
part  of  1846. 
In  March, 
1846,  he  was 
appointed  ad- 
jutant of  his  regiment,  and  three  months  later  was 
promoted  to  a  first  lieutenancy.  The  outbreak  of 
the  Mexican  war  called  his  regiment  into  active  ser- 
vice. Serving  under  Gen.  Riley,  he  was  present  at 
the  siege  of  Vera  Cruz,  at  Cerro  Gordo,  Contreras, 
and  Churubusco,  as  well  as  at  the  attack  upon  the 
Belen  gate,  city  of  Mexico.  He  received  the  brevets 
of  major  and  lieutenant-colonel  for  his  services  in 
this  campaign,  and  was  promoted  to  the  full  rank  of 
captain  in  June,  1851 ;  but,  having  been  transferred 
to  the  adjutant-general's  department  as  assistant 
adjutant-general,  with  the  rank  of  lieutenant-colo- 
nel, he  relinquished  his  rank  in  the  line.  In  March, 
1855,  he  was  appointed  major  of  the  10th  U.  S.  in- 
fantry, a  new  regiment,  with  which  he  was  engaged 
on  frontier  duty  in  western  Wisconsin  and  Minne- 
sota for  the  next  three  years,  and  in  1858  was  or- 
dered to  Fort  Bridger,  Utah,  where  his  command 
included  portions  of  the  2d  dragoons  and  7th  and 
10th  U.  S.  infantry.  He  held  this  post  until  1860, 
when  he  was  appointed  commander  of  the  expedi- 
tion against  the  Navajo  Indians,  and  was  in  com- 
mand of  Fort  Defiance,  New  Mexico,  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  civil  war.  At  that  critical  period, 
when  officers  from  the  border  states  were  daily 
sending  in  their  resignations,  Maj.  Canby  did  not 
leave  his  loyalty  in  doubt  for  a  moment,  and 
throughout  the  war  was  one  of  the  most  active  and 
conspicuous  defenders  of  the  union.  In  May,  1861, 
he  was  made  colonel  of  the  19th  regiment,  U.  S. 
infantry,  and  was  acting  brigadier-general  of  the 
forces  in  New  Mexico.  In  1862  he  repelled  the 
Confederate  Gen.  Sibley  in  his  daring  attempt  to 


518 


CANBY 


CANCER 


acquire  possession  ol'  that  territory,  and  had  the 
satisfaction  of  seeing  the  invader  retreat,  '•  leaving 
behind  him,"  as  he  observed  in  his  report,  "  in  dead 
and  wounded,  and  in  sick  and  prisoners,  one  half 
of  his  original  force."  He  was  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  brigadier-general  of  volunteers,  31  March, 
1862,  and,  after  transferring  the  command  of  the 
forces  in  New  Mexico,  he  went  to  Washington, 
where  he  rendered  valuable  assistance  to  Sec. 
Stanton  in  the  war  department.  He  took  com- 
mand of  the  U.  S.  troops  in  New  York  city  and 
harbor  during  the  draft  riots  of  July,  1863,  and,  by 
his  energetic  measures  and  resolute  bearing,  as- 
sisted materially  in  the  suppression  of  the  rioters. 
He  remained  there  until  Novemljer,  1863,  when  he 
resumed  his  place  at  the  war  department.  At  the 
opening  of  the  campaign  of  1864,  Gen.  Canby  re- 
ceived the  rank  of  major-general  of  volunteers, 
and  was  placed  in  command  of  the  military  divi- 
sion of  west  Mississippi,  a  place  that  he  held  until 
some  months  after  the  close  of  the  war.  His  first 
act  in  this  field  of  duty  was  to  take  charge  of  Gen. 
Banks's  retreating  forces  at  the  Atchafalaya  and 
conduct  them  safely  to  'New  Orleans,  where  for 
want  of  troops  he  remained  inactive  throughout 
the  summer  and  autumn  of  1864.  While  on  a  tour 
of  inspection  on  White  river.  Ark.,  4  Nov.,  1864, 
he  was  severely  wounded  by  confederate  guerillas ; 
but,  as  soon  as  he  was  sufficiently  re-enforced,  he 
proceeded,  with  an  army  of  from  25,000  to  30,000 
men,  against  Mobile,  which,  with  the  assistance  of 
the  fleet,  was  captured,  12  April,  1865.  On  learn- 
ing of  the  surrender  of  the  confederate  forces  in 
Virginia,  Gen.  Richard  Taylor,  who  commanded 
west  of  the  Mississippi,  surrendered  to  Gen.  Canby, 
and  hostilities  ceased.  On  13  March,  1865,  Gen. 
Canby  received  the  brevets  of  brigadier-  and  major- 
general  of  the  regular  army.  He  remained  in  com- 
mand of  southern  military  departments  until  1866, 
when  he  was  transferred  to  Washington,  and  re- 
ceived, 28  July,  1866,  the  full  rank  of  brigadier- 
general  in  the  regular  army.  After  the  surrender 
he  was  placed  in  command  of  the  different  districts 
having  Richmond  as  its  centre,  and  assumed  the 
responsibility  of  permitting  the  paroled  cavalry  of 
Lee's  army  to  reorganize  for  the  suppression  of 
"  bushwhacking,"  which  was  rife  in  the  neighbor- 
hood. The  measure  was  entirely  successful,  and 
no  bad  results  followed.  Subsequently  he  was  ap- 
pointed a  member  of  the  special  commission  for 
deciding  claims  on  the  war  department,  and  of  the 
board  to  prepare  plans  for  a  new  building  for  the 
same  department.  Afterward  he  was  placed  in 
command  of  the  department  of  Columbia,  and  was 
during  the  winter  of  1872-'3  actively  engaged  in 
bringing  the  Modocs  to  accept  the  terms  ofliered 
them  by  the  government.  He  was  specially  adapted 
for  this  duty.  He  had  never  shared  in  the  bitter 
hatred  of  the  Indians,  so  common  on  the  border, 
but  had  always  leaned  to  the  side  of  humanity  in 
his  dealings  with  them.  Only  four  days  before  his 
death  he  sent  a  despatch  to  Washington,  which, 
read  in  the  tragic  light  of  after-events,  shows  both 
his  generosity  to  his  slayers  and  his  sagacious 
doubts  of  them  :  "  I  do  not  question  the  right  or 
the  power  of  the  general  government  to  make  any 
arrangement  that  may  be  thought  proper ;  but  I 
think  they  should  make  such  as  to  secure  a  perma- 
nent peace,  together  with  liberal  and  just  treat- 
ment of  the  Indians.  In  my  judgment,  permanent 
peace  cannot  be  secured  if  they  are  allowed  to  re- 
main in  this  immediate  neighborhood.  The  Mo- 
docs are  now  sensible  that  they  cannot  live  in  peace 
on  Lost  river,  and  have  abandoned  their  claim  to 
it,  but  wish  to  be  left  in  the  lava-beds.    This  means 


license  to  plunder  and  a  stronghold  to  retreat  to, 
and  was  refused.  Their  last  proposition  is  to  come 
in  and  have  the  opportunity  of  looking  for  a  new 
home  not  far  away,  and  if  they  are  sincere  in  this 
the  trouble  will  soon  be  ended.  But  there  has 
been  so  much  vacillation  and  duplicity  in  their 
talks  that  I  have  hesitated  about  reporting  unlil 
some  definite  result  was  attained."  On  11  April, 
in  company  with  two  other  officers,  he  met  "  Capt. 
Jack,"  the  leader  of  the  Modocs,  on  neutral  ground 
to  confer  regarding  a  treaty  of  peace.  At  a  pre- 
concerted signal  the  Indians  killed  all  the  commis- 
sioners before  the  escort  could  come  to  the  rescue, 
and  escaped  to  their  stronghold  in  the  lava-beds. 
Subsequently  they  were  captured,  and  "  Capt. 
Jack,"  with  two  of  his  subordinates,  was  tried  and 
executed.  Gen.  Canby  was  a  remarkable  instance 
of  an  officer  of  high  rank  and  universal  popularity 
without  enemies  in  his  profession.  He  was  so  up- 
right that  he  was  very  rarely  criticised  by  his 
brother  officers,  save  by  those  who  gave  him  reason 
for  official  displeasure.  He  had  little  ambition  be- 
yond his  duty,  was  always  satisfied,  or  appeared  to 
be,  with  any  position  to  which  he  was  assigned, 
and  never  engaged  in  any  of  those  squabbles  or  in- 
trigues for  preferment  which  deface  the  record  of 
many  able  soldiers.  He  had  a  singular  power  of 
inspiring  implicit  confidence  among  those  who 
served  under  his  command.  His  assignment  to 
any  department  where,  through  incompetence  or 
lack  of  zeal  on  the  part  of  the  commander,  affairs 
had  drifted  into  confusion,  was  the  signal  for  the 
inauguration  of  order  and  discipline.  The  time- 
honored  but  often  misapplied  phrase,  "an  officer 
and  a  gentleman,"  admirably  describes  this  soldier 
of  the  republic.  He  was  tall  and  athletic,  in  man- 
ner courteous,  but  rather  reserved  and  silent,  the 
ideal  of  a  thoughtful,  studious  soldier. 

CANCER,  Luis,  missionary,  b.  in  Saragossa, 
Spain  (or  in  Barbastro,  Spain,  according  to  other 
autliorities);  d.  in  Florida  in  1549.  He  entered  the 
Dominican  order  in  Spain,  and  went  as  a  missionary 
to  America.  He  was  first  stationed  in  Vera  Paz, 
but  afterward  took  up  his  residence  in  the  city  of 
Mexico.  While  there  his  thoughts  were  directed 
to  the  conversion  of  the  natives  of  Florida,  and  he 
resolved  to  seek  assistance  in  Spain  for  this  object. 
He  sailed  in  1547  with  Las  Casas,  landed  at  Seville, 
and  at  once  repaired  to  the  court  at  Valladolid. 
The  king  ordered  the  board  of  trade  of  Seville  to 
supply  him  with  everything  necessary  for  his  mis- 
sion, and  he  also  obtained  a  royal  decree  command- 
ing that  all  the  natives  of  Florida  taken  by  De  Soto, 
and  held  as  slaves  in  Chiapa  and  Guatemala,  should 
be  released.  He  was  unable  to  enforce  this  decree, 
as  some  of  the  Florida  Indians  had  become  mixed 
with  the  Mexican  tribes,  and  those  he  discovered 
were  unwilling  to  return  to  Florida.  The  vessel 
that  was  to  take  Father  Cancer  and  his  companions 
to  Florida  stopped  at  Havana,  where  he  found  an 
Indian  Christian  woman  named  Magdalena,  who 
consented  to  accompany  the  expedition  as  inter- 
preter. The  ship  reached  the  coast  of  Florida  on 
Ascension  day,  1549,  and  a  boat  was  sent  out  to  re- 
connoitre. Father  Cancer  wished  to  land,  but  the 
captain  would  not  permit  him,  as  his  destination 
was  the  bay  of  Espiritu  Santo.  After  wasting  sev- 
eral days  in  search  of  it,  the  Dominicans  insisted  on 
landing.  The  sailors  refused  to  accompany  them 
unless  they  were  allowed  to  take  their  arms  with 
them ;  but,  as  this  was  contrary  to  the  custom  of 
the  missionaries,  Father  Cancer  debarked  with  two 
companions  and  Magdalena.  He  gained  the  good 
will  of  the  Indians  by  presents,  and  explained  his 
mission    through    the   interpreter.      The    natives 


CANDiA 


CANFIELD 


519 


pocmod  so  friendly  that  after  a  few  days  he  em- 
1  larked  for  another  part  of  the  coast,  leaving  his 
f(jnipanions  behind  him.  On  the  return  of  the 
vessel  to  the  same  part  of  the  coast,  a  canoe  put 
out  containing  a  single  Spaniard,  a  survivor  of  De 
Soto's  expedition,  vs'ho  assured  Father  Cancer  that 
his  companions  had  been  put  to  death.  The  mis- 
sionary refused  to  believe  this,  and,  notwithstand- 
ing the  entreaties  of  the  sailors,  got  into  a  boat 
and  rowed  to  the  shore.  An  Indian  met  him,  kiss- 
ing a  cross  that  he  handed  to  a  woman  whom  the 
missionary  discovered  to  be  Magdalena.  She  in- 
formed him  that  the  two  Spaniards  were  safe  in 
the  tent  of  the  cacique,  and  he  followed  her  up  a 
hill,  when  he  was  immediately  surrounded  by  In- 
dians, who  fell  on  him  and  killed  him.  His  scalp 
was  hung  up  in  the  temple  of  the  sun,  and  his  body 
eaten  by  the  natives.  Father  Cancer  was  one  of 
the  most  ardent  advocates  of  freedom  for  the  In- 
dians at  the  special  meeting  of  bishops  and  theo- 
logians held  in  Mexico  in  1546.  He  wrote  a  work 
in  the  Zapotec  language,  entitled  "  Varias  cancio- 
nes  en  verso  zapoteco  sobre  los  Misterios  de  la  Re- 
ligion paiji  uso  de  los  neofitos  de  la  Vera  Paz." 

CANDIA,  Pedro  de,  Greek  adventurer,  b.  in 
the  island  of  Crete  in  tlie  latter  part  of  the  14th 
century ;  d.  in  Chupas,  Peru,  16  Sept.,  1542.  He 
had  served  in  the  Spanish  royal  guard,  and  fought 
in  Italy  against  the  Turks,  and  afterwaixl  went  to 
America  with  Gov.  Pedro  de  los  Rios.  He  then 
accompanied  Diego  de  Almagro  and  Francisco  Pi- 
zarro  during  their  first  explorations  along  the 
coasts  of  Peru,  and  when  the  landing  at  Tacamez, 
north  of  Guayaquil,  was  effected,  he  already  had 
command  of  the  artillery.  He  was  one  of  the  thir- 
teen men  that  remained  in  the  islands  of  Gallo  and 
Gorgona  or  San  Cristobal  with  Pizarro,  and  during 
the  sidisequent  explorations  of  the  Peruvian  ports 
he  undertook  to  go  in  person  to  the  Indian  towns 
and  investigate  their  condition.  He  then  visited 
Tumbez  (afterward  called  Valencia),  and  returned 
to  the  fleet  with  a  map  of  that  city  drawn  on  can- 
vas. When  he  accompanied  Pizarro  to  Spain  to 
inform  Charles  V.  of  their  discoveries,  the  emperor 
made  Candia  a  nobleman,  mayor  of  Tumbez,  and 
commander-in-chief  of  artillery  of  the  fleet  sent 
out  to  conquer  Peru.  He  was  present  at  the  de- 
feat and  imprisonment  of  Atahualpa,  and  received 
a  large  share  of  the  ransom  paid  by  that  Inca. 
While  residing  at  Cnzco.  he  made  arms  and  ammu- 
nition for  Pizarro,  who  was  then  fighting  against 
Almagro.  After  the  defeat  of  Almagro  at  Las 
Salinas,  Candia  undertook  the  conquest  of  Ambaya 
beyond  the  Andes,  but  was  unsuccessful,  being 
finally  arrested  by  order  of  Hernando  Pizarro.  Dis- 
gusted at  his  treatment,  and  deserted  by  his  old 
friends,  he  then  Joined  the  followers  of  Almagro 
and,  with  the  aid  of  sixteen  other  Greeks,  cast  the 
guns  that  were  taken  by  young  Almagro  to  the 
Viattle  of  Chupas,  where  Candia  used  them  so  badly 
that  Almagro  suspected  treason  on  his  part  and 
killed  him  with  his  own  hand. 

CANDIDUS,  Willi.am,  opera-singer,  b.  in  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.,  23  July,  1840.  In  1861  he  sang  first 
bass  in  several  musical  societies  in  his  native  city. 
In  the  civil  war  he  served  three  years  in  the  na- 
tional artillery,  being  advanced  to  the  grade  of 
major.  During  his  military  service  his  voice  gradu- 
ally changed  from  first  bass  to  tenor.  After  his 
return  from  the  war  he  accepted  the  place  of  tone- 
regulator  in  the  piano-forte  factory  of  Steinway  & 
Sons,  in  New  York.  He  became  a  member  of  the 
Arion  and  Liederkranz  societies,  but  soon  went 
abroad  and  studied  for  the  operatic  stage  under 
Konapazeck,  of  Berlin,  making  his  debut  in  Weimar 


as  Stradella.  Subsequently  he  studied  under  Rou- 
chetti,  of  Milan,  and  in  1880  became  a  member  of 
the  opera  at  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  where  he  re- 
mained until  the  autumn  of  1885,  when  he  joined 
the  American  opera  company. 

CANEDO,  Juan  de  Dios  (cah-nya'-do),  Mexican 
statesman,  b.  in  Guadalajara,  18  Jan.,  1786;  d.  in 
the  city  of  Mexico,  28  March,  1850.  He  received  a 
good  education  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1809.  He  was  elected  a  deputy  to  the  Spanish 
Cortes  in  1813,  and  soon  became  prominent  as  a 
parliamentary  orator.  While  in  Madrid  he  pub- 
lished a  manifesto  to  the  Spanish  nation  in  defence 
of  the  colonial  interests,  which  was  eagerly  read 
both  in  Spain  and  her  American  possessions.  On 
his  return  to  Mexico  in  1824,  Canedo  took  part  in 
the  debate  relative  to  the  new  republican  constitu- 
tion. He  was  several  times  deputy  and  senator, 
minister  of  foreign  affairs  under  Victoria's  admin- 
istration, represented  his  country  as  plenipoten- 
tiary in  Brazil,  Peru,  and  Chili,  and  was  in  charge 
of  the  foreign  office  and  the  department  of  the  in- 
terior under  Bustamante.  Afterwai'd  he  went  to 
Europe,  where  he  resided  for  some  years,  and  had 
just  returned  to  Mexico  when  he  was  killed  by  an 
unknown  assassin. 

CANEK,  cacique  of  Itzalan,  Mexico ;  d.  about 
1532.  The  capital  of  his  kingdom  was  on  an 
island  at  the  centre  of  Lake  Itza  (Peten),  and  Avhen 
Cortes  visited  the  shores  of  that  lake  on  his  way  to 
Hibueras,  Canek  and  his  court  met  him  in  a  most 
friendly  manner,  and,  after  entertaining  him  for  a 
few  days,  became  a  Christian  and  a  subject  of  the 
king  of  Spain.  Afterward  he  made  many  efforts 
to  suppi'ess  idolatry  among  his  people,  but  did  not 
succeed.  On  his  departure  from  Peten  the  Spanish 
conqueror  had  left  a  sick  horse  under  the  care  of 
the  Indians,  who  did  their  best  to  cure  him ;  but 
the  horse  died  and  the  Itznex  raised  statues  to  him 
and  worshipped  them  as  the  representation  of  the 
god  of  lightning. 

CANEK,  Yucatec  prince  of  the  royal  family  of 
Manu,  founder  of  the  Itza  nation,  flourished  in 
the  early  part  of  the  15th  century.  He  was  one  of 
the  tributary  princes  that  declared  their  independ- 
ence of  the  old  Yucatec  or  Maya  monarchy  nearly 
100  years  before  the  conquest  of  Mexico  by  the 
Spaniards.  Canek  did  not  separate  from  the  old 
kingdom  for  political  reasons ;  he  fell  in  love  with 
the  betrothed  of  another  prince,  and,  being  unable 
to  prevent  her  marriage  by  any  other  means,  gath- 
ered some  of  his  followers,  attacked  the  wedding 
party  during  the  ceremony,  and  carried  away  the 
bride.  The  disappointed  bridegroom  led  a  numer- 
ous army  against  Canek,  who  took  refuge  in  the 
moimtainous  country  between  Chipas.  Yucatan, 
and  Guatamala,  and  there  founded  the  Itza  nation. 

CANETTA,  Andres  Hurtado  de  Mendoza 
(cah-nay'-tah).  Marquis  of,  Spanish  statesman,  d. 
in  Lima,  Peru,  in  1560.  Charles  V.  sent  him  to 
Peru  as  viceroy  in  1557.  Canetta  established  peace 
among  the  different  parties  that  were  contending 
in  the  kingdom  of  Peru,  and  tried  to  gain  the 
friendship  of  the  last  Incas.  He  sent  an  expedi- 
tion to  the  Amazon  river  under  command  of  Pedro 
de  Ursiia,  who  died  at  the  hands  of  his  subordi- 
nate officers.  Some  persons,  who  had  been  severely 
treated  by  Canetta.  sent  their  complaints  to  the 
king,  who  inmiediately  recalled  the  viceroy. 

CANFIELD,  Francesca  Anna,  poet.  b.  in 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  in  August,  1803;  d.  28  May, 
1823.  She  was  a  daughter  of  Dr.  Felix  Pascalis, 
an  Italian  physician.  Her  parents  removed  to  New 
York  while  she  was  a  child,  and  she  began  at  an 
early  age  to  write  verses.     Besides  many  original 


520 


CANFIELD 


CANONICUS 


poems,  both  in  English  and  Italian,  published  in 
various  journals,  she  made  graceful  translations 
from  foreign  tongues.  Many  of  her  verses  ap- 
peared in  a  commercial  gazette  established  by  her 
husband,  a  New  York  broker,  who  died  in  1833 
while  preparing  her  poems  for  publication. 

CANFIELD,  Henry  Judsoii,  author,  b.  in  Con- 
necticut in  1789  ;  d.  in  1856.  lie  was  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1806,  contributed  to  the  "  Ohio  Cultivator" 
and  the  "  American  Agriculturist,"  and  published 
a  "  Treatise  on  the  Breed,  Management,  Structure, 
and  Diseases  of  Sheep." 

CANNIFF,  William,  Canadian  physician,  b. 
near  Belleville,  Ontario,  in  1830.  He  was  educat- 
ed at  Victoi'ia  college,  Cobourg,  studied  medicine 
at  the  Toronto  school  of  medicine,  and  at  New 
York  university,  and  in  London,  England,  and 
took  the  degree  of  M.  R.  C.  S.  In  1856  he  jjassed 
the  army  medical  board,  and  was  on  duty  for  a 
time  during  the  Crimean  war  in  the  royal  artillery. 
Then  he  returned  to  Canada,  and  was  called  to  the 
chair  of  general  pathology  in  Victoria  college,  and 
/  afterward  became  pi'ofessor  of  surgery  in  the  same 
institution.  During  the  civil  war  in  the  United 
States  he  visited  the  hospitals  at  Washington,  and 
was  for  a  time  with  the  Army  of  the  Potomac. 
After  his  return  to  Canada  he  resumed  the  prac- 
tice of  his  profession  at  Belleville,  but  finally  re- 
moved to  Toronto.  Dr.  Canniflf  was  one  of  the 
originators  of  the  "  Canada  First "  movement,  has 
been  president  of  the  medical  section  of  the  Cana- 
dian institute,  was  invited  by  the  medical  faculty 
of  Paris  to  attend  the  International  medical  con- 
gress as  a  delegate  to  that  city  in  1867,  and,  with 
others,  formed  the  Canadian  medical  association  of 
Quebec  in  October,  1867.  He  has  written  for  medi- 
cal and  other  periodicals,  and  is  the  author  of  the 
"  Principles  of  Surgery  "  and  the  "  Settlement  of 
Upper  Canada." 

CANNON,  Cliarles  James,  author,  b.  in  New 
York  city,  4  Nov.,  1800 ;  d.  there,  9  Nov.,  1860.  He 
was  of  Irish  parentage,  and  wrote  poems,  dramas, 
and  novels.  Among  his  publications  are  "  Poems, 
Dramatic  and  Miscellaneous  "  (New  York,  1851) ; 
"  Ravellings  from  the  Web  of  Life"  (1856); 
"Dramas"  (1857);  "Facts,  Feelings,  and  Fan- 
cies," "  The  Poet's  Quest,"  "  Mora  Carraody,"  and 
"  Father  Felix,  a  Catholic  Story."  His  dramas  in- 
clude "  The  Oath  of  Office,"  "  Tighe  Lifford,"  "  The 
Crowning  Hour,"  "  The  Sculptor's  Daughter," 
"  Better  Late  than  Never,"  and  "  Dolores,  a  Trag- 
edy." Mr.  Cannon  also  compiled  a  "  Practical 
English  Spelling-Book"  (New  Y'ork,  1852)  and  a 
series  of  readers. 

CANNON,  James  Spencer,  clergyman,  b.  on 
the  island  of  Curagoa,  28  Jan.,  1776 ;  d.  in  New 
Brunswick,  N.  J.,  25  July,  1852.  His  father  was  a 
sea-captain,  who  was  drowned  when  James  was  a 
boy.  He  was  educated  at  the  academy  of  Dr.  Peter 
Wilson,  in  Hackensaek,  N.  J.,  and  subsequently 
under  the  care  of  Rev.  Alexander  Miller.  After 
studying  theology  with  Dr.  Froeligh  and  Prof. 
John  H.  Livingston,  he  was  licensed  to  preach  by 
the  New  Brunswick  classis  in  1796,  and  soon  after- 
ward became  pastor  of  the  Dutch  Reformed 
churches  of  Millstone,  and  Six-Mile  Run,  N.  J., 
finally  devoting  himself  entirely  to  the  latter 
church.  He  was  elected  professor  of  pastoral  the- 
ology and  ecclesiastical  history  in  the  Reformed 
Dutch  theological  seminary  at  New  Brunswick  in 
1826,  and  remained  there  until  his  death,  holding 
also  the  chair  of  ms^taphysics  at  Rutgers.  He  pub- 
lished, for  the  use  of  his  students,  "  Lectures  on 
Chronology  "  and  "  Lectures  on  Pastoral  Theology." 
The  latter,  with  a  memoir  of  the  author,  was  re- 


published after  his  death  (New  York,  1853).  Union 
college  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.  D.  in  1819.  Dr. 
Cannon  was  a  hard  student  and  a  successful 
teacher.  His  discussion  of  the  sacraments  was 
considered  especially  able. 

CANNON,  Newton,  governor  of  Tennessee,  b. 
in  Guilford  co.,  N.  C,  about  1781 ;  d.  in  Harpeth, 
Williamson  eo.,  Tenn.,  29  Sept.,  1842.  After  re- 
ceiving a  public-school  education  he  removed  to 
Tennessee,  and  was  a  member  of  the  legislature  in 
1811-'2.  He  was  colonel  of  the  Tennessee  mount- 
ed rifles,  composed  of  three-months'  volunteers, 
from  24  Sept.  till  18  Dec,  1813,  and  commanded 
the  left  column  in  the  battle  of  Tallushatchee, 
with  the  Creek  Indians,  3  Nov.,  1813.  He  was 
elected  to  congress  as  a  democrat  to  fill  the  vacancy 
caused  by  the  resignation  of  Felix  Grundy,  and 
served  from  1814  till  1817,  and  again  from  1819 
till  1823.  In  1819  he  was  appointed  by  President 
Monroe  one  of  two  commissioners  to  treat  with  the 
Chickasaw  Indians,  and  was  governor  of  Tennes- 
see from  1835  till  1839. 

CANNON,  William,  governor  of  Delaware,  b. 
in  Bridgeville,  Del.,  in  1809 ;  d.  in  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  1  March,  1865.  He  united  with  the  Methodist 
church  in  1825,  became  a  class-leader  and  exhorter 
before  he  had  reached  his  twentieth  year,  and  held 
these  offices  until  his  death.  He  was  elected  to  the 
legislature  in  1845  and  1849,  and  was  afterward 
treasurer  of  the  state.  In  1861  he  was  a  member 
of  the  peace  congress,  where  he  was  "the  firm 
friend  of  the  Crittenden  compromise,  and  of  an 
unbroken  union."  In  1864  he  was  elected  governor 
of  the  state,  which  office  he  held  initil  his  death. 
The  legislature  was  against  him  ;  but  he  remained 
true  to  the  union.  When,  on  one  occasion,  the 
legislature  forbade  compliance  with  a  law  of  con- 
gress, the  governor  promptly  announced,  by  proc- 
lamation, that  he  would  pardon  every  U.  S.  officer 
convicted  by  a  state  court  for  the  performance  of 
his  duty  to  the  union.  In  his  message  to  the  legis- 
lature in  1864  he  advised  that  body  to  take  meas- 
ures for  the  emancipation  of  slaves  in  Delaware. 
The  illness  that  caused  his  death  was  the  result  of 
over-exertion  in  assisting  to  extinguish  a  fire  in 
Bridgeville. 

CANONICUS,  an  Indian  chief,  b.  about  1565 ; 
d.  4  June,  1647.  He  was  king  of  the  Narragansett 
tribe  when  the  pilgrim  fathers  landed  at  Plymouth, 
and  one  of  the  first  with  whom  they  had  dealings. 
In  1622  he  was  inclined  to  wage  war  against  the 
colony,  which  was  a  serious  matter,  since  he  could 
muster  about  3,000  warriors.  As  an  intimation  of 
his  mood,  he  sent  to  the  governor  a  bundle  of  ar- 
i"0ws  tied  with  a  snake-skin.  By  a  happy  inspira- 
tion, the  skin  was  filled  with  powder  and  bullets 
and  returned.  Negotiations  followed  this  defiant 
answer,  and  peace  was  established  outlasting  the 
life  of  Canonicus.  When  Roger  Williams  and  his 
company  felt  constrained  to  withdraw  from  tlie 
colony  at  Massachusetts  bay,  they  sought  refug'^ 
at  Narragansett,  where  Canonicus  made  them  wel- 
come, and  actually  gave  them  the  neck  of  land 
where  Providence  now  stands.  Fifty  years  after- 
ward Williams  testified  to  his  uniform  friendliness 
and  generosity.  In  1637  an  embassy  sent  to  him 
from  Massachusetts  was  received  in  a  lodge  fifty 
feet  wide,  made  of  poles  and  covered  with  mats. 
Here,  seated  and  surrounded  by  his  savage  court- 
iers, Canonicus  received  the  messengers  in  royal 
state,  and  provided  a  feast,  among  the  items  of 
which  are  enumerated  boiled  chestnuts  and  boiled 
Indian  pudding  stuffed  with  "  black  berries,  some 
what  like  currants."  During  tliis  period  Canoni- 
cus engaged  in  warfare  with  the  Pequots  and  other 


CANOT 


CAPERS 


521 


neighboring  tribes,  but  studiously  maintained 
peace  with  the  whites,  and  at  last  (19  April,  1G44) 
he  made  a  formal  treaty  acknowledging  the  sov- 
ereignty of  Britain.  The  influence  of  his  wise 
counsels  lasted  for  many  years  after  his  death,  and 
the  Narragansett  tribe  maintained  peaceful  relations 
with  the  English  until  Philip's  war  in  1675,  when 
they  became  hostile,  and  were  exterminated. 

CiANOT,  Theodore,  adventurer,  b.  in  Florence, 
Italy,  about  1807.  He  was  the  son  of  a  captain 
and  paymaster  in  the  French  army.  After  an  or- 
dinary school  education  he  shipped  as  a  seaman  in 
the  American  ship  "  Galatea,"  of  Boston,  from  Leg- 
horn to  Calcutta.  He  made  several  voyages  from 
Boston,  was  wrecked  near  Ostend,  and  again  on 
the  coast  of  Cuba,  where  he  was  captured  by 
pirates.  One  of  these  claimed  to  be  his  uncle,  and 
sent  him  to  an  Italian  grocer  near  Havana,  who 
was  secretly  engaged  in  the  slave-trade.  At  Ha- 
vana he  shipped  on  a  slaver,  and  made  his  first 
voyage  to  Africa  in  1826,  landing  at  the  slave 
factory  of  Bangalang,  on  the  river  Pongo.  Senegam- 
bia.  After  quelling  a  mutiny  on  board,  and  aid- 
ing to  stow  away  108  slaves  in  a  hold  twenty-two 
inches  high,  he  entered  the  service  of  the  owner  of 
the  factory.  In  1827  a  friend  in  Havana  consigned 
to  him  a  slave  schooner,  which  he  loaded  with  217 
negroes,  receiving  $5,565  commission,  \vhile  the 
Cuban  owners  realized  a  clear  profit  of  $41,438. 
Canot  then  established  a  slave-station  at  Kambia, 
near  Bangalang.  He  became  a  favorite  with  the 
native  chiefs,  and  by  their  aid  soon  collected  a 
stock  of  slaves.  Another  vessel  was  sent  out  to 
him  from  Cuba ;  but,  the  captain  dying,  he  took 
command  and  sailed  for  Regla,  but  was  soon  cap- 
tured by  two  British  cruisers  after  a  severe  fight. 
He  made  his  escape  in  a  small  boat,  with  one  com- 
panion, and  reached  the  river  Pongo.  After  the 
destruction  of  his  factory  and  goods  by  fire  in  May, 
1828,  he  purchased  a  vessel  at  Sierra  Leone,  in 
which,  with  a  cargo  of  slaves,  he  sailed  to  Cuba. 
Three  more  expeditions  soon  followed ;  in  the  first 
he  lost  300  slaves  by  small-pox  ;  in  the  last  he  was 
taken  by  the  French,  and  condemned  to  ten  years' 
confinement  in  the  prison  of  Brest,  but  a  year  after 
he  was  pardoned  by  Louis  Philippe.  He  returned 
to  Africa,  and  was  the  pioneer  of  the  slave  traffic 
at  New  Sestros,  and  in  1840  shipped  749  slaves 
from  there  to  Cuba.  He  established  in  1841  a 
trading  and  farming  settlement,  under  the  name  of 
New  Florence,  at  Cape  Mount,  where  he  had  ob- 
tained a  grant  of  land ;  but  in  March,  1847,  New 
Florence  was  destroyed  by  the  British,  who  sus- 
pected it  to  be  a  slave-station,  and  Canot  removed 
to  South  America,  where  he  engaged  in  commerce. 
He  resided  for  some  time  in  Baltimore,  and  finally 
received  from  Napoleon  III.  an  office  in  one  of  the 
French  colonies  in  Oceania.  A  narrative  of  his 
adventures,  compiled  by  Brantz  Mayer  from  his 
own  notes,  and  entitled  "  Captain  Canot,  or  Twenty 
Years  of  an  African  Slaver,"  has  been  published 
(New  York,  1854). 

CAONABO  (cah-o-na'-bo),  one  of  the  principal 
caciques  who  ruled  at  Hispaniola  (now  Santo  Do- 
mingo) when  Columbus  discovered  and  took  pos- 
session of  that  island ;  d.  at  sea  in  1494.  He  was 
a  brother  of  the  famous  Indian  queen  Anacaona, 
and  determined  to  drive  out  the  invaders.  He  at- 
tacked a  small  fort,  that  of  La  Natividad,  erected 
by  Columbus  when  he  first  landed  on  the  island, 
overpowered  those  who  defended  it  under  the 
command  of  Diego  de  Arana,  and  slaughtered  the 
whole  garrison.  Soon  afterward  he  was  taken  pris- 
oner by  Alonso  de  Ojeda,  and  sent  to  Spain,  but 
died  during  the  voyage. 
VOL.  I. — 34 


CAPEN,  Elmer  Hewitt,  educator,  b.  in  Stough- 
ton,  Norfolk  co.,  Mass.,  5  April,  1838.  He  was 
graduated  at  Tufts  in  1860.  and  elected  to  the 
legislature  in  1859,  while  still  in  college.  After 
spending  a  year  in  the  Harvard  law-school  he  was 
admitted  to  the  Suffolk  co.  bar  in  1863.  practising 
for  a  short  time  in  Stoughton,  Mass.,  when  he  be- 
gan the  study  of  theology.  He  was  ordained  in 
Gloucester,  Mass.,  in  1865,  as  pastor  of  the  inde- 
pendent Christian  church,  and  remained  there  till 
1869.  After  preaching  a  year  in  St.  Paul,  Minn., 
he  became  in  1870  pastor  of  the  1st  Universalist 
church  of  Providence,  R.  I.  He  was  chosen  presi- 
dent of  Tufts  college  in  1875. 

CAPEN,  Nahuiu,  author,  b.  in  Canton,  Mass., 
1  April,  1804;  d.  in  Dorchester,  Mass.,  in  1886. 
At  the  age  of  twenty-one  he  entered  the  publish- 
ing business  in  Boston  as  a  member  of  the  firm  of 
Marsh,  Capen  &  Lyon.  From  1847  till  1851  he 
edited  the  '•  Massachusetts  State  Record."  He  was 
among  the  first  to  memorialize  congress  on  the 
subject  of  international  copyright,  and  a  letter  of 
his,  published  by  the  U.  S.  senate,  led  to  the  organ- 
ization of  the  Census  board  at  Washington.  From 
1857  till  1861  he  was  postmaster  of  Boston,  and 
established  the  custom  of  collecting  letters  from 
street-boxes.  He  wrote  many  articles  for  the  press, 
and  published  "  The  Republic  of  the  United  States," 
having  special  reference  to  the  Mexican  war  (New 
York,  1848),  and  "  Reminiscences  of  Spurzheim  and 
Combe  "  (1881).  For  many  years  he  had  been  en- 
gaged upon  a  "  History  of  Democracy,"  which  at 
the  time  of  his  death  was  nearly  completed. 

CAPERS,  William,  M.  E".  bishop,  b.  in  St. 
Thomas  parish,  S.  C,  26  Jan.,  1790  ;  d.  in  Ander- 
son, S.  C,  29  Jan.,  1855.  His  father,  who  was  of 
Huguenot  descent,  served  with  distinction  in  the 
revolutionary  army  as  a  captain  under  Gen.  Mar- 
ion. After  attending  Dr.  Roberts's  academy  in 
Statesburg,  Sumter  district,  from  1801  till  1805, 
young  Capers  entered  South  Carolina  college  as  a 
sophomore,  but  in  1808  he  left  college  and  began 
the  study  of  law  with  Judge  Richardson.  He 
joined  the  Methodist  church  in  August,  1808,  and 
soon  afterward,  through  the  influence  of  William 
Gassoway,  an  itinerant  preacher,  decided  to  accom- 
pany him  on  his  rounds.  His  scruples  against 
preaching  without  preparatory  study  were  over- 
come by  his  friend,  and  he  was  licensed  on  25 
Nov.,  1808.  After  filling  A'arious  appointments  he 
settled  on  a  farm  in  December,  1814,  but  continued 
to  preach  every  week,  and  in  1816  opened  a  school 
in  Georgetown,  S.  C.  He  returned  to  active  min- 
isterial duties  in  1818,  and  in  1819  was  stationed  at 
Savannah,  Ga.,  appointed  missionary  to  the  Creek 
Indians  in  1821,  travelled  extensively  among  them, 
and  superintended  the  mission  until  1825,  when 
he  removed  to  Charleston,  and  edited  there  the 
"  Wesleyan  Journal "  till  it  was  merged  in  the 
New  York  "Christian  Advocate"  in  1826.  He 
was  presiding  elder  of  the  Charleston  district  from 
1827  till  1831,  and  in  1828  visited  England  as  the 
representative  of  his  church  at  the  British  confer- 
ence. He  became  in  1829  superintendent  of  the 
missions  to  the  plantation  slaves,  and  in  November 
of  that  year  declined  the  chair  of  moral  philoso- 
phy in  Franklin  college,  Georgia.  He  subsequent- 
ly declined  the  presidency  of  three  different  south- 
ern colleges,  and  also,  in  1835.  the  chair  of  evidences 
of  Christianity  in  South  Carolina  college.  He 
was  chosen  by  the  general  conference  in  May, 
1836,  to  edit  a  new  paper  called  the  "  Southern 
Christian  Advocate,"  the  first  number  of  which 
was  issued  in  June,  1837.  He  was  secretary  of  the 
southern  missionary  district  from  1840  till  1844. 


522 


CAPERTON 


cArdenas 


In  the  New  York  conference  of  1844  he  made  a 
speech  of  much  power  and  tact,  supporting  the 
southern  view  of  the  slavery  question,  and,  in  the 
division  of  the  church  that  occurred  in  that  year, 
adhered  to  the  southern  branch,  which,  at  its  first 
general  conference  in  1846,  elected  liiin  a  bishop. 
He  was  consecrated  on  14  May,  1846,  and  from 
that  time  till  his  death  performed  eight  successive 
tours  of  visitation  through  the  southern  and  south- 
western states.  Dr.  Capers  was  a  graceful  preacher, 
and  sometimes  rose  to  eloquence.  His  house  was 
one  of  the  homes  of  Asbury  and  the  early  Method- 
ist preachers.  He  wrote  an  autobiography,  which 
was  published  after  his  death,  with  a  memoir  by 
Rev.  Dr.  Wightman  (Nashville,  Tenn.,  1858),  "  Cate- 
chisms for  Negro  Missions,"  and  "  Short  Sermons 
and  Tales  for  Children." 

CAPERTON,  Allen  Taylor,  senator,  b.  near 
Union,  Monroe  co.,  Va.  (now  West  Va.),  21  Nov., 
1810 ;  d.  in  Washington,  D.  C,  26  July,  1876.  Af- 
ter attending  school  in  Huntsville,  Ala.,  and  enter- 
ing the  University  of  Virginia,  he  went  to  Yale, 
where  he  was  graduated  in  1882,  and  studied  law 
at  Staunton,  Va.  He  was  a  director  of  the  James 
river  and  Kanawha  canal,  and  served  in  both 
houses  of  the  Virginia  legislature,  his  last  term  in 
the  senate  being  in  1859-60.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  constitutional  convention  of  1861,  and  opposed 
secession  until  the  beginning  of  hostilities.  He 
was  elected  to  the  Confederate  states  senate  in  1863, 
and  served  till  the  fall  of  the  Confederacy  in  the 
spring  of  1865.  He  was  chosen  to  represent  West 
Virginia  in  the  U.  S.  senate  for  the  full  tei-m  begin- 
ning 4  March,  1875,  and  was  a  member  of  the  com- 
mittees on  claims,  railroads,  and  the  revision  of  the 
laws.  After  the  close  of  the  war  Senator  Caperton 
took  an  active  part  in  bringing  the  coal,  timber, 
and  grazing  lands  of  West  Virginia  to  the  notice 
of  tlistant  capitalists. 

CAPILLANA  (cah-peel-yah'-na),  Peruvian  prin- 
cess, d.  in  1549.  While  Francisco  Pizarro  was 
effecting  the  conquest  of  Peru,  that  princess  fell 
in  love  with  the  conqueror,  became  his  mistress, 
and  gave  him  valuable  information  and  advice. 
Siie  was  converted  to  the  Catholic  faith  in  1541, 
and,  after  her  lover  had  been  assassinated,  lived  a 
secluded  life.  There  is  in  the  Dominican  convent 
of  Pimo  a  most  interesting  manuscript  that  was 
wi'itten  by  her,  in  which  are  described  many  of  the 
old  monuments  and  some  of  the  plants  of  Peru. 

CAPPA,  Carlo  Alberto,  band-master,  b.  in  Al- 
essandria, Sardinia,  9  Dec,  1834 ;  d.  in  New  York 
city,  6  Jan.,  1893.  He  attended  the  royal  academy 
at  Asti  (to  which  only  soldier's  sons  are  admitted), 
his  father  having  been  a  major  in  the  Sardinian 
army.  In  1849  he  enlisted  in  the  band  of  the  6th 
lancers,  and  six  years  later  in  the  U.  S.  navy,  ship- 
ping on  board  the  frigate  "Congress"  at  Genoa. 
He  arrived  in  New  York  22  Feb.,  1858.  In  1860 
he  entered  the  7th  regiment  band,  of  which  he  was 
the  leader  for  twelve  years,  playing  1st  trombone 
for  seven  years  during  that  period,  beginning  with 
1869,  in  Theodore  Thomas's  orchestra. 

CARADORI,  Anna,  singer,  b.  in  Perth,  Scot- 
land, in  1823.  She  was  of  Italian  parentage,  and 
made  her  dehut  in  her  native  city  in  "  Robert  le 
Diable."  She  appeared  in  Jliondon  as  Norma,  in 
September,  1853,  and  on  27  Dec,  1857,  sang  at  the 
Academy  of  Music,  New  York,  in  Handel's  "  Mes- 
siah." She  made  her  operatic  debut  in  New  York 
on  30  Dec,  as  Leonora  in  "  Fidelio,"  and  appeared 
in  Philadelphia  as  Norma,  on  28  Jan.,  1858. — Ma- 
dame Maria  Caradori-Allan,  b.  1800 ;  died  1865, 
a  famous  English  singer,  appeared  in  this  country 
in  concert  about  1830.     She  was  the  daughter  of 


Baron  Munck,  an  Alsatian  officer,  and  took  the 
name  of  Caradori  from  her  mother's  family.  She 
married  Mr.  Allan,  who  was  secretary  of  the  King's 
theatre,  London. 

CARBERY,  J.  J.,  Canadian  bishop,  b.  in  Mullin- 
gar,  Ireland,  in  1823 ;  d.  in  Cork,  Ireland,  19  Dec, 
1887.  He  entered  the  Dominican  order  in  1841,  and 
was  elected  provincial  of  Ireland  in  1876.  In  1880 
he  became  assistant  to  the  father-general  of  the  so- 
ciety. He  was  elected  bishop  of  Hamilton,  Ontario, 
in  1883,  and  took  possession  of  his  see  in  1884. 

CARDENAS,  Bernardino  de  (kar'-day-nas), 
Peruvian  bishop,  b.  in  Chuquisaca,  Peru,  early  in 
the  17th  century :  d.  in  Santa  Cruz  de  la  Sierra, 
Peru,  in  1668.  He  entered  the  order  of  St.  Francis 
when  quite  young,  and  soon  gained  distinction  for 
his  talent  as  a  preacher  and  success  as  a  missionary. 
He  was  made  bishop  of  Assumption  in  Paraguay 
in  1643.  He  resented  the  efforts  of  the  Jesuits  to 
keep  Spaniards,  as  well  as  other  Europeans,  out  of 
their  missions,  and  accused  them  of  plotting  to 
free  the  Indians  from  their  subjection  to  the  king 
of  Spain.  The  Jesuits  defended  themselves  and" 
succeeded  in  bringing  Cardenas  into  odium  with 
the  Spanish  authorities.  He  was  not  discouraged, 
however,  but  by  his  writings  excited  the  other 
South  American  bishops  against  the  Jesuits.  The 
court  of  Madrid,  to  which  both  parties  appealed, 
sent  out  commissioners,  who  had  much  difficulty 
in  arranging  matters.  The  details  of  the  quarrel 
may  be  read  in  Charlevoix's  "History  of  Para- 
guay." Cardenas  was  translated  to  the  bishopric 
of  Popayan,  but  excused  himself  on  account  of  his 
great  age.  However,  in  1666  he  consented,  from  a 
desire  of  peace,  to  accept  that  of  Santa  Cruz  de  la 
Sierra.  His  principal  works  are  "  Manuel  y  Rela- 
cion  de  las  Cosas  del  Peru  "  (Madrid,  1634) ;  "  Ilis- 
toria  Indiana  et  Indigenarum  "  ;  and  a  "  Memoi-ial 
presented  to  the  King  of  Spain  for  the  Defence  of 
D.  Bernardino  Cardenas  against  the  Jesuits."  A 
hundred  years  after  the  death  of  Cardenas  was 
published  his  "  Documentos  toeantes  a  la  Perse- 
cueion  que  los  Regulares  de  la  Compaiiia  de  Je- 
sus suscitaron  contra  Don  B.  de  Cardenas,  Ebispo 
del  Paraguay"  (Madrid,  1768). 

CARDENAS,  Juan  de,  physician,  b.  about  the 
middle  of  the  16th  century ;  d.  in  IMcxico.  He  was 
a  physician,  and  practised  in  IMexico.  He  wrote 
"  Problemas  y  Secretes  de  las  Indias  "  (1591)  and 
••'Del  Chocolate  Mexicano"  (1609). 

CARDENAS,  Luis  Ignacio  Penalver  y,  R.  C. 
archbishop,  b.  in  Havana,  Cuba,  3  April,  1749  ; 
d.  there,  17  July,  1810.  At  an  early  age  he  was 
placed  as  a  student  in  the  college  of  the  Jesuit 
Fathers  in  Havana,  afterward  studied  at  the  uni- 
versity of  St.  Jerome,  and  eventually  entered  the 
priesthood,  proving  himself  a  remarkable  man  both 
by  his  attainments  and  by  his  natural  gifts.  In 
1773  he  was  appointed  vicar-general  of  Santiago 
de  Cuba.  This  charge  embraced  Louisiana  and 
Florida,  and  he  personally  inspected  all  parts  of 
his  diocese.  When  the  diocese  of  Louisiana  and 
the  Floridas  was  formed,  in  1793,  Pefialver  was  se- 
lected as  its  bishop,  was  consecrated,  and  went  to 
New  Orleans  in  1794,  where  the  existing  cathedral 
had  just  been  completed.  Religion  was  at  a  very 
low  ebb,  and  immorality  and  infidelity  were  rife. 
Bishop  Cardenas  found  the  task  of  reformation 
well  nigh  hopeless,  but  labored  zealously  for  seven 
years,  when  he  was  promoted  to  the  see  of  Guate- 
mala, and  left  New  Orleans,  20  July,  1801.  On  the 
voyage  his  ship  narrowly  escaped  capture  by  a 
British  man-of-war.  In  1806  he  obtained  leave  to 
resign,  and,  returning  to  his  native  city,  devoted 
the  remainder  of  his  life  to  charitable  works. 


CARDEXAS  Y  KODRIGUEZ 


CAREW 


623 


CARDENAS  Y  RODRIGUEZ,  Jose  M.  de, 

b.  in  Matanzas  in  1812 ;  d.  in  Guauabasao,  14  Dec, 
1883.  He  came  to  New  York  in  1834  to  finish  his 
studies,  and  returned  to  Cuba  in  1837.  He  pub- 
lished "  Coleccion  de  Articulos,"  sketches  of  Cuban 
life  and  manners,  written  with  grace  and  humor 
(Havana,  1847).  Some  of  these  sketches  have  been 
translated  into  French,  and  published  in  the 
'•  Revue  des  deux  mondes."  Cardenas  wrote  also 
a  good  comedy,  •'  Un  tio  sordo,"  a  collection  of 
fables,  and  many  light  and  graci-fnl  poems.  Some 
of  his  fables  have  been  translatdl  into  English. 

CARDENAS  Y  RODRIGUEZ,  Nicolas  de, 
author,  b.  in  Havana  in  1814 ;  d.  in  1868.  He  pub- 
lished "  Ensayos  Poeticos  "  (New  York,  183G) ;  "  Es- 
cenas  de  la  Vida  en  Cuba  "  (Havana,  1841) ;  "  Las 
dos  Bodas,"  a  novel  (1844);  "Apuntes  para  la 
Historia  de  Nuevitas  "  ;  and  "  Diego  de  Velazquez," 
a  drama.  Cardenas  was  a  constant  contributor  to 
the  periodical  press. 

CARDINAL,  Joseph  Narcisse,  Canadian  revo- 
lutionist, b.  in  St.  Constant,  Canada,  in  1808 ;  d.  in 
Montreal,  20  Dec,  1838.  He  was  sent  to  the  College 
of  Montreal  in  1818,  and  continued  there  five  years. 
He  then  studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to  practice 
in  1829.  In  1834  he  threw  himself  into  the  electoral 
struggle  then  going  on  in  Canada,  and,  as  he  took 
the  side  of  his  compatriots,  he  was  elected  to  the 
legislature.  He  at  once  took  a  leading  part  and 
supported  vigorously  the  measures  of  Papineau. 
But  he  did  not  approve  of  the  insurrectionary  at- 
tempt of  1837.  He  was  exposed  to  so  much  perse- 
cution from  his  political  opponents  that  he  left 
Canada  in  December  of  that  year  and  settled  in 
Covington,  N.  Y.  While  here  he  made  preparations 
for  a  general  insurrection  with  other  Canadian  ex- 
iles, having  had  promises  of  support  from  a  large 
body  of  Americans.  In  1838,  at  the  head  of  200 
Canadians,  he  took  up  a  position  in  a  wood  a  mile 
from  the  Indian  village  of  Caughnawauga.  Car- 
dinal and  a  companion  named  Duquet  entered  the 
village,  but  were  attacked  by  the  Indians,  and  fled 
to  the  woods.  Meanwhile  the  200  Canadians  grew 
weary  of  waiting  for  them,  and  dispersed.  Some 
days  later  Cardinal  and  Duquet  were  captured  and 
surrendered  to  the  British  authorities.  They  were 
tried  for  high  treason,  and  on  28  Nov.,  with  Lepail- 
leur,  another  compatriot,  were  condemned  to  die,  a 
sentence  which  was  executed  on  the  two  former. 
The  last  named  was  transported  to  Australia. 

CARDOSO,  Jose  Joaquin  (car-tho'-so),  Mexi- 
can jurist,  b.  in  the  city  of  Puebla,  19  March.  1802  ; 
d.  in  Mexico,  6  Feb.,  1878.  He  began  his  studies 
in  Puebla,  continued  them  at  the  Colegio  de  San 
Ildefonso  of  Mexico,  and  was  graduated  as  a  law- 
yer in  1828.  Having  joined  the  advanced  faction 
of  the  liberal  party,  he  soon  became  noted  and  was 
one  of  President  Gomez  Farias's  advisers.  During 
Santa  Anna's  administration,  a  powerful  secret 
society  called  "  Los  Polkos  "  was  organized  by  the 
conservatives,  and  Cardoso  at  once  founded  an 
antagonistic  lodge,  "  La  Escocesa,"  with  a  selected 
membership.  When  the  war  with  the  L^nited 
States  began,  he  retired  from  public  life,  went  to 
Puebla,  and  devoted  himself  entirely  to  his  favor- 
ite study  of  botany.  He  made  several  scientific  ex- 
cursions to  Popocalapetl  and  Orizaba,  and  discov- 
ered, collected,  and  classified  many  plants.  From 
1851  till  1854  he  taught  Latin,  until  his  political 
friends  called  him  to  the  liberal  convention  pre- 
paring the  plan  of  Ayutla  in  1854 ;  and  in  1857 
they  elected  him  deputy  to  the  1st  congress.  Al- 
though he  was  a  faithful  friend  and  supporter  of 
President  Juarez,  and  had  great  influence  during 
his  administration,  he  declined   the   portfolio   of 


justice  offered  him  many  times,  and  also  several 
high  offices  that  were  offered  him  by  Maximilian. 
He  had  written  and  published  several  works,  when 
the  government  in  1868  gave  him  charge  of  the 
San  Agustin  library  (now  the  national  library), 
containing  thousands  of  books  collected  from  the 
Mexican  convents.  He  classified  the  books,  made 
the  catalogues,  and  completely  organized  the  libra- 
ry. Cardoso  also  took  great  interest  in  art  mat- 
ters, and  left  a  fine  collection  of  paintings  of  the 
old  masters.  The  most  important  of  his  works  are 
"  La  herbolaria  mejicana  "  ;  "  Virgilio  bajo  el  punto 
de  vista  de  la  estetica  "  ;  "  Comentarios  sobre  la 
vida  de  Voltaire";  "  Autobiografias  mejicanas  "  ; 
"  Propercio  y  Juvenal  "  ;  "  El  metodo  de  Hum- 
boldt "  ;  "  Linneo  el  Joven"  ;  "  Cual  fue  la  primera 
planta  medicinal  entre  los  antiguos";  "La  Flora 
entre  los  Aztecas  "  ;  and  "  Estudios  sobre  el  dere- 
cho  primitivo." 

CARDOZO,  Isaac  N.,  journalist,  b.  in  Savan- 
nah, Ga.,  17  June,  1786;  drowned  in  James  river, 
Va.,  26  Aug.,  1850.  His  family  moved,  about  1794, 
to  Charleston,  S.  C,  where  he  received  an  English 
education.  He  became  editor  of  the  "  Southern 
Patriot"  in  Charleston  in  1816,  and  its  sole  pro- 
prietor in  1823.  He  had  made  himself  familiar 
with  the  principles  of  trade  and  finance,  and  his 
paper  became  a  recognized  free-trade  organ.  When 
a  public  meeting  was  held  in  Charleston,  in  1822, 
to  present  a  memorial  to  congress  against  the  re- 
strictions on  trade  with  the  West  Indies,  Mr.  Car- 
dozo,  notwithstanding  his  free-trade  principles, 
opposed  the  memorial,  holding  that  the  restric- 
tions were  right  so  long  as  they  were  intended 
merely  to  force  Great  Britain  into  reciprocity.  He 
took  an  active  part  in  1823  in  the  establishment 
of  the  Charleston  chamber  of  commerce.  After 
the  tariff  act  of  1828  was  passed  by  congress,  he 
brought  the  matter  before  the  chamber,  and  was 
one  of  a  committee  that  drafted  a  memorial  to  con- 
gress that  was  afterward  unanimously  adopted  at 
a  public  meeting  in  Charleston.  Although  Mr. 
Cardozo  continued  to  oppose  the  tariff,  he  did  not 
support  the  nullification  movement.  He  sold  his 
paper  in  1845,  and  in  the  same  year  established  the 
"Evening  News,"  of  which  he  became  the  com- 
mercial editor.  He  was  a  contributor  to  the 
"  Southern  Quarterly  Review  "  and  other  periodi- 
cals, and  published  "  Notes  on  Political  Economy  " 
(Charleston,  1826). 

CAREW,  Sir  Benjamin  Hallowell,  British 
naval  officer,  b.  in  Boston,  Mass.,  in  1760 ;  d.  in 
Beddington  Park,  England,  2  Sept.,  1834.  He  was 
the  son  of  Benjamin  Hallowell,  customs  commis- 
sioner at  Boston.  Entering  the  navy  at  an  early 
age,  he  became  a  lieutenant  in  August,  1781,  cap- 
tain in  1798,  rear-admiral  in  1811,  vice-admiral  in 
1819,  K.  C.  B.  in  1819,  and  K.  G.  C.  in  1831.  He 
was  with  Rodney  in  the  engagement  with  DeGrasse ; 
commanded  a  ship  of  the  line  under  Hotham  in  the 
action  off  the  Hieres  islands ;  was  a  volunteer  on 
board  the  "  Victory,"  in  the  battle  of  Cape  St. 
Vincent;  and,  in  command  of  the  "Swiftsure," 
contributed  essentially  to  the  great  victory  of  the 
Nile.  After  the  battle,  Hallowell  had  a  coffin  made 
from  part  of  the  main-mast  of  "  L'Orient,"  and 
sent  it  to  Nelson,  that,  when  his  military  career  was 
done,  he  might  be  buried  in  one  of  his  trophies. 
Southey  says  the  offering  was  received  in  the  spirit 
in  which  it  was  sent,  and  Nelson  had  it  set  up  in 
his  cabin.  Hallowell  was  with  Hood  at  the  reduc- 
tion of  St.  Lucia  and  Tobago,  and  with  Nelson  in 
the  West  Indies.  He  succeeded  to  the  estates  of 
the  C^arews  in  1828.  See  Sabine's  "  Loyalists  of  the 
Revolution  "  (Boston,  1864). 


524 


CAREY 


CAREY 


CAREY,  Mathew,  publisher,  b.  in  Ireland,  28 
Jan.,  1760 ;  d.  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  16  Sept.,  1839. 
He  received  a  liberal  education,  and  when  he  was 
fifteen  years  old  his  father  gave  him  a  list  of 
twenty-five  trades  from  which  to  make  the  choice 
of  his  life-work.  He  selected  the  business  of 
printer  and  bookseller,  and  two  years  afterward 
brought  out  his  first  pamphlet,  a  treatise  on  duel- 
ling, followed  by  an  address  to  Irish  Catholics,  so 
inflammatory  that  young  Carey  was  obliged  to 
avoid  prosecution  by  flight  to  Paris.  During  his 
stay  there  he  became  acquainted  with  Benjamin 
Franklin,  then  representing  the  United  States  at 
the  court  of  Versailles,  who  gave  him  employment. 
Returning  to  Ireland  after  a  year's  stay,  he  estab- 
lished a  new  paper  called  the  "  Volunteer's  Jour- 
nal," which,  by  its  bold  and  able  opposition  to  the 
government,  became  a  power  in  politics,  and  event- 
ually brought  about  the  legislative  independence 
of  Ireland.  A  too  violent  attack  upon  parliament 
and  the  ministry  led  to  his  arraignment  before  the 
house  of  commons  for  libel  in  1784,  and  he  was 
imprisoned  until  the  dissolution  of  parliament. 
After  his  liberation  he  sailed  for  America,  reaching 
Philadelphia,  15  Nov.,  1784,  and  two  months  after- 
ward began  to  publish  "  The  Pennsylvania  Her- 
ald," the  first  newspaper  in  the  United  States  that 
furnished  accurate  reports  of  legislative  debates, 
Carey  acting  as  his  own  reporter.  He  fought  a 
duel  with  Col.  Oswald,  editor  of  a  rival  journal, 
and  received  a  wound  that  confined  him  to  his 
house  for  more  than  sixteen  months.  Soon  after 
this  he  began  the  publication  of  '•  The  American 
Museum,"  which  he  conducted  for  six  years.  In 
1791  he  married,  and  opened  a  small  bookselling 
shop.  During  the  yellow- fever  epidemic  two  years 
later  he  was  a  member  of  the  committee  of  health, 
and  tireless  in  his  efforts  for  the  relief  of  sufferers. 
The  residts  of  his  extensive  observation  were  col- 
lected and  published  in  his  "  History  of  the  Yel- 
low Fever  of  1793."  In  the  same  year  he  founded 
the  Hibernian  society.  In  1796  he  was  one  of  a 
few  citizens  who,  under  the  direction  of  Bishop 
White,  formed  the  first  American  Sunday-school 
society.  With  characteristic  vigor  he  engaged  in 
the  discussions  concerning  the  United  States  bank, 
writing  articles  for  newspapers  and  publishing 
pamphlets,  which  he  distributed  at  his  own  ex- 
pense. In  1814  appeared  his  "  Olive  Branch,  or 
Faults  on  Both  Sides,  Federal  and  Democratic." 
designed  to  harmonize  the  antagonistic  parties  of 
the  country  i)onding  the  war  with  Great  Britain. 
It  passi'(l  through  ten  editions,  and  is  still  a  rec- 
ognized authority  in  regard  to  the  political  history 
of  the  period.  In  1819  he  published  his  "  Vindi- 
eiae  Hibernica?,"  an  examination  and  refutation  of 
the  charges  against  his  countrymen  in  refei-eneo  to 
the  butcheries  alleged  to  have  been  committed  by 
them  in  the  rebellion  of  1641.  From  this  time  he 
devoted  himself  almost  exclusively  to  politico- 
commercial  pursuits,  publishing  in  1830  the  "  New 
Olive  Branch,"  in  which  he  endeavored  to  show 
how  harmonious  were  the  real  interests  of  the  va- 
rious classes  of  society,  and  in  1832  "Essays  on 
Political  Economy."  This  was  followed  by  a  series 
of  tracts  extending  to  more  than  3,000  pages.  The 
object  of  all  these  was  to  demonstrate  the  necessity 
of  the  protective  system  as  the  only  means  of  ad- 
vancing the  real  interests  of  all  classes  in  the  com- 
munity. He  was  active  in  the  promotion  of  all 
the  public  works  of  the  city  and  state,  and  advo- 
cated the  system  of  internal  improvements  that 
led  to  the  construction  of  the  Pennsylvania  canals. 
He  interested  himself  in  forwarding  education  and 
in  establishing  the  charitable  institutions  for  which 


Philadelphia  is  now  famous.  In  1833-"4  he  con- 
tributed his  autobiography  to  the  "  New  England 
Magazine." — His  son,  Henry  Charles,  political 
economist,  b.  in  Philadelphia,  15  Dec,  1793;  d. 
there,  13  Oct.,  1879.  He  was  educated  as  a  book- 
seller, entering  his  father's  store  at  the  age  of 
eight,  and  remaining  there,  pursuing  his  elemen- 
tary studies  in  literature  and  learning  the  busi- 
ness, till  1814,  when  he  became  a  partner.  This 
association  continued  till  his  father  retired  in 
1821.  He  then  became  the  leading  partner  in  the 
firm  of  Carey  &  Lea,  and  subsequently  in  that 
of  Carey,  Lea  &  Carey,  in  their  time  the  largest 
publishing-house  in  the  country.  In  1824  he  es- 
tablished the  system  of  trade  sales,  as  a  medium 
of  exchange  between  booksellers.  In  1835,  after 
a  successful  career,  he  withdrew  from  business, 
to  devote  him- 
self to  political 
economy.  He 
was  originally  a 
zealous  advocate 
of  free  -  trade, 
but  became  con- 
vinced that  real 
free -trade  with 
foreign  coun- 
tries was  impos- 
sible in  the  ex- 
isting state  of 
American  indus- 
try, and  that  a 
period  of  protec- 
tion must  pre- 
cede it.  In  this 
view,  free-trade 
is  the  ideal  to- 
ward which  we 
ought  to  tend, 
and     protection 

the  indispensable  means  of  reaching  it.  He  is 
recognized  as  the  founder  of  a  new  school  of 
political  economy,  opposed  to  the  rent  doctrine 
of  Ricardo  and  the  Malthusian  theory  of  popu- 
lation. The  leading  principles  of  his  system 
are,  briefly,  that  in  the  weakness  of  savage  iso- 
lation man  is  subject  to  nature,  and  that  his 
moral  and  social  progress  are  dependent  on  his 
subjecting  nature  to  himself ;  that  the  land, 
worthless  in  itself,  gains  all  its  value  from  hu- 
man labor ;  that  the  primitive  man,  without 
tools  and  without  science,  of  necessity  begins 
his  cultivation  upon  the  light,  salubrious,  and 
easy  soils  of  sandy  elevations,  and  gradually  ad- 
vances to  the  subjugation  of  more  fertile  and  dif- 
ficult regions ;  that  the  real  interests  of  classes  and 
individuals  are  essentially  harmonious ;  that  there 
is  in  the  normal  condition  of  things  a  constant 
tendency  to  increase  in  the  wages  of  labor,  and 
to  diminution  in  the  rate  of  profit  for  capital,  this 
last,  however,  being  balanced  by  an  increase  in  its 
aggregate  profits ;  that  the  well-ljeing  and  advance- 
ment of  society  correspond  to  the  existing  degrees 
of  association  and  of  liberty.  His  eminence  as  a 
writer  on  political  economy  was  fully  recognized 
the  world  over ;  and  while  his  views  have  not  b-^en 
generally  accepted,  they  have  exerted  a  marketl 
influence  on  modern  thought,  and  have  command- 
ed respectful  consideration  oven  from  his  most 
strenuous  opponents.  His  first  book  was  an  "  Es- 
say on  the  Rate  of  Wages,  with  an  Examina- 
tion of  the  Causes  of  the  Difference  of  the  Condi- 
tion of  the  Laboring  Population  throughout  the 
World  "  (Philadelphia,  1835).  This  work  was  re- 
produced and  expanded  iu  "  The  Principles  of  Po- 


t/(ls^Axy6'/ZU<^/ 


CARHART 


CARLETON 


525 


litical  Economy  "  (3  vols.,  1837-'40).  His  succeed- 
ing works  are  "  The  Credit  System  in  France, 
Great  Britain,  and  the  United  States"  (1838); 
"■  Answers  to  the  Questions,  What  constitutes  Cur- 
rency ?  What  are  the  Causes  of  its  Unsteadiness  f 
and  What  is  the  Remedy  ? "  a  jiamphlet  (1840) 
".The  Past,  the  Present,  and  the  Future  "  (1848) 
"  The  Harmony  of  Interests "  (New  York,  1852) 
"  The  Slave-Trade,  Domestic  and  Foreign :  Why 
it  Exists,  and  How  it  may  be  Extinguished"; 
"  Letters  on  International  Copyright "  (Philadel- 
phia, 1853  ;  new  ed.,  1868) ;  "  Letters  to  the  Presi- 
dent on  the  Foreign  and  Domestic  Policy  of  the 
Union,  and  its  Effects,  as  exhibited  in  the  Condi- 
tion of  the  People  and  the  States  "  (1858) ;  "  Prin- 
ciples of  Social  Science"  (3  vols.,  1858-'9);  "A 
Series  of  Letters  on  Political  Economy "  (I860 ; 
another  series,  1865) ;  "  The  Way  to  Outdo  Eng- 
land without  Fighting  her "  (1865) ;  "  Review  of 
the  Decade  1857-'67"  (1867);  "Review  of  Wells's 
Report"  (1868);  "Shall  we  have  Peace?"  (1869). 
For  several  years  he  also  contributed  the  leading 
papers  in  "  The  Plough,  Loom,  and  Anvil,"  a 
monthly  periodical  published  in  New  York,  some 
of  which  were  afterward  collected  in  his  "  Har- 
mony of  Interests."  He  wrote  also  frequently  for 
the  principal  newspapers  of  the  country,  on  sub- 
jects connected  with  his  special  study.  His  "  Mis- 
cellaneous Works  "  were  published  in  one  volume 
in  1869.  His  latest  book  is  "  The  Unity  of  Law  " 
(1872).  The  most  important  of  these  woi'ks  have 
been  translated  into  German.  French,  Italian, 
Russian,  and  Spanish  (the  "  Principles  of  Social 
Science "  into  German  by  Adler,  Berlin,  1863-'4 ; 
others  bv  Diiliring,  1865)." 

CARHART,  Henry  Smith,  physicist,  b.  in 
Coeyman's,  1^.  Y.,  27  March,  1844.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Wesleyan  university  in  1869,  and  since  has 
studied  variously  at  the  universities  of  Yale,  Har- 
vard, and  Berlin.  From  1869  to  1871  he  taught 
Latin  in  Claveraek  college,  and  in  1872  he  became 
instructor  of  civil  engineering  and  physics  in  the 
Northwestern  university,  Evanston,  111.  In  1873 
he  was  made  full  professor  of  physics,  and  from 
1876  till  1886  was  also  professor  of  chemistry.  He 
became  in  1886  professor  of  physics  at  the  Universi- 
ty of  Michigan.  During  1881-'2  he  studied  in  Eu- 
rope, and  was  a  member  of  the  International  jury 
of  award  at  the  electrical  exhibition,  Paris.  Prof. 
Carhart  has  contributed  to  the  "  Popular  Science 
Monthly,"  "  American  Journal  of  Science,"  and 
other  scientific  periodicals,  and  is  a  member  of  the 
American  association  for  the  advancement  of 
science,  and  of  the  American  electrical  society,  to 
whose  proceedings  he  has  frequently  contributed. 

CARHART,  Jeremiah,  inventor,  b.  in  Dutchess 
county,  N.  Y.,  in  September,  1813  ;  d.  in  New  York 
city,  i6  Aug.,  1868.  His  first  years  were  spent 
upon  a  farm,  and  he  received  no  extended  educa- 
tion ;  but  at  the  age  of  fifteen  years  he  learned  the 
trade  of  cabinet-making,  and,  being  a  natural  me- 
chanic, became  a  skilful  workman,  and  especially 
an  adept  in  the  use  of  the  lathe.  He  removed  to 
Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  and  made  several  inventions  be- 
tween the  years  1836  and  1846,  including  the  ex- 
haustion-bellows and  tubular  reed-board  that  are 
now  used  by  all  American  makers  of  reed-instru- 
ments. Mr.  Carhart  then  formed  a  partnership 
with  E.  P.  Needham,  and  began  to  manufacture 
melodeons  in  Bufi^alo.  The  firm  of  Carhart  and 
Needham  afterward  removed  to  New  York  city, 
and,  in  addition  to  making  melodeons  and  organs, 
manufactured  ingenious  machinery  for  making 
reeds  and  reed-boards  for  these  instruments,  the 
invention  of  Mr.  Carhart. 


CARHEIL,  Etieiine  de,  missionary,  b.  in 
France  in  the  first  half  of  the  17th  century ;  d.  in 
Quebec  in  1726.  He  arrived  in  Canada  in  1666, 
was  sent  to  Cayuga  in  1668,  and  founded  a  mission 
among  the  Hurons.  His  converts  among  the  sav- 
ages were  few,  although  he  mastered  their  lan- 
guage thoroughly,  and  was  regarded  by  them  as  a 
saint  and  a  man  of  genius.  He  wrote  a  vocabulary 
of  the  Cayuga  language  and  published  a  catechism 
in  several  of  the  kindred  dialects.  He  was  plun- 
dered and  expelled  by  the  Cayugas  in  1684,  and 
was  then  sent  to  the  Ottawa  tribes.  It  was  said 
that  he  spoke  the  Iroquois  language  better  than 
his  own,  and  there  was  scarcely  a  dmlect  in  North 
America  with  which  he  had  not  some  acquaintance. 
He  was  still  laboring  as  a  missionary  in  1721. 

CARLBERG,  GrOtthold,  musician,  b.  in  Berlin, 
Germany,  13  June,  1838 ;  d.  in  New  York,  27  April, 
1881.  In  1857  he  came  to  New  York  city  and  be- 
came the  musical  editor  of  the  "  Staats-Zeitung." 
In  1861  he  returned  to  Europe  and  served  eight 
months  in  the  Prussian  army,  when  he  was  honor- 
ably discharged  on  account  of  sickness.  In  1871 
he  returned  to  the  United  States,  having  been  en- 
gaged by  Prince  George  Galitzin  to  conduct  a  se- 
ries of  Russian  concerts.  During  the  season  of 
1878-'9  he  was  the  leader  of  a  number  of  symphony 
concerts  in  Chickering  hall.  New  York. 

CARLETON,  Sir  Guy,  Lord  Dorchester,  Brit- 
ish soldier,  b.  in  Strabane,  Ireland,  3  Sept.,  1724;  d. 
in  Maidenhead,  10  Nov.,  1808.  He  greatly  distin- 
guished himself  at  the  sieges  of  Louisburg,  Quebec, 
and  Belle  Isle,  and  was  wounded  at  the  siege  of 
Havana  in  1762.  In  1772  he  became  governor  of 
Quebec,  which  he  defended  against  the  American 
army  in  December,  1775.  He  commanded  the 
army  that  invaded  New  York  in  1776,  and  fought 
a  battle  against  Arnold  on  Lake  Champlain.  In 
1777,  on  the  nomination  of  Burgoyne  to  the  com- 
mand, he  threw  up  his  commission,  but  was  ap- 
pointed the  same  year  lieutenant-general,  and  in 
1781  appointed  commander-in-chief  in  place  of  Sir 
Henry  Clinton.  When  peace  was  concluded  in 
1783  he  returned  to  England  and  was  laisrd  to  the 
peerage. — His  brother,  Tliomas,  British  soldier,  b.  • 
in  1736;  d.  in  Ramsgate,  England,  2  Feb.,  1817. 
He  was  appointed  an  ensign  in  Wolfe's  regiment 
in  1755,  became  a  captain  in  1759,  was  brevetted 
major  in  1773,  appointed  quartermaster-general  of 
the  army  in  Canada  in  November,  1775,  lieutenant- 
colonel  of  the  19th  regiment  in  1776,  and  colonel 
of  the  29th  on  20  Nov.,  1782.  He  was  wounded  in 
the  naval  conflict  with  Arnold  on  Lake  Champlain 
in  1776.  When  New  Brunswick,  previously  a  county 
of  Nova  Scotia,  was  organized  as  a  separate  prov- 
ince in  1784.  he  was  appointed  lieutenant-governor 
of  the  new  colony,  and  at  the  same  time  governor 
and  commander-in-chief  of  Nova  Scotia  and  Cana- 
da, taking  the  oath  of  office  on  16  Aug.,  1784.  In 
1786  he  was  superseded  as  governor-general  of 
British  North  America,  but  retained  the  office  of 
lieutenant-governor  of  New  Brunswick  until  his 
death.  He  resided  in  the  colony  continuously  for 
nineteen  years,  and  then  went  to  England  with  the 
intention  of  returning  at  the  end  of  two  years,  but 
remained  there,  the  government  being  carried  on 
for  fourteen  years  by  eight  administrators.  He 
was  advanced  to  the  rank  of  major-general  in  the 
armv  in  1793,  lieutenant-general  in  1798,  and  gen- 
eral "in  1803. 

CARLETON,  Henry,  jurist,  b.  in  Virginia  in 
1785 ;  d.  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  28  March,  1863.  He 
was  originally  named  Henry  Carleton  Coxe.  He 
was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1806,  removed  to  Missis- 
sippi, and  finally  established  himself  in  New  Or- 


626 


CARLETON 


CARLIN 


Jeans  in  1814.  He  served  as  a  lieutenant  of  in- 
fantry under  Gen.  Jackson  in  the  campaign  that 
terminated  8  Jan.,  1815,  and  then  actively  engaged 
in  the  profession  of  law.  Soon  afterward,  in  con- 
nection with  Mr.  L.  Moreau,  he  began  the  transla- 
tion of  those  portions  of  "  Las  Siete  Partidas,"  a 
celebrated  Spanish  code  of  laws,  that  were  observed 
in  Louisiana.  He  became  U.  S.  district  attorney' 
for  the  eastern  district  of  Louisiana  in  1832,  and 
was  subsequently  appointed  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  the  same  state,  but  resigned  in  1839  on 
account  of  ill  health.  After  extended  travels  in  Eu- 
rope and  in  this  country  he  settled  in  Philadelphia, 
where  he  devoted  much  attention  to  biblical,  theo- 
logical, and  metaphysical  studies.  Notwithstand- 
ing his  early  life  in  the  south  and  the  exposure  of 
his  property  to  confiscation  by  the  confederates,  he 
adhered  steadfastly  to  the  Union  during  the  civil 
war.  He  published  "  Liberty  and  Necessity  "  (Phila- 
delphia, 1857),  and  read  an  "  Essay  on  the  Will  " 
before  the  American  philosophical  society  a  few 
days  before  his  death. 

CARLETON,  James  Henry,  soldier,  b.  in 
Maine  in  1814;  d.  in  San  Antonio,  Texas,  7  Jan., 
1873.  He  was  a  lieutenant  of  Maine  volunteers 
during  what  was  known  as  the  Aroostook  war,  rela- 
tive to  the  northeastern  boundary  of  the  United 
States,  and  in  February,  1839,  after  the  conclusion 
of  that  controversy,  was  commissioned  second  lieu- 
tenant of  the  1st  U.  S.  dragoons.  He  was  pro- 
moted to  first  lieutenant  on  17  March,  1845,  and 
was  assistant  commissary  of  subsistence  of  Kearny's 
expedition  to  the  Rocky  mountains  in  1846.  He 
served  on  Gen.  Wool's  staff  in  Mexico,  became 
captain  on  16  Feb.,  1847,  and  was  brevetted  major 
on  the  23d  of  that  month  for  gallantry  at  Buena 
Vista.  After  the  Mexican  war  he  was  engaged 
principally  on  exploring  expeditions  and  against 
hostile  Indians.  On  7  Sept.,  1861,  he  was  com- 
missioned major  of  the  6th  cavalry  and  ordered  to 
southern  California.  In  the  spring  of  1862  he 
raised  a  body  of  troops  known  as  the  "  California 
column,"  and  marched  with  them  across  the  Yuma 
and  Gila  deserts  to  Mesilla  on  the  Rio  Grande.  On 
28  April  he  was  commissioned  brigadier-general  of 
volunteers  and  ordered  to  relieve  Gen.  Canby  as 
commander  of  the  department  of  New  Mexico, 
where  he  remained  for  several  years,  taking  part 
in  several  engagements.  On  13  March,  1865,  he 
was  raised  by  brevet  through  all  ranks  up  to  briga- 
dier-general in  the  regular  army  for  his  services  in 
New  Mexico,  and  brevetted  major-general,  U.  S. 
army,  for  his  conduct  during  the  war.  On  31  July, 
1866,  he  was  commissioned  lieutenant-colonel  of 
the  4th  cavalry,  and  in  Jime,  1868,  promoted  to 
colonel  of  the  2d  cavalry  and  ordered  with  his  regi- 
ment soon  after  to  Texas.  Gen.  Carleton  pub- 
lished "  The  Battle  of  Buena  Vista,  with  the  Opera- 
tions of  the  Army  of  Occupation  for  one  Month  " 
(New  York,  1848),  and  occasionally  contributed  to 
military  periodicals. 

CARLETON,  Osgood,  mathematician,  b.  in 
1742 ;  d.  in  Litchfield,  N.  II.,  in  June,  1816.  He 
served  in  the  French  war,  and  was  an  officer  in  the 
revolutionary  army.  While  residing  in  Massachu- 
setts he  published  valuable  maps  of  that  state  and 
of  the  district  of  Maine.  He  also  published  the 
"  American  Navigator  "  (1801) ;  "  South  Amei'ican 
Pilot"  (1804);  a  "Map  of  the  United  States" 
(1806) ;  and  "  Practice  of  Arithmetic  "  (1810). 

CARLETON,  Will,  author,  b.  in  Hudson,  Lena- 
wee CO.,  Mich.,  21  Oct.,  1845.  He  was  graduated 
at  Hillsdale  in  1869.  In  1878,  and  again  in  1885, 
he  visited  Europe,  spending  most  of  the  time  in 
travel.     In  literature  he  is  best  known  by  his  bal- 


lads of  domestic  life,  nearly  all  of  which  have 
earned  a  wide  popularity.  Shortly  after  leaving 
college  he  began  to  lecture  before  societies  and  lyce- 
ums,  visiting  Great  Britain  and  Canada  for  this 
purpose,  l)osides  most  of  the  northern  and  western 
states.  His  ])ul)lished  books  are  "Poems"  (Chica- 
go, 1871);  "Farm  Ballads"  (New  York,  1873); 
"  Farm  Legends  "  (1875);  "Young  Folks'  Centen- 
nial Rhymes  "  (1876) ;  "  Farm  Festivals  "  (1881) ; 
and  "  City  Ballads  "  (1885). 

CARLILE,  John  Snyder,  senator,  b.  in  Win- 
chester. Va.,  16  Dec.  1817;  d.  in  Clarksburg,  W. 
Va.,  24  Oct.,  1878.  He  was  educated  by  his  mother 
until  he  was  fourteen  years  old,  when  he  became 
salesman  in  a  store,  and  at  the  age  of  seventeen 
went  into  business  on  his  own  account.  He  then 
studied  law,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1840,  and 
began  practice  in  Beverly,  Va.  He  was  a  state 
senator  from  1847  till  1851,  a  member  of  the  State 
constitutional  convention  of  1850,  and  in  1855 
elected  to  congress  as  a  unionist,  and  served  one 
term.  Mr.  Carlile  was  a  prominent  union  member 
of  the  Virginia  convention  of  1861,  and  did  all  in 
his  power  to  prevent  the  secession  of  his  state,  op- 
posing any  action  by  which  Virginia  should  place 
herself  in  an  attitude  of  hostility  to  the  general 
government.  After  the  passage  of  the  secession 
ordinance  he  was  a  leader  in  the  union  movement 
in  western  Virginia.  He  was  one  of  those  that 
issued  a  union  address  to  the  people  of  West  Vir- 
ginia on  22  May,  and  was  prominent  in  the  Wheel- 
ing convention  of  June,  1861.  He  was  averse, 
however,  to  the  formation  of  a  new  state,  prefer- 
ring that  congress  should  recognize  the  unionist 
government  at  Wheeling  as  the  true  state  govern- 
ment of  Virginia.  He  was  again  chosen  to  con- 
gress in  1861,  but  kept  his  seat  in  the  house  only 
from  4  July  till  13  July,  when  he  was  elected  U. 
S.  senator,  and  served  until  1865.  In  the  senate 
he  was  unifoj'mly  in  favor  of  a  strict  construction 
of  the  constitution,  opposing  all  measures  recog- 
nizing that  there  existed  a  rebellion  of  states  in- 
stead of  individuals,  and  denying  the  right  of  con- 
gress to  interfere  in  any  way  with  the  slaves. 

CARLIN,  Jolin,  artist,  b.  in  Philadelphia.  Pa., 
15  June,  1813  ;  d.  in  New  York  city,  23  April,  1891. 
After  graduation  at  the  Pennsylvania  institute  for 
the  deaf  and  dumb  in  1825,  he  studied  drawing 
and  portrait-painting  in  Philadelphia  in  1833-'4. 
In  1838  he  went  to  London,  studying  the  antique 
in  the  National  museum,  and  tlien  to  Paris,  where 
he  was  a  pupil  of  Delaroche.  He  returned  to  the 
United  States  in  1841,  and  for  many  years  made  a 
specialty  of  painting  miniatures  on  ivory.  After 
photography  became  popular  he  turned  his  atten- 
tion to  landscapes  and  genre  pictures.  He  became 
a  member  of  the  Artists'  fund  society  in  1859, 
and  sent  to  its  annual  exhibitions,  among  other 
pictures,  "  The  Flight  into  Egypt,"  "  Dolce  far 
Niente,"  and  "  Okt  Fort,  St.  Lawrence  River." 
Among  his  recent  contributions  to  its  exhibitions 
are  "  The  Village  Gossips  "  (1880) ;  "  The  Admirer 
of  Nature  "  and"  The  Twin  Grandchildren  "  (1881) ; 
"Old  and  Young"  (1882):  "Going  after  Marsh- 
mallows"  (1883);  "Solid  Comfort"  (1884);  and 
"The  Grandfather's  Story"  (1885).  Mr.  Carlin 
has  also  written  some  poetry.  Among  liis  contri- 
butions to  the  national  academy  exhibitions  are 
"  Playing  at  Dominoes  "  (1870) ;  "  A  View  of  Tren- 
ton Falls"  (1873);  "The  Toil-Gate"  (1875);  "Af- 
ter Work"  (1878);  and  "The  Orphaned  Grand- 
child" (1886). 

CARLIN,  Thomas,  governor  of  Illinois,  b.  in 
Kentucky  in  1791:  d.  4  Feb.,  1852.  He  was  a 
pioneer  to  Illinois  in  1813,  served  under  Gen.  How- 


CAHLIN 


CARLISLE 


527 


ard  in  that  and  the  following  year  diiring  the  war 
of  1812-'4,  and  several  times  volunteered  to  per- 
form most  perilous  undertakings  against  the  In- 
dians.    He  was  governor  of  the  state  in  1838-'42. 

CARLIN,  William  Passmore,  soldier,  b.  in 
Rich  Woods,  Greene  co..  111.,  24  Nov.,  1829.  He 
was  graduated  at  the  U.  S.  military  academy  in 
1850,  and,  after  serving  on  garrison  duty,  became 
first  lieutenant  in  the  Sth  infantry,  8  March,  1855, 
and  took  part  in  Gen.  Harney's  Sioux  expedition 
of  that  year.  He  commanded  a  company  in  Col. 
Sumner's  expedition  of  1857  against  the  Cheyennes, 
and  took  part  in  the  Utah  expedition  of  1858.  He 
was  in  California  from  1858  till  18G0,  and.  having 
been  promoted  to  captain,  2  March,  18G1,  served 
on  recruiting  duty.  On  15  Aug.,  1801,  he  became 
colonel  of  the  88th  Illinois  volunteers,  and  defeated 
Gen.  Jeff.  Thompson  at  Fredericktovvn,  Mo.,  21 
Oct.,  1861.  He  commanded  the  district  of  south- 
eastern Missouri  from  November,  1861,  till  March, 

1862,  led  a  brigade  under  Gen.  Steele  in  the  Arkan- 
sas expedition,  and  joined  Pope's  army  in  season 
to  aid  in  the  pursuit  of  Beauregard  from  Corinth. 
He  distinguished  himself  at  Perryville,  Ky.,  8  Oct., 

1863,  and  was  made  brigadier-general  of  volunteers 
29  Nov.  He  defeated  Wharton's  confederate  cav- 
alry in  the  skirmish  at  Knob  Gap,  near  Nolans- 
ville,  26  Dec,  1862,  and  his  brigade  bore  a  promi- 
nent part  in  the  battle  of  Stone  River,  31  Dec,  1862, 
as  is  shown  by  its  heavy  losses  in  that  conflict.  He 
was  in  the  Tullahoma  campaign,  the  battles  of 
Chickamauga,  Lookout  Mountain,  and  Missionary 
Ridge,  and  brevetted  lieutenant-colonel,  24  Nov., 
1868,  for  his  services  in  the  battle  of  Chattanooga. 
After  a  month's  leave  of  absence  he  became  major 
of  the  16th  U.  S.  infantry,  8  Feb.,  1864,  and  took 
part  in  the  invasion  of  Georgia,  being  in  the  ac- 
tions at  Buzzard's  Roost  and  Resaca,  the  pursuit 
of  the  enemy  with  almost  daily  fighting  during 
May  and  June,  1864,  and  the  siege  and  capture  of 
Atlanta.  He  commanded  a  division  in  the  assault 
on  the  intrenchments  at  Jonesboro',  1  Sept.,  1864, 
and  was  brevetted  colonel  in  the  regular  army  for 
his  services  on  that  day.  He  participated  in  the 
march  to  the  sea  and  through  the  Carolinas,  and 
on  13  March,  1865,  was  brevetted  brigadier-general 
for  services  at  Bentonville,  N.  C,  and  major-gen- 
eral for  services  during  the  war.  From  1867  till 
1868  he  was  assistant  commissioner  of  the  freed- 
men's  bureau  in  Tennessee.  He  was  made  lieu- 
tenant-colonel of  the  17th  infantry,  1  Jan.,  1872, 
commanded  at  various  posts,  and  became  colonel 
of  the  4th  infantry,  11  April,  1882.  Gen.  Carlin 
was  retired  from  the  army.  24  Nov.,  1893. 

CARLING,  John,  Canadian  statesman,  b.  in  the 
township  of  London,  Middlesex,  Ontario,  23  Jan., 
1828.  He  was  elected  as  a  conservative  for  the 
city  of  London,  18  Dec,  1857,  and  held  the  seat  for 
that  constituency,  in  the  Canada  house  of  assem- 
bly, continuously  from  his  first  election  until  the 
confederation,  when  he  was  re-elected,  in  August, 
1867,  for  the  Plouse  of  Commons,  and  held  the  seat 
until  1874.  He  was  also  returned  for  the  Ontario 
legislature  in  1867,  and  held  the  portfolio  of  agri- 
culture and  public  works  in  the  Sandfield-Mac- 
donald  government  from  July,  1867,  till  December, 
1871.  He  was  also  receiver-general  in  the  old  gov- 
ernment of  Canada  in  1872,  has  been  director  of 
several  railwav  companies,  and  held  other  offices. 

CARLISLE,  Frederick  Howard,  fifth  earl  of, 
British  statesman,  b.  28  May,  1748;  d.  in  Castle 
Howard,  England,  4  Sept.,  1825.  He  first  distin- 
guished himself  in  the  house  of  lords  by  advocating 
conciliatory  measures  toward  the  American  colo- 
nists, and  was  one  of  the  three  commissioners  sent 


to  America  by  George  III.,  in  1778,  to  endeavor  to 
restore  peace.  He  was  viceroy  of  Ireland  from 
1780  till  1782,  and  afterward  becam.e  lord  privy 
seal.  He  was  an  opponent  of  Pitt  in  1791  and 
1792,  but  supported  the  war  against  the  French 
in  the  latter  year.  He  opposed  the  enactm.ent  of 
the  corn  laws  in  1815.  Lord  Carlisle  was  the  imele 
and  guardian  of  Byron,  who  dedicated  to  him  his 
"  Hours  of  Idleness."  He  issued  several  pamphlets, 
and  numerous  tragedies  and  poems,  which  he  col- 
lected and  published  in  one  volume  (1801). 

CARLISLE,  John   trriflin,   statesman,   b.   in 
Campbell  (now  Kenton)  county,  Ky.,  5  Sept.,  1835. 
He  was  the  eldest  child  in  a  large  "family,  received 
a  common-school  education,  studied  law,  taught 
for  a  time  in  Covington  and  elsewhere,  and  was 
admitted  to  the   bar  of  Kentucky  in  1858.     He 
served  a  single  term  in  the  Kentucky  house  of  rep- 
resentatives, acquiring,  in  the  mean  time,  an  ex- 
tensive and  lucrative  law  practice.    During  the  civil 
war  he  was  opposed  to  secession.    In  1866  and  1869 
he  was  a  member  of  the  state  senate.     He  was  a 
delegate  to  the  Na- 
tional    democratic 
convention  held  in 
New  York  in  1868, 
was  lieutenant-gov- 
ernor of  Kentucky 
from  1871  till  1875, 
and  in  1876  was  a 
presidential  elector. 
The   same  year  he 
was  elected  to  con- 
gress,   taking     his 
seat  in  March,  1877, 
and   he  was   seven 
times      re  -  elected. 
He     soon    became 
prominent      as      a 
democratic    leader, 
was    appointed     a 
member  of  the  com- 
mittee of  ways  and 
means,  and  attracted  attention  by  an  able  speech 
on  revenue  reform.    This  and  the  revival  of  Amer- 
ican shipping  he  regarded  as  the  most  important 
questions  before  the  country.     On  the  organiza- 
tion of  congress  in  December,  1888,  he  was  elected 
speaker  of  the  house  of  representatives,  to  which 
office  he  was  re-elected  in  1885  and  1887.     He  was 
one  of  the  most  popular  men  in  his  state,  politi- 
cally, and  might  have  had  a  seat  in  the  U.  S.  sen- 
ate had  he  not  preferred  to  retain  the  leadership 
of  the  house.     His  service  as  speaker  was  note- 
worthy for  his  clear-headed  and  even  rulings,  none 
of  which  were  ever  reversed  by  the  house.    During 
the  46th  congress  his  internal  revenue  bill  made 
him  the  recognized  leader  of  his  party  on  the  ques- 
tion, and  in  all  succeeding  tariff  debates  he  led  his 
party  both  in  and  out  of  congress.    In  1890  he  was 
chosen  U.  S.  senator  to  succeed  James  Beck,  and 
he  served  till  he  was  appointed  secretary  of  the 
treasury  in  President  Cleveland's  cabinet  in  1898. 
He  shaped  the  financial  policy  of  Cleveland's  sec- 
ond administration  (see  Cleveland,  Grover),  and 
was  active  in  explaining  it  and  supporting  it  with 
vigor  and  ability.     After  the  close  of  the  adminis- 
tration Mr.  Carlisle  removed  to  New  York  city. 
His  reputation  will,  perhaps,  rest  principally  on  his 
clear  and  able  advocacy  of  revenue  reform  in  con- 
gress.    He 'said,  in  1882:  "I  do  not  hesitate  to  an- 
nounce my  adherence  to  that  creed  which  demands 
the  largest  liberty  in  trade,  that  doctrine  which 
opens  the  channels  of  cominerce  in  all  parts  of  the 
world  and  invites  the  producer  and  consumer  to 


628 


CARLISLE 


CARNAHAN 


meet  on  equal  terms  in  a  free  market  for  the  ex- 
change of  their  commodities,  for  I  sincerely  believe 
that  all  commercial  restrictions  are  in  the  end  in- 
jurious to  the  interests  of  the  people." 

CARLISLE,  Richard  Risley,  athlete,  b.  in 
Salem,  N.  J.,  in  1814;  d.  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  25 
May,  1874.  At  an  early  age  he  became  a  gymnast 
in  a  circus,  afterward  trained  his  two  sons  to  per- 
form with  him,  and  the  trio,  as  the  "  Risley  family," 
became  celebrated.  In  1845  they  went  abroad, 
performed  at  Diury  lane  theatre,  London,  and 
before  the  queen.  In  St.  Petersburg  he  won  six- 
teen prize  rifles  by  his  marksmanship,  and  excelled 
all  his  competitors  in  skating.  Returning  to  Lon- 
don, he  wagered  that  he  could  beat  any  one  else  in 
the  city  at  shooting,  wrestling,  jumping,  throwing 
the  hammer,  and  playing  billiards ;  and  he  made 
good  his  boast  on  the  following  day  in  everything 
except  billiard-playing,  in  which  he  was  defeated. 
Piqued  at  this,  he  took  with  him  to  London  the 
best  American  billiard-player,  wagered  .|30,000  on 
his  success,  and  lost.  He  then  bought  a  country- 
seat  near  Chester,  Pa.,  but  was  afterward  unsuccess- 
ful in  his  ventures,  and  finally  died  in  the  lunatic 
department  of  the  Blockley  almshouse.  In  1848  he 
brought  the  first  troupe  of  Japanese  acrobats  to 
this  country,  at  a  cost  of  $100,000. 

CARLL,  John  Franklin,  civil  engineer,  b.  in 
Bushwick  (now  Brooklyn),  N.  Y.,  7  May,  1828.  He 
received  his  education  at  Union  Hall  academy  in 
Flushing,  L.  I.,  and  in  1846  assisted  his  father  in 
farming.  Prom  1849  till  1853  he  was  associated 
with  his  brother-in-law,  E.  0.  Crowell,  in  the  edit- 
ing and  publication  of  the  Newark  daily  and  weekly 
"  Eagle."  These  interests  he  disposed  of  in  1853  and 
returned  to  Flushing,  where  for  the  ten  following 
years  he  practised  civil  engineering  and  surveying. 
In  October,  1864,  he  settled  in  Pleasantville,  and 
became  engaged  in  the  development  of  oil.  While 
so  occupied  he  devised  the  static  pressure  sand- 
pump,  removable  pump-chamber,  and  adjustable 
sleeve  for  piston-rods,  now  used  in  operating  oil- 
wells.  In  1874  he  became  attached  to  the  Geologi- 
cal survey  of  Pennsylvania,  and  afterward  was  as- 
sistant in  the  oil  and  gas  region.  The  reports  of 
the  survey— known  as  I  (1874),  I^  (1877),  I^  (1880), 
I*  (1883),  and  I^  in  the  annual  report  of  1885 — were 
prepared  by  him,  and  consist  of  geological  descrip- 
tions of  those  counties  containing  petroleum. 

CARLTON,  Thomas,  clergyman,  b.  in  London- 
derry, N.  H.,  26  July,  1808 ;  d.  in  Elizabeth,  N.  J., 
16  April,  1874.  He  entered  the  Genesee  conference 
of  the  M.  E.  chui'ch  in  1829,  and  was  connected 
with  that  conference  for  twenty-three  years,  preach- 
ing in  Rochester,  Buffalo,  and  other  places  in  west- 
ern New  York.  He  was  agent  of  the  Genesee 
Wesleyan  seminary  for  three  years,  and  presiding 
elder  of  important  districts  for  seven  years.  In 
1852  he  was  elected  by  the  general  conference 
senior  agent  of  the  Methodist  book  concern  in  New 
York,  which  post  he  retained  until  1872.  He  was 
also  for  the  same  period  treasurer  of  the  missionary 
society  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  church. 

CARMAN,  Captain,  seaman,  d.  at  sea  in  De- 
cember, 1645.  He  commanded  a  vessel  that  sailed 
from  New  Haven  in  December,  1642,  for  the  Ca- 
nary islands.  During  the  voyage  he  was  attacked 
by  a  Turkish  pirate,  and  a  severe  engagement  fol- 
lowed, in  which  the  American  vessel  was  boarded 
by  a  force  outnumbering  his  own  by  five  to  one ; 
yet  he  succeeded  in  driving  them  off,  and  escaped 
with  the  loss  of  a  single  man  and  several  wounded. 
In  November,  1645,  he  sailed  from  Boston  for  Mal- 
aga, and,  running  aground  off  the  coast  of  Spain, 
was,  with  many  others,  drowned. 


CARMAN,  Albert,  M.  E.  bishop,  b.  in  Matilda 
(now  Iroquois),  Ontario,  Canada,  27  June,  1833. 
He  was  graduated  at  Victoria  college,  Cobourg,  in 
1854,  was  head-master  of  the  Matilda  grammar- 
school  in  1854-'7,  professor  of  mathematics  in  Al- 
bert college,  Belleville,  Ontario,  in  1858,  and  presi- 
dent of  Albert  college  and  university  from  1858 
till  1874 ;  ordained  an  elder  of  the  M.  E.  church 
in  1864,  and  in  1874  elected  bishop  of  the  Method- 
ist Episcopal  church  of  Canada.  In  1883  he  was 
chosen  general  superintendent  of  the  M.  E.  church. 
The  church  school  at  Belleville  he  developed  from 
a  seminary  into  a  university,  and  he  was  also  the 
founder  of  Alma  college  for  ladies  at  St.  Thomas, 
and  instrumental  in  forming  the  union  of  the  four 
Methodist  churches  of  Canada. 

CARMAN,  Robert  Baldwin,  Canadian  jurist, 
b.  in  Iroquois,  county  of  Dundas,  Ontario,  23  Oct., 
1843.  He  was  graduated  at  Albert  college,  Belle- 
ville, in  1867.  Subsequently  he  studied  in  Law- 
rence scientific  school.  Harvard  university,  and  on 
his  return  to  Canada  was  for  four  years  professor 
of  chemistry  in  Albert  university.  Subsequently 
he  studied  law  and  was  admitted  as  a  barrister  in 
1873.  He  began  practice  in  Cornwall,  and  was  ap- 
pointed deputy  judge  of  Stormont,  Dundas,  and 
Glengarry  in  1879,  and  junior  judge  in  1883. 

CARMICHAEL,  William,  diplomatist,  b.  in 
Maryland ;  d.  in  February,  1795.  He  was  a  man 
of  fortune  who  resided  in  London  at  the  beginning 
of  the  revolution.  He  was  on  his  way  to  America 
in  July,  1776,  with  despatches  from  Arthur  Lee, 
but  was  detained  in  Paris  by  sickness,  and  assisted 
Mr.  Deane  in  his  correspondence  and  transaction 
of  business  for  more  than  a  year.  He  communi- 
cated to  the  king  of  Prussia,  at  Berlin,  intelligence 
concerning  American  commerce,  and  assisted  the 
commissioners  at  Paris.  After  his  return  to  Amer- 
ica in  1778  he  was  a  delegate  to  congress  from 
Maryland  in  1778-'80.  He  was  secretary  of  lega- 
tion during  Mr.  Jay's  mission  to  Spain,  and  when 
the  latter  left  Spain,  in  June,  1782,  he  remained  as 
charge  d'affaires.  In  March,  1792,  William  Short 
was  joined  with  him  in  a  commission  to  negotiate 
a  treaty  with  Spain  in  relation  to  the  navigation 
of  the  Mississippi  river ;  but  they  were  unable  to 
make  a  satisfactory  arrangement.  Carmichael  re- 
turned to  the  United  States  in  May,  1794.  His  let- 
ters were  published  in  Sjjarks's  "  Diplomatic  Cor- 
respondence." 

CAILMIENCKE,  John  Hermann,  artist,  b.  in 
Hamburg,  Germany,  in  1810 ;  d.  in  Brooklyn,  L.  I., 
15  June,  1867.  He  studied  art  in  Germany,  and 
came  to  the  United  States  in  1848,  settling  in 
Brooklyn.  He  was  industrious  in  the  pursuit  of 
his  art,  and  his  paintings  are  faithful  delineations 
of  the  forms  of  nature.  He  was  a  very  successful 
teacher,  a  member  of  the  Art  association,  and  one  of 
the  earliest  and  most  active  members  of  the  Brook- 
lyn academy  of  design,  and  of  the  Artists'  fund 
society  of  New  York. 

CARMONA,  Alonso  or  Alfonso  (car-mo'-nah), 
Spanish  soldier,  b.  in  Priego.  Spain,  flourished  in 
the  16th  century.  He  was  one  of  the  companions 
of  Hernando  de  Soto  during  his  expedition  to 
Florida,  and  wrote  a  description  of  the  discovery 
and  conquest  of  that  region,  under  the  title  of 
"  Peregrinaciones  a  la  Florida  y  principales  sucesos 
de  su  conquista."  His  manuscripts  were  useful  to 
the  Inca  Garcilaso  de  la  Vega  when  he  wrote  his 
"  Historia  de  la  Florida." 

CARNAHAN,  James,  educator,  b.  in  Cumber- 
land county,  Pa.,  15  Nov.,  1775 ;  d.  in  Newark, 
N.  J.,  2  March,  1859.  He  was  graduated  at  Prince- 
ton in  1800,  and  continued   there   until  1803  as 


CARNEGIE 


CARON 


629 


tutor.  After  studying  theology  under  Dr.  John  Mc- 
Millan, he  was  licensed  by  the  presbytery  of  New 
Brunswick  at  Baskingridge  in  April,  1804,  and 
preached  in  the  vicinity  of  Hackettstown,  Oxford, 
and  Knowlton,  N.  J.  In  January,  1805,  he  was  or- 
dained pastor  of  the  united  churches  of  Whitesboro 
and  Utica,  N.  Y.,  and  remained  there  until  1814, 
when  he  removed  to  Georgetown,  D.  C,  where  he 
taught  school  for  nine  years.  He  was  then  elected 
president  of  Princeton  college,  and,  after  being 
inaugurated  in  August,  1823,  remained  in  that 
capacity  until  June,  1854.  From  1854  until  his 
death  he  was  one  of  the  trustees  of  the  college,  and 
in  1843  elected  president  of  the  board  of  trustees 
of  the  Princeton  theological  seminary. 

CARNEtrlE,  Andrew,  manufacturer,  b.  in 
Dunfermline,  Scotland,  25  Nov.,  1835.  His  father 
was  a  weaver,  in  humble  circumstances,  whose  am- 
bition to  raise  himself  and  family,  joined  to  his 
ardent  republicanism,  led  to  his  coming  to  the 
United  States  in  1845.  The  family  settled  in 
Pittsburgh,  and  two  years  later  Andrew  began  his 
career  by  attending  a  small  stationary  engine.  Tliis 
work  was  unsatisfactory,  and  he  became  a  telegraph 
messenger  with  the  Atlantic  and  Ohio  company, 
and  subsequently  an  operator.  He  was  one  of  the 
first  to  read  telegraphic  signals  by  sound.  Later 
he  was  sent  to  the  Pittsburgh  office  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vania railroad,  as  clerk  to  the  superintendent  and 
manager  of  the  telegraph-lines.  While  in  this  po- 
sition he  met  Mr.  Woodruff,  inventor  of  the  sleep- 
ing-car. Mr.  Carnegie  immediately  recognized  the 
great  merit  of  the  invention,  and  readily  joined  in 
the  effort  to  have  it  adopted.  The  success  of  this 
venture  gave  him  the  nucleus  of  his  wealth.  He 
was  promoted  to  be  superintendent  of  the  Pitts- 
burgh division  of  the  Pennsylvania  railroad ;  and 
about  this  time  he  was  one  of  a  syndicate  who  pur- 
chased the  Storev  farm,  on  Od  creek,  wliich  cost 
$40,000,  and  yielded  in  one  year  over  $1,000,000  in 
cash  dividends.  Mr.  Carnegie  was  subsequently  as- 
sociated with  others  in  establishing  a  rolling-mill, 
and  from  this  has  grown  the  most  extensive  and 
complete  system  of  iron  and  steel  industries  ever 
controlled  by  an  individual,  embracing  the  Edgar 
Thomson  steel  works,  the  Pittsburgh  Bessemer 
steel  works,  the  Lucy  furnaces,  the  Union  iron 
mills,  the  Union  mill  "(Wilson,  Walker  &  Co.),  the 
Keystone  bridge  works,  the  Hartman  steel  works, 
the  Frick  coke  company,  and  the  Scotia  ore  mines. 
The  capacity  of  these  works  appi-oximates  2,000 
tons  of  pig-metal  a  day,  and  he  is  the  largest  manu- 
factvirer  of  pig-iron,  steel-rails,  and  coke  in  the 
world.  Besides  directing  these  great  iron  industries, 
he  long  owned  eighteen  English  newspapers,  which 
he  controlled  in  the  interests  of  radicalism.  He 
has  devoted  large  sums  of  money  to  benevolent  and 
educational  purposes.  In  1879  he  erected  commo- 
dious swimming-baths  for  the  use  of  the  people  of 
Dunfermline,  Scotland,  and  in  the  following  year 
gave  $40,000  for  the  establishment  there  of  a  free 
library,  which  has  since  received  other  large  dona- 
tions. In  1884  he  gave  $50,000  to  Bellevue  hos- 
pital medical  college  to  found  a  histological  labora- 
tory, now  called  the  Carnegie  laboratory;  in  1885, 
$500,000  to  Pittsburgh  for  a  public  library,  and  in 
1886,  $250,000  to  Allegheny  City  for  a  music  hall 
and  library,  and  $250,000  to  Edinburgh,  Scotland, 
for  a  free  library.  He  has  also  established  free 
libraries  at  Braddock,  Pa.,  and  at  other  places,  for 
the  benefit  of  his  employes.  Mr.  Carnegie  is  a 
frequent  contributor  to  periodicals  on  the  labor 
question  and  similar  topics,  and  has  published  in 
book-form  "An  American  Four-in-Hand  in  Brit- 
ain "  (New  York,  1883) ;  "  Round  the  World  "  (1884) ; 


and  "  Triumphant  Democracy  :  or.  Fifty  Years' 
March  of  the  Republic"  (1886),  the  last  being  a 
review  of  American  progress  under  popular  insti- 
tutions.— His  brother,  Thomas  M.,  b.  in  Dunferm- 
line, Scotland,  2  Oct.,  1843 ;  d.  in  Homewood,  Pa., 
19  Oct.,  1886,  was  associated  with  Andrew  in  his 
business  enterprises. 

CARNO€HAN,  John  Murray,  surgeon,  b.  in 
Savannah,  Ga.,  4  July,  1817;  d.  in  New  York  city, 
28  Oct.,  1887.  He  was  taken  to  Scotland  in  early 
boyhood,  and  was  graduated  at  the  University  of 
Edinburgh.  Returning  to  New  York,  he  entered 
the  office  of  Dr.  Valentine  Mott  as  a  student,  where 
it  became  apparent  that  he  was  destined  for  emi- 
nence in  his  profession.  A  second  visit  to  Europe 
was  undertaken,  and  he  attended  the  lectures  of 
the  leading  surgeons  at  the  great  hospitals  in  Lon- 
don, Paris,  and  Edinburgh.  In  1847  he  began 
practice  in  New  York  city,  and  in  a  short  time  his 
rare  delicacy  of  touch,  steadiness  of  nerve,  and 
his  boldness  as  an  operator,  gave  him  a  high  repu- 
tation. In  1852  a  case  of  exaggerated  nutrition 
(elephantiasis  arabrum)  was  presented  to  him,  and, 
all  milder  remedies  having  failed.  Dr.  Carnochan 
severed  and  tied  the  femoral  artery,  effecting  a 
cure  by  an  entirely  original  operation.  The  same 
year  he  successfully  removed  a  lower  jaw  entire 
with  both  condyles.  In  1854  he  exsected  the  whole 
ulna,  and  again  the  whole  radius  of  a  patient's 
forearm,  the  use  of  the  limb  being'  saved  in  both 
cases.  In  1856  he  performed  an  original  operation 
that  gave  him  a  world-wide  reputation.  A  case  of 
chronic  neuralgia  was  brought  to  him,  and,  after 
careful  study  of  its  features,  he  cut  down  and  re- 
moved the  entire  trunk  of  the  second  branch  of 
the  fifth  pair  of  cranial  nerves.  This  nerve  was 
cut  from  the  infraorbital  foramen  to  the  foramen 
rotundum  at  the  very  base  of  the  skull,  and  in- 
volved an  operation  through  the  malar  bone.  He 
several  times  performed  amputation  at  the  hip- 
joint,  once  during  the  battle  of  Spottsylvania  in 
1864.  For  many  years  he  served  as  professor  of 
surgery  at  the  New  York  medical  college,  as  sur- 
geon-in-chief to  the  State  immigrant  hospital,  and 
in  numerous  other  professional  places  involving 
great  responsibility.  He  published  numerous  tech- 
nical monographs,  a  "  Treatise  on  Congenital  Dis- 
locations "  (New  York,  1850),  and  "  Contributions 
to  Operative  Surgery,"  nine  parts  published  (New 
York,  1877-'86). 

CARO,  Miguel  Antonio,  Colombian  author,  b. 
in  Bogota,  Colombia,  10  Nov.,  1843.  While  very 
young  he  became  noted  for  his  knowledge  of  the 
Latin  classics.  He  contributed  to  periodicals,  and 
edited  several  works.  He  is  the  author  of  "  Poesi- 
as  "  (1866) ;  "  Estudios  sobre  el  utilitarismo  "  (1869) ; 
"  Gramatica  latina,"  in  collaboration  with  R.  J. 
Cuervo ;  "  Tratado  del  participio  "  ;  "  Horas  de 
amor,"  and  other  books.  But  his  reputation  is 
chiefly  due  to  his  translation  into  Spanish  verse  of 
Virgil's  complete  works  (3  vols.,  1873-'5).  He  is  a 
corresponding  member  of  the  Royal  Spanish  acad- 
emy, and  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Colombian 
academy ;  he  has  been  a  representative  and  senator 
in  the  Colombian  congress,  and  is  now  (1886)  na- 
tional librarian. — His  father,  Jose  Eusebio  Card, 
is  a  man  of  some  note  in  Colombian  literature. 

CARON,  Ren6  Edward,  Canadian  statesman, 
b.  in  the  parish  of  Ste.  Anne  Cote  de  Baupre, 
Lower  Canada,  in  1800;  d.  13  Dec,  1876.  He  re- 
ceived his  education  at  the  seminary  of  Quebec,  and 
at  the  College  of  St.  Pierre,  Riviere  du  Sud,  studied 
law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1826.  The  fol- 
lowing year  he  was  elected  mayor  of  Quebec,  re- 
taining that  office  until  1837.     In  1841  he  became 


530 


CARPENDER 


CARPENTER 


a  member  of  the  legislative  council  of  Lower  Cana- 
da, and  was  speaker  of  this  body  from  1843  till 
1847,  and  subsequently  from  1848  till  1853.  In 
1841  he  began  a  correspondence  with  Mr.  Draper, 
then  leading  the  government  of  Canada,  the  object 
being  to  bring  French  Canadians  into  the  cabinet. 
But  this  project  failed,  principally  through  the 
opposition  of  M.  Lafontaine,  who  was  then  re- 
garded as  the  real  chief  of  the  French  Canadians. 
In  1848  he  became  a  member  of  the  Lafontaine- 
Baldwin  administration,  and,  on  becoming  judge  of 
the  court  of  queen's  bench  in  1853,  he  abandoned 
political  life.  On  receiving  the  appointment  of 
commissioner  for  codifying  the  laws  of  Lower 
Canada  in  1857,  he  temporarily  vacated  his  office 
of  judge,  but  returned  to  his  judicial  duties  as  soon 
as  his  work  as  a  commissioner  was  completed.  In 
February,  1873,  having  been  appointed  lieutenant- 
governor  of  the  province  of  Quebec,  he  entered  on 
the  duties  of  that  office,  which  he  retained  until  his 
death.— His  son.  Sir  Adolphe  (Joseph  Puillippe 
Rene  Auolpue),  Canadian  statesman,  b.  in  Quebec 
in  1843.  He  was  educated  at  the  Quebec  seminary, 
and  at  Laval  and  McGill  colleges,  Montreal,  being 
graduated  B.  C.  L.  at  McGill  in  1865.  He  was 
called  to  the  bar  of  Lower  Canada  the  same  year, 
and  appointed  queen's  counsel  in  1879.  He  entered 
parliament  as  a  conservative  in  1873,  was  sworn  of 
the  privy  council,  entered  tlie  cabinet  of  Sir  John 
Macdonald  as  minister  of  militia,  9  Nov.,  1880,  and 
knighted  for  his  services  in  this  capacity  during 
the  northwest  rebellion  of  1885.  Sii'  Adolphe  is  a 
director  of  the  Stadacona  bank  of  Quebec,  of  the 
Anticosti  company,  and  of  the  Coldbrooke  rolling- 
mills  com  pan  V. 

CARPENDER,  Edward  William,  naval  offi- 
cer, b.  in  Brooklyn.  N.  Y.,  28  Jan.,  1797;  d.  in 
Shrewsbury,  N.  J.,  IG  May,  1877.  He  was  appointed 
midshipman  from  New  York  in  the  U.  S.  navy  on 
10  July,  1813,  and  in  1825  received  his  commission 
as  lieutenant.  He  served  in  the  Mediterranean 
squadron  in  1827,  on  the  sloop  "  Falmouth  "  in  the 
West  India  squadron  in  1829-'30,  at  the  rendezvous 
in  Boston  in  1833-'4,  and  on  the  frigate  "  Constitu- 
tion "  in  the  Pacific  squadron  in  1840.  He  received 
his  commission  as  commander  in  1841,  and  was 
stationed  at  the  Norfolk  navy-yard  in  1845,  and  at 
the  New  York  navy-yard  in  1852.  He  was  placed 
on  the  reserved  list  in  1855,  and  became  commodore 
in  18G2.  During  1864r-'5  he  was  prize  commissioner 
at  Key  West,  Florida,  subsequent  to  which  he  re- 
tired to  Shrewsbury,  N.  J.,  where  he  spent  the  last 
years  of  his  life. 

CARPENTER,  Benjamin,  patriot,  b.  in  Reho- 
both,  Mass.,  in  1726;  d.  in  Guilford,  Vt.,  29  March, 
1823.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  town  of 
Guilford  in  1770,  and  served  during  the  revolution- 
ary war  as  a  field  officer.  Later  he  was  a  member 
of  the  first  constitutional  convention  of  Vermont, 
and  also  a  member  of  the  council.  In  1778  he  was 
elected  lieutenant-governor  of  the  state,  and  after- 
ward became  one  of  the  council  of  censors. 

CARPENTER,  Charles  Ketclinm,  farmer,  b. 
in  Ilornellsville,  N.  Y.,  23  Jan.,  1820 ;  d.  in  Orion. 
Mich.,  19  Aug.,  1884.  He  settled  in  Michigan  in 
1837.  In  1858  he  was  elected  to  the  lower  branch 
of  the  legislature,  and  during  the  civil  war  he  was 
an  active  Union  man,  had  charge  of  the  funds  raised 
in  his  district,  and  contributed  to  the  expenses  of 
the  war.  In  1874  he  was  nominated  as  governor 
by  the  prohibition  party  in  Michigan,  and  in  1876 
was  again  nominated  for  the  same  office  on  the  fii'st 
greenback  ticket.  He  was  prominent  in  the  devel- 
opment of  raih'oad  and  insurance  interests  in  his 
portion  of  the  state.    Mr.  Carpenter  was  the  author 


of  a  series  of  articles  on  practical  farm  life  and  ex- 
perience, which  were  published  in  the  Detroit "  Free 
Press  "  over  the  signature  of  "  An  Oakland  County 
Farmer." — His  son,  Rolla  Clarton,  civil  engineer, 
b.  in  Orion,  Mich.,  26  June,  1852.  He  was  grad- 
uated   at    the    Michigan    agricultural    college   as 

B.  S.  in  1873,  and  at  the  University  of  Michigan  as 

C.  E.  in  1875.  After  a  short  experience  in  pro- 
fessional work,  he  accepted,  in  1875,  the  chair  of 
mathematics  and  civil  engineering  at  the  agricul- 
tural college.  Prof.  Carpenter  is  a  member  of  sev- 
eral scientific  societies,  and  in  1880  became  secre- 
tary of  the  Michigan  engineering  society,  whose 
annual  reports  he  has~  edited  for  several  years 
(1881-'3).  He  has  also  written  a  series  of  articles 
on  drainage  for  the  "  Drainage  Magazine  "  (1884-'6), 
and  has  contributed  papers  on  "  Tile-Making  "  to 
the  "  Michigan  Grange  Visitor  "  (1884).  He  has  in- 
vented a  successful  furnace  for  steam  boilers,  which 
produces  but  little  smoke,  and  yields  excellent  re- 
sults ;  a  level  for  drainage  purposes,  which  is  now 
extensively  used ;  and  has  designed  a  numl)er  of 
tools  for  iron- working.  —  Another  son,  Lonis 
George,  mathematician,  b.  in  Orion,  Mich.,  28 
March,  1861,  was  graduated  at  Michigan  agricul- 
tural college  in  1879,  and  since  has  followed  post- 
graduate courses  at  the  University  of  Michigan 
and  at  the  Johns  Hopkins  university,  receiving  the 
M.  S.  degree  in  1883  at  the  agricultural  college. 
In  1881  he  was  made  instructor  of  mathematics  at 
Michigan  agricultural  college.  Prof.  Carpenter  is 
a  member  of  the  British  and  of  the  American  asso- 
ciations for  the  advancement  of  science,  and  also 
of  the  Michigan  engineering  societv. 

CARPENTER,  Daniel,  police  'inspector,  b.  in 
New  York  city  about  1815 ;  d.  in  New  York  city, 
15  Nov.,  1866.  He  joined  the  municipal  police  of 
New  Y'ork  in  1847,  and  was  appointed  captain  and 
assigned  to  the  5th  ward,  which  soon  became  noted, 
under  his  management,  for  order  and  quiet.  His 
services  were  retained  on  the  organization  of  the 
Metropolitan  police  district  in  1857,  and  he  became 
deputy  superintendent.  Through  his  exertions  the 
force  was  rapidly  organized,  and  has  attained  a 
high  state  of  efficiency.  For  several  months  dur- 
ing 1859  he  was  acting  general  superintendent, 
subsequent  to  the  resignation  of  Frederick  A.  Tall- 
madge.  In  1860,  on  the  abolition  of  the  deputy 
superintendentship,  he  became  senior  inspector, 
and  continued  as  such  until  his  death.  During 
the  "draft  riots"  in  New  York  in  July,  1863,  Supt. 
John  A.  Kennedy  having  been  injured,  the  com- 
mand of  the  police  again  devolved  upon  Inspector 
Carpenter,  and  the  suppression  of  the  riots  was 
largely  due  to  the  energy  and  firmness  displayed 
by  him  at  that  time. 

CARPENTER,  Ellen  M.,  artist,  b.  in  Killinglv, 
Conn.,  28  Nov.,  1830.  She  was  educated  at  Milford 
high  school,  and  studied  art  with  Thomas  Edwards, 
an"  English  artist,  and  at  the  Lowell  institute  in 
Boston,  where  she  has  resided  principally  since 
1858.  In  1807,  1873,  and  1881  she  visited  Europe 
and  studied  under  Lefebre  and  Fleury  in  Paris, 
also  sketching  in  England  and  on  the  continent. 
At  present  (1886)  much  of  her  time  is  devoted  to 
teaching  art  in  Boston.  Among  her  works  are 
"  The  Yosemite  Valley  "  ;  "  Temples  of  Pa^stum  " 
(1871);  "Venice,  Grand  Canal"  (1874),  and  numer- 
ous portraits. 

CARPENTER,  Francis  Bicknell,  portrait- 
painter,  b.  in  Homer,  N.  Y.,  in  1830.  He  is  mostly 
self-taught,  his  only  instruction  in  art  having  been 
received  during  six  months  in  1844  in  the  studio 
of  Sanford  Thayer,  Syracuse.  After  painting  por- 
traits in  Homer,  he  removed  in  1851  to  New  York, 


CARPENTER 


CARPENTER 


531 


where  he  was  elected,  in  the  following  year,  an  as- 
sociate member  of  tlie  academy.  He  has  had  many 
distinguished  sitters,  among  them  being  Presidents 
Fillmore,  Lincoln,  Tyler,  and  Pierce,  William  H. 
Seward,  Ciharles  Sumner,  George  William  Curtis, 
James  Russell  Lowell,  Henry  Ward  Beecher, 
Schuyler  Colfax,  and  John  C.  Fremont.  In  1864 
he  painted  a  large  historical  picture  representing 
President  Lincoln  signing  the  proclamation  of  the 
emancipation  of  slaves  in  the  United  States.  1 
Jan.,  1863.  After  its  exhibition  in  the  principal 
northern  cities  in  1865,  it  was  purchased  by  Mrs. 
Elizabeth  Thompson  for  $25,000,  and  presented  to 
the  government ;  and  it  now  hangs  on  the  stair- 
ease  of  the  house  of  representatives  in  Washing- 
ton. Mr.  Carpenter  is  the  author  of  "  Six  Months 
in  the  White  House  with  Abraham  Lincoln  "  (New 
York,  1866). 

CARPENTER,  George  Washington,  b.  in 
Germanrown,  Pa.,  31  July,  1802:  d.  there.  7  June, 
1860.  He  was  a  successful  merchant  in  Philadel- 
phia, and  devoted  his  leisure  to  the  study  of  sci- 
ences. His  opinion  on  subjects  in  geology  was  of 
recognized  value.  Pie  accumulated  a  choice  collec- 
tion of  minerals,  and  showed  considerable  interest 
in  the  medical  sciences.  Mi*.  Carpenter  was  a  mem- 
ber of  numerous  scientific  societies  in  this  country 
and  Europe,  and  from  1826  till  his  death  was  treas- 
urer of  the  Academy  of  natural  sciences  in  Phila- 
delphia. His  principal  papers  are  "Experiments 
and  Remarks  on  Several  Species  and  Varieties  of 
Cinchona  Bark  "  (ISSo) ;  "  Observations  and  Ex- 
periments on  Opium  "  (1828) ;  "  Remarks  on  the 
Use  of  Piperine"(1828);  "On  the  Mineralogy  of 
Chester  Co.,  with  an  Account  of  some  Minerals  of 
Delaware,  Maryland,  and  other  Localities  "  (1828) ; 
"  Observations  on  the  Inefficiency  of  the  Cathartic 
Power  of  Rhubarbarine  "  (1828) ;  "  On  the  Muriate 
of  Soda  or  Common  Salt,  with  an  Account  of  the 
Salt  Springs  of  the  United  States  "  (1829) ;  "  Ob- 
servations and  Experiments  on  Peruvian  Barks  " 
(1829) ;  "  Observations  on  a  New  Variety  of  Peru- 
vian Bark  "  (1831) ;  "  The  Vesicating  Principle  of 
Cantharides  "  (1832) ;  and  "  Notice  of  New  Medical 
Preparations"  (1832),  most  of  which  appeared  in 
the  "  American  Joui'nal  of  Science  and  Arts." 

CARPENTER,  Matthew  Hale,  senator,  b.  in 
Moretown,  Vt.,  22  Dec,  1824 ;  d.  in  Washington, 
D.  C,  24  Feb.,  1881.  He  entered  the  U.  S.  military 
academy  in  1843,  and  two  years  later  he  returned 
lo  Vermont  and  studied  hiw  with  Paul  Dilling- 
ham (subsequently  governor),  whose  daughter  he 
married.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  he  tried  a  suit  in  a 
justice's  court  in  Moretown,  against  his  grand- 
father, and  gained  it.  He  received  a  gold  ring 
valued  at  five  dollars  as  his  first  fee.  In  Novem- 
ber, 1847,  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  of  Vermont, 
and,  attracted  by  the  splendor  of  Rufus  Choate's 
fame,  set  out  at  once  for  Boston,  to  enter  his  office. 
Early  in  1848  he  left  Boston  and  settled  in  Beloit, 
Wis.  He  soon  became  prominent,  and  first  at- 
tracted attention  by  a  land  suit  involving  several 
millions  of  dollars,  which  he  tried  against  James 
R.  Doolittle,  Daniel  Cady,  and  Abraham  Lincoln. 
His  appearance  in  the  quo-warranto  proceedings 
that  removed  William  A.  Barstow  from  the  guber- 
natorial chair  of  Wisconsin,  in  January,  1856,  added 
materially  to  his  reputation,  and  he  then  settled  in 
Milwaukee.  At  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war  he 
left  his  law  practice  and  espoused  the  cause  of  the 
Union  as  a  war  democrat,  making  recruiting  speech- 
es throughout  the  west.  He  was  also  appointed 
judge-advocate-general  of  Wisconsin.  In  March, 
1868,  by  invitation  of  Sec.  Stanton,  Carpenter 
rspresented,  with    Lyman  Trumbull,  the  govern- 


ment in  the  McCardle  case,  brought  to  try  the 
validity  of  the  reconstruction  act  of  7  March,  1867, 
for  the  government  of  the  states  lately  in  rebellion. 
This,  up  to  that  time,  was  the  most  important  case, 
not  excepting  that  of  Dred  Scott,  that  had  ever 
come  before  the  U.  S.  supreme  court.  Carpenter 
gained  it,  though  Jeremiah  S.  Black  was  on  the 
other  side ;  and,  when  he  completed  his  argument, 
Stanton  clasped  him  in  his  arms  and  exclaimed, 
"  Carpenter,  you  have  saved  us."  Later  he  was 
spoken  of  by  Judge  Black  as  "  the  finest  constitu- 
tional lawyer  in  the  United  States."  His  success 
in  this  case  led  to  an  appeal  to  the  republicans  in 
Wisconsin  by  Stanton  and  Grant,  advocating  his 
election  to  the  U.  S.  senate.  The  advice  was  taken, 
and  he  served  from  4  March,  1869,  till  3  March, 
1875,  during  which  time  he  was  a  member  of  the 
committees  on  judiciary,  patents,  and  revision  of 
laws,  also  becoming  president  pro  tern.  At  the 
end  of  his  term  he  received  the  caucus  nomination 
for  re-election,  but  was  defeated  in  the  legislature 
by  a  coalition  of  a  "  bolting "  minority  with  the 
democrats.  He  then  retired  to  his  law  practice, 
which  had  become  very  great.  Among  other  im- 
portant cases,  he  appeared  as  counsel  for  William 
W.  Belknap,  then  late  secretary  of  war,  who  was 
charged  by  the  house  of  representatives  with  "  high 
crimes  and  misdemeanors."  Belknap's  acquittal 
was  due  to  Carpenter's  masterly  management  and 
great  ability,  as  a  political  campaign  was  pending 
and  the  secretary's  sacrifice  was  demanded  to  ap- 
pease the  cry  of  corruption.  In  February,  1877, 
he  appeared  before  the  electoral  commission  as 
counsel  for  Samuel  J.  Tilden,  although  he  had  been 
partially  engaged  by  Zachariah  Chandler  to  repre- 
sent the  other  side,  and  would  have  dpne  so  had 
not  the  republican  managers  failed  to  coinplete 
their  arrangement  within  the  period  agreed  upon. 
In  1879  he  was  again  chosen  to  the  U.  S.  senate, 
and  served  from  4  March  until  his  death.  His 
greatest  speeches  in  the  senate  are  those  on  the 
French  arms  case ;  his  defence  of  President  Grant 
against  the  attack  of  Charles  Sumner ;  on  so-called 
loyal  claimants  in  the  south  ;  on  the  ku-klux  act ; 
on  Charles  Sumner's  second  civil-rights  bill ;  on 
Johnson's  amnesty  proclamation  ;  on  the  bill  to 
restore  Fitz  John  Porter;  on  the  iron-clad  oath; 
and  on  consular  courts.  For  logic,  that  on  Porter 
stands  foremost ;  while  for  eloquence  and  passion, 
that  on  Grant  against  Sumner  is  considered  the 
greatest.  Senator  Carpenter  opposed  the  fugitive 
slave-law,  and,  although  a  democi-at,  was  an  advo- 
cate of  emancipation  in  1861.  In  1864  he  declared 
that  the  slaves  must  be  enfranchised,  and  up  to  his 
death  insisted  that  they  must  be  protected  at  every 
cost.  As  early  as  1865  he  advocated  state  and  gov- 
ernment control  of  railway  and  semi-public  corpo- 
rations, and  he  had  the  satisfaction  of  seeing  all 
his  theories  in  that  direction  finally  affirmed  by 
the  highest  courts  and  recognized  as  settled  law. 
He  was  christened  Decatur  Merritt  Hammond,  but, 
his  initials  having  frequently  led  to  the  belief  that 
his  name  was  Matthew  Hale,  he  adopted  that  form 
about  1852.  See  the  "Life  of  i\ratthew  Hale  Car- 
penter," bv  Frank  A.  Flower  (Madison,  Wis.,  1883). 
CARPENTER,  Philip  Pearsall,  naturalist,  b. 
in  Bristol,  England;  4  Nov.,  1819:  d.  in  Montreal, 
Canada,  24  May,  1877.  He  was  the  youngest  son 
of  Dr.  Lant  Carpenter  and  brother  of  William  B- 
Carpenter  and  Mary  Carpenter.  His  education 
was  obtained  at  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  and 
in  due  time  he  took  his  B.  A.  degree  at  London 
university.  He  was  fitted  for  the  Unitarian  min- 
istry at  Manchester  new  college,  after  which  he 
held  appointments  on  Strand,  near  Manchester, 


532 


CARPENTER 


CARPIO 


and  later  in  Warrington.  Here  he  became  widely 
known  among  all  classes  by  his  great  philanthropy. 
Among  his  eiforts  to  give  employment  to  the  poor 
was  the  establishment  of  a  printing-office  from 
which  were  issued  in  rapid  succession  tracts  with 
startling  headings,  which  were  freely  distributed. 
He  early  attached  himself  to  the  study  of  conchol- 
ogy,  under  the  guidance  of  Dr.  J.  Gray,  of  the 
British  museum,  and  attained  great  proficiency  in 
that  branch  of  natural  history.  Later  he  made  a 
catalogue  of  the  Mazatlan  shells  for  the  British 
museum,  and  presented  to  that  institution  his  own 
magnificent  collection  of  shells,  consisting  of 
8,873  specimens  mounted  on  2,530  tablets,  all  de- 
termined and  many  of  them  described  by  him- 
self. In  1859  he  visited  the  United  States,  and 
while  there  was  occupied  in  arranging  and  de- 
termining collections  of  shells  belonging  to  the 
Smithsonian  and  other  institutions.  Tiie  Univer- 
sity of  New  York  conferred  on  him  at  that  time  the 
degree  of  Ph.  D.  in  recognition  of  his  work.  On 
his  return  to  P^ngland  he  resumed  his  ministerial 
duties  in  Warrington,  but  in  1805  moved  to  Mon- 
treal, Canada,  which  thenceforth  was  his  home. 
For  a  period  he  devoted  himself  entirely  to 
scientific  work ;  but,  in  consequence  of  the  fail- 
ure of  an  English  bank,  he  was  compelled  to  teach. 
He  presented  McGill  university  with  his  general 
collection  of  shells,  stipulating  that  it  should  be 
preserved  as  a  special  gift.  As  an  authority  on 
conchology  and  tlie  classification  of  moUusca,  he 
was  among  the  foremost  in  America.  Besides  his 
elaborate  report  on  the  "  Mollusca  of  the  West 
Coast  of  North  America,"  prepared  for  the  British 
association  for  the  advancement  of  science,  he  pub- 
lished, under  the  auspices  of  the  Smithsonian 
institution,  "  Check-List  of  the  Shells  of  North 
America"  (1860);  "Lectures  on  the  Shells  of  the 
Gulf  of  California  "  (1860) ;  "  Lectures  on  Mollusca, 
or  Shellfish  and  their  Allies"  (1861);  and  "The 
Mollusks  of  Western  North  America"  (1872). 

CARPENTER,  Stephen  Cutter,  author,  b.  in 
England ;  d.  about  1820.  He  was  a  journalist  of 
ability,  who  was  engaged  as  reporter  of  the  parlia- 
mentary proceedings  during  the  trial  of  Hastings, 
and  from  his  personal  knowledge  doubtless  was 
enabled  to  make  the  great  speeches  of  Sheridan 
on  the  Begum  charge,  as  found  in  the  "  Select 
Speeches"  of  Dr.  Nathaniel  Chapman.  In  1803 
he  came  to  the  United  States  and  settled  in  Charles- 
ton, S.  C,  where,  in  1805,  he  established  and  pub- 
lished, with  John  Bristed,  the  "  Monthly  Register, 
Magazine,  and  Review  of  the  United  States." 
Later  he  edited  the  "  Mirror  of  Taste,  and  Dra- 
matic Censor,"  four  volumes  of  which  were  pub- 
lished in  Philadelphia  during  1810-'l.  It  contained 
some  very  clever  sketches  of  American  actors, 
which  were  among  the  earliest  productions  of  the 
artist  Charles  Robert  Leslie.  He  was  the  author 
of  "Memoirs  of  Jefferson,  containing  a  Concise 
History  of  the  United  States  from  the  Acknowl- 
edgment of  their  Independence,  with  a  View  of 
the  Rise  and  Progress  of  French  Influence  and 
French  Principles  in  that  Country  "  (2  vols.,  New 
York,  1809),  and  "  Select  American  Speeches,  Fo- 
rensic and  Parliamentary,  with  Prefatory  Re- 
marks ;  a  Sequel  to  Dr.  Chapman's  Select  Speech- 
es" (Philadelphia,  1815).  Under  the  pen-name  of 
Donald  Campbell,  he  wrote  "  Overland  Journev  to 
India  "  (London,  1795  ;  2d  ed..  New  York,  1809-10) 
and  "  Letter  on  the  Present  Times  "  (1798). 

CARPENTER,  Stephen  Haskins,  educator,  b. 
in  Little  Falls,  N.  Y.,  7  Aug..  1831 ;  d.  in  Geneva, 
N.  Y.,  7  Dec,  1878.  He  was  graduated  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Rochester  in  1852.     Settling  in  Madison, 


Wis.,  he  was  for  several  years  tutor  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Wisconsin,  and  then  became  city  clerk  of 
Madison.  From  1858  till  1860  he  was  assistant 
superintendent  of  public  instruction  for  Wiscon- 
sin, and  inaugurated  the  system  that  is  still  in 
use  there.  In  1860  he  was  called  to  the  chair  of 
ancient  languages  in  St.  Paul's  college.  Palmyra, 
Mo.,  where  he  remained  until  the  beginning  of  the 
civil  war  caused  the  institution  to  close  its  doors. 
Returning  to  Wisconsin,  he  taught  a  select  school 
for  a  short  time,  and,  failing  to  find  more  conge- 
nial employment,  supported  himself  by  working  at 
the  printer's  trade,  but  devoted  his  spare  hours  to 
literary  work.  From  1864  till  1868  he  was  again 
city  clerk,  after  which  he  became  professor  of 
rhetoric  and  English  literature  in  the  University 
of  Wisconsin :  later  the  title  of  the  chair  became 
logic  and  English  literature.  In  1875  he  was 
chosen  president  of  the  University  of  Kansas,  an 
honor  which  he  declined,  and  in  18V1  came  within 
one  vote  of  being  elected  president  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Wisconsin.  Prof.  Carpenter  was  a  close 
and  indefatigable  student  and  a  diligent  writer. 
He  contributed  very  largely  to  the  religious  and 
educational  press  of  the  country,  and  published 
valuable  lectures  and  educational  addresses.  Among 
these  are  "  Moral  Forces  in  Education " ;  twelve 
lectures  on  the  "  Evidences  of  Christianity " ; 
"  The  Metaphysical  Basis  of  Science  " ;  and  "  The 
Philosophy  of  Evolution."  He  was  also  the  au- 
thor of  "  English  of  the  Fourteenth  Century  " 
(Boston,  1872) ;  "  An  Introdi^tion  to  the  Study  of 
Anglo-Saxon  "  (1875) ;  and  "  The  Elements  of  Eng- 
lish Analvsis  "  (1877). 

CARPENTER,  William  Lewis,  soldier,  b.  in 
Dunkirk.  N,  Y.,  13  Jan.,  1844.  He  received  a  pub- 
lic-school education  in  his  native  city,  and  in  1864 
enlisted  as  a  private  in  the  artillery  of  the  Army  of 
the  Potomac.  In  1867  he  was  promoted  to  a 
second  lieutenancy  in  the  9th  infantry,  U.  S.  army, 
and  in  1873  to  the  rank  of  first  lieutenant.  His 
attention  was  directed  to  natural  history,  and  he 
became  in  1873  naturalist  to  the  U.  S.  geological 
survey,  and  two  years  later  was  called  to  a  similar 
office  on  the  geographical  survey.  In  connection 
with  this  work  he  furnished  valuable  reports,  which 
were  published  by  the  government  in  the  annual 
reports  of  the  surveys  during  the  years  mentioned. 
In  1877  he  was  elected  a  fellow  of  the  American 
association  for  the  advancement  of  science. 

CARPIO,  Manuel,  IMexican  physician,  b.  in 
Cosamaloapam,  Vera  Cruz,  1  May,  1791  ;  d.  in  the 
city  of  Mexico,  11  Feb.,  1860.  He  studied  philoso- 
phy, theology,  and  law  in  Puebla,  but  ended  by 
devoting  himself  to  medicine,  the  bishop  of  Pue- 
bla giving  him  a  pension  to  finish  his  studies  in  the 
city  of  Mexico.  Before  going  to  the  capital,  he 
had  associated  with  others  in  Puebla  for  the  study 
of  medicine,  and  founded  a  medical  academy,  of 
which  he  was  elected  president.  He  was  gradu- 
ated in  Mexico  in  1832,  appointed  professor  of 
physiology  and  hygiene  in  1833,  secretary,  and  af- 
terward president,  of  the  Academy  of  medicine, 
member  of  the  general  commission  of  studies,  vice- 
president  of  the  health  council,  and  professor  of 
history  of  medical  sciences.  Carpio  was  a  remark- 
able classic  scholar,  possessing  a  profound  knowl- 
edge of  ancient  history,  and  made  Palestine  his 
favorite  study.  He  was  a  deputy  to  congress  in 
1824,  and  then  became  its  president;  was  again 
elected  deputy  in  1846  and  1848,  senator  in  1851, 
and  member  of  the  state  council  in  1858.  But  he 
is  best  known  in  Mexico  by  his  poems,  the  first  of 
which  appeared,  when  he  was  over  forty  years  old, 
in  1832.     From  that  time  many  others  of  his  poet- 


CARPMAEL 


CARR 


533 


i'eal  compositions  were  published,  and  finally  col- 
lected in  one  volume  (1849).  Besides  his  poems  he 
left  several  works,  among  them  "  La  Tierra  San- 
ta," "  Medicina  Domestica,"  and  some  translations 
from  Latin  and  French  medical  books. 

CARPMAEL,  Charles,  Canadian  meteorologist, 
b.  at  Streatham  Hill,  Surrey,  England,  19  Sept., 
1846.  He  was  educated  at  Clapham  grammar- 
school,  and  St.  John's  college,  Cambridge,  of  which 
institution  he  was  elected  a  fellow  in  November, 
1870.  In  December  of  that  year  Mr.  Carpmael, 
whose  studies  had  peculiarly  fitted  him  for  such  a 
service,  was  a  member  of  the  British  "  Eclipse  "  ex- 
pedition to  Spain.  In  October,  1872,  he  was  ap- 
pointed deputy  superintendent  of  the  meteoro- 
logical service  of  Canada,  and  director  of  the 
magnetic  observatory  and  superintendent  of  the 
meteorological  service  in  February,  1880.  He  is 
attached  to  the  observatory  at  Toronto. 

CARR,  Dabney,  patriot,  b.  in  Virginia  in  1744; 
d.  in  Charlottesville,  Va.,  16  May,  1773.  He  moved 
and  eloquently  advocated  a  resolution  to  appoint 
inter-colonial  committees  of  correspondence  in  re- 
sistance to  British  encroachments,  which  was  adopt- 
ed on  3  March,  1773.  He  married  a  sister  of  Thomas 
Jefferson. — His  son,  Dabney,  b.  in  April,  1773;  d. 
in  Richmond,  Va.,  8  Jan.,  1837,  practised  law,  was 
chancellor  of  Winchester  district  from  1811  till 
1824,  and  judge  of  the  court  of  appeals  from  1824 
till  1837. — Another  son,  Samuel,  commanded  the 
U.  S.  cavalry  at  Norfolk  in  1812-'5. — His  grand- 
son, Dabney  S.,  b.  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  in  1803 ;  d. 
in  Charlottesville,  Va.,  24  March,  1854,  was  for 
several  years  naval  officer  at  Baltimore,  and  U.  S. 
minister  to  Turkey  from  1843  till  1849. 

CARR,  Eugrene  Asa,  soldier,  b.  in  Erie  county. 
N.  Y.,  20  March,  1830.  He  was  graduated  at  the 
U.  S.  military  academy  in  1850,  and  entered  the 
mounted  rifles.  In  1852-'3  he  accompanied  expedi- 
tions to  the  Rocky  mountains.  In  a  skirmish  with 
the  Mescalero  Apaches,  near  Diablo  mountain,  10 
Oct.,  1854,  he  was  severely  wounded,  and  for  his  gal- 
lantry was  promoted  first  lieutenant.  He  took  part 
in  the  Sioux  expedition  of  1855,  was  engaged  in  sup- 
pressing the  Kansas  border  disturbances  in  1856,  and 
was  in  the  Utah  expedition  of  1858,  receiving  promo- 
tion as  captain  on  11  June,  1858.  In  1860  he  took 
part  in  skirmishes  with  the  Kiowa  and  Comanche 
Indians,  and  in  May,  1861,  marched  from  Fort 
Washita  to  Fort  Leavenworth,  and  at  once  entered 
upon  active  service  in  the  field  in  Gen.  Lyon's 
campaign  in  southwestern  Missouri.  He  was  en- 
gaged at  Dug  Springs  and  in  the  battle  of  Wilson's 
Greek,  where  he  won  the  brevet  of  lieutenant- 
colonel  for  gallantry.  In  September,  1861,  he  was 
commissioned  colonel  of  the  3d  Illinois  volunteer 
cavalry,  was  an  acting  brigadier-general  in  Fre- 
mont's hundred  days'  campaign,  served  under 
Hunter,  Halleck,  and  Curtis,  was  assigned,  Febru- 
ary, 1862,  to  the  command  of  the  fourth  division  of 
the  Army  of  the  Southwest,  and  participated  in  the 
pursuit  of  the  enemy  into  Arkansas,  holding  the 
rank  of  brigadier-general,  having  received  his  com- 
mission on  7  March,  1862.  At  Pea  Ridge  he  de- 
ployed his  division  on  the  extreme  right  in  the 
second  day's  battle,  and,  though  thrice  wounded, 
held  his  position  for  seven  hours,  contributing, 
in  a  large  measure,  to  the  victory  of  the  day.  For 
his  gallantry  he  was  made  brigadier-general  of 
volunteers,  dating  from  7  March,  and  was  assigned 
a  command  under  Gen.  Curtis.  He  participated 
in  the  operations  against  Little  Rock,  and  in  the 
march  to  Helena  during  the  summer  of  1862,  was 
promoted  major  in  the  regular  army  17  July,  and 
during  the  autumn  of  1802  commanded  the  Army 


of  the  Southwest.  During  the  Vicksburg  campaign 
of  1803  he  commanded  a  division  and  led  the  at- 
tack at  Magnolia  Church  and  at  Port  Gibson.  At 
Big  Black  River  his  division  led  the  column,  and 
opened  and  closed  the  engagement,  for  which  he 
was  brevetted  colonel,  U.  S.  army.  He  led  the  as- 
sault on  Vicksburg  on  18  May,  and  on  the  22d  his 
division  was  the  first  to  effect  a  lodgment  in  the 
enemy's  works.  During  the  autumn  of  1863  lie 
commanded  at  Corinth  the  left  wing  of  the  16th 
corps,  was  transferred  in  December  to  the  Army 
of  Arkansas,  was  engaged  in  the  expedition  against 
Camden  and  in  the  action  at  the  Little  Red  River, 
was  in  command  at  Poison  Spring  and  took  part 
in  the  engagements  at  Prairie  D'Ane  and  Jen- 
kins's Ferry.  He  was  engaged  at  Clarendon,  20 
June.  1865.  and  distinguished  himself  at  the  siege 
of  Spanish  Fort.  He  was  brevetted  brigadier-gen- 
eral in  the  U.  S.  army  for  gallantry  at  Little  Rock, 
and  major-general  for  services  during  the  war.  He 
took  the  field  against  the  hostile  Sioux  and  Chey- 
ennes  in  October,  1868,  and  on  18  Oct.  defeated  a 
large  party  of  Cheyennes  on  Beaver  Creek,  Kansas; 
routed  them  on  Solomon  River  on  25  Oct.,  and  drove 
them  out  of  Kansas;  commanded  an  expedition  to 
the  Canadian  River  in  the  winter  of  1868-'9,  and 
one  to  Republican  River  in  June  and  July,  1869, 
defeating  Tall  Bull  at  Summit  Springs,  Col.,  on  11 
July,  1869,  and  securing  a  lasting  peace  to  the 
frontier.  He  was  promoted  lieutenant-colonel  on 
17  June,  1873,  participated  in  a  campaign  against 
the  Sioux  in  1876,  afterward  commanded  the  Black 
Hills  district,  and  was  chief  officer  of  tlie  Big  Horn 
and  Yellowstone  expedition  in  the  autumn  of  that 
year.  He  was  promoted  colonel  of  the  6th  cavalry, 
to  date  from  29  April,  1879,  directed  the  field 
operations  against  the  hostile  Apaches  in  Arizona 
and  New  Mexico  in  1880,  and  commanded  the  ex- 
pedition to  Old  Mexico  during  the  Victoria  cam- 
paign. He  was  for  a  time  in  command  of  the 
district  of  New  Mexico,  was  made  brigadier-general 
in  1892,  and  retired  15  Feb.,  1893.  "Gen.  Carr  has 
the  medal  of  honor  for  gallantry  at  Pea  Ridge. 

CARR,  Joseph  Bradford,  soldier,  b.  in  Albany, 
16  Aug.,  1828;  d.  in  Troy,  N.  Y.,  24  Feb.,  1895. 
lie  was  educated  in  the  public  schools,  entered 
the  militia  in  1849,  and  rose  to  be  colonel.  In 
April,  1861,  he  was  appointed  lieutenant-colonel, 
and  in  May  colonel,  of  the  2d  New  York  volun- 
teers. His  regiment  was  the  first  to  encamp  on 
the  soil  of  Virginia,  participated  in  the  battle  of 
Big  Bethel,  and  in  May,  1862,  went  to  the  front 
and  fought  through  McClellan's  peninsula  cam- 
paign, being  attached  to  Gen.  Hooker's  command. 
Col,  Carr  was  acting  brigadier-general  in  the  en- 
gagements of  the  Orchards,  Glendale,  and  Mal- 
vern Hill,  and  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  briga- 
dier-general, 7  Sept.,  1802,  for  services  in  the  field, 
especially  at  Malvern  Hill  on  2  July.  He  fought 
with  conspicuous  gallantry  at  Bristow  Station  and 
Chantilly,  and  participated  in  the  battle  of  Fred- 
ericksburg. In  January,  1863,  he  commanded  an 
expedition  that  severed  the  communications  of  the 
enemy  at  Rappahannock  Bridge.  At  Chancellors- 
ville,  3  May,  1863,  he  took  command  of  the  divis- 
ion after  the  fall  of  Gen.  Berry,  and  acted  as  divis- 
ion commander  till  1  June.  At  Gettysburg  his 
horse  was  killed  under  him  and  he  was  injured  by 
the  fall,  but  refused  to  leave  the  field  and  held  his 
troops  together,  though  two  thirds  of  them  were 
killed  or  wounded.  On  4  Oct.,  1863,  he  was  as- 
signed to  the  command  of  the  3d  division  of  the 
4th  corps,  particmated  in  the  actions  at  Brandy 
Station,  Locust  Grove,  and  Mine  Run,  and  was 
then  transferred  to  the  4th  division  in  the  2d  (Han- 


534 


CARR 


CARRERA 


cock's)  coi'ps.  On  2  May,  owing  to  a  resolution  of 
the  senate  tliat  caused  him  to  rank  below  some  of 
the  brigade  commanders  of  his  division,  he  was  or- 
dered to  report  to  Gen.  Butler,  and  was  placed  by 
him  in  the  outer  line  of  defence  of  the  peninsula. 
He  afterward  commanded  divisions  in  the  1st 
corps,  had  charge  of  the  defences  of  James  river, 
and  on  1  June,  1865,  was  brevetted  major-gen- 
eral for  gallantry  and  meritorious  services  dur- 
ing the  war.  Before  he  was  mustered  out,  on  24 
Aug.,  1865,  he  was  nominated  as  secretary  of  state 
of  New  York  by  the  republican  party.  He  took  a 
prominent  part  in  the  jjolitics  of  New  York,  being 
elected  secretary  of  state  in  1879,  and  re-elected  in 
1881  and  1883.  In  1885  he  was  the  republican 
candidate  for  lieutenant-governor. 

CARR,  Sir  Robert,  British  commissioner  in 
New  England,  b.  in  Northumberland,  England  ;  d. 
in  Bristol,  England,  1  June,  1607.  He  was  ap- 
pointed commissioner  by  Charles  II.  in  1664,  in 
conjunction  with  Nicolls,  Cartwright,  and  Maver- 
ick. The  New  Englanders  took  measures  for  re- 
sisting any  infraction  of  their  liberties  by  the  com- 
missioners, who  were  nominated  by  the  duke  of 
York  and  given  extensive  powers  for  regulating 
the  affairs  of  New  England.  The  commissioners 
arrived  with  a  fleet,  which  was  equipped  for  re- 
ducing the  Dutch  settlements  on  the  Hudson.  On 
27  Aug.,  1664,  Nicolls  and  Carr  captured  New  Am- 
sterdam from  the  Dutch  and  called  it  New  York 
in  honor  of  the  duke,  afterward  James  II.  The 
garrison  at  Fort  Orange  capitulated  on  24  Sept., 
and  the  place  was  renamed  Albany.  Carr  forced 
the  Swedes  and  Dutch  on  the  Delaware  into  a 
capitulation,  1  Oct.,  1664,  went  to  Boston  in  Feb- 
ruary, 1665,  and  with  his  coadjutoi's  attempted  to 
supersede  the  constituted  authorities  of  the  colony ; 
but  the  colonists  refused  to  recognize  their  com- 
mission. They  then  went  to  the  north  and  en- 
deavored to  restore  proprietary  government.  The 
towns  of  New  Hampshire  obeyed  the  instructions 
of  the  governor  of  Massachusetts,  and  refused  to 
hold  intercourse  with  the  commissioners.  In  Maine 
the  people  welcomed  the  commissioners,  preferring 
direct  dependence  on  the  king  to  incorporation  in 
Massachusetts.  A  court  was  held  at  Casco  in  July, 
1666,  and  a  new  government  under  the  commis- 
sioners was  constituted  and  maintained  until  1668. 
In  the  mean  time  Carr  returned  to  England  and 
died  the  dav  after  his  arrival. 

CARRALL,  Robert  William  Weir,  Canadian 
physician,  b.  in  Carrull's  Grove,  near  VVoodstock, 
Ontario,  in  1839.  He  was  educated  at  Trinity  col- 
lege, Toronto,  and  was  graduated  in  medicine  at 
McGill  college,  Montreal,  in  1859.  He  was  elected 
and  represented  Cariboo  in  the  legislative  council 
of  British  Columbia  from  1868  until  the  colony 
was  admitted  into  the  Canadian  Dominion  in  1871. 
He  was  one  of  the  three  delegates  who  went  to  Ot- 
tawa in  that  year  to  arrange  the  terms  of  union. 
He  was  called  to^the  senate  on  3  Dec,  1871. 

CARRATALA,  Jos6  (car-rah-ta-lah'),  Spanish 
soldier,  b.  in  Alicante,  Spain,  14  Dec,  1781;  d. 
in  Madrid,  Spain,  in  1854.  He  had  just  nn- 
ished  his  studies  when  Napoleon's  army  invaded 
Spain  in  1808,  and  at  once  enrolled  himself  in  a 
Spanish  regiment.  He  was  wounded  at  the  battle 
of  Tudela  and  the  second  siege  of  Saragossa,  won 
several  promotions,  and  at  the  close  of  the  war 
was  lieutenant-colonel.  In  September,  1815,  he 
went  to  Peru  as  colonel  of  his  regiment,  and  took 
part  in  battles  at  Jujuy  and  Salta.  occupied  Are- 
quipain  1820,  burned  several  towns  in  the  province 
of  Jauja,  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  brigadier- 
general,  and  joined  Canterac,  with  whom  he  won 


the  battle  of  Macacona,  and  continued  the  cam- 
paign to  the  end.  He  wrote  the  capitulation  after 
the  battle  of  Ayacucho,  when  the  royalists  were 
finally  defeated  in  South  America.  On  his  return 
to  Spain,  he  again  took  part  in  military  operations, 
in  1827  was  appointed  lieutenant-general,  and  then 
captain-general  of  several  provinces,  and  became 
minister  of  war  and  senator  in  1841. 

CARRELL,  Coluiuba,  mother  superior,  b.  in 
Dublin,  Ireland,  in  1810;  d.  in  Louisville,  Ky.,  in 
1878.  She  went  to  Louisville  at  an  early  age,  and 
entered  a  convent  in  1826.  She  was  directress  of 
studies  np  to  1862,  when  she  was  elected  mother 
superior.  She  founded  the  hospital  of  SS.  Mary 
and  Elizabeth  in  Louisville. 

CARRELL,  George  Aloysins,  R.  C.  bishop,  b. 
in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  in  1803  ;  d.  in  Covington,  Ky., 
in  1868.  At  ten  years  of  age  he  began  his  studies 
at  Mount  St.  Mary's  college,  Emmettsburg,  where  he 
remained  three  years.  He  studied  in  Georgetown 
college  for  four  years  and  then  entered  the  novitiate 
of  the  Jesuits  at  White  Marsh,  Md.  He  returned 
to  St.  Mary's  to  complete  his  theological  studies, 
and  was  ordained  in  1829.  During  the  next  six 
years  he  performed  missionary  duty  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, New  Jersey,  and  Delaware,  and  founded  an 
academy  for  young  ladies,  which  had  more  than 
300  pupils,  as  well  as  a  boys'  school.  After  six 
years  of  missionary  experience  he  entered  the  So- 
ciety of  Jesus,  was  appointed  professor  in  St.  Louis 
university,  and  was  rector  of  this  institution  from 
1845  till  1848.  Between  1851  and  1853  he  was 
president  of  Purcell  mansion  college,  Cincinnati. 
On  the  erection  of  the  eastern  portion  of  Kentucky 
into  the  see  of  Covington  in  1858,  Dr.  Carrell  was 
proposed  for  the  office  of  bishop  by  the  first  na- 
tional council  of  Baltimore,  and,  the  recommenda- 
tion having  been  sanctioned  by  the  pope,  he  was 
consecrated  the  same  year.  One  of  his  first  under- 
takings was  the  erection  of  the  cathedral  of  St. 
Mary's,  and  this  he  accomplished  in  less  than  two 
years  after  his  installation.  His  diocese  contained 
only  ten  churches  and  seven  priests  for  7,000  Catli- 
olics,  scattered  over  some  hundred  miles  of  terri- 
tory, at  the  beginning  of  his  episcopate,  while  there 
was  not  an  ecclesiastical  institution  in  the  diocese. 
During  the  fifteen  years  that  followed  his  conse- 
cration there  was  marked  progress,  the  number  of 
churches  increasing  to  thirty-eight  and  the  priests 
to  thirty-three.  He  established  a  hospital  for  the 
care  of  the  sick  and  an  asylum  for  orphan  children, 
and  also  founded  a  priory  of  the  order  of  St.  Bene- 
dict, a  convent  of  Benedictine  nuns,  and  one  of  the 
nuns  of  the  visitation.  Academies  and  parochial 
schools  were  erected  in  every  part  of  his  diocese, 
and  he  did  much  to  promote  education  both  in 
Kentuckv  and  Ohio. 

CARRERA,  Jose  Mig'iiel  (car-ray'-rah),  Chilian 
soldier,  b.  in  Santiago  de  Chili,  19  July,  1782;  d.  in 
Mendoza,  Argentine  Republic  1  Sept.,  1815.  He 
studied  in  Madrid,  entered  the  Spanish  cavalry, 
served  with  distinction  during  the  war  of  inde- 
pendence against  the  French,  was  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  major  and  given  the  command  of  a  squad- 
ron in  1810,  and  escaped  from  Cadiz  when  he 
heard  of  the  revolutionary  movement  in  Chili. 
Soon  after  his  arrival  he  was  appointed  colonel  in 
the  revolutionary  army  by  dictator  Rosas,  fought 
against  the  Spaniards,  won  great  reputation 
among  the  military  chiefs,  which  enabled  him  to 
depose  Rosas  (16  Nov.,  1811)  and  to  establish  a 
new  government  under  his  own  atithority.  He 
then  quelled  an  insurrection,  and  dissolved  the 
congress,  reorganizing  the  government  on  military 
principles.     On  19  July,  1812,  he  was  proclaimed 


CARRERA 


CARRINGTON 


535 


dictator  and  general  of  the  revolutionary  army, 
and  in  1813  the  constitution  of  the  new  republic 
was  promulgated.  More  Spanish  troops  having 
been  sent  to  Chili  from  Peru  to  continue  the  war, 
Carrera  ordered  every  one  in  communication  with 
the  enemy  to  be  sentenced  to  death,  banished  many 
royalists^  and  subjected  all  others  remaining  in 
the  country  to  a  compulsory  loan.  On  30  April, 
1813,  he  defeated  5,000  Spaniards  under  Pareja  on 
the  banks  of  the  Maule.  A  few  days  afterward  he 
took  the  city  of  Concepcion,  and  laid  siege  to 
Chilian,  attacking  it  several  times  unsuccessfully. 
He  met  with  reverses  in  October,  and  public 
opinion  turned  against  him  and  the  monarchical 
constitution  he  had  established.  Then  both  the 
people  and  the  army  deposed  Carrera,  giving 
O'Higgins  the  supreme  command,  27  Nov.,  1813. 
On  23  July,  1814,  he  raised  a  rebellion  that  caused 
the  fall  of  Lastra,  and  again  assumed  power.  A 
division  of  the  royalist  troops  under  Osorio  having 
just  arrived  near  Concepcion,  Carrera  and  O'Hig- 
gins fought  a  battle  in  the  Rancagua  valley  (2 
Oct.),  were  disastrously  routed  by  the  Spaniards, 
and  rook  refuge  in  Mendoza.  In  the  following 
year  he  joined  in  a  plot  against  O'Higgins  and  San 
Martin,  and  these  two  leaders  caused  him  to  be  im- 
prisoned, court-martialed,  and  executed. 

CARRERA,  Rafael,  president  of  Guatemala, 
b.  in  the  city  of  Guatemala  in  1814  ;  d.  14  April, 
1865.  He  was  of  Indian  and  negro  parentage,  and 
became  a  drummer-boy  and  herder  in  1829,  when 
Morazan  was  president  of  Guatemala.  Subse- 
quently he  retired  to  the  small  town  of  Metaguas- 
cuintla,  where  he  married  a  woman  of  singular- 
ly energetic  character,  his  constant  companion 
throughout  his  public  career.  Early  in  January, 
1838,  the  city  of  Guatemala  revolted  against  the 
president,  and  appointed  a  provisional  govern- 
ment; ai\d  on  the  14th  of  the  same  month  the 
city  was  attacked  by  troops  from  Sacatepequez  and 
Mita.  Carrera  commanded  6,000  Indian  moun- 
taineex's,  and,  after  resisting  four  days,  the  garrison 
surrendered.  Carrera's  men  indulged  in  many  acts 
of  vandalism,  and  their  leader  only  succeeded  in 
restraining  them  after  they  had  murdered  the  vice- 
president  of  the  republic,  Jose  Gregorio  Salazar, 
and  other  citizens.  Carrera  was  sent  to  Mita.  a 
neighboring  district  of  the  interior,  in  an  official 
capacity,  but  not  till  Gen.  Salazar  had  defeated 
him  at  Villanueva,  11  Sept.,  1838.  In  the  follow- 
ing year,  13  April,  Carrera,  being  favored  by  the 
so-called  aristocrats  and  the  clerical  party,  again 
occupied  the  capital  and  reinstated  Rivera  Paz  as 
ruler  of  the  nation.  Carrera  remained  as  general- 
in-chief  of  the  army,  defeated  Gen.  Agustin  Guz- 
man at  Los  Altos  in  February,  1840,  reincorpo- 
rated the  towns  of  this  state  with  that  of  Guate- 
mala, again  took  the  same  city  from  Morazan,  who 
had  entered  it  with  1.300  Salvadorians  on  18  March, 
went  to  Quezaltenango,  and  shot  its  aldermen  be- 
cause the  city  had  recognized  Morazan.  Carrera 
was  elected  to  the  presidency,  21  March,  1847,  and 
at  once  began  a  policy  that  put  an  end  to  the  fed- 
eration of  the  Central  American  republics.  Late 
in  1847  another  revolution  broke  out  at  Los  Altos, 
but  was  quelled  by  Carrera,  who  with  a  large  army 
routed  the  insurgents  at  Patziin,  in  July,  1848. 
He  tendered  his  resignation  in  the  following  Au- 
gust, and  went  to  Mexico,  where  he  resided  for  a 
year,  President  Paredes  having  appointed  him 
major-general.  The  republics  of  Honduras  and 
Salvador  declared  war  on  Guatemala,  and  sent 
against  it  4,000  men  under  Vaseoncelos,  president 
of  Salvador,  in  December,  1850 ;  but  Carrera,  with 
only  1,500  men,  defeated  the  invaders  at  "  La  Ara- 


da,"  Chiquimula,  2  Feb.,  1851.  A  few  months 
later,  22  Oct.,  he  was  re-elected  president,  and, 
having  won  several  victories  against  the  Hondu- 
rans,  he  was  elected  once  more,  this  time  president 
for  life,  21  Oct.,  1854.  In  1861  he  intervened  in 
the  contest  that  had  arisen  between  the  ecclesias- 
tical authorities  of  Honduras  and  President  Guar- 
diola,  and  in  the  following  year  opposed  a  plan  for 
a  confederation  of  the  Central  American  nations. 
Having  declared  war  on  San  Salvador  in  1863,  he 
took  its  capital,  26  Oct.,  and  shot  Trungaray  and 
other  prominent  persons.  Guatemala  enjoyed 
peace  for  the  rest  of  his  life.  He  was  regarded  as 
the  enemy  of  order,  progress,  and  civilization.  His 
government  was  absolute.  When  first  elected  to 
the  presidency  he  could  not  read  or  write,  but  sub- 
sequently learned  to  write  his  name. 

CARRIER,  Thomas,  centenarian,  b.  in  the  west 
of  England  in  1626  ;  d.  in  Colchester,  Conn.,  16 
May,  1735.  He  settled  in  Andover,  Mass.,  and  in 
1664  married  Martha  Allen,  who,  19  Aug,  1692, 
was  hanged  as  a  witch  at  Salem,  on  testimony 
charging  her  with  appearing  before  her  daughter 
in  the  shape  of  a  black  cat.  He  passed  the  last 
twenty  years  of  his  life  at  Colchester,  and,  shortly 
before  his  death,  walked  six  miles  to  see  a  sick 
friend.  Notwithstanding  his  extraordinary  age, 
his  head  was  not  bald  nor  his  hair  gray. 

CARRKtAIN,  Philip,  lawyer,  b.  in  Concord, 
N.  H.,  20  Feb.,  1772  ;  d.  there,  16  March,  1842.  He 
was  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1794,  studied  law, 
and  practised  successively  at  Concord,  Epsom,  Chi- 
chester, and  again  at  Concord.  He  was  secretary 
of  state  of  New  Hampshire  four  years,  and  also 
clerk  of  the  senate.  He  surveyed  a  great  part  of 
the  state,  of  which  he  published  an  excellent  map 
in  1816,  and  was  the  first  to  apply  to  New  Hamp- 
shire the  name  of  the  "  granite  state." — His  father, 
Philip,  b.  in  New  York  city  in  1746;  d.  in  August, 
1806,  was  the  son  of  a  Scotch  physician,  who  died 
in  New  York,  and  became  himself  an  eminent 
physician  and  surgeon,  having  the  largest  practice 
in  the  state. 

CARRILLO,  Braiilio  (kar-reel'-yo),  dictator  of 
Costa  Rica,  b.  in  Cartago  in  1800 ;  assassinated  in 
1845.  He  was  a  member  of  the  federal  congress 
of  Centi^al  America,  was  afterward  elected  gov- 
ernor of  Costa  Rica,  and  was  dictator  from  1838 
till  1842.  While  he  repressed  all  revolutionary 
tendencies,  he  devoted  his  energies  also  to  the  pro- 
motion of  the  material  interests  of  the  state.  He 
adjusted  its  foreign  debt,  built  roads  and  bridges, 
and  introduced  the  culture  of  coffee,  now  the  great 
staple  of  the  country,  which  became  from  the  poor- 
est the  richest  state  of  Central  America.  He  trans- 
acted all  puVjlic  affairs  aided  only  by  his  wife. 

CARRINGTON,  Edward,  revolutionary  sol- 
dier, b.  in  Charlotte  county,  Va.,  11  Feb.,  1749;  d. 
in  Richmond,  Va.,  28  Oct.,  1810.  He  was  commis- 
sioned lieutenant-colonel  of  artillery,  30  Nov.,  1776, 
was  detached  with  a  portion  of  this  regiment  to 
the  south,  and  made  prisoner  at  Charleston.  Car- 
rington  was  afterward  employed  by  Gates  and  by 
Greene,  who  made  him  his  quartei'master-general. 
Aided  by  Capt.  Smith,  of  the  Maryland  line,  he  ex- 
plored tiie  river  Dan,  and  made  every  preparation 
for  Greene  to  cross  it  with  his  army ;  then  joined 
him  near  the  Yadkin,  and  was  an  active  and  effi- 
cient officer  in  the  memorable  retreat  to  the  Dan. 
He  commanded  the  artillery  and  did  good  service 
at  the  battle  of  liobkirk's  Hill,  24  April,  1781,  and 
also  at  Yorktown.  He  was  a  delegate  from  Vir- 
ginia to  the  Continental  congress  in  1785-'6.  and 
was  foreman  of  the  jury  in  Burr's  trial  for  treason 
in  1807.     His  brother,  Paul,  is  noticed  below. 


536 


CARRINGTON 


CARROLL 


CARRINGTON,  Henry  Beebee,  soldier,  b.  in 
Wallingford,  Conn.,  2  Marcli,  1824.  He  was  grad- 
uated at  Yale  in  1845,  was  a  teacher  of  chemistry 
and  Greek  in  Irving  institute,  NewYork,  in  1846-"7, 
studied  in  the  law-school  at  New  Haven,  and  was 
for  some  time  a  teacher  in  the  New  Haven  ladies' 
collegiate  institute.  In  1848  he  began  the  practice 
of  law  in  Columbus,  Ohio,  and  was  active  in  the 
anti-slavery  agitation.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
convention  that  organized  the  republican  party  on 
13  July,  1854,  and  chairman  of  the.  committee  ap- 
pointed to  correspond  with  other  states  and  make 
the  movement  national.  As  judge-advoeate-gen- 
eral,  on  the  staff  of  Gov.  Chase,  he  aided  in  the 
organization  of  the  state  militia  in  1857,  in  antici- 
pation of  a  civil  war.  He  was  afterward  appointed 
inspector-general,  and  was  adjutant-general  of 
Ohio  when  the  war  began.  When  President  Lin- 
coln issued  the  first  call  for  troops  he  organized 
and  placed  in  western  Virginia  nine  regiments  of 
militia  before  the  muster  of  the  three-months'  vol- 
unteers. On  14  May,  1861,  he  received  an  appoint- 
ment in  the  regular  army  as  colonel  of  the  18th 
infantry.  He  commanded  the  camp  of  instruction 
at  Camp  Thomas,  Ohio,  took  a  brigade  into  the 
field  at  Lebanon,  Ky.,  served  as  chief  muster- 
officer  in  Indiana  in  1862,  was  commissioned  briga- 
dier-general of  volunteers  on  29  Nov.,  1862,  and  on 
the  occasion  of  Morgan's  raid  returned  to  Indiana, 
commanded  the  militia  of  that  state,  aided  in  rais- 
ing the  siege  of  Frankfort,  Ky.,  and  afterward  ex- 
posed the  "  Sons  of  liberty."  He  was  mustered  out 
of  the  volunteer  service  in  September,  1865,  and  in 
November  was  president  of  a  military  commission 
to  try  guerillas  at  Louisville,  Ky.  Joining  his 
regiment  on  the  plains,  he  commanded  Fort 
Kearny,  Neb.,  and  in  May,  1866,  opened  a  road  to 
Montana,  amid  harassing  attacks  from  the  hostile 
Sioux.  He  conducted  military  operations  in  Colo- 
rado till  the  close  of  1869,  and  on  11  Dec,  1870, 
was  retired  from  active  service  on  account  of 
wounds  and  exposure  in  the  line  of  duty.  From 
the  beginning  of  1870  till  1873  he  was  professor  of 
military  science  and  tactics  at  Wabash  college, 
Ind.,  and  after  that  devoted  himself  to  literary 
labor.  He  published,  in  1849,  "  Russia  as  a  Na- 
tion "  and  "  American  Classics,  or  Incidents  of 
Revolutionary  Suffering."  Before  the  assault  on 
Fort  Sumter  he  delivered  an  address  on  "  The 
Hour,  the  Peril,  and  the  Duty,'"  which  was  pub- 
lished, with  two  other  orations  on  the  war,  in  a 
volume  entitled  "  Crisis  Thoughts  "  (Philadelphia, 
1878).  He  published,  in  1868,  "  Ab-sa-ra-ka,  Land 
of  Massacre,"  embodying  his  wife's  experience  on 
the  plains,  extended  in  later  editions  so  as  to  em- 
brace an  account  of  Indian  wars  and  treaties  be- 
tween 1865  and  1879,  and  in  1876  published  a  work 
on  the  "Battles  of  the  American  Revolution" 
(New  York).  The  forty  large  maps  accompanying 
the  work  were  drawn  by  the  author,  who,  in  1881, 
published  separately  "  Battle-Maps  and  Charts  of 
the  American  Revolution."  Gen.  Carrington  has 
given  much  time  to  a  work  that  will  appear  under 
the  title  "  Battles  of  the  Bible." 

CARRINGTON,  Paul,  statesman,  b.  in  Char- 
lotte county,  Va.,  24  Feb.,  1733;  d.  there,  22  June, 
1818.  He  is  a  brother  of  Edward,  noticed  above. 
His  maternal  grandfather  and  his  father,  who 
came  to  Virginia  by  way  of  Barbadoes,  were  both 
engaged  in  the  expedition  of  1736  to  fix  the 
boundary-line  between  Virginia  and  North  Caro- 
lina. He  was  graduated  at  William  and  Mary  col- 
lege, studied  law  in  the  office  of  Col.  Clement  Read, 
clerk  of  the  county  of  Lunnenburg,  about  1748, 
married  the  daughter  of  his  preceptor,  began  prac- 


tice at  the  age  of  twenty-one.  and  soon  rose  to 
eminence.  From  1765  till  1775  he  was  a  member 
of  the  house  of  burgesses,  and  voted  against  the 
stamp-act  resolutions  of  Patrick  Henry.  He  was 
a  member  of  various  conventions  in  1775-'6,  and  of 
the  committee  that  reported  the  declaration  of 
rights  and  the  state  constitution.  He  then  took 
his  seat  in  the  house  of  delegates,  from  which  he 
passed  to  the  bench  of  the  general  court  in  May, 
1779,  and  to  the  court  of  appeals  in  1789,  in  which 
last  he  remained  until  1811.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  committee  of  safety  during  the  whole  of  its 
existence,  and,  in  the  Virginia  convention,  voted 
for  the  adoption  of  the  constitution,  and  was  a 
member  of  the  committee  to  report  amendments. — 
His  son,  Paul,  b.  in  1764;  d.  8  Jan.,  1816,  served 
with  his  two  brothers  in  the  revolutionary  army, 
and  was  distinguished  in  the  battles  of  Guilford 
Court-House  and  Green  Spring.  After  the  peace 
he  completed  his  studies  at  William  and  Mary  col- 
lege, became  a  lawyer,  and  served  in  both  houses 
of  the  legislature  and  afterward  on  the  bench  of 
the  superior  court.  His  brother.  Col.  Clement,  was 
severely  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Eutaw  Springs. 

CARROLL,  Charles,  of  CarroUton,  last  surviv- 
ing signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  b. 
in  Annapolis.  Md.,  20  Sept.,  1737 ;  d.  in  Baltimore, 
14  Nov.,  1832.  The  sept  of  the  O'Carrolls  was 
one  of  the  most  ancient  and  powerful  in  Ireland. 
They  were  princes  and  lords  of  Ely  from  the  12th 
to  the  16th  century.     They  sprang  from  the  kings 


C^£Cz^r0^^^.^f^2t^ 


OuT^^. 


^M^^ 


C/T-t— 


of  Munster,  and  intermarried  with  the  great  houses 
of  Ormond  and  Desmond  in  Ireland,  and  Argyll  in 
Scotland.  Charles  Carroll,  grandfather  of  Carroll 
of  CarroUton,  was  a  clerk  in  the  office  of  Lord 
Powis  in  the  reign  of  James  II.,  and  emigrated  to 
Maryland  upon  the  accession  of  William  and  Mary 
in  1689.  In  1691  he  was  appointed  judge  and  regis- 
ter of  the  land-office,  and  agent  and  receiver  for 
Lord  Baltimore's  rents.  His  son  Charles  was  born 
in  1702,  and  died  in  1782,  leaving  his  son  Charles, 
the  signer,  whose  mother  was  Elizabeth  Brook. 
Carroll  of  CarroUton,  at  the  age  of  eight  years,  was 
sent  to  France  to  be  educated  under  the  care  of 
the  Society  of  Jesus,  which  had  controlled  the 
Roman  Catholics  of  Maryland  since  its  foundation. 
He  remained  six  years  in  the  Jesuit  college  at  St. 
Omer's,  one  year  in  their  college  at  Rheims,  and 
two  years  in  the  college  of  Louis  Le  Grand.  Thence 
he  went  for  a  year  to  Bourges  to  study  civil  law, 
and  from  there  he  returned  to  college  at  Paris.  In 
1757  he  entered  the  Middle  Temple,  London,  for 
the  study  of  the  common  law,  and  returned  to 
Maryland   in    1765.      In   June,   1768,  he   married 


CARROLL 


CARROLL 


637 


Mary  Darnall,  daughter  of  Col.  Ilcnry  Darnall,  a 
young  lady  of  beauty,  fortune,  and  ancient  family. 
Carroll  found  the  public  mind  in  a  ferment  over 
many  fundamental  principles  of  government  and 
of  civil  liberty.  In  a  province  founded  by  Roman 
Catholics  on  the  basis  of  religious  toleration,  the 
education  of  Catholics  in  their  own  schools  had 
been  prohibited  by  law,  and  Carroll  himself  had 
just  returned  from  a  foreign  land,  whither  he  had 
been  driven  by  the  intolerance  of  his  home  authori- 
ties to  seek  a  liberal  education.  Not  only  were 
Roman  Catholics  under  the  ban  of  disfranchise- 
ment, but  all  persons  of  every  faith  and  no  faith 
were  taxed  to  support  the  established  church,  which 


was  the  church  of  England.  The  discussion  as  to 
the  right  of  taxation  for  the  support  of  religion 
soon  extended  from  the  legislature  to  the  public 
press.  Carroll,  over  the  signature  "  The  First  Citi- 
zen," in  a  series  of  articles  in  the  "  Maryland  Ga- 
zette," attacked  the  validity  of  the  law  imposing 
the  tax.  The  church  establishment  was  defend- 
ed by  Daniel  Dulany,  leader  of  the  colonial  bar, 
whose  ability  and  learning  were  so  generally 
acknowledged  that  his  opinions  were  quoted  as 
authority  on  colonial  law  in  Westminster  hall, 
and  are  published  to  this  day,  as  such,  in  the 
Marylanil  law  reports.  In  this  discussion  Carroll 
acquitted  himself  with  siich  ability  that  he  received 
the  thanks  of  public  meetings  all  over  the  province, 
and  at  once  became  one  of  the  "  first  citizens,"  In 
December,  1774,  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  com- 
mittee of  correspondence  for  the  province,  as  one 
of  the  initial  steps  of  the  revolution  in  Maryland, 
and  in  1775  was  elected  one  of  the  council  of 
safety.  He  was  elected  delegate  to  the  revolution- 
ary convention  from  Anne  Arundel  co.,  which  met 
at  Annapolis,  7  Dec,  1775.  In  January,  1776,  he 
was  appointed  by  the  Continental  congress  one  of 
the  commissioners  to  go  to  Canada  and  induce 
those  colonies  to  unite  with  the  rest  in  resistance 
to  Great  Britain.  On  4  July,  1776,  he,  with 
Matthew  Tilghman,  Thomas  Johnson,  William 
Paca,  Samuel  Chase,  Thomas  Stone,  and  Robert 
Alexander,  was  elected  deputy  from  Maryland  to 
the  Continental  congress.  On  12  Jan.,  1776,  Mary- 
land had  instructed  her  deputies  in  congress  not  to 
consent  to  a  declaration  of  independence  without 
the  knowledge  and  approbation  of  the  convention. 
Mainly  owing  to  the  zealous  efforts  of  Carroll  and 
his  subsequent  colleagues,  the  Maryland  conven- 
tion, on  28  June,  1776,  had  rescinded  this  instruc- 
tion, and  unanimously  directed  its  representatives 
in  congress  to  unite  in  declaring  "  the  united  colo- 
nies free  and  independent  states,"  and  on  6  July 
declared  Maryland  a  free,  sovereign,  and  independ- 
ent state.  Armed  with  this  authority,  Carroll  took 
his  seat  in  congress  at  Philadelphia,  18  July,  1776, 
and  on  2  Aug.,  1776,  with  the  rest  of  the  dei)uties 


of  the  thirteen  states,  signed  the  Declaration  of 
Independence.  It  is  said  that  he  affixed  the  addi- 
tion "  of  Carrollton "  to  his  signature  in  order  to 
distinguish  him  from  his  kinsman,  Charles  Carroll, 
barrister,  and  to  assume  the  certain  responsibility 
himself  of  his  act.  He  was  made  a  member  of  the 
board  of  war,  and  served  in  congress  until  10  Nov., 
1776.  In  December,  1776,  he  was  chosen  a  mem- 
ber of  the  first  senate  of  Maryland,  in  1777  again 
sent  to  congress,  serving  on  the  committee  that  vis- 
ited Valley  Forge  to  investigate  complaints  against 
Gen.  Washington,  and  in  1788  elected  the  first  sena- 
tor from  the  state  of  Maryland  under  the  constitu- 
tion of  the  United  States.  He  drew  the  short 
term  of  two  years  in  the  federal  senate  in  1791,  and 
was  again  elected  to  the  state  senate,  remaining  there 
till  1801.  In  1797  he  was  one  of  the  commissioners 
to  settle  the  boundary-line  between  Maryland  and 
Virginia.  On  23  April,  1827,  he  was  elected  one 
of  the  directors  of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  railroad 
company,  and  on  4  July,  1828,  laid  the  founda- 
tion-stone of  the  beginning  of  that  undertaking. 
His  biographer,  John  H.  B.  Latrobe,  writes  to  the 
senior  editor  of  this  Cyclopaedia  :  "  After  I  had 
finished  my  work  I  took  it  to  Mr.  Carroll,  whom 
I  knew  very  well  indeed,  and  read  it  to  him,  as  he 
was  seated  in  an  arm-chair  in  his  own  room  in 
his  son-in-law's  house  in  Baltimore.  He  listened 
with  marked  attention  and  without  a  comment 
until  I  had  ceased  to  read,  when,  after  a  pause,  he 
said :  '  Why,  Latrobe,  you  have  made  a  much 
greater  man  of  me  than  I  ever  thought  I  was ;  and 
yet  really  you  have  said  nothing  in  what  you  have 
written  that  is  not  true.'  ...  In  my  mind's  eye  I 
see  Mr.  Carroll  now — a  small,  attenuated  old  man, 
with  a  prominent  nose  and  somewhat  receding 
chin,  small  eyes  that  sparkled  when  he  was  inter- 
ested in  conversation.  His  head  was  small  and  his 
hair  white,  rather  long  and  silky,  while  his  face 
and  forehead  were  seamed  with  wrinkles.  But, 
old  and  feeble  as  he  seemed  to  be,  his  manner  and 
speech  were  those  of  a  refined  and  courteous  gen- 
tleman, and  you  saw  at  a  glance  whence  came  by 
inheritance  the  charm  of  manner  that  so  emi- 
nently distinguished  his  son,  Charles  Carroll  of 
Homewood,  and  his  daughters,  Mrs.  Harper  and 
Mrs.  Caton."  The  accompanying  view  represents 
his  spacious  mansion,  known  as  Carrollton,  still 
owned  and  occupied  by  his  descendants. — His  son, 
Charles,  married  Harriet,  daughter  of  Benjamin 
Chew,  of  Philadel- 
phia, who,  as  well 
as  her  sister,  Mrs. 
Philijjs,  was  a  great 
favorite  of  Gen. 
Washington.  In 
1796,  when  Gilbert 
Stuart  painted  his 
portrait  for  Mrs. 
William  Bingham, 
she  frequently  ac- 
companied the  gen- 
eral to  the  artist's 
house,  "  as  her  con- 
versation," said 
Washington,  "  will 
give  to  my  counte- 
nance its  most 
agreeable  expres- 
sion." Her  portrait,  as  Harriet  Chew,  was  executed 
by  Col.  John  Trumbull,  who  also  painted  porti'aits 
of  her  sister  Sophia,  Cornelia  Schuyler,  Julia  Sey- 
mour, and  many  other  celebrated  beauties  of  that 
period.  See  Griswold's  "Republican  Court"  (New 
York,  1879). — The  granddaughters  of  Charles  Car- 


538 


CARROLL 


CARROLL 


roll  of  Carrollton  became  respectively  Marchioness 
Wellesley,  Duchess  of  Leeds,  and  Lady  Stafford. — 
A  grandson,  Joliii  Lee,  governor  of  "Maryland,  b. 
at  Homewood,  near  Baltimore,  Md.,  in  1830,  was 
educated  in  the  Roman  Catholic  colleges  at  George- 
town, D.  C,  at  Emmettsburg,  Md.,  and  at  Harvard 
law  school,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1851,  re- 
moved to  New  York  in  1859,  where  he  served  as 
U.  S.  commissioner,  returned  to  Baltimore  in  1862, 
was  elected  to  the  state  senate  in  1867  and  again 
in  1871,  and  in  1875  elected  governor.  He  married 
a  daughter  of  Royal  Phelps,  of  New  York. 

CARROLL,  Daniel,  patriot,  b.  in  Maryland ;  d. 
in  Washington,  D.  C,  in  1829,  at  a  great  age.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  old  congress,  in  1780-'4  a 
delegate  to  the  convention  that  framed  the  IT.  S. 
constitution,  a  representative  in  congress  in  1789- 
"91,  and  was  in  the  latter  year  appointed  commis- 
sioner for  surveying  the  District  of  Columbia.  His 
farm  formed  the  site  of  the  present  city  of  Wash- 
ington.    He  was  a  cousin  of  Charles  Carroll. 

CARROLL,  John,  R.  C.  archbishop,  b.  in  Upper 
Marlborough,  Md.,  in  1735 ;  d.  in  Georgetown,  D. 
C,  in  1817.  He  was  descended  from  the  first 
family  of  Carrolls,  whose  representatives  emigrated 
to  Maryland  about  1689,  and  whose  members  be- 
came possessed  of  vast  landed  estates  in  that  prov- 
ince prior  to  the  revolution.  He  was  a  cousin  of 
Charles   Carroll   of   Carrollton,   and   sympathized 

with  him  in  his 
patriotic  resist- 
ance to  the  Brit- 
ish crown.  At 
the  time  of  his 
birth,  as  the  laws 
of  Maryland 
prohibited  Ro- 
man Catholics 
from  maintain- 
ing schools  for 
the  education  of 
their  youth  in 
the  jarovince, 
young  Carroll, 
who  had  at- 
tached himself 
to  the  Society 
of  Jesus,  was 
sent  to  the  Jes- 
uit college  of 
St.  Omer's  in 
French  Flan- 
ders, and  thence 
to  Liege  for  his 
training  under  the  severe  regimen  of  that  order. 
He  was  ordained  priest  at  Liege  in  1759,  having  first 
surrendered  his  property  to  his  brother  and  sisters. 
Up  to  1771  he  was  professor  of  moral  philosophy  in 
St.  Omer's  and  Liege,  and  in  the  same  year  admitted 
as  a  professed  father  into  that  society.  The  next 
two  years  were  occupied  in  a  tour  through  Europe, 
in  company  with  the  son  of  Lord  Stourton,  to 
whom  he  was  appointed  tutor.  Father  Carroll 
filled  the  office  of  prefect  to  the  Jesuit  college  at 
Bruges  in  1773,  having  been  obliged  to  leave  France 
by  reason  of  the  decree  of  the  parliament  of  Paris 
expelling  the  Jesuits.  The  society  having  been 
suppressed  by  the  pope  in  the  same  year,  he  was 
forced  to  abandon  the  continent,  and,  in  company 
with  the  English  Jesuits  of  Flanders,  took  refuge 
in  England,  whence  he  conducted  important  nego- 
tiations with  the  French  government  in  reference 
to  the  property  held  by  the  society  in  France.  He 
was  appointed  chaplain  to  his  kinsman  Lord  Anni- 
del,  and  performed  missionary  duties  in  the  neigh- 


•^^^/l^^ 


borhood  of  Wardour  Castle  up  to  the  middle  of 
June,  1774.  The  agitation  in  Maryland  and  Amer- 
ica for  resistance  to  the  crown  enlisted  his  earliest 
sympathies.  The  condition  of  the  Roman  Catho- 
lics of  Maryland  was  so  unhappy  that  their  leaders, 
the  Carrolls,  were  looking  for  some  other  place  of 
refuge.  The  celebration  of  the  mass  was  forbidden 
by  law,  Roman  Catholic  schools  for  the  education 
of  their  youth  were  prohibited,  and  they  were  de- 
nied the  right  to  bear  arms,  at  that  time  the  insig- 
nium  of  social  position  and  gentle  breeding.  This, 
in  a  province  founded  by  Roman  Catholics,  under 
the  patronage  of  the  Society  of  Jesus,  on  the  prin- 
ciple of  religious  toleration,  and  as  a  refuge  for 
their  co-religionists  from  all  the  world,  was  unbear- 
able, and  consequently  Charles  Carroll,  who  repre- 
sented great  wealth,  and  John  Carroll,  who  repre- 
sented the  chui'ch,  applied  to  the  king  of  France 
for  a  grant  of  land  beyond  the  Mississippi,  in  the 
territory  of  Louisiana,  where  they  might  found  a 
new  Roman  Catholic  and  Jesuit  refuge  and  lead  a 
second  exodus  as  Cjeeilius  Calvert  had  done  to 
Maryland.  The  issue  between  the  crown  and  the 
colonies  opened  another  way  of  relief,  and  John 
Carroll  returned  at  once  to  his  native  country, 
where  he  threw  himself  with  his  whole  heart  into 
the  patriotic  cause,  which  was  at  the  same  time  to 
his  people  the  cause  of  liberty  of  conscience  and 
freedom  of  thought.  He  was  pious,  learned,  elo- 
quent, and  patriotic,  and  represented  a  powerful 
family  in  Ireland  and  in  Maryland,  the  great  order 
which  was  strongly  intrenched  in  landed  estates 
and  in  the  affections  of  the  people.  No  greater 
power  of  combined  wealth,  intellect,  and  enthusi- 
asm existed  anywhere  in  America  than  the  union 
of  the  Carrolls  and  the  Jesuits  in  Maryland  in  the 
person  of  John  Carroll.  He  quitted  England  26 
June,  1774,  and,  on  his  arrival  in  America,  devoted 
himself  to  missionary  duty  in  Maryland  and  Vir- 
ginia. In  February,  1776,  he  was  appointed  by  the 
Continental  congress  commissioner,  with  Carroll  of 
Carrollton,  Samuel  Chase,  and  Benjamin  Franklin, 
to  go  to  Canada  and  endeavor  to  secure  the  co-op- 
eration of  the  French  Roman  Catholics  of  that 
province  with  their  friends  and  co-religionists  in 
Maryland,  in  the  common  cause.  But  he  was  not 
successful  in  this  mission.  The  health  of  Dr. 
Franklin  having  become  enfeebled  by  the  journey, 
Father  Carroll  returned  with  him,  nursing  him 
with  a  care  that  laid  the  foundation  of  their  life- 
long friendship.  During  the  struggle  for  inde- 
pendence he  rendered  important  services  to  his 
country  by  his  letters  to  friends  in  every  part  of 
Europe,  explaining  the  situation.  At  the  close  of 
the  war  the  Roman  Catholics  of  the  LTnited  States 
were  anxious  to  be  freed  from  the  ecclesiastical 
jurisdiction  of  the  vicar-apostolic  of  London,  and 
the  clergy  petitioned  the  pope  to  appoint  a  superior 
over  them  who  would  owe  allegiance  to  the  govei'n- 
ment  of  their  country  alone.  The  papal  nuncio  at 
Paris  consulted  with  Dr.  Franklin,  and,  at  the  lat- 
ter's  request,  Father  Carroll  was  appointed  supe- 
rior of  the  clergy  of  the  United  States  in  1784. 
The  bishopric  of  Baltimore  was  establislied  in  1788 
in  accordance  with  a  second  petition  of  the  clergy, 
and.  Dr.  Carroll  being  their  choice  for  bishop,  he 
was  consecrated  in  England  in  1790.  The  diocese 
of  Baltimore  remained  for  years  the  only  Roman 
Catholic  diocese  in  the  United  States,  and  em- 
braced all  the  states  and  territories  of  the  union. 
The  first  care  of  the  new  bishop  was  to  visit  all  the 
towns  of  his  diocese  that  contained  Roman  Catholic 
congregations,  and  he  also  gave  attention  to  the 
French  settlements  in  the  west,  which  had  hereto- 
foi-e  depended  on  the  bishop  of  Quebec.    His  efforts 


CARROLL 


OARRUTH 


539 


were  at  first  impeded  by  the  want  of  priests ;  hut 
the  French  revolution  resulted  in  the  emigration 
of  several  French  priests,  among  them  a  consider- 
able body  of  Sulpicians,  by  whose  aid  he  was  en- 
abled to  provide  for  the  Indians  and  the  French 
inhabitants  of  the  northwest.  The  arrival  of  a 
colony  of  English  Dominicans  supplied  him  with 
priests  for  such  stations  as  were  most  in  need  of 
them,  and  he  also  received  a  community  of  Carme- 
lile  nuns,  and  another  of  Poor  Clares.  George- 
town college,  of  which  he  had  laid  the  foundation 
in  1788,  was  completed  in  1791,  principally  through 
the  aid  he  received  from  his  English  friends.  He 
established  a  theological  seminary  in  connection 
with  it,  which  in  1792  was  merged  in  that  of  St. 
Mary's,  Baltimore.  Bishop  Carroll  was  appointed 
one  of  the  three  commissioners  charged  by  the 
state  of  Maryland  to  establish  St.  John's  college  at 
Annapolis,  from  whose  faculty  he  afterward  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  LL.  D.  On  7  Nov.,  1791,  the 
first  synod  of  the  Catholic  clergy  of  the  United 
States  was  held  under  his  presidency ;  and  the  stat- 
utes of  this  assembly  and  the  pastoral  letter  of 
Bishop  Carroll  explaining  them  have  made  a  per- 
manent impression  on  the  legislation  of  the  Amer- 
ican church.  But  the  enormous  extent  of  his  dio- 
cese, as  well  as  the  turbulence  and  scandalous  lives 
of  some  of  his  clergy,  was  a  serious  obstacle  to  the 
spread  of  religion,  and  Dr.  Carroll  solicited  the 
pope  either  to  divide  his  see  into  several  dioceses, 
or  appoint  a  coadjutor-bishop  of  Baltimore ;  and, 
in  compliance  with  this  request,  the  Rev.  Leonard 
Veale  was  appointed  his  coadjutor  in  1800.  Con- 
gress unanimously  selected  Bishop  Carroll  to  de- 
liver a  panegyric  on  Washington  on  22  Feb., 
1800.  In  1803  he  performed  the  marriage  ceremo- 
ny between  Prince  Jerome  Bonaparte  and  Miss 
Patterson.  By  his  aid  and  encouragement,  Mrs. 
Seton  founded  an  institution  of  the  Sisters  of 
Charity  at  Emmettsburg  in  1803.  In  1805  he 
transferred  Georgetown  college  to  the  Jesuits,  and 
restored  to  them  their  former  missions  in  Maryland 
and  Pennsylvania.  In  1806  he  laid  the  foundation 
of  the  present  cathedral  of  Baltimore,  which  he 
was  enabled  to  dedicate  before  his  death.  The 
number  of  Catholics  had  increased  so  much  that  it 
became  impossible  for  a  single  bishop  to  attend  to 
their  wants,  and,  owing  to  his  representation,  Pope 
Pius  VII.  erected  Baltimore  into  an  archiepisco- 
pal  see  in  1808,  with  four  episcopal  sees  as  suffra- 
gans. Dr.  Carroll  was  created  archbishop  in  the 
same  year,  consecrated  the  newly  appointed  prel- 
ates at  Baltimore,  and,  in  conjunction  with  them, 
framed  additional  rules  for  the  government  of  the 
growing  church.  The  remainder  of  his  life  was 
devoted  to  the  interests  of  his  diocese,  which  now 
embraced  Maryland,  Virginia,  and  the  southern 
states  as  far  as  the  gulf  and  the  Mississippi.  Al- 
though not  taking  an  active  part  in  politics,  Arch- 
bishop Carroll  was  an  ardent  federalist,  and  always 
voted  with  his  party.  His  writings  are  mostly  con- 
troversial. Among  them  are  "  An  Address  to  the 
Roman  Catholics  of  the  United  States  of  America," 
"  A  Concise  View  of  the  Principal  Points  of  Con- 
troversy between  the  Protestant  and  Roman 
Churches,"  "A  Review  of  the  Important  Contro- 
versy between  Dr.  Carroll  and  the  Rev.  Messrs. 
Wharton  and  Hawkins,"  and  "A  Discourse  on 
General  Washington." 

CARROLL,  Samuel  Sprig?,  soldier,  b.  in 
Washington,  D.  C,  21  Sept.,  1832 ;  d.  in  Washing- 
ton, 29  Jan.,  1893.  He  was  graduated  at  the  U.  S. 
military  academy  in  1856,  and  became  captain  on 
1  Nov.,  1861.  He  was  appointed  colonel  of  the  8th 
Ohio  volunteers  on  15  Dec,  1861,  and  served  in  the 


operations  in  western  Virginia  from  7  Dec,  1861, 
till  23  May,  1862.  From  24  May  till  14  Aug., 
1862,  he  commanded  a  brigade  of  Gen.  Shields's 
division,  taking  part  in  the  pursuit  of  the  Confed- 
erate forces  up  the  Shenandoah  in  May  and  June, 
1862,  and  in  the  battle  of  Cedar  Mountain  on  9 
Aug.  On  14  Aug.  he  was  wounded  in  a  skirmish 
on  the  Rapidan.  He  took  part  in  the  Maryland 
campaign,  and  in  the  Rappahannock  cam})aign 
from  December,  1862,  till  June,  1863,  being  en- 
gaged in  the  battles  of  Fredericksburg  and  Chan- 
cellorsville.  and  receiving  the  brevet  of  major  for 
bravery  in  the  latter  action.  In  the  Pennsylvania 
campaign  he  was  present  at  the  battle  of  Gettys- 
burg, whei-e  he  earned  the  brevet  of  lieutenant- 
colonel.  In  the  battle  of  the  Wilderness  he  won 
the  brevet  of  colonel,  and  in  the  engagements  near 
Spottsylvania  was  twice  wounded  and  disabled  for 
service  in  the  field  during  the  rest  of  the  war.  He 
was  promoted  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  on 
12  May,  1864,  and  on  13  March,  1865,  received  the 
brevet  of  brigadier-general,  U.  S.  A.,  for  gallantry 
at  Spottsylvania,  and  that  of  major-general  for 
services  during  the  rebellion.  On  22  Jan.,  1867,  he 
became  a  lieutenant-colonel  in  the  regular  army. 
In  1868  he  was  acting  inspector -general  of  the 
division  of  the  Atlantic,  and  on  9  June,  1869,  re- 
tired as  major-general  for  disability  from  wounds 
received  in  batt^^le. — His  father,  William  Tliomas, 
d.  in  Washington,  1863.  was  appointed  clerk  of  the 
supreme  court  of  the  United  States  on  20  Jan., 
1827,  and  held  that  office  thirty-five  years,  until 
the  year  before  his  death.  He  was  a  grand-nephew 
of  Charles  Carroll.  His  second  daughter  was  twice 
married,  first  to  Gen.  Griffin,  U.  S.  A.,  and  after 
his  deatli  to  Count  Esterhazy. 

CARROLL,  William,  soldier,  b.  in  Pittsburg, 
Pa.,  in  1788;  d.  in  Nashville,  Tenn.,  22  March, 
1844.  He  was  engaged  in  the  hardware  business 
in  Pittsburg,  whence,  in  1810,  he  went  to  Nash- 
ville, and  attracted  the  attention  of  Jackson,  by 
whom  he  was  made  a  captain  and  brigade  inspec- 
tor in  his  division,  20  Feb.,  1813,  and  advanced  to 
colonel  and  inspector-general  in  September,  1813. 
In  1813  he  fought  a  duel  with  Jesse,  bi-other  of 
Thomas  II.  Benton.  He  distinguished  himself  at 
Enotochopco,  and  was  wounded  in  the  battle  of 
the  Horse-shoe  Bend  of  Tallapoosa  river,  27  March, 
1814.  He  became  major-general  of  Tennessee  mi- 
litia on  13  Nov.,  1814,  and  won  distinction  in  the 
defence  of  New  Orleans,  especially  in  the  battle  of 
8  Jan.,  1815.  He  was  governor  of  Tennessee  from 
1821  till  1827,  and  again  from  1829  till  1835. 

CARROLL,  William  H.,  soldier,  b.  about  1820. 
He  commanded  a  brigade  in  Gen.  Albert  Sidney 
Johnston's  Confederate  army,  and  was  stationed  at 
Memphis  when  Gen.  Zollicoffer  was  repelled  at 
Wild  Cat.  Anticipating  a  general  revolt  against 
the  Confederacy  in  Tennessee.  Gen.  Johnston  or- 
dered Carroll  to  march  with  his  brigade  into  the 
eastern  part  of  the  state  to  the  support  of  Zolli- 
coffer. The  Unionists  rose  in  scattered  bands,  but 
dispersed  at  the  approach  of  the  southern  troops. 
On  14  Nov.,  1862,  Gen.  Carroll,  commanding  at 
Knoxville,  proclaimed  martial  law.  but  on  the  24th 
rescinded  the  order.  In  the  rout  at  Fishing  Creek, 
otherwise  called  the  battle  of  Logan's  Cross-Roads, 
or  of  Mill  Spring,  where  Zollicoffer  fell,  Carroll's 
brigade  formed  the  Confederate  rear,  and  retreated 
with  compai'atively  slight  losses,  but  abandoned  its 
guns  and  supplies.    He  resigned  in  February,  1863. 

CARRUTH,  James  Harrison,  botanist,  b.  in 
Phillipston,  Mass.,  10  Feb.,  1807 ;  d.  in  Van  Buren, 
Ark.,  15  Sept..  1896.  He  studied  at  Amherst,  and 
was  graduated  at  Yale.    After  teaching  tor  several 


540 


CARR OTHERS 


CARTER 


years,  he  studied  at  the  Auburn  theological  semi- 
nary in  1837,  and  at  the  Yale  theological  seminary 
in  1838.  lie  tiien  had  charge  of  various  churches 
until  1842,  when  he  again  became  a  teacher.  In 
1855  he  removed  to  Kansas,  and  was  made  pro- 
fessor of  natural  sciences  at  Baker  university,  Bald- 
win City,  from  1863  till  1866,  after  which  he  again 
entered  the  ministry.  He  was  appointed  state  bota- 
nist of  Kansas  in  1873.  and  in  that  capacity  con- 
tributed "Reports  on  Progress  of  Botanical  Dis- 
covery in  Kansas  "  to  the  Kansas  academy  of  sci- 
ences in  1879  and  1880.  Prof.  Carruth  lectured  on 
"Spiritualism."  and  on  "A  Plea  for  Man  in  Oppo- 
sition to  the  Woman's  Rights  Movement,"  and  was 
a  frequent  contributor  to  current  literature. 

CARRUTHERS,  William  A.,  novelist,  b.  in 
Virginia  about  1800;  d.  in  Savannah,  Ga.,  31  Aug., 
1846.  He  was  a  student  at  Washington  college, 
Va.,  in  1818,  and  was  educated  as  a  physician.  He 
wrote  spirited  romances,  founded  on  Amei'ican  his- 
tory, and,  removing  to  Savannah,  practised  medi- 
cine there,  and  contributed  to  the  "  Magnolia  "  and 
other  southern  magazines.  In  1838  he  gave  an  ac- 
count, in  the  "  Knickerbocker  Magazine,"  of  a  haz- 
ardous ascent  of  the  natural  bridge  in  Virginia. 
His  published  works  are  "  The  Cavaliers  of  Vir- 
ginia, or  the  Recluse  of  Jamestown,  an  Historical 
Romance  of  the  Old  Dominion,"  depicting  the 
scenes  of  Bacon's  rebellion  and  the  confliet  be- 
tween royalists  and  Cromwellians  in  Virginia  (New 
York,  1832) ;  "  The  Kentuckian  in  New  York,  or 
the  Adventures  of  Three  Southerners,"  a  volume 
of  descriptive  sketches  with  romantic  incidents ; 
"  The  Knights  of  the  Horse-Shoe,  a  Traditionary 
Tale  of  the  Cocked  Hat  Gentry  in  the  Old  Domin- 
ion," the  scene  of  which  is  laid  in  Virginia  in  the 
time  of  Gov.  Spotswood  (Wetumpka,  Ala.,  1845) ; 
and  a  "  Life  of  Dr.  Caldwell." 

CARSON,  Christopher,  better  known  as  "  Kit 
Carson,"  soldier,  b.  in  Madison  co.,  Kv.,  24  Dec, 
1809 ;  d.  at  Fort  Lynn,  Col.,  23  May,  1868.  While 
he  was  an  infant  his  parents  emigrated  to  what  is 
now  Howard  co..  Mo.,  but  was  then  a  wilderness. 
At  the  age  of  fifteen  he  was  apprenticed  to  a  sad- 
dler, with  whom  he  continued  two  years,  and  then 
he  joined  a  hunting  expedition,  thus  beginning  the 
adventurous  life  that  made  him  one  of  the  most 
picturesque  figures  of  western  history.  For  eight 
years  he  was  on  the  plains,  leading  the  life  of  a 
trapper,  until  he  was  appointed  hunter  for  the 
garrison  at  Bent's  Fort,  where  he  remained  eight 
years  more.  After  a  short  visit  to  his  family  he 
met,  for  the  first  time.  General  (then  Lieutenant) 
John  C.  Fremont,  by  whom  his  experience  in  the 
backwoods  was  at  once  appreciated,  and  by  whom, 
also,  he  was  engaged  as  guide  in  his  subsequent; 
explorations.  In  this  capacity  he  was  eminently 
useful,  and  to  him  is  probably  due  much  of  the 
success  of  those  explorations.  He  was  perhaps 
better  known  to  a  larger  number  of  Indian  tribes 
than  any  other  white  man,  and  from  his  long  life 
among  them  learned  their  habits  and  customs,  un- 
derstood their  mode  of  warfare,  and  spoke  their 
language  as  his  mother  tongue.  No  one  man  did 
more  than  he  in  furthering  the  settlement  of  the 
northwestern  wilderness.  In  1847  Carson  was  sent 
to  Washington  as  bearer  of  despatches,  and  was 
then  appointed  second  lieutenant  in  the  mounted 
rifles,  U.  S.  army.  This  appointment,  however, 
was  negatived  by  the  senate.  In  1853  he  drove 
6,500  sheep  over  the  mountains  to  California,  a 
hazardous  undertaking  at  that  time,  and,  on  his 
return  to  Laos,  was  appointed  Indian  agent  in 
New  Mexico.  Under  this  appointment  he  was 
iargelv  instrumental  in  bringing  about  the  treaties 


between  the  United  States  and  the  Indians.  He 
was  an  instinctive  judge  of  character,  and,  know- 
ing the  Indians  so  thoroughly,  his  cool  judgment 
and  wisdom  in  dealing  with  them,  even  under 
the  most  trying  circumstances,  enabled  him  to 
render  important  services  to  the  U.  S.  govern- 
ment. During  the  civil  war  he  repeatedly  ren- 
dered great  service  to  the  government  in  New 
Mexico,  Colorado,  and  the  Indian  territory,  and 
was  brevetted  brigadier-general  for  his  meritorious 
conduct.  At  its  close,  he  resumed  his  duties  as 
Indian  agent.  In  this  relation  to  the  Indians  he 
visited  Washington,  in  the  winter  and  early  spring 
of  1868,  in  company  with  a  dejiutation  of  the  red 
men,  and  made  a  tour  of  several  of  the  northern 
and  eastern  states.  Unlike  most  of  the  trappers 
and  guides.  Gen.  Carson  was  a  man  of  remarkable 
modesty,  and  in  conversation  never  boasted  of  his 
own  achievements.  See  "  Life  of  Kit  Carson,  the 
Great  Western  Hunter,"  by  Charles  Burdett  (Phila- 
delphia, 1869). 

CARTER,  Charles  Ig-natius  Hardman,  cler- 
gyman, b.  in  Lebanon,  Ky.,  in  1803 ;  d.  in  Phila- 
delphia in  1879.  He  studied  at  Mount  St.  Mary's, 
Emmettsburg,  and  at  St.  Mary's,  Baltimore.  He 
was  stationed  at  St.  Mary's,  Philadelphia,  where  he 
built  t)ie  church  of  the  Assumption  in  1849,  and 
also  erected  a  convent  and  free  schools.  He  after- 
ward founded  a  convent  and  academy  of  the  Sis- 
ters of  the  Holy  Child  Jesus  at  Sharon  Hill. 

CARTER,  Dennis  Malone,  artist,  b.  in  Cork, 
Ireland,  24  Oct.,  1817 ;  d.  in  New  York  city,  7  July, 
1881.  He  accompanied  his  parents  to  the  United 
States  in  1839,  and,  having  received  a  little  instruc- 
tion in  art,  began  his  career  as  a  portrait-painter 
and  travelled  over  a  large  part  of  the  country  in  the 
pursuit  of  his  profession.  He  afterward  settled  in 
New  York  and  produced  historical  pictures.  He 
was  one  of  the  original  members  of  the  artists'  fund 
society,  established  in  1859.  About  1850  he  painted 
a  series  of  pictures  illustrating  Goldsmith's  "  De- 
serted Village."  Among  his  most  successful  works 
are  "  Decatur's  Attack  on  Tripoli,"  "  Moll  Pitcher  at 
the  Battle  of  Monmouth,"  '•  Legend  of  St.  Michael," 
"  Death  of  the  Virgin."  and  portraits  of  Henry 
Clay,  Andrew  Jackson,  and  James  K.  Polk. 

CARTER,  Franklin,  educator,  b.  in  Water- 
bury,  Conn.,  30  Sept.,  1837.  He  studied  at  Phil- 
lips Andover  academy  and  at  Yale  and  Williams, 
was  gi-aduated  in  1862  at  the  latter,  and  afterward 
studied  at  the  university  of  Berlin.  From  1865 
till  1868  he  was  professor  of  Latin  and  of  P'rench 
at  Williams,  then  of  Latin  alone  till  1872,  and  then 
of  German  at  Yale  till  1881,  when  he  became  presi- 
dent of  Williams.  He  received  the  degree  of  LL.  D. 
from  Union  in  1881.  He  has  published  a  transla- 
tion of  Goethe's  "  Iphigenie  auf  Tauris"  (1879). 

CARTER,  James  Coolidg-e,  lawyer,  b.  in  Lan- 
caster, Mass.,  14  Oct.,  1827.  He  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1850,  and  at  the  law-school  in  1853. 
Mr.  Carter  was  a  member  of  the  commission  ap- 
pointed by  Gov.  Tilden.  of  New  York,  in  1875  to 
devise  a  form  of  municipal  government  for  the 
cities  of  the  state.  He  ranks  among  the  leading 
lawyers  of  New  York.  He  has  published  a  mono- 
graph entitled  "The  Codification  of  our  Common 
Law,"  in  which  he  opposes  the  scheme  of  codifica- 
tion (New  York,  1883). 

CARTER,  James  Gordon,  educational  reform- 
er, b.  in  Leominster,  Mass.,  7  Sept.,  1795  ;  d.  in 
Chicago,  111.,  22  July,  1849.  He  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1820,  and  taught  school  at  Leominster 
until  1830.  In  1823  he  contributed  to  the  "  Boston 
Patriot "  a  series  of  papers,  subsequently  published 
under  the  title  of  "  Essays  on  Popular  Education.'' 


CARTER 


CARTER 


541 


In  1823  his  "  Letters  to  William  Prescott  on  the 
Free  Schools  of  New  England,  with  Remarks  on 
the  Principles  of  Instruction,"  first  developed  the 
idea  of  a  normal  school  or  seminary  for  teachers. 
In  1824  he  edited  the  "  United  States  Review  "  at 
Boston.  In  1880  he  assisted  in  organizing  the 
American  institute  of  instruction,  of  which  he  was 
long  an  active  member  and  officer.  His  lectures 
before  that  body  in  1830-'l  were  valuable  contribu- 
tions to  its  transactions.  From  1885  till  1840  he 
was  a  member  either  of  the  house  or  senate  of 
Massachusetts,  was  chairman  of  the  legislative 
committee  on  education,  and  in  1887  drafted  the 
bill  establishing  the  board  of  education.  Gov. 
Everett  appointed  him  the  first  member  of  the 
board.  He  was  the  author  of  a  work  on  the 
"  Geography  of  Massachusetts,"  one  on  Middlesex 
and  Worcester  counties  (1880),  and  one  on  the 
"  Geogra])hy  of  New  Hampshire  "  (1831). 

CARTER,  John,  pioneer  of  Tennessee.  When 
the  district  of  Washington  (now  the  state  of  Ten- 
nessee) was  annexed  to  North  Carolina  during  the 
revolution,  he  was  elected,  with  John  Sevier  and 
Charles  Robertson,  to  the  convention  that  assem- 
bled at  Halifax,  N.  C,  in  1785,  and  framed  a  con- 
stitution for  the  state  of  Frankland,  which  was  re- 
united with  North  Carolina  in  1788. 

CARTER,  John  C,  naval  officer,  b.  in  Virginia 
in  1805 ;  d.  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  24  Nov.,  1870.  He 
was  appointed  to  the  naval  service  from  Kentucky, 
1  March,  1825,  served  on  the  sloop  "  Lexington  " 
in  1827,  and  on  the  frigate  "  Delaware,"  of  the 
Mediterranean  squadron,  in  1829-'30,  was  promoted 
passed  midshipman,  4  June,  1831,  and  commis- 
sioned as  lieutenant,  9  Feb.,  1837.  He  served  on 
the  steamer  "  Mississippi,"  of  the  home  squadron, 
during  the  Mexican  war.  On  14  Sept.,  1855,  he 
was  made  commander.  In  1862  he  commanded 
the  steamer  "  Michigan  "  on  the  lakes.  After  the 
war  he  was  placed  in  command  of  the  receiving- 
ship  "  Vermont "  and  of  the  naval  rendezvous  at 
San  Francisco.  He  was  commissioned  as  commo- 
dore on  the  retired  list  on  4  April,  1867. 

CARTER,  Josiah  Mason,  lawyer,  b.  in  New 
Canaan,  Conn.,  19  June.  1813 ;  d.  in  Norwalk, 
Conn.,  22  March.  1868.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale 
in  1836,  studied  in  the  law-school  at  New  Haven, 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1839.  He  prac- 
tised in  New  York  city  from  1840  till  1847,  and 
afterward  in  Norwalk,  and  served  three  terms  in 
the  Connecticut  legislature,  during  the  last  of 
which  he  was  speaker  of  the  house.  From  1862 
till  his  death  he  filled  the  office  of  state  attorney 
for  Fairfield  eo. 

CARTER,  Lorenzo,  pioneer,  b.  in  Rutland,  Vt., 
in  1767 ;  d.  in  Cleveland,  Ohio,  7  Feb.,  1814.  He 
emigrated  in  1796  to  the  western  reserve,  and  set- 
tled in  Cleveland  in  the  spring  of  1797.  He  was  a 
man  of  great  strength  and  an  expert  hunter,  and 
supported  his  family  by  ferrying  people  across  the 
river,  by  trading  with  the  Indians,  and  by  hunting. 
Through  his  skill  and  courage  he  acquired  an  as- 
cendency over  the  red  men.  He  kept  a  hotel  and 
a  store  for  the  sale  of  hunting-supplies  in  the  early 
days  of  Cleveland,  and  built  the  first  frame  house, 
the  first  warehouse,  and  the  first  vessel  constructed 
in  that  town.  In  1804  he  was  elected  a  major  in 
the  militia.  In  later  life  he  purchased  and  im- 
proved a  farm,  which  is  now  a  part  of  the  city  and 
covered  with  buildings. 

CARTER,  Natlianiel  Hazletine,  author,  b.  in 
Concord,  N.  H.,  17  Sept.,  1787;  d.  in  Marseilles, 
France,  2  Jan.,  1830.  He  was  educated  at  Phillips 
Exeter  academy  and  at  Dartmouth,  where  he  was 
graduated  in  1811,  after  which  he  studied  law  and 


taught  school  in  Salisbury,  N.  H.,  and  Portland, 
Me.  In  1817  he  was  appointed  professor  of  lan- 
guages at  Dartmouth,  which  was  made  a  university 
at  that  time  by  the  legislature,  but  lost  his  chair 
through  the  decision  of  the  supreme  court  in  the 
Dartmouth  college  case.  He  then  removed  to  New 
York  state,  and  in  1819  became  editor  and  proprie- 
tor of  the  Albany  "  Register,"  afterward  the  "  New 
York  Statesman,"  an  organ  of  the  Clinton  faction. 
In  1822  he  established  himself  in  New  York  city, 
uniting  his  paper  with  another  and  forming  a  co- 
partnership with  G.  W.  Prentiss.  He  delivered  a 
poem  on  the  "  Pains  of  the  Imagination  "  before 
the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  society  of  Dartmouth  in  1824, 
and  the  following  year  travelled  in  Europe  and 
wrote  descriptive  letters,  published  in  the  "  States- 
man "  and  widely  reproduced  in  other  papers.  Af- 
ter his  return  he  issued  the  same  letters,  revised 
and  enlarged,  comprising  the  journal  of  his  tour  in 
Gi-eat  Britain,  Ireland,  Jfrance,  Switzerland,  and 
Italy,  in  two  volumes  (New  York,  1827).  His 
health  failing,  he  spent  a  winter  in  Florida,  and 
after  his  return  withdrew  from  the  editorship  of 
the  "  Statesman."  In  the  autumn  of  1829  he  ac- 
companied a  friend  on  a  voyage  to  Marseilles,  and 
died  of  consumption  a  few  days  after  his  arrival. 
He  produced  tnany  occasional  reflective  poems. 

CARTER,  Peter,  publisher,  b.  in  Earlston, 
Berwickshire,  Scotland,  19  July,  1825.  He  came 
with  his  parents  to  the  United  States  in  May,  1832, 
and  received  a  common-school  education  in  Gal- 
way,  Saratoga  eo.,  N.  Y.  After  spending  eight 
years  on  a  farm,  he  entered  a  book-store  as  a  boy 
in  1840,  and  in  November,  1848,  became  a  partner 
in  the  publishing-house  of  Robert  Carter  &  Broth- 
ers, New  York  city.  He  was  superintendent  of  a 
colored  Sabbath-school  in  New  York  for  thirty 
years,  beginning  in  September,  1856,  became  chair- 
man of  the  publication  committee  of  the  National 
temperance  society.  New  York,  in  1865,  was  chosen 
secretary  of  the  board  of  directors  of  the  New  York 
juvenile  asylum  in  1874,  and  became  one  of  the 
council  of  New  York  university  in  1882.  He  pub- 
lished a  book  of  travels  in  Scotland,  entitled 
"  Crumbs  from  the  Land  o'  Cakes"  (Boston,  1851); 
selections  from  Scottish  poets,  with  biographical 
sketches,  under  the  title  "  Scotia's  Bards  "  (New 
York,  1853);  "Bei^tie  Lee"  (1862);  "Donald  Fra- 
zer"  (1867);  and  "Little  Effie's  Home"  (1869). 
The  last  three  are  for  children,  and  have  been  re- 
printed in  Great  Britain. 

CARTER,  Robert,  editor,  b.  in  Albany,  N.  Y., 
5  Feb.,  1819;  d.  in  Cambridge,  Mass.,  15  Feb., 
1879.  He  received  a  common-school  education, 
and  passed  one  term  in  the  Jesuit  college  of  Cham- 
bly,  Canada.  In  his  fifteenth  year  he  was  appoint- 
ed assistant  librarian  in  the  state  library  at  Albany, 
where  he  remained  till  1888.  At  this  time  he  be- 
gan to  publish  jioems  and  sketches  in  the  daily 
papers,  his  first  contribution  being  a  long  poem, 
which  he  dropped  stealthily  into  the  editor's  letter- 
box, and  which  appeared  the  next  day  with  flat- 
tenng  comments,  but  so  frightfully  misprinted 
that  he  hardly  knew  it.  This  experience  and  a 
natural  aptitude  led  him  to  acquire  proof-reading 
as  an  accomplishment,  at  which  he  became  very 
expert.  In  1841  he  went  to  Boston,  where  he 
formed  a  life-long  friendship  with  James  Russell 
Lowell,  and  together  they  began  "  The  Pioneer,"  a 
literary  monthly  magazine,  which  Duyckinck  says 
was  "  of  too  fine  a  cast  to  be  successful."  Never- 
theless, its  want  of  success  was  due,  not  to  the 
editors,  but  to  the  publisher,  who  mismanaged  it 
and  failed  when  but  three  numbers  had  been  issued. 
Among  the  contributors  were  Poe,  Hawthorne, 


642 


CARTER 


CARTER 


Wliittier,  Neal,  Miss  Barrett  (afterward  Mrs. 
Browning),  and  the  sculptor  Story.  Mr.  Carter 
began  in  its  pages  a  serial  novel  entitled  "  The 
Armenian's  Daughter."  He  next  spent  two  years 
in  editing  statistical  and  geographical  works,  and 
writing  for  periodicals.  Plis  story,  "  The  Great 
Tower  of  Tarudant,"  ran  through  several  numbers 
of  the  "  Broadway  Journal,"  then  edited  by  Poe. 
In  1845  he  became  a  clerk  in  the  post-otlice  at 
Cambridge,  and  in  1847-'8  was  private  secretary 
to  Prescott  the  historian.  His  elaborate  article  on 
the  character  and  habits  of  Prescott,  written  for 
the  New  York  "  Tribune  '"  just  after  the  historian's 
death  in  1859,  was  re-published  in  the  memorial 
volume  issued  by  the  Massachusetts  historical  so- 
ciety. Mr.  Carter  joined  the  free-soil  party  in 
1848,  and  in  1850  wrote  for  the  Boston  "Atlas"  a 
series  of  brilliant  articles  in  reply  to  Francis  Bow- 
en's  attack  on  the  Hungarian  revolutionists.  These 
articles  were  re-published  in  a  pamphlet,  "  The 
Hungarian  Controversy"  (Boston,  1853),  and  are 
said  to  have  caused  the  rejection  of  Mr.  Bowen's 
nomination  as  professor  of  history  at  Harvard.  At 
the  same  time  Carter  edited,  with  Kossuth's  ap- 
proval, a  large 
volume  entitled 
"  Kossuth  in 
New  England  " 
(Boston,  ^  1853). 
In  1851-'3  he 
edited,  at  first 
as  assistant  of 
John  G.  Palfrey 
and  afterward 
alone,  the  Bos- 
ton "  Common- 
wealth," the 
chief  exponent 
of  the  free-soil- 
ers.  For  two 
years  he  was 
secretary  of  the 
state  committee 
of  the  free-soil 
party,  and  in 
the  summer  of  1854  he  obtained  the  consent  of 
the  committee  to  call  a  convention,  which  he 
did  without  assistance,  sending  out  thousands  of 
circulars  to  men  whose  names  were  on  the  com- 
mittee's books.  The  convention  met  in  Worces- 
ter, 30  July,  was  so  large  that  no  hall  could  con- 
tain it,  and  held  its  session  in  the  open  air.  A 
short  platform  drawn  up  by  him  was  adopted,  to- 
gether with  the  name  "  Republican,"  and  on  his 
motion  a  committee  of  six  was  appointed  to  organ- 
ize the  new  party,  John  A.  Andrew  being  made  its 
chairman.  In  1855  Carter  edited  the  Boston  "  Tele- 
graph," in  conjunction  with  VV.  S.  Robinson  and 
Ilildreth  the  historian  ;  in  1856  he  edited  the  "  At- 
las " ;  and  in  1857-'9  he  was  Washington  corre- 
spondent of  the  New  York  "  Tribune."  His  next 
work  was  with  Messrs.  Ripley  and  Dana  on  the 
first  edition  of  the  "  American  Cyclopajdia"  (1859- 
'63),  in  which  many  important  articles  were  from 
his  pen,  including  "Egypt,"  "Hindostan,"  "Mor- 
mons," and  the  history  of  the  United  States.  In 
January,  1864,  he  was  appointed  private  secretary 
of  the  treasury  agent  whose  headquarters  were  at 
Beaufort,  S.  C. ;  and  from  July  of  that  year  till 
October,  1869,  he  edited  the  Rochester,  N.  Y., 
"  Democrat,"  doing  such  work  for  it  as  was  seldom 
done  on  any  but  metropolitan  journals.  When 
news  came  of  the  assassination  of  President  Lin- 
coln, he  wrote,  without  consulting  any  book  or 
memoranda,  an  article  giving  a  brief  but  circum- 


/Srl^  ly^H^ayzJ^- 


stantial  account,  with  dates,  of  every  celebrated 
case  of  regicide.  He  was  editor  of  "Appletons' 
Journal"  in  1870-':j,  and  then  became  associate 
editor  for  the  revision  of  the  "  American  Cyclopa-- 
dia."  But  in  1874  impaired  health  compelled  him 
to  discontinue  his  literary  work,  and  in  the  next 
three  years  he  made  three  tours  in  Europe.  He 
was  the  author  of  "  A  Summer  Cruise  on  the  Coast 
of  New  England"  (Boston,  1864),  which  passed 
through  several  editions;  and  he  left  unpublished 
memoirs,  of  which  only  the  first  volume  was  com- 
plete in  manuscript. — His  first  wife,  Ann  Augusta 
Gray,  was  a  successful  writer  of  poems  and  tales 
for  the  young. — His  second  wife,  Susan  Nichols, 
was  principal  of  tlie  female  art  school  in  Cooper 
institute,  ]Sew  York,  and  has  published  hand-books 
of  art  and  contributed  largely  to  periodicals. 

CARTER,  Russel  Kelso,  educator,  b.  in  Balti- 
more, Md.,  19  Nov.,  1849.  He  was  graduated  at 
the  Pennsylvania  military  academy,  Chester,  in 
1867,  and  became  instructor  there  in  1869,  profes- 
sor of  chemistry  and  natural  sciences  in  1872,  and 
professor  of  civil  engineering  and  higher  mathe- 
matics in  1881.  Prof.  Carter  has  contributed  nu- 
merous original  investigations  to  the  "  Microcosm  " 
(New  York)  during  1881-'3,  and  has  become  widely 
known  in  connection  with  the  "  Holiness  "  move- 
ment in  the  Methodist  church.  His  religious  pub- 
lications include  "  Miracles  of  Healing "  (Boston, 
1880) ;  "  Pastor  Blumhardt "  (1882) ;  and  numerous 
tracts  on  "  Faith-healing."  In  1886  he  began  the 
publication  of  "  The  Kingdom  "  at  Chester. 

CARTER.  Samnol  Powliatan.  naval  officer 
and  soldier.  V).  in  Elizabethtown,  Tenn..  6  Aug., 
1819;  d.  in  Washington,  D.  C.  36  May,  1891.  He 
was  educated  at  Princeton,  and  on  14  Feb.,  1840,  be- 
came a  midshipman  in  the  navy.  He  was  promoted 
to  passed  midshipman,  11  July,  1846,  assigned  to 
the  "  Ohio,"  and  served  on  the  eastern  coast  of 
Mexico  during  the  Mexican  war,  being  present  at 
the  capture  of  Vera  Cruz.  From  1851  till  1853  he 
was  assistant  instructor  of  infantry  tactics  at  the 
naval  academy.  He  was  made  lieutenant  18  April, 
1855,  assisted  in  the  capture  of  the  Barrier  forts 
near  Canton,  China,  in  1856,  and  was  compliment- 
ed for  gallantry  on  that  occasion.  He  was  ordered 
again  to  the  Annapolis  naval  school  as  assistant 
instructor  of  seamanship  in  1857.  On  11  July, 
1861,  he  was  temporarily  transferred  to  the  war 
department,  for  the  special  duty  of  organizing 
troops  from  east  Tennessee.  He  was  appointed 
colonel  of  the  3d  Tennessee  volunteers,  was  given 
the  appointment  of  acting  brigadier-general  of  vol- 
unteers in  September,  and  received  his  full  com- 
mission 1  May,  1863.  He  was  at  Zollicoffer's  re- 
pulse at  Wild  Cat,  Ky.,  in  October,  1861,  at  Mill 
Spring  in  January,  1863,  commanded  in  the  opera- 
tions against  Cumberland  Gap,  and  was  at  its  cap- 
ture, on  17  June,  1863.  In  December,  1862,  he  com- 
manded a  cavalry  expedition  which  cut  the  east 
Tennessee  railroad,  destroying  nearly  100  miles  of 
the  track,  besides  inflicting  other  damage,  and  re- 
ceived the  thanks  of  the  general-in-chief  of  the 
army.  He  commanded  the  division  of  central 
Kentucky  in  March,  1863,  was  assigned  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  cavalry  division,  23d  army  corps,  in 
July,  1863,  and  had  the  advance  when  Burnside 
occupied  east  Tennessee.  He  defeated  Morgan, 
38  Aug.,  1863,  and  Smith,  29  Aug.,  and  was  pres- 
ent at  "the  siege  of  Knoxville,  December,  1863.  He 
commanded  a  division  under  Schofield  in  the  Nort.h 
Carolina  campaign  of  1865,  and  was  brevetted  ma- 
jor-general on  13  March.  He  was  mustered  out  of 
the  army  in  January,  1866,  and  returned  to  the 
navy,  becoming  commander  23  June,  1865;  served 


CARTIER 


CARTIER 


543 


as  commandant  of  the  naval  academy  at  Annapolis 
from  1809  till  1872,  being  promoted  to  captain  28 
Oct.,  1870  ;  was  a  member  of  the  light-house  board 
from  1876  till  1880 ;  was  commissioned  commodore 
13  Nov.,  1878,  and  retired  6  Aug.,  1881.  On  16 
May.  1882,  he  was  made  a  rear-admiral. 

CARTIER,  Sir  George  Etienne,  Bart.,  Cana- 
dian statesman,  b.  in  St.  Antoine,  Quebec,  6  Sept., 
1814 ;  d.  in  England,  20  May,  1873.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  St.  Sulpice  college,  Montreal,  and  admit- 
ted t6  the  bar  in  1835.  He  took  part  in  the  Lower 
Canada  rebellion  of  1837,  and  was  under  arms  at 
the  battle  of  St.  Denis.  He  escaped  to  the  United 
States,  but  shortly  afterward  was  permitted  to  re- 
turn to  Canada  without  molestation.  He  entered 
parliament  in  1848  as  member  for  Vercheres,  in  the 
conservative  interest,  and  in  1855  became  provin- 
cial secretary  in  the  McNab-Tache  government. 
On  the  resignation  of  Sir  Allan  McNab,  in  1856, 
Mr.  Cartier  became  attorney-general  for  Lower 
Canada  in  the  Tache-Macdonald  ministry,  and  in 
this  capacity  effected  the  codification  of  the  civil 
laws  of  Lower  Canada  and  accomplished  great  im- 
provements in  the  system  of  administering  the 
criminal  law.  In  1857  he  proposed  to  leave  the 
solution  of  the  question  of  a  permanent  seat  of 
government  to  her  majesty.  At  this  time  the 
legislative  assembly  had  decided  upon  Quebec,  and 
had  authorized  the  erection  of  government  build- 
ings in  that  city ;  but  the  legislative  council  had 
refused  to  vote  the  supplies.  The  queen  decided 
that  Ottawa  should  be  the  permanent  seat  of  gov- 
ernment. On  26  Nov.,  1857,  the  cabinet  was  re- 
organized, John  A.  Macdonald  becoming  premier 
and  Mr.  Cartier  being  the  only  Lower  Canada  min- 
ister retained.  On  29  July,  1858,  the  Macdonald- 
Cartier  ministry  resigned,  in  consequence  of  the 
assembly's  having  passed  a  resolution  that  Ottawa 
ought  not  to  be  the  seat  of  government.  George 
Brown  having  formed  a  ministry,  and  resigned 
after  an  administration  of  two  days,  the  so-called 
"  double  shuffle  "  was  performed.  Taking  advan- 
tage of  a  clause  of  the  independence  of  parliament 
act,  which  provided  that  a  cabinet  minister  resign- 
ing one  office  might  accept  another  within  one 
month  without  forfeiting  his  scat  in  parliament, 
the  Macdonald-Cartier  ministry  became  the  Cartier- 
Macdonald  ministry.  Cartier,  who  had  resigned 
the  portfolio  of  attorney-general  on  29  July,  be- 
came inspector-general  on  6  Aug.  On  7  Aug.  he 
was  again  sworn  in  as  attorney-general.  Li  the 
interests  of  Lower  Canada,  Cartier  was  a  deter- 
mined opponent  of  the  principle  of  representation 
by  population  demanded  I)y  Upper  Canada,  which 
had  a  population  of  285,427  moi'e  than  the  sister 
province.  The  Cartier-MacdonaJd  ministry  fell  in 
attempting  to  pass  a  militia  bill  in  May,  1862. 
Cartier  was  one  of  the  active  promoters  of  confed- 
eration, and  became  minister  of  militia  in  the  first 
Dominion  cabinet  in  July,  1867.  In  August  of  the 
followiiig  vear  he  was  created  a  baronet. 

CARTIER,  Jacques,  explorer,  b.  in  St.  Malo, 
France,  31  Dec,  1494;  d.  1  Sept.,  1557.  He  had 
led  a  seafaring  life,  and  made  fishing  voyages  to 
the  grand  banks  of  Labrador,  when  he  entered,  20 
April,  1534,  upon  his  voyage  of  discovery.  Steer- 
ing for  Newfoundland,  he  passed  through  the 
straits  of  Belle  Isle  into  the  gulf  of  Chaleurs,  and 
planted  a  cross  at  Gaspe,  decorated  with  the  arms 
of  France,  and  bearing  the  inscription,  "  Vive  le 
Roi  de  France ! "  The  native  Indians,  who  sur- 
mised no  good  from  its  erection,  he  deceived  by 
saying  that  it  "  was  only  set  up  to  be  as  a  light  and 
leader  which  ways  to  enter  into  the  port."  He  also 
caused  two  young  Indians  to  be  kidnapped,  whom 


U^ 


he  carried  away  with  him  to  France,  after  ascend- 
ing the  St.  Lawrence,  past  the  shores  of  Anticosti, 
not  doubting  that  he  had  discovered  the  road  to 
Cathay.  In  the  year  ensuing,  19  May,  1535,  he 
began  his  second 
voyage  with  three 

small  vessels,  and,  ^-rr-r—  ^^-^ 

steering   westward  -> 

along  the  coast  of 
Labrador,  entered 
a  small  bay  oppo- 
site the  island  of 
Anticosti,  which  he 
called  the  bay  of 
St.  Lawrence.  He 
proceeded  cau- 
tiously up  the  river, 
past  the  Saguenay 
and  Cape  Tour- 
mente,  and  an- 
chored off  a  wooded 
and  vine-clad  isl- 
and; he  called  it, 
on  account  of  the 
rich  clusters  of 
grapes,  the  island 
of  Bacchus  (the 
island  of  Orleans), 
and,  after  friendly 
converse  with  the 
Indians,  notably  with  Donnacona,  their  chief,  de- 
scried the  majestic  site  of  the  modern  Quebec,  then 
called  Stadaeone,  went  in  a  boat  up  the  St.  Croix 
river  (now  the  St.  Charles),  and,  understanding  that 
many  days'  journey  up  the  river  Hochelaga  (for  by 
that  name  the  Indians  called  the  St.  Lawrence)  there 
was  a  large  town  of  the  same  name,  he  resolved  to 
go  thither.  The  Indians  were  averse  to  his  going, 
and  tried  to  frighten  him  by  sending  three  of  their 
number,  disguised  as  devils,  with  blackened  faces 
and  "  horns  on  their  heads  more  than  a  yard  long." 
But  Cartier  was  not  dissuaded  from  his  purpose,  and 
on  2  Oct.,  1535,  his  vessels  lay  in  the  stream  off  Ho- 
chelaga, the  modern  Montreal.  The  Indians  there 
received  the  French  with  demonstrations  of  great 
joy,  and  on  the  following  day  introduced  them 
into  their  rudely  fortified  city,  containing  fifty  log 
houses  about  150  feet  in  length  and  from  12  to  15 
feet  in  width ;  they  set  before  Cartier  their  para- 
lyzed chief,  that  he  should  touch  and  heal  him ;  a 
crowd  of  afflicted  people  came  for  the  same  pur- 
pose, "as  if  a  god  had  come  down  to  cure  them." 
He  read,  in  default  of  other  or  better  medicine,  a 
portion  of  St.  John's  gospel  over  them,  made  the 
sign  of  the  cross,  and,  after  a  prayer,  concluded 
with  reading  to  them,  either  in  Latin  or  French 
(whereof  they  did  not  understand  a  word),  the  story 
of  the  passion,  and  distributed  among  them  knives, 
hatchets,  beads,  pewter  rings,  etc.  A  blast  of 
trumpets  terminated  the  visit.  Delighted  with  the 
country.  Cartier  returned  to  Stadaeone,  and  in  a 
fort,  which  he  had  built  on  the  St.  Charles,  passed  a 
terrible  winter;  and,  after  treacherously  possessing 
himself  of  the  person  of  Donnacona  and  his  chiefs, 
returned,  with  nuirvellous  stories  of  his  discoveries, 
to  St.  Malo,  16  July,  1536.  The  said  chiefs  received 
baptism,  but  died  in  the  land  of  their  captivity. 
Cartier,  in  the  capacity  of  captain-general,  joined 
the  expedition  of  Roberval,  who  was  made  lieuten- 
ant-governor and  viceroy  of  the  numerous  Amer- 
ican territories,  and  preceded  the  latter,  leaving 
St.  Malo,  23  May,  1541.  On  his  return  to  Stada- 
eone, Cartier  announced  the  death  of  Donnacona, 
and  spread  the  false  report  that  the  other  chiefs 
had  married  in  France  and  lived  in  great  affluence. 


544 


CARTTER 


CARTWRIGHT 


At  Cape  Rouge  he  and  his  companions  landed, 
gathered  imaginary  diamonds  in  the  shape  of 
quartz,  and  carried  off  some  yellow  glittering  min- 
eral, which  they  fancied  to  be  gold.  They  built 
two  forts ;  Cartier  explored  the  rapids  ab?ve  Ploche- 
laga,  and,  owing  to  the  discontent  occasioned  by 
the  non-arrival  of  Roberval,  or  from  other  causes 
not  yet  ascertained,  soon  after  his  return  to  the 
forts,  appears  to  have  abandoned  the  prosecution 
of  the  enterprise,  and  reached  the  harbor  of  St. 
John  simultaneously  with  the  arrival  of  Roberval 
in  June,  1542".  The  viceroy  was  indignant,  and 
ordered  him  to  return ;  but  Cartier  succeeded, 
under  cover  of  night,  in  abandoning  the  expedition, 
and,  instead  of  proceeding  to  the  St.  Lawrence, 
bade  adieu  to  New  France  on  his  way  to  the  old, 
steered  eastward,  and  returned  to  St.  Malo.  Of 
his  subsequent  fortunes  very  little  is  known.  His 
merits  as  a  discoverer  were  rewarded  by  a  patent 
of  nobility ;  he  owned  a  house  at  St.  Malo,  and  the 
seigniorial  mansion  of  Limoilou.  It  is  said  that 
Cartier,  at  the  king's  request,  set  out  to  fetch  Ro- 
berval home,  and  we  may  infer  that  he  did  so.  if  it 
is  true  that  he  lived  for  many  years  at  St.  Malo, 
where  Thevet,  the  cosmograplier,  the  personal 
friend  of  Cartier  and  Roberval,  spent  five  months 
with  him.  He  also  says  that  Roberval  died  at 
Paris.  Cartier  called  the  St.  Lawrence  the  "  River 
of  Hochelaga,"  or  "  the  great  river  of  Canada," 
limits  the  designation  of  "  Canada  "  to  a  stretch  of 
country  from  the  Isle  des  Coudres  to  a  point  above 
Quebec,  and  says  that  the  Indians  called  the 
country  above  Quebec  "  Hochelaga,"  and  that  be- 
low the  city  "  Saguenay."  "  Canada,"  according  to 
him,  is  an  Indian  word,  and  signifies  a  town.  "  lis 
appellent  une  ville,  Canada,"  and  in  the  Indian 
origin  of  the  word  he  is  sustained  by  other  early 
French  authorities,  one  of  whom,  however,  renders 
it  "  terre,"  that  is,  "  land,"  while  another  calls  it  an 
Indian  proper  name  of  unknown  meaning. 

CARTTER,  David  Kellosrg-,  jurist,  b.  in  Roch- 
ester, N.  Y.,  22  June,  1812;  d.  in  Washington,  D.  C, 
16  April,  1887.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  began 
practice  in  Masillon,  Ohio,  was  elected  to  congress 
as  a  democrat,  and  served  two  terms,  from  3  Dec, 
1849,  till  .3  March,  1853.  On  27  March.  1861,  he 
was  appointed  by  President  Lincoln  minister  to 
Bolivia,  and  remained  there  till  10  March,  1862. 
In  1863  he  became  chief  justice  of  the  supreme 
court  of  the  District  of  Columbia. 

CARTWRIGHT,  George,  English  traveller,  b. 
in  Marnham,  Nottinghamshire,  in  1739  ;  d.  in  1819. 
He  served  in  Germany  in  the  seven  years'  war,  and 
attained  the  rank  of  captain.  Subsequently  he 
made  several  voyages  to  Labrador,  and  in  1792 
published  a  "Journal  of  nearly  Sixteen  Years' 
Residence  on  the  Coast  of  Latjrador"  (3  vols., 
Newark,  England,  1792).  Coleridge,  the  poet,  says, 
relative  to  this  narrative  of  travels  and  adventures, 
that  the  annals  of  his  campaigns  among  the  foxes 
and  beavers  interested  him  more  than  the  accounts 
of  the  exploits  of  Marlborough  or  Frederick. — His 
brother,  John,  English  author,  b.  in  Marnham, 
Nottinghamshire,  28  Sept.,  1740;  d.  in  London,  23 
Sept.,  1824.  He  entered  the  royal  navy  in  1758, 
and  served  under  Sir  Hugh  Palliser  and  Admiral 
Byron  on  the  Newfoundland  station.  He  acted  as 
chief  magistrate  of  the  settlement  for  five  years, 
and  during  this  period  explored  the  interior  of  the 
island,  made  the  acquaintance  of  the  aborigines, 
and  discovered  Lieutenant's  lake.  In  1771  failing 
health  rendered  his  temporary  retirement  from  the 
navy  necessary.  In  1774  he  attracted  attention  by 
advocating  the  freedom  of  the  colonies,  and  in 
1775  published  a  tract  entitled  "American  Inde- 


pendence the  Glory  and  Interest  of  Great  Britain." 
The  tract  advocated  a  union  between  the  mother 
country  and  the  colonies  under  separate  legis- 
latures. Its  publication  led  to  a  rupture  of  his 
friendly  relations  with  Lord  Howe,  and  completed 
the  estrangement  that  had  begun  with  his  refusal 
to  accept  a  commission  in  the  army  to  war  against 
the  Americans.  On  2  April,  1777,  "he  presented  an 
address  to  the  king,  in  which  he  recommended 
peace  with  the  United  States,  and  reiterated  his 
proposal  of  a  union,  as  suggested  in  his  tract  on 
American  independence.  He  joined  with  Dr.  Jebb 
and  Granville  Sharpe,  in  1780,  in  forming  the 
society  for  constitutional  information.  His  zealous 
advocacy  of  the  removal  of  parliamentary  abuses, 
and  the  bestowal  of  the  franchise  upon  all  male 
adults,  together  with  his  active  efforts  in  securing 
the  election  of  a  delegate  designated  as  legislatorial 
attorney  for  Birmingham,  subjected  him  to  arrest, 
trial,  and  the  payment  of  a  fine.  He  published 
several  political  tracts,  and  in  his  "  Letters  on  the 
Slave-Trade "  favored  making  the  traffic  equally 
criminal  with  piracy.  Charles  James  Fox  regarded 
him  as  "  one  whose  enlightened  mind  and  profound 
constitutional  knowledge  placed  him  in  the  high- 
est rank  of  public  character."  His  niece,  Frances 
D.  Cartwright,  published  his  life  and  correspond- 
ence (2  vols.,  London,  1826).  The  work  also  con- 
tains a  map  of  his  discoveries  and  explorations  in 
the  interior  of  Newfoundland. 

CARTWRIGHT,  Peter,  clergyman,  b.  in  Am- 
herst CO.,  Va.,  1  Sept..  1785  ;  d.  near  Pleasant  Plains, 
Sangamon  eo..  111.,  25  Sept.,  1872.  His  father  was 
a  soldier  in  the  revolutionary  war,  and  about  1790 
removed  with  his  family  to  Logan  co.,  Ky.  At 
that  time,  according  to  his  own  account,  there  was 
not  a  news- 
paper printed 
south  of  Green 
river,  no  schools 
worth  the  name, 
and  no  mills 
within  forty 
miles.  Clothing 
was  home-made 
from  the  cotton 
and  flax,  and 
imported  tea, 
coffee,  and  su- 
gar were  un- 
known. Meth- 
odist preachers 
had  just  begun 
to  ride  "  cir- 
cuits "  in  that 
section,  and  the 
Rev.  John  Lur- 
ton  obtained 
permission  to  hold  public  services  in  Mr.  Cart- 
wright's  cabin  when  in  the  neighborhood.  After 
a  few  years  a  conference  was  formed,  known  as 
the  western  conference,  the  seventh  then  in  the 
United  States.  In  1801  a  camp-meeting  was  held 
at  Cane  Ridge,  at  which  nearly  2,000  persons  were 
converted.  Peter  was  then  a  wild  boy  of  sixteen, 
fond  of  horse-racing,  card-playing,  and  dancing. 
He  was  soon  awakened  to  a  sense  of  his  sinful- 
ness, but  fought  against  his  convictions  for  some 
time,  plunging  more  recklessly  than  ever  into  his 
dissipations,  until,  after  a  night's  dance  and  de- 
bauch at  a  wedding  some  miles  from  his  father's 
house,  he  fell  under  conviction  of  sin,  and  began 
to  pray.  He  sold  a  favorite  race-horse,  burned  his 
cards,  gave  up  gambling,  to  which  he  was  greatly 
addicted,  and,  after  three  months'  earnest  seeking. 


C).ctji  /^^^gj2^jctzzj:i^;jt 


CART  WRIGHT 


CARVAJAL 


546 


was  converted.  He  immediately  began  to  preach  as 
a  "  local,"  but  in  1808  was  received  into  the  regular 
ministry,  and  ordained  an  elder  in  1806  by  Bishop 
Asbury.  In  1828  Mr.  Cartwright  removed  from 
the  Cumberland  district  and  sought  a  home  in  Illi- 
nois, settling  the  year  following  in  Sangamon  co., 
then  peopled  only  by  a  few  hardy  and  enterprising 
pioneers.  After  a  few  years  he  was  elected  to  the 
legislature,  wherein  his  rough-and-ready  wit  and 
his  unflinching  courage  made  him  the  victor  in 
many  debates.  He  attended  annual  conferences 
with  almost  unfailing  regularity  for  a  series  of 
years,  and  was  always  a  conspicuous  member. 
Year  after  year  he  attended  camp-meetings,  find- 
ing his  greatest  happiness  in  them.  He  was  a  dele- 
gate to  numerous  general  conferences,  and  retained 
his  interest  in  religion  to  the  last.  From  a  very 
early  period  he  was  a  zealous  opponent  of  slavery, 
and  was  rejoiced  when  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
church  was  rid  of  all  complicity  with  it  by  the  di- 
vision in  1844.  Nevertheless,  he  retained  his  alle- 
giance to  the  democratic  party,  and  was  its  candi- 
date for  congress  in  1846,  in  opposition  to  Abraham 
Lincoln,  who  defeated  him  by  a  majority  of  1,500. 
For  more  than  fifty  years  he  was  presiding  elder 
in  the  church,  which  he  saw  rise,  from  72,874  mem- 
bers when  he  joined  it,  to  about  1,750,000  when  he 
was  called  away.  He  was  a  powerful  preacher  and 
a  tireless  worker.  His  quaint  and  eccentric  habits, 
and  his  exhaustless  fund  of  stories,  drawn  largely 
from  personal  experience,  gained  favor  and  popu- 
larity wherever  he  went.  Numerous  stories  are 
told  of  his  personal  ^prowess  in  dealing  with  the 
rough  characters  of  tiie  frontier,  who  often  sought 
to  interrupt  his  meetings,  and  whom,  if  report  be 
true,  he  invariably  vanquished  by  inoral  suasion  if 
possible,  or,  failing  that,  by  the  arm  of  flesh.  In 
conference  meetings  lie  was  loved,  revered,  and 
dreaded,  for  he  hesitated  not  to  arraign  the  house 
of  bishops  to  their  face ;  but  his  influence  was  pow- 
erful, and  his  strong  good  sense  often  shaped  the 
policy  of  the  whole  denomination.  He  published 
several  pamphlets,  of  which  his  "  Controversy  with 
the  Devil"  (1853)  was  perhaps  the  most  famous. 
"  The  Autobiography  of  the  Rev.  Peter  Cartwright " 
(New  York,  1856)  was  edited  by  William  P.  Strick- 
land. See  also  Dr.  Abel  Stevens'  "  Observations  on 
Dr.  Cartwright,"  and  his  many  books  treating  of 
the  history  of  Methodism,  and  "  The  Backwoods 
Preacher  "  (London,  1860). 

CARTWRIGHT,  Sir  Richard  John,  Canadian 
statesman,  b.  in  Kingston,  4  Dec,  1885.  He  was 
■educated  in  his  native  city,  and  in  Trinity  college, 
Dublin,  and  entered  parliament  as  a  conservative 
in  1868,  but  in  1870  formally  severed  his  con- 
nection with  the  conservative  party.  Sir  Francis 
Hincks,  minister  of  finance,  brought  forward  a 
banking  act,  which  Mr.  Cartwright,  who  was  presi- 
dent of  the  commercial  bank  of  Canada  and  at  the 
head  of  other  important  financial  institutions,  de- 
nounced as  calculated  to  undermine  the  security 
of  the  Canadian  banks.  He  voted  against  his  old 
party  on  several  questions,  but  was  re-elected  in 
1872.  He  then  identified  himself  thoroughly  with 
the  reform  party,  and  in  1878  accepted  office  in 
Mr.  Mackenzie's  administration  as  minister  of 
finance,  and  was  sworn  of  the  privy  council.  In 
1878  he  carried  an  important  bill  that  makes  the 
auditor-general  removable  only  on  an  address  by 
both  houses  of  parliament,  and  not,  as  formerly,  at 
the  pleasure  of  the  government  of  the  day.  At  the 
general  election  of  1878,  when  the  country  adopted 
the  "  national  policy  "  (i.  e.,  protection),  Mr.  Cart- 
wright's  free-trade  principles  brought  about  his 
defeat  at  the  polls.  A  constituency  was  subse- 
voL.  I. — 35 


quently  found  for  him  in  Centre  Huron.  On  24 
May,  1879,  he  was  knighted.  Sir  Richard  is  a  leader 
of  the  liberal  party,  and  a  keen  critic  of  the  finan- 
cial policy  of  his  political  opponents. 

CARTVVRK^HT,  Samuel  Adolphiis,  physi- 
cian, b.  in  Fairfax  county,  Va.,  80  Nov.,  1798;  d. 
in  Jackson,  Miss.,  2  May,  1868.  He  studied  medi- 
cine at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  and  began 
practice  in  Huntsville,  Ala.,  but  removed  to  Nat- 
chez, Miss.,  where  he  labored  for  more  than  a 
quarter  of  a  century,  and  served  at  one  time  under 
Gen.  Jackson  as  surgeon.  Dr.  Cartwright  removed 
to  New  Orleans  in  1848,  and  in  1862  was  appointed 
to  improve  the  sanitary  condition  of  the  confeder- 
ate soldiers  near  Port  Hudson  and  Vicksburg,  and 
while  discharging  this  duty  he  contracted  the  dis- 
ease that  caused  his  death.  He  contributed  largely 
to  medical  literature,  and  received  several  medals 
and  prizes  for  his  investigations,  especially  those 
on  yellow  fever,  cholera  infantum,  and  Asiatic 
cholera.  Some  of  his  methods  of  treatment  are 
now  in  use  in  the  army  and  in  hospitals. 

CARVAJAL,  Ciriaco  Gonzalez  (car-va-hal), 
Spanish  jurist,  b.  in  the  latter  part  of  the  18th 
century.  After  serving  in  tlie  Manila  audiencia, 
he  was  sent  to  fill  a  similar  office  in  Mexico.  There 
he  distinguished  himself  in  many  important  com- 
missions, was  director  of  the  Academia  de  juris- 
prudencia,  inspector  of  the  Royal  college  of  San 
Ildefonso,  and  president  of  the  Junta  de  memorias 
historicas  y  antigiiedades  de  Nueva  Espafia.  He 
returned  to  Spain,  was  appointed  a  member  of  the 
supreme  council  of  the  Indies,  and  then  of  the  su- 
preme council  of  justice,  and  was  also  minister  for 
the  colonies  in  1812.  His  principal  works  are  "La 
Hacienda,"  "  La  industria  en  las  islas  Filipinas," 
"  Reglamentos  politicos  para  el  mejor  gobierno  de 
los  indios,"  "  Principios  de  Derecho,"  "  Instrnc- 
ciones  y  ordenanzas  para  la  siembra  y  adminis- 
tracion  del  tabaco,"  and  "Memorias." 

CARVAJAL,  Francisco  de  (car-va-hal'),  Span- 
ish soldier,  b.  about  1464 ;  d.  in  1548.  He  distin- 
guished himself  at  the  battle  of  Pavia,  and  at  the 
sack  of  Rome  in  1527;  then  served  in  America, 
whither  avarice  had  led  him,  and  contributed  to 
the  victory  of  Chupas,  which  Vaca  de  Castro,  gov- 
ernor of  Peru,  obtained  over  young  Diego  de  Al- 
raagro,  and  in  1542  became  a  general.  Ranging 
himself  on  the  side  of  Gonzalo  Pizarro,  he  became 
the  soul  of  his  party.  He  was  made  prisoner  with 
Pizarro  in  1548,  at  the  battle  of  Cuzco.  and  soon 
afterward  taken  and  killed  by  the  populace,  who 
dragged  him  through  the  streets  of  Cuzco  and  cut 
his  body  to  pieces.  Carvajal  resembled  the  other 
conquerors  of  the  new  world,  both  in  valor  and 
cruelty.  More  than  20,000  Indians  whom  lie  had 
enslaved  are  said  to  have  died  under  the  weight  of 
the  labor  he  had  heaped  upon  them. 

CARVAJAL,  Gaspar  de,  missionary,  b.  in 
Extramadura,  Spain,  early  in  the  16th  century;  d. 
in  Lima,  Peru,  in  1584.  He  entered  the  Domini- 
can order  in  Spain,  went  to  Peru  in  1583,  and  de- 
voted himself  to  the  conversion  of  the  natives.  In 
1538  he  accompanied  the  expedition  of  Gonzalo 
Pizarro  to  the  countries  east  of  Quito  as  chaplain. 
The  army,  deceived  by  Indians,  was  drawn  into  a 
country  destitute  of  provisions,  and  reduced  to 
great  suffering.  Gonzalo  Pizarro  ordered  Francis 
Orellana,  one  of  his  best  officers,  to  descend  the 
Napo  with  Father  Carvajal  and  fifty  men,  to  find 
the  place  where  that  river  enters  a  larger  one,  and 
to  return  with  whatever  provisions  they  could  get 
on  board  their  little  vessel.  Orellana  reached  the 
junction  of  the  Napo  and  the  Marafion,  but  found 
no  provisions.     He  then  resolved  to  abandon  him- 


546 


CARVER 


GARY 


self  to  the  course  of  the  river,  and,  as  Father  Car- 
vajal  protested  against  his  treachery,  he  put  him 
ashore  and  sailed  away.  Here  the  missionary  was 
reduced  to  the  last  extremity,  when  Gonzalo,  im- 
patient at  the  delay  of  Orellana,  set  out  in  search 
of  his  vessel  and  discovered  him.  The  expedition 
then  returned  to  Quito,  having  suffered  a  loss  of 
320  out  of  400  men.  Father  Carvajal  was  elected 
sub-prior  of  the  convent  of  San  Rosario  in  Lima, 
and  while  in  this  place  he  was  chosen  to  arbitrate 
between  the  viceroy,  Blasco  de  Nufiez,  and  the 
auditors  of  the  royal  audience  in  1554,  but  was  un- 
successful. After  the  pacification  of  the  country, 
he  was  sent  by  his  superiors  to  the  mission  of 
Tucuman,  and  appointed  protector  of  the  Indians 
in  this  country.  He  labored  for  years  in  this  im- 
mense territory  and  converted  most  of  the  natives 
to  Christianity.  In  1553  he  was  instituted  preach- 
er-general of  the  convent  of  Huamanga,  and  vicar- 
national  of  the  province  of  Tucuman.  He  intro- 
duced several  bodies  of  Dominicans  into  his  prov- 
ince, and  by  their  aid  founded  Indian  towns  and 
nine  Spanish  colonies.  He  was  elected  provincial 
of  Peru  in  1557,  and  devoted  the  next  two  years  to 
the  organization  of  his  province,  and  the  two  fol- 
lowing to  the  visitation  of  remote  districts  and  the 
founding  of  new  convents.  In  1565  he  was  selected 
to  represent  his  province  at  Rome  and  at  the  court 
of  Spain,  but  it  is  probable  he  did  not  make  the 
journey,  as  he  held  a  chapter  at  Lima  in  1569. 

CARVER,  John,  governor  of  Plymouth  colony, 
b.  in  England  about  1590 :  d.  in  Plymouth,  Mass., 
in  April,  1661.  Pie  joined  the  Puritan  colony  at 
Leyden,  and  was  evidently  a  person  of  some  promi- 
nence, for  about  September,  1617,  he  was  sent  with 
Cushman  to  England  as  an  agent  to  secure  from 
the  Virginia  company  permission  to  found  a  colony 
on  their  territory.  They  took  with  them  the 
declaration  of  their  allegiance  to  the  church  and 
state  of  England,  "  either  active,  if  the  tiling  com- 
manded be  not  against  God's  word ;  or  passive,  if 
it  be."  To  the  same  agents  was  eventually  in- 
trusted the  selection  of  a  ship  and  preparations 
for  the  voyage.  Carver  was  probably  elected  gov- 
ernor for  the  ensuing  year  in  the  harbor  of  Prov- 
incetown,  J\Iass.,  where  the  "  Mayflower "  tempo- 
rarily anchored,  11  Nov.,  1620.  This  choice  was 
the  result  of  long  deliberation  on  the  part  of  his 
fellow-pilgrims.  He  was  re-elected  25  March,  1621, 
the  beginning  of  a  new  civil  year,  but  died  sud- 
denly a  month  afterward.  His  sword  is  preserved  in 
the  collection  of  the  Massachusetts  historical  so- 
ciety, and  a  chair,  with  other  relics,  is  in  private 
collections.  He  managed  the  affairs  of  the  infant 
colony  with  great  discretion  during  the  first  trying 
winter,  when  nearly  half  of  the  colony  died,  and 
his  negotiations  with  the  Indians  laid  the  founda- 
tion for  the  generally  peaceful  relations  that  were 
maintained  for  many  years. 

CARVER,  Jonathan,  traveller,  b.  in  Stillwater, 
N.  Y.,  in  1732;  d.  in  London,  81  Jan..  1780.  In 
the  French  war  he  commanded  a  company  of  pro- 
vincials in  the  expedition  against  Canada,  and  in 
1763  he  undertook  to  explore  the  vast  territory 
claimed  by  Great  Britain  in  North  America.  He 
left  Boston  in  1766,  and,  having  reached  Michili- 
maekinac,  the  remotest  English  post,  applied  to 
Mr.  Rogers,  the  governor,  for  a  supply  of  goods  as 
presents  for  the  Indians  on  the  route  he  intended  to 
follow.  Having  received  a  part  of  the  required 
supply,  with  the  promise  that  the  remainder  should 
be  sent  after  him  to  the  falls  of  St.  Anthony, 
he  continued  his  journey ;  but,  as  the  expected 
goods  did  not  reach  him,  he  was  under  the  ne- 
cessity of  returnmg  to  Prairie  du  Chien.     Thence, 


in  the  beginning  of  1767,  he  set  out  northward, 
with  a  view  of  finding  a  communication  between 
tlie  head-waters  of  the  Mississippi  and  Lake  Supe- 
rior. He  reached  Lake  Superior,  and  returned, 
after  spending  several 
months  on  its  north- 
ern and  eastern  bor- 
ders, and  exploring 
the  bays  and  rivers 
that  flow  into  the 
lake.  Soon  after  his 
arrival  at  Boston,  in 
October  1768,  at  which 
date  he  had  travelled 
nearly  7,000  miles,  he 
set  out  for  England 
"  to  announce  his  dis- 
coveries." On  his  ar- 
rival, he  presented  a 
petition  to  the  king, 
praying  for  a  re-im- 
bursement  of  the  sums      //  ^j 

he  had  expended;  and,  ^y^77/i  ^2*'2-y^^<?'2>^'^ 
after  undergoing   an  v     v' 

examination    by    the 

board  of  trade,  which  ordered  him  to  surrender  his 
papers,  he  received  permission  to  publish  his  jour- 
nal. But  the  profits  he  derived  from  the  sale  were 
insufficient  to  relieve  his  necessities,  and  in  the  win- 
ter of  1779  he  obtained  a  subsistence  by  acting  as 
clerk  in  a  lottery-office.  Having  sold  his  name  to 
a  historical  compilation,  which  was  published  in  a 
large  folio  volume,  entitled  "The  New  Universal 
Traveller"  (London,  1779),  containing  an  account 
of  all  the  empires,  kingdoms,  and  states  in  the 
known  world,  he  was  abandoned  by  those  whose 
duty  it  was  to  support  him.  In  the  early  part 
of  1780  he  was  reduced  to  poverty,  and  died  in 
a  state  of  destitution.  The  circumstances  were 
made  known  to  the  public  by  the  benevolent  Dr. 
Lettsom,  who  brought  out  a  new  edition  of  his 
travels  for  the  benefit  of  his  widow  and  children, 
and  made  such  a  representation  of  the  author's 
sufferings  as  finally  led  to  the  institution  of  the 
literary  fund.  The  titles  of  his  books  are  "  Trav- 
els through  the  Interior  Parts  of  North  America  " 
(London,  1778)  and  "  Treatise  on  the  Culture  of 
the  Tobacco  Plant"  (1779). 

CARY,  Albig'ence  Waldo,  inventor,  b.  in  Cov- 
ventry,  Kent  co.,  R.  I.,  23  May,  1801 ;  d.  in  Brock- 
port,  N.  Y.,  30  Aug.,  1802.  He  was  the  inventor  of 
Gary's  rotary  force-pump,  which  was  used  on  the 
first  steam  fire-engine  in  the  United  States,  in  recon- 
structing the  southern  railway  after  the  civil  war, 
and  in  the  mines  of  California. — His  son,  Joseph 
Clinton,  b.  in  Alexander,  Genesee  co.,  N.  Y.,  12  Oct., 
1828  ;  d.  in  Martha's  Vineyard,  Mass.,  7  Aug.,  1884. 
built  two  steam  fire-engines  about  1860,  to  which 
his  father's  pump  was  applied,  for  use  in  New 
York  city.  These  engines  propelled  themselves 
through  the  streets  by  steam-power,  and  were 
capable,  with  ten  men,  of  doing  the  work  of  five 
hundred  with  the  hand-engines  at  that  time  in  use. 
They  proved  to  be  very  efficient  at  several  large 
fires,  and  helped  to  save  many  millions  of  property. 
About  1864  Mr.  Gary  became  a  speculator  in  Wall 
street.  He  was  the  originator  of  the  cross-town 
railroad  running  from  Christopher-street  ferry  to 
the  East  river  at  Twenty-third  street. 

CARY,  Alice,  author,  b.  near  Cincinnati,  Ohio, 
36  April,  1820 ;  d.  in  New  York  city,  12  Feb.,  1871. 
Her  parents  were  people  of  good  education  and 
training,  but,  from  the  privations  incident  to  a 
newly  settled  country,  her  early  advantages  of  edu- 
cation were  very  moderate.     So  far  as  rep;ards  the 


GARY 


GARY 


547 


actual  necessities  of  life,  she  was  in  comfortable 
circumstances.  Her  mother  died  in  1885,  and  two 
years  afterward  her  father  mai-ried  again.  The 
stepmother  was  wholly  unsympathetic  regarding 
the  literary  aspirations  of  Alice  and  her  younger 
sister  Phoebe  ;  but  while  they  were  ready  and  will- 
ing to  aid  to  the  full  extent  of  their  strength  in 
household  labor,  they  persisted  in  a  determination 
to  study  and  write  when  the  day's  work  was  done. 
Sometimes  they  were  refused  the  use  of  candles  to 
the  extent  of  their  wishes,  and  the  device  of  a  sau- 
cer of  lard  with  a  bit  of  rag  for  a  wick  was  their 
only  light  after  the  rest  of  the  family  had  retired. 
Of  the  best  current  periodical  literature  they  saw 
little,  and  the  few  newspapers  that  reached  them 
were  for  the  most  part  very  unsatisfying.  The 
household  library,  according  to  a  list  cited  by 
Phoebe  from  memory,  included  only  the  Bible,  a 
hymn-book,  "  History  of  the  Jews,"  "  Lewis  and 
Clarke's  Travels,"  "  Pope's  Essays,"  "  Gharlotte 
Temple,"  and  a  novel  called  "The  Black  Peni- 
tents." This  last  was  grievously  tantalyzing  to 
the  young  authors,  for  its  concluding  pages  were 
missing,  and  they  never  learned  the  ultimate 
fate  of  the  "  Penitents."  Alice  began  to  write 
verses  at  the  age  of  eighteen,  and  wrote  largely 
and  acceptably  for  the  press  in  prose  and  verse 
for  the  next  ten  years  without  compensation.  In 
1853,  with  her  sister  Phoebe,  Alice  came  to  New 
York  city,  and  the  two  devoted  themselves  thence- 
forth to  a  literary  life.  The  sisters  had  some  prop- 
erty, a  fair  literary  reputation,  and  habits  of  in- 
dustry and  frugality,  which  enabled  them  to  con- 
tent themselves  with  a  moderate  income,  and  they 
had  just  made  their  first  successful  literary  ven- 
ture, a  volume  of  poems,  when  they  decided  to 
remove  to  New  York.  They  prospered  in  their 
city  career,  with  a  gradual  growth  of  income  that 
eventually  secured  a  competence.  Alice  was  an  in- 
defatigalile  worker.  She  wrote  for  the  "  Atlantic 
Monthly,"  for  "  Harper's,"  for  "  Putnam,"  for  the 
"  New  York  Ledger,"  the  "  Independent,"  and 
other  literary  periodicals ;  and  her  articles,  whether 
prose  or  poetry,  were  gathered  subsequently  into 
volumes,  which  had  a  warm  welcome  both  in  this 
country  and  abroad.  She  also  wrote  novels  and 
poems,  which  did  not  make  their  first  appearance 
in  periodicals.  Her  verses  are  marked  by  a  rare 
delicacy  and  finish,  and  easily  entitle  her  to  a  place 
very  near  the  head  of  American  female  poets.  Her 
prose  is  remarkable  for  its  fresh  grace  and  realistic 
character.  Her  descriptions  of  domestic  life  are 
delightful,  and  her  plots  well  sustained  and  inter- 
esting. It  is  said  that  in  the  series  of  stories  en- 
titled "  Clovernook  "  she  depicted  many  passages 
in  her  own  home-life ;  that  in  Mary  Milford  she 
sketched  herself.  "  A  Relic  of  Ancient  Days," 
"  How  Uncle  Dale  was  Troubled,"  and  "  The  Old 
Man's  Wing,"  are  episodes  in  the  life  of  her  pater- 
nal grandfather.  John  Dale  represents  the  father 
of  Alice,  and  Joseph  Dale  her  uncle.  With  "  The 
Sisters  "  she  begins  her  own  story,  and  it  is  con- 
tinued to  the  end  of  the  book.  Ella  is  herself, 
Rebecca  is  her  older  sister  Rhoda,  and  Zoe  her 
sister  Phcebe.  The  sisters  lived  a  dual  life :  that 
of  their  New  York  home,  and  that  of  the  farm 
where  they  naturally  resumed  the  habits  of  their 
girlhood  during  their  occasional  visits.  After  the 
sisters  had  attained  eminence  in  the  literary  world, 
their  house  became  a  centre  of  attraction  for  many 
of  the  brightest  people  in  America.  It  was  un- 
derstood that  on  Sunday  evenings  they  were  "  at 
home,"  and  their  weekly  receptions  were  for  fifteen 
years  among  the  most  delightful  known  to  the  lit- 
erary guild  in  New  York.     They  were  quite  infor- 


mal, and  afforded  small  satisfaction  to  the  merely 
fashionable  people  who  now  and  then  attended 
them.  The  biographer  of  the  Gary  sisters,  Mrs. 
Ames,  tells  the  following  anecdote,  which  illus- 
trates the  character  of  the  guests  at  these  recep- 
tions :  "  A  young  man,  poor,  without  friends, 
unattractive  in  speech  and  manner,  had  found 
his  way  to  the  house.  One  evening  a  friend 
hinted  to  Phcebe  Gary  that  a  certain  somewhat 
fastidious  lady  was  astonished  that  he  was  re- 
ceived at  all.  "  He  is  so  pushing  and  presump- 
tuous, and  his  family  is  very  common."  "  Tell 
her,"  replied  Miss  Gary,  with  a  touch  of  indigna- 
tion, "  that  we  like  him  very  much ;  that  he  is 
just  as  welcome  here  as  she  is,  and  we  are  always 
glad  to  see  her."  Of  course  receptions  conducted 
on  such  liberal  principles  as  this  could  be  exclu- 
sive only  by  a  process  of  natural  selection.  In 
point  of  fact,  however,  the  atmosphere  of  the  place 
was  agreeable  only  to  persons  of  natural  refine- 
ment, and  if  others  occasionally  drifted  in,  they 
rarely  repeated  the  visit.  Among  the  more  distin- 
guished of  the  frequenters  of  the  Gary  home  were 
Horace  Greeley,  Bayard  Taylor  and  his  wife,  Rich- 
ard and  Elizabeth  Stoddard,  Robert  Dale  Owen, 
Oliver  Johnson,  John  Greenleaf  Whittier,  Mrs. 
Mary  E.  Dodge,  Mrs.  Groly,  Mrs.  Victor,  the  Rev. 
Edwin  H.  Ghapin,  D.  D.,  Rev.  Henry  M.  Field, 
D.  D.,  and  Rev.  Charles  F.  Deems,  D.  D.,  Samuel 
Bowles,  Thomas  B.  Aldrich,  Anna  E.  Dickinson, 
George  Ripley,  Madame  Le  Vert,  Henry  Wilson, 
Justin  McCarthy,  Elizabeth  Cady  Stanton.  In 
short,  all  the  noted  contemporary  names  in  the 
different  departments  of  literature  and  art  might 
fairly  be  added  to  the  list.  Probably  New  York 
has  never  seen  assemblies  so  comprehensive  in 
their  elements  and  so  harmonious  in  their  dispo- 
sition. Alice's  last  illness  was  protracted  for  sev- 
eral years,  and  attended  by  much  suffering,  but 
was  borne  with  wonderful  patience  and  resigna- 
tion, and  she  was  tenderly  cared  for  by  her  stronger 
sister.  Her  published  works  are  "  Clovernook 
Papers  "  (two  series,  Boston,  1851-'3) ;  "  Hagar,  a 
Story  of  To-day  "  (1852) ;  "  The  Clovernook  Chil- 
dren" (1854);  "Lyra,  and  other  Poems"  (1853; 
enlarged  ed.,  including  "  The  Maiden  of  Tlascala," 
1855);  "Married,  Not  Mated"  (1856);  "Pictures 
of  Countrv  Life"  (New  York,  1859);  "Lyrioe  and 
Hymns  "  (Boston.  1866) ;  "  The  Bishop's  Son  "  (New 
York,  1867) ;  "  The  Lover's  Diary  "  (Boston.  1867) ; 
"  Snow-Berries  :  a  Book  for  Young  Folks  "  (1869). 
— Her  sister,  Phoebe,  b.  near  Cincinnati,  4  Sept., 
1824;  d.  in  Newport,  R.  I.,  31  July,  1871.  Her  ad- 
vantages for  early  education  were  somewhat  better 
than  her  sister's,  whose  almost  inseparable  com- 
panion she  became  at  an  early  age.  They  were 
very  different  in  temperament,  in  person,  and  in 
mental  constitution.  Phoebe  began  to  write  verse 
at  the  age  of  seventeen — crudely  and  imperfectly, 
she  herself  said ;  and  yet  one  of  her  earliest  poems, 
written  in  1842.  has  literally  won  a  world-wide 
reputation.  Its  title  is  "  Nearer  Plome,"  and  its  first 
line,  "  One  sweetly  solemn  thought."  In  the  joint 
housekeeping  in  New  York,  she  took,  from  choice 
(Alice  being  for  many  years  an  invalid),  the  larger 
share  of  the  household  duties,  and  hence  found  less 
leisure  for  literary  labor.  She  wrote  very  little 
prose,  and  her  poetry  was  so  different  in  style,  so 
much  more  buoyant  in  tone  and  independent  in 
manner,  that  the  verses  of  one  sister  were  rarely 
ascribed  to  the  other.  To  most  readers  Phoebe's 
poems  are,  perhaps,  more  attractive  than  those  of 
Alice.  In  society  she  was  brilliant  and  witty,  but 
always  kindly  and  genial.  She  wrote  a  beautiful 
and  touching  tribute  to  her  sister's  memory,  pub- 


648 


GARY 


GARY 


lished  in  the  "  Ladies'  Repository,"  a  few  days  be- 
fore her  own  death.  She  had  seemingly  enjoyed 
robust  health  till  her  sister's  death  ;  but  her  consti- 
tution, weakened  by  intense  sorrow,  was  shattered 
by  exposure  to  malarial  influences,  and  she  did 
not  rally  from  the  intensity  of  the  attack,  though 
removed  to  Newport  in  the  hope  that  a  change  of 
air  and  cheerful  surroundings  might  prove  bene- 
ficent. Of  the  volume  of  "  Poems  of  Alice  and 
Phoebe  Gary  "  (Philadelphia,  1850),  only  about  one 
third  were  written  by  Phcebe.  Her  independently 
published  books  are  "  Poems  and  Parodies  "  (Bos- 
ton, 1854) ;  "  Poems  of  Faith,  Hope,  and  Love " 
(1868);  and  a  large  share  of  the  "Hymns  for  all 
Christians,"  edited  by  Charles  F.  Deems  (18650. 
See  "  Memorial  of  Alice  and  Pha?be  Gary,"  by 
Mary  Clemmer  Ames  (New  York,  1873). 

GARY,  Annie  Louise,  singer,  b.  in  Wavne,  Ken- 
nebec CO.,  Me.,  22  Oct.,  1842.  She  is  a  daughter  of 
Dr.  Nelson  Howard  Gary  and  his  wife.  Maria  Stock- 
bridge.  After  an  early  education  in  the  common 
schools,  she  attended  the  female  seminary  at 
Gorham,  Me.,  and  was  graduated  in  1862.  In 
1866,  her  natural  gifts  as  a  singer  becoming  evi- 
dent, she  went  to  Italy  and  studied  in  Milan  with 
Giovanni  Gorsi  until  January,  1868.  Thence  she 
went  to  Copenhagen,  and,  under  the  direction  of 
Achille  Lorini,  made  her  first  appearance  in  Italian 
opera  as  a  profundo  contralto  singer.  During  the 
succeeding  winter  and 
spring  she  continued 
to  sing  in  Gopeidiagen 
and  in  Gothenburg  and 
Christiania.  The  fol- 
lowing summer  was 
spent  at  Baden-Baden 
in  study  with  Madame 
Viardot-Garcia,  and  in 
the  autumn  she  began 
an  engagement  for  Ital- 
ian opera  at  Stockholm 
under  the  direction  of 
Ferdinand  Strakosch. 
After  two  months  she 
engaged  to  sing  at  the 
Royal  Swedish  opera, 
and  sang  her  part  in 
Italian  to  the  Swedish 
of  the  other  artists. 
The  following  summer  she  spent  in  Paris,  study- 
ing with  Signor  Bottesini,  the  famous  contra-bass- 
ist.  In  the  autumn  she  went  to  Brussels  to  sing 
in  Italian  opera,  and  there  made  a  contract  with 
Messrs.  Maurice  and  Max  Strakosch  for  three  yeai's 
in  the  United  States.  In  the  winter  of  1869-70 
she  studied  in  Paris,  and  during  the  spring  in 
London  with  Mr.  Henry  C.  Deacon,  and  sang  at 
Drury  Lane  theatre  under  the  direction  of  Manager 
Wood.  She  returned  to  America  in  September, 
1870,  to  make  her  debut  in  concert  at  Steinway 
hall,  New  York,  with  Nilsson,  V^ieuxtemps,  and 
Brignoli.  For  twelve  years  from  that  time  she  was 
constantly  engaged  for  opera  or  concerts,  appear- 
ing with  Carlotta  Patti,  Mario,  Albani,  and  others 
in  America,  until  the  winter  of  1875-'6,  when  she 
visited  Moscow  and  St.  Petersburg,  and  repeated 
the  tour  in  the  following  winter.  Returning  to 
America  for  the  seasons  of  1877-'8  and  1878-'9,  she 
sang  in  opera  witli  Clara  Louise  Kellogg  and 
Marie  Rose,  imder  the  management  of  director 
Strakosch.  The  three  seasons  following  were 
given  to  opera  with  the  Mapleson  company,  and  to 
concerts  and  festivals  in  great  variety.  During 
the  most  active  part  of  her  professional  career  she 
sang  at  all  the  festivals  given  in  New  York,  Bos- 


ton, Cincinnati,  Chicago,  and  Worcester.  She  also 
sang  frequently  in  oratorio,  and  regularly  partici- 
pated in  the  concerts  of  the  Brooklyn  (N.Y.)  phil- 
harmonic society.  Miss  Gary  was  always  a  favorite 
with  the  American  public, 'and,  though  she  har- 
vested abundant  honors  wherever  she  went  in  for- 
eign lands,  she  always  seemed  especially  to  value 
the  plaudits  of  her  own  people.  On  29  June,  1882, 
she  married  Charles  Monson  Raymond,  of  New 
York  city.  Since  then  she  has  sung  only  in  private 
and  for  charity,  though  she  occasionally  assists  the 
choir  at  the  church  where,  with  her  husband,  she 
is  a  regular  attendant. 

CARY,  Archibald,  patriot,  b.  in  Virginia  about 
1780  ;  d.  at  Ampthill,  in  September,  1786.  He  early 
became  a  member  of  the  house  of  burgesses.  Prior 
to  1760  he  undertook  to  revive  the  iron-works  on 
Falling  creek,  Va.,  established  by  Col.  William 
Byrd,  and  operated  them  with  pig-iron  impoi'ted 
from  Maryland ;  but  the  enterprise  was  abandoned 
as  unprofitable.  In  1764  he  served  on  the  com- 
mittee that  reported  the  address  tc  the  king,  lords, 
and  commons.  In  1773  he  was  one  of  the  commit- 
tee of  correspondence,  and  he  was  a  member  of  the 
convention  of  1776.  As  chairman  of  the  commit- 
tee of  the  whole  he  reported  the  resolutions  in- 
structing the  Virginia  delegates  in  congress  to  pro- 
pose independence.  On  the  organization  of  the 
state  government  he  was  returned  to  the  senate, 
where  he  presided  until  his  death.  He  was  de- 
scended from  Henry,  Lord  Hunsdon,  and  at  the 
tiine  of  his  death  was  heir-apparent  of  the  barony. 
He  was  a  man  of  singular  courage  and  intrepidity, 
short  in  stature,  but  of  remarkably  prepossessing 
appearance.  The  title  of  "  colonel  "  is  commonly 
prefixed  to  his  name. 

CARY,  John,  colored  servant  of  Gen.  Washing- 
ton, b.  in  Westmoreland  co.,  Va.,  in  August,  1729 ; 
d.  in  Washington,  D.  C,  2  June,  1843.  He  was 
with  his  master  in  the  old  French  war  at  Brad- 
dock's  defeat,  and  accompanied  him  through  the 
revolutionary  struggle. 

CARY,  Lott,  negro  slave,  b.  in  Charles  City 
CO.,  Va.,  in  1780;  d.  in  Monrovia,  Africa,  8  Nov., 
1828.  In  1804  he  was  sent  to  Richmond,  and  hired 
out  as  a  common  laborer.  Gifted  with  a  high  or- 
der of  native  intelligence,  he  soon  taught  himself, 
with  slight  assistance,  to  read  and  write,  and.  hav- 
ing a  remarkable  memory  and  sense  of  order,  he 
became  one  of  the  best  shipping-clerks  in  the  Rich- 
mond tobacco  warehouses.  Until  1807  he  was  an 
unbeliever,  but  during  that  year  became  converted 
to  Christianity,  and  was  ever  afterward  a  leader 
among  the  Baptists  of  his  own  color.  In  1813  he 
purchased  his  own  freedom  and  that  of  his  two 
children  for  $850.  As  a  freeman  he  maintained 
his  habits  of  industry  and  economy,  and  when  the 
colonization  scheme  was  organized  had  accumu- 
lated a  sum  sufficiently  large  to  enable  him  to  pay 
his  own  expenses  as  a  member  of  the  colony  sent 
out  to  the  African  coast  in  1822.  He  was  with 
the  colony  during  its  early  wars  with  the  barbarous 
natives,  and  rendered  invaluable  services  as  a  coun- 
sellor, physician,  and  pa«tor.  He  was  elected  vice- 
agent  of  the  colonization  society  in  1826,  and  dur- 
ing the  absence  of  Mr.  Ashmun,  the  agent,  acted 
in  his  place.  On  the  evening  of  8  Nov.,  1828,  he 
was  making  carti'idges  in  anticipation  of  an  attack 
from  slave-traders,  when  an  accidental  explosion 
fatally  injured  him  and  seven  of  his  companions. 

CARY,  Samuel  Fenton,  congressman,  b.  in 
Cincinnati,  Ohio,  18  Feb.,  1814.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Miami  university  in  1835,  at  the  Cincinnati 
law-school  in  1837,  and  began  practice,  but  retired 
in  1845  and  became  a  farmer.     He  was  elected  to 


CASAL 


CASE 


549 


congress  as  an  independent  republican,  and  served 
one  term,  18G7-'9.  He  was  the  only  republican  in 
the  house  that  voted  against  the  impeachment  of 
President  Johnson.  On  18  May,  1876,  he  was 
nominated  for  vice-president  of  the  United  States, 
with  Peter  Cooper  as  the  candidate  for  president, 
by  the  independent  party,  commonly  known  as  the 
national  greenback  party.  He  has  been  interested 
in  the  temperance  and  labor  reform  movements. 

CASAL,  or  CAZAL,  Manuel  Ayres  de,  Portu- 
guese geographer,  b.  after  1750 ;  d.  in  Lisbon, 
before  1850.  He  received  a  good  education,  and 
took  holy  orders,  but  afterward  devoted  himself 
to  the  exploration  of  Brazil,  and  has  been  called 
the  "father  of  Brazilian  geography."  His"Coro- 
grafia  Brasilica"  (2  vols.,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  1817) 
was  much  admired  by  Humboldt. 

CASANATE,  Pedro  Porter  de  (cah-sah-nah'- 
tay),  Spanish  naval  officer,  flourished  in  the  17th 
century.  In  1(585  he  explored  the  coasts  of  South 
America,  in  order  to  rectify  the  charts,  and  in  1640 
was  given  the  exclusive  right  to  navigate  the  gulf 
of  California  and  make  discoveries  on  its  coasts. 
After  he  had  held  the  office  of  governor  of  Sinaloa, 
and  finished  his  explorations  in  California,  he  was 
sent  to  Chili  as  governor  and  re-establishhd  order 
in  the  region.  Casanate  left  several  geographical 
and  nautical  works  which  are  highly  esteemed,  in- 
cluding •'  Diecionario  Nautico,"  "  Reparo  a  los  Er- 
rores  de  la  Navegacion  Espanola,"  "  Relaciones  y 
Cartas  de  viajes  a  California,"  "  Relacion  de  la 
Campafia  de  Chile,"  and  "  Sentencias  notables  de  la 
Perfecta  Razon  de  Estado." 

CASAS,  Bartoloiue  de  las  (bar-tol-o-may'), 
missionary,  b.  in  Seville,  Si)ain,  in  1474;  d.  in 
Madrid  in  1566.  His  father  was  one  of  the  adven- 
turous spirits  that  accompanied  Columbus  on  his 
principal  voyages.  Bartolome  was  a  student  at  the 
University  of  Salamanca  until  he  was  nineteen  years 
old,  and  had  distinguished  himself  by  his  brilliant 
gifts.     He  accompanied  his  father  on  all  but  the 

first  of  his  voy- 
ages with  Co- 
lumbus, and, 
on  his  return  to 
Spain,  became 
a  Dominican, 
with  a  view  to 
devoting  his 
life  to  the  con- 
version of  the 
American  In- 
dians. He  was 
ordained  at 
Santo  Domin- 
go in  1510,  and 
appointed  to  a 
parish  in  Cubai, 
where  he  ac- 
quired such  no- 
table influence  ^ 
over  the  na- 
tives that  he 
attracted  the 
attention  of  the 
governor.  In 
1516  he  went  to 
Spain  to  obtain  safeguards  for  the  natives  against 
their  European  oppressors.  Cardinal  Ximenez,  then 
regent,  sent  out  a  commission,  which  proved  inef- 
fectual, and  Las  Casas  went  again  to  Spain  on  the 
same  errand.  But  his  efiiorts  produced  no  lasting 
result.  After  this  he  essayed  an  independent  col- 
ony, receiving  a  grant  of  250  leagues  of  land  from 
Charles  V. ;  but  this  too  failed,  and  he  retired  in 


despair  to  a  Dominican  convent,  where  his  ener- 
getic spirit  would  not  long  sutt'er  him  to  remain. 
He  found  his  true  vocation  as  a  missionary  preacher, 
travelling  through  Nicaragua,  Guatemala,  Peru,  and 
Mexico,  and  making  many  alleged  converts,  and 
earning  the  title  of  "the  apostle  to  the  Indians." 
Charles  V.,  wishing  to  reward  his  zeal,  appointed 
him  to  the  rich  bishopric  of  Cuzco,  in  Peru,  but 
Las  Casas,  possessed  by  the  spirit  of  self-abnega- 
tion, refused  a  life  of  luxury,  and  accepted  the 
poverty-stricken  see  of  Chiapa,  Mexico.  He  as- 
sumed this  charge  at  the  age  of  seventy,  and,  by 
his  zeal  in  behalf  of  the  natives,  provoked  hos- 
tility from  court  officers  and  from  colonists,  to 
whom  he  refused  the  sacrament  if  they  enslaved 
the  Indians.  His  enemies  proved  too  strong  for 
him,  and  in  1551  he  returned  to  Spain  and  retired 
to  a  cloister,  where  he  devoted  himself  to  writing 
accounts  of  his  experiences.  Asa  statistician,  Las 
Casas  is  imtrustworthy.  His  estimates  of  the  na- 
tive population  of  the  West  Indies,  and  of  the 
number  of  lives  destroyed  by  the  tyranny  of  the 
Spaniards,  are  evident  exaggerations,  prompted,  as 
the  historian  Prescott  suggests,  by  the  author's 
heart  rather  than  by  his  head.  His  untrust worthi- 
ness seems,  however,  to  be  confined  mainly  to  this 
department  of  his  work.  His  first  book,  "  Suma- 
rio,"  descriptive  of  the  West  Indies,  appeai'ed  in 
1526.  In  1535  he  began  to  publish  his  "  Historia 
general  de  las  Indias,"  continued  through  a  large 
number  of  volumes,  and  never  finished.  These 
were  published  in  nearly  all  the  European  lan- 
guages as  well  as  in  Latin.  In  1552  the  series  of 
nine  tracts  began,  usually  known  as  "  The  Brief 
Relation  of  the  Destruction  of  the  Indies  "  (the 
title  properly  belongs  only  to  the  first  tract). 
This  work,  and  especially  the  statistics  contained 
in  it,  are  considered  to  be  apocriphal  by  Montalvo, 
Nuix,  Beristain,  and  other  authoi'ities.  Complete 
sets  of  these  are  very  rare  and  command  fabulous 
prices.  The  original  manuscript  of  the  "  Historia  " 
is  still  preserved  in  the  academy  of  history  at  Mad- 
rid. See  Sir  Arthur  Help's  "Spanish  Conquest  of 
America"  and  "Life  of  Las  Casas,"  Hubert  Howe 
Bancroft's  "Central  America"  and  "Mexico."  and 
Winsor"s  "  Narrative  and  Critical  History  of  Amer- 
ica "(Boston,  1884). 

CASAS  Y  ARAGORRI,  Luis  de  las,  governor- 
general  of  Cuba,  b.  iu  Sopuerta,  Spain,  25  Aug., 
1745  ;  d.  in  Cadiz,  14  July,  18U0.  In  1769  he  came 
to  Louisiana  under  the  Spanish  Gen.  O'Reilly, 
where  he  remained  six  years  as  commander  of  the 
garrison.  In  1774  he  returned  to  Spain,  took  part 
in  several  wars,  and  was  appointed  in  1790  gov- 
ernor-general of  Cuba.  During  his  administration 
the  prosperity  and  welfare  of  the  island  had  a  great 
development.  To  him  was  due  the  creation  of  the 
first  newspaper  ever  published  in  Cuba,  the  "Papel 
Periodico,"  the  first  nurnber  of  which  appeared  31 
Oct..  1791.  Casas  himself  was  one  of  the  most  con- 
stant conti'ibutors.  Under  his  administration  were 
established  the  charity  asylum,  the  patriotic  society 
for  intellectual,  industrial,  and  agricultural  devel- 
opment, the  first  public  library  in  Cuba,  and  the 
first  census  was  taken.  He  caused  to  be  con- 
structed many  public  roads  and  bridges,  and  found- 
ed public  schools,  contributing  with  his  own  purse 
toward  their  support.  He  was  the  first  to  recom- 
mend to  the  Madrid  government  the  wise  policy  of 
opening  the  ports  of  the  island  of  Cuba  to  foreign 
commerce.  Casas  returned  to  Spain  in  1796  as 
poor  as  when  he  had  first  arrived  at  Plavana,  and 
died  in  absolute  poverty. 

CASE,  Augustus  Ludlow,  naval  officer,  b.  in 
Newburg,  N.  Y.,  3  Feb.,  1813 ;  d.  in  Wasliington, 


550 


CASE 


CASEY 


D.  C,  17  Feb.,  1893.  He  entered  the  navy  as  mid- 
shipman, 1  April,  1828,  and  became  passed  mid- 
shipman, 14  June,  1834.  From  1837  till  1842  he 
was  engaged  in  the  South  sea  surveying  and  explor- 
ing expedition,  and  was  promoted  to  lieutenant,  25 
Feb.,  1841.  lie  served  in  the  gulf  of  Mexico  from 
1846  till  1848  during  the  Mexican  war,  and  was 
present  at  the  capture  of  Vera  Cruz,  Alvarado, 
and  Tabasco,  superintending  the  landing  of  men, 
ordnance,  and  stores  for  the  siege  of  Vera  Cruz. 
After  the  capture  of  Laguna  he  was  sent  with 
twenty-five  men  up  the  Palisada  river  to  capture 
the  town  of  the  same  name  in  the  hope  of  inter- 
cepting Gen.  Santa  Anna.  The  town  was  taken 
and  held  for  two  weeks  against  a  large  body  of 
cavalry.  Lieut.  Case  commanded  the  sloop-of-war 
"  Warren  "  in  1852-'3,  and  was  light-house  inspec- 
tor at  New  York  from  1853  till  1857.  He  was  pro- 
moted, 14  Sept.,  1855,  and  commanded  the  steamer 
"  Caledonia  "  on  the  Paraguay  expedition  in  1859. 
At  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war  Commander 
Case  was  appointed  fleet-captain  of  the  North  At- 
lantic blockading  squadron,  took  part  in  the  cap- 
ture of  Forts  Clarke  and  Hatteras,  28  and  29  Aug., 
1861,  and  was  specially  named  by  Flag-Officer 
Stringham  in  his  report  of  2  Sept.  At  Hampton 
Roads  he  rendered  valuable  assistance  to  Flag-OIR- 
cer  Groldsborough  in  manning  and  equipping  the 
many  vessels  sent  to  him  in  an  unprepared  condi- 
tion, and  was  commended  in  a  report,  together  with 
Commander  Rowan,  for  "  marked  ability  and  sound 
sense."  He  took  part  in  all  the  operations  of  the 
North  Atlantic  fleet  till  January,  1863,  when  he 
was  assigned  to  the  "  Iroquois,"  which  was  fitted  to 
look  after  the  "  Alabama."  He  had  charge  of  the 
blockade  of  New  Inlet,  N.  C,  in  1863,  and  in  Au- 
gust of  that  year,  aided  by  the  steamers  '•  James 
Adger  "  and  "  Mount  Vernon,"  cut  out  the  steamer 
"  Kate "  from  under  Fort  Fisher  and  the  other 
batteries  at  New  Inlet.  He  became  captain,  2  Jan., 
1863,  and  in  1865-"6  was  fleet-captain  of  the  Euro- 
pean squadron.  He  was  made  commodore,  8  Dec, 
1867,  was  chief  of  the  ordnance  bureau  from  1869 
till  1873,  and  promoted  to  rear-admiral,  24  May, 
1872.  In  1874  he  commanded  the  combined  Euro- 
pean, North  Atlantic,  and  South  Atlantic  fleets 
assembled  at  Key  West  at  the  time  of  the  "  Vir- 
ginius  "  difficulties  with  Spain.  On  3  Feb.,  1875, 
he  was  placed  on  the  retired  list. 

CASE,  Theodore  Spencer,  physician,  b.  in 
Jackson,  Butts  co.,  Ga.,  26  Jan..  1832.  He  was 
graduated  at  Marietta  in  1852,  and  at  the  Starling 
medical  college,  Columbus,  Oliio,  in  1856.  In  1883 
he  received  the  honorary  degree  of  Ph.  D.  from  the 
University  of  Kansas.  Subsequent  to  the  receipt 
of  his  medical  degree  he  settled  in  Kansas  City, 
and  from  1860  till  1861  edited  the  "  Medical  Re- 
view "  there,  also  holding  the  office  of  alderman 
during  1860.  He  became  second  lieutenant  of  the 
25th  Missouri  infantry  in  June,  1861,  and  later 
captain  and  assistant  quartermaster.  In  February, 
1865,  he  was  made  colonel  and  quartermaster-gen- 
eral of  Missouri,  and  from  1866  till  1868  was  cura- 
tor of  the  University  of  Missouri.  From  1873  till 
1885  he  was  postmaster  of  Kansas  City,  and  in  1885 
became  professor  of  chemistry  in  Kansas  City  medi- 
cal college.  He  edited  the  "  Kansas  City  Review 
of  Science  and  Industry  "  from  1877  till  1885,  and 
in  1886  became  president  of  the  Kansas  City  real 
estate  and  stock  exchange. 

CASE,  William,  missionary,  b.  in  Swansea, 
Mass.,  27  Aug.,  1780 ;  d.  at  Alnwick  mission-house, 
Canada,  19  Oct.,  1855.  Of  his  youth  and  early 
manhood  but  little  is  known.  He  was  converted 
in  1803,  began  to  prepare  himself  for  the  ministry. 


and  was  received  on  ti'ial  in  the  New  York  confer- 
ence of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  church.  His  first 
regular  appointment  was  at  the  bay  of  Quinte, 
Canada.  Ln  1809  he  was  a  missionary  at  Detroit, 
and  from  1810  till  1827  presiding  elder  in  northern 
and  western  New  York  and  in  Canada.  In  1828 
the  Canadian  Methodists  became  independent  of 
the  church  in  the  United  States,  and  he  was  made 
superintendent  of  Indian  missions  and  schools. 
From  1830  till  1833  he  was  general  superintendent, 
without  episcopal  powers,  of  the  Wesleyan  Meth- 
odists in  Canada.  In  1837  he  was  placed  in  charge 
of  the  native  Wesleyan  industrial  school  at  Aln- 
wick, where  he  remained  until  1851.  On  the  com- 
pletion of  the  fiftieth  year  of  his  itinerancy  he 
pronounced  a  commemorative  discourse  before  the 
conference  in  London,  Canada,  which  was  received 
with  great  favor  alike  at  the  time  of  its  delivery 
and  in  its  published  form.  His  chief  successes 
were  with  the  Indians,  and  he  appeared  to  be  in- 
spired with  a  personal  power  tliat  gave  him  won- 
derful influence  over  them.  He  died  suddenly,  in 
consequence  of  a  fall  from  his  horse.  See  "  Case 
and  his  Contemporaries  "  (Toronto,  1856). 

CASEAU,  Charles  Felix,  clergyman,  b.  in  Que- 
bec in  1807 ;  d.  there  in  1881.  At  the  age  of  sev- 
enteen years  he  was  chosen  secretary  by  Bishop 
Plessis.  He  was  ordained  priest  in  1830,  and  ap- 
pointed secretary  to  Bishop  Planet.  He  showed 
great  courage  and  devotion  during  the  cholera  epi- 
demic of  1832-'3,  and  during  the  fever  epidemic  of 
1847  among  the  Irish  immigrants  he  found  homes 
for  more  than  400  orphans.  In  1854  he  was  ap- 
pointed chaplain  to  the  convent  of  the  Good  Shep- 
herd, and  the  rest  of  his  life  was  devoted  to  the 
reclaiming  of  fallen  women.  On  account  of  his 
successful  exertions  in  this  respect  he  was  made  do- 
mestic prelate  of  the  pope.  He  was  also  vicar-gen- 
eral of  the  diocese  of  Quebec. 

CASEY,  Levi,  soldier,  b.  in  South  Carolina  in 
1749 ;  d.  in  Washington,  D.  C,  1  Feb.,  1807.  He 
was  an  active  partisan  officer  in  South  Carolina 
during  the  revolutionary  war,  and  became  briga- 
dier-general of  militia.  He  commanded  a  com- 
pany, with  which  he  assisted  in  the  assault  on 
Savannah,  and  distinguished  himself  at  Rocky 
Mount,  Hanging  Rock,  Musgrove's,  King's  Moun- 
tain, Fishing  Creek,  Blackstocks,  and  the  Cowpens, 
where  he  performed  services  of  great  importance 
to  Gen.  Morgan.  He  represented  the  Newbury  dis- 
trict in  the  state  legislature,  and  also  served  in  con- 
gress from  17  Oct.,  1803,  till  his  death. 

CASEY,  Silas,  soldier,  b.  in  East  Greenwich, 
R.  I.,  12  July,  1807;  d.  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  22  Jan., 
1882.  He  was  graduated  at  the  U.  S.  military 
academy  in  1826,  and,  entering  the  2d  infantry, 
served  on  frontier  and  garrison  duty  till  1836,  be- 
coming flrst  lieutenant  on  28  June  of  that  year. 
He  distinguished  himself  under  Worth  in  the  Semi- 
nole war  of  1837-'42,  and  was  made  captain  1 
,»July,  1839.  In  the  Mexican  war  he  was  brevetted 
major,  20  Aug.,  1847,  for  his  gallant  conduct  in  the 
battles  of  Contreras  and  Churubuseo,  and  was  at 
Molino  del  Rey  and  the  storming  of  Chapultepec, 
where  he  was  severely  wounded  while  leading  the 
assaulting  column.  For  his  conduct  here  he  was 
brevetted  lieutenant-colonel,  13  Sept.,  1847,  and  he 
was  thanked  by  the  Rhode  Island  legislature  for 
his  services  during  the  war.  After  this  he  was  en- 
gaged on  frontier  and  recruiting  service  most  of 
the  time  till  the  civil  war.  He  was  made  lieutenant- 
colonel  of  the  9th  infantry,  3  March,  1855,  was  a 
member  of  the  board  for  examining  breech-loading 
arms  in  1854-'5,  and  commanded  Puget  sound  dis- 
trict, Washington  territory,  from  1856  till  1857.   He 


CASGRAIN 


CASS 


551 


was  made  brigadier-general  of  volunteers,  ^1  Aug., 
1861,  and  charged  with  organizing  and  disciplin- 
ing the  volunteers  in  and  near  the  capital.  He 
was  afterward  assigned  a  division  in  Gen.  Keyes's 
corps  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  and,  occupying 
with  it  the  extreme  advance  before  Richmond,  re- 
ceived the  first  attack  of  the  enemy  at  Fair  Oaks, 
31  May,  1863,  for  which  he  was  brevetted  brigadier- 
general,  U.  S.  army,  and  made  major-general  of 
volunteers.  From  1868  till  1865  he  was  president 
of  the  board  for  the  examination  of  candidates  for 
officers  of  colored  troops,  and  on  13  March,  1865, 
was  brevetted  major-general  in  the  regular  army. 
In  1867  he  again  received  the  thanks  of  the  Rhode 
Island  legislature  for  his  services  in  the  rebellion, 
and  especially  for  his  bravery,  skill,  and  energy  at 
the  battle  of  Fair  Oaks.  In  1862  the  southern  pa- 
pers published  a  letter  from  Gen.  Casey  to  Sec. 
Stanton,  said  to  have  been  found  in  the  former's 
tent  at  Fair  Oaks,  and  proposing  a  plan  for  the 
permanent  military  occupation  of  the  south  by  an 
army  of  160,000  men  after  the  rebellion  should  be 
over.  He  was  retired  from  active  service  on  8 
July,  1868,  and  served  on  the  retiring  board.  New 
York  city,  till  26  April,  1869.  He  published  "  Sys- 
tem of  Infantry  Tactics  "  (2  vols.,  New  York,  1861) 
and  "  Infantry  Tactics  for  Colored  Troops  "  (1863). 
— His  son,  Silas,  b.  in  Rhode  Island,  11  Sept., 
1841,  was  graduated  at  the  U.  S.  naval  academy, 
Annapolis,  in  1860,  became  master  in  1861,  lieuten- 
ant in  1862,  lieutenant-commander  in  1866,  and 
commander  in  1874.  He  was  attached  to  the 
steamer  "  Wissahickon "  in  1861,  and  was  in  the 
first  attack  on  Fort  Sumter  and  various  engage- 
ments with  the  batteries  in  Charleston  harbor.  He 
was  equipment  officer  at  the  Washington  navy- 
yard  in  1882-'4,  light-house  inspector  in  1885,  and 
in  1886  commanded  the  receiving-ship  "  Dale." 

CASGRAIN,  Abbe  Henry  Raymond,  Cana- 
dian author,  b.  at  Riviere  Ouelle,  Quebec,  16  Dec, 
1831.  He  pursued  a  course  of  classical  studies  at 
Ste.  Anne's  college,  and  studied  medicine  for  a  short 
time,  but  finally  took  a  course  in  theology  in  the 
seminary  of  Quebec,  and  was  ordained  a  priest 
on  5  Oct.,  1856.  He  was  successively  professor  at 
Ste.  Anne's  college  until  1859,  vicar  of  Beaufort, 
and  afterward  at  Quebec  cathedral  from  1860  till 
1873.  He  visited  Europe  in  1858,  1867,  and  1873, 
in  quest  of  historical  material.  In  1874,  in  conse- 
quence of  a  serious  affection  of  the  eyes,  he  was 
compelled  to  retire  from  active  ministerial  work. 
His  "  Legends  Canadien  "  (Quebec,  1861)  was  favor- 
ably received,  and  followed  by  "  L'histoire  de  la 
Marie  de  I'incarnation  "  (1864),  which  was  trans- 
lated into  German  by  the  Abbe  Geiger,  of  Munich 
(Ratisbon,  1873).  The  most  important  of  his  other 
writings  are  "  Histoire  d'Hotel  Dieu  de  Quebec " 
and  "  Ma  paroisse  Canadienne  au  xviieme  siecle." 
A  complete  edition  of  his  works  was  published  in 
Montreal  in  1886. 

CASILEAR,  John  W.,  painter,  b.  in  New  York, 
25  June,  1811 ;  d.  in  Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  17  Aug.,  1893. 
He  began  the  study  of  engraving  under  Maverick, 
after  whose  death  he  became  a  bank-note  engraver. 
He  interested  himself  in  oil-painting,  and  visited 
Europe  in  1840.  and  again  in  1857,  for  study.  In 
1835  he  was  elected  an  associate  of  the  National 
academy,  and  in  1851  a  full  academician.  His 
studio  was  in  New  York.  His  principal  works  are 
"  Swiss  Lake  "  (1868) ;  "  Genesee  Meadows  "  (1871) ; 
"September  Afternoon"  (1874);  "Trout  Brook" 
(1875) ;  "  Autumn  "  (1876) :  "  Scene  in  New  Hamp- 
shire" (1877);  "  View  on  Chemung  River  "  (1878); 
"View  of  the  Rocky  Mountains"  (1881);  "Scene 
on  Long  Island  "  (1883) ;  "  Early  Autumn  "  (1884) ; 


"Genesee  Valley"  (1885);  and  "Early  Summer, 
Long  Island  Sound"  (1886). 

CASS,  Georg-e  N.,  artist.  He  studied  with 
Innes,  and  has  painted  landscapes  in  oil-  and 
water-colors,  exhibiting  at  the  Boston  art  club 
and  elsewhere.  Among  his  works,  which  are  spe- 
cially popular  in  New  England,  are  "  Evening  on 
the  Kennebec  River"  and  "View  in  Medway, 
Mass."  (1878). — His  wife  is  also  an  artist,  and  has 
painted  fruit,  flowers,  and  still-life,  in  oil. 

CASS,  Lewis,  statesman,  b.  in  Exeter,  N.  H.,  9 
Oct.,  1782  ;  d.  in  Detroit,  Mich.,  17  June,  1866.  He 
was  the  eldest  son  of  Jonathan  Cass,  who  at  the 
age  of  nineteen  entered  the  Continental  army,  and 
served  throughout  the  revolution,  attaining  the 
rank  of  captain.  After  the  conclusion  of  peace  he 
received  a  commis- 
sion in  the  army 
as  major,  and  was 
assigned  to  duty 
under  Gen.  Wayne 
in  the  territory 
northwest  of  the 
Ohio,  his  family 
remaining  at  Exe- 
ter. During  this 
time  Lewis  was  at- 
tending the  acad- 
emy in  his  native 
town.  In  1799 
the  family  re- 
moved toWilming- 
ton,  Del.,  where 
Maj.  Cass  was  tem- 
porarily stationed, 
and   where    Lewis 

became  a  school-teacher.  The  next  year  the  fam- 
ily migrated  westward,  travelling  partly  on  foot 
and  partly  by  boat,  ,and  reaching  Marietta,  the 
pioneer  town  of  southern  Ohio,  in  October.  Maj. 
Cass  settled  upon  a  tract  of  land,  granted  him  by 
the  government  for  his  military  services,  on  Muskin- 
gum river,  near  Zanesville,  while  Lewis  remained 
at  Marietta  to  study  law  in  the  office  of  Gov. 
Meigs.  In  1803  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and 
began  practice  in  Zanesville.  His  abilities  as  a 
jurist  and  pleader  were  speedily  manifest,  and  soon 
secured  him  a  lucrative  business  and  a  wide  repu- 
tation in  the  thinly  settled  district  north  of  the 
Ohio.  Becoming  well  established  in  his  profes- 
sion, in  1806  he  married  Elizabeth  Spencer,  of  Vir- 
ginia, and  shortly  afterward  entered  upon  his  pub- 
lic career  as  a  member  of  the  Ohio  legislature. 
Being  placed  on  the  committee  instituted  to  in- 
quire into  the  supposed  treasonable  movements  of 
Aaron  Burr,  he  framed  the  law  that  enabled  the 
authorities  to  arrest  the  men  and  boats  provided 
for  the  expedition  down  the  river.  He  also  drew 
up  the  official  communication  to  the  president 
embodying  the  views  of  the  Ohio  legislature  on  the 
subject.  The  marked  ability  of  this  document  at- 
tracted Mr.  Jefferson's  attention,  and  in  1807  Mr. 
Cass  was  appointed  marshal  of  the  state,  a  place 
which  he  filled  until  1818.  At  the  beginning  of 
the  second  war  with  England  he  joined  the  forces 
at  Dayton  imder  Gen.  Hull,  and  was  made  colonel 
of  the  3d  Ohio  volunteers.  He  commanded  the 
advanced  guard  when  the  army  crossed  from  De- 
troit into  Canada,  drew  up  the  proclamation  ad- 
dressed by  the  general  to  the  inhabitants,  and  com- 
manded the  detachment  that  drove  in  the  British 
outposts  at  the  bridge  of  Aux  Canards.  Shortly 
after  this  Col.  Cass  was  included  in  the  capitula- 
tion known  as  Hull's  surrender,  and.  being  paroled, 
hastened  to  Washington,  full  of  indignation  against 


552 


CASS 


CASS 


Hull,  and  made  the  first  report  of  the  affair  to  the 
U.  S.  government.  After  being  exchanged  he 
was  appointed  to  the  27th  regiment  of  infantry, 
and  was  shortly  promoted  to  brigadier-general. 
He  took  part  in  the  defeat  of  the  British  under 
Gen.  Proctor,  at  the  battle  of  the  Thames  in  Cana- 
da, 5  Oct.,  IHlfi.  At  the  close  of  the  campaign  he 
was  left  in  command  of  Michigan,  with  his  head- 
quarters at  Detroit,  and  almost  immediately  was 
appointed  civil  governor  of  the  territory.  In  1814 
he  was  associated  with  Gen.  Harrison  in  a  comnus- 
sion  to  treat  with  the  Indians,  who  had  been  hostile 
to  the  United  States  during  the  war.  The  number 
of  white  inhabitants  in  the  territory  was  scarcely 
6,000 ;  no  land  had  been  sold  by  the  United  States, 
and  the  interior  was  a  vast  wilderness,  the  abode, 
it  was  estimated,  of  40,000  savages.  Settlers  could 
not  obtain  sure  titles  to  their  locations,  no  surveys 
had  been  made,  no  roads  opened  inland,  and  the 
savages  were  relentless  in  their  hostility  to  the 
whites.  Under  these  discouraging  circumstances 
Cass  assumed  the  responsibilities  of  governor,  and 
ex  officio  superintendent  of  Indian  affairs,  his  juris- 
diction extending  over  the  whole  teri'itory.  Dur- 
ing eighteen  years  his  management  of  Indian 
affairs  was  governed  by  remarkable  wisdom  and 
prudence.  He  negotiated  twenty-two  distinct 
treaties,  securing  the  cession  to  the  United  States, 
by  the  vai'ious  tribes,  of  the  immense  regions  of 
the  northwest,  instituted  surveys,  constructed 
roads,  established  military  works,  built  light-houses 
along  the  lake  shore,  organized  counties  and  town- 
ships, and,  in  short,  created  and  set  in  motion  all 
the  machinery  of  civilized  government.  In  the 
administration  of  the  extensive  financial  trusts  in- 
cident to  his  position.  Gov.  Cass  displayed  the  most 
scrupulous  honesty,  never  permitting  even  the 
small  sum  allowed  him  by  the  government  for 
contingent  expenses  to  be  transferred  to  his  pri- 
vate account  until  the  vouchers  had  been  formally 
signed  and  transmitted  to  Washington.  As  yet 
the  northwestern  territory  was  imperfectly  known, 
and  at  his  suggestion  an  expedition  was  planned 
in  1820,  in  which  he  himself  bore  a  conspicuous 
part.  Accompanied  by  the  ethnologist,  School- 
craft, and  six  other  gentlemen,  with  Indian  guides, 
they  left  Detroit  in  three  canoes,  for  the  explora- 
tion of  "the  upper  lakes  and  the  head-waters  of  the 
Mississippi,  and  traversed  5,000  miles  before  their 
return.  The  results  of  this  and  subsequent  expe- 
ditions were  published  in  the  "  North  American 
Review  "  in  1828-'9,  and  added  not  a  little  to  the 
fame  of  the  author.  In  1831,  when  President  Jack- 
son reconstructed  his  cabinet,  Cass  was  appointed 
secretary  of  war,  and  cordially  approved  all  the 
distinctive  features  of  that  administration.  Dur- 
ing his  incumbency  the  Black  Hawk  war  occurred, 
and  was  vigorously  suppressed.  The  Indian  ques- 
tion, too,  passed  through  a  dangerous  crisis  in  the 
removal  of  the  Cherokees  from  their  hereditary 
lands  in  Georgia  and  Mississippi.  In  the  nullifi- 
cation troubles  of  1832,  the  nullifiers  derived  no 
benefit  from  his  presence  in  the  war  department. 
In  1836  Gen.  Cass  submitted  a  celebrated  report  to 
congress  upon  the  military  and  naval  defences  of 
the  United  States,  embracing  an  elaborate  sum- 
mary of  existing  resources,  both  ofi'ensive  and  de- 
fensive. He  recommended  the  erection  of  a  strong 
chain  of  coast  fortifications,  and  the  maintenance 
of  a  powerful  navy.  Shortly  after  this,  finding  his 
health  impaired,  he  resigned  his  secretaryship,  and 
was  appointed  U.  S.  minister  to  France.  The 
diplomatic  relations  between  the  two  countries 
were  at  that  time  in  a  critical  condition,  owing  to 
complications    regarding    the    spoliation    claims. 


Gen.  Cass  temporarily  settled  the  matter  by  pay- 
ment of  interest.  His  most  important  act  as  min- 
ister was  his  vigorous  protest  against  the  quintuple 
treaty,  whereby  Britain  sought  to  maintain  the 
right  of  search  on  the,  high  seas.  Mainly  owing  to 
his  representations,  France  refused  to  ratify  the 
treaty.  The  protest,  in  pamphlet  form,  had  an 
enormous  circulation,  and  the  English  were  greatly 
incensed.  Lord  Brougham  assailed  him  in  parlia- 
ment, and  Cass  replied  very  effectively  in  the  sen- 
ate. During  an  interval  of  his  diplomatic  duties 
he  made  a  long  voyage  in  the  U.  S.  frigate  "  Con- 
stitution," visiting  Constantinople  and  the  Medi- 
terranean ports.  Resigning  his  mission  to  France, 
he  returned  home  in  1842,  and  was  given  a  public 
welcome  at  New  York  and  Philadelphia.  The 
country  was  greatly  excited  over  the  annexation  of 
Texas.  He  had  been  talked  of  as  a  democratic 
candidate  for  the  presidency,  and  his  opinions  upon 
the  inipoi'tant  questions  of  the  day  were  eagerly 
sought.  In  the  democratic  national  convention  of 
1844,  James  K.  Polk  received  the  nomination,  and 
was  elected  to  the  presidency  in  the  following  No- 
vember, Mr.  Cass  cordially  supporting  him  through- 
out the  canvass.  In  January,  1845,  he  was  elected 
to  the  U.  S.  senate,  which  place  he  resigned  on  his 
nomination,  in  May,  1848,  as  democratic  candidate 
for  the  presidency.  After  the  election  of  his  op- 
ponent. Gen.  Taylor,  he  was,  in  1849,  re-elected  to 
the  senate  for  the  unexpired  portion  of  his  original 
term  of  six  years.  Here  he  wielded  a  powerful  in- 
fluence. He  was  a  strong  advocate  of  compro- 
mise, became  the  chief  ally  of  Henry  Clay,  and 
opposed  both  the  southern- rights  dogmas  and  the 
Wilmot  proviso.  The  latter  of  these  he  had  been 
instructed  by  the  legislature  to  support ;  but  he 
declared  in  the  senate  that  he  should  resign  his 
seat  in  case  of  a  direct  cor.flict  between  his  duty 
and  his  principles.  Originally  Gen.  Cass  was  the 
most  prominent  candidate  for  the  chaiimanship  of 
the  committee  of  thirteen,  but  himself  urged  the 
appointment  of  Mr.  Clay  to  that  place.  The  pas- 
sage of  the  resolution  constituting  that  committee 
was,  by  the  testimony  of  its  mover,  Henry  S.  Foote, 
chiefly  due  to  his  prompting  and  assistance.  He 
supported  the  various  measures  that  it  originated, 
save  the  fugitive-slave  law,  on  the  passage  of 
which,  in  the  senate,  he  declined  to  vote,  though 
present  in  his  seat.  Being  re-elected  a  senator 
from  Michigan  for  a  second  term  of  six  years  from 
March,  1851.  he  still  continued  a  prominent  demo- 
cratic candidate  for  the  presidency,  but,  in  1852,  as 
in  1844,  he  was  unsuccessful.  This  defeat  termi- 
nated Gen.  Cass's  aspirations  for  the  chief  magis- 
tracy, and  he  remained  a  member  of  the  senate 
until  the  expiration  of  his  term.  In  1857,  when 
Mr.  Buchanan  entered  upon  his  administration. 
Gen.  Cass  accepted  the  office  of  secretary  of  state- 
In  the  secession  movements  that  followed  Mr.  Lin- 
coln's election,  he  was,  as  in  1850,  a  friend  of  com- 
promise, sustaining  what  were  then  known  as  the 
Crittenden  resolutions.  President  Buchanan's  mes- 
sage, denying  the  existence  of  any  power  in  the 
constitution  by  which  the  general  government  can 
coerce  a  state,  was  not  openly  disapproved  by  ftlr. 
Cass  in  the  cabinet  meeting  where  it  was  first  read. 
Eight  days  afterward,  however,  he  re-asserted  the 
Jacksonian  principles  of  1832-'3,  and,  when  ]\lr. 
Buchanan  refused  to  re-enforce  Maj.  Anderson 
and  reprovision  Fort  Sumter,  he  promptly  re- 
signed. His  resignation  terminated  a  public  career 
of  fifty-six  years'  duration.  After  that  period  he 
mingled  little  in  society,  save  in  the  exercise  of  the 
hospitalities  of  his  own  home.  Daring  the  civil 
war  his  sympathies  were  with  the  national  arms. 


CASSERLY 


CASSIN 


553 


and  it  was  a  great  satisfaction  to  liim  that  his  life 
was  spared  to  see  the  ultimate  triumph  of  the  gov- 
ernment over  a  rebellion  that  for  a  time  threatened 
its  existence.  Gen.  Cass  was  a  man  of  great  natu- 
ral abilities,  a  prudent,  cautious  legislator,  a  scholar 
of  fine  attainments,  of  the  purest  integrity,  tem- 
perate in  all  his  habits,  and  personally  popular 
throughout  the  country.  His  wealth  was  largely 
the  result  of  his  fortunate  original  investment  in 
real  estate ;  but  the  steady  increase  of  his  property 
in  value  was  also  due  to  able  management.  His 
published  works  are  "  Inquiries  concerning  the 
History,  Traditions,  and  Languages  of  the  Indians 
living  'within  the  United  States  "  (Detroit,  1823) ; 
"  France,  its  King,  Court,  and  Government "  (New 
York,  1840).  See  "  Lewis  Cass,  Outlines  of  his  Life 
and  Character,"  by  Henry  Rowe  Schoolcraft  (Al- 
bany, 1848);  "Sketches  of  the  Life  and  Public 
Services  of  Lewis  Cass,"  by  William  T.  Young  (De- 
troit, 1852) ;  "  Life  and  Times  of  Lewis  Cass,"  by 
W.  L.  G.  Smith  (New  York.  185(i);  and  a  memorial 
volume  (Detroit,  1866.)— His  son,  Ltnvis,  was  ap- 
pointed charge  d'affaires  to  the  papal  states  in 
1849,  and  in  1854  was  promoted  to  be  U.  S.  minis- 
ter resident  in  Italy,  where  he  remained  until  1858. 

CASSERLY,  Eugene,  senator,  b.  in  Ireland  in 
1822 ;  d.  in  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  14  June,  1883.  His 
parents  came  to  New  York  when  he  was  two  years 
old,  and,  as  his  father  was  a  teacher,  young  Casser- 
ly  received  an  excellent  education.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Georgetown  college,  D.  C,  entered  a  law- 
yer's office  in  New  York,  was  admitted  to  tlie  bar 
in  1844,  and  was  corporation  attorney  in  1846-'7. 
Three  years  later  he  removed  to  San  Francisco, 
where  he  obtained  a  good  practice,  and  took  an 
active  part  in  local  and  national  polities.  He  was 
an  ardent  democrat,  a  fine  stump-speaker,  and  for 
a  time  edited  a  paper  in  San  Francisco.  He  was 
■elected  state  printer,  but,  in  consequence  of  a 
heavy  fire  by  which  his  machinery  and  stock  were 
destroyed,  was  compelled  to  retire  from  the  busi- 
ness. Thenceforward  he  devoted  himself  to  his 
profession.  During  the  civil  w^ar  he  was  a  war 
democrat.  In  1869  he  was  elected  U.  S.  senator 
from  California,  and  served  on  the  committees  on 
printing,  public  lands,  and  foreign  relations.  His 
health  having  become  infirm.  Senator  Casserly  re- 
signed in  November,  1873,  returned  to  San  Fran- 
cisco, and  resumed  practice.  In  the  same  year  he 
headed  with  Gov.  Booth  the  non-partisan  independ- 
ent movement  in  California,  working  successfully 
to  prevent  the  legislature  from  falling  into  the  con- 
trol of  the  railroads.  His  death  was  the  result  of 
nervous  prostration  and  softening  of  the  brain. 

CASSIDY,  William,  journalist,  b.  in  Albany, 
N.  Y.,  12  Aug.,  1815 ;  d.  there,  23  Jan.,  1873.  His 
grandfather  had  settled  in  Albany  when  he  came 
from  Ireland  in  1780.  His  father,  John  Cassidy, 
sat  for  years  in  the  municipal  board,  and  was  an 
intimate  friend  of  DeWitt  Clinton.  William  began 
his  education  at  the  Albany  academy  under  Dr. 
T.  Romeyn  Beck,  and  was  graduated  at  Union  in 
1834.  He  studied  law  in  the  office  of  Judge  James 
McKown  and  John  Van  Buren,  and  was  admitted 
to  the  bar.  In  1840-'2  he  was  state  librarian,  and 
at  this  time  began  political  writing,  contributing 
anonymously  to  several  papers.  In  the  spring  of 
1843  he  became  part  owner  and  sole  editor  of  the 
Albany  "Atlas,"  a  democratic  daily,  which  had 
been  established  a  short  time  before.  In  that  place 
he  speedily  made  a  reputation.  The  "Argus," 
which  was  the  old  organ  of  the  democracy,  found- 
ed in  1813,  spoke  for  the  hunkers.  Edwin  Cros- 
well  was  editor.  The  "  Atlas,"  representing  the 
weaker  faction,  struggled  with  poverty  and  hard- 
voL.  I. — 36 


ship.  But  the  young  editor  gave  it  his  best  power 
and  industry,  and  it  fought  a  vigorous  battle.  He 
wrote  often  on  a  poor  table,  in  a  dirty  corner,  amid 
the  confusion  of  the  composing-room ;  but  his 
articles  bristled  with  sharp  points  and  caustic  wit. 
The  battle  was  at  its  height  in  1848,  when  Lewis 
Cass  was  the  presidential  candidate  of  the  regular 
democracy,  and  Martin  Van  Buren  held  the  stand- 
ard of  the  barn-burners.  The  confiict  died  out, 
and  in  1856  the  "  Atlas  "  and  "  Argus  "  were  united, 
and  Mr.  Cassidy  became  editor  of  the  joint  con- 
cern. In  1865  he  changed  the  name  back  to  "  The 
Argus,"  and  organized  a  stock  association.  He 
was  for  many  years  one  of  the  knot  of  democratic 
politicians  that  ruled  the  destinies  of  that  party  in 
New  York  state  and  sometimes  in  the  national 
conventions,  and  to  which  had  descended  the  name 
of  the  "  Albany  Regency,"  formerly  enjoyed  by 
Croswell  and  his  associates.  The  principal  mem- 
bers were  Dean  Richmond,  Peter  Cagger,  and 
William  Cassidy.  On  the  death  of  his  brother-in- 
law,  Peter  Cagger,  in  1868,  Mr.  Cassidy  became  his 
successor  as  secretary  of  the  democratic  state  com- 
mittee, and  held  that  place  till  the  day  of  his 
death.  He  was  invariably  on  the  committee  on 
resolutions,  and  many  of  the  adroitest  resolutions 
that  have  been  attributed  to  others  were,  in  reality, 
the  product  of  his  brain.  The  celebrated  anti- 
slavery  plank  that  was  read  and  defeated  at  the 
Herkimer  convention  was  from  his  pen.  Mr.  Cas- 
sidy was  disinclined  to  enter  public  life,  and  tlie 
few  ofiices  that  he  held  were  forced  upon  him.  In 
1846  he  was  nominated  in  the  democratic  legis- 
lative caucus  for  state  printer.  In  1867  he  was 
elected  to  the  constitutional  convention,  and  in 
1872  was  one  of  the  sixteen  appointed  by  Gov. 
Hoffman  on  the  commission  to  revise  the  consti- 
tution. He  was  a  fine  classical  scholar,  and  con- 
versant with  French,  German,  and  Italian.  He 
knew  books  and  autlioi-s  almost  as  well  as  he  un- 
derstood politics  and  politicians,  and  he  was  a  fine 
conversationalist.  His  death  evoked  expressions 
of  sorrow  even  from  his  political  opponents. 

CASSIN,  John,  naval  officer,  b.  in  Philadelphia 
about  1758 :  d.  in  Charleston,  S.  C,  24  March,  1822. 
His  father,  an  Ii'ish  gardener  and  dairyman,  came 
to  Philadelphia  before  the  revolution.  John  be- 
came master  of  a  merchantman  and  was  twice 
shipwrecked.  He  was  appointed  from  the  mer- 
chant service  a  lieutenant  in  the  navy,  13  Nov., 
1799,  became  master,  2  April,  1806,  and  post-cap- 
tain, 3  July,  1812.  He  commanded  the  naval  forces 
in  the  Delaware,  for  the  protection  of  Philadel- 
phia, in  the  war  of  1812.— His  son,  Stephen,  b.  in 
Philadelphia,  16  Feb.,  1783;  d.  in  Georgetown,  D. 
C,  29  Aug..  1857,  entered  the  navy  as  midship- 
man, 21  Feb.,  1800 ;  became  a  lieutenant,  12  Feb., 
1807;  master,  11  Sept.,  1814;  captain,  3  jMarch. 
1825.  He  served  with  distinction  in  the  war  with 
Tripoli,  commanded  the  "  Ticonderoga "  in  Mac- 
donough's  victory  on  Lake  Champlain,  and  was  re- 
warded by  congress  with  a  gold  medal  for  bravery 
in  that  action.  He  was  a  terror  to  the  pirates  that 
infested  the  West  Indies,  and  captured  four  of  their 
vessels  on  28  and  29  Se])t.,  1822. 

CASSIN,  John,  ornithologist,  b.  near  Chester, 
Pa.,  6  Sept.,  1813;  d.  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  10 
Jan.,  1869.  He  became  a  resident  of  Philadelphia 
in  1834,  and,  after  several  years  spent  in  mercan- 
tile pursuits  and  in  official  duties,  devoted  the  re- 
mainder of  his  life  to  the  study  of  ornithology. 
He  contributed  descriptions  of  new  species  _  of 
birds,  and  synoptical  reviews  of  various  families, 
to  the  Philadelpiiia  academy  of  sciences.  He  is 
the  author  of  the  article  on  ""  Birds"  in  "Outlmes 


554 


CASTILLA 


CASTILLO   Y   LANZAS 


in  General  Zoology  "  (New  York,  1851),  and  "  De- 
scriptions of  all  North  American  Birds  not  given 
by  Former  American  Authorities"  (Philadelphia, 
1858),  containing  descriptions  of  fifty  species  not 
given  by  Audubon.  Much  of  his  work  is  contained 
in  the  U.  S.  government  reports,  and  in  that  con- 
nection he  wrote  "  Ornithology  of  the  U.  S.  Explor- 
ing Expedition  "  (Washington,  1845) ;  "  Ornithology 
of  Cxillies's  Astronomical  Expedition  to  Chili" 
(1855) ;  "  Ornithology  of  the  Japan  Expedition  " 
(1856) ;  and  the  chapters  on  rapacious  and  wad- 
ing birds  in  the  "  Explorations  and  Survey  for  a 
Railroad  Route  from  the  Mississippi  to  the  Pacific 
Ocean  "  (1858).  His  works  are  valuable  for  the  de- 
scription and  classification  of  many  birds  not  given 
in  the  previous  works  of  Audubon  and  Wilson. 

CASTILLA,  IlaiuOn  (cas-teel'-ya),  Peruvian 
soldier,  b.  in  Tarapaca,  30  Aug.,  1797;  d.  in  Tivi- 
liche,  25  May,  1867.  He  entered  the  Spanish  army 
in  1816,  and  was  made  lieutenant  in  1820.  Soon 
afterward  he  joined  the  army  of  independence,  par- 
ticipating in  the  battles  of  Junin  and  Ayacucho, 
and  was  made  lieutenant-colonel.  In  1830  he  went 
to  Lima,  and  was  appointed  chief  of  staft'  of  the 
army.  He  was  made  brigadier-general  in  1834  by 
Orbegozo,  the  provisional  president,  whom  he  sup- 
ported, taking  part  in  the  battles  of  Yanacocha,  13 
Aug.,  1835,  and  Socabaya,  7  Feb.,  1836,  until  the 
latter  surrendered  his  independence  by  the  treaty 
with  Santa  Cruz,  president  of  Bolivia.  Pie  then 
fled  to  Chili,  and  in  1837  joined  the  army  of  the 
Peruvian  patriots  who  marched  against  Santa 
Cruz.  Castilla  was  second  leader  of  the  vanguaixl 
at  the  attack  on  Lima  and  the  defeat  of  Orbegozo, 
and  made  common  cause  with  Gamarra,  who  was 
proclaimed  president  by  the  patriots,  while  Castilla 
was  appointed  minister  of  war.  In  1841  he  was 
second  in  command  of  the  Peruvian  army  that  in- 
vaded Bolivia,  and  was  annihilated  at  Ingavi,  18 
Nov.,  1841,  where  Gamarra  perished.  On  his  re- 
turn he  conspired  against  the  governments  of  Tor- 
rico  and  Vidal,  in  1844  overthrew  the  dictator 
Vivanco,  and  in  1845  was  elected  president  of  Peru, 
serving  till  1851.  Then,  for  the  first  time,  Peru 
experienced  tranqiullity  for  six  years,  anarchy 
being  crushed,  and  parliamentary  liberty,  individ- 
ual rights,  and  the  public  credit  restored.  The 
administration  of  his  successor,  Echenique,  having 
become  unpopular,  Castilla  began  a  revolution  at 
Arequipa.  overcame  Echenique,  and  entered  Lima 
in  1854  as  supreme  ruler  of  the  country.  In  this 
capacity  he  made  many  reforms,  the  most  impor- 
tant of  which  were  the  abolition  of  slavery,  of  the 
tribute  of  the  Indians,  special  military  legislation, 
ecclesiastical  tithes,  and  the  penalty  of  death.  But 
his  rule  was  arbitrary,  and  by  corrupt  means  he 
packed  the  congress,  which  re-elected  him  president 
in  1858,  and  in  1860  proclaimed  a  new  constitution, 
which  established  universal  suffrage  and  prohibit- 
ed every  religion  except  the  Catholic.  In  1861  he 
made  an  unsuccessful  attempt  to  annex  Bolivia  to 
Peru,  At  last,  weary  of  government  cares,  he  re- 
tired, and  in  1862  was  succeeded  as  president  by 
Gen.  San  Roman,  who  was  followed  in  1863  by 
Pezet.  Castilla,  having  assumed  a  hostile  atti- 
tude toward  the  latter,  was  arrested  in  1865,  but 
soon  gained  his  liberty,  and  joined  the  movement 
under  Prado.  In  1867  he  headed  an  insurrection 
against  Prado  in  Tarapaca,  and  was  on  his  way  to 
Arica  when  he  died. 

CASTILLO,  Bernardo  Diaz  del,  soldier,  b.  in 
Medina-del-Campo,  Spain,  toward  the  end  of  the 
15th  century ;  d.  in  Mexico.  He  was  one  of  the 
adventurers  that  accompanied  Cortes  to  Mexico  in 
1519,  where  he  distinguished  himself  by  his  bra- 


very. He  remained  in  the  country  after  the  con- 
quest, having  been  allotted  extensive  lands.  He 
says  in  his  work  that  he  had  taken  part  in  one 
hundred  and  nineteen  battles,  and  had  been  so 
habituated  to  sleep  in  his  armor  that  even  in  time 
of  peace  he  could  not  lay  it  aside  at  night.  On 
reading  the  "  Chronicle  of  Goraara  "  (1552),  he  de- 
termined to  become  an  author,  being  indignant 
that  that  writer  had  not  mentioned  either  himself 
or  his  companions,  but  had  attributed  all  the  glory 
to  Cortes.  His  book  was  not  published  initiHong 
after  his  death,  when  a  monk  of  the  order  of 
Mercy  discovered  it  hidden  away  in  a  library.  Its 
title  is  "  Historia  verdadera  de  la  Conqui'sta  de 
Nueva  Espafia"  (Madrid,  1632).  Although  Cas- 
tillo's style  is  that  of  an  unlettered  soldier,  his 
work  is  full  of  interesting  details.  He  estimates 
the  Indian  population  as  much  less  than  in  the 
history  of  Gomara,  and  does  not  diminish  the 
losses  of  the  Spaniards.  He  has  been  accused  of 
jealousy  of  Cortes,  which  would  render  him  par- 
tial ;  but  he  only  blames  that  leader  when  his  acts 
were  really  culpable,  and  in  some  cases  he  even 
tries  to  defend  them. 

CASTILLO,  Juan  de,  monk,  b.  in  Chili  about 
1615;  d.  in  Santiago,  Chili,  in  1675.  He  entered 
the  Dominican  order  at  the  age  of  thirteen,  and 
immediately  after  his  ordination  was  sent  to  gov- 
ern the  convent  of  Santa  Fe  on  the  banks  of  the 
Parana.  On  his  return  from  Santa  Fe,  he  was 
unanimously  elected  prior  of  the  great  convent  of 
Santiago.  He  rebuilt  the  convent  and  church, 
which  had  been  shattered  by  an  earthquake.  In 
1654  he  was  elected  provincial.  After  a  visitation 
of  all  the  convents  of  his  order  in  Chili,  he  retired 
to  the  convent  of  Santiago,  where  the  rest  of  his 
life  was  passed  in  asceticism  and  mortification. 

CASTILLO  Y  ARTEAGA,  Diego  del,  Span- 
ish-American archbishop,  b.  in  Navarre  in  1605;  d. 
in  Oviedo,  about  1670.  He  came  to  America  after 
his  ordination,  was  first  stationed  at  Carthagena, 
and  afterward  appointed  bishop  of  Trujillo,  where 
he  remained  until  he  was  created  archbishop  of 
Santa  Fe.  He  was  an  accomplished  Indian  scholar, 
published  an  "Alphabetum  Marianum  "  in  1669, 
and  was  also  the  author  of  a  work  entitled  "  De 
Ornatu  et  Vestibus  Aronis." 

CASTILLO  Y  LANZAS,  Joaquin  M.  (cas- 
teel'-yo  e  lahn'-thas),  Mexican  diplomatist,  b.  in 
Jalapa,  11  Nov.,  1801 ;  d.  11  July,  1878.  He  re- 
ceived his  education  in  English  colleges,  the  Uni- 
versity of  Glasgow,  and  the  Seminary  of  Vergara, 
Spain,  returning  to  Mexico  in  1822.  He  had  al- 
ready filled  several  public  offices  when  President 
Gomez  Pedraza  appointed  him  his  private  secre- 
tary in  1833,  and  at  once  sent  him  to  the  United 
States  as  the  representative  of  Mexico.  After  re- 
maining in  Washington  as  charge  d'afl'aires  until 
1837,  he  was  elected  to  congress  in  1845,  and  in 
the  following  year  was  appointed  secretary  of  state 
under  Paredes's  administration,  being  also  Mexi- 
can minister  to  England  from  1853  till  1858.  lie 
represented  the  state  of  Mexico  in  the  Federal 
congress  in  1857;  then  joined  Gen.  Tornel  as  pleni- 
potentiary to  negotiate  a  treaty  of  neutrality  with 
the  U.  S.  minister,  Alfred  Conkling,  on  the  Tehu- 
antepec  canal,  and  several  years  afterward  (1866) 
negotiated  a  treaty  of  commerce  and  navigation 
with  the  government  of  Great  Britain.  Castillo  y 
Lanzas  filled  many  other  important  offices  in  Mexi- 
co, belonged  to  the  Spanish  academy  and  several 
Mexican  and  British  learned  societies,  was  the 
editor  of  tlie  first  newspaper  that  was  published 
in  Vera  Cruz  after  the  independence  of  1825.  and 
left  a  volume  of  poems,  "  Ocios  Juveniles"  (Phila- 


CASTLE 


CASTRO 


555 


delphia.  1835),  and  a  work  entitled  "  Elementos 
de  Geografia." 

CASTLE,  Frederick  Albert,  physician,  b.  in 
Fabius,  N.  Y.,  29  April,  1842.  He  received  a  com- 
mon-school education  in  his  native  town,  and  in 
the  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  higla  school,  after  which  he 
matricidated  in  the  Albany  medical  college.  Soon 
after  the  beginning  of  tlie  war  he  became  a  medical 
cadet  in  the  U.  S.  army,  and  was  stationed  at  the 
Carver  general  hospital  in  Washington  during 
1862-'3.  From  1863  till  the  close  of  the  war 
he  was  acting  assistant  surgeon  in  the  navy,  and 
served  on  board  the  "  Gen.  Bragg,"  a  steamer  at- 
tached to  the  lower  Mississippi  squadron.  He  was 
graduated  at  the  Bellevue  hospital  medical  college 
in  18(56,  and  soon  afterward  settled  in  New  York 
city.  Dr.  Castle  has  held  various  hospital  appoint- 
ments, and  has  been  connected  with  tlie  Bellevue 
hospital  medical  college  as  assistant  demonstrator 
of  anatomy,  instructor  in  the  summer  course,  as- 
sistant to  the  chair  of  obstetrics  and  diseases  of 
women  and  children,  lecturer  on  diseases  of  infants 
and  obstetric  operations,  and  on  pharmacology. 
Besides  being  a  member  of  numerous  medical  and 
pharmaceutical  societies,  he  was  one  of  the  com- 
mittee of  revision  and  publication  of  the  Pharma- 
copoeia of  the  United  States  in  1880.  He  was  on 
the  editorial  staff  of  "  The  Medical  Record  "  from 
1872  till  1876,  and  edited  "New  Remedies"  from 
October,  1873,  until  it  became  the  "  American  Drug- 
gist," of  which  he  continues  to  be  the  editor.  He 
has  published  papers  and  editorial  articles  in  "  The 
Medical  Record,"  "  Boston  Medical  and  Surgical 
Journal,"  and  other  journals,  and  also,  with  Dr. 
Leroy  M.  Yale,  a  *'  Report  on  the  Epidemic  of 
Cholera  on  Blackwell's  Island  in  1866,"  and  has 
edited  "  Wood's  Household  Practice  of  Medicine, 
Hygiene,  and  Surgery"  (2  vols.,  New  York,  1880), 
and  the  first  and  second  decennial  catalogues  of 
Bellevue  hospital  medical  college. 

CASTLE,  John  Harvard,  clergyrnan,  b.  in 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  27  March,  1830.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Lewisburg  university.  Pa.,  in  1851,  and  at 
the  Rochester  theological  seminary  in  1853.  In 
1866  the  Lewisburg  i;niversity  bestowed  upon  him 
the  degree  of  D.  D.  After  pastorates  in  Pottsville, 
Pa.,  Newburg,  N.  Y.,  and  one  of  fourteen  years  in 
Philadelphia,  he  removed  to  Toronto,  Canada, 
where  he  became  pastor  of  the  Bond  street  Baptist 
church  in  1873,  and  in  1881  was  called  to  the  presi- 
dency of  McMaster  hall,  the  Baptist  theological 
seminary  founded  in  that  city.  He  has  travelled 
extensivelv  in  Europe.       , 

CASTORENA  Y  URSUA,  Juan  Ignacio  (cas- 
to-ray'-nah  e  oor-soo'-ah),  Mexican  bishop,  b.  in 
Zacatecas  in  1668 ;  d.  in  Merida,  Yucatan,  in  1733. 
He  studied  in  the  College  of  San  Ildefonso,  was 
graduated  at  the  University  of  Mexico,  went  to 
Spain,  and  received  the  degree  of  theological  doc- 
tor at  Avila.  On  his  return  to  the  city  of  Mexico 
he  was  appointed  canon  of  the  cathedral  and  pro- 
fessor of  Holy  Scriptures,  vicai'-general  of  the 
convents  of  nuns,  and  also  honorary  chaplain  and 
preacher  to  Charles  II.  He  was  made  bishop  of 
Yucatan  in  1729,  and  his  consecration  took  place 
in  the  city  of  Mexico  in  the  following  year.  Cas- 
torena  may  be  called  the  first  journalist  of  Mexico, 
as  he  really  was  the  first  that  published  a  newspa- 
per there  in  1720.  He  left  a  large  number  of  print- 
ed and  manuscript  works,  all  of  them  on  religious 
subjects,  his  "  Comentaria  in  Evangelicum  Vatem 
Esaiam  "  being  the  most  important. 

CASTRIES,  Arniand  Charles  Angustin, 
Due  de  (kas'-tre'),  soldier,  b.  in  April,  1750;  d.  in 
1842.     He  was  a  son  of  the  Marshal  de  Castries, 


and  commanded  a  regiment  under  Rochambeau  in 
the  United  States,  where  he  was  known  as  the 
Count  de  Charlus.  He  was  made  brigadier-general 
in  1782,  and  received  the  title  of  Duke  de  Castries 
in  1784.  He  was  deputy  to  the  national  assembly 
in  1789,  and  defended  the  monarchy  with  such  en- 
ergy as  occasioned  a  duel  with  Charles  Lameth. 
In  1794  he  raised  a  corps  of  emigrants  in  the  pay 
of  England,  returned  to  France  with  Louis  XVIIL, 
and  was  made  a  peer  and  lieutenant-general.  He 
was  governor  of  Rouen  when  Napoleon  returned 
from  Elba,  in  March,  1815,  and  made  strenuous 
efforts  in  the  cause  of  royalty. 

CASTRO,  Ag'ustin,  Mexican  Jesuit,  b.  in  Cor- 
dova, state  of  Vera  Cruz,  24  Jan.,  1728 ;  d.  in  Bo- 
logna, Italy,  in  1790.  He  studied  in  the  cities  of 
Puebla  and  Mexico,  and  was  noted  for  his  extra- 
ordinary accomplishments  as  a  student.  Having 
entered  the  Jesuit  order  in  1748,  he  ■^as  ordained 
priest  at  Puebla,  and  thence  went  to  the  city  of 
Mexico,  distinguishing  himself  as  an  orator.  He 
then  taught  philosophy  at  Queretaro.  and  intro- 
duced in  his  lessons  the  teachings  of  Cartesius, 
Leibnitz,  and  Newton.  He  also  served  his  order, 
and  was  a  professor  at  Valladolid,  Oaxaca,  Guada- 
lajara, and  Merida,  where  he  established  the  first 
chair  of  canon  and  civil  law.  After  the  expulsion 
of  the  Jesuits  from  the  Spanish  dominions,  Castro 
went  to  Italy,  settled  at  Ferrara,  and  was  rector  of 
the  Jesuits  for  twenty-three  years.  He  wrote 
many  works,  mostly  in  verse,  noted  for  their  clas- 
sical character  and  correct  style.  His  works  in 
prose  include  "  Tratado  de  la  Prosodia,"  "  Historia 
de  la  Literatura  Mejicana  despues  de  la  Conquista," 
and  "  Jiiicio  sobre  las  Odas  de  Sor  Juana  Ines  de 
la  Cruz."  Among  those  in  verse  are  '•  Hernan 
Cortes,"  an  epic ;  "  Cartas,"  a  treatise  on  the  art 
of  poetry,  and  translations  into  Spanish  verse  of 
Fenelon's  "  Telemachus,"  Phoedre's  "  Fables,"  Sen- 
eca's "  Troades,"  several  tragedies  of  Euripides, 
satires  of  Juvenal  and  Horace,  some  odes  of  Ana- 
creon.  and  the  two  of  Sapfiho.  and  many  works  of 
Vii'gil,  Milton,  Young.  Pope,  and  Ossian. 

CASTRO,  Andres,  Spanish  grammarian,  b.  in 
Burgos  about  1500;  d.  in  Tolina  in  1577.  He  en- 
tered the  Franciscan  order,  and  was  for  many  years 
a  missionary  in  Spanish  America,  principally  in  New 
Spain  (Mexico).  He  made  a  special  and  thorough 
study  of  the  languages  used  by  the  Mexican  In- 
dians, and  wrote  several  books,  those  better  known 
being  "Arte  de  aprender  las  lenguas  mejicana  y 
matlazinca  "  ;  "  Vocabulario  de  la  lengua  matla- 
zinca "  ;  "  Sermones,"  and  "  Doctrina  cristiana," 
these  two  latter  works,  the  sermons  and  the  cate- 
chism, in  the  Matlazinca  language. 

CASTRO,  Henri,  pioneer,  b.  in  France  in  1786; 
d,  in  Monterey,  Mexico,  in  1861.  He  was  of  Portu- 
guese descent,  was  an  officer  of  the  Paris  national 
guard  in  1814,  and,  after  the  overthrow  of  Napo- 
leon, came  to  the  United  States,  where  he  was 
naturalized,  and  appointed  in  1827  Neapolitan  con- 
sul at  Providence,  R.  I.  He  went  to  Paris  in  1838 
as  a  partner  in  the  banking-house  of  Lafitte,  and 
in  1842  became  consul-general  in  that  city  for 
Texas.  Having  received  a  grant  of  land  on  the 
banks  of  Medina  river,  he  began  in  1840  to  send 
out  emigrants  to  Galveston,  and  in  1844  established 
a  settlement  on  the  site  of  the  present  town  of 
Castroville.  During  the  next  two  years  founded 
Quihi  and  Vandenberg.  The  number  of  his  enii- 
grant  vessels  amounted  in  1846  to  twenty-six, 
which  brought  over  485  families  and  457  single 
persons,  chiefly  Alsatians,  In  1847  he  founded 
Dhanis.  His  settlements  subsequently  constituted 
Medina  co.,  with  Castroville  as  the  capital. 


556 


CASTRO 


CASWELL 


CASTRO,  Juan,  the  assumed  name  of  a  Cuban 
poet,  b.  near  Matanzas  in  1799.  His  parents  were 
negro  house-servants,  and  he  was  born  in  slavery. 
While  still  a  boy  he  exhibited  skill  in  needle-work 
and  drawing,  and  produced  some  portraits.  He 
became  the  body-servant  of  a  young  gentleman  of 
scholarly  habits,  from  whom  he  learned  to  read,  and 
then  taught  himself  to  write.  "  I  bought  ink,  pens, 
and  penknife,  and  some  very  fine  paper;  then, 
taking  some  of  the  bits  of  written  paper  thrown 
away  by  my  master,  I  put  a  piece  of  them  under 
one  of  my  fine  sheets  and  traced  the  characters,  in 
order  to  accustom  my  hand  to  make  letters.  .  .  . 
In  vain  I  was  forbidden  to  write ;  for,  when  every- 
body went  to  bed,  I  used  to  light  a  piece  of  candle, 
and  then  at  my  leisure  I  copied  the  best  verses, 
thinking  that,  if  I  could  imitate  these,  I  would 
become  a  poet."  Some  of  his  original  sonnets  fell 
into  the  hands  of  Dr.  Coronado,  who  called  atten- 
tion to  their  merit.  Juan  was  thirty-eight  years 
old  when  several  gentlemen,  who  had  become 
aware  of  his  talents,  made  up  a  purse  of  $800, 
purchased  his  freedom,  and  enabled  him  to  pub- 
lish his  poems.  After  that  he  supported  himself 
in  Havana  as  a  tailor,  as  a  house-painter,  and 
finally  as  a  head  cook.  He  produced  an  autobiog- 
raphy, which  gives  a  vivid  picture  of  slave-life  in 
Cuba.  The  second  half  of  the  manuscript  was 
stolen  and  probably  destroyed :  but  the  first  half 
was  published  by  Dr.  R.  R.  Madden  (London,  1840), 
together  with  English  translations  of  some  of  his 
poems,  the  originals  of  which  are  in  Spanish.  The 
finest  of  them  is  "  The  Clock  that  Gains." 

CASTRO,  Ramon  de,  Spanish  soldier,  flour- 
ished in  the  latter  part  of  tlie  18th  century.  On 
17  April,  1797,  an  English  fleet  of  sixty  vessels, 
commanded  by  Admiral  Henry  Harvey,  with  a 
landing  force  of  about  7,000  men  under  Sir  Ralph 
Abercrombie,  attacked  the  city  of  St.  John  of 
Porto  Rico,  laying  siege  to  the  place  by  sea  and 
land.  Castro  had  but  a  limited  number  of  Span- 
ish troops,  with  hardly  any  military  experience  and 
little  ammunition  and  stores :  but  he  displayed  so 
much  ability,  bravery,  and  tenacity  during  the  de- 
fence that  on  tlie  fourteenth  day  of  the  siege,  1 
May,  1797,  the  English  were  forced  to  retreat  and 
re-embark  in  great  haste,  leaving  their  artillery,  as 
well  as  many  wounded  and  prisoners,  in  the  hands 
of  the  Spaniards.  The  Spanish  government  re- 
warded him  with  great  honors,  and  his  defence  of 
Porto  Rico  has  become  a  famous  one  in  the  history 
of  the  Antilles. 

CASTRO,  Vaca  de,  Spanish  officer,  b.  at  Leon ; 
d.  in  1558.  He  was  a  judge  of  the  royal  court  at 
Valladolid,  when,  in  1540,  Charles  V.  sent  him  as 
governor  to  Peru,  then  disturbed  by  the  rebellion 
of  Almagro.  In  1542  a  battle  was  fought  at  Chu- 
pas,  in  wliich  Almagro  was  defeated  and  taken, 
and,  by  order  of  Castro,  executed  on  the  spot  with 
some  of  his  followers.  Castro  was  superseded  in 
1544,  and  returned  to  Spain,  where  he  was  impris- 
oned for  five  years  at  the  castle  of  Arevalo.  He 
was  declared  innocent  by  the  council  of  Indies, 
and  sul)sequentlv  appointed  counsellor  of  Castile. 

CASTRO  LOPES,  Antonio  de,  Brazilian  states- 
man, b.  in  Rio  de  Janeiro,  5  Jan.,  1827.  He  fin- 
ished his  medical  studies  in  1848,  and  in  1849  was 
appointed  professor  of  mathematics  in  the  Impe- 
rial college  of  Pedro  II.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
provincial  assembly  of  Rio  Janeiro  in  1854,  and 
also  minister  of  finance,  and  in  1859  minister  of 
foreign  affairs.  He  has  founded  and  organized 
several  financial  institutions  and  commercial  asso- 
ciations, at  the  same  time  distinguishing  himself 
as  a  scientific,  medical,  and  classical  author.     His 


works  include  "  Dissertagao  acerca  da  utilidade  da 
dor,"  "  Abamoocara,"  "  0  mundo  e  o  progresso," 
"  Epitome  historiae  sacne,"  "  Musa  latina."  "  O 
medico  do  povo,"  "  Memoria  sobre  a  possibilidade 
e  conveniencia  de  supressao  dos  annos  bisextos," 
"  Conferencia  sobre  a  homeopathia,"  "  Un  sonho 
astronomico,"  and  "  Diccionario  classico  latino  e 
portuguez." 

CASWALL,  Henry,  clergyman,  b.  in  Yateley, 
Hampshire,  England,  in  1810;  d.  in  Franklin,  Pa., 
17  Dec,  1870.  He  was  the  son  of  a  clergyman, 
came  to  the  United  States  in  1828,  and  was  gradu- 
ated at  Kenyon  in  1830.  He  became  a  clergyman 
of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  church  in  1837,  being 
the  first  ordained  graduate  of  the  college.  After 
acting  as  minister  and  professor  of  theology  in  the 
United  States  and  Canada,  he  returned  to  England 
in  1842,  and,  the  validity  of  his  orders  having  been 
recognized  by  act  of  parliament,  became  vicar  of 
Figheldean,  Wfltshire,  proctor  for  the  diocese  of 
Sarum,  and  prebendary  of  Salisbury  cathedral. 
He  visited  this  country  in  1854,  and  was  given  the 
degree  of  D.  D.  by  Trinity  college,  Hartford.  He 
had  previously  been  given  that  of  M.  A.  by  Ken- 
yon college  in  1834,  and  by  Oxford  in  1854.  Dr. 
Caswall  came  again  to  this  country  about  1868, 
and  remained  here  till  his  death.  Among  his 
works  are  :  "  America  and  the  American  Church  " 
(London,  1839) ;  "  The  City  of  the  Mormons " 
(1842);  "The  Prophet  of  the" Nineteenth  Centurv" 
(1843) ;  "  Scotland  and  the  Scottish  Church  "  (1853) ; 
and  "The  Western  World  Revisited"  (1854). 

CASWELL,  Alexis,  educator,  b.  in  Taunton, 
Mass.,  29  Jan.,  1799;  d.  in  Providence,  R.  I.,  8 
Jan.,  1877.  He  studied  at  the  Bristol  academy  in 
Taunton,  and  was  graduated  at  Brown  in  1822, 
standing  first  in  his  class.  In  1823  he  was  ap- 
pointed a  tutor  in  Columbian  university,  Washing- 
ton, and  in  1825  became  professor  of  ancient 
languages  in  that  institution.  At  this  time  he 
also  pursued  a  course  of  theology  under  Dr.  Will- 
iam Stoughton,  and,  having  received  a  license  to 
preach,  frequently  conducted  services  in  the  col- 
lege chajjel,  and  occasionally  preached  in  Wash- 
ington. In  1827  he  resigned  his  professorshijt 
and,  after  receiving  ordination  in  October  of  that 
year,  became  pastor  of  the  Baptist  congregation  in 
Halifax,  N.  S.  During  the  following  year  he  de- 
clined the  professorship  of  mathematics  and  natu- 
ral philosophy  in  Waterville  college;  but  in  July 
of  1828  he  accepted  an  invitation  to  the  1st  Bap- 
tist church.  Providence,  and  soon  afterward  be- 
came professor  of  mathematics  and  natural  phi- 
losophy at  Brown.  All  of  the  scientific  instruction 
was  then  included  in  this  chair,  which  he  occupied 
for  thirty-five  years,  serving  also  in  1840-'l  as 
president  j5ro  tern,  during  the  absence  of  Dr.  Fran- 
cis Way  land  in  Europe.  He  resigned .  his  profes- 
sorship in  1863,  but  five  years  later  was  again  called 
into  active  service,  and  elected  president  of  the 
university  on  7  Feb.,  1868.  This  office  he  held 
until  1872,  when  he  resigned,  just  fifty  years  from 
the  date  of  his  graduation.  On  his  retirement  he 
was  at  once  chosen  a  trustee,  and  in  1875  a  fellow 
of  the  university.  The  excellent  condition  of  the 
library  is  largely  the  result  of  his  earnest  work; 
the  museum  of  natural  history  owes  its  establish- 
ment to  his  plans  and  efforts  ;  the  present  alumn 
association  was  founded  by  him,  and  he  became  its. 
first  president.  He  was  long  associated  in  the 
management  of  the  Providence  athenaeum,  for 
eight  years  one  of  its  directors,  and  its  vice-presi- 
dent for  a  similar  length  of  time.  For  many  years 
he  was  connected  in  various  capacities  with  Newton 
theological  institution,  and  was  the  third  president 


CASWELL 


CATHCART 


557 


of  its  board  of  trustees.  He  was  prominent  in  the 
Baptist  missionary  union,  and  its  president  during 
1867-'9,  and  also  one  of  the  original  trustees  of 
Rhode  Island  hospital,  and  its  president  from  1875 
until  his  death.  In  1850  he  became  an  associate 
fellow  of  the  American  academy  of  arts  and 
sciences,  in  1849  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
American  association  for  tlie  advancement  of 
science,  and  in  1857  became  its  vice-president.  He 
was  also  one  of  the  original  members  of  the  Nation- 
al academy  of  sciences  established  by  act  of  con- 
gress in  1863.  Prof.  Caswell  delivered  four  lec- 
tures on  astronomy  before  the  Smithsonian  insti- 
tution in  1858,  which  wei'e  published  in  the  annual 
report  for  that  year.  His  meteorological  observa- 
tions, made  at  Providence,  of  which  monthly  ab- 
stracts appeared  in  the  Providence  "  Journal,"  were 
published  as  "  Meteorological  Observations  at 
Providence,  R.  I.,  1831-1860  "  (Washington,  1860  ; 
enlarged  ed..  1831-1876.  1882).  He  was  also  the 
author  of  numerous  addresses,  including  a  Phi 
Beta  Kappa  oration  on  "  The  Mathematical  Studies 
as  a  Branch  of  Liberal  Education,"  and  also  "  A 
Memoir  of  .lohn  Barstow  "  (1864). 

CASWELL,  Ricliard,  soldier,  b.  in  Maryland, 
3  Aug.,  1729;  d.  in  Fayetteville,  N.  C,  20  Nov., 
1789.  He  removed  to  North  Carolina  in  1746,  was 
for  some  years  employed  in  the  public  offices,  and 
afterward  practised  law  successfully.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  colonial  assembly  from  1754  till 
1771,  and  speaker  of  the  house  of  commons  in 
1770-'l.  Identifying  himself  with  the  patriots  at 
the  beginning  of  the  revolution,  he  became  a  colo- 
nel of  militia,  was  a  delegate  to  congress  in  1774-'5, 
and  treasurer  of  the  southern  district  ot  North 
Carolina  in  1775.  For  three  years  he  was  president 
of  the  provincial  congress,  which  framed  the  state 
constitution  in  November,  1776,  and  was  governor 
of  the  state  during  1777-'9.  On  27  Feb.,  1776,  he 
commanded  at  the  battle  of  Moore's  Creek,  defeat- 
ing a  large  body  of  loyalists  under  Gen.  McDonald, 
who  was  made  prisoner — a  victory  of  great  benefit 
to  the  patriot  cause  in  North  Carolina,  for  which 
he  received  the  thanks  of  congress  and  the  appoint- 
ment of  major-general  for  the  district  of  Nevvbern. 
In  1780  he  led  the  state  troops  in  the  disastrous 
battle  of  Camden.  He  was  chosen  speaker  of  the 
senate,  and  comptroller-general  in  1782 ;  was  again 
governor  in  1784-'6,  and  was  a  delegate  to  the  con- 
vention that  framed  the  federal  constitution  in 
1787.  In  1789  he  was  elected  to  the  state  senate 
from  Dobbs  co.,  and  was  a  member  of  the  conven- 
tion that  in  November  ratified  the  federal  consti- 
tution. When  the  assembly  met  he  was  chosen 
speaker,  and  while  presiding,  5  Nov.,  1789,  was 
struck  with  paralysis.— His  son,  William,  served 
through  the  war  of  the  revolution,  and  was  a  briga- 
dier-general of  militia  in  1781. 

CATENHUSEN,  Ernst,  musician,  b.  in  Ratze- 
burg,  duchy  of  Lauenburg,  Germany,  in  1841.  He 
studied  philosophy  and  history  at  (Grottingen,  and 
music  under  Ignaz  Lachner.  From  1862  till  1881 
he  was  musical  conductor  at  a  number  of  German 
opera-houses  successively.  In  the  latter  year  he 
became  musical  conductor  of  the  Thalia  theatre  in 
New  fork.  In  1884  he  accepted  the  place  of  con- 
ductor of  the  Milwaukee  musical  society. 

CATESBY,  Mark,  naturalist,  b.  in  England 
about  1680;  d.  in  London,  England,  24  Dec,  1749. 
A  taste  for  natural  history  induced  him,  after 
studying  the  natural  sciences  in  London,  to  make 
a  voyage  to  Virginia,  where  he  arrived  23  April, 
1712,  and  was  occupied  in  collecting  its  various 
productions.  He  returned  to  England  in  1719  with 
a  rich  collection  of  plants,  but,  at  the  suggestion  of 


Sir  Hans  Sloane  and  other  eminent  naturalists,  re- 
erabarked  for  America  with  the  professed  purpose 
of  describing,  delineating,  and  collecting  the  most 
curious  natural  objects  in  this  country.  He  ar- 
rived on  23  May,  1722,  explored  the  lower  part  of 
South  Carolina,  and  afterward  lived  for  some  time 
among  the  Indians  at  Fort  Moore,  on  Savannah 
river,  300  miles  from  the  sea.  He  made  excursions 
into  Georgia  and  Florida,  and,  after  spending  three 
years  in  this  country,  visited  the  Bahama  islands. 
JHe  returned  to  England  in  1726,  and  published  in 
numbers  "  The  Natural  History  of  Carolina,  Flori- 
da, and  the  Bahama  Islands"  (2  vols.,  folio,  1731- 
'48 ;  new  ed.,  1754  and  1771).  In  this  work  were 
found  the  first  descriptions  of  several  plants  now 
cultivated  in  all  European  gardens.  The  figures 
were  etched  by  himself  from  his  own  paintings, 
and  the  colored  copies  executed  under  his  inspec- 
tion. Catesby  was  a  fellow  of  the  royal  society,  to 
whose  transactions  he  contributed  a  paper  on 
"  Birds  of  Passage  "  (1747),  asserting  the  migration 
of  birds  on  his  own  observations.  He  wrote  "  Hor- 
tus  EuropjB  Americanus  "  (published  posthumous- 
ly, 1767),  and  some  other  works  have  been  attribut- 
ed to  him.  A  plant  of  the  tetrandrous  class  has 
been  called  after  him,  Catesbea,  by  Gronovius. 

CATHCART.  Charles  William,  senator,  b.  in 
the  island  of  Madeira  in  1809:  d.  in  Michigan 
City.  Ind.,  22  Aug..  1888.  He  followed  the  sea  for 
several  years,  and  in  1831  he  settled  in  La  Porte, 
Ind.,  later  becoming  a  farmer.  For  several  years 
he  was  land-surveyor  for  the  United  States,  and 
also  served  as  a  member  of  the  state  assembly.  He 
was  a  presidential  elector  on  the  Polk  and  Dallas 
ticket  in  1844.  He  was  elected  to  the  29th  con- 
gress on  the  democratic  nomination,  and  re-elected 
to  the  30th.  serving  until  March.  1849,  when  he 
was  chosen  U.  S.  senator  from  Indiana,  to  fill  the 
vacancy  caused  bv  the  death  of  James  Whitcomb. 
Mr.  Catheart  served  until  3  March,  1853. 

CATHCART,  William,  clergyman,  b.  in  Lon- 
donderry, Ireland,  8  Nov.,  1826."  He  was  nurtured 
in  the  Presbyterian  church,  but  became  a  Baptist. 
He  received  his  literary  education  at  the  University 
of  Glasgow,  Scotland,  and  his  theological  at  Raw- 
don  college,  Yorkshire,  England.  He  came  to  the 
United  States  in  1853,  and  his  ministerial  work  has 
been  performed  chiefly  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.  In 
1873  he  received  from  the  University  of  Lewisburg 
the  degree  of  D.  D.  He  is  president  of  the  Ameri- 
can Baptist  historical  society,  and  is  the  author  of 
"The  Baptists  and  the  American  Revolution," 
"  The  Papal  System."  and  "  The  Baptism  of  the 
Ages  and  of  the  Nations."  His  best-known  work 
is  "  The  Baptist  Encvclopaedia." 

CATHCART,  William  Scliaw,  Earl.  British 
soldier,  b.  in  Petersham.  England,  17  Sept.,  1755; 
d.  in  Cartside,  near  Glasgow,  Scotland,  16  June, 
1843.  He  was  the  eldest  son  of  the  ninth  Baron 
Catheart,  and  was  educated  at  the  University  of 
Glasgow,  studying  law.  though  without  any  inten- 
tion of  practising.  He  entered  the  army  in  June, 
1777,  came  to  America,  and  served  with  the  16th 
dragoons.  He  was  afterward  aide  to  Gen.  Spencer 
Wilson  and  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  served  with  gal- 
lantrv  at  the  storming'  of  Forts  Montgomery  and 
Clinton,  and  was  wounded  at  Brandywine'  and 
Monmouth.  Lord  Catheart  led  one  section  of  the 
"  knights  "  at  the  famous  "  Mischianza  "  or  enter- 
tainment given  in  honor  of  Sir  William  Howe  in 
Philadelphia  in  May,  1778.  He  raised  and  led  the 
Caledonian  volunteers,  afterward  known  as  Tarle- 
ton's  British  legion,  became  major  in  the  38th  foot, 
13  April,  1779,  and  commanded  that  regiment  in 
the  actions  at  Springfield  and  Elizabethtown,  N.J, 


558 


CATHRALL 


CATROX 


in  June,  1780.  He  served  as  quartermaster-general 
until  the  arrival  of  Gen.  Dalrymple,  was  present  at 
the  siege  of  Charleston,  returning  to  England  in 
October,  1780.  He  joined  the  Walcheren  expedi- 
tion in  1793,  with  the  rank  of  brigadier-general, 
served  under  the  Duke  of  York  with  distinction  in 
1794,  and  on  his  return  to  England  in  1801  was 
made  lieutenant-general.  He  took  his  seat  as  a 
representative  Scottish  peer  in  1807,  and  in  the 
same  year  became  commander-in-chief  of  the  ex- 
pedition against  Copenhagen.  On  its  successful 
termination  he  was  made  Viscount  Cathcart  and 
Baron  Greenock  in  the  English  peerage,  8  Nov., 
1807.  He  was  made  general  in  1813,  was  minister 
to  Russia  from  1813  till  1814,  and  became  Earl 
Cathcart  on  16  July,  1814.  He  accompanied  the 
Emperor  Alexander  through  the  campaigns  of 
1813-4,  entered  Paris  with  the  allies,  represented 
England  at  the  congress  of  Vienna,  and  signed  the 
treaty  of  peace  that  followed  Waterloo.  He  was 
afterwai'd  again  minister  to  Russia. 

CATHRALL,  Isaac,  physician,  b.  in  Philadel- 
phia, Pa.,  in  1764;  d.  22  Feb.,  1819.  He  studied 
medicine  in  London,  Edinburgh,  and  Paris,  re- 
turned home  early  in  1793,  and  was  taken  with 
yellow  fever  in  that  year ;  but,  notwithstanding 
this,  remained  at  his  post,  both  at  that  time  and 
during  the  prevalence  of  the  disease  from  1797  till 
1799,  when  he  even  dissected  the  bodies  of  those 
who  had  died  of  the  fever.  He  was  a  surgeon  of 
the  city  almshouse  from  1810  to  1816.  He  pub- 
lished "Remarks  on  the  Yellow  Fever"  (1794); 
"  Buchan's  Domestic  Medicine,  with  Notes  "  (1797) ; 
"  Memoir  on  the  Analysis  of  the  Black  Vomit " 
(1800,  in  vol.  V.  of  the  "  Transactions  of  the  Ameri- 
can Philosophical  Society"),  and  a  pamphlet  on 
yellow  fever  in  conjunction  with  Dr.  Currie  (1802). 

CATLIN,  tteoiTe,  painter,  b.  in  Wilkesbarre,  Pa., 
26  July,  1796 ;  d.  iii  Jersey  City,  N.  J.,  23  Dec,  1872. 
He  studied  law  at  Litchfield,  Conn.,  but  after  a 
few  years'  practice  went  to  Philadelphia  and  turned 
his  attention  to  drawing  and  painting.  As  an  artist 
he  was  entirely  self-taught.  In  1832  he  went  to 
the  far  west  and  spent  eight  years  among  the  In- 
dians of  Yellowstone  river,  Indian  territory,  Ar- 
kansas, and  Florida,  painting  a  unique  series  of 
Indian  portraits  and  pictures,  which  attracted 
much  attention  on  their  exhibition  both  in  this 
country  and  in  Europe.  Among  these  were  470 
full-length  portraits  and  a  large  number  of  pictures 
illustrative  of  Indian  life  and  customs,  most  of 
which  are  now  preserved  in  the  national  museum, 
Washington.  In  1852-'7  Mr.  Catlin  travelled  in 
South  and  Central  America,  after  which  he  lived 
in  Europe  until  1871,  when  he  returned  to  the 
United  States.  One  hundred  and  twenty-six  of 
his  drawings  illustrative  of  Indian  life  were  at  the 
Philadelphia  exposition  of  1876.  He  was  the  au- 
thor of  "Notes  of  Eight  Years  in  Europe"'  (New 
York,  1848);  "Manners,  Customs,  and  Condition 
of  the  North  American  Indians"  (London,  1857); 
"The  Breath  of  Life,  or  Mai-Respiration"  (New 
York,  1861) ;  and  "  O-kee-pa :  A  Religious  Cere- 
mony, and  other  Customs  of  the  Mandans  "  (Lon- 
don, 1867). 

€ATON,  John  Dean,  jurist,  b.  in  Monroe, 
Orange  co.,  N.  Y.,  19  March,  1812 ;  d.  in  Chicago.  30 
July,  1895.  He  received  an  academical  education, 
and  in  1833  became  a  lawyer  in  Chicago.  In  1884 
he  was  elected  justice  of  the  peace,  the  total  num- 
ber of  votes  cast  being  only  229.  He  became  judge 
of  the  Illinois  supreme  court  in  1842,  was  made 
chief  justice  in  1855,  and  resigned  in  1864,  hav- 
ing acquired  wealth  in  business.  He  travelled  ex- 
tensively through  Europe,  China,  and  Japan,  and 


^/I  Oy?^  LytZyUm' 


written  "A  Summer  in  Norway"  (Chicago,  1875); 
"Antelope  and  Deer  of  America"  (New  York, 
1877);  and  "  Miscellanies"  (Boston,  1880).  Judge 
Caton  has  delivered  nuiny  addresses,  and  contrib- 
uted largely  to  the  "  American  Naturalist "  and 
other  scientific  journals.  Among  his  papers  is  one 
that  was  read  before  the  Chicago  philosophical  so- 
ciety on  the  subject  of  "  Matter  and  a  Supreme  In- 
telligence" (Chicago,  1884). 

CATON,  Richard,  merchant,  b.  in  England  in 
1768 ;  d.  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  19  May,  1845.  In  1785 
he  became  a  merchant  in  Baltimore,  and  in  1790 
entered  into  an  association  for  the  manufacture  of 
cotton.  He  was  par- 
ticularly interested  in 
geological  researches, 
and  was  one  of  the 
founders  in  1795  of 
tlie  library  company, 
whose  collection  was 
merged  in  the  library 
of  the  Maryland  his- 
torical society.  In  No- 
vember. 1786,  Mr.  Ca- 
ton, who  was  a  tall, 
handsome  man  of  fine 
presence  and  dignified 
carriage,  married  Ma- 
ry, daughter  of  Charles 
Carroll  of  Carrol Iton,  a 
social  f  avorite.admired 
by  Washington  as  her  / 

eldest    daughter    was  -^^ 

admired  by  the  "  Iron  Duke."  Of  their  daughters, 
Mary  became  Marchioness  of  Wellesley ;  Elizabeth, 
Lady  Stafford ;  Louisa,  Duchess  of  Leeds ;  and  a 
fourth,  the  wife  of  Mr.  John  McTavish.  British  con- 
sul at  Baltimore,  whose  son  married  Ella,  youngest 
daughter  of  Gen.  Winfield  Scott.  The  three  sisters, 
who  resided  in  England,  were  celebrated  for  their 
fascination  of  manners,  and  Lady  Wellesley  for 
her  beauty  also.  There  is  in  Baltimore  a  portrait 
of  Lady  Wellesley  by  Sir  Thomas  Lawrence,  which 
is  admirable  alike  in  execution  and  likeness.  Mrs. 
Caton's  portrait  is  presented  above. 

CATRON,  John,  jurist,  b.  in  Wythe  county,  Va., 
in  1778;  d.  in  Nashville,  Tenn.,  30  May,  1865.  He 
was  educated  in  the  common  schools  of  Virginia, 
and  early  developed  a  fondness  for  history.  He 
removed  to  Tennessee  in  1812,  and  entered  upon 
the  study  of  law,  devoting  to  this  purpose  sixteen 
hours  of  the  day  for  nearly  four  years.  After 
serving  in  the  New  Orleans  campaign  under  Gen. 
Jackson,  he  was  elected  state  attorney  by  the  Ten- 
nessee legislature.  He  removed  to  Nashville  in 
1818,  and  soon  attained  high  rank  as  a  chancery 
lawyer.  He  was  especially  famous  for  enforcing 
the  seven  years'  act  of  limitations  in  real  actions. 
In  December,  1824,  he  was  chosen  one  of  the  su- 
preme judges  of  the  state,  and  was  its  chief  justice 
from  1830  till  1836,  when  he  was  retired  in  accord- 
ance with  a  provision  of  the  new  state  constitution. 
While  on  tlie  bench  he  did  his  utmost  to  suppress 
the  practice  of  duelling,  although  he  had  been  him- 
self a  noted  duellist.  He  was  made  an  associate 
justice  of  the  U.  S.  supreme  court  in  March,  1837, 
and  held  the  office  till  his  death.  He  was  noted 
for  his  familiarity  with  the  laws  applicable  to  cases 
involving  titles  to  western  and  southern  lands. 
Judge  Catron  was  a  democrat,  but  strongly  op- 
posed secession  in  1861,  and  used  his  influence 
with  members  of  congress  and  others  to  prevent 
the  civil  war.  When  it  came,  he  was  virtually 
banished  from  his  state  for  his  opinions,  but  re- 
turned and  reopened  court  in  1862. 


CATTELL 


CAUPOLICAN 


559 


CATTELL.  Alexander  Grilmore,  senator,  b.  in 
Salem,  N.  J.,  12  Feb.,  1816  ;  d.  in  Jamestown,  N.  Y., 
8  April,  1894.  When  a  youth  he  was  an  assistant  in 
his  father's  store.  He  was  elected  to  the  legislature 
in  1840,  was  clerk  of  the  house  of  assembly  in 
1841-'3,  and  in  1844  a  delegate  to  the  State  consti- 
tutional convention.  He  became  a  merchant  in 
Philadelphia  in  1846,  a  director  of  the  mechanics' 
bank,  and  a  member  of  the  city  council  from  1848 
till  1853.  He  returned  to  New  Jersey  in  1855,  but 
continued  his  business  in  Philadelphia.  He  was 
one  of  the  first  presidents  of  the  corn  exchange 
association  there,  organized  the  corn  exchange 
bank  in  1858,  and  was  its  president  from  that  year 
till  1871.  He  was  elected  U.  S.  senator  from  New 
Jersey  in  1866,  in  place  of  John  P.  Stockton,  who 
had  been  unseated,  and  served  till  3  March,  1871, 
declining  a  re-election  on  account  of  impaired 
health.  He  was  appointed  by  President  Grant  a 
member  of  the  first  civil-service  commission,  and 
served  two  years.  He  was  financial  agent  of  the 
government  in  London  from  1873  till  1874,  and  en- 
gaged there  in  refunding  the  government  loans  at 
a  lower  rate  of  interest.  While  holding  this  office, 
he  opened  negotiations  with  the  governing  com- 
mittee of  the  royal  exchange,  and  succeeded  in 
altering  the  method  of  quotations  of  exchange 
between  the  two  countries,  and  also  of  American 
securities,  from  the  old,  inaccurate,  and  confusing 
method  to  the  present  simple  and  approximately 
accurate  system.  During  the  same  year  he  sug- 
gested to  a  syndicate  of  eminent  English  bankers 
a  plan  for  the  payment  of  the  Geneva  award  of 
$15,500,000  without  disturbance  to  the  rate  of  ex- 
change. The  plan  was  adopted  by  both  govern- 
ments, and  the  amount  successfully  transmitted 
through  Mr.  Cattell's  hands.  He  was  one  of  the 
New  Jersey  state  board  of  assessors  charged  with 
the  taxation  of  railroad  and  corporate  property, 
and  is  the  author  of  the  two  exhaustive  reports  on 
railroad  and  oilier  corporate  taxation,  submitted 
to  the  Icgislatuiv  in  1SS4  and  1885.— His  brother, 
WiUiaiu  C'assidy.  educator,  b.  in  Salem,  30  Aug., 
1827:  d.  in  Philadelphia,  11  Feb.,  1808;  was  grad- 
uated at  Princeton,  and  at  the  seminary  in  1852, 
where  he  remained  a  year  longer,  pursuing  oriental 
studies  under  Prof.  J.  Addison  Alexander.  Dur- 
ing 1853-'5  he  was  associate  principal  of  Edgehill 
seminary,  and  from  1855  till  1860  professor  of 
Latin  and  Greek  in  Lafayette  college.  He  then 
accepted  a  call  to  the  Pine  street  Presbyterian 
church  in  Harrisburg,  Pa.,  where  he  remained  for 
three  years.  In  1863  he  returned  to  Lafayette  as 
its  president,  and  in  that  capacity  accomplished  his 
great  life-work  as  a  successful  educator.  Through 
his  exertions  more  than  $1,000,000  were  obtained 
for  the  institution,  extensive  grounds  were  added, 
and  commodious  buildings  were  erected.  The 
equipments  were  made  of  the  highest  order,  and 
the  system  of  instruction  much  enlarged  and  made 
thoroughly  efficient.  In  1880  he  was  appointed 
superintendent  of  public  instruction  for  Pennsyl- 
vania, but  declined  the  office.  In  1864  he  became 
a  director  of  Princeton  theological  seminary.  He 
received  the  honorary  degree  of  D.  D.  from  Han- 
over college  and  from  Princeton,  and  that  of 
LL.  D.  from  Wooster.  Dr.  Cattell  published  nu- 
merous articles  on  educational  topics,  and  also 
many  sermons  and  addresses.  Since  1883  he  made 
Philadelphia  his  residence,  where  he  held  the 
office  of  corresponding  secretary  of  the  Presby- 
terian board  of  ministerial  relief. 

CAUCHON,  Joseph  Edward,  Canadian  au- 
thor, b.  in  St.  Rochs,  Quebec,  31  Dec,  1816;  d.  in 
Whitewood,  Northwest   territory,  23  Feb.,  1885. 


His  ancestor  was  a  member  of  the  "  Conseil  Supe- 
rieur,"  who  came  to  Canada  in  1636.  and  whose  son 
was  a  judge  of  the  "  Cour  Royale,"  at  the  Isle  of 
Orleans.  Joseph  was  educated  at  the  seminary  of 
his  native  city,  and  admitted  to  the  bar,  but  never 
practised.  He  edited  •'  Le  Canadien  "  from  1841  till 
1842,  and  in  the  latter  year  founded  "  Le  Journal 
de  Quebec,"  which  he  has  conducted  ever  since. 
He  was  elected  for  the  county  of  Montmorency  to 
the  Canadian  assembly  in  1844,  and  represented 
that  constituency  until  the  union  in  1867.  In  1851 
he  was  offered  a  seat  in  the  cabinet,  but  declined, 
and  in  1852  his  attempt  to  organize  a  French- 
Canadian  opposition  failed.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  executive  council  and  commissioner  of  crown 
lands,  Canada,  from  January,  1855,  till  April,  1857, 
in  the  MacNab-Tache  administration,  and  under 
his  signature  a  report  was  published  about  the 
time  of  his  appointment  attacking  the  monopoly 
of  the  Hudson's  bay  company.  He  was  commis- 
sioner of  public  works  in  the  Cartier-Macdonald 
administration  from  June,  1861,  till  May,  1862.  In 
1867  he  was  called  upon  to  form  a  government  for 
the  province  of  Quebec,  a  duty  that  he  failed  to 
accomplish,  and  the  same  year  resigned  his  seat  in 
the  assembly  on  being  called  to  the  senate,  of  which 
body  he  was  speaker  from  November,  1867,  till  July 
1872,  when  he  resigned  to  re-enter  the  House  of 
Commons.  He  became  a  member  of  the  privy 
council  of  Canada,  and  was  president  of  that  body 
from  7  Dec,  1875,  till  8  June,  1877,  when  he  was 
appointed  minister  of  inland  revenue,  an  office 
which  he  held  until  his  appointment  as  lieutenant- 
governor  of  Manitoba,  on  8  Oct.,  1877.  His  pub- 
lished works  are  :  "  Notions  elementaires  de  phy- 
sique "  (Quebec,  1841) ;  "  ]&tudes  sur  I'union  projectie 
des  provinces  de  Britannique  de  I'Amerique  du 
Nord  "  (1858) ;  and  "  L'union  des  provinces  de 
I'Amerique  Britannique  du  Nord  "  (1865). 

CAULKINS,  Frances  Mahnvaring^.  author,  b. 
in  New  London,  Conn.,  in  1796 ;  d.  there,  3  Feb., 
1869.  She  received  the  best  education  the  country 
afforded,  and  her  tastes  led  her  to  improve  every 
opportunity  for  the  cultivation  of  her  intellectual 
faculties.  She  gave  especial  attention  to  historical 
reseai'ch,  and  was  considered  the  best  authority 
regarding  the  local  traditions  and  relics  of  New 
London  and  Norwich  and  their  vicinity,  a  region 
rich  in  colonial  tradition  and  in  mementos  of  the 
Indian  tribes.  She  was  for  some  time  editor  of 
the  "  Christian  Almanac,"  and  of  other  publica- 
tions of  the  American  tract  society.  She  wrote 
tracts  for  the  society,  and  '•  A  History  of  Norwich, 
Conn."  (Norwich,  1845),  and  "  A  History  of  New 
London,  Conn."^(New  London,  1852). 

CAUPOLICAN  (eow-po-le-can'),  Chilian  ca- 
cique, b.  in  Chili  in  the  early  part  of  the  16th 
century  ;  d.  in  February.  1558.  During  the  Chilian 
war  of  conquest,  several  indecisive  encounters  had 
taken  place  between  the  Spaniards  and  the  native 
warriors,  when  Caupolican  waited  for  the  Spanish 
troops  under  Valdivia  at  the  Tucapel  valley,  and 
completely  routed  them,  after  a  long  and  fierce 
battle,  2-3  Dec,  1553.  All  the  prisoners  were 
sacrificed  by  the  Indians,  and.  in  spite  of  Caupoli- 
ean's  endeavors  to  save  Valdivia  fi'om  the  massa- 
cre, his  Indians  took  the  Spanish  chief  and  cruelly 
put  him  to  death.  In  April,  1554,  Caupolican 
gained  another  victory  against  Villagran,  who  was 
the  successor  of  Valdivia,  and  afterward,  in  the 
same  year,  took  several  places  occupied  by  the 
Spaniards,  burned  Concepcion,  and  laid  siege  to 
Imperial,  but  Villagran  forced  him  to  raise  it 
Garcia  de  Mendoza,  who  succeeded  Villagran  as 
governor  of  Chili  in  1557,  continued  the  war,  rout- 


560 


CAVEN 


CELOROX   DE  BIENVILLE 


ing  Caupolican  at  Mount  Pinto,  near  Concepcion, 
and  in  anotlier  battle,  in  whieb  tlie  Indians  lost 
over  0,000  men.  Again  Caupoliean  attacked  the 
Spaniards,  but  was  twice  defeated  at  the  Puren 
passes,  January  and  February,  1558.  He  took 
refuge  in  the  mountains,  but  was  discovered  and 
made  a  prisoner  with  some  other  Indian  chiefs, 
sent  to  Cafiete,  and  executed. 

CAVEN,  William,  educator,  b.  in  Kirkcolm, 
Wigtonshire,  Scotland,  2(3  Dec,  1830.  He  emi- 
grated to  Canada  with  his  father  in  1847,  studied 
for  the  ministry  of  the  United  Presbyterian  church 
in  their  seminary  at  London,  Ontario,  and  was  or- 
dained in  1852.  He  was  appointed  professor  of 
exegetical  theology  and  biblical  criticism  in  Knox 
college,  Toronto,  in  1860,  and  chairman  of  the  col- 
lege board  in  1870.  This  title  was  changed  to  that 
of  "principal"  in  1873.  Principal  Caven  was 
elected  moderator  of  the  Canada  Presbyterian 
church  in  1875,  and  in  1877  he  succeeded  Prof. 
Goldwin  Smith  as  president  of  the  Ontario  teach- 
ers' association.  He  was  a  promoter  of  the  union 
of  the  Presbyterian  churches  in  Canada. 

CAVENDISH,  Thomas,  English  navigator,  b. 
in  1504;  d.  in  1593.  He  inherited  wealth  from  his 
father,  who  lived  at  Trimley  St.  Martin,  Suffolk, 
but  reduced  himself  to  a  state  of  comparative  pov- 
erty by  living  at  court  and  by  his  extravagance. 
He  then  determined  to  improve  his  estate  at  the 
expense  of  the  Spanish- American  colonists,  and 
with  this  purpose,  aided  by  others  who  had  become 
interested  in  his  design,  he  fitted  out  three  vessels 
of  forty,  sixty,  and  one  hundred  and  twenty  tons, 
and  sailed  on  22  July,  1586,  having  the  year  before 
gained  ex[)erience  by  accompanying  the  expedition 
under  Lane  and  Sir  R.  Grrenville  to  colonize  Vir- 
ginia. They  entered  the  straits  of  Magellan,  6 
Jan.,  1587,  and  after  thirty-three  days  succeeded 
in  clearing  the  straits,  having  examined  the  coast 
during  that  time  and  taken  observations.  On  the 
Pacific  coast  they  captured  and  burned  Payta, 
Acapulco,  and  other  towns.  Cavendish  secured 
his  richest  booty  in  the  capture  of  the  Spanish  gal- 
leon "  Santa  Anna,"  of  700  tons,  which,  together 
with  a  valuable  cargo,  had  122,000  Spanish  dollars 
in  its  stores.  He  then  sailed  from  California, 
crossed  the  Pacific  to  the  Ladrone  islands,  went 
through  the  Indian  archipelago  and  strait  of  Java, 
and  around  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  reaching  Eng- 
land on  9  Sept.,  1588,  having  circumnavigated  the 
globe  in  a  shorter  time  than  any  preceding  navi- 
gator. He  was  knighted  by  Queen  Elizabeth 
soon  after  reaching  home,  and  on  26  Aug.,  1591, 
sailed  on  another  expedition,  but  stormy  weather, 
sickness,  and  a  mutinous  crew  were  the  principal 
incidents  until  his  death,  on  the  coast  of  Brazil,  or 
on  his  passage  home.  He  rendered  some  service 
to  geography  and  topography,  and  wrote  an  ac- 
count of  his  first  expedition,  entitled  "  Voyage  to 
Magellaniea  in  1580."  See  "  Callander's  Voyages  " 
(London,  1776). 

CAXIAS,  Luis  Alves  de  Lima  (kah-she'-as), 
Duke  de,  Brazilian  soldier,  b.  in  Rio  de  Janeiro 
about  1800.  He  entered  the  army  while  a  boy,  and 
rapidly  rose  to  the  ranks  of  general  and  baron,  and 
subsequently  became  marshal,  marquis,  senator, 
and  aide-de-camp  of  the  emperor.  He  was  twice 
minister  of  war  and  also  president  of  the  council, 
exerting  great  political  influence  as  a  conservative 
leader.  He  defeated  Rossa  in  1851,  and  command- 
ed against  Lopez,  1866-'9.  He  was  superseded  by 
the  Count  d'Eu  after  the  capture  of  Asuncion,  and 
received  the  title  of  duke. 

CEBALLOS,  Jos6  (thay-bal'-yos),  Mexican 
soldier,  b.  in  the  city  of  Durango,  iS  March,  1830. 


He  first  came  into  notice  during  the  revolution, 
favoring  the  plan  of  Ayutla.  When  Benito  Juarez 
was  president  of  Mexico,  he  gave  Ceballos,  in  1869, 
the  command  of  a  regiment  garrisoning  Yucatan, 
with  headquarters  at  Merida.  A  few  months 
afterward  a  revolt  occurred  among  his  soldiers, 
who  divided  into  two  parties.  With  those  who 
adhered  to  him  he  overpowered  the  rebels  in  a 
three  days'  fight.  Some  merchants  and  property- 
owners  appeared  to  have  been  implicated  in  the 
revolt,  and  Ceballos,  without  consulting  President 
Juarez,  had  them  shot.  Next  year  he  was  ap- 
pointed brigadier-general,  and  as  such  commanded 
the  federal  troops  of  the  1st  division  in  the  west- 
ern states,  continued  the  campaign  against  the 
bandit  Losada,  who  had  again  gathered  10,000 
Indians  after  his  defeat  by  Corona  at  La  Mojonera. 
Lerdo  de  Tejada  having  become  president,  Ceba- 
llos was  empowered  to  eft'ect  the  deposition  of 
Camarena,  governor  of  Jalisco,  by  force,  which 
was  accomplished  after  a  bloody  fight  that  lasted 
three  days  between  the  federal  and  state  troops. 
Ceballos  remained  at  Jalisco  as  governor  and  mili- 
tary chief  till  late  in  1876,  when  Lerdo's  govern- 
ment was  deposed  by  Gen.  Diaz;  then  he  joined 
Iglesias,  who  had  revolted  against  Lerdo  while 
eiiief  justice  of  the  supreme  court.  Iglesias, 
Prieto,  and  Velasco  left  Mexico,  and  Ceballos  went 
to  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  but  soon  afterwaixl  departed 
for  Guatemala,  where  he  found  himself  in  reduced 
circumstances.  President  Barrios  appointed  him 
director  of  tiie  military  school.  While  in  Guate- 
mala he  plotted  a  revolution  against  Diaz,  but 
suddenly  turned  to  the  side  of  Diaz,  went  to  Mex- 
ico, was  restored  to  his  rank,  and  given  the  gover- 
norship of  the  federal  district,  which  in  Mexico  is 
the  highest  office  after  that  of  president.  Ceballos 
is  also  a  senator,  and  is  noted  for  his  enmity  to  the 
press,  having  imprisoned  a  number  of  journalists 
and    students  in  1885-'0. 

CELESTE  (sa-laysf),  or  CELESTE-ELLIOT 
(Madame),  danseuse  and  actress,  b.  in  Paris,  6 
Aug.,  1814 ;  d.  in  London  in  1882.  In  childhood 
she  became  a  pupil  at  the  Royal  academy,  and  when 
but  fifteen  years  of  age  made  a  successful  dehut  in 
the  United  States,  where  she  married  Henry  Elliot 
soon  after  her  arrival.  After  her  husbaiuVs  death 
she  went  to  England  and  achieved  success  in  Lon- 
don. She  subsequently  passed  several  years  in  the 
United  States  between  1834  and  1865.  After  1837 
she  made  London  her  home,  and  took  part  in  the 
dramas  at  Drury  Lane,  the  Haymarket,  Adelphi, 
and  other  theatres,  and  also  attained  success  as  a 
theatrical  manager.  She  was  noted  as  an  actress 
of  pantomime.  Her  most  popular  parts  were  La 
Bayadere,  the  French  Spy,  Miami  in  "  Green 
Bushes,"  Mii'iam,  and  the  Woman  in  Red.  The 
]>oet  Fitz-Greene  Halleck  was  among  lier  admirers, 
and  made  her  the  subject  of  several  highly  com- 
plimentary stanzns. 

CELOliON  DE  BIENVILLE,  French  explorer, 
b.  about  1715.  He  was  sent,  by  the  Marquis  de  la 
Galissoniere,  governor  of  Canada,  with  subordinate 
officers,  cadets,  20  soldiers,  180  Canadians,  and  45 
Cherokees  and  Abanakes,  to  take  possession  for 
France  of  the  Ohio  valley  and  prevent  the  English 
Ohio  company  from  acquiring  it  by  right  of  prior 
settlement.  The  expedition  left  Laehine  on  15 
June,  1749,  ascended  the  St.  Lawrence,  crossed 
Lake  Ontario,  reached  Niagara  on  6  July,  sailed 
along  the  south  shore  of  Lake  Erie,  marched  to 
the  head-waters  of  the  Alleghany,  and  ascended  that 
river  and  the  Ohio.  Finding  English  traders  at  dif- 
ferent points,  Celoron  warned  them  to  withdraw, 
and  wrote  to  the  governor  of  Pennsylvania,  claiming 


CENTEXO 


CHABANEL 


561 


the  country  as  a  French  possession,  in  accordance 
with  the  preliminaries  of  peace  signed  six  months 
before.  They  buried  in  different  places  six  leaden 
tablets,  with  inscriptions  recording  the  formal  oc- 
cupation in  the  name  of  the  French  king.  They 
descended  the  Ohio  to  the  mouth  of  the  Great  Mi- 
ami, and  thence  crossed  by  land  to  Lake  Erie,  and 
reached  Fort  Niagara  on  19  Oct.,  1749. 

CENTENO,  Dieg-O  (then-tay'-no),  Spanish  sol- 
dier, b.  in  1505;  d.  in  1549.  He  accompanied  Pi- 
zarro  as  an  officer  in  the  conquest  of  Peru  and 
amassed  a  very  large  fortune.  Centeno  distin- 
guished himself  in  the  battle  of  Chupas,  gained  by 
Vaca  de  Castro  in  1542  against  young  Almagro, 
the  assassin  of  Francisco  Pizarro.  Afterward  he 
made  war  against  Gonzalo  Pizarro  for  the  posses- 
sion of  Peru,  but  was  utterly  routed  at  Guarina,  or 
Huarina,  in  1547.  Four  years  later  he  died  from 
the  effects  of  poison  given  to  him  at  a  banquet. 

CEPEDA,  Fernando  de  (thay-pay'-da),  author, 
b.  near  the  end  of  the  16th  century.  He  published 
in  Mexico,  in  1637,  an  account  in  Spanish  of  the 
foundation  of  that  city,  of  the  great  inundations 
that  it  suffered,  and  of  the  canals  designed  and 
executed  between  the  years  1553  and  1637.  Its 
title  is  "  Relacion  del  Sitio  en  que  esta  fundada 
la  Ciudad  de  Mexico."  Leon,  in  his  "  Bibliotheca 
Indica,"  says  that  it  was  probably  the  same  author 
that  wrote  a  useful  work  entitled  "  De  la  Plata 
Ensayada,  y  Barras  de  las  Indias." 

CERACHI,  (itinseppe  (eher-rah'-kee).  Italian 
sculptor,  b.  in  1740;  executed  January,  1801.  He 
came  to  Philadelphia  in  1791  and  made  busts  of 
Washington,  Hamilton,  and  other  eminent  men. 
He  also  made  a  bust  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte  in 
1796,  when  Italy  was  invaded  by  that  general.  In 
1800,  having  formed  with  Arena  and  others  a  de- 
sign to  assassinate  the  first  consul,  he,  with  the 
intention  (as  is  supposed)  of  carrying  out  this  de- 
sign, proposed  to  uiidei'take  another  statue  of  him  ; 
but  the  plot  was  detected  and  he  was  guillotined. 

CERDA,  Alfonso  de  la,  Peruvian  R.  C.  bishop, 
b.  ia  Caeeres,  Spain  ;  d.  in  Chuquisaca,  Peru,  in 
1592.  He  emigrated  to  America,  seeking  his  for- 
tune ;  but  the  crimes  of  his  fellow-adventurers 
disgusted  him  with  the  world,  and  he  entered  the 
convent  of  San  Ilosario  in  Lima,  and  took  the 
habit  of  the  Dominican  order  in  1545.  He  was 
elected  successively  prior  of  the  convents  of  Porto 
Bello,  Arequipa,  and  Lima,  then  preacher-general, 
and  finally  provincial.  In  this  latter  capacity  he 
made  a  thorough  visitation  of  his  province,  and 
established  a  rule  that  all  candidates  for  missionary 
duty  who  had  not  a  knowledge  of  the  Indian  lan- 
guages should  be  rejected.  In  1573  he  was  deputed 
by  the  Dominicans  of  Peru  to  defend  their  inter- 
ests at  Rome.  He  was  successful  in  his  mission, 
and  returned  to  Spain.  He  was  on  the  point  of 
embarking  for  Peru  when  news  arrived  of  the 
death  of  the  bishop  of  Honduras.  Philip  II.  nomi- 
nated Father  de  la  Cerda  to  the  vacant  see,  and  he 
was  consecrated  before  his  departure  for  America. 
He  did  not  remain  long  in  Honduras,  as  the  bish- 
opric of  Chuquisaca  fell  vacant  and  he  was  trans- 
ferred to  it.  Shortly  after  his  elevation  he  found- 
ed a  convent  of  his  order  in  Chuquisaca. 

CESNOLA,  Count  Lnig'i  Palniadi  (ches-no-la), 
archaeologist  and  director,  b.  in  liivarolo,  Italy,  29 
June,  1832.  After  receiving  a  collegiate  education, 
he  was  graduated  at  the  Royal  military  academy 
of  Cheraseo.  In  1848  he  entered  the  Sardinian 
army,  fought  against  Austria,  and  in  1849  he  was 
promoted  lieutenant  in  the  queen's  regiment.  He 
was  also  engaged  in  the  C'l'imean  war.  In  1860  lie 
came  to  this  country ;  in  1*861  he  entered  the  Union 


army  as  lieutenant-colonel ;  in  1862  he  was  pro- 
moted colonel,  and  for  several  months  he  com- 
manded the  cavalry  brigade  attached  to  the  11th 
army  corps,  until  it  was  incorporated  into  the 
cavalry  corps.  At  the  battle  of  Aldie  (Virginia), 
17  June,  1863,  he  was  severely  wounded,  captured, 
and  confined  in  Libby  prison  for  nine  months. 
For  his  bravery  at  this  battle  congress  awarded 
him  the  medal  of  honor.  He  served  under  Sheri- 
dan until  his  regiment  was  mustered  out,  but  at 
Sheridan's  request  he  continued  in  command  of 
Devin's  brigade  for  six  weeks  longer.  In  March, 
1865,  Lincoln  made  him  brevet  brigadier-general, 
and  appointed  him  consul  at  Cyprus;  while  there 
he  made  archiBological  discoveries  of  great  impor- 
tance to  the  history  of  ancient  art.  His  discov- 
eries were  acquired  by  the  Metropolitan  museum 
of  art,  and  formed  the  nucleus  of  the  present  im- 
portant museum  of  New  York.  He  was  elected 
pati'on  of  it  in  1877,  trustee  in  1878,  and  director 
in  1879;  these  three  positions  he  has  continuously 
occupied  ever  since.  Princeton  and  Columbia  uni- 
versities conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  LL.  D. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  Royal  academy  of  sciences 
of  Turin,  of  the  Royal  society  of  literature  of 
London,  and  a  score  of  others.  He  has  received 
knightly  orders  from  the  kings  of  Italy,  Bavaria, 
and  other  European  sovereigns,  and  is  the  author 
of  several  books  on  Cyprus  and  its  antiquities. 

CESPEDES,  Carlos  Manuel  de  (thes'-pay-des), 
Cuban  revolutionist,  b.  in  Bavamo,  Cuba,  18  April, 
1819;  d.  22  March,  1874.  He  studied  in  Havana 
and  in  Spain,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Ma- 
drid in  1842.  After  being  implicated  with  Gen. 
Prim  in  a  conspiracy  for  the  overthrow  of  the  gov- 
ernment, he  returned,  in  1844,  to  his  native  city, 
where  he  practised  his  profession  and  cultivated 
literature.  He  wrote  a  comedy,  "  Las  dos  Dianas," 
and  made  a  metrical  translation  of  several  books 
of  Virgil's  "^neid."  In  1852,  on  account  of 
political  disturbances,  he  was  confined  for  some 
time  in  a  Spanish  man-of-war  at  Santiago  de  Cuba, 
and  then  banished  to  a  small  inland  town.  He 
was  allowed  to  return  to  Bayamo,  where  he  resided 
until  October,  1868.  On  the  9th  of  this  month  he 
headed  an  insurrection  in  the  town  of  Yara  against 
the  Spanish  government,  and  published  a  manifesto 
in  justification  of  his  course.  Soon  the  whole 
eastern  part  of  the  island  was  in  arms.  On  18 
Oct.,  Cespedes  entered  Bayamo,  which  became  the 
seat  of  the  revolutionary  government ;  but  on  16 
Jan.,  1869,  he  had  to  abandon  it  at  the  approach  of 
a  strong  force  imder  Gen.  Valmaseda,  and  burned 
the  city  before  the  arrival  of  the  Spanish  troops, 
Cespedes  went  then  to  the  Camagiiey  district,  and 
established  the  seat  of  the  rerolutionary  govern- 
ment in  Guaimaro.  On  10  April,  1869,  a  Cuban 
congress  assembled  there  and  framed  a  constitu- 
tion for  the  republic  they  were  trying  to  found. 
Cespedes  was  made  president  by  acclamation,  and 
remained  with  his  cabinet  in  Guaimaro  until  1870, 
when  he  was  dislodged  by  the  Spanish  forces  under 
Gen.  Puello.  He  then  retired  to  a  more  secluded 
and  safe  place,  lost  much  of  his  prestige,  and  in 
October,  1873,  was  deposed  from  the  presidency  bv 
the  Cuban  congress  after  a  short  trial.  The  man- 
ner of  his  death  has  never  been  explained. 

CHABANEL,  Natalis,  missionary,  b.  in  France 
in  1613.  He  was  ordained  priest,  and  acted  as 
professor  of  rhetoric  in  several  colleges  of  the 
province  of  Toulouse.  He  was  sent  to  Canada  in 
1643,  where  he  studied  the  Algonquin  language, 
and  settled  as  a  missionary  among  the  Hurons, 
As  he  felt  a  strong  repugnance  to  the  habits  of  the 
Indians,  and  fearing  that  this  disgust  might  result 


562 


CHABERT 


CHADBOURNE 


in  his  abandoning  the  mission,  he  made  a  vow 
never  to  leave  them,  which  vow  lie  kept  to  the  end. 

CHABERT,  Josepli  Bernard,  Marquis  de  (sha- 
bayr'),  French  naval  officer,  b.  in  Toulon,  28  Feb., 
1724 :  d.  in  Paris,  1  Dec,  1805.  lie  entered  the  navy 
in  1741,  and  served  with  the  French  during  the 
American  revolutionary  war,  greatly  distinguish- 
ing himself.  In  1782  he  was  made  commander  of 
a  squadron,  and  in  17i)2  became  A'iee-admiral  of  the 
navy.  During  the  French  revolution  he  retired  to 
England,  but  returned  to  Paris  in  1802,  when  he 
received  a  pension  from  Bonaparte,  by  whom,  in 
1804,  he  was  appointed  a  member  of  the  board  of 
longitudes.  He  was  an  accurate  observer  and  in- 
dustrious hydrographer.  He  planned  and  executed 
maps  of  the  shores  of  North  America,  the  Mediter- 
ranean, and  especially  of  Greece.  In  1758  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  French  academy  of  sci- 
ences. His  writings  include  "  Voyages  sur  les  cotes 
de  I'Amerique  septentrionale  "  (Paris,  1753). 

CHABRAT,  (iiiy  Igriiatins  (sha-brah'),  R.  C. 
bishop,  b.  in  Chambery,  France,  in  1787;  d.  in 
Mauriac,  France,  in  1868.  He  was  educated  in  a 
Sulpician  seminary,  and  ordained  sub-deacon  in 
1809.  He  volunteered  for  the  American  mission, 
was  ordained  priest  in  1811,  and  appointed  pas- 
tor of  St.  Michael's,  Nelson  county,  Ky.  He  had 
charge  of  several  other  congregations  in  this  state 
up  to  1824,  when  he  was  selected  as  superior  of  the 
community  of  Loreto.  In  1834  he  received  from 
Rome  the  bulls  for  his  consecration  as  bishop  of 
Bolina  and  coadjutor  to  the  bishop  of  Bardstown. 
Being  threatened  with  loss  of  sight,  he  visited  Eu- 
rope, and,  as  the  most  eminent  oculists  gave  him 
on  hope  of  recovery,  he  resigned  his  see  in  1847  and 
retired  to  his  father's  house  in  France.  Eventually 
he  became  totally  blind,  but  recovered  his  health. 

CHACE,  George  Ide,  physicist,  b.  in  Lancas- 
ter, Mass.,  19  Feb.,  1808 ;  d.  in  Providence,  R.  1., 
29  April,  1885.  He  was  graduated  at  Brown  in 
1830,  and,  after  a  year  spent  as  principal  of  the 
preparatory  classical  school  in  Waterville,  Me.,  was 
appointed  tutor  in  the  department  of  mathematics 
and  natural  philosophy  at  Brown,  and  shortly  after- 
ward he  became  adjunct  professor  with  Dr.  Cas- 
well. For  fifteen  years  he  occupied  the  chair  of 
chemistry,  physiology,  and  geology,  and  for  five 
years  the  chair  of  moral  philosophy  and  metaphys- 
ics. On  the  resignation  of  Dr.  Sears  he  dischai-ged 
the  duties  of  president  for  one  year.  His  entire 
service  at  Brown  covered  a  period  of  forty-one 
years.  In  1872  he  retired  from  the  university  and 
spent  a  year  and  a  half  in  foreign  travel.  In  the 
closing  years  of  his  life  he  was  a  member  of  the 
municipal  government  of  Providence,  and  presi- 
dent of  the  Rhode  Island  state  board  of  charities 
and  corrections.  In  1853  the  degree  of  Ph.  D.  was 
conferred  upon  him  by  Lewisburg,  and  that  of 
LL.  D.  by  Brown.  The  most  important  of  his  lec- 
tures and  reviews  were  published  with  a  life  by 
James  0.  Murray  (Boston,  1886). 

CHACE,  Jonathan,  senator,  b.  in  Fall  River, 
Mass.,  22  July,  1829.  He  became  a  cotton-manu- 
facturer, was  a  member  of  the  Rhode  Island  senate 
in  1876-'7,  and  was  elected  to  congress  in  1880,  and 
re-elected  for  the  following  term.  He  was  elected 
by  the  legislature  to  serve  out  the  senatorial  term 
of  Henry  B.  Anthony,  which  will  expire  in  1889, 
and  took  his  seat  on  26  Jan.,  1885. 

CHADBOURNE,  Paul  Ansel,  educator,  b.  in 
North  Berwick.  Me.,  21  Oct.,  1823  ;  d.  in  New  York 
city,  23  Feb.,  1883.  After  the  death  of  his  mother, 
in  1836,  he  entered  the  family  of  an  acquaintance, 
on  whose  farm  he  worked  in  the  summer,  and  in 
whose  shop  he  learned  the  carpenter's  trade  in  the 


^J^u=> 


winter,  when  not  attending  school.  Afterward, 
when  sixteen  years  old,  he  was  employed  as  a  clerk 
in  a  drug-store 
in  Great  Palls, 
N.H.,  and  there 
gained  a  famil- 
iarity with  the 
names  and  na- 
ture of  the  va- 
rious articles 
on  sale,  which 
aided  him  in 
his  later  chemi- 
cal studies.  He 
was  prepared 
for  college  at 
Phillips  Exe- 
ter academy, 
where  he  sup- 
ported himself 
by  copying  law 
papers  in  term 
time  and  teach- 
ing in  vaca- 
tion, and  was  graduated  at  Williams  in  1848,  with 
the  valedictory.  He  then  taught,  and  studied  the- 
ology in  Freehold,  N.  J.,  where  a  serious  illness 
nearly  ended  his  life,  and  entered  the  seminary  at 
East  Windsor,  Conn.,  in  1848,  but  continued  ill 
health  forced  him  to  leave  after  a  year's  study. 
He  was  principal  of  Great  Falls  high  school  in 
1850,  tutor  at  Williams  in  1851,  and,  after  another 
attack  of  illness,  took  charge  of  East  Windsor 
academy.  He  was  licensed  to  preach  on  19  Oct., 
1853.  In  the  same  year  he  was  appointed  professor 
of  chemistry  and  botany  at  Williams,  and  in  1858 
was  elected  to  a  similar  professorship  in  Bowdoin 
college.  He  performed  the  duties  of  both  profess- 
orships, and  was  also,  during  the  same  period,  pro- 
fessor in  the  medical  school  of  Maine  and  in  Berk- 
shire medical  college.  He  also  lectured  at  Western 
Reserve  college,  the  Smithsonian  institution,  the 
Lowell  institute  at  Boston,  and  at  Mount  Holyoke 
seminary.  He  conducted  several  successful  scien- 
tific expeditions  for  the  students  of  Williams,  visit- 
ing Newfoundland  in  1855,  Florida  in  1857,  the 
north  of  Europe  and  the  geyser  region  of  Iceland  in 
1859,  and  Greenland  in  1861.  In  1859  he  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  chair  of  natural  history,  where  he 
remained  till  1867.  In  that  year  he  became  first 
president  of  the  State  agricultural  college  at  Am- 
herst, Mass.,  but  left  it  for  the  presidency  of  Wis- 
consin university.  He  resigned  in  1870,  and,  after 
two  years  among  the  mines  in  the  Rocky  moun- 
tains, became,  in  1872,  the  successor  of  Mark  Hop- 
kins as  president  of  Williams.  Under  his  over- 
sight the  college  prospered  greatly,  the  number  of 
its  students  was  increased,  and  funds  were  liberally 
contributed  for  its  support.  He  resigned,  in  1881, 
to  attend  to  important  literary  work,  and  in  1882 
again  became  president  of  Massachusetts  agricul- 
tural college.  Dr.  Chadbourne  took  much  interest 
in  public  affairs.  He  was  state  senator  from  north- 
ern Berkshire  in  1865  and  1866,  was  a  delegate  to 
the  national  republican  convention  in  Cincinnati 
in  1876,  and  a  presidential  elector  in  1880.  He 
was  actively  interested  in  manufacturing  enter- 
prises, and  was  a  marvel  to  those  who  knew  the 
number  of  works  that  he  carried  through  success- 
fully. He  was  a  member  of  various  learned  so- 
cieties in  this  country  and  abroad.  Williams  gave 
him  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  in  1868,  and  Amherst 
that  of  D.  I),  in  1872.  He  published  "  Relations 
of  Natural  History  to  Intellect,  Taste,  Wealth,  and 
Religion,"  four  lectures  before  the  Smithsonian  in- 


CHAD  WICK 


CPIALKLY 


563 


stitution  (New  York,  1800) ;  "  Natural  Theology  " 
and  "  Instinct  in  Animals  and  Men,"  two  courses  of 
lectures  before  the  Lowell  institute,  Boston  (1867 
and  1872);  "Strength  of  Men  and  Stability  of 
Nations,"  five  baccalaureate  sermons;  (1878-'7); 
"  Hope  of  the  Righteous  "  (1877) ;  and  edited  "  Pub- 
lic Service  of  the  State  of  New  York  "  (8  vols.,  Bos- 
ton, 1881).  A  full  list  of  his  articles  can  be  found 
in  the  "  Williams  Obituary  Record  "  for  1883. 

CHADWICK,  (reor^e  Whitfield,  musician,  b. 
in  Lowell,  Mass.,  13  Nov.,  1854.  He  went  to  Ger- 
many, where  for  two  years  he  studied  under  Jadas- 
sohn and  Reinecke.  Then  he  settled  in  Munich 
and  stvidied  theory  and  organ-playing  under  Rhem- 
berger  for  nearly  a  year.  He  now  resides  in  Bos- 
ton. His  overture,  "  Rip  Van  Winkle,"  was  pei"- 
formed  at  the  Handel  and  Haydn  festival  in  Bos- 
ton in  May,  1880,  and  his  symphony  in  C  in  1883, 
at  a  concert  of  the  Harvard  musical  association. 
He  has  composed  several  less  important  works. 

CHADWICK,  Jolin  White,  clergyman,  b.  in 
Marblehead,  Mass.,  19  Oct.,  1840.  He  'was  gradu- 
ated at  Harvard  divinity  school  in  1864,  and  dur- 
ing the  same  year  was  called  to  the  pastorate  of 
the  2d  Unitarian  society  in  Brooklyn.  His  ser- 
mons have  attracted  attention,  and  he  is  known  as 
a  radical  teacher  of  the  doctrines  of  his  church. 
Mr.  Chadwick  was  elected  Phi  Beta  Kippa  poet  at 
Harvard  in  1885,  and  in  the  following  year  preached 
the  alumni  sermon  at  the  Harvard  divinity  school. 
He  has  published  many  of  his  discourses,  which 
for  some  time  were  issued  serially,  and  is  a  fre- 
quent contributor  to  the  Unitarian  journals.  His 
publications  in  book-form  are :  '•  Life  of  N.  A. 
Staples"  (Boston,  1870);  "A  Book  of  Poems" 
(1875);  "  The  Bible  of  To-day"  (New  York,  1878); 
"The  Faith  of  Reason"  (Boston,  1879);  "Some 
Aspects  of  Religion  "  (New  York,  1879) ;  "  The  Man 
Jesus"  (Boston,  1881);  "Belief  and  Life"  (New 
York,  1881) ;" Origin  and  Destiny"  (Boston,  1883); 
"  In  Nazareth  Town :  A  Christmas  Fantasy  "  (1884) ; 
and  "A  Daring  Faith"  (1885). 

CHAFFEE,  Jerome  Buiity,  senator,  b.  in 
Niagara  county,  N.  Y.,  17  Ajjril,  1825 ;  d.  in  Salem 
Centre,  Westcliester  co.,  N.  Y.,  9  March,  1886.  His 
education  was  limited,  but  his  energy  and  common 
sense  largely  compensated  for  the  lack  of  school 
training.  He  was  for  several  years  a  clerk  in  a 
country  grocery  store,  and  when  he  came  of  age 
had  saved  enough  money  to  remove  to  Adrian, 
Mich.,  and  begin  business  for  himself  as  a  dry- 
goods  merchant.  He  lived  in  Adrian  for  about 
six  years,  married,  and  became  the  father  of  four 
daughters.  His  wife  died  at  Adrian,  and  he  re- 
moved to  St.  Joseph,  Mo.  At  this  period  he  be- 
came interested  in  public  matters,  and,  through 
his  acquaintance  with  Zaehariah  Chandler,  fa- 
miliar with  the  machinery  of  party  politics. 
After  establishing  an  extensive  frontier  trade,  Mr. 
Chaflfee  opened  a  bank  in  St.  Joseph,  and  carried 
it  on  for  three  years,  when  he  removed  to  Elm- 
wood,  Kansas,  and  became  president  of  a  land 
company.  In  1859  the  gold-mining  fever  tempted 
him  to  Colorado,  and  he  was  one  of  the  fii'st  set- 
tlers of  Denver.  As  early  as  1861  he  had  estab- 
lished a  small  stamp-mill,  and  laid  the  foun- 
dation of  a  large  fortune,  which  was  acquired 
mainly  in  mining  ventures.  His  previous  political 
exj^erience  enabled  him  to  take  a  prominent  part 
in  the  civil  organization  of  the  territory,  and  he 
represented  it  in  congress  until  1876,  when  Colo- 
rado became  a  state,  and,  with  Henry  M.  Teller  as 
nis  colleague,  he  was  elected  to  represent  it  in  the 
U.  S.  senate.  From  the  first  he  was  prominent  as 
a  republican  leader,  but  was  very  independent  in 


his  ideas,  and  so  bitterly  opposed  some  of  President 
Grant's  measures  that  their  personal  friendship 
was  for  a  time  interrupted.  After  the  marriage  of 
his  daughter  with  U.  S.  Grant,  Jr.,  in  1882,  the 
friendship  was  renewed.  While  his  health  per- 
mitted, Mr.  Chaffee  maintained  his  active  interest 
in  politics,  and  he  was  chairman  of  the  republican 
national  executive  committee  during  the  presiden- 
tial canvass  of  1884. 

CHAILLE,  Stanford  Emerson,  physician,  b. 
in  Natchez,  Miss.,  9  July,  1830.  He  is  of  Hugue- 
not descent,  and  the  great-grandson  of  Col.  Peter 
C!haille,  of  revolutionary  times.  His  education 
was  received  at  Phillips  Andover  academy  and  at 
Harvard,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1851.  He 
then  studied  in  the  medical  department  of  the 
University  of  Louisiana,  and  received  his  degree  in 
1853.  Subsequently  he  spent  three  years  studying 
in  Paris  and  elsewhere  in  Europe.  Dr.  Chaille  held 
numerous  hospital  appointments  before  the  war, 
and  was  medical  inspector  of  the  Confederate  army 
of  Tennessee  in  1862-'3,  and  subsequently  in  charge 
of  various  military  hospitals.  He  was  demonstrator 
of  anatomy  in  the  medical  department  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Louisiana  from  1858  till  1867,  lecturer  on 
obstetrics  in  1865-'6,  professor  of  physiology  and 
pathological  anatomy  from  1867  till  1886,  and  dean 
of  the  medical  department  and  professor  of  physi- 
ology and  hygiene  in  the  collegiate  department  of 
Tulane  university  in  1884-'6.  He  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Louisiana  state  board  of  health  in 
1877.  In  1879  he  became  associated  with  the  work 
of  the  National  board  of  health  as  president  of  the 
Havana  yellow-fever  commission,  from  1880  till 
1883  he  was  supervising  insi^ector  at  New  Orleans, 
and  in  1884  was  made  a  member  of  the  board.  He 
is  a  member  of  many  medical  societies,  and  was  an 
honorary  member  of  the  International  medical  con- 
gress held  in  Philadelphia  in  1876,  and  chosen  to 
deliver  one  of  the  eight  addresses  on  that  occasion. 
His  contributions  to  medical  literature  are  numer- 
ous, and  many  of  them  have  appeared  in  the  "  New 
Orleans  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,"  of  which 
he  was  co-editor  and  proprietor  from  1857  till 
1868.  In  addition  to  his  report  on  "  Yellow  Fever 
in  Havana  and  Cuba,"  published  by  the  National 
board  of  health,  he  has  prepared  several  congres- 
sional reports,  and  is  the  author  of  pamphlets  on 
the  "  Laws  of  Population  and  Voters "  (1872) ; 
"  Living,  Dying,  Registering,  and  Voting  Popula- 
tion of  Louisiana,  1868  and  1874 "  (1875) ;  "  In- 
timidation and  Voters  in  Louisiana"  (1876). 

CHALKLY,  Tliomas,  preacher,  b.  in  London, 
England,  3  March,  1675;  d.  in  Tortola,  West  In- 
dies, 4  Sept.,  1741.  His  parents  belonged  to  the 
sect  of  B'riends,  and  he  was  brought  up  in  tliat 
faith.  He  was  sent  to  school  in  the  suburbs  of 
London,  at  some  distance  from  his  home,  and  was 
frequently  beaten  and  stoned  by  those  of  opposing 
beliefs.  In  1695  he  was  pressed  on  board  of  a  man- 
of-war,  but  on  being  asked  to  fight,  refused,  say- 
ing :  "  As  for  war  and  fighting,  Christ  forbade  it 
in  his  excellent  Sermon  on  the  Mount,  and  for  that 
reason  I  could  not  bear  arms  nor  be  instrumental 
to  destroy  or  kill  men."  After  serving  an  ap- 
prenticeship of  seven  years  to  his  father,  he  fol- 
lowed his  calling  for  a  short  time,  and  then  be- 
gan his  career  as  an  itinerant  preacher,  travelling 
throughout  England.  He  determined  to  visit 
America,  landed  in  Maryland  in  1698,  and  spent 
a  year  preaching  in  Virginia  and  New  England. 
Subsequently  he  returned  to  England,  married, 
and,  after  journeying  through  Ireland,  he  de- 
cided to  settle  permanently  in  America.  He  se- 
lected Philadelphia  as  his  home,  and  made  preach- 


664 


CHALMERS 


CHAMBERLAIN 


ing  tours  to  the  Bai'badoes,  and  through  Mary- 
land, Nortli  Carolina,  and  Rhode  Island,  at  times 
riding  1,000  miles  on  horseback.  He  continued  his 
work  till  1707.  and  in  that  year  again  visited  the 
Barbadoes,  sailing  thence  to  Great  Britain,  and, 
after  a  visit  to  Holland  and  Germany,  returned  to 
Philadelphia.  His  death  was  the  result  of  a  fever 
contracted  while  on  one  of  his  visits  to  the  West 
Indies.  The  library  of  the  four  monthly  meetings 
of  Friends  in  Philadelphia  was  founded  by  a  be- 
quest from  hira.  He  left  an  interesting  journal  of 
his  "  Life,  Labors,  and  Travels,"  which  was  pub- 
lished with  a  collection  of  his  tracts  (Philadel- 
phia, 1747 ;  New  York,  1808). 

CHALMERS,  Joseph  WiUiams,  senator,  b.  in 
Halifax  county,  Va.,  21  July,  1807;  d.  in  Holly 
Springs,  Miss.,  10  June,  1853.  He  was  the  son  of  a 
planter,  who  came  from  Scotland,  and  was  trained 
to  mercantile  pursuits.  After  the  death  of  his  fa- 
ther, having  spent  two  years  in  the  University  of 
Virginia,  he  studied  law  in  the  office  of  William 
Leigh  at  Halifax  Court-IIouse,  Va.  In  1834  he 
removed  to  Jackson,  Tenn.,  and  in  1839  to  Holly 
Springs,  Miss.  In  1841-'3  he  was  vice-chancellor, 
and  in  1845  he  was  appointed  to  the  seat  in  the 
U.  S.  senate  rendered  vacant  by  the  appointment  of 
Robert  J.  Walker  to  the  head  of  the  treasury  de|)art- 
nient,  being  subsequently  elected  for  the  remainder 
of  the  term.  He  served  in  the  senate  from  7  Dec, 
1845,  till  3  March,  1847,  and  was  succeeded  by 
Henry  S.  Poote. — His  son,  James  Roland,  sol- 
dier, b.  near  News  Ferry,  Halifax  co.,  Va.,  11  Jan., 
1831  ;  d.  in  j\Iem- 
phis,  9  April,  1898. 
Leaving  Dr.  11  awks's 
scliool  he  was  grad- 
uated at  South  Caro- 
lina college  second  in 
his  class.  He  stud- 
ied law,  and  was  ad- 
niilted  to  the  bar  in 
Holly  Springs,  Miss., 
in  1853.  Il£  accept- 
ed the  colonelcy  of 
tlie  9th  Mississippi 
infantry  in  March, 
1861,  and  a  year  later 
was  made  brigadier- 
general.  At  Sliiloh 
lie  commanded  the 
extreme  right  of  the 
confederate  army, 
and  succeeded  in  forcing  his  way  nearer  to  Pitts- 
burg Landing  than  any  other  brigade  commander. 
Gen.  Chalmers  was  seriously  wounded  in  the  bat- 
tle of  Murfreesboro',  on  Stone  river,  and  after  his 
transfer  from  infantry  to  cavalry  service  he  com- 
manded the  1st  division  of  Forrest's  cavalry  from 
January,  1864,  to  May,  1865,  when  he  was  paroled 
at  Gainesville,  Ga.  He  was  elected  to  the  state  sen- 
ate in  1875,  was  a  member  of  the  45th  and  three  suc- 
ceeding congresses,  being  a  prominent  member  of 
that  body,  and  wrote  a  work  entitled  "  Probate  Law 
and  Practice  in  Mississippi  and  Tennessee"  (Mem- 
phis, 1890). — Another  son,  Hamilton  Henderson, 
b.  in  Mount  Pleasant,  N.  C,  3  Oct.,  1834;  d.  in  Mem- 
phis, Tenn.,  20  Jan..  1885.  He  was  graduated  at  the 
University  of  Oxford,  Miss.,  in  June,  1853,  studied 
law,  and  soon  achieved  distinction  in  that  profes- 
sion. He  was  a  judge  of  the  Mississippi  supreme 
court  from  May,  1876,  to  the  date  of  his  death. — 
A  third  son,  Alexander  Henderson,  b.  in  Holly 
Springs  in  1840,  was  colonel  of  the  18th  Mississippi 
cavalry,  served  through  the  war,  and  died  on  his  plan- 
tation in  Crittenden  county,  Ark.,  in  January,  1873. 


^^;;;^7l4--'RAAcU^lyV-~A^ 


CHALMERS,  Lionel,  physician,  b.  in  Cara- 
bleton,  Scotland,  about  1715 ;  d.  in  Charleston, 
S.  C,  in  1777.  He  studied  medicine  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh,  and  then  settled  in  South 
Carolina,  where  he  practised  for  more  than  forty 
years,  first  in  Cliiist  church  parish  and  then  in 
Charleston.  Dr.  Chalmers  recorded  observations 
on  the  weather  of  South  Carolina  for  ten  successive 
years,  beginning  with  1750,  and  the  results  were 
published  as  "  A  Treatise  on  the  Weather  and  Dis- 
eases of  South  Carolina  "  (London,  1776).  He  also 
wrote  a  paper  on  "  Opisthotonus  and  Tetanus,"' 
which  he  communicated  to  the  London  medical 
society,  and  it  was  published  in  their  "  Transac- 
tions "  in  1754.  He  was  also  the  author  of  a  valu- 
able "  Essav  on  Fevers  "  (Charleston,  1767). 

CHAMBERLAIN,  Daniel  Henry,  governor  of 
Soutli  Carolina,  b.  in  West  Brookfield,  Mass.,  23 
June,  1835.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1862, 
and  at  Harvard  law-school  in  1803.  He  entered 
the  army  in  1864  as  lieutenant  in  the  5th  Massa- 
chusetts colored  cavalry,  was  promoted  to  be  cap- 
tain, and  served  in  Maryland,  Louisiana,  and  Texas. 
He  went  to  South  Carolina  in  18G6,  and  became  a 
cotton-planter.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the  constitu- 
tional convention  of  1868,  and  in  the  same  year 
became  attorney-general  of  the  state.  On  his  re- 
tirement from  this  office  in  1872  he  resumed  his 
law  practice  at  Columbia,  S.  C,  and  in  1874  was 
elected  governor  of  the  state.  In  1875  he  refused 
to  issue  commissions  to  two  judges  who  had  been 
elected  by  the  legislature,  and  who  were  condemned 
as  corrupt  by  the  best  men  of  both  parties.  For 
this  action  the  governor  was  publicly  thanked  by 
prominent  citizens  of  Charleston.  Gov.  Chamber- 
lain was  renominated  by  the  republicans  in  Septem- 
ber, 1876.  The  year  had  been  marked  by  several 
serious  conflicts  between  whites  and  negroes,  and 
it  was  reported  that  more  than  16,000  of  the  for- 
mer, in  all  parts  of  the  state,  had  organized  "  rifle- 
clubs."  On  7  Oct.,  1876,  the  governor  issued  a 
proclamation  commanding  these  clubs  to  disband, 
on  the  grovmd  that  they  had  been  formed  to  in- 
tmiidate  the  negroes  and  influence  the  coming 
election.  An  answer  to  this  proclamation  was 
made  by  the  democratic  executive  committee,  de- 
nying the  governor's  statements.  Gov.  Charaber- 
hiin  then  applied  to  President  Grant  for  military 
aid,  and  the  latter  ordered  U.  S.  troops  to  be  sent 
to  South  Carolina.  After  the  election,  the  return- 
ing-board,  disregarding  an  order  of  the  state  su- 
preme court,  whose  authority  they  denied,  declared 
the  republican  ticket  elected,  throwing  out  the  vote 
of  Edgefield  and  Laurens  counties,  on  account  of 
alleged  fraud  and  intimidation.  The  members 
from  these  counties  were  refused  admission  to  the 
house,  whereupon  the  democratic  members  of  the 
legislature  withdrew,  and,  organizing  by  them- 
selves, declared  Wade  Hampton,  the  democratic 
candidate  for  governor,  elected,  as  he  had  received 
a  majority  of  the  votes  cast,  counting  those  of  the 
two  disputed  counties.  The  republican  members 
declared  Chamberlain  elected,  and  he  refused  to 
give  up  his  office  to  Hampton,  who  was  supported 
by  the  majority  of  white  people  in  the  state.  After 
the  inauguration  of  President  Hayes,  both  claim- 
ants were  invited  to  a  conference  in  Washington, 
the  result  of  which  was  that  the  president  withdrew 
the  troops  from  South  Carolina,  and  Chamberlain 
issued  a  proclamation  declaring  that  he  should  no 
longer  assert  his  claims.  He  then  removed  to  New 
York  city.  See  "  Governor  Chamberlain's  Admin- 
istration," by  Walter  Allen  (New  York,  1888). 

CHAMBERLAIN,  Jeremiali,  educator,  b.  near 
Great  Conewago,  York  co.,  Pa.,  5  Jan.,  1794;  d.  in 


CHAMBERLAIN 


CHAMBERLIN 


565 


Claiborne  county.  Miss.,  5  Sept.,  1850.  He  was  of 
Irish  descent,  and  his  father,  James  Chamberlain, 
was  a  colonel  in  the  Revolutionary  a,rmy.  Jeremiah 
worked  on  his  father's  farm  till  1809,  when  he 
was  sent  to  school  at  Gettysburg,  Pa.,  and  in  1814 
was  graduated  at  Dickinson.  He  was  licensed  to 
preach  by  Carlisle  presbytery  in  1817,  and,  after 
a  year  spent  in  missionary  work  in  the  west  and 
south,  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian 
church  in  Bedford,  Pa.  Here  he  remained  till 
1822,  when  he  became  president  of  Centre  college, 
Danville,  Ky.,  then  in  its  infancy.  In  a  short  ad- 
ministration of  three  years  he  placed  the  college 
on  a  firm  basis,  filled  it  with  students,  and  ob- 
tained a  new  charter,  authorizing  the  establish- 
ment of  a  theological  seminary  in  connection  with 
it.  In  1825  he  accepted  t  he  presidency  of  Louisi- 
ana college,  at  Jackson,  La.  He  found  this  insti- 
tution in  an  unorganized  state,  and,  receiving  little 
aid  from  the  state  authorities,  he  resigned  his  office 
in  1828  and  established  an  academy  of  his  own 
in  the  same  town,  also  organizing  a  Presbyterian 
church  there.  He  now  formed  the  project  of  estab- 
lishing a  Presbyterian  college  in  tlie  south.  The 
presbytery  of  Mississippi  favored  his  plans,  and  in 
1830  he  became  president  of  the  newly  founded 
Oakland  college,  Claiborne  co.,  Miss.  Here  he  la- 
bored with  great  success  for  twenty  years.  He 
was  stabbed  to  the  heart  by  a  student  for  some 
fancied  grievance.  The  murderer  was  found  dead 
two  days  afterward,  and  was  supposed  to  have 
poisoned  himself. 

CHAMBERLAIN,  Josliiia  Lawrence,  soldier, 
b.  in  Brewer,  Me.,  8  Sept.,  1828.  His  grandfather, 
Joshua  Chamberlain,  was  a  colonel  in  the  war  of 
1812,  and  his  father,  of  the  same  name,  was  second 
in  command  of  the  troops  on  the  Maine  frontier 
in  the  "Aroostook  v/ar."  He  attended,  in  his  boy- 
hood, the  military  academy  of  Maj.  Whiting  at 
Ellsworth,  was  graduated  at  Bowdoin  in  1852,  and 
at  Bangor  theological  seminary  in  1855.  He  was 
licensed  to  preach,  but  never  assumed  the  minis- 
terial office,  as  he  was  called  in  that  year  to  a  tu- 
torship at  Bowdoin.  Pie  was  professor  of  rhetoric 
there  fi'om  1856  till  1862,  became  also  instructor 
in  modern  languages  in  1857,  and  in  1861  Vas 
made  professor  in  this  department,  holding  the 
chair  till  1865.  In  1862  he  obtained  leave  of  ab- 
sence from  the  trustees,  intending  to  go  abroad 
for  study,  but  with  their  permission  entered  the 
National  ai-my  as  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  20th 
Maine  infantry.  He  became  colonel  in  1863,  and 
was  promoted  brigadier-general  on  the  field  by 
Oen.  Grant,  18  June,  1864,  for  his  gallantry  on 
that  occasion.  Gen.  Grant,  in  his  "  Memoirs."  de- 
scribing the  movement  against  Petersburg,  says : 
"  Col.  J.  L.  Chamberlain,  of  the  20th  Maine,  was 
wounded  on  the  18th.  He  was  gallantly  leading 
his  brigade  at  the  time,  as  he  had  been  in  the 
habit  of  doing.  He  had  several  times  been  recom- 
mended for  a  brigadier-generalcy  for  gallant  and 
meritorious  conduct.  On  this  occasion,  however,  I 
promoted  him  on  the  spot,  and  forwarded  a  copy 
of  my  order  to  the  war  department,  asking  that 
my  act  might  be  confirmed  and  Chamberlain's 
name  sent  to  the  senate  for  confirmation  without 
any  delay.  This  was  done,  and  at  last  a  gallant 
and  meritorious  officer  received  partial  justice  at 
the  hands  of  his  government,  which  he  had  served 
so  faithfully  and  so  well."  Gen.  Chamberlain  was 
again  wounded  at  Quaker  Road,  on  29  March,  1865, 
and  on  the  same  day  was  brevetted  major-general 
of  volunteers  for  his  conduct  in  the  first  successful 
assault  on  Lee's  right  fiank.  He  commanded  two 
brigades  of  the  1st  division  of  the  5th  corps,  lead- 


ing the  advance,  in  the  operations  that  ended  in 
Lee's  surrender,  9  April,  1865,  and  was  designated 
by  the  commissioners  in  charge  of  the  ceremonial 
to  receive  the  formal  surrender  of  the  arms  and 
colors  of  the  Confederate  army.  He  was  engaged 
in  twenty-four  pitched  battles,  including  Antie- 
tam,  Fredericksburg,  Chancellorsville,  Gettysburg, 
Spottsylvania,  Cold  Harbor,  Petersburg,  and  Five 
Forks,  and  was  six  times  wounded,  thrice  severely. 
After  resuming  his  professorship  for  a  few  months, 
he  was  elected  governor  of  Maine  in  1866,  and 
thrice  re-elected,  serving  till  1871.  He  was  chosen 
president  of  Bowdoin  college  in  1871,  and  also 
held  the  professorship  of  mental  and  moral  phi- 
losophy from  1874  till  1879.  He  was  made  major- 
genei'al  of  the  state  militia  in  1876,  and  by  his  wise 
and  vigorous  action  in  January,  1880,  did  much 
toward  averting  civil  war,  which  had  become  im- 
minent on  account  of  the  contest  between  the  re- 
publicans and  "  f usionists,"  and  the  total  absence 
of  a  state  government.  In  1878  he  visited  Europe 
as  a  member  of  the  U.  S.  commission  to  the  Paris 
exposition  of  that  year.  He  resigned  the  presidency 
of  Bowdoin  in  1883,  but  continued  to  lecture  there 
on  pul)lic  law  and  political  economy  until  1885. 
He  has  delivered  numerous  public  addresses,  sev- 
eral of  which  have  been  published,  including  that 
at  the  centennial  exhibition,  entitled  "  Maine  ;  Her 
Place  in  History  "  (Augusta,  Me.,  1877).  A  special 
edition  of  his  Paris  report  on  "  Education  in  Eu- 
rope "  was  published  by  the  government  (Wash- 
ington, 1879). 

CHAMBERLAIN,  SeLali,  engineer,  b.  in  Brat- 
tleboro,  Vt.,  4  ftlay,  1812  ;  d.  in  Cleveland,  27  Dec, 
1890.  He  received  a  common-school  education, 
spent  two  years  in  a  store  in  Boston,  and  then  went 
to  western  Pennsylvania  ami  became  a  contractor 
for  the  construction  of  the  Erie  extension  of  the 
Pennsylvania  canal,  and  afterward  of  the  Ohio  and 
Pennsylvania  and  Wabash  and  Erie  canals,  and  in 
1845  of  the  canal  improvements  along  the  St.  Law- 
rence river  in  Canada.  He  next  built  the  Rutland 
and  Burlington  railroad  in  Vermont,  and  parts  of 
the  Lake  Champlain  railroad,  and  then  engaged 
in  the  construction  of  the  Cleveland  and  Pitts- 
burg road,  which  was  completed  in  1851.  He 
constructed  the  La  Crosse  and  Milwaukee  railroad, 
and  operated  it  until  his  claims  for  construction 
were  satisfied.  Pie  also  built  the  Minnesota  Cen- 
tral railroad,  and  was  its  president  for  several 
years.  The  interest  on  bonds,  taken  by  him  in 
payment  for  railroads  built  in  Minnesota,  was 
repudiated  by  the  state  government,  but  in  1882 
the  claims  were  compromised  by  the  payment  of 
half  of  the  obligation.  He  aided  in  the  consoli- 
dation of  the  lines  composing  the  Chicago,  Mil- 
waukee, and  St.  Paul  system.  In  1871  he  began 
the  Cleveland,  Lorain,  and  Wheeling  road,  of 
which  he  was  president.  He  also  engaged  in  bank- 
ing and  the  maiuifaeture  of  iron  in  Cleveland. 

CHAMBERLIN,  Brown,  Canadian  journalist, 
b.  in  P^relighsburg,  province  of  Quebec,  26  March, 
1827.  He  was  graduated  at  JMcGill  college,  Mon- 
treal, in  1850,  and  received  from  it  the  degree  of 
D.  C.  L.  in  1867.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  of 
Lower  Canada  in  1850,  and  began  practice  in  Mon- 
treal. Conjointly  with  this,  he  entered  upon  jour- 
nalistic work  on  the  Montreal  "Gazette."  In  1867 
he  was  elected  to  the  house  of  commons  for  IMissis- 
quoi,  and  represented  that  constituency  till  1870, 
when  he  was  appointed  cpieen's  printer.  He  has 
been  a  colonel  of  militia,  and  for  repelling  a  body 
of  Fenian  invaders  at  Eccles  Hill,  in  1870,  he  was 
created  a  companion  of  the  order  of  St.  Michael 
and  St.  George. 


666 


CHAMBERLIN 


CHAMBERS 


CHAMBERLIN,  Thomas  Crowder,  geologist, 
b.  near  Mattoon,  111.,  25  Sept.,  1843.  He  was  grad- 
uated at  Beloit  in  1866,  and  took  a  course  in  science 
at  Michigan  university  in  1868-'9.  He  was  professor 
of  natural  science  at  the  state  normal  school, 
Whitewater,  Wis.,  from  1869  till  1878,  when  he 
was  given  the  chair  of  geology  at  Beloit.  This  he 
retained  till  1884,  and  lectured  at  the  college  two 
years  longer,  also  filling  the  chair  of  geology  at 
the  Corcoran  school  of  science,  Columbian  univer- 
sity, Washington,  D.  C,  from  1885  till  1886.  In 
1886  he  was  chosen  president  of  the  University  of 
Wisconsin,  to  enter  on  duty  in  June,  1887.  Prof. 
Chamberlin  was  assistant  state  geologist  of  Wis- 
consin from  1873  till  1876,  and  chief  geologist 
from  1876  till  1881,  when  he  took  charge  of  the 
quaternary  department  of  the  U.  S.  geological  sur- 
vey. He  "was  sent  to  Paris  in  1878  by  special  act 
of  "the  Wisconsin  legislature  to  take  charge  of  edu- 
cational exhibits  and  to  attend  the  international 
congress  of  geologists.  While  abroad  he  made  a 
special  study  of  tne  Alpine  glaciers  and  their  de- 
posits. In  1886  he  was  chosen  vice-president  of 
the  American  association  for  the  advancement  of 
science  for  the  section  of  geology  and  geography. 
He  has  published  "  Outline  of  a  Course  of  Oral  In- 
struction" (Whitewater,  Wis.,  1872);  Annual  Re- 
ports of  the  Wisconsin  Geological  Survey  for  the 
years  1876  to  1879  inclusive  (Madison,  Wis.,  1877- 
"'80) ;  and  "  Geology  of  Wisconsin  "  (4  vols.,  with  3 
folio  atlases  of  colored  maps,  Madison,  1877-'83). 
Among  his  numerous  scientific  papers  are :  "  Extent 
and  Significance  of  the  Wiscdusiu  Kettle-Moraine" 
("Transactions  of  the  Wisconsin  Academy,"  1876-'7); 
"  Le  kettle-moraine  et  les  mouvements  qiii  lui 
ont  donne  naissance "  (Paris,  1878) ;  "  Requisite 
and  Qualifying  Conditions  of  Artesian  Wells " 
("  Fifth  Annual  Report  U.  S.  Geological  Survey," 
1883-'4) ;  and  "  An  Inventory  of  Our  Glacial 
Drift "  (the  vice-presidential  address  before  the 
American  association  at  Buffalo,  1886). 

CHAMBERS,  Alexander,  soldier,  b.  in  New 
York  state  about  1832.  He  was  graduated  at  the 
U.  S.  military  academy  in  1853,  and  made  second 
lieutenant  of"  infantry.  He  served  first  in  garrison 
at  Fort  Columbus,  N.  Y.,  in  1853-4,  and  on  fron- 
tier and  other  duty  until  3  March,  1855,  when  he 
was  promoted  second  lieutenant,  took  part  in  hos- 
tilities in  Florida  against  the  Seminoles,  1856-'7, 
was  promoted  first  lieutenant,  19  Jan.,  1859,  and 
participated  in  the  march  to  New  Mexico  in  1860. 
He  became  captain  in  the  18th  infantry,  14  May, 
1861,  and  colonel  of  the  16th  Iowa  volunteers,  24 
March,  1862 ;  served  in  the  Tennessee  and  Missis- 
sippi campaign,  4  April  to  19  Sept.,  1862,  having 
been  twice  wounded  in  the  battle  of  Shiloh,  and 
was  promoted  brevet  major  7  April  for  his  merito- 
rious services  during  that  action.  He  was  present  at 
the  siege  of  Corinth,  and  brevetted  lieutenant-colo- 
nel, 19  Sept.,  1862,  for  gallant  conduct  at  the  bat- 
tle of  luka,  where  he  was  wounded  severely ;  took 
part  in  the  Vicksburg  campaign,  and  was  promoted 
brevet  colonel,  4  Jul}',  1863,  for  meritorious  ser- 
vices during  the  siege ;  was  a  brigadier-general  of 
volunteers,  11  Aug.,  1863,  and  was  in  garrison  at 
Vicksburg  from  August,  1863,  till  1  Feb.,  1864, 
when  he  participated  in  Gen.  Sherman's  march  to 
Meridian.  He  was  at  Omaha  as  judge-advocate  of 
the  district  of  Nebraska  from  January  till  7  June, 
1866,  and  in  the  department  of  the  Platte  from  7 
June,  1866,  till  transferred  to  the  27th  infantry,  21 
Sept.,  1866.  On  5  March,  1867,  he  became  major 
of  the  22(1  infantry. 

CHAMBERS,  Charles  Julius,  author,  b.  in 
Bellefontaine,  Ohio,  21  Nov.,  1850.     He  was  gradu- 


ated at  Cornell  in  1870,  and  soon  became  engaged 
in  journalism,  travelling  as  a  special  correspond- 
ent of  the  New  York  "  Herald  "  in  the  West  In- 
dies, Europe,  the  United  States,  and  Canada.  In 
1872  he  equipped  and  led  a  canoe  expedition  to 
Itasca  lake,  the  supposed  source  of  the  Mississippi 
river,  of  which  he  published  an  interesting  ac- 
count. In  1875,  during  a  period  of  popular  ex- 
citement concerning  alleged  abuses  of  the  insane 
in  certain  public  and  private  institutions,  Mr. 
Chambers  volunteered  to  simulate  insanity,  and 
personally  observe  the  workings  of  one  of  the  sus- 
pected institutions  from  the  inmate's  point  of 
view.  He  was  pronounced  insane  by  two  reputable 
physicians  who  were  not  in  the  plot,  and  pre- 
sumably acted  in  good  faith.  He  was  admitted  as 
a  patient  to  the  institution  in  question,  spent 
several  weeks  there,  and  published  an  account  of 
his  experiences,  under  the  title  of  "A  Mad 
World"  (New  York,  1876).  This  excited  much 
interest,  and  provoked  bitter  rejoinders  on  the 
part  of  those  interested.  He  is  the  author  of  two 
novels :  "  On  a  Margin "  (New  York,  1884),  and 
"  Lovers  Four  and  Maidens  Five  "  (Philadelphia, 
1886).     He  is  a  frequent  writer  for  periodicals. 

CHAMBERS,  Ezekiel  Forman,  senator,  b.  in 
Kent  county,  Md.,  28  Feb.,  1788:  d.  in  Charleston, 
Md.,  30  Jan.,  1867.  He  was  graduated  at  Washing- 
ton college,  Md.,  in  1805,  studied  law,  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1808.  He  performed  military 
service  in  the  war  of  1812,  and  subsequently  at- 
tained the  rank  of  brigadier-general  of  militia. 
Though  elected  in  1822  to  the  state  senate  against 
his  will,  he  took  an  active  part  in  the  legislation  of 
that  body,  and  in  1825  arranged  a  system  for  the 
more  effectual  recovery  of  slaves.  In  1826  he  was 
elected  U.  S.  senator  from  Maryland,  and  in  1833 
re-elected.  He  distinguished  himself  as  one  of  the 
ablest  debaters  and  antagonists  in  that  body.  In 
1834  he  was  appointed  chief  judge  of  the  second 
judicial  district  and  a  judge  of  the  court  of  appeals, 
which  places  he  held  till  1857,  when  the  Maryland 
judiciary  became  elective.  In  1850  he  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  constitutional  convention  of  the  state. 
In  1852  President  Fillmore  offered  him  the  post  of 
secretary  of  the  navy  on  the  resignation  of  See. 
Graham,  but  the  condition  of  his  health  compelled 
him  to  decline.  Yale  conferred  on  him  the  degree 
of  LL.  D.  in  1833,  and  Delaware  in  1852. 

CHAMBERS,  George,  jurist,  b.  in  Chambers- 
burg,  Pa.,  in  1786;  d.  there,  25  March,  1866.  He 
was  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1804,  studied  law 
under  Judge  Duncan,  of  Carlisle,  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1807,  and  at  Chambersburg  soon  rose  to 
the  front  rank  of  his  profession.  He  was  elected  a 
member  of  congress  in  1833,  and  re-elected  in  1835. 
He  was  also  a  member  of  the  convention  that 
formed  the  present  constitution  of  Pennsylvania. 
In  1851  Gov.  Johnston  appointed  him  one  of  the 
judges  of  the  supreme  court  of  Pennsylvania.  He 
was  much  interested  in  the  early  history  of  his 
state  and  county,  and  published  some  of  his  re- 
searches in  his  "  Tribute  to  the  Scotch-Irish,"  and 
had  embodied  others  in  a  manuscript  history  pre- 
pared for  the  Pennsylvania  historical  society,  which 
was  destroyed  when  the  Confederates  burned  Cham- 
bersburg in  1864.  In  1861  he  received  the  degree 
of  LL.  D.  from  Washington  college,  Pa. 

CHAMBERS,  Henry,  senator,  b.  in  Lunenburg 
county,  Va.,  about  1785;  d.  in  Mecklenburg  county, 
25  Jan.,  1826.  He  was  graduated  at  William  and 
Mary  college  in  1808,  studied  medicine,  and  settled 
in  Alabama,  where  he  practised  until  the  war  of 
1812,  when  he  served  as  surgeon  on  Gen.  Jackson's 
staff.     Later  he  settled  in  Huntsville,  and  in  1819 


CHAMBERS 


CHAMORRO 


567 


was  a  member  of  the  constitutional  convention  of 
Alabama.  He  was  elected  U.  S.  senator,  and  served 
from  5  Dec,  1825,  until  his  death,  which  took  place 
at  the  residence  of  his  brother.  Judge  Edward 
Chambers,  of  the  superior  court  of  Virginia,  while 
on  his  way  to  Washington. 

CHAMBERS,  John,  jurist,  b.  about  1710 ;  d. 
in  New  York,  10  April,  1705.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  executive  council  in  1754,  and  attended  as 
one  of  the  commissioners  the  congress  at  Albany 
on  14  June  of  that  year.  He  was  soon  afterward 
appointed  judge,  and  still  later  became  the  chief 
justice  of  New  York. 

CHAMBERS,  John,  governor  of  Iowa,  b.  in 
New  Jersey,  4  Dec,  1779;  d.  near  Paris,  Ky.,  21 
Sept.,  1852.  When  thirteen  years  of  age  he  re- 
moved to  Kentucky,  and,  settling  in  Washington, 
Mason  co.,  studied  law,  was  admitted  to  the  bar, 
and  obtained  a  lucrative  practice.  He  served  in 
the  war  of  1812,  and  in  1813  became  volunteer  aide 
to  Gen.  Harrison,  whose  election  to  the  presidency 
in  1840  he  earnestly  promoted.  He  was  frequently 
a  member  of  the  Kentucky  legislature,  was  a  mem- 
ber of  congress  in  1827-9  and  1835-'9,  and  gov- 
ernor of  Iowa  in  1841-'5.  While  acting  in  this 
latter  capacity  he  acquired  great  influence  among 
the  discordant  Indian  tribes. 

CHAMBERS,  Talbot  Wilson,  clergyman,  b.  in 
Carlisle.  Pa.,  25  Feb.,  1819;  d.  in  New  York  city, 
3  Feb..  1896.  He  was  graduated  at  Rutgers  in  1834, 
and  later  at  Princeton.  He  was  licensed  to  preach 
in  Clinton,  Miss.,  in  1838,  and  subsequently  was 
ordained  in  the  Reformed  Dutch  classis  at  New 
Brunswick,  N.  J.,  in  January,  1840,  meanwhile 
having  become  pastor  of  the  2d  Reformed  Dutch 
church  in  Somerville,  N.  J.,  where  he  remained 
until  1849.  In  December  of  the  latter  year  he 
was  installed  as  one  of  the  pastors  of  the  collegiate 
Dutch  church.  New  York,  and  has  since  regularly 
preached  in  the  Lafayette  place  church.  He  was 
the  Vedder  lecturer  at  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  in 
1875,  chairman  of  the  committee  on  versions  of 
the  American  Bible  society,  and  member  of  the 
American  Bible  revision  committee,  Old-Testament 
company.  In  1868  he  was  appointed  a  trustee  of 
Rutgers,  and  in  1881  became  a  trustee  of  Colum- 
bia, from  which  institution,  in  1853,  he  received 
the  degree  of  S.  T.  D.  His  publications  include,  be- 
sides numerous  pamphlets  and  magazine  articles, 
"The  Noon  Prayer  Meeting  in  Fulton  Street" 
(New  York,  1857) ;  "  Memoir  of  Theodore  Freling- 
huysen  "  (1863) ;  "  Exposition  of  the  Book  of  Zach- 
ariah"  in  Lange's  "Commentary"  (1874);  "The 
Psalter  a  Witness  to  the  Divine  Origin  of  the  Bible  " 
(Vedder  lectures,  1875) ;  and  "  Companion  to  the 
Revised  Version  of  the  Old  Testament "  (1885). 

CHAMBERS,  William,  Scottish  author  and 
publisher,  b.  in  Peebles,  Scotland,  in  1800 ;  d.  in 
Edinburgh,  20  May,  1883.  He  was  apprenticed  to 
a  printer  in  Edinburgh,  afterward  opened  a  book- 
stall, and  in  1829,  with  his  brother  Robert,  estab- 
lished a  publishing-house,  which  became  the  most 
extensive  in  Scotland.  They  founded  the  "  Edin- 
burgh Journal"  in  1832,  and  compiled  and  pub- 
lished numerous  works  adapted  to  the  wants  of 
the  people.  In  1865  Wilham  was  made  lord-pro- 
vost of  Edinburgh.  He  gave  his  impressions  of 
the  United  States  in  "  Things  as  they  are  in 
America"  (New  York,  1854)  and  "Slavery  and  Col- 
or in  America"  (London,  1857),  and  compiled  a 
"  Hand-book  of  American  Literature  "  (1857).  See 
"  Memoir  of  William  and  Robert  Chambers  "  (Edin- 
burgh, 1872;  12th  ed.,  1883). 

CHAMBLISS,  John  Randolph,  soldier,  b.  in 
Hicksford,  Greenville  co.,  Va.,  23  Jan.,  1833 ;  d.  in 


Deep  Bottom,  near  Richmond,  Va.,  16  Aug.,  1864. 
His  father,  John  R.  Chambliss,  was  a  delegate  to 
the  Virginia  secession  convention  of  1861.  Young 
Chambliss  was  graduated  at  the  U.  S.  military 
academy  in  1853,  and  served  at  the  cavalry  school, 
Carlisle,  Pa.,  till  4  March,  1854,  when  he  resigned. 
He  then  became  a  planter  at  Hicksford,  Va.,  was 
major  on  the  staff  of  the  governor  from  1856  till 
1861,  and  colonel  in  the  militia  from  1858  till  1861. 
He  joined  the  Confederate  army  at  the  beginning 
of  the  civil  war  as  colonel  of  an  infantry  regiment, 
and  afterward  became  colonel  of  the  18th  Virginia 
cavalry.  He  was  subsequently  made  a  brigadier- 
general,  and  was  killed  in  action  while  leading  a 
brigade  of  cavalry. 

CHAMBLISS.  William  Parham,  soldier,  b.  in 
Chamblissburg,  Va..  20  March,  1827;  d.  in  Coburg, 
Can.,  23  Feb.,  1887.  After  attending  a  private  school, 
he  served  through  the  Mexican  war  as  second  lieu- 
tenant in  the  1st  Tennessee  volunteers  from  June, 
1846,  till  July,  1847,  and  afterward  as  captain  of 
the  3d  Tennessee  volunteers.  From  1850  till  1855 
he  practised  law  in  Pulaski,  Tenn.,  and  from  1852 
till  1855  edited  there  the  "  Citizen,"  a  democratic 
weekly  newspaper.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the 
legishiture  from  1853  till  1854.  He  entered  the 
regular  army  as  first  lieutenant  in  the  2d  cavalry, 

3  March,  1855,  and  was  engaged  in  Texas  against 
hostile  Indians  most  of  the  time  till  March,  1861. 
He  was  made  captain  in  the  5th  cavalry,  6  April, 
1861,  and  served  through  the  Manassas  and  penin- 
sular campaigns,  receiving  the  brevet  of   major, 

4  May,  1862,  for  gallantry  at  Hanover  Court-House, 
Va.  At  the  battle  of  Gaines's  Mills,  27  June,  1862, 
he  was  wounded  in  several  places,  lay  four  days 
and  four  nights  on  the  field  of  battle,  and  was 
then  taken  to  Libby  prison,  Richmond.  For  his 
conduct  at  Gaines's  Mills  he  was  brevetted  lieuten- 
ant-colonel on  28  June,  1862.  The  wounds  that  he 
received  on  this  occasion  nearly  caused  his  death, 
and  have  partially  disabled  him  for  the  rest  of 
his  life.  After  his  release  from  Libby  prison  he 
underwent  treatment  in  St.  Luke's  hospital.  New 
York,  and  then  served  as  instructor  of  cavalry  at 
the  U.  S.  military  academy  from  October,  1862,  till 
June,  1864.  He  was  made  major  in  the  4th  caval- 
ry, 30  March,  1864,  served  as  special  inspector  of 
cavalry,  division  of  the  Mississippi,  from  August, 
1864,  till  April,  1865,  and  with  his  regiment  in 
Texas  till  1  Nov.,  1867,  when  he  resigned  and  be- 
came president  and  general  manager  of  the  Co- 
bourg  railway  and  mining  company,  Cobourg, 
Canada.  He  has  published  a  pamphlet  on  "  Gen. 
McClellan  and  the  Presidency  "  (1864). 

CHAMBODLT,  Louis  Claude  Marie  (sham- 
bo-dew),  clergyman,  b.  in  St.  Just-en-Chevalet, 
France,  in  1821 :  d.  in  Galveston,  Texas,  in  1880. 
He  studied  theology  in  the  seminary  of  Lyons,  and, 
after  being  ordained  deacon,  came  to  the  United 
States  in  1845.  He  was  made  a  priest  in  St.  Louis 
in  1846,  and  in  1847  erected  a  church  in  Nacog- 
doches, of  which  he  became  pastor.  In  1851  he 
was  summoned  to  the  cathedral  of  Galveston,  ap- 
pointed vicar-general  of  the  diocese,  and  made  ad- 
ministrator of  the  diocese,  when  Bishop  Odin  was 
transferred  to  New  Orleans.  During  the  war  he 
was  unremitting  in  his  care  of  the  wounded,  and 
founded  several  charitable  institutions. 

CHAMORRO,  Frutos  (chah-mor'-ro).  Central 
American  statesman,  b.  in  Guatemala  in  1806 ; 
d.  12  March,  1855.  He  belonged  to  an  old  and 
wealthy  Spanish  family,  but  joined  the  national 
cause,  and  became  a  member  of  the  legislature  of 
Nicaragua  and  of  the  constituent  assembly,  and  a 
senator  (1838- '42) ;  and  when,  in  1843,  an  attempt 


568 


CHAMPE 


CHAMPLAIX 


was  made  for  a  partial  confederation  of  San  Sal- 
vador, Honduras,  and  Nicaragua,  he  was  chosen 
supreme  delegate  with  executive  power.  He  avert- 
ed a  war  declared  against  Guatemala,  and  retired 
in  1844.  Subsequently  he  became  civil  and  mili- 
tary governor  of  Nicaragua,  and  in  1851  secretary 
ot  the  treasury ;  and,  after  the  outbreak  in  August 
which  drove  Pineda  from  power,  he  succeeded  him 
as  general-in-ehief.  Being  the  leader  of  the  con- 
servative party,  then  powerful,  he  was  elected  chief 
magistrate  or  supreme  director  in  April,  1853.  A 
few  months  afterward  Bishop  Viteri,  of  Nicaragua, 
died  'suddenly,  and  rumors  were  spread  to  the 
effect  that  the  prelate  had  been  poisoned  by  con- 
spirators of  the  liberal  party.  Chamorro  believed 
it,  and  caused  some  of  the  prominent  liberals  to 
be  persecuted  and  banished.  These  went  to  Hon- 
duras, organized  an  army,  gained  several  victories, 
and  besieged  Chamorro  at  tiranada,  but  he  resisted 
them  for  nine  months,  and  the  besiegers  retired 
from  tlie  contest,  10  Feb.,  1855. 

CHAMPE,  John,  soldier,  b.  in  Loudon  county, 
Va.,  in  1752  ;  d.  in  Kentucky,  about  1798.  He  was 
.sergeant-major  of  Henry  Lee's  cavalry  legion,  and, 
just  after  Arnold's  treason,  was  sent  to  New  York 
as  a  spy  by  Lee,  at  Washington's  request.  His 
mission  was  to  discover  whether  another  American 
officer  (supposed  to  have  been  Gen.  Gates)  was  also 
a  traitor,  and  to  capture  Arnold,  if  possible,  and 
bring  him  before  Washington.  Champe  fled  as  a 
deserter  from  the  American  camp  at  Tappan,  at 
eleven  o'clock  in  the  night,  was  hotly  pursued,  and 
gained  the  British  galleys  at  Paulus  Hook.  He 
was  taken  to  New  York,  and,  after  being  examined 
by  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  was  sent  by  him  to  Arnold, 
who  made  him  sergeant-major  in  a  legion  he  was 
raising.  Champe  was  able  to  send  to  Washington 
complete  proofs  of  the  suspected  general's  inno- 
cence, but  he  was  not  so  successful  in  the  other  part 
of  his  mission.  Discovering  that  Arnold  walked 
in  his  garden  every  night,  he  formed  a  plan  with  a 
comrade  to  seize  and  gag  him,  to  drag  him,  as  a 
drunken  soldier,  to  a  boat  on  the  Hudson,  and  de- 
liver him  to  a  party  of  horsemen  on  the  New  Jer- 
sey shore.  On  the  appointed  night,  however, 
Arnold  moved  his  quarters,  and  the  legion  to  which 
Champe  belonged  was  sent  to  Virginia.  Champe 
afterward  escaped  from  the  British  army  and 
joined  Greene's  troops  in  North  Carolina.  Wash- 
ington discharged  him  from  further  service,  lest 
he  should  fall  into  the  hands  of  tlie  British  and 
be  hanged.  In  1798  Washington  wished  to  make 
him  captain  of  an  infantry  company,  but  learned 
that  he  had  died  in  Kentucky  some  time  before. 
See  Henry  Lee's  "  Memoirs  of  the  War  in  the 
Southern  Department  of  the  United  States  "  (Phila- 
delphia. 1812;  2d  ed.,  Washington,  1827). 

CHAMPLAIN,  Samuel  de,  French  navigator, 
b.  in  Brouage,  Saintonge.  on  the  bay  of  Biscay,  in 
1507;  d.  in  Quebec,  25  Dec,  1685.  His  father  was 
a  ship-captain,  and  the  son  received  a  careful  edu- 
cation as  a  navigator.  Early  in  life  he  entered  the 
ai-my  and  became  quartermaster  of  cavalry.  His 
uncle,  acting  as  pilot-general  of  the  Spanish  fleets, 
conducted  back  to  their  own  country  the  Spanish 
soldiers  who  had  served  in  France,  and  was  accom- 
panied by  his  nephew,  who  took  command  of  the 
"  St.  Julien."  In  January,  1599,  he  sailed  in  com- 
mand of  this  vessel  for  the  West  Indies,  and  dur- 
ing two  years  and  a  half  visited  many  of  the 
islands,  landed  at  Vera  Cruz,  proceeded  inland  as 
far  as  the  city  of  Mexico,  and  returned  by  way  of 
Panama,  where  he  conceived  the  plan  of  a  ship- 
canal  across  the  isthmus,  reaching  Spain  in  March, 
1601.     A  record  of   this  voyage,  with  views  and 


charts,  was  written  by  him,  and  was  first  printed 
under  the  title  of  "  Bref  discours  "  (Quel)ec,  1870). 
though  a  translation  had  been  previously  printed 
in  the  publications  of  the  Ilakluyt  society.  On 
his  return  to  France  he  received  a  pension  from 
Henry  IV.,  and,  upon  being  urged  by  commander 
De  Chaste,  governor  of  Dieppe,  to  explore  territory 
granted  to  him  in  North  America  by  the  king, 
with  a  view  to  founding  a  colony,  he  sailed,  on  15 
March,  1603,  in  the  ship  of  Pontgrave.  On  24  May 
they  anchored  at  Tadoussac,  where  the  Saguenay 
joins  the  St.  Lawrence;  and  soon  afterward  he, 
Pontgrave,  and  a  few  men,  proceeded  up  the  river 
in  a  boat,  until  stopped  by  the  rapids  of  St.  Louis 
above  Montreal,  which  was  the  limit  of  Cartier's 
discoveries  in  1535.  Returning  to  Tadoussac, 
Champlain  examined  both  sides  of  the  river,  and 
subsequently  explored  the  St.  Lawrence  down  to 
Gaspe.  He  sailed  for  France  in  August,  and  pub- 
lished the  same  year  his  first  volume,  "  Des  sau- 
vages,"  giving  an  account  of  his  explorations  and 
discoveries.  The  commander,  De  Chaste,  having 
died  in  the  mean  time,  his  privileges  were  trans- 
ferred to  Du  Guay,  Sieur  de  Monts,  who  made  an 
engagement  with  Champlain,  with  the  intention  of 
founding  a  settlement  in  Acadia,  and  they  sailed 
together,  arriv- 
ing at  Sable 
island  1  May, 
1604.  Coast- 
ing along  No- 
va Scotia,  they 
finally  deter- 
mined to  form 
a  settlement  on 
the  island  of 
St.  Croix,  so 
named   by 


Moats,   in 


river 


De 

the 
the 


of 
same  name, 
wliich  divides 
New  Bruns- 
wick from  the 
United  States. 
Not  finding  the 

place  suitable,  after  passing  a  winter  there  they  re- 
moved to  Port  Royal,  adjacent  to  the  present  An- 
napolis. During  1604-'6  Champlain  explored  the 
coast  as  far  as  Cape  Cod,  making  careful  surveys 
and  maps  as  he  progressed.  He  returned  to  France 
in  1607,  and,  having  suggested  to  De  Monts  the  im- 
portance of  establishing  a  trading-post  on  the  St. 
Lawrence,  he  and  Pontgrave  were  sent  out  in  1608, 
and,  after  reaching  Tadoussac,  they  continued  up 
the  St.  Lawrence  to  a  place  called  by  the  Algon- 
quins  Quebec,  or  the  Narrows.  Champlain  decided 
upon  forming  a  settlement  here,  but  had  scarcely 
begun  to  clear  the  ground  for  the  erection  of  build- 
ings when  a  plot  to  assassinate  him  was  discovered. 
At  Quebec  he  erected  houses,  sowed  grain,  and  did 
all  he  could  to  develop  thefur  trade,  and  in  a  short 
time  the  settlement  began  to  grow.  Having  be- 
come friendly  with  the  Montagnais,  an  Indian 
tribe  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  in  1609  he  joined  them 
in  an  expedition  against  the  Iroquois.  While  in 
pursuance  of  this  project,  they  were  met  by  a  party 
of  Algonquins  and  Hurons,  and,  accompanied  by 
them,  ascended  Sorel  river  until  they  arrived  at 
the  Chambly  rapids.  Having  at  this  point  sent 
back  his  boat  and  crew,  Champlain  proceeded  in  a 
canoe,  and  entering  a  lake,  gave  it  his  own  name. 
Champlain  and  his  Indians  meeting  a  large  force 
of  the  Iroquois  on  the  lake,  both  parties  landed 
and  threw  up  barricades  of  trees.     On  the  follow- 


CHAMPLAIN 


CHAMPLIN 


669 


ing  day  they  engaged  in  battle,  which  resulted  in 
the  defeat  of  the  hostile  Indians.  This  result  was 
largely  due  to  Champlain.  who  killed  two  Iroquois 
chiefs  with  his  arquebus,  and  mortally  wounded 
another.  The  war,  thus  begun  by  the  French  and 
their  allies  against  the  Iroquois,  continued  with 
occasional  intermissions  until  the  French  suprem- 
acy in  Canada  was  ended.  In  September,  Cham- 
plain  returned  to  France,  and  in  March,  1010, 
sailed  again  for  America,  taking  with  him  a  num- 
ber of  mechanics.  Soon  after  his  arrival  he  and 
his  Montagnais  allies  made  war  again  upon  the 
Iroquois,  but,  while  attacking  and  demolishing 
their  fort  on  the  Sorel,  he  was  severely  wounded 
by  an  arrow.  Leaving  Du  Pare  in  his  place,  he  re- 
turned to  France  in  1(511,  and  while  there  married 
Helen  Boulle,  a  Protestant,  who,  after  his  death, 
became  an  Ursuline  nun.  De  Monts  having  lost 
his  influence  in  consequence  of  the  death  of  Henry 
•IV.,  and  the  merchants  who  had  previously  inter- 
ested themselves  in  the  colonization  scheme  having 
concluded  to  spend  no  more  money  on  it,  Cham- 
plain  induced  the  Count  de  Soissons  to  take  an  in- 
terest in  the  project.  That  nobleman  obtained, 
8  Oct.,  1612,  a  commission  appointing  him  governor 
and  lieutenant-general  of  New  France,  and  Cham- 
plain  was  appointed  his  lieutenant,  which  ofiice  he 
retained,  when  the  Prince  de  Conde  succeeded 
shortly  afterward  to  the  rights  of  De  Soissons.  A 
short  time  after  his  appointment  he  sent  several 
vessels  to  Canada,  and  in  1613  sailed  himself,  prin- 
cipally with  the  intention  of  exploring  the  Ottawa, 
which  a  sailor  named  Vignaud  had  claimed  to  have 
ascended  to  a  lake  and  1:hence  reached  the  North 
sea.  On  27  May,  1613,  he  left  St.  Helen's  island 
near  Montreal,  and,  upon  entering  the  Ottawa, 
discovered  that  Vignaud's  statements  were  false. 
After  arranging  more  favorable  terms  for  the  fur 
trade,  he  returned  to  France,  formed  a  trading 
company,  and  returned  to  the  colony  in  1615, 
taking  with  him  Pere  Denis  Jamay  and  two  other 
Recollect  priests,  together  with  a  lay  brother. 
Pere  Caron,  one  of  these  ecclesiastics,  soon  after 
his  arrival,  proceeded  to  the  country  of  the  Hurons 
on  the  Georgian  bay.  Champlain  the  same  year 
ascended  the  Ottawa  for  some  distance,  and,  leaving 
the  river,  went  partly  overland  and  partly  by 
canoe  to  the  eastern  shore  of  Lake  Huron,  where, 
embarking,  he  sailed  to  its  southern  extremity : 
then  going  overland  to  the  western  extremity  of 
Lake  Ontario,  he  explored  that  lake  and  the  St. 
Lawrence  until  he  arrived  at  the  Sorel.  Soon 
afterward,  on  territory  now  included  in  the  state 
of  New  York,  he  attacked  a  town  held  by  a  tribe 
belonging  to  the  Iroquois  league ;  but,  through  the 
insubordination  of  the  Hurons,  was  repelled  and 
received  two  severe  wounds.  He  was  carried  back 
to  a  town  of  the  Hurons,  and  after  his  recovery 
visited  several  tribes  of  Indians,  and  returned  to 
France  in  the  spring.  Notwithstanding  the  en- 
deavors of  Champlain,  both  in  Canada  and  in 
France,  the  colony  did  not  flourish,  and  the  indif- 
ference of  the  authorities  at  home  threatened  it 
with  ultimate  extinction.  At  this  critical  period 
(1620)  the  Duke  de  Montmorency  succeeded  Conde, 
and  Champlain,  becoming  more  hopeful,  brought 
over  his  wife,  who  remained  with  him  until  1624, 
though  often  forced  to  submit  to  great  hardships. 
The  trade  had  now  been  acquired  by  the  merchants, 
and  Quebec  was  fortifled,  began  to  enlarge  its 
boundaries,  and  increased  in  population,  entering 
upon  a  career  of  prosperity.  In  1625  the  Duke  de 
Ventadour  became  viceroy,  and  at  once  set  to 
work  to  develop  the  country,  and  sent  over  the 
first  Jesuit  missionaries  to  aid  in  converting  the 


natives.  In  July,  1628,  a  British  fleet  under  Sir 
David  Kirk  and  his  two  brothers  appeared  before 
Quebec  and  summoned  Champlain  to  surrender. 
His  answer  was  a  defiance,  and  the  British  retired, 
after  committing  some  depredations.  The  Canada 
company,  -which  had  been  organized  by  Cardinal 
Richelieu,  sent  oiit  provisions  and  settlers  at  this 
time ;  but  the  fleet  conveying  them  was  captured 
by  Kirk,  and,  as  Champlain  had  depended  upon  the 
intercepted  vessels  for  his  supplies,  he,  after  pass- 
ing the  winter  in  great  distress  in  Quebec,  sur- 
rendered to  Louis  and  David  Kirk  on  19  July, 
1629.  Champlain  was  conveyed  to  England  as  a 
prisoner,  and  was  not  set  at  liberty  until  1632.  By 
the  treaty  of  St.  Germain-en-Laye,  concluded  in 
that  year,  between  Great  Britain  and  France, 
Canada,  together  with  Acadia  and  Cape  Breton, 
was  restored  to  France,  and  Champlain,  being  at 
once  reinstated  as  governor,  in  1633  sailed  with 
three  well-equipped  vessels  from  Dieppe.  On  his 
arrival  he  was  warmly  welcomed  by>  the  settlers 
and  Indians,  and,  the  Jesuit  missionaries  having 
resutned  tiieir  labors  among  the  natives,  he  did  all 
in  his  power  to  strengthen  and  develop  the  colony, 
and  erect  ed  a  fort  at  Richelieu  island  and  founded 
Three  Rivers.  He  also  established  a  college  at 
Quebec,  in  which  the  children  of  the  Indians  were 
trained  and  taught  the  use  of  the  French  lan- 
guage. In  addition  to  the  volume  "  Des  sauvages  " 
(1603)  and  his  "Voyages  "  (1613  and  1619),  he  pub- 
lished a  volume  containing  an  inditterently  exe- 
cuted abridgment  of  his  previous  voyages,  which 
included  a  continuation  from  1619  to  1632.  Inter- 
esting features  of  this  volume  were  prayers  and  a 
catechism  in  two  of  the  languages  of  the  aborigi- 
nes. Some  copies  bear  the  date  of  1640.  In  1830 
it  was  reprinted  in  Paris.  The  Abbes  Laverdier 
and  Casgrain,  of  Quebec,  have  published  the  whole 
series  of  his  works,  including  his  Mexican  voyage, 
with  notes  and  fac-similes  of  all  the  maps  and 
illustrations  (4  vols.,  4to,  1870).  The  "Mercure 
Frangais,"  vol.  xix.,  contains  also  what  is  appar- 
ently an  account  of  the  voyage  of  1633. 

CHAMPLIN,  Christopher  tiraiit,  senator,  b. 
in  Newport,  R.  I.,  12  Api'il,  1768  ;  d.  there,  28  March, 
1840.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1786,  and 
lived  several  years  in  Europe,  where  he  studied  in 
the  college  of  St.  Omer,  France.  He  served  in  con- 
gress as  a  representative  from  Rhode  Island  from 
15  May,  1797,  till  3  March,  1801,  and  was  afterward 
chosen  U.  S.  senator  in  place  of  Francis  Malbone, 
deceased.  He  took  his  seat  12  Jan.,  1810,  and  re- 
signed it  in  1811.  He  was  for  many  years  presi- 
dent of  the  Rhode  Island  bank,  and  held  that  office 
when  he  died. — His  uncle,  GrCorge,  b.  in  1738;  d. 
in  1809,  was  a  merchant  of  Newport,  an  officer  of 
the  revolution,  member  of  the  Continental  congress 
from  1785  to  1786,  and  of  the  convention  that 
adopted  the  federal  constitution. 

CHAMPLIN,  James  Tilt,  educator,  b.  in  Col- 
chester, Conn.,  9  June,  1811 ;  d.  in  Poilland,  Me., 
15  March,  1882.  He  was  graduated,  with  the  vale- 
dictory, at  Brown  in  1834,  and  was  a  tutor  there 
from  1835  till  1838.  He  was  pastor  of  the  Federal 
street  Baptist  church  in  Portland,  Me.,  from  1838 
till  1841,  when  he  was  chosen  professor  of  ancient 
languages  at  Waterville  (now  Colby  university). 
He  became  president  of  that  institution  in  1857, 
and  held  the  ofiice  till  1873,  when  he  removed  to 
Portland  and  devoted  himself  to  literary  work  till 
his  death.  He  published  a  large  number  of  edu- 
cational works,  among  them  English  and  Greek 
grammars,  and  editions  of  "  Demosthenes  on  the 
Crown"  (1843);  "Demosthenes'  Select  Orations" 
(1848);  and  "^Eschines  on  the  Crown"  (1850);  a 


570 


CHAMPLIN 


CHAMPNEY 


"  Text-Book  of  Intellectual  Philosophy  "  (Boston, 
1860);  "First  Principles  of  Ethics"  (1861);  a 
"Text-Book  of  Political  Economy"  (New  York, 
1868) ;  "  Scripture  Reading  Lessons,"  with  notes 
(Hartford,  Conn.,  1876);  and  "Constitution  of  the 
United  States,  with  Brief  Comments'*'  (Boston, 
1880).  He  was  a  contributor  to  the  "  Christian 
Review"  from  1850. 

CHAMPLIN,  John  Donison,  author,  b.  in 
Stonington,  Conn.,  29  Jan.,  1834.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  Hopkins  grammar-school,  New  Haven, 
and  at  Yale,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1856.  In 
the  following  year  he  began  the  study  of  law  in 
the  office  of  Gideon  II.  HoUister,  Litchfield,  Conn., 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1859,  and  subseqiicntly 
became  a  member  of  the  firm  of  HoUister,  Cross 
&  Champlin,  in  New  York  city.     In  the  autumn  of 

1860,  what  seemed  an  advantageous  business  offer 
took  him  to  New  Orleans,  where  he  was  a  witness 
during  the  following  spring  of  the  opening  scenes 
of  secession  in  tliat  city.  Satisfied  that  New  Or- 
leans was  no  place  for  the  practice  of  his  profes- 
sion, he  retuimed  to  the  north  in  the  autumn  of 

1861,  and  after  some  desultory  literary  work  be- 
came, in  1864,  associate  editor  of  the  Bridgeport, 
Conn.,  "  Standard,"  with  special  charge  of  the  lit- 
erary department.  In  1865  he  established,  in 
Litchfield,  a  weekly  newspaper  in  the  interest  of 
the  Democratic  party,  entitled  "  The  Sentinel," 
which  he  edited  until  1869,  when  he  sold  it  and 
removed  to  New  York  to  enter  upon  other  literary 
pursuits.  He  wrote  for  several  periodicals  until 
1873,  when  he  edited,  from  the  papers  of  Joseph 
F.  Loubat,  secretary  to  Gustavus  V.  Fox  in  his 
mission  to  present  the  congratulations  of  congress 
to  the  Emperor  Alexander  II.  on  his  escape  from 
assassination,  the  work  entitled  "  Pox's  Mission  to 
Russia "  (New  York,  1873).  In  the  same  year  he 
became  a  reviser  and  in  1875  associate  editor  of 
the  "  American  Cyclopfedia,"  having  special  charge 
of  the  maps  and  engravings  till  the  revision  was 
completed.  Mr.  Champlin  is  the  author  of  "  Young 
Folks'  Cyclopasdia  of  Common  Things"  (New 
York,  1879) ;  "  Young  Folks'  Catechism  of  Com- 
mon Things "  (1880) ;  "  Young  Folks'  CyclopsBdia 
of  Persons  and  Places"  (1880);  "Young  Folks' 
Astronomy"  (1881);  and  "Young  Folks'  History 
of  the  War  for  the  Union"  (1881).  In  1884  he 
visited  Europe,  and  accompanied  Andrew  Carnegie 
in  a  coaching  trip  through  southern  England, 
which  he  has  described  in  his  "  Chronicle  of  the 
Coach"  (New  York,  1886).  He  is  now  editor  of 
Seribner's  art  cyclopinedias,  of  which  two  volumes 
of  the  first  part,  "  Cyclopaedia  of  Painters  and 
Paintings."  were  published  in  1886. 

CHAMPLIN,  Stephen,  naval  officer,  b.  in 
South  Kingston,  R.  I.,  17  Nov.,  1789 ;  d.  in  Buffalo, 
N.  Y.,  20  Feb.,  1870.  He  was  a  cousin  of  Com. 
Perry.  When  he  was  five  years  old  his  parents  re- 
moved to  Lebanon,  Conn.,  where  he  was  employed 
on  his  father's  farm,  and  received  a  common-school 
education.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  he  ran  away  from 
home  to  become  a  sailor,  and  at  twenty-two  was 
captain  of  a  fine  brig  in  the  West  India  trade.  Pie 
was  appointed  a  sailing-master  in  the  U.  S.  navy, 
22  May,  1812.  placed  in  command  of  a  gun-boat 
under  Com.  Perry  at  Newport,  and  soon  after  or- 
dered to  Sackett's  Harbor,  N.  Y.,  where  he  soon 
attracted  the  attention  of  his  superior  officers  by 
his  remarkable  promptness.  On  18  July,  1813,  he 
was  ordered  to  take  charge  of  seventy-four  officers 
and  men  and  report  to  Com.  Perry  at  Erie,  Pa., 
going  by  way  of  Lakes  Ontario  and  Erie,  and 
marching  across  the  country  from  Niagara  to  Buf- 
falo.    He  made  the  entire  distance,  using  only  set- 


ting-poles and  oars  for  propulsion,  in  five  days. 
He  was  ordered,  on  25  July,  to  take  command  "of 
the  "  Scorpion,"  and  engaged  with  that  vessel  in 
the  battle  of  Lake  Erie,  10  Sept.,  1813,  being  at 
that  time  under  twenty-four  years  of  age.  The 
"  Scorpion  "  fired  the  first  shot  on  the  American 
side,  and  was  fought  with  great  bravery,  keeping 
its  place  near  the  Lawrence  throughout  the  en- 
gagement. At  ten  o'clock  in  the  evening  of  13 
Sept.  Champlin  captured  the  "  Little  Belt,"  and  in 
so  doing  fired  the  last  shot  in  the  battle.  He- was 
afterward  placed  in  command  of  two  of  the  cap- 
tured prize-ships,  the  "  Queen  Charlotte  "  and  the 
"  Detroit."  In  the  spring  of  1814  he  commanded 
the  "  Tigress,"  and  blockaded,  with  Capt.  Turner 
in  the  "  Scorpion,"  the  port  of  Mackinac.  They 
cruised  for  some  months  in  the  service,  cutting  off 
the  supplies  of  the  British  garrison ;  but  both  ves- 
sels were  surprised  and  captured  at  nine  o'clock  on 
the  evening  of  8  Sept.  by  a  superior  force  of  In- 
dians and  British,  sent  from  Mackinac  in  five  boats 
to  raise  the  blockade.  Every  American  officer  was 
severely  wounded,  and  Champlin  was  crippled  for 
life  by  a  canister-shot,  which  passed  through  the 
fleshy  part  of  the  right  thigh  and  embedded  itself 
in  the  left  thigh,  shattering  the  bone  and  remain- 
ing lodged  in  the  limb  for  eigliteen  days.  He  was 
taken  prisoner  and  carried  to  Mackinac,  where  he 
lay  suffering  for  thirty-eight  days,  and  was  then 
paroled  and  sent  to  Erie,  and  then,  by  easy  stages, 
to  Connecticut,  arriving  there  in  March,  1815.  He 
was  prevented  by  his  wounds  from  seeing  much 
active  service  after  this.  He  had  been  made  lieu- 
tenant on  9  Dec,  1814,  and  in  1815  was  attached 
to  Perry's  flag-ship,  the  "  Java."  He  commanded 
the  schooner  "  Porcupine"  from  1816  till  1818,  and 
was  employed  during  1816  in  surveying  the  Canada 
boundary-line.  He  then  retired  to  Connecticut, 
still  suffering  from  his  wound,  and  undergoing 
several  operations  without  relief.  He  lived  here, 
with  the  exception  of  a  short  service  on  the  receiv- 
ing-ship "  Fulton,"  from  1828  till  1834,  when  he 
removed  to  Buffalo,  and  remained  there  till  his 
death.  He  was  promoted  to  commander,  22  June, 
1838,  put  in  charge  of  the  rendezvous  at  Buffalo  in 
1842,  and  commanded  the  "  Michigan  "  from  1845 
till  1848.  He  was  made  captain,  4  Aug^  1850,  and 
placed  on  the  retired  list  in  1855.  He  became  com- 
modore in  1862,  and,  except  Hugh  Nelson  Page, 
was  the  last  survivor  of  the  battle  of  Lake  Erie. 

CHAMPLIN,  Steplien  Gardner,  soldier,  b.  in 
Kingston,  N.  Y.,  1  July,  1827 ;  d.  in  Grand  Rapids, 
Mich.,  24  Jan.,  1864.  He  was  educated  in  the  com- 
mon schools,  and  at  Rhinebeck  academy,  N.  Y., 
studied  law,  and  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Albany  in 
1850.  He  removed  to  Grand  Rapids,  Mich.,  in 
1853,  where  he  became  judge  of  the  recorder's 
court  and  prosecuting  attorney  of  Kent  co.  He 
entered  the  army  in  1861,  as  major  in  the  3d 
Michigan  infantry,  and  became  its  colonel  on  22 
Oct.  Among  the  battles  in  which  he  took  part 
were  Williamsburg,  Fair  Oaks,  Groveton,  and 
Antietam.  He  received  at  Fair  Oaks  a  severe 
wound,  which  prevented  him  from  seeing  active 
service  after  his  promotion  to  the  rank  of  briga- 
dier-general, 29  Nov.,  1862,  and  he  was  placed  on 
detached  duty  in  command  of  the  recruiting-sta- 
tion at  Grand  Rapids,  dying  in  the  service,  from 
the  effects  of  his  wound. 

CHAMPNEY,  Benjamin,  painter,  b.  in  New 
Ipswich,  N.  H.,  20  Nov.,  1817.  He  was  graduated 
at  Appleton  academy,  in  his  native  town,  in  1834. 
He  went  to  Boston  in  that  year,  worked  in  Pendle- 
ton's lithographic  establishment  in  1837-'40,  studied 
and  painted  at  the  Louvre,  Paris,  in  1841-'6,  then 


CHAMPNEY 


CHANDLER 


571 


visited  Italy  with  Kensett,  and,  revisiting  Europe 
in  1847-'8,  painted  a  panorama  of  the  Rhine.  Since 
1853  he  has  passed  his  summers  at  North  Conway, 
N.  H.,  where  he  has  a  cottage  and  studio,  and  has 
painted  many  White  mountain  views,  as  well  as 
those  of  Switzerland,  which  are  owned  in  and 
around  Boston.  He  was  president  of  the  Boston 
art  club  in  1858,  and  in  18()5-'G  he  again  visited 
Europe,  spending  a  summer  in  Brittany. 

CHAMPNEY,  James  Wells,  painter,  b.  in  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  16  July,  1843.  When  sixteen  years  old 
he  began  his  art  education  under  a  wood-engraver 
in  Boston.  In  1863  he  served  a  short  time  in  the 
45th  Massachusetts  volunteers,  and  later  taught 
drawing  in  Lexington,  Mass.  In  1866  he  went  to 
P^urope,  and  studied  in  1867-8  in  Paris  under 
ifidouard  Frere,  and  in  Antwerp  at  the  academy. 
After  spending  the  winter  of  1869-'70  in  Rome,  he 
returned  to  the  United  States  and  opened  a  studio 
in  Boston,  but  was  in  Europe  again  in  1871-'3.  In 
1873  he  travelled  in  the  southern  United  States  to 
make  sketches  for  Edward  King's  "  New  South," 
and  in  1874-'5  went  again  to  Europe  and  sketched 
in  Spain  during  the  Carlist  war.  In  1876  he  built 
a  studio  in  Deerfield,  Mass.,  where  he  has  since 
spent  most  of  his  summers,  his  winter  studio  be- 
ing in  New  York  city.  Mr.  Champney  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  American  society  of  painters  in  water- 
colors,  and  in  1882  was  elected  an  associate  member 
of  the  National  academy.  His  works  include 
"  Which  is  Umpire  '^  "  (1871) ;  "  Sear  Leaf  "  (1874) ; 
"Not  so  Ugly  as  he  Looks "  (1875) ;  '-Your  Good 
Health"  (1876);  "Where  the  Two  Paths  Meet" 
(1880);  "Indian  Summer"  (1881);  "Bonny  Kil- 
meny,"  "  Boarding-School  Green-Room  "  (1882) ; 
"Pamela,"  "  Hide-and-Seek,"  "Eunice"  (1884); 
"  In  May  Time,"  "  He  Loves  Me  "  (1885) ;  "  Satur- 
day Eve,"  "  Griselda,"  "  Song  without  Words " 
(1886). — His  wife,  Lizzie  Williams,  b.  in  Ohio  in 
1850,  is  the  author  of  "  In  the  Sky-Garden,"  a  book 
of  astronomical  fables  (Boston,  1876) ;  "  All  Around 
a  Palette  "  ;  "  Bourbon  Lilies  " ;  and  other  tales 
and  sketches,  besides  a  novel  called  "  Sebia's  Tan- 
gled Web,"  and  "  Three  Vassar  Girls  in  South 
America  "  (1885).  Most  of  these  books  were  illus- 
trated bv  her  husband. 

CHAMPNEYS,  Benjamin,  jurist,  b.  in  Bridge- 
ton,  Cumberland  co.,  N.  J.,  in  January,  1800 ;  d.  in 
Lancaster,  Pa.,  9  Aug..  1871.  After  studying 
under  a  private  tutor  in  New  York  city  he  entered 
Princeton,  but  left  college  on  his  father's  death, 
and  studied  law  with  Chief-Justice  Ewing,  of  New 
Jersey,  and  afterward  at  Lancaster,  Pa.,  where  he 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  on  2  April,  1818.  He  was 
deputy  attorney-general  of  the  mayor's  court,  Lan- 
caster, from  1824  till  1830,  deputy  attorney-general 
of  the  county  till  1833,  and  president-judge  of  the 
second  judicial  district  from  1839  till  1842.  He  had 
served  in  the  lower  house  of  the  legislature  in  1825 
and  1828,  and  from  1843  till  1846  was  a  member 
of  the  state  senate.  He  was  attorney-general  of 
the  state  from  1846  till  1848,  when  he  resigned. 
He  was  sent  to  the  state  house  of  representatives 
again  in  1863,  and  to  the  senate  in  1864,  1865,  and 
1866.  Judge  Champneys  was  a  democrat  till  the 
civil  war,  when  he  became  a  republican. 

CHANCELLOR,  Cliarles  Williams,  physician, 
b.  in  Spottsylvania  county,  Va.,  19  Feb.,  1833.  He 
was  educated  at  Georgetown  college,  D.  C,  and  at 
the  University  of  Virginia,  and  was  graduated  at 
Jefferson  medical  college,  Philadelphia,  in  1853. 
He  practised  in  Alexandria,  Va.,  till  1861,  and  dur- 
ing the  civil  war  was  medical  director  on  the  staff 
of  Gen.  Pickett,  in  the  Confederate  army.  After 
the  war  he  practised  in  Memphis,  Tenn.,  till  1868, 


when  he  was  elected  professor  of  anatomy  in  Wash- 
ington university,  Baltimore,  Md.  He  was  made 
dean  of  the  faculty  in  1869,  and  transferred  to  the 
chair  of  surgery  in  1870.  He  resigned  in  1873, 
was  elected  secretary  of  the  State  board  of  health 
in  1876,  and  president  of  the  State  insane  asylum 
in  1877.  He  has  published  a  "  Report  upon  the 
Condition  of  the  Prisons,  Reformatories,  and  Char- 
itable Institutions  of  Maryland,"  made  to  the 
governor  of  the  state  (Frederick,  Md.,  1875);  a 
treatise  on  "  Mineral  Waters  and  Sea-side  Re- 
sorts "  (Baltimore,  1883) ;  and  a  large  number  of 
monographs  on  medical  and  sanitary  subjects,  in- 
cluding "  Contagious  and  Infectious  Diseases " 
(Baltimore,  1878) ;  "  Drainage  of  the  Marsh  Lands 
of  Maryland  "  (1884) ;  "  A  Sanitary  Inspection  of 
Elkton,  Md."  (1886);  "Heredity"  (Philadelphia, 
1886) ;  and  the  "  Sewerage  of  Cities "  (Baltimore, 
1886).  He  has  also  read  papers  before  the  Ameri- 
can public  health  association  on  "  The  Squalid 
Dwellings  of  the  Poor"  (1884);  and  "  Impure  Air 
and  Unhealthy  Occupations  as  Predisposing  Causes 
of  Pulmonary  Consumption "  (1885).  Dr.  Chan- 
cellor is  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  society  of  London. 

CHANCHE,  Jolin  Mary  Joseph,  R.  C.  bishop, 
b.  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  in  1795  ;  d.  in  Frederick,  Md., 
in  1853.  He  was  educated  at  St.  Mary's  seminary, 
Baltimore,  ordained  in  1819,  appointed  professor 
in  St.  Mary's,  and  subsequently  vice-president,  and 
in  1834  succeeded  Dr.  Eccleston  as  president.  He 
was  offered  the  place  of  coadjutor  to  the  archbishop 
of  Baltimore  and  to  the  bishop  of  Boston  succes- 
sively, but  declined.  He  was  chosen  as  master  of 
ceremonies  to  the  second  provincial  council  of  Bal- 
timore, and  was  chief  promoter  of  the  first  national 
council.  On  the  formation  of  the  see  of  Natchez, 
Dr.  Chanchc  was  nominated  bishop,  and  conse- 
crated in  1841.  He  found  his  diocese  without 
church  or  priest;  but  the  Catholics  in  Natchez 
were  generous  and  zealous,  and  by  their  aid  he  was 
enabled  to  begin  the  building  of  a  cathedral  in 
1842.  He  also  opened  an  academy  for  young  ladies, 
and  conducted  missions  among  the  colored  people 
with  success.  He  visited  Havana  in  1844  with  the 
object  of  examining  documents,  which,  he  thought, 
would  prove  the  title  of  the  Catholic  church  to 
property  in  Mississippi,  at  the  time  in  possession 
of  the  United  States,  but  was  unsuccessful.  In 
1848  he  introduced  the  sisters  of  charity  from  Em- 
mettsburg,  and  founded  St.  Mary's  orphan  asylum 
and  school.  He  enibailicd  for  France  toward  the 
end  of  the  year  1848,  with  the  purpose  of  uniting 
the  sisters  of  charity  of  the  United  States  with  the 
same  order  in  that  country,  and  his  efforts  were 
crowned  with  success.  During  his  occupation  of 
the  see  of  Natchez  he  built  eleven  churches  and  es- 
tablished thirty-two  missionary  stations. 

CHANDLER,  Abiel,  philanthropist,  b.  in  Con- 
cord, N.  II.,  26  Feb.,  1777 ;  d.  in  Walpole,  N.  H., 
22  March,  1851.  He  was  occupied  in  agricultural 
labors  until  twenty-one  years  of  age,  and  subse- 
quently attended  Harvard,  where  he  was  gradu- 
ated in  1806.  From  this  time  until  1817  he  was  a 
teacher  in  Salem  and  Newburyport.  He  was  after- 
ward engaged  for  many  years  in  business  in  Bos- 
ton as  the  head  of  the  "firm  of  Chandler,  Howard  & 
Co.,  from  which  he  retired  in  1845  with  a  fortune. 
He  bequeathed  $50,000  to  establish  a  scientific 
school  in  connection  with  Dartmouth  college,  $1,600 
for  the  establishment  of  a  scientific  agricultural 
school,  and  the  remainder  of  his  estate  to  the  New 
Hampshire  asvlum  for  the  insane. 

CHANDLER,  Cliarles  Frederick,  chemist,  b. 
in  Lancaster,  Mass.,  6  Dec,  1836.  He  studied  at 
Lawrence  scientific  school  of  Harvard,  and  abroad 


572 


CHANDLER 


CHANDLER 


at  the  universities  of  Gottingen  and  Berlin,  receiv- 
ing in  185(3  the  degree  of  Ph.  D.  at  Gottingen.  On 
his  return  to  the  United  States  in  1857  he  became 
assistant  in  chemistry  at  Union  college  under  Prof. 
Charles  A.  Joy,  and  a  few  months  later  succeeded 
to  the  duties  of  the  full  professorship.  Here  he  re- 
mained until  1864.  when  he  went  to  New  York  antl 
was  associated  with  Profs.  Thomas  Egleston  and 
Francis  L.  Vinton  in  the  establishment  of  the  Co- 
lumbia school  of  mines.  Dr.  Chandler  was  elected 
to  fill  the  chair  of  analytical  and  applied  chemis- 
try, and  was  also  dean  of  the  faculty.  In  1877,  on 
the  i-eorganization  of  the  school,  he  was  made  pro- 
fessor of  chemistry,  lecturing  thenceforth  in  both 
the  scientific  and  literary  departments  of  Colum- 
bia. He  became  adjunct  professor  of  chemistry 
and  medical  jurisprudence  in  the  College  of  physi- 
cians and  surgeons  (tiie  medical  department  of 
Columbia  college)  in  1872,  and  in  1876  succeeded 
to  the  full  professorship.  His  connection  with  the 
College  of  pharmacy  as  professor  of  chemistry  dates 
from  1866,  and  largely  through  his  active  interest 
this  institution  has  become  one  of  the  most  flour- 
ishing colleges  of  pharmacy  in  the  United  States. 
In  1866  he  was  invited  by  the  Metropolitan  board 
of  health  to  make  scientific  studies  of  sanitary 
questions  affecting  the  health  of  New  York  city. 
This  work  was  performed  gratuitously,  but  with 
such  satisfaction  that  the  place  of  chemist  to  the 
board  was  created  for  him.  In  this  capacity  he 
continued  until  1873,  when  he  was  appointed  presi- 
dent of  the  Board  of  health  and  again  in  1877. 
One  by  one  important  sanitary  questions  were 
taken  up,  thoroughly  investigated,  and  placed 
on  a  scientific  basis.  The  milk-supply  was  found 
to  be  shamefully  adulterated,  and  frauds  by  the 
milkmen  amounting  to  1 10,000  a  day  were  preva- 
lent. After  some  years  of  contention,  the  rigid 
inspection  of  the  milk  became  a  recognized  pro- 
ceeding. The  sale  of  inferior  qualities  of  kero- 
sene, with  resulting  accidents,  was  among  the  sub- 
jects thoroughly  investigated,  and.  in  consequence, 
restrictive  legislation  was  enacted.  Great  improve- 
ments in  connection  with  the  sanitary  arrange- 
ments of  the  markets  and  food-supply  were  intro- 
duced during  his  administration.-  Originally, 
slaughter-houses  were  scattered  throughout  the 
city ;  but  they  were  now  compelled  to  locate  with- 
in narrow  precincts  on  the  river  fronts  and  placed 
under  thorough  sanitary  supervision.  He  obtained 
the  passage  of  a  tenement-house  act,  which  pro- 
vided that  plans  of  every  such  building  to  be 
erected  must  first  be  submitted  to  the  health  au- 
thorities. In  this  manner  improved  accommoda- 
tions, with  adequate  light  and  ventilation,  have 
been  secured  for  the  poorer  classes.  It  has  been 
shown  that  the  death-rate  of  children  under  five 
years  of  age  has  been  I'educed  5,000  yearly  in  direct 
consequence  of  the  reforms  and  improvements  ef- 
fected by  Dr.  Chandler  and  his  associates.  He  was 
also  connected  with  the  New  York  state  board  of 
health,  and  much  of  the  excellent  work  performed 
by  that  body  on  the  adulteration  of  food  during 
the  first  years  of  its  existence  was  executed  under 
his  direction.  His  name  has  been  associated  with 
others  on  important  reports  sent  out  by  the  Na- 
tional board  of  health.  His  time  has  necessarily 
been  largely  occupied  with  his  duties  as  a  teacher 
and  in  his  public  capacity,  hence  it  could  hardly 
be  expected  that  any  original  investigations  in 
pure  chemistry  would  be  carried  on  by  him ;  yet 
he  has  done  much  in  that  direction  worthy  of  the 
highest  praise.  His  elaborate  investigations  on  the 
water-supply  of  the  cities  of  Albany  in  1872  and 
1885,   Brooklyn  in  1868  and  1870,  New  York  in 


18G6  {et  seq.),  and  Yonkers  in  1874,  his  analyses  of 
the  springs  and  artesian  wells  at  Ballston  in  1869, 
Chittenango  in  1870,  Florida  in  1871,  Saratoga 
Springs  in  1863  and  repeatedly  since,  Staten  Island 
in  1871,  and  elsewhere,  and  his  reports  on  waters  for 
locomotives  in  1865,  are  valuable,  and  date  from  a 
period  when  but  little  of  that  class  of  work  was  per- 
formed in  tiie  United  States.  Many  of  the  analyses 
executed  for  the  geological  surveys  of  Michigan, 
Wisconsin,  and  elsewhere  were  made  in  his  labora- 
tory. His  earlier  investigations  were  published  in 
the  "  American  Journal  of  Science  "  and  in  "  The 
American  Chemist,"  a  journal  that  he  established 
with  his  brother.  W.  H.  Chandler,  in  1870,  but  which 
was  discontinued  in  1877.  He  has  frequently  testi- 
fied as  an  expert  in  courts,  and  in  that  capacity  has 
been  retained  in  some  of  the  most  important  patent 
cases.  Dr.  Chandler  has  lectured  before  New  York 
audiences  on  "Water"  in  1874,  "Photography"  in 
1879,  and  kindred  topics.  He  received  the  honorary 
degree  of  M.  D.  from  the  University  of  New  York  iii 
1873,  and  that  of  LL.  D.  from  Union  college  during 
the  same  year.  He  is  a  life  member  of  the  Chemical 
societies  of  London,  Berlin,  Paris,  and  New  York, 
and  a  member  of  numerous  other  scientific  societies. 
In  1874  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  National 
academy  of  sciences,  to  whose  reports  on  sorghum 
(1882),  glucose  (1884),  and  other  subjects  in  applied 
chemistry,  he  has  been  a  regular  contributor,  and 
during  the  same  year  he  presided  over  the  conven- 
tion of  chemists  tiiat  met  at  Northumberland  to 
celebrate  the  anniversary  of  the  discovery  of  oxygen 
by  Dr.  Priestley. — His  iarother,  William  Henry, 
chemist,  b.  in  New  Bedford,  Mass.,  13  Dec,  1841, 
was  educated  at  Union,  and  from  1861  to  1867  was 
chemist  to  various  companies,  and  from  1868  to 
1871  instructor  in  chemistry  at  the  Columbia  school 
of  mines.  In  1871  he  became  professor  of  chemis- 
ti'y  at  Lehigh  university,  and  in  1878  was  made 
director  of  the  library.  He  has  received  the  de- 
gree of  A.  M.  from  Union,  and  that  of  Ph.  D.  from 
Hamilton  college.  Prof.  Chandler  is  a  fellow  of 
the  Chemical  society  of  London,  and  a  member  of 
the  Chemical  societies  of  Paris  and  New  York.  In 
1876  he  was  a  juror  at  the  Philadelphia  centennial 
exhibition,  and  in  1878  at  the  Paris  exhibition.  His 
contributions  to  chemical  literature'have  appeared 
principally  in  the  "  American  Chemist,"  of  which 
from  1870  till  1877  he  and  his  brother,  Charles  F. 
Chandler,  were  editors. 

CHANDLER,  Cliarles  Henry,  journalist,  b.  in 
Prescott,  Mass.,  25  Aug.,  1840;  d.  in  Boston,  4  Jan., 
1885.  He  entered  Amherst  in  1860,  but  in  1861 
volunteered  in  the  army,  served  until  October,  1862, 
in  the  31st  Massachusetts  infantry,  when  failing 
health  led  to  his  return  home.  He  was  graduated 
at  Amherst  in  1866,  and  taught  in  Williston  semi- 
nary and  similar  institutions  until  1872.  Subse- 
quently he  was  connected  with  the  Springfield 
"  Republican,"  and  later  with  the  Boston  "  Pler- 
ald"  as  an  editorial  writer.  He  published  "At- 
tractions of  Northampton"  (1871). 

CHANDLER,  Charles  Henry,  educator,  b.  in 
New  Ipswich,  N.  H.,  25  Oct.,  1840.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Dartmouth  in  1868,  taught  in  various  acad- 
emies, and  was  principal  at  Thetford  and  St.  Johns- 
bury,  Vt.  From  1871  till  1877  he  was  professor  of 
physics  and  chemistry,  and  from  1877  till  1881 
professor  of  mathematics  and  physics  at  Antioch 
college.  Yellow  Springs,  Ohio.  In  1881  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  chair  of  chemistry  and  physics  at 
Ripon,  Wis.,  college,  and  in  1883  was  transferred 
to  the  professorship  of  mathematics  and  physics. 

CHANDLER.  Edward  Barron,  Canadian  ju- 
rist, b.   in  Amherst,  Nova  Scotia,  in  1800;  d.  in 


CHANDLER 


CHANDLER 


573 


Frederieton,  N.  B.,  6  Feb.,  1880.  He  was  a  grand- 
son of  Joshua  Chandler,  of  New  Haven,  Conn., 
a  well-known  loyalist,  who  went  to  Nova  Scotia 
in  1788  and  thence  to  England  to  obtain  com- 
pensation for  losses  sustained  during  the  Ameri- 
can, revolution.  He  studied  law  and  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  of  New  Brunswick  in  October,  1823, 
was  judge  of  probates  for  Westmoreland  co.,  N. 
B.,  from  1823  till  1862,  a  member  of  the  executive 
council  from  1844  till  1858,  and  from  1867  till 
1869,  when  he  resigned  to  take  the  office  of  inter- 
colonial railway  eonunissioner.  He  has  been  a  dele- 
gate on  various  important  missions  to  London, 
Washington,  and  elsewhere,  and  in  July,  1878,  was 
appointed  lieutenant-governor  of  New  Brunswick, 
which  office  he  held  till  his  death. 

CHANDLER,  Elizabeth  Marg-ar<it,  author,  b. 
in  Centre,  near  Wilmington,  Del.,  24  Dec,  1807 ; 
d.  22  Nov.,  1834.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Thomas 
Chandler,  a  Quaker  farmer,  was  educated  at  the 
Friends'  school  in  Philadelphia,  and  began  at  an 
early  age  to  write  verses.  Her  poem  "  The  Slave- 
Ship,"  written  when  she  was  eighteen  years  old, 
gained  the  prize  oifered  by  the  '•  Casket,"  a  month- 
ly magazine.  She  became  a  contributor  to  the 
"  Genius  of  Universal  Emancipation,"  a  Philadel- 
phia periodical  favoring  the  liberation  of  the  slaves, 
and  in  it  nearly  all  her  subsequent  writings  ap- 
peared. In  1830,  with  her  aunt  and  brother,  she 
removed  to  a  farm  near  Tecumseh,  Lenawee  co., 
Mich.,  and  from  there  continued  her  contributions 
in  prose  and  verse  on  the  subject  of  slavery.  A 
collection  of  her  poems  and  essays  was  edited,  with 
a  memoir,  by  Benjamin  Lundy  (Philadelphia,  1836). 
CHANDLER,  John,  senator,  b.  in  Epping, 
N.  H.,  in  1760 :  d.  in  Augusta,  Me.,  25  Sept.,  1841. 
He  was  a  blacksmith,  and  Anally  became  wealthy ; 
svas  a  counsellor  and  senator  from  1803  till  1805, 
and  a  member  of  congress  from  1805  till  1808.  At 
the  beginning  of  the  war  with  Great  Britain  in 
1812  he  was  commissioned  brigadier-general,  8  July, 
and  was  wounded  and  made  a  prisoner  at  the  battle 
Lf  Stoney  Creek,  Upper  Canada.  From  1820  till 
1829  he  was  U.  S.  senator  from  Maine.  He  was  col- 
lector of  Portland  from  1829  till  1837,  trustee  of 
Bowdoin  college,  and  sheriff  of  Kennebec  co. 

CHANDLER,  Joseph  Ripley,  journalist,  b.  in 
Kingston,  Mass.,  25  Aug.,  1792  ;  d.  in  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  10  July,  1880.  After  receiving  a  common- 
school  educa- 
tion, he  became 
clerk  in  a  store 
in  Boston,  but 
continued  to 
read  and  study, 
and  soon  be- 
gan to  teach. 
About  1815  he 
married  and 
moved  to  Phil- 
adelphia,where 
for  some  years 
he  and  his  wife 
kept  a  success- 
ful school.  He 
became  con- 
nected with  the 
"  United  States 
Gazette,"  then 
in  a  moribund 
condition,  in 
1822,  and  in 
1826,  having  given  it  renewed  life,  he  gave  up  his 
school.  The  "  Gazette "  became  prominent  as  a 
whig  journal  and  an  advocate  of  national  and  local 


^.^^y^ 


progress.  Mr.  Chandler's  connection  with  it  ceased, 
owing  to  his  health,  in  1847,  when  it  was  merged  in 
the  "  North  American."  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Philadelphia  city  council  from  1832  till  1848,  and 
in  1836  was  a  delegate  to  the  State  constitutional 
convention.  He  was  elected  to  congress  as  a  whig 
in  1848,  and  served  three  terms,  from  1849  till 
1855.  Much  of  his  time  between  1855  and  1858 
was  spent  abroad,  and  in  the  latter  year  President 
Buchanan  appointed  him  minister  to  the  Two 
Sicilies.  He  was  in  Naples  at  the  time  of  the  ex- 
pulsion of  the  Bourbons,  and  returned  in  Novem- 
ber, 1860,  to  Philadelphia.  He  took  much  interest 
in  prison  reform,  was  one  of  the  inspectors  of 
prisons,  and  a  prominent  member  of  the  Philadel- 
phia society  for  the  relief  of  public  prisons.  He 
published  a  "  Grammar  of  the  English  Language  " 
(Philadelphia,  1821),  and  many  essays,  addresses, 
and  pamphlets  on  prison  discipline  and  other  sub- 
jects of  general  interest. 

CHANDLER,  Ralph,  naval  officer,  b.  in  New 
York,  23  Aug.,  1829 ;  d.  in  Hong  Kong.  (Iiina,  11 
Feb.,  1889.  He  was  appointed  midshipman,  27 
Sept.,  1845,  served  on  the  west  coast  of  iNlexico 
during  the  JMexican  war,  and  was  engaged  in  skir- 
mishes. He  became  passed  midshipman,  6  Oct., 
1851,  master  in  1855,  and  was  commissioned  as 
lieutenant  on  16  Sept.  of  that  year.  He  was  on 
the  "Vandalia"  at  the  battle  of  Port  Royal, 
7  Nov.,  1861,  and  in  1862  was  assigned  to  the  "  San 
Jacinto,"  of  the  North  Atlantic  blockading  squad- 
ron, on  which  he  was  present  at  the  capture  of 
Norfolk.  He  was  promoted  to  lieutenant-command- 
er, 16  July,  1862,  commanded  the  "Maumee"  at 
both  attacks  on  Fort  Fisher,  and  was  made  com- 
mander, 25  July,  1866.  He  became  captain,  5  June, 
1874,  and  commodore,  1  March,  1884,  and  in  tlie 
same  year  was  appointed  commandant  of  the 
Brooklyn  navy-yard.  He  was  promoted  to  rear- 
admiral  on  6  Oct.,  1886,  succeeded  in  command 
of  the  navy-yard  by  Commodore  Gherardi  on  15 
Oct.,  and  was  ordered  to  relieve  Rear- Admiral  Davis 
in  command  of  the  Asiatic  squadron. — His  daugh- 
ter Bessie  (Mrs.  Leroy  Parker)  has  contributed  nu- 
merous poems  to  the  "  Century,"  "  St.  Nicholas," 
and  other  periodicals. 

CHANDLER,  Saiiiuel,  soldier,  b.  in  Lexington, 
Mass.,  in  1794 ;  d.  there,  20  July,  1867.  He  became 
third  lieutenant  in  the  9th  Massachusetts  infantry, 
11  May,  1814,  and  went  into  service  on  the  Cana- 
dian frontier,  taking  part  in  the  battle  of  Lundy's 
Lane,  and  in  other  engagements  during  the  war 
with  Great  Britain.  He  was  made  second  lieuten- 
ant in  September,  1814,  and  discharged  in  June, 
1815.  He  then  went  into  trade  in  his  native  town, 
and  thenceforward  took  an  active  part  in  town 
and  county  affairs.  After  being  a  member  of  both 
branches  of  the  legislature,  he  was,  in  1840,  elected 
sheriff  of  Middlesex,  and  held  that  office  until  1855. 
He  was  also  major-general  of  the  state  militia  for 
many  years,  but  lived  in  retirement  on  his  farm 
during  the  latter  part  of  his  life. 

CHANDLER,  Thomas  Bradbury,  clergyman, 
b.  in  Woodstock,  Conn.,  26  April,  1726 ;  d.  in 
Elizabethtown,  N.  J.,  17  June,  1790.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Yale  in  1745,  taught  school  while  study- 
ing for  the  ministry,  and  was  appointed  catechist 
and  lay-reader  at  Elizabethtown,  N.  J.,  by  the  So- 
ciety for  propagating  the  gospel  in  foreign  parts. 
He  went  to  England  in  1751,  was  admitted  to  or- 
ders by  the  bishop  of  London,  and  returned  the 
same  year.  His  missionary  labors  in  Elizabeth- 
town  and  vicinity  were  unceasing.  As  he  was  on 
principle  a  lover  and  admirer  of  the  orderly  ways 
of  the  church  of  England,  he  refused  his  pulpit  to 


674 


CHANDLER 


CHANDLER 


the  celebrated  Whitefield,  who  made  a  visit  to 
Elizabethtown  in  the  winter  of  17(J3-'4.  He  re- 
ceived, in  1766,  the  degree  of  D.  D.  from  Oxford. 
The  year  following  he  published  an  earnest  and 
spirited  "  Appeal  in  Behalf  of  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land in  America,"  and  urged  the  appointment  of 
bishops  for  the  colonies.  A  controversy  arose  in 
consequence.  Dr.  Chauncy,  of  Boston,  being  the 
chief  opponent  of  Dr.  Chandler's  views,  which  was 
conducted  on  both  sides  with  acknowledged  ability. 
On  the  approach  of  the  Revolution,  Dr.  Chandler, 
not  being  in  sympathy  with  his  countrymen  in  the 
matter  at  issue,  went  to  England  in  1775,  and  re- 
mained there  for  ten  years,  being  occupied  chiefly 
in  study  and  writing.  He  was  offered  the  bishopric 
of  Nova  Scotia,  but,  on  the  score  of  infirm  health, 
declined  the  appointment.  He  returned  to  the 
United  States  in  1785,  and  resumed  his  relations 
with  the  church  in  Elizabethtown,  but  was  unable 
to  engage  in  public  service. 

CHANDLER,  William  Eaton,  cabinet  minis- 
ter, b.  in  Concord,  N.  H.,  28  Dec,  1885.  He  studied 
law  in  Concord,  and  at  the  Harvard  law-school, 
where  he  was  graduated  in  1855.  For  several  years 
after  his  admission  to  the  bar  in  1856  he  practised 
in  Concord,  and  in  1859  was  appointed  reporter  of 
the  New  Hampshire  supreme  court,  and  published 
five  volumes  of  reports.  From  the  time  of  his 
coming  of  age  Mr.  Chandler  was  actively  con- 
nected with  the 
^^j^^_^^  republican  par- 

-^     "~^"  ty,  serving  first 

I  ^-^^K   ,  as  secretary,  and 

afterward  as 
chairman  of  the 
state  committee. 
In  1862  he  was 
elected  to  the 
New  Hampshire 
house  of  repre- 
sentatives, of 
which  he  was 
speaker  for  two 
„  N-»  ,^'4»\^_ix/-  -  -~  /  v(!'  successive  terms 
I    \*  '     ^/        /     y  in  1863-'4.      In 

November,  1864, 
hewasemployed 
by  the  navy  de- 
partment as  spe- 
cial counsel  to 
prosecute  the 
Philadelphia  navy-yard  frauds,  and  on  9  March, 
18G5,  was  appointed  first  solicitor  and  judge-advo- 
cate-general of  that  department.  On  17  June,  1865, 
he  became  first  assistant  secretary  of  the  treasury. 
On  80  Nov.,  1867,  he  resigned  this  place  and  re- 
sumed law  practice.  During  the  next  thirteen 
years,  although  occupying  no  official  position  ex- 
cept that  of  member  of  the  Constitutional  conven- 
tion of  New  Hampshire  in  1876,  he  continued  to 
take  an  active  part  in  politics.  He  was  a  delegate 
from  his  state  to  the  Republican  national  conven- 
tion in  1868,  and  was  secretary  of  the  national 
committee  from  that  time  until  1876.  In  that 
year  he  advocated  the  claims  of  the  Hayes  electors 
in  Florida  before  the  canvassing  board  of  the  state, 
and  later  was  one  of  the  counsel  to  prepare  the 
case  submitted  by  the  republican  side  to  the  elec- 
toral commission.  Mr.  Chandler  afterward  became 
an  especially  outspoken  opponent  of  the  southern 
policy  of  the  Hayes  administration.  In  1880  he 
was  a  delegate  to  the  Republican  national  conven- 
tion, and  served  as  a  member  of  the  committee  on 
credentials,  in  which  place  he  was  active  in  secur- 
ing the  report  in  favor  of  district  representation, 


^cS-^.-.-.-^A' 


which  was  adopted  by  the  convention.  During  the 
subsequent  campaign  he  was  a  member  of  the 
national  committee.  On  23  March,  1881,  he  was 
nominated  for  U.  S.  solicitor-general,  but  the 
senate  refused  to  confirm,  the  vote  being  nearly 
upon  party  lines.  In  that  year  he  was  again  a 
member  of  the  New  Hampshire  legislature.  On 
7  April,  1882,  he  was  appointed  secretary  of  the 
navy.  Among  the  important  measures  carried  out 
by  him  were  the  simplification  and  reduction  of 
the  unwieldy  navy-yard  establishment ;  the  limita- 
tion of  the  number  of  annual  appointments  to  the 
actual  wants  of  the  naval  service  ;  the  discontinu- 
ance of  the  extravagant  policy  of  repairing  worth- 
less vessels ;  and  the  beginning  of  a  modern  navy 
in  the  construction  of  the  four  new  cruisers  recom- 
mended by  the  advisory  board.  The  organization 
and  successful  voyage  of  the  Greely  relief  expedi- 
tion in  1884  were  largely  due  to  his  personal  efforts. 
Mr.  Chandler  was  a  strenuous  advocate  of  uniting 
with  the  navy  the  other  nautical  branches  of  the 
federal  administration,  including  the  light-house 
establishment,  the  coast  survey,  and  the  revenue 
marine,  upon  the  principle,  first  distinctly  set  forth 
by  him,  that  "  the  officers  and  seamen  oi'  the  navy 
should  be  employed  to  perform  all  the  work  of  the 
National  government  upon  or  in  direct  connection 
with  the  ocean."  Mr.  Chandler  is  controlling  owner 
of  the  daily  "  Monitor,"  a  republican  journal,  and 
its  weekly,  the  "  Statesman,"  published  in  Concord, 
N.  II.  In  June,  1887,  he  was  elected  U.  S.  senator. 
CHANDLER,  Zachariali,  senator,  b.  in  Bed- 
ford, N.  H.,  10  Dec,  1818 ;  d.  in  Chicago,  111.,  1 
Nov.,  1879.  After  receiving  a  common-school  edu- 
cation he  taught  for  one  winter,  at  the  same  time 
managing  his  father's  farm.  He  was  noted  when 
a  youth  for  physical  strength  and  endurance. 
It  is  said  that,  being  offered  by  his  father  the 
choice  between  a  collegiate  education  and  the  sum 
of  $1,000,  he  chose  the  latter.  He  removed  to  De- 
troit in  1833  and  engaged  in  the  dry-goods  busi- 
ness, in  which  he  was  energetic  and  successful.  He 
soon  became  a  prominent  whig,  and  was  active  in 
support  of  the  so-called  "underground  railroad," 
of  which  Detroit  was  an  important  terminus.  His 
public  life  began  in  1851  by  his  election  as  mayor 
of  Detroit.  In  1852  he  was  nominated  for  gov- 
ernor by  the  whigs,  and,  although  his  success  was 
hopeless,  the  large  vote  he  received  brought  him 
into  public  notice.  He  was  active  in  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  republican  party  in  1854,  and  in  Janu- 
ary, 1857,  was  elected  to  the  U.  S.  senate  to  suc- 
ceed Gen.  Lewis  Cass.  He  made  his  first  im- 
portant speech  on  12  March,  1858,  opposing  the- 
admission  of  Kansas  under  the  Lecompton  consti- 
tution, and  continued  to  take  active  part  in  the 
debates  on  that  and  allied  questions.  In  1858, 
when  Senator  Green,  of  Missouri,  had  threatened 
Simon  Cameron  with  an  assault  for  words  spoken 
in  debate,  Mr.  Chandler,  with  Mr.  Cameron  and 
Benjamin  F.  Wade,  of  Ohio,  drew  up  a  written 
agreement,  the  contents  of  which  were  not  to  be 
made  public  till  the  death  of  all  the  signers,  but 
which  was  believed  to  be  a  pledge  to  resent  an  at- 
tack made  on  any  one  of  the  three.  On  11  Feb., 
1861,  he  wrote  the  famous  so-called  "  blood  letter" 
to  Gov.  Blair,  of  Michigan.  It  received  its  name 
from  the  sentence,  "  Without  a  little  blood-letting: 
this  Union  will  not,  in  my  estimation,  be  worth  a 
rush."  This  letter  was  widely  quoted  through  the 
country,  and  was  acknowledged  and  defended  by 
Mr.  Chandler  on  the  floor  of  the  senate.  Mr. 
Chandler  was  a  firm  friend  of  President  Lincoln, 
though  he  was  more  radical  than  the  latter  in  his 
ideas,  and  often  differed  with  the  president  as  to> 


CHANEY 


CHANG  AND  ENG 


575 


.m^ 


'V 


matters  of  policy.  Wlien  the  first  call  for  troops 
was  made,  he  assisted  by  giving  money  and  by  per- 
sonal exertion.  He  regretted  that  500,000  men 
had  not  been  called  for  instead  of  75,000,  and  said 

that  the  short- 
termenlistment 
>x^  was  a  mistake. 

At    the   begin- 
ningoftheextra 
session  of  con- 
^  _      '  gress    in   July, 

\  ,,^,^\  '  1861,  he  intro- 

,  '-^s         f  duced  a  sweep- 

ing      confisca- 
tion-bill, think- 
_^  ing  that   stern 

''~~   .        measures  would 
"■'      .         deter  wavering 
;  persons      from 

-   ^        taking  up  arms 
\   '  against  the  gov- 

ernment ;  but  it 
was  not  passed 
""""  in  its  original 
form,  though 
congress  ultimately  adopted  his  views.  On  16 
July,  1862,  Mr.  Chandler  vehemently  assailed  Gen. 
McClellan  in  the  senate,  although  he  was  warned 
that  such  a  course  might  be  politically  fatal.  He 
was,  however',  returned  to  the  senate  in  1863,  and 
in  1864  actively  aided  in  the  re-election  of  Presi- 
dent Lincoln.  He  was  again  elected  to  the  senate 
in  1869.  During  all  of  his  terms  he  was  chairman 
of  the  committee  on  commerce  and  a  member  of 
other  important  committees,  including  that  on 
the  conduct  of  the  war.  In  October,  1874,  Presi- 
dent Grant  tendered  him  the  post  of  secretary  of 
the  interior,  to  fill  the  place  made  vacant  by  the 
resignation  of  Columbus  Delano,  a.nd  he  held  this 
office  until  President  Grant's  retirement,  doing 
much  to  reform  abuses  in  the  department.  Pie 
was  chairman  of  the  Republican  national  com- 
mittee in  1876,  and  took  an  active  part  in  the 
presidential  campaign  of  that  year.  He  was  again 
elected  to  the  senate  in  February,  1879,  to  fill 
the  vacancy  caused  by  the  resignation  of  Isaac 
P.  Christiancy,  who  had  succeeded  him  four  years 
before.  On  2  March,  1879,  he  made  a  speech  in  the 
senate  denouncing  Jefferson  Davis,  which  brought 
him  into  public  notice  again,  and  he  was  regarded 
in  his  own  state  as  a  possible  presidential  candi- 
date. He  went  to  Chicago  on  31  Oct.,  1879,  to  de- 
liver a  political  speech,  and  was  found  dead  in  his 
room  on  the  following  morning.  During  the 
greater  portion  of  his  life  Mr.  Chandler  was  en- 
gaged in  large  business  enterprises,  from  which  he 
realized  a  handsome  fortune.  He  was  a  man  of 
commanding  appearance,  and  possessed  an  excel- 
lent practical  judgment,  great  energy,  and  indom- 
itable perseverance. 

CHANEY,  Luciaii  West,  Jr.,  naturalist,  b.  in 
Heuvelton,  N.  Y.,  26  June,  1857.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Carleton  college  in  1878,  after  which  he 
taught  in  public  schools  at  Mankato  and  Faribault, 
Minn.,  until  1880.  During  the  years  1880-'2  he  was 
superintendent  of  the  city  schools  in  Glencoe,  Minn., 
and  in  1882  became  professor  of  biology  and  ge- 
ology in  Carleton  college.  The  biological  depart- 
ment of  this  institution,  under  his  management, 
has  been  thoroughly  equipped  with  modern  appa- 
ratus, and  brought  to  a  state  of  perfection  un- 
equalled in  the  state  of  Minnesota,  and  probably 
unsurpassed  in  the  west.  He  has  adapted  and  im- 
proved many  laboratory  appliances,  such  as  section- 
cutters,  injection  apparatus,  etc.,  in  common  use. 


and  has  contributed  papers  on  biological  subjects 
to  the  "  Bulletin  of  the  Minnesota  Academy  of 
Sciences,"  the  "  Sidereal  Messenger,"  and  other 
publications.  He  is  also  author  of  "  Guides  for  the 
Laboratorv  "  (Northfield,  1886). 

CHANFRAU,  Frank  S.,  actor,  b.  in  New  York, 
22  Feb.,  1824 ;  d.  in  Jersey  City,  2  Oct.,  1884.  His 
father  was  a  French  officer  in  the  vessel  that 
brought  Lafayette  to  the  United  States.  He  en- 
joyed but  few  educational  advantages.  At  an 
early  age  he  attempted  to  earn  a  livelihood  as  a 
hatter,  subsequently  was  employed  as  a  ship-builder 
at  Cleveland,  and  helped  to  build  the  first  steam- 
boat that  ever  left  that  port.  Returning  to  New 
York,  he  lived  precariously  for  a  year  or  two,  and 
during  this  pei-iod  his  talent  as  a  mimic  became 
first  known,  and  put  him  in  the  way  that  ultimate- 
ly led  to  fortune.  His  first  theatre  engagement 
was  as  a  supernumerary  at  the  old  Bowery  theatre ; 
subsequently  he  became  utility-man  at  the  same 
place,  and  after  some  years  played  second  juvenile 
parts  at  the  old  Park  theatre,  and  in  1848  was  en- 
gaged as  leading  comedian  at  Mitchell's  Olympic 
theatre.  He  gained  great  popularity  as  a  comic 
actor  at  this  house,  his  impersonation  of  Mose  the 
fireman  in  Benjamin  Baker's  play,  "  A  Glance  at 
New  York,"  being  regarded  as  inimitable.  Chan- 
frau's  success  as  Mose  made  him  rich.  On  20 
Sept.,  1849,  he  first  appeared  in  the  Arch  street 
theatre,  Philadelphia,  and  soon  afterward  he  pro- 
vided Brooklyn  with  a  theatre ;  but  the  undertak- 
ing did  not  succeed,  and,  after  sinking  $22,000  in 
the  venture,  he  accepted  an  invitation  from  Charles 
R.  Thorne  to  sail  for  California.  After  a  most 
successful  tour  there  he  returned  to  New  York  and 
added  Thomas  B.  de  Walden's  Sam  to  his  reper- 
tory, and  during  the  winter  of  1870  appeared  in  the 
leading  part  in  "  Kit,  the  Arkansas  Traveller,"  a 
play  written  by  Edward  Spencer,  and  then  pro- 
duced for  the  first  time.  As  Kit  Redding,  Chan- 
frau  achieved  his  most  signal  success.  In  this  7'ole 
he  exhibited  all  his  gifts  and  attainments  to  the 
best  advantage,  and  though  the  character  of  his 
acting  was  never  elevated,  it  was  invariably  amus- 
ing and  never  hurtful.  He  was  a  generous  and 
noble-minded  man,  correct  in  his  habits,  and  a 
model  husband,  father,  and  son.  He  died  worth 
about  $300,000,  having  considerable  property  at 
Long  Branch,  N.  J.,  which  he  had  made  his  resi- 
dence for  nineteen  years. — His  wife,  Henrietta 
Baker,  actress,  b.  in  Philadelphia  in  1837,  made 
her  debut  during  the  summer  of  1854  at  the  assem- 
bly buildings,  Philadelphia,  under  the  manage- 
ment of  Prof.  Mueller,  as  a  vocalist.  Her  first  ap- 
pearance on  the  boards  of  a  regular  theatre  was  at 
the  city  museum  in  her  native  place,  9  Sept.,  1854, 
as  Miss  Apsley  in  "  The  Willow  Copse."  A  short 
time  afterward  she  became  a  member  of  the  Arch 
street  theatre,  where  she  remained  nearly  two  sea- 
sons. When  the  National  at  Cincinnati  was 
opened  by  Lewis  Baker  for  the  season  1857-'8,  she 
became  a  member  of  the  company  and  achieved 
success.  She  married  Mr.  Chanfrau  in  July,  1858. 
After  a  long  absence  from  New  York,  in  the  au- 
tumn of  1886  she  appeared  at  the  reopening  of  the 
Fourteenth  street  theatre  as  Linda  Colmore  in 
"The  Scapegoat."  Her  acting  is  entirely  free 
from  affectation  or  mannerisms. 

CHANCr  and  ENG,  Siamese  twins,  b.  in  Banga- 
seau,  Siam,  15  April,  1811 ;  d.  near  Mount  Airy, 
N.  C,  17  Jan.,  1874.  Their  father  was  Chinese  and 
their  mother  Chino-Siamese.  They  came  to  the 
United  States  in  1829,  and  were  exhibited  here  and 
in  Europe  for  nearly  twenty-five  years.  Having 
accumulated  a  fortune  of  about  $80,000,  they  set- 


576 


CHANXING 


CHANNING 


tied  as  farmers  in  North  Carolina,  and  at  the  age 
of  forty-four  or  forty-five  married  two  sisters,  by 
whom  they  had  children  (Chang  six  and  Eng  five), 
of  whom  eight,  with  the  two  widows,  survived 
them.  Two  of  the  eiiildren  were  deaf  and  dumb ; 
the  rest  had  no  midformation  or  infirmity.  They 
lost  a  part  of  their  property,  which  consisted  par- 
tially of  slaves,  by  the  war,  and  were  very  bitter  in 
their  denunciation  of  the  govei'nment  in  conse- 
quence. After  the  war  they  again  resorted  to  pub- 
lic exhibitions,  but  were  not  very  successful.  Their 
lives  were  embittered  by  their  own  quarrels  and 
the  bickering  of  their  wives ;  and  they  returned 
home,  with  their  tempers  much  soured  and  their 
spirits  depressed,  after  a  decision  by  the  most  emi- 
nent European  surgeons  that  the  severing  of  tlie 
band  (which  both  desired)  would  prove  fatal.  Not- 
withstanding this,  they  always  maintained  a  high 
character  for  integrity  and  fair  dealing,  and  were 
much  esteemed  by  their  neighbors.  In  1870  Chang- 
had  a  paralytic  stroke,  and  was  subsequently  weak 
and  ill,  while  Eng's  health  was  much  improved. 
Chang  died  first,  probably  of  cerebral  clot,  during 
the  night ;  and  when  Eng  awoke  and  found  his 
brother  dead,  his  fright  and  the  consequent  nerv- 
ous shock,  acting  upon  an  enfeebled  heart,  produced 
a  syncope,  which  resulted  fatally  two  hours  and  a 
half  after  Chang's  death.  Their  bodies  were  taken 
to  Philadelphia  and  carefully  examined  by  eminent 
physicians.  The  connection  of  the  two  was  by  a 
fleshy  and  partly  cartilaginous  band  extending 
from  the  xiphoid  region  of  the  sternum  down  to  a 
point  below  the  umbilicus  of  each.  There  had 
been  but  a  single  umbilical  cord  attached  to  the 
middle  of  the  under  side  of  this  band,  and  while 
the  band  (which  was  eight  or  nine  inches  in  length, 
about  eight  in  circumference,  and  two  and  a  half 
in  diameter — its  upper  or  outer  surface  being  con- 
vex, and  the  under  or  inner  concave)  was  cartilagi- 
nous and  nearly  insensible  except  at  its  median 
point,  there  was  evidently  some  inter-communica- 
tion through  it  to  the  viscera  of  both.  The  breast- 
bones were  so  nearly  joined  that  they  were  natural- 
ly face  to  face,  and  could  never  have  occupied  the 
position  of  back  to  back.  It  was  then  found  that 
there  were  no  direct  blood-vessels  or  nerves  connect- 
ing either  the  circulation  of  the  blood  or  the  nerv- 
ous fluid  through  both  bodies,  but  that  the  perito- 
niEum  or  membrane  covering  the  bowels  was 
extended  in  two  pouches  from  the  abdomen  of 
Chang  passing  through  the  band  into  the  abdomen 
of  Eng,  and  that  one  similar  pouch  from  the  peri- 
tonaeum of  Eng  passed  through  the  band  lying  be- 
tween the  two  from  Chang,  into  the  abdomen  of 
Chang.  These  pouches  contained  small  blood-ves- 
sels coming  from  the  livers  of  each  (which  were  in 
both  close  to  the  cord),  and  these  blood-vessels 
were  covered  with  a  thin  layer  of  genuine  liver- 
tissue.  A  separation  or  division  of  the  cord  would 
therefore  have  been  almost  certainly  fatal  to  both. 
The  twins  differed  considerably  in  size  and  strength 
as  well  as  in  disposition,  Chang  being  considerably 
the  larger  and  stronger,  but  also  the  more  irritable 
and  intemperate. 

CHANNlN(i,  William  Ellery,  clergyman,  b. 
in  Newport,  R.  I.,  7  Ajiril,  1780 ;  d.  in  Benning- 
ton, Vt.,  2  Oct.,  1842.  His  boyhood  was  passed  in 
Newport,  where  his  first  strong  religious  impres- 
sions were  received  from  the  preaching  of  Dr.  Sam- 
uel Hopkins.  As  a  youth,  he  appears,  though  small 
in  person  and  of  a  sensibility  almost  feminine,  to 
have  been  vigorous,  athletic,  and  resolute,  show- 
ing from  childhood  a  marked  quality  of  moral 
courage  and  mental  sincerity.  In  his  college  life 
at  Harvard,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1798,  he 


showed  a  singular  capacity  to  win  the  ardent  per- 
sonal attachment  of  his  fellows;  and,  though  he 
was  very  young,  his  literary  qualities  seem  even 
then  to  have  been  fully  developed,  his  style  being 
described  by  his  classmate.  Judge  Story,  as  "  racy, 
flowing,  full,  glowing  with  life,  chaste  in  or- 
nament, vigorous  in  structure,  and  beautiful  in 
finish."  He  was  also  conspicuous  in  the  students' 
debating-clubs,  and  shared  fully  in  the  political 
enthusiasms  of  the  day,  refusing  the  commence- 
ment oration  assigned  him  until  granted  permis- 
sion to  speak  on  his  favorite  theme.  Among  the 
authors  of  his  choice  at  this  time,  Ilutcheson  ap- 
pears to  have  inspired  his  profound  conviction  of 
"  the  dignity  of  human  nature,"  Ferguson  ("  Civil 
Society")  his  faith  in  social  progress  and  his 
"  enthusiasm  of  humanity,"  and  Price  ("  Disserta- 
tions ")  that  form  of  idealism  which  "  saved  me," 
he  says,  "  from  Locke's  philosophy."  As  a  private 
instructor  in  Richmond,  Va.,  in  the  family  of  D. 
M.  Randolph,  in  1798-1800,  he  felt  "the  charm 
of  southern  manners  and  hospitality,"  and  at  the 
same  time  acquired  an  abhorrence  of  the  social  and 
moral  aspects  of  slavery,  then  equally  abhorred  by 
the  most  intelligent  men  and  women  at  the  south. 
Here  he  became  eagerly  interested  in  political  dis- 
cussions growing  out  of  the  revolutionaiy  move- 
ments in  Europe,  and  a  keen  admirer  of  such  writ- 
ers as  Godwin,  Mary  WoUstonecraft,  and  especially 
Rousseau ;  but,  as  if  by  a  certain  unconscious  re- 
action against  these  influences,  he  gave  special 
study  to  the  historical  evidences  of  Christianity, 
to  which  class  of  evidences  he  ever  after  strongly 
adhered,  and  was  confirmed  in  his  purpose  to  pre- 
pare for  the  ministry.  He  also  disciplined  himself 
by  a  vigorously  ascetic  way  of  life — exposure  to 
cold,  hardship,  and  fatigue,  with  scant  diet  (lead- 
ing to  permanent  "contraction  of  the  stomach" 
with  painful  dyspepsia),  insufficient  clothing,  and 
excessive  devotion  to  stiuly.  The  ill-eflect  of  these 
practices,  aggravated  by  the  exposures  of  his  return 
voyage  to  Newport,  followed  him  through  life,  and 
"  from  the  time  of  his  residence  in  Richmond  to 
the  day  of  his  death  he  never  knew  a  day  of  vm- 
impaired  vigor."  After  a  short  stay  in  Newport, 
where  the  infiuences  of  ear'ly  life  were  renewed 
and  deepened,  he  returned  to  Cambridge  as  a  stu- 
dent of  theology,  with  the  title  and  petty  income 
of  "  regent,"  a  sort  of  university  scholarship.  At 
this  period  Bishop  Butler  and  William  Law  were 
the  writers  that  chiefiy  influenced  his  opinions; 
and  he  is  represented  as  having  had  a  tendency 
to  Calvinistic  views,  though  "  never  in  any  sense  a 
Trinitarian."  His  first  and  only  pastoral  settlement 
was  over  the  church  in  Federal  street,  Boston,  1 
June,  1803,  which  he  accepted,  in  preference  to  the 
more  distinguished  place  in  Brattle  square,  partly 
on  the  ground  that  a  smaller  and  feebler  congre- 
gation might  not  overtax  his  strength.  Here  he 
was  shortly  known  for  a  style  of  religious  eloquence 
of  rare  "fervor,  solenmity,  and  beaut)\"  His  views 
at  this  time — and  indeed,  prevailingly,  during  his 
later  life — are  described  as  "  rather  mystical  than 
rational " ;  in  particular,  as  to  the  controverted 
doctrine  of  Christ's  divinity,  holding  "that  Jesus 
Christ  is  more  than  man,  that  he  existed  before 
the  world,  that  he  literally  came  from  heaven  to 
save  our  race,  that  he  sustains  otiier  oifices  than 
those  of  a  teacher  and  witness  to  the  truth,  and 
that  he  still  acts  for  our  benefit,  and  is  our  inter- 
cessor with  the  Father."  Early  in  his  ministry, 
however,  Mr.  Channing  was  closely  identified  with 
that  movement  of  thought,  literary  and  philo- 
sophic as  well  as  theological,  which  gave  birth  to 
the  "Anthology  Club,"  and  to  a  series  of  journals, 


CHANNING 


CHANNING 


577 


of  which  those  longest-lived  and  of  widest  repute 
were  the  "  North  American  Review "  and  the 
"  Christian  Examiner."  Essays  published  in  these 
journals,  especially  those  on  Milton  and  on  the 
character  of  Napoleon,  gave  him  literary  reputa- 
tion in  Europe  as  well  as  at  home.  The  intel- 
lectual movement  in  question  was  marked  by  an 
increasing  interest  in  questions  of  theological  and 
textual  criticism,  and  by  a  leaning  toward,  if  not 
identification  with,  the  class  of  opinions  that  began 
about  1815  to  he  currently  known  as  Unitarian. 
Though  Mr.  Channing  was  disinclined  to  sectarian 
names  or  methods,  though  he  never  desired  to  be 
personally  called  a  Unitarian,  and  would  have 
chosen  that  the  movement  of  liberal  theology 
should  go  on  within  the  lines  of  the  New  Eng- 
land Congregational  body,  to  which  he  belonged 
from  birth,  yet  he  became  known  as  the  leader 
of  the  Unitarians,  and  may  almost  be  said  to  have 
first  given  to  the  body  so  called  the  consciousness 
of  its  real  position  and  the  courage  of  its  convic- 
tions by  his  sermon  delivered  in  Baltimore,  5  May, 
1819,  at  the  ordination  of  Jared  Sparks.  This 
celebrated  discourse  may  be  regarded  less  as  a 
theological  argument,  for  which  its  method  is  too 
loose  and  rhetorical,  than  as  a  solemn  impeach- 
ment of  the  Calvinistic  theology  of  that  day  at  the 

bar  of  popular 
reason  and  con- 
science. And  a 
similar  judgment 
may  be  passed,  in 
general,  upon  the 
series  of  contro- 
versial discourses 
that  he  delivered 
in  the  succeeding 
years.  For  about 
fifteen  years,  mak- 
ing the  middle 
period  of  his  pro- 
fessional life  —  a 
life  interrupted 
only  by  a  few 
months'  stay  in 
Europe  (1822-3) 
anda  winter  spent 
in  Santa  Cruz 
(1830 -'31)  — Mr. 
Channing  was 
best  known  to  the  public  as  a  leader  in  the  Uni- 
tarian body,  and  the  record  of  this  time  survives 
in  several  volumes  of  eloquent  and  noble  sermons, 
which  constitute  still  the  best  body  of  practical 
divinity  that  the  Unitarian  movement  in  this 
country  has  produced.  Very  interesting  testimony 
to  the  habit  and  working  of  his  mind  at  this  pe- 
riod is  also  to  be  found  in  the  volume  of  "  Remi- 
niscences "  by  Miss  E.  P.  Teabody  (Boston,  1880). 
A  sermon  on  the  "  Ministry  at  Large  "  in  Boston 
(1835)  strongly  illustrates  the  sympathetic  as  well 
as  religious  temper  in  which  he  now  undertook 
those  discussions  of  social  topics — philanthropy, 
moral  reform,  and  political  ethics — by  which  his 
later  years  were  most  widely  and  honorably  distin- 
guished. Prom  organized  charity  the  way  was  open 
to  questions  of  temperance  and  public  education, 
which  now  began  to  take  new  shapes ;  and  from 
these,  again,  to  those  that  lie  upon  the  border- 
ground  of  morals  and  politics — war  and  slavery. 
Regarding  the  last,  indeed,  which  may  be  taken  as 
a  type  of  the  whole,  it  does  not  appear  that  he  ever 
adopted  the  extreme  opinions,  or  approved  the 
characteristic  modes  of  action,  of  the  party  known 
as  abolitionists.  But  his  general  and  very  intense 
VOL.  I. — 37 


Otvrwr>^^o_ 


sympathy  with  their  aims  was  of  great  moral  value 
in  the  anti-slavery  movement,  now  taking  more  and 
more  a  political  direction.  Of  this  the  earliest  testi- 
mony was  a  brief  but  vigorous  essay  on  slavery 
(1835),  dealing  with  it  purely  on  grounds  of  moral 
argument ;  followed  the  next  year  by  a  public  letter 
of  sympathy  to  James  G.  Birney  ("The  Abolition- 
ists "),  who  had  just  been  driven  from  Cincinnati 
with  the  destruction  of  his  press  and  journal ;  and 
again,  in  1837,  by  a  letter  to  Henry  Clay  on  the 
annexation  of  Texas,  a  policy  which  the  writer 
thought  good  ground  to  justify  disunion.  The 
event  that,  more  than  any  other,  publicly  associ- 
ated his  name  and  influence  with  the  anti-slavery 
party  was  a  meeting  held  in  Faneuil  Hall,  8  Dec, 
1837,  after  the  death  of  Elijah  P.  Lovejoy,  who  was 
shot  while  defending  his  press  at  Alton,  111.,  when 
for  the  first  time  Mr.  Channing  stood  side  by  side, 
upon  the  public  platform,  with  men  in  whom  he 
now  saw  the  champions  of  that  freedom  of  discus- 
sion which  must  be  upheld  by  all  good  citizens. 
His  later  writings  on  the  subject  are  a  letter  on 
"  The  Slavery  Question  "  (1839)  addressed  to  Jona- 
than Phillips;  a  tract  on  "Emancipation"  (1840), 
suggested  by  a  work  of  J.  J.  Gurney's  on  emanci- 
pation in  the  British  West  Indies ;  and  an  argu- 
ment (1842)  on  "The  Duty  of  the  Free  States," 
touching  the  case  of  the  slaves  on  board  the  brig 
"  Creole,"  of  Richmond,  who  had  seized  the  vessel 
and  carried  her  into  the  port  of  Nassau.  His  last 
public  act  was  an  address  delivered  in  Lenox. 
Mass.,  1  Aug.,  1842,  commemorating  the  West  In- 
dia emancipation.  A  few  weeks  later,  while  on  a 
journey,  he  was  seized  with  an  attack  of  autumn 
fever,  of  which  he  died.  Interesting  personal  recol- 
lections remain,  now  passing  into  tradition,  of 
Channing's  rare  quality  and  power  as  a  pulpit 
orator,  of  which  a  single  trait  may  here  be  given: 
"From  the  high,  old-fashioned  pulpit  his  face 
beamed  down,  it  may  be  said,  like  the  face  of  an 
angel,  and  his  voice  floated  down  like  a  voice  from 
higher  s{)heres.  It  was  a  voice  of  rare  power  and 
attraction,  clear,  flowing,  melodious,  slightly  plain- 
tive, so  as  curiously  to  catch  and  win  upon  the 
hearer's  sympathy.  Its  melody  and  pathos  in  the 
reading  of  a  hymn  was  alone  a  charm  that  might 
bring  men  to  the  listening,  like  the  attraction  of 
sweet  music.  Often,  too,  when  signs  of  physical 
frailty  were  apparent,  it  might  be  said  that  his 
speech  was  watched  and  waited  for  with  that  sort 
of  hush  as  if  one  was  waiting  to  catch  his  last 
earthly  words."  Numerous  writings  of  Dr.  Chan- 
ning were  published  singly,  which  were  gathered 
shortly  before  his  death  (5  vols.,  Boston,  1841),  to 
which  a  sixth  volume  was  added  subsequently,  and 
also,  in  1872,  a  volume  of  selected  sermons  entitled 
"  The  Perfect  Life."  All  are  included  in  a  single 
volume  published  by  the  American  Unitarian  as- 
sociation (Boston).  A  biography  was  prepared  by 
his  nephew,  W.  H.  Channing  (3  vols.,  Boston,  1848). 
Translations  of  Channing's  writings  "  have  been, 
either  wholly  or  in  part,  published  in  the  Ger- 
man, French,  Italian,  Hungarian,  Icelandic,  and 
Russian  languages."  While  in  America  he  is  best 
known  as  a  theologian  and  preacher,  his  influence 
abroad  is  said  to  be  chiefly  as  a  writer  on  subjects 
of  social  ethics. — His  brother,  Walter,  physician, 
b.  in  Newport,  R.  I.,  15  April,  1786 ;  d.  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  27  July,  1876.  entered  Harvard  in  1804,  but 
left  in  1807  on  account  of  the  "  rebellion  "  of  that 
year,  and  afterward  I'eceived  his  degree  out  of 
course.  After  studying  medicine  in  Boston  and 
Philadelphia,  he  received  his  diploma  from  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  and  then  studied  in 
Edinburgh,  and  at  Guy's  and  St.  Thomas's  hospi- 


i578 


CHANNING 


CHANNING 


tals  in  London.  He  began  to  practise  in  Boston 
in  1812,  and  in  the  same  year  became  lecturer  on 
obstetrics  at  Harvard.  He  was  appointed  in  1815 
to  fill  the  new  chair  of  obstetrics  and  medical  ju- 
risprudence, and  held  it  till  his  resignation  in  1854. 
He  became,  in  1821,  Dr.  James  Jackson's  assistant 
as  physician  of  the  newly  established  Massachusetts 
general  hospital,  and  continued  there  for  nearly 
twenty  years.  He  published  "  Address  on  the  Pre- 
vention of  Pauperism  "  (1843) ;  a  "  Treatise  on 
Etherization  in  Childbirth,  illustrated  by  581 
Cases,"  which  attracted  much  attention  both  here 
and  abroad,  and  had  a  marked  effect  on  that 
branch  of  medical  science  (Boston,  1848) ;  "  Pro- 
fessional Reminiscences  of  Foreign  Travel,"  "  New 
and  Old,"  and  "Miscellaneous  Poems"  (1851);  "A 
Physician's  Vacation,  or  a  Summer  in  Europe " 
(1856);  " Reformation  of  Medical  Science"  (1857); 
and  has  contributed  largely  to  periodical  literature. 
— Another  brother,  Edward  Tyrrel,  educator,  b. 
in  Newport,  R.  I.,  12  Dec,  1790;  d.  in  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  8  Feb.,  1856.  He  studied  at  Harvard,  but, 
like  his  brother  Walter,  became  involved  in  the 
college  rebellion  of  1807,  and  was  not  graduated 
with  his  class,  but  afterward  received  his  degree. 
He  subsequently  opened  a  law-office  in  Boston,  but 
gave  his  attention  chiefly  to  literature,  and  was  a 
member  of  the  club  of  young  men  who,  in  the  win- 
ter of  1814-'5,  projected  a  bimonthly  magazine, 
whose  chief  managers  were  to  be  Pres.  Kirkland, 
Jared  Sparks,  George  Ticknor,  Mr.  Channing, 
Richard  Henry  Dana,  and  John  Gallison.  About 
this  time  William  Tudor  returned  from  Europe 
with  a  matured  plan  for  a  quarterly  review,  and, 
the  two  projects  having  been  united,  the  first  num- 
ber of  the  "  North  American  Review  "  appeared  in 
May,  1815.  Mr.  Channing  succeeded  Jared  Sparks 
as  its  editor  in  1818,  and  conducted  it  with  the  aid 
of  his  cousin,  R.  H.  Dana,  till  October,  1819,  when 
he  was  appointed  Boylston  professor  of  rhetoric 
and  oratory  in  Harvard.  This  post  he  held  till 
1851,  and  during  that  time  had  great  influence 
over  the  literary  taste  of  the  students,  giving  di- 
rection to  the  reading  of  an  entire  generation  of 
prominent  men  in  all  departments  of  thought. 
He  continued  to  be  one  of  the  foremost  contribu- 
tors to  the  "North  American  Review"  till  his 
death.  His  style  was  much  admired  for  its 
strength  and  purity;  his  taste  was  severe  and 
critical,  and  he  was  a  brilliant  conversationalist. 
He  published  a  life  of  his  grandfather,  William 
Ellery,  in  Sparks's  "  American  Biographies,"  and 
a  volume  of  lectui'es  on  rhetoric  and  oratoiy,  given 
to  the  senior  class  at  Harvard,  appeared  after  his 
death,  with  a  memoir  by  R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.  (Boston, 
1856). — William  EUery's  son,  William  Francis, 
physician,  b.  in  Boston,  Mass.,  22  Feb.,  1820,  stud- 
ied at  Harvard,  but,  determining  to  follow  medi- 
cine, was  graduated  in  that  department  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania  in  1844.  During  1841-2 
he  was  assistant  on  the  flrst  geological  survey  of 
New  Hampshire,  and  in  1847  served  in  a  similar 
capacity  to  the  survey  of  the  copper  region  of 
Lake  Superior.  From  1842  till  1843  he  was  asso- 
ciated with  Dr.  Henry  I.  Bowditeh  in  the  editor- 
ship of  '•  The  Latimer  Journal "  in  Boston.  Dr. 
Channing  has  devoted  considerable  attention  to 
inventing,  and  he  was  connected  with  Moses  G. 
Farmer  in  the  perfecting  of  the  American  fire- 
alarm  telegraph  from  1845  till  1851,  and  the  pro- 
cess patented  in  1857  is  now  in  general  use.  In  1865 
he  patented  a  ship-railway  for  the  inter-oceanic 
transit  of  ships,  and  in  1877  invented  a  portable  elec- 
tro-magnetic telephone.  He  has  contributed  vari- 
ous articles  to  the  "  American  Journal  of  Science," 


and  has  published,  with  Prof.  John  Bacon,  Jr., 
"Davis's  Manual  of  Magnetism  "  (Boston,  1841); 
"  Notes  on  the  Medical  Application  of  Electricity" 
(1849)  ;  and  "  The  American  Fire-alarm  Tele- 
graph," a  lecture  delivered  before  the  Smithsonian 
institution  (1855).— William  Ellery's  nephew,  Will- 
iam Henry,  clergyman,  son  of  Francis  Dana  Chan- 
ning, b.  in  Boston,  25  May,  1810  ;  d.  in  London,  23 
Dec,  1884,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1829,  and 
at  the  divinity-school  in  1833.  He  was  settled  as 
Unitarian  minister  in  Cincinnati  in  1839,  and  be- 
came warmly  interested  in  the  schemes  of  Fourier 
and  others  for  social  reorganization.  He  removed 
to  Boston  about  1847,  afterward  to  Rochester  and 
to  New  York,  where,  both  as  preacher  and  editor, 
he  became  a  leader  in  a  movement  of  Christian  so- 
cialism, while  he  tended  toward  a  very  elevated 
and  somewhat  mystical  interpretation  of  the  lib- 
eral theology  of  his  day.  In  opinion  he  was  prob- 
ably more  rationalistic  than  his  uncle,  the  editing 
of  whose  life  and  correspondence  (1848)  made  his 
chief  literary  task,  but  was  even  more  rapt  and 
fervent  in  his  pulpit  exercises.  These,  on  princi- 
ple, he  always  conducted  without  notes,  to  which 
practice  may  be  ascribed,  in  part,  not  only  an  elo- 
quence of  singular  spontaneity  and  power,  but  a 
style  that  frequently  became  rather  rhapsody  than 
argument.  As  a  platform-speaker,  on  the  numer- 
ous occasions  which  (about  1840-'50)  created  a  new 
era  in  American  oratory,  his  eloquence  has  never 
been  surpassed.  He  was  also  a  frequent  contribu- 
tor to  public  journals,  representing  different  phases 
of  the  intellectual  or  social  interests  he  had  at 
heart,  including  the  "  Present,"  which  was  his  per- 
sonal organ  of  communication  with  the  public. 
Besides  the  memoir  of  his  uncle,  he  published  a 
translation  of  Jouffroy's  "  Ethics  "  and  a  memoir 
of  his  cousin,  James  H.  Perkins,  of  Cincinnati,  and 
was  chief  editor  of  the  memoirs  of  Margaret  Fuller 
d'Ossoli  (Boston,  1852).  During  a  stay  in  England, 
about  1854,  he  became  greatly  distinguished  and 
admired  as  a  preacher,  and  in  1857  was  established 
as  successor  to  Rev.  James  Martineau  in  the  min- 
istry of  Hope  street  chapel,  Liverpool.  In  1862, 
being  powerfully  drawn  to  America  by  the  civil 
war,  in  which  the  fate  of  southern  slavery  was  then 
clearly  seen  to  be  involved,  he  accepted  the  charge 
of  the  Unitarian  church  in  Washington,  D.  C,  and 
afterward,  when  the  church  building  was  offered 
and  employed  as  a  military  hospital,  he  was  chosen 
chaplain  of  the  house,  in  which  capacity  he  served 
about  two  years.  After  the  war  his  life  was  chiefly 
spent  in  England,  his  last  visit  in  America  being 
in  1880,  the  centenary  of  his  uncle's  birth.  Mr. 
Channing  was  a  singularly  fervid  and  consistent 
idealist,  with  a  buoyant  hopefulness  of  tempera- 
ment, a  sympathetic  sweetness  and  warmth  of  dis- 
position, and  a  native  piety,  which  class  him  rather 
among  saints  or  mystics  than  with  the  active 
agents  of  practical  reform ;  yet  nothing  could  be 
more  definite,  or,  in  his  own  view,  more  practical, 
than  the  specific  objects  for  which  he  labored. 
The  sti'ongest  personal  impression  of  himself,  ex- 
cept with  those  who  were  close  and  near  friends  in 
his  earlier  life,  he  has  probably  left  in  England. 
His  only  son,  who  had  a  distinguished  record  at 
Oxford,  is  a  member  of  parliament.  His  elder 
daughter,  now  dead,  was  the  wife  of  Sir  Edwin 
Arnold,  the  poet.  His  life  has  been  written  by 
Octavius  B.  Frothingham  (Boston,  1886). — Wai- 
ter's son,  William  Ellery,  author,  b.  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  10  June,  1818,  was  educated  in  Round 
Hill  school,  Northampton,  at  the  Boston  Latin- 
school,  where  he  had  Charles  Sumner  for  an  in- 
structor, and  at  Harvard,  but  was  not  graduated. 


CHAPAIS 


CHAPIN 


579 


He  went  to  Illinois  in  1839,  and,  after  living  for 
eighteen  months  in  a  log  hnt  bnilt  by  himself  on  a 
prairie,  he  removed  to  Cincinnati,  where  he  was 
for  a  short  time  connected  with  the  "  Gazette." 
He  returned  to  Massachusetts  in  1843,  married  a 
sister  of  Margaret  Fuller,  and  settled  in  Concord, 
Mass,  He  was  on  the  editorial  staff  of  the  New 
York  " Tribune  "  in  1844-5,  and  in  1855-6  was 
one  of  the  editors  of  the  New  Bedford  *'  Mercury." 
He  began  in  1836  to  write  verses  for  the  Boston 
"  Journal,"  in  which  he  also  published  a  series  of 
essays  on  Shakespeare.  His  contributions  to  the 
'■  Dial,"  in  1841-4,  include  an  unfinished  series  of 
psychological  essays,  called  "  The  Youth  of  the 
Poet  and  Painter."  He  has  published  five  volumes 
of  poems  (1843-7) ; "  The  Woodman  "  (Boston,  1849) ; 
"  Near  Home  "  (1858) ;  and  "  The  Wanderer  "  (1872). 
He  has  also  written  two  volumes  of  prose,  "  Conver- 
sations in  Rome  between  an  Artist,  a  Catholic,  and 
a  Critic  "  (Boston,  1847) ;  and  "  Thoreau,  the  Poet 
Naturalist "  (1873). — Edward,  the  son  of  William 
Ellery  Channing,  the  younger,  b.  in  Dorchester 
(now  Boston),  15  June,  1856,  was  graduated  at  Har- 
vard in  1878.  In  1883  he  was  appointed  instructor 
in  history  in  Harvard  college.  He  is  the  author  of 
the  following  books :  "  Town  and  County  Govern- 
ment in  the  English  Colonies  of  North  America  " 
(Baltimore,  1884);  "  Narragansett  Planters"  (Bal- 
timore. 1886) ;  and  the  article  "  Companions  of  Co- 
lumbus "  in  Justin  Winsor's  "  Narrative  and  Criti- 
cal History  of  America."  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Massachusetts  historical  society,  of  the  American 
antiquarian  society,  and  of  the  Military  historical 
society  of  Massachusetts. 

CHAPAIS,  Jean  Charles,  Canadian  statesman, 
b.  in  Riviere  Quelle,  Canada  East,  about  1825.  He 
was  educated  at  Nicolet  college,  is  a  merchant,  and 
was  a  member  of  the  executive  council  and  com- 
missioner of  public  works  in  Canada  from  March, 
1864,  until  the  union  in  1867.  He  was  sworn  of 
the  privy  council,  1  July,  1867,  and  was  minister 
of  agriculture  from  that  date  until  16  Nov.,  1870, 
when  he  became  receiver-general,  which  office  he 
resigned  in  1873.  He  has  been  a  government  di- 
rector of  the  Grand  Trunk  railway,  and  represent- 
ed several  constituencies  in  the  legislature  of  Que- 
bec. He  is  a  conservative,  and  was  called  to  the 
senate  on  13  Jan.,  1868. 

CHAPIN,  Aaron  Lncius,  educator,  b.  in  Hart- 
ford, 6  Feb.,  1817;  d.  in  Beloit,  Wis.,  22  Feb.,  1892. 
He  was  graduated  at  Yale  and  at  Union  theologi- 
cal seminary.  He  was  professor  in  the  New  York 
institution  for  deaf-mutes  from  1838  till  1843,  and 
pastor  of  the  1st  Presbyterian  church  in  Milwau- 
kee from  1843  till  1849.  when  he  was  elected  the  first 
president  of  Beloit  college,  which  he  retained  from 
that  date  imtil  1886,  when  he  resigned.  He  was 
for  a  number  of  years  one  of  the  editors  of  the 
"  Congregational  Review,"  and  published  a  work, 
"  First  Principles  of  Political  Economy,"  in  1880. 

CHAPIN,  Alonzo  Bowen,  clergyman,  b.  in 
Somers,  Conn.,  10  March,  1808 ;  d.  in  Hartford,  9 
July,  1858.  Re  left  the  study  of  theology  for  the 
]%vf,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1831,  and  estab- 
lished himself  at  Wallingford.  He  edited  the 
"  Chronicle  of  the  Church,"  an  Episcopal  paper  at 
New  Haven,  for  eight  years,  and,  resuming  his 
theological  studies,  was  ordained  in  1838 ;  was  rec- 
tor of  Christ  church.  West  Haven,  until  1850,  and 
of  St.  Luke's,  Glastenbury,  until  1855,  when  he  re- 
moved to  Hartford  and  edited  the  "Calendar." 
Dr.  Chapin  is  the  author  of  a  "  Classical  Spelling- 
Book  " ;  "A  View  of  the  Organization  and  Order 
of  the  Primitive  Church"  (1845);  "Views  of  Gos- 
pel Truth  " ;  "  Glastenbury  for  200  Years  "  (1853) ; 


"  Puritanism  not  Protestantism  "  (1847).  He  also 
contributed  to  the  "  Knickerbocker,"  "  Christian 
Spectator,"  "American  Quarterly  Review,"  "  Church 
Review,"  and  "  New  York  Review." 

CHAPIN,  Edwin  Hnbbell,  clergyman,  b.  in 
Union  Village,  Washington  co.,  N.  Y.,  29  Dec. 
1814 ;  d.  in  New  York  city,  27  Dec,  1880.  He  re- 
ceived his  early  training  at  the  Bennington,  Vt., 
seminary,  his  parents  having  removed  to  that  town, 
and.  after  com- 
pleting the  semi- 
nary course, 
studied  law  in 
Troy,  N.  Y.,  but 
soon  went  to  Uti- 
ca  and  became 
editor  of  "  The 
Magazine  and 
Advocate,"  a  pe- 
riodical devoted 
to  the  interests 
of  Universalism. 
About  the  same 
time  he  deter- 
mined to  study 
for  the  minis- 
try, and  was  or- 
dained in  1837. 

His  first  pastoral  duties  were  in  Richmond,  Va., 
where  he  remained  for  three  years,  and  then  removed 
to  Charlestown,  Mass.  After  six  years  spent  there, 
he  was  invited  to  take  charge  of  the  School  street 
Universalist  church  in  Boston,  as  the  colleague  of 
the  venerable  Hosea  Ballon.  In  1848  he  accepted 
an  invitation  from  tlie  4th  Universalist  church  of 
New  York  city,  then  situated  near  City  Hall  park. 
His  preaching  proved  so  attractive  that  a  larger 
building  became  necessary,  and  within  four  years 
two  changes  were  made  to  more  spacious  quarters. 
In  1850  Dr.  Chapin  went  to  Europe  as  a  delegate 
to  the  peace  congress  at  Frankfort-on-the-Main. 
In  the  period  preceding  the  civil  war  he  was  con- 
spicuous among  the  opponents  of  negro  slavery, 
and  during  its  continuance  lent  his  great  influence 
to  the  support  of  the  government.  At  the  close  of 
the  war,  when  the  flags  of  the  New  York  regi- 
ments were  delivered  to  the  keeping  of  the  state, 
Dr.  Chapin  was  appointed  orator  for  the  occasion, 
and  made  an  address  of  remarkable  power  and  elo- 
quence. In  1866  his  congregation  removed  to  the 
"  Church  of  the  Divine  Paternity,"  45th  street  and 
5th  avenue.  New  York  city,  where  it  has  since  re- 
mained. Dr.  Chapin  had  long  been  one  of  the  most 
prominent  of  metropolitan  preachers,  and  the  new 
church  became  one  of  the  points  to  which  throngs 
of  church-goers — and,  which  is  more  important, 
throngs  of  non-church-goers — resorted  whenever  it 
was  known  that  the  pastor  would  speak.  Although 
he  was  zealous  and  diligent  in  his  church  duties, 
he  was  among  the  most  popular  of  public  lectur- 
ers, and,  while  his  health  permitted,  his  services 
were  constantly  in  demand.  He  was  not  a  pro- 
found student  in  the  scholarly  acceptation  of  the 
term,  but  as  a  student  and  interpreter  of  human 
nature,  in  its  relations  to  the  great  questions  of  the 
time,  he  had  few  superiors.  His  denominational 
religious  associations  were  with  the  Universalists ; 
but  his  sympathies  were  of  the  broadest  character, 
and  he  numbered  among  his  personal  friends 
many  of  the  staimchest  advocates  of  orthodoxy, 
who  could  not  but  admire  his  eloquence,  however 
much  they  may  have  dissented  from  his  religious 
teaching.  In  creeds  Dr.  Chapin  did  not  believe; 
but  he  preached  a  wise  conduct  in  life,  and  in- 
cluded in  the  range  of   his  pulpit  themes  everj 


580 


CHAPIN 


CHAPLIN 


topic,  social  or  political,  that  affects  the  well-being 
of  mankind.  In  1856  he  received  the  degree  of 
S.  T.  D.  from  Harvard,  and  in  1878  that  of  LL.  D. 
from  Tufts.  He  was  a  trustee  of  Bellevue  medical 
college  and  hospital  and  a  member  of  many  so- 
cieties. The  Cliapin  Home  for  aged  and  indigent 
men  and  women,  named  in  his  honor,  remains  a 
monument  to  his  memory.  In  1872  he  succeeded 
Dr.  Emerson  as  editor  of  the  "  Christian  Leader." 
The  closing  years  of  his  life  were  marked  by  failing 
physical  powers,  though  his  mind  was  as  brilliant 
as  ever.  He  travelled  in  Europe,  but  was  unable 
to  regain  his  wonted  vigor,  and  for  a  long  time 
before  his  death  he  suffered  from  nervous  depres- 
sion that  no  doubt  hastened  the  end.  Most  of  his 
sermons  and  lectures  were  collected  and  published 
in  book  form.  The  titles  are  "  Hours  of  Com- 
munion" (New  York,  1844);  "Discourses  on  the 
Lord's  Prayer "  (1850) ;  "  Characters  in  the  Gos- 
pels "  (1852) ;  "  Moral  Aspects  of  City  Life  "  (1853) ; 
*'  Discourses  on  the  Beatitudes  "  (1853) ;  "  True 
Manliness  "  (New  York,  1854) ;  "  Duties  of  Young 
Men"  (1855);  "The  Crown  of  Thorns— a  Token 
for  the  Suffering,"  probably  the  most  widely  read 
of  his  books  (18G0) ;  "  Living  Words "  (Boston, 
1861);  "  The  Gathering  " — memorial  of  a  meeting 
of  the  Chapin  family  (Springfield,  Mass.,  1862) ; 
"  Humanity  in  the  City  " ;  "  Providence  and  Life  " ; 
and  "  Discourses  on  the  Book  of  Proverbs."  With 
John  G.  Adams  as  his  associate,  he  compiled 
"Hymns  for  Christian  Devotion"  (1870). 

CHAPIN,  Henry,  lawyer,  b.  in  Upton,  Mass. 
13  May,  1811  ;  d.  in  Worcester,  Mass.,  13  Oct., 
1878.  He  was  graduated  at  Brown  in  1835,  and  at 
Harvard  law-school  in  1838,  after  which  he  was 
admitted  to  the  bar.  From  1838  till  1846  he  prac- 
tised in  Uxbridge,  Mass.,  and  then  in  Worcester, 
where  he  became  a  partner  of  Rejoice  Newton. 
He  took  an  active  interest  in  politics,  and  rep- 
resented Uxbridge  in  the  state  legislature  during 
1845.  In  1849-'50  he  was  mayor  of  Worcester,  and 
in  1853  a  member  of  the  constitutional  convention. 
He  became  a  commissioner  under  the  "personal 
liberty  law  "  in  1855,  later  a  commissioner  of  in- 
solvency, and  in  1858  was  appointed  judge  of  the 
court  of  probate  and  insolvency.  For  many  years 
he  was  a  member  of  the  State  board  of  education, 
also  one  of  the  trustees  of  the  State  lunatic  asylum 
in  Worcester,  and  a  director  of  the  City  national 
bank.  He  was  president  of  the  American  Unita- 
rian association  during  several  terms,  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  council  of  the  national  conference. 

CHAPIN,  Stephen,  clergyman,  b.  in  Milford, 
Mass.,  4  Nov.,  1778;  d.  1  bet.,  1845.  He  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1804,  and  studied  theolo- 
gy with  the  Rev.  Nathaniel  Emmons,  Franklin, 
Mass.  He  was  ordained  as  a  Congregational  min- 
ister in  1805,  but  subsequently  changed  his  views 
on  the  mode  and  subjects  of  baptism  and  entered 
the  Baptist  ministry,  at  North  Yarmouth,  Me.,  in 
1819.  In  1822  he  accepted  the  professorship  of 
theology  in  Waterville  (now  Colby  university),  Me. 
In  1828  he  was  called  to  the  presidency  of  Colum- 
bian college,  Washington,  D.  C,  an  office  which 
he  held  until  1841,  when  he  retired  on  accovmt  of 
declining  health.  In  Washington,  Dr.  Chapin  was 
intimately  associated  with  many  of  the  distin- 
guished statesmen  of  his  day.  A  few  published 
sermons,  tracts,  and  essays  are  all  that  remain  to 
show  his  ability  and  culture.  Among  these  are 
"  Letters  on  the  Mode  and  Subjects  of  Baptism  " ; 
"  The  Duty  of  Living  for  the  Good  of  Posterity  "  ; 
a  discourse  in  connnemoration  of  the  second  cen- 
tennial of  the  landing  of  the  forefathers  of  New 
England ;  "  An  Inaugural  Address,"  which  he  de- 


livered as  president  of  Columbian  college ;  and  a 
letter  to  President  Van  Buren  "  On  tlie  Proper 
Disposition  of  the  Smithsonian  Bequest."  He  had 
received  the  degree  of  I).  D. 

CHAPLEAU,  Joseph  Adolphe,  Canadian 
statesman,  b.  in  Terrebonne.  Quebec,  9  Nov.,  1840; 
d.  in  Montreal,  13  June,  1898.  On  leaving  college 
at  Terrebonne,  he  went  to  Montreal,  and  was  one 
of  the  brilliant  young  men  of  the  period.  He 
became  private  secretary  to  D.  B.  Vigor,  a  promi- 
nent Lower  Canada  statesman,  and  afterward 
founded  a  newspaper  in  Montreal  called  the  "  Colo- 
nisateur."  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  of  Lower 
Canada  in  1861,  and  rapidly  distinguished  himself 
in  the  criminal  courts.  He  has  always  remained 
a  staunch  adherent  of  the  conservative  party. 
The  question  of  Canadian  confederation  caused 
many  of  the  young  members  of  the  party  to  "  bolt " ; 
but  Chapleau  became  a  strong  advocate  of  confed- 
eration. In  1867  he  set  out  for  his  native  county 
of  Terrebonne,  with  only  ten  shillings  in  his  pocket, 
to  contest  the  representation  of  the  county  in  the 
first  legislature  of  the  province  of  Quebec.  His  friend 
and  political  leader,  Sir  George  Cartier,  supported 
his  opponent,  fearing  that  "  Chapleau  would  be 
spoiled  "  by  a  victory.  Yet  Chapleau  by  his  elo- 
quence carried  the  county.  As  an  orator  he  has 
no  equal  among  French-Canadians ;  and  on  the 
occasion  of  a  banquet  given  to  him  by  the  mer- 
chants of  Bordeaux,  France,  his  oratory  was  de- 
clared by  French  critics  to  be  equal  to  that  of 
Gambetta  in  his  best  days.  He  became  Queen's 
counsel  in  1873,  and  in  1874  achieved  some  celeb- 
rity as  counsel  for  the  rebels  Lepine  and  Nault, 
Louis  Riel's  associates,  charged  with  the  murder 
of  Scott.  In  1873  he  was  appointed  solicitor-gen- 
eral in  Mr.  Ouimet's  cabinet.  During  the  provin- 
cial elections  of  1875  he  was  deputed  as  the  cham- 
pion speaker  of  the  conservatives,  to  meet  the 
liberal  leadei",  Mr.  Joly,  in  a  meeting  at  St.  Croix, 
and  achieved  such  success  that  he  was  immediate- 
ly called  into  the  De  Boucherville  ministry  as  pro- 
vincial secretary  and  registrar.  When  the  govern- 
ment was  dismissed  by  Lieut.-Gov.  Luc  Letellier 
De  St.  Just  in  1878,  and  Mr.  Auger,  the  conserva- 
tive leader,  was  defeated  at  the  subsequent  elec- 
tions, a  great  caucus  was  held  in  Montreal,  and 
Mr.  Chapleau  was  elected  leader  of  the  party.  He 
led  it  in  opposition  until  the  defeat  of  the  Joly 
government  in  1879,  when  he  became  premier  of 
Quebec  and  minister  of  agriculture  and  public 
works.  A  few  months  later  he  was  invited  to 
enter  the  Dominion  cabinet,  but  declined  on  the 
ground  that  the  party  was  not  strong  enough  in 
Quebec  for  him  to  leave  it.  In  1882  the  offer  was 
renewed,  and  the  party  being  stronger  in  Quebec, 
and  his  health  failing,  he  resigned  the  premiership, 
his  portfolio,  and  his  seat  in  the  Quebec  legisla- 
ture, to  enter  Sir  John  A.  Macdonald's  govern- 
ment. On  29  July,  1882,  he  was  sworn  of  the 
privy  council,  and  became  secretary  of  state  of 
Canada.  He  was  elected  to  the  house  of  commons 
for  the  coimty  of  Terrebonne  in  the  following 
month.  The  French-Canadian  conservatives  in  the 
Dominion  parliament  are  divided  into  two  sec- 
tions, the  ultraraontanes  in  religion,  commonly 
called  the  Castors,  following  Sir  Hector  Langevin, 
Mr.  Chapleau  is  the  leader  of  the  other  section. 
He  was  at  one  time  a  professor  of  criminal  juris- 
prudence, and  now  (1886)  holds  the  chair  of  inter- 
national law  in  Laval  university,  Montreal  section. 

CHAPLIN,  Ada  C,  author,  b.  in  Falmouth, 
Mass.,  25  Jan.,  1842 ;  d.  in  Mansfield,  Conn..  9  Dec, 
1883.  In  1860  she  married  the  Rev.  A.  J.  Chap- 
lin.    Her  published  works  include  "A  Mind  of 


CHAPLIN 


CHAPMAN 


581 


My  Own";  "Little  Nobody";  "Two  Half-Dol- 
lars  "  ;  "  Widow  Maynard's  Cow  " ;  "  Eight  Years 
Old  " ;  "  Annie  Lincoln's  Lesson  "  :  "  Little  Watch- 
man " ;  "  Edith's  Two  Account-Books  "  ;  "  Grace 
Harland  "  ;  "  Happy  New  Year  "  ;  "  Christ's  Ca- 
dets "  ;  and  "  Charity  Hurlburt." 

CHAPLIN,  Cliristiiie  (Mrs.  Brush),  artist,  b. 
in  Bangor,  Me.,  in  1842.  In  prosecuting  her  art 
studies,  she  spent  about  a  year  in  Europe,  where 
she  painted  with  Charles  Chaplin  and  Harpignies, 
of  Paris,  and  Bom  ford,  of  London.  Her  sjiecialty 
is  painting  wild-flowers  in  water-colors.  Her  pic- 
tures have  been  exhibited  at  the  water-color  so- 
ciety of  New  York,  in  Brooklyn,  and  at  the  Bos- 
ton art  club.  She  has  written  several  little  books 
of  verse,  illustrated  by  herself. 

CHAPLIN,  Jeremiah,  educator,  b.  in  Rowley 
(now  Georgetown),  Mass.,  2  Jan.,  177G;  d.  in  Ham- 
ilton, N.  Y.,  7  May,  1841.  He  worked  on  his  father's 
farm  till  he  was  nearly  of  age,  but  at  the  same 
time  prepared  for  college,  and  was  graduated  at 
Brown  in  1799.  After  spending  a  year  there  as 
tutor  he  studied  theology,  and  in  1802  became  pas- 
tor of  the  Baptist  church  in  Danvers,  Mass.  He 
resigned  this  charge  in  1817,  and  accepted  an  invi- 
tation to  become  principal  of  a  newly  established 
Baptist  literary  and  theological  seminary  at  Water- 
ville,  Me.  This  was  chartered  as  Waterville  col- 
lege in  1820  (now  Colby  university),  and  in  1821 
Dr.  Chaplin  became  its  first  president.  His  admin- 
istration was  wise  and  efficient,  and  laid  the  foun- 
dation for  the  prosperity  of  the  college.  He  re- 
signed his  office  in  1838,  returned  to  his  pastoral 
labors,  for  which  he  had  a  strong  preference,  and, 
after  preaching  in  Rowley,  Mass.,  and  Wilmington, 
Conn.,  went  to  live  in  Hamilton,  N.  Y.  Dr.  Chap- 
lin was  a  learned  theologian.  Though  he  held 
strictly  to  the  Calvinistic  doctrines,  his  manner  of 
stating  them  was  original.  He  published  a  small 
volume  entitled  "  The  Evening  of  Life  "  (new  eds., 
Boston,  1865  and  1871). — His  son,  Jeremiah,  b.  in 
Danvers,  Mass.,  in  1813 ;  d.  in  New  Utrecht,  N.  Y., 
5  March,  1886,  was  graduated  at  Waterville  in 
1833,  and,  after  holding  pastorates  in  Bangor,  Me., 
and  Newton  Centre,  Mass.,  engaged  in  literary 
pursuits  in  Boston.  He  published  "  The  Memo- 
rial Hour"  (Boston,  1864);  "Riches  of  Bunyan"; 
"  The  Hand  of  Jesus  "  (1869) ;  "  Life  of  Rev.  Dun- 
can Dunbar  "  ;  "  Life  of  Charles  Sumner  " ;  "  Life 
of  Franklin";  "Life  of  Galen";  and  "Life  of 
Henry  Dunster,  First  President  of  Harvard  Col- 
lege "  (Boston,  1872).  The  last-mentioned  work 
has  much  historical  value. — His  wife,  Jane  Dun- 
bar, author,  b.  in  Scotland,  11  Feb.,  1819  ;  d.  in 
Boston,  Mass.,  17  April,  1884,  came  to  the  United 
States  in  1821  with  her  father,  Duncan  Dunbar, 
who  was  for  many  years  a  Baptist  clergyman  in 
New  York  city.  She  was  educated  in  New  York, 
and  married  Dr.  Chaplin  in  1841.  Her  literary 
work  comprises  numerous  contributions  to  religious 
periodicals  and  the  following  Sunday-school  story- 
books :  "  The  Convent  and  the  Manse,"  "  The  Trans- 
planted Shamrock,"  "  Black  and  White,"  "  Kitty 
Foote,"  "  Morning  Gloom,"  "  The  Old  Gentleman 
and  His  Friends,"  "  Gems  of  the  Bog,"  "  Out  of 
the  Wilderness,"  "  Donald  McBride's  Lassie,"  and 
"Wee  Maggie  Forsvtlie." 

CHAPMAN,  Ahan  Wentworth.  botanist,  b. 
in  Southampton,  Mass.,  28  Sept.,  1809;  d.  in  Apa- 
lachicola,  Fla.,  6  April,  1899.  He  was  graduated 
at  Amherst,  and  then  studied  medicine  at  Savan- 
nah, Ga.,  until  1836,  after  which  he  practised 
at  Quincy  and  in  Jackson  county,  Fla.,  and  in 
1846  removed  to  Apalacliicola,  where  he  was  col- 
lector of  internal  revenue  in  186o-'6,  and  collector 


of  customs  from  1866  till  1869.  He  has  attained 
high  rank  as  a  botanist,  and  the  genus  "  Chapman- 
nia"  was  named  in  his  honor.  Dr.  Chapman  is 
the  author  of  "Flora  of  the  Southern  United 
States  "  (New  York,  1860). 

CHAPMAN,  George  H.,  soldier.  He  served 
during  the  civil  war  in  the  volunteer  army,  and 
was  appointed  a  brigadier-general  on  21  July, 
1864.  On  13  March,  1865,  he  received  the  brevet 
of  major-general,  and  was  mustered  out  of  service 
on  7  Jan..  1866. 

CHAPMAN,  George  Thomas,  clergyman,  b.  in 
Pilton,  Devonshire,  England,  21  Sept.,"l786;  d.  in 
Newburyport,  Mass.,  18  Oct.,  1872.  He  came  to 
the  United  States  in  1795,  and  was  graduated  at 
Dartmouth  in  1804.  Settling  in  Bucksport,  Me., 
he  practised  law  until  1815 ;  but  meanwhile  he 
studied  theology,  and  was  ordained  in  the  Episco- 
pal church  in  January,  1818,  From  1820  till  1830 
he  was  rector  of  Christ  church,  Lexington,  Ky., 
and  among  his  parishioners  was  Henry  Clay,  with 
whom  he  formed  a  life-long  friendship.  He  sub- 
sequently had  charge  of  parishes  in  Portland,  Me., 
Newark  and  Belleville,  N.  J.,  Pittsfield  and  New- 
buryport, Mass.  From  1825  till  1827,  while  in 
Lexington,  he  filled  the  chair  of  history  and  an- 
tiquities in  the  Transylvania  university,  from  which 
he  received  the  degree  of  D.  D.  in  1824.  Dr.  Chap- 
man published  "  Sermons  to  Presbyterians,"  "  Ser- 
mons on  Doctrines  of  the  Episcopal  Church  "  (1828 ; 
3d  ed.,  1844).  and  "  Sketches  of  the  Alumni  of 
Dartmouth  College"  (Cambridge,  1867). 

CHAPMAN.  John  Gadsby,  painter,  b.  in  Alex- 
andria, Va.,  in  1808 ;  d.  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  28  Nov., 
1889.  He  early  went  to  Italy  to  study,  and  on  his 
return  settled  in  New  York,  where  he  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  National  academy  in  1836.  He 
became  a  successful  etcher  and  wood-engraver, 
made  illustrations  for  many  books,  among  others 
Harpei''s  illustrated  Bible,  and  published  a  "Draw- 
ing-Book," which  has  passed  through  many  edi- 
tions in  this  country  and  in  England.  In  1848  he 
returned  to  Italy,  after  which  his  studio  was  in 
Rome.  He  visited  the  United  States  in  1859 
and  again  in  1878.  Mr.  Chapman  was  one  of  the 
three  survivors  among  the  original  members  of 
the  Sketch  club,  established  in  New  York  about 
1830,  the  others  being  a  sister  of  Robert  C.  Sands, 
and  Prof.  Robert  W.  Weir.  Among  his  works  in 
oil  are  "  Baptism  of  Pocahontas,"  in  the  capitol  at 
Washington,  "Etruscan  Girl,"  "Sunset  on  the 
Campagna,"  "  Vintage  Scene,"  "  Stone  Pines  in 
the  Barlierini  Valley,"  and  "Valley  of  Mexico." 

CHAPMAN,  Maria  Weston,"  reformer,  b.  in 
Weymouth,  Mass.,  in  1806 ;  d.  there  in  1885.  She 
was  a  daughter  of  Warren  Weston,  of  Weymouth. 
After  being  educated  in  her  native  town  and  in 
England,  she  was  principal  of  the  newly  estab- 
lished Young  ladies'  high-school  in  Boston  in 
1829-30.  She  was  married  in  1830,  and  in  1834 
became  an  active  abolitionist.  Her  husband  died 
in  1842,  and  in  1848  she  went  to  Paris,  France, 
where  she  aided  the  anti-slavery  cause  with  her 
pen.  She  returned  to  this  country  in  1856,  and  in 
1877  published  the  autobiography  of  her  intimate 
friend,  Harriet  Martineau. 

CHAPMAN,  Nathaniel,  physician,  b.  in  Sum- 
mer Hill,  Fairfax  co.,  Va.,  28 'May,  1780;  d.  in 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  1  July,  1853.  After  receiving 
an  excellent  classical  education  at  the  academy  in 
Alexandria,  Va.,  he  went  to  Philadelphia,  and  was 
graduated  at  the  medical  department  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania  in  1800.  While  a  student, 
he  attracted  the  notice  of  Dr.  Benjamin  Rush,  and 
became  one  of  his  private  pupils.     At  his  sugges- 


CHAPMAN 


CHARLEVOIX 


tion  Chapman  presented  an  inaugural  thesis  on 
hydrophobia  in  answer  to  an  attack  on  Dr.  Rush's 
favorite  theory  on  the  pathology  of  that  disease. 
Subsequently  he  went  abroad,  studying  for  a  year 
in  London  under  Dr.  Abernethy,  and  then  for  two 
years  in  the  University  of  Edinburgh.  He  returned 
"to  tlic  United  States  in  1804  and  began  practice  in 
Philadelphia,  where  he  soon  became  eminent.  In 
1810  he  assisted  Dr.  Thomas  C.  James,  then  pro- 
fessor of  midwifery,  and  three  years  later  he  be- 
came professor  of  materia  inedica  in  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania.  In  1816  he  was  elected  to  the 
chair  of  theory  and  practice  of  medicine,  which  he 
held  until  1850.  He  founded  the  medical  institute 
in  1817,  and  for  more  than  twenty  years  delivered 
a  summer  course  of  lectures  in  that  institution,  also 
for  many  years  gave  clinical  lectures  in  the  hospital 
of  the  Philadelphia  almshouse.  For  some  time  he 
was  president  of  the  Philadelphia  medical  society, 
president  of  the  American  philosophical  society 
(184r)-'8),  and  the  first  president  of  the  American 
medical  association.  In  1820  he  began  the  publi- 
cation of  "  The  Philadelphia  Journal  of  the  Medical 
and  Physical  Sciences,"  which  he  edited  for  several 
years.  Many  of  his  lectures  appeared  in  the  "  Medi- 
cal Examiner  "  of  Philadelphia  during  1838-'40, 
and  afterward  were  issued  in  book  form.  His  pub- 
lished works  include  "  Select  Speeches,  Forensic 
and  Parliamentary"  (Philadelphia,  1808);  "Ele- 
ments of  Therapeutics  and  Materia  Medica  "  (1828) ; 
"  Lectures  on  Eruptive  Fevers,  Haemorrhages,  and 
Dropsies,  and  on  Gout  and  Rheumatism  "  (1844) ; 
and  "  Lectures  on  the  Thoracic  Viscera."  A  com- 
pendium of  his  lectures  was  published  by  Dr.  N. 
D.  Benedict. — His  grandson,  Henry  CadWalader, 
physician,  b.  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  17  Aug.,  1845.  He 
was  graduated  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
in  1863,  and  at  the  medical  department  in  1867, 
after  which  he  spent  three  years  in  Europe.  He 
then  settled  in  Philadelphia,  was  for  some  time 
lecturer  on  anatomy  and  physiology  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania,  and  in  1877  became  lec- 
■turer  on  the  physiology  of  the  nervous  system  in 
Jefferson  medical  college.  He  is  curator  of  the 
Philadelphia  academy  of  natural  sciences,  and  a 
member  of  the  American  philosophical  society. 
To  the  proceedings  of  these  organizations  he  is 
a  frequent  contributor,  and  has  also  published  pa- 
pers in  the  "Medical  Times,"  and  also  "Evolution 
of  Life"  (Philadelphia,  1873),  and  "  History  of  the 
Discovery  of  the  Circulation  of  the  Blood  "  (1884). 

CHAPMAN,  Reuben,  governor  of  Alabama,  b. 
in  Randolph  co.,  Va.,  15  July,  1799;  d.  in  Hunts- 
ville,  Ala.,  17  May,  1882.  He  received  an  academic 
education  in  Virginia,  and  then  removed  to  Ala- 
bama, settling  in  Somerville,  Morgan  co.,  where  he 
practised  law.  For  many  years  he  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  state  legislature,  and  subsequently  was 
elected  as  a  democrat  to  congress,  serving  continu- 
ously from  7  Dec,  1835,  till  3  March,  1847.  He  was 
then  elected  governor  of  his  state,  and  held  that 
office  until  1849,  after  which  he  retired  to  private 
life  in  Huntsville.  But  for  many  years  he  contin- 
vied  to  be  consulted  on  all  matters  of  political  im- 
portance, and  was  a  delegate  to  the  national  demo- 
cratic conventions  of  Cincinnati  in  1856,  of  Charles- 
ton in  1860,  and  of  New  York  in  1868. 

CHAPMAN,  Reuben  Atwater,  jurist,  b.  in 
Russell,  Hampden  co.,  Mass.,  20  Sept.,  1801 ;  d.  at 
Fluellen,  Switzerland,  28  June,  1873.  He  was  a 
New  England  farmer's  son,  and  received  but  a 
limited  education.  At  the  age  of  nineteen  he  be- 
came a  clerk  in  a  country  store  in  Blanford,  where 
he  attracted  the  attention  of  a  lawyer,  who  invited 
him  to  become  a  student  in  his  office.     This  offer 


was  gratefully  accepted,  and  after  his  admission  to 
the  bar  he  practised  successively  in  Westfield,  Mon- 
son,  Ware,  and  Springfield.  Later  he  became  as- 
sociated with  George  Ashmun,  and  during  its 
twenty  years'  continuance  the  firm  of  Chapman  & 
Ashmun  was  among  the  most  successful  in  the 
state.  In  1860  he  was  appointed  an  associate  jus- 
tice of  the  supreme  judicial  court,  and  in  1868  was 
advanced  to  the  chief  justiceship.  He  received  the 
degrees  of  A,  M.  from  Williams  in  1836  and  from 
Amherst  in  1841,  and  LL.  D.  from  Amherst  in 
1861  and  from  Harvard  in  1864. 

CHAPMAN,  Robert  Hett,  educator,  b.  in 
Orange,  N.  J.,  2  March,  1771 ;  d.  in  Winchester, 
Va.,  18  June,  1833.  He  was  graduated  at  Prince- 
ton in  1789,  and,  after  studying  theology,  was 
licensed  by  the  presbytery  of  New  York  in  1793. 
From  1796  till  1799  he  was  pastor  in  Rahway,  N. 
J.,  and  from  1801  till  1812  preached  in  Cambridge, 
N.  Y.  He  then  became  president  of  the  University 
of  North  Carolina  at  Chapel  Hill,  where  he  re- 
mained until  1816,  after  which  he  officiated  vari- 
ously in  Virginia.  North  Carolina,  and  Tennessee. 

CHAPMAN,  Warren  Hosea,  physician,  b.  in 
Tolland,  Conn.,  5  May,  1821.  He  was  graduated 
at  Illinois  college,  Jacksonville,  in  1821,  after  which 
he  studied  medicine  and  settled  in  Peoria,  where  he 
became  eminent  in  his  profession.  Dr.  Chapman 
was  prominent  in  the  arrangements  that  led  to  the 
establishment  of  a  summer  school  of  science  in  Peo- 
ria, and  was  president  of  the  scientific  association 
under  whose  direction  the  school  was  formed.  He 
is  a  member  of  several  medical  and  scientific  socie- 
ties, to  whose  proceedings  he  has  contributed  valu- 
able papers.  Among  these  are  "  Geology  of  Peoria 
County,"  "  Chemistry  of  the  Rocks,"  and  "  Sys- 
tems of  Stratified  Rocks." 

CHAPMAN,  William,  soldier,  b.  in  St.  Johns, 
IMd..  22  Jan.,  1810.  He  was  graduated  at  the  U.  S. 
military  academy  in  1831,  and  promoted  to  lieuten- 
ant in  the  5th  infantry,  after  which  he  served  on 
frontier  duty  at  Fort  Mackinac,  ]\Iich.,  in  1831-'2, 
on  the  Black  Hawk  expedition  in  1832,  as  in- 
structor at  West  Point  in  1832-'3,  and  with  his 
regiment  at  various  posts  on  the  frontier  until 
1845.  In  1845-'6  he  was  in  Texas  during  the  mili- 
tary occupancy  of  that  country,  and  in  the  Mexican 
war  was  present  at  the  principal  engagements.  He 
received  the  brevet  rank  of  major  in  xVugust,  1847, 
and  that  of  lieutenant-colonel  in  September,  for 
gallant  conduct  during  the  war.  Subsequently  he 
again  served  on  garrison  duty  in  Texas  and  New 
Mexico,  becoming  major  of  the  2d  infantry  in  Feb- 
ruary, 1861.  During  the  civil  war  he  had  com- 
mand of  a  regiment  in  the  defences  of  Washington 
in  1862,  and  was  with  the  Army  of  the  Potomac 
during  the  peninsular  campaign,  being  engaged  in 
the  siege  of  Yorktown  and  at  Malvern  Hill,  and 
afterward  at  Manassas,  where  he  received  the  brevet 
of  colonel.  He  was  retired  from  active  service  in 
August,  1863,  with  the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel, 
and  assigned  to  the  command  of  the  draft  ren- 
dezvous at  Madison,  W^is. 

CHARLEVOIX,  Pierre  Francois  Xavierde, 
French  traveller,  b.  in  Saint-Quentin,  29  Oct.,  1682 ; 
d.  in  La  Fleche,  1  Feb.,  1761.  He  entered  the 
Jesuit  society  in  1698,  and  while  a  scholar  was  sent 
to  Quebec  in  1705,  and  during  the  four  years  fol- 
lowing his  arrival  taught  in  the  college  in  that 
place.  After  completing  his  divinity  studies,  he 
became  a  professor  of  belles-lettres  in  France,  pub- 
lished a  history  of  Christianity  in  Japan,  and  re- 
turned to  Canada  in  1720.  For  some  time  after  his 
arrival  he  was  at  Sault  St.  Louis.  Then  he  ascend- 
ed the  St.  Lawrence,  and,  reaching  the  Mississippi  by 


CHARLTON 


CHASE 


583 


A^.ic.  £c^>iWt2-<^^^ 


Wtay  of  the  Illinois,  descended  the  river  to  New 
Orleans,  thence  proceeding  to  France  by  way  of 
Santo  Domingo,  after  an  absence  of  two  years.  He 
published,  in  1724,  a  "  Vie  de  la  mere  Marie  de 
I'Incarnation,"  first  superior  of  the  Ursulines  at 

Quebec.  From 
1733  till  1755  he 
was  one  of  the 
directors  of  the 
"  Journal  de  Tre- 
voux."  His  pub- 
lished works  in- 
clude "  Histoire 
ct  description  du 
Japon "  (Rouen, 
1715,  3  vols. ;  re- 
vised edit.,  Paris, 
1736,  9  vols.,  and 
1754,  6  vols.); 
*'  Histoire  de  Tile 
Espagnole  ou  de 
Saint  Donungue  " 
(Paris,  1730.  2 
vols.,  with  illus- 
trations ;  revised 
edit.,  Amsterdam,  1733,  4  vols.,  with  charts  and  il- 
lustrations), for  which  he  was  furnished  the  mate- 
rials by  the  Jesuit  lepers  who  had  lived  upward  of 
twenty-five  years  in  Santo  Domingo;  "Histoire  et 
description  de  la  Nouvelle  France"  (Paris,  1744,  6 
vols.,  with  charts  and  illustrations).  The  two  latter 
volumes  contained  the  journal  that  he  wrote  while 
in  America.  It  was  translated  into  English  (Lon- 
don. 1769).  Another  edition  in  English  was  pub- 
lished by  John  Gilmary  Shea  (New  York,  6  vols., 
1865-73).  The  last  work  written  by  Charlevoix 
was  "  Histoire  du  Paraguay"  (1756). 

CHARLTON,  Robert  Milledge,  b.  in  Savan- 
nah, Ga..  19  Jan.,  1807 ;  d.  there,  18  Jan.,  1854.  He 
was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  was  subsequently  ap- 
pointed U.  S.  district  attorney  by  President  Jackson. 
In  1834  he  was  appointed,  and  afterward  elected, 
judge  of  the  supreme  court  for  the  eastern  district 
of  (jeorgia.  He  was  U.  S.  senator  in  1852-'3,  and 
was  twice  elected  mayor  of  Savannah.  In  1839  he 
published  a  volume  of  poems,  including  those  of  a 
deceased  brother.  The  best  known  of  his  writings 
was  "  Leaves  from  the  Portfolio  of  a  Georgia  Law- 
yer."    He  was  distinguished  as  an  orator. 

CHARNISE,  Auliiay  de,  Charles  de  Menou, 
Seigneur  d',  French  proprietor  in  Acadia,  b.  in 
Vannes,  France,  in  1605 ;  drowned  24  May,  1650. 
In  1632  he  accompanied  Razilly.  who  had  been  se- 
lected by  the  government  to  restore  to  France  her 
Acadian  possessions.  Razilly  brought  with  him 
forty  families  and  settled  at  Le  Have,  on  the  south- 
ern coast  of  the  island,  dispossessing  a  Scotchman 
who  was  too  weak  to  resist.  In  1635  Charnise 
went  as  Razilly's  lieutenant  to  Penobscot  river 
and  despoiled  the  fort  held  by  the  Plymouth  peo- 
ple. He  gave  the  men  that  had  charge  of  the  fort 
their  liberty,  but  bade  them  tell  their  people  at  the 
English  plantations  that  he  would  come  the  next 
year  and  displace  them  as  far  south  as  the  40th 
degree  of  north  latitude.  He  then  took  full  pos- 
session of  the  place,  and  strengthened  the  defences. 
The  Plymouth  people  manned  a  vessel,  and  went 
to  Penobscot  to  drive  out  the  French,  whom  they 
found  only  eighteen  in  number,  but  strongly  in- 
trenched. Charnise  permitted  them  to  expend  all 
their  ammunition,  and  then  go  home.  In  1636 
Razilly  suddenly  died,  and,  altliough  his  property 
and  territorial  rights  passed  to  the  possession  of 
his  brother  Claude,  Charnise,  being  a  relative, 
gained  control.      He  went  immediately  to   Port 


Royal,  erected  a  new  fort,  removed  the  Le  Have 
colonists,  and  sent  to  France  for  twenty  additional 
families,  making  Port  Royal  the  principal  settle- 
ment in  Acadia,  which  at  that  time  embraced  not 
only  Nova  Scotia,  but  a  portion  of  New  Brunswick, 
extending  as  far  west  as  the  Penobscot.  At  the 
mouth  of  the  St.  John  was  a  fort  commanded  by 
Le  Tour,  who  held  a  commission  precisely  similar 
to  Charnise's.  Accusations  and  complaints  were 
preferred,  and  Charnise,  by  reason  of  superior  ad- 
vantages at  court,  obtained  an  order  from  the 
king,  13  Feb.,  1641,  for  arresting  Le  Tour  and 
sending  him  to  France.  But  the  military  forces  of 
the  two  rivals  were  almost  equal.  Charnise  could 
not  dispossess  Le  Tour,  and  was  obliged  to  send 
back  the  ship  that  brought  the  order,  with  Le 
Tour's  refusal  instead  of  his  body.  In  the  early 
winter  of  1641  Charnise  returned  to  France  to 
obtain  additional  power,  and  Le  Tour  sought  the 
aid  of  his  New  England  neighbors.  As  a  result  of 
negotiations  with  the  New  Englanil  governor,  a 
body  of  Boston  merchants  made  a  visit  to  Fort  La 
Tour  for  purposes  of  trade,  and  while  at  sea,  on 
their  return,  met  Charnise  himself,  who  informed 
them  that  Le  Tour  was  a  rebel,  and  showed  them 
a  confirmation  of  the  order  issued  the  year  before 
for  his  arrest.  With  500  men  in  armed  ships, 
Charnise  laid  siege  to  Fort  La  Tour :  but  aid  came 
from  New  England,  and  he  was  driven  away.  At 
a  later  date,  learning  that  Le  Tour  had  taken  a 
journey  to  Quebec,  he  again  laid  siege  to  the  Jort ; 
but  Madame  La  Tour,  who  had  no  more  disposition 
to  yield  than  her  husband,  inspired  the  garrison 
with  her  determined  spirit,  directed  from  the  bas- 
tions the  cannonade  on  the  enemy's  ships,  and 
compelled  Charnise  to  retire.  By  the  aid  of  a 
treacherous  sentry,  he  was  enabled,  on  his  third 
attack,  to  enter  the  fort,  but  the  resistance  led  by 
Madame  La  Tour  was  so  fierce  that  he  proposed 
terms  of  capitulation,  pledging  life  and  liberty  to 
all  in  the  garrison.  His  terms  being  accepted,  he 
basely  broke  his  faith,  hanged  every  member  of 
the  garrison,  and  compelled  Madame  La  Tour  to 
witness  the  execution  with  a  rope  around  her  own 
neck.  The  atrocities  broke  her  heart,  and  she  died 
in  a  few  days.  Charnise's  booty  was  valued  at 
£10,000.  He  now  had  the  whole  of  Acadia  to  him- 
self, and  improvements  were  made,  marshes  were 
diked,  mills  erected,  and  ship-building  begun.  In 
1645  he  went  to  France,  and  received  honors  from 
the  king.  In  1647  a  commission  was  issued  mak- 
ing him  governor  and  lieutenant-general  in  Acadia. 
Le  Tour,  immediately  on  his  return  from  Quebec, 
discovering  the  devastation  made  in  his  absence, 
sailed  for  France,  laid  the  facts  before  the  court, 
and  not  only  secured  a  restoration  of  his  title  and 
privileges,  but  was  made  Charnise's  successor.  The 
widow  of  Charnise,  with  her  children,  was  still 
living  in  Acadia,  and  was  alarmed  at  the  turn 
affairs  had  taken,  and  preparations  offensive  and 
defensive  were  entered  upon  ;  but  all  hostilities 
suddenly  ceased.  The  leaders  of  the  opposing 
forces  concluded  to  end  their  troubles  by  marriage, 
24  Feb.,  1653. 

CHARTRES,  Robert  Pliilippe  Louis  Eu- 
gene Ferdinand.    See  Orleans. 

CHASE,  Ann,  patriot,  b.  in  Ireland  in  1809; 
d.  in  Brooklyn,  L.  I.,  24  Dec,  1874.  She  came 
to  the  United  States  in  1818,  and  acquired  an  ex- 
cellent mercantile  education  while  assisting  her 
brother  in  his  business.  In  1832  she  settled  in 
New  Orleans,  but  during  the  following  year  re- 
moved to  Tampico,  Mexico,  where  she  met  Frank- 
lin Chase,  U.  S.  consul  at  that  place,  whom  she 
married  in  1836.     While  the  Mexican  war  was  in 


584 


CHASE 


CHASE 


progress,  Mrs.  Chase  remained  at  the  consulate  to 
protect  the  American  records  during  the  enforced 
absence  of  her  husband.  On  one  occasion  a.n  in- 
furiated mob  attempted  to  pull  down  the  flag  that 
floated  over  her  residence ;  but,  with  revolver  in 
hand,  she  defied  the  crowd,  and  declared  that  no 
one  should  touch  the  flag  except  over  her  dead 
body.  Later  she  succeeded  in  communicating  with 
Com.  Connor,  then  commanding  the  U.  S.  fleet  in 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  through  her  instrumental- 
ity the  city  of  Tampico  was  taken,  without  ex- 
penditure of  life  or  treasure.  In  honor  of  her 
heroism,  the  army  named  the  fortress  of  the  city 
Fort  Ann,  and  the  ladies  of  New  Orleans  presented 
her  with  a  service  of  plate.  In  1871  her  husband 
resigned  his  office  and  she  removed  to  Brooklyn, 
where  the  remainder  of  her  life  was  spent.  Dur- 
ing the  voyage  to  the  United  States,  while  rescuing 
a  child  from  danger,  she  received  injuries  that  re- 
sulted in  a  cancer  of  the  breast,  causing  her  death. 

CHASE,  Benjamin,  clergyman,  b.  in  New 
Hampshire  in  1789 ;  d.  in  Natchez,  Miss.,  11  Oct., 
1870.  He  was  graduated  at  Middlebury  in  1814, 
and,  after  studying  theology,  was  ordained  in  the 
Presbyterian  church.  His  ministerial  life  was 
spent  entirely  in  the  southwest,  where  he  did  a 
noble  missionary  work  in  circulating  the  Scrip- 
tures. He  was  also  a  geologist,  and  presented 
Oakland,  Miss.,  college  with  a  valuable  collection 
of  fossils,  which  he  had  gathered  during  his  jour- 
neys. In  1857  Washington  college  conferred  upon 
him  the  degree  of  D.  D. 

CHASE,  Carlton,  P.  E.  bishop,  b.  in  Ilopkin- 
ton,  N.  H.,  20  Feb.,  1794;  d.  18  Jan.,  1870.  He 
was  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1817,  studied  for 
tlie  ministry  in  the  Episcopal  church,  and  was  or- 
dained deacon  in  Bristol,  R.  I.,  by  Bishop  Griswold, 
9  Dec,  1818,  and  priest,  in  Newport,  R.  I.,  27  Sept., 
1820.  He  accepted  a  call  to  Bellows  Falls,  Vt., 
and  was  pastor  there  for  twenty-four  years.  He 
wasconsceruted  the  first  bishop  of  New  Hampshire, 
in  Pliilailcl]>liia,  20  Oct.,  1844,  after  which  he  re- 
moval to  (Uaremont,  N.  H.,  and  was  rector  of 
Trinity  church  there  for  several  years.  During 
the  interim,  when  New  York  was  without  a  bishop 
capable  of  action.  Bishop  Chase  made  three  visita- 
tions in  that  diocese  between  December,  1849,  and 
September,  1852.  He  published  a  few  single  ser- 
mons and  addresses. 

CHASE,  Dudley,  statesman  and  jurist,  b.  in 
Cornish,  N.  H.,  30  Dec,  1771 ;  d.  in  Randolph,  Vt., 
23  Feb.,  184G.  Pie  was  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in 
1791,  and  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1793.  He  was 
attorney  for  Orange  county  from  1803  till  1811,  and 
a  member  of  the  constitutional  conventions  of  1814 
and  1822.  From  1805  till  1812  he  was  a  member 
of  the  legislature,  and  speaker  of  the  house  from 
1808  till  1812.  He  was  U.  S.  senator  from  1813 
till  1817,  and  again  from  1825  till  1831.  From 
1817  till  1821  he  was  chief  justice  of  the  Vermont 
supreme  court.  In  1831  he  retired  and  devoted 
himself  to  farming,  of  which  he  was  very  fond. 

CHASE,  Frederic  Augustus,  clergyman,  b.  at 
King's  Ferry,  Cayuga  co.,  N.  Y.,  29  Jan.,  1833.  He 
studied  at  Union  college  and  the  University  of 
Michigan,  paying  special  attention  to  engineering 
and  the  sciences,  and  then  at  the  Auburn  theo- 
logical seminary.  After  being  ordained  as  a  Pres- 
byterian clergyman,  he  had  charge  of  churches  in 
Parishville  and  Lyndonville,  N.  Y.  From  1868 
till  1870  he  was  president  of  a  female  seminary  in 
Lyons,  Iowa,  and  in  1872  became  professor  of  natu- 
ral sciences  in  Fisk  university,  Nashville,  Tenn. 
He  has  made  several  minor  inventions  of  improved 
forms  of    heating  apparatus,  has   contributed   to 


periodical  literature,  and  published  a  sermon  on  the 
death  of  President  Lincoln  (1865). 

CHASE,  George,  lawyer,  b.  in  Portland,  Me., 
29  Dec,  1849.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1870, 
being  the  valedictorian  of  his  class,  and  at  Colum- 
bia law-school.  New  York  city,  in  1873.  He  became 
assistant  professor  of  municipal  law  in  Columbia  in 
1875,  and  in  1878  was  made  professor  of  criminal 
law,  torts,  and  procedure.  He  has  published  tiie 
"American  Student's  Blackstone"  (New  York, 
1876),  and  edited  the  "  Ready  Legal  Adviser  "  (1881) 
and  an  edition  of  Stephens's  "  Digest  of  the  Law  of 
Evidence  "  (1886). 

CHASE,  Harry,  painter,  b.  in  Woodstock,  Vt., 
8  May,  1853 ;  d.  in  New  York  city,  2  Oct.,  1898. 
He  studied  at  The  Hague,  at  the  Munich  acad- 
emy, and  in  Paris.  He  was  elected  an  associate  of 
the  national  academy  in  1883.  His  studio  was  in 
New  York.  His  principal  works  are  "  Breezy 
Afternoon  off  the  Battery  in  New  York  " ;  "  Pe- 
cheurs  Anglais,"  '•■  Low  Tide  on  the  Welsh  Coast " 
(1878) ;  "  Herring-Fishers  of  Scheveningen  "  (1880) ; 
"  Outward-bound  Whaler,"  "  Dutch  Boats  at  An- 
chor" (1881);  "Departure  of  a  French  Brig," 
"Bringing  the  Fish  Ashore"  (1882);  "Coast  of 
Holland,"  "  Summer  Morning  on  French  Coast  " 
(1883) ;  "  Near  Dordrecht,"  "  Batterv  Park  in  New 
York  "  (1884) ;  "  Rising  Tide  on  the'Dutch  Coast," 
and  "New  York  Harbor— North  River"  (1885). 

CHASE,  Irah,  clergyman,  b.  in  Stratton,  Vt., 
5  Oct.,  1793;  d.  in  Newton,  Mass.,  1  Nov.,  1864. 
He  was  graduated  at  Middlebury  in  1814,  and  at 
Andover  theological  seminary  in  1817.  He  was 
ordained  as  a  Baptist  minister  at  Danvers,  Mass., 
17  Sept.,  1817,  and  spent  a  year  in  missionary  labor 
in  western  Virginia.  While  at  Andover,  he  had 
become  impressed  with  the  need  of  a  special  theo- 
logical school  for  his  denomination,  and  in  1818 
was  associated  with  Dr.  William  Staughton  in  the 
establishment  at  Philadelphia  of  the  first  Baptist 
theological  school  in  the  country.  Tliis  was  re- 
moved in  1822  to  Washington.  I).  C,  and  made  a 
part  of  the  newly  chartered  Columbian  college,  in 
which  Dr.  Chase  held  the  chair  of  biblical  litera- 
ture till  1825,  when  he  resigned.  He  then  removed 
to  Massachusetts  and  took  a  prominent  part  in 
the  establishment  of  Newton  theological  institu- 
tion, where  he  was  the  first  professor,  holding  the 
chair  of  biblical  theology  till  1836,  when  he  was 
transferred  to  that  of  ecclesiastical  history.  He 
resigned  in  1845,  to  devote  himself  to  theological 
and  literary  investigations.  He  had  spent  a  year 
in  Europe  while  holding  his  Washington  profes- 
sorship, and  in  1830  made  a  second  visit,  and  was 
instrumental  in  founding  the  Baptist  mission  in 
France.  He  published  "  Remarks  on  the  Book  of 
Daniel "  (Boston,  1844) ;  "  Life  of  John  Bunyan  "  ; 
"  The  Design  of  Baptism,  viewed  in  its  Relation 
to  the  Christian  Life  "  (1851) ;  "  The  Work  claim- 
ing to  be  the  Constitution  of  the  Holy  Apostles, 
including  the  Canons,  revised  from  the  Greek"; 
and  "  Infant  Baptism  an  Invention  of  Man  "  (Phila- 
delphia, 1863);  together  with  a  large  number  of 
sermons,  essays,  and  contributions  to  reviews. 

CHASE,  Lucien  B.,  author,  b.  in  Vermont,  9 
Aug.,  1817;  d.  14  Dec,  1864.  He  removed  to 
Clarksville,  Tenn.,  and  served  as  a  representative 
in  congress  from  1  Dec,  1845,  till  3  March,  1849, 
declining  a  re-election.  He  published  a  "  History 
of  the  Polk  Administration  "  (New  York,  1850). 

CHASE,  Philander,  P.  E.  bishop,  b.  in  Cor- 
nish, N.  H.,  14  Dec,  1775;  d.  at  Jubilee  college, 
111.,  20  Sept.,  1852.  He  was  graduated  at  Dartr- 
mouth  in  1795.  Although  of  Congregational  ori- 
gin and  training,  he  was  led  into  the  Episcopal 


CHASE 


CHASE 


585 


church  by  having  met  with  a  prayer-book  and  ex- 
amined its  contents,  and  thereupon  studied  for 
the  ministry  and  was  ordained  by  Bishop  Provoost, 
in  New  York,  deacon,  10  June,  1798,  priest.  10 
Nov.,  1799.  For  several  years  he  was  occupied  in 
missionary  labors  in  northern  and  western  New 
York,  and  also  in  teaching  school.  In  1805,  on 
account  of  his  wife's  delicate  health,  he  went  to 
New  Orleans,  La.,  where  he  labored  zealously  and 
successfully  in  behalf  of  the  P.  E.  church.  Re- 
turning to  the  north  in  1811,  he  became  rector  of 
Christ  church,  Hartford,  Conn.,  which  prospered 
under  his  ministrations.  For  years  past,  however, 
as  his  heart  and  mind  were  deeply  concerned  in 
the  position  and  prospects  of  the  west,  he  felt  the 
urgent  call  to  make  that  part  of  the  country  his 
field  of  labor.  Accordingly,  in  1817,  he  went  to 
Ohio  and  began  the  work  of  establishing  the 
church  in  that  region.  He  organized  several  par- 
ishes, assuming  the  rectorship  of  three  himself, 
and  taking  charge  of  the  academy  at  Worthing- 
ton,  Ohio,  and,  having  been  elected  bishop,  was  con- 
secrated in  Philadelphia,  11  Feb.,  1819.  He  toiled 
on,  amid  trials  and  discouragements,  and  finally 
resolved  to  go  to  England  to  ask  for  aid.  He 
met  with  great  success,  collecting  about  |30,000, 
with  which  on  his  return  he  purchased  8,000  acres 
of  land  and  laid  the  foundations  of  a  college  and 
theological  seminary.  These,  in  grateful  acknowl- 
edgment of  the  generous  kindness  of  two  English 
noblemen,  were  named  Kenyon  college  and  Gam- 
bier  theological  seminary.  Disputes  having  arisen 
between  the  bishop  and  some  of  his  clergy  in  re- 
gard to  the  proper  use  of  the  funds  obtained  from 
England  and  his  power  of  jurisdiction,  he  resigned, 
in  September,  1831,  both  the  diocese  and  the  presi- 
dency of  the  college.  Still  intent  upon  missionary 
labor,  he  removed  farther  west,  took  possession  of 
a  large  tract  of  land  in  Michigan,  and  did  mission- 
ary duty  in  the  vicinity  for  three  years,  and  in 
]8i5  was  chosen  bishop  of  Illinois.  He  again  vis- 
ited England,  with  the  same  object  as  before,  and 
collected  about  $10,000  for  educational  work.  His 
labors  culminated  in  the  founding  of  Jubilee  col- 
lege, in  1838,  at  Robin's  Nest,  111.  A  charter  was 
obtained  in  1847,  placing  the  college  entirely  in 
the  hands  of  the  church.  He  was  presiding  bishop 
from  1843  till  1852.  He  was  a  man  of  indomita- 
ble perseverance  and  great  strength  of  will,  and 
was  the  most  energetic  and  successful  pioneer  of 
the  Episcopal  church  in  the  west.  He  published 
"  A  Plea  for  the  West "  (1826) ;  "  The  Star  in  the 
West,  or  Kenyon  College"  (1828);  "Defence  of 
Kenyon  College  "  (1831) ;  and  "  Reminiscences :  an 
Autobiography,  comprising  a  History  of  the  Prin- 
cipal Events  in  the  Author's  Life  to  1847"  (2  vols., 
New  York,  1848). 

CHASE,  PHiiy  Earle,  scientist,  b.  in  Worces- 
ter, Mass.,  18  Aug.,  1820 ;  d.  in  Haverford,  Pa.,  17 
Dec,  1886.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1839,  and  for  many  years  a  teacher  in  Philadel- 
phia, and  later  occupied  in  mercantile  pursuits. 
In  1871  he  became  professor  of  philosophy  and 
logic  in  Haverford  college,  near  Philadelphia. 
Much  of  his  time  has  been  devoted  to  scientific 
research,  and  his  investigations  include:  1.  The 
confirmation  of  Faraday's  conjecture  that  gravity 
must  be  capable  of  an  experimental  relation  to 
electricity,  magnetism,  and  the  other  forces,  so  as 
to  bind  it  up  with  them  in  reciprocal  action  and 
equivalent  effect.  For  this  investigation  he  re- 
ceived in  1864  the  Magellanic  gold  medal  of  the 
American  philosophical  society.  2.  Estimate  of 
the  mass  and  distance  of  the  sun,  from  the  influ- 
ence upon  the  barometer  of  the  constrained  rela- 
voL.  I. — 38 


tive  motions  of  the  earth  and  sun.  3.  The  discov- 
ery that  "  V,"  which  is  the  ratio  between  the  elec- 
trostatic and  electro-magnetic  units,  is  also  the 
time  integral  of  stellar  rotation,  thus  completing 
the  demonstration  of  Faraday's  conjecture.  4. 
Extension  of  planetary  and  stellar  harmonies,  so 
as  to  show  that  all  the  bodies  of  the  solar  system 
are  so  arranged  as  to  indicate  harmonic  vibrations 
in  an  interstellar  elastic  medium.  5.  Demonstra- 
tion that  the  phyllotactic  law,  which  Pierce,  Hill, 
and  Wright  had  extended  to  planetary  cycles,  is 
also  operative  in  the  vibrations  of  chemical  atoms- 
6.  Application  of  the  principle  of  conservation  of 
areas  to  all  cases  of  nebular  condensation,  so  as  tc 
show  that  the  maximum  gravitating  acceleration 
at  the  centre  of  a  stellar  system  is  always  deter- 
mined by  luminous  undulation.  7.  Correction  of 
an  error  in  regard  to  the  density  of  the  luminifer- 
ous  ether.  8.  Correction  of  an  error  in  regard  to 
the  elasticity  of  the  luminiferous  ether.  9.  Dem- 
onstration of  the  Chase-Maxwell  ratio.  The  re- 
sults of  these  and  other  investigations  have  been 
contributed  to  the  "  Proceedings  of  the  American 
Philosophical  Society"  and  other  scientific  jour- 
nals, and  have  also  appeared  in  the  transactions  of 
the  Royal  society,  French  academy,  and  elsewhere. 
He  is  a  member  of  scientific  societies  both  in  the 
United  States  and  Europe,  and  has  been  vice-presi- 
dent of  the  American  philosophical  society.  His 
published  works  include  several  arithmetics  and 
"Elements  of  Meteorology"  (Philadelphia,  1884). 

CHASE,  Salmon  Portland,  statesman,  b.  in 
Cornish,  N.  H.,  13  Jan.,  1808  ;  d.  in  New  York  city, 
7  May,  1873.  He  was  named  for  his  uncle,  Sal- 
mon, who  died  in  Portland,  and  he  used  to  say 
that  he  was  his  uncle's  monument.  He  was  a  de- 
scendant in  tlie  ninth  generation  of  Thomas  Chase, 
of  Chesham,  England,  and  in  the  sixth  of  Aquila 
Chase,  who  came 
from  England  and 
settled  in  Newbury, 
Mass.,  about  1640. 
Salmon  Portland 
was  the  eighth  of 
the  eleven  children 
of  Ithamar  Chase 
and  his  wife  Jan- 
nette  Ralston,  who 
was  of  Scottish 
blood.  He  was  born 
in  the  house  built 
by  his  grandfather, 
which  still  stands 
overlooking  Con- 
necticut river  and 
in  the  afternoon 
shadow  of  Ascut- 
ney  mountain.  Of 
his  father's  seven 
brothers,  three  were 
lawyers,  Dudley  be- 
coming a  U.  S.  senator :  two  were  physicians ;  Phi- 
lander became  a  bishop  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
church  ;  and  one,  like  his  father,  was  a  farmer.  His 
earliest  teacher  was  Daniel  Breck,  afterward  a  jurist 
in  Kentucky.  When  the  boy  was  eight  years  old 
his  parents  removed  to  Keene,  where  his  mother 
had  inherited  a  little  property.  This  was  iuA-ested 
in  a  glass-factory ;  but  a  revision  of  the  tariff,  by 
which  the  duty  on  glass  was  lowered,  ruined  the 
business,  and  soon  afterward  the  father  died, 
Salmon  was  sent  to  school  at  Windsor,  and  made 
considerable  progress  in  Latin  and  Greek.  In 
1820  his  uncle,  the  bishop  of  Ohio,  offered  to  take 
him  into  his  family,  and  the  boy  set  out  in  the 


586 


CHASE 


CHASE 


spring,  with  his  brother  and  the  afterward  famous 
Henry  R.  Schoolcraft,  to  make  the  journey  to 
what  was  then  considered  the  distant  west.  They 
were  taken  from  Buffalo  to  Cleveland  by  the 
"  Walk-in-the-Water,"  the  first  steamboat  on  the 
great  lakes.  He  spent  three  years  in  Woi-thington 
and  Cincinnati  with  his  uncle,  who  attended  to 
his  education  personally  till  he  went  to  England 
in  1823,  when  the  boy  returned  home,  the  next 
year  entered  Dartmouth  as  a  junior,  and  was 
graduated  in  182G.  He  at  once  established  a 
classical  school  for  boys  in  Washington,  D.  C, 
which  he  conducted  with  success,  at  the  same  time 
studying  law  with  William  Wirt.  Mr.  Chase  gave 
much  of  his  leisure  to  light  literature,  and  a  poem 
that  was  addressed  by  him  to  Mr.  Wirt's  daughters 
was  printed  and  is  still  extant.  In  1830,  having 
completed  his  studies,  he  closed  the  school,  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  Wasliington,  and  settled 
in  Cincinnati,  where  he  soon  obtained  a  large  prac- 
tice. In  politics  he  did  not  identify  himself  with 
either  of  the  great  parties ;  but  on  one  point  he 
was  clear  from  the  first :  he  was  unalterably  op- 
posed to  slavery,  and  in  this  sentiment  he  was  con- 
firmed by  witnessing  the  destruction  of  the  "  Phi- 
lanthropist "  office  by  a  pro-slavery  mob  in  1836. 
In  1837  he  defended  a  fugitive  slave  woman, 
claimed  under  the  law  of  1793,  and  took  the  high- 
est ground  against  the  constitutionality  of  that 
law.  One  of  the  oldest  lawyers  in  the  court-room 
was  heard  to  remark  concerning  him  :  "  There  is  a 
promising  young  man  who  has  just  ruined  him- 
self." In  1837  Mr.  Chase  also  defended  his  friend 
James  G.  Birney  in  a  suit  for  harboring  a  negro 
slave,  and  in  1838  he  reviewed  with  great  severity 
a  report  of  the  judiciary  committee  of  the  state 
senate,  refusing  trial  by  jury  to  slaves,  and  in  a 
second  suit  defended  Mr.  13irney.  When  it  became 
evident,  after  the  brief  administration  of  Harrison 
was  over  and  that  of  Tyler  begun,  that  no  more  ef- 
fective opposition  to  the  encroachments  of  slavery 
was  to  be  expected  from  the  Whig  than  from  the 
Democratic  party,  a  Liberty  party  was  organized 
in  Ohio  in  December,  1841,  and  Mr.  Chase  was  fore- 
most among  its  founders.  The  addi'ess,  which  was 
written  by  Mr.  Chase,  contained  these  passages, 
clearly  setting  forth  the  issues  of  a  mighty  strug- 
gle that  was  to  continue  for  twenty-five  years  and 
be  closed  only  by  a  bloody  war :  "  The  constitution 
found  slavery,  and  left  it,  a  state  institution — the 
creature  and  dependant  of  state  law — wholly  local 
in  its  existence  and  character.  It  did  not  make  it 
a  national  institution.  ,  .  .  Why,  then,  fellow-citi- 
zens, are  we  now  appealing  to  you  ?  .  .  .  Why  is  it 
that  the  whole  nation  is  moved,  as  with  a  mighty 
wind,  by  the  discussion  of  the  questions  involved 
in  the  great  issue  now  made  up  between  liberty  and 
slavery "?  It  is.  fellow-citizens — and  we  beg  you  to 
mark  this — it  is  because  slavery  has  overleaped  its 
prescribed  limits  and  usurped  the  control  of  the 
national  government.  We  ask  you  to  acquaint 
yourselves  fully  with  the  details  and  particulars 
belonging  to  the  topics  which  we  have  briefly 
touched,  and  we  do  not  doubt  that  you  will  concur 
with  us  in  believing  that  the  honor,  the  welfare, 
the  safety  of  our  country  imperiously  require  the 
absolute  and  unqualified  divorce  of  the  govern- 
ment from  slavery."  Writing  of  this  late  in  life 
Mr.  Chase  said  :  "Having  resolved  on  my  political 
course,  I  devqted  all  the  time  and  means  I  could 
command  to  the  work  of  spreading  the  principles 
and  building  up  the  organization  of  the  party  of 
constitutional  freedom  then  inaugurated.  Some- 
times, indeed,  all  I  could  do  seemed  insignificant, 
while  the  labors  I  had  to  perform,  and  the  demands 


upon  my  very  limited  resources  by  necessary  con- 
tributions, taxed  severely  all  my  ability.  ...  It 
seems  to  me  now,  on  looking  back,  that  I  could  not 
help  working  if  I  would,  and  that  I  was  just  as 
really  called  in  the  course  of  Providence  to  my  la- 
bors for  human  freedom  as  ever  any  other  laborer 
in  the  great  field  of  the  world  was  called  to  his  ap- 
pointed work."  Mr.  Chase  acted  as  counsel  for  so 
many  blacks  who  were  claimed  as  fugitives  that 
he  was  at  length  called  by  Kentuckians  the  "  at- 
torney-general for  runaway  negroes,"  and  the  col- 
ored people  of  Cincinnati  presented  him  with  a  sil- 
ver pitcher  "  for  his  various  public  services  in  be- 
half of  the  oppressed."  One  of  his  most  noted 
cases  was  the  defence  of  John  Van  Zandt  (the 
original  of  John  Van  Trompe  in  "  Uncle  Tom's 
Cabin  ")  in  1842,  who  was  prosecuted  for  harboring 
fugitive  slaves  because  he  had  overtaken  a  party  of 
them  on  the  road  and  given  them  a  ride  in  his 
wagon.  In  the  final  hearing,  1840,  William  H. 
Seward  was  associated  with  Mr.  Chase,  neither  of 
them  receiving  any  compensation. 

When  the  Liberty  party,  in  a  national  convention 
held  in  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  in  1843,  nominated  James  G. 
Birney  for  president,  the  platform  was  almost  en- 
tirely the  composition  of  Mr.  Chase.  But  he  vigor- 
ously opposed  the  resolution,  oft'ered  by  John  Pier- 
pont,  declaring  that  the  fugitive-slave-law  clause  of 
the  constitution  was  not  binding  in  conscience,  but 
might  be  mentally  excepted  in  any  oath  to  siipport 
the  constitution.  In  1840  the  Liberty  party  had  cast 
but  one  in  360  of  the  entire  popular  vote  of  the 
country.  In  1844  it  cast  one  in  forty,  and  caused 
the  defeat  of  Mr.  Clay.  The  free-soil  convention 
that  met  in  Buffalo  in  1848  and  nominated  Martin 
Van  Buren  for  president,  with  Charles  Francis 
Adams  for  vice-president,  was  presided  over  by  Mr. 
Chase.  This  time  the  party  cast  one  in  nine  of  the 
whole  number  of  votes.  In  February,  1849,  the 
Democrats  and  the  free-soilers  in  the  Ohio  legisla- 
ture formed  a  coalition,  one  result  of  which  was 
the  election  of  Mr.  Chase  to  the  U.  S.  senate. 
Agreeing  with  the  Democracy  of  Ohio,  which,  by 
resolution  in  convention,  had  declared  slavery  to  be 
an  evil,  he  supported  its  state  policy  and  nominees, 
but  declared  that  he  would  desert  it  if  it  deserted 
the  anti-slavery  position.  In  the  senate,  2G  and  27 
March,  1850,  he  made  a  notable  speech  against  the 
so-called  "  compromise  measures,"  which  included 
the  fugitive-slave  law,  and  offered  several  amend- 
ments, all  of  which  were  voted  down.  When  the 
Democratic  convention  at  Baltimore  nominated 
Franklin  Pierce  for  president  in  1852,  and  ap- 
proved of  the  compromise  acts  of  1850,  Senator 
Chase  dissolved  his  connection  with  the  Demo- 
cratic party  in  Ohio.  At  this  time  he  addressed  a 
letter  to  Hon.  Benjamin  F.  Butler,  of  New  York, 
suggesting  and  vindicating  the  idea  of  an  inde- 
pendent democracy.  He  made  a  platform,  which 
was  substantially  that  adopted  at  the  Pittsburg 
convention,  in  the  same  year.  He  continued  his 
support  to  the  independent  democrats  until  the 
Kansas-Nebraska  bill  came  up,  when  he  vigorously 
opposed  the  repeal  of  the  Missouri  compromise, 
wrote  an  appeal  to  the  people  against  it,  and 
made  the  first  elaborate  exposure  of  its  character. 
His  persistent  attacks  upon  it  in  the  senate  thor- 
oughly roused  the  north,  and  are  admitted  to  have 
influenced  in  a  remarkable  degree  the  subsequent 
struggle.  During  his  senatorial  career  Mr.  Chase 
also  advocated  economy  in  the  national  finances,  a 
Pacific  railroad  by  the  shortest  and  best  route,  the 
homestead  law  (which  was  intended  to  develop  the 
northern  territories),  and  cheap  postage,  and  held 
that  the  national  treasury  should  defray  the  ex- 


CHASE 


CHASE 


587 


pense  of  providing  for  safe  navigation  of  the  lakes, 
as  well  as  of  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  oceans. 

In  1855  he  was  elected  governor  of  Ohio  by  the 
opponents  of  the  Pierce  administration.  His  in- 
augural address  recommended  single  districts  for 
legislative  representation,  annual  instead  of  bien- 
nial sessions  of  the  legislature,  and  an  extended 
educational  system.  Soon  after  his  inauguration 
occurred  the  Garner  tragedy,  so  called,  in  which  a 
fugitive  slave  mother,  near  Cincinnati,  attempted 
to  kill  all  of  her  children,  and  did  kill  one,  to  pre- 
vent them  from  being  borne  back  to  slave-life  in 
Kentucky.  This  and  other  slave-hunts  in  Ohio  so 
roused  and  increased  the  anti-slavery  sentiment  in 
that  place  that  Gov.  Chase  was  re-nominated  by 
acclamation,  and  was  re-elected  by  a  small  ma- 
jority, though  the  American  or  know-nothing 
party  had  a  candidate  in  the  field.  In  the  nation- 
al Republican  convention,  held  at  Chicago  in  1860, 
the  vote  on  the  first  ballot  stood:  Seward,  173-J; 
Lincoln,  103;  Cameron,  50|;  Chase,  49.  On  the 
third  ballot  Mr.  Lincoln  lacked  but  four  of  the 
number  necessary  to  nominate,  and  these  were 
given  by  Mr.  Chase's  friends  before  the  result  was 
declared.  When  Mr.  Lincoln  was  inaugurated 
president,  4  March,  18G1,  he  made  Gov.  Chase 
secretary  of  the  treasury.  The  difficulty  that 
he  was  immediately  called  upon  to  grapple  with 
is  thus  described  by  Mr.  Greeley :  "  When  he 
accepted  the  office  of  secretary  of  the  treasury 
the  finances  were  already  in  chaos ;  the  current 
revenue  being  inadequate,  even  in  the  absence  of 
all  expenditure  or  preparation  for  war,  his  prede- 
cessor (Cobb,  of  Georgia)  having  attempted  to 
borrow  $10,000,000,  in  October,  1860,  and  obtained 
only  $7,022,000— the  bidders  to  whom  the  balance 
was  awarded  choosing  to  forfeit  their  initial  de- 
posit rather  than  take  and  pay  for  their  bonds. 
Thenceforth  he  had  tided  over,  till  his  resignation, 
by  selling  treasury  notes,  payable  a  year  from  date, 
at  6  to  12  per  cent,  discount :  and  when,  after  he 
had  retired  from  the  scene,  Gen.  Dix,  who  suc- 
ceeded him  in  Mr.  Buchanan's  cabinet,  attempted 
(February,  1861)  to  borrow  a  small  sum  on  twenty- 
year  bonds  at  6  per  cent.,  he  was  obliged  to  sell 
those  bonds  at  an  average  discount  of  94  per  cent. 
Hence,  of  Mr.  Chase's  first  loan  of  $8,000,000,  for 
which  bids  were  opened  (2  April)  ten  days  before 
Beauregard  first  fired  on  Fort  Sumter,  the  ofi'er- 
iiigs  ranged  from  5  to  10  per  cent,  discount ;  and 
only  $3,099,000  were  tendered  at  or  under  6  per 
cent,  discount — he,  in  the  face  of  a  vehement 
clamor,  declining  all  bids  at  higher  rates  of  dis- 
count than  6  per  cent.,  and  placing  soon  after- 
ward the  balance  of  the  $8,000,000  in  two-year 
treasury  notes  at  par  or  a  fraction  over."  When 
the  secretary  went  to  New  York  for  his  first  loan, 
the  London  "  Times  '"declared  that  he  had  "  coerced 
$50,000,000  from  the  banks,  but  would  not  fare  so 
well  at  the  London  Exchange."  Three  years 
later  it  said  "  the  hundredth  part  of  Mr.  Chase's 
embarrassments  would  tax  Mr.  Gladstone's  inge- 
nuity to  the  utmost,  and  set  the  [British]  public 
mind  in  a  ferment  of  excitement."  In  his  con- 
ference with  the  bankers,  the  secretary  said  he 
hoped  they  would  be  able  to  take  the  loans  on  such 
terms  as  could  be  admitted.  "If  you  can  not," 
said  he,  "  I  shall  go  back  to  Washington  and  issue 
notes  for  circulation ;  for  it  is  certain  that  the  war 
must  go  on  until  the  rebellion  is  put  down,  if  we 
have  to  put  out  paper  until  it  takes  a  thousand 
dollars  to  buy  a  breakfast."  At  this  time  the 
amount  of  coin  in  circulation  in  the  country  was 
estimated  at  $210,000.000 ;  and  it  soon  became 
evident  that  this  was  insufficient  for  carrying  on 


the  war.  The  banks  could  not  sell  the  bonds  for 
coin,  and  could  not  meet  their  obligations  in  coin, 
and  on  27  Dec.  1861,  they  agreed  to  suspend 
specie  payment  at  the  close  of  the  year.  In  his 
first  report,  submitted  on  the  9th  of  that  montli, 
Sec.  Chase  recommended  retrenchment  of  ex- 
penses wherever  possible,  confiscation  of  the  prop- 
erty of  those  in  arms  against  the  government,  an 
increase  of  duties  and  of  the  tax  on  spirits,  and  a 
national  currency,  with  a  system  of  national 
banking  associations.  This  last  recommendation 
was  carried  out  in  the  issue  of  "greenbacks," 
which  wei'e  made  a  legal  tender  for  everything  but 
customs  duties,  and  the  establishment  of  the  na- 
tional banking  law.  His  management  of  the 
finances  of  the  government  during  the  first  three 
years  of  the  great  war  has  received  nothing  but 
the  highest  praise.  He  resigned  the  secretaryship 
on  30  June,  1864,  and  was  succeeded  a  few  days 
later  by  William  P.  Fessenden.  On  6  Dec,  1864, 
President  Lincoln  nominated  him  to  be  chief  jus- 
tice of  the  United  States,  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused 
by  the  death  of  Roger  B.  Taney,  and  the  nomina- 
tion was  immediately  confirmed  by  the  senate.  In 
this  office  he  presided  at  the  impeachment  trial  of 
President  Johnson  in  1868.  In  that  year  his  name 
was  frequently  mentioned  in  connection  with  the 
Democratic  nomination  for  the  presidency,  and  in 
answer  to  a  letter  from  the  chairman  of  the  demo- 
cratic national  committee  he  wrote : 

"  For  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  century  I  have 
been,  in  my  political  views  and  sentiments,  a  Demo- 
crat, and  I  still  think  that  upon  questions  of 
finance,  commerce,  and  administration  generally, 
the  old  Democratic  principles  afi'ord  the  best  guid- 
ance. "What  separated  me  in  former  times  from 
both  parties  was  the  depth  and  positiveness  of  my 
convictions  on  the  slavery  question.  On  that  ques- 
tion I  thought  the  Democratic  party  failed  to  make 
a  just  application  of  Democratic  princijiles,  and 
regarded  myself  as  more  democratic  than  the 
Democrats.  In  1849  I  was  elected  to  the  senate  by 
the  united  votes  of  the  old-line  Democrats  and  in- 
dependent Democrats,  and  subsequently  made  ear- 
nest efforts  to  bring  about  a  union  of  all  Democrats 
on  the  ground  of  the  limitation  of  slavery  to  the 
states  in  which  it  then  existed,  and  non-interven- 
tion in  these  states  by  congress.  Had  that  union 
been  effected,  it  is  my  firm  belief  that  the  country 
would  have  escaped  the  late  civil  war  and  all  its 
evils.  I  never  favored  interference  by  congress 
with  slavery,  but  as  a  war  measure  Mr.  Lincoln's 
proclamation  of  emancipation  had  my  hearty  as- 
sent, and  I  united,  as  a  member  of  his  administra- 
tion, in  the  pledge  made  to  maintain  the  freedom 
of  the  enfranchised  people.  I  have  been,  and  am, 
in  favor  of  so  much  of  the  reconstruction  policy  of 
congress  as  based  the  re-organization  of  the  state 
governments  of  the  south  upon  universal  suffrage. 
I  think  that  President  Johnson  was  right  in  re- 
garding the  southern  states,  except  Virginia  and 
Tennessee,  as  being,  at  the  close  of  the  war,  with- 
out governments  which  the  U.  S.  government  could 
properly  recognize — without  governors,  judges, 
legislators,  or  other  state  functionaries;  but  wrong 
in  limiting,  by  his  reconstruction  proclamations, 
the  right  of  suifrage  to  whites,  and  only  such 
whites  as  had  the  qualification  he  required.  On 
the  other  hand,  it  seemed  to  me,  congress  was  right 
in  not  limiting,  by  its  reconstruction  acts,  the  right 
of  suffrage  to  the  whites ;  but  wrong  in  the  exclu- 
sion from  suffrage  of  certain  classes  of  citizens,  and 
of  all  unable  to  take  a  prescribed  retrospective 
oath,  and  wrong  also  in  the  establishment  of  arbi- 
trary military  governments  for  the  states,  and  in 


CHASE 


CHASE 


authorizing  military  commissions  for  the  trial  of 
civilians  in  time  of  peace.  There  should  have  been 
as  little  military  government  as  possible ;  no  mili- 
tary commissions,  no  classes  excluded  from  suf- 
frage, and  no  oath  except  one  of  faithful  obedience 
and  support  to  the  constitution  and  laws,  and  sin- 
cere attachment  to  the  constitutional  government 
of  the  United  States.  I  am  glad  to  know  that 
many  intelligent  southern  Democrats  agree  with  me 
in  these  views,  and  are  willing  to  accept  universal 
suffrage  and  universal  amnesty  as  the  basis  of  re- 
construction and  restoration.  They  see  that  the 
shortest  way  to  revive  prosperity,  possible  only  with 
contented  industry,  is  universal  suffrage  now,  and 
universal  amnesty,  with  removal  of  all  disabilities, 
as  speedily  as  possible  through  the  action  of  the 
state  and  national  governments.  I  have  long  been 
a  believer  in  the  wisdom  and  justice  of  securing 
the  right  of  suffrage  to  all  citizens  by  state  consti- 
tutions and  legislation.  It  is  the  best  guarantee  of 
the  stability  of  institutions,  and  the  prosperity  of 
communities.  My  views  on  this  subject  were  well 
known  when  the  Democrats  elected  me  to  the  sen- 
ate in  1849.  I  have  now  answered  your  letter  as  I 
think  I  ought  to  answer  it.  I  beg  you  to  believe 
me — for  I  say  it  in  all  sincerity — that  I  do  not  de- 
sire the  office  of  president,  nor  a  nomination  for  it. 
Nor  do  I  know  that,  with  my  views  and  convic- 
tions, I  am  a  suitable  candidate  for  any  party.  Of 
that  my  countrymen  must  judge." 

Judge  Chase  subsequently  prepared  a  declara- 
tion of  principles,  embodying  the  ideas  of  his  let- 
ter, and  submitted  it  to  those  Democrats  who  de- 
sired his  nomination,  as  a  platform  in  that  event. 
But  this  was  not  adopted  by  the  convention,  and 
the  plan  to  nominate  him,  if  there  was  such  a  plan, 
failed.  In  June,  1870,  he  suffered  an  attack  of 
paralysis,  and  from  that  time  till  his  death  he  was 
an  invalid.  As  in  the  case  of  President  Lincoln 
and  Sec.  Stanton,  his  integrity  was  shown  by  the 
fact  that,  though  he  had  been  a  member  of  the 
administration  when  the  government  was  spend- 
ing millions  of  dollars  a  day,  he  died  comparative- 
ly poor.  His  remains  were  buried  in  Washington  ; 
but  in  October,  1886,  were  removed,  with  appro- 
priate ceremony,  to  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  and  depos- 
ited in  Spring  Grove  cemetery  near  that  city.  Be- 
sides his  reports  and  decisions,  Mr.  Chase  pub- 
lished a  compilation  of  the  statutes  of  Ohio,  with 
annotations  and  an  historical  sketch  (3  vols.,  Cin- 
cinnati, 1832).  See  '*  Life  and  Public  Services  of 
Salmon  Portland  Chase,"  by  J.  W.  Schuckers 
(New  York,  1874). 

CHASE,  Samuel,  signer  of  the  Declaration  of 
Independence,  b.  in  Somerset  co.,  Md.,  17  April, 
1741 ;  d.  19  June,  1811.  His  father,  an  Episcopa- 
lian clergyman  of  English  birth,  and  a  fine  classi- 
cal scholar,  had  charge  of  his  early  education,  and 
sent  him,  at  the  age  of  eighteen,  to  study  law  at 
Annapolis,  where  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1761  and  began  practice.  He  was  soon  prominent 
in  his  profession,  and  became  a  member  of  the  co- 
lonial legislature,  where  he  distinguished  himself 
by  his  independent  bearing  and  by  his  opposition 
to  the  royal  governor.  He  voted  at  one  time  for  a 
resolution  relating  to  the  support  of  the  clergy, 
by  which  his  father,  then  rector  of  St.  Paul's,  Bal- 
timore, lost  half  his  income.  He  was  an  ardent 
patriot,  vehemently  resisted  the  stamp-act,  and  was 
prominent  in  an  assemblage  of  the  "  Sons  of  lib- 
erty" at  Annapolis  that  forcibly  opened  the  public 
offices,  destroyed  the  stamps,  and  burned  the  col- 
lector in  effigy.  He  afterward  published  a  letter 
to  the  authorities,  avowing  and  defending  his  con- 
nection with  this  affair.     The  Maryland  conven- 


tion sent  him  as  one  of  five  delegates  to  the  Con- 
tinental congress  of  1774,  and  he  continued  a 
member  of  successive  congresses  until  the  end  of 
1778.  The  Maryland  delegates  v>tere  restricted,  by 
special  instructions  of  the  convention,  from  voting 
for  independence,  and  Mr.  Chase,  chafing  at  being 
obliged  to  withhold  open  support  from  a  measure 
he  so  enthusiastically  favored,  gladly  accepted 
from  congress  a  mission  to  Canada,  in  company 
with  Benjamin  Franklin  and  Charles  Carroll.  The 
mission,  the  object  of  which  was  to  persuade  Cana- 
da to  join  the  colonies,  was  fruitless  ;  and  on  his 
return  Mr.  Chase  canvassed  the  state  of  Maryland, 
and  obtained  from  county  meetings  expressions  of 
patriotic  sentiment  that  the  convention  could  not 
resist.  It  now  voted  for  independence,  and  Mr. 
Chase  returned  to  Philadelphia  just  in  time  to 
join  in  adopting  the  decisive  resolution.  He  was 
appointed  on  most  of  the  important  committees  in 
congress,  where  his  industry  was  unwearied.  In 
1778  he  drafted  an  eloquent  address  to  the  people 
of  the  country,  in  answer  to  papers  that  had  been 
circulated  by  the  tories.  During  the  last  two  or 
three  years  of  the  war  he  devoted  himself  to  his 
private  law  business,  which  he  had  not  hesitated 
to  neglect,  while  in  congress,  for  his  public  duties. 
In  1783  he  was  sent  to  England  by  the  Maryland 
legislature,  as  agent  of  the  state,  to  recover  money 
that  had  been 
invested  by  it 
in  the  bank  of 
England  before 

the   war.       He  /^| 

remained  there  *''' "' 

for      nearly     a  m 

year,  succeeded 
in  recovering 
$650,000,  and 
made  the  ac- 
quaintance of 
many  eminent 
lawyers,  includ- 
ing Pitt,  Fox, 
and  Edmund 
Burke,  whose 
guest  he  was  for 
a  week.  Chase 
was  thanked  by 
the  legislature 
for    his    "  zeal 

and  fidelity,  diligence  and  ability  "  in  this  mission. 
He  removed  to  Baltimore  in  1786,  became  chief  jus- 
tice of  a  newly  established  criminal  court  there  in 
1788,  and  also  a  member  of  the  Maryland  convention 
that  adopted  the  federal  constitution.  AltJiough  he 
did  not  think  this  instrument  democratic  enough, 
lamented  the  "  monarchical  principles  "  that  had 
come  into  vogue,  and  was  an  admirer  of  France,  he 
was  throughout  his  life  an  earnest  federalist.  In 
1791  he  became  chief  justice  of  the  general  court 
of  Maryland,  and  in  1794  distinguished  himself  by 
his  course  on  the  occasion  of  a  riot.  He  had 
caused  the  arrest  of  two  popular  men  as  leaders ; 
but  they  refused  to  give  bail,  and  the  sheriff  was 
apprehensive  of  a  rescue  should  he  take  them  to 
prison.  "  Call  out  the  posse  comitatus,  then,"  said 
the  judge.  "  Sir,"  was  the  reply,  "  no  one  will 
serve."  "  Summon  me,  then ;  I  will  be  the  posse 
comitatus ;  I  will  take  them  to  jail."  Such  was 
the  state  of  the  public  mind  that  the  grand  jury, 
instead  of  presenting  the  rioters,  presented  the 
judge  for  holding  a  place  in  two  courts  at  the 
same  time.  He  simply  told  them  that  they  had 
meddled  with  topics  beyond  their  province.  Wash- 
ington made  Judge  Chase  an  associate  justice  of 


CHASE 


CflASSERIEAU 


589 


the  U.  S.  supreme  court  in  1796,  and  in  1804  his 
political  opponents  in  congress,  led  by  John  Ran- 
dolph, of  Virginia,  secured  his  impeachment  by 
the  house  for  misdemeanor  in  the  conduct  of  the 
trials  of  Fries  and  Callender  for  sedition,  five 
years  before,  and  for  a  recent  address  to  a  Mary- 
land grand  jury.  The  requisite  two  thirds  not 
being  obtained,  he  was  discharged  by  the  senate 
on  5  March,  1805.  resumed  his  seat  on  the  bench, 
and  retained  it  till  his  death.  The  impeachment 
of  Judge  Chase  excited  much  sympathy,  even 
among  his  opponents,  on  account  of  his  age,  his 
services  to  the  country,  and  the  purity  of  his  judi- 
cial record.  There  is  no  doubt,  however,  that  it 
did  good  in  checking  the  overbearing  conduct 
prevalent  at  that  time  on  the  bench.  Judge  Chase 
was  better  fitted  for  an  advocate  than  for  a  judge. 
He  was  somewhat  irascible,  free  in  censure  where 
he  thought  it  deserved,  and  always  ready  to  express 
his  political  opinions,  even  on  the  bench ;  but  the 
purity  of  his  motives  seems  beyond  question. 

CHASE,  Squire,  missionary,  b.  in  Scipio,  Ca- 
yuga CO.,  N.  Y.,  15  Feb.,  1802  ;  d.  in  Syracuse,  N.  Y., 
26  July,  1848.  He  was  licensed  as  a  local  preacher 
in  the  Methodist  church  in  June,  1822,  and  in  July 
was  received  as  a  probationer  into  the  Genesee  con- 
ference. He  labored  in  various  circuits  till  1836, 
but  was  twice  compelled  to  discontinue  work  on 
account  of  his  health.  In  1831  he  was  presiding 
elder  of  the  St.  Lawrence  district.  On  15  Oct., 
1836,  he  sailed  as  a  missionary  to  Liberia ;  but  the 
climate  impaired  his  health,  and  he  was  obliged  to 
return  in  1837.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the  general 
conference  of  1840,  and  then  appointed  pastor  at 
Watertown,  N.  Y.,  where  he  had  been  stationed  for 
a  few  months  in  1834.  But  his  inclination  and 
desire  were  for  missionary  work,  and  in  January, 
1842,  his  health  having  been  partially  restored,  he 
sailed  again  to  Liberia.  He  was  superintendent  of 
the  mission  there,  and  edited  "  Africa's  Luminary," 
a  semi-monthly  Methodist  paper  published  at  Mon- 
rovia. He  also  made  extensive  journeys  into  the 
interior  of  the  country,  acquiring  much  knowledge 
about  the  condition  of  the  native  tribes.  The  state 
of  his  health  compelled  him  to  return  the  second 
time  to  the  LTnited  States  in  May,  1843.  He  pub- 
lished "  Doctrine,  History,  and  Moral  Tendency  of 
Roman  Catholic  Indulgences"  (1840).  See  Rev.  P. 
D.  Gorrie's  "  Black  River  Conference  Memorial." 

CHASE,  Thomas,  educator,  b.  in  Worcester, 
^Mass.,  16  June,  1827 ;  d.  in  Providence,  R.  I.,  5  Oct., 
1892.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1848,  and 
was  tutor  there  from  1850  till  1853,  when  he  spent 
two  years  abroad  in  travel  and  study,  exploring  the 
classic  sites  of  Italy  and  Greece,  and  attending  the 
lectures  of  Boeekh,  Curtius,  and  other  eminent 
scholars  at  Berlin.  He  returned  in  1855,  became 
pi'ofessor  of  philology  and  classical  literature  at 
Haverford  college,  near  Philadelphia,  and  was 
chosen  its  president  in  1875.  Prof.  Chase  was  a 
member  of  the  American  company  of  revisers  of  the 
translation  of  the  New  Testament.  Harvard  gave 
him  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  in  1878.  As  senior  edi- 
tor of  Chase  and  Stuart's  classical  series,  he  pre- 
pared many  Latin  and  Greek  text-books,  and  pub- 
lished "Hellas:  her  Monuments  and  Scenery" 
(Cambridge,  1861),  several  literary  and  biograph- 
ical essays,  among  them  an  oration  on  the  charac- 
ter of  Abraham  Lincoln,  and  an  address  on  "  Lib- 
eral Education  ;  its  Aims  and  Methods,"  delivered 
at  Bryn  Mawr  college,  Pa. 

CHASE,  WilHam  Henry,  soldier,  b.  in  Massa- 
chusetts in  1798;  d.  in  Pensacola,  Fla.,  8  Feb., 
1870.  He  was  graduated  at  the  U.  S.  military 
academy  in  1815,  and  was  at  once  assigned  to  the 


engineer  corps.  He  was  employed  in  repairing 
Fort  Niagara  from  1817  till  1818,  and  in  1819  was 
assigned  to  duty  in  constructing  defences  for  New 
Orleans  and  the  gulf  ports,  which  the  war  of  1812 
had  shown  to  be  vulnerable  points.  His  first  works 
were  Forts  Pike  and  Macomb.  He  was  made  first 
lieutenant,  31  March,  1819,  and  from  then  till  1828 
was  superintending  engineer  of  various  important 
works,  including  the  forts  at  Rigolets,  Chef  Men- 
teur,  Bienvenue,  and  the  Bayou  Dupre  passes  to 
New  Orleans.  He  was  promoted  to  captain,  1  Jan., 
1825,  and  from  1828  till  1854  was  in  charge  of  the 
construction  of  the  defences  in  Pensacola  harbor, 
Fla.  He  was  also  in  charge  of  Fort  Morgan,  Ala., 
of  Fort  Jackson,  La.,  and  of  the  imjirovement  of 
the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi  from  1836  till  1839. 
He  was  promoted  to  major,  7  July,  1838,  and 
served  on  special  boards  of  engineers  for  the  exam- 
ination of  various  points.  He  superintended  the 
improvement  of  Mobile  bay.  His  last  work  was 
Fort  Taylor,  Key  West,  Fla.,  of  which  he  had 
charge  in  1854-  6,  when  he  was  appointed  by 
President  Pierce  superintendent  of  the  U.  S.  mili- 
tary academy,  but  resigned  from  the  army  on  31 
Oct.,  before  entering  upon  his  duties  there,  and  be- 
came president  of  the  Alabama  and  Florida  railroad 
company.  Maj.  Chase  took  an  infiuential  part  in 
all  projects  connected  with  the  development  of  the 
region  about  Pensacola,  where  he  made  his  home. 
When  the  civil  war  began,  he  joined  the  Confed- 
ei-ates,  and  M^as  active  in  the  seizure  of  Pensacola 
navy-yard,  but  after  this  took  no  prominent  part. 

CHASE,  WilHam  Henry,  soldier,  b.  in  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.,  25  April,  1844 ;  d.  there,  21  June,  1871. 
He  was  graduated  at  the  U.  S.  military  academy  in 
1865,  became  a  first  lieutenant  in  the  engineer 
corps,  and  served  at  Willett's  Point,  N.  Y.,  St." Paul, 
Minn.,  and  San  Francisco,  Cal.  While  at  St.  Paul, 
he  was  directed  by  Gen.  Warren  to  make  a  topo- 
graphical survey  of  the  battle-field  of  Gettysburg. 
The  survey  was  completed  in  1869,  and  is  a  valua- 
ble contribution  to  the  military  history  of  the  war. 

CHASE,  WilHam  Merritt,  painter,  b.  in 
Franklin.  Ind.,  1  Nov.,  1849.  He  began  the  study 
of  art  in  1868  under  B.  F.  Hays,  a  portrait-painter 
of  Indianapolis,  but  in  1869  removed  to  New  York, 
where  he  became  a  pupil  at  the  National  academy, 
and  of  J.  0.  Eaton.  In  1872  he  went  to  Europe 
and  studied  several  years  in  the  Munich  acad- 
emy under  Wagner  and  Piloty,  winning  three 
medals.  He  also  studied  a  year  in  Venice,  especial- 
ly the  works  of  Tintoretto.  He  returned  to  the 
United  States  in  1878.  In  1882  he  received  honor- 
able mention  at  the  Paris  salon.  His  studio  is  in 
New  York.  His  principal  works  are  portraits  of 
the  five  children  of  Pilotv,  painted  for  that  artist ; 
"  Venetian  Fish  Market ";  "  The  Dowager ''  (1875) ; 
"Boy  finding  a  Cockatoo,"  "Broken  Jug"  (1877); 
"  Ready  for  a  Ride,"  "  The  Apprentice  "  (1878) ; 
"  Interior  of  St.  Mark's  in  Venice,"  "  Court  Jester," 
portrait  of  Duveneck  (1879);  portrait  of  Gen. 
Webb  (1880);  portrait  of  Peter  Cooper  (1882); 
"Interior  of  Artist's  Studio"  (1883);  and  "The 
Coquette"  (1884). 

CHASS^RIAU,  Theodore,  artist,  b.  in  Saraa- 
na,  Santo  Domingo,  in  1819 ;  d.  in  Paris,  8  Oct., 
1856.  He  studied  painting  with  Ingres  in  Paris, 
and  followed  him  to  the  French  school  of  Rome, 
but  afterward  left  him,  having  given  rein  to  his 
own  original  ideas,  and  next  attached  himself  to 
the  school  founded  by  Delaroche.  He  executed 
several  of  the  mural  jiaintings  in  the  palace  of  the 
council  of  state,  Paris,  and  his  works  are  found  in 
some  of  the  principal  Parisian  churches.  His  chief 
works  are  the  "Tepidarium  at  Pompeii,"  in  the 


690 


CHASTELLUX 


CHATEAUBRIAND 


museum  at  the  Luxembourg ;  "  Arab  Cavaliers  car- 
rying away  their  Dead";  "Susanna  and  the  El- 
ders " ;  "  Christ  in  the  Garden  of  Olives  "  ;  and  "  Mary 
Stuart  defending  Rizzio  against  his  Assassins." 
He  left  fifteen  etchings  of  subjects  from  Shake- 
speare's "  Othello,"  and  thirty  from  "  Hamlet." 

CHASTELLUX,  Francois  Jean,  Chevalier  de, 
French  author,  b.  in  Paris  in  1734;  d.  there,  28 
Oct.,  1788.  He  entered  the  army  when  fifteen 
years  of  age,  and  distinguished  himself  in  Germany 
as  colonel  of  a  regiment  in  the  seven  years'  war. 
He  afterward  served  in  America  as  major-general 
under  Rochambeau,  and  gained  the  friendship  of 
Washington  by  his  amiable  character.  He  made  a 
literary  reputation  by  publishing  "  De  la  felicite 
publique  "  (1772),  a  work  noted  "for  its  bitterness 
against  Christianity,  and  now  known  only  as  a 
literary  curiosity.  His  "  Voyage  dans  I'Amerique 
septentrionale  dans  les  annees  1780-'2 "  (2  vols., 
Paris,  1786  ;  English  translation  by  George  Grieve, 
London,  1787)  contains  notices  of  the  natural  his- 
tory of  the  country,  interesting  details  of  the  locali- 
ties and  events  of  the  war,  and  observations  on  the 
character  of  the  chief  actors  in  it.     It  includes  his 

i'ournal  written  when  travelling  from  Newport, 
I.  I.,  to  Philadelphia,  thence  to  Saratoga,  and  in 
Virginia,  and  its  style  is  agreeable,  though  some- 
times frivolous.  His  "  Discours  sur  les  avantages 
et  les  dessavantages  qui  resultent  pour  I'Europe  de 
la  decouverte  de  I'Amerique  "  (1787)  is  praised  by 
La  Harpe  as  his  best  work.  He  concludes  that  the 
advantages  of  the  discovery  outweigh  the  disad- 
vantages. He  also  translated  into  French  David 
Humphreys's  "  Address  to  the  Army  of  the  United 
States."  ChastcUux  married  Miss  Plunket,  a  lady 
of  Irish  descent,  the  year  before  his  death.  He  was 
made  a  member  of  the  French  academy  in  1775. 

CHATARD,  Francis  Silas,  R.  C.  bishop,  b.  in 
Baltimore,  Md.,  in  1834.  He  was  graduated  at 
Mount  St.  Mary's,  Emmettsburg,  in  1853,  and 
adopted  the  profession  of  medicine,  but,  after  fin- 
ishing his  course,  he  decided  to  enter  the  church. 
With  this  view  he  became  a  student  of  the  Ur- 
ban college,  Rome,  in  1857,  and  at  the  end  of  six 
years  won  the  cap  of  a  doctor  of  divinity  in  public 
theses.  He  was  shortly  afterward  appointed  vice- 
rector  of  the  American  college,  and,  on  the  eleva- 
tion of  Dr.  McCloskey  to  the  episcopate,  became 
rector.  In  this  place,  which  he  held  for  ten  years, 
he  rendered  excellent  service  not  only  to  the 
American  college,  but  to  the  American  bishops 
that  visited  Rome.  His  efforts  during  the  Vati- 
can council  were  recognized  by  Pius  IX.,  who.  as  a 
token  of  his  appreciation,  presented  him  with  a 
gold  medal  of  exquisite  workmanship.  Dr.  Clia- 
tard  visited  the  United  States  in  1878,  and  obtained 
large  sums  for  the  American  college.  On  his  re- 
turn to  Rome,  he  was  notified  of  his  appointment 
to  the  bishopric  of  Vincennes.  He  was  conse- 
crated the  same  year,  and  took  up  his  residence 
at  Indianapolis.  He  is  the  author  of  several  devo- 
tional and  controversial  works. 

CHATEAUBRIAND,  Franqois  Anguste,  Vis- 
count de,  French  statesman,  b.  in  St.  Malo  in  Sep- 
tembei',  17G8  ;  d.  in  Paris,  4  July,  1848.  He  sprang 
from  a  noble  family  of  Brittany,  and  received  liis 
education  at  the  colleges  of  Dole  and  Rennes.  He 
was  destined  for  the  church,  but  preferred  the  army, 
and  received  a  commission  as  second  lieutenant 
in  1785.  His  first  production,  an  idyllic  poem, 
"  L'amour  de  la  campagne,"  revealed  nothing  of 
the  genius  he  afterward  manifested.  He  had  no 
sympathy  with  the  revolutionary  movements  in 
Paris,  and  in  the  spring  of  1791  en-barked  for  the 
Jnited  States,  ostensibly  in  search  of  the  north- 


west passage.  In  Philadelphia  he  dined  with 
Washington,  and  when  the  president  alluded  to 
the  obstacles  in  the  way  of  a  polar  expedition,  the 
young  traveller  said  :  "  Sir,  it  is  less  difficult  than 
to  create  a  nation,  as  you  have  done."  Chateau- 
briand then  visited  New  York,  Boston,  and  Albany, 
and  went  among  the  Indian  tribes,  living  with 
them,  and  exploring  the  country  bordering  on  the 
great  lakes.  He  afterward  travelled  through  Flor- 
ida, and  spent  some  time  among  the  Natchez. 
These  wanderings  among  the  savages,  the  strange 
beauties  of  the  American  continent,  the  size  of  its 
rivers,  the  solitude  of  its  forests,  made  a  powerful 
impression  upon  his  imagination.  Hearing  of  the 
flight  and  arrest  of  Louis  XVI.,  he  returned  to 
France,  but,  finding  that  he  could  not  benefit  the 
royal  cause,  joined  the  emigrants  at  Coblentz,  and 
afterward  enlisted  in  a  company  that  followed  the 
Prussian  army  in  their  invasion  of  France.  He 
was  wounded  and  left  for  dead  near  Thionville, 
taken  to  Jersey  by  a  charitable  person,  and  from 
1793  till  1800  was  an  exile  in  England,  where  he 
was  reduced  to  extreme  poverty.  He  was  convert- 
ed from  materialism  by  the  dying  appeal  of  his 
mother,  and  in  1798  began  to  compose  his  "  Genie 
du  Christianisme."  He  returned  to  France  under 
an  assumed  name,  and  completed  this  work,  pub- 
lishing it  in  1802.  The  romance  of  "  Atala,"  a 
picture  of  life  among  the  American  aborigines, 
which  was  incorporated  in  this  work,  had  pre- 
viously appeared  in  the  "  Mercure  de  France  "  in 
1801,  and  attracted  much  attention.  His  work 
gained  him  a  diplomatic  appointment  from  Bona- 
parte ;  but  after  the  execution  of  the  Due  d'En- 
ghien  he  resigned  it,  and  afterward  bitterly  assailed 
the  emperor.  Chateaubriand's  political  career  was 
somewhat  wayward.  He  called  himself  "  a  Bour- 
bonist  from  the  point  of  honor,  a  royalist  by  rea- 
son, a  republican  by  taste  and  disposition."  He 
had  published  a  political  pamphlet  entitled  "  De 
Buonaparte  et  des  Bourbons "  (1814).  which  did 
good  service  in  the  king's  cause,  and  after  the  res- 
toration he  became  minister  of  state  and  a  peer  of 
France.  Forfeiting  the  royal  favor,  he  lost  his 
office,  but,  becoming  reconciled,  he  was  minister  to 
Berlin  in  1821,  to  London  in  1822,  and,  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  congress  of  Verona,  was  instrumental  in 
bringing  about  the  French  expedition  to  Spain.  On 
his  return  he  was  made  minister  of  foreign  affairs. 
Throughout  this  time  he  remained  a  royalist,  till, 
on  being  dismissed  from  office  by  the  prime  minis- 
ter, de  Villete,  in  1824,  he  joined  the  liberals.  He 
made  himself  popular  by  advocating  Greek  inde- 
pendence, but  after  1830  ceased  to  be  active  in 
politics,  and  gave  himself  up  to  literary  pursuits. 
Among  his  numerous  works,  besides  those  already 
noticed,  are  "Les  martyrs"  (1809);  "Itineraire  de 
Paris  a  Jerusalem"  (1811);  "Etudes,  ou  discours 
historiques,"  an  introduction  to  a  history  of  France 
on  a  gigantic  plan  (1831);  "Voyage  en  Amerique, 
en  France  et  en  Italic  "  (1834) ;  "  Essai  sur  la  lit- 
terature  anglaise  "  (1836) ;  and  "  Memoires  d'outre- 
tombe,"'  an  autobiography  (12  vols.,  1849-'50;  new 
ed.,  illustrated,  8  vols.,  1856  ;  6  vols.,  1861  ;  Ger- 
man translation,  2d  ed.,  Jena,  1852).  This  work 
he  sold  in  advance  in  1836,  and  lived  on  an  an- 
nuity secured  by  the  proceeds.  His  life  was  spent 
in  retirement,  the  drawing-room  of  his  friend, 
Mme.  Recamier,  being  almost  the  only  place  he 
visited.  There  he  could  be  seen  every  evening 
among  the  elite  of  the  literary  world.  But  a  pro- 
found melancholy  clouded  his  latter  years.  Most 
of  his  works  have  been  translated  into  the  English. 
German,  and  other  languages.  The  complete  and 
separate  editions  are  numerous.     The  best  of  the 


CHATFIELD 


CHATHAM 


591 


former  is  by  Sainte-Beuve  (12  vols.,  1859-'61),  with 
a  review  of  his  literary  labors.  A  new  and  com- 
plete illustrated  edition,  to  consist  of  fourteen  vol- 
umes, was  begun  in  1864.  Marin's  "  Histoire  de  la 
vie  et  des  ouvrages  de  M.  de  Chateaubriand"'  ap- 
peared in  1883,  and  M.  Villemain's  "  Chateau- 
briand, sa  vie,  ses  ecrits,  son  influence  sur  son 
temps  "  in  1858. 

CHATFIELD,  Julia,  educator,  b.  in  London, 
England,  in  1800 ;  d.  in  Brown  county,  Ohio,  in  1878. 
She  was  educated  by  the  Ursulines  of  Boulogne, 
and  became  a  nun  of  that  order  in  1834.  In  1845 
she  conducted  a  body  of  Ursulines  from  Boulogne 
to  the  United  States.  When  she  visited  Cincinnati 
she  was  offered  three  different  sites  for  the  convent 
and  academy  she  purposed  founding.  She  selected 
that  in  Brown  co.,  Ohio,  and  erected  the  convent 
and  academy  of  St.  Martin's,  which  became  a  lead- 
ing Catholic  institution  in  the  west.  She  acted  as 
president  of  tiie  academv  for  over  thirty  years. 

CHATHAM,  AVilliam  Pitt,  Earlof,  British 
statesman,  b.  in  Boconnoc,  Cornwall,  England,  15 
Nov.,  1708;  d.  in  Hayes,  Somerset,  11  May,  1778. 
His  grandfather,  Thomas  Pitt,  was  governor  of 
Madras,  and  brought  from  India  the  celebrated 
Pitt  diamond,  which  he  had  purchased  for  £24,000. 
The  Regent  Orleans  bought  it  of  him  for  £135,000, 
and  it  was  esteemed  the  most  precious  of  the  crown 
jewels  of  Prance  as  long  as  the  monarchy  lasted. 
Gov.  Pitt  used  his  wealth  in  buying  rotten  bor- 
oughs until  he  acquired  for  his  family  a  vast  par- 
liamentary influence.  He  sat  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons for  the  famous  rotten  borough  of  Old  Sarum, 
which  had  no  inhabitants.  His  son,  Robert,  who 
afterward  I'epresented  this  same  borough,  married 
Harriet  Villiers,  and  had  two  sons,  of  whom  the 
elder,  Thomas,  inherited  the  estate.  The  younger 
son,  William,  was  educated  at  Eton,  and  entered 
Trinity  college,  Oxford,  at  the  age  of  seventeen. 
He  already  began  to  feel  the  tortures  of  gout,  so 
that  he  left  college  without  taking  a  degree,  and 
travelled  in  France  and  Italy  for  his  health.  On 
his  return  home  he  obtained  a  cornetcy  in  the 
Blues;  but  in  1735  his  family  interest  gained  him 
a  seat  in  parliament  as  member  for  Old  Sarum. 
His  first  speech,  in  April,  1736,  made  a  profound 
impression.  He  was  in  the  opposition  during  Wal- 
pole's  ministry,  and  during  that  of  his  successor 
Carteret.  He  fiercely  denounced  the  prevailing 
custom  of  subsidizing  with  British  gold  petty  Ger- 
man states  for  the  benefit  of  the  German  domin- 
ions of  the  Guelph  family.  This  earned  for  him 
the  enmity  of  George  II.,  who  seems  to  have  cared 
more  for  Hanover  than  for  Great  Britain ;  but  it 
won  the  patriotic  heart  of  the  old  Duchess  of 
Marlborough,  who,  on  her  death  in  1744,  left  Pitt 
a  legacy  of  £10,000  as  a  testimonial  of  her  admira- 
tion for  his  conduct.  In  that  same  year  Henry 
Pelham  became  prime  minister,  and  would  have 
hnd  Pitt  in  his  cabinet  but  for  the  king's  opposi- 
tion. Pelham  made  an  issue  of  this,  and  in  Feb- 
ruary, 1746,  in  the  very  crisis  of  the  Jacobite  re- 
bellion, the  ministry  resigned,  and  the  obstinate 
king  found  himself  suddenly  deserted  by  the  whole 
party  that  had  placed  his  family  on  the  throne. 
Carteret,  now  Lord  Granville,  tried  in  vain  to  form 
a  ministry ;  he  could  not  count  on  more  than  thirty 
lords  and  eighty  members  of  the  lower  house.  The 
ministers  therefore  returned  in  triumph,  with  Pitt 
as  vice-treasurer  of  Ireland,  and  shortly  afterward 
as  paymaster  of  the  forces.  In  this  office  one  of 
Pitt's  leading  traits  of  character  soon  showed  itself. 
The  salary  was  small,  but  the  various  perquisites 
made  it  the  most  lucrative  office  in  the  gift  of  the 
government.     Pitt  refused  to  take  a  farthing  be- 


yond his  stated  salary,  thus  setting  an  example 
that  proved  to  be  of  great  effect  in  purifying  Eng- 
lish politics.  Such  conduct  was  considered  idiotic 
by  the  politicians  of  the  time,  but  it  won  the  hearts 
of  the  English  people.  In  1754  Pitt  married  Lady 
Hester  Grenville,  sister  of  Earl  Temple  and  of 
George  Grenville.  In  that  year  the  death  of  Henry 
Pelham  threw  the  government  into  confusion. 
His  elder  brothei-,  the  Duke  of  Newcastle,  became 
prime  minister,  and  Pitt  remained  for  a  time  as 
paymaster ;  but  in  the  following  year,  as  war  on 
the  continent  was  threatened,  the  king  became 
alarmed  for  Hanover,  and  proposed  to  subsidize 
the  Hessian  princes  and  to  bribe  the  Russian  gov- 
ernment to  browbeat  Frederick  of  Prussia.  Against 
these  stupid  measures,  which  might  have  ruined 
England's  chances  for  victory,  both  in  Europe  and 
in  America,  in  the  great  war  that  was  coming,  the 
far-sighted  Pitt  most  resolutely  set  his  face,  and 
was  accordingly  turned  out  of  office.  War  began 
in  1756  between  England  and  France,  and  it  began 
with  disasters  for  England.  The  vast  ability  and 
the  lofty  character  of  Pitt  had  already  won  such 
recognition  that  there  was  a  popular  demand  that 
he  should  enter  the  cabinet  as  secretary  of  state 
for  foreign  affairs.  He  refused  to  serve  with  New- 
castle, who  was  a  political  intriguer  of  the  worst 
type.  Newcastle  then  resigned,  and  the  Duke  of 
Devonshire  became  nominal  prime  minister,  with 
Pitt  as  secretary  of  state  and  wielding  the  real 
power.  During' this  short  ministry  occurred  the 
judicial  murder  of  Admiral  Byng  for  his  error  of 
judgment  in  failing  to  relieve  Minorca.  At  the 
risk  of  his  power  and  popularity,  Pitt  thundered 
against  this  wickedness,  and  did  all  that  he  could 
to  save  the  gallant  Byng,  but  in  vain.  The  minis- 
try lasted  only  five  months.  In  April,  1757,  Pitt 
and  his  brother-in-law,  Lord  Temple,  were  dismissed 
by  the  hostile  king,  but  the  great  cities  took  pains 
to  express  their  disapproval  of  this  action  and  their 
unbounded  confidence  in  Pitt.  For  eleven  weeks, 
in  the  midst  of  one  of  the  greatest  wars  of  modern 
times,  England  was  without  a  government,  while 
the  Duke  of  Newcastle  was  vainly  trying  to  form 
a  ministry  that  should  not  include  Pitt.  At  length 
the  king  was  obliged  to  give  way,  and  in  forming 
the  new  ministry  Pitt  dictated  the  terms  upon 
which  he  would  consent  to  serve  with  Newcastle. 
The  latter  became  prime  minister,  with  Pitt  for 
secretary  of  state,  but  for  the  next  four  years  "  the 
Great  Commoner,"  as  he  was  now  called,  was  the 
real  ruler  of  England.  These  four  years  were  the 
most  glorious  in  English  history.  They  decided 
the  contest  for  supremacy  in  the  world  between 
the  French  and  English  races,  and  between  des- 
potic and  liberal  ideas  in  religion  and  politics. 
They  laid  the  foundations  of  modern  Germany,  of 
the  British  empire  in  India,  and  of  American  do- 
minion over  the  Mississippi  valley.  They  made 
England  mistress  of  the  sea,  and  at  the  same  time 
prepared  the  way  for  the  independence  of  the 
United  States.  In  the  combinations  that  led  to 
these  magnificent  results,  Pitt  showed  himself  the 
greatest  war  minister  and  one  of  the  greatest 
statesmen  that  ever  lived.  The  year  1757  was 
made  illustrious  by  the  victories  of  Frederick  at 
Rossbach  and  Leuthen,  and  of  Clive  at  Plassey. 
The  following  year  saw  the  capture  of  Louisburg 
and  Fort  Duquesne,  and  the  naval  victories  of 
Basque  Roads  and  Carthagena.  Next  followed  in 
1759  the  capture  of  Guadeloupe,  the  overthrow  of 
the  French  at  Minden,  the  naval  victories  at  Lagos 
and  Quiberon,  and  the  memorable  triumph  of 
Wolfe  at  Quebec.  Finally,  in  1760  the  great  vic- 
tory of  Wandiwash  completed  the  downfall  of  the 


692 


CHATHAM 


CHAUMONOT 


French  power  in  India.  In  October,  1760,  the  king 
died,  and  was  succeeded  by  George  III. ;  the  min- 
istry disagreed  on  the  question  of  war  with  Spain, 
and  Pitt  resigned  in  1761.  The  next  year  New- 
castle followed  him,  and  Lord  Bute  became  prime 
minister,  to  be  succeeded  after  a  year  by  George 
Grenville.  In  order  to  raise  money  toward  defray- 
ing the  cost  of  the  war,  Grenville's  stamp-act  was 
passed  in  1765,  and  troubles  with  the  American 
colonies  began.  In  July  of  that  year  the  king 
quarrelled  with  Grenville,  and  offered  the  premier- 
ship to  Pitt,  but  he  declined  it.  The  JMarquis  of 
Rockingham  then  took  the  government,  and  re- 
pealed the  stamp-act.  In  the  debate  on  the  repeal, 
Pitt  made  the  famous  speech  in  which  he  rejoiced 
that  the  Americans  had  resisted.  In  July,  1766, 
the  Rockingham  ministry  fell,  and  Pitt  formed  a 
government  under  the  nominal  lead  of  the  Duke 
of  Grafton.  As  he  was  now  much  broken  in 
health,  he  accepted  the  earldom  of  Chatham,  and 
passed  into  the  house  of  lords.  For  a  moment 
this  diminished  his  popularity,  as  it  was  feared 
that  he  was  surrendering  his  independence ;  but 
the  fear  soon  proved  to  be  groundless.  In  1767, 
while  Chatham  was  very  ill,  his  chancellor  of  the 
exchequer,  Charles  Townshend,  passed  the  act  for 
taxing  tea  and  other  American  imports,  and  de- 
voting the  revenue  thus  obtained  to  establishing  a 
civil  list  in  the  colonies.  As  soon  as  he  heard  of 
this,  Chatham  tried  to  dismiss  Townshend  and 
have  the  act  repealed ;  but  his  illness  increased  so 
that  he  was  unable  to  do  anything.  Townshend 
died,  and  was  succeeded  by  North,  and  the  next 
year  Chatham  resigned.  His  malady  had  assumed 
a  singular  form.  When  he  ceased  to  suffer  from 
gout,  he  became  melancholy  and  nearly  insane ; 
when,  after  many  weeks,  the  excruciating  pain  re- 
turned, his  mind  became  clear  again,  and  he  was 
enabled  to  attend  to  business.  In  1770  Grafton 
resigned,  and  Lord  North  became  prime  minister. 
The  king,  through  his  influence  over  North,  now 
had  everything  as  he  wished,  and  pushed  on  the 
measures  that  drove  the  Americans  to  armed  re- 
sistance. In  these  critical  times  Chatham  was  the 
steadfast  and  eloquent  defender  of  the  liberties  of 
America.  In  a  brilliant  speech  in  1775,  alluding 
to  the  Boston  port  bill  and  the  regulating  act,  he 
exclaimed :  "  You  must  repeal  these  acts,  and  you 
will  repeal  them.  I  pledge  myself  for  it  that  you 
will  repeal  them.  I  stake  my  reputation  on  it.  I 
will  consent  to  be  taken  for  an  idiot  if  they  are  not 
finally  repealed."  Soon  after  this  he  withdrew  his 
eldest  son.  Lord  Pitt,  from  the  army,  that  he  might 
not  be  called  upon  to  serve  in  the  wicked  war 
against  America.  In  1777  he  made  the  famous 
speech  against  the  employment  of  Indian  auxilia- 
ries and  German  mercenaries,  in  which  he  boldly 
declared,  "  If  I  were  an  American,  as  I  am  an  Eng- 
lishman, so  long  as  a  foreign  foe  remained  upon 
the  soil  of  my  country,  I  would  never  lay  down  my 
arms,  never,  never,  never!"  In  February,  1778, 
the  ministry  repealed  the  acts  that  Chatham  had 
denounced  three  years  before ;  but  it  was  now  too 
late.  The  Americans  were  already  comjrleting 
their  treaty  of  alliance  with  France.  The  Rock- 
ingham whigs  were  in  favor  of  conceding  Ameri- 
can independence,  but  Chatham  was  not  ready  for 
such  a  step,  especially  just  after  a  declaration  of 
war  with  France ;  it  would  look  too  much  like  hu- 
miliating England  before  the  house  of  Bourbon. 
Chatham  would  have  withdrawn  the  British  troops 
from  America,  and  endeavored  to  bring  about 
something  like  a  federal  association  between  the 
colonies  and  the  mother  country.  There  was  now 
a  strong  popular  demand  for  Chatham  as  j^rime 


minister.  Men  of  all  parties,  beginning  with  Lord 
North  himself,  were  desirous  that  he  should  take 
the  reins  of  government  and  pacify  America  while 
punishing  France.  The  task  of  pacifying  America 
without  conceding  full  independence  might  prob- 
ably have  proved  impracticable ;  but  if  there  was 
any  man  tlien  living  who  could  have  undertaken 
such  a  task  with  some  hope  of  success,  it  was  Chat- 
ham. The  king  raved  and  stormed  at  the  idea  of 
calling  him  to  the  head  of  the  government ;  but 
the  popular  pressure  was  so  strong  that,  but  for 
Chatham's  sudden  death,  a  few  more  weeks  would 
undoubtedly  have  seen  him  prime  minister.  On  7 
April  the  Duke  of  Richmond  moved  that  Great 
Britain  should  recognize  the  independence  of  the 
United  States.  Chatham  had  got  up  from  his  sick- 
bed and  come  to  the  House  of  lords  to  take  part 
in  the  discussion.  While  speaking,  he  fell  in  a 
swoon,  and  was  taken  to  his  home  at  Hayes,  where, 
after  lingering  several  weeks,  he  died.  Although 
he  never  came  to  this  country,  Lord  Chatham 
must  be  regarded  as  one  of  the  foremost  figures  in 
American  history.  It  was  he  that  drove  the  French 
from  America  and  won  for  us  the  valley  of  the 
Mississippi.  Besides  this,  he  was  the  first  British 
statesman  whose  political  ideas  were  of  an  Ameri- 
can type.  He  was  pre-eminently  the  man  of  the 
people.  He  was  the  father  of  parliamentary  re- 
form, and  the  advocate  of  every  liberal  measure. 
Alike  in  public  and  in  private  life,  his  purity  was 
spotless.  He  was  a  man  of  intense  earnestness, 
and  fond  of  grand  and  stirring  thoughts.  These 
qualities,  joined  with  his  commanding  presence, 
his  rich  and  powerful  voice,  and  his  warmth  of 
temperament,  gave  to  his  eloquence  its  peculiar 
character.  As  a  master  of  the  English  language 
he  was  inferior  to  Burke  and  Webster  ;  as  a  mas- 
ter of  debate  he  could  not  be  compared  with  Fox 
or  with  his  own  son ;  yet  for  power  of  moving  an 
audience  he  must  probably  be  counted  the  greatest 
orator  since  Demosthenes ;  while  among  those  men 
of  action  who  have  shaped  the  destinies  of  nations 
he  will  rank  with  the  foremost. 

CHAUMONOT,  Peter  Joseph  Marie,  French 
missionary,  b.  near  Chatillon  sur  Seine  in  1611 ;  d. 
near  Quebec,  21  Feb.,  1693.  His  parents  were  poor 
vine-dressers ;  but  he  had  an  uncle,  a  priest,  who 
took  charge  of  him  and  sent  him  to  school,  where 
he  learned  Latin  and  plain  chant ;  but  he  fell 
among  evil  companions,  who  persuaded  him  to  see 
the  world  in  their  company,  and,  with  this  object 
in  view,  he  stole  100  sols  (about  a  dollar)  from 
his  uncle  and  set  out  on  his  travels  when  he  was  a 
little  over  ten  years  of  age.  His  adventures  in 
France  and  Italy  during  the  next  eight  or  nine 
years  are  related  in  his  autobiography,  Avhich  he 
was  ordered  to  write  by  his  superiors  when  over 
eighty.  Although  the  aged  missionary  looks  back 
on  them  with  horror,  they  are  amusing  rather  than 
criminal.  After  a  varied  career  as  beggar,  valet, 
and  tutor,  he  was  noticed  by  some  Jesuits  in  Rome, 
and  sent  to  their  college  of  Fermo.  He  afterward 
returned  to  Rome  to  study  theology,  and  wliile 
there  he  met  with  a  Jesuit  "  relation "  wliich 
treated  of  Father  Brebeuf,  and  appealed  for  mis- 
sionaries. He  felt  the  force  of  the  appeal  as  a 
personal  call,  and  petitioned  his  superiors  to  allow 
his  studies  to  be  abridged  and  his  ordination  to 
take  place  at  once,  so  that  he  might  take  passage 
in  a  vessel  that  was  about  to  sail  for  Canada  from 
Dieppe.  After  a  three  months'  voyage  he  arrived 
in  Quebec  in  August,  1639,  and  set  out  for  the 
Huron  country.  Journeying  for  a  month,  he 
reached  La'ke  Tsirorgi,  and  began  his  labors  among 
the  Wyandot  tribes,  but  was  not  very  successful 


CHAUNCEY 


CHAUNCEY 


593 


The  Indians  looked  upon  him  as  a  sorcerer,  and 
this  idea  was  strengthened  when  the  small-pox 
broke  out  among  them  after  his  arrival.  Still  he 
succeeded  in  establishing  St.  Mary's  on  the  Wye, 
the  first  missionary  settlement  in  the  west.  He 
was  next  sent  to  Ossossane,  from  which  the  mis- 
sionaries had  been  driven.  He  spent  a  year  among 
the  Indians  of  this  settlement,  and  was  then 
ordered  to  Arondaendronnon.  Here  he  formed  a 
vocabulary  of  the  dialect  of  the  tribe,  collecting 
the  words  in  the  cabins,  and  gathering  materials 
for  a  philological  work.  He  then  started  with 
Brebeuf  on  a  journey  eastward,  intending  to  preach 
the  gospel  among  the  Attewandaronks,  a  tribe  of 
the  neutral  nation  dwelling  on  both  sides  of  Ni- 
agara. A  journey  of  four  days  brought  him  to  the 
first  village  of  that  nation,  named  Kandoucho.  He 
was  well  received ;  but  the  arrival  of  pagan  Hu- 
rons,  who  said  he  was  a  magician,  changed  the 
feeling  of  the  people,  and  he  very  narrowly  es- 
caped death.  He  left  Kandoucho,  and  visited 
eighteen  Indian  towns,  but  met  with  no  success, 
and  so  determined  to  return  to  Kandoucho.  He 
fell  sick  on  the  way,  and  was  cared  for  by  an  In- 
dian woman  in  a  snow  village.  He  stayed  with 
her  twenty-five  days,  learning  the  language  of  the 
place,  and"  was  successful  in  adapting  the  diction- 
ary and  grammar  of  the  Hurons  to  the  dialect  of 
this  nation.  On  his  return  to  the  neutral  nation 
his  labors  were  not  successful,  and  he  left  them 
after  a  stay  of  five  months.  He  then  went  to  the 
settlement  of  St.  Michael,  where  he  labored  suc- 
cessfully until  1648,  when  the  Christian  Indians 
were  defeated  and  their  tribe  nearly  extermi- 
nated by  the  Iroquois.  He  accompanied  the  sur- 
vivors of  the  disaster  to  St.  Joseph's  island  in 
Lake  Huron,  where  they  endured  fearful  suffering. 
The  French  government  gave  them  the  island  of 
Orleans,  and  thither  Father  Chaumonot  accompa- 
nied them.  He  now  compiled  his  grammar  and 
dictionary  for  the  Huron  and  all  kindred  languages. 
The  grammar  was  published  in  1870  by  the  Que- 
bec literary  and  historical  society.  When  he  h?d 
organized  the  Indians  of  Orleans  lie  went  among 
the  Iroquois  of  Onondaga  in  1655  and  preached 
with  great  success,  having  won  the  women  by  his 
denunciation  of  polygamy.  He  left  this  mission 
in  1658  and  went  to  Montreal,  .where  he  founded 
in  1663  tlie  Society  of  the  lioly  family.  He  was 
then  sent  as  military  chaplain  to  Fort  Richelieu  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Sorel.  He  shortly  returned  to 
his  Hurons,  however,  and  the  rest  of  his  life  was 
spent  among  them.  He  built  the  chapel  of  Notre 
Dame  de  Foye  for  their  benefit,  and  some  years 
later  the  Santa  Casa  of  Loretto. 

CHAUNCEY,  Charles,  jurist,  b.  in  Durham, 
Conn.,  11  June,  1747;  d.  in  New  Haven,  Conn..  28 
April,  1823.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  No- 
vember, 1768,  removed  to  New  Haven,  and  became 
state's  attorney  in  1776.  He  was  a  judge  of  the 
superior  court  from  1789  till  1793,  and  was  for 
forty  years  a  lecturer  on  jurisprudence.  Judge 
Chauncey  was  the  principal  founder  and  the  presi- 
dent of  the  first  agricultural  society  in  Connecti- 
cut. He  was  given  the  degree  of  A.  M.  by  Yale  in 
1779,  and  that  of  LL.  D.  by  Middlebury  in  1811.— 
His  sen,  Charles,  b.  in  New  Haven,  17  Aug.,  1777 ; 
d.  in  Burlington,  N.  J.,  30  Aug.,  1849,  was  gradu- 
ated at  Yale  in  1792,  and  received  the  degree  of 
LL.  D.  from  the  same  college  in  1827.  He  removed 
to  Philadelphia,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  there  in 
1799,  and  soon  attained  distinction,  though  he  had 
for  competitors  such  men  as  John  Sargeant  and 
Horace  Binney.  He  declined  various  civil  and  ju- 
dicial offices,  ijreferring  to  practise  law. 


/^^ff^^^-:?-:?^^ 


CHAUNCEY,  Isaac,  naval  officer,  b,  in  Black 
Rock,  Conn.,  20  Feb.,  1772;  d.  in  Washington,  D. 
C,  27  Jan.,  1840.     Entering  the  merchant  service 
very  young,  he  commanded  a  ship  at  nineteen,  and 
made  several  successful  voyages  to  the  East  Indies 
in  the  ships  of  John  Jacob  Astor.     On  the  organi- 
zation of    the 
navy     he   was 
made  a  lieuten- 
ant, 17   Sept.,  / 
1798,  and  was  ^ 
acting  captain 
of  the  frigate 
"  Chesapeake" 
early  in    1802. 
He         distin- 
guished    him- 
self  in   sever- 
al  actions   off 
Tripoli,       was 
thanked        by 
congress      for 
his       services, 
and    voted    a 
sword,     which 
he    never    re- 
ceived.  He  be- 
came   master, 

23  May,  1804, 
and     captain, 

24  April,  1806.     At  the  beginning  of  the  war  of 

1812,  Capt.  Chauncey,  then  in  command  of  the 
navy-yard  at  New  York,  was  appointed  to  com- 
mand on  all  the  lakes  except  Champlain,  and  en- 
tered on  his  duties  at  Sackett's  Harbor  on  6  Oct. 
From  that  time  till  the  close  of  the  war  vessels 
were  built  and  equipped  witli  unequalled  rapidity. 
The  "  Mohawk,"  a  42-gun  frigate,  was  launched  in 
thirty-four  days  after  her  keel  was  laid,  and  the 
corvette  "  Madison "  was  launched  in  nine  weeks 
from  the  day  when  the  first  tree  composing  her 
frame  was  cut  in  the  forest.  Chauncey  co-oper- 
ated with  the  land  forces  under  Pike  in  April, 

1813,  in  capturing  York  (now  Toronto),  and,  on  27 
May,  in  the  capture  of  Fort  George,  which  caused 
the  evacuation  of  the  entire  Niagara  frontier,  and 
in  the  same  year  superintended  the  building  of 
ships  at  Sackett's  Harbor.  On  27  Sept.,  Chaun- 
cey attacked  and  put  to  flight,  in  York  bay,  the 
British  fleet  under  Sir  James  Yeo,  whom  he  had 
hitherto  been  unable  to  bring  to  action.  The 
"  Pike,"  his  flag-ship,  was  on  this  occasion  man- 
oeuvred and  fought  in  a  manner  ever  since  a  theme 
of  admiration  in  the  navy.  Before  the  whole 
American  squadron  could  get  into  action,  the  en- 
emy bore  up,  Chauncey  following.  A  heavy  gale 
stopped  the  chase,  and  prevented  the  destruction 
of  the  British  fleet.  On  5  Oct..  Chauncey  cap- 
tured five  vessels,  with  part  of  a  regiment  of  sol- 
diers. In  August  and  September,  1814,  he  block- 
aded Sir  James  Yeo's  fleet  for  six  weeks.  He 
afterward  commanded  the  Brooklyn  navy-yard  and 
the  Mediterranean  squadron,  and  with  William 
Shaler,  consul,  negotiated  a  treaty  with  Algiers. 
He  served  on  the  board  of  navy  commissioners  at 
Washington,  and  became  its  president  in  June, 
1833,  holding  the  office  till  his  death.  He  was  a 
model  of  gallantry,  energy,  and  skill.  His  remains 
were  buried  in  the  congressional  cemetery  at  Wash- 
ington, where  a  marble  monument  has  been  erected 
to  his  memory. — His  son,  John  S.,  naval  officer, 
was  b.  in  New  York  about  1800 ;  d.  in  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.,  10  April.  1871.  He  entered  the  service  as 
midsliipinan.  1  Jan..  1812,  became  passed  midship- 
man in  1821,  and  in  1822,  while  on  the  sloop  "  Pea- 


594 


CHAUNCY 


CHAUVEAU 


cock,"  was  engaged  in  the  capture  of  eight  pirate 
schooneis,  one  ol"  them  heavily  armed,  oif  Bahia 
Honda,  Cuba.  He  was  ordered  to  command  one 
of  the  prizes.  Having  been  appointed  acting  lieu- 
tenant in  1823,  he  was  assigned  to  the  "  Ontario," 
of  the  Mediterranean  squadron,  in  1824,  and  re- 
ceived his  commission  as  lieutenant,  13  Jan.,  1825. 
He  became  commander,  8  Sept.,  1841,  and  was  in- 
spector of  ordnance  at  Washington  from  1847  till 
1850.  He  was  promoted  to  captain,  14  Sept.,  1855, 
assigned  to  the  "  Susquehanna  "  in  1861,  and  en- 
gaged at  Forts  Hatteras  and  Clark.  He  com- 
manded the  blockade  of  the  sounds  of  Virginia 
and  North  Carolina  in  September,  1861,  became 
commodore,  16  July,  1862,  and  was  on  special  ser- 
vice for  the  rest  of  the  war.  He  was  retired  from 
active  service  on  4  April,  1869. 

CHAUNCY,  Charles,  educator,  b.  in  Yardley- 
bury,  Hertfordshire,  England,  in  1592 ;  d.  19  Feb., 
1672.  He  came  of  an  old  English  family,  was  at 
Westminster  school  at  the  time  of  the  gunpowder- 
plot,  and  would  have  perished  had  it  been  success- 
ful. He  was  graduated  at  Cambridge  in  1613,  be- 
came a  fellow  of  his  college,  and  was  professor  of 
Hebrew,  and  afterward  of  Greek,  there.  He  left 
this  place  to  become  pastor  at  Marston-Laurence, 
Northamptonshire,  but  in  1627  became  vicar  of 
Ware,  where  his  puritanical  opinions  soon  made 
him  obnoxious  to  his  ecclesiastical  superiors.  In 
1629  he  was  accused  of  asserting  in  a  sermon  that 
"  idolatry  was  admitted  into  the  church,"  and  that 
"  there  was  a  great  increase  of  atheism,  ))opory,  and 
Arminianism  "  there.  He  was  required  by  liisliop 
Laud  to  make  a  submission  in  Latin  ;  but  whether 
this  order  was  obeyed  or  not  is  uncertain.  He  was 
again  brought  before  the  high  commission  court  in 
1635,  charged  with  opposing  the  erection  of  an 
altar-rail  as  "  a  snare  to  men's  consciences."  For 
this  he  was  sentenced  to  suspension  and  imprison- 
ment until  he  should  publicly  acknowledge  his 
offence,  and  made  to  pay  the  costs  of  the  trial, 
which  were  heavy.  His  courage  failing  him,  he 
made  recantation  in  open  court,  a  step  that  he 
never  ceased  to  regret.  He  wrote  a  long  "  Retrac- 
tation" in  1637,  which  was  published  in  London  in 
1641.  He  was  finally  silenced  in  1637  for  refusing 
to  read  Laud's  book  of  "  Lawful  Sunday  Sports," 
and  took  refuge  in  New  England,  arriving  at 
Plymouth  in  May,  1638.  His  peculiar  views  on 
baptism  and  the  communion  alone  prevented  his 
being  called  there  as  a  pastor,  and  about  1641  he 
was  settled  as  minister  in  Scituate,  Mass.  Here  he 
remained  about  twelve  j'ears,  suffering  from  inade- 
quate support,  when,  ecclesiastical  affairs  in  Eng- 
land having  undergone  a  change,  he  resolved  to 
accept  the  invitation  of  his  congregation  at  Ware 
to  resume  his  pastorate  there.  He  went  to  Boston 
to  embark  for  England,  but  was  offered  the  presi- 
dency of  Harvard,  made  vacant-  by  the  death  of 
the  first  president,  Dr.  Diinster,  and  accepted,  27 
Nov.,  1654.  He  held  this  office  till  his  death,  and 
many  of  his  pupils  became  distinguished  men.  He 
was  held  in  high  estimation  at  Cambridge,  and 
Cotton  Mather  says  that  when  he  had  been  a  year 
or  two  in  the  town  "  the  church  kept  a  whole  day 
of  thanksgiving  to  God  for  the  mercy  which  they 
had  enjoyed  in  his  being  there."  President 
Chauncy  is  supposed  to  be  the  ancestor  of  all  in 
this  country  that  bear  his  name  (spelled  either 
Chauncey  or  Chauncy).  He  was  a  man  of  great 
industry  and  learning,  and  possessed  some  skill  as 
a  physician.  In  one  of  his  sermons  he  speaks  of 
the  wearing  of  long  hair  as  "  a  heathenish  prac- 
tice," and  as  "  one  of  the  crying  sins  of  the  land." 
Se  had  six  sons,  all  graduates  of  Harvard.     He 


published  numerous  sermons,  including  "Twenty- 
six  Sermons  on  Justification  "  (1659),  some  Latin 
and  Greek  verses,  and  "  Antisynodalia  Ameri- 
cana," in  opposition  to  the  synod  of  1662,  which 
sanctioned  the  admission  to  the  church  of  all  bap- 
tized persons,  even  if  they  had  not  professed  a 
"  change  of  heart." — His  grandson,  Natliauiel,  b, 
in  Hatfield,  Mass.,  26  Sept.,  1681 ;  d.  1  Feb.,  1756, 
was  graduated  in  1702  at  Yale,  of  which  his  uncle. 
Rev.  Israel  Chauncy,  was  one  of  the  founders.  He 
was  the  first  graduate  that  had  not  previously 
taken  a  degree  elsewhere,  and  the  only  one  in  that 
year.  He  held  various  pastorates,  became  a  fellow 
of  Yale,  and  published  several  sermons.  President 
Chauncy's  great-grandson,  Charles,  clergyman,  b. 
in  Boston,  Mass.,  1  Jan.,  1705;  d.  10  Feb.,  1787, 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1721,  and  studied 
theology.  He  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  first 
church  in  Boston,  as  the  colleague  of  Mr.  Fox- 
croft,  and  remained  there  till  his  death.  In  1742 
he  received  the  degree  of  D.  D.  from  Edinburgh 
university.  Dr.  Chauncy  sternly  opposed  the 
religious  excitement  attending  the  preaching  of 
Whitefield,  and  combated  the  j^roposed  establish- 
ment of  the  episcopacy  in  the  colonies.  He  was 
an  earnest  patriot  during  the  revolution,  a  man 
of  much  learning  and  piety,  and  an  active  contro- 
versialist. He  adopted  a  studied  plainness  in  his 
sermons,  being  averse  to  all  effort  of  the  imagina- 
tion, ami  is  said  to  have  expressed  a  wish  that  some 
one  would  translate  "  Paradise  Lost "  into  prose,  so 
that  he  could  understand  it.  Among  his  numer- 
ous publications  are  "  Discourse  on  Enthusiasm  " 
(1742);  "Thoughts  on  the  State  of  Religion  in 
New  England  "  (1743) ;  "  Letters  to  the  Rev.  George 
Whitefield"  (1744  and  1745);  "Dudleian  Lecture 
at  Harvard  College "  (1762);  "Thanksgiving  Ser- 
mon on  the  Repeal  of  the  St;imp-Act "  and  "  Re- 
marks on  the  Bishop  of  Llandaff's  Sermon  "  (1767) ; 
"Complete  View  of  Episcopacy"  (1771);  "The 
Mystery  hid  from  Ages,  or  the  Salvation  of  all 
Men  "  and  "  Benevolence  of  the  Deity,  Fairly  and 
Impartially  Considered  "(1784);  and  "Five  Disser- 
tations on  the  Fall  and  its  Consequences"  (1785). 

CHAUVEAU,  Pierre  Joseph  Olivier,  Cana- 
dian statesman,  b.  in  Quebec,  30  May,  1820 ;  d.  there, 
4  April,  1890.  He  was  educated  at  the  seminary  of 
Quebec,  and  admitted  to  the  bar.  In  1844  he  en- 
tered parliament  as  a  reform  member  for  Quebec 
county ;  in  1851  became  solicitor-general  for  Lower 
Canada  in  the  Hincks-Morin  administration,  in 
1853  accepted  the  office  of  provincial  secretary; 
became  a  member  of  the  executive  council  in  1853, 
and  superintendent  of  education  for  the  province 
of  Quebec  in  1855.  After  the  confederation  in 
1867,  Mr.  Chauveau  was  elected  by  Quebec  county 
to  both  the  Dominion  house  of  commons  and  the 
Quebec  house  of  assembly.  He  became  premier  of 
Quebec  in  1867,  and  resigned  in  1873,  owing  to 
differences  with  his  cabinet.  He  was  appointed 
speaker  of  the  senate,  21  Feb.,  1873,  and  remained 
in  that  office  until  the  conservatives  went  out  of 
power  in  1874,  when  his  commission  was  revoked 
by  the  Mackenzie  administration.  Mr.  Chauveau 
resigned  his  seat  in  the  senate  in  order  to  contest 
the  representation  of  Charlevoix  in  the  house  of 
commons,  but  was  defeated.  In  1876  he  became 
president  of  the  Quebec  harbor  commission,  and 
in  1877  sheriff  of  Montreal.  In  1849  he  moved  for 
the  appointment  of  a  committee  to  investigate  the 
subject  of  French-Canadian  emigration  to  the 
United  States,  and,  with  a  colleague,  prepared  the 
report  of  the  committee,  many  of  the  recommen- 
dations of  which  have  been  carried  out.  During 
his   term   of  office   as   superintendent    of    public 


CHAUVENET 


CHAVERO 


595 


instruction  he  established  normal  schools  and 
French  and  English  educational  journals,  and  ob- 
tained the  passing  of  important  school  acts.  In 
18(56,  commissioned  by  the  government,  he  visited 
the  schools  and  colleges  of  Great  Britain,  France, 
Germany,  Italy,  and  Belgium.  In  1878  he  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  Roman  law  at  Laval  univer- 
sity, and  he  was  subsequently  elected  dean  of  the 
faculty.  lie  is  a  member  of  the  Royal  society  of 
Canada,  and  has  been  its  president,  as  well  as  presi- 
dent of  several  other  learned  societies  in  Canada. 
Mr.  Chauveau  has  also  had  a  brief  military  career. 
While  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  and 
during  the  "  Trent "  difficulty  in  November,  1861, 
he  raised  among  the  officials  of  his  department  and 
the  pupils  of  the  Jacques  Cartier  normal  school  a 
company  of  chasseurs  Canadiens,  of  which  he  was 
gazetted  captain.  This  company  formed  the  nu- 
cleus of  one  of  three  battalions  formed  in  Montreal 
during  the  Fenian  invasion,  of  which  Mr.  Chau- 
veau became  lieutenant-colonel.  At  an  early  age 
he  wrote  poetry,  which  was  favorably  received.- 
Among  his  most  popular  poems  are  "Joives 
naives,"  "  Donnaconna,"  and  "  ]6pitre  a  M.  de 
Puibusque."  His  best-known  prose  works  are 
"  Charles  Guerin,  Roman  de  Ma3urs  Canadiennes  " 
(1852);  "Voyage  de  S.  A.  le  Prince  de  Galles  en 
Amerique"  (1861);  "  L'instruction  publique  an 
Canada  "  (1876) ;  "  Souvenirs  et  legendes,"  partly  in 
prose  and  partly  in  verse  (1877) ;  "  Fran9ois  Xavier 
Garneau,  sa  vie  et  ses  oeuvres "  (1888) ;  and 
"  Notice  sur  le  publication  des  registers  du  conseil 
souverain  et  du  conseil  superieur."  He  has  also  been 
a  prolific  contributor  to  current  literature. 

CHAUVENET,  William,  mathematician,  b.  in 
Milford,  Pa.,  24  May,  1820 ;  d.  in  St.  Paul,  Minn., 
13  Dec,  1870.  After  preliminary  studies  in  Phila- 
delphia, he  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1840.  Soon 
after  leaving  college,  he  became  assistant  to  Prof. 
Alexander  D.  Bache,  and  aided  him  in  his  meteor- 
ological observations  at  Girard  college,  Philadel- 
phia. In  1841  he  was  appointed  professor  of 
mathematics  in  the  navy,  and  for  a  few  months 
served  on  the  U.  S.  steamer  "  Mississippi,"  and  a 
year  later  succeeded  to  the  chair  of  mathematics 
at  the  naval  asylum  in  Philadelphia.  He  was  very 
active  in  the  movement  that  led  to  the  establish- 
ment of  the  J.  S.  naval  academy  at  Annapolis. 
At  first  he  was  professor  of  mathematics  and  as- 
tronomy there,  and  later  of  astronomy,  navigation, 
and  surveying,  and  always  the  most  prominent  of 
the  academic  staff.  In  1855  he  was  offered  the 
professorship  of  mathematics,  and  in  1859  that  of 
astronomy  and  natural  philosophy  at  Yale,  but 
both  honors  were  declined.  During  the  same  year 
he  was  elected  to  the  chair  of  mathematics  in 
Washington  university,  St.  Louis,  Mo.  Here  he 
at  once  gained  the  esteem  and  confidence  of  those 
with  whom  he  was  associated,  and  in  1862  he  was 
chosen  chancellor  of  the  university.  In  1864  his 
health  began  to  fail,  and  he  spent  some  time  in 
Wisconsin  and  Minnesota,  but  again  resumed  duties 
in  1865.  He  was  obliged  to  resign  the  offices  held 
by  him  in  1869,  and  then  spent  some  time  in  travel, 
but  without  avail.  He  was  a  member  of  numerous 
scientific  societies,  and  in  1859  general  secretary  of 
the  American  association  for  the  advancement  of 
science,  with  which  he  had  been  connected  since 
its  first  meeting.  He  was  also  one  of  the  original 
members  of  the  National  academy  of  sciences,  and 
at  the  time  of  his  death  its  vice-president.  Besides 
numerous  contributions  to  the  "  American  Journal 
of  Science,"  "  Proceedings  of  the  American  Asso- 
ciation for  the  Advancement  of  Science."  Gould's 
"  Astronomical  Journal,"  and  the  "  Mathematical 


Monthly,"  he  was  the  author  of  "  Binomial  Theo- 
rem  and  Logarithms  for  the  Use  of  Midshipmen 
at  the  NavafSchool"  (Philadelphia,  1843);  "Trea- 
tise on  Plane  and  Spherical  Trigonometry  "  (1850) ; 
"  Manual  of  Spherical  and  Practical  Astronomy  " 
(1863) ;  and  "  Treatise  of  Elementary  Geometry  " 
(1870).  See  the  "  Memoir  of  William  Chauvenet," 
with  full  bibliography,  contained  in  the  "  Bio- 
graphical Memoirs  of  the  Academy"  (Washington, 
1877). — His  son.  Regis,  chemist,  b."  in  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  7  Oct.,  1842,  was  graduated  at  Washington 
university  in  1862,  and  at  Lawrence  scientific 
school  of  Harvard  in  1867,  after  which  he  settled 
in  St.  Louis,  and,  with  Andrew  A.  Blair,  estab- 
lished an  analytical  laboratory.  In  the  practice 
of  his  profession  he  soon  became  distinguished, 
and  was  called  to  act  as  chemical  expert  to  numer- 
ous corporations.  From  1872  till  1875  he  was 
chemist  to  the  Missouri  geological  survey,  and  for 
some  time  held  a  similar  relation  to  the  city  of 
St.  Louis.  In  the  year  1883  he  became  professor 
of  chemistry  and  president  of  the  Colorado  state 
school  of  mines  in  Golden. 

CH  AVANNES,  Jean  Baptiste  (shav-ans),  Hay- 
tiaTi  patriot,  b.  in  La  Grand  Riviere  du  Nord  about 
1748  ;  d.  in  Port  au  Prince,  23  Feb.,  1791.  He  was 
the  son  of  rich  mulatto  parents,  and  received  a 
good  education.  In  1778  the  expedition  under 
d'Estaing,  sent  to  assist  the  American  array,  was 
in  Hayti,  and  Chavannes  joined  it  as  a  volunteer. 
He  distinguished  himself  during  the  operations  in 
Virginia  and  New  York,  and  specially  during  the 
retreat  from  Savannah  in  December,  1778.  The 
independence  of  the  American  colonies  having 
been  accomplished,  Chavannes  returned  to  his  own 
country.  When  Vincent  Oge  landed  near  Cape 
Frangais,  23  Oct..  1790,  intending  to  create  an  agi- 
tation amongst  the  colored  people  in  favor  of  their 
political  rights,  Chavannes  sided  with  him  and 
wanted  all  the  slaves  to  be  declared  free ;  but  Oge 
did  not  dare  to  follow  his  advice,  and  informed 
the  assembly  of  his  intention  to  take  the  opposite 
course.  The  mulattoes  raised  a  force  of  about 
1,000  men,  which  was  defeated  by  the  colonists. 
Oge,  Chavannes,  and  a  few  others  took  refuge  in 
the  Spanish  part  of  the  island,  and  the  Haytian 
assembly  asked  for  their  extradition,  according  to 
treaty.  The  jurist  Vicente  Faura  made  a  power- 
ful plea  in  their  favor,  and  the  king  of  Spain  gave 
him  a  decoration  ;  but  the  audiencia  of  Santo  Do- 
mingo decided  against  the  refugees,  who  were 
delivered  to  the  Haytian  authorities,  21  Dec,  1790. 
Two  months  later  Chavannes  and  Oge  were  sen- 
tenced to  be  hammered  to  death,  and  the  sentence 
was  executed  in  the  presence  of  the  provincial 
assembly  and  authorities  of  Port  au  Prince.  Cha- 
vannes showed  great  courage  during  his  terrible 
torture,  and  protested  to  the  last  moment  against 
the  oppression  of  the  colored  people. 

CHAVERO,  Alfredo  (chah-vay'-ro),  Mexican 
archasologist.  He  has  made  many  interesting  in- 
vestigations relative  to  Mexican  antiquities,  and 
written  "  Historia  Antigua  de  Mexico,"  also  several 
works  on  Aztec  archaeology,  especially  on  old 
monuments.  While  making  excavations  in  the 
pyramids  of  Cholula,  he  discovered  some  idols 
that  are  now  in  the  National  museum  of  Mexico. 
He  has  been  a  member  of  congress  since  1869,  and 
has  also  supported  Presidents  Juarez,  Lerdo,  Gon- 
Zfilez,  and  Diaz  in  succession,  notwithstanding  their 
different  policies.  On  25  June,  1879,  the  govern- 
ment of  Diaz  ordered  the  execution  of  nine  citizens 
of  Vera  Cruz  who  were  suspected  of  conspiracy. 
This  act  was  severely  criticised,  and  great  indig- 
nation was  shown  against  Mier  y  Teran,  who  had 


596 


CHAVEZ   APARICIO 


CHEEVER 


executed  the  order,  and  against  Diaz.  Chavero 
then  was  grand  master  of  a  masonic  lodge,  and  ex- 
pelled Mier  y  Teran  from  the  brotherhood,  and  sus- 
pended Gen.  Diaz  from  his  masonic  rights.  This 
action  gave  Chavero  great  popularity.  In  congress 
Chavero  also  made  a  strong  speecli  against  Mier  and 
Diaz,  but  afterward  became  one  of  his  adherents. 
Chavero  was  elected  senator  in  1886,  and  is  profes- 
sor of  the  mining-school  and  law-school  of  Mexico. 
lie  is  the  author  of  the  dramas  "La  Keina  Xo- 
chitl "  and  "  La  tempestad  de  un  beso,"  "  Quetzal- 
coatl,"  "  Los  amores  de  Alarcon,"  "  La  hermana 
de  los  Avilas,"  "  El  mundo  de  ahora,"  and  others. 
His  books  relative  to  Father  Sahagun  and  to  the 
Sun-Stone  ai-e  often  referred  to,  and  well  known 
to  antiquaries. 

CHAVEZ  APARICIO,  Fray  Trinidad  (chah  - 
veth),  Spanish  missionary,  b.  in  Segovia,  Spain, 
23  Feb.,  1508;  d.  in  Cuba,  in  August,  1582.  He 
studied  at  the  University  of  Alcala,  was  ordained 
priest  at  Toledo  in  1530,  and  at  once  joined  some 
missionaries  coming  to  America.  After  his  arrival 
at  Vera  Cruz,  in  April,  1531,  Chavez  travelled  along 
the  Papaloapan  river,  and  began  his  missionary 
work  in  company  with  Fathers  Diego  and  Jeronimo 
de  la  Cruz.  They  converted  many  Indians,  erected 
several  rustic  buildings  and  dedicated  them  as 
churches,  and  Chavez  remained  among  the  natives 
after  De  la  Cruz  had  died  of  fever  in  1540.  He 
continued  liis  mission  alone,  baptized  many  ca- 
ciques, taught  thoin  Spanish,  and  greatly  improved 
their  morals  and  customs.  According  to  Cardoso, 
he  noticed  that  the  members  of  the  Indian  nobility 
drank  a  special  frothy  beverage  called  "  xocotl " 
tried  it,  and  gathered  information  about  its  com- 
position and  oi'igin,  studied  the  cacao-plant  and 
its  culture,  and,  on  his  return  to  Spain  in  1570, 
made  the  "  chacolatl,"  which  was  called  "  choco- 
late," a  corruption  of  the  Indian  name.  Chavez 
was  returning  to  Mexico  when  he  died  in  Cuba. 
He  left  a  work  entitled  "  Origenes  y  cultivo  de  la 
planta  del  cacao." 

CHEATHAM,  Benjamin  Franklin,  soldier, 
b.  in  Nashville,  Tenn.,  20  Oct.,  1820 :  d.  there,  4 
Sept.,  1886.  He  served  as  captain  of  volunteers  in 
the  Mexican  war,  distinguished  himself  at  Monte- 
rey, Medelin,  and  Cerro  Gordo,  and,  after  the  ex- 
piration of  his  twelve  months'  term  of  service,  was 
again  mustered  in  as  colonel  of  the  3d  Tennessee 
regiment,  and  served  till  the  end  of  the  war.  He 
was  major-general  of  Tennessee  militia  after  his 
return,  and  was  a  farmer  until  1861,  when  he  en- 
tered the  army  of  the  seceded  states,  being  one  of 
the  first  Tennesseeans  to  enlist  in  the  Confederate 
service,  and  was  early  appointed  a  brigadier-gen- 
eral. He  commanded  at  Mayfield,  Ky.,  in  Septem- 
ber, 1861,  and  at  the  battles  of  Belmont  and  Shiloh, 
served  subsequently  at  Columbus,  Ky.,  was  a  di- 
vision commander  in  Bragg's  army  when  it  entered 
Kentucky  in  September,  1862,  was  soon  afterward 
promoted  major-general,  and  was  engaged  at 
Perryville,  Stone  River,  being  wounded  and  having 
three  horses  shot  in  the  second  battle,  and  at 
Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga,  Nashville,  and 
other  places.  President  Grant,  who  was  his  per- 
sonal friend,  offered  him  an  appointment  in  the 
civil  service,  but  he  declined.  He  devoted  himself 
chiefly  to  agriculture  after  the  war,  but  served 
four  years  as  superintendent  of  state  prisons,  and 
''n  October,  1885,  became  postmaster  of  Nashville. 

CHECKLEY,  John,  clergyman,  b.  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  in  1680;  d.  in  Providence,  R.  I.,  in  1753. 
He  published  in  London,  in  1723,  a  reprint  of  Les- 
lie's ''Short  and  Easy  Metliod  with  the  Deists,"  to 
which  he  added  a  "  Discourse  Concerning  Episco- 


pacy, in  Defence  of  Christianity  and  the  Church 
of  England,"  consisting  of  a  rude  attack  on  the 
clergy  and  people  of  New  England.  For  this  he 
was  tried  before  the  supreme  court  in  Boston  in 
1724,  and  fined  £50  for  libel.  He  went  to  England 
to  take  orders  in  1727,  intending  to  settle  at  Mar- 
blehead,  but  the  bishop  of  London  refused  to  or- 
dain a  man  who  had  rendered  himself  so  obnoxious 
to  the  New  Englanders,  and  was  a  foe  to  Christians 
of  other  persuasions  in  the  community.  Afterward 
he  was  ordained  by  the  bishop  of  Exeter,  and  sent 
to  Narragansett.  He  settled  in  Providence  in 
1739.  He  was  a  man  of  eccentric  and  irascible 
conduct,  but  witty,  learned  in  the  classics,  and 
familiar  with  the  Narragansett  language.  He 
published,  in  1715,  "  Choice  Dialogues  about  Pre- 
destination," which  were  answered  by '  Thomas 
Watter,  who  defended  the  Calvinistic  doctrine, 
and  were  republished  with  an  "  Answer  by  a  Strip- 
ling" in  1720.  In  1727  appeared  "The  Modest 
Proof  of  the  Order  of  the  Churches,"  the  authorship 
.of  which  was  accredited  to  him,  introducing  the 
Episcopal  controversy  into  New  England,  and 
eliciting  replies  from  Martin  Mar-Prelate  and 
Wigglesworth.  He  published  also  his  speech  upon 
his  trial,  and  reissued  it  in  London  in  1738. 

CHEESHAHTEAUMUCK,  Caleb,  Indian,  b. 
in  Massachusetts  in  1646;  d.  in  Charlestown,  Mass., 
in  1666.  He  was  the  only  Indian  that  was  ever 
graduated  at  Harvard  college,  having  received  his 
degree  there  in  1665. 

CHEESMAN,  John  Cnmmincrs,  phvsician,  b. 
in  New  York  city,  20  -July,  1788;  d.  there,  11  Oct., 
1862.  Pie  was  graduated  at  the  medical  depart- 
ment of  Queen's  college  (now  Rutgers)  in  1812, 
having  for  his  preceptor  Dr.  Valentine  Seaman. 
Subsequently  he  resided  in  New  York,  where  he 
became  known  as  one  of  the  most  eminent  physi- 
cians in  the  United  States,  and  practised  there  for 
almost  half  a  century.  He  held  many  important 
offices,  among  which  were  surgeon  to  the  public 
institutions  (now  Charity  hospital)  on  Blackwell's 
island,  and  surgeon  to  Bellevue  hospital.  For 
forty  years  he  was  professionally  connected  with 
the  New  Y^ork  hospital.  Dr.  Cheesman  was  a  mem- 
ber of  numerous  medical  societies. 

CHEETHAM,  James,  journalist  and  author,  b. 
in  Manchester,  England,  in  1772 ;  d.  in  New  York 
city,  10  Sept.,  1810.  He  was  an  English  radical,  a 
trenchant  writer,  with  a  talent  for  invective,  who, 
escaping  from  the  Manchester  riots,  came  to  New 
York  in  1798,  and  became  editor  of  the  "  American 
Citizen."  In  1803  he  published  "Nine  Letters  on 
Burr's  Defection " ;  in  1804  a  volume  entitled 
"  Reply  to  Aristides";  in  1809  a  "  Life  of  Thomas 
Paine,"  reprinted  in  England  in  1817.  He  was 
originally  a  friend  of  Paine's,  but  became  embit- 
tered against  him,  and  in  writing  the  last-named 
work  was  inspired  by  enmity.  A  corrected  copy, 
with  revisions  in  the  authors  hand-writing,  is  pre- 
served by  the  New  York  historical  society. 

CHEEVER,  Ezekiel,  educator,  b.  in  London, 
England,  25  Jan.,  1614;  d.  in  Boston,  Mass.,  21 
Aug.,  1708.  He  was  the  son  of  a  linen-draper,  re- 
ceived a  classical  education,  and  emigrated  to 
America  in  June,  1637,  in  order  to  enjoy  freedom 
of  worship.  In  1638,  with  Davenport  and  Eaton, 
he  founded  New  Haven,  Conn.  He  was  school- 
master there,  and  afterward  at  Ipswich  and  Charles- 
town,  Mass.,  and  subsequent  to  6  Jan.,  1671,  had 
charge  of  the  Latin  school  in  Boston.  Many  of 
the  leading  citizens  of  the  colony  were  his  pupils. 
He  published  a  volume  of  essays  on  the  millennium, 
entitled  "  Scripture  Prophecies  Explained,"  and  a 
"  Latin  Accidence,"  of  which  twenty  editions  were 


CHEEVER 


CHENEY 


597 


issued,  and  whicli  was  for  more  than  a  luindred 
years  the  introductory  text-book  of  the  Latin  lan- 
guage used  in  New  England.  His  funeral  sermon 
by  Cotton  Mather,  who  was  one  of  his  pupils,  was 
published,  together  with  Latin  poems  from  his 
manuscripts,  in  1828. — His  son,  Samuel,  b.  in  New 
Haven,  Conn.,  22  Sept.,  1G39;  d.  in  Marblehead, 
Mass.,  29  May,  1724,  was  the  first  minister  of  Mar- 
blehead. He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1G59, 
and  began  to  preach  in  Marblehead  in  1668. 

CHEEVER.  (ieorge  Barroll,  clergyman,  b.  in 
Hallowell.  Me..  17  April,  1807;  d.  in  Englewood, 
N.  J.,  1  Oct.,  1890.  He  was  the  son  of  Nathaniel 
Cheever,  wlio  removed  to  Hallowell  and  established 
the  "  American  Advocate,"  was  graduated  at  Bow- 
doin  in  1825,  at  Andover  seminary  in  1830,  and 
was  ordained  pastor  of  Howard  street  Congre- 
gational church,  Boston,  in  1832.  While  at  An- 
dover and  Salem  he  contributed  prose  and  verse  to 
the  "  North  American  Review,"  "  Biblical  Reposi- 
tory," and  other  periodicals.  Engaging  in  the 
Unitarian  controversy,  he  wrote  a  "  Defence  of  the 
Orthodoxy  of  Cudworth,"  and,  espousing  the  tem- 
perance cause,  published  in  a  Salem  newspaper  in 
1835  an  allegory  entitled  "  Inquire  at  Deacon 
Giles's  Distillery."  The  friends  of  the  deacon 
made  a  riotous  attack  on  Mr.  Cheever,  and  he  was 
tried  for  libel  and  imprisoned  thirty  days.  Re- 
signing his  pastorate,  he  went  to  Europe,  contrib- 
uted letters  to  the  "  New  York  Observer."  and  on 
his  return  in  1839  took  charge  of  the  Allen  street 
Presbyterian  church,  New  York  city.  He  deliv- 
ered lectures  on  the  "  Pilgrim's  Progress,"  and  on 
"  Hierarchical  Despotism."  the  latter  being  in  an- 
swer to  a  discourse  of  Bishop  Hughes.  In  1843,  in 
three  public  debates  with  J.  L.  O'Sullivan,  he  ar- 
gued for  capital  punishment.  He  was  in  Europe 
in  1844  as  corresponding  editor  of  the  New  York 
"  Evangelist,"  of  which  he  was  principal  editor 
after  his  return  in  1845.  From  1846  until  he  re- 
tired in  1870  he  was  pastor  of  the  Church  of  the 
Puritans,  which  was  organized  for  him,  in  New 
York,  and  was  distinguished  as  a  preacher  for  his 
rigorous  and  forcible  application  of  orthodox  prin- 
ciples to  questions  of  practical  moment,  such  as 
the  Dred  Scott  decision,  the  banishment  of  the 
Bible  from  the  public  schools,  the  operation  of 
railroads  on  Sundays,  the  war  with  Mexico,  intem- 
perance, and  slavery.  On  retiring  from  the  pulpit. 
Dr.  Cheever  gave  his  house  in  New  York  to  the 
American  board  of  commissioners  for  foreign  mis- 
sions and  the  American  missionary  association, 
to  be  held  jointly,  and  fixed  his  residence  at  En- 
glewood, N.  J.  He  contributed  much  to  the 
"  Independent "  and  the  "'  Bibliotheca  Sacra." 
Among  his  publications  are  "Commonplace  Book 
of  Prose  "  (Cooperstown,  1828) ;  "Studies  in  Poet- 
ry "  (Boston,  1830) ;  an  edition  of  the  "  Select 
Works  of  Archbishop  Leighton  "  (1832) ;  "  Com- 
monplace Book  of  Poetry "  (Philadelphia,  1839) ; 
"God's  Hand  in  America"  (New  York,  1841): 
'•  Lectures  on  Hierarchical  Despotism  "  ;  "  Lectures 
on  the  '  Pilgrim's  Progress '  "  (1844) ;  "  Wander- 
ings of  a  Pilgrim  in  Switzerland  "  (1845-'6) ;  "  De- 
fence of  Capital  Punishment "  (1846) ;  wifih  J.  E. 
Svveetser,  "  Christian  Melodies,  a  Selection  of 
Hymns  and  Tunes  "  ;  "  Poets  of  America  "  (Hart- 
ford, 1847);  "The  Hill  of  Difficulty"  (1847); 
"Journal  of  the  Pilgrims,  Plymouth,  New  Eng- 
land, 1620,"  reprinted  from  the  original  volumes, 
with  illustrations  (1848) ;  "  Punishment  by  Death, 
its  Authority  and  Expediency  "  (1849) ;  "  Wind- 
ings of  the  River  of  the  Water  of  Life "  (New 
York,  1849) ;  "  The  Voice  of  Nature  to  her  Foster- 
Child.  the  Soul  of  Man  "  (1852) ;  "  Powers  of  the 


World  to  Come "  (1853) ;  "  Thoughts  for  the  Af- 
flicted "  ;  "  The  Right  of  the  Bible  in  our  Public 
Schools  "  (1854) ;  "  Lectures  on  the  Life,  Genius, 
and  Insanity  of  Cowper"  (1856);  "God  against 
Slavery,  and  the  FreedonTand  Duty  of  the  Pulpit 
to  Rebuke  it  "  (1857) ;  "  Guilt  of  Slavery  and  Crime 
of  Slaveholding  "  (1860) ;  "  Faith,  Doubt,  and  Evi- 
dence "  (1881). — His  brother,  Henry  Theodore, 
clergyman,  b.  in  Hallowell,  Me.,  6  Feb.,  1814;  d. 
in  Worcester,  Mass.,  13  Feb.,  1897,  was  graduated 
at  Bowdoin  in  1834,  and  then  sent  letters  to  a 
New  York  paper  from  Europe.  He  studied  the- 
ology at  Bangor,  IMe.,  where  he  was  graduated  in 
1840,  travelled  in  the  South  seas  and  the  Sand- 
wich islands,  was  correspondent  and  associate  edi- 
tor of  the  New  York  "  Evangelist  "  in  1843-'4,  set- 
tled as  pastor  in  various  places,  and  from  1859  till 
1864  was  secretary  and  agent  for  the  church  anti- 
slavery  society.  He  has  published  popular  books 
of  travel  and  biography  under  the  following  titles : 
"  The  Whale  and  His  Captors  "  (New  York,  1849) ; 
"  A  Reel  in  a  Bottle  for  Jack  in  the  Doldrums," 
an  allegory  (1851) ;  "  The  Island  World  of  the  Pa- 
cific "  (1852) ;  "  Memoirs  of  Nathaniel  Cheever,  M. 
D.,"  his  father,  to  which  his  brother  wrote  an  in- 
troduction (1853) ;  "  Life  and  Religion  in  the  Sand- 
wich Islands  "  (1854) ;  "  Autobiography  and  Me- 
morials of  Capt.  Obadiah  Congat"  (1855);  "The 
Sea  and  the  Sailor,"  from  the  literary  remains  of 
Walter  Colton  (1855) ;  "  Short  Yarns  for  Long 
Voyages"  (1855);  "Life  and  Writings  of  the  Rev. 
Walter  Colton,  U.  S.  N."  (1856) ;  "  The  Pulpit  and 
the  Pew-Trials  and  Triumphs  of  a  Year  in  the 
Old  Parsonage,  from  Leaves  of  a  Pastor's  Jour- 
nal "  (1858) ;  "Way-Marks  in  the  Moral  War  with 
Slavery  between  the  Opening  of  1859  and  the  Close 
of  1861 "  (1802) ;  "  Autobiograhhv  and  IMemorials 
of  Ichabod  Washburn  "  (Boston,  1878) ;  and  "  Cor- 
respondencies of  Faith  and  Views  of  Madame 
Guyon  "  (New  York,  1886). 

CHEL-AB-KU-KIL,  or  AB-KU-KIL-CHEL, 
Indian  priest  of  Y^ucatan,  flourished  early  in  the 
15th  century.  Almost  every  Yucatec  legend  men- 
tions his  name  repeatedly,  and  several  proverbs  in 
the  Maya  language  are  attributed  to  him.  Many 
fragments  of  a  history  composed  by  Chel-Ab-Ku- 
Kil  are  found  in  the  documents  of  Yucatan  and 
Central  American  missions,  and  nearly  all  the 
chroniclers  of  the  conquest  of  America  mention 
Chel-Ab-Ku-Kil,  who  left  this  prophecy;  "You 
who  look  at  things  to  come,  what  do  you  think 
will  happen  at  the  end  of  this  age?  Let  it  be 
known  by  you  that  such  things  will  come  from 
north  and  east,  and  for  our  woe,  that  you  may 
think  they  are  before  your  eyes.  In  the  ninth  age 
no  priest  or  prophet  will  reveal  to  you  the  script- 
ure, of  which  you  are  generally  ignorant." 

CHENEY,  Charles,  manufacturer,  b.  in  what  is 
now  South  Manchester,  Conn.,  in  1804 ;  d.  there, 
20  June,  1874.  He  went  to  Tolland  as  a  clerk 
when  he  was  about  fourteen  years  old,  and  before 
he  was  of  age  engaged  in  mercantde  business  on 
his  own  account  in  Providence.  About  1837  he 
removed  to  Ohio  and  established  himself  as  a  farm- 
er at  Mount  Healthy,  near  Cincinnati,  where  he  re- 
mained eleven  years,  during  which  period  he  be- 
came interested  in  the  anti- slavery  movement. 
About  the  time  of  his  removal  to  Ohio,  Ward 
Cheney  and  some  of  his  other  brothers  had  estab- 
lished a  small  silk  factory  in  South  Manchester, 
Conn.  They  had  many  obstacles  with  which  to 
contend,  and  the  factory  was  suspended  after  three 
or  four  years,  but  was  revived  in  1841,  and  in  1847 
Charles  Cheney  joined  his  brotliers  in  the  under- 
taking.    He  spent  a  considerable  portion  of   his 


598 


CHENEY 


CHENEY 


time  in  Hartford,  where  they  had  also  extensive 
manufactories.  He  served  in  the  legishxture  for 
one  or  two  terms,  and  was  distinguished  for  liis 
public  spirit  and  generous  charities. — His  brother, 
Seth  Wells,  artist,  b.  in  South  Manchester,  Conn., 
2(3  Nov.,  1810 ;  d.  there,  10  Sept.,  1850,  received  a 
common-school  education,  studied  art  in  Paris  and 
Rome,  began  his  professional  career  as  an  engraver 
in  18;:j0,  and  from  1840  gave  his  attention  to  crayon 
drawing.  He  was  one  of  the  earliest  American 
artists  in  black  and  white,  and  excelled  in  giving 
spirituality  to  his  portraits  and  ideal  female  faces, 
which  are  still  sought  by  coUectoi's.  Among  his 
works  are  portraits  of  Theodore  Parker  with  his 
wife,  James  Walker,  president  of  Harvard,  W.  C. 
Bryant,  and  PJphraim  Peabody,  "  Rosalie,"  and 
"A  Roman  Girl."  When  the  poet  Halleck  ex- 
pressed surprise  that  his  portrait  was  not  finished, 
the  choleric  Cheney  said,  "I  will  finish  it,"  where- 
upon he  put  his  foot  through  it. — Another  brother, 
John,  excelled  as  an  engraver  of  heads.  His  prin- 
cipal work  is  a  print  of  the  Madonna  di  San  Sisto 
of  Raphael. — Ednall  Dow,  wife  of  Seth  Wells, 
author,  b.  in  Boston,  Mass.,  27  June,  1824,  was  a 
daughter  of  Sargent  Smith  Littlehale.  She  was 
educated  at  private  schools  in  her  native  city,  and 
married  in  1853.  She  was  secretary  of  the  School 
of  design  for  women  from  1851  till  1854,  and  in 
1862  became  secretary  of  the  New  England  hos- 
pital for  women  and  children.  In  1863  she  Avas 
secretary  of  the  committee  on  aid  for  colored 
regiments  and  of  the  teachers'  committee  of  the 
Freedmen"s  aid  society.  She  has  been  vice-pi"esi- 
dent  of  the  New  England  women's  club  and  of  the 
Massachusetts  woman  suffrage  association.  Mrs. 
Cheney  went  south  to  visit  the  Freedmen's  schools 
in  1866,  1868,  and  1869.  She  has  visited  Europe 
several  times,  spoken  before  lyceums  in  tue  west  in 
1873,  1875,  and  1876,  and  has  lectured  before  the 
Concord  school  of  philosophy.  She  has  published 
"Hand-Book  of  American  History,"  for  colored 
people  and  schools  (Boston,  1866) ;  "  Patience,"  a 
set  of  games  (1869) ;  "  Faithful  to  the  Light " 
(1870);  "Social  Games"  (1871);  "Sally  Williams, 
the  Mountain  Girl "  (1872) ;  "  Child  of  the  Tide  " 
(1874);  "Life  of  Dr.  Susan  Dimock "  (1875); 
"  Gleanings  in  the  Fields  of  Art "  (1881) ;  and  "  Se- 
lected Poems  from  Michelangelo  Buonarotti "  (1885). 
— Another  brother,  Ward,  b.  in  South  Manchester 
in  1813 ;  d.  there,  22  March,  1876,  principal  found- 
er of  the  house  of  Cheney  Brothers,  was  the  most 
active  in  its  business  management.  He  first  en- 
gaged in  the  dry-goods  business  in  Providence,  R. 
L,  then  in  the  culture  of  silk  at  Burlington,  N.  J., 
and  in  1836  established  with  his  brothers  the  manu- 
facturing firm  of  Cheney  Brothers  in  South  Man- 
chester. The  business  was  afterward  organized  as 
a  joint-stock  company,  retaining  the  firm  name, 
and  Ward  became  president  of  the  corporation. 
He  was  also  president  of  the  Silk  association  of 
America.  The  brothers  worked  harmoniously  in 
building  up  by  slow  steps  an  extensive  business, 
with  mills  at  South  Manchester  and  Hartford,  em- 
ploying 2,500  operatives.  The  sewing-silks  manu- 
factured by  them  were  considered  by  competent 
judges  superior  to  the  best  qualities  made  in  Eu- 
rope, and  found  a  special  demand  for  use  in  sew- 
ing-machines on  account  of  strength,  uniformity 
of  twist,  and  fine  finish.  They  afterward  made 
great  progress  in  weaving  silk  goods  with  power- 
looms,  and  made  printed  as  well  as  plain-dyed 
fabrics.  On  their  father's  farm  they  established 
the  model  manufacturing  village  of  South  Man- 
chester, witli  cottage  homes,  a  spacious  and  archi- 
tecturally elegant  hall  and  theatre,  where  dramatic 


and  other  entertainments  are  given  gratis  and  re- 
ligious exercises  are  held  on  Sundays,  a  school,  a 
library  and  reading-room,  boaidiiig-liouses,  and 
pleasure-grounds.  Here  all  tiic  brotiiers  had  their 
homes,  and  their  relations  with  their  workmen  af- 
forded a  rare  instance  of  cordiality  and  affection. 
From  time  to  time  skilled  operatives  were  brought 
over  from  England  and  settled  in  South  Manches- 
ter. Mr.  Cheney  was  known  in  business  circles  as 
a  generous  and  progressive  man.  and  frequently 
aided  young  men  beginning  mercantile  life.  He 
left  an  only  son,  Charles,  of  Boston. — Another 
brother,  Arthur,  b.  in  South  Manchester,  14  Jan., 
1837 ;  d.  there  in  December,  1878,  also  a  member  of 
the  firm,  interested  himself  in  the  drama  and  built 
the  Globe  theatre,  Boston,  originally  called  Selwyn's 
theatre,  for  the  purpose  of  giving  the  best  plays  in 
a  thorough  and  artistic  way.  It  was  managed  with 
varying  success  by  Selwyn,  Floyd,  and  others,  and, 
when  it  was  -burned,  was  rebuilt  by  Mr.  Cheney  and 
carried  on  at  a  loss. — Frank  Woodbrirtg'e,  manu- 
facturer, b.  in  Providence,  R.  I.,  5  June,  1833. 
After  graduation  at  Brown  in  1854  he  engaged  in 
business  in  Hartford,  in  connection  with  the  silk 
manufacturing  interests  of  the  Cheney  Brothers  at 
Manchester.  He  volunteered  for  the  civil  war  in 
1863,  and  became  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  16th 
Connecticut  volunteers.  TJie  regiment  went  to  the 
front,  29  Aug.,  1,010  strong,  but  undisciplined  and 
almost  wholly  ignorant  of  drill.  The  Confederates 
were  beginning  the  invasion  of  Maryland  that 
ended  in  repulse  at  Antietam,  and  all  available 
troops  were  hurried  forward  to  jueet  them  irre- 
spective of  experience  as  soldiers.  On  12  Sept., 
Lieut.-Col.  Cheney  led  his  regiment  of  recruits  in 
a  skirmish  that  proved  preliminary  to  the  battle 
of  Antietam,  in  which  engagement  he  was  severe- 
ly wounded,  late  in  the  afternoon,  while  endeav- 
oring to  rally  his  men,  who,  never  having  had  a 
battalion-drill,  had  been  thrown  into  disorder  by 
the  enemy's  fire.  Col.  Cheney's  wound  proved  so 
serious  that  he  was  obliged  to  retire  from  the  ser- 
vice, 24  Dec,  1862.  He  travelled  in  Europe,  China, 
and  Japan,  studying  the  silk  industries  of  those 
countries,  and  became  a  member  of  the  house  of 
Cheney  Brothers,  and  its  treasurer. 

CHENEY,  Charles  Edward,  clergyman,  b.  in 
Canandaigua,  N.  Y.,  12  Feb..  1836.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Hobart  in  1857,  and  immediately  began  to 
study  for  the  ministry  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
church.  Soon  after  his  ordination  he  became  rector 
of  Christ  church,  Chicago,  and  was  prominent 
among  those  who,  imder  the  leadership  of  Assist- 
ant Bishop  Cummins,  of  Kentucky,  organized  a  Re- 
formed Episcopal  church  in  1873.  Mr.  Cheney 
was  elected  missionary  bishop  of  the  northwest,  for 
the  new  organization,  and  was  consecrated  in  Christ 
church,  14  Dec,  1873. 

CHENEY,  Harriet  Vanghan,  b.  in  Massachu- 
setts about  1815.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Han- 
nah Foster,  an  early  American  novelist.  She  pub- 
lished "Confessions  of  an  Early  Martyr "  (1840) ; 
"A  Peep  at  the  Pilgrims  in  1636"  (Boston,  1850); 
"  Tlie  Rivals  of  Acadia"  ;  aiul  "  Sketches  from  the 
Life  of  Christ."  Her  sister.  Mrs.  Cushing,  pub- 
lished "  Esther,"  a  dramatic  poem,  and  works  for 
the  voung.  The  two  sisters  wrote  in  conjunction 
"  Tlie  Sunday-School,  or  Village  Sketches." 

CHENEY!^  Theseus  Apoleon,  historian,  b.  in 
Leon,  Cattaraugus  co.,  N.  Y..  16  March,  1830 ;  d.  in 
Starkey,  N.  Y.,  2  Aug.,  1878.  He  was  educated  at 
Oberlin,  founded  the  Georgic  society  and  library, 
and  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  the  history  of 
southern  New  York.  In  a  speech  at  Conewango, 
N.  Y.,  20  Aug.,  1854,  he  suggested  the  name  repub- 


CHENIER 


CHESTER 


599 


lican  for  the  new  party  that  was  forming.  He 
published  "  Report  on  the  Ancient  Monuments  of 
Western  New  York  "  (1860) ;  "  Historical  Sketch  of 
the  Ciiemung  Valley"  (1866);  "Historical  Sketch 
of  Eighteen  Counties  of  Central  and  Southern 
New  York"  (1868);  "Laron";  '*  Relations  of 
Government  to  Science  " ;  and  "  Antiquarian  Re- 
searches." 

CHENIER,  John-Oliver,  Canadian  physician, 
b,  in  Longueil,  Canada,  in  1806 ;  d.  in  1837.  He 
studied  medicine  at  Montreal,  receiving  his  degree 
in  1828,  and  settled  at  St.  Benoit,  butreraoved  to 
St.  Eustache  in  1831,  and  began  to  take  part  in 
politics.  In  1832  his  name  appeared  at  the  head  of 
a  protest  against  the  alleged  robbery  of  the  pub- 
lic lands,  and  he  acted  as  secretary  to  an  assembly 
convoked  to  censure  the  conduct  of  the  English 
troops  that  had  slain  several  Canadians  in  a  riot 
on  21  May.  He  was  one  of  the  most  vehement 
speakers  at  the  revolutionary  meetings  that  took 
place  in  1837,  and  a  reward  of  $2,000  was  offered 
by  the  Governor-general  for  his  arrest.  He  gath- 
ered a  large  force  of  insurgents  at  St.  Eustache,  in 
the  county  of  Deux-Montagnes ;  but  they  were  de- 
feated by  the  English  troops,  and  Chenier  was 
killed  in  attempting  to  cut  his  way  through  the 
opposing  ranks. 

CHESBROUGH,  ElHs  Sylvester,  civil  engi- 
neer, b.  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  6  July,  1813;  d.  in  Chi- 
cago, HI.,  19  Aug.,  1886.  His  father  met  with 
business  reverses,  and  the  boy  was  taken  from 
school  at  the  age  of  thirteen  and  became  chain  man 
to  an  engineering  party  engaged  in  the  prelimi- 
nary survey  of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  railroad. 
Later  he  was  engaged  on  the  Alleghany  and  Port- 
age railroad,  and  in  1831  became  associated  with 
William  Gibbs  McNeill  in  the  construction  of  the 
Paterson  and  Hudson  River  railroad.  In  1837  he 
was  appointed  senior  assistant  on  the  building  of 
the  Louisville,  Cincinnati,  and  Charleston  railroad, 
and  in  1846  became  chief  engineer  of  the  Boston 
water-works,  planning  the  important  structures  on 
it,  including  the  Brookline  reservoir.  He  was  ap- 
pointed sole  commissioner  in  the  Boston  water  de- 
partment in  1850,  and  during  the  following  year 
city  engineer,  having  charge  of  all  the  water-works 
under  the  Cochituate  water  board,  besides  being 
surveyor  of  the  streets  and  harbor  improvements. 
In  1855  he  became  engineer  for  the  Chicago  board 
of  sewerage  commissioners,  and  in  that  capacity 
planned  the  sewerage  system  of  the  city.  In  1879 
he  resigned  the  office  of  commissioner  of  public 
works.  The  river  tunnels  were  planned  by  him, 
and,  despite  much  criticism,  have  proved  success- 
ful. He  achieved  a  high  reputation  as  an  author- 
ity on  the  water-supply  and  sewage  of  cities,  and 
in  that  capacity  was  consulted  by  the  officials  of 
New  York,  Boston,  Cambridge,  Toronto.  Detroit, 
Memphis,  Milwaukee,  and  other  cities.  Mr.  Ches- 
brough  was  a  corresponding  member  of  the  Amer- 
ican institute  of  architects,  and  from  November, 
1877,  till  November,  1878,  was  president  of  the 
American  society  of  civil  engineers. 

CHESEBRO,  Caroline,  author,  b.  in  Canan- 
daigua.  N.  Y.,  about  1828 ;  d.  in  Piermont,  N.  Y.,  16 
Feb.,  1873.  She  was  educated  in  a  female  semi- 
nary in  her  native  village,  and  began  writing  for 
the  magazines  about  1848,  contributing  at  first  to 
"  Graham's  Magazine "  and  "  Holden's  Dollar 
Magazine."  A  volume  of  her  stories  and  sketches 
was  published  with  the  title  of  "  Dream-Land  by 
Daylight  "  (New  York,  1851).  This  was  followed 
in  1852  by  "  Isa,  a  Pilgrimage,"  in  1853  by  "  The 
Children  of  Light "  and  "  The  Little  Cross-Bear- 
ers"  (Auburn),   in  1855   by  "Susan,  the  Fisher- 


man's Daughter "  (New  York),  and  in  subsequent 
years  she  published  numerous  other  novels,  en- 
titled "  Philly  and  Kit  "  (1856) ;  "  Victoria,  or  the 
World  Overcome"  (1856);  "Amy  Carr"  (1863); 
"  Peter  Carradine  "  (1863) ;  "  The  Foe  in  the  House- 
hold "  (1871);  and  a  collection  of  stories  entitled 
"  The  Beautiful  Gate,  and  other  Tales  "  1863).  She 
was  a  frequent  contributor  to  the  various  literary 
magazines,  and  had  a  novel  passing  through  the 
press  at  the  time  of  her  death.  For  eight  years 
previous  to  her  death  she  had  been  teacher  of 
rhetoric  and  composition  in  the  Packer  collegiate 
institute  in  Brooklyn.  Her  novels  are  reflective 
and  grave  in  tone,  and  contain  impressive,  emo- 
tional, and  descriptive  passages. 

CHESNEY,  Cliarles  Cornwallis,  English 
soldier,  b.  29  Sept.,  1826;  d.  19  March,  1876.  He 
was  a  professor  at  Sandhurst  military  college,  and 
the  author  of  a  number  of  works  on  military  sub- 
jects, including  "  Military  View  of  Recent  Cam- 
paigns in  Virginia"  (i863-'5),  and  "Military 
Biographies,"  including  several  of  generals  in  the 
American  civil  war  (New  York,  1873).  He  is  al- 
njpst  the  only  Englishman  that  has  written  fairly 
and  intelligently  of  military  affairs  in  the  United 
States.  He  was  the  author  of  a  pamphlet  entitled 
"  The  Battle  of  Dorking  "  (Fjondon,  1871),  which 
created  a  great  sensation. 

CHESTER,  Albert  Huntingrton,  chemist,  b. 
in  Saratoga  Springs,  N.  Y.,  22  Nov.,  1843.  He 
studied  at  Union,  and  was  graduated  at  the  Co- 
lumbia school  of  mines  in  1868,  with  the  degree  of 
E.  M.  After  some  professional  experience  he  be- 
came in  1871  professor  of  chemistry,  mineralogy, 
and  metallurgy  at  Hamilton  college,  Clinton,  N.  Y. 
Since  1882  he  has  been  connected  with  the  State 
board  of  health  as  chemist.  When  not  occupied  in 
lecturing,  his  time  has  been  devoted  to  the  active 
pursuit  of  his  profession  as  a  mining  engineer,  and 
during  the  years  1875  to  1880  he  was  engaged 
in  exploring  the  great  iron  deposits  of  the  Ver- 
milion district  in  Minnesota.  A  full  account  of 
this  work  is  given  in  the  "  Tenth  Annual  Report 
of  the  Geology  of  Minnesota."  Besides  contribu- 
tions to  the  scientific  press.  Prof.  Chester  has  pub- 
lished a  "  Catalogue  of  Minerals,  with  Chemical 
Composition  and  Synonyms"  (New  York,  1886). 
In  1878  he  received  "the  degree  of  Ph.  D.  from  the 
School  of  mines. 

CHESTER,  Colby  M.,  naval  officer,  b.  in  Con- 
necticut in  1845.  He  was  graduated  at  the  U.  S. 
naval  academy,  assigned  in  1863  to  the  steam  sloop 
"  Richmond,"  of  the  western  gulf  squadron,  and 
participated  in  the  operations  against  Mobile  on 
5  Aug.,  1864.  He  was  promoted  master,  10  Nov., 
1866,  commissioned  lieutenant,  21  Feb.,  1867,  lieu- 
tenant-commander, 12  March,  1868,  became  com- 
mander, 15  Oct.,  1881,  and  was  hydrographic  in- 
spector of  the  coast  survey  from  1881  till  1885. 

CHESTER,  Frederick  DixonWaltliall,geolo- 
gist,  b.  in  Porte  au  Platte,  Santo  Domingo,  8  Oct., 
1861.  He  studied  at  Washington  university,  St. 
Louis,  was  graduated  at  Cornell  in  1882,  and  be- 
came professor  of  geology  in  the  Delaware  state 
college.  His  papers  inclvide  "Boulder  Drift  in 
Delawai-e"  (1883);  "Lecture  Notes  on  Dynamical 
Geology  "  (1883) ;  "  Stratified  Drift  in  Delaware  " 
(1883);  "Volcanoes  and  Earthquakes"  (1884); 
"  The  Quaternary  Gravels  of  Northern  Delaware 
and  Eastern  Maryland "  (1884) ;  "  Preliminary 
Notes  on  the  Geology  of  Delaware"  (1884);  "A 
Review  of  the  Geology  of  Delaware"  (1884); 
"The  Quaternary  Gravels  of  the  Southern  Dela- 
ware Peninsula"  (1885);  "The  Gabbros  and  Am- 
phibole   Rocks  of   Delaware "  (1885) ;    and  a  full 


600 


CHESTER 


CHEVERUS 


memoir  on  this  subject  published  by  the  United 
States  geological  survey  (Washington,  1886). 

CHESTER,  John,  soldier,  b.  in  Wethersfield, 
Conn.,  29  Jan.,  1749;  d.  there,  4  Nov.,  1809.  He 
was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1766,  a  representative  in 
the  legislature  in  1772,  served  with  distinction  as  a 
captain  at  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill,  became  a 
colonel,  and  continued  in  the  Continental  army 
until  1777.  Afterward  he  sat  in  the  Connecticut 
legislature,  in  which  he  was  chosen  speaker,  was 
a  member  of  the  council  in  1788-91  and  1803, 
supervisor  of  the  district  of  Connecticut  from  1791 
until  the  accession  of  President  Jefferson  in  1801, 
and  for  some  time  was  county  judge  of  probate. 

CHESTER,  Joseph  Lemuel,  antiquarian,  b. 
in  Norwich,  Conn.,  30  April,  1821 ;  d.  in  London, 
England,  28  May,  1882.  He  was  engaged  in  trade 
in  Philadelphia  until  1852,  and  was  a  frequent 
contributor  to  the  press,  principally  under  pen- 
names,  of  which  the  best  known  is  "  Julian  Cra- 
mer." He  then  became  connected  with  the  Phila- 
delphia press,  and  was  some  time  an  assistant  clerk 
in  the  U.  S.  house  of  representatives.  After  1858 
he  resided  in  London,  where  he  devoted  himself  k) 
searching  out  the  genealogy  and  history  of  the 
early  settlers  of  New  England.  He  compiled  an 
abstract  of  the  registers  of  Westminster  Abbey, 
and  collected  from  other  sources  much  valuable 
material  for  local  and  family  histories.  In  1869  he 
assisted  in  forming  at  London  the  Harleian  society 
for  the  publication  of  inedited  manuscripts  relat- 
ing to  genealogy  and  heraldry,  and  was  chosen  a 
member  of  its  council.  In  1870  he  was  made  one 
of  the  council  of  the  historical  society  of  Great 
Britain,  recently  organized.  He  published  "  Green- 
wood Cemetery  and  other  Poems  "  (1843) ;  "  A 
Preliminary  Treatise  on  the  Law  of  Repulsion" 
(1853) ;  "  Educational  Laws  of  Virginia,  the  Per- 
sonal Narrative  of  Mrs.  Margaret  Douglas  "  (1854) ; 
"John  Rogers,"  with  a  genealogy  of  the  family  (1854), 
and  numerous  papers  in  historical  and  genealogical 
journals.  The  "  Marriage,  Baptismal,  and  Burial 
Registers  of  the  Colleg-iate  Church,  or  Abbey,  of 
St.  Peter,  Westminster,"  with  copious  biographical 
notes  by  the  editor,  was  published  in  London  in 
1876.  A  tablet  to  his  memory  was  placed  by  Dean 
Bradley  in  Westminster  abbey. 

CHESTNUT,  James,  senator,  b.  in  Camden, 
S.  C,  18  Jan.,  1815  :  d.  there,  1  Feb.,  1885.  He  was 
graduated  at  Princeton.  For  ten  years  he  served  in 
the  South  Carolina  legislature,  and  from  1854  till 
1858  was  a  member  of  the  state  senate.  A  vacancy 
occurring  in  the  U.  S.  senate,  he  was  appointed  to 
till  the  unexpired  term,  and  was  formally  elected 
senator  on  5  Jan.,  1859.  He  resigned  on  10  Nov., 
1860,  in  anticipation  of  the  secession  of  South 
Carolina;  but  his  resignation  was  not  accepted, 
and  he  was  formally  expelled,  11  July,  1861.  In 
the  mean  time  he  had  been  appointed  a  delegate  to 
the  Confederate  provisional  congress.  He  was 
commissioned  colonel  in  the  Confederate  army, 
and  detailed  as  aide-de-camp  on  the  staff  of  Jeffer- 
son Davis.  In  1864  he  was  promoted  brigadier- 
general  and  assigned  to  a  command  on  the  coast 
of  South  Carolina.  In  1868  he  was  a  member  of 
the  National  democratic  convention  that  nomi- 
nated Horatio  Sevmour  for  the  presidency, 

CHETLAIN,  Augustus  Louis,  soldier,  b.  in  St. 
Louis,  Mo.,  26  Dec,  1834.  His  parents,  of  French 
Huguenot  stock,  emigrated  from  Neufchatel, 
Switzerland,  in  1823,  and  were  members  of  the  Red 
river  colony.  He  received  a  common-school  edu- 
cation, became  a  merchant  in  Galena,  and  was  the 
first  volunteer  at  a  meeting  held  in  response  to  the 
president's   call   after  the  bombardment  of   Fort 


Sumter  in  1861.  lie  was  chosen  captain  of  the  com- 
pany when  Gen.  (then  Captain)  Grant  declined, 
and  on  16  April,  1862,  was  commissioned  lieutenant- 
colonel  of  the  12th  Illinois  infantry.  He  was  in 
command  at  Smithland,  Ky.,  from  September,  1861, 
till  January,  1862,  and  then  participated  in  Gen. 
Smith's  campaign  on  the  Tennessee  river  to  Fort 
Henry,  and  led  his  regiment  at  Fort  Donelson. 
He  was  engaged  at  Shiloh,  distinguishing  himself 
at  Corinth,  being  left  in  command  of  that  post 
until  May,  1863,  and  while  there  organized  the 
first  colored  regiment  raised  in  the  west.  On  13 
Dec,  1863,  he  was  promoted  brigadier-general, 
placed  in  charge  of  the  organization  of  colored 
troops  in  Tennessee,  and  afterward  in  Kentucky, 
and  by  1  Jan.,  1864,  had  raised  a  force  of  17,000 
men,  for  which  service  he  was  brevetted  major- 
general.  From  January  to  October,  1865,  he  com- 
manded the  post  of  Memphis,  and  then  the  district 
of  Talladega,  Ala.,  until  5  Feb.,  1866,  when  he  was 
mustered  out  of  service.  He  was  assessor  of  inter- 
nal revenue  for  the  district  of  Utah  in  1867-9, 
then  U.  S.  consul  at  Brussels,  and,  after  his  return 
to  the  United  States  in  1872,  established  himself 
in  Chicago  as  a  banker  and  stock-broker.  In  Sep- 
tember, 1886,  Gen.  Chetlain  delivered  the  annual 
address  before  the  society  of  the  Army  of  the 
Tennessee,  at  Rock  Island,  111. 

CHETWOOD,  John  J.,  lawyer,  b.  in  Elizabeth, 
N.  J.,  18  Jan.,  1800 ;  d.  there,  18  Nov.,  1861.  He  was 
for  fourteen  years  surrogate  of  Essex  county,  first 
prosecutor  of  Union  county,  a  member  of  the  state 
council,  and  interested  in  railroad  projects  and  in 
promoting  educational  and  religious  enterprises. — 
His  ancestor,  William,  b.  in  Elizabethtown  in 
1769;  d.  there,  18  Dec,  1857,  was  graduated  at 
Princeton  in  1792,  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1798,  was 
aide  to  Gen.  Lee  during  the  whiskey  rebellion,  and 
served  in  congress  in  1836-'7. 

CHEVALIER,  Michel,  French  political  econo- 
mist, b.  in  Limoges,  13  Jan.,  1806  ;  d.  28  Nov.,  1879. 
He  entered  the  Polytechnic  school  in  1824,  was  ap- 
pointed an  engineer  in  the  department  du  Nord  in 
1828,  became  "a  St.  Simonian,  assumed  the  editor- 
ship of  the  "Globe,"  and  was  condemned  to  twelve 
months'  imprisonment  for  an  article  on  marriage. 
After  serving  six  months  he  was  pardoned,  and 
sent  by  Thiers  to  investigate  the  railroads  and 
canals  of  the  United  States.  While  on  that  mis- 
sion he  travelled  extensively  over  this  country, 
Mexico,  and  Cuba  in  1833-5,  and  published  in  the 
"  Journal  des  Debats  "  a  series  of  letters,  afterward 
collected  into  a  volume  entitled  "  Lettres  sur 
I'Amerique  du  Nord."  In  1840  he  became  pro- 
fessor of  national  economy  in  the  College  of 
Prance.  In  1848  he  published  replies  to  Louis 
Blanc,  in  1860  became  a  senator,  and  in  1867  was 
charged  with  preparing  the  official  report  of  the 
international  exposition,  and  in  an  "  Introduction 
aux  rapports  du  jury  international  "  gave  a  philo- 
sophical survey  of  modern  industry.  Among  his 
other  works  are  "  Histoire  et  description  des  voies 
de  communication  aux  Etats-Unis  et  des  travaux 
qui  en  dependent"  (1840-2);  "  Cours  d'economie" 
(1842-50;  new  ed.,  1866);  "  L'Isthme  de  Panama" 
(1844);  "La  liberte  aux  Etats-Unis"  (1849);  "  De 
la  baisse  probable  de  lor"  (1859);  "  L'expedition 
du  Mexique  "  (1862) ;  and  "  Le  Mexique  ancien  et 
moderne  "  (1863). 

CHEVERUS,  Jean  Lonis  Anne  Magdeleine 
Lefebvre  de,  R.  C.  prelate,  b.  in  Mayenne,  France, 
28  Jan..  1768 ;  d.  in  Bordeaux,  19  July,  1836.  He 
received  his  preparatory  education  in  Mayenne,  en- 
tered the  College  Louis  le  Grand  in  1780,  and  was 
ordained  in  1790.  After  suffering  imprisonment  and 


CHEVES 


CHEW 


601 


narrowly  escaping  death,  he  went  to  England  in 
1792.  In  1796  he  offered  himself  for  the  American 
mission,  and,  having  previously  surrendered  his 
patrimony  in  Prance  to  his  brother  and  sisters, 
sailed  for  Boston.  Here  he  became  so  noted  for 
his  eloquent  preaching  that  he  attracted  audiences 
mainly  composed  of  those  who  did  not  accept  his 
religious  views.  During  an  epidemic  of  yellow 
fever  in  the  city,  he  was  constantly  employed  in 
nursing  the  sick,  without  distinction  of  rank  or 
creed.  The  legislature  of  Massachusetts,  having 
prepared  the  form  of  an  oath  to  be  taken  by  all 
citizens  before  voting  at  elections,  submitted  it  to 
Father  Cheverus  for  revision,  and  enacted  it  into 
a  law  with  the  changes  he  suggested.  He  founded 
the  Church  of  the  Holy  Cross  in  1803,  being  enabled 
to  do  so  principally  through  the  subscriptions  of 
Protestant  citizens,  among  whom  the  most  liberal 
was  President  Adams.  He  was  frequently  invited 
to  preach  in  the  Protestant  churches  of  the  state, 
and  lecture  before  the  learned  societies  of  Boston, 
and  was  one  of  the  principal  founders  of  the  Athe- 
njeum.  In  1810  he  was  consecrated  first  bishop  of 
Boston,  and  soon  after  his  consecration  he  founded 
the  Ursuline  convent  at  Charlestown.  Nearly  all 
the  early  Roman  Catholic  churches  in  New  Eng- 
land were  to  some  extent  his  work.  On  the  acces- 
sion of  Louis  XVIII..  repeated  efforts  were  made 
by  that  monarch  to  persuade  him  to  accept  a  bish- 
opric in  France.  At  this  time  he  had  become  en- 
feebled by  attacks  of  asthma,  and  liis  physicians 
assured  him  that  he  could  not  live  much  longer  if 
he  remained  in  Massachusetts.  Thereupon  he  dis- 
tributed all  he  possessed  among  the  clergy  and  the 
poor,  and  sailed  from  Boston  in  1823.  He  was 
promoted  to  the  see  of  Montauban  by  Louis  XVIII., 
was  afterward  archbishop  of  Bordeaux  and  peer  of 
France  under  Charles  X.,  and  made  a  cardinal  at  the 
request  of  Louis  Philippe,  1  Feb.,  1836.  See  Huen 
Du  Bourg's  "  Vie  du  Cardinal  Cheverus  "  (English 
translations,  Philadelphia,  1842.  and  Boston,  1846). 
CHEVES,  Langdon  (cheevz),  statesman,  b.  at 
Rocky  River,  S.  C,  17  Sept.,  1776;  d.  in  Colum- 
bia, 25  Jime,  1857.  His  father,  Alexander,  was  a 
native  of  Scotland ;  his  mother,  Mary  Langdon, 
was  a  Virginian.  At  the  age  of  ten  he  went  to 
Charleston  to  earn  a  living,  and  at  sixteen  had  be- 
come confidential  clerk  in  a  large  mercantile  house. 
In  spite  of  the  advice  of  his  friends,  who  thought 
him  "  born  to  be  a  merchant,"  he  began  the  study 
ot  law  when  eighteen  years  old.  In  1797  he  was 
admitted  to  the  bar,  and  very  soon  became  eminent 
in  his  profession.  Before  1808  liis  yearly  income 
from  his  practice  exceeded  $20,000,  a  great  figure 
in  those  days.  In  1806  he  married  Miss  Mary 
Dullas,  of  Charleston.  In  1810  he  was  elected  to 
congress,  along  with  William  Lowndes  and  John 
C.  Calhoun,  and  soon  distinguished  himself.  His 
speech  on  the  merchants'  bonds  in  1811  was  espe- 
cially remarkable  for  its  learning  and  eloquence. 
Washington  Irving,  who  was  present,  said  it  gave 
him  for  the  first  time  an  idea  of  the  manner  in 
which  the  great  Greek  and  Roman  orators  must 
have  spoken.  Mr.  Cheves  was  a  zealous  supporter 
of  the  war  with  England;  he  was  chairman  of  the 
naval  committee  in  1812,  and  of  the  committee  of 
ways  and  means  in  1813.  On  19  Jan.,  1814,  Henry 
Clay,  having  been  sent  as  commissioner  to  Ghent, 
Mr.  Cheves  was  chosen  to  succeed  him  as  speaker 
of  the  house,  being  elected  by  a  combination  of 
federalists  with  anti-restriction  democrats,  over 
Felix  Grundy,  the  administration  candidate.  His 
most  memoi'able  act  as  speaker  was  the  defeat  of 
Dallas's  scheme  for  the  re-charter  of  the  U.  S.  bank. 
After  peace   had   been  declared   in  1815,  he   de- 


clined a  re-election,  and  returned  to  the  CharleS' 
ton  bar.  In  the  following  year  he  was  made  a 
judge  of  the  superior  court  of  South  Carolina.  In 
1816  the  national  bank  was  rechartered,  but  within 
three  years  had  been  nearly  ruined  by  mismanage- 
ment. In  1819  Mr.  Cheves  was  elected  president 
of  its  board  of  directors,  and  during  the  next  three 
years  succeeded  in  restoring  its  credit.  In  1822  he 
resigned  this  i)ost,  in  which  he  was  succeeded  by 
Nicholas  Biddle,  and  became  chief  commissioner 
of  claims  under  the  treaty  of  Ghent.  He  lived  for 
a  time  in  Philadelphia,  and  afterward  in  Lancas- 
ter, Pa.,  but  in  1829  returned  to  South  Carolina, 
and  lived  in  retirement  on  his  plantation  for  the 
remaining  twenty-eight  years  of  his  life.  He  wrote 
occasional  essays  and  reviews.  In  the  excitement  of 
1832  he  condemned  the  scheme  of  nullification  as 
not  sufficiently  thoroughgoing.  He  considered  it 
folly  for  South  Carolina  to  act  alone ;  but  he  was 
strongly  in  favor  of  secession,  and  in  1850,  as  a 
delegate  to  the  Nashville  convention,  he  declared 
himself  friendly  to  the  scheme,  then  first  agitated, 
of  a  separate  southern  confederacy. 

CHEW,  Robert  Smith,  clerk" of  the  state  de- 
partment at  Washington,  b.  in  Virginia  in  1811 ; 
d.  in  Washington,  D.  C,  3  Aug.,  1873.  He  entered 
the  service  of  the  government  in  his  youth,  and 
had  served  in  the  state  department  more  than  forty 
years,  when  he  was  advanced  to  the  chief  clerkship 
on  the  appointment  of  William  Hunter  as  second 
assistant  secretary  of  state  in  July,  1866. — His 
eldest  son,  Richard  Smith,  naval  officer,  b.  in  the 
District  of  Coluinliia,  7  Sept.,  1843  ;  d.  in  Washing- 
ton, D.  C,  10  April,  1875.  He  was  graduated  at 
the  naval  academy,  commissioned  lieutenant,  22 
Feb.,  1864,  and  lieutenant-commander,  25  July, 
1866.  served  on  board  the  frigate' "Minnesota," 
participating  in  the  actions  with  the  "  Merrimac" 
on  8  and  9  March,  1862,  being  attached  to  the  west- 
ern gulf  blockading  squadron  in  1863-'4,  and  be- 
ing present  at  the  battle  of  Mobile  Bay.  On  2 
Feb.,  1875.  he  was  retired  for  disability. 

CHEW,  Samuel,  jurist,  b.  in  Annapolis,  Md., 
30  Oct.,  1693;  d.  16  June,  1743.  He  was  a  de- 
scendant of  John  Chewe,  who  landed  on  Hogg's 
island,  opposite  Jamestown,  Va.,  in  1622,  and  in 
1623  is  styled  "  merchant."  Samuel  was  for  a 
time  a  practising  physician,  and  afterward  became 
a  judge,  and  was  chief  justice  of  the  district  of 
Newcastle.  He  was  influential  among  the  Quak- 
ers, but  provoked  criticism  by  an  address  to  the 
grand  jury  of  Newcastle  on  the  lawfulness  of  re- 
sistance to  an  armed  enemy  (1741 ;  reprinted  in 
1775). — His  son,  Benjamin,  jurist,  b.  at  West 
River.  Anne  Arundel  co.,  Md.,  29  Nov.,  1722;  d. 
20  Jan.,  1810.  He  studied  law  with  Andrew  Ham- 
ilton, an  eminent  Philadelphia  lawyer,  and  in  Lon- 
don, settled  in  1743  on  the  Delaware,  removed  to 
Philadelphia  in  1745,  was  recorder  from  1755  till 
1772.  register  of  wills,  attorney-general,  resigning 
in  1766,  and  in  1774  became  chief  justice  of  Penn- 
sylvania. He  was  also  for  several  years  speaker  of 
the  house  of  delegates  of  the  three  lower  counties 
in  Delaware.  When  the  revolution  began,  both 
parties  courted  his  support,  but  after  the  Declara- 
tion of  Independence  he  opposed  the  patriots,  and, 
because  he  declined  to  give  a  parole  in  1777,  was 
imprisoned  in  Fredericksburg,  Va.  From  1791 
until  the  abolition  of  that  court  in  1806  he  was 
president  of  the  high  court  of  errors  and  appeals. 
Chief-Justice  Chew  resided  in  Germantown,  in  a 
spacious  stone  mansion,  still  standing  (1897),  which 
is  represented  in  the  accompanying  illustration. 
During  the  battle  of  Germantown,  4  Oct.,  1777, 
the  doors  of  the  house  were  riddled  by  bullets,  and 


602 


CllI-AH-KIN 


CHIGNAVITCELUT 


cannon-balls  passed  through  its  walls  and  shattered 
the  statuary  in  the  surrounding  grounds.  At  the 
opening  of  the  battle,  when  the  central  American 
column,  under  Washington,  descended  the  main 
street,  they  tirst  overwhelmed  a  small  British  out- 
post under  Col.  Musgrave.  Most  of  the  British 
were  scattered,  but  Musgrave,  with  a  small  party 
of  infantry,  took  refuge  in  Chew's  house,  and  set 


up  a  fire  from  the  windows.  The  Americans  opened 
an  artillery-fire  upon  tiie  house,  but  its  stone  walls 
were  too  solid  to  ba  beaten  down  by  the  three- 
pound  and  six-pound  field-pieces  of  that  day ;  and 
so  Maxwell's  brigade  was  left  to  besiege  the  house, 
while  the  main  American  column  pressed  on.  The 
chief  effect  of  this  incident  was  to  retard  and 
weaken  the  American  charge,  and  to  give  the  Brit- 
ish time  to  prepare  for  it. 

CHI-AH-KIN,  or  AH-KIN-CHI  (chee-ah- 
keen'),  Yucatec  prince,  d.  about  1541.  He  was 
general-in-chief  of  the  army  of  Tutul  Xin,  king  of 
Mani,  and  won  a  good  military  reputation  during 
the  war  against  the  Spaniards,  whom  he  defeated 
in  several  battles.  When  Tutul  Xin  submitted  to 
the  Spanish  conquerors,  he  sent  envoys  to  all  the 
caciques  in  Yucatan,  to  invite  them  to  make  peace 
also ;  and  for  this  purpose  Chi-Ah-Kin  and  other 
noblemen  were  directed  to  visit  King  Cocom  at 
Zotuta,  and  this  chief  received  them  with  apparent 
regard,  entertaining  them  with  a  splendid  hunting- 
party  and  banquet,  at  the  end  of  which  all  the 
envoys  were  beheaded  by  order  and  in  presence  of 
Cocom.  Chi-Ah-Kin  was  the  only  one  spared,  in 
order  to  make  him  suffer  what  they  considered  the 
most  ignominious  punishment,  that  of  cutting  his 
eyes  out  and  scalping  him.  In  this  condition  he 
was  taken  to  the  Mani  frontier  and  left  there  until 
some  Indians  took  him  before  his  king.  He  died 
a  few  months  afterward.  In  1599  the  king  of 
Spain  gave  a  pension  of  $300  to  Gaspar  Chin,  son 
of  Chi-Ah-Kin  and  grandson  of  Tutul  Xin. 

CHIALIC^UICHIAMA  (chee-ah-lee-kee-chee- 
ah'-ma),  Peruvian  soklier,  b.  in  the  latter  part  of 
the  loth  century;  d.  at  Cajamarca,  Peru,  in  153;^. 
He  had  won  five  battles  against  the  Spaniards  be- 
fore his  king,  Atahualpa.  was  defeated  and  made  a 
prisoner  by  Pizarro,  and  had  great  influence  among 
the  other  Indian  warriors.  Atahualpa,  while  in 
prison  at  Cajamarca,  summoned  Chialiquichiama 
to  him,  and  the  Spaniards  made  him  a  prisoner 
also,  fearing  lest  he  might  resume  hostilities.  After 
the  execution  of  Atahualpa,  29  Aug.,  1538,  PizaiTO 
advanced  with  his  troops  toward  Cuzco:  but  the 
natives  attacked  them  several  times  with  such 
spirit  and  discipline  that  they  suspected  Chialiqui- 
chiama was  in  secret  comnmnication  with  the  In- 
dians and  directing  their  operations.  This  suspi- 
cion was  enough  to  decide  his  fate,  and  Pizarro 
sentenced  him  to  be  burned  alive.  He  was  offered 
a  less  painful  death  if  he  would  become  a  Chris- 


tian ;  but  he  refused  to  be  baptized,  and  died  ac- 
cording to  the  sentence,  remonstrating  to  the  last 
moment  against  the  injustice  of  his  condemnation. 

CHICKERING,  Jesse,  political  economist,  b. 
in  Dover,  K  H.,  31  Aug.,  1797;  d.  in  West  Rox- 
bury,  Mass.,  29  May,  1855.  He  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1818,  studied  theology,  and  became  a 
Unitarian  minister.  He  afterward  pursued  a  medi- 
cal course,  receiving  his  diploma  in  1833,  and  prac- 
tised medicine  for  about  ten  years  in  Boston  and 
West  Roxbury.  He  was  the  author  of  a  "  Statistical 
View  of  the  Population  of  Massachusetts  from 
1765  to  1840"  (Boston,  1846);  "Emigration  into 
the  United  States"  (1848);  "Reports  on  the  Cen- 
sus of  Boston  "  (1851) ;  and  a  "  Letter  addressed  to 
the  President  of  the  United  States  on  Slavery,  con- 
sidered in  Relation  to  the  Principles  of  Constitu- 
tional Government  in  Great  Britain  and  in  the 
United  States  "  (1855). 

CHICKERING,  Jonas,  piano-manufacturer,  b. 
in  New  Ipswich,  N.  II.,  5  April,  1797;  d.  in  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  8  Dec,  1853.  He  was  the  son  of  a 
blacksmith,  and,  after  receiving  a  common-school 
education,  learned  the  trade  of  cabinet-making. 
In  1818  he  went  to  Boston,  and  a  year  afterward 
became  a  workman  in  John  Osborne's  piano  manu- 
factory. In  1823  he  began  business  with  a  partner, 
and  subsequently  carried  it  on  alone.  He  associ- 
ated himself  in  1830  with  John  Mackay,  a  retired 
ship-master,  and  from  that  time  imported,  by  the 
cargo,  the  fine  woods  used  in  the  construction  of 
piano-forte  cases.  In  1841  his  partner  was  lost  at 
sea.  He  gradually  extended  his  facilities  until  his 
factory  in  Boston  made  2,000  pianos  a  year.  In  1852 
the  workshops  were  burned,  and  before  the  new 
and  more  spacious  building,  erected  around  a  quad- 
rangle on  a  lot  five  acres  in  extent,  was  completed, 
he  died.  He  had  introduced  various  improvements 
in  the  manufacture  and  construction  of  the  piano- 
forte, notably  the  circular  scale.  In  1825  Alpheus 
Babcock,  of  Boston,  patented  a  cast-iron  frame  for 
a  square  piano.  Mr.  Chickering  greatly  improved 
this  frame,  including  in  it  the  pin-bridge  and 
damper  socket  rail.  This  construction  he  patented 
in  1840.  At  the  London  exhibition  in  1851  he  ex- 
hibited a  complete  frame  for  grand  pianos  in  one 
casting.  In  1853  he  adopted  the  system  of  over- 
stringing,  which  he  combined  with  a  metal  frame 
of  one  casting,  in  a  square  piano,  finished  after  his 
death  by  his  sons.  The  Chickering  instrument  has 
a  high  reputation  among  musicians  of  all  countries. 
After  the  death  of  Jonas  Chickering,  who  was  re- 
spected for  his  public  spirit  and  benevolence  not 
less  than  for  his  progressive  enterprise,  the  busi- 
ness was  continued  by  his  three  sons,  who,  after  re- 
ceiving their  edvication  in  the  public  schools,  were 
taken  into  the  manufactory. — His  son,  Thomas 
Edward,  b.  in  Boston,  22  Oct.,  1824;  d.  there,  14 
Feb.,  1871,  succeeded  his  father  as  head  of  the  firm, 
of  which  he  became  a  member  when  but  twenty- 
one  years  of  age.  For  many  years  before  the  war 
he  was  interested  in  the  state  militia,  and  in  1862 
he  left  Boston  in  command  of  the  41st  Massachu- 
setts volunteers.  The  regiment  was  sent  to  New 
Orleans  in  December  of  that  year,  and  performed 
efficient  service  in  the  field.  In  April,  1863,  Col. 
Chickering  was  appointed  military  governor  of 
Opelousas.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he  was  brevet- 
ted  brigadier-general. 

CHIGNAVITCELUT,  Oxiqnieb  (chig-nah- 
beet-sa-lo6t'),  king  of  Cumarcaah,  Central  America, 
flourished  early  in  the  Kith  century.  After  the 
Quiche  army,  imder  their  king,  Tecum-Uman,  had 
been  routed  by  the  forces  of  Alvarado,  who  killed 
Tecum-Uman  himself  in  battle  between  Totonica- 


CHIGUAIHUE 


CHILD 


603 


pan  and  Utatl;in  (1524),  the  Indians  intended  to 
rid  themselves  of  the  invaders  by  treason.  They 
feigned  to  be  peaceful,  and  called  Alvarado  into 
the  city  of  Utatlan.  J3ut  when  he  saw  that  the 
women  and  children  were  not  there,  and  that  the 
fortifications  were  prepared  for  immediate  service, 
he  was  suspicious,  discovered  the  plot,  and  left  the 
city.  He  ordered  Chignavitcelut  and  another  king, 
Belegetzi,  to  be  put  to  death,  and  subsequently  de- 
feated the  Quiches  again,  when  Utatlan  was  de- 
stroyed by  fire. 

€HI(xtlAIHUE  (chee-gwah-ee'-oo-ay),  Arauca- 
nian  cacique  of  the  Biobio  tribe  in  the  Moluches 
region,  Chili,  b.  in  that  valley  about  1566 ;  d.  near 
Chilian  in  1606.  He  became  noted  as  a  warrior  at 
the  head  of  a  tribe,  and  was  elected  chief  of  all  the 
Araucanian  forces.  He  attacked,  captured,  and 
destroyed  the  city  of  Chilian  in  August,  1604,  and 
defeated  Rivera  near  Santa  Cruz,  also  destroying 
this  city  in  September  of  the  same  year,  as  well  as 
the  cities  of  Frontera,  Villarrica,  and  Valdivia  in 
the  two  following  months.  Subsequently  he  over- 
ran the  country  south  of  Biobio  river  and  drove 
out  all  the  Spanish  colonists,  their  forts  and  gar- 
risons surrendering  to  the  Indian  chieftain.  On 
7  Feb.,  1605,  Chiguaihue  attacked  the  city  of  Im- 
perial, defended  by  a  large  number  of  Spaniards 
under  command  of  the  heroine  Ines  de  Aguilera, 
and,  after  two  days'  fighting,  the  place  surrendered 
to  the  Indians,  who  pillaged  and  burned  it.  Then 
he  defeated  Gen.  Ramon  while  the  Spaniards  were 
engaged  in  battle  with  th?  "toqui"  Huenecura  in 
the  Santa  Cruz  valley,  had  other  successful  en- 
counters with  the  same  Spanish  general  in  1606, 
and  finally  was  routed  near  Chilian,  made  a  pris- 
oner, and^executed., 

CHILAM  BALAM  (che-lam'-bah-lam'),  Indian 
philosopher,  great  priest  of  Tixcacayon  Cavich  at 
Mani,  Yucatan,  d.  about  1430.  He  left  several 
works,  of  which  a  few  fragments  only  have  reached 
us,  and  composed  narratives  in  verse  that  are  still 
sung  by  the  Yucatec  Indians.  He  predicted  that 
foreigners  from  the  east  would  conquer  them  and 
teach  them  the  true  religion  under  the  symbol  of 
the  cross.  Herrera,  Ramesal,  Diaz  del  Castillo, 
Torquemada,  and  other  authorities  refer  to  Chilam 
Balam,  whose  prophecy  reads  thus :  "  At  the  end 
of  the  thirteenth  age,  when  Itza  is  at  the  height  of 
its  power,  as  also  the  city  of  Tancan,  .  .  .  the  sig- 
nal of  God  will  appear  on  the  heights,  and  the 
cross,  with  which  the  world  was  enlightened,  will 
be  manifested.  There  will  be  variance  of  men's 
will  in  future  times,  when  this  signal  shall  be 
shown.  Ye  priests,  before  coming  even  a  quarter  of 
a  league,  ye  shall  see  the  cross,  which  will  appear 
and  lighten  up  the  sky  from  north  to  south.  The 
worship  of  vain  gods  shall  cease.  Your  father 
cometh,  0  Itzalans !  Your  father  cometh,  0 
lantumites !  Receive  your  bearded  guests  from 
the  east,  who  bring  the  signal  of  the  God  who 
cometh  to  us  in  mercy  and  pity.  The  time  of  our 
life  is  coming.  Ye  have  nothing  to  fear  from  the 
world.  Thou  art  the  living  God,  who  created  us 
in  mercy.  The  words  of  God  are  good.  Let  us 
lift  up  His  signal,  to  see  it  and  adore  it.  We  must 
I'aise  the  cross  in  opposition  to  the  falsehood  we 
now  see.  Before  the  first  tree  of  the  world  now  is 
a  manifestation  made  to  the  world  ;  this  is  the  sig- 
nal of  a  God  on  high.  Adore  this,  ye  people  of 
Itza.  Let  us  adore  it  with  uprightness  of  heart. 
Let  us  adore  Him  who  is  our  God,  the  true  God. 
Receive  the  word  of  the  true  God,  for  He  who 
speaketh  to  ye  cometh  from  heaven.  Ponder  this 
well,  and  be  "the  men  of  Itza.  They  who  believe 
shall  have  light  in  the  age  that  is  to  come.     I 


your  teacher  and  master,  Balam,  warn  and  charge 
you  to  look  at  the  importance  of  my  words.  Thus 
have  I  finished  what  the  true  God  commanded  me 
to  sav,  that  tlie  world  might  hear  it." 

CHILCOTT,  ■Oeorg'o'  Miles,  senator,  b.  at 
Trough  Creek,  Huntingdon  co.,  Pa.,  2  Jan.,  1828; 
d.  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  6  Marcli,  1891.  He  studied 
medicine  for  a  short  time,  but  adopted  the  life  of 
a  farmer  and  stock-raiser.  He  was  elected  sheriff 
of  Jefferson  county  in  1853,  removed  to  Nebraska 
in  1856,  and  was  elected  to  the  legislature  the 
same  year  from  Burt  county.  In  1859  he  went 
to  Denver,  Col.,  and  in  1860  settled  in  southern 
Colorado.  He  was  a  member  of  the  constitutional 
convention  and  of  the  territorial  legislature  during 
the  first  two  sessions,  1861-2.  In  1863  he  was  ap- 
pointed register  of  the  U.  S.  land-office  for  the 
Colorado  district,  and  served  four  years.  He  was 
elected  a  representative  in  congress  in  1865  under 
the  state  organization,  but  was  not  admitted.  In 
1866  he  was  again  elected  to  congress  as  a  republi- 
can, and  served  from  4  March,  1867,  till  3  March, 
1869.  In  1872-'4  he  was  a  member  of  the  territo- 
rial council,  in  1878  of  the  legislature,  and  on  11 
April,  1882,  was  appointed  U.  S.  senator  to  succeed 
Henry  M.  Teller  for  the  term  expiring  in  1883. 

CHILI),  David  Lee,  journalist,  b.  in  West 
Boylston,  Mass.,  8  July,  1794;  d.  in  Wayland, 
Mass.,  18  Sept.,  1874.  He  was  graduated  at  Har- 
vard in  1817,  and  was  for  some  time  sub-master  of 
the  Boston  Latin-school.  He  was  secretary  of 
legation  in  Lisbon  about  1820,  and  subsequently 
fought  in  Spain,  "  defending  what  he  considered 
the  cause  of  freedom  against  her  French  invaders." 
Returning  to  this  country  in  1824,  he  began  in 
1825  to  study  law  with  his  uncle,  Tyler  Bigelow,  in 
Watertown,  Mass.,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar. 
He  went  to  Belgium  in  1886  to  study  the  beet- 
sugar  industry,  and  afterward  received  a  silver 
medal  for  the  first  manufacture  of  the  sugar  in 
this  country.  He  edited  the  "  Massachusetts  Jour- 
nal," about  1830,  and  while  a  member  of  the  legis- 
lature denounced  the  annexation  of  Texas,  after- 
ward publishing  a  pamphlet  on  the  subject,  en- 
titled "  Naboth's  Vineyard."  He  was  an  early 
member  of  the  anti-slavery  society,  and  in  1832  ad- 
dressed a  series  of  letters  on  slavery  and  the  slave- 
trade  to  Edward  S.  Abdy,  an  English  philanthro- 
pist. He  also  published  ten  articles  on  the  same 
subject  (Philadelphia,  1836).  Dui'ing  a  visit  to 
Paris  in  1837  he  addressed  an  elaborate  memoir  to 
the  Societe  pour  I'abolition  d'esclavage.  and  sent  a 
paper  on  the  same  subject  to  the  editor  of  the 
"Eclectic  Review"  in  London.  John  Quincy 
Adams  was  much  indebted  to  Mr.  Child's  facts  and 
arguments  in  the  speeches  that  he  delivered  in  con- 
gress on  the  Texan  question.  With  his  wife  he 
edited  the  "  Anti-Slavery  Standard  "  in  New  York 
in  1843-4.  He  was  distinguished  for  the  inde- 
pendence of  his  character,  and  the  boldness  with 
which  he  denounced  social  wrongs  and  abuses. — 
His  wife,  Lydia  Maria,  author,  b.  in  Medford, 
Mass.,  11  Feb.,  1802;  d.  in  Wayland,  Mass.,  20 
Oct.,  1880,  was  descended  from  Richard  Francis, 
who  came  from  England  and  settled  in  Cambridge 
in  1636.  Miss  Francis  attended  the  common 
schools,  and  studied  with  her  brother.  Rev.  Con- 
vers  Francis,  D.  D.,  afterward  professor  in  the 
divinity-school  at  Cambridge.  When  seventeen 
years  of  age  she  chanced  to  read  an  article  in  the 
"  North  American  Review,"  discussing  the  field 
offered  to  the  novelist  by  early  New  England  his- 
tory. Although  she  had  never  thought  of  becoming 
an  author,  she  immediately  wrote  the  first  chapter 
of  a  novel  entitled  "  Ilobomok,"  and,  encouraged 


604 


CHILD 


CHILDS 


by  her  brother's  commendation,  finished  it  in  six 
weeks,  and  published  it  (Cambridge,  1821).  From 
this  time  until  her  death  she  wrote  continually. 
She  had  taught  for  one  year  in  a  seminary  in  Med- 
ford,  Mass.,  and  kept  a  private  school  in  Watertown, 
Mass.,  from  1824  till  1828,  when  she  was  married. 
She  began,  in  1826,  the  publication  of  the  "  Juvenile 
Miscellany."  the  first  monthly  periodical  for  chil- 
dren issued  in  the  United  States,  and  supervised  it 
for  eight  years.  In  1831  both  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Child 
became  deeply  interested  in  the  subject  of  slavery, 
through  the  writings  and  the  personal  infiuence 
of  William  Lloyd  Garrison.  Mrs.  Child's  "  Appeal 
for  that  Class  of  Americans  called  African  "  (Bos- 
ton, 1833)  was  the  first  anti-slavery  work  printed 
in  America  in  book-form,  and  was  followed  by 
several  smaller  works  on  the  same  subject.  The 
"  Appeal "  attracted  much  attention,  and  Dr.  Chan- 
ning,  who  attributed  to  it  part  of  his  interest  in 
the  slavery  question,  walked  from  Boston  to  Rox- 
bury  to  thank  Mrs.  Child  for  the  book.  She  had  to 
endure  social  ostracism,  but  from  this  time  was  a 
conspicuous  champion  of  anti-slavery.  On  the  es- 
tablishment by  the  American  anti-slavery  society 
of  the  "  National  Anti-Slavery  Standard  "  in  New 
York  city,  in  1840,  she  became  its  editor,  and  con- 
ducted it  till  1843,  when  her  husband  took  the 
place  of  editor-in-chief,  and  she  acted  as  his  assist- 
ant till  May,  1844.  During  her  stay  in  New  York, 
Mrs.  Child  was  an  inmate  of  the  family  of  Isaac 
T.  Hopper,  the  Quaker  philanthropist.  After  leav- 
ing New  York, 
_,^  Mr.    and     Mrs. 

Child  settled  in 
Wayland,  Mass., 
where  they  spent 
the  rest  of  their 
life.  In  1859 
Mrs.  Child  wrote 
a  letter  of  sym- 
pathy to  John 
Brown,  then  a 
prisoner  at  Har- 
per's Ferry,  of- 
fering her  ser- 
vices as  a  nurse, 
and  enclosing 
the  letter  in  one 
to  Gov.  Wise. 
Brown  replied, 
declining  her  offer,  but  asking  her  to  aid  his  family, 
which  she  did.  She  also  received  a  letter  of  cour- 
teous rebuke  from  Gov.  Wise,  and  a  singular  epistle 
from  the  wife  of  Senator  Mason,  author  of  the 
fugitive  slave  law,  threatening  her  with  future 
damnation.  She  replied  to  both  in  her  best  vein, 
and  the  whole  series  of  letters  was  published  in 
pamphlet-form  (Boston,  1860),  and  had  a  circula- 
tion of  300,000.  Mrs.  Child's  anti-slavery  writings 
contributed  in  no  slight  degree  to  the  formation  of 
public  sentiment  on  the  subject.  During  her  later 
years  she  contributed  freely  to  aid  the  national 
soldiers  in  the  civil  war,  and  afterward  to  help  the 
freedmen.  Wendell  Phillips,  in  his  address  at 
Mrs.  Child's  funeral,  thus  delineated  her  character : 
"  She  was  the  kind  of  woman  one  would  choose 
to  represent  woman's  entrance  into  broader  life. 
Modest,  womanly,  sincere,  solid,  real,  loyal,  to  be 
trusted,  equal  to  affairs,  and  yet  above  them ;  a 
companion  with  the  password  of  every  science  and 
all  literature."  Mrs.  Child's  numerous  books,  pub- 
lished during  a  period  of  half  a  century,  include, 
besides  the  works  already  mentioned,  "  The  Rebels, 
or  Boston  before  the  Revolution,"  a  novel  contain- 
ing an  imaginary  speech  of  James  Otis,  and  a  ser- 


jjyT'vCK^ 


bliicC. 


mon  by  Whitefield,  both  of  which  were  received 
by  many  people  as  genuine  (Boston,  1822) ;  "  The 
First  Settlers  of  New  England"  (1829);  "The 
American  Frugal  Housewife,"  a  book  of  kitchen, 
economy  and  directions  (1829 ;  33d  ed.,  1855) ; ' 
"  The  Mother's  Book,"  "  The  Girl's  Own  Book,"  and 
the  "  Coronal,"  a  collection  of  verses  (1831) ;  "  The 
Ladies'  Family  Library,"  a  series  of  biographies 
(5  vols.,  1832-5);  "Philothea,"  a  romance  of 
Greece  in  the  days  of  Pericles  (1835);  "Letters 
from  New  York,"  written  to  the  Boston  "  Courier  " 
(2  vols.,  1843-'5) ;  "  Flowers  for  Children  "  (3  vols., 
1844-'6) ;  "  Fact  and  Fiction  "  (1846) ;  "  The  Power 
of  Kindness  "  (Philadelphia,  1851) ;  "  Isaac  T.  Hop- 
per, a  True  Life  "  (1853) ;  "  The  Progress  of  Relig- 
ious Ideas  through  Successive  Ages,"  an  ambitious 
work,  showing  great  diligence,  but  containing 
much  that  is  inaccurate  (3  vols.,  New  York,  1855) ; 
"Autumnal  Leaves"  (1856);  "Looking  Toward 
Sunset"  (18G4);  the  "  Freedman's  Book"  (1865); 
"  Miria,  a  Romance  of  the  Republic  "  (1867) ;  and 
"  Aspirations  of  the  World  "  (1878).  A  volume  of 
Mrs.  Child's  letters,  with  an  introduction  by  John 
G.  Whittier  and  an  appendix  by  Wendell  Phillips, 
was  published  after  her  death  (Boston,  1882). 

CHILD,  Francis  James,  educator,  b.  in  Bos- 
ton. Mass.,  1  Feb.,  1825;  d.  there,  11  Sept.,  1896. 
He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1846,  and  be- 
came tutor  there  of  mathemptics,  rhetoric,  and  his- 
tory. In  1849-'50  he  studied  and  travelled  in  Eu- 
rope, and  in  1851  succeeded  Prof.  E.  T.  Channing 
as  professor  of  rhetoric  and  oratory  at  Harvard, 
which  chair  he  exchanged  for  that  of  English  lit- 
erature in  1876.  He  has  specially  distinguished 
himself  as  a  scholar  of  Anglo-Saxon  and  early 
English  literature.  He  superintended  the  Ameri- 
can edition  of  the  British  poets,  and  edited  himself 
the  works  of  Spenser  and  the  collection  of  English 
and  Scottish  ballads  (Boston,  1857-'8),  besides  pre- 
paring notes  and  biographical  sketches  for  other 
volumes  of  the  series.  Prof.  Child  has  spent  much 
time  in  English  libraries  in  studying  especially  the 
text  of  Chaucer  with  reference  to  a  new  edition  of 
his  poems,  fie  has  also  devoted  much  labor  to 
improving  and  enlarging  his  principal  work,  the 
"English  and  Scottish  Ballads,"  now  (1886)  in 
course  of  publication.  His  other  published  works 
are  "  Four  Old  Plays  "  (1848) ;  a  collection  of  "  Po- 
ems of  Sorrow  and  Comfort  "  (Boston,  1865) ;  and 
"  Observations  on  the  Language  of  Chaucer  and 
Gower  "  in  the  first  part  of  Ellis's  "  Early  English 
Pronunciation  "  (London,  1869). 

CHILDS,  (ieorg-e  William,  publisher,  b  in 
Baltimore,  Md.,  12  May,  1829;  d.  in  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  3  Feb.,  1894.  He  left  his  native  city  when  but 
fourteen  years  of  age  and  removed  to  Philadelphia. 
Soon  afterward  he  became  a  clerk  in  a  book-store, 
and  after  a  service  of  four  years  opened  a  small 
store  of  his  own  in  the  old  "  Ledger  "  building,  at 
Third  and  Chestnut  streets.  In  due  time  Mr. 
Childs  became  a  publisher  of  books,  and  at  the  age 
of  twenty-one  was  the  head  of  the  firm  of  Childs 
&  Peterson.  He  was  successful  as  a  publisher, 
and  many  works  of  intrinsic  excellence — among 
them  Dr.  Allibone's  "  Dictionary  of  English  and 
American  Authors " — were  given  to  the  public. 
In  1863  he  retired  from  the  firm,  and  on  3  Dec, 
1864,  became  the  proprietor  of  the  "  Public  Ledger," 
Philadelphia.  When  Mr.  Childs  became  owner  of 
the  paper  it  was  unremunerative  and  its  circula- 
tion was  small ;  but  soon  after  it  sprang  suddenly 
into  public  favor  and  became  the  most  profitable 
paper  in  Philadelphia.  Mr.  Childs  made  liberal 
use  of  his  wealth  for  benevolent  purposes.  At 
his  own  expense  he  caused  a  stained-glass  window 


CHILDS 


CHILOMACON 


605 


to  be  placed  in  AVestminster  Abbey,  in  commemo- 
ration of  the  poets  William  Cowper  and  George 
Herbert,  and  he  also  caused  a  monument  to  be 
placed  over  the  hitherto  unmarked  grave  of  Leigh 
Hunt  in  Kensal  green.  He  rendered  a  similar 
service  to  the  memory  of  Edgar  Allan  Poe,  and 
was  the  largest  subscriber  to  the  fund,  collected  in 
this  country  by  Gen.  Wilson  and  in  England  by 
Samuel  C.  Hall,  for  the  purpose  of  placing  a  me- 
morial window  for  the  poet  Thomas  Moore  in  the 
church  at  Bromham,  where  he  and  "  Bessie  "  are 
buried.  In  1868  he  gave  to  the  Philadelphia  typo- 
graphical society  the  printers'  cemetery.  Wood- 
lands, with  a  liberal  sum,  the  interest  of  which  is 
to  be  expended  in  keeping  the  grounds  in  order. 
He  presented  a  Shakespeare  laeniorial  fountain  to 
the  city  of  Stratford-on-Avon,  England,  which 
was  dedicated  in  1887,  the  ceremonies  including 
a  poem  written  by  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes.  Mr. 
Childs's  residence  in  Philadelphia  is  one  of  the  finest 
in  the  city,  and  his  generous  hospitality  is  well 
known.     He  was  an  intimate  friend  of  Gen.  Grant. 

CHILDS,  Orville  Wliitmore,  engineer,  b.  in 
Stillwater,  Saratoga  co.,  N.  Y.,  27  Dec,  1802 ;  d.  in 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  6  Sept.,  1870.  He  was  engaged 
in  the  survey  and  construction  of  the  Champlain 
canal  improvement  in  1824-'5,  and  in  building  the 
Oswego  canal  in  1826-'8,  and  in  1829-'30  made  the 
survey  and  plans  for  the  improvement  of  the 
Oneida  river,  which  were  subsequently  adopted, 
the  work  being  finished  in  1850.  He  aided  in  the 
construction  of  the  Chenango  canal  in  1833-'6,  and 
in  1836  began  his  labors  on  the  enlargement  of  the 
Erie  canal,  acting  as  cliief  engineer  of  the  middle 
division,  which  extended  from  Syracuse  to  Roches- 
ter. He  was  chief  engineer  of  New  York  state 
works  in  1840-'7,  and  in  1848  was  the  unsuccessful 
democratic  candidate  for  the  office  of  state  engi- 
neer, then  first  created.  He  was  chief  engineer  in 
the  survey  and  construction  of  the  New  York  cen- 
tral railroad,  from  Syracuse  to  Rochester,  in  1848-'9, 
and  in  the  latter  year  accepted  a  like  position  at 
the  instance  of  the  American  Atlantic  and  Pacific 
ship  canal  co.,  of  which  Com.  Cornelius  Vander- 
bilt  and  others  were  the  promoters,  and  which  had 
a  grant  of  land  from  the  government  of  Nicaragua 
to  build  a  ship  canal  across  that  country.  Mr. 
Childs's  reports,  maps,  surveys,  and  estimates  for 
this  work,  made  in  1850-2,  attracted  much  atten- 
tion in  this  country  and  in  Europe,  and  have  been 
of  much  use  in  subsequent  surveys.  His  route  is 
still  regarded  by  many  as  the  most  feasible  one 
for  a  ship  canal  across  that  isthmus.  It  extended 
from  the  harbor  of  Greytown  on  the  Atlantic, 
through  Lake  Nicaragua,  to  Brito  on  the  Pacific 
coast."  Mr.  Childs  was  chief  engineer  of  the  Terre 
Haute  and  Alton  railroad  in  1855-'8,  and  was 
afterward  employed  by  the  state  to  fix  the  bounda- 
ries of  the  city  and  county  of  New  York.  At  the 
beginning  of  the  civil  war  he  was  chairman  of  the 
board  of  commissioners  for  providing  proper  har- 
bor defences  for  New  York.  He  removed  in  1860 
from  Syracuse,  which  had  been  his  home  up  to 
that  time,  to  Philadelphia,  where  he  was  interest- 
ed in  the  manufacture  of  sleeping-cars,  and  in 
other  railroad  enterprises.  He  was  president  of 
the  Central  transportation  company  and  of  the 
Philadelphia  car-works.  Mr.  Childs  contributed 
much  to  the  literature  of  his  profession,  and  pre- 
pared most  of  the  canal  reports  during  his  time. 

CHILDS,  Timothy,  physician,  b.  in  Deerfield, 
Mass.,  in  February,  1748;  d.  25  Feb.,  1821.  He 
entered  Harvard  in  1764,  but  was  obliged  from 
poverty  to  leave  in  1767,  and,  returning  to  Deer- 
field,  studied  medicine,  and  in  1771  began  practice 


in  Pittsfield.  He  was  commissioned  in  a  company 
of  minute-men,  with  which  he  marched  to  Boston 
in  April,  1775,  and  was  soon  after  appointed  surgeon 
of  Col.  Patterson's  regiment,  with  which  he  went  to 
New  York,  and  in  the  expedition  to  Montreal.  In 
1777  he  left  the  army  and  resumed  practice  at 
Pittsfield,  where  he  continued  till  his  death.  In 
1792  and  for  several  years  after  he  was  a  repre- 
sentative and  also  a  senator  in  the  general  court, 
and  was  a  member  of  the  executive  council.  In 
1811  he  was  granted  several  honorary  degrees  by 
Harvard.  He  was  a  warm  supporter  of  the  demo- 
cratic party. — His  son,  Henry  Halsey,  phvsician, 
b.  in  Pittsfield,  Mass.,  7  June,  1783;  d.  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  22  March,  1868,  was  graduated  at  Williams, 
studied  medicine  with  his  father,  and  was  in  part- 
nership with  him  till  Dr.  Timothy's  death.  He 
early  introduced  the  practice  of  vaccination  into 
Pittsfield  although  meeting  with  much  opposition. 
Dr.  Childs  labored  earnestly  in  1822  to  secure  from 
the  legislature  a  charter  for  the  Berkshire  medical 
institute  at  Pittsfield,  the  establishment  of  which  he 
had  advocated  for  years,  and  when  it  was  incor- 
porated in  September,  1823,  he  became  professor 
of  the  theory  and  practice  of  medicine.  He  gave 
himself  zealously  to  the  work  of  obtaining  an  en- 
dowment, erecting  buildings,  and  procuring  a  cab- 
inet and  library  for  the  institution.  It  was  at 
first  connected  with  Williams  college,  and  when  it 
was  detached  in  1837  Dr.  Childs  became  its  presi- 
dent. On  his  retirement  in  1863  he  was  elected 
professor  emeritus.  During  all  this  time  he  had  a 
large  medical  practice,  and  for  many  years  was  a 
member  of  the  faculty  of  the  medical  colleges  at 
Woodstock,  Vt.,  and  Cleveland  and  Columbus,  Ohio, 
where  he  annually  gave  courses  of  lectures.  He  was 
a  Jefferson  ian  democrat  through  life,  and  as  such 
represented  Pittsfield  in  the  legislatures  of  1816 
and  1827,  Berkshire  county  in  the  constitutional 
convention  of  1820,  and  was  elected  lieutenant- 
governor  in  1843. — Another  son,  Tlioinas,  soldier, 
b.  in  Pittsfield,  Mass.,  in  1796;  d.  in  Fort  Brooke, 
Fla.,  8  Oct.,  1853,  was  graduated  at  the  U.  S.  mili- 
tary academy  in  1814,  and  was  assigned  at  once  to 
the  1st  artillery.  He  was  distinguished  at  Fort 
Erie  and  Niagara  in  1814,  and  made  first  lieuten- 
ant, 20  April,  1818.  He  became  captain  on  1  Oct., 
1826,  and  planned  the  attack  on  the  Seminoles  at 
Fort  Drane,  Fla.,  21  Aug.,  1836.  He  was  brevetted 
major  for  his  conduct  in  this  affair,  and  lieutenant- 
colonel,  1  Feb.,  1841,  for  his  repeated  successes  in 
the  Florida  war  of  1840-2.  In  the  Mexican  war 
his  gallant  conduct  at  Palo  Alto  and  Resaca  de  la 
Palma  gained  him  the  brevet  of  colonel,  9  May, 
1846,  and  he  was  also  engaged  at  Monterey,  where 
he  led  the  storming  party,  at  Vera  Cruz,  Cerro 
Gordo,  La  Hoya,  and  the  defence  of  Puebla.  He 
was  given  his  commission  as  major  of  the  1st  ar- 
tillery, 16  Feb.,  1847,  and  was  brevetted  brigadier- 
general,  12  Oct.,  1847,  for  his  gallantry  at  Puebla. 
He  was  military  governor  of  Jalapa  from  April  till 
June,  1847,  and  of  Puebla  from  September  till  Oc- 
tober, and  was  in  command  in  east  Florida  from 
11  Feb.,  1852,  till  his  death.  Gen.  Scott  spoke  of 
him  as  the  "  often  distinguished  Col.  Childs." 

CHILOMACON,  Charles,  chief  of  the  Piscata- 
way  Indians.  The  principal  town  in  his  territory 
was  Kittamaqundi.  near  the  present  village  of  Pis- 
cataway,  fifteen  miles  south  of  Washington,  D.  C. 
When  j'ather  White  arrived  there  in  1639  he  was 
cordially  received  by  the  chief,  who  entertained 
him  hospitably  and  consented  to  content  himself 
with  one  wife  at  his  request.  At  a  general  meet- 
ing of  his  tribe,  Chilomacon  announced  his  deter- 
mination to  become  a  Christian.     He  then  went  to 


606 


CHILSON 


CHIPMAN 


St.  Mary's  and  solicited  baptism.  The  rite  was 
postponed,  and  he  was  advised  to  return  with  his 
family  the  next  year ;  but  the  ceremony  took  place 
on  5  July,  1640,  in  the  presence  of  the  governor's 
secretary  and  the  leading  people  of  the  settlement. 
Ciiilomacon  received  the  name  of  Charles,  and  his 
wife  that  of  Mary,  in  honor  of  the  king  and  queen 
of  England.  He  sent  his  daughter  to  St.  Mary's  to 
be  educated.  As  she  is  spoken  of  as  "  queen  of  the 
Piscataways"  in  1642,  Chilomacon  probably  died 
soon  after  his  baptism. 

CHILSON,  tJarduer,  inventor,  b.  in  Thompson, 
Conn.,  in  1804;  d.  21  Nov.,  1877.  He  received  a 
public-school  education,  became  apprentice  to  a 
cabinet-maker  in  Stirling,  Conn.,  and  removed  to 
Providence,  R.  T.,  on  coming  of  age.  He  went  to 
Boston  in  1837,  and  engaged  in  the  manufacture 
of  stoves  and  furnaces  at  Mansfield,  Mass.  As  early 
as  1844  he  devised  a  furnace  that  received  a  prize 
medal  at  the  London  world's  fair  in  1851.  Among 
his  numerous  inventions  are  conical  radiators,  ap- 
plied to  stoves  and  furnaces  (1854),  a  cooking-range 
with  two  ovens  placed  above  the  lire,  and  arranged 
so  that  either  or  both  may  be  used  (1858),  and  an 
office  stove  surmounted  with  a  broad  disk,  which 
radiates  heat  toward  the  floor  (1865). 

CHILTON,  Thomas,  clergyman,  b.  in  Garrard 
county,  Ky.,  30  July,  1798 ;  d.  in  Montgomery, 
Texas,  15  Aug.,  1854.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Kentucky  legislature  for  several  sessions,  and  for 
four  terms  a  member  of  congress  from  Kentucky, 
1829-'37.  While  practising  law  with  success,  he 
became  a  Baptist  preacher,  removed  to  Alabama, 
and  was  elected  president  of  the  Alabama  Baptist 
state  convention,  and  soon  abandoned  the  law.  In 
1842  he  became  pastor  of  the  Baptist  church  in 
Monte:omerv.     He  afterward  removed  to  Texas. 

CHILTON,  William  P.,  jurist,  b.  in  Kentucky ; 
d.  in  Alabama,  20  Jan.,  1871.  He  was,  at  different 
times,  a  member  of  each  house  of  the  Alabama 
legislature.  In  1848  he  was  elected  to  the  supreme 
court  of  Alabama,  serving  (a  part  of  the  time  as 
chief  justice)  for  a  term  of  ten  years.  During  the 
existence  of  the  Confederate  government,  18j1-'5, 
he  was  a  member^ of  its  congress.  ^ 

CHIMALPAIN  QUAUTLEHUANITZIN,  the 
Indian  name  of  Domingo  or  Juan  Bautista  Anton 
Muilon,  who  was  a  descendant  of  the  caciques  of 
Aineca  Ameca,  and  flourished  in  the  latter  part  of 
the  10th  century.  He  was  of  pure  Indian  descent, 
received  a  good  education,  taught  at  the  Francis- 
can college  of  Santiago  Tlatelolco  of  Mexico,  de- 
voted himself  to  the  study  of  the  old  Mexican  and 
other  neighboring  nations,  and  wrote  several  his- 
torical works  in  the  Nahuatl  and  Spanish  lan- 
guages. His  principal  works  are  "  Historia  meji- 
eana  antigua,  que  comprende  los  sucesos  y  sucesion 
de  reyes  hasta  el  ano  1526  " ;  "  Cronica  de  Mejico 
desde  el  aito  1068  hasta  el  de  1597  de  la  era  vul- 
gar"; "  Apuntamientos  de  sucesos  desde  1064  has- 
ta 1521";  "Relaciones  originales  de  los  reinos  de 
Aculhuacan,  Mejico  y  otras  provincias  desde  muy 
remotos  tiempos  " ;  and  "  Relacion  de  la  conquista 
de  Mejico  por  los  espailoles." 

CHIMALPOPOCA  (che-mal-po-po'-ca),  third 
Mexican  or  Aztec  king  (fifth  king,  according  to 
some  accounts),  d.  in  1423.  He  was  elected  by  the 
senate  to  succeed  Iluitzilihuitl  on  the  same  day 
that  the  latter  king  died,  2  Feb.,  1414.  He  ad- 
vised Tayauh  or  Tayatzin  to  kill  his  eldest  brother, 
Maxtla  or  Maxlaton,  who  had  been  recognized  heir 
to  their  father  Tezozomoc,  tyrant  of  Azcapotzalco, 
but  the  plot  was  discovered.  Then  Maxtla  ordered 
a  feast  to  be  prepared  in  honor  of  his  brother 
and   Chimalpopoca,  in  order  to  have   them   mur- 


dered together ;  but  the  latter  could  not  go, 
and  Tayauh  was  the  only  one  killed  at  the  ban- 
quet. "Maxtla  sent  a  strong  detachment  to  Mexico 
to  imprison  Chimalpopoca,  who  had  attempted  to 
commit  suicide,  and  had  him  taken  to  Azcapotzal- 
co, confined  in  a  wooden  cage  under  close  surveil- 
lance, and  almost  starved  to  death,  when  the  pris- 
oner succeeded  in  taking  his  own  life  by  hanging 
from  a  beam  of  his  cage. 

CHIMALPOPOCA,  tenth  king  of  Culhuacan, 
flourished  early  in  the  15th  century.  He  succeed- 
ed Acamapictli  II.  as  ruler  of  the  Culhuas,  and  oc- 
cupied the  throne  in  1402.  He  was  the  last  king 
of  their  nation,  which  afterward  became  tributary 
of  Texcoco. — Chimalpopoca,  Tecpanec  king  of 
Tlacopan,  flourished  in  the  latter  part  of  the  15th 
century.  He  was  the  second  king  of  Tlacopan,  hav- 
ing succ('odt'd_  Tot  oquiyauhtzin  I.  in  1409. 

C II  INC  HON,  Countess  of.  Spanish  lady,  wife  of 
the  viceroy  of  Peru.  While  residing  in  that  coun- 
try she  became  acquainted  with  the  virtues  of  Pe- 
ruvian bark,  and  when  she  returned  to  Spain,  in 
1632,  took  with  her  a  quantity  of  the  medicinal 
plant  and  introduced  its  use  into  Europe,  first  em- 
ploying it  for  the  cure  of  malarial  fevers  about 
1640.  In  honor  of  her,  Linnjeus  gave  the  name 
cinchona  to  the  genus  of  plants  yielding  the  bark. 

CHIPMAN,  Daniel,  lawver,  b.  in  Salisbury, 
Conn.,  22  Oct.,  1765;  d.  in  Ripton,  Vt.,  23  April, 
1850.  In  1775  his  father  removed  to  Tinmouth, 
and  Daniel  labored  on  a  farm  until  1783,  and  was 
graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1788.  After  studying 
law  with  his  brother  Nathaniel,  at  Rutland,  Vt., 
he  began  practice  there,  but  in  1794  removed  to 
Middlebury.  He  became  distinguished  in  his  pro- 
fession, and  also  in  literature ;  was  made  a  member 
of  the  American  academv  in  1812 ;  professor  of  law 
at  Middlebury  from  1806  till  1816.  He  represented 
Rutland  in  the  state  constitutional  convention  of 
1793,  and  was  often  a  member  of  the  legislature 
between  1794  and  1808,  when  he  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  council,  and  from  1809  till  1815. 
and  again  in  1818  and  1821;  speaker  in  1813-'4; 
member  of  congress  in  1815-'7;  member  of  the 
constitutional  conventions  of  1816  and  1850.  Ho 
was  the  first  reporter  of  the  supreme  court  of 
Vermont,  and  published  a  treatise  on  the  "  Law 
of  Contracts "  (Middlebury,  1822) ;  a  volume  of 
'•  Reports  of  the  Supreme  Court "  (1835) ;  biogra- 
phies of  his  brother,  Nathaniel  Chipman,  with 
selections  from  his  papers  (Boston,  1846) :  Seth 
Warner  and  Gen.  Thomas  Chittenden  (1849).— 
His  brother,  Nathaniel,  jurist,  b.  in  Salisbury, 
Conn.,  15  Nov.,  1752;  d.  in  Tinmouth,  Vt..  15 
Feb.,  1843,  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1777.  Dur- 
ing his  senior  year  he  obtained  a  lieutenant's  com- 
mission in  the  American  army,  was  on  duty  at 
Valley  Forge  in  the  winter  of  1777-8,  and  was 
present  at  the  battles  of  Monmouth  and  White 
Plains.  Resigning  his  commission  in  October, 
1778.  he  removed  to  Litchfield,  Conn.,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  March,  1779.  He  then  re- 
moved to  Tinmouth,  Vt.,  was  a  member  of  the 
Vermont  legislature  in  1784-5,  a  judge  of  the 
state  supreme  court  in  1786,  and  chief  justice  in 
1789.  In  that  year  he  was  one  of  the  commis- 
sioners on  behalif  of  Vermont  to  adjust  difl'erences 
with  New  Vork,  and  in  1791  to  negotiate  the  ad- 
mission of  Vermont  into  the  Union.  In  1791  ho 
was  appointed  by  Washington  judge  of  the  U.  S. 
district  court  of  Vermont,  which  he  resigned  in 
1793;  in  October,  1796,  was  again  chosen  chief 
justice  of  the  supreme  court,  and  at  the  same 
time  was  appointed  one  of  a  committee  to  revise 
the  statutes,   the  duties  of    which  were    almost 


CHIPMAN 


CHISOLM 


607 


wholly  performed  by  him.  He  was  U.  S.  senator 
from  1797  till  1803  ;"from  1806  till  1811  was  a  rep- 
resentative to  the  state  legislature ;  in  18l;:5  he  was 
one  of  the  council  of  censors ;  in  181o-'5  was  once 
more  chief  justice  of  the  supreme  coart ;  and  was 
professor  of  law  at  Middlebury  from  1816  until  his 
death.  He  published  "  Sketches  of  the  Principles 
of  Government"  (1793)  and  a  small  volume  of 
"  Reports  and  Dissertations."  In  1826  he  revised 
the  laws  of  Vermont.  His  life  was  written  by  his 
brother  Daniel  (Boston,  1846). 

CHIPMAN,  Henry,  jurist,  b.  in  Vermont  in 
1785;  d.  in  Detroit,  Mich.,  27  April,  1867.  He 
was  liberally  educated,  studied  law,  and  when 
quite  young  removed  to  South  Carolina,  where  he 
practised  his  profession  until  1824,  when  he  was 
appointed  a  U.  S.  judge  for  the  territory  of  Michi- 
gan by  President  Monroe.  From  this  date  until 
his  death  he  resided  in  Detroit. 

CHIPMAN,  Ward,  loyalist,  b.  in  Massachu- 
setts in  1754 ;  d.  in  Fredericitton,  New  Brunswick, 
in  1824.  He  was  the  son  of  a  member  of  the  Mas- 
sachusetts bar,  and  during  the  revolutionary  war 
was  deputy  muster-master  general  at  New  York. 
At  the  close  of  the  war  he  removed  to  New  Bruns- 
wick, and  for  his  loyalty  to  the  British  government 
was  rewarded  with  offices  of  trust  and  profit  and  a 
pension  of  £96  per  annum.  In  1796  he  was  ap- 
pointed agent  before  the  commission  to  determine 
the  St.  Croix  treaty  of  1783.  In  1816,  under  the 
treaty  of  Ghent,  he  was  agent  for  the  crown  to  lo- 
cate the  northwest  angle  of  Nova  Scotia.  He  sub- 
sequently became  administrator  of  the  government 
of  New  Brunswick,  and  was  acting  in  this  capacity 
when  he  died. — His  son.  Ward,  chief  justice  of 
New  Brunswick,  b.  in  St.  John,  N.  B.,  10  July, 
1787;  d.  in  that  city,  26  Dec,  1851,  was  educated 
at  St.  John,  and  at  Harvard,  where  he  was  gradu- 
ated in  1805,  receiving  therefrom  the  degree  of 
LL.  D.  in  1836.  On  his  father's  death,  in  1824,  he 
succeeded  to  his  seat  on  the  bench  and  in  the 
council,  and  also  to  the  more  lucrative  place  of 
agent  for  the  crown  in  determining  the  nortliwest 
angle  of  Nova  Scotia.  In  1825  he  was  appointed 
by  the  British  government  umpire  to  a[)portion 
the  customs  duties  between  Upper  and  Lower 
Canada,  and  again  in  1833  was  assigned  a  similar 
service.  In  1829  he  visited  the  Hague  in  connec- 
tion with  his  work  of  determining  the  northwest 
angle  of  Nova  Scotia,  and  ceased  thereafter  to  act 
in  this  capacity,  the  boundary  difficulty  having 
been  amicably  settled.  He  held  successively  the 
offices  of  advocate-general  and  clerk  of  the  cir- 
cuits ;  recorder  of  St.  John  and  solicitor-general ; 
became  puisne  judge  of  the  supreme  court  on  18 
March,  1825,  and  was  appointed  chief  justice  on  29 
Sept.,  1834.  He  was  also  president  of  the  legisla- 
tive council  and  speaker  of  the  assembly,  and  was 
noted  for  his  liberal  donations  to  advance  the  in- 
terests of  religion  and  education. 

CHISHOLM,  William,  inventor,  b.  in  Loch- 
gelly,  Fifeshire,  Scotland,  12  Aug.,  1825.  He  was 
apprenticed  to  a  dry-goods  merchant  in  Kircaldy 
at  the  age  of  twelve,  but  abandoned  that  occupa- 
tion three  years  later,  and  was  for  seven  years  a 
sailor.  In  1847  he  settled  in  Montreal,  Canada, 
and  became  a  builder  and  contractor.  In  1852  he 
removed  to  Cleveland,  Ohio,  where  his  brother 
Henry  had  settled.  He  removed  to  Pittsburg 
and  remained  there  until  1857,  when  he  returned 
to  join  his  brother  in  the  Cleveland  rolling-mills. 
He  withdrew  from  the  active  management  of  that 
corporation  two  or  three  years  later,  engaged  in 
the  manufacture  of  spikes,  bolts,  and  horseshoes, 
and,  after  demonstrating  by  experiments  the  prac- 


ticability of  the  manufacture  of  screws  fi'om  Bes- 
semer steel,  organized  the  Union  steel  company  of 
Cleveland,  wliich  began  operations  in  1871.  He 
afterward  devised  new  methods  and  machinery 
for  manufacturing  steel  shovels,  spades,  and  scoops, 
and  established  a  factory  for  the  new  industry  in 
1879.  In  1882  he  began  to  make  steam-engines  of 
a  new  model,  adapted  for  hoisting  and  pumping, 
and  transmitters  for  carrying  coal  and  ore  between 
vessels  and  railroad  cars. 

CHISOLM,  William  Wallace,  b.  in  Morgan 
county,  Ga.,  6  Dec,  1830 ;  d.  in  De  Kalb,  Miss.,  13 
May,  1877.  In  1847  the  family  removed  to  Kemper 
CO.,  Miss.  In  1851  the  father  died,  leaving  William  as 
the  head  of  the  family.  In  1856  he  married  Emily, 
daughter  of  John  W.  Mann,  of  Florida,  through 
whose  aid  he  made  good  the  deficiencies  of  his 
early  education.  In  1858  Mr.  Chisolm  was  elected 
justice  of  the  peace,  and  in  1860  probate  judge,  an 
office  which  he  filled  by  successive  re-elections  till 
1867.  Until  the  secession  of  the  slave  states  be- 
came an  accomplished  fact.  Judge  Chisolm  was  a 
pronounced  Union  man,  and  only  wavered  for  a 
short  time  during  the  height  of  the  contagious  ex- 
citement that  prevailed  in  1861.  During  the  civil 
war,  although  known  as  a  "  whig  and  a  unionist," 
he  was  continued  in  office  from  term  to  term,  a 
sure  evidence  of  popular  trust.  But  he  was  looked 
upon  with  suspicion  by  the  Confederate  authorities, 
to  whom  his  unionist  sentiments  were  well  known. 
The  local  history  of  the  period  immediately  fol- 
lowing the  cessation  of  hostilites  embraces  a  series 
of  violent  crimes.  The  newly  enfranchised  negroes 
naturally  fraternized  with  the  few  white  unionists, 
to  form  the  nucleus  of  a  republican,  or,  as  it  was 
then  known,  a  "  radical "  party ;  and  by  their  votes 
Chisolm  was  elected  sheriff.  His  duties  often 
brought  him  into  direct  conflict  with  his  political 
opponents,  and  his  life  was  constantly  in  danger. 
In  November,  1873,  he  was  re-elected  sheriff  for 
two  years,  and  the  county,  under  his  leadership, 
became  the  stronghold  of  the  republican  party  in 
Mississippi.  After  the  expiration  of  his  term  as 
sheriff  lie  was  nominated  for  congress,  but  was  de- 
feated in  1876.  In  the  spring  of  1877,  John  W. 
Gully,  a  leading  democrat,  was  shot  and  killed  not 
far  from  Judge  Chisolm's  house,  and  warrants 
were  issued  for  Chisolm's  arrest,  with  several  of  his 
republican  associates,  as  accessory  to  the  crime. 
At  this  time  the  Ku-klux  organization  .was  at  the 
height  of  its  power,  and  all  night  preceding  the 
expected  arrest  armed  horsemen  rode  into  the  town 
of  De  Kalb.  On  the  morning  of  Sunday,  30  April, 
1877,  the  sheriff  served  the  warrants,  and  Judge 
Chisolm's  family,  consisting  of  his  wife,  three  sons, 
and  a  daughter,  insisted  upon  accompanying  him 
to  jail.  In  the  mean  time  Gilmer,  one  of  the  other 
arrested  republicans,  had  been  killed  l)y  the  mob 
while  on  the  way  to  the  same  jail  in  charge  of  a 
sheriff's  deputy.  A  short  time  afterward  a  staunch 
friend  of  Chisolm's,  Angus  McLellan,  who  had  reso- 
lutely guarded  the  Chisolm  party  on  their  way  to 
jail,  was  in  turn  shot  down  as  he  left  the  prison,  at 
the  sheriff's  request,  to  go  to  his  own  house.  By  this 
time  the  guards  had  withdrawn,  leaving  the  jail 
undefended,  and  the  mob,  excited  by  the  death  of 
the  sturdy  Scotsman,  began  to  batter  in  the  doors 
to  gain  access  to  the  chief  victim.  Chisolm  armed 
himself  with  one  of  the  guns  left  by  his  faithless 
guards.  As  the  door  gave  way,  his  little  son  John, 
a  boy  of  thirteen,  threw  himself  into  his  father's 
arms,  where  he  was  killed  by  a  shot  from  the  leader 
of  the  assailants.  Dropping  his  son's  body,  Chisolm 
instantly  shot  and  killed  the  assassin,  and  the  mob 
fell  back  panic-stricken  for  the  time,  and  fired  only 


608 


qPIITTENDEN 


CHOATE 


random  sliots.  Outside  the  cry  was  raised,  "  Burn 
them  out ! "  and,  believing  that  the  jail  was  on  fire, 
the  Chisolm  party  descended  the  stairs,  the  mother 
and  an  elder  son  bearing  the  body  of  the  boy  be- 
tween them,  the  father  following  with  his  daughter 
Cornelia,  a  girl  of  eighteen,  who  had  already  been 
wounded  by  chance  shots.  As  soon  as  Chisolm 
came  within  sight  of  the  mob  he  was  fired  upon, 
and  fell  so  severely  wounded  that  he  was  believed 
to  be  dead.  The  daughter  received  additional 
wounds  at  this  time,  and,  with  blood  streaming 
from  her  face  and  arms,  walked  through  the  crowd, 
beside  her  father,  who  was  borne  to  his  house,  not 
far  distant,  and  died  in  about  two  weeks,  from  the 
effect  of  his  wounds.  The  daughter  died  two  days 
later,  her  wounds  proving  more  serious  than  was 
at  first  supposed.  At  the  September  term  of  the 
county  court  the  leaders  of  the  mob  were  indicted, 
having  in  the  mean  time  been  at  large,  but  none 
of  them  were  ever  punished  for  their  part  in  these 
murders.  No  evidence  was  ever  adduced  connect- 
ing either  Chisolm  or  his  associates  with  the  assas- 
sination of  Gully ;  but  the  local  newspapers  repeat- 
edly justified  the  mob.  The  commonly  accepted 
explanation  of  the  aft'air  is,  that  Chisolm  had  so 
organized  the  recently  freed  and  enfranchised  ne- 
groes that  he  controlled  the  elections  in  favor  of 
the  republican  party — a  state  of  things  to  which 
the  democrats  of  the  vicinity  refused  to  submit. 
In  December,  1877,  Walter  Riley,  a  negro,  con- 
fessed the  murder  of  Gully,  and  was  hanged  for 
the  crime,  but  denied  that  Judge  Chisolm  and  his 
associates  instigated  the  act.  See  "  The  Chisolm 
Massacre,  a  Picture  of  Home  Rule  in  Mississippi," 
by  James  M.  Wells  (Washington,  1878),  giving  the 
Republican  view  of  the  case,  and  "  Kemper  County 
Vindicated,"  giving  the  Democratic  side. 

CHITTENDEN,  Russell  Henry,  chemist,  b. 
in  New  Haven,  Conn.,  18  Feb.,  1856.  He  was 
graduated  at  the  Sheffield  scientific  school  of  Yale 
in  1875,  and  also  studied  at  the  University  in  Hei- 
delberg. In  1876  he  became  instructor  of  chemis- 
try in  the  Sheffield  school,  in  1880  received  the  de- 
gree of  Ph.  D.  for  his  researches,  and  in  1882  be- 
came professor  of  physiological  chemistry.  Prof. 
Chittenden  has  made  numerous  investigations  in 
the  domain  of  physiological  chemistry,  the  results 
of  which  have  appeared  in  the  "  American  Chemi- 
cal Journal,"  '*  Journal  of  Physiology,"  "  Zeit- 
schrift  flir  Biologic,"  and  other  periodicals.  He 
has  also  edited  the  "  Studies  from  the  Laboratory 
of  Physiological  Chemistry  of  the  Sheffield  Scien- 
tific School  of  Yale  College"  (New  Haven,  1885 
et  seq.),  and  has  been  called  on  to  testify  as  an  ex- 
pert in  important  criminal  cases. 

CHITTENDEN,  Simeon  Baldwin,  merchant, 
b,  in  Guilford,  Conn.,  29  March,  1814;  d.  in  Brook- 
lyn, N.  Y.,  14  April,  1889.  He  entered  a  store  at 
New  Haven,  Conn.,  i-emoved  to  New  York  in  1843, 
and  engaged  in  mercantile  pursuits.  He  was  vice- 
president  of  the  New  York  chamber  of  commerce 
from  1867  till  1869;  was  one  of  the  directors  in 
the  Continental  bank  and  in  the  Continental  fire 
insurance  company;  a  director  in  the  Delaware, 
Lackawanna  and  Western,  and  other  railroads; 
and  president  of  the  New  Haven  and  New  London 
shore  line  railroad  of  Conneciicut.  He  was  elected 
a  member  of  congress  from  Brooklyn  to  fill  a  va- 
cancy, taking  his  seat  7  Dec.  1874,  and  was  twice 
re-elected  as  an  independent  republican.  Mr.  Chit- 
tenden gave  liberally  to  the  Long  Island  historical 
societv  and  other  institutions.  In  1887  he  gave 
|125.()00  to  Yale  for  a  librarv  building. 

CHITTENDEN,  Thomas,  first 'governor  of 
Vermont,  b.  in  East  Guilford,  Conn.,  6  Jan.,  1730; 


d.  in  Williston,  Vt.,  24  Aug.,  1797.  He  removed 
to  Salisbury  at  the  age  of  twenty,  and  was  many 
years  representative,  and  justice  of  the  peace,  but 
in  May,  1774,  emigrated  to  the  New  Hampshire 
grants,  as  Vermont  was  then  called,  and  settled  at 
Williston,  on  Onion  river.  During  the  controversy 
with  New  York,  and  the  war  of  the  revolution,  he 
was  assiduously  engaged  in  the  councils  of  his 
state,  to  which  he  rendered  great  service.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  convention  which,  16  Jan.,  1777, 
declared  Vermont  an  independent  state ;  and  was 
appointed  one  of  the  committee  to  communicate 
to  congress  the  proceedings  of  the  inhabitants,  and 
to  solicit  admission  into  the  Union.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  convention  at  Windsor,  2  July, 
1777,  which  framed  the  first  constitution  of  Ver- 
mont ;  and  president  of  the  council  of  safety, 
which  was  vested  with  all  the  powers  of  govern- 
ment. Under  the  constitution  established  in  1778, 
he  was  elected  governor  of  the  state,  and,  with  the 
exception  of  one  year,  filled  that  office  until  his 
death.  In  the  difficult  position  in  which  Gov. 
Chittenden  was  placed,  contending  for  independ- 
ence on  the  one  hand,  and  unacknowledged  by  con- 
gress as  a  state,  in  consequence  of  the  claims  of 
New  York  upon  the  other,  a  profound  policy  was 
requisite.  To  prevent  invasion,  hopes  were  held 
out  to  the  British  of  a  return  to  its  allegiance  to 
the  king,  while  the  possibility  of  her  deserting 
the  American  cause  operated,  in  congress,  to  pre- 
vent her  being  required  to  submit  to  the  claims  of 
New  York.  A  memoir  of  him,  with  a  history  of 
the  constitution  of  Vermont  during  his  adminis- 
tration, was  published  by  Daniel  Chipman  (1849). 
— His  son,  Martin,  governor  of  Vermont,  b.  in 
Salisbury,  Conn.,  12  March,  1769;  d.  in  Williston, 
Vt.,  5  Sept.,  1841,  was  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in 
1789.  In  May,  1776,  the  family  removed  to  Willis- 
ton, Vt.,  but  during  the  same  year  took  up  their 
abode  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state,  where  they 
remained  until  the  close  of  the  war.  Owing  to 
feeble  health,  he  devoted  himself  to  agriculture,  of 
which  he  was  exceedingly  fond,  at  Jericho,  in 
Chittenden  co.  He  was  a  member  of  the  conven- 
tion that  adopted  the  U.  S.  constitution ;  was  in 
1790  elected  county  clerk  and  representative,  to 
which  station  he  was  re-elected  for  six  successive 
years,  and  also  at  occasional  subsequent  intervals. 
He  was  judge  of  the  county  court  in  1793-'5 ; 
chief  judge  in  1796-1803;  and  was  a  member  of 
congress  from  1803  till  1813,  and  judge  of  probate 
in  1821-'2.  At  the  age  of  thirty-three  he  had  at- 
tained the  rank  of  major-general  of  militia.  He 
was  governor  of  Vermont  in  1813  and  1814,  and 
during  the  war  with  England  I'efused  to  comply 
with  the  requisition  of  Gen.  Macomb  for  the  state 
militia.  This  act  was  severely  commented  upon, 
and  prevented  his  re-election. 

CHOATE,  Rufus,  lawyer,  b.  in  Essex,  Mass.,  1 ' 
Oct.,  1799;  d.  in  Halifax.  Nova  Scotia,  13  July, 
1859.  His  earliest  ancestor  in  this  country  was 
John  Choate,  who  became  a  citizen  of  Massachu- 
setts in  1667.  The  grandson  of  this  first  ancestor, 
also  named  John,  was  a  member  of  the  Massachu- 
setts legislature  from  1741  till  1761,  and  for  the 
next  five  years  a  member  of  the  council.  His  son, 
David,  was  a  man  of  strong  character  and  unusual 
intellectual  endowments.  Though  not  trained  to 
the  law,  on  one  occasion,  when  he  had  a  suit  pend- 
ing in  court  and  his  counsel  happened  to  be  ab- 
sent, he  took  up  the  case  himself,  examined  his 
witnesses,  tore  to  shreds  the  testimony  of  the  other 
side,  made  a  sound  and  eloquent  argument,  and 
won  the  case.  David  married  Miriam  Poster,  a 
woman  of  strong  sense  and  ready  wit,  and  had 


CHOATE 


CHOATE 


609 


several  children,  of  whom  Rufus  Choate  was  one. 
The  father  died  in  1808,  when  Rufus  was  but  nine 
years  old ;  the  mother  lived  to  witness  the  noble 
career  of  her  son,  and  died  in  1853.  As  a  boy, 
Rufus  was  strong,  active,  and  precocious.  Before 
he  was  six  years  old  he  had  become  so  familiar 
with  "  Pilgrim's  Progress  "  as  to  repeat  from  mem- 
ory large  portions  of  it ;  and  before  he  was  ten  he 
had  devoured  most  of  the  volumes  in  the  little  vil- 
lage library.  He  was  extremely  fond  of  reading 
the  Bible.  He  was  graduated  at  Dartmouth  with 
the  valedictory  in  1819.  For  scholarship  and  for 
command  of  language  he  was  already  remarkable. 
In  comparison  with  his  translations  from  Latin 
and  Greek,  said  Ira  Perley,  who  was  one  of 
his  classmates,  all  other  construing  done  in  the 
class  "  seemed  the  roughest  of  unlicked  babble." 
In  1818  Mr.  Choate  was  greatly  affected  by  the 
magnificent  speech  of  Daniel  Webster  in  the  Dart- 
mouth college 
case,  and  was 
confirmed  in  his 
inclination  to- 
ward the  study 
of  law.  After 
graduation  he 
spent  one  year  as 
tutor  at  Dart- 
mouth, and  then 
entered  the  law- 
school  at  Cam- 
bridge. In  1821 
he  removed  to 
the  office  of  Will- 
iam Wirt,  then 
attorney  -  gener- 
al of  the  United 
/>         ^^  /  States,  at  Wash- 

1 .  C/^Cy^A^.^  i"gt«"-,,  There 
^  he  saw  Marshall 
on  the  bench  of 
the  supreme  court,  and  heard  William  Pinkney  in 
the  senate.  In  the  autumn  of  1822  he  returned 
to  Massachusetts  and  pursued  his  studies  at  Ips- 
wich, and  then  for  a  while  at  Salem.  In  1823  he 
was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  opened  an  office  in 
Danvers,  where  he  remained  five  years.  In  1825 
he  married  Miss  Helen  Olcott,  of  Hanover,  N.  H. 
In  1828  he  removed  to  Salem,  and  in  1830  was 
elected  member  of  congress,  where  he  distinguished 
himself  the  next  year  by  a  speech  on  the  tariff. 
He  was  re-elected  in  1832.  but  resigned  at  the  end 
of  the  winter  session  of  1834,  and  removed  to  Bos- 
ton, where  he  soon  took  a  foremost  place  as  an 
advocate.  At  the  same  time  he  paid  much  atten- 
tion to  literary  studies,  and  occasionally  delivered 
lectures  on  literary  and  historical  subjects.  In 
1841  Daniel  Webster  accepted  the  office  of  secre- 
tary of  state  under  President  Harrison,  and  Mr. 
Choate  was  elected  to  his  place  in  the  U.  S.  senate. 
Among  his  most  brilliant  speeches  as  senator  were 
those  on  the  Oregon  boundary,  the  tariff,  the  fiscal 
bank  bill,  the  Smithsonian  institution,  and  the 
annexation  of  Texas,  which  he  opposed.  In  1845, 
Mr.  Webster  having  been  re-elected  to  the  senate, 
Mr.  Choate  returned  to  Boston  and  resumed  the 
practice  of  his  profession.  In  the  summer  of  1850 
he  travelled  in  Europe,  visiting  England,  Belgium, 
France,  Switzerland,  and  Germany.  He  was  a 
delegate  to  the  Whig  national  convention  at  Balti- 
more in  June,  1852,  and  urged  the  nomination  of 
Webster  for  the  presidency.  In  the  following 
year  he  took  an  important  part  in  the  Massachu- 
setts convention  for  revising  the  constitution  of 
the  state.  In  the  presidential  canvass  of  1856  he 
VOL.  I.— 39 


supported  Mr.  Buchanan.  During  the  two  troubled 
years  that  followed,  Mr.  Choate  took  a  warm  inter- 
est in  national  politics,  and  made  a  few  speeches. 
His  health,  which  had  been  for  some  time  failing, 
gave  way  early  in  1859,  and,  by  the  advice  of  his 
pliysicisins,  he  sailed  for  Europe,  accompanied  by 
his  son.  On  reaching  Halifax,  where  the  steamers 
then  regularly  stopped,  he  became  convinced  that 
it  was  useless  to  try  to  go  farther.  He  took  lodg- 
ings in  the  town,  hoping  to  recover  enough  strength 
to  get  back  to  Boston,  but  in  a  few  days,  after  a 
delusive  appearance  of  improvement,  suddenly 
died.  Mr.  Choate's  love  of  literary  pursuits  en- 
dured to  the  end.  He  was  extremely  fond  of  poet- 
ry, and,  being  endowed  with  an  extraordinary  ver- 
bal memory,  could  repeat  hundreds  of  favorite 
verses.  He  took  an  especial  interest  in  Greek  lit- 
erature, and  at  one  time  even  contemplated  devot- 
ing his  leisure  hours  to  writing  a  history  of  Greece  ; 
but  he  abandoned  this  project  on  seeing  the  early 
volumes  of  Grote's  great  work.  In  many  respects 
he  was  the  most  scholarly  of  all  American  public 
men.  He  was  tall,  dignified,  and  graceful,  with  a 
face  at  once  rugged  and  mobile,  and  imusually  ex- 
pressive. His  voice  was  sympathetic  and  musical. 
He  had  an  almost  unrivalled  power  over  his  audi- 
ences. He  rarely  indulged  in  invective,  as  it  was 
unsuited  to  his  sweet  and  gentle  nature,  but  ex- 
celled in  quaint  humor.  No  one  could  put  things 
in  a  more  ridiculous  light ;  but  it  was  done  so  deli- 
cately that  the  object  of  his  ridicule  could  not  help 
joining  in  the  laugh.  From  light  and  airy  banter 
he  could  pass  in  an  instant  into  grand  and  solemn 
moods.  His  urbanity  was  exquisite.  ''  The  very 
manner  in  which  lie  would  pronounce  your  name," 
said  a  much  younger  lawyer,  who  had  known  him 
well,  "was  in  itself  the  most  delicate  of  compli- 
ments." This  personal  magnetism  combined  with 
his  wealth  of  learning  and  his  strong  sense  place 
him  among  the  greatest  forensic  advocates  that 
America  has  produced.  H  e  may  fairly  be  ranked 
as  the  equal  of  Lord  Erskine.  His  writings  were 
edited,  with  a  memoir,  by  S.  G.  Brown  (2  vols., 
Boston,  1862).  See  also  "  Recollections  of  Eminent 
Men,"  by  Edwin  P.  Whipple  (Boston,  1886).— His 
brother,"  David,  jurist,  b.  in  1796 ;  d.  in  Essex, 
Mass.,  15  Dec,  1872,  served  in  both  branches  of  the 
Massachusetts  legislature.  He  held  the  office  of 
trial  justice  for  many  years  in  Essex,  and  was  an  ac- 
tive supporter  of  benevolent  institutions. — Rufus, 
son  of  Rufus  Choate,  soldier,  b.  in  Salem,  Mass.,  in 
1834 :  d.  15  Jan.,  1866,  was  graduated  at  Amherst 
in  1855.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Boston  in 
1858,  and  in  1861  entered  the  National  service  as 
second  lieutenant.  He  took  part  in  the  battles  of 
Winchester,  Cedar  Mountain,  and  Antietam,  but, 
after  being  promoted  to  a  captaincy,  was  forced 
to  resign  in  1862,  from  failing  health. 

CHOATE,  Joseph  Hodg-es,  lawyer,  b.  in  Sa- 
lem, Mass.,  24  Jan.,  1832.  He  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1852,  and  at  the  Dane  law-school  in 
1854.  In  the  year  following  he  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  Massachusetts,  and  in  1856  in  New 
York,  since  which  time  he  has  practised  in  New 
York  city.  Mr.  Choate  was  counsel  for  Gen.  Fitz 
John  Porter  in  the  protracted  investigation  in 
West  Point,  before  the  board  of  officers  appointed 
by  President  Hayes,  which  resulted  in  the  reversal 
of  the  judgment  of  the  original  court-martial.  He 
also  defended  the  celebrated  Cesnola  case  (see  Ces- 
nola).  IMr.  Choate  for  many  years  was  president 
of  the  Union  league  club,  and  of  the  New  England 
society,  in  New  York,  and  was  a  member  of  the 
"  committee  of  seventy,"  and  took  part  in  tha 
municipal  canvass  of  1871,  which  resulted  in  the 


610 


CHOISI 


CHRISTIAN 


overthrow  of  the  ring  that  had  plundered  the  city 
treasury.  He  has  deliA-ered  addresses  on  social, 
charitable,  and  other  occasions.  —  His  brother, 
William  Gardiner,  b.  in  Massachusetts  about 
1830,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1852,  and  at 
the  I)ane  law-school  in  1854.  'For  some  time  he 
was  U.  S.  judge  of  the  southern  district  of  New 
York,  an  office  which  he  resigned  to  resume  the 
practice  of  his  profession  in  New  York  city. 

CHOISI,  Claude  Gabriel  de,  French  soldier, 
d.  about  1795.  He  entered  the  army  as  a  common 
soldier,  16  June,  1741,  and  became  an  officer  by 
merit.  He  followed  Baron  Viomenil  to  Poland, 
where  he  greatly  distinguished  himself  by  his  de- 
fence of  the  castle  of  Cracow,  early  in  1772.  He 
accompanied  Rochambeau  and  Viomenil  to  this 
country  in  1780,  where  at  the  siege  of  Yorktown, 
in  October,  1781,  he  commanded  a  brigade  with 
which  he  invested  Gloucester,  Va.,  and  on  3  Oct., 
with  Lauzun's  cavalry,  attacked  and  defeated  Tar- 
leton's  legion.  For  his  attachment  to  the  king,  he 
was  imprisoned  during  the  reign  of  terror,  and 
probably  died  soon  afterward.  See  "  Lettres  par- 
ticulieres  du  Baron  de  Viomenil "  (Paris,  1808). 

CHOULES,  John  Overton,  clergyman,  b.  in 
Bristol,  England,  5  Feb.,  1801 ;  d.  in  New  York 
city,  5  Jan.,  1850.  His  parents  were  Wesleyans, 
but  he  became  a  member  of  the  Baptist  church  in 
1819.  After  graduation  at  the  Baptist  divinity 
school  in  Bristol,  he  came  to  the  United  States  in 
1824.  He  supplied  various  churches  in  the  vicin- 
ity of  New  York  city,  and  became  in  the  spring  of 
1825  principal  of  an  academy  at  Red  Hook,  on  the 
Hudson.  He  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  2d 
Baptist  church,  Newport,  R.  I.,  in  September,  1827, 
took  charge  of  the  1st  church  in  New  Bedford, 
Mass.,  in  1833,  and  of  the  Washington  street 
church,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  in  1837.  He  was  settled 
over  the  Sixth  street  church.  New  York  city,  in 
1841,  at  Jamaica  Plain,  near  Boston,  in  1843,  and 
in  1847  became  pastor  for  the  second  time  of  his 
old  church  in  Newport.  Dr.  Choules  was  a  per- 
sonal friend  of  Daniel  Webstei',  and  delivered  a 
sermon  in  his  memory  at  Newport,  21  Nov.,  1852. 
He  had  mingled  with  various  English  celebrities 
in  his  youth,  and  was  intimate  with  the  most  culti- 
vated public  men  of  his  day.  He  was  very  success- 
ful as  a  teacher,  and  had  a  few  pupils  under  his 
charge  at  his  home  during  most  of  his  life.  One 
of  his  specialties  was  old  Puritan  literature,  of 
which  he  had  a  fine  collection  in  his  library.  He 
published  "  Young  Americans  Abroad,"  a  descrip- 
tion of  a  vacation  tour  with  his  pupils,  and  "  The 
Cruise  of  the  Steam  Yacht  North  Star,"  a  narra- 
tive of  a  pleasure  excursion  to  Europe  with  Corne- 
lius Vanderbilt  (Boston,  1853).  He  also  completed 
Smith's  "  History  of  Missions  "  (2  vols.,  New  York, 
1832),  continued  Hinton's  "  History  of  the  United 
States  "  to  1850,  and  edited  various  works. 

CHOUTEAU,  Auguste,  pioneer,  b.  in  New 
Orleans,  La.,  in  1739;  d.  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  24 
Feb.,  1829.  He  and  his  younger  bi'other  Pierre 
were  the  founders  of  the  city  of  St.  Louis,  and 
their  lives  were  closely  connected. — His  brother, 
Pierre,  b.  in  New  Orleans  in  1749 :  d.  in  St.  Louis, 
9  July,  1849.  The  brothei'S  joined  the  expedition 
of  Pierre  Ligueste  Laclede,  who  had  been  commis- 
sioned by  the  director-general  of  Louisiana  to  es- 
tablish the  fur  trade  in  the  region  west  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi. Auguste,  the  elder,  was  given  command 
of  the  boat  by  Laclede.  They  left  New  Orleans  in 
August,  17G3.  and  three  months  later  reached  the 
settlement  of  St.  Genevieve.  In  the  winter  they 
ascended  the  river  sixty-one  miles  farcher,  and  se- 
lected a  spot  on  the  western  bank  for  their  princi- 


pal trading-station,  naming  it  St.  Louis.  A  party 
under  the  chai'ge  of  Auguste  Chouteau  began  op- 
erations here,  15  Feb.,  1764.  Speaking  of  the 
brothers  in  his  "  Sketch  of  the  Early  History  of  St. 
Louis,"  Nicollet  observes :  "  These  two  young  men, 
who  never  afterward  quitted  the  country  of  their 
adoption,  became  in  time  the  heads  of  numerous 
families,  enjoying  the  highest  respectability,  the 
comforts  of  an  honorably  acquired  affluence,  the 
fruit  of  their  own  industry,  and  possessed  of  a 
name  which  to  this  day  (1842),  after  a  lapse  of  sev- 
enty years,  is  still  a  passport  that  commands  safety 
and  hospitality  among  all  the  Indian  nations  of 
the  United  States,  north  and  west." — Pierre  Chou- 
teau's son,  Pierre,  merchant,  b.  in  St.  Louis,  19 
Jan.,  1789;  d.  there,  8  Sept.,  1865,  became  clerk 
for  his  father  and  uncle  when  fifteen  years  of  age, 
and  also  began  business  on  his  own  account  early 
in  life.  Following  the  Indians  from  point  to  point 
as  they  receded,  he  at  different  times  occupied  the 
places  where  now  are  St.  Joseph,  Kansas  City, 
Belleview,  Council  Bluffs,  Fort  Pierre,  Fort  Ber- 
thold.  Fort  Union,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Yellowstone, 
and  Fort  Benton,  at  the  head  of  navigation  of  the 
Missouri,  He  also  established  trading-posts  along 
the  Osage  river,  and  on  the  Mississi[ipi,  from 
Keokuk  "to  St.  Paitl.  About  1806  he  visited  Du- 
buque in  canoes,  to  trade  with  the  Sac  and  Fox 
Indians,  who  then  inhabited  that  country.  He 
was  associated  with  several  other  heavy  dealers  in 
furs,  among  whoni  was  John  Jacob  Astor.  In  1834 
he  and  his  associates  purchased  Mr.  Astor's  in- 
terest in  the  American  fur  company,  and  in  1839 
formed  the  company  that,  under  the  firm-name  of 
P.  Chouteau,  Jr.,  &  Co.,  extended  its  trade  as  far 
south  as  the  Cross  Timbers  of  Texas,  as  far  north- 
west as  the  Blackfeet  country,  and,  at  one  time,  as 
far  north  as  the  falls  of  St.  Anthony.  The  trade 
with  Santa  Fe  was  also  in  its  hands.  As  a  neces- 
sity, Mr.  Chouteau  was  drawn  into  extended  opera- 
tions, not  only  with  eastern  cities,  but  in  England 
and  on  the  continent,  and  he  lived  for  many  years 
in  New  York  city.  He  represented  his  county  in 
the  convention  that  adopted  the  first  constitution 
of  Missouri ;  with  this  exception,  he  invariably  re- 
fused to  take  any  part  in  politics. — Aug'uste,  an- 
other son,  also  an  Indian  trader,  acquired  great  in- 
fluence among  the  tribes  of  the  northwest,  and  was 
distinguished  for  probity  and  integrity.  He  nego- 
tiated numerous  Indian  treaties.  His  wife  was  a 
daughter  of  Lieut.-Gov.  Menard,  of  Kaskaskia. 

CHRISTIAN,  Joseph,  jurist,  b.  in  Middlesex 
county,  Va.,  10  July,  1828.  He  was  graduated  at  Co- 
lumbian college,  Washington,  D.  C,  in  1847.  Before 
and  during  the  war  he  was  a  member  of  the  senate  of 
Virginia,  and  at  its  close  he  was  made  a  district 
judge,  and  soon  advanced  to  the  supreme  court  of 
appeals.  His  name  has  been  prominent  as  a  candi- 
date for  the  U.  S,  senate,  and  also  for  the  supreme 
court  of  the  United  States.  In  1872  Columbian 
conferred  on  him  the  degree  of  LL.  D. 

CHRISTIAN,  William,  soldier,  b.  in  Berkeley 
county,  Va.,  in  1732 ;  d.  in  June,  1782.  He  removed 
with  his  parents  to  Pennsylvania,  served  against 
Pontiac,  was  a  captain  in  Forbes's  expedition 
against  Fort  Duquesne  in  1758,  served  with  Dun- 
more  against  the  Sciotos,  and  settled  at  Braddock's 
Ford,  on  the  Youghiogheny  river,  in  1768.  He  was 
intimate  with  Washington,  and  raised  and  com- 
manded a  regiment  during  the  Revolutionary  war. 
After  the  ravages  committed  in  1776  on  the  west- 
ern border  districts  by  the  Cherokees,  Creeks, 
Chickamaguas,  Choctaws,  Delawares,  Mingoes,  and 
Shawnees,  incited  by  Capt.  Stuart,  the  British  In- 
dian agent,  he  was  ordered  by  Patrick  Henry,  gov- 


CHRISTIANCY 


CHRISTOPHE 


611 


ernor  of  Virginia,  to  assemble  the  border-men  and 
descend  upon  Oconostota,  the  Clierokee  chief,  who 
was  encamped  on  the  Tellieo.  He  was  accompa- 
nied by  John  Sevier  with  a  band  of  scouts.  The 
Indians  dispersed  without  fighting,  but  their  towns 
and  crops  were  destroyed,  and  all  the  males  in  one 
village  were  killed  by  the  scouts.  In  1782  he  re- 
luctantly accepted  the  command  of  an  expedition 
to  ravage  the  Wyandotte  and  Moravian  Indian  set- 
tlements on  the  Muskingum,  and  was  taken  pris- 
oner and  put  to  death  by  torture. 

CHRISTIANCY,  Isaac  Peckham,  senator,  b. 
in  Johnstown  (now  Bleecker),  N.  Y.,  12  March,  1812  ; 
d.  in  Lansing,  Mich.,  8  Sept.,  1890.  He  received 
a  limited  education,  and  when  thirteen  years  old 
became  the  main  support  of  his  father's  family. 
After  teaching  school  he  studied  law  with  John 
Maynard  till  1836,  when  he  removed  to  Monroe, 
Mich.,  and,  on  the  completion  of  his  law  studies, 
was  admitted  to  the  bar.  fie  was  prosecuting 
attorney  for  Monroe  county  from  1841  till  1846, 
and  in  1848  was  a  delegate  to  the  Buffalo  free-soil 
convention,  having  left  the  democratic  party  on 
the  question  of  slavery.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
state  senate  from  1850  till  1852,  and  in  the  latter 
year  was  the  free-soil  candidate  for  governor.  He 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  republican  party  in 
Michigan,  and  was  a  delegate  to  its  first  national 
convention  in  Philadelphia  in  1856.  He  purchased 
the  Monroe  "  Commercial "  in  1857,  and  became  its 
editor,  and  in  the  same  year  was  an  unsuccessful 
candidate  for  U.  S.  senator.  He  was  elected  a 
judge  of  the  State  supreme  court  in  1857,  re- 
elected in  1865  and  1873,  both  times  without  oppo- 
sition, and  became  chief  Justice  in  January,  1872. 
He  was  elected  U.  S.  senator  in  1875,  and,  resigning 
in  February,  1879,  on  account  of  ill  health,  was 
sent  as  minister  to  Peru,  where  he  remained  for 
two  years.  During  the  civil  war  Judge  Christiancy 
was  for  a  time  on  the  staff  of  Gen.  Custer  and  that 
of  Gen.  A.  A.  Humphreys.  His  judicial  opinions, 
which  are  to  be  found  in  the  "  Michigan  Repoi'ts  " 
from  volumes  5  to  31,  inclusive,  contain  the  best 
work  of  his  life. 

CHRISTIE,  David,  statesman,  b.  in  Edin- 
burgh, Scotland,  in  October.  1818.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Edinburgh  high  school,  and  removed  to 
Canada  in  1833.  He  was  sworn  of  the  privy 
council,  7  Nov.,  1873,  and  was  secretary  of  state 
from  that  date  until  9  Jan.,  1874,  when  he  was  ap- 
pointed speaker  of  the  senate,  which  office  he  held 
until  October,  1878.  During  the  illness  of  Lieut.- 
Gov.  Crawford  in  1875  he  was  appointed  adminis- 
trator of  the  government  of  Ontario  for  a  short 
period,  but  was  not  sworn  in  in  consequence  of 
the  death  of  the  lieutenant-governor.  In  May, 
1867,  he  was  called  to  the  senate.  Mr.  Christie 
has  been  president  of  the  Agricultural  association 
of  Upper  Canada,  of  the  new  Agricultural  and 
arts  association  of  Ontario,  of  the  Dominion  coun- 
cil of  agriculture,  and  of  the  American  short-horn 
breeders'  association.  He  sat  lor  many  years  in 
the  senate  of  Toronto  university. 

CHRISTIE,  Gabriel,  British  soldier,  d.  in 
Montreal,  Canada,  in  November,  1798.  He  became 
captain  in  the  48th  foot,  13  Nov.,  1754,  and  com- 
manded at  Albany  in  the  summer  of  1757.  He 
served  at  the  siege  of  Louisburg  in  1758,  became 
major,  7  April,  1759,  deputy  quartermaster-gen- 
eral in  America  on  14  Aug.,  and  entered  Canada 
with  the  British  army  in  1760.  He  was  made 
brevet  lieutenant-colonel,  27  Jan.,  1762,  lieutenant- 
colonel  of  the  60th  royal  Americans,  24  Dec,  1768, 
and  was  transferred  to  the  1st  battery,  18  Sept., 
1775.     He  was  appointed  quartermaster-general  in 


Canada,  2  April,  1776,  made  brevet  colonel,  29 
April,  1777,  colonel  of  the  2d  battery,  14  May, 
1778,  lieutenant-general,  12  Oct.,  1793,  and  gen- 
eral, 1  Jan.,  1798.  Gen.  Christie  was  proprietor  of 
Isle  Aux  Noix  in  Richelieu  river,  north  of  Lake 
Champlain,  and  of  several  seigniories  in  the  vicin- 
ity.    He  afterward  sold  the  island  to  the  crown. 

CHRISTIE,  John,  soldier,  b.  in  New  York  city 
in  1786 ;  d.  in  Fort  George,  Canada,  22  July,  1813. 
He  was  graduated  at  Columbia  in  1806,  and 
studied  law,  but  entered  the  army,  3  May,  1808,  as 
first  lieutenant  of  the  6th  infantry.  He  became 
captain  in  February,  1809,  and  resigned  on  15 
Nov.,  1811,  but  re-entered  the  service,  and  on  13 
March,  1812,  became  lieutenant  of  the  13th  in- 
fantry. He  was  wounded  in  the  assault  on  Queens- 
town  heights,  13  Oct.,  1812,  where  he  commanded 
the  regular  troops,  and  displayed  great  courage 
and  skill,  but  was  compelled,  after  a  heroic  strug- 
gle, to  surrender  to  an  overwhelming  force.  He 
was  made  colonel  of  the  23d  infantry,  12  March, 
1813,  and  inspector-general,  with  the  rank  of 
colonel,  18  March,  1813. 

CHRISTIE,  Robert,  Canadian  author,  b.  in 
Nova  Scotia  in  1788 ;  d.  in  Quebec,  13  Oct.,  1856. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  provincial  legislature,  and 
author  of  a  "  History  of  Lower  Canada  "  (6  vols., 
Montreal,  1866).  He  was  a  frequent  contributor 
to  the  Quebec  "  Gazette  "  and  "  Mercury." 

CHRISTOPHE,  Heuri  (cris-toaf),  king  of 
Hayti,  b.  6  Oct.,  1767 ;  d.  16  Oct.,  1820.  Accord- 
ing to  the  best  accounts,  he  was  born  in  the  island 
of  Grenada,  British  West  Indies ;  others  say  in  St. 
Christopher,  St.  Croix,  or  Santo  Domingo.  He 
was  the  son  of  a  free  mulatto  and  a  slave  negress, 
and  his  master  took  him  to  Santo  Domingo  and 
sold  him  to  an  innkeeper  at  Cape  Haytien  in  1791. 
He  worked  at  the  inn  as  a  waiter  or  cook,  and,  by 
saving  whatever  money  was  given  to  him,  bought  his 
freedom  and  opened  a  butcher-shop.  Other  au- 
thorities say  that,  after  serving  in  the  American 
war,  and,  receiving  a  wound  at  the  siege  of  Savan- 
nah, he  went  to  Santo  Domingo  and  was  employed 
on  the  plantation  of  Limonade,  displaying  as  an 
overseer  his  characteristic  severity.  When  the  up- 
rising of  the  blacks  occurred  in  Hayti,  he  took  a 
decided  part  in  favor  of  independence,  and  in  1794 
was  chief  of  a  band  of  insurgents,  signalizing  him- 
self by  activity  and  boldness.  Toussaint  I'Ouver- 
ture  confirmed  the  appointment  of  Christophe  as 
brigadier  -  general,  which  he  first  had  obtained 
when  sent  to  quell  an  insurrection  in  the  northern 
province  of  the  island,  and,  being  successful  in  this, 
he  was  also  appointed  governor  of  that  part  of  the 
country.  He  held  that  command  when  a  French 
army  under  Leelerc  arrived  in  1802,  subjugated 
the  "negroes,  and  declared  Christophe  and  Dessa- 
lines  outlaws.  The  revolution  for  independence 
was  renewed  in  1803,  and  at  the  close  of  1805  no 
French  force  remained  in  the  island.  Christophe 
was  general-in-chief  during  the  short  administra- 
tion of  Dessalines,  and  after  his  death,  17  Oct.,  1806, 
was  elected  president  for  life  by  an  assembly  con- 
vened at  Cape  Haytien.  But  the  southern  portion 
of  the  island  had  organized  another  republic,  under 
Petion,  and  a  civil  war  ensued,  which  lasted  eleven 
years,  Christophe  heading  the  party  of  the  negroes 
against  the  mulattoes.  He  caused  himself  to  be 
proclaimed,  28  March,  1811,  king  of  Hayti,  and 
was  crowned,  2  June,  1812,  as  Henry  I.,  at  Cape 
Haytien.  He  organized  a  hereditary  monarchy 
and  nol)ility,  and  governed  the  country,  in  a  des- 
potic manner,  for  nine  years.  He  promulgated  a 
code  compiled  from  that  of  Napoleon,  but  judi- 
ciously adapted  to  the  wants  of  Hayti,  and  called 


612 


CHRISTY 


CHURCH 


it  "  Code  Henri."  A  revolution  broke  out  against 
Christophe,  whose  stern  rule  was  not  liked  by  the 
negroes,  after  the  death  of  Petion  in  1818;  and 
even  his  body-guard  was  implicated,  and  on  8 
Oct.,  1820,  the  principal  military  chiefs  declared 
in  favor  of  the  dethronement  of  Christophe.  Irri- 
tated at  this,  and  unwilling  to  surrender  to  the 
revolutionists,  but  knowing  that  his  case  was  des- 
perate, he  shot  himself,  in  his  fortified  palace  of 
Sans  Souci. — His  eldest  son,  Ferdinand,  had  been 
sent  as  a  hostage  to  France  by  Gen.  Leclerc,  and 
died  there  in  a  hospital. — His  second  son,  Jacqnes 
Tictor,  was  murdered  by  the  insurgents  a  few 
days  after  his  father's  death. — His  widow  was  pro- 
tected by  Boyer,  the  new  ruler,  and  allowed  a  large 
sum.  She  went  to  Europe,  and.  after  travelling  in 
England  and  Germany,  settled  in  Pisa. 

CHRISTY,  Edwin  P.,  minstrel,  b.  in  1815 ;  d. 
in  New  York  city,  21  May,  1862.  He  organized  the 
original  "  Christy's  Minstrels  "  in  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  in 
1842,  and  was  afterward  their  manager.  He  took 
the  troupe  to  London,  met  with  great  success  both 
here  and  there,  and  retired  with  a  fortune  in 
1854.  He  jumped  from  a  second-story  window  in 
New  York,  when  temporarily  insane,  and  the  in- 
juries so  received  caused  his  death. — fTeorge  N. 
Christy,  whose  real  name  was  George  Harrington, 
b.  in  Palmyra,  N.  Y.,  6  Nov.,  1827 ;  d.  in  New  York 
city,  12  May,  1868,  made  his  first  appearance  in 
Buffalo  in  1839,  under  E.  P.  Christy's  manage- 
ment. After  the  organization  of  the  Christy  min- 
strels he  was  the  star  of  the  troupe,  and  was  the 
original  "  Lucy  Long "  and  "  Cachuca."  E.  P. 
Christy's  sons,"  E.  Byron  (1838-'66)  and  William 
A.  (1839-'62),  were  also  members  of  the  troupe. 

CHRISTY,  William,  lawyer,  b.  in  Georgetown, 
Ky.,  6  Dec,  1791.  He  began  practice  in  1811, 
served  under  Harrison  in  the  war  of  1812,  and  be- 
came a  merchant  in  New  Orleans.  He  resumed 
his  law  practice  before  1826,  and  in  the  presiden- 
tial campaign  of  1840  was  a  ready  and  frequent 
speaker  in  behalf  of  Gen.  Harrison.  He  published 
a  "  Digest  of  the  Decisions  of  the  Supreme  Court 
of  Louisiana  "  (1826). 

CHRYSLER,  Morg-an  Henry,  soldier,  b.  in 
Ghent,  Columbia  co.,  N.  Y.,  80  Sept.,  1826.  He 
received  a  common-school  education  in  his  native 
town,  and  has  been  a  farmer  nearly  all  his  life. 
He  enlisted  as  a  private  soldier  in  the  30th  New 
York  volunteers  on  17  April,  1861,  was  promoted 
to  captain  on  7  May,  to  major  on  11  March,  1862, 
and  to  lieutenant-colonel  on  80  Aug.,  serving  in 
the  Army  of  the  Potomac.  He  was  mustered  out 
in  1863,  went  home,  and  in  fifty-five  days  raised, 
by  his  own  efforts,  the  2d  New  York  veteran  cav- 
alry, 1,176  men,  three  quarters  of  them  being  vet- 
erans from  the  old  "  Iron  Brigade."  He  was  com- 
missioned its  colonel  on  5  Dec,  1868,  and  till  8 
Nov.,  1865,  served  in  the  Army  of  the  Gulf,  com- 
manding all  the  troops  in  northern  Alabama,  with 
headquarters  at  Talladega,  and  opening  communi- 
cation with  Selma  and  Montgomery.  He  was 
present  at  the  capture  of  Mobile,  with  its  surround- 
ing defences,  was  brevetted  brigadier-general,  23 
Jan.,  1864,  and  made  brigadier-general  of  volun- 
teers and  brevet  major-general  on  13  March,  1865. 

CHUBBUCK,  Samnel  Winchester,  b.  in  Ver- 
mont in  1800 ;  d.  in  Utica,  N.  Y.,  28  Jime,  1875. 
At  an  early  age  he  removed  to  Eaton,  Madison  co., 
N.  Y.,  and  went  to  Utica  about  1845,  where  he  es- 
tablished a  shop  for  the  manufacture  of  telegraph 
instruments.  He  made,  it  is  said,  the  first  tele- 
graphic instrument  ever  manufactured.  One  of 
his  inventions  was  that  by  which  the  paper  on  the 
reel  could  be  used  forty  times.     The  circuit-closer 


attachment  to  the  key,  and  the  famous  "pony" 
sounder,  were  also  invented  by  him.  He  was  a 
collector  of  coins  and  scientific  instruments,  and 
at  one  time  had  a  coin  collection  valued  at  $30,000. 

CHURCH,  Albert  Ensign,  author,  b.  in  Salis- 
bury, Conn.,  17  Dec.  1807 ;  d.  in  West  Point,  N.  Y., 
30  March,  1878.  He  was  graduated  at  the  U.  S. 
military  academy  in  1828,  and  was  commissioned 
second  lieutenant  in  the  artillery.  He  served 
as  assistant  professor  of  mathematics  at  the  mili- 
tary academy  from  31  Aug.,  1828,  till  28  Aug., 
1881,  was  in  garrison  at  Fort  Wolcott,  R.  I.,  1832, 
and  at  Fort  Independence,  Mass.,  in  1832-'3.  He 
was  appointed  assistant  professor  of  mathematics 
at  West  Point,  24  Nov.,  1833,  and  served  in  this 
capacity  until  1  June,  1837,  when  he  became  act- 
ing professor  of  mathematics,  and  in  March,  1888, 
professor,  i-etaining  the  chair  till  his  death.  The 
degree  of  LL.  D.  was  conferred  upon  him  by  Yale 
in  1852.  His  works  are  "  Elements  of  Differential 
and  Integral  Calculus"  (1842;  new  ed.,  contain- 
ing the  "  Elements  of  the  Calculus  of  Variations," 
1851) ;  "  Elements  of  Analytical  Geometry  "  (1851) ; 
"  Elements  of  Analytical  Trigonoraetiy "  (1857) ; 
and  "  Elements  of  Descriptive  Geometry  (1865). 

CHURCH,  Benjamin,  soldier,  b.  in  Duxbury, 
Mass.,  in  1639  ;  d.  in  1718.  He  took  an  active  part 
in  King  Philip's  war,  was  engaged  in  the  great 
swamp  fight  with  the  Narragansetts,  19  Dec,  1675, 
and  hunted  Philip  to  death  12  Aug.,  1676.  He 
published  "  Entertaining  Passages  relating  to 
Philip's  War"  (1716). 

CHURCH,  Benjamin,  political  writer  and  ora- 
tor. He  rose  to  eminence  as  a  physician  in  Boston, 
and  became  a  friend  of  Samuel  Adams.  In  1768-'9 
he  wrote  for  the  "  Times,"  a  newspaper  devoted  to 
the  whig  cause  and  denounced  as  seditious  by  Gov. 
Bernard.  Dr.  Church  was  held  in  high  esteem  by 
the  patriot  leaders,  but  was  secretly  a  waverer. 
From  a  letter  of  Gov.  Hutchinson,  dated  29  Jan., 
1772,  we  learn  that  Church  was  then  anonymously 
employing  his  venal  pen  in  the  service  of  the  gov- 
ernment. This  was  not  suspected  by  the  patriots, 
and  Churcli  was  chosen  to  deliver  the  oration  in  the 
Old  South  meeting-house  on  5  March,  1 773.  He  was 
one  of  the  leaders  in  the  Boston  tea-party.  At  the 
beginning  of  war  he  was  appointed  by  the  provincial 
congress  surgeon-general  and  director  of  hospitals. 
In  November,  1775,  some  cipher  letters  of  his  were 
intercepted  and  interpreted  by  Elbridge  Gerry,  and 
it  was  found  that  he  had  been  for  some  time  in 
treasonable  correspondence  with  the  enemy.  He 
was  examined  before  the  Massachusetts  legislature, 
found  guilty  of  treason,  and  sentenced  to  imprison- 
ment for  life.  As  he  fell  sick  in  prison  his  sentence 
was  mitigated,  and  he  was  allowed  to  leave  the  coun- 
try. He  embarked  for  the  West  Indies,  and  the 
ship  in  which  he  sailed  was  never  heard  from  again. 

CHURCH,  Frederic  Edwin,  painter,  b.  in 
Hartford,  Conn.,  4  May,  1826.  When  quite  young 
he  became  a  pupil  of  Thomas  Cole  at  Catskill,  N. 
Y.,  where  his  first  pictures  were  painted.  He  early 
established  himself  in  New  York,  and  in  1849  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  National  academy.  In 
1853  and  1857  he  visited  South  America,  and  made 
many  sketches  of  tropical  and  Andean  scenery, 
which  he  afterward  developed  into  large  pictures. 
Several  years  later  an  expedition  to  the  coast  of 
Labrador  gave  him  material  for  his  great  picture 
entitled  "  Icebergs,"  which  attracted  much  atten- 
tion on  its  exhibition  in  London  in  1863.  In  1866 
he  visited  the  West  Indies,  and  two  years  later  Eu- 
rope and  the  Holy  Land,  which  resulted  in  impor- 
tant works.  His  best-known  work  is  the  "  Great 
Fall  at  Niagara,"  painted  from  the  Canada  side  in 


CHURCH 


CHURCH 


613 


1857,  which  was  sold  at  the  John  Tavlor  Johnston 
sale  in  New  York,  1876,  for  $12,500,  to  the  Corcoran 
gallery,  Washington.  It  was  exhibited  through- 
out the  United  States  and  Europe,  and  was  awarded 
a  medal  of  the  second  class  at  the  Exposition  uni- 
verselle,  Paris,  in  1867.  Mr.  Church  has  studios  in 
New  York  and  in  Hudson,  but  generally  spends 
his  winters  in  Mexico.  His  principal  works  are 
"■  Andes  of  Ecuador  "  (1855) ;  "  Niagara  "  (1857) ; 
"  Heart  of  the  Andes  "  (1859) ;  "  Icebergs "'  (1861) ; 
"Cotopaxi"  (1862):  "Chimborazo"  (1864);  "St. 
Thomas  in  tlie  Vale,  Jamaica " ;  "  Niagara,  from 
the  American  Side"  (1866);  "Damascus"  (1869); 
"Rainy  Season  in  the  Tropics";  "Jerusalem" 
(1870);  "The  Parthenon"  (1871);  "^1  Khasna 
Petra"  (1872);  "Tropical  Moonlight"  (1874); 
"  ^gean  Sea  "  ;  "  Valley  of  Santa  Ysabel "  (1875) ; 
"  El  Ayn  "  (1876) ;  "  Morning  in  the  Tropics " 
(1877) ;  "  The  Monastery  "  (1878) ;  and  "  Valley  of 
Santa  Marta  "  (1879). 

CHURCH,  Frederick  Stuart,  painter,  b.  in 
Grand  Rapids,  Mich.,  in  1842.  He  received  his 
art-education  in  the  National  academy  and  the 
Chicago  academy.  He  paints  in  oil  and  water- 
color,  and  draws  in  black  and  white,  and  has  fur- 
nished many  illustrations  for  books  and  periodi- 
cals. He  is  a  member  of  the  National  academy 
(1885),  and  of  the  Society  of  American  artists.  Hi's 
studio  is  in  New  York.  His  principal  works  are 
"  Sea  Princess  "  ;  "  Back  from  the  Beach  "  (1879) ; 
"  Muskrat's  Nest "  (1880) ;  "  Foggy  Day  "  (1881) ; 
"  A  Willing  Captive  "  (1883) ;  "  Retaliation  "  (1884) ; 
"  Peacocks  in  the  Snow  "  (1885) ;  "  The  Sorceress  " ; 
and  "  Pegasus  Captured  "  (1886). 

CHURCH,  Levi  Riiggles,  Canadian  statesman, 
b.  in  Aylmer,  26  May,  1836.  He  is  a  grandson  of 
Jonathan  Mills  Church,  who,  at  the  beginning  of 
the  Revolutionary  war,  espoused  the  royalist  side, 
and  was  taken  prisoner  in  1777.  Subsequently  he 
effected  his  escape  to  Canada,  and  ultimately  set- 
tled at  Brockville.  Levi  Ruggles  Church  was  edu- 
cated at  Victoria  university,  Cobourg,  graduated 
in  medicine  at  Albany  medical  college,  and  at 
McGiU  university,  where  he  took  primary,  final, 
and  thesis  prizes.  He  afterward  studied  law,  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  of  Lower  Canada,  and  was  ap- 
pointed queen's  counsel  in  1874.  On  22  Sept.,  1874, 
he  was  appointed  a  member  of  the  executive  coun- 
cil of  Lower  Canada,  and  was  attorney-general 
from  that  date  until  transferred  to  the  treasurer- 
ship  on  27  Jan.,  1876.  He  held  the  latter  office 
until  the  ministry  was  dismissed  by  the  lieutenant- 
governor,  Luc  Letellier  de  St.  Just,  in  1878.  Dur- 
ing the  summer  of  1876  he  visited  England  on 
financial  business,  and  successfully  negotiated  a 
large  provincial  loan.  He  is  a  member  of  the  law 
firm  of  Fleming,  Church  &  Kenney,  Aylmer,  and 
is  a  conservative  in  politics. 

CHURCH,  Pharcellus,  clergyman,  b.  in  Sene- 
ca, near  Geneva,  N.  Y.,  11  Aug.,  1801;  d.  in  Tarry- 
town,  N.  Y.,  5  June,  1886.  He  was  graduated  at 
Madison  university  in  1824,  where,  in  1847,  he  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  D.  D.  After  studying  the- 
ology, he  was  ordained  and  held  pastorates  in  Provi- 
dence, R.  I.,  New  Orleans,  La.,  Rochester,  N.  Y., 
Boston,  Mass.,  and  elsewhere.  He  edited  the  "  New 
York  Chronicle"  from  1854  till  1865,  and  con- 
tinued to  the  end  of  his  life  one  of  the  proprietors 
of  the  "  Examiner,"  with  which  that  paper  was 
consolidated.  He  went  to  Europe  in  1846  as  a 
delegate  to  the  Evangelical  alliance,  and  resided 
abroad  for  several  years.  After  his  retirement  as 
editor,  he  engaged  in  linguistic  and  other  studies. 
While  at  Rochester  he  originated  the  movement 
that  resulted  in  the   establishment  of   Rochester 


university,  and  otherwise  was  a  conspicuous  figure 
in  western  New  York.  In  Boston  he  was  an  asso- 
ciate editor  of  the  "  Watchman  and  Reflector." 
Until  his  death  he  was  busy  with  literary  work, 
his  efforts  being  directed  more  especially  to  the 
promotion  of  Christian  union.  Dr.  Church's  pub- 
lished works,  besides  many  sermons  and  addresses, 
were  "Philosophy  of  Benevolence"  (New  York, 
1836) ;  a  prize  essay  on  "  Religious  Dissensions : 
their  Cause  and  Cure"  (1838);  "Antioch;  or  In- 
ci'ease  of  Moral  Power  in  the  Church  "  (Boston, 
1843) ;  "  Life  of  Theodosia  Dean"  (1851) ;  "  Maple- 
ton;  or  More  Work  for  the  Maine  Law"  (1852); 
and  "  Seed  Truths ;  or  Bible  Views  of  Mind,  Morals, 
and  Religion  "  (New  York  and  Edinburgh,  1871). — 
His  son,  William  Couant,  publisher,  b.  in  Roch- 
ester, N.  Y.,  11  Aug.,  1836,  removed  to  Boston, 
Mass.,  in  1848,  and  completed  his  education  at  the 
Boston  Latin-school  in  1851.  In  1853  he  removed 
to  New  York  and  engaged  with  his  father  in  edit- 
ing and  publishing  the  "  New  York  Chronicle," 
afterward  merged  with  the  "  Examiner,"  in  which 
he  retained  a  proprietary  interest.  He  became  the 
publisher  of  the  New  York  "Sun"  in  1860,  and 
served  as  war  correspondent  of  the  New  York 
"Times"  during  1861-'2,  until  his  appointment, 
on  4  Oct.,  1862,  as  captain  of  U.  S.  volunteers.  He 
received  the  brevets  of  major  and  lieutenant-colonel 
on  11  March,  1865.  In  1882  he  was  appointed  one 
of  the  commissioners  to  inspect  the  Northern  Pa- 
cific railroad.  In  1863,  with  his  brother  Francis, 
he  established  the  "  Army  and  Navy  Journal,"  of 
which  he  is  at  present  editor  and  proprietor,  and 
in  1 866  the  "  Galaxy  "  magazine.  He  has  published 
lives  of  John  Ericsson  and  Gen.  U.  S.  Grant. — 
Another  son,  Francis  Pliarcellus,  editor,  b.  in 
Rochester,  N.  Y.,  22  Feb.,  1839,  was  graduated  at 
Columbia  in  1859,  and,  after  studying  law,  became 
one  of  the  editors  and  publishers  of  the  "  Army 
and  Navy  Journal,"  and  later,  with  his  brother, 
founded  and  edited  the  "  Galaxy  "  magazine.  He 
is  also  a  leading  editorial  writer  for  New  York 
daily  journals. — Another  son,  Johu  Adams,  min- 
ing engineer,  b.  in  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  5  April,  1843, 
was  graduated  at  the  Columbia  school  of  mines  in 
1867.  The  years  1868-'70  were  spent  in  study  in 
Europe,  and  on  his  return  he  served  as  professor 
of  mineralogy  and  metallurgy  p7'o  tern,  in  the  School 
of  mines,  and  as  editor  of  the  "  Engineering  and 
Mining  Journal "  during  1872-4.  In  1878,  while 
attached  to  the  U.  S.  geographical  and  geological 
survey  west  of  the  100th  meridian,  he  examined  the 
Comstock  silver  lode  in  Nevada  (his  result  being 
printed  privately),  and  was  elected  professor  of 
mining  and  metallurgy  in  the  State  university  of 
Ohio,  at  Columbus,  tie  became  superintendent 
for  the  Tombstone  mill  and  mining  company  at 
Tombstone,  Arizona,  in  1881,  and  has  since  been 
engaged  as  a  mining  engineer.  He  has  published 
"  The  Mining  Schools  of  the  United  States "  (a 
pamphlet,  New  York,  1871) ;  "  Notes  on  a  Metal- 
lurgical Journal  in  Europe"  (1873);  "The  Com- 
stock Lode  "  (1880) ;  and  "  Report  upon  the  Strik- 
ing of  Artesian  Water,  Sulphur  Spring  Valley, 
Arizona  "  (published  bv  the  territorv,  1883). 

CHURCH,  Saiiford  Elias,  jurist,  b.  in  Milford, 
Otsego  CO.,  N.  Y.,  18  April,  1815 ;  d.  in  Albion,  N. 
Y.,  14  May,  1880.  He  received  an  academic  edu- 
cation, studied  law,  and  settled  in  Albion.  In 
1842  he  was  a  member  of  the  state  assembly  from 
Orleans  co.,  and  from  that  time  he  was  active  in 
the  support  of  the  democratic  party.  He  was  dis- 
trict attorney  for  his  county  in  1846-'7,  lieutenant- 
governor  in  1851-'5,  comptroller  of  the  state, 
1858-'9,  and  a  member  of  the  State  constitutional 


614 


CHURCHILL 


CHURRUCA   Y  ELORZA 


^■C^^«^-»j;?^ 


convention  of  1867,  serving  as  chairman  of  the 
committee  on  finance.  He  was  an  unsuccessful 
candidate  for  congress  in  1862,  and  for  comptroller 
in  1863.  The  State  constitutional  convention  of 
1867  reorganized  the  old  court  of  appeals  by  creat- 
ing a  new  court  composed  of  a  chief  judge  and  six 

associate  judges, 
each  to  hold  of- 
fice for  fourteen 
years  from  1  Jan. 
after  his  election. 
The  first  judges 
were  chosen  at  a 
special  election 
held  in  May,  1870, 
and  Mr.  Church 
was  elected  chief 
j  udge  of  the  court, 
in  this  capacity 
he  served  for  ten 
years,  until  his 
death.  As  a 
politician,  Judge 
Church  belonged 
to  the  school  of 
William  L.  Marcy 
and  Silas  Wright. 
His  honesty  and  conservatism  were  proverbial,  and 
they  nearly  won  for  him  the  nomination  for  tlie 
presidency  of  the  United  States.  His  political 
power  throughout  western  New  York  was  remark- 
able. As  a  jurist  his  opinions  were  distinguished 
by  solidity  rather  than  brilliancy.  He  was  never 
an  advocate,  and  he  shrank  from  publicity.  On 
the  bench  he  was  as  courteous  to  the  humble  attor- 
ney as  to  the  most  eminent,  and  no  one  ever  charged 
that  his  earlier  political  activity  warped  in  the 
slightest  degree  his  decisions. 

CHURCHILL,  Sylvester,  soldier,  b.  in  Wood- 
stock, Vt.,  3  Aug.,  1783 ;  d.  in  Washington,  D.  C, 
7  Dec,  1862.  He  was  educated  in  the  schools  of 
his  native  place,  became  a  journalist,  and  published 
in  Windsor,  in  1808,  a  weekly  democratic  newspa- 
per, *'  The  Vermont  Republican."  He  served  in 
the  war  of  1812-5,  was  appointed  a  lieutenant  of 
artillery  in  March,  1812 ;  in  August,  1813,  was 
made  captain  of  a  company  raised  by  himself.  He 
rendered  effective  service  on  Burlington  heights 
in  protecting  Macdonough's  fleet  when  it  was 
attacked  while  undergoing  repairs,  became  assist- 
ant .inspector-general,  29  Aug.,  1813,  and  was 
ordnance  officer  under  Gen.  Wade  Hampton,  serv- 
ing as  such  till  the  end  of  the  war.  He  was  in  the 
attack  on  La  Colle  Mill,  was  subsequently  on  the 
stafE  of  Gen.  Izard,  and  acting  adjutant-general 
to  Gen.  Macomb  at  Plattsburg.  He  became  major 
of  the  3d  artillery,  6  April,  1835,  served  during 
the  war  with  the  Creek  Indians,  acted  as  inspector- 
general  of  the  Creeks  and  in  Florida  from  July, 
1836,  till  1841,  and  was  appointed  inspector-gen- 
eral, 25  June,  1841.  He  accompanied  Gen.  Wool 
in  the  Mexican  war,  and  was  promoted  brevet 
bi-igadier-general,  23  Feb.,  1847,  in  recognition  of 
his  services  at  the  battle  of  Buena  Vista.  He  was 
retired  from  active  service,  25  Sept.,  1861. — His 
eldest  son,  Capt.  William,  b.  about  1820,  was 
graduated  at  the  U.  S.  military  academy  in  1840, 
and  died  at  Point  Isabel  in  1847. 

CHURCHMAN,  John,  preacher,  b.  in  Notting- 
ham, Pa.,  4  June,  1705 ;  d.  there,  24  July,  1775. 
He  began  his  career  as  a  preachei-  of  the  Society  of 
Friends  in  1733,  preached  throughout  New  Eng- 
land in  1742,  in  New  York  in  1743,  and  again  in 
1774.  He  travelled  and  preached  through  Eng- 
land,  Scotland,  Wales,   Ireland,   and   Holland  in 


1750-'4,  and  in  1775  visited  the  eastern  shore  of 
Maryland.  He  was  distinguished  for  his  piety  and 
ability  as  a  preacher.  A  narrative  of  his  life  and 
labors  was  published  in  London  in  1780. 

CHURCHMAN,  John,  author,  b.  in  Maryland ; 
d.  at  sea,  24  July,  1805.  He  belonged  to  the  Society 
of  Friends,  and  was  noted  for  his  investigations 
into  the  causes  of  the  variations  of  the  magnetic 
needle.  In  addition  to  several  philosophical  trea- 
tises, he  also  published  a  variation-chart  of  the 
globe,  magnetic  atlas,  and  explanation  (Philadel- 
phia, 1790;  London,  1794).  He  was  a  member  of 
the  Imperial  academy,  Russia,  and  was  presented 
with  a  set  of  its  transactions.  He  died  on  the 
passage  home  from  Europe. 

CHURCHMAN,  William  Henry,  educator,  b. 
in  Baltimore,  Md.,  29  Nov.,  1818;  d.  in  Indian- 
apolis, Ind.,  17  May,  1882.  He  became  a  pupil  of 
the  Pennsylvania  institution  for  the  blind  in  1836, 
acquiring  a  good  knowledge  of  mathematics  and 
music.  In  1839  he  began  teaching  music  in  Penn- 
sylvania, and  in  1840  was  appointed  an  assistant 
teacher  of  music  and  other  branches  in  the  insti- 
tution for  the  blind  at  Columbus,  Ohio.  In  1844 
he  became  principal  of  the  recently  established 
Tennessee  institution  for  the  blind,  l)ut  resigned 
after  two  years,  in  consequence  of  failing  health. 
He  was  chosen  superintendent  of  the  Indiana  in- 
stitution for  the  blind  at  Indianapolis  in  1847, 
and  resigned  in  1853,  having  greatly  distinguished 
himself  for  the  ability  displayed  in  the  discharge 
of  his  duties.  In  1854  he  established  a  young 
ladies'  seminary  at  La  Porte,  Ind.,  but.  after  it 
had  been  in  successful  operation  a  little  over  a 
year,  the  buildings  were  burned.  Shortly  after- 
ward he  was  a[)pointed  superintendent  of  the  Wis- 
consin institute  for  the  blind  at  Janesville. 

CHURRUCA  Y  ELORZA,  Cosme  Damian 
(le  (chu-ru'-kah),  Spanish  naval  oSicer,  b.  in  Mo- 
trico,  province  of  Guipuzcoa,  27  Sept.,  1761 ;  d.  in 
Trafalgar,  21  Oct.,  1805.  He  distinguished  him- 
self at  the  siege  of  Gibraltar  in  rescuing  survivors 
from  the  floating  batteries  after  it  had  been  de- 
stroyed by  the  English.  He  accompanied  a  Span- 
ish surveying  ex- 
pedition to  the 
strait  of  Magellan, 
and  wrote  a  diary 
of  his  exploration 
of  Tierra  del  Fue- 
go  (Madrid,  1793). 
In  1791,  being  then 
in  command  of  a 
frigate,  he  was 
placed  at  the  head 
of  an  expedition  to 
survey  the  coasts 
of  the  gulf  of  Mex- 
ico. The  war  be- 
tween Spain  and 
France  interrupt- 
ed this  work ;  but 
he  had  completed 
twenty-four  charts 
of  the  coasts  of 
Cuba,  Hayti,  Porto 
Rico,  etc.,  some  of 
which  have  been 
published.   He  was 

afterward  sent  as  an  envoy  to  Brest.  In  October, 
1805,  he  was  in  command  of  the  ship  "  San  Juan 
Nepomueeno  "  at  Cadiz,  and  shortly  before  the  bat- 
tle of  Trafalgar  wrote  to  a  friend :  "  If  you  hear 
that  my  ship  is  taken,  know  for  certain  that  I  am 
dead."  '  In  that  battle,  his  leg  having  been  shot 


CiTT  r?^jw  ?c  <!^ /i^cc-^ , 


CHUTE 


CILLEY 


615 


away  by  a  cannon-ball,  he  put  the  mutilated  limb 
in  a  barrel  full  of  flour  to  check  the  hemorrhage, 
and  in  that  condition  continued  at  his  post  for 
three  hours,  when  he  died.  His  flag  was  nailed  to 
the  mast.  The  British  have  carefully  preserved  the 
hull  of  the  "  San  Juan,"  with  the  name  of  Chur- 
ruea  inscribed  in  golden  letters  upon  the  entrance 
to  the  cabin,  and  all  visitors  are  required  to  un- 
cover their  heads  on  entering.  Churruca  was  dis- 
tinguished for  his  knowledge  of  natural  philoso- 
phy, mathematics,  and  astronomy,  and  left  many 
important  works,  among  which  are  "  Treinta  y 
cuatro  Cartas  esfericas  y  Mapas  geometricos " ; 
"  Carta  esferica  de  las  Antillas  "  ;  "  Carta  particu- 
lar geometrica  de  Puerto  Rico  "  ;  "  Carta  esferica 
de  las  Islas  Caribes  de  Sotavento " ;  "  Metodo 
geometrico  para  determinar  todas  las  inflexiones 
de  la  quilla  de  un  buque  quebrantado  "  ;  and  "  In- 
struccion  sobre  punterias." 

CHUTE,  Horatio  Nelson,  physicist,  b.  in 
Grovesend,  Ontario,  Canada,  26  Dec,  1847.  He 
was  graduated  at  the  University  of  Michigan  in 
1872.  From  1867  till  1869  he  was  principal  of 
public  schools  in  Aylraer,  Ontario,  and  from  then 
until  1870  instructor  in  Latin  and  English  in 
Woodstock  college.  In  1873  he  was  appointed  in- 
structor in  mathematics  and  the  physical  sciences 
in  the  high  school  at  Ann  Arbor,  Mich.  He  has 
published  "  Complete  School  Register "  (Detroit, 
1878);  "Complete  Class  Register"  (1878);  "Sys- 
tem of  School  Reports  "  (1878) ;  "  Complete  Record 
Book"  (1879);  "Arithmetical  Cabinet  "  (1879) ;  and 
a  "  Manual  of  Practical  Physics  "^(1886). 

CIEZA,  or  CIE^A  DE  LEON,  Pedro  (the- 
ay'-thah  day  lay-on'),  Spanish  historian,  b.  in  Seville 
about  1520.  He  accompanied  Pizarro  to  Peru,  and 
resided  seventeen  years  in  that  country.  He  wrote 
a  book  entitled  "  Cronica  del  Peru,"  which  is  full 
of  interesting  information  relative  to  the  geography 
and  historv  of  that  region. 

CIFUENTES,  Fray  Bernardino  (the-foo-en'- 
tes),  Spanish  friar,  b.  in  Segovia,  Spain,  24  July, 
1725 ;  d.  in  California  about  1780.  He  was  a  son 
of  the  Count  de  Cifuentes,  and  his  real  name  was 
Carlos  de  Cifuentes,  that  of  Fray  Bernardino  being 
assumed  when  he  entered  his  religious  order  after 
leading  a  romantic  life.  Young  Cifuentes  was 
educated  at  the  University  of  Salamanca,  but  fled 
from  that  place  in  consequence  of  a  bloody  en- 
counter with  a  fellow-student  and  enlisted  for  mili- 
tary service  in  Africa.  In  1752  he  was  promoted 
to  the  rank  of  captain,  and  lost  an  arm  and  a  leg 
in  battle.  Five  years  afterward  the  king  of  Spain 
gave  him  the  command  of  the  garrison  of  Toledo, 
and  there  he  remained  until  1760,  when  he  myste- 
riously disappeared.  From  the  records  of  the  Fran- 
ciscan order  in  California,  it  appears  that  in  1766 
Carlos  de  Cifuentes  entered  that  order  in  Spain, 
taking  the  conventual  name  of  Fray  Bernardino, 
and  came  to  America.  In  June,  1770,  a  party  of 
Spanish  missionaries  traversed  the  deserts  of  Ari- 
zona, entered  the  territory  of  California,  and  planted 
a  staff  from  which  hung  a  white  cloth  with  this  in- 
scription, "Mission  de  Fray  Bernardino."  Eight 
years  afterward  that  mission  had  become  a  settle- 
ment with  200  inhabitants,  and  when  the  United 
States  took  possession  of  California  it  was  an  im- 
portant town.  The  new  organization  of  the  state 
being  effected,  the  name  of  San  Bernardino  was 
given  to  the  town  and  county,  which  soon  became 
one  of  the  most  prosperous  sections  of  California. 

CILLEY,  Joseph,  soldier,  b.  in  Nottingham,  N. 
H.,  in  1735;  d.  there,  25  Aug.,  1799.  His  father, 
Capt.  Joseph  Cilley,  was  one  of  the  first  settlers  of 
Nottmgham  in  1727.     The  opportunities  for  edu- 


cation were  very  slight,  and  he  was  self-taught,  but 
acquired  sufficient  knowledge  of  the  law  to  prac- 
tise. He  was  one  of  the  party  that  in  December, 
1774,  dismantled  the  fort  at  Portsmouth.  Imme- 
diately after  the  battle  of  Lexington  he  raised  a 
company  of  volunteers  and  led  them  into  Boston. 
In  May,  1775,  he  was  appointed  major  in  Poor's 
regiment,  and  in  April,  1777,  was  commissioned 
colonel  of  the  1st  New  Hampshire  regiment,  suc- 
ceeding Gen.  Stai'k,  and  served  as  such  until  the 
close  of  the  Revolutionary  war.  He  commanded 
his  regiment  at  Ticonderoga  in  July,  1777,  was 
present  at  the  engagement  at  Bemis  Heights  in 
September.  1777,  at  the  battle  of  Monmouth  in 
June,  1778,  with  Anthony  Wayne  at  the  storming 
of  Stony  Pomt,  July,  1779,  and  in  Gen.  Sullivan's 
expedition  against  the  Indians  in  western  New 
York.  After  the  war  he  was  appointed  the  first 
major-general  of  the  militia  in  1786,  and  later 
served  his  state  in  various  capacities.  He  was  suc- 
cessively treasurer,  vice-president,  and  president  of 
the  Society  of  the  Cincinnati  in  New  Hampshire. 
In  politics  he  was  a  decided  repiiblican  and  a  sup- 
porter of  the  administration  of  Thomas  Jefferson. 
— His  gi'andson,  Josepll,  U.  S.  senator,  b.  in  Not- 
tingham, N.  H.,  4  Jan.,  1791 :  d.  there,  16  Sept., 
1887,  was  educated  at  the  Atkinson  academy,  and 
commissioned  ensign  in  the  18th  New  Hampshire 
regiment.  A  year  later,  12  March,  1812,  he  was 
appointed  an  ensign  in  the  11th  U.  S.  infantry,  and 
in  1814  was  promoted  to  lieutenant  in  the  21st  in- 
fantry. He  participated  in  the  battles  of  Chip- 
pewa, Lundy's  Lane,  and  Chrysler's  Field.  At 
Lundy's  Lane  his  company  led  in  the  famous  charge 
of  Col.  Miller's  regiment  on  the  British  battery, 
where  nearly  half  of  his  men  were  either  killed, 
wounded,  or  missing.  Lieut.  Cilley  was  wounded, 
and  every  officer  in  his  company  was  either  killed 
or  wounded.  He  received  the  brevet  of  captain 
for  gallantry  on  the  field,  and  was  retained  in  the 
army  when  it  was  placed  on  a  peace  footing,  but 
resigned  in  July,  1816.  Subsequently  he  held  ap- 
pointments in  the  New  Hampshire  militia,  and  was 
quartermaster  in  1817,  division  inspector  in  1821, 
and  aide  on  the  staff  of  Gov.  Benjamin  Pierce  in 
1827.  He  was  elected  as  a  democrat  to  fill  the  va- 
cancy in  the  U.  S.  senate  caused  by  the  resignation 
of  Levi  Woodbury,  and  served  from  June,  1846, 
until  March,  1847.  At  the  close  of  his  term  he  re- 
tired to  his  farm  in  Nottingham,  where  he  resided 
till  his  death,  the  oldest  living  ex-senator.  An- 
other grandson,  Jonatlian,  lawyer,  b.  in  Notting- 
ham. N.  H.,  2  July,  1802 ;  d.  in  Bladensburg,  Md., 
24  Feb.,  1838,  was  graduated  at  Bowdoin  in  1825, 
numbering  among  his  classmates  Hawthorne  and 
Longfellow.  Subsequently  he  studied  law  with 
John  Ruggles,  U.  S.  senator  from  Maine,  in  Thom- 
aston.  Almost  immediately  after  his  being  admit- 
ted to  the  bar  he  entered  political  life,  and  from 
1829  till  1831  edited  the  "  Thomaston  Register." 
In  1832  he  was  a  presidential  elector,  and  was 
elected  as  a  democrat  to  the  state  legislature,  and 
re-elected  till  1837,  becoming  speaker  in  1836  and 
the  acknowledged  leader  of  his  party  in  the  legis- 
lature. In  1837  he  was  elected  as  a  Van  Buren 
democrat  to  congress,  serving  from  4  Sept.,  1837, 
till  his  death.  The  death  of  Mr.  Cilley  was  the 
result  of  a  duel  with  William  J.  Graves,  a  con- 
gressman from  Kentucky.  The  affair  originated 
in  a  speech  delivered  by  Mr.  Cilley  in  the  house  of 
representatives,  in  which  he  criticised  a  charge  of 
corruption  brought  against  some  unmarried  con- 
gressman in  a  letter  published  in  the  New  York 
"  Courier  and  Enquirer  "  over  the  signature  of  "A 
Spy  in  Washington,"  and  approved  in  the  editorial 


616 


CINQUE 


CINQUE 


columns  of  that  paper.  The  editor,  Gen.  James 
Watson  Webb,  at  once  went  to  Washington  and 
sent  a  challenge  to  Mr.  Cilley  by  Mr.  Graves  ;  but 
the  former  declined  to  receive  any  hostile  commu- 
nication from  Mr.  Graves,  on  the  ground  that  he 
had  made  no  reflections  on  the  personal  character 
of  Gen.  Webb,  Mr.  Graves  himself  then  chal- 
lenged Mr.  Cilley,  and  the  challenge  was  accepted. 
Rifles  were  the  weapons  used,  and  on  the  tliird  fire 
Mr.  Cilley  fell,  shot  through  the  body,  and  died  in- 
stantly. Mr.  Graves  was  never  re-elected  to  con- 
gress. A  committee  of  seven  members  of  the 
house  was  appointed  to  investigate  the  causes 
that  led  to  Mr.  Cilley's  death  and  the  circum- 
stances connected  therewith.  The  report  was  elab- 
orate and  comprehensive,  and  declared  that  Mr. 
Graves  deserved  "  the  decided  censure  of  the  house, 
and  that  he  should  be  censured  accordingly."  See 
an  article  on  Mr.  Cilley  in  Nathaniel  Hawthorne's 
works. — Grreenleaf,  son  of  Jonathan,  naval  officer, 
b.  in  Thomaston,  Me.,  27  Oct.,  1829,  was  appointed 
midshipman  in  the  navy  and  attached  to  the  frig- 
ate "  Cumberland,"  of  the  Mediterranean  squadron, 
in  1843-'5.  In  August,  1847,  he  was  promoted  to 
passed  midshipman,  and  spent  some  time  at  the  U. 
S.  naval  academy,  after  which  he  served  on  the 
frigate  "  Raritan  "  in  1849-'50,  on  the  coast  survey 
in  1851-'2,  and  on  various  vessels  of  the  Pacific 
squadron  in  1852-"5.  He  was  commissioned  as 
lieutenant  in  September,  1855,  and  connected  with 
the  sloop  "  Saratoga  "  in  1856-'8,  and  subseqiiently 
served  on  various  other  vessels.  In  July,  1862,  he 
was  made  lieutenant-commander,  and  during  the 
civil  war  was  in  command  of  the  "  Unadilla,"  and 
later  of  the  monitor  "  Catskill."  At  the  close  of 
the  war  he  was  retired  and  commissioned  as  com- 
mander. He  now  (1886)  resides  in  Buenos  Ayres. — 
Another  son  of  Jonathan,  Jonathan  Prince,  sol- 
dier, b.  in  Thomaston,  Me.,  29  Dec,  1835,  was  grad- 
uated at  Bowdoin  in  1858,  studied  law  with  A.  P. 
Gould  in  Thomaston,  and,  after  admission  to  the 
bar,  settled  in  his  native  town.  At  the  beginning 
of  the  civil  war  he  enlisted  150  men  for  a  light 
field-battery ;  but,  that  arm  of  the  service  not  be- 
ing required,  he  enlisted  in  the  1st  Maine  cf.valry, 
and  was  commissioned  captain.  During  the  re- 
treat of  Gen.  Banks  from  the  Shenandoah  valley 
he  was  wounded  and  made  prisoner  at  Middletown 
on  24  May,  1862.  Subse(|m'ntly  he  was  promoted 
to  be  major,  and  assigned  to  duty  as  judge-advo- 
cate and  examining  officer  at  the  central  guard- 
house in  Washington,  D.  C.  In  1803  he  rejoined 
his  regiment  with  his  wound  still  unhealed,  and 
during  1864  was  made  lieutenant-colonel.  He 
was  placed  in  command  of  the  regiment,  and  con- 
tinued in  this  capacity  until  mustered  out  in  1865, 
when  he  received  the  brevet  of  brigadier-general 
for  distinguished  services  at  Five  Porks.  Farm- 
ville,  and  Appomattox  Court-House.  In  his  regi- 
ment, which  was  authoi'ized  to  bear  the  names 
of  three  more  battles  iipon  its  standards  than  any 
other  regiment  in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  Gen. 
Cilley  was  "  the  first  man  that  enlisted,  the  first 
man  wounded,  and  nearly  the  last  mustered  out." 
After  the  war  he  resumed  his  profession  in  Rock- 
land, Me.,  and  since  has  been  a  member  of  the 
state  legislature,  deputy  collector  of  customs,  ad- 
jutant-general of  the  state,  and  commissioner  of 
the  U.  S.  circuit  court.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Maine  historical  society,  and,  besides  addresses  and 
memorial  orations,  has  published  a  genealogy  of  the 
"  Cillev  Familv." 

CINQUE,  chief  of  the  Mendi  Africans,  b.  in  Caw- 
Mendi,  Africa,  about  1800.  In  the  spring  of  1839 
he  was   captured   by   slave-traders,  with   a   large 


company  of  his  countrymen  and  women,  and  taken 
to  Havana,  Cuba.  Fifty-two  of  them  were  pur- 
chased by  Montes  and  Ruiz,  two  Cuban  planters, 
and  shipped  for  a  port  on  the  southern  coast  of 
Cuba,  on  the  schooner  "  Amistad."  Cinque  organ- 
ized a  plan  for  regaining  the  freedom  of  the  cap- 
tives, and,  when  four  days  out  from  Havana,  gave 
the  prearranged  signal  for  revolt.  The  captain  of 
the  schooner  was  killed  with  one  of  his  crew,  and 
two  others  were  wounded  in  the  fight  that  fol- 
lowed, while  the  rest  surrendered.  The  passengers 
and  crew  were  treated  kindly  and  sent  ashore ;  but 
Montes  and  Ruiz,  the  nominal  owners,  were  re- 
tained on  board  and  given  to  understand  that  they 
m.ust  navigate  the  vessel  to  Africa.  The  Spaniards 
managed  to  steer  northward  by  night  and  during 
foggy  weather,  and  after  a  few  days  sighted  Mon- 
tauk  Point,  L.  I.,  where  they  anchored,  and  were 
presently  taken  in  charge  by  the  U.  S.  coast  survey 
schooner  "  Washington,"  whose  commander,  Lieut. 
Gedney,  claimed  salvage  for  vessel  and  cargo, 
Montes  and  Ruiz,  through  the  Spanish  minister, 
claimed  the  Africans  as  their  property.  The  whole 
company  was  sent  to  Farmington,  Conn.,  where 
quarters  were  provided  for  them  pending  the  de- 
cision of  the 
courts.  The 
philanthropists 
of  New  Eng- 
land took  an 
active  interest 
in  the  case,  en- 
gaged Roger 
Sherman  Bald- 
win and  other 
eminent  law- 
yers as  counsel, 
and  began  en- 
ergetically to 
educate  and 
convert  the 
heathen  thus 
brought  to 

their  doors.  It 
is  noteworthy 
that  the  resi- 
dents    of    the 

little  village  where  this  strange  colony  was  planted 
soon  outgrew  their  dread  of  the  Africans,  and  dur- 
ing the  months  of  their  stay  learned  to  regard 
them  without  apprehension.  Cinque  exercised  a 
stern  rule  over  them,  and  would  permit  no  trans- 
gression. Many  of  them,  including  their  chief, 
learned  to  read  and  write  a  little,  and  acquired 
some  ideas  of  civilization.  In  the  mean  time  the 
ease  came  up  before  the  U.  S.  district  court  for 
the  state  of  Connecticut,  the  U.  S.  district  attor- 
ney appearing  on  behalf  of  Montes  and  Ruiz  as 
well  as  of  the  Spanish  minister.  Never  before  had 
the  country  been  so  sharply  divided  on  a  question 
touching  slavery.  All  trials  for  violation  of  the 
law  prohibiting  the  slave-trade  had  until  this  time 
been  held  before  southern  courts,  and  no  one  had 
been  convicted.  The  pro-slavery  party  regarded 
with  natural  apprehension  the  result  of  such  a 
trial  on  the  soil  of  a  free  state.  Mr.  John  Quincy 
Adams,  who  was  the  anti-slavery  leader  in  the 
house  of  representatives  at  the  time,  introduced 
resolutions  calling  on  the  president  to  communi- 
cate to  congress  the  process  or  authority  by  which 
these  Africans,  charged  with  no  crime,  were  kept 
in  custody.  Further  than  this,  it  was  held  by  the 
advanced  anti-slavery  leaders  that  slavery  and 
slave-dealing  constitute  a  perpetual  war  between 
the  enslaver  and  the  enslaved.    They  alleged  the 


«-<^  LjyXjyc-O^ 


CIQUAED 


CIST 


617 


right  of  persons  held  as  were  the  "  '  Amistad '  cap- 
tives," not  only  to  overpower  their  guards  when- 
ever they  could  do  so,  but  to  hold  them  as  prison- 
ers and  the  ship  and  cargo  as  their  lawful  prize. 
They  held  that  the  U.  S.  government  had  no  right 
to  interfere  between  the  Africans  and  the  Cuban 
planters,  and  that  the  former  had  a  valid  claim  to 
the  ship  and  her  cargo.  After  a  protracted  inves- 
tigation the  Connecticut  court  decided  against  the 
libellants,  who  promptly  appealed  to  the"  U.  S.  su- 
preme court.  The  venerable  John  Quincy  Adams 
appeared  with  Mr.  Baldwin  as  counsel.  The  prog- 
ress of  the  trial  was  watched  with  intense  interest 
by  the  pro-slavery  and  anti-slavery  factions  through- 
OTit  the  country.  The  court  eventually  declared 
in  substance  that  these  Africans  were  born  free, 
that  they  had  never  been  legally  held  as  slaves, 
and  that  they  were  amenable  to  no  punishment  for 
anything  they  had  done.  They  were  sent  back  to 
their  native  land  at  the  public  expense,  and  a 
Mendi  mission  was  established  and  is  still  main- 
tained for  their  benefit  by  the  American  missionary 
association  not  far  from  Sierra  Leone. 

CIQUARD,  Francois,  b.  in  Clermont,  France, 
about  1760 ;  d.  in  Canada.  He  joined  the  Sulpi- 
tian  order  and  was  director  of  the  Seminary  of 
Bourges.  He  had  a  narrow  escape  during  the 
reign  of  terror,  and  embarked  for  the  United 
States,  coming  to  Baltimore  in  1793.  His  inten- 
tion was  to  join  his  brother  Sulpitians  of  Mon- 
treal, but  he  was  not  permitted  by  the  English 
government  to  enter  Canada.  Being  sent  by  Bish- 
op Carroll  to  labor  among  the  Penobscot  and  Pas- 
samaquoddy  Indians  of  Maine,  he  went  to  Old 
Town,  on  the  Penobscot,  restored  the  mission, 
which  had  been  founded  by  Father  Thury,  and  es- 
tablished wise  regulations  for  the  government  of 
the  Indians,  but  found  much  difficulty  in  bringing 
them  to  habits  of  order.  He  afterward  obtained 
the  consent  of  the  Canadian  authorities  to  enter 
Canada,  and  took  charge  of  the  Indians  on  the  St. 
John  river,  among  whom  he  died. 

CIST,  Charles,  printer,  D.  in  St.  Petersburg, 
Russia,  15  Aug.,  1788 ;  d.  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  2 
Dec,  1805.  He  was  graduated  at  Halle,  and  came 
to  this  country  in  1773.  He  settled  in  Philadel- 
phia, and,  with  Melchior  Stdner,  established  a 
printing  and  publishing  business.  During  the  war 
they  published  many  documents  relating  to  cur- 
rent events,  including  Paine's  "  American  Crisis." 
In  1781  the  firm  was  dissolved,  and  the  business 
continued  by  Mr.  Cist  alone.  He  began  the  pub- 
lication of  "  The  American  Herald  "  in  1784,  and 
of  the  "  Columbian  Magazine  "  in  1786.  Mr.  Cist 
aided  the  Colonial  government  during  the  revolu- 
tion by  endorsing  large  amounts  of  continental 
currency,  which  later  he  was  compelled  to  redeem. 
He  deserves  special  remembrance  as  the  first  per- 
son to  introduce  anthracite  coal  into  general  use  in 
the  United  States.  In  1793  he  was  a  member  of 
the  Lehigh  coal  company,  and  brought  several 
wagons  full  to  Philadelphia,  where  he  offered  to 
give  it  away,  but  could  not  dispose  of  it,  and  was 
threatened  "with  mob  violence  for  trying  to  impose 
on  the  people  with  a  lot  of  black  stones  for  coal. 
In  1793  he  was  secretary  of  the  Fame  fire  associa- 
tion, and  announced  that  the  society  had  procured 
a  fire-escape  apparatus  to  save  persons  from  burn- 
ing houses  by  means  of  a  bucket  drawn  up  to  the 
top  of  the  building.  Subsequently,  during  the  ad- 
ministration of  John  Adams,  he  became  public 
printer,  and  established  in  Washington,  at  great 
expense,  an  extensive  printing-office  and  book- 
bindery  for  the  purpose  of  publishing  public  docu- 
ments.— His  son,  Charles,  editor,  b.  in  Philadel- 
voL.  I. — 40 


phia,  Pa.,  24  April,  1793 ;  d.  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  8 
Sept.,  1868,  was  educated  in  Philadelphia,  and 
during  the  war  of  1812  was  engaged  in  garrison 
duty  in  the  eastern  forts.  After  the  war  he  set- 
tled in  Pittsliurg,  Pa.,  and  a  few  years  later  re- 
moved to  Harmony,  Pa.,  where  he  opened  a  store, 
and  was  for  a  time  postmaster.  During  the  win- 
ter of  1827-'8  he  removed  to  Cincinnati,  where  he 
opened  and  superintended  the  first  Sunday-school 
in  Cincinnati,  and  continued  it  until  it  grew  be- 
yond his  control,  when  it  was  divided  among  the 
churches.  Mr.  Cist  was  also  one  of  the  most  ear- 
nest workers  for  the  success  of  the  free-school 
system.  In  1843  he  established  '"  The  Western 
Weekly  Advertiser,"  a  family  journal  devoted  to 
the  early  Indian  history  of  the  west,  and  to  statis- 
tics relating  to  Cincinnati  and  the  state  of  Ohio, 
A  few  years  later  the  name  became  "  Cist's  Week- 
ly Advertiser,"  and  it  was  continued  until  1853. 
He  prepared  and  published  "  Cincinnati  in  1841," 
"  Cincinnati  in  1851,"  and  "  Cincinnati  in  1859  " ; 
and  "  The  Cincinnati  Miscellany,"  composed  large- 
ly of  incidents  in  the  early  settlements,  with  many 
of  his  own  writings  (2  vols.,  1846). — Lewis  Jacob, 
son  of  the  second  Charles,  poet,  b.  in  Harmony, 
Pa.,  20  Nov.,  1818;  d.  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  30 
March,  1885.  He  removed  to  Cincinnati  with  his 
parents,  and  after  studying  in  Hanover  college  en- 
tered the  Commercial  bank  of  Cincinnati,  and  later 
was  made  teller  in  the  Ohio  life  and  trust  com- 
pany. From  1850  till  1870  he  resided  in  St.  Louis, 
engaged  in  the  banking  business.  He  returned  to 
Cincinnati  and  was  occupied  with  the  Zoological 
society,  and  in  the  government  service.  Mr.  Cist 
became  widely  known  as  an  enthusiastic  collector 
of  autographs  and  old  portraits,  and  his  collection, 
numbering  more  than  11,000  specimens,  was  one 
of  the  largest  and  most  famous  in  the  United 
States.  It  was  sold  in  New  York  in  1886  and  1887, 
Before  he  attained  his  majority  he  wrote  both 
verses  and  music,  and  afterward  contributed  to  the 
"  Western  Monthly  Magazine,"  '*  Hesperian,"  and 
"  Cist's  Weekly  Advertiser."  He  delivered  the 
poems  at  the  opening  of  the  Spring  Grove  ceme- 
tery, and  also  at  the  unveiling  of  the  Tyler-David- 
son fountain.  He  published  the  "  Souvenir,"  the 
first  annual  of  the  west  for  several  years,  and  "  Tri- 
fies  in  Verse  "  (1845). — Another  son,  Henry  Mar- 
tyn,  lawyer,  b.  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  20  Feb.,  1839, 
was  graduated  at  Farmer's  (now  Belmont)  college 
in  1858,  and  studied  law.  In  April,  1861,  he  en- 
listed as  a  private  in  the  6th  Ohio  infantry.  He 
was  promoted  to  second  lieutenant  in  the  52d  Ohio 
infantry,  and  then  to  adjutant  of  the  74th  Ohio, 
and  was  post-adjutant  of  Camp  Chase  during  the 
confinement  of  the  prisoners  captured  at  Fort 
Donelson.  In  1862  he  was  in  the  field  with  his 
regiment,  serving  in  middle  Tennessee,  in  Septem- 
ber promoted  to  acting  assistant  adjutant-general 
of  Miller's  brigade,  during  the  Tullahoma  cam- 
paign appointed  acting  assistant  adjutant-general 
of  the  department  of  the  Cumberland,  and  served 
on  the  department  staff  under  Gens,  Rosecrans 
and  Thomas  until  his  resignation  in  January,  1866, 
Meanwhile  he  had  attained  tlie  rank  of  major  and 
assistant  adjutant-general  with  the  brevet  of  briga- 
dier-general, having  served  in  the  Chickamauga 
and  the  Eastport  campaigns.  Gen.  Cist  remained 
in  the  service  after  the  close  of  hostilities,  at  Gen. 
Thomas's  request,  to  give  the  necessary  orders  and 
to  arrange  the  details  providing  for  the  mustering 
out  and  disbanding  of  over  100,000  troops.  Subse- 
quent to  the  war  lie  returned  to  Cincinnati  and  re- 
sumed the  practice  of  law,  and  in  1869  he  was 
elected  corresponding  secretary  of  the  Society  of 


618 


ClUDAD  REAL 


CLAGGETT 


the  Army  of  the  Cumberland,  to  which  office  he 
has  been  re-elected  every  year  since.  Gen.  Cist 
has  contributed  to  periodicals  many  articles  on  the 
civil  war,  among  which  are  "  Cincinnati  with  the 
War  Fever  "  and  "  The  Romance  of  Shiloh."  He 
edited  all  but  vols.  ii.  and  iii.  of  "  Reports  of  the 
Society  of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland  "  (Cincin- 
nati, 17  vols.,  1868-85),  and  is  the  author  of  "  The 
Army  of  the  Cumberland  "  (New  York,  1882). 

ClUDAD  REAL,  Antonio,  missionary,  b.  in 
Ciudad  Real,  Spain,  in  1551 ;  d.  in  Yucatan,  Mexi- 
co, 5  July,  1617.  He  entered  the  Franciscan  order 
at  the  convent  of  San  Juan  de  los  Reyes  (Toledo), 
and  accompanied  Bishop  Diego  Landa  to  Yucatan 
in  1573.  Afterward  he  was  a  missionary  in  Yuca- 
tan and  became  noted  for  his  skill  in  the  Indian 
dialects  of  that  country,  and  later  was  appointed 
provincial  of  his  order  there.  He  published  several 
vocabularies,  one  of  which,  "  Vocabularium  Calepi- 
num  "  (of  the  Maya  language),  still  extant,  is  said 
to  have  cost  him  forty  years'  work  (6  vols.).  He 
also  published  "  Sermones  de  Sanctis,"  in  the  Maya 
language,  and  "  Tratado  curioso  de  las  grandezas 
de  la  Neuva  Espana." 

CLAFLIN,  Horace  Brigiiam,  merchant,  b.  in 
Milford,  Mass.,  18  Dec,  1811 ;  d.  in  Fordham,  N.  Y., 
14  Nov.,  1885.  He  was  the  son  of  John  Claflin,  a 
general  country  storekeeper,  farmer,  and  justice  of 
the  peace,  and  received  his  education  at  the  com- 
mon school  and  Milford  academy.  His  first  busi- 
ness experience  was  as  a  clerk  in  Jiis  father's  em- 
ploy, and  in  1831,  with  his  brother  Aaron  and  his 
brother-in-law,  Samuel  Daniels,  he   succeeded  to 

his  father's  busi- 
ness. In  1832  they 
opened  a  dry-goods 
store  in  Worces- 
ter, in  connection 
with  their  establish- 
ment in  Milford. 
This  venture  proved 
successful,  and  in 
1833  Aaron  took 
the  Milford  store, 
leaving  the  other 
partners  in  exclu- 
sive possession  of 
the  Worcester  busi- 
ness. In  1843  Hor- 
ace removed  to  New 
York,  and,  with 
William  F.Bulkley, 
organized  the  house 
of  Bulkley  &  Claf- 
lin and  began  a 
wholesale  dry -goods 
business  at  No.  46 
Cedar  street.  In  1850  the  firm  built  a  store  at  No. 
57  Broadway,  which  they  occupied  from  January, 
1851,  until  '1853.  Mr.  Bulkley  retired  from  the 
partnership  in  July,  1851,  when,  with  William  H. 
Mellen  and  several  of  his  principal  clerks,  he 
continued  his  business  as  Clafiin,  Mellen  &  Co. 
Meanwhile  their  trade  increased  very  rapidly,  and 
larger  aecoiiimodation  became  necessary.  Mr. 
Claflin,  with  others,  then  erected  the  Trinity  build- 
ing, at  No.  Ill  Broadway,  whither  the  business 
was  transferred.  In  1861  another  change  was 
necessary,  and  the  enormous  warehouse  on  Worth 
street,  extending  from  Church  street  to  West 
Broadway,  was  secured.  The  beginning  of  the 
civil  war,  coming  suddenly  at  this  time,  found  the 
firm's  assets  largely  locked  up  and  rendered  almost 
worthless,  and  they  were  compelled  to  ask  from 
their  creditors  an  extension  of  time  in  which  to 


settle  their  accounts.  These  liabilities  were  sub- 
sequently paid  with  interest  long  before  maturity, 
and  the  house  entered  upon  a  career  of  unparal- 
leled jjrospei'ity.  At  the  beginning  of  1864  Mr. 
Mellen  retired  from  the  firm,  which  then  adopted 
the  style  of  H.  B.  Claflin  &  Co.  The  panic  of  1873 
again  caused  the  flrin  to  ask  their  creditors  lor  an 
extension  of  five  months,  with  interest  added  in 
settlement  of  their  open  accounts.  Notwithstand- 
ing the  enormous  amounts  that  they  were  unable 
to  collect  at  that  time,  no  paper  with  their  name 
on  it  went  to  protest,  and  their  notes  were  all  paid 
in  three  months,  sixty  days  before  maturity.  Dur- 
ing a  single  year  the  sales  of  this  house  have 
amounted  to  $72,000,000;  and  the  ability  of  Mr. 
Claflin  may  be  judged  by  the  magnitude  of  the 
business,  which  from  1865  to  the  time  of  his  death 
far  exceeded  that  of  any  other  commercial  house 
in  the  world.  He  was  a  man  of  domestic  habits 
and  of  exemplary  life,  fond  of  books  and  of  horses. 
Almost  daily,  no  matter  what  the  weather  might 
be,  he  drove  from  ten  to  twenty  miles.  He  was 
prominently  associated  with  Mr.  Beecher's  church 
in  Brooklyn,  where  he  resided  during  the  winter. 
His  acts  of  charity  were  frequent  and  unostenta- 
tious, and  to  many  of  the  benevolent  institutions  of 
Brooklyn  he  was  a  liberal  donor.  It  was  a  great 
satisfaction  to  him  to  assist  young  men,  and  prob- 
ably no  other  person  in  the  United  States  aided  so 
many  beginners  with  money  and  credit  until  they 
were  able  to  sustain  themselves.  In  politics  he 
was  a  strong  republican  until  the  canvass  of  1884, 
when  he  supported  the  democratic  candidate  for 
the  presidency.  Mr.  Claflin  was  a  man  of  very 
strong  convictions,  and  in  1850,  when  it  cost  some- 
thing to  be  known  as  an  opponent  of  slavery,  he 
was  an  uncompromising  friend  of  freedom.  See 
"  Ti'ibute  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  to  the 
Memory  of  Horace  B.  Claflin  "  (New  York,  1880). 

CLAFLIN,  Lee,  philanthropist,  b.  in  Hopkin- 
ton,  Mass.,  19  Nov.,  1791  ;  d.  in  BostoTi,  Mass.,  23 
Feb.,  1871.  He  earl^  established  a  shoe-factory  in 
Boston,  and  by  his  enterprise  and  industry  accumu- 
lated a  large  fortune,  Mr.  Claflin  became  identified 
with  education  in  consequence  of  his  munificent 
gifts  to  various  institutions  of  learning.  Among 
those  endowed  by  him  were  Wesleyan  imiversity, 
Wilbraham  academy,  and  Boston  theological  semi- 
nary. Prom  1853  till  1871  he  was  a  trustee  of 
Wesleyan  university.  His  death  was  the  result 
of  an  accident. — Plis  son,  William,  governor  of 
Massachusetts,  b.  in  Milford,  Mass.,  6  March,  1818. 
He  was  educated  in  public  schools  and  in  Brown 
university.  For  many  years  he  was  engaged  in 
the  wholesale  boot  and  shoe  business  in  St.  Louis, 
Mo.,  and  afterward,  in  Boston,  Mass,,  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  state  legislature  in  1849-'53,  state  sena- 
tor in  1860-'l,  and  presiding  oflicer  during  his  last 
term,  lieutenant-governor  in  1866-'9,  and  governor 
in  1869-'71.  He  became  a  member  of  the  repub- 
lican national  executive  committee  In  1864,  and 
was  its  chairman  from  1868  till  1872.  He  was 
elected  as  a  republican  to  congress,  and  served 
twice,  from  15  Oct.,  1877,  till  4  March,  1881.  In 
1868  he  received  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  from  Wes- 
levan  university. 

CLAtrGETT,  Tlionias  John,  P.  E.  bishop,  b. 
in  Prince  George  county,  Md.,  2  Oct.,  1742 ;  d.  in 
Croom,  Md.,  3  Aug.,  1816.  He  was  graduated  at 
Princeton  in  1762,  and  studied  theology,  but,  as 
there  were  no  bishops  in  America,  was  compelled  to 
go  to  England  for  orders.  He  was  ordained  deacon 
20  Sept.,  1767,  priest  11  Oct.,  1767,  and,  on  return- 
ing home,  was  appointed  to  the  rectorship  of  All 
Saints'  church,  Calvert  county,  Md.     Here  he  con- 


CLAIBORXE 


CLAIBORNE 


619 


tinned  until  tlie  beginning  of  the  revolution,  when 
he  retired  to  his  own  estate  in  Prince  George  coun- 
ty. In  1779  he  began  services  in  St.  Paul's  parish, 
and  the  next  year  was  chosen  rector.  Being  a  man 
of  excellent  fitness  for  the  office,  as  well  as  pos- 
sessed of  large  private  means,  he  was  elected  the 
first  bishop  of  Maryland,  and  was  consecrated  in 
New  York,  17  Sept.,  1793,  Bishop  Seabury  joining 
in  the  consecration.  This  is  notable  as  being  the 
first  occasion  on  which  a  bishop  was  consecrated 
in  the  United  States.  In  1800  Bishop  Claggett  was 
chaplain  to  the  U.  S.  senate,  this  being  the  first  ses- 
sion of  congress  held  in  Washington  city.  In  1808 
he  became  rector  of  Trinity  church.  Upper  Marl- 
borough, and  held  that  place  during  the  rest  of  his 
life.  An  assistant  bishop  was  appointed  in  1814. 
He  published  a  few  sermons,  pastoral  letters,  and 
addresses  to  his  convention. 

CLAIBORNE,  Ferdinand  Leigh,  soldier,  b. 
in  Sussex  county,  Va.,  in  1772 :  d.  in  Natchez,  Miss., 
in  1815.  He  entered  the  military  service  of  the 
United  States  as  ensign  of  infantry  in  1793,  be- 
coming lieutenant  in  1794  and  captain  in  1799. 
This  office  he  resigned  in  1802,  and  became  briga- 
dier-general of  the  militia  in  Mississippi,  5  Feb., 
1811,  and  later  commanded  a  regiment  of  volun- 
teers from  that  territory.  In  1813  he  was  made 
brigadier-general  of  U.  S.  volunteers,  and  com- 
manded in  the  engagement  with  the  Creek  Indians 
at  the  Holy  Ground  in  December,  1813.  He  then 
settled  in  Mississippi,  and  on  4  Feb.,  1815,  became 
legislative  councillor,  later  presiding  over  the  delib- 
erations of  the  legislature. — His  brother,  William 
Charles  Cole,  senator,  b.  in  Sussex  county,  Va.,  in 

1775;  d.  in  New 
Orleans,  La.,  28 
Nov.,  1817,  re- 
ceived a  liberal 
education  and 
studied  law. 
After  being  ad- 
mitted to  the 
bar,  he  settled 
in  Nashville, 
Tenn.,  where 
he  followed  his 
profession.  He 
soon  received 
the  appoint- 
ment of  territo- 
rial judge,  and 
assisted  in  fra- 
ming the  state 
constitution  in 
1796.  During 
tlie  following 
year  he  was 
elected  as  a  democrat  to  congress,  and  served  from 
23  March,  1797,  till  3  March,l801.  In  1802  he  was 
appointed  governor  of  Mississippi,  and  in  1803  be- 
came a  commissioner,  with  Gen.  James  Wilkinson, 
to  take  possession  of  Louisiana  when  it  was  pur- 
chased from  France.  After  the  establishment  of 
the  new  government,  in  1804,  he  was  made  governor, 
and  when  that  province  became  a  state  he  was  elect- 
ed by  the  people  to  the  same  office.  He  was  chosen 
as  a  democrat  to  be  U.  S.  senator  from  the  new 
state,  but  died  before  he  was  able  to  take  his  seat. 
— Another  brother,  Nathaniel  Herbert,  politi- 
cian, b.  in  Sussex  county,  Va.,  14  Nov.,  1777;  d.  in 
Franklin  county,  Va.,  15  Aug.,  1859,  received  a  clas- 
sical education,  and  for  many  years  served  variously 
in  both  branches  of  the  state  legislature,  where  he 
achieved  a  reputation  as  a  reformer  of  extrava- 
gance and  abuses  of  the  government.     Later  he 


^^  ^.  ^^^.-i^--^ 


became  a  member  of  the  executive  council,  and  in 
1825  was  sent  to  congress,  where,  with  subsequent 
re-elections,  he  served  continuously  from  5  Dec, 
1825,  till  3  March,  1837.  He  was  the  author  of 
"  Notes  on  the  War  in  the  South "  (Richmond, 
1819). — John  Francis  Hamtramck,  son  of  Ferdi- 
nand Leigh,  lawver,  b.  in  Natchez,  Miss.,  24  April, 
1809  ;  d.  there,  17  May,  1884.  At  the  age  of  four- 
teen he  was  sent  to  relations  in  Virginia  to  be  edu- 
cated, and  later  entered  the  law-office  of  Benjamin 
Watkins  Leigh,  but  failing  health  compelled  his 
return  to  Natchez,  where  he  continued  his  law 
studies.  Subsequently  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  Vii-ginia,  and,  as  he  was  about  to  begin  practice 
in  Natchez,  he  was  induced  to  assume  editorial 
control  of  a  journal  then  published  by  Col.  Andrew 
Marschalk.  This  step  led  him  into  politics,  and 
before  he  had  attained  his  majority  he  was  chosen 
a  member  of  the  state  legislature,  and  was  twice 
re-elected.  Mr.  Claiborne  then  settled  in  Madison 
county,  and  was  nominated  for  congress  by  accla- 
mation in  the  first  State  democratic  convention 
ever  held  in  Mississippi.  A  hotly  contested  can- 
vass ensued,  after  which  Claiborne  was  elected,  and 
served  from  7  Dec,  1835,  till  31  Jan.,  1838.  Dur- 
ing his  second  term  his  election  was  contested,  a 
ne\v  election  was  called  for,  and  his  opponent  was 
successful.  This  was  due  to  a  misunderstanding 
which  had  arisen  in  consequence  of  his  election  for 
a  special  session  being  regarded  by  his  friends  as  for 
the  entire  term,  and  hence  not  voting  at  all.  Mr. 
Claiborne  then  turned  his  attention  to  journalism, 
and  became  editor  of  the  Natchez  "  Fair-Trader." 
In  1844  he  removed  to  New  Orleans,  where  he  edit- 
ed successively  the  "  Jeffersonian,"  the  "  States- 
man," and  afterward  the  "  Louisiana  Courier."  On 
the  election  of  President  Pierce  he  received  the 
appointment  of  U.  S.  timber  agent  for  Louisiana 
and  Mississippi.  Later  he  resided  at  his  planta- 
tion, "  Dunbarton,"  in  the  vicinity  of  Natchez, 
where,  in  possession  of  abundant  fortune,  he  de- 
voted his  time  principally  to  literary  pursuits.  He 
published,  besides  many  magazine  articles,  "  Life 
and  Correspondence  of  Gen.  John  A.  Quitman  "  (2 
vols.,  New  York,  1860) ;  "  Life  and  Times  of  Gen. 
Sam.  Dale "  (1860) ;  and  "  Mississippi  as  a  Prov- 
ince, a  Territory,  and  a  State  "  (Jackson,  1880). 

CLAIBORNE,  Joint  Herbert,  physician,  b.  in 
Brunswick  county,  Va.,  16  March,  1828.  He  was 
graduated  at  the  University  of  Virginia  in  1849,  and 
at  the  Jefferson  medical  college  in  1850,  after  which 
for  a  year  he  was  connected  with  hospitals  in  Phil- 
adelphia. In  1851  he  settled  in  Petersburg,  Va., 
and  there  practised  until  1861.  In  1857  he  was  a 
member  of  the  Virginia  senate.  During  the  civil 
war  he  was  a  surgeon  in  the  Confederate  army,  and 
in  1862  organized  the  general  hospital  in  Peters- 
burg, of  which  he  became  chief  executive  officer. 
He  is  member  of  several  medical  societies,  has  held 
the  office  of  vice-president  of  the  Virginia  state 
medical  society,  and  of  the  Confederate  states  army 
and  navy  medical  association.  Of  late  years  he  has 
made  a  specialty  of  diseases  of  women  and  chil- 
dren, and  his  published  articles  in  medical  journals 
are  principally  on  these  subjects.  He  has  pub- 
lished essays  on  "  Diphtheria  "  and  "  Dysmenor- 
rhea," and  a  volume  of  "  Clinical  Reports  from 
Private  Practice  "  (1873). 

CLAIBORNE,  or  CLAYBORNE,  William, 
colonist,  known  as  "  The  Evil  Genius  of  IMaryland," 
b.  in  Westmoreland,  England,  about  1589;  d.  in 
Virginia  about  1676.  He  was  a  younger  son  of  a 
distinguished  Westmoreland  family,  and  in  1621 
was  appointed  surveyor  of  the  plantations  of  Vir- 
ginia, under  the  London  company.     He  arrived  at 


620 


CLAIBORNE 


CLAIBORNE 


-^^"^ 


Jamestown  in  the  ship  "  George,"  with  Sir  Francis 
Wyatt  and  other  members  of  the  new  council,  in 
October,  1621,  and,  escaping  the  massacre  of  22 
March,  settled  at  "  James  City."  He  acquired  con- 
siderable landed  estates,  amounting,  according  to 
the  "  Land  Register  of  Virginia,"  to  45,000  acres. 
On  24  March,  1625,  he  was  commissioned  by  Charles 
I.  as  member  of  the  council,  and  "  to  be  our  Secre- 
tary of  State  for  the  said  Collony  and  Plantation 
of  Virginia."  On  17  May,  1626,  he  and  Capt.  Sam- 
uel Matthews  proposed  to  the  privy  council  in 
England  "to  win  the  forrests  of  Virginia  upon 
certain  conditions,"  and  on  13  March,  1628,  he  re- 
ceived from  Gov.  John  Port  his  first  commission  to 
make  discoveries  to  the  southward,  and  to  open 
trade  with  the  Indians.  A  similar  commission  was 
issued  to  him  by  Gov.  Sir  John  Harvey,  8  March, 

1681,  and  this  was 
followed  by  a  pat- 
ent from  King 
Charles  I.,  dated 
16  May,  1681, 
and  issued  by  Sir 
William  Alexan- 
der, under  the 
Scotch  signet,  au- 
thorizing him  to 
make  discoveries, 
and  granting  trad- 
ingprivilegeswith 
the  Indians  "  in 
our  colonies  of 
New  England  and 
New  Scotland." 
Having  discov- 
ered and  partially 
planted  and  set- 
tled the  isle  of 
Kent  a  year  be- 
fore the  first  pat- 
ent of  Maryland  was  ever  heard  of,  he,  with  the 
aid  of  William  Cloberry,  John  de  la  Barre,  and 
other  "adventurers,"  established  a  trading-post 
there,  and  acted  as  the  chief  agent  of  his  London 
partners,  Cloberry  &  Co.,  until  displaced  by  George 
Evelyn  in  December,  1636.  He  purchased  the  in- 
terest of  the  natives  in  all  the  lands  that  he  held  in 
the  island  of  Kent,  and  collected  settlers  in  such 
numbers  there  that,  in  1632,  they  were  represented 
by  a  burgess  in  the  general  assembly  of  Virginia. 
George  Calvert,  first  baron  of  Baltimore,  having 
failed  in  his  colony  of  Avalon  on  Newfoundland 
from  the  severity  of  the  climate,  sailed  southward, 
with  his  wife  and  family  and  a  party  of  followers, 
to  search  for  a  more  propitious  climate  and  a  more 
favorable  soil.  He  arrived  at  Jamestown  in  Oc- 
tober, 1629,  where  he  was  met  by  the  authorities, 
among  whom  was  Claiborne,  with  the  demand  that 
he  should  take  the  oath  of  supremacy  and  abjura- 
tion before  taking  up  his  residence  in  the  colony. 
Refusing  to  submit  to  these  tests,  he  sailed  north- 
ward, examining  the  Chesapeake  and  its  shores. 
He  thence  returned  to  England  and  procured  a 
charter  for  the  country  north  of  the  Potomac 
and  on  both  sides  of  the  great  bay,  which  was 
"  hactenus  inculta  "  (hitherto  uncultivated).  The 
territory  granted  to  Baltimore  had  been  within  the 
original  grant  to  the  Virginia  company ;  but,  the 
charter  of  that  corporation  having  been  revoked, 
the  whole  subject  of  the  grant  was  returned  to  the 
control  of  the  crown,  and  in  the  subsequent  charter 
to  Baltimore  it  was  only  considered  necessary  to 
protect  the  rights  of  actual  settlers  under  the 
Virginia  charter  by  granting  such  portion  of  the 
territory  designated  as  was   "  hactenus   inculta." 


^^^W 


Therefore,  when  Baltimore's  first  colony  arrived  at 
St.  Marie's  in  March,  1634,  Claiborne  had  been  seat- 
ed on  the  isle  of  Kent  for  more  than  three  years, 
and  his  settlement  had  been  recognized  by  the  ad- 
mission of  the  burgess  into  the  Virginia  assembly. 
The  Virginians,  sustaining  Claiborne,  naturally 
claimed  the  right  to  the  isle  of  Kent.  The  Calverts 
insisted  that  Claiborne's  right  was  only  a  license  to 
trade  under  the  Scotch  signet,  and  that  from  it  no 
right  of  property  in  the  soil  could  arise.  Claiborne 
claimed  both  property  right  and  political  inde- 
pendence of  Calvert.  Calvert  asserted  sovereignty 
and  title  paramount  over  the  isle  of  Kent,  and  all 
settlers  thereon.  This  issue  influenced  the  history 
of  the  two  colonies  for  a  generation.  It  was  at 
first  the  issue  between  the  Roman  Catholics  of 
Maryland-  and  the  churchmen  of  Virginia ;  then 
between  cavaliers  and  Puritans,  and  was  never 
finally  settled  until  Virginia,  in  her  bill  of  rights 
in  1776,  finally  released  all  claim  to  the  territory 
of  Maryland  beyond  the  Potomac,  and  executed  a 
conveyance  of  all  the  territory  northwest  of  Ohio 
river  in  1781  to  the  United  States.  In  fact,  the 
mutterings  of  the  old  Claiborne  quarrel  had  hard- 
ly died  out  in  the  Virginia-Maryland  boundary 
arbitration  of  1775-8,  which  finally  settled  the  dis- 
puted Potomac  boundary  of  the  two  states. 

As  soon  as  the  new  colony  was  founded  on  St. 
Mary's  river,  the  encroachments  on  the  isle  of  Kent 
settlement  began  to  be  felt.  Claiborne's  boats  and 
traders  plied  in  and  out  of  the  estuaries  of  the  Chesa- 
peake, and  the  Indian  allies  of  the  Calverts  at  St. 
Mary's  began  to  show  signs  of  restiveness.  The 
settlers  first  provided  themselves  with  a  block- 
house for  defence,  and  then  investigated  the  cause 
of  trouble.  Claiborne,  so  the  Indians  said,  de- 
clared that  the  new  settlers  at  St.  Mary's  were 
Spaniards,  who  of  necessity  were  papists  and 
people  of  despicable  traits,  and  were  to  be  watched 
and  guarded  against.  Whereupon  Leonard  Cal- 
vert, governor  of  Maryland,  despatched  an  expedi- 
tion under  Capt.  Thomas  Cornwaleys  to  settle  the 
question  of  prior  settlement  and  sovereignty  with 
the  Kent  isle  rebel.  Cornwaleys,  with  his  pin- 
naces, the  "  St.  Helen  "  and  the  "  St.  Margaret,"  at- 
tacked the  "  Cockatryce,"  Claiborne's  boat,  under 
Lieut.  Ratcliflle  Warren,  on  23  April,  1635,  in  Great 
Wicomico  river,  and  captured  both  boat  and  men, 
after  killing  Warren  and  two  others,  Cornwaleys 
losing  one  man  killed  and  several  wounded.  On 
10  May  following,  Cornwaleys  captured  another 
boat  belonging  to  Claiborne,  the  commander  of 
which,  Thomas  Smith,  escaped.  Claiborne's  enter- 
prise on  the  isle  of  Kent  had  proved  an  utter  fail- 
ure. A  fire  there  destroyed  his  warehouse  of  sup- 
plies, and  his  people  were  reduced  to  the  greatest 
extremities,  being  obliged,  says  the  chronicler,  "  to 
subsist  on  oysters."  His  London  partners  became 
satisfied  that  his  affairs  required  examination. 
Cloberry  &  Co.  sent  out  George  Evelyn  as  their 
representative,  with  full  power  to  act  for  them  and 
take  possession  of  their  property.  Claiborne,  fail- 
ing to  get  a  surety  of  £3,000  from  Evelyn  and 
suspecting  his  intrigue  with  Calvert,  surrendered 
everything  to  him,  and  sailed  in  1637  for  England, 
where  he  was  sued  by  his  partners  for  an  account 
of  his  proceedings,  and  was  held  to  answer  before 
the  lords  commissioners  of  plantation  on  a  charge 
of  mutiny,  preferred  by  Gov.  Harvey,  of  Virginia. 
Evelyn  seized  Kecoughtan  and  the  rest  of  Clai- 
borne's property  in  Virginia,  and  instituted  suits, 
in  the  name  of  Cloberry  &  Co.,  in  Baltimore's  courts 
in  jMaryland  against  parties  on  the  isle  of  Kent. 
At  St.  Mary's,  Evelyn  was  shown  copies  of  Cal- 
vert's charter,  and  of  Claiborne's  licenses  to  trade, 


CLAIBORNE 


CLAIBORNE 


621 


which  satisfied  him  as  to  the  question  of  right,  so 
that  in  behalf  of  his  principals  he  acknowledged 
the  authority  of  Baltimore,  and  accepted  from 
Leonard  Calvert  the  office  of  commander  of  the 
isle  of  Kent. 

Thus  ejected  from  the  isle  of  Kent,  Claiborne 
purchased  from  the  Indians  Palmer's  island  at  the 
head  of  the  bay,  thinking  it  to  be  beyond  Balti- 
more's grant.  He  then  petitioned  the  king  that 
Baltimore  might  be  restrained  from  interfering 
with  him,  but,  despairing  of  success,  offered  the 
king  an  annual  rent  of  £100  for  his  lands  in  the 
Chesapeake  and  Susquehanna,  and  proposed  that 
the  crown  should  grant  him  a  tract  of  land  twelve 
leagues  on  each  side  of  Susquehanna  river,  "  from 
the  mouth  of  said  river  down  the  said  bay,  south- 
erly to  the  seaward,  and  to  the  head  of  the  river 
and  to  the  great  lake  of  Canada,  to  be  held  of  the 
crown  at  the  rent  of  twelve  pounds  sterling  per 
annum."  The  commissioners  of  plantation,  to 
whom  this  application  was  referred,  having  be- 
come satisfied  that  Claiborne's  license  to  trade 
gave  him  neither  title  to  land  nor  right  to  make  a 
settlement,  and  influenced  by  the  queen,  who  fa- 
vored Baltimore,  refused  his  j^etition  for  the  grant, 
thus  ignoring  his  discovery  and  purchase  of  the 
land,  and  referred  him  to  the  courts  of  law  for 
remedy  for  the  wrongs  of  which  he  complained. 
Notwithstanding  Claiborne's  departure,  and  Eve- 
lyn's submission  to  the  authorities  of  St.  Mary's, 
the  isle  of  Kent  continued  in  an  insubordinate  con- 
dition. It  was  represented  in  the  general  assembly 
of  the  freemen  of  Maryland,  which  was  convened 
by  Leonard  Calvert  at  St.  Mary's  in  February, 
1637-'8,  by  some  of  the  freemen  in  person,  and  by 
Evelyn  as  proxy  for  the  great  body  of  them.  On 
the  advice  of  Evelyn,  Gov.  Calvert  undertook  an 
expedition  in  person  for  the  subjection  of  Kent. 
He  made  his  campaign  within  the  time  marked  out, 
reduced  the  isle  of  Kent  to  obedience,  captured 
Smith,  the  leader  of  the  affray  in  the  Wicomico 
some  years  before,  and  took  possession  of  Palmer's 
island,  the  only  remaining  post  held  by  Claiborne 
within  the  limits  of  the  Maryland  charter.  On  his 
return  to  his  capital  city  of  St.  Mary's,  he  repoi'ted 
his  proceedings  to  the  general  assembly,  which  had 
reconvened  according  to  adjournment,  and  de- 
livered Smith  in  irons  to  them.  The  sheriff  forth- 
with empanelled  the  whole  general  assembly  as  the 
grand  inquest  of  the  province,  and  they  at  once 
found  a  true  bill  against  the  prisoner  for  piracy 
and  murder.  The  same  body  then  dissolved  itself 
into  a  high  court  of  justice,  presided  over  by  Gov. 
Calvert,  with  John  Lewger,  the  attorney-general, 
prosecuting  for  the  proprietary.  He  was  allowed 
his  challenge,  according  to  the  course  of  the  com- 
mon law,  and,  on  being  found  guilty,  after  a  formal 
trial,  prayed  his  clergy.  The  president  of  the 
court  decided  that  his  prayer  had  not  been  made 
in  time,  and  pronounced  sentence  of  death.  He 
was  then  executed.  Failing  to  get  possession  of 
his  island  of  Kent,  Claibone  proposed  on  6  June, 
1638,  that  "he  and  his  associates  should  have  a 
grant  for  settlement  of  an  island,  by  them  discov- 
ered within  the  company's  patent,  to  be  called 
Rich  island,  in  honor  of  Earl  Holland  "  ;  but,  this 
meeting  with  but  little  favor,  he  was  made  by  the 
king  treasurer  of  the  colony  of  Virginia  for  life,  on 
6  April,  1642.  In  all  the  trials  of  Charles  I.,  Vir- 
ginia had  remained  true  to  the  cavalier  cause,  while 
the  baron  of  Baltimore  was  preserving  a  cautious 
neutrality,  so  as  to  prevent  the  seizure  of  his  prov- 
ince by  either  of  the  powers  then  contending  for 
supremacy  in  England.  In  1644  Claiborne  re- 
appeared on  the  isle  of  Kent,  and,  exhibiting  what 


he  claimed  was  a  royal  commission,  endeavored  to 
incite  resistance  to  the  Roman  Catholic  authority 
at  St.  Mary's.  In  February,  1645,  the  Roman  Catho- 
lic government  under  Leonard  Calvert  was  over- 
thrown by  Capt.  Richard  Ingle,  of  the  parliament 
ship  "  Reformation,"  professing  to  act  under  the 
authority  of  the  parliament.  AH  historians  unite 
in  charging  that  Claiborne  was  a  j^articipator  or 
co-operator  with  Ingle  in  this  attack ;  but  the 
archives  of  Maryland  fail  to  prove  any  such  com- 
plicity. Ingle  took  possession  of  the  government 
in  February,  1645,  and  entered  on  a  career  of  plun- 
der. Gov.  Calvert  took  refuge  in  Cavalier  Vir- 
ginia, and  in  December,  1646,  returned  with  a  small 
force  and  expelled  the  parliamentarians  without  a 
struggle.  The  condition  of  affairs  in  England, 
the  battle  of  Marston  Moor,  the  incursion  of  Ingle, 
and  the  restless  activity  of  Claiborne,  backed  by 
royal  favor,  convinced  Cecilius  Calvert  (Lord  Bal- 
timore) that  to  preserve  his  province  he  must  at 
once  organize  it  in  sympathy  with  the  prevailing 
sentiment  in  England.  Accordingly,  in  1648,  he 
reorganized  his  government  of  Maryland,  which 
to  that  time  had  been  entirely  in  the  hands  of 
Roman  Catholics.  His  brother,  Leonard,  had  died 
on  9  June,  1647,  and  appointed  Thomas  Green,  an 
ardent  cavalier,  his  successor.  The  churchmen  of 
Virginia  were  driving  out  the  non-conformists 
there,  and  Lord  Baltimore  induced  Capt.  William 
Stone,  one  of  them,  to  remove  from  Northampton 
county,  Va.,  to  Maryland,  under  a  contract  that 
Stone  would  transport  500  of  the  exiles  from  Vir- 
ginia, and  receive  grants  of  land  according  to  Bal- 
timore's liberal  terras  of  plantation.  When  the 
news  arrived  of  the  execution  of  the  king.  Green, 
in  the  absence  of  Stone,  immediately  proclaimed 
Charles  II.  as  his  successor.  The  general  assembly 
of  Virginia  was  equally  prompt  in  avowing  its  loy- 
alty, so  that  in  1650  Maryland  and  Virginia  were 
the  only  parts  of  the  British  empire  that  acknowl- 
edged the  royal  authority.  The  opportunity  thus 
afforded  was  "too  good  to  be  lost  by  Claiborne.  Ex- 
asperated by  what  he  thought  the  injustice  of  the 
court,  backed  by  the  influence  of  the  queen  and 
his  enemy.  Archbishop  Laud,  he  joined  the  par- 
liamentary party,  and  on  26  Sept.,  1651,  with 
Richard  Bennett  and  two  others,  was  appointed 
commissioner  by  parliament  to  reduce  Virginia 
and  "  the  plantations  within  the  Chesapeake  bay." 
The  English  expedition  sent  with  the  commis- 
sioners reached  Virginia  in  March,  1652,  and  over- 
threw the  cavalier  government,  with  Sir  William 
Berkeley  at  its  head,  and  established  a  roundhead 
one,  with  Richard  Bennett  for  governor,  and  Clai- 
borne as  secretary  of  state.  As  soon  as  Berkeley 
was  disposed  of,  Claiborne  went  to  St.  Mary's, 
where  he  compelled  Gov.  Stone  to  renounce  his 
allegiance  to  Lord  Baltimore,  and  to  issue  all  legal 
process  in  the  names  of  "  the  keepers  of  the  liber- 
ties of  England,"  in  June,  1652.  When  Crom- 
well at  home  dispersed  the  long  parliament.  Stone 
naturally  concluded  that  the  "  keepers  "  had  gone 
with  their  masters,  and  repudiated  the  arrange- 
ment with  Claiborne,  whereupon  that  vigorous  ad- 
venturer returned  with  an  armed  force  and  de- 
posed Stone,  and  appointed  Capt,  William  Fuller 
governor,  with  a  council  of  Puritan  commissioners. 
Thus,  after  a  struggle  of  twenty  years,  Maryland 
passed  under  the  control  of  Claiborne.  Starting  with 
a  claim  under  a  grant  from  the  king,  he  now  held 
office  under  commission  of  parliament.  Writs  for 
an  assembly  to  be  held  at  Patuxent  were  issued, 
and  they  contained  the  first  religious  test  ever 
exacted  "in  Maryland.  No  Roman  Catholic  could 
be  elected  to  the  general  assembly,  or  vote.    The 


622 


CLANCY 


CLAP 


assembly  thus  obtained  repealed  the  toleration  act 
of  1649,  declared  that  all  actual  settlei's  should  be 
entitled  to  take  up  land,  regardless  of  any  rights 
of  the  proprietary.  In  January,  1654,  Cromwell 
intervened  for  the  protection  of  the  Roman  Catho- 
lics and  the  rights  of  Lord  Baltimore,  and  wrote  to 
Gov.  Bennett,  of  Virginia,  forbidding  him,  or  those 
acting  under  his  authority,  from  disturbing  Lord 
Baltimore  or  his  officers  and  people  in  Maryland. 
Encouraged  by  this  support,  Baltimore  ordered 
Stone  to  overthrow  the  Puritan  government,  and 
Stone  mustered  a  force  and  attacked  the  Puritans 
on  the  Severn,  at  Annapolis,  on  25  March,  1654, 
where  he  was  defeated  and  taken  prisoner.  The 
Claiborne  regime  was  thereby  firmly  established ; 
but  the  progress  of  affairs  in  England  again  inter- 
fered with  Claiborne's  fortunes.  Lord  Baltimore 
made  his  peace  in  some  way  with  the  common- 
wealth in  1656,  and  the  commissioners  of  planta- 
tions decided  that  he  ought  not  to  be  molested  in 
his  province.  In  1658  an  agreement  was  made  in 
London  by  which  it  was  restored  to  him,  and  thus 
Claiborne  finally  disappears  from  the  history  of 
Maryland.  On  the  restoration  in  1660  he  was 
turned  out  of  his  secretaryship  of  Virginia  and 
from  the  council,  and  we  hear  no  more  of  him  until 
1675,  when,  on  the  death  of  Cecilius  Calvert,  who 
was  succeeded  by  his  son,  Charles,  third  baron  of 
Baltimore,  Claiborne  presented  a  petition  to  the 
king  in  council  praying  for  the  redress  of  his  many 
wrongs  at  the  hands  of  the  Calverts.  He  made 
loud  protestations  of  his  loyalty;  but  he  had  no 
influence  at  court ;  his  friends  were  dead  ;  and  be- 
sides this,  the  i-oyal  memory  was  moi-e  tenacious  than 
his  own,  and  no  attention  was  paid  to  his  petition. 
He  died  shortly  afterward  on  his  estates  in  Vir- 
ginia, leaving  three  sons  and  one  daughter,  from 
whom  have  descended  numerous  branches  of  the 
family  in  Maryland,  Virginia,  Mississippi,  Missouri, 
and  Louisiana,  distinguished  for  ability.  He  has 
been  unjustly  called  "  Claiborne  the  Rebel,"  from 
a  novel  bearing  that  title,  by  W.  H.  Carpenter 
(Philadelphia,  1845). 

CLANCY,  William,  R.  C.  bishop,  b.  in  Cork, 
Ireland,  about  1800;  d.  in  Ireland  in  1847.  He 
was  a  graduate  of  Carlow  college,  where  he  acted 
as  professor  after  his  ordination.  He  was  selected 
as  coadjutor  of  Bishop  England  in  the  see  of 
Charleston  in  1835.  He  remained  some  months  in 
Ireland  after  his  consecration  with  the  view  of  se- 
curing priests  to  accompany  him  to  America,  but 
in  this  was  unsuccessful.  He  arrived  in  Charles- 
ton on  21  Nov.,  1835.  He  attended  the  council  of 
Baltimore  in  1837,  and  in  the  same  year  was  trans- 
lated to  the  see  of  Demerara,  British  Guiana.  As 
his  management  of  this  diocese  was  not  satisfac- 
tory, he  resigned  in  1838  and  returned  to  Ireland. 

CLAP,  Nathaniel,  clergvman,  b.  in  Dorchester, 
Mass.,  20  Jan.,  1669 ;  d.  in  Newport,  R.  I.,  30  Oct., 
1745.  He  was  a  grandson  of  Deacon  Nathaniel 
Clap,  who  settled  in  Dorchester  in  1636,  and  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1690.  In  1695  he  began 
to  preach  in  Newport,  and  continued  with  his  work 
under  many  discouragements  until  a  church  was 
formed,  of  which  he  was  ordained  pastor  in  1720, 
remaining  there  until  his  death.  Whitefield  and 
Bishop  Berkeley  both  refer  to  his  venerable  appear- 
ance, and  the  latter,  who  esteemed  him  highly, 
said:  "Before  I  saw  Father  Clap,  I  thought  the 
bishop  of  Rome  had  the  gravest  appearance  of  any 
man  I  ever  saw ;  but  really  the  minister  of  New- 
port has  the  most  venerable  appearance."  He  pub- 
lished "Advice  to  Children  "  (1691)  and  a  sermon 
on  "  The  Lord's  Voice  Crying  to  the  People  in 
some  Extraordinary  Dispensations  "  (1715). 


CLAP,  Roger,  settler,  b.  in  Salcomb,  Devon- 
shire, England,  6  April,  1609 ;  d.  in  Boston,  Mass., 
2  Feb.,  1691.  He  came  to  America  in  1630,  in 
company  with  Maverick,  Warham,  and  others,  and 
settled  in  Dorchester.  Great  hardships  were  ex- 
perienced, and  there  was  a  lack  of  the  necessaries 
of  life.  He  held  several  military  and  civil  offices, 
and  was  the  representative  of  the  town  from  1652 
till  1666.  In  August,  1665,  he  was  appointed  cap- 
tain of  Castle  William,  and  continued  in  command 
until  he  resigned  in  1686,  after  which  he  made 
Boston  his  residence.  His  manuscript  memoirs,  a 
memorial  of  the  New  England  worthies,  prepared 
for  the  benefit  of  his  children,  among  whom  were 
sons  named  Preserved,  Hopestill,  and  Desire,  and 
a  daughter  Wait,  to  whom  he  gives  excellent  ad- 
vice, were  originally  published  by  Rev.  Thomas 
Prince  in  1731,  and  have  been  republished  by  the 
Dorchester  historical  society. 

CLAP,  Thomas,  educator,  b.  in  Scituate,  Mass., 
26  June,  1703;  d.  in  New  Haven,  Conn.,  7  Jan., 
1767.  He  was  a  descendant  in  the  third  genera- 
tion from  Thomas  Clap  (1597-1684),  who  came  to 
New  England  in  1630,  settling  in  Scituate  ten 
years  later.  The  young  man  was  fitted  for  college 
principally  under  the  Rev.  James  McSparran,  a 
missionary  to  Narragansett,  and  was  graduated  at 
flarvard  in  1722.  While  in  college  he  was  in- 
duced, from  the  reading  of  a  treatise  on  conversion, 
to  unite  with  the  church,  and  then  decided  to 
study  for  the  ministry.  In  1725  he  began  to 
preach  at  Windham  as  a  candidate,  and  in  August, 

1726,  settled  there  as  the  successor  of  the  Rev. 
Samuel  Whiting,  whose  daughter  he  married  in 

1727.  He  continued  in  Windham  until  1740,  Mdien, 
having  been  chosen  rector  of  Yale  college  at  the 
commencement  of  1739,  he  was  inducted  into  office 
with  appropriate  ceremonies  on  2  April,  1740.  It 
was  with  great  reluctance  that  his  congregation 
parted  with  him,  and  only  after  the  decision  of  an 
ecclesiastical  convention  advising  his  immediate 
acceptance  was  he  allowed  to  take  the  new  office. 
The  legislature  agreed  to  compensate  the  people 
of  Windham  for  the  loss  of  their  pastor,  and  the 
amount  to  be  given  was  left  by  the  representatives 
of  the  college  and  of  the  parish  to  a  committee  of 
the  general  assembly,  who  reported  that  "  inas- 
much as  Mr.  Clap  had  been  in  the  ministry  at 
Windham  for  fourteen  years,  which  was  about  the 
half  of  the  time  ministers  in  general  continue  in 
their  public  work,  the  people  ought  to  have  half  so 
much  as  they  gave  him  for  settlement,  which,  upon 
computation,  was  about  fifty-three  pounds  ster- 
ling." This  sum  was  paid.  He  went  to  the  college 
with  a  high  reputation  for  general  scholarship,  and 
especially  a  great  knowledge  of  pure  mathematics 
and  astronomy ;  and  in  the  various  departments  of 
natural  philosophy  he  had  few  equals.  The  first 
orrery  or  planetarium  made  in  America  was  con- 
structed by  him.  His  first  great  work  in  connec- 
tion with  the  college  was  the  formation  of  a  new 
code  of  laws,  which,  after  adoption  by  the  trustees, 
was  in  1748  published  in  Latin,  and  was  the  first  book 
printed  in  New  Haven.  Later  he  made  important 
improvements  in  the  college  library,  and  caused 
catalogues  to  be  prepared.  He  drafted  a  new  and 
more  liberal  charter,  which  was  granted  by  the 
legislature  in  1745,  incorporating  the  institution 
under  the  name  of  "  The  President  and  Fellows  of 
Yale  College  in  New  Haven."  In  his  capacity  as 
president,  he  undoubtedly  accomplished  much  good 
for  the  college,  owing  to  his  remarkable  qualifica- 
tions for  the  transaction  of  business;  but  his  religious 
views  created  ill  feeling.  He  opposed  the  preaching 
of  Whitefield,  believing  that  his  influence  would  re- 


CLAPP 


CLARK 


623 


suit  in  the  injury  of  true  religion.  As  this  view  was 
not  supported  by  the  Rev.  Joseph  Noyes,  then  pas- 
tor in  New  Haven,  to  whose  church  the  officers 
and  students  of  the  college  belonged,  a  professor- 
ship of  divinity  was  instituted,  and  President  Clap 
was  requested  by  the  corporation  to  preach  in  the 
college  hall.  This  course  was  objected  to,  and 
legal  measures  were  taken  to  suppress  the  so-called 
"  irregular  procedure."  Subsequent  controversies 
with  l)r,  B.  Gale,  of  Killingworth,  and  with  Jona- 
than Edwards,  of  Northampton,  increased  the 
spirit  of  opposition,  and  his  opponents  requested 
the  assembly  to  appoint  a  commission  of  visitation 
to  inquire  into  the  affairs  of  the  college.  To  this 
memorial  President  Clap  made  an  elaborate  writ- 
ten reply,  in  which  he  intimated  if  the  project  was 
persisted  in,  the  president  and  fellows  would  ap- 
peal to  the  king.  In  1705  this  difficulty  culmi- 
nated in  the  resignation  of  the  tutors,  and  in  July 
of  that  year  President  Clap  signified  his  determi- 
nation to  resign  likewise.  He  continued,  however, 
at  the  request  of  the  corporation,  to  preside  until 
the  commencement  in  September,  when  he  took 
his  leave  of  the  college.  During  his  administra- 
tion many  improvements  were  made,  including 
the  erection  of  a  new  college  edifice  in  1752  and  a 
chapel,  which  was  completed  in  1762.  His  publi- 
cations include  "  A  Sermon  at  the  Ordination  of 
the  Rev.  Ephraim  Little  "  (1732) ;  "  An  Introduc- 
tion to  the  Study  of  Philosophy  "  (1743) ;  "  Letter 
to  a  Friend  in  Boston"  (1745);  "A  Letter  to  the 
Rev.  Jonathan  Edwards  "  (1745) ;  "  The  Religious 
Constitution  of  Colleges,  especially  of  Yale  College  " 
(1754) ;  "  History  and  Vindication  of  the  Doctrines 
received  and  established  in  the  Churches  of  New 
England"  (1755);  "Nature  and  Foundation  of 
Moral  Virtue  and  Obligation"  (1765) ;  "Annals,  or 
History  of  Yale  College "  (1766) ;  and  "  Nature 
and  Motions  of  Meteors""  (1781). 

CLAPP,  Asa,  merchant,  b.  in  Mansfield,  Mass., 
15  March,  1762 ;  d.  in  Portland,  Me..  17  April,  1848. 
He  was  the  son  of  a  farmer,  who  likewise  was  the 
magistrate  and  commander  of  a  military  company 
in  Mansfield.  Young  Clapp  received  a  common- 
school  education,  and  at  the  age  of  sixteen  volun- 
teered in  the  expedition  under  Gen.  Sullivan  for 
the  expulsion  of  the  British  from  Rhode  Island. 
Subsequently  he  enlisted  on  an  American  priva- 
teer, was  soon  promoted  to  be  an  officer,  and  toward 
the  end  of  the  war  obtained  command  of  a  ship, 
when  he  had  but  just  reached  the  age  of  twenty- 
one.  He  was  at  Port  au  Prince  when  the  attack 
was  made  on  that  city  by  the  negroes,  and  ren- 
dered essential  aid  to  the  white  population,  who 
were  exposed  to  great  sufferings  during  the  insur- 
rection. After  the  war  he  continued  in  command 
of  various  ships  trading  between  the  United  States 
and  England,  and  in  1793  was  captured  by  Sir 
Sydney  Smith  and  carried  to  England.  After  a 
detention  of  six  months,  he  was  released,  and  his 
cargo  paid  for  by  the  British  government.  In 
1796  he  established  himself  as  a  merchant  in  Port- 
land, and  in  time  became  one  of  the  wealthiest  and 
most  distinguished  merchants  of  Maine.  He  had 
vessels  employed  in  trade  with  Europe,  the  East 
and  West  Indies,  and  South  America.  In  1811  he 
was  a  member  of  the  council  of  Massachusetts  un- 
der Gov.  Elbridge  Gerry.  During  the  war  of  1812 
he  was  a  firm  supporter  of  the  administration, 
nearly  all  of  his  ships  were  driven  from  the  ocean, 
and  he  volunteered  as  a  common  soldier  in  the  de- 
fences of  Portland,  when  that  city  was  threatened 
by  the  British  fleet.  In  1816  he  was  one  of  the 
commission  appointed  to  obtain  subscriptions  to 
the  capital  stock  of  the  bank  of  the  United  States, 


and  was  the  largest  subscriber  to  that  institution 
in  Maine.  He  was  elected  a  delegate  to  the  con- 
vention held  in  October,  1819,  for  forming  the 
constitution,  and  for  several  years  was  a  repre- 
sentative from  Portland  to  the  legislature.  At 
the  time  of  his  death  he  was  the  oldest  member  of 
the  first  church  established  in  Portland. 

CLAPP,  Theodore,  clergyman,  b.  in  Easthamp- 
ton,  Mass.,  29  March,  1792 ;  d.  in  Louisville,  Ky., 
17  May,  1866.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  18i4, 
studied  theology  at  Andover  during  1818-9,  and 
was  ordained  in  Easthampton,  Mass.,  in  1822, 
being  called  in  that  year  to  the  pastorate  of  the 
1st  Presbyterian  church  in  New  Orleans,  La.  In 
1834  he  adopted  Unitarian  views,  and  organized,  as 
the  Church  of  the  Messiah,  a  congregation  largely 
made  up  of  his  former  parishioners,  with  whom 
he  continued  until  1857.  There  were  twenty  epi- 
demics during  his  residence  in  New  Orleans,  in- 
cluding yellow  fever  and  cholera,  and  he  was  con- 
spicuous for  his  laborious  devotion  to  the  suffer- 
ers. For  many  years  the  use  of  a  large  church  in 
New  Orleans  was  given  him  by  its  owner,  Judah 
Touro,  a  wealthy  Jew,  free  of  expense.  In  1857 
he  resigned  his  work,  on  account  of  failing  health, 
and  settled  in  Louisville,  Ky.,  where  he  wrote 
"  Autobiographical  Sketches  and  Recollections  of 
a  Thirty-five  Years'  Residence  in  New  Orleans" 
(Boston,  1857),  besides  other  theological  works. 

CLARK,  Abraham,  signer  of  the  Declaration 
of  Independence,  b.  in  Elizabethtown,  N.  J.,  15 
Feb.,  1726 :  d.  in  Rahway,  15  Sept.,  1794.  He  was 
the  only  child  of  Thomas  Clark,  and  was  born  on 
his  father's  farm.  He  received  a  good  English 
education,  and  showed  special  fondness  for  the 
study  of  mathematics  and  of  civil  law.  He  de- 
voted himself  to  surveying  and  conveyancing. 
His  legal  advice,  given  gratuitously,  procured  for 
him  the  title  of 
"  poor  man's  coun- 
sellor." He  be- 
came high  sheriff 
of  the  county  of 
Essex  and  clerk  of 
the  colonial  assem- 
bly of  Amboy  un- 
der the  royal  do- 
main. At  the  be- 
ginning of  the  rev- 
olution he  distin- 
guished himself  as 
an  active  member 
of  the  committee  of 
public  safety.  On 
21  June,  1776,  with 
Richard  Stockton, 
John  Hart,  Fran- 
cis Hopkinson,  and 
Dr.  John  Wither- 
spoon,  he  was  elect- 
ed by  the  provin- 
cial congress  as  a 

delegate  to  the  Continental  congress,  and  was  in- 
structed to  join  with  the  delegates  of  the  other  col- 
onies, if  necessary,  in  declaring  the  united  colonies 
independent  of  Great  Britain.  Accordingly,  he  af- 
fixed his  name  to  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 
In  November,  1776,  he  was  elected  to  the  Continen- 
tal congress,  and  was  continuously  re-elected  until 
1783  with  the  exception  of  one  year,  1779,  and  again 
served  in  1787-'8.  He  was  a  member  of  the  New 
Jersey  legislature  from  1782  till  1787,  and  while 
holding  that  office  acquired  great  influence,  and  was 
held  responsible  by  the  people  for  all  of  the  impor- 
tant measures  passed  during  his  term  of  service.  An 


^^^  <z; 


624 


CLARK 


CLARK 


act  to  regulate  practice  in  the  courts  of  law  in  that 
colony  became  known  as  "  Clark's  law,"  and  a 
strong  spirit  of  enmity  was  manifested  by  the 
members  of  the  bar  against  the  supposed  framer  of 
it.  Although  opposed  to  the  emission  of  debased 
money,  he  was  styled  the  "  Father  of  the  Paper 
Currency "  on  account  of  his  presumed  influence 
being  given  toward  the  introduction  of  such  a 
measure.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the  convention 
that  framed  the  Federal  constitution  in  1787,  and  in 
1789  was  appointed  a  commissioner  to  settle  the 
accounts  of  New  Jersey  with  the  United  States. 
Later  he  became  a  member  of  congress,  serving 
from  24  Oct.,  1791,  till  his  death.  During  his  con- 
gressional career  he  participated  in  the  debates 
concerning  the  relations  of  England  with  the 
United  States,  and  moved  a  resolution  to  prohibit 
all  intercourse  with  Great  Britain  until  full  com- 
pensation was  made  to  our  citizens  for  the  injuries 
sustained  by  them  from  British  armed  vessels,  and 
until  the  western  posts  should  be  delivered  up.  A 
bill  conforming  to  Mr.  Clark's  resolution  was  car- 
ried by  a  considerable  majority  in  the  house,  but 
was  lost  in  the  senate  by  the  casting  vote  of  John 
Adams,  the  vice-president.  His  death  was  the  re- 
sult of  a  sunstroke,  which  proved  fatal  in  two  hours. 

CLAEK,  Alexander,  clergyman,  b.  in  Jefferson 
county,  Ohio,  10  March,  1834 ;  d.  in  Georgia,  6  July, 
1879.  In  early  life  he  was  a  teacher  and  an  editor. 
In  1861  he  was  ordained  in  the  Methodist  Episco- 
pal church,  and  in  1870  became  editor  of  "  The 
Methodist  Recorder."  He  was  the  author  of 
numerous  works,  including  "  Old  Log  School- 
House  "  (Philadelphia,  18o9) ;  "  The  Red  Sea 
Freedman  "  (1864) ;  "  School  -  Dav  Dialogues  " 
(1867) ;  "  Gospel  in  the  Trees  "  (1868) ;  "  Worka- 
day Christianity  "  (1870);  "Rambles  in  Europe"; 
and  a  volume  of  poems,  "  Ripples  on  the  River." 

CLARK,  Aloiizo,  physician,  b.  in  Chester,  IMass., 
1  March,  1807 ;  d.  in  New  York  city,  13  Sept..  1887. 
He  was  graduated  at  Williams  in  1828,  and  at  the 
College  of  physicians  and  surgeons.  New  York,  in 
1835.  Afterward  he  settled  in  New  York  city, 
"where  he  became  an  eminent  practitioner.  He 
held  the  chair  of  pathology  and  materia  medica  in 
Vermont  medical  college,  of  physiology  and  pathol- 
ogy in  the  College  of  physicians  and  surgeons  in 
1848-'55,  and  of  pathology  and  practical  medicine 
at  the  same  institution  in  1855-"85,  where  he  was 
also  dean  and  president  of  the  faculty  in  1875-'85. 
Dr.  Clark  was  also  visiting  physician  to  Bellevue 
hospital,  president  of  the  medical  board,  and  con- 
sulting jjhysician  to  St.  Luke's  hospital  and  to  the 
Roosevelt  hospital.  He  was  a  member  of  the  New 
York  academy  of  medicine,  and  of  the  American 
medical  association,  and  was  president  of  tiie  State 
medical  association  in  1853.  He  was  a  frequent 
contriljutor  to  tlie  medical  press. 

CLARK,  Alonzo  Howard,  naturalist,  b.  in 
Boston,  Mass.,  13  April,  1850.  He  was  educated 
in  the  public  schools  of  Boston,  Claveraek  college. 
Centenary  collegiate  institute,  and  at  Wesleyan 
university,  leaving  the  latter  at  the  close  of  his 
sophomore  year  to  become  assistant  in  charge  of 
the  U.  S.  fish  commission  station  at  Gloucester, 
Mass.,  during  1879-'80.  In  1880  he  was  appointed 
special  agent  of  the  10th  census,  and  in  1883  on 
the  executive  staff  to  represent  the  United  States 
at  the  International  fisheries  exhibition.  London, 
England.  He  became  in  1884  assistant  in  the  de- 
partment of  arts  and  industries  at  the  U.  S.  nation- 
al museum,  Washington.  His  writings,  which 
have  appeared  principally  as  government  publica- 
eions,  include  "  Statistics  of  Fisheries  of  New 
Hampshire,    Rhode    Island,    and     Connecticut" 


(1882);  " Statistics  of  Fisheries  of  Massachusetts" 
(1882);  "History  of  the  Mackerel  Fishery,"  in 
parts  (1883) ;  "  The  Fisheries  and  Fishery  Indus- 
tries of  the  United  States  "  (1884  et  seq.),  a  series 
of  quarto  volumes,  in  the  editorship  of  which  Mr. 
Clark  has  been  associated,  and  to  which  he  has 
contributed  special  chapters  on  "  The  Whale  Fish- 
ery," "  The  Antarctic  Seal  Fishery,"  "  The  Men- 
haden Fishery,"  and  "  The  Preparation  of  Fishery 
Products  "  ;  "  Report  of  the  Exhibit  of  the  Fish- 
eries and  Fish-Culture  of  the  United  States,  made 
at  London,"  and  "  Catalogue  of  Fishery  Products 
and  of  Apparatus  used  in  the  Preparation,"  form- 
ing together  Bulletin  27  of  the  National  museum 
(1884).  He  is  the  associate  author  and  editor  of 
"  History  and  Present  Condition  of  the  Fisheries 
and  Fisli  Industries  of  the  United  States  "  (1886). 

CLARK,  Alvau,  optician,  b.  in  Ashfield,  Mass., 
8  March,  1804;  d.  in  Cambridge,  Mass.,  19  Aug., 
1887.  He  was  tlie  son  of  a  farmer,  and  became, 
when  young,  an  engraver  for  calico  print-works  in 
Lowell.  This  pursuit  he  followed  at  various  places 
from  1827  till  1836,  when  he  settled  in  Boston  and 
became  a  successful  portrait-painter.  About  1844 
he  was  intei'ested  in  the  manufacture  of  telescopes, 
and  associated  his  sons  with  him.  He  was  the  first 
person  in  the  United  States  to  make  achromatic 
lenses,  and  the  most  important  modern  telescopes 
have  been  constructed  at  his  factory  in  Cambridge- 
port.  Mr.  Clark  invented  numerous  improve- 
ments in  telescopes  and  their  manufacture,  includ- 
ing the  double  eye-piece,  an  ingenious  method  of 
measuring  small  celestial  arcs.  A  list  of  discov- 
eries made  by  him  with  telescopes  of  his  own 
manufacture  is  given  in  the  "  Proceedings  of  the 
Royal  Astronomical  Society"  (London,  vol.  17, 
No.  9). — His  son,  Alvan  (i}raham,  astronomer,  b. 
in  Fall  River,  Mass..  10  July,  1832;  d.  in  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.,  9  June.  1897.  lie  became  associated 
with  his  father  in  the  firm  of  Alvan  Clark  &  Sons, 
and  in  that  capacity  successfully  completed  many 
famous  lenses,  among  which  are  the  Chicago  re- 
fractor, the  26-inch  lens  in  the  Naval  observatory 
at  Washington,  and  the  30-inch  refractor  for  the 
Imperial  observatory  at  St.  Petersburg,  for  which 
the  honorary  medal  of  Russia  was  awarded — the 
only  one  ever  conferred  upon  an  American.  Dur- 
ing 1886  the  36-inch  refractor,  the  largest  in  the 
world,  was  made  for  the  Lick  observatory  on  Mount 
Hamilton,  near  San  Francisco,  C'al.  Mr.  Clark  ac- 
companied the  total-eclipse  expedition  to  Jerez, 
Spain,  in  1870,  and  also  the  similar  expedition  to 
Wyoming  in  1878.  As  an  indei^endent  observer 
he  has  discovered  fourteen  intricate  double  stars, 
including  the  companion  to  Sirius,  for  which  the 
Lalande  gold  medal  was  awarded  him  by  the  French 
academy  of  sciences  in  1862.  He  also  made  numer- 
ous inventions  connected  with  the  manufacture  of 
refracting  telescopes. 

CLARK,  Billy  James,  reformer,  b.  in  North- 
ampton, Mass.,  4  Jan.,  1778;  d.  in  Glenn's  Falls, 
N.  Y.,  20  March,  1867.  He  was  educated  at  North- 
ampton academy,  and  studied  medicine  with  Dr. 
Hicker,  of  Easton,  N.  Y.  He  organized  what  is 
claimed  to  have  been  the  first  temperance  society 
in  the  world,  at  Moreau,  Saratoga  co.,  N.  Y.,  in 
1808.  Dr.  Clark  was  a  member  of  the  legislature 
from  Saratoga  county  in  1821,  and  was  a  member 
of  the  electoral  college  in  1848. 

CLARK,  Charles  Coteswortli  Pinckiiey,  au- 
thor, b.  in  Tinmouth,  Vt.,  20  March,  1822.  He 
was  graduated  at  Middlebury  in  1843,  and  at  the 
College  of  physicians  and  surgeons,  New  York,  in 
1847.  After  practising  in  Middlebury,  Vt.,  four 
years,  he  removed  to  Oswego,  N.  Y.,  where  he  was 


CLARK 


CLARK 


625 


collector  of  customs  from  1869  till  1871.  lie  is  the 
author  of  numerous  medical  papers,  and  of  "  The 
Commonwealth  Reconstructed"  (New  York,  1878), 
proposing  an  ingenious  device  for  the  reform  of 
our  political  system. 

CLARK,  Daniel,  senator,  b.  in  Stratham,  Rock- 
ingham CO.,  N.  H.,  24  Oct.,  1809 ;  d.  in  Manchester, 
N.  H.,  2  Jan.,  1891.  He  was  graduated  at  Dart- 
mouth in  1 834,  studied  law,  and  began  practice  at 
Epping,  N.  H.,  in  1837.  He  removed  to  Manches- 
ter, N.  H.,  in  1839,  and  was  a  member  of  the  legis- 
lature for  five  years.  He  was  elected  LT.  S.  sena- 
tor in  1857  for  the  unexpired  term  of  James  Bell, 
deceased,  and  was  re-elected  in  1861,  serving  till 
he  resigned  in  July,  1866.  He  was  president  pro 
tern,  of  the  senate  for  some  time  in  1864-'5.  On  11 
July,  1861,  Senator  Clark  offered  a  resolution, 
which  was  adopted,  expelling  from  the  senate  the 
southern  senators  who  had  left  their  seats  on  the 
secession  of  their  states.  He  took  an  active  part 
in  the  debates  of  the  senate,  and  was  a  steadfast 
supporter  of  the  government  during  the  civil  war. 
On  his  resignation,  he  was  appointed  by  President 
Johnson  U.  S.  judge  for  the  district  of  New  Hamp- 
shire. Pie  was  president  of  the  New  Hampshire 
constitutional  convention  of  1876. 

CLARK,  Daniel,  Canadian  physician,  b.  in 
Granton,  Invernesshire,  Scotland,  29  Aug.,  1835. 
In  1841  his  parents  arrived  in  Canada  and  settled 
on  a  farm  near  Port  Dover,  Norfolk  co.,  Ontario. 
In  1850  Daniel  set  out  for  California,  and,  after 
undergoing  great  hardships,  accumulated  a  large 
amount  by  placer  mining.  He  returned  to  Canada 
in  1851,  attended  the  Simcoe  grammar-school,  and 
subsequently  pursued  classical  and  medical  studies 
in  Toronto,  finally  being  graduated  M.  D.  at  Vic- 
toria college,  Cobourg,  in  1858.  He  then  at- 
tended leetui-es  at  Edinburgh  university,  and 
afterward  visited  the  hospitals  of  the  chief  cities 
of  Eui-ope.  In  1859  he  returned  to  Canada  and 
engaged  in  the  practice  of  his  profession  at  Prince- 
ton, Ontario.  In  1864  he  entered  the  service  of  the 
United  States,  and  was  attached  to  the  surgeon- 
general's  department.  He  was  chosen  a  member 
of  the  medical  council  of  Ontario  in  1872,  and  has 
been  its  president.  He  has  also  been  examiner  on 
various  subjects  for  Toronto  university  and  the 
College  of  physicians  and  surgeons  of  Ontario. 
Dr.  Clark  is  now  (1886)  superintendent  of  the  Pro- 
vincial asylum  for  the  insane,  Toronto.  He  has 
published  "  Pen  Photographs  "  (1873),  and  "  John 
Garth,"  a  novel  illustrating  scenes  in  the  rebellion 
of  1837,  and  has  been  a  frequent  contributor  to 
medical,  religious,  and  other  magazines. 

CLARK,  Daniel  A.,  clergyman,  b.  in  Rahway, 
N.  J.,  1  March,  1779 ;  d.  in  New  York,  3  March, 
1840.  He  was  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1808, 
studied  at  Andover  theological  seminary,  and  while 
there  was  licensed  by  the  presbytery  of  New  Jer- 
sey, and  in  1812  was  ordained  and  installed  pastor 
of  the  Congregational  union  church  of  Braintree 
and  Weymouth,  Mass.  Thence  he  removed,  in 
1815,  to  Hanover,  N.  J.,  and  the  year  following 
went  to  Southbury,  Conn.,  where,  in  addition  to 
his  pastoral  labors,  he  taught  gratuitously  in  order 
to  elevate  the  standard  of  education  in  the  place. 
In  1820  he  was  installed  pastor  of  the  West  parish 
of  Amherst,  Mass.,  and  became  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  college  there.  He  accepted  a  call  to  Ben- 
nington in  1826,  and  afterward  preached  for  short 
periods  in  various  places.  His  complete  works, 
with  a  biographical  sketch  by  George  Shepard, 
were  published  in  1846  (5th  ed.,  edited  by  his  son, 
James  H.  Clark,  M.  D.,  2  vols..  New  York,  1855).— 
His  son,  James  Henry,  physician,  b.  in  Living- 


ston, N.  Y.,  23  June,  1814 ;  d.  in  Montclair,  N.  J.,  6 
March,  1869,  was  educated  at  Bennington,  Vt.,  and 
at  Amherst.  He  studied  medicine  with  Dr.  James 
C.  Bliss,  of  New  York,  and  in  Eui'ope,  and  received 
his  diploma  from  the  College  of  physicians  and  sur- 
geons. New  York  city,  in  1841.  After  more  study 
abroad  he  settled  in  Newark,  N.  J.,  in  1846,  and 
made  diseases  of  the  eye  and  ear  his  specialty.  Dr. 
Clark  was  president  of  the  Essex  county  medical 
society  in  1867,  and  its  historian  in  1868.  He  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  Park  Presbyterian  church 
in  Newark,  and  was  for  several  years  secretary  of 
the  Tract  society  of  that  city.  In  1863  he  removed 
to  Montclair,  but  retained  his  office  in  Newark. 
Dr.  Clark  published,  besides  his  father's  works, 
"  History  of  the  Cholera  as  it  appeared  in  Newark 
in  1849  "  (Newark,  1850) ;  "  Sight  and  Hearing : 
How  Preserved,  How  Lost "  (1856) ;  "  Medical  To- 
pography of  Newark  and  its  Vicinity  "  (1861) ;  and 
"  The  Medical  Men  of  New  Jersey  in  Essex  Dis- 
trict, from  1666  to  1866  "  (Newark,  1868).  He  left 
an  unfinished  "Encyclopaedia  of  Diseases." — An- 
other son,  Horace  Francis,  railroad  president,  b. 
in  Southbury,  Conn.,  29  Nov.,  1815 ;  d.  in  New 
York  city,  19  June,  1873,  was  graduated  at  Will- 
iams in  1833,  studied  law  in  the  office  of  Prescott 
Hall,  and  in  1837  was  admitted  to  the  New  York 
bar.  During  the  nineteen  years  that  he  was  en- 
gaged in  active  practice  he  was  reputed  to  be  the 
most  active,  diligent,  and  hard-working  lawyer  in 
the  profession  in  New  York.  In  1856  he  was 
elected  to  congress  on  the  democratic  ticket,  but, 
though  identified  with  the  wing  of  the  democratic 
party  then  known  as  Hardshells,  he  dissented  from 
the  first  from  the  policy  of  Mr.  Buchanan  in  regard 
to  Kansas,  supported  the  views  of  Senator  Douglas, 
and  was  one  of  the  five  anti-Lecompton  men  who 
finally  effected  the  organization  of  the  house.  At 
the  close  of  his  term  he  was  re-elected  as  an  inde- 
pendent candidate.  During  his  first  term  he  was 
assigned  to  the  jiidiciary  committee,  and  during 
the  second  to  the  committee  on  Indian  affairs.  In 
1857  Mr.  Clark  first  became  a  director  in  the  New 
York  and  Harlem  railroad,  then  not  a  very  profit- 
able enterprise,  from  which  time  dated  his  active 
participation  in  railroad  operations.  He  afterward 
became  president  of  the  Lake  Shore,  Michigan 
Southern,  and  Northern  Indiana  railroad,  and  of 
the  Union  Pacific  railroad,  besides  being  director 
in  the  New  York  Central  and  Hudson  River  rail- 
road ;  the  New  York  and  Harlem ;  the  New  Haven, 
Hartford,  and  Springfield  ;  the  Shore  Line ;  the  Chi- 
cago and  Northwestern,  and  holding  a  valuable  in- 
terest in  various  other  lines.  He  was  also  president 
of  the  Union  Trust  company  of  New  York,  and  an 
active  manager  of  the  Western  Union  Telegraph 
company,  and  other  corporations.  He  was  also  an 
operator  in  Wall  street,  where  his  infiuence  was 
great.  When  the  combined  attack  was  made  on 
the  Tweed  ring  in  1871,  Mr.  Clark  rendered  power- 
ful assistance  in  breaking  the  political  power  of 
the  ring,  and  driving  Tweed  and  his  friends  out  of 
Tammany  hall,  and  from  that  time  he  continued 
to  be  an  active  member  of  the  society.  Mr.  Clark 
gave  freely  to  charitable  objects.  Williams  college 
gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  in  1868.  He  mar- 
ried, in  1848,  a  daughter  of  Com.  Vanderbilt. 

CLARK,  Davis  Wasgatt,  M.  E.  bishop,  b.  on 
the  island  of  Mount  Desert,  Me.,  12  Feb.,  1812; 
d.  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  23  May,  1871.  He  united 
with  the  Methodist  church  at  the  age  of  seven- 
teen, and  three  years  later  he  became  a  student 
in  the  Maine  Wesleyan  seminary,  in  Readfield, 
where  he  continued  for  three  years,  pursuing  the 
preparatory   and,  in  part,  the   regular  collegiate 


626 


CLARK 


CLARK 


course  of  studies.  In  1834  he  entered  Wesleyan 
university  with  an  advanced  standing,  and  was 
graduated  in  1836.  Soon  after  this  he  became  a 
teacher  in  the  department  of  mathematics  at 
Amenia  seminary,  N.  Y.,  where  he  remained 
seven  years,  during  most  of  the  time  filling  the 
offices  of  principal  and  professor  of  intellectual 
and  moral  jjhilosophy,  and  also  acting  as  preacher 
to  the  seminary.  In  1843  he  became  a  member  of 
the  New  York  conference,  and  for  the  next  ten 
years  was  actively  engaged  in  pastoral  services  in 
New  York  city  and  other  places.  In  the  latter 
part  of  1853  he  became  editor  of  the  "  Ladies' 
Repository,"  a  monthly  religious  and  literary 
magazine  published  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  In  May, 
1864,  he  was  chosen,  by  the  general  conference  at 
Philadelphia,  to  the  office  of  a  bishop.  In  1839 
Mr.  Clark  married  Miss  Mary  J.  Redman,  of  Tren- 
ton, N.  J.,  who,  with  two  sons  and  two  daughters, 
survived  him.  In  1851  he  received  from  his  alma 
mater  the  degree  of  D.  D,  He  was  chosen  by  the 
New  York  conference  as  a  delegate  to  the  general 
conference,  for  the  several  sessions  of  that  body, 
for  1856-'60,  and  1864.  As  a  preacher  he  was 
able  and  instructive,  and  in  some  cases  intensely 
earnest  and  eloquent ;  as  a  pastor  he  was  diligent 
and  painstaking,  and  in  his  religious  life  at  once 
cheerful  and  earnestly  devout.  He  was  always  a 
laborious  student.  Though  he  was  recognized  as 
among  the  more  conservative  of  anti-slavery  men, 
yet  the  passage  of  the  fugitive  slave  law,  and  its 
subsequent  enforcement,  aroused  him  to  earnest 
and  outspoken  opposition ;  and  when  the  civil  war 
began  he  was  among  the  most  active  advocates  of 
the  cause  of  the  Union.  After  the  war  he  entered 
heartily  into  the  measure  adopted  by  his  church 
for  improving  the  condition  of  the  freedmen.  On 
his  elevation  to  the  episcopacy.  Bishop  Clark's  first 
assignment  to  service  was  to  visit  and  superintend 
the  work  of  the  church  in  California  and  Oregon, 
which  occupied  him  during  the  latter  part  of  1864. 
In  1866  his  work  was  chieily  in  the  region  soutli  of 
Ohio  river,  and  during  that  time  he  organized  the 
conferences  in  east  and  middle  Tennessee,  and  in 
northern  Georgia  and  Alabama.  In  subsequent 
years  he  visited,  in  his  episcopal  tours,  nearly  every 
state  and  territory  of  the  nation,  presiding  at  the 
sessions  of  the  annual  conferences,  and  laboring  in 
all  ways  to  promote  the  interests  of  the  church. 
Bishop  Clark  was  rather  above  the  average  height, 
exceedingly  well  developed,  and  of  rather  full 
habit.  His  complexion  was  slightly  florid,  and 
his  hair  a  dark  auburn.  His  works  include  "  Ele- 
ments of  Algebra,"  prepared  while  teaching  in  that 
department  at  Amenia,  and  "  Mental  Discipline," 
a  small  treatise,  intended  primarily  for  his  own 
pupils  ;  also  "  The  Life  and  Times  of  Bishop  Bed- 
ding "  and  "  Man  all  Immortal." 

CLARK,  Edson  Lyman,  author,  b.  in  East- 
hampton,  Mass.,  1  April,  1827.  After  attending 
Williston  seminary  in  his  native  town,  he  was 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1853,  and  at  Union  theologi- 
cal seminary.  New  York  city,  in  1858.  He  taught 
in  a  classical  school  in  New  York  from  1853  till 
1856.  He  was  pastor  of  the  Congregational  cliurch 
in  Dalton,  Mass.,  from  1859  till  1867,  at  North  Bran- 
ford,  Conn.,  to  August,  1877,  and  at  Southampton, 
Mass.,  till  May,  1886.  He  has  published  "The 
Arabs  and  the  Turks"  (Boston,  1876);  "The  Races 
of  European  Turkey  "  (iSl  ew  York,  1878) ;  and  "  Fun- 
damental Questions ;  chiefly  relating  to  the  Book 
of  Genesis  and  the  Hebrew  "Language  "  (1882). 

CLARK,  Georg'e  Hunt,  poet,  b.  in  North- 
ampton, Mass.,  in  1809 ;  d.  in  Hartford.  Conn.,  20 
Aug.,  1881.     He  became  an  iron  merchant  at  Hart- 


foi'd,  and  was  a  frequent  contributor  to  "  Putnam's 
Magazine,"  the  "  Knickerbocker,"  and  other  peri- 
odicals. He  published  "  Now  and  Then "  and 
"  The  News,"  poems  of  about  1,000  lines  each,  and 
"  Undertow  of  a  Trade-Wind  Surf,"  a  collection  of 
sentimental  and  humorous  pieces. 

CLARK,  (xeorg-e  Rog-ers,  soldier,  b.  near  Mon- 
ticello,  Albemarle  co.,  Va.,  19  Nov.,  1752 ;  d.  near 
Louisville,  Ky.,  18  Feb.,  1818.  He  spent  his 
early  life  in  Caroline  county,  Va.,  and  enjoyed 
some  educational  advantages  from  a  noted  Scotch 
teacher,  Donald  Robertson,  in  King  and  Queen 
county  among 
whose  pupils 
was  James 
Madison.  He 
fitted  himself 
for  a  surveyor, 
and  at  the  age 
of  twenty  prac- 
tised his  pro- 
fession on  the 
upper  Ohio, 
and  became  a 
farmer.  Two 
years  later  he 
served  under 
Gov.  Dunmore 
in  his  cam- 
paign against 
the  Shawnees 
and  their  al- 
lies, which 
ended  in  the 
treaty  of  Camp  Charlotte,  memorable  as  the  occa- 
sion of  the  undying  speech  of  Logan,  the  Mingo 
chief.  Early  in  1775  Clark  went  to  Kentucky, 
and  was  occupied  in  surveying ;  but,  as  the  west- 
ern Indians  were  induced  by  the  British  to  take 
up  the  tomahawk,  he  became  the  natural  leader 
of  the  people  in  the  defence  of  their  infant  settle- 
ments, was  made  a  major  of  the  militia  in  1776, 
and  chosen  as  a  delegate  to  the  Virginia  conven- 
tion, to  urge  upon  the  state  authorities  the  claims 
of  the  colony  for  government  and  defence.  He 
arrived  at  Williamsburg  just  after  the  convention 
had  adjourned,  but  succeeded  in  procuring  the 
formation  of  the  new  county  of  Kentucky,  and 
a  supply  of  ammunition  for  the  defence  of  the 
frontier.  It  is  said  that  Clark,  seeing  that  his  ap- 
peal for  powder  was  likely  to  remain  unheeded, 
exclaimed :  "  A  country  which  is  not  worth  de- 
fending is  not  worth  claiming."  The  500  pounds 
of  powder  thus  obtained  was  conveyed  by  land  to 
the  Monongahela,  and  thence  by  water  to  the 
Three  islands,  a  few  miles  above  where  Maysville 
now  is,  and  there  secreted,  while  Clark  and  his 
escort  went  to  Harrodsburg  for  horses  and  a  guard 
for  its  conveyance  to  that  station.  At  length  it 
reached  the  place  of  its  destination,  but  not  with- 
out the  loss  of  some  of  the  party  who  first  at- 
tempted its  acquisition.  Early  in  1777  Clark  re- 
pelled the  Indian  attacks  on  Harrodsburg,  sent  out 
spies  to  Illinois,  and  on  their  return  hastened  on 
foot  to  Virginia  to  lay  before  the  governor  and 
council  his  plan  for  the  conquest  of  the  Illinois 
country  and  the  repression  of  the  murderous  In- 
dian forays  from  that  quarter.  His  scheme  was 
approved,  and  he  was  made  a  lieutenant-colonel,  au- 
thorized to  raise  the  necessary  troops,  and  pushed 
on  with  his  little  force  to  a  small  island  oppo- 
site the  present  city  of  Louisville,  where  he  erected 
block-houses,  drilled  his  men,  and  planted  corn. 
Hence  the  name  of  Corn  island.  On  24  June,  1778, 
during  an  eclipse  of  the  sun,  he  set  sail,  passed 


CLARK 


CLARK 


627 


safely  over  the  rapids,  and  soon  landed  at  the  old 
deserted  Fort  Massac,  and,  marching  thence  six 
days  across  the  country,  a  portion  of  the  time 
without  food,  took  Kaskaskia  by  surprise,  4  July. 
The  other  French  villages  in  that  quarter  followed 
suit  and  surrendered  at  discretion.  The  Illinois 
country  was  thus  captured  without  the  firing  of  a 
gun  or  the  loss  of  a  man.  Clark  conciliated  the 
surrounding  Indian  tribes,  changing  enemies  into 
friends.  All  this  tended  to  alarm  the  British. 
Gov.  Hamilton  at  Detroit  marched  a  large  force, 
mostly  Indians,  and  retook  Vineennes  early  in  De- 
cember of  that  year.  This  intelligence  soon  reached 
Kaskaskia.  "  1  nuist  take  Hamilton,  or  he  will 
take  me,"  said  Clark;  and  with  fewer  than  170 
men,  all  told,  he  marched  across  the  country  in 
midwinter,  through  the  submerged  lands  of  the 
Wabash  and  its  tributaries,  sometimes  breaking 
the  ice,  too  thin  to  bear  them,  often  wading  up  to 
their  armpits  in  water,  with  scanty  food,  but 
buoyed  up  by  patriotic  hopes.  They  at  length 
appeared  before  the  astonished  garrison,  plied 
successfully  their  unerring  rifles,  and  in  a  few 
hours  Col.  Hamilton  yielded  up  the  fort,  sur- 
rendering to  CUark  and  his  ragged  followers,  24 
Feb.,  1779.  The  weakness  of  his  force  and  the 
poverty  of  Virginia  alone  prevented  his  attempt- 
ing the  capture  of  Detroit.  Early  in  1780  Clark 
established  Fort  Jefferson,  a  little  below  the  mouth 
of  the  Ohio.  Hearing  of  the  approach  of  a  for- 
midable British  and  Indian  force  against  Cahokia, 
his  upper  garrison,  and  the  Spanish  settlement  of 
St.  Louis,  Clark  hastened  with  a  party  to  the  re- 
lief of  Cahokia,  reaching  there  just  in  time  to  re- 
pel the  enemy.  Learning  from  them  that  another 
large  force  was  marching  to  Kentucky,  he  hastened 
there  on  foot,  with  but  two  companions,  leaving 
his  Illinois  troops  to  follow  the  retreating  enemy 
to  their  towns  on  Rock  river,  which  they  found 
deserted  and  destroyed.  On  reaching  Kentucky, 
Clark  learned  of  Bird's  invasion,  capturing  Mar- 
tin's and  Ruddell's  stations,  with  840  prisoners, 
when  he  hastily  gathered  a  thousand  men,  invaded 
the  Shawnee  country,  defeated  the  Indians,  and  laid 
waste  their  villages.  Once  more  Clark's  attention 
was  turned  toward  Detroit,  the  headquartei's  of 
British  power  and  influence  in  the  northwest, 
whence  savage  war -parties  were  constantly  sent 
forth  to  harass  and  destroy  the  infant  settlements 
of  Kentucky.  Going  to  Virginia,  he  concerted 
with  Gov.  Jefferson  and  council  a  campaign  against 
Detroit,  which  met  the  approval  and  assistance  of 
Gen.  Washington.  Before  it  could  be  carried  into 
effect,  Arnoki"s  invasion  of  Virginia  in  January, 

1781,  occurred,  when  Clai'k  temporarily  headed 
240  riflemen  and  ambuscaded  a  party  of  the  ene- 
my at  Hood's,  on  James  river ;  and  then  hastened 
forward,  with  the  commission  of  brigadier-general, 
for  the  execution  of  his  scheme  against  Detroit. 
But  it  miscarried,  owing  to  the  poverty  of  Vir- 
ginia, the  difficulty  of  raising  an  adequate  force 
with  inadequate  means,  and  the  powerful  opposi- 
tion of  the  enemy,  headed  by  Brant,  the  great  Mo- 
hawk chief,  McKee,  Girty,  and  other  border  lead- 
ers, who  attacked  Clark's  detachment  and  invaded 
the  Bear-grass  settlements  around  Louisville.     In 

1782,  after  the  British  and  Indian  attack  on  Bry- 
an's station,  and  the  disastrous  defeat  of  the  Ken- 
tuckians  at  the  Blue  Licks,  Clark  led  forth  1,000 
men,  driving  back  the  savages  on  Big  Miami,  and 
destroying  their  villages  and  means  of  sustenance. 
This  was  Clark's  last  important  service,  as  his  ex- 
pedition up  the  Wabash  in  1786,  and  his  efforts 
in  behalf  of  France  in  1793-'4,  against  the  Span- 
iards on  the  Mississippi,  proved  abortive.      The 


freedom  of  Clark's  early  life  had  unfitted  hitn  for 
domestic  happiness,  and  he  never  married.  A  tra- 
dition is  preserved  in  the  family  that  he  was  fasci- 
nated with  the  beauty  of  the  daughter  of  the  Span- 
ish governor  of  St.  Louis  when  he  relieved  that 
post  from  an  Indian  attack.  Observing  a  want  of 
courage  in  the  governor,  he  broke  off  his  addresses 
to  the  girl,  saying  to  his  friends  :  "  I  will  not  be  the 
father  of  a  race  of  cowards."  His  last  years  were 
spent  alone  and  hi  poverty,  in  a  rude  dwelling  on 
Corn  island,  until  his  sister  took  him  to  her  home 
at  Locust  Grove,  near  Louisville.  He  felt  keenly 
what  he  considered  the  ingratitude  of  the  republic 
in  leaving  him  in  poverty  and  obscurity,  and  when 
the  state  of  Virginia  sent  him  a  sword,  he  received 
the  compliments  of  the  committee  in  gloomy  si- 
lence. Then  he  exclaimed :  "  When  Virginia  need- 
ed a  sword,  I  gave  her  one.  She  sends  me  now  a 
toy.  I  want  bread  !  "  He  thrust  the  sword  into 
the  ground  and  broke  it  with  his  crutch.  Clark 
was  tall  and  commanding,  brave  and  full  of  re- 
sources, possessing  the  affection  and  confidence  of 
his  men.  All  that  rich  domain  northwest  of  the 
Ohio  was  secured  to  the  republic,  at  the  peace  of 
1783,  in  consequence  of  his  prowess.  His  grave  is 
in  Cave  Hill  cemetery  at  Louisville,  marked  by  a 
little  headstone  bearing  the  letters  G.  R.  C.  It  is 
said  that  not  half  a  dozen  people  in  the  United 
States  can  point  it  out. — His  brother,  William, 
soldier,  b.  in  Virginia,  1  Aug.,  1770 ;  d.  in  St.  Louis, 
Mo.,  1  Sept.,  1838.  He  was  the  youngest  of  six 
brothers,  four  of  whom  were  distinguished  in  the 
revolution.  He  removed  with  his  family  in  1784 
to  the  falls  of  the  Ohio,  in  Kentucky,  the  site  of 
the  present  city  of  Louisville,  where  his  brother 
George  Rogers'  had  built  a  fort.  That  part  of  the 
country  was  then  known  as  "  the  dark  and  bloody 
ground,"  on  account  of  the  frequent  Indian  raids, 
and  young  Clark  became  early  acquainted  with 
the  methods  of  Indian  warfare.  He  was  appoint- 
ed ensign  at  the  age  of  eighteen,  and  on  7  March, 
1792,  became  a  lieutenant  of  infantry.  He  was 
assigned  to  the  4th  sub-legion  in  December  of  that 
year,  was  made  adjutant  and  quartermaster  in 
September,  1793,  and  resigned  in  July,  1796,  on 
account  of  ill  health.  Soon  afterward  he  removed 
to  St.  Louis,  and  in  March,  1804,  was  appointed 
by  President  Jefferson  a  second  lieutenant  of  ar- 
tillery, with  orders  to  join  Capt.  Merriwether 
Lewis's  exploring  expedition  from  St.  Louis  across 
the  Rocky  mountains  to  the  mouth  of  Columbia 
river.  Clark  was  really  the  principal  military  di- 
rector of  the  expedition,  materially  assisted  Capt. 
Lewis  in  the  scientific  arrangements,  and  kept  a 
journal,  which  was  afterward  published.  His  inti- 
mate knowledge  of  Indian  habits  and  character 
had  much  to  do  with  the  success  of  the  explora- 
tion. He  was  promoted  to  first  lieutenant  in  Jan- 
uary, 1806,  and  was  nominated  to  be  lieutenant- 
colonel  of  the  2d  infantry,  but  was  not  confirmed 
by  the  senate.  He  resigned  from  the  army,  27 
Feb.,  1807,  and  officiated  as  Indian  agent  till  he 
was  appointed  by  congress  brigadier-general  for 
the  territory  of  Upper  Louisiana.  During  the 
war  of  1812  he  declined  the  appointment  of  briga- 
dier-general in  the  army,  and  also  the  command 
then  held  by  Gen.  Hull.  President  Madison  ap- 
pointed him  governor  of  Missouri  territory  in  1813, 
and  he  held  the  office  till  the  organization  of 
the  state  in  1821,  when  he  was,  against  his  will,  a 
candidate  for  election  to  the  same  office,  and  was 
defeated.  He  remained  in  private  life  till  May, 
1822,  when  President  Monroe  made  him  superin- 
tendent of  Indian  affairs  at  St.  Louis,  and  he  held 
this  office  till  his  death. 


628 


CLARK 


CLARK 


CLARK,  Grcorg-e  Wli  it  field,  clergyman,  b.  in 
South  Orange,  N,  J.,  15  Feb.,  1831.  His  ancestor, 
Richard  Clark,  was  one  of  the  first  settlers  of 
Elizabeth,  N.  J.  He  was  graduated  at  Amherst 
in  1853,  studied  theology  at  the  Rochester  semi- 
nary, and,  after  ordination  on  31  Oct.,  1855,  be- 
came pastor  of  the  Baptist  church  at  New  Market, 
N.  J.  He  took  charge  of  the  1st  Baptist  church 
at  Elizabeth,  N.  J.,  in  1859,  has  been  a  pastor  at 
various  places,  and  since  1880  agent  and  mission- 
ary of  the  American  Baptist  publication  society. 
He  has  spent  several  years  in  special  esegetical 
study,  and  Rochester  university  gave  him  the  de- 
gree of  D.  D.  in  1873.  He  has  published  "  History 
of  the  First  Baptist  Church,  Elizabeth "  (1863) ; 
"  New  Harmony  of  the  Pour  Gospels  in  English  " 
(New  York,  1870) ;  "  Notes  on  Matthew  "  (1870) ; 
"  Notes  on  Mark  "  (1872) ;  "  Notes  on  Luke  "  (1876) ; 
"  Notes  on  John  "  (1879) :  "  Harmonic  Arrangement 
of  the  Acts  of  the  Apostles  "  (1884) ;  "  Brief  Notes 
on  the  New  Testament — the  Gospels  "  (1884),  and 
numerous  articles  in  periodicals.  He  has  ready 
for  publication  (1886)  brief  treatises  on  Luke  and 
John,  and  in  preparation  "  Notes  on  the  Acts  of 
the  Apostles." 

CLARK,  Henry  James,  naturalist,  b.in  Easton, 
Mass.,  22  June,  1826 ;  d.  in  Amherst,  Mass.,  1  July, 
1873.  He  was  graduated  at  the  University  of  New 
York  in  1848,  after  which  he  taught  for  some  time 
in  White  Plains,  N.  Y.  Here  he  developed  a  taste 
for  botany,  and  entered  into  a  correspondence  with 
Prof.  Asa  Gray,  which  presently  led  to  his  becoming 
a  student  at  the  Botanic  garden,  Cambridge,  in  1850, 
while  at  the  same  time  he  supported  himself  by 
teaching  in  the  academy  in  Westfield,  Mass.  Soon 
afterward  he  became  a  student  under  Louis  Agas- 
siz,  and  was  graduated  at  Lawrence  scientific 
school  of  Harvard  in  1854.  He  then  became  pri- 
vate assistant  to  Agassiz,  who  pronounced  him 
"  the  most  skillful  mieroscopist  in  tlie  country," 
and  was  associated  with  him  from  1856  till  1863 
in  the  preparation  of  the  anatomical  and  em- 
bryological  portions  of  the  "  Contributions  to  the 
Natural  History  of  the  United  States."  In  June, 
1860,  he  was  appointed  adjunct  professor  of  zool- 
ogy in  Lawrence  scientific  school,  and  in  1861 
gave  a  course  of  lectures  on  histology  at  the  Mu- 
seum of  comparative  zoology.  An  unfortunate 
disagreement  with  Prof.  Agassiz  led  to  his  sev- 
ering his  relations  with  the  museum  in  1863,  and 
during  the  following  year  he  delivered  twelve  lec- 
tures at  the  Lowell  institute  with  the  title  of 
"  Mind  in  Nature."  In  1866  he  was  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  botany,  zoology,  and  geology  in  the  Agri- 
cultural college  of  Pennsylvania,  where  he  remained 
until  1869.  He  then  became  professor  of  natural 
history  at  the  University  of  Kentucky,  Lexington, 
and  in  1872  was  elected  professor  of  veterinary 
science  in  Massachusetts  agricultural  college  at 
Amherst.  Prof.  Clark  was  a  member  of  most  of 
the  learned  societies  in  this  country,  and  had  been 
elected  to  the  National  academy  of  sciences.  Be- 
sides valuable  contributions  on  scientific  subjects 
to  "  Proceedings  of  the  American  Academy  of  Sci- 
ences and  Arts,"  of  the  "  Boston  Society  of  Natu- 
ral History,"  "  American  Journal  of  Science,"  and 
"  Smithsonian  Contributions,"  he  was  the  author 
of  "  A  Claim  for  Scientific  Property  "  (Cambridge, 
1863),  and  "  Mind  in  Nature,  or  the  Origin  of  Life, 
and  the  Mode  of  Development  of  Animals  "  (New 
York,  1865).  For  a  full  list  of  his  scientific  papers 
and  works,  see  Prof.  Asa  S.  Packard,  Jr.'s  "  Me- 
moir of  Henry  James  Clark  "  in  the  "  Biographi- 
cal Memoirs  of  the  National  Academy  of  Sciences  " 
(Washington,  1877). 


CLARK,  Isaac,  soldier,  b.  in  1749 ;  d.  in  Castle- 
ton,  Vt.,  31  Jan.,  1822.  He  was  a  soldier  of  the 
revolution,  a  member  of  the  constitutional  conven- 
tion, and  for  many  years  chief  judge  of  the  Ver- 
mont county  court.  He  becarue  colonel  of  the 
11th  U.  S.  infantry  on  12  March.  1812,  and  on  12 
Oct.,  1813,  commanded  a  successful  expedition 
against  Massequoi,  Canada.  He  was  transferred 
and  mustered  out  of  service  on  15  June. 

CLARK,  James,  soldier,  b.  in  July,  1730 ;  d.  in 
Lebanon,  Conn.,  29  Dec,  1826.  His  ancestor,  Dan- 
iel, was  an  early  settler  of  Windsor,  Conn.  James 
was  a  captain  in  Putnam's  regiment,  and  was  pres- 
ent at  Bunker  Hill.  He  was  made  lieutenant- 
colonel  of  Huntington's  regiment,  4  Nov.,  1775, 
and  took  part  in  the  battles  at  Harlem  Heights 
and  White  Plains,  16  Sept.  and  18  Oct.,  1776. 

CLARK,  James,  governor  of  Kentucky,  b.  in 
Bedford  county,  Va.,  in  1779  ;  d.  in  Frankfort,  Ky., 
27  Aug.,  1839.  He  removed  with  his  father  to  Clarke 
county,  Ky.,  was  educated  by  a  private  tutor,  and, 
after  studying  law  in  Virginia,  was  admitted  to  the 
bar,  and  began  practice  in  Winchester,  Ky.,  in  1797. 
He  was  several  times  a  member  of  the  legislature, 
became  judge  of  the  court  of  appeals  in  1810,  and 
was  elected  to  congress  as  a  Clay  democrat,  serving 
from  24  May,  1813,  till  1816,  when  he  resigned.  He 
was  judge  of  the  circuit  court  from  1817  till  1824, 
and  was  then  elected  again  to  congress  as  a  whig, 
serving  from  5  Dec,  1825,  till  3  March,  1831.  He 
was  elected  to  the  state  senate  in  1832,  becoming 
its  speaker,  and  in  1836  was  chosen  governor  of  the 
state,  and  served  till  his  death. 

CLARK,  John,  clergyman,  b.  in  Petty,  near  In- 
verness, Scotland,  29  Nov.,  1758 ;  d.  in  St.  Louis, 
Mo.,  11  Oct..  1833.  He  received  a  common-school 
education,  worked  for  a  few  years  as  a  copyist  in 
public  ofiices  in  Inverness,  and  in  1778  shipped  as 
a  sailor  on  board  a  transport.  He  then  served  one 
year  on  a  privateer,  sailed  as  second  mate  to  the 
West  Indies,  and  was  impressed  into  the  British 
navy  at  Barbadoes.  He  deserted  and  shipped  on 
board  a  merchantman,  which  was  captured  by  the 
Spanish,  and  Clark  was  for  nineteen  months  a 
prisoner  at  Havana.  Soon  after  he  was  released 
he  was  again  impressed,  but  escaped  by  swimming 
two  miles  to  shore,  when  the  vessel  was  off  Charles- 
ton. S.  C.  After  various  adventures,  he  taught  a 
backwoods  school  in  South  Carolina,  and  then  in 
Georgia,  where  he  was  also  appointed  a  class-leader 
among  the  Methodists.  After  a  Aisit  to  his  home, 
which  he  reached  by  working  his  way  before  the 
mast,  he  returned  to  the  United  States  in  1789  and 
became  an  itinerant  Methodist  preacher  in  Georgia. 
He  had  scruples  on  the  subject  of  slavery,  and  once 
refused  his  yearly  salary  of  $60  because  it  was  the 
proceeds  of  slave  labor.  He  withdrew  from  the 
Methodist  church  in  1796  on  account  of  doctrinal 
differences,  and  went  to  Illinois,  where  he  taught, 
preached,  and  finally  joined  the  anti-slavery  Bap- 
tists calling  themselves  "  The  Baptized  Church 
of  Christ:  Friends  of  Humanity."  When  not 
teaching,  "  Father  Clark,"  as  he  was  called,  made 
long  preaching  tours.  One  of  ttiese,  in  1807,  was 
to  the  "  Florida  Parishes  "  in  Louisiana,  a  journey 
of  1,200  miles,  which  was  performed  alone,  in  a 
frail  canoe.  He  returned  to  Illinois  on  foot,  and 
revisited  Louisiana  in  1811.  Father  Clark  pre- 
ferred to  travel  on  foot,  and  on  one  occasion,  when 
he  was  seventy  years  old,  walked  all  night  to  fulfil 
an  appointment,  going  sixty-six  miles  over  a  muddy 
road.  Unlike  many  western  pioneer  preachers,  he 
was  neat  in  his  dress  and  quiet  in  his  manner.  A 
sketch  of  him  has  been  published  by  an  old  pio- 
neer (New  York,  1855). 


CLARK 


CLARK 


629 


CLARK,  John  Alonzo,  clergyman,  b.  in  Pitts- 
field,  Mass.,  6  May,  1801 ;  d.  in  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
27  Nov.,  1843.  He  was  graduated  at  Union  in 
1823,  studied  for  the  ministry,  and  was  admitted 
to  orders  in  the  Episcopal  church,  12  April,  1826. 
After  serving  for  three  years  in  missionary  work 
in  western  New  York,  he  became  assistant  rector 
of  Christ  church,  New  York  city,  and  gained  high 
reputation  as  a  preacher.  In  the  autumn  of  1832 
he  accepted  a  call  to  Grace  church,  Providence, 
R.  I.,  and  in  1835  went  to  Philadelphia  as  rector 
of  St.  Andrew's  church  in  that  city.  His  health 
having  failed,  he  made  a  visit, to  Europe  in  1837-8, 
and  returned  without  material  improvement.  In 
the  spring  of  1843,  completely  broken  in  health,  he 
resigned  his  rectorship.  Dr.  Clark,  representing  the 
evangelical  section  of  the  Episcopal  clergy,  wrote 
numerous  volumes,  including  "  The  Pastor's  Testi- 
mony "  (1835) ;  "  Gathered  Fragments  "  (1836) ;  "  A 
Walk  about  Zion  "  (1836) ;  and  •'  Glimpses  of  the 
Old  World"  (1838;  with  memoir  by  Stephen  H. 
Tyng,  London,  1847). 

CLARK,  John  Bullock,  lawyer,  b.  in  Madison 
county,  Ky.,  17  April,  1802 ;  d.  in  Fayette,  Mo.,  29 
Oct.,  1885.  He  removed  to  Missouri  with  his  father 
in  1818,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1824,  and  be- 
gan practice  at  Fayette,  Mo.  He  was  clerk  of  the 
Howard  county  courts  from  1824  till  1834,  com- 
manded a  regiment  of  Missouri  volunteer  cavalry 
in  the  Black  Hawk  war  of  1832,  where  he  was 
twice  wounded,  and  in  1848  was  commissioned 
major-general  of  militia.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
legislature  in  1850  and  1851,  and  was  at  the  head 
of  the  force  sent  out  to  expel  the  Mormons  from 
Missouri.  He  was  elected  to  congress  as  a  demo- 
crat in  1857,  to  fill  a  vacancy,  and  served  till  1861, 
when  he  withdrew  and  joined  the  Confederates. 
He  was  formally  expelled  on  13  July,  1861.  At 
the  beginning  of  the  war  he  was  appointed  briga- 
dier-general by  Gov.  Jackson,  and  commanded 
the  Missouri  troops  till  disabled  at  the  battle  of 
Springfield  in  August,  1861.  Before  his  recovery 
he  was  elected  to  the  first  Confederate  congress, 
and  was  afterward  senator  from  Missouri  till  the 
close  of  the  war.  He  then  resumed  his  law  prac- 
tice at  Fayette. — His  son,  Jolin  Bullock,  lawyer, 
b.  in  Fayette,  Mo.,  14  Jan.,  1831,  spent  two  j^ears  in 
Missouri  university,  and  then  entered  Harvard  law- 
school,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1854.  At  the 
beginning  of  the  civil  war  he  entered  the  Confed- 
erate army  as  a  lieutenant,  and  rose  through  the 
grades  of  captain,  major,  and  colonel,  to  that  of 
brigadier-general.  He  was  elected  to  congress  as  a 
democrat,  serving  from  1  Dec,  1873,  till  1883,  and 
on  4  Dec,  1883,  was  chosen  clerk  of  the  house  of 
representatives. 

CLARK,  Jonas,  clergyman,  b.  in  Newton,  Mass., 
25  Dec,  1730;  d.  in  Lexington,  Mass.,  15  Nov., 
1805.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1752,  and 
ordained  as  Rev.  Mr.  Hancock's  successor  at  Lex- 
ington, Mass.,  5  Nov.,  1755,  remaining  there  till  his 
death.  As  was  common  in  those  days,  he  was 
farmer  as  well  as  clergyman,  and  cultivated  about 
sixty  acres  of  land.  He  was  an  ardent  patriot. 
Edward  Everett  says :  "  Mr.  Clark  was  of  a  class  of 
citizens  who  rendered  services  second  to  no  others 
in  enlightening  and  animating  the  popular  mind  on 
the  great  question  at  issue."  He  well  understood 
the  state  of  the  question  between  the  colonies  and 
the  mother  country,  and  from  1762  till  1776  drew 
up  an  able  series  of  papers,  giving  instructions  to 
the  representatives  sent  by  the  town  to  the  general 
court.  These  papers  are  still  among  the  Lexington 
town  records,  and  are  conceived  in  a  manly,  yet 
calm  and  respectful  spirit.    Mr.  Clark  was  noted 


for  his  hospitality,  and  was  entertaining  John  Han- 
cock and  Samuel  Adams  at  his  house  on  the  night 
of  18  April,  1775,  when  Paul  Revere  warned  him  of 
the  approach  of  the  expedition  sent  out  by  Gage,  one 
of  whose  objects  was  to  surprise  and  capture  these 
two  patriots.  When  asked  by  his  guests  whether 
the  people  would  fight,  Mr.  Clark  replied  that  he 
had  "  trained  them  for  this  very  hour ;  they  would 
fight,  and,  if  need  be,  die,  too,  under  the  shadow 
of  the  house  of  God."  It  was  but  a  few  rods  from 
Mr.  Clark's  house  that  the  first  blood  of  the  revolu- 
tion was  shed  on  the  following  day,  19  April,  1775, 
and  the  men  that  fell  were  his  parishioners.  "  From 
this  day,"  said  he,  when  he  saw  their  dead  bodies, 
"will  be  dated  the  liberty  of  the  world."  Mr. 
Clark  published  several  sermons,  among  them  one 
to  commemorate  the  battle  of  Lexington  (1776). 

CLARK,  Laban,  clergyman,  b.  in  Haverhill,  N. 
H.,  19  July,  1778;  d.  in  Middletown,  Conn.,  28 
Nov.,  1868.  In  his  childhood  his  parents  removed 
to  Bradford,  Vt.,  where  he  obtained  a  fair  academi- 
cal education.  In  1798  he  united  with  a  Meth- 
odist church,  and  soon  became  active  as  a  class- 
leader  and  exhorter.  He  began  preaching  in  1800, 
and  in  1801 ,  joining  the  New  York  conference,  en- 
tered upon  itinerant  work,  in  which  he  continued 
with  great  success  for  fifty  years,  in  New  England, 
New  York,  and  Canada.  In  1819  he  offered  the 
first  resolution  in  favor  of  forming  the  Missionary 
society  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  church,  and,  in 
conjunction  with  Nathan  Bangs  and  Freeborn  Gar- 
retson,  prepared  its  constitution.  In  1829  Mr. 
Clark,  then  presiding  elder  of  the  New  Haven  dis- 
trict, heard  that  the  buildings  formerly  occupied 
by  Capt.  Partridge's  military  academy  in  Middle- 
town  were  for  sale,  and  at  once  offered  to  be  one  of 
ten  to  purchase  them,  with  the  idea  of  founding  a 
Methodist  college.  Soon  afterward  the  trustees  of 
the  buildings  offered  to  give  them  to  the  New  York 
and  New  England  conferences,  on  condition  that  a 
college  should  be  established  and  provided  with  an 
endowment  fund  of  $40,000.  Mr.  Clark  was  active 
in  the  matter,  and  the  result  was  the  establishment 
of  Wesleyan  university  in  1831.  Mr.  Clark  became 
the  president  of  tlie  board  of  trustees,  and  held  the 
office  till  his  death,  withdrawing  from  active  labor 
in  1851,  and  settling  at  Middletown. 

CLARK,  Lewis  Gaylord,  author,  b.  in  Otisco, 
Onondaga  co.,  N.  Y.,  in  1810 ;  d.  in  Piermont,  N. 
Y.,  3  Nov.,  1873.  He  and  his  twin  brother,  Willis 
Gaylord,  were  educated  chiefly  by  their  father,  who 
was  a  soldier  of  the  revolution,  and  a  man  of  fine 
attainments.  In  1834  Lewis  became  editor  of  the 
'•  Knickerbocker  Magazine,"  which  had  been  es- 
tablished in  1832  by  Charles  Fenno  Hoft'man.  It 
had  been  unsuccessful,  but  Mr.  Clark  soon  retrieved 
its  fortunes,  and  it  became  the  foremost  literary 
publication  of  the  day,  numbering  among  its  con- 
tributors Irving,  Bryant,  Longfellow,  Halleck, 
Willis,  and  many  others  whose  names  are  familiar. 
Mr.  Clark  retained  the  editorship  until  1859,  when 
it  died  from  financial  mismanagement.  During 
this  time  he  wrote  the  "  Editors  Table  "  and  the 
"  Gossip  with  Readers  and  Correspondents,"  which 
were  special  features  of  tlie  magazine,  and  had 
much  to  do  with  its  p^ularity.  These  consisted 
of  humorous  or  pleasantmories  floating  about  town, 
the  jests  of  the  day,  and  bits  from  the  editor's 
desultory  reading,  strung  together  with  a  running 
comment.  For  several  years  they  also  included  a 
burlesque  of  a  country  newspaper,  entitled  the 
"  Bunkum  Flagstaff."  This  kind  of  writing,  so 
common  at  the  present  da}^  was  then  comparatively 
new,  and  Mr.  Clark  may  be  said  to  have  perfected 
it.    It  had  much  to  do  with  creating  a  kindly  feel- 


630 


CLARK 


CLARK 


<^:::^^^'^4^,i^;^-^'5:g:^g>:^ 


ing  among  literary  men,  and  attracted  many  young 
writers.  Although  Mr.  Clark's  good  nature  often  al- 
lowed platitudes  to  pass  muster  in  its  pages,  the  mag- 
azine was  the  parent  of  much  that  is  best  in  quality 

in  our  later  pe- 
riodicals. Its  in- 
fluence on  Amer- 
ican literature 
was  wholesome 
and  inspiring, 
and  it  led  the  way 
to  a  higher  stand- 
ard of  magazine 
writing.  In  1855 
some  of  the  con- 
tributors to  the 
magazine  made 
up  for  Mr.  Clark's 
benefit  a  volume 
of  their  contribu- 
tions, illustrated 
by  their  portraits, 
and  entitled 

"  The  Knicker- 
bocker Gallery," 
which  was  edited 
by  Dr.  John  W. 
Francis,  Dr.  Ru- 
fus  W.  Griswold, 
Richard  B.  Kimball,  George  P.  Morris,  and  Rev. 
Frederick  W.  Shelton.  With  the  proceeds  of  this 
book,  supplemented  by  other  aid,  a  residence  was 
bought  for  Mr.  Clark  at  Piermont-on-the-Hudson, 
where  he  afterward  lived.  After  the  "  Knicker- 
bocker "  was  given  up,  Mr.  Clark  held  for  some  years 
a  place  in  the  New  York  custom-house.  He  con- 
tinued to  contribute  to  periodical  literature  till  a 
few  weeks  before  his  death.  Among  Mr.  Clark's 
literary  friends  was  Charles  Dickens.  The  ac- 
quaintance began  in  a  letter  written  to  Dickens 
by  Mr.  Clark  in  commendation  of  the  •'  Pickwick 
Papers,"  and  the  two  men  carried  on  for  many 
years  a  correspondence  in  which  appeared  the 
first  suggestions  that  Dickens  should  visit  the 
United  States.  Mr.  Clark's  only  publications  in 
book-form  were  the  "  Knickerbocker  Sketch-Book," 
containing  a  few  of  his  own  articles  (1850),  and 
"  Knick-Knacks  from  an  Editor's  Table,"  con- 
sisting of  selections  from  that  department  of  his 
magazine  (New  York,  1852).  See  a  sketch  of  Mr. 
Clark,  by  Thomas  B.  Thorpe,  in  "  Harper's  Maga- 
zine "  for  March,  1874. — His  twin  brother,  Willis 
Gaylord,  d.  in  Philadelphia,  12  June,  1841,  was 
educated  with  him  at  home,  and  showed  poetic 
talent  in  his  youth.  Pie  began  in  1830  to  edit  in 
Philadelphia  a  weekly  paper,  on  the  plan  of  the  New 
York  "  Mirror,"  but  it  was  soon  discontinued.  He 
then  became  associate  editor  of  the  "  Columbian 
Star,"  a  religious  and  literary  paper,  from  which  he 
retired  to  take  charge  of  the  Philadelphia  "  Ga- 
zette," the  oldest  daily  in  the  city.  At  the  time  of 
his  death  Mr.  Clark  was  its  proprietor.  In  1883  he 
recited  his  longest  poem,  "  The  Spirit  of  Life,"  be- 
fore the  Franklin  society  of  Brown  university. 
His  other  poems  are  brief  fugitive  pieces.  A  small 
collection  of  them  was  published  during  his  life- 
time, and  a  complete  editifti,  edited  by  his  brother, 
appeared  after  his  death  (New  York,  1847).  A  vol- 
ume entitled  "  Literary  Remains,"  with  a  memoir, 
was  also  issued  by  his  brother  (1844).  Half  of  this 
was  occupied  by  "  Ollapodiana,"  a  series  of  fanciful 
papers,  which  had  run  for  several  years  in  the 
"  Knickerbocker."  The  prose  of  Willis  G.  Clark  is 
rollicking  and  humorous,  while  his  poetry  is  sub- 
dued, with  an  undercurrent  of  religious  feeling. 


CLARK,  Myron  Holley,  governor  of  New  York, 
b.  in  Naples,  Ontario  co.,  N.  Y.,  23  Oct.,  1806;  d.  in 
Canandaigua,  N.  Y.,  22  Aug.,  1892.  His  family  went 
from  Berkshire  county,  Mass.,  to  Ontario  county 
in  1790.  Myron  was  educated  in  a  district  school 
at  Naples,  attending  from  three  to  four  months  an- 
nually, when  between  six  and  seventeen  years  old. 
After  filling  several  offices  in  his  native  town,  and 
becoming  lieutenant-colonel  of  state  militia,  he  was 
sheriff  of  Ontario  county  for  two  years,  and,  having 
removed  to  Canandaigua,  was  president  of  that  vil- 
lage in  1850  and  1851,  and  state  senator  from  1852 
till  1854.  During  Mr.  Clark's  first  term  as  senator 
in  1852-'3,  the  law  was  passed  consolidating  the 
several  railroads  now  forming  the  New  York  cen- 
tral, and  it  was  largely  by  his  persistent  firmness 
that  the  provision  limiting  passenger  fares  to  two 
cents  a  mile  was  adopted.  As  chairman  of  the 
committee  on  the  subject,  he  was  influential  in  se- 
curing the  passage  of  the  prohibitory  liquor  law 
that  was  vetoed  by  Gov.  Seymour.  In  1854  the 
anti-slavery  wings  of  both  the  whig  and  demo- 
cratic parties,  the  prohibitionists,  and  several  in- 
dependent organizations  separately  nominated  Mr. 
Clark  for  governor,  and  he  was  elected  by  a  small 
majority,  his  supporters  in  some  of  their  state  or- 
ganizations taking  the  name  of  "republicans," 
thus  making  him  the  earliest  state  candidate  of 
that  party.  During  his  administration  a  new  pro- 
hibitory law  was  passed,  and  signed  by  him.  It 
remained  in  force  about  nine  months,  when  it  was 
set  aside  by  the  court  of  appeals. 

CLARK,  Nathaniel  George,  clergyman,  b.  in 
Calais,  Vt.,  18  Jan.,  1825;  d.  in  West  Roxbury, 
Mass.,  3  Jan.,  1896.  He  was  graduated  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Vermont,  and  was  tutor  there.  After 
studying  theology  at  Andover,  and  Auburn,  where 
he  was  graduated  in  1852,  he  became  professor  of 
English  literature  in  the  University  of  Vermont, 
and  retained  the  chair  till  1863.  He  was  ordained 
in  1857,  and  from  that  year  occupied  also  the  chair 
of  Latin.  He  was  professor  of  logic,  rhetoric,  and 
English  literature  at  Union  from  1863  till  1866, 
when  he  became  secretary  of  the  American  board 
of  commissioners  for  foreign  missions.  Dr.  Clark 
travelled  extensively  through  Europe,  Egypt,  and 
Palestine.  Union  college  gave  him  the  degree  of 
D.  D.  in  1867,  and  the  University  of  Vermont  that 
of  LL.  D.  in  1875.  He  was  a  trustee  of  Holyoke 
seminary,  and  of  Wellesley  college.  Besides  essays 
on  missionary  work,  he  has  published  "  Elements 
of  the  English  Language  "  (New  York,  1863). 

CLARK,  Slieldon,  philanthropist,  b.  in  Oxford, 
Conn.,  31  Jan.,  1785;  d.  there,  10  April,  1840. 
Without  going  through  the  college  course,  he 
studied  under  President  Dwight,  and  became  a 
farmer.  In  1823  he  placed  $5,000  at  the  disposal 
of  Yale  college,  to  be  invested  at  compound  inter- 
est until  it  should  amount  to  $20,000,  when  it  was 
to  be  used  for  founding  a  professorship,  and  in 
1848  the  "  Clark  professorship  of  moral  philoso- 
phy" was  established  on  this  foundation.  Mr. 
Clark  also  gave  a  scholarship  fund  to  the  college, 
bought  a  telescope  for  it,  and  bequeathed  it  $15,000. 
He  published  several  pamphlets,  and  left  numer- 
ous manuscripts  on  finance,  economics,  and  meta- 
physics. He  received  many  letters  from  noted 
men  in  relation  to  his  pamphlets,  and  one  from 
Thomas  Jefferson  is  given  at  length,  in  a  sketch  of 
Mr.  Clark  by  Prof.  Silliman  in  the  "American 
Journal  of  Science  "  (xii.,  217). 

CLARK,  Thomas (f),  mate  of  the  "Mayflower." 
His  first  name  is  unknown,  though  it  has  been  con- 
jectured that  he  was  identical  with  a  Thomas  Clark, 
who  died  in  Plymouth,  24  March,  1697,  aged  nine- 


CLARK 


CLARK 


631 


ty-eight,  according  to  his  gravestone,  but  who  had 
made  oath  that  he  was  born  in  1605.  If  the  latter 
date  is  correct,  the  men  are  probably  not  the  same, 
especially  as  Thomas  Clark  shared  in  the  division  of 
land  in  1627  as  coming  on  the  "  Ann,"  and  not  on 
the  '•  Mayflower."  Clark  was  selected  for  master's 
mate  or  pilot  of  the  "  Mayflower,"  because  he  had 
made  a  voyage  to  Virginia  in  1619,  and  had  been 
twice  on  the  New  England  coast,  Clark's  island, 
just  within  the  entrance  of  Plymouth  harbor,  was 
named  for  him,  as  he  was  said  to  have  been  the 
first  to  step  ashore  there.  Clark  is  also  mentioned 
as  having  taken  part  in  the  third  expedition  of 
discovery  made  by  the  pilgrims,  on  6  Dec,  1620. 

CLARK,  Thomas,  author,  b.  in  Lancaster,  Pa., 
in  1787:  d.  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  in  1800.  He  was 
educated  at  St.  Mary's  college,  Baltimore  (Roman 
Catholic),  but  declined  to  take  orders  and  was  ap- 
pointed a  lieutenant  of  the  2d  artillery,  1  April, 
1813,  becoming  assistant  topographical  engineer, 
with  the  rank  of  captain,  on  the  same  day.  Dur- 
ing the  war  of  1812  he  was  engaged  in  construct- 
ing the  defences  on  the  Delaware  river.  He  was 
mustered  out  of  service  in  June,  1815,  and  devoted 
himself  to  literature,  becoming  editor  of  Latin  and 
Greek  classics  for  the  Association  of  Philadelphia 
booksellers.  He  published  a  "  Naval  History  of 
the  United  States  from  the  Commencement  of  the 
Revolutionary  War,"  highly  commended  by  John 
Adams  and  Thomas  Jefferson  (2  vols.,  Philadelphia, 
1813-'4),  and  "  Sketches  of  the  Naval  History  of  the 
United  States  "  (1813). 

CLARK,  Thomas  March,  P.  E.  bishop,  b.  in 
Newburyport,  Mass.,  4  July,  1812.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Yale  in  1831,  studied  theology  at  Prince- 
ton, and  in  1835  was  licensed  to  preach  in  the 
Presbyterian  chiireh,  Newburyport,  Mass.  Soon 
after,  he  applied  for  orders  in  the  Episcopal  church, 
and  was  ordained  deacon  by  Bishop  Griswold,  in 
Boston,  Mass.,  in  February,  1836,  and  priest  in 
November  of  the  same  year.  He  was  chosen  to  be 
rector  of  Grace  church,  Boston,  and  held  that  place 
for  seven  years.  In  1843  he  accepted  the  rector- 
ship of  St.  Andrew's  church,  Philadelphia,  but  a 
few  years  later  became  assistant  minister  of  Trinity 
church,  Boston.  Thence  he  removed  to  Hartford, 
Conn.,  where  he  became  rector  of  Christ  church, 
and  continued  in  that  place  until  his  election  to 
the  episcopate.  He  was  consecrated  the  second 
bishop  of  Rhode  Island,  in  Grace  church.  Provi- 
dence, 6  Dec,  1854,  and  for  twelve  years,  in  addi- 
tion to  his  episcopal  duties,  served  "this  church  as 
its  rector.  Besides  numerous  charges,  sermons,  and 
addresses.  Bishop  Clark  has  published  "  Lectures  to 
Young  Men  on  the  Formation  of  Character  "  (1852) ; 
"  The  Efficient  Sunday-School  Teacher  " ;  and  "  Pri- 
marv  Truths  of  Religion  "  (1869).— His  brother,  Ru- 
fiis  AVlieelwright,  clergyman,  b.  in  Newburyport, 
Mass.,  17  Dec,  1813;  d.  in  Nantucket,  Mass.,  9 
Aug.,  1886,  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1838,  and 
studied  theology  at  Andover,  and  at  the  Yale  semi- 
nary, where  he  was  graduated  in  1841.  He  was  or- 
dained 7  Jan.,  1842,  and  became  pastor  of  the  2d 
Presbvterian  church  in  Washington,  D.  C.  After 
holding  pastorates  in  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  East  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  and  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  he  took  charge  of 
the  1st  Dutch  Reformed  church  in  Albany,  N.  Y., 
where  he  remained  till  his  death.  The  University 
of  New  York  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.  D.  in  1802. 
Dr.  Clark  was  widely  known  as  a  pulpit  orator, 
and  was  the  author  of  about  130  books,  pamphlets, 
reviews,  and  articles.  His  works  include  "  Lec- 
tures to  Young  Men  "  (2  vols.,  Washington,  1842) ; 
"  Review  of  Moses  Stuart's  Pamphlet  on  Slavery  " 
(1850) ;  "  Memoir  of  Rev.  John  E.  Emerson"  (Bos- 


ton, 1851 ;  abridged  ed.,  1852) :  "  Heaven  and  its 
Scriptural  Emblems  "  (1853) ;  "  Life  Scenes  of  the 
Messiah"  and  "Romanism  in  America"  (1854); 
"The  African  Slave-Trade"  (1860);  "Heroes  of 
Albany"  (Albany,  1867);  "The  Bible  and  the 
School  Fund  "  (Boston,  1870) ;  and  twelve  volumes 
of  Sunday-school  text-books. — Another  brother, 
George  Henry,  clergyman,  b.  in  Newburyport, 
Mass.,  7  Nov.,  1819,  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1843, 
and  entered  the  ministry  of  the  Protestant  Episco- 
pal church.  He  has  been  rector  of  All  Saints 
church,  W^orcester,  Mass.,  of  St.  John's,  Savannah, 
Ga.,  and  of  Christ  church,  Hartford,  Conn.  In 
November,  1860,  he  made  in  Savannah  an  appeal 
for  the  preservation  of  the  Union,  which  was  pub- 
lished at  the  request  of  southern  gentlemen.  His 
connection  with  St.  John's  parish  was  dissolved  in 
1861,  and  in  1862  his  property,  including  his  li- 
brary, was  sold  by  an  agent  of  the  Confederate 
government  as  the  property  of  an  "  alien  enemy." 
Trinity  college  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.  D.  in 
1863.  Dr.  Clark  has  published  sermons  and  sketch- 
es.— Another  brother,  Samuel  Adams,  clergyman, 
b.  in  Newburvport,  Mass.,  27  Jan.,  1822 ;  d.  in  Eliza- 
beth, N.  J.,  28  Jan.,  1875,  studied  theology  at  An- 
dover, Alexandria,  Va.,  and  Litchfield,  Conn.,  en- 
tered the  ministry  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
church,  and,  after  preaching  in  Philadelphia  and 
in  Plymouth,  Mass.,  became  in  1848  rector  of  the 
Church  of  the  Advent,  Philadelphia,  where  he  con- 
tinued till  1856.  He  was  then  called  to  St.  John's 
church,  Elizabeth,  N.  J.,  where  he  remained  till  his 
death.  Rutgers  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.  D.  in 
1870.  Dr.  Clark  was  a  devoted  worker,  genial  and 
witty,  and  was  very  popular  in  his  parish,  where 
he  was  instrumental  in  building  a  new  church, 
leaving  it  free  from  debt.  He  was  elected  to  repre- 
sent the  diocese  of  New  Jersey  in  two  general  con- 
ventions, and  at  the  time  of  his  death  was  president 
of  the  standing  committee  of  his  diocese.  A  tablet 
in  his  memory  has  been  placed  in  St.  John's  church, 
Elizabeth,  aiid  a  monument  has  been  erected  to 
him  in  Laurel  Hill  cemetery,  Philadelphia.  He 
published  "  Memoir  of  Albert  W.  Day,"  prefixed  to 
Dav's  sermons  (1846),  and  "  History  of  St.  John's 
Church,  Elizabethtown,  N.  J."  (Philadelphia,  1857). 
CLARK,  William  Smitli,  educator,  b.  in  Ash- 
field,  Mass.,  31  July,  1826 ;  d.  in  Amherst,  9  March, 
1886.  He  received  his  early  education  at  Williston 
seminary,  and  was  graduated  at  Amherst  in  1848. 
For  two  years  he  taught  the  natural  sciences  at 
Williston  seminary,  after  which  he  spent  two  years 
abroad  studying  chemistry  and  botany  at  Gottin- 
gen,  where,  in  1852,  he  received  the  degree  of 
th.  D.  On  his  return  to  the  United  States,  in 
1852,  he  was  elected  to  the  chair  of  analytical  and 
applied  chemistry,  and  from  1854  till  1858  was 
professor  of  chemistry,  botany,  and  zoology.  From 
1858  till  1867  he  filled  the  chair  of  chemistry  alone. 
He  was  commissioned  major  in  the  21st  Massachu- 
setts infantry  in  August,  1861,  became  colonel  in 
Mav,  1862,  and  was  recommended  by  Gen.  Bijrn- 
side  for  a  well-deserved  promotion  as  brigadier- 
general.  Col.  Clark  participated  in  the  battles  of 
Roanoke  Island,  Newbern,  Camden,  N.  C,  the  second 
Bull  Run,  Chantilly,  Antietam,  and  Fredericksburg. 
In  1867  he  was  elected  to  the  presidency  of  the  Mas- 
sachusetts agricultural  college.  This  office,  with 
the  chair  of  botany  and  horticulture,  he  held  until 
1879,  except  during  1876-7.  when  he  was  in  Japan, 
where  he  had  been  invited  to  establish  and  organ- 
ize the  Imperial  college  of  agriculture  at  Sapporo. 
During  his  stay  in  Japan  he  examined  the  fiora  of 
that  country,  and  was  the  means  of  introducing 
new  species  of  shade-trees  into  the  Ignited  States. 


632 


CLARKE 


CLARKE 


He  also  sent  to  Massachusetts  a  large  assortment 
of  seeds,  many  of  which  proved  of  special  value  to 
his  own  state,  on  account  of  the  high  latitude  from 
which  they  were  selected.  He  discovered  a  new 
lichen  on  the  side  of  Mt.  Tieni,  at  an  elevation  of 
3,200  feet,  which  was  named  Cetraria  Clarkii,  in  his 
honor,  by  Prof.  Edward  Tuckerman.  Subsequent 
*o  his  resignation  from  the  agricultural  college  he 
oecame  interested  in  a  scientific  floating  college, 
projected  by  Mr.  Woodruff,  whose  sudden  death 
caused  the  abandonment  of  the  scheme.  After 
this  Prof.  Clark  resided  in  Amherst  until  his  death, 
partly  occupied  with  mining  operations.  From 
1859  till  1861  he  was  a  member  of  the  Massachu- 
setts state  board  of  agriculture,  and  a  member  ex 
officio  from  1876  till  1879.  He  was  one  of  the  com- 
mission of  three,  appointed  by  Gov.  Andrew  in 
1863,  to  consider  the  expediency  of  establishing  a 
state  military  academy.  He  was  a  presidential 
elector  in  1864,  and  a  representative  to  the  Massa- 
chusetts legislature  in  1864-'5  and  1867.  He  was  a 
fellow  of  the  American  academy  of  arts  and  sci- 
ences, and  also  a  member  of  other  scientific  socie- 
ties. His  published  papers  include  "  Ueber  Chlor- 
magnesium-Ammoniak "  (1851);  "Analyse  des 
Steinmarks  aus  dem  Sachsischen  Topasfels  "  (1851) ; 
and  "  Analysen  von  Meteoreisen  "  (1852),  which  ap- 
peared in  "  Liebig's  Annalen  "  ;  and  also  the  fol- 
lowing papers  contributed  to  the  annual  reports  of 
the  Massachusetts  state  board  of  agriculture  :  "  Re- 
port on  Horses  "  (1859-60) ;  "  Professional  Educa- 
tion the  Present  Want  of  Agricidture,"  "  The  Work 
and  the  Wants  of  the  Agricultural  College  "  (1868) ; 
"  The  Cultivation  of  the  Cereals  "  (1868) ;  "  Nature's 
Mode  of  Distributing  Plants  "  (1870) ;  "  The  Rela- 
tions of  Botany  to  Agriculture  "  (1872) ;  "  The  Cir- 
culation of  Sap  in  Plants  "  (1873) :  "  Observations 
on  the  Phenomena  of  Plant-Life"  (1874);  and 
"  Agriculture  in  Japan  "  (1878).  In  1869  he  trans- 
lated, for  use  in  the  Agricultural  college,  Scheerer's 
"  Blow-pipe  Manual." 

CLARKE,  Sir  Alured,  soldier,  b.  in  1745 ;  d.  in 
September,  1833.  He  entered  the  British  army  in 
1755,  and  was  lieutenant-colonel  and  brevet  colo- 
nel of  the  7th  foot  during  the  American  war  for 
independence.  He  was  in  command  during  the 
British  occupation  of  Savannah,  Ga.,  until  the 
Avithdrawal  of  his  troops,  11  July,  1782,  and  gained 
the  good  will  of  the  inliabitants  by  the  strict  disci- 
pline that  he  maintained,  and  by  the  uniform 
courtesy  with  which  he  treated  the  inhabitants 
and  protected  their  property  from  laillage.  He 
was  governor  of  Jamaica  in  1792  and  1793,  and 
governor-general  of  India  from  1797  till  1808. 

CLARKE,  Charles,  Canadian  journalist,  b.  in 
Lincoln,  England,  28  Nov.,  1826.  He  was  educated 
in  his  native  place  and  at  Waddington,  Lincoln- 
shire, and  in  1844  emigrated  to  Canada  and  be- 
came a  farmer.  After  contributing  articles  to  the 
Hamilton  "  Journal  and  Express  "  for  some  time, 
he  obtained  control  of  the  paper,  and  continued 
this  connection  until  1850.  Subsequently  he  wrote 
several  political  papers  for  the  "  North  American," 
was  a  contributor  to  various  other  reform  jour- 
nals, and  in  1852  established  the  '•  Backwoods- 
man." He  was  elected  to  the  Ontario  legislature 
for  Centre  Wellington  in  1871,  re-elected  in  1875 
and  1879,  and  again  at  the  last  general  election 
for  the  same  constituency.  He  became  speaker  of 
the  House  in  1880,  and  was  re-elected  in  1884. 

CLARKE,  Dorus,  author,  b.  in  Westhampton, 
Mass.,  2  Jan.,  1797 ;  d.  in  Boston,  Mass.,  8  March, 
1884.  He  was  graduated  at  Williams  in  1817,  stud- 
ied theology  at  Andover  in  1818-'20,  travelled  with 
the  Rev.  Asahel  Nettleton  to  observe  his  method  of 


preaching,  was  ordained  5  Feb.,  1823,  and  was  pas- 
tor of  the  Congregational  church  at  Blandford, 
Mass.,  from  1823  till  1835,  and  then  at  Chicopee 
until  1841,  when  he  became  associate  editor  and 
proprietor  of  the  "  New  England  Puritan,"  a  relig- 
iotis  magazine  published  in  Boston.  He  after- 
ward edited  the  "  Christian  Times  "  in  Boston  in 
1845-'51,  and  the  "  Christian  Parlor  Magazine " 
in  New  York  city.  He  resided  for  some  time  in 
Waltham,  Mass.,  and  in  his  last  years  at  Bos- 
ton. He  was  a  student  of  genealogical  and  local 
history,  was  historian  of  the  New  England  historic- 
genealogical  society,  an  active  member  of  various 
religious  and  philanthropic  organizations,  and  a 
prolific  writer.  In  1836  he  published  a  series  of 
"  Letters  to  Young  People  in  Manufacturing  Vil- 
lages " ;  in  1838,  "  Letters  to  Horace  Mann  "  ;  in 
1864,  after  retiring  from  editoi'ial  life,  "  Fugitives 
from  the  Escritoire  of  a  Retired  Editor"  ;  in  1869, 
"  Oneness  of  the  Christian  Church  "  (Boston) ;  in 
1871,  "  Orthodox  Congregationalism  and  the  Sects," 
followed  by  "  Review  of  the  Oberlin  Council,"  and 
in  1873  by  "Revision  of  the  English  Version  of  the 
Bible."  In  1876  he  compiled  "  Ancestry  and  Writ- 
ings," in  1877  wrote  an  "  Essay  on  the  Tri-Unity  of 
God,"  and  in  1879  a  brochure  called  "  Saying  the 
Catechism,"  which  passed  through  many  editions. 

CLARKE,  Edward  Haiumoud,  physician,  b.  in 
Norton,  Bristol  co.,  Mass.,  2  Feb.,  1820;  d.  in  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  30  Nov.,  1877.  He  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1841,  took  his  medical  degree  at  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1846,  and,  after  trav- 
elling extensively  in  Europe,  established  himself  in 
Boston,  and  soon  took  a  high  rank  among  physi- 
cians there.  He  held  the  professorship  of  materia 
medica  in  Harvard  from  1855  till  1872,  when  he  re- 
signed. Dr.  Clarke's  publications  include  "  Obser- 
vations on  the  Treatment  of  Polypus  of  the  Ear  " 
(Boston,  1869) ;  "  Physiological  and  Therapeutical 
Action  of  Bromide  of  Potassium  and  Bromide  of 
Ammonium,"  with  R.  Amory  (1871) ;  "  Sex  in  Edu- 
cation," a  book  that  attracted  wide  attention  (1873) ; 
"The  Building  of  a  Brain"  (Boston.  1874);  and 
"  Visions ;  a  Study  of  False  Sight."  The  last- 
named  work,  prepared  amid  the  sufferings  of  the 
lingering  and  painful  disease  of  which  he  died,  was 
published  under  the  supervision  of  Dr.  Oliver  Wen- 
dell Holmes,  who  prefixed  a  memorial  sketch  of  the 
author  (Boston,  1878).  In  this  work  Dr.  Clarke  oc- 
cupies a  middle  ground  between  those  who  regard 
all  visions  as  delusions  and  those  who  ascribe  to 
them  a  preternatural  origin.  He  delivered  an  ad- 
dress on  "  Education  of  Girls  "  before  the  National 
educational  association  at  Detroit,  5  Aug.,  1874. 

CLARKE,  Elijah,  soldier,  b.  in  North  Carolina; 
d.  in  Wilkes  county,  Ga.,  15  Dec,  1799.  He  removed 
to  Georgia  in  1774,  became  a  captain  in  1776,  and 
distinguished  himself  in  engagements  both  with 
Indians  and  British  on  the  frontiers  of  Georgia ; 
was  appointed  a  colonel  of  militia,  engaged  in  the 
battles  of  Musgrove's  Mill  and  Blackstocks,  after- 
ward promoted  brigadier-general,  and  contributed 
to  the  capture  of  Augusta  in  June,  1781.  At  the 
battle  of  Long  Cane  he  was  severely  wounded,  and, 
on  his  recovery,  joined  the  command  of  Gen  Pick- 
ens. He  afterward  fought  many  battles,  and  made 
several  treaties  with  the  Creek  Indians.  He  was 
accused  in  1794  of  a  design  to  establish  an  inde- 
pendent government  in  the  Creek  nation,  where  he 
had  settled  in  violation  of  law,  and  was  suspected 
of  accepting  a  commission  and  receiving  emolu- 
ments from  the  French  s:overnment. — His  son, 
John,  b.  in  1766;  d.  in  west  Florida,  15  Oct., 
1832.  was  appointed  a  lieutenant  in  the  Continental 
army  at  the  age  of  sixteen,  fought  under  his  father 


CLARKE 


CLARKE 


633 


with  distinction  at  the  siege  of  Augnsta.  the  battle 
of  Jack's  Creek,  and  other  actions,  and  rose  by 
rapid  promotion  to  the  rank  of  major-general  in 
the  militia  of  his  state.  At  a  critical  period  in  the 
war  of  1812  he  was  placed  in  command  of  the 
forces  raised  to  defend  the  sea-coast  of  Georgia. 
He  was  a  presidential  elector  in  1816,  and  after- 
ward served  as  governor  for  two  terms.  A  few 
years  before  his  death  he  removed  to  Florida. 

CLARKE,  Frank  Wigg'lesworth,  chemist,  b. 
in  Boston,  Mass.,  19  March.  1847.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  the  Lawrence  scientific  school  of  Harvard  in 
1867,  and  became  assistant  in  chemistry  at  Cornell 
during  the  first  year  of  its  existence.  In  1873-'4 
he  was  professor  of  chemistry  and  physics  at  How- 
ard university,  Washington,  D.  C,  and  in  1874 
was  called  to  fill  a  similar  chair  in  the  University 
of  Cincinnati,  where  he  remained  until  1883.  Un- 
der his  direction  the  laboratory  training  reached  a 
high  standard,  and  about  thirty  investigations  were 
published  as  "  Laboratory  Notes."  In  1883  he  be- 
came chief  chemist  to  the  U.  S.  geological  survey 
at  Washington.  Prof.  Clarke  has  been  active  in 
the  American  association  for  the  advancement  of 
science,  and  in  1878  was  chairman  of  the  chemi- 
cal section,  delivering  an  address  on  "  The  Culti- 
vation of  Chemistry."  During  1885  he  was  presi- 
dent of  the  Washington  chemical  society,  and  on 
retiring  delivered  an  address  on  "  The  Relations 
of  the  Government  to  Chemistry."  He  has  con- 
tributed frequent  papers  to  the  "  American  Jour- 
nal of  Science,"  "  American  Chemist,"  "  American 
Chemical  Journal,"  and  to  the  "  Proceedings  of 
the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of 
Science."  His  most  important  work  is  the  "  Con- 
stants of  Nature"  (Washington,  1873,  1876,  and 
1882),  in  five  octavo  pamphlets,  of  which  the  last 
bears  the  sub-title  of  "A  Recalculation  of  the 
Atomic  Weights."  the  results  in  which  are  ac- 
cepted as  standard.  He  has  published  "  Weights, 
Measures,  and  Monev  of  all  Nations  "  (New  York, 
1875) ;  "  Elements  of'  Chemistry  "  (1884) ;  and  a 
"  Report  on  the  Teaching  of  Chemistry  and  Phys- 
ics in  the  United  States "  (Washington,  1881). 
Prof.  Clarke  has  also  contributed  popular  essays 
on  scientific  subjects  to  "  Appletons'  Journal "  and 
the  "  Popular  Science  Monthly." 

CLARKE,  George,  governor  of  New  York.  b. 
in  England  ;  d.  in  Chester,  England,  in  1763.  He 
was  sent  out  by  a  friend,  during  the  reign  of  Queen 
Anne,  to  mend  his  fortunes  in  New  York.  Dunlap 
says  he  "  had  sagacity  enough  to  see  that  the  aristoc- 
racy possessed  the  offices  of  profit,  and  were  sup- 
porters of  the  authority  derived  from  England." 
He  therefore  sided  with  the  governors  in  their  dis- 
putes with  the  popular  party,  and  was  rewarded, 
until  he  stood  the  oldest  councillor,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  Van  Dam,  On  the  death  of  Gov.  Cosby, 
Van  Dam  would  have  assumed  the  administration 
as  senior  councillor,  but  the  council,  claiming 
that  he  had  been  secretly  suspended  by  Cosby 
just  before  the  latter's  death,  proclaimed  Clarke 
governor  irro  tern.,  and,  in  spite  of  Van  Dam's  op- 
position, he  was  supported  by  the  home  govern- 
ment, and  commissioned  lieutenant-governor.  He 
endeavored  to  hold  the  favor  of  both  parties,  and 
is  said  to  have  destroyed  the  popularity  of  many 
democratic  leaders  by  inducing  them  to  ask  for 
offices  that  he  did  not  intend  to  bestow  on  them. 
His  administration,  like  that  of  his  predecessor, 
was  disturbed  by  contention  with  the  assembly; 
but  it  was  also  marked  by  the  adoption  of  many 
good  measures.  The  militia  system  was  remod- 
elled, courts  set  up  for  the  decision  of  petty  suits, 
the  Indian  trade  promoted,  and  a  precedent  estab- 


lished for  the  annual  provision  by  the  legislature 
for  the  provincial  government. 

CLARKE,  Henry  Francis,  soldier,  b.  in 
Brownsville,  Pa.,  9  Nov.,  1820 ;  d.  in  Washington, 
D.  C,  10  May,  1887.  He  was  graduated  at  the 
U.  S.  military  academy  in  1843,  entered  the  artil- 
lery, served  in  the  occupation  of  Texas  in  1845-'6, 
and  in  the  war  with  Mexico.  He  won  th^  brevet 
of  captain  at  Chapultepec,  and  was  present  at  the 
assault  and  capture  of  the  city  of  Mexico.  He 
was  assistant  instructor  of  artillery  at  the  mili- 
tary academy  in  1848-'9,  assistant  professor  of 
mathematics  in  1850-'l,  was  engaged  with  his 
regiment  in  the  Seminole  war  of  1851-2,  again 
assistant  instructor  of  artillery  at  West  Point  in 
1855-'6,  made  captain,  12  Jan.,  1857,  accompanied 
the  Utah  expedition  of  1857  as  commissary  of 
subsistence,  and  remained  there  as  chief  commis- 
sary till  1860,  when  he  was  assigned  to  duty  in  the 
office  of  the  commissary-general.  He  ordered  the 
expedition  for  the  relief  of  Fort  Pickens,  1  April, 
1861,  was  appointed  chief  commissary  of  Gen. 
McDowell's  command,  2  July,  1861,  served  in  the 
Manassas  campaign,  was  promoted  major,  3  Aug., 
and  served  as  chief  commissary  of  subsistence  of 
the  Army  of  the  Potomac  from  20  Aug.,  1861,  till 
5  Jan.,  1864,  being  present  at  the  siege  of  York- 
town,  the  battles  of  South  Mountain,  Antietam, 
Fredericksburg,  Chancellorsville,  and  Gettysburg. 
He  was  promoted  lieutenant-colonel,  29  June, 
1864,  and  had  charge  of  purchase  of  supplies  in 
New  York  city  till  1867;  was  brevetted  brigadier- 
general  for  gallantry  at  the  battle  of  Gettysburg, 
and  major-general  for  faithful  services  in  the  sub- 
sistence department  during  the  civil  war.  He 
served  as  chief  of  commissariat  of  the  division  of  the 
Missouri  in  1868-75,  and  of  the  division  of  the 
Atlantic  from  1879  until  he  was  retired,  9  Nov., 
1884,  with  the  rank  of  colonel,  having  been  ad- 
vanced to  that  grade  on  20  May,  1882. 

CLARKE,  James  Freeman,  clergyman,  b.  in 
Hanover,  N.  H.,  4  April,  1810 ;  d.  in  Jamaica  Plains, 
Mass.,  8  June,  1888.  He  was  a  cousin  of  Com. 
Isaac  Hull.  He  studied  at  the  Boston  Latin-school, 
and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1829,  and  at 
Cambridge  divinity-school  in  1833.  From  1833 
till  1840  he  was  pastor  of  the  Unitarian  church  in 
Louisville,  Ky.,  and  also  edited  the  "Western 
Messenger"  (Louisville)  from  1836  till  1839.  He 
then  returned  to  Boston,  where  in  1841  he  found- 
ed the  Church  of  the  Disciples,  of  which  he  was 
pastor  for  forty-five  years.  In  this  church  the 
seats  are  free,  and  the  worship,  a  form  devised  by 
Dr.  Clarke,  combines  the  features  of  responses  on 
the  part  of  the  congregation  as  in  the  English 
church,  the  extempore,  prayer  of  the  Congrega- 
tionalists,  and  the  silent  prayer  of  the  Friends. 
He  was  prominent  in  all  educational  and  reform 
movements  in  Boston.  For  many  years  he  was 
one  of  the  overseers  of  Harvard  university,  where, 
from  1867  till  1871,  he.  was  professor  of  natural 
religion  and  Christian  doctrine,  and  during  1876-'7 
lecturer  on  ethnic  religions.  He  was  also  a  mem- 
ber of  the  State  board  of  education,  and  trustee 
of  the  Boston  public  library.  In  connection  with 
his  friends,  William  II.  Channing  and  Ralph 
Waldo  Emerson,  he  prepared  the  "  Memoirs  of 
Margaret  Fuller  D'Ossoli "  (Boston,  1852).  His 
published  works  include  "  Theodore,  or  the  Sceptic's 
Conversion,"  translated  from  the  German  of  De 
Wette  (Boston,  1841) ;  "  History  of  the  Campaign  of 
1812,  and  Defence  of  General  William  Hull  for  the 
Surrender  of  Detroit "  (New  York,  1848) ;  "  Eleven 
Weeks  in  Europe  "  (Boston,  1852) ;  "  Christian  Doc- 
trine of  Forgiveness  of  Sin  "  (1852) ;  "  Christian  Doc- 


634 


CLARKE 


CLARKE 


trine  of  Prayer  "  (1854) ;  "  Karl  Hase.  Life  of  Jesus," 
translated  from  the  German  (1860) ;  "  Service  Book  " 
(1844) ;  "  Disciples'  Plymn  Book  "  (1844) ;  "  Ortho- 
doxy :  its  Truths  and'  Errors  "  (1866) ;  "  The  Hour 
which  Cometh,"  sermons  (1864) ;  "  Steps  of  Be- 
lief, or  Rational  Christianity  maintained  against 
Atheism,  Free  Religion,  and  Romanism"  (1870); 
"Ten  Great  Religions,"  an  essay  in  comparative 
theology  (1871-'83) ;  "  Go  up  Higher,  or  Religion 
in  Common  Life,"  sermons  (1877) ;  "  Common 
Sense  in  Religion,"  essays  (1879);  "'Exotics:  At- 
tempts to  Domesticate  Them,"  translations  in 
verse  (1876);  "Essentials  and  Non-Essentials  in 
Religion "  (1878) ;  "  How  to  Find  the  Stars,"  an 
account  of  the  astronomical  lantern  (invented 
and  patented  by  him)  and  its  use  (1878) ; 
"  Memorial  and  Biographial  Sketches "  (1878) ; 
"  Events  and  Epochs  in  Religious  History  "  (1881) ; 
"  Legend  of  Thomas  Didymus,  the  Jewish  Sceptic  " 
(New  York,  1881);  "Self-Culture"  (Boston,  1882); 
"  The  Ideas  of  the  Apostle  Paul  "  (1884) ;  "  Anti- 
Slavery  Days"  (New  York,  1884);  "Manual  of 
Unitarian  Belief"  (1884);  "Every-Day  Religion" 
(Boston,  1886);  and  "Vexed  Questions"  (1886). 

CLARKE,  Jeremiah,  president-regent  of  Rhode 
Island,  b.  in  England  ;  d.  in  Newport,  R.  I.,  in  1652. 
He  was  an  eider  of  Pocasset  and  one  of  the  origi- 
nal settlers  of  Newport  in  1689,  was  elected  con- 
stable of  the  new  plantation  on  12  March,  1640, 
became  treasurer  of  the  province  in  May,  1647, 
was  continued  in  that  office,  and  chosen  as  one  of 
the  president's  assistants  the  following  year. 
When  William  Coddington,  the  president-elect,  a 
royalist  who  desired  to  separate  the  island  from 
the  other  towns  and  unite  it  to  Plymouth,  neglect- 
ed to  enter  upon  the  office  and  to  meet  the  charges 
brought  against  him  in  the  assembly,  Clarke,  who 
was  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  dominant  republican 
party,  was  selected  by  that  body  to  fill  the  place 
provisionally,  with  the  title  of  president-regent, 
until  the  following  May,  when  John  Smith,  of 
Warwick,  was  regularly  elected. 

CLARKE,  John,  physician,  and  one  of  the 
founders  of  Rhode  Island,  b.  in  Suffolk,  England, 
8  Oct.,  1609 ;  d.  in  Newport,  R.  I.,  20  April,  1676. 
He  was  well  educated,  but  it  is  not  known  where 
and  how  he  obtained  his  intellectual  tr-aining. 
Deeply  sympathizing  with  the  Puritans  in  their 
struggles,  he  emigrated  to  the  New  World,  arriving 
at  Boston  in  November,  1637.  Finding  the  gov- 
ernment at  Boston  intolerant  and  oppressive,  and 
the  comiiTunity  rent  with  controversies,  he  resolved 
to  plant  a  new  colony.  In  company  with  Codding- 
ton and  others,  and  with  the  encouragement  of 
Roger  Williams,  he  selected  an  island  in  Narra- 
gansett  bay,  known  as  Aquidneck,  afterward  called 
Rhode  Island,  as  his  retreat  from  intolerance.  The 
lands  were  purchased  from  the  Indians,  the  deed 
bearing  date  24  March,  1688.  From  the  north  end 
of  the  island,  where  the  first  settlement  was  made, 
the  government  was  soon  transferred  to  a  place  at 
the  south  end,  which  received  the  name  of  New- 
port. When  in  1647  Aquidneck  was  united  with 
the  other  settlements,  which  afterward  became  the 
state  of  Rhode  Island,  a  code  of  laws  was  framed 
for  the  confederacy,  closing  with  these  memorable 
words :  "  And  otherwise  than  thus  what  is  herein 
forbidden,  all  men  may  walk  as  their  consciences 
persuade  them,  every  one  in  the  name  of  his  God. 
And  let  the  saints  of  the  Most  High  walk  in  this 
colony  without  molestation,  in  the  name  of  Jeho- 
vah, their  God,  for  ever  and  ever."  It  is  supposed 
that  John  Clarke  was  the  author  of  this  code.  In 
1688  a  church  was  gatliered,  to  which  he  ministered 
as  teacher,  and  the  second  Baptist  church  established 


in  A  merica.  While  on  a  visit  to  one  of  the  members 
of  his  church,  William  Witter,  who  lived  in  Lynn, 
Mr.  Clarke,  with  his  two  companions,  Obadiah 
Holmes  and  John  Crandall,  was  arrested  and  sen- 
tenced to  pay  a  fine  of  £20,  "  or  else  to  be  well 
whipped."  Some  person  unknown  to  him  paid  the 
fine,  much  to  his  regret.  Troubles  having  arisen 
in  his  infant  colony,  and  its  existence  being  threat- 
ened, he  was  induced  in  1651  to  go  to  England, 
with  the  hope  of  obtaining  relief  from  the  court. 
In  the  next  year,  1652,  his  famous  work  in  defence 
of  liberty  of  conscience  was  published  in  London. 
It  was  entitled  "  111  News  from  New  England  ;  or, 
a  Narrative  of  New  England's  Persecution."  Clarke 
remained  abroad  for  some  time,  laboring  for  the 
welfare  of  his  colony.  In  1663  he  obtained  from 
King  Charles  a  charter  whose  piovisions  were  of 
unparalleled  liberality,  guaranteeing  that  "  no  per- 
son within  the  said  colony,  at  any  time  hereafter, 
shall  be  in  anywise  molested,  punished,  disquieted, 
or  called  in  question  for  any  differences  of  opinion 
on  matters  of  religion."  In  one  of  his  addresses 
to  the  king  he  said  of  his  colony  :  "  It  desires  to  be 
permitted  to  hold  forth  in  a  lively  experiment  that 
a  flourishing  civil  state  may  stand,  yea,  and  best  be 
maintained,  and  that  among  English  spirits,  with 
a  full  liberty  of  religious  concernments."  After 
an  absence  of  more  than  twelve  years,  Clarke  re- 
turned home  in  1664.  He  was  immediately  elected 
to  the  general  assembly,  and  continued  to  be  re- 
elected until  1669,  when  he  was  made  deputy  gov- 
ernor, an  honor  repeated  in  1671.  Besides  other 
important  services  for  his  colony,  he  was  appointed 
to  "  compose  all  the  laws  into  a  good  method  and 
order,  leaving  out  what  may  be  superfluous,  and 
adding  what  may  appear  unto  him  necessary."  He 
left  most  of  his  property  in  the  hands  of  trustees, 
for  I'eligious  and  educational  purposes.  He  has 
been  called  the  "  Father  of  Rhode  Island  "  and  the 
"  Father  of  American  Baptists."  His  doctrinal 
views  have  been  pronounced  "  so  clear  and  scriptu- 
ral that  they  might  stand  as  the  confession  of  faith 
of  Baptists  to-day,  after  more  than  two  centuries 
of  experience  and  investigation."  It  is  claimed  for 
him  that  he  was  the  first  to  show  "  in  an  actual 
government  that  the  best  safeguard  of  personal 
rights  is  Christian  law."  There  is  no  full  memoir 
of  Clarke's  life  and  times.  Besides  general  histo- 
ries, see  Isaac  Baekus's  "  History  of  New  England, 
with  Special  Refei-ence  to  the  Baptists "  (3  vols., 
1777-'96;  new  ed.,  2  vols.,  1871),  and  articles  on 
Clarke's  place  in  history,  in  the  "  Baptist  Quarter- 
ly "  for  1876,  by  Prof.  John  C.  C.  Clarke,  under  the 
title  of  "  The  Pioneer  Statesman." 

CLARKE,  John  Mason,  geologist,  b.  in  Canan- 
daigua,  N.  Y.,  15  April,  1857.  He  was  educated 
at  Amherst,  and  at  the  University  of  Gottingen, 
Germany.  From  1881  till  1884  he  was  professor 
of  geology  and  mineralogy  at  Smith  college,  North- 
ampton, Mass.,  after  which  he  filled  a  similar  chair 
in  the  Massachusetts  agricultural  college  at  Am- 
herst, and  in  1886  became  assistant  paleontolo- 
gist of  the  state  of  New  York.  His  published  pa- 
pers include  "New  Devonian  Crustacea"  (1882); 
"Devonian  Crustacea"  (1883);  "  Cirriped  Crusta- 
cea from  the  Devonian  "  (1883) :  "  Ueber  Deutsche 
Oberdevonische  Crustaceen  "  (1884);  "Die  Fauna 
des  Iberger  Kalks  "  (1884) ;  "  On  Devonian  Spores  " 
(1885);  "The  Geological  Succession  in  Ontario 
County,  N.  Y."  (1886) :  and  "  On  tlie  Higher  Devo- 
nian Faunas  of  Ontario  County,  N.  Y."  (1886). 

CLARKE,  John  Sleeper,  comedian,  b.  in  Balti- 
more, Md.,  in  1835.  He  became  a  member  of  an  ama- 
teur dramatic  association  in  his  native  city  in  early 
life,  and  essayed  tragic  parts,  but  made  his  dehut 


CLARKE 


CLARKE 


635 


as  Frank  Hardy  in  "Paul  Pry,"  at  the  Howard 
Athenseum  in  Boston  in  1851,  and-  began  his  first 
regular  engagement  at  the  Chestnut  street  thea- 
tre, Philadelphia,  in  the  part  of  Soto  in  "  She 
Would  and  She  Would  Not,"  28  Aug.,  1852.  In 
the  following  Jamiary  he  was  the  leading  come- 
dian at  that  theatre,  and,  after  playing  in  the 
Front  street  theatre  during  1854,  became  first 
comedian,  and  in  1858  joint  lessee  of  the  Arch 
street  theatre.  In  1863  he  was  joint  lessee  of  Win- 
ter Garden,  New  York  city,  in  1865  he  purchased 
with  his  brother-in-law,  Edwin  Booth,  the  Walnut 
street  theatre,  Philadelphia,  and  in  1866  acquired 
an  interest  in  the  Boston  theatre.  In  the  autumn 
of  1866  he  appeared  in  Boston,  and  a  year  later, 
after  the  burning  of  Winter  Garden  theatre,  in 
January,  1867,  appeared  in  London  at  the  St. 
James  theatre,  and  at  once  achieved  a  success  as 
Wellington  de  Boots,  a  part  that  he  had  played 
more  than  a  thousand  nights  in  the  United  States. 
He  played  also  Bob  Tyke  in  "  The  School  of  Re- 
form," Caleb  Seudder  in  "  The  Octoroon,"  and, 
after  a  tour  in  the  provinces,  revived  old  comedies, 
and  was  very  successful  in  the  role  of  Dr.  Pangloss 
in  "  The  Heir-at-Law."  He  again  appeared  in 
New  York  on  17  April,  1870,  performed  in  other 
cities,  returned  to  London,  appearing  at  the  Strand 
tlieatre.  29  July,  1871,  played  in  the  United  States 
the  following  winter,  and  in  March  returned  to  Lon- 
don, where  he  was  proprietor  of  the  Charing  Cross 
theatre,  and  aftei'ward  managed  the  Haymarket 
theatre,  London,  with  E.  A.  Sothern.  He  has  made 
several  professional  visits  to  the  United  States. 

CLARKE,  Jolin  Tliomas,  b.  in  Putnam  county, 
Ga..  12  Jan.,  1834;  d.  in  Smithville,  Ga.,  22  July, 
1889.  He  was  graduated  at  Mercer  university, 
and  began  to  practise  law,  but  abandoned  it,  and 
was  ordained  a  minister  of  the  Baptist  church. 
Failing  health  forced  him  to  retire,  and  in  1863 
he  was  appointed  judge  of  the  superior  courts  of 
the  Pataula  circuit.  His  administration  was  con- 
spicuous for  energy  and  ability.  After  the  war  he 
was  removed  from  office  by  Gen.  George  G.  Meade 
for  refusing  to  enforce  certain  military  orders.  His 
course  in  this  matter  made  him  very  popular  in 
his  state,  and  in  1882  he  was  re-elected  to  the 
judgeship.  He  was  an  elector  on  the  Seymour  and 
Blair  presidential  ticket  in  1868,  and  state  senator 
in  1878.  He  has  contributed  to  current  literature 
both  in  prose  and  poetry. 

CLARKE,  McDonald,  poet,  b.  in  Bath,  Me., 
18  June,  1798;  d.  in  New  York  city,  5  March, 
1842.  Little  is  known  of  his  early  life  beyond 
the  fact  that  he  and  the  poet  Brainard  were  play- 
mates, till  he  appeared  in  New  York  city  in  1819, 
married  an  actress,  and  was  a  familiar  and  strik- 
ing figure  on  Broadway,  and  well  known  as  an 
eccentric  character.  He  celebrated  in  verses  the 
belles  of  the  town  and  the  topics  of  the  day,  and 
was  familiarly  known  as  the  "  mad  poet."  He 
had  no  vices,  but  always  preserved  a  gentility 
of  deportment,  and  was  a  regular  attendant  at 
the  fashionable  Episcopal  Grace  church  on  Broad- 
way. His  oddities,  as  his  faithful  friend  Halleck 
stated  to  the  writer,  were  all  amiable.  He  was 
celebrated  in  an  amusing  poem  called  "  The  Dis- 
carded," written  by  Halleck.  He  met  with  a 
tragic  death,  being  drowned  in  a  cell  of  the  city 
prison  by  water  from  an  open  faucet.  A  po- 
liceman had  found  him  in  a  destitute  and  ap- 
parently demented  condition  on  the  street  and 
taken  him  to  the  jail  for  safety.  Clarke's  most 
celebrated  couplet  is  often  used  as  a  quotation  : 
"  Now  twilight  lets  her  curtain  down, 
And  pins  it  with  a  star." 


It  is  also  frequently  quoted  in  the  following  form : 
"  Night  dropped  her  sable  curtain  down,  and 
pinned  it  with  a  star." 
A  fragment  of  autobiography  in  his  own  hand- 
writing, penned  two  months  before  his  death,  is 
still  preserved.  It  reads :  "  Begotten  among  the 
orange-groves,  on  the  wild  mountains  of  Jamaica, 
West  Indies.  Born  in  Bath,  on  the  Kennebec 
River,  State  of  Maine,  18th  June,  1798.  1st  Love, 
Mary  H.  of  New  London ;  last  love,  Mary  T.  of 
New  York ;  intermediate  sweethearts  without  num- 
ber. No  great  compliment  to  the  greatest  Poet  in 
America — shoiild  like  the  change  tho' ;  had  to 
pawn  my  Diamond  Ring  (the  gift  of  a  lady),  and 
go  tick  at  Del- 


monicos  for 
Dinner.  So 
much  for  be- 
ing ihe  great- 
est Poet  in 
America.  The 
greatest  Poet 
of  the  Coun- 
try ought  to 
have  the  free- 
dom of  the 
City,  the  girls 
of  the  gentry 
gratis,  grab  all 
along  shore, 
the  magnifi- 
cent Mary,  and 
snueks  with  all 
the  sweet  Sis- 
ters of  Song." 
Clarke's  po- 
ems, Inimor- 
ous,  sentimen- 
tal, and  satiri- 
cal, have  a  vein  of  tenderness  pervading  their  gro- 
tesqueness  and  irregularity.  They  are  now  rare, 
though  several  times  republished.  Some  of  the 
titles  to  the  volumes  are  "  A  Review  of  the  Eve  of 
Eternity,  and  other  Poems"  (New  York,  1820); 
"  The  Elixir  of  Moonshine,  bv  the  Mad  Poet " 
(1822);  "The  Gossip"  (1825);  "Poetic  Sketches" 
(1826) ;  "  The  Belles  of  Broadway  "  (1838) ;  "  Death 
in  Disguise,"  a  temperance  poem  (1833) ;  "  Poems  " 
(1836).  His  last  effusion,  "A  Cross  and  a  Coro- 
net," was  published  in  1841, 

CLARKE,  Mary  Bayard,  author,  b.  in  Ral- 
eigh, N.  C,  about  1830.  She  is  the  daughter  of 
Tliomas  P.  Devereux,  a  lawyer  and  planter, 
and  married  Col.  William  J.  Clarke,  who  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  the  Mexican  war,  and  com- 
manded a  North  Carolina  regiment  during  the 
civil  war.  After  marriage  she  went  to  Cuba  for 
her  health,  being  afflicted  with  pulmonary  disease, 
and  afterward  resided  in  Texas  until  the  begin- 
ning of  the  war,  when  she  returned  to  North 
Carolina  with  her  husband  and  children.  She 
wrote  both  prose  and  poetry,  and  at  the  close  of 
the  war  resorted  to  her  pen  as  a  means  of  livelihood. 
In  1854  she  published  a  collection  of  North  Caro- 
lina verse  under  the  title  "  Wood-Notes."  On  her 
return  from  Havana,  in  1855,  she  wrote  "  Remi- 
niscences of  Cuba "  for  the  "  Southern  Literary 
Messenger."  While  residing  in  Cuba  and  after- 
ward, she  published  in  periodicals  many  graceful 
poems,  at  first  under  the  pen-name  of  "  Tenella," 
and  later  under  her  own  name,  some  of  which 
were  collected  in  a  volume  called  "  Mosses  from  a 
Rolling  Stone,  or  Idle  Moments  of  a  Busy 
Woman,"  which  was  sold  for  the  benefit  of  the 
fund  for  a  Stonewall  cemetery  in  Winchester,  Va, 


636 


CLARKE 


CLARKE 


During  the  war  she  wrote  the  "  Battle  of  Manas- 
sas," "  Battle  of  Hampton  Roads,"  "  Rebel  Sock," 
and  other  war  lyrics.  She  also  published  elegant 
and  faithful  translations  from  Victor  Hugo, 
translated  "Marguerite,  or  Two  Loves."  and 
published  prose  articles  signed  "  Stuart  Leigh." 
After  the  peace,  "  General  Sherman  in  Raleigh  " 
and  ■'  The  South  Expects  Every  Woman  to  do  her 
Duty  "  appeared  in  "  The  Old  Guard,"  published 
in  New  York  ;  novelettes  in  "  Demorest's  Monthly  " 
and  "  Peterson's  Magazine "  ;  "  Social  Reminis- 
cences of  Noted  North  Carolinians,"  and  other  ar- 
ticles in  "  The  Land  We  Love  "  ;  and  numerous 
contributions  in  "  Literary  Pastime,"  a  weekly 
journal  printed  in  Richmond,  of  which  she  was 
associate  editor.  Mrs.  Clarke  published  a  poem 
entitled  "  Clytie  and  Zenobia,  or  the  Lily  and  the 
Palm  "  (New  York,  1870). 

CLARKE,  Newman  S., 'soldier,  b.  in  Connecti- 
cut ;  d.  in  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  17  Oct.,  1860.  He 
was  appointed  from  Vermont  an  ensign  in  the  11th 
infantry,  12  March,  1812,  became  a  lieutenant  in 
March  following,  first  lieutenant,  15  Aug.,  1813, 
served  as  adjutant  in  1813,  and  as  brigade-major 
to  Gen.  Ripley  in  1814,  was  brevetted  captain  for 
gallantry  in  the  battle  of  Niagara,  25  July,  1814, 
pronioted  to  a  captaincy,  7  Oct.,  1814,  became  a 
major,  21  July,  1834,  lieutenant-colonel,  7  July, 
1838,  and  colonel,  29  June,  1846.  He  commanded 
a  brigade  in  Mexico  in  1847,  and  received  the  bre- 
vet of  brigadier-general,  29  March,  1847,  for  gallant 
conduct  at  the  siege  of  Vera  Cruz. 

CLARKE,  Richard,  merchant,  b.  about  1708 ; 
d.  in  England  in  1795.  He  was  graduated  at  Har- 
vard in  1729.  He  became  a  merchant  in  Boston, 
and  he  and  his  sons  were  consignees  of  part  of  the 
tea  that  was  thrown  overboard  by  the  "  tea-party  " 
in  Boston  harbor  in  December,  1773.  Having  been 
harshly  used  by  the  whigs,  he  left  Boston  for  Eng- 
land, arriving  in  that  country  on  24  Dec,  1775. 
He  was  one  of  the  original  members  of  the  Loyal- 
ist club,  which  was  organized  in  the  following  year. 
He  lived  with  his  son-in-law  Copley,  the  painter, 
in  Leicester  square,  London. 

CLARKE,  Richard  Henry,  lawyer,  b.  in  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  3  July,  1827.  lie  is  descended  from 
one  of  the  founders  of  Maryland,  was  graduated 
at  Georgetown  college  in  1846,  studied  law,  and 
practised  in  Washington,  where  he  tried  success- 
fully the  ease  establishing  the  validity  of  building 
associations.  He  removed  in  1864  to  New  York 
city,  and  was  associated  with  Charles  O'Conor  in 
the  Forrest  divorce  case,  the  Jumel  will  case,  and 
the  suit  of  the  U.  S.  government  against  Jefferson 
Davis.  Dr.  Clarke  is  an  officer  in  various  Catholic 
societies,  and  has  been  an  active  supporter  of  civil 
service  reform,  free-trade,  the  temperance  cause, 
freedom  of  worship  in  public  institutions,  and  legal 
reform.  He  has  published  biographical  sketches 
of  American  Roman  Catholics  in  this  work,  con- 
troversial pamphlets,  and  numerous  papers  in  the 
"  Catholic  World  "  and  other  journals ;  "  Lives 
of  the  Deceased  Bishops  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church  in  the  United  States"  (3  vols.,  New  York, 
1872-88) ;  and  "  Old  and  New  Lights  on  Colum- 
bus "  (Philadelphia,  1893). 

CLARKE,  Robert,  surveyor,  b.  in  London, 
England,  early  in  the  17th  century;  d.  in  Mary- 
land. He  was  the  son  of  Walter  Clarke,  London, 
and  came  to  Maryland  some  years  before  the  set- 
tlement of  St.  Mary's  was  founded.  In  1639  he 
sat  as  a  freeman  in  the  Maryland  legislature,  in 
1640  was  deputy  surveyor,  and  in  1649  surveyor- 
general  of  the  province.  In  his  last  capacity  he 
was  ex-officio  a  member  of  the  privy  council,  and 


sat  in  the  assembly  of  1649  and  voted  for  the  tol- 
eration act.  He  was  also  a  friend  of  the  Indians, 
and  as  steward  of  the  manor  of  Calverton,  an  es- 
tate of  10,000  acres,  which  was  set  aside  by  the 
colony  for  the  habitation  of  the  Indians,  he  held 
the  court-baron  of  the  manor.  In  the  battle  of  the 
Severn  he  was  one  of  the  defenders  of  the  govern- 
ment against  the  Puritan  revolution  in  Maryland. 
He  was  taken  prisoner,  tried  by  a  council  of  war, 
and,  although  his  life  was  spared  "  by  the  petitions 
of  the  women,"  he  was  heavily  fined.  His  estates 
were  confiscated,  and  he  died  poor.  In  the  pro- 
ceedings of  the  provincial  court,  October  term, 
1655,  is  this  entry :  "  Robert  Clarke,  gentleman, 
hath  openly  in  court  confessed  himself  to  be  a  Ro- 
man Catholic,  owning  the  pope's  supremacy."  The 
date  of  his  death  is  unknown. 

CLARKE,  Robert,  publisher,  b.  in  Annan,  Scot- 
land, 1  May,  1829  ;  d.  in  Cincinnati.  26  Aug.,  1899. 
He  removed  with  his  parents  to  Cincinnati,  was 
educated  at  Woodward  college,  and  became  a  book- 
seller and  publisher  in  that  city.  He  edited  "  Coh 
George  Rogers  Clarke's  Campaign  in  the  Illinois 
in  1778-'9  "  (Cincinnati,  1869) ;  James  McBride's 
"  Pioneer  Biographies  "  (1869) ;  "  Captain  James 
Smith's  Captivity  with  the  Indians"  (1870);  and 
is  the  author  of  a  pamphlet  entitled  "The  Pre- 
Historic  Remains  which  were  found  on  the  Site  of 
the  City  of  Cincinnati,  with  a  Vindication  of  the 
Cincinnati  Tablet"  (printed  privately,  1876). 

CLARKE,  Samuel,  English  clergyman,  b.  in 
Warwickshire  in  1599  ;  d.  in  1682.  He  was  pastor 
of  St.  Bennet  Fink,  London,  until  ejected  in  1662, 
and  published,  besides  theological  works  and  a 
famous  "General  Martyrology,"  "A  True  and 
Faithful  Account  of  the  Four  Chiefest  Plantations 
of  the  English  in  America "  (London,  1670),  and 
"  New  Description  of  the  World  "  (1689). 

CLARKE,  Samuel  Fessenden,  naturalist,  b. 
in  Geneva,  111.,  4  June,  1851.  He  was  graduated 
at  the  Sheffield  scientific  school  in  1878,  where 
during  1874-'6  he  had  been  instructor.  During 
1874-'5  he  was  assistant  to  the  U.  S.  fish  commis- 
sion, and  from  1879  till  1881  assistant  in  the  bio- 
logical laboratory  at  Johns  Hopkins  university, 
from  which  in  1879  he  received  the  degree  of  Ph. 
D.  In  1882  he  became  lecturer  in  biology  at  Smith 
college,  and  also  professor  of  natural  sciences  at 
Williams  college.  His  published  papers  include 
"New  and  Rare  Species  of  Hydroids  from  the 
New  England  Coast"  (1875);  "New  Hydroids  of 
the  Pacific  Coast  of  the  United  States  South  of 
Vancouver's  Island"  (1876);  "Hydroids  of  Alas- 
ka" (1876);  "Hydroids  of  the  Gulf  Stream  and 
Gulf  of  Mexico  "  (1879) ;  "  Development  of  Ambly- 
stoma  Punctatum  "  (1879) ;  "  The  Early  Develop- 
ment of  the  Wollfian  Body  in  Amblystoma  Punc- 
tatuin "  (1881)  ;  and  "  The  Development  of  a 
Double-Headed  Vertebrate"  (1880).  Prof.  Clarke 
is  a  member  of  several  scientific  societies. 

CLARKE,  Walter,  colonial  governor  of  Rhode 
Island,  lived  in  the  17th  century.  He  was  depiity 
governor  in  1675,  was  elected  governor  in  May,1676, 
again  deputy  from  1679  until  1686,  when  he  became 
governor.  When  Sir  Edmund  Andros  in  1686  de- 
manded the  charter  of  Rhode  Island,  Clarke  asked 
for  delay  until  a  fitter  season;  but,  on  the  com- 
mand of  the  royal  governor  in  January,  1687,  he 
allowed  the  government  to  be  dissolved,  continu- 
ing to  act  as  governor  under  the  royal  commis- 
sioner, and  accepted  a  place  in  the  general  council 
for  New  England.  When  Andros  returned  from 
Connecticut  "in  November,  Gov.  Clarke  received 
him  with  courtesy  and  gave  up  the  seal  of  the 
colony  to  be  broken,  but  sent  the  charter  to  his 


CLARKSOiN" 


CLAVER 


637 


brother  to  be  concealed  in  some  place  unknown  to 
himself.  He  was  appointed  on  the  governor's  coun- 
cil in  1688  under  the  new  commission,  which  in- 
cluded New  York  and  New  Jersey  in  New  Eng- 
land. When  Andros  was  overthrown  at  the  revo- 
lution of  1688,  the  Rhode  Islanders  resumed  their 
charter  government ;  but  Clarke  was  too  cautious 
to  accept  his  former  post,  and  for  ten  months  al- 
lowed the  deputy  governor  to  fill  his  place.  When 
Bull  was  elected  governor,  Clarke  refused,  from 
politic  motives,  to  deliver  up  the  charter  and  state 
records,  but  did  not  thereby  lose  the  confidence  of 
the  people,  who  in  1696  again  elected  him  gov- 
ernor. In  1698,  because  he  was  required  to  take 
the  oath  to  the  king,  which  as  a  Quaker  he  refused 
to  do,  and  because  a  court  of  admiralty  had  been 
created  contrary  to  his  wishes  and  he  was  threat- 
ened with  impeachment  for  withholding  the  com- 
mission of  the  judge.  Gov.  Clarke  resigned  in  favor 
of  his  nephew,  Samuel  Cranston. 
CLARKSON,  Mathew.  See  Supplement. 
CLARK80N,  Robert  Harper,  P.  B.  bishop,  b. 
in  Gettysburg,  Pa.,  19  Nov.,  1826;  d.  in  Omaha, 
Neb.,  10  March,  1884.  He  was  graduated  at  Penn- 
sylvania college,  Gettysburg,  in  1844,  and  studied 
theology  at  St.  James's  college,  Hagerstown,  j\ld. 
He  was  ordained  dea- 
con by  Bishop  Whit- 
tingham,  18  June, 
1848,  and  priest  by 
Bishop  P.  Chase,  5 
Jan.,  1851.  He  be- 
came rector  of  St. 
James's  church,  Chi- 
cago, 111.,  in  1849,  and 
held  that  jilace  for 
fifteen  years.  He  was 
a  deputy  from  the 
diocese  of  Illinois  to 
the  general  conven- 
tion during  all  these 
years,  and  was  assist- 
ant secretary  of  the 
house  of  clerical  and 
lay  deputies  when  he 
was  elected  bishop. 
He  was  consecrated  missionary  bishop  of  Nebraska 
and  Dakota,  in  Chicago,  15  Nov.,  1865,  and  three 
years  later,  when  Nebraska  was  organized  as  a  dio- 
cese and  admitted  into  union  with  the  general  con- 
vention, he  was  chosen  to  be  the  bishop  of  the  new 
diocese.  He  accepted  the  office  in  the  spring  of 
1870,  retaining  the  missionary  jurisdiction  of  Da- 
kota until  the  autumn  of  1883.  Bishop  Clarkson's 
sunny  disposition  and  humor  won  for  him  troops 
of  friends  wherever  lie  was  known.  He  published 
numerous  sermons  and  memorial  sketches. 

CLARY,  Robert  Emmet,  soldier,  b.  in  Ashfield, 
Mass.,  21  March,  1805:  d.  in  Washington,  D.  C,  19 
Jan.,  1890.  He  was  gi'aduated  at  the  U.  S.  military 
academy  in  1828,  and  served  on  frontier  duty  till 
7  July,  1888,  wlien  he  was  made  assistant  quarter- 
master, with  the  rank  of  captain.  He  became  cap- 
tain on  3  April,  1839,  served  in  the  Florida  war  of 
1840-1,  and  at  various  posts  till  the  civil  war.  He 
was  chief  quartermaster  of  the  department  of  West 
Virginia  from  November,  1861,  till  July,  1862,  of 
the  Army  of  Virginia  to  October,  1862,  and  of  the 
department  of  the  northwests  till  20  March,  1863. 
He  was  made  colonel  on  the  staff  and  additional 
aide-de-camp,  5  July,  1862,  and  was  in  charge  of  the 
Memphis  military  depot  from  1864  till  1866.  On 
13  March.  1865,  he  was  brevetted  brigadier-general 
for  his  services  during  the  war.  He  was  made  as- 
sistant quartermaster-general  on  29  July,  1866,  and 


^cJc4/<. 


•  y^^s'tz^ 


served  as  depot  quartermaster  at  Boston,  Mass., 
from  1867  till  1869.  On  22  Feb.  of  that  year  he 
was  retired,  being  over  sixty-two  years  of  age. 

CLASON,  Isaac  Starr,  actor,  b.  in  New  York 
in  1789  ;  d.  in  London  in  1834.  He  received  a  good 
education,  and  his  father,  a  wealthy  New  York  mer- 
chant, left  him  a  fortune ;  but  he  soon  wasted  it  in 
a  course  of  dissipation,  and  was  obliged  to  support 
himself  as  a  writei",  teacher  of  elocution,  and  actor. 
He  appeared  at  the  Bowery  and  Park  theatres  in 
leading  Shakespearian  parts,  but  with  moderate  suc- 
cess. Having  finally  gone  to  London  as  a  theatrical 
adventurer,  and  being  reduced  to  poverty,  he  sealed 
up,  in  company  with  his  mistress,  the  room  in  which 
they  lodged,  lighted  a  fire  of  charcoal,  and  died  by 
its  fumes.  He  published  "  Don  Juan,  Cantos  XVII. 
and  XVIIL,"  supplementary  to  Lord  Byron's  poem, 
and  in  a  kindred  vein  (1825).  It  made  his  reputa- 
tion, and  is  probably  the  best  of  the  numerous  imi- 
tations of  the  original.  The  scandal  of  the  author's 
life,  reflected  in  it.  added  to  its  popularity.  This 
was  followed  by  "  Horace  in  New  York,"  a  collec- 
tion of  poems,  full  of  the-  New  York  gossip  of  the 
day,  and  celebrating,  among  others,  Madame  Mali- 
bran,  then  the  chief  operatic  singer.  It  also  con- 
tained some  feeling  lines  on  the  death  of  Thomas 
Addis  Emmejj.  Clason  wrote  a  poem  founded  on 
the  "  Beauchamp  tragedy "  of  Kentucky,  but  it 
was  never  published,  and  is  probably  lost. 

CLAUSEL,  Bertraiid,  Count,  French  soldier, 
b.  in  Mirepoix.  Ariege,  Prance,  12  Dec,  1773  ;  d.  in 
Chateau  Securieu,  21  April,  1842.  He  entered  the 
army  as  a  volunteer  in  1791,  served  under  Lafayette, 
distinguished  himself  in  the  war  against  Spain  in 
1794-'5,  and  also  in  Italy  and  Austria  in  1799,  hav- 
ing the  rank  of  general.  Then  he  accompanied 
Leclerc  to  Hayti.  and  with  only  6,000  exhausted  and 
sickly  men,  at  Cape  Haytien,  successfuly  resisted 
30,000  attacking  that  city.  At  Leclerc's  death  he 
took  command  of  the  army,  in  the  absence  of 
Rochambeau,  who  had  been  appointed  general-in- 
chief,  built  the  Delphin  and  Paise  forts,  again 
checked  the  native  negroes  that  were  advancing  in 
large  numbers,  and  displayed  so  much  ability  that 
at  last  he  won  the  respect  and  love  of  his  former 
enemies.  But,  as  his  A'iews  did  not  accord  with 
those  of  Rochambeau,  he  returned  to  France,  where 
he  was  rewarded  by  the  government.  He  faithfully 
and  ably  served  Napoleon  I.  in  his  campaigns  in  the 
north  of  Europe,  Italy,  Dalmatia,  Illyria,  and  Spain, 
and  made  a  famous  retreat  from  Portugal.  When 
Louis  XVIIL  was  proclaimed,  Chausel  was  obliged 
to  leave  France,  came  to  the  United  States,  settled 
at  Mobile,  and  devoted  himself  to  farming.  In 
1820  he  returned  to  France,  and,  after  the  fall  of  the 
Bourbons,  the  new  government  gave  him  titles  and 
decorations.  Afterward  he  wjis  governor  of  Al- 
geria, in  1830  and  1835,  defeated  the  bey  of  Tittery, 
occupied  Medeah  and  Blidah,  and  conquered  Mas- 
cara, but  was  unsuccessful  at  Constantine,  which 
caused  his  second  recall.  He  passed  the  rest  of  his 
life  in  retirement. 

CLAVER,  Pedro,  apostle  of  the  negroes,  b.  in 
Catalonia,  Spain,  in  1572 ;  d.  in  Carthagena,  South 
America,  in  1654.  At  the  age  of  twenty  he  entered 
the  Society  of  Jesus.  In  1610  he  was  sent  to  Car- 
thagena, South  America,  and  on  his  arrival  was 
painfully  affected  by  the  misery  Of  the  negro  slaves 
that  were  brought  to  that  city  for  sale.  Believing 
he  had  found  his  mission,  he  visited  every  slave- 
ship  on  its  arrival,  accompanied  by  an  interpreter, 
who  carried  provisions  for  the  negroes,  which  he 
had  begged  from  the  wealthy  inhabitants.  He 
then  descended  into  the  crowded  cabins  to  comfort 
the  slaves  and  distribute  his  gifts  among  them. 


638 


CLAVIERE 


CLAY 


He  afterward  instructed  and  baptized  the  negroes, 
and  formed  them  into  congregations.  In  1628  an 
epidemic  of  small-pox  of  a  virulent  character  bi'oko 
out  among  the  negroes  of  Carthagena,  and  Father 
Claver  was  unremitting  in  his  attention  to  the 
victims.  His  favorite  resort  was  the  lepers'  hospi- 
tal in  Carthagena,  which  was  shunned  even  Vy  the 
doctors.  His  constitution  was  enfeebled  by  his 
labors,  penances,  and  mortifications,  and  he  never 
recovered  from  an  attack  of  the  plague,  while  his 
end  was  hastened  by  the  harshness  and  neglect  of 
a  young  negro  appointed  to  attend  him.  He  was 
declared  venerable  by  Benedict  XIV.  in  1747,  and 
beatified  by, Pins  IX.  in  1850. 

CLAVIERE,  Etieune,  Swiss  financier,  b.  in 
Geneva,  27  Jan.,  17:^5 ;  d.  in  Paris.  8  Dec,  1793. 
He  engaged  in  banking  in  Paris  before  the  i-evolu- 
tion,  and  became  acquainted  with  Brissot,  and 
other  popular  leadei's.  Mirabeau  used  Claviere's 
assistance  in  composing  his  speeches  and  essays. 
It  is  asserted  that  he  and  Brissot  de  Warville  (q.  v.) 
were  the  authors  of  almost  all  of  Mirabeau's  works 
on  finance.  He  was  chosen  deputy  to  the  national 
assembly  in  1791,  was  Girondist  minister  of  finance 
from  March  till  June,  1792.  and  a  member  of  the 
executive  council  after  10  Aug.,  1792.  He  was  ar- 
rested on  2  June,  1793,  and  killed  hiiuself  to  escape 
the  guillotine.  Claviere  accompanied  Brissot  in  his 
tour  in  the  United  States  in  1788,  and  published,  in 
conjunction  with  him,  "  De  la  France  et  des  Etats- 
Unis"' (Paris,  1787;  English  translation,  London, 
1788),  and  "  Nouveau  Voyage  dans  les  Etats-Unis  de 
I'Amerique  Septentrionale  "  (Paris,  1791,  3  vols.). 

CLAVIJERO,  or  CLAYIGERO,  Francisco 
Xavier  (ciah-vee-hay'-ro),  Mexican  historian,  b.  in 
Vera  Cruz,  9  Sept.,  1721 ;  d.  in  Bologna,  Italy.  2 
April,  1787.  After  studyiiig  in  the  colleges  of  St. 
Jerome  and  St.  Ignatius,  Puebla,  he  entered  the 
novitiate  of  the  Jesuits  in  Tepotzotlan  in  1748.  He 
devoted  himself  at  first  to  the  study  of  natural 
philosophy,  but  the  great  collection  of  documents 
and  antiquities  bearing  on  the  history  of  the  Az- 
tecs in  the  library  of  the  College  of  St.  Peter  and 
St.  Paul  turned  his  attention  to  Mexican  history. 
He  taught  rhetoric  in  Mexico,  and  philosophy 
in  Valladolid,  in  the  mean  time  publishing  works 
and  tx'anslations  that  were  the  fruit  of  his  special 
studies.  Owing  to  the  dissolution  of  the  Jesuit  so- 
ciety, he  was  Ijanished  from  Mexico  in  1767,  and 
retired  to  Ferrara,  and  then  to  Bologna,  Italy.  The 
fruit  of  his  researches  was  the  "  Storia  Antica  del 
Messico "  (4  vols.,  1780-83  ;  English  translation  by 
C.  CuUen,  2  vols.,  1787).  It  was  also  translated  in- 
to German  and  Spanish.  This  work,  compiled  from 
the  best  Spanish  histories  and  from  the-^  ancient 
picture-writings  and  manuscripts  of  the  Indians, 
is  the  soui"ce  from  which  modern  writers  on  Mexico 
have  drawn  their  materials.  Its  greatest  merit  is 
its  impartiality,  especially  in  relating  the  story  of 
the  conquest  by  Cortes.  The  principal  purpose  of 
Clavijero  in  writing  the  book  was  to  refute  many 
absurd  assertions  made  by  Parr,  the  Prussian  au- 
thor, Robertson,  and  Raynal.  It  was  highly  com- 
mended by  historians  and  critics  of  that  time,  and 
afterward  by  Preseott.  Clavijero  also  published 
the  "Storia  della  California"  (Venice,  1789). 

CLAXTON,  Alexander,  naval  officer,  b.  in 
Maryland,  about  1790 ;  d.  in  Talcahuana,  Chili,  7 
March,  1841.  He  entered  the  navy  as  midshipman, 
20  June,  1806,  served  in  the  sloop-of-war  "  Wasp  " 
in  her  action  with  the  "  Frolic,"  18  Oct.,  1812,  and 
became  lieutenant,  8  Jan.,  1813.  He  was  made 
commander,  28  March,  1820,  and  captain,  21  Feb., 
1831.  At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  in  com- 
mand of  the  Pacific  squadron. — His  son,  Thomas, 


entered  the  navy  as  midshipman,  17  Dec,  1810,  was 
mortally  wounded  in  the  battle  of  Lake  Erie,  10 
Sept.,  1813,  and  died  in  October. — Another  son, 
F.  S.,  invented  the  mitrailleuse  that  was  introduced 
in  the  French  service. 

CLAXTON,  Kate,  actress,  b.  in  New  York  city 
in  1848.  She  is  the  granddaughter  of  Rev.  Spencer 
H.  Cone,  noticed  elsewhere,  and  her  father.  Col. 
Spencer  W.  Cone,  commanded  the  61st  New  York 
regiment  in  the  civil  war.  She  first  appeared  with 
Lotta  in  Chicago,  soon  afterward  became  a  mem- 
ber of  Daly's  Fifth  Avenue  company,  and  then  o- 
the  Union  Square  company,  but  attracted  no  atten- 
tion till  the  production  of  "  Led  Astray  "  in  1873, 
in  which  she  won  great  popularity  as  Mathilde. 
Soon  afterward  she  made  a  reputation  in  the  char- 
acter of  Louise  in  "  The  Two  Orphans,"  with  which 
she  has  become  identified.  She  played  it  first  at 
the  Union  Square  theatre,  and  was  acting  the  part 
at  the  Brooklyn  theatre  when  that  building  was 
destroyed  by  fire,  5  Dec,  1876.  She  became  widely 
known  by  her  coolness  on  that  occasion,  and  by  her 
efforts  to  calm  the  audience  and  prevent  the  rush 
for  the  doors,  in  which  so  many  were  killed.  Soon 
afterward  Miss  Claxton  was  in  the  Southern  hotel 
in  St.  Louis  when  it  was  burned,  and  again  dis- 
played great  coolness  and  energy,  saving  her  own 
and  her  brother's  life,  and  escaping  by  a  Inirning 
stairway  that  fell  just  after  her  foot  had  left  the 
last  step.  After  this,  many  superstitious  people, 
regarding  her  as  specially  imlucky,  avoided  the 
theatres  where  she  played.  She  has  more  recently 
played  in  Charles  Reade's  "  Double  Marriage  "  and 
in  the  "  Sea  of  Ice."  Miss  Claxton  married  Isidor 
Lyon,  a  New  York  merchant,  but  was  subsequently 
divorced,  and  in  1876  married  Charles  Stevenson, 
a  member  of  her  company. 

CLAY,  Clement  Comer,  statesman,  b.  in  Hali- 
fax county,  Va.,  17  Dec,  1789 ;  d.  in  Huntsville, 
Ala.,  9  Sept.,  1806,  His  father,  William  Clay,  was 
an  officer  of  the  Revolutionary  army,  who  removed 
to  Granger  county.  Tenn.,  after  the  war.  Young 
Clay  was  graduated  at  East  Tennessee  university, 
Knoxville,  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1809,  and  in  1811 
removed  to  Huntsville,  Ala.  At  the  beginning  of 
the  Creek  war,  in  1813,  he  volunteered  as  a  pri- 
vate in  a  Madison  county  battalion,  and  was  after- 
ward made  adjutant.  He  was  elected  to  the  terri- 
torial council  in  1817,  and  in  1819  was  a  delegate 
to  the  constitutional  convention,  and  chairman  of 
the  committee  to  report  a  plan  of  state  organiza- 
tion. He  was  chosen  one  of  the  circuit  judges  by 
the  first  state  legislature  in  1820,  and  elected  chief 
justice  by  his  colleagues,  holding  the  office  till 
1823,  when  he  resigned  and  resumed  his  law-prac- 
tice. He  was  speaker  of  the  legislature  in  1828, 
and  in  the  same  year  elected  to  congress  as  a 
democrat,  serving  from  1829  till  1835.  He  op- 
posed the  effort  to  recharter  the  U.  S.  bank,  and 
conspicuously  advocated  the  measures  of  Jackson's 
administration.  He  was  elected  governor  in  1835, 
and  in  1837,  before  the  expiration  of  his  term, 
chosen  to  the  U.  S.  Senate  to  fill  the  vacancy  made 
by  the  appointment  of  John  McKinley  to  the  su- 
preme bench.  He  took  his  seat  at  the  extra  ses- 
sion called  by  President  Van  Buren  in  September, 
1837.  and  served,  supporting  the  administration, 
till  1841,  when  sickness  in  his  family  caused  him 
to  resign.  In  1842  and  1843  he  codified  the  laws 
of  his  state,  and  after  that  devoted  himself  to  his 
profession.  During  the  war  he  remained  quietly 
at  home. — His  son,  Clement  Claiborne,  b.  in 
Huntsville,  Ala.,  in  1819;  d.  there,  3  Jan.,  1882, 
was  graduated  at  the  University  of  Alabama  in 
1835.    When  the  elder  Clay  was  elected  governor, 


CLAY 


CLAY 


639 


he  made  his  son  his  private  secretary,  in  which  ca- 
pacity the  boy  continued  his  studies,  and  also  con- 
tributed editorials  to  Alabama  papers.  When  his 
father  went  to  the  senate,  young  Clay  completed 
his  law  studies  at  the  University  of  Virginia,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1840.  He  served  in 
the  Alabama  legislature  in  1842,  1844,  and  1845, 
and  iji  1846  became  judge  of  the  Madison  county 
court.  He  resigned  in  1848,  and  in  1853  was 
elected  U.  S.  senator.  In  1857  he  delivered  an  elo- 
quent eulogy  on  Senator  Butler,  of  South  Carolina, 
and  in  1858  made  a  speech  advocating  the  admis- 
sion of  Kansas  to  the  Union  under  the  Lecompton 
constitution.  He  also  advocated  a  bill  repealing 
the  bounty  on  vessels  engaged  in  the  Newfound- 
land fisheries.  As  a  senator,  he  regarded  himself 
as  the  envoy  of  a  sovereign  state  to  the  council  of 
the  nation,  and  lost  no  opportunity  of  asserting 
the  rights  of  that  state  as  defined  by  Mr.  Calhoun 
and  other  southern  statesmen.  He  was  re-elected 
unanimously  in  1859,  but  withdrew  in  February, 
1861,  his  state  having  seceded  from  the  Union.  He 
was  formally  expelled  from  the  senate  in  March, 
1861,  and  was  chosen  a  senator  in  the  Confederate 
congress.  He  went  to  Canada  in  1864  as  a  secret 
agent  of  the  Confederate  government,  took  part  in 
planning  the  raids  on  the  northern  frontier,  and 
made  some  futile  attempts  at  negotiation  with 
President  Lincoln.  He  returned  to  the  Confeder- 
acy, but  took  refuge  in  Canada  at  the  close  of  the 
war.  In  May,  1865,  hearing  that  a  reward  had 
been  offered  for  his  arrest,  he  gave  himself  up  to 
the  U.  S.  authorities  and  was  for  some  time  a  pris- 
oner in  Fort  Monroe  with  Jefferson  Davis.  He 
was  released  in  April,  1866.  and  from  that  time 
practised  his  profession  at  Huntsville. 

CLAY,  Edward  W.,  caricaturist,  b.  in  Philadel- 
phia, Pa.,  in  1792;  d.  in  New  York  city,.  31  Dec, 
1857.  He  was  a  relative  of  Henry  Clay,  had  a 
liberal  education,  and  served  as  a  midshipman  in 
the  U.  S.  navy.  He  then  turned  his  attention  to 
the  law,  and,  though  very  young,  was  at  once  ap- 
pointed pi'othonotary  of  Philadelphia.  His  artistic 
tastes,  however,  led  him  to  Europe,  and  he  studied 
the  old  masters  there  for  five  years.  On  his  return 
to  Philadelphia  he  sketched  "  The  Rats  Leaving 
the  Falling  House,"  on  the  dissolution  of  Jack- 
son's cabinet.  This  brought  him  into  notice,  and 
for  more  than  twenty  years  he  was  a  noted  carica- 
turist. After  the  failure  of  his  eyesight  he  became 
clerk  of  the  Chancery  court,  and  of  the  Orphan's 
court  in  Delaware. 

CLAY,  Green,  soldier,  b.  in  Powhatan  county, 
Va.,  14  Aug.,  1757;  d.  in  Kentucky,  31  Oct.,  1826.  He 
emigrated  to  Kentucky  before  he  was  twenty  years 
of  age,  became  a  surveyor,  and  acquired  a  fortune 
by  locating  lands.  He  was  a  representative  of  the 
Kentucky  district  in  the  Virginia  legislature,  a 
member  of  the  convention  that  ratified  the  Federal 
constitution,  and  a  leading  member  of  the  Kentucky 
constitutional  convention  of  1799.  He  was  long  a 
member  of  one  or  the  other  branch  of  the  legisla- 
ture, and  at  one  time  speaker  of  the  senate.  In 
1813,  when  Gen.  Harrison  was  besieged  by  the 
British  in  Fort  Meigs,  he  came  to  his  relief  with 
3,000  volunteers  and  forced  the  enemy  to  with- 
draw. He  was  left  in  command  at  the  fort,  and 
defended  it  with  great  skill  against  an  attack  of 
the  British  and  Indians  under  Gen.  Proctor  and 
Tecum.seh.  After  tlie  war  he  retired  to  his  planta- 
tion, and  devoted  himself  to  agriculture.  He  was 
a  cousin  of  Henry  Clay. — His  son,  Cassius  Mar- 
cellus,  politician,  b.  in  Madison  county,  Ky.,  19 
Oct.,  1810,  studied  at  Transylvania  imiversity,  but 
afterward  entered  the  Junior  class  at  Yale,  and  was 


graduated  there  in  1832.  While  in  New  Haven  he 
heard  William  Lloyd  Garrison,  and,  although  his 
parents  were  slave-holders,  became  an  earnest  abo- 
litionist. He  began  to  practise  law  in  his  native 
county,  and  was  elected  to  the  legislature  in  1835, 
but  was  defeated  the  next  year  on  account  of  his 
advocacy  of  internal  improvements.  He  was  again 
elected  in  1837,  and  in  1839  was  a  member  of  the 
convention  that  nominated  Gen.  Harrison  for  the 
presidency.  He  then  removed  to  Lexington,  and 
was  again  a  member  of  the  legislature  in  1840,  but 
in  1841  was  defeated,  after  an  exciting  canvass,  on 
account  of  his  anti-slavery  views.  The  improved 
jury  system  and  the  common-school  system  of 
Kentucky  are  largely  due  to  his  efforts  while  in  the 
legislature.  Mr.  Clay  denounced  the  proposed  an- 
nexation of  Texas,  as  intended  to  extend  slavery, 
and  in  1844  actively  supported  Henry  Clay  for  the 
presidency,  speaking  in  his  behalf  in  the  northern 
states.  On  3  June,  1845,  he  issued  in  Lexington 
the  first  number  of  an  anti-slavery  paper  entitled 
"The  True  American."  Mob  violence  had  been 
threatened,  and  the  editor  had  prepared  himself 
for  it.  He  says  in  his  memoirs :  "  I  selected  for 
my  office  a  brick  building,  and  lined  the  outside 
doors  with  sheet-iron,  to  prevent  it  being  burned, 
I  purchased  two  brass  four-pounder  cannon  at 
Cincinnati,  and  placed  them,  loaded  with  shot  and 
nails,  on  a  table,  breast  high ;  had  folding-doors 
secured  with  a  chain,  which  could  open  upon  the 
mob  and  give  play  to  the  cannon.  I  furnished 
my  office  with  Mexican  lances,  and  a  limited  num- 
ber of  guns.  There  were  six  or  eight  persons  who 
stood  ready  to  defend  me.  If  defeated,  they  were 
to  escape  by  a  trap-door  in  the  roof ;  and  I  had 
placed  a  keg  of  powder  with  a  match,  which  I 
could  set  off  and  blow  up  the  office  and  all  my 
invaders ;  and  this  I  should  most  certainly  have 
done  in  case  of  the  last  extremity."  In  August, 
while  the  editor  was  sick,  his  press  was  seized  by 
the  mob  and  taken  to  Cincinnati,  and  he  himself 
was  threatened  with  assassination ;  but,  notwith- 
standing all  opposition,  he  continued  to  publish 
the  paper,  printing  it  in  Cincinnati  and  circulat- 
ing it  thi'ough  Kentucky.  This  was  not  his  only 
narrow  escape.  He  was  continually  involved  in 
quarrels,  had  several  bloody  personal  encounters, 
and  habitually  spoke  in  political  meetings,  with  a 
bowie  knife  concealed  about  him,  and  a  brace  of 
pistols  in  the  mouth  of  his  grip-sack,  which  he 
placed  at  his  feet.  When  war  with  Mexico  was 
declared,  Mr.  Clay  entered  the  army  as  captain  of 
a  volunteer  infantry  company  that  had  already 
distinguished  itself  at  Tippecanoe  in  1811.  He 
took  this  course  because  he  thought  a  military  title 
necessary  to  political  advancement  in  a  "  fighting 
state  "  like  Kentucky.  On  23  Jan.,  1847,  while  in 
the  van,  more  than  100  miles  in  advance  of  the 
main  army,  he  was  taken  prisoner,  with  seventy- 
one  others,  at  Encarnacion,  and  marched  to  the 
city  of  Mexico.  On  one  occasion,  after  the  escape 
of  some  of  the  captives,  the  lives  of  the  remainder 
were  saved  by  Capt.  Clay's  gallantry  and  presence 
of  mind.  After  being  exchanged,  he  returned  to 
Kentucky,  and  was  presented  by  his  fellow-citizens 
with  a  sword  in  honor  of  his  services.  He  worked 
for  Gen.  Taylor's  nomination  in  the  convention  of 
1848,  and  carried  Kentucky  for  him.  He  called  a 
convention  of  emancipationists  at  Frankfort,  Ky., 
in  1849,  and  in  1850,  separating  from  the  whig 
party,  was  an  anti-slaveiy  candidate  for  governor, 
receiving  about  5.000  votes.  He  labored  energeti- 
cally for  Fremont's  election  in  1856,  and  for  Lin- 
coln's in  1860.  but  took  pains  to  separate  himself 
from  the  "  radical  abolitionists,"  holding  that  all 


640 


CLAY 


CLAY 


interference  with  slavery  should  be  by  legal  meth- 
ods. On  28  March,  1861,  he  was  appointed  minis- 
ter to  Russia.  He  returned  to  this  country  in 
June,  1862,  having  been  commissioned  major-gen- 
eral of  volunteers,  and  shortly  afterward  made  a 
speech  in  Washington,  declaring  that  he  would 
never  draw  his  sword  while  slavery  was  protected 
in  the  seceding  states.  He  resigned  on  11  March, 
1863,  and  was  again  sent  as  minister  to  Russia, 
where  he  remained  till  25  Sept.,  1869.  In  1870  he 
publicly  supported  the  revolutionary  movement  in 
Cuba,  and  became  president  of  the  Cuban  aid  so- 
ciety. In  1871  he  delivered  an  address  by  invita- 
tion at  the  St.  Louis  fair,  urging  speedy  reconcilia- 
tion with  the  north,  and  at  the  same  time  attack- 
ing President  Grant's  administration.  He  was 
identified  with  the  liberal  republican  movement  in 
1872,  an.d  supported  his  old  friend  Horace  Greeley 
for  the  presidency.  He  afterward  joined  the  demo- 
cratic party,  and  actively  supported  Samuel  J. 
Tilden  in  1876,  but  advocated  Blaine's  election 
in  1884.  In  1877  Mr.  Clay  shot  and  killed  a  negro. 
Perry  White,  whom  he  had  discharged  from  his 
service  and  who  had  threatened  his  life.  Mr.  Clay 
was  tried,  and  the  jury  gave  a  verdict  of  *'  justifiable 
homicide."  A  volume  of  his  speeches  was  edited 
by  Horace  Greeley  (1848),  and  he  has  published 
"  The  Life,  Memoirs,  Writings,  and  Speeches  of 
Cassius  M.  Clay"  (2  vols.,  Cincinnati,  1886). 

CLAY,  Henry,  statesman,  b.  in  Hanover  coun- 
ty, Va.,  in  a  district  known  as  "  The  Slashes,"  12 
April,  1777;  d.  in  Washington,  D.  C,  29  June, 
1852.  His  father,  a  Baptist  clergyman,  died  when 
Henry  was  four  years  old,  leaving  no  fortune. 
Henry  received  some  elementary  instruction  in  a 
log  school-house,  doing  farm  and  house  work 
when  not  at  school.  His  mother  married  again 
and  removed  to  Kentucky.  When  fourteen  years 
of  age  he  was  placed  in  a  small  retail  store  at 
Richmond,  and  in  1792  obtained  a  place  in  the 
office  of  Peter  Tinsley,  clerk  of  the  high  court  of 
chancery.  There  he  attracted  the  attention  of 
Chancellor  Whj^te,  who  employed  him  as  an 
amanuensis,  and  directed  his  course  of  reading. 
In  1796  he  began  to  study  law  with  Robert  Brooke, 
attorney-general  of  Virginia,  and  in  1797,  having 


obtained  a  license  to  practise  law  from  the  judges 
of  the  court  of  appeals,  he  removed  to  Lexington, 
Ky.  During  his  residence  in  Richmond  he  had 
made  the  acquaintance  of  several  distinguished 
men  of  Virginia,  and  became  a  leading  member  of 
a  debating  club.  At  Lexington  he  achieved  his 
first  distinction  in  a  similar  society.  He  soon  won 
a  lucrative  practice  as  an  attorney,  being  especially 
successful  in  criminal  cases  and  in  suits  growing 
out  of  the  land  laws.  His  captivating  manners 
and  his  striking  eloquence  made  him  a  general 
favorite.  His  political  career  began  almost  imme- 
diately after  his  arrival  at  Lexington.    A  conven- 


tion was  to  be  elected  to  revise  the  constitution  of 
Kentucky,  and  in  the  canvass  preceding  the  elec- 
tion Clay  strongly  advocated  a  constitutional  pro- 
vision for  the  gradual  emancipation  of  the  slaves 
in  the  state ;  but  the  movement  was  not  success- 
ful. He  also  participated  vigorously  in  the  agita- 
tion against  the  alien  and  sedition  laws,  taking 
position  as  a  member  of  the  republican  party. 
Several  of  his  speeches,  delivered  in  mass  meetings, 
astonished  the  hearers  by  their  beauty  and  force. 
In  1799  he  married  Lucretia  Hart,  daughter  of  a 
prominent  citizen  of  Kentucky.  In  1803  he  was 
elected  to  a  seat  in  the  state  legislature,  where  he 
excelled  as  a  debater.  In  1806  Aaron  Burr  passed 
through  Kentucky,  where  he  was  arrested  on  a 
charge  of  being  engaged  in  an  unlawful  enterprise 
dangerous  to  the  peace  of  the  United  States.  He 
engaged  Clay's  professional  services,  and  Clay,  de- 
ceived by  Burr  as  to  the  nature  of  his  schemes,  ob- 
tained his  release. 

In  the  winter  of  1806  Clay  was  appointed  to  a 
seat  in  the  U.  S.  Senate  to  serve  out  an  unexpired 
term.  He  was  at  once  placed  on  various  commit- 
tees, and  took  an  active  part  in  the  debates,  espe- 
cially in  favor  of  internal  improvements.  In  the 
summer  of  1807  his  county  sent  him  again  to  the 
legislature,  where  he  was  elected  speaker  of  the 
assembly.  He  opposed  and  defeated  a  bill  pro- 
hibiting the  use  of  the  decisions  of  British  courts 
and  of  British  works  on  jurisprudence  as  authority 
in  the  courts  of  Kentucky.  In  December,  1808,  he 
introduced  resolutions  expressing  approval  of  the 
embargo  laid  by  the  general  government,  de- 
nouncing the  British  orders  in  council,  pledging 
the  general  government  the  active  aid  of  Kentucky 
in  anything  determined  upon  to  resist  British  ex- 
actions, and  declaring  that  President  Jeft'erson  was 
entitled  to  the  thanks  of  the  country.  He  offered 
another  resolution,  recommending  that  the  mem- 
bers of  the  legislature  should  wear  only  clothes 
that  were  the  product  of  domestic  manufacture. 
This  was  his  first  demonstration  in  favor  of  the 
encouragement  of  home  industry.  About  this 
resolution  he  had  a  quarrel  with  Humphrey  Mar- 
shall, which  led  to  a  duel,  in  which  both  parties 
were  slightly  wounded.  In  the  winter  of  1809 
Clay  was  again  sent  to  the  U.  S.  senate  to  fill  an 
unexpired  term  of  two  years.  He  made  a  speech 
in  favor  of  encouraging  home  industries,  taking 
the  ground  that  the  country  should  be  enabled  to 
produce  all  it  might  need  in  time  of  war,  and  that, 
while  agriculture  would  remain  the  dominant  in- 
terest, it  should  be  aided  by  the  development  of 
domestic  manufactures.  He  also  made  a  report  on 
a  bill  granting  a  right  of  pre-emption  to  purchasers 
of  public  lands  in  certain  cases,  and  introduced  a 
bill  to  regulate  trade  and  intercourse  with  the  In- 
dian tribes,  and  to  preserve  peace  on  the  frontier, 
a  subject  on  which  he  expressed  very  wise  and  hu- 
mane sentiments.  During  the  session  of  1810-'l 
he  defended  the  administration  of  Mr.  Madison 
with  regard  to  the  occupation  of  West  Florida  by 
the  United  States  by  a  strong  historical  argument, 
at  the  same  time  appealing,  in  glowing  language, 
to  the  national  pride  of  the  American  people.  He 
opposed  the  renewal  of  the  charter  of  the  U.  S. 
bank,  notwithstanding  Gallatin's  recommendation, 
on  the  ground  of  the  unconstitutionality  of  the 
bank,  and  contributed  much  to  its  defeat. 

On  the  expiration  of  his  term  in  the  senate, 
Clay  was  sent  to  the  national  house  of  representa- 
tives by  the  Lexington  district  in  Kentucky,  and 
immediately  upon  taking  his  seat,  4  Nov.,  1811, 
was  elected  speaker  by  a  large  majority.  Not  con- 
fining himself  to  his  duties  as  presiding  officer,  he 


A    ^.^^^    ^ 


CLAY 


CLAY 


641 


took  a  leading  part  in  debate  on  almost  all  impor- 
tant occasions.  The  difficulties  caused  by  British 
interference  with  neutral  trade  were  then  ap- 
proaching a  crisis,  and  Clay  put  himself  at  the 
head  of  the  war  party  in  congress,  which  was  led 
in  the  second  line  by  such  young  statesmen  as 
John  C.  Calhoun,  William  Lowndes,  Felix  Grundy, 
and  Langdon  Cheves,  and  supported  by  a  strong 
feeling  in  the  south  and  west.  In  a  series  of  fiery 
speeches  Clay  advocated  the  calling  out  of  volun- 
teers to  serve  on  land,  and  the  construction  of  an 
efficient  navy.  He  expected  that  the  war  with 
Great  Britain  would  be  decided  by  an  easy  con- 
quest of  Canada,  and  a  peace  dictated  at  Quebec. 
The  Madison  administration  hesitated,  but  was 
finally  swept  along  by  the  war  furor  created  by 
the  young  Americans  under  Clay's  lead,  and  war 
against  Great  Britain  was  declared  in  June,  1812. 
Clay  spoke  at  a  large  number  of  popular  meetings 
to  fill  volunteer  regiments  and  to  fire  the  national 
spirit.  In  congress,  while  the  events  of  the  war 
were  unfavorable  to  the  United  States  in  conse- 
quence of  an  utter  lack  of  preparation  and  in- 
competent leadership.  Clay  vigorously  sustained 
the  administration  and  the  war  policy  against  the 
attacks  of  the  federalists.  Some  of  his  speeches 
were  of  a  high  order  of  eloquence,  and  electrified 
the  country.  He  was  re-elected  speaker  in  1813. 
On  19  Jan.,  1814,  he  resigned  the  speakership,  hav- 
ing been  appointed  by  President  Madison  a  mem- 
ber of  a  commission,  consisting  of  John  Quincy 
Adams,  James  A.  Bayard,  Henry  Clay,  Jonathan 
Russell,  and  Albert  Gallatin,  to  negotiate  peace 
with  Great  Britain.  The  American  commissioners 
met  the  commissioners  of  Great  Britain  at  Ghent, 
in  the  Netherlands,  and,  after  five  months  of  ne- 
gotiation, during  which  Mr.  Clay  stoutly  opposed 
the  concession  to  the  British  of  the  right  of  navi- 
gating the  Mississippi  and  of  meddling  with  the 
Indians  on  territory  of  the  United  States,  a  treaty 
of  peace  was  signed,  24  Dec,  1814.  From  Ghent 
Clay  went  to  Paris,  and  thence  with  Adams  and 
Gallatin  to  London,  to  negotiate  a  treaty  of  com- 
merce with  Great  Britain. 

After  his  return  to  the  United  States,  Mr.  Clay 
declined  the  mission  to  Russia,  offered  by  the  ad- 
ministration. Having  been  elected  again  to  the 
house  of  representatives,  he  took  his  seat  on 
Dec.  4,  1815,  and  was  again  chosen  speaker.  He 
favored  the  enactment  of  the  protective  tariff  of 
1816,  and  also  advocated  the  establishment  of  a 
U.  S.  bank  as  tlie  fiscal  agent  of  the  government, 
thus  revei'sing  his  position  with  regard  to  that  sub- 
ject. He  now  pronounced  the  bank  constitutional 
because  it  was  necessary  in  order  t(5  carry  on  the 
fiscal  concerns  of  the  government.  During  the 
same  session  he  voted  to  raise  the  pay  of  represen- 
tatives from  $6  a  day  to  $1,500  a  year,  a  measure 
that  proved  unpopular,  and  his  vote  for  it  came  near 
costing  him  his  seat.  He  was,  however,  re-elected, 
but  then  voted  to  make  the  pay  of  representatives 
a  per  diem  of  $8,  which  it  remained  for  a  long 
period.  In  the  session  of  1816-7  he,  together 
with  Calhoun,  actively  supported  an  internal  im- 
provement bill,  which  President  Madison  vetoed. 
In  December,  1817,  Clay  was  re-elected  speaker. 
In  opposition  to  the  doctrine  laid  down  by  Monroe 
in  his  first  message,  that  congress  did  not  possess, 
under  the  constitution,  the  right  to  construct  in- 
ternal improvements.  Clay  strongly  asserted  that 
right  in  several  speeches.  With  great  vigor  he 
advocated  the  recognition  of  the  independence  of 
the  Spanish  American  colonies,  then  in  a  state  of 
revolution,  and  severely  censured  what  he  con- 
sidered the  procrastinating  policy  of  the  adminis- 

VOL.  I. — tl 


tration  in  that  respect.  In  the  session  of  1818-'9 
he  criticised,  in  an  elaborate  speech,  the  conduct 
of  Gen.  Jackson  in  the  Florida  campaign,  espe- 
cially the  execution  of  Arbuthnot  and  Ambrister 
by  Jackson's  orders.  This  was  the  first  collision 
between  Clay  and  Jackson,  and  the  ill  feelings  that 
it  engendered  in  Jackson's  mind  were  never  extin- 
guished. At  the  first  session  of  the  16th  congress, 
in  December,  1819,  Clay  was  again  elected  speaker 
almost  without  opposition.  In  the  debate  on  the 
treaty  with  Spain,  by  which  Florida  was  ceded  to 
the  United  States,  he  severely  censured  the  admin- 
istration for  having  given  up  Texas,  which  he  held 
to  belong  to  the  United  States  as  a  part  of  the 
Louisiana  purchase.  He  continued  to  urge  the 
recognition  of  the  South  American  colonies  as  in- 
dependent republics. 

In  1819-'20  he  took  an  important  part  in  the 
struggle  in  congress  concerning  the  admission  of 
Missouri  as  a  slave  state,  which  created  the  first 
great  political  slavery  excitement  throughout  tiie 
country.  He  opposed  the  "  restriction "  clause 
making  the  admission  of  Missouri  dependent  upon 
the  exclusion  of  slavery  from  the  state,  but  sup- 
ported the  compromise  proposed  by  Senator 
Thomas,  of  Illinois,  admitting  Missouri  with 
slavery,  but  excluding  slavery  from  all  the  terri- 
tory north  of  36°  30',  acquired  by  the  Louisiana 
purchase.  This  was  the  first  part  of  the  Missouri 
compromise,  which  is  often  erroneously  attributed 
to  Clay.  When  Missouri  then  presented  herself 
with  a  state  constitution,  not  only  recognizing 
slavery,  but  also  making  it  the  duty  of  the  legis- 
lature to  pass  such  laws  as  would  be  necessary  to 
prevent  free  negroes  or  mulattoes  from  coming 
into  the  state,  the  excitement  broke  out  anew,  and 
a  majority  in  the  house  of  representatives  refused 
to  admit  Missouri  as  a  state  with  such  a  constitu- 
tion. On  Clay's  motion,  the  subject  was  referred 
to  a  special  committee,  of  which  he  was  chairman. 
This  committee  of  the  house  joined  with  a  senate 
committee,  and  the  two  unitedly  reported  in  both 
houses  a  resolution  that  Missouri  be  admitted  upon 
the  fundamental  condition  that  the  state  should 
never  make  any  law  to  prevent  from  settling  within 
its  boundaries  any  description  of  persons  who  then 
or  thereafter  might  become  citizens  of  any  state 
of  the  Union.  This  resolution  was  adopted,  and 
the  fundamental  condition  assented  to  by  Mis- 
souri. This  was  Clay's  part  of  the  Missouri  com- 
promise, and  he  received  general  praise  as  "the 
great  pacificator." 

After  the  adjournment  of  congress.  Clay  re- 
tired to  private  life,  to  devote  himself  to  his  legal 
practice,  but  was  elected  to  the  18th  congress, 
which  met  in  December,  1823,  and  was  again  cho- 
sen speaker.  He  made  speeches  on  internal  im- 
provements, advocating  a  liberal  construction  of 
constitutional  powers,  in  favor  of  sending  a  com- 
missioner to  Greece,  and  in  favor  of  the  tariff  law, 
which  became  known  as  the  tariff  of  1824,  giving  his 
policy  of  protection  and  internal  improvements  the 
name  of  the  "  American  system." 

He  was  a  candidate  for  the  presidency  at  the 
election  of  1824.  His  competitors  were  John 
Quincy  Adams,  Andrew  Jackson,  and  William  H. 
Crawford,  each  of  whom  received  a  larger  number 
of  electoral  votes  than  Clay.  But,  as  none  of 
them  had  received  a  majority  of  the  electoral  vote, 
the  election  devolved  upon  "the  house  of  represen- 
tatives. Clay,  standing  fourth  in  the  number  of 
electoral  votes  received,  was  excluded  from  the 
choice,  and  he  used  his  influence  in  the  house  for 
John  Quincy  Adams,  who  was  elected.  The  friends 
of  Jackson  and  Crawford  charged  that  there  was  a 


642 


CLAY 


CLAY 


corrupt  understanding  between  Adams  and  Clay, 
and  this  accusation  received  color  from  the  fact 
that  Adams  promptly  offered  Clay  the  portfolio 
of  secretary  of  state,  and  Clay  accepted  it.  This 
was  the  origin  of  the  "  bargain  and  corruption " 
charge,  which,  constantly  repeated,  pursued  Clay 
during  the  best  part  of  his  public  life,  although  it 
was  disproved  by  the  well-established  fact  that 
Clay,  immediately  after  the  result  of  the  presiden- 
tial"  election  in  1824  became  known,  had  declared 
his  determination  to  use  his  influence  in  the  house 
for  Adams  and  against  Jackson.  As  secretary  of 
state  under  John  Quincy  Adams,  Clay  accepted 
an  invitation,  presented  by  the  Mexican  and  Colom- 
bian ministers,  to  send  commissioners  of  the  United 
States  to  an  international  congress  of  American  re- 
publics, which  was  to  meet  on  the  Isthmus  of  Pan- 
ama, to  deliberate  upon  subjects  of  common  inter- 
est. The  commissioners  were  appointed,  but  the 
Panama  congress  adjourned  before  they  could 
reach  the  appointed  place  of  meeting.  In  the 
course  of  one  of  the  debates  on  this  subject,  John 
Randolph,  of  Roanoke,  denounced  the  administra- 
tion, alluding  to  Adams  and  Clay  as  a  "  combina- 
tion of  the  Puritan  and  the  blackleg."  Clay  there- 
upon challenged  Randolph  to  a  duel,  which  was 
fought  on  8  April,  1826,  without  bloodshed.  He 
negotiated  and  concluded  treaties  with  Prussia,  the 
Hanseatic  republics,  Denmark,  Colombia,  Central 
America,  and  Austria.  His  negotiations  with 
Great  Britain  concerning  the  colonial  trade  re- 
sulted only  in  keeping  in  force  the  conventions  of 
1815  and  1818.  He  made  another  treaty  with 
Great  Britain,  extending  the  joint  occupation  of 
the  Oregon  country  provided  for  in  the  treaty  of 
1818  :  another  referring  the  differences  concerning 
the  northeastern  boundary  to  some  friendly  sov- 
ereign or  state  for  arbitration;  and  still  another 
concerning  the  indemnity  to  be  paid  by  Great 
Britain  for  slaves  carried  off  by  British  forces  in 
the  war  of  1812.  As  to  his  commercial  policy, 
CJlay  followed  the  accepted  ideas  of  the  times,  to 
establish  between  the  United  States  and  foreign 
countries  fair  reciprocity  as  to  trade  and  naviga- 
tion. He  was  made  president  of  the  American 
colonization  society,  whose  object  it  was  to  colo- 
nize free  negroes  in  Liberia  on  the  coast  of  Africa. 
In  1828  Andrew  Jackson  was  elected  president, 
and  after  his  inauguration  Clay  retired  to  his  farm 
of  Ashland,  near  Lexington,  Ky.  But,  although  in 
private  life,  he  was  generally  recognized  as  the  lead- 
er of  the  party  opposing  Jackson,  who  called  them- 
selves "  national  republicans,"  and  later  "  whigs," 
Clay,  during  the  years  1829-'81,  visited  several 
places  in  the  south  as  well  as  in  the  state  of  Ohio, 
was  everywhere  received  with  great  honors,  and 
made  speeches  attacking  Jackson's  administra- 
tion, mainly  on  account  of  the  sweeping  remov- 
als from  office  for  personal  and  partisan  reasons, 
and  denouncing  the  nullification  movement,  which 
in  the  mean  time  had  been  set  on  foot  in  South 
Carolina.  Yielding  to  the  urgent  solicitation  of 
his  friends  throughout  the  country,  he  consented 
in  1831  to  be  a  candidate  for  the  U.  S.  senate,  and 
was  elected.  In  December,  1831,  he  was  nominated 
as  the  candidate  of  the  national  republicans  for 
the  presidency,  with  Jolin  Sergeant,  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, for  the  vice-presidency.  As  tlie  impending 
extinguishment  of  the  public  debt  rendered  a  re- 
duction of  the  revenue  necessary.  Clay  introduced 
in  the  senate  a  tariff  bill  reducing  duties  on  un- 
protected articles,  but  keeping  them  on  protected 
articles,  so  as  to  preserve  intact  the  "  American  sys- 
tem." The  reduction  of  the  revenue  thus  effected 
was  inadequate,  and  the  anti-tariff  excitement  in 


the  south  grew  more  intense.  The  subject  of  pub- 
lic lands  having,  for  the  purpose  of  embarrassing 
him  as  a  presidential  candidate,  been  referred  to 
the  committee  on  manufactures,  of  which  he  was 
the  leading  spirit,  he  rei^orted  against  reducing  the 
price  of  public  lands  and  in  favor  of  distributing 
the  proceeds  of  the  lands'  sales,  after  certain  de- 
ductions, among  the  several  states  for  a  limited 
period.  The  bill  passed  the  senate,  but  failed  to 
pass  the  house.  As  President  Jackson,  in  his  sev- 
eral messages,  had  attacked  the  U.  S.  bank.  Clay 
induced  the  bank,  whose  charter  was  to  expire  in 
1836,  to  apply  for  a  renewal  of  the  charter  during 
the  session  of  1831-'2,  so  as  to  force  the  issue  before 
the  presidential  election.  The  bill  renewing  the 
charter  passed  both  houses,  but  Jackson  vetoed  it, 
denouncing  the  bank  in  his  message  as  a  danger- 
ous monopoly.  In  the  presidential  election  Clay 
was  disastrously  defeated,  Jackson  receiving  219 
electoral  votes,  and  Clay  only  49. 

On  19  Nov.,  1832,  a  state  convention  in  South 
Carolina  passed  an  ordinance  nullifving  the  tariff 
laws  of  1828  and  1832.  On  10  Dec,  President 
Jackson  issued  a  proclamation  against  the  nuUi- 
fiers,  which  the  governor  of  South  Carolina  an- 
swered with  a  counter-proclamation.  On  12  Feb., 
1833,  Clay  introduced,  in  behalf  of  union  and 
peace,  a  compromise  bill  providing  for  a  gradual 
reduction  of  the  tariff  until  1842,  when  it  should 
be  reduced  to  a  horizontal  rate  of  20  per  cent. 
This  bill  was  accepted  by  the  mdlifiers,  and  be- 
came a  law,  known  as  the  compromise  of  1833. 
South  Carolina  rescinded  the  nullification  ordi- 
nance, and  Clay  was  again  praised  as  the  "  great 
pacificator."  In  the  autumn  of  1833,  President 
Jackson,  through  the  secretary  of  the  treasury, 
ordered  the  removal  of  the  public  deposits  from 
the  U.  S.  bank.  Clay,  in  December,  1833,  intro- 
duced resolutions  in  the  senate  censuring  the 
president  for  having  "assumed  upon  himself 
authority  and  power  not  conferred  by  the  consti- 
tution and  laws."  The  resolutions  were  adopted, 
and  President  Jackson  sent  to  the  senate  an  ear- 
nest protest  against  them,  which  was  severely  de- 
nounced by  Clay.  During  the  session  of  1834-'5 
Clay  successfully  opposed  Jackson's  recommenda- 
tion that  authority  be  conferred  on  him  for  making 
reprisals  upon  French  property  on  account  of  the 
non-payment  by  the  French  government  of  an  in- 
demnity due  to  the  United  States.  He  also  advo- 
cated the  enactment  of  a  law  enabling  Indians  to 
defend  their  rights  to  their  lands  in  the  courts  oi 
the  United  States ;  also  the  restriction  of  the  presi- 
dent's power  to  make  removals  from  office,  and  the 
repeal  of  the  four-years  act.  The  slavery  question 
having  come  to  the  front  again,  in  consequence  of 
the  agitation  carried  on  by  the  abolitionists.  Clay, 
in  the  session  of  1835-'6,  pronounced  himself  in 
favor  of  the  reception  by  the  senate  of  anti -slavery 
petitions,  and  against  the  exclusion  of  anti-slavery 
literature  from  the  mails.  He  declared,  however, 
his  opposition  to  the  abolition  of  slavery  in  the 
District  of  Columbia.  With  regard  to  the  recog- 
nition of  Texas  as  an  independent  state,  he  main- 
tained a  somewhat  cold  and  reserved  attitude.  In 
the  session  of  1836-'7  he  reintroduced  his  land  bill 
without  success,  and  advocated  international  copy- 
right. His  resolutions  censuring  Jackson  for  the 
removal  of  the  deposits,  passed  in  1834,  were,  on 
the  motion  of  Thomas  H.  Benton,  expunged  frorc 
the  records  of  the  senate,  against  solemn  protests 
from  the  whig  minority  in  that  body. 

Martin  Van  Buren  was  elected  president  in  1836, 
and  immediately  after  his  inauguration  the  great 
financial  crisis  of  1837  broke  out.    At  an  extra  ses- 


CLAY 


CLAY 


643 


sion  of  congress,  in  the  summer  of  1837,  he  recom- 
mended the  introduction  of  the  sub-treasury  sys- 
tem. This  was  earnestly  opposed  by  Clay,  who 
denounced  it  as  a  scheme  to  "  unite  the  power  of 
the  purse  with  the  power  of  the  sword."  He  and 
his  friends  insisted  upon  the  restoration  of  the  U. 
S.  bank.  After  a  struggle  of  three  sessions,  the 
sub-treasury  bill  succeeded,  and  the  long  existence 
of  the  system  has  amply  proved  the  groundlessness 
of  the  fears  expressed  by  those  who  opposed  it. 
Clay  strongly  desired  to  be  the  whig  candidate  for 
the  presidency  in  1840,  but  failed.  The  whig  na- 
tional convention,  in  December,  1839,  nominated 
Harrison  and  Tyler.  Clay  was  very  much  incensed 
at  his  defeat,  but  supported  'Harrison  with  great 
energy,  making  many  speeches  in  the  famous  "log- 
cabin  and  hard-cider  "  campaign.  After  the  tri- 
umphant election  of  Harrison  and  Tyler,  Clay  de- 
clined the  office  of  secretary  of  state  offered  to  him. 
Harrison  died  soon  after  his  inauguration.  At  the 
extra  session  of  congress  in  the  summer  of  1841, 
Clay  was  the  recognized  leader  of  the  whig  major- 
ity. He  moved  the  repeal  of  the  sub-treasury 
act,  and  drove  it  through  both  houses.  He  then 
brought  in  a  bill  providing  for  the  incorporation 
of  a  new  bank  of  the  United  States,  which  also 
passed,  but  was  vetoed  by  President  Tyler,  16  Aug., 

1841.  Another  bank  bill,  framed  to  meet  what 
were  supposed  to  be  the  president's  objections,  was 
also  vetoed.  Clay  denounced  Tyler  instantly  for 
what  he  called  his  faithlessness  to  whig  principles, 
and  the  whig  party  rallied  under  Clay's  leadership 
in  opposition  to  the  president.  At  the  same  ses- 
sion Clay  put  through  his  land  bill,  containing  the 
distribution  clause,  which,  however,  could  not  go 
into  operation  because  the  revenues  of  the  govern- 
ment fell  short  of  the  necessary  expenditures.  At 
the  next  session  Clay  offered  an  amendment  to  the 
constitution  limiting  the  veto  power,  which  during 
Jackson's  and  Tyler's  administrations  had  become 
very  obnoxious  to  him  ;  and  also  an  amendment  to 
the  constitution  providing  that  the  secretary  of  the 
treasury  and  the  treasurer  should  be  appointed  by 
congress ;  and  a  third  forbidding  the  appointment 
of  members  of  congress,  while  in  office,  to  executive 
positions.     None  of  them  passed.     On  31  March, 

1842,  Clay  took  leave  of  the  senate  and  retired  to 
private  life,  as  he  said  in  his  farewell  speech,  never 
to  return  to  the  senate. 

During  his  retirement  he  visited  different  parts 
of  the  country,  and  was  everywhere  received  with 
great  enthusiam,  delivering  speeches,  in  some  of 
which  he  pronounced  himself  in  favor  not  of  a 
"  high  tariff,"  but  of  a  revenue  tariff  with  inci- 
dental protection  repeatedly  affirming  that  the 
protective  system  had  been  orignally  designed  only 
as  a  temporary  arrangement  to  be  maintained  unti^ 
the  infant  industries  should  have  gained  suffici^^nt 
strength  to  sustain  competition  with  foreign  manu- 
factures. It  was  generally  looked  upon  as  cer- 
tain that  he  would  be  the  Whig  candidate  for  the 
presidency  in  1844.  In  the  mean  time  the  admin- 
istration had  concluded  a  treaty  of  annexation 
with  Texas.  In  an  elaborate  letter,  dated  17  April, 
1844,  known  as  the  "  Raleigh  letter,"  Clay  declared 
himself  against  annexation,  mainly  because  it  would 
bring  on  a  war  with  Mexico,  because  it  met  with 
serious  objection  in  a  large  part  of  the  Union,  and 
because  it  would  compromise  the  national  charac- 
ter. Van  Buren,  who  expected  to  be  the  demo- 
cratic candidate  for  the  presidency,  also  wrote  a 
letter  unfavorable  to  annexation.  On  1  May,  1844, 
the  whig  national  convention  nominated  Clay  by 
acclam:ition.  The  democratic  national  convention 
nominated  not  Van  Buren,  but  James  K,  Polk  for 


the  presidency,  with  George  M.  Dallas  for  the  vice- 
presidency,  and  adopted  a  resolution  recommending 
the  annexation  of  Texas.  A  convention  of  anti- 
slavery  men  was  held  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  which  put 
forward  as  a  candidate  for  the  presidency  James 
C  Birney.  The  senate  rejected  the  annexation 
treaty,  and  the  Texas  question  became  the  main 
issue  in  the  presidential  canvass.  As  to  the  tariff 
and  the  currency  question,  the  platforms  of  the 
democrats  and  whigs  diffei'ed  very  little.  Polk, 
who  had  the  reputation  of  being  a  free-trader, 
wrote  8,  letter  apparently  favoring  a  protective 
tariff,  to  pi'opitiate  Pennsylvania,  where  the  cry 
was  raised.  "  Polk,  Dallas,  and  the  tariff  of  1843." 
Clay,  yielding  to  the  entreaties  of  southern  whigs, 
who  feared  that  his  declaration  against  the  an- 
nexation of  Texas  might  injure  his  prospects  in 
the  south,  wrote  another  letter,  in  which  he  said 
that,  far  from  having  any  personal  objection  to  the 
annexation  of  Texas,  he  would  be  "  glad  to  see  it 
without  dishonor,  without  war,  with  the  common 
consent  of  the  Union,  and  upon  fair  terms."  This 
turned  against  him  many  anti-slavery  men  in  the 
north,  and  greatly  strengthened  the  Birney  move- 
ment. It  is  believed  that  it  cost  him  the  vote  of 
the  state  of  New  York,  and  with  it  the  election. 
It  was  charged,  apparently  upon  strong  grounds, 
that  extensive  election  frauds  were  committed  by 
the  Democrats  in  the  city  of  New  York  and  in  the 
state  of  Louisiana,  the  latter  becoming  famous  as 
the  Plaquemines  frauds ;  but  had  Clay  kept  the 
anti-slavery  element  on  his  side,  as  it  was  at  the 
beginning  of  the  canvass,  these  frauds  could  not 
have  decided  the  election.  His  defeat  cast  the  whig 
party  into  the  deepest  gloom,  and  was  lamented  by 
his  supporters  like  a  personal  misfortune. 

Texas  was  annexed  by  a  joint  resolution  which 
passed  the  two  houses  of  congress  in  the  session 
of  1844-'5,  and  the  Mexican  war  followed.  In 
1846,  Wilmot,  of  Pennsylvania,  moved,  as  an  amend- 
ment to  a  bill  appropriating  money  for  purposes 
connected  with  the  war,  a  proviso  that  in  all  terri- 
tories to  be  acquired  from  Mexico  slavery  should 
be  forever  prohibited,  which,  however,  failed  in  the 
senate.  This  became  known  as  the  "  Wilmot  pro- 
viso." One  of  Clay's  sons  was  killed  in  the  battle 
of  Buena  Vista.  In  the  autumn  of  1847,  when  the 
Mexican  army  was  completely  defeated.  Clay  made 
a  speech  at  Lexington,  Ky.,  warning  the  American 
people  of  the  dangers  that  would  follow  if  they 
gave  themselves  up  to  the  ambition  of  conquest, 
and  declaring  that  there  should  be  a  generous 
peace,  requiring  no  dismemberment  of  the  Mexican 
republic,  but  "only  a  just  and  proper  fixation  of 
the  limits  of  Texas,"  and  that  any  desire  to  acquire 
any  foreign  territory  whatever  for  the  purpose  of 
propagating  slavery  should  be  "  positively  and  em- 
phatically" disclaimed.  In  February  and  March, 
1848,  Clay  was  honored  with  great  popular  recep- 
tions in  Baltimore,  Philadelphia,  and  New  York, 
and  his  name  was  again  brought  forward  for  the 
presidential  nomination.  But  the  whig  national 
convention,  which  met  on  7  June,  1848,  preferred 
Gen.  Zachary  Taylor  as  a  more  available  man,  with 
Millard  Fillmore  for  the  vice-presidency.  His  de- 
feat in  the  convention  was  a  bitter  disappointment 
to  Clay.  He  declined  to  come  forward  to  the  sup- 
port of  Taylor,  and  maintained  during  the  canvass 
an  attitude  of  neutrality.  The  principal  reason  he 
gave  was  that  Taylor  had  refused  to  pledge  him- 
self to  the  support  of  whig  principles  and  meas- 
ures, and  that  Taylor  had  announced  his  purpose 
to  remain  in  the  field  as  a  candidate,  whoever 
might  be  nominated  by  the  whig  convention.  He 
declined,  on  the  other  hand,  to  permit  his  name  tc 


644 


CLAY 


CLAY 


be  used  by  the  dissatisfied  whigs.  Taylor  was 
elected,  the  free-soilers,  whose  candidate  was  Mar- 
tin Van  Buren,  having  assured  the  defeat  of  the 
democratic  candidate,  Gen.  Cass,  in  the  state  of 
New  York.  ■  In  the  spring  of  1849  a  convention 
was  to  be  elected  in  Kentucky  to  revise  the  state 
constitution,  and  Clay  published  a  letter  recom- 
mending gradual  emancipation  of  the  slaves.  By 
a  unanimous  vote  of  the  legislature  assembled  in 
December,  1848,  Clay  was  again  elected  a  IT.  S, 
senator,  and  he  took  his  seat  in  December,  1849. 

By  the  treaty  of  Guadalupe  Hidalgo,  New  Mexi- 
co and  California,  including  Utah,  had  been  ac- 
quired by  the  LT"nited  States.  The  discovery  of 
^old  had  attracted  a  large  immigration  to  Cali- 
fornia. Without  waiting  for  an  enabling  act,  the 
inhabitants  of  California,  in  convention,  had 
framed  a  constitution  by  which  slavery  was  pro- 
hibited, and  applied  to  congress  for  admission  as  a 
state.  The  question  of  the  admission  of  California 
as  a  free  state,  and  the  other  question  whether 
slavery  should  be  admitted  into  or  excluded  from 
Now  Mexico  and  Utah,  created  the  intensest  ex- 
citement in  congress  and  among  the  people.  Lead- 
ing southern  men  threatened  a  dissolution  of  the 
Union  unless  slavery  were  admitted  into  the  terri- 
tories acquired  from  Mexico.  On  29  Jan.,  1850, 
Clay,  who  was  at  heart  in  favor  of  the  Wilmot 
proviso,  brouglit  forward  in  the  senate  a  "  compre- 
hensive scheme  of  compromise,"  which  included 
(1)  the  speedy  admission  of  California  as  a  state; 
(3)  the  establishment  of  territorial  governments  in 
New  Mexico  and  Utah  without  any  restriction  as 
to  slavery;  (3)  a  settlement  of  the  boundary-line 
between  Texas  and  New  Mexico  substantially  as 
it  now  stands;  (4)  an  indemnity  to  be  paid  to 
Texas  for  the  relinquisliment  of  her  claims  to  a 
large  portion  of  New  Mexico ;  (5)  a  declaration 
that  slavery  should  not  be  abolished  in  the  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia :  (G)  the  prohibition  of  the  slave- 
trade  in  the  district ;  and  (7)  a  more  effective 
fugitive-slave  law.  These  j^i'opositions  were,  on 
18  April,  1850,  referred  to  a  special  committee,  of 
which  Clay  was  elected  chairman.  lie  reported 
three  bills  embodying  these  different  subjects,  one 
of  which,  on  account  of  its  comprehensiveness,  was 
called  the  "  omnibus  bill."  After  a  long  struggle, 
the  omnibus  bill  was  defeated ;  but  then  its  differ- 
ent parts  were  taken  up  singly,  and  passed,  cover- 
ing substantially  Clay's  original  propositions. 
This  was  the  compromise  of  1850.  In  the  debate 
Clay  declared  in  the  strongest  terms  his  allegiance 
to  the  Union  as  superior  to  his  allegiance  to  his 
state,  and  denounced  secession  as  treason^  The 
compromise  of  1850  added  greatly  to  his  renown  ; 
but,  although  it  was  followed  by  a  short  period  of 
quiet,  it  satisfied  neither  the  south  nor  the  north. 
To  the  north  the  fugitive-slave  law  was  especially 
distasteful.  In  January,  1851,  forty-four  senators 
and  representatives.  Clay's  name  leading,  published 
a  manifesto  declaring  that  they  would  not  support 
for  any  office  any  man  not  known  to  be  opposed 
to  any  disturbance  of  the  matters  settled  by  the 
compromise.  In  February,  1851,  a  recaptured 
fugitive  slave  having  been  liberated  in  Boston, 
Clay  pronounced  himself  in  favor  of  conferring 
upon  the  president  extraordinary  powers  for  the 
enforcement  of  the  fugitive-slave  law,  his  main 
object  being  to  satisfy  the  south,  and  thus  to  dis- 
arm the  disunion  spirit. 

After  the  adjournment  of  congress,  on  4  March, 
1851,  his  health  being  much  impaired,  he  went  to 
Cuba  for  relief,  and  thence  to  Ashland.  He  per- 
smptorily  enjoined  his  friends  not  to  bring  forward 
his  name  again   as  that   of  a  candidate   for  the 


jS^i- 


presidency.  To  a  committee  of  whigs  in  New 
York  he  addressed  a  public  letter  containing  an 
urgent  and  eloquent  plea  for  the  maintenance  of  the 
Union.  He  went  to  Washington  to  take  his  seat 
in  the  senate  in  December,  1851,  but,  owing  to 
failing  health,  he  appeared  there  only  once  during 
the  winter.  His  last  public  utterance  was  a  short 
speech  addressed  to  Louis  Kossuth,  who  visited 
him  in  his  room,  deprecating  the  entanglement  of 
the  United  States  in 
the  complications  of 
European  affairs.  He 
favored  the  nomina- 
tion of  Fillmore  for 
the  presidency  by  the 
whig  national  con- 
vention, which  met  on 
16  June,  a  few  days 
before  his  death.  Clay 
was  unquestionably 
one  of  the  greatest 
orators  that  Ameri- 
ca ever  produced ;  a 
man  of  incorruptible 
personal  integrity ; 
of  very  great  natu- 
ral ability,  but  little 
study;    of    free   and 

convivial  habits;  of  singularly  winning  address  and 
manners ;  not  a  cautious  and  safe  political  leader, 
but  a  splendid  party  chief,  idolized  by  his  followers. 
He  was  actuated  by  a  lofty  national  spirit,  proud 
of  his  country,  and  ardently  devoted  to  the  Union. 
It  was  mainly  his  anxiety  to  keep  the  Union  in- 
tact that  inspired  his  disposition  to  compromise 
contested  questions.  He  had  in  his  last  hours  the 
satisfaction  of  seeing  his  last  great  work,  the  com- 
promise of  1850,  accepted  as  a  final  settlement  of 
the  slavery  question  by  the  national  conventions  of 
both  political  parties.  But  only  two  years  after 
his  death  it  became  evident  that  the  compromise 
had  settled  nothing.  The  struggle  about  slavery 
broke  out  anew,  and  brought  forth  a  civil  war,  the 
calamity  that  Clay  had  been  most  anxious  to  pre- 
vent, leading  to  general  emancipation,  which  Clav 
would  have  been  glad  to  see  peaceably  accom- 
plished. He  was  buried  in  the  cemetery  at  Lex- 
ington, Ky.,  and  a  monument  consisting  of  a  tall 
column  surmounted  by  a  statue  was  erected  over 
his  tomb.  The  accompanying  illustrations  show  his 
birthplace  and  tomb.  See  •'  Life  of  Henry  Clay." 
by  George  D.  Prentice  (Hartford,  Conn.,  1831); 
"  Speeches,"  collected  by  R.  Chambers  (Cincinnati, 
1842) ;  "  Life  and  Speeches  of  Henry  Clay,"  by  J. 
B.  Swaim  (New  York,  1843) ;  "  Life  of  Henry  Clay," 
by  Epes  Sargent  (1844.  edited  and  completed  by 
Horace  Greeley,  1852) ;  "  Life  and  Speeches  of 
Henry  Clay,"  by  D.  Mallory  (1844;  new  ed.,  1857); 
"  Life  and  Times  of  Henry  Clay,"  by  Rev,  Calvin 
Colton  (6  vols.,  containing  speeches  and  corre- 
spondence, 184G-'57 ;  revised  ed.,  1864) ;  and 
"Henry  Clay,"  by  Carl  Schurz  (2  vols.,  Boston, 
1887).-^IIis  brother.  Porter,  clergyman,  b.  in  Vir- 
ginia in  March,  1779;  d.  m  1850.  He  removed 
to  Kentucky  in  early  life,  where  he  studied  law, 
and  was  for  a  while  auditor  of  public  accoimts.  In 
1815  he  was  converted  and  gave  himself  to  the 
Baptist  ministry,  in  whicti  he  was  popular  and 
useful. — Henry's  son,  Henry,  lawyer,  b.  in  Ash- 
land, Ky.,  10  April,  1811 ;  killed  in  action  at  Buena 
Vista,  Mexico,  23  Feb.,  1847,  was  graduated  at 
Transylvania  university  in  1828,  and  at  the  U.  S. 
military  academy  in  1831.  He  resigned  from  the 
army  and  studied  law,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1833,  and  was  a  member  of  the  Kentucky  legislature 


CLAY 


CLAYTON 


645 


in  1835-'7.  He  went  to  the  Mexican  war  in  June, 
184G,  as  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  2d  Kentucky  vol- 
unteers, became  extra  aide-de-camp  to  Gen.  Taylor, 
5  Oct.,  1846,  and  was  killed  with  a  lance  while  gal- 
lantly leading  a  charge  of  his  regiment. — Another 
son,  James  Brown,  b.  in  Washington,  D.  C,  9 
Nov.,  1817;  d.  in  Montreal,  Canada,  26  Jan.,  1864, 
was  educated  at  Transylvania  university,  was  two 
years  in  a  counting-house  in  Boston,  1835-'6,  emi- 
grated to  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  which  then  contained 
only  8,000  inhabitants,  settled  on  a  farm,  then  en- 
gaged in  manufacturing  for  two  years  in  Ken- 
tucky, and  afterward  studied  law  in  the  Lexing- 
ton law-school,  and  practised  in  partnership  with 
his  father  till  1849,  when  he  was  appointed  charge 
d'affaires  at  Lisbon  by  President  Taylor.  In 
■18ol-'3  he  resided  in  Missouri,  but  returned  to 
Kentucky  upon  becoming  the  proprietor  of  Ash- 
land, after  his  father's  death.  Li  1857  he  was 
elected  to  represent  his  father's  old  district  in  con- 
gress. He  was  a  member  of  the  peace  convention 
of  1861,  but  afterward  joined  the  secessionists. 

CLAY,  Joseph,  soldier  and  statesman,  b.  in 
Beverly,  Yorkshire,  England,  16  Oct.,  1741 ;  d.  in 
Savannah,  Ga.,  15  Nov.,  1804.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  revolutionary  committee  of  1774-'5,  a  colo- 
nel in  the  army,  and  paymaster-general  of  the 
southern  department.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Continental  congress  from  1778  till  1780,  when  he 
resigned,  and  was  afterward  a  county  judge. — His 
son,  Joseph,  clergyman,  b.  in  Savannah,  Ga.,  16 
Aug.,  1764;  d.  in  Boston,  Mass.,  11  Jan.,  1811.  He 
was  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1784  with  the  high- 
est honor  in  his  class.  Returning  to  Savannah,  he 
studied  law,  and,  having  been  admitted  to  the  bar, 
soon  became  eminent  in  his  profession.  In  1796 
he  was  appointed  U.  S.  district  judge  for  Georgia, 
holding  that  office  until  1801,  when  he  resigned. 
In  1808  he  made  a  profession  of  religion,  uniting 
with  the  Baptist  church  in  Savannah.  In  1804  he 
was  ordained  to  the  ministry  as  assistant  pastor  of 
Dr.  Holcombe,  and  in  1807  was  invited  to  the  pas- 
torate of  the  1st  Baptist  church  in  Boston,  just 
vacated  by  the  death  of  Dr.  Stillman.  His  health 
beginning  to  decline,  he  resigned  his  charge  in 
1809,  and  died  soon  afterward.  Mr.  Clay  was  a 
member  of  the  Georgia  convention  of  1798,  and 
was  very  influential  in  framing  the  constitution 
of  that  state.  He  was  eminent  as  a  lawyer  and  a 
judge,  and  was  among  the  most  eloquent  preachers 
of  his  day.     He  was  one  of  eleven  children. 

CLAYPOLE,  Edward  Waller,  educator,  b.  in 
Ross,  Herefordshire,  England,  1  June,  1835.  He 
received  his  education  in  England,  taking  his  de- 
grees at  the  University  of  London  in  1862  and  1864. 
Later  he  came  to  the  United  States,  and  in  1873-'81 
was  professor  of  natural  sciences  in  Antioch  col- 
lege, Yellow  Springs,  Ohio ;  in  1881-'3  paleontolo- 
gist with  the  geological  survey  of  Pennsylvania ; 
and  in  1883-'6  professor  of  natural  sciences  in 
Buchtel  college,  Akron,  Ohio.  Prof.  Claypole  is  a 
fellow  of  the  Geological  society  of  London  and  of 
the  American  association  for  the  advancement  of 
science,  and  has  published  numerous  papers  on 
geological  subjects  in  technical  journals. 

CLAYPOOLE,  James,  pioneer,  b.  in  1634;  d.  in 
August,  1686.  He  was  the  fifth  son  of  John  Clay- 
poole,  and  his  wife  Mary,  daughter  of  William 
Angel  1,  of  London.  His  brother  John  married  the 
daughter  of  Oliver  Cromwell.  James  became  a 
Quaker,  and  was  an  intimate  friend  of  William 
Penn.  Pie  was  a  merchant  in  London,  and  wit- 
nessed the  signing  of  the  Charter  of  Privileges 
granted  by  Penn  to  the  settlers  in  1682.  He  was 
the  treasurer  of  the  Free  society  of  traders,  which 


was  formed  to  assist  in  the  settlement  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, and,  after  attending  to  its  affairs  in  England, 
he  emigrated  with  his  family,  in  1683,  to  Pennsyl- 
vania, where  he  held  important  offices. 

CLAYTON,  Augustine  Smith,  jurist,  b.  in 
Fredericksburg,  Va.,  27  Nov.,  1783 ;  d.  in  Athens, 
Ga.,  21  June,  1839.  Soon  after  his  birth  his  parents 
removed  to  Georgia,  and  he  was  graduated  at  the 
University  of  Georgia  in  1804.  He  was  admitted 
to  the  bar,  was  elected  to  the  state  legislature,  and 
in  1810  appointed  to  compile  the  statutes  of  Georgia 
from  1800.  In  1819  he  was  elected  judge  of  the 
superior  court  of  the  western  circuit,  an  office  which 
he  retained  until  1825,  and  again  from  1828  till 
1831.  During  his  last  term  those  difficulties  began 
between  the  state  of  Georgia  and  the  Cherokee  Indi- 
ans which  ultimately  resulted  in  the  expatriation 
of  the  latter.  In  1829  the  legislature  brought  the 
territory  occupied  by  the  Cherokee  nation  within 
the  jurisdiction  of  the  laws  of  Georgia.  This 
action  of  the  state  authorities  was  sustained  by 
Judge  Clayton,  though  eventually  the  U.  S.  su- 
preme court  decided  against  its  legality,  and  ruled 
that  the  Cherokee  nation  was  sovereign  and  not 
subject  to  the  state  laws  that  had  been  imposed 
upon  it.  Judge  Clayton,  however,  was  not  in  per- 
fect accord  with  the  legislature  on  the  question  of 
Indian  rights,  as  he  held  that  they  were  entitled  to 
dig  gold  on  lands  to  which  their  stipulated  title 
had  not  been  extinguished  ;  and  for  thus  opposing 
the  policy  of  the  state  he  was  removed  from  his 
judicial  office.  In  1831  he  was  elected  to  congress, 
where  he  took  a  leading  part  in  debates  on  the 
tariff  and  the  United  States  bank,  both  of  which 
he  opposed.  He  served  two  terms  in  congress,  and 
after  his  retirement  in  1835  held  no  public  office 
excepting  the  trusteeship  of  the  University  of 
Georgia.  He  was  a  presidential  elector  in  1829. 
His  attitude  toward  Christianity  for  many  years 
was  one  of  doubt,  but  at  the  time  of  his  death  he 
was  a  member  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  church. 
He  was  reputed  to  be  the  author  of  the  political 
pamphlet  called  "Crockett's  Life  of  Van  Buren." 

CLAYTON,  John,  botanist,  b.  in  Fulham,  Eng- 
land, in  1686;  d.  in  Virginia,  15  Dec,  1773.  In 
1705  he  emigrated  to  Virginia  with  his  father, 
who  was  afterward  attorney-general  of  Virginia, 
and  resided  twenty  miles  from  the  city  of  Will- 
iamsburg. When  quite  young  he  entered  the  of- 
fice of  Peter  Beverly,  who  was  clerk  for  Gloucester 
CO.,  and,  succeeding  him  in  office,  filled  it  for  fifty- 
one  years.  He  was  educated  as  a  physician,  but 
became  an  enthusiastic  botanist,  and  passed  a  long 
life  in  exjjloring  and  describing  the  plants  of  the 
country.  His  letters  to  the  Royal  society,  giving 
an  account  of  several  new  species  of  plants  ob- 
served in  Virginia,  was  embodied  in  Force's 
"  Tracts  "  (vol.  iii.).  His  essays  on  the  natural  his- 
tory of  Virginia  were  published  in  the  "  Philo- 
sophical Transactions "  of  the  Royal  society  of 
London.  He  also  sent  dried  specimens  of  the 
flora  of  Virginia  to  Gronovius,  who  with  Linnteus 
published  an  account  of  a  portion  of  them  (2  parts, 
Leyden,  1739-43).  After  the  death  of  Gronovius 
the  remainder  were  described  in  a  third  part  by  his 
son  (1762),  who  named  a  genus  of  herbaceous  plant- 
Claytonia  in  his  honor.  He  was  a  member  of  sev- 
eral learned  societies  in  Europe.  He  left  two  vol- 
umes of  manuscript  almost  ready  for  the  press  and 
a  hortus  siccus  of  folio  size,  with  marginal  notes 
and  directions  for  the  engraver  in  preparing  the 
plates  for  the  proposed  work.  At  the  beginning 
of  the  revolutionary  war  this  work,  which  had  been 
placed  in  the  hands  of  William  Clayton,  clerk  of 
New  Kent,  was  burned  along  with  the  records  of 


646 


CLAYTON 


CLEAVELAND 


the  county.  Several  of  his  communications,  treat- 
ing of  the  culture  and  dift'erent  species  of  tobacco, 
and  also  one  containing  an  account  of  medicinal 
plants  which  he  had  discovered  in  Virginia,  were 
published  in  the  "  Philosophical  Transactions." 

CLAYTON,  John  Middleton,  jurist,  b.  in  Dags- 
borough,  Sussex  CO.,  Del.,  24  July,  179(>;  d.  in  Do- 
ver, Del.,  9  Nov.,  185G.  He  was  the  eldest  son  of 
James  Clayton  (a  descendant  of  Joshua  of  tluit 
name,  who  came  to  America  with  William  Penn) 
and  Sarah  Middleton,  of  Virginian  ancestry.  The 
pecuniary  disasters  consequent  upon  the  war  of 
1812  reduced  his  father  from  affluence  to  com- 
parative poverty,  and  it  was  only  by  making  the 
greatest  sacrifices  that  he  was  able  to  send  his  son 
to  college.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1815, 
studied  law  at  the  Litchfield  law-school,  began  to 
practise  in  1818,  and  soon  attained  eminence  in 
his  profession.  In  1824  he  was  sent  to  the  Dela- 
ware legislature,  and  was  subsequently  secretary  of 
state.  In  1829  he  was  sent  to  the  U.  S.  senate, 
and  in  1831  appointed  a  member  of  the  convention 
to  revise  the  constitution  of  Delaware.  In  1835  he 
was  again  returned  to  the  senate  as  a  whig,  but  re- 
signed in  1837  to  become  chief  justice  of  Dela- 
ware, an  office  which  he  held  for  three  years.  From 
1845  till  1849  he  was  again  U.  S.  senator,  and  at 
the  latter  date  became  secretary  of  state  under 
President  Taylor.  He  was  elected  a  senator  for 
the  third  time,  and  served  in  that  capacity  from 
March,  1851,  until  his  death.  He  early  distin- 
guished himself  in  the  senate  by  a  speech  during 
tlie  debate  on  the  Foote  resolution,  wiiich,  though 
merely  relating  to  the  survey  of  the  public  lands, 
introduced  into  the  discussion  the  whole  question 
of  nullification.  His  argument  in  favor  of  paying 
the  claims  for  French  spoliations  was  also  a  fine  in- 
stance of  senatorial  oratory.  One  of  his  most  noted 
speeches  delivered  in  the  senate  was  that  made  in 
1855  against  the  message  of  President  Pierce  veto- 
ing the  act  ceding  public  lands  for  an  insane  asy- 
lum.    While  secretary  of   state  he  negotiated  in 

1850  the  treaty  with  the  British  government,  known 
as  the  Clayton-Bulwer  treaty,  which  guaranteed 
the  neutrality  and  encouragement  of  lines  of  in- 
teroceanic  travel  across  the  American  isthmus.    In 

1851  he  zealously  defended  that  treaty  in  the  sen- 
ate and  vindicated  President  Taylor's  administra- 
tion. From  1844  Mr.  Clayton  cultivated  a  tract 
of  land  near  Newcastle,  which  in  a  few  years  he 
made  one  of  the  most  fruitful  estates  in  that  fer- 
tile region.  Mr.  Clayton  was  always  accessible, 
and  was  noted  for  his  genial  disposition  and  brill- 
iant conversational  powers. 

CLAYTON,  Joshua,  physician,  d.  near  Middle- 
town,  Del.,  11  Aug.,  1798.  He  practised  medicine 
for  many  years,  and  during  the  revolution  intro- 
duced a  substitute  for  Peruvian  bark,  consisting  of 
cfjual  parts  of  poplar  and  dogwood  root  bark  and 
half  the  quantity  of  the  inner  bark  of  the  white 
oak.  Dr.  Clavton  was  president  of  Delaware  from 
1789  till  1793,"  then  governor  till  1796,  and  just  be- 
fore his  death  was  chosen  U.  S.  senator. 

CLAYTON,  Powell,  governor  of  Arkansas,  b. 
in  Bethel,  Delaware  co..  Pa.,  7  Aug.,  1833.  He 
was  educated  in  the  common  schools  and  in  an 
academy  at  Bristol,  Pa.,  studied  civil  engineering 
at  Wilmington,  Del.,  and  in  1859  was  chosen  engi- 
neer and  surveyor  of  Leavenworth,  Kansas.  When 
the  civil  war  began  he  entered  the  National  army 
as  captain  in  the  1st  Kansas  infantry,  29  May.  1861. 
He  was  appointed,  27  Feb.,  1862,  lieutenant-colo- 
nel of  the  5th  Kansas  cavalrv,  and  was  made  colo- 
nel on  30  March.  1862.  On  6  May,  1863,  he  com- 
manded a  successful  expedition  from  Helena,  Ark., 


to  the  White  river  to  break  up  a  band  of  guerillas 
and  destroy  Confederate  stores,  and  later  an  expe- 
dition from  Pine  Bluff  in  March,  1864,  which  in- 
flicted severe  loss  on  the  enemy.  On  1  Aug.,  1864, 
he  was  commissioned  a  brigadier-general.  He  set- 
tled in  Arkansas  as  a  planter  after  the  war,  was 
elected  governor,  and  entered  upon  the  office  in 
June,  1868.  He  was  U.  S.  senator  from  25  March, 
1871,  till  3  March,  1877.  Afterward  he  resided  at 
Eureka  Springs,  and  became  president  of  the  Eu- 
reka improvement  company. 

CLAYTON,  Thomas,  senator,  b.  in  Newcastle, 
Del,  9  March,  1778;  d.  there,  21  Aug.,  1854.  He 
received  a  liberal  education,  studied  and  practised 
law  at  Newcastle,  was  elected  to  congress,  and 
served  from  4  Dec,  1814,  till  3  March.  1817.  He 
was  for  several  terms  a  member  of  the  legislature, 
and  was  elected  U.  S.  senator  on  the  resignation  of 
C.  A.  Rodney,  serving  from  15  Jan.,  1824,  till  3 
March,  1827.  Afterward  he  was  chief  justice  of 
common  pleas.  He  was  again  elected  senator 
when  John  M.  Clayton  resigned,  serving  from  19 
Jan.,  1837,  till  3  Starch,  1847,  and  subsequently 
presided  over  the  supreme  court  of  Delaware. 

CLEARY,  James  Vincent,  Canadian  R.  C. 
bishop,  b.  in  Waterford,  Ireland,  18  Sept.,  1828  ;  d. 
in  Kingston,  24  Feb..  1899.  At  fifteen  he  was  sent 
to  Rome  to  be  educated  for  the  priesthood,  but 
subsequently  he  was  recalled  by  the  bishop  of  Wa- 
terford and  placed  in  the  Royal  college  of  May- 
nooth.  After  completing  a  five  years'  course  there, 
he  was  ordained  deacon  in  1851,  and  priest  in  Sep- 
tember, 1852,  by  the  bishop  of  Waterford.  Imme- 
diately after  his  ordination  he  went  to  Spain  and 
studied  for.  several  years  at  the  University  of  Sala- 
manca. In  1854  he  was  summoned  home  by  the 
bishop  of  Waterford  to  take  the  chair  of  dogmatic 
theology  and  scriptural  exegesis  in  St.  John's  col- 
lege, Waterford,  and  in  1873  was  appointed  presi- 
dent of  this  college.  On  21  Nov.,  1880,  he  was 
consecrated  bishop  of  Kingston,  Ontario.  Bishop 
Cleary  is  reputed  to  be  one  of  the  most  learned  of 
the  Roman  Catholic  ecclesiastics  of  Canada. 

CLEAVELAND,  John,  clergyman,  b.  in  Canter- 
burv,  Conn.,  22  April,  1722;  d.  in  Ipswich,  Mass., 
22  April,  1799.  He  was  expelled  from  Yale  col- 
lege in  1745  for  attending  a  Separatist  meeting, 
but  received  his  degree  twenty  years  after  as  an 
act  of  redress.  He  preached  to  a  Separatist  society 
in  Boston,  but,  declining  to  settle  there,  became 
pastor  of  the  parish  of  Chebacco  in  Ipswich,  now 
the  town  of  Essex.  He  was  chaplain  of  Col.  Bag- 
ley's  regiment  at  Ticonderoga  in  1758,  and  at 
Louisburg  in  1759,  and  served  in  that  capacity 
with  the  Revolutionary  army  at  Cambridge  in  1775, 
and  in  ConneeticTit  and  New  York  the  year  fol- 
lowing. He  published  a  "  Narrative  of  the  Work 
of  God  at  Chebacco  in  1763-'4,"  describing  a  re- 
vival of  religion  in  his  congregation ;  an  "  Essay 
to  Defend  Christ's  Sacrifice  and  Atonement 
against  the  Aspersions  cast  on  the  Same  by  Dr. 
j\Iayhcw"  (1763);  a  "  Reply  to  Dr.  Mayhew's  Let- 
ter of  Reproof"  (1765) ;  and  a  "  Treatise  on  Infant 
Baptism"  (1784). — His  grandson,  Parker,  b.  in 
Rowley,  Mass.,  15  Jan.,  1780;  d.  in  Brunswick, 
Me.,  15  Oct.,  1858  (whose  father  was  a  physician 
of  Rowley,  a  regimental  surgeon  in  the  revolution, 
and  frequently  a  member  of  the  Massachusetts 
legislature),  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1799, 
taugiit  school  at  Haverhill,  Mass..  and  York,  Me., 
and  studied  law.  He  was  appointed  a  tutor  of 
mathematics  at  Harvard  in  1803,  and  in  1805  was 
called  to  Brunswick  as  the  first  professor  of  mathe- 
matics and  natural  philosophy  in  Bowdoin.  He 
applied  himself  especially  to  the  new  sciences  of 


CLEAVELAND 


CLEBURNE 


647 


chemistry  and  mineralogy,  and  in  1816  published 
an  elementary  treatise  on  "  Mineralogy  and  Ge- 
ology" (Boston;  2d  ed.,  1822;  3d  ed.,  185G),  based 
on  the  system  of  Brongniart  and  Haliy,  and  contain- 
ing minute  descriptions  of  minerals  and  original 
information  regarding  their  localities  in  the  White 
mountains  and  other  districts  explored  by  him. 
He  lectured  on  chemistry  before  popular  audiences 
in  Hallowell,  Portland,  and  Portsmouth,  N.  H., 
during  his  winter  vacations  in  1818-22.  When 
the  medical  school  was  established  in  1820  he  be- 
came lecturer  on  chemistiy,  dean  of  the  faculty, 
and  librarian.  In  1828  his  chair  in  the  college  was 
changed  to  chemistry,  mineralogy,  and  natural 
philosophy.  He  stood  first  among  the  mineralo- 
gists of  the  country,  gathered  a  large  collection  of 
specimens  for  the  college,  was  a  lucid  lecturer,  and 
continued  to  teach  with  success  to  the  very  day 
of  his  death.  But,  since  he  would  not  travel  by 
steam  and  took  little  interest  in  recent  geological 
discoveries  and  discussions,  his  early  fame  as  a 
mineralogist  was  eclipsed  by  the  scientific  services 
of  geological  explorers.  He  declined  the  professor- 
ship of  mineralogy  at  Harvard,  offered  him  after 
his  reputation  was  first  established  by  the  publica- 
tion of  his  manual,  and  in  1839  refused  the  presi- 
dency of  Bowdoin. — Another  grandson,  Nelie- 
niiah,  b.  in  Topsfield,  Mass.,  in  1796 ;  d.  in  1877 
(a  son  of  Dr.  Nehemiah,  a  physician  of  Topsfield), 
was  prepared  for  college  in  the  family  of  his  cousin, 
Parker,  graduated  at  Bowdoin  in  1813,  began  the 
study  of  theology  at  Andover,  and  taught  school 
at  Gorham,  Me.  He  had  charge  of  Preble  street 
school,  Portland,  in  1816-'7,  was  then,  for  three 
years,  a  tutor  at  Bowdoin,  from  1821  till  1889  was 
preceptor  of  Dummer  academy,  Byfield,  and  after- 
ward professor  of  ancient  languages  at  Phillips 
Exeter  academy.  He  was  head  of  the  high  school 
at  Lowell,  Mass.,  and  from  1842  till  1848  principal 
of  a  school  for  young  ladies  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
He  was  the  author  of  a  descriptive  and  historical 
account  of  Greenwood  cemetery,  Brooklyn ;  "  The 
Flowers  Personified,"  a  translation  from  the 
French ;  and  a  "  History  of  Bowdoin  College, 
with  Biographical  Sketches  of  its  Graduates,"  left 
unfinished  by  him,  but  completed  by  A.  S.  Pack- 
ard (Boston,  1882). — Another  grandson,  brother  of 
Nehemiah,  Elislia  Lord,  clergyman,  b.  in  Tops- 
field,  Mass.,  25  April,  1806;  d.  in  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  16  Feb.,  1866.  was  prepared  for  college  at 
Dummer  academy,  Newbury,  then  under  the  care 
of  his  brother,  and  graduated  at  Bowdoin  in  1829, 
and  at  Andover  tlieological  seminary  in  1832,  and 
the  same  year  was  licensed  to  preach.  In  July,  1833, 
he  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  3d  Congregational 
cluirch  of  New  Haven.  Dr.  Cleaveland  opposed 
the  new-school  views  of  Drs.  Taylor  and  Fitch. 
Ln  November,  1864,  he  went  to  Europe,  and  during 
his  tour  explained  the  sentiments  and  resources  of 
the  northern  states  in  an  assembly  of  French  Prot- 
estant pastors  in  Paris,  and  before  the  English 
Congresrational  union  in  London. 

CLEAVELAND,  3Ioses,  pioneer,  b.  in  Canter- 
bury, Windham  co..  Conn.,  29  Jan.,  1754;  d.  there, 
16  Nov.,  1806.  He  was  a  nephew  of  John,  the 
minister  of  Ipswich,  was  gi-aduated  at  Yale  in 
1777,  and  studied  and  began  the  practice  of  law  in 
his  native  town.  He  was  commissioned  captain  of  a 
company  of  sappers  and  miners  in  1779,  served  for 
several  years,  and  then  resumed  legal  practice.  He 
gained  "a  high  reputation  for  ability  and  energy, 
was  several  times  elected  to  the  legislature,  and  in 
1796  was  commissioned  brigadier-general  of  militia. 
He  was  a  shareholder 'in  the  Connecticut  land  com- 
pany, which  had  purchased  for  $1,200,000  from  the 


c^/::^^^^.^ 


state  government  of  Connecticut  the  land  in  north- 
eastern Ohio  reserved  to  Connecticut  by  congress 
known  at  its  first  settlement  as  New  Connecticut, 
and  in  later  times  as  the  Western  Reserve.  In 
May,  1796,  the  directors  of  the  company  appointed 
Gen.  Cleaveland  their  agent  to  superintend  the 
survey  of  the  tract 
and  the  location  of 
purchases,  and  to  ne- 
gotiate with  the  In- 
dians living  on  the 
land,  and  obtain  their 
acquiescence  in  its 
settlement  by  white 
emigrants.  He  set 
out  from  Schenecta- 
dy, N.  Y..  in  June, 
1796,  with  a  party  of 
fifty,  consisting  of  six 
surveyors,  a  physi- 
cian, a  chaplain,  a 
boatman,  thirty-seven 
employes,  a  few  emi- 
grants, and  two  wo- 
men who  accompa- 
nied their  husbands.  Some  journeyed  by  land 
with  the  horses  and  cattle,  while  the  main  body 
went  in  boats  up  the  Mohawk,  down  the  Oswego, 
along  the  shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  and  up  Niagara 
river,  carrying  their  boats  over  the  long  portage  of 
seven  miles  at  the  falls.  At  Buffalo  a  delegation 
of  Mohawk  and  Seneca  Indians  opposed  their  en- 
trance into  the  Western  Reserve,  claiming  it  as 
their  territory,  but  waived  their  rights  on  the  re- 
ceipt of  goods  valued  at  $1,200.  The  expedition 
then  coasted  along  the  shore  of  Lake  Erie,  and 
landed,  on  4  July,  1796,  at  the  mouth  of  Conneaut 
creek,  which  they  named  Port  Independence.  The 
Indians  were  propitiated  with  gifts  of  beads  and 
whiskey,  and  allowed  tne  surveys  to  proceed.  Gen. 
Cleaveland,  with  a  surveying  party,  coasted  along 
the  shore,  entered  a  stream  that  he  took  to  be  the 
Cuyahoga,  and  named  the  Chagrin  on  learning  his 
vexatious  mistake,  then  proceeded  westward,  and 
on  22  July,  1796,  landed  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Cuyahoga.  He  ascended  the  bank,  and,  beholding 
a  beautiful  plain  covered  with  a  luxuriant  forest- 
growth,  divined  that  the  spot  where  he  stood,  with 
the  river  on  the  west  and  Lake  Erie  on  the  north, 
was  a  favorable  site  for  a  city.  He  accordingly 
had  it  surveyed  into  town  lots,  and  the  employes 
named  the  place  Cleaveland,  in  honor  of  their 
chief.  There  were  but  four  settlers  the  first  year, 
and,  on  account  of  the  insahibrity  of  the  locality, 
the  growth  was  at  first  slow,  reaching  150  inhabi- 
tants only  in  1820.  In  1830,  when  the  first  news- 
paper, the  "  Cleveland  Advertiser,"  was  established, 
the  editor  discovered  that  the  head-line  was  too 
long  for  the  form,  and  accordingly  left  out  the 
letter  "  a "  in  the  first  syllable  of  "  Cleaveland," 
which  spelling  was  at  once  adopted  by  the  public. 
CLEBURNE  (clebborn),  Patrick  Ronajne, 
soldier,  b.  in  county  Cork,  Ireland,  17  March,  1828 ; 
killed  ni  the  battle  of  Franklin.  Tenn.,  30  Nov.,  1864. 
He  was  a  descendant  of  William  Cleburne,  and  the 
second  son  of  Dr.  Joseph  Cleburne.  His  mother 
was  a  daughter  of  Patrick  Ronayne  of  Annebrook, 
county  Cork,  descended  from  that  Maurice  Ro- 
nayne who  obtained  from  King  Henry  IV.  "  a  grant 
of  the  rights  of  Englishmen."  He  was  intended 
for  the  profession  of  medicine,  but  becoming  dis- 
couraged while  a  student  at  Trinity  college,  he  ran 
away  and  enlisted  in  the  41st  regiment  of  foot. 
After  three  years'  service  he  came  to  the  United 
States,  settled  at  Helena,  Ark.,  where  he  studied 


648 


CLELAND 


CLEMENS 


(aw,  and  was  in  successful  practice  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  civil  war.  He  joined  the  Confederate 
army  as  a  private,  planned  the  capture  of  the  U.  S. 
arsenal  in  Arkansas  in  March,  1801,  was  made  cap- 
tain, and  soon  afterward  promoted  to  colonel.  In 
March,  1862,  he  was  made  a  brigadier-general,  and 
at  Shiloh  commanded  the  2d  brigade  of  the  3d 
corps,  and  was  commended  for  valor  and  ability. 
He  was  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Perryville,  and 
was  made  a  major-general  in  December,  18G2.  He 
commanded  a  division  of  the  right  wing  at  Mur- 
freesboro  and  at  Chickamauga,  and  distinguished 
himself  in  command  of  the  rear-guard  at  Mission- 
ary Ridge,  in  November,  1863,  and  received  the 
thanks  of  the  Confederate  congress  for  his  de- 
fence of  Ringgold  Gap.  He  distinguished  himself 
in  numerous  engagements.  At  Jonesboro'  he  cov- 
ered the  retreat  of  Hood's  defeated  army,  and  com- 
manded a  corps  at  Franklin,  where  he  was  killed 
after  two  lines  of  the  National  works  had  been  car- 
ried by  the  troops  under  his  command.  He  was  a 
favorite  with  the  Irish  brigade,  and  was  called  "  the 
Stonewall  of  the  West."  He  instituted  the  Order 
of  the  Southern  Cross,  and  was  among  the  first  to 
advise  the  use  of  colored  troops  in  the  armies  of 
the  Confederacy. 

CLELAND,  Tliomas,  clergyman,  b.  in  Fairfax 
county,  Va.,  22  May,  1778 ;  d.  31  Jan.,  1858.  He 
removed  to  Marion  county,  Ky.,  in  1789.  He  was 
an  exhorter  during  the  revival  of  1801,  and,  urged 
to  become  a  preacher  by  the  presbytery  of  Tran- 
sylvania, was  licensed,  14  April,  1803,  and  became 
pastor  of  a  church  in  Washington  county.  In  1813 
he  was  settled  over  the  churches  of  New  Providence 
and  Cane  Run,  now  Harrodsburg.  He  published 
a  hymn-book  for  prayer-meetings  and  revivals, 
and  tracts  directed  against  the  Campbellites  and 
New-lights,  entitled  "  Letters  on  Campbellism," 
"  The  Soeini-Arian  Detected  "  (1815),  and  "  Uni- 
tarianism  Unmasked  "  (1825). 

CLEMENS,  Jeremiah,  statesman,  b.  in  Hunts- 
ville,  Ala.,  28  Dec,  1814;  d.  there,  21  May,  1865. 
He  was  educated  at  La  Grange  college  and  the 
University  of  Alabama,  where  he  was  graduated  in 
1833,  studied  law  at  Transylvania,  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1834.  In  1838  he  was  a])- 
pointed  U.  S.  marshal  for  the  northern  district  of 
Alabama,  and  in  1839, 1840,  and  1841  was  elected 
to  the  state  legislature.  In  1842  he  went  to  Texas 
as  lieutenant-colonel,  having  raised  a  company  of 
volunteer  riflemen.  On  his  return,  he  again  served 
in  the  legislature  in  1843-4,  and  in  the  latter 
year  as  presidential  elector.  He  was  appointed 
major  of  the  13th  U.  S.  infantry,  3  March,  1847, 
made  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  9th  infantry,  16 
July,  and  discharged  20  July,  1848,  Ho  was  then 
appointed  chief  of  the  depot  of  purchases  in  Mexi- 
co. From  1849  till  1853  he  represented  Alabama 
in  the  U.  S.  senate,  and  was  again  a  presidential 
elector  in  1856.  He  removed  to  Memphis,  Tenn., 
and  became  editor  of  the  Memphis  "  Eagle  and 
Enquirer"  in  1859.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
secession  convention  in  Alabama,  but  protested 
against  its  action ;  yet  he  subsequently  gave  way 
to  the  popular  tide,  and  accepted  office  under  the 
Confederacy.  In  1864,  however,  he  had  returned  to 
his  former  allegiance,  advocated  the  re-election 
of  Mr.  Lincoln,  and  defended  his  policy.  Mr. 
Clemens  attained  eminence  at  the  bar  while  still 
young,  and  in  the  senate  took  high  rank  as  an  able 
and  eloquent  debater.  He  was  the  author  of  novels, 
which  passed  through  sevei-al  editions,  entitled 
"  Bernard  Lyle  "  (Philadelphia,  1853) ;  "  Mustang 
Gray"  (1857) ;  "  The  Rivals,  a  Tale  of  the  Times  of 
Aaron  Burr  and  Alexander  Hamilton  "  (1859) ;  and 


"  Tobias  Wilson,  a  Tale  of  the  Great  Rebellion  " 
(1865).  He  was  engaged  in  the  preparation  of  a 
history  of  the  war,  giving  an  insight  into  the  char- 
acter, causes,  and  conduct  of  the  war  in  northern 
Alabama,  but  it  was  left  unfinished  at  his  death. 

CLEMENS,  Samuel  Langhorne,  author  (bet- 
ter known  under  his  pen-name,  Mark  Twain),  b. 
in  Florida,  Monroe  co..  Mo.,  30  Nov.,  1835.  He 
was  educated  only  in  the  village  school  at  Hannibal, 
Mo.,  was  apprenticed  to  a  printer  at  the  age  of 
thirteen,  and  worked  at  his  trade  in  St.  Louis,  Cin- 
cinnati, Philadelphia,  and  New  York.  In  1851  he 
became  a  pilot  on  Mississippi  river  steamboats,  and 
in  1861  went  to  Nevada  as  private  secretary  to  his 
brother,  who  had  been  appointed  secretary  of  the 
territory.  Afterward  he  undertook  mining  in  Ne- 
vada, and  became  in  1862  city  editor  of  the  Vir- 
ginia City  "  Enterprise."  In  reporting  legislative 
proceedings  from  Carson  he  signed  his  letters  "  Mark 
Twain,"  a  name  suggested  by  the  technical  phrase- 
ology of  Mississippi  navigation,  where,  in  sounding 
a  depth  of  two  fathoms,  the  leadsman  calls  out  to 
"  mark  twain  !  "  In  1865  he  went  to  San  Francisco, 
and  was  for  five  months  a  reporter  on  the  "  Morn- 
ing Call,"  then  tried  gold-mining  in  the  placers 
of  Calaveras  county,  and,  having  no  success,  re- 
turned to  San  Francisco  and  resumed  newspaper 
work.  He  spent  six  months  in  the  Hawaiian  islands 
in  1866.  After  his 
return  he  delivered 
humorous  lectures 
in  California  and 
Nevada,  and  then 
returned  to  the 
east  and  published 
"  The  Jumping 
Frog,  and  other 
Sketches "  (New 
York,  1867).  The 
same  year  he  went 
with  a  party  of 
tourists  to  the  Med- 
iterranean, Egypt, 
and  Palestine,  and 
on  his  return  pub- 
lished an  amusing 
journal  of  the  ex- 
cursion, entitled 
"  The  Innocents 
Abroad "  (Hart- 
ford, 1869),  of 
which  125,0()0  copies  were  sold  in  three  years. 
He  next  edited  the  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  "  Express." 
After  his  marriage  he  settled  in  Hartford,  Conn. 
He  delivered  witty  lectures  in  various  cities,  con- 
tributed sketches  to  the  "  Galaxy  "  and  other  mag- 
azines, and  in  1872  went  to  England  on  a  lectur- 
ing trip.  While  he  was  there,  a  London  pub- 
lisher issued  an  unauthorized  collection  of  his 
writings  in  four  volumes,  in  wliich  were  included 
papers  attributed  to  him  that  he  never  wrote.  The 
same  year  appeared  in  Hartford,  Conn.,  "  Rough- 
ing It,"  containing  sketches  of  Nevada,  Utah, 
California,  and  the  Sandwich  islands ;  and  in  1873. 
in  conjunction  with  Charles  Dudley  Warner,  a 
story  entitled  "  The  Gilded  Age,"  which  was  drama- 
tized and  produced  in  New  York  in  1874.  This 
comedy,  with  John  T.  Raymond  in  the  leading 
part.  Col.  Mulberry  Sellers,  had  an  extraordinary 
success.  Mr.  Clemens  subsequently  published 
"  Sketches,  Old  and  New  "  ;  "  Adventures  of  Tom 
Sawyer,"  a  story  of  boy-life  in  Missouri  (1876); 
"Punch,  Brothers,  Punch"  (1878);  "A  Tramp 
Abroad"  (Hartford,  1880);  "The  Stolen  White 
Elephant"  (Boston,  1882);  "The  Prince  and  the 


^^5^^L-.  ^^^^r-i:^. 


CLEMENT 


CLEVELAND 


649 


Pauper"  (1882);  and  "Life  on  the  Mississippi" 
(1883).  In  1884  he  established  in  New  York  the 
publishing-house  of  C.  L.  Webster  &  Co.,  which 
issued  in  1885  a  new  story  entitled  "  Adventures 
of  Huckleberry  Finn,"  a  sequel  to  "  Tom  Sawyer," 
and  brought  out  in  that  and  the  following  year 
Gen.  U.  S.  Grant's  "  Memoirs,"  the  share  in  the 
profits  accruing  to  Mrs.  Grant  from  which  publi- 
cation, under  a  contract  signed  with  Gen.  Grant 
before  his  death,  amounted,  in  October,  1886,  to 
$350,000,  which  was  paid  to  her  in  two  checks,  of 
$200,000  and  $150,000.  Mark  Twain's  works  have 
been  republished  in  England,  and  translations  of 
the  principal  ones  in  Germany. 

CLEMENT,  CLara  Erskine,  author,  b.  in  St. 
Louis,  Mo.,  28  Aug.,  1834.  She  was  educated 
principally  at  home,  has  made  extensive  tours  in 
Europe,  visited  Palestine  and  Turkey  in  1868,  and 
travelled  round  the  world  in  1883-4.  She  married 
for  her  second  husband  Edwin  Forbes  Waters, 
and  resides  in  Cambridge,  Mass.  Her  first  work, 
the  "  Simple  Story  of  the  Orient,"  was  printed 
privately  in  1869.  She  has  published  "  Legendary 
and  Mythological  Art "  (Boston,  1871) ;  "  Painters, 
Sculptors,  Architects,  Engravers,  and  their  Works  " 
(1874) ;  "  Artists  of  the  Nineteenth  Century  and 
their  Works,"  in  conjunction  with  Laurence  Hut- 
ton  (1879);  "  Eleanor  Maitland,"  a  novel  (1881); 
"  History  of  Egypt " ;  three  "  Hand-Books  of 
Painting,  Sculpture,  and  Architecture  "  (1883-6) ; 
"  Christian  Symbols  and  Stories  of  the  Saints  " 
(1886);  and  "'Stories  of  Art  and  Artists"  (1886). 
She  has  also  translated  a  volume  of  Renan's  lec- 
tures and  "  Dosia's  Daughter,"  a  novel  by  Henri 
Greville,  and  edited  a  translation  of  Carl  von 
Liitzow's  "Treasures  of  Italian  Art." 

CLEMENT,  Kunt  Jung-bolm,  Danish  linguist, 
b.  in  the  island  of  Amrom,  Denmark,  4  Dec,  1803 ; 
d.  in  Bergen,  N.  J.,  7  Oct.,  1873.  He  was  educated 
at  Kiel  and  Heidelberg,  and  became  Ph.  D.  in  1835. 
At  the  expense  of  the  Danish  government  he  made 
a  three  years'  tour  through  the  British  islands  and 
the  continent,  and  on  his  return  to  Denmark  be- 
came a  professor  in  the  University  of  Kiel,  and  de- 
livered before  large  and  enthusiastic  classes  lectures 
on  history,  politics,  economy,  and  criticism.  He 
had  taken  an  active  part  in  the  question  of  the 
Sleswick-Holstein  duchies,  and,  when  they  were 
given  up,  he  emigrated  to  the  United  States  in 
1806.  Dr.  Clement  published  works  on  historical, 
linguistic,  critical,  and  political  subjects,  among 
which  were  one  on  the  "  Origin  of  the  Teutons  " 
(Altona,  1836);  "Introduction  to  the  History  of 
Denmark  "  (Hamburg,  1839) ;  "  The  North  German 
World  "  (Copenhagen,  1840) ;  "  The  Salic  Law  " 
(Mannheim,  1843) ;  "  Travels  in  Ireland  "  (Kiel, 
1845) ;  "  History  of  Friesland's  Life  and  Sorrows  " 
(1845) ;  "  Shakespeare's  '  Tempest '  Historically  Il- 
lustrated "  (Leipsic,  1846);  "Journey  through  Hol- 
land and  Germany "  (1847) ;  "  The  E'rench  and 
their  Language"  (1848);  "The  Best  Means  of 
Ameliorating  the  Condition  of  the  Duchies  of 
Sleswick  and  Holstein"  (Altona,  1848);  "The 
True  Condition  of  the  Language  and  Nationality 
of  South  Jutland  "  (Hamburg,  1849). 

CLEMMER,  Mary.    See  Ames,  Mary  Clemmer. 

CLERC,  Laurent,  educator,  b.  in  La  Balme, 
near  Lyons,  France,  26  Dec,  1785 ;  died  in  Hart- 
ford, Conn.,  18  July,  1869.  He  was  a  son  of  the 
mayor  of  the  commune  where  he  was  born,  and, 
when  about  a  year  old,  fell  into  the  fire,  was  badly 
burned,  and  lost  the  sense  of  smell  and  hearing. 
He  was  taken  at  the  age  of  twelve  to  the  Abbe 
Sicard,  in  Paris,  successor  of  the  Abbe  de  I'Epee,  and 
under  his  skilful  instructions  attained  rapid  pro- 
YOL.  I. — 42 


ficieney,  in  1805  was  appointed  tutor,  and  in  1806 
a  teacher.  While  on  a  visit  to  England  in  1815,  he 
made  the  acquaintance  of  the  KeV.  Dr.  Gallaudet, 
who  persuaded  him  to  come  to  this  country  to  lay 
the  foundation  of  deaf-mute  instruction.  They 
arrived  in  New  York  in  August,  1816,  and  opened 
the  asylum  at  Hartford,  15  April,  1817.  He  de- 
voted his  life  thenceforth  to  the  interests  of  this 
institution,  which  was  very  successful,  until  in  1858, 
overcome  by  the  infirmities  of  age,  he  retired  with 
a  pension.  He  married  at  the  age  of  thirty-four 
Miss  Boardman,  a  deaf-mute,  who  bore  him  several 
children,  all  of  them  possessed  of  speech  and  hear- 
ing. The  oldest  son  became  an  Episcopal  clergy- 
man in  St.  Louis. 

CLEVELAND,  Aaron,  clergyman,  b.  29  Oct., 
1715;  d.  in  Philadelphia,  17  Aug.,  1757.  He  was 
a  son  of  Capt.  Aaron  Cleveland,  one  of  the  wealthi- 
est freeholders  of  Medford,  Mass.,  and  was  gradu- 
ated at  Harvard 
in  1735.  He  was 
a  man  of  great 
personal  comeli- 
ness, strength  and 
activity,  and  the 
best  skater,  swim- 
mer, and  wrestler 
in  the  college  in 
his  day.  In  1739 
he  was  made 
pastor  of  the 
church  in  Had- 
dam,  where  his 
father  possessed 
landed  property. 
The  preaching  of 
Whitefield  pro- 
duced a  great  im- 
pression on  his 
mind,  and  led  to 
subsequent  changes  in  his  religion.  In  1747  he  re- 
moved to  Massachusetts,  but  soon  afterward  took 
an  active  part  in  the  emigration  from  New  Eng- 
land for  the  settlement  of  Nova  Scotia.  He  estab- 
lished the  first  Presbyterian  church  in  Canada,  at 
Halifax,  in  1750,  and  the  congregation  is  continued 
to  this  day ;  but  the  Scottish  Calvinists  became  its 
directors,  overriding  the  New  Englanders,  and  in 
1755  Mr.  Cleveland  went  to  London,  where  he  re- 
ceived holy  orders,  and  returned  to  America  as  a 
missionary  of  the  venerable  Society  for  the  propa- 
gation of  the  gospel.  While  in  England  he  became 
satisfied  that  the  original  spelling  of  the  family 
name  was  "  Cleveland,"  as  he  and  his  descendants 
have  since  written  it,  while  other  American  branch- 
es of  the  family  generally  retain  the  form  "  Cleave- 
land."  During  his  voyage  the  vessel  sprung  a 
leak,  and  he  lent  his  muscular  aid  to  the  sailors 
with  good  results,  but  inflicted  an  injury  upon 
his  strong  frame,  from  the  effects  of  which  he 
never  recovered.  He  was  rector  of  the  church  in 
Newcastle,  Del.,  bxxt  visiting  Philadelphia  for  medi- 
cal treatment,  when  he  died  under  the  hospitable 
roof  of  his  friend.  Dr.  Franklin.  A  beautiful 
tribute  to  his  character  appeared  in  Franklin's 
newspaper.  Mr.  Cleveland  married  in  1739  Su- 
sannah Portei-,  a  lady  celebrated  for  her  personal 
beauty  and  character.  She  was  a  granddaughter 
of  Maj.  Sewall,  of  Salem,  and  connected  by  her 
parentage  with  the  best  families  of  the  colony. — 
His  son,  Stephen,  naval  officer,  b.  in  East  Had- 
dam.  Conn.,  in  1740 ;  d.  in  Salem,  Mass.,  in  1801. 
He  went  to  sea  at  the  age  of  fourteen,  was  taken 
by  a  British  press-gang  in  Boston  in  1756,  and  kept 
in  service  till  1763.     Soon  after  the  Declaration  of 


650 


CLEVELAND 


CLEVELAND 


Independence  he  was  commissioned  a  captain  in 
the  navy,  and  brought  from  Bordeaux  valuable 
munitions  of  war.  His  commission  is  supposed  to 
have  been  the  earliest  issued  by  the  American  gov- 
ernment. He  was  promised  the  command  of  one 
of  the  frigates,  but  was  delayed  so  long  in  France 
that  they  were  given  to  others,  in  consequence  of 
which  he  resigned. — His  son,  Richard  Jeffry, 
who  was  U.  S.  vice-consul  at  Havana,  Cuba,  in 
1829-34,  was  the  author  of  an  autobiographical 
work  entitled  "  Voyages  and  Commercial  Enter- 
prises" (Boston,  1850).  II.  W.  S.  Cleveland  has 
published  "  Voyages  of  a  Merchant  Navigator  of 
the  Days  that  are  Past,"  compiled  from  the  jour- 
nals and  letters  of  R.  J.  Cleveland. — Another  son 
of  Aaron,  Aaron,  b.  at  Iladdam,  Conn.,  3  Feb., 
1744;  d.  21  Sept.,  1815.  His  father's  early  death 
deprived  him  of  the  privilege  of  a  college  educa- 
tion ;  but  he  pursued  his  studies  while  apprenticed 
to  a  manufacturer  in  Norwich,  Conn.,  and  at  nine- 
teen years  of  age  produced  his  fine  poem,  "  The 
Philosopher  and  Boy,"  in  which  he  refers  to  his 
botanical  pursuits.  In  1779  he  was  a  member  of 
the  provincial  legislature  of  Connecticut,  but  he 
declined  a  re-election.  Late  in  life  he  became  a 
Congregational  pastor  near  Hartfoi'd,  Conn.  He 
was  twice  married,  and  his  son,  William,  b.  20 
Dec,  1770,  was  the  grandfather  of  President  Cleve- 
land. He  published  several  sermons  and  a  few 
poems. — Richard  Jeffry's  son,  Henry  Russell, 
author,  b.  in  1809;  d.  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  12  June, 
1843,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1827.  and  be- 
came one  of  the  band  called  the  "  Five  of  Clubs," 
his  associates  being  Charles  Sumner,  Henry  W. 
Longfellow,  Cornelius  C.  Felton,  and  George  S. 
Hillard.  He  published  an  edition  of  Sallust's 
works,  with  English  notes  (New  York) ;  "  Remarks 
on  the  Classical  Education  of  Boys,  by  a  Teach- 
er "  (1834) ;  the  "  Life  of  Henry  Hudson "  in 
Sparks's  '•  American  Biographies  " ;  and  review  ar- 
ticles and  addresses.  A  selection  from  his  writ- 
ings, with  a  memoir  by  George  S.  Hillard,  was 
printed  privately  (Boston,  1844). — Another  son  of 
Richard  Jeffry,  Horace  William  Slialer,  b.  in 
Lancaster,  Mass.,  16  Dec,  1814,  established  himself 
as  a  landscape-gardener  about  1845,  and  has  de- 
signed many  public  parks,  cemeteries,  and  private 
groiinds  in  all  parts  of  the  United  States  and  Brit- 
ish North  America,  notably  the  parks  of  Minne- 
apolis, where  he  resides.  South  park  and  Drexel 
boulevard  in  Chicago,  and  Roger  Williams  park  in 
Providence.  Besides  numerous  papers  relating  to 
his  profession,  he  has  published  "  Hints  to  Rifle- 
men "  (New  York,  1864) ;  "  Landscape  Architec- 
ture "  (Chicago,  1873) ;  and  "  Voyages  of  a  Mer- 
chant Navigator"  (New  York,  1886). —  Charles, 
clergyman,  son  of  the  second  Aaron,  b.  in  Nor- 
wich, Conn.,  21  June,  1772;  d.  in  Boston,  Mass., 
5  June,  1872.  He  went  to  live  with  an  uncle 
at  Salem  at  the  age  of  twelve,  made  a  voyage 
to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  before  the  mast,  after 
his  return  passed  through  a  mercantile  apprentice- 
ship, and  was  appointed  deputy  collector  at  the 
Salem  custom-house,  which  place  he  retained  until 
1802.  He  was  next  a  clerk  in  Charlestown  for  seven 
years,  and  then  began  business  for  himself  in  Bos- 
ton as  a  broker.  From  1822  till  1829  he  was  senior 
member  in  the  dry-goods  firm  of  Cleveland  &  Dane, 
and  then  a  broker  again  for  four  or  five  years, 
after  which  he  abandoned  business  to  devote  him- 
self to  charitable  works.  In  September,  1816,  the 
Society  for  the  moral  and  religious  instruction  of 
the  poor  was  organized  at  his  house,  and  he  ap- 
plied himself  to  the  work  of  collecting  funds  for 
a  mission-house,  which  was  dedicated  in  May,  1821. 


,^i4/i'i^Up/'^i!^^^^^-^^^^rt'^—^ 


Nine  years  later  he  entered  upon  the  duties  of  a 
missionary  to  the  poor  of  Boston,  being  associated, 
with  the  Revs.  Ethan  Smith  and  D.  D.  Rossiter. 
In  1835  he  re- 
ceived a  license 
to  preach,  and  on 
10  July,  1838, 
was  ordained  as 
an  evangelist. 
From  that  time 
until  his  final 
sickness  he  was 
incessantly  em- 
ployed in  chari- 
table undertak- 
ings in  Boston, 
where  he  was 
known  as  "  Fa- 
ther" Cleveland, 
He  was  connect- 
ed with  benevo- 
lent institutions: 
but  his  work  was 
independent  of 
them.  A  number  of  wealthy  citizens  placed  in 
his  hands  certain  fixed  sums  ainiually.  These  he 
called  his  patrons,  and  he  published  a  report  each 
year  of  the  way  their  benefactions  had  been  dis- 
posed of. — His  son,  Charles  Dexter,  educator, 
b.  in  Salem,  Mass.,  3  Dec,  1802;  d.  in  Philadel- 
phia, Pa.,  18  Aug.,  1869,  was  graduated  at  Dart- 
mouth in  1827,  and  entered  a  counting-house,  but 
in  1832  became  professor  of  Latin  and  Greek  in 
Dickinson  college,  in  1834  of  Latin  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  the  city  of  New  York,  and  from  1834  until 
his  health  failed  taught  a  young  ladies'  school  in 
Philadelphia.  From  1861  till  1867  he  was  U.  S., 
consul  at  Cardiff,  Wales.  He  is  best  known  by  his 
compendiums  of  "  English  Literature  "  (Philadel- 
phia), "  English  Literature  of  the  19th  Century," 
"American  Literature"  (1869),  "Classical  Litera- 
ture," and  "  Grecian  .\ntiquities,"  but  wrote  a  large 
number  of  text-books.  He  published  also  "The 
Moral  Characters  of  Theophrastus  "  (1827) ;  "  Epit- 
ome of  Grecian  Antiquities"  (1828,  enlarged  in 
1831) ;  "  Address  of  the  Liberty  Party  of  Pennsyl- 
vania to  the  People  of  the  State  "  (Philadelphia, 
1844) ;  "  Hymns  for  Schools  "  (1850) :  an  edition  of 
Milton's  poetical  works,  with  a  complete  index 
(1853) ;  "  Lyra  Sacra  Americana "  (New  York, 
1868).  His  concordance  to  Milton's  works  was  re- 
published in  England. 

CLEVELAND,  Benjamin,  soldier,  b.  on  Bull 
Run,  Prince  William  co.,  Va.,  26  May,  1738;  d.  in 
October,  1806.  His  education  was  very  limited, 
and  he  became  a  hunter  and  led  a  shiftless  life  for 
several  years.  About  1769  he  removed  to  the 
Upper  Yadkin,  in  North  C'arolina,  where  he  ac- 
quired a  reputation  for  industry  and  good  habits. 
Learning  from  Daniel  Boone  of  the  promising 
country  of  Kentucky,  he  formed  a  party  and  depart- 
ed to  visit  that  charming  El  Dorado ;  but,  after 
passing  Cumberland  Gap,  they  were  robbed  by  a 
band  of  Cherokee  hunters,  and  returned  to  the  set- 
tlements well  iiigii  famished.  Cleveland  was  made 
an  ensign  in  1775,  and  promoted  to  a  captaincy  tlie 
following  year,  serving  against  the  tories  in  the 
Wake  Forest  region,  and  in  the  autumn  of  that 
year  he  led  his  company  in  Rutherford's  campaign 
against  the  Cherokees.  In  1777  he  served  at  Car- 
ter's Fort  and  the  Long  Island  of  Holston,  in  East 
Tennessee.  In  1778  he  was  made  a  justice  of  the 
peace  of  the  new  county  of  Wilkes,  and  colonel  cf 
the  militia.  In  June,  1780,  he  aided  in  driving  the 
tories,  who  had  assembled  at  Ramsour's  Mills,  from 


^^^ 


^. 


r^f 


CLEVELAND 


CLEVELAND 


651 


the  country ;  and  next  performed  the  great  service 
of  his  life  at  the  battle  of  King's  Mountain.  He 
was  a  terror  to  the  tories ;  but  once,  in  1781,  they 
got  the  better  of  him  for  a  brief  period,  capturing 
and  conveying  him  to  the  woods.  They  were  soon 
overtaken,  however,  by  Cleveland's  friends,  who 
routed  the  marauders  and  rescued  their  leader. 
He  subsequently  removed  to  the  Ingals  country, 
on  the  western  border  of  South  Carolina,  where  he 
became  judge  of  the  court.  He  grew  to  enormous 
proportions,  reaching  the  weight  of  450  pounds,  and 
died  in  his  chair.  On  29  July,  1887,  a  monument 
to  his  memory  was  dedicated  at  Fort  Madison,  S.  C. 

CLEVELAND,  Chaiincey  Fitcli,  lawyer  and 
statesman,  b.  in  Hampton,  Conn.,  16  Feb.,  1799; 
d.  there,  6  June,  1887.  He  received  a  common- 
school  education,  studied  law,  and  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1819.  He  was  elected  to  the  legis- 
lature in  1826,  and  served  four  terms,  again  elect- 
ed in  1832,  and  was  state  attorney  the  same  year ; 
again  sat  in  the  legislature  in  l"835-'6,  of  which 
body  he  was  twice  chosen  speaker.  Pie  was  elected 
governor  of  Connecticut  in  1842,  and  re-elected 
in  1843.  He  returned  to  the  legislature  for  the 
eleventh  time  in  1847,  and  in  1849  was  elected  to 
congress  as  a  democrat,  and  re-elected  in  1851. 
He  was  a  presidential  elector  on  the  republican 
ticket  in  1860,  and  at  two  or  three  other  elections, 
and  was  a  member  of  the  peace  congress  of  1861. 
— His  brother.  Mason,  d.  in  1855,  was  state  sena- 
tor, comptroller,  and  commissioner  of  the  school 
fund  of  Connecticut. — Edward  Spicer,  son  of 
Mason,  was  the  unsuccessful  democratic  candidate 
for  governor  of  Connecticut  in  1886. 

CLEVELAND,  Grover,  twenty-second  and 
twenty- fourth  president  of  the  United  States,  was 
born  in  Caldwell,  Essex  co.,  N.  J.,  18  March,  1837. 
On  the  paternal  side  he  is  of  English  origin. 
Moses  Cleveland  emigrated  from  Ipswich,  county 
of  Suffolk,  England,  in  1635,  and  settled  at  Wo- 
burn,  Mass.,  where  he  died  in  1701.  His  grand- 
son was  Aaron,  whose  son,  Aaron,  was  great-great- 
grandfather of  Grover.  The  second  Aaron's  grand- 
son, William,  was  a  silversmith  and  watchmaker  at 
Norwich,  Conn.  His  son,  Richard  Falley  Cleve- 
land, was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1824,  was  ordained 
to  the  Presbyterian  ministry  in  1829,  and  in  the 
same  year  married  Anne  Neal,  daughter  of  a  Balti- 
more merchant  of  Irish  birth.  These  two  were  the 
parents  of  Grover  Cleveland.  The  Presbyterian 
parsonage  at  Caldwell,  where  Mr.  Cleveland  was 
born,  was  first  occupied  by  the  Rev.  Stephen  Gro- 
ver, in  whose  honor  the  boy  was  named ;  but  the 
first  name  was  early  dropped,  and  he  has  been 
known  as  Grover  Cleveland.  When  he  was  four 
years  old  his  father  accepted  a  call  to  Fayetteville, 
near  Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  where  the  son  had  an  acad- 
emy schooling,  and  afterward  was  a  clerk  in  a 
country  store.  The  removal  of  the  family  to  Clin- 
ton, Oneida  co.,  gave  Grover  additional  educational 
advantages  in  the  academy  there.  In  his  seven- 
teenth year  he  became  a  clerk  and  an  assistant 
teacher  in  the  New  York  institution  for  the  blind 
in  New  York  city,  in  which  his  elder  brother,  Will- 
iam, an  alumnus  of  Hamilton  college,  now  a 
Presbyterian  clergyman  at  Forest  Port,  N.  Y.,  was 
then  a  teacher.  In  1855  Grover  left  Holland  Pat- 
ent, in  Oneida  co.,  where  his  mother  then  resided, 
to  go  to  the  west  in  search  of  employment.  On 
his  way  he  stopped  at  Black  Rock,  now  a  part  of 
Buffalo,  where  his  uncle,  Lewis  F.  Allen,  induced 
him  to  remain  and  aid  him  in  the  compilation  of  a 
volume  of  the  "American  Herd-Book,"  receiving 
for  six  weeks'  service  $60.  He  afterward  assisted 
in  the  preparation  of  several  other  volumes  of  this 


work,  and  the  preface  to  the  fifth  volume  (1861) 
acknowledges  his  services.  In  August,  1855,  he 
secured  a  place  as  clerk  and  copyist  for  the  law 
firm  of  Rogers,  Bowen  &  Rogers,  in  Buffalo,  began 
to  read  Blackstone,  and  in  the  autumn  of  that  year 
was  receiving  four  dollars  a  week  for  his  work. 
He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1859,  but  for  three 
years  longer  he  remained  with  the  firm  that  first 
employed  him,  acting  as  managing  clerk  at  a  salary 
of  $600,  soon  advanced  to  $1,000,  a  part  of  which 
he  devoted  to  the  support  of  his  widowed  mother, 
who  died  in  1882.  He  was  appointed  assistant  dis- 
trict-attorney of  Erie  co.,  1  Jan.,  1863,  and  held 
the  office  for  three  years.  At  this  time  strenuous 
efforts  were  being  made  to  bring  the  civil  war  to  a 
close.  Two  of  Cleveland's  brothers  were  in  the 
army,  and  his  mother  and  sisters  were  dependent 
largely  upon  him  for  support.  Unable  to  enlist, 
he  borrowed  money  to  send  a  substitute,  and  it 
was  not  till  long  after  the  war  that  he  was  able  to 
repay  the  loan.  In  1865,  at  the  age  of  twenty- 
eight,  he  was  the  democratic  candidate  for  district 
attorney,  but  was  defeated  by  the  republican  can- 
didate, his  intimate  friend,  Lyman  K.  Bass.  He 
then  became  a  law  partner  of  Isaac  V.  Vanderpool, 
and  in  1869  became  a  member  of  the  firm  of  Lan- 
ning,  Cleveland  &  Folsom.  He  continued  a  suc- 
cessful practice  till  1870,  when  he  was  elected 
sheriff  of  Erie  co.  At  the  expiration  of  his  three 
years'  term  he  formed  a  law  partnership  with  his 
personal  friend  and  political  antagonist,  Lyman 
K.  Bass,  the  firm  being  Bass.  Cleveland  &  Bissell, 
and,  after  the  forced  retirement  from  failing  health 
of  Mr.  Bass,  Cleveland  &  Bissell.  The  firm  was 
prosperous,  and  Cleveland  attained  high  rank  as  a 
lawyer,  by  the  simplicity  and  directness  of  his  logic 
and  expression  and  thorough  mastery  of  his  cases. 

In  1881  he  was  nominated  as  democratic  can- 
didate for  mayor  of  Buffalo,  and  was  elected  by 
the  largest  majority  ever  given  to  a  candidate 
in  that  city  prior  to  that  time.  In  the  same 
election  the  republican  state  ticket  was  carried  in 
Buffalo  by  an  average  majority  of  over  1,600  ;  but 
Cleveland  had  a  partial  republican,  independent, 
and  "  reform "  movement  support.  He  entered 
upon  the  office,  1  Jan.,  1882.  He  soon  became 
known  as  the  "  veto  mayor,"  using  that  preroga- 
tive fearlessly  in  checking  unwise,  illegal,  or  ex- 
travagant expenditure  of  the  public  money,  and 
enforcing  strict  compliance  with  the  requirements 
of  the  state  constitution  and  the  city  charter. 
By  vetoing  extravagant  appropriations  he  saved 
the  city  nearly  $1,000,000  in  the  first  six  months 
of  his  administration.  Pie  opposed  giving  $500  of 
the  taxpayers'  money  to  the  firemen's  benevolent 
society,  on  the  ground  that  such  appropriation  was 
not  permissible  under  the  terms  of  the  state  con- 
stitution and  the  charter  of  the  city.  He  vetoed  a 
resolution  diverting  $500  from  the  Fourth  of  July 
appropriation  to  the  observance  of  Memorial  day 
for  the  same  reason,  and  immediately  subscribed 
one  tenth  of  the  sum  wanted  for  the  purpose.  His 
admirable,  impartial,  and  courageous  administra- 
tion won  tributes  to  his  integrity  and  ability  from 
the  press  and  the  people  irrespective  of  party. 

On  the  second  day  of  the  democratic  state  con- 
vention at  Syracuse,  22  Sept.,  1882,  on  the  third 
ballot,  by  a  vote  of  211  out  of  382,  Grover  Cleve- 
land was  nominated  for  governor,  in  opposition  to 
Charles  J.  Folger,  then  secretary  of  the  U.  S.  treas- 
ury, nominated  for  the  same  office  three  days  be- 
fore by  the  republican  state  convention  at  Sara- 
toga. In  his  letter  accepting  this  nomination  Mr. 
Cleveland  wrote :  "  Public  officers  are  the  servants 
and  agents  of  the  people,  to  execute  the  laws  which 


652 


CLEVELAND 


CLEVELAND 


the  people  have  made,  and  within  the  limits  of  a 
constitution  which  they  have  established.  .  .  .  We 
may,  I  think,  reduce  to  quite  simple  elements  the 
duty  which  public  servants  owe,  by  constantly 
bearing  in  mind  that  they  are  put  in  place  to  pro- 
tect the  rights  of  the  people,  to  answer  their  needs 
as  they  arise,  and  to  expend  for  their  benefit  the 
money  drawn  from  them  by  taxation." 

In  the  canvass  that  followed.  Cleveland  had  the 
advantage  of  a  united  democratic  party,  and  in 
addition  the  support  of  the  entire  independent 
press  of  the  state.  The  election  in  November  was 
the  most  remarkable  in  the  political  annals  of  New 
York.  Both  gubernatorial  candidates  were  men 
of  character  and  of  unimpeachable  public  record. 
Judge  Folger  had  honorably  filled  high  state  and 
federal  offices.  But  there  was  a  wide-spread  dis- 
affection in  the  republican  ranks  largely  due  to 
the  belief  that  the  nomination  of  Folger  (nowise 
obnoxious  in  itself)  was  accomplished  by  means  of 
improper  and  fraudulent  practices  in  the  nominat- 
ing convention  and  by  the  interference  of  the  fed- 
eral administration.  What  were  called  the  "  half- 
breeds  "  largely  stayed  away  from  the  polls,  and 
in  a  total  vote  of  918,894  Cleveland  received  a 
plurality  of  192,854  over  Folger,  and  a  majority 
over  all,"  including  greenback,  prohibition,  and 
scattering,  of  151,742.  He  entered  upon  his  office 
1  Jan.,  1883,  in  the  words  of  his  inaugural  address, 
"  fully  appreciating  his  relations  to  the  people, 
and  determined  to  serve  them  faithfully  and  well." 
With  very  limited  private  means,  Gov.  Cleveland 
lived  upon  and  within  his  official  salary,  simply  and 
unostentatiously,  keeping  no  carriage,  and  daily 
walking  to  and  from  his  duties  at  the  capitol. 

Among  the  salient  acts  of  his  administration 
were  his  approval  of  a  bill  to  submit  to  the  people 
a  proposition  to  abolish  contract  labor  in  the 
prisons,  which  they  adopted  by  an  overwhelming 
majority ;  his  veto  of  a  bill  that  permitted  wide 
latitude  in  the  investments  of  savings  banks  ;  and 
the  veto  of  a  similar  bill  allowing  like  latitude  in 
the  investment  of  securities  of  fire  insurance  com- 
panies. He  vetoed  a  bill  that  was  a  bold  effort  to 
establish  a  monopoly  by  limiting  the  right  to  con- 
struct certain  street  railways  to  companies  hereto- 
fore organized,  to  the  exclusion  of  such  as  should 
hereafter  obtain  the  consent  of  property-owners 
and  local  authorities.  His  much-criticised  veto  of 
the  "five-cent-fare"  bill,  which  proposed  to  reduce 
the  rates  of  fare  on  the  elevated  roads  in  New  York 
city  from  ten  cents  to  five  cents  for  all  hours  in 
the  day,  was  simply  and  solely  because  he  consid- 
ered the  enactment  illegal  and  a  breach  of  the 
plighted  faith  of  the  state.  The  general  railroad 
law  of  1850  provides  for  an  examination  by  state 
officers  into  the  earnings  of  railroads  before  the 
rates  of  fare  can  be  reduced,  and  as  this  imperative 
condition  had  not  been  complied  with  previous  to 
the  passage  of  the  bill,  he  vetoed  it.  He  vetoed 
the  Buffalo  fire  department  bill  because  he  believed 
its  provisions  would  prevent  the  "  economical  and 
efficient  administration  of  an  important  depart- 
ment in  a  large  city,"  and  subject  it  to  partisan 
and  personal  influences.  In  the  second  year  of 
his  administration  he  approved  the  bill  enacting 
important  reforms  in  the  appointment  and  admin- 
istration of  certain  local  offices  in  New  York  city. 
His  state  administration  was  only  an  expansion  of 
the  fundamental  principles  that  controlled  his 
official  action  while  mayor  of  Buffalo.  Its  integ- 
rity, ability,  and  success  made  him  a  prominent 
candidate  for  president. 

The  democratic  national  convention  met  at 
Chicago,  8  July,  1884.    Three  days  were  devoted 


to  organization,  platform,  and  speeches  in  favor  of 
candidates.  In  the  evening  of  10  July  a  vote  was 
taken,  in  which,  out  of  820  votes-,  Grover  Cleve- 
land received  392.  A  two-third  vote  (557)  was 
necessary  to  a  nomination.  On  the  following 
morning,  in  the  first  ballot,  Cleveland  received  683 
votes,  and,  on  motion  of  Thomas  A.  Hendricks 
(subsequently  nominated  for  the  vice-presidency), 
the  vote  was  made  unanimous.  He  was  officially 
notified  of  his  nomination  by  the  convention  com- 
mittee at  Albany,  29  July,  and  made  a  modest  re- 
sponse, promising  soon  to  signify  in  a  more  formal 
manner  his  acceptance  of  the  nomination,  which 
he  did  by  letter  on  18  Aug.,  1884.  In  it  he  said, 
among  other  things : 

"  When  an  election  to  office  shall  be  the  selec- 
tion by  the  voters  of  one  of  their  number  to  assume 
for  a  time  a  public  trust,  instead  of  his  dedication 
to  the  profession  of  politics ;  when  the  holders  of 
the  ballot,  quickened  by  a  sense  of  duty,  shall 


avenge  truth  betrayed  and  pledges  broken,  and 
when  the  suffrage  shall  be  altogether  free  and  un- 
corrupted,  the  full  realization  of  a  government  by 
the  people  will  be  at  hand.  And  of  the  means  to 
this  end,  not  one  would,  in  my  judgment,  be  more 
effective  than  an  amendment  to  the  constitution 
disqualifying  the  president  from  re-election.  .  .  . 

"A  true  American  sentiment  recognizes  the  dig- 
nity of  labor,  and  the  fact  that  honor  lies  in  honest 
toil.  Contented  labor  is  an  element  of  national 
prosperity.  Ability  to  work  constitutes  the  capital 
and  the  wage  of  labor,  the  income  of  a  vast  number 
of  our  population,  and  this  interest  should  be  jeal- 
ously protected.  Our  working-men  are  not  asking 
unreasonable  indulgence,  but,  as  intelligent  and 
manly  citizens,  they  seek  the  same  consideration 
which  those  demand  who  have  other  interests  at 
stake.  They  should  receive  their  full  share  of  the 
care  and  attention  of  those  who  make  and  execute 
the  laws,  to  the  end  that  the  wants  and  needs  of 
the  employers  and  the  employed  should  alike  be 
subserved," and  the  prosperity  of  the  country,  the 
common  heritage  of  both,  be  advanced.  As  re- 
lated to  this  subject,  while  we  should  not  discour- 
age the  immigration  of  those  who  come  to  ac- 
knowledge allegiance  to  our  government,  and  add 
to  our  citizen  population,  yet,  a.s  a  means  of  pro- 
tection to  our  working-men,  a  different  rule  should 
prevail  concerning  those  who,  if  they  come  or  are 
brought  to  our  land,  do  not  intend  to  become 
Americans,  but  will  injuriously  compete  with 
those  justly  entitled  to  our  field  of  labor.  .  .  . 

"  In  a  free  country  the  curtailment  of  the  abso- 
lute rights  of  the  individual  should  only  be  such 
as  is  essential  to  the  peace  and  good  order  of  the 
community.  The  limit  between  the  proper  subjects 
of  governmental  control,  and  those  which  can  be 
more  fittingly  left  to  the  moral  sense  and  self-im- 
posed restraint  of  the  citizen,  should  be  carefully 
kept  in  view.     Thus,  laws  unnecessarily  interfer- 


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CLEVELAND 


658 


ing  with  the  habits  and  customs  of  any  of  our 
peojjle  whicli  are  not  offensive  to  the  moral  senti- 
ments of  the  civilized  world,  and  which  are  con- 
sistent with  good  citizenship  and  the  public  wel- 
fare, are  unwise  and  vexatious.  The  commerce  of 
a  nation  to  a  great  extent  determines  its  suprem- 
acy. Cheap  and  easy  transpoi'tation  should  there- 
fore be  liberally  fostered.  Within  the  limits  of 
the  constitution,  the  general  government  should  so 
improve  and  protect  its  natural  water-ways  as  will 
enable  the  producers  of  the  country  to  reach  a 
profitable  market.  ...  If  I  should  be  called  to 
the  chief  magistracy  of  the  nation  by  the  suffrages 
of  my  fellow-citizens,  I  will  assume  the  duties  of 
that  high  office  witli  a  solemn  determination  to 
dedicate  every  effort  to  the  country's  good,  and 
with  a  humble  reliance  upon  the  favor  and  sup- 
port of  the  Supreme  Being,  who  I  believe  will 
always  bless  honest  human  endeavor  in  the  con- 
scientious discharge  of  public  duty." 

The  canvass  that  followed  was  more  remarkable 
for  the  discussion  of  the  personal  characters  and 
qualifications  of  the  candidates  than  for  the 
prominent  presentation  of  political  issues.  In  the 
election  (4  Nov.)  four  candidates  were  in  the  field, 
viz. :  Grover  Cleveland,  of  New  York,  democratic  ; 
James  G.  Blaine,  of  Maine,  republican;  Benjamin 
F.  Butler,  of  Massachusetts,  labor  and  greenback  ; 
John  P.  St.  John,  of  Kansas,  prohibition.  The 
total  popular  vote  was  10,067,610,  divided  as  fol- 
lows:  Cleveland,  4,874.986;  Blaine,  4,851,981; 
Butler,  175,370;  St.  John,  150,869;  blank,  de- 
fective, and  scattering,  14,904.  Of  the  401  electo- 
ral votes,  Cleveland  received  219,  and  Blaine,  182. 

In  December  the  executive  committee  of  the 
national  civil  service  reform  league  addressed  a 
letter  to  President-elect  Cleveland  commending  to 
his  care  the  interest  of  civil-service  reform.  In 
his  reply,  dated  25  Dec,  he  declared  that  "  a  prac- 
tical reform  in  the  civil  service  was  demanded " ; 
that  to  it  he  was  pledged  by  his  "  conception  of 
true  democratic  faith  and  public  duty,"  as  well  as 
by  his  past  utterances.  He  added :  '"  There  is  a 
class  of  government  positions  which  are  not  with- 
in the  letter  of  the  civil-service  statute,  but  which 
are  so  disconnected  with  the  policy  of  an  adminis- 
tration that  the  removal  therefrom  of  present  in- 
cumbents, in  my  opinion,  should  not  be  made 
during  the  terms  for  which  they  were  appointed, 
solely  on  partisan  grounds,  and  for  the  purpose  of 
putting  in  their  places  those  who  are  in  political 
accord  with  the  appointing  power.  But  many  now 
holding  such  positions  have  forfeited  all  just 
claim  to  retention,  because  they  have  used  their 
places  for  party  purposes  in  disregard  of  their 
duty  to  the  people,  and  because,  instead  of  being 
decent  public  servants,  they  have  proved  them- 
selves offensive  partisans  and  unscrupulous  ma- 
nipulators of  local  party  management.  The  les- 
sons of  the  past  should  be  unlearned,  and  such 
officials,  as  well  as  their  successors,  should  be 
taught  that  efficiency,  fitness,  and  devotion  to 
f)ublic  duty  are  the  conditions  of  their  continu- 
ance in  public  place,  and  that  the  quiet  and  unob- 
trusive exercise  of  individual  political  rights  is 
the  reasonable  measure  of  their  party  service.  .  .  . 
Selections  for  office  not  embraced  within  the  civil- 
service  rules  will  be  based  upon  sufficient  inquiry 
as  to  fitness,  instituted  by  those  charged  with  that 
duty,  rather  than  upon  persistent  importunity  or 
self-solicited  recommendations  on  behalf  of  candi- 
dates for  appointment." 

When  the  New  York  legislature  assembled,  6 
Jan.,  1885,  Mr.  Cleveland  resigned  the  governor- 
ship of   the  state.     On  27  Feb.  was  published   a 


letter  of  the  president-elect  in  answer  to  one 
signed  by  several  members  of  congress,  in  which 
he  indicated  his  opposition  to  an  increased  coinage 
of  silver,  and  suggested  a  suspension  of  the  pur- 
chase and  coinage  of  that  metal  as  a  measure  of 
safety,  in  order  to  prevent  a  financial  crisis  and 
the  ultimate  expulsion  of  gold  by  silver.  His 
inaugural  address  was  wi-itten  during  the  ten 
days  previous  to  his  setting  out  for  Washington. 
On  4  March  he  went  to  the  capital  in  company 
with  President  Arthur,  and  after  the  usual  pre- 
liminaries had  been  completed  he  delivered  his 
inaugui'al  address  from  the  eastern  steps  of  the 
capitol.  in  the  presence  of  a  vast  concourse.  At 
its  conclusion  the  oath  of  office  was  administered 
by  Chief-Justice  Waite.  He  then  reviewed  from 
the  White  House  the  inaugural  parade,  a  proces- 
sion numbering  more  than  100,000  men.  In  the 
address  he  urged  the  people  of  all  parties  to  lay 
aside  political  animosities  in  order  to  sustain  the 
government.  He  declared  his  approval  of  the 
Monroe  doctrine  as  a  guide  in  foreign  relations,  of 
strict  economy  in  the  administration  of  the  finances, 
of  the  protection  of  the  Indians  and  their  eleva- 
tion to  citizenship,  of  the  security  of  the  freedmen 
in  their  rights,  and  of  the  laws  against  Mormon 
polygamy  and  the  importation  of  a  servile  class  of 
foreign  laborers.  In  respect  to  appointments  to 
office,  he  said  that  the  people  demand  the  appli- 
cation of  business  principles  to  public  affairs,  and 
also  that  the  people  have  a  right  to  protection 
from  the  incompetency  of  public  employees,  who 
hold  their  places  solely  as  a  reward  for  partisan 
service,  and  those  who  worthily  seek  ptiblic  em- 
ployment have  a  right  to  insist  that  merit  and 
competency  shall  be  recognized  instead  of  party 
subserviency  or  the  surrender  of  honest  political 
belief.  On  the  following  day  lie  sent  to  the  senate 
the  nominations  for  his  cabinet  officers  as  follows: 
Secretary  of  State,  Thomas  F.  Bayard,  of  Dela- 
ware ;  secretary  of  the  treasury,  Daniel  Manning, 
of  New  York ;  secretary  of  war,  William  C.  Endi- 
cott,  of  Massachusetts ;  secretary  of  the  navy, 
William  C.  Whitney,  of  New  York;  postmaster- 
general,  William  F.  Vilas,  of  Wisconsin ;  attorney- 
general,  Augustus  II.  Garland,  of  Arkansas;  sec- 
retary of  the  interior,  Lucius  Q.  C.  Lamar,  of 
Mississippi.  The  nominations  were  promptly  con- 
firmed. On  12  March,  1885,  President  Cleveland 
withdrew  from  the  senate,  which  met  in  extra 
session  to  take  action  on  appointments  and  other 
business  connected  with  the  new  administration, 
the  Spanish  reciprocity  and  Nicaragua  canal 
treaties,  in  order  that  they  might  be  considered  by 
the  new  executive.  On  13  March  he  issued  a 
proclamation  announcing  the  intention  of  the  gov- 
ernment to  remove  from  the  Oklahoma  country,  in 
Indian  territory,  the  white  intruders  who  sought 
to  settle  there,  which  was  done  shortly  afterward 
by  a  detachment  of  soldiers.  By  his  refusal  at 
once  to  remove  certain  officials  for  the  purpose  of 
putting  in  their  place  members  of  his  own  party, 
he  came  into  conflict  with  many  influential  men, 
who  advocated  the  speedy  removal  of  republican 
office-holders  and  the  appointment  of  democrats, 
in  order  to  strengthen  the  party  as  a  political 
organization.  At  the  same  time  the  republicans 
and  some  of  the  civil-service  reformers  complained 
of  other  appointments  as  not  being  in  accord  with 
the  professions  of  the  president.  "  Offensive 
partisanship  "  was  declared  by  the  president  to  be 
a  ground  for  removal,  and  numerous  republican 
functionaries  were  displaced  under  that  rule, 
while  the  term  became  a  common  phrase  in  political 
nomenclature.     When  disturbances  threatened  to 


654 


CLEVELAND 


CLEVELAND 


break  out  between  the  Cheyennes'and  the  Arapahoes 
in  Indian  territory,  Gen.  Sheridan,  at  the  request 
of  the  president,  visited  that  country  in  order  to 
study  the  cause  of  the  troubles,  lie  reported  tiiat 
the  threatened  outbreak  was  the  result  of  the  occu- 
pation of  Indian  lands  by  cattle-owners  who 
leased  vast  areas  from  the  Indians  at  a  merely 
nominal  rental.  The  legal  oilicers  of  the  govern- 
ment decided  that  these  leases  were  contrary  to 
law  and  invalid.  The  president  thereupon  issued 
a  proclamation  warning  all  cattle  companies  and 
ranchmen  to  remove  their  herds  from  Indian  ter- 
ritory within  forty  days,  and  enforced  the  order, 
notwithstanding  their  strenuous  objection. 

In  his  message  at  the  opening  of  the  first  session 
of  the  49th  congress  on  8  Dec,  1885,  President 
Cleveland  recommended  increased  appropriations 
for  the  consular  and  diplomatic  service,  the  abo- 
lition of  duties  on  works  of  art,  the  reduction  of 
the  tariff  on  necessaries  of  life,  the  suspension  of 
compulsory  silver  coinage,  the  improvement  of  the 
navy,  the  appointment  of  six  general  Indian  com- 
missioners, reform  in  the  laws  imder  which  titles 
to  the  public  lands  are  i-equired  from  the  govern- 
ment, more  stringent  laws  for  the  suppression  of 
polygamy  in  Utah,  an  act  to  prohibit  the  immi- 
gration of  Mormons,  the  exte7ision  of  the  principle 
of  civil-service  reform,  and  an  increase  in  the 
salaries  of  the  commissioners,  and  the  passage  of 
a  law  to  determine  the  oi'der  of  presidential  suc- 
cession in  the  event  of   a  vacancy.     The  senate, 


^%_- 


sitting  in  secret  session  for  the  consideration  of 
the  president's  appointments,  called  for  the  papers 
on  file  in  the  departments  relating  to  the  causes 
for  which  certain  officers  had  been  removed.  Upon 
the  refusal  of  the  president  to  submit  the  docu- 
ments to  their  inspection,  a  dispute  ensued,  and 
threats  were  uttered  by  republican  senators  that 
no  appointments  should  be  confirmed  unless  their 
right  to  inspect  papers  on  the  official  files  was 
conceded.  On  1  March,  1886,  he  sent  a  long  mes- 
sage to  the  senate,  in  which  he  took  the  ground 
that  under  the  constitution  the  right  of  removal  or 
suspension  from  office  lay  entirely  within  the 
power  and  discretion  of  the  president ;  tliat  sec- 
tions of  the  tenure-of-office  act  I'equiring  him  to 
report  to  the  senate  reasons  for  suspending  offi- 
cers had  been  repealed ;  and  that  the  papers  that 
the  senate  demanded  to  see  were  not  official,  but 
were  of  a  personal  and  private  nature.  Eventual- 
ly most  of  the  appointments  of  the  president  were 
ratified.  During  the  first  fiscal  year  of  his  admin- 
istration the  proportion  of  postmasters  throughout 
the  country  removed  or  suspended  was  but  little 
larger  than  had  often  followed  a  change  of  ad- 
ministration in  the  same  political  party. 

In  his  second  annual  message  he  called  the  at- 
tention of  congress  to  the  large  excess  of  the  reve- 
nues of  the  country  beyond  the  needs  of  the  gov- 
ernment, and  urged  such  a  reduction  as  would 
release  to  the  people  the  increasing  and  unneces- 
sary surplus  of  national  income,  by  such  an  amend- 
ment of  the  revenue  laws  as  would  cheapen  the 
price  of  the  necessaries  of  life  and  give  freer  en- 
trance to  such  imported  materials  as  could  be 
manufactured  by  American  labor  into  mai'ket- 
able  commodities.     lie  recommended  the  erection 


of  coast  defences  on  land,  and  the  construction  of 
modern  ships  of  war  for  the  navy;  argued  for  the 
civilization  of  the  Indians  by  the  dissolution  of 
tribal  relations,  the  settlement  of  their  reservations 
in  severalty,  and  the  correction  of  abuses  in  the 
disposition  of  the  public  lands.  He  urged  the 
adoption  of  liberal  general  pension  laws  to  meet 
all  possible  cases,  and  protested  against  special 
legislation  for  a  favored  few,  as  an  injustice  to  the 
many  who  were  equally  deserving. 

He  approved  a  bill  to  regulate  the  questions 
arising  between  the  railroads  and  the  people,  and 
appointed  an  interstate  commerce  commission 
under  its  provisions.  A  number  of  bills  provid- 
ing for  the  erection  of  public  buildings  in  various 
parts  of  the  country  were  vetoed,  on  the  ground 
that  they  were  not  required  by  the  public  business ; 
and  while  he  approved  186  private  pension  bills, 
he  vetoed  42  for  various  reasons  ;  some  being  cov- 
ered by  general  laws,  others  were  to  his  mind  un- 
worthy and  fraudulent,  and  others  were  not  so 
favorable  to  the  claimant  as  the  genei'al  laws  al- 
ready passed.  A  dependent  pension  bill,  permit- 
ting a  pension  of  $12  per  month  to  all  soldiers  and 
sailors  who  served  in  the  war  for  the  Union,  upon 
the  ground  of  service  and  present  disability  alone, 
whether  incurred  in  the  service  or  since,  was 
vetoed,  on  the  ground  that  a  sufficient  time  had  not 
elapsed  since  tlie  war  to  justify  a  general  service 
pension  ;  that  its  terms  were  too  uncertain  and 
yielding  to  insure  its  just  and  impartial  execution  ; 
that  the  honest  soldiers  of  the  country  would  pre- 
fer not  to  be  regarded  as  objects  of  charity,  as  was 
proposed;  and  that  its  enactment  would  put  a 
wholly  uncalled-for  and  enormous  annual  burden 
upon  the  country  for  very  many  years  to  come. 
The  veto  was  sustained  by  congress.  Vetoing  an 
appropriation  for  the  distribution  of  seeds  to 
drought-stricken  counties  of  Texas,  he  said  : 

*'  I  can  find  no  warrant  for  such  an  appropria- 
tion in  the  constitution  ;  and  I  do  not  believe  that 
the  power  and  duty  of  the  general  government 
ought  to  be  extended  to  the  relief  of  individual 
suffering  which  in  no  manner  properly  related  to 
the  public  service  or  benefit.  A  prevalent  tend- 
ency to  disregard  the  limited  mission  of  this  power 
and  duty  should,  I  think,  be  steadfastly  resisted, 
to  the  end  that  the  less(m  should  be  constantly 
enforced  that  though  the  people  support  the  gov- 
ernment, the  government  should  not  support  the 
people." 

As  he  had  done  while  governor,  so  now  as  presi- 
dent, Mr.  Cleveland  exercised  the  veto  power  with 
great  freedom.  This  was  particularly  true  during 
the  session  of  congress  which  ended  5  Aug.,  1886, 
when  of  987  bills  which  passed  both  houses  he 
vetoed  115. 

In  October,  1886,  accompanied  by  Mrs.  Cleve- 
land and  several  personal  friends,  the  president 
made  a  tour  of  the  west  and  south  in  response  to 
invitations  from  those  sections,  which  involved 
about  5,000  miles  of  railroad  travel  and  occupied 
three  weeks.  He  was  enthusiastically  received  by 
the  people,  and  made  speeches  at  Indianapolis, 
St.  Louis,  Chicago,  Minneapolis,  Kansas  City, 
Atlanta,  and  other  cities.  In  December,  1887, 
departing  from  custom,  he  devoted  his  annual 
message  to  the  presentation  of  a  single  subject, 
namely,  the  reduction  of  the  tariff.  He  advocated 
a  radical  modification  of  the  existing  policy  by  the 
adoption  of  a  law  framed  with  a  view  to  the  ulti- 
mate establishment  of  the  principles  of  free  trade. 
The  republicans  immediately  took  up  the  issue 
thus  presented,  and  the  question  at  once  became 
a  predominant   issue  of   the  canvass.     Cleveland 


CLEVELAND 


CLEVELAND 


655 


was  unanimously  renominated  by  the  national 
democratic   convention  in   St.  Louis  on  5   June, 

1888.  The  efforts  of  both  parties  were  directed 
chiefly  to  the  doubtful  states  of  Indiana,  New  York, 
New  Jersey,  and  Connecticut.  Cleveland  carried 
all  the  southern  states,  and  in  the  north  New  Jer- 
sey and  Connecticut,  while  of  the  doubtful  states 
Gen.  Harrison  received  the  votes  of  New  Yorli  and 
Indiana.  Of  the  electoral  votes  Harrison  received 
283,  Cleveland  168.  The  popular  vote  for  Cleveland 
numbered  5,540,329,  that  for  Harrison  5,439,853. 

At  the  close  of  his  administration,  on  4  March, 

1889,  Mr.  Cleveland  retired  to  New  York  city, 
where  he  re-entered  upon  the  practice  of  his  pro- 
fession. As  a  private  citizen  he  continued  to 
exert  a  powerful  influence  upon  his  party  and 
public  sentiment  by  frequent  expression  of  his 
opinions  on  important  public  questions.  These 
expressions  were  always  based  upon  an  implicit 
belief  that  the  integrity  and  justice  of  the  people 
would  not  tolerate  demagogism,  but  demanded  of 
any  leader  the  truth  fearlessly  spoken.  Conscious 
of  a  strong  public  demand  that  he  should  again 
bo  the  democratic  candidate  for  president,  and  of 
the  personal  consequence  to  him  of  his  every  word 
and  act,  he  constantly  stated  his  views  with  the 
courage  and  candor  which  had  characterized  his 
whole  public  life.  A  notable  instance  of  this  was 
his  famous  letter  of  10  Feb.,  1891,  addressed  to  a 
public  meeting  in  New  York  city,  which  had  been 
called  to  protest  against  a  bill  then  pending  in 
congress  for  the  free  and  unlimited  coinage  of 
silver.  There  was  grave  danger  that  the  bill 
would  be  enacted.  Behind  it  was  a  strong  public 
sentiment,  including  probably  a  majority  in  con- 
gress of  his  own  party.  His  opposition  insured,  it 
was  believed,  the  failure  of  the  bill,  but  also  of  all 
chance  for  his  renomination.  Yet,  impelled  by  a 
sense  of  public  duty  which  would  not  consider 
personal  consequences,  he  declared  his  belief  "  that 
the  greatest  peril  would  be  invited  by  the  adop- 
tion of  the  scheme  "  ;  and  he  denounced  "  the  dan- 
gerous and  reckless  experiment  of  free,  uidimited," 
and  independent  silver  coinage."  The  bill  was  de- 
feated. Notwithstanding  the  opposition  and  pre- 
dictions of  many  leaders  of  his  party,  the  demand 
for  his  renomination  steadily  increased.  The  great 
cause  of  tariff  reform,  which  as  president  he  had 
championed  and  which  had  carried  the  country  in 
the  elections  of  1890,  was  evidently  to  be  the  prin- 
cipal issue  in  the  campaign  of  1892,  and  he  was  the 
natural  and  logical  leader.  At  the  national  demo- 
cratic convention  which  met  in  Chicago,  22  June, 
1892,  he  was  nominated  on  the  first  ballot,  receiv- 
ing more  than  two-thirds  of  the  votes  of  the  con- 
vention, though  bitterly  and  unanimously  opposed 
by  the  delegation  from  his  own  state.  In  his  speech 
of  acceptance  delivered  to  a  great  audience  in  Madi- 
son Square  Garden,  New  York,  and  later  in  his  formal 
letter  of  acceptance  of  26  Sept.,  1892,  he  emphasized 
tile  need  of  tariff  reform,  and  made  it  the  leading 
issue  between  the  parties.     In  his  letter  he  said : 

"  Tariff  reform  is  still  our  purpose.  Though  we 
oppose  the  theory  that  tariff  laws  may  be  passed 
having  for  their  object  the  granting  of  discrimi- 
nating and  unfair  governmental  aid  to  private 
ventures,  we  wage  no  exterminating  war  against 
any  American  interests.  We  believe  a  readjust- 
ment can  be  accomplished,  in  accordance  with  the 
principles  we  profess,  without  disaster  or  demoli- 
tion. We  believe  that  the  advantages  of  freer  raw 
material  should  be  accorded  to  our  manufacturers, 
and  we  contemplate  a  fair  and  careful  distribution 
of  necessary  tariff  burdens,  rather  than  the  pre- 
cipitation of  free  trade." 


He  denounced  "  the  attempt  of  the  opponents  of 
democracy  to  interfere  with  and  control  the  suf- 
frage of  the  states  through  federal  agencies"  as 
"a  design,  which  no  explanation  can  mitigate,  to 
reverse  the  fundamental  and  safe  rehitions  be- 
tween the  people  and  their  government."  He  ad- 
vocated "  sound  and  honest  money,"  declaring : 
"  Whatever  may  be  the  form  of  the  people's  cur- 
rency, national  or  state — whether  gold,  silver,  or 
paper — it  should  be  so  regulated  and  guarded  by 
governmental  action,  or  by  wise  and  careful  laws, 
that  no  one  can  be  deluded  as  to  the  certainty  and 
stability  of  its  value.  Every  dollar  put  into  the 
hands  of  the  people  should  be  of  the  same  intrinsic 
value  or  purciiasing  power.  With  this  condition 
absolutely  guaranteed,  both  gold  and  silver  can 
safely  be  utilized  upon  equal  terms  in  tlie  adjust- 
ment of  our  currency."  He  also  urged  "  an  honest 
adherence  to  the  letter  and  spirit  of  civil  service 
reform,"  "  liberal  consideration  for  our  worthy 
veteran  soldiers  and  for  the  families  of  those  who 
have  died,"  but  insisting  that  "  our  pension  roll 
should  be  a  roll  of  honor,  uncontaminated  by  ill 
desert  and  unvitiated  by  demagogic  use." 

After  a  most  vigorous  campaign  and  a  thorough 
discussion  of  important  principles  and  measures, 
the  democratic  party  won  an  overwhelming  vic- 
tory, reversing  the  electoral  vote  of  1888  and 
largely  increasing  its  popular  plurality,  and  carry- 
ing both  the  senate  and  house  of  representa- 
tives. The  ticket  carried  twenty-three  states,  in- 
cluding the  doubtful  states  of  New  York,  New 
Jersey,  Connecticut,  and  Indiana,  and  for  the  first 
time  in  years  in  a  presidential  contest  Illinois  and 
Wisconsin.  The  popular  vote  was  5,553,142  for 
Cleveland,  5,186,931  for  Harrison,  1,030,128  for 
Weaver,  of  the  "  people's  party,"  and  268,361  for 
Bid  well,  the  prohibitionist.  In  the  electoral  col- 
lege Mr.  Cleveland  received  276  votes.  Gen.  Harri- 
son 145,  and  Mr.  Weaver  23.  On  4  March,  1893, 
Mr.  Cleveland  was  for  a  second  time  inaugurated 
president,  being  the  first  instance  in  this  coun- 
try of  a  president  re-elected  after  an  interim.  He 
immediately  nominated,  and  the  senate  prompt- 
ly confirmed,  as  his  cabinet  Walter  Q.  Gresham, 
of  Indiana,  secretary  of  state  ;  John  G.  Carlisle,  of 
Kentucky,  secretary  of  the  treasury ;  Daniel  S. 
Lamont,  of  New  York,  secretary  of  war ;  Richard 
Olney,  of  Massachusetts,  attorney-general ;  Wilson 
S.  Bissell,  of  New  York,  postmaster-general ; 
Hilary  A.  Herbert,  of  Alabama,  secretary  of  the 
navy  ;  Hoke  Smith,  of  Georgia,  secretary  of  the 
interior;  and  J.  Sterling  Morton,  of  Nebraska, 
secretary  of  agriculture.  Judge  Gresham  died  on 
28  May,  1895,  having  held  office  but  a  few  months, 
and  was  succeeded  by  the  attorney-general,  Mr. 
Olney,  whose  place  was  taken  by  Judson  Harmon, 
of  Ohio.  A  little  later  postmaster-general  Bissell 
resigned  and  was  succeeded  by  William  L.  Wilson, 
of  Virginia.  In  August,  1896,  Secretary  Smith  re- 
signed and  the  president  appointed  in  his  place 
David  R.  Francis,  of  Missouri. 

Grave  and  difficult  questions  at  once  confronted 
his  administration.  A  treaty  for  the  annexation 
of  the  Hawaiian  islands  to  the  territory  of  the 
United  States  had,  on  14  Feb.,  1893,  been  con- 
cluded between  President  Harrison  and  commis- 
sioners representing  a  provisional  government  of 
the  islands,  and  had  been  transmitted  to  the  sen- 
ate on  the  day  following,  but  had  not  yet  been 
acted  upon.  The  provisional  government  had 
been  established  on  17  Jan..  1893,  by  the  overthrow 
of  the  constitutional  ruler  of  the  islands.  Serious 
doubts  existed  as  to  the  authority  and  validity  of 
the  provisional  government  and  as  to  the  part 


656 


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CLEVELAND 


taken  by  our  government,  through  our  ministers 
and  troops,  in  aiding  its  establishment.  President 
Harrison,  in  his  message  to  the  senate  submitting 
the  treaty,  declared  that  "the  overthrow  of  the 
monarchy  was  not  in  any  way  promoted  by  this 
government."  On  the  other  hand,  the  queen  and 
her  ministers  filed  with  the  treaty  a  protest,  assert- 
ing that  when  slie  yielded  to  the  provisional  gov- 
ernment she  had  yielded  to  the  superior  force  of 
the  United  States.  In  order  that  this  vital  ques- 
tion of  fact  might  be  impartially  investigated  and 
determined,  President  Cleveland  at  once  withdrew 
the  treaty  from  the  senate  and  despatched  James 
II.  Blount,  of  Georgia,  as  a  special  commissioner 
to  make  full  examination  and  report. 

On  18  Dec,  1893,  in  a  special  message  to  con- 
gress, he  transmitted  the  report  of  the  commis- 
sioner with  all  the  evidence  and  papers  connected 
with  the  ease.  In  his  message,  after  reviewing  all 
the  facts  and  confirming  the  finding  of  the  com- 
missioner, he  declared  that  he  believed  "  that  a 
candid  and  thorough  examination  of  the  facts  will 
force  the  conviction  that  the  provisional  govei'n- 
ment  owes  its  existence  to  an  armed  invasion  by 
the  United  States.  .  .  ,  The  lawful  government  of 
Hawaii  was  overthrown  without  the  drawing  of  a 
sword  or  the  fii'ing  of  a  shot,  by  a  process  every 
step  of  which,  it  may  safely  be  asserted,  is  directly 
traceable  to  and  dependent  for  its  success  upon 
the  agency  of  the  United  States  acting  through 
its  diplomatic  and  naval  representatives." 

Referring  to  the  principles  which  should  govern 
the  case,  he  said:  "I  suppose  that  right  and  jus- 
tice should  determine  the  path  to  be  followed  in 
treating  this  subject.  If  national  honesty  is  to  be 
disregarded  and  a  desire  for  territorial  extension  or 
dissatisfaction  with  a  form  of  government  not  our 
own  ought  to  regulate  our  conduct,  I  have  entii'ely 
misapprehended  the  mission  and  character  of  our 
government  and  the  behaviour  which  the  conscience 
of  our  people  demands  of  their  public  servants.  .  .  , 

"  A  man  of  true  honor  protects  the  unwritten 
word  which  binds  his  conscience  more  scrupulous- 
ly, if  possible,  than  he  does  the  bond,  a  breach  of 
which  subjects  him  to  legal  liabilities;  and  the 
United  States,  in  aiming  to  maintain  itself  as  one 
of  the  most  enlightened  of  nations,  would  do  its 
citizens  gross  injustice  if  it  applied  to  its  interna- 
tional relations  any  other  than  a  high  standard  of 
honor  and  morality.  On  that  ground  the  United 
States  can  not  properly  be  put  in  the  position  of 
countenancing  a  wrong  after  its  commission  any 
more  than  in  that  of  consenting  to  it  in  advance. 
On  that  ground  it  can  not  allow  itself  to  refuse  to 
redress  an  injury  inflicted  through  an  abuse  of 
power  by  officers  clothed  with  its  authority  and 
wearing  its  uniform  ;  and  on  the  same  ground,  if  a 
feeble  but  friendly  state  is  in  danger  of  being 
robbed  of  its  independence  and  its  sovereignty  by 
a  misuse  of  the  name  and  power  of  the  United 
States,  the  United  States  can  not  fail  to  vindicate 
its  honor  and  its  sense  of  justice  by  an  earnest 
effort  to  make  all  possible  reparation.  .  .  . 

"These  principles  apply  to  the  present  case  with 
irresistible  force  when  the  special  conditions  of  the 
queen's  surrender  of  her  sovereignty  are  recalled. 
She  surrendered  not  to  the  provisional  govern- 
ment, but  to  the  United  States.  She  surrendered 
not  absolutely  and  permanently,  but  temporarily 
and  conditionally  until  such  time  as  the  facts  can 
be  considered  by  the  United  States.  .  .  . 

"By  an  act  of  war,  committed  with  the  partici- 
pation of  a  diplomatic  representative  of  the  United 
States  and  without  authority  of  congress,  the  gov- 
ernment of   a  feeble  but   friendlv  and  confiding 


people  has  been  overthrown.  A  substantial  wrong 
has  thus  been  done  which  a  due  regard  for  our  na- 
tional character  as  well  as  the  rights  of  the  injured 
people  require  we  should  endeavor  to  repair." 

Jle  ccmcluded  by  informing  congress  that  he 
should  not  again  submit  the  treaty  of  annexation  to 
the  senate ;  that  he  had  instructed  our  minister 
"  to  advise  the  queen  and  her  supporters  of  his 
desire  to  aid  in  the  restoration  of  the  status  exist- 
ing before  the  lawless  landing  of  the  U.  S.  forces 
at  Honolulu  on  16  Jan.  last,  if  such  restoration 
could  be  effected  upon  terms  providing  for  clem- 
ency as  well  as  justice  to  all  parties  concerned"; 
and  he  commended  the  subject  "  to  the  extended 
powers  and  wide  discretion  of  congress  "  for  a  so- 
lution "  consistent  with  American  honor,  integrity, 
and  morality." 

These  proposals  of  the  president  met  with 
strong  opposition  in  congress,  and  in  February, 
1894,  the  senate  committee  on  foreign  relations 
made  a  report  upholding  Minister  Stevens  in  his 
course  witii  relation  to  the  revolution.  Previous 
to  this,  in  December,  1893,  Mr.  Willis,  the  U.  S. 
.minister,  had  formally  announced  the  president's 
policy  to  President  Dole,  who  had  returned  a  for- 
mal refusal  to  give  up  the  government  in  accord- 
ance with  that  policy,  at  the  same  time  denying 
the  right  of  Mr.  Cleveland  to  interfere.  On  7 
Feb.,  1894,  the  house  of  representatives  passed  by 
a  vote  of  177  to  75  a  resolution  upholding  Mr. 
Cleveland's  course  and  condemning  annexation,  but 
a  similar  resolution  was  tabled  in  the  senate,  36  to 
18,  on  29  May,  and  on  31  May  a  resolution  was 
adopted  against  interference  by  the  United  States. 
On  4  July,  1894,  the  constitution  of  the  republic 
of  Hawaii  was  formally  proclaimed  by  the  revolu- 
tionary goverTiment,  and  Mr.  Dole  was  declared 
president  until  December,  1900.  The  U.  S.  senate 
passed  a  resolution  favoring  the  I'ecognition  of  the 
new  republic,  and  thus  the  matter  practically 
passed  out  of  Mr.  Cleveland's  hands. 

This  was  not  the  only  question  of  foreign  policy 
that  was  forced  upon  the  administration.  Early 
in  1895  an  insurrection  broke  out  on  the  island  of 
Cuba.  Mr.  Cleveland  at  once  took  measures 
against  violation  of  the  neutrality  laws,  and  in  his 
message  in  December  he  appealed  for  the  observa- 
tion of  strict  neutrality  as  a  "  plain  duty."  Sym- 
pathy with  the  insurgents  was  wide-spread,  how- 
ever, and  it  became  increasingly  difficult  to  detect 
filibustering  expeditions,  and  still  more  so  to  indict 
and  convict  those  guilty  of  violations  of  neutrality. 
The  administration  was  blamed  in  Spain  for  sup- 
posed failure  to  enforce  the  law,  and  in  the  United 
States  for  attempting  to  enforce  it  too  stringently. 
Strong  efforts  were  made  to  induce  the  adminis- 
tration to  recognize  the  insurgents  as  belligerents, 
and  in  April,  1896,  a  resolution  in  favor  of  such 
recognition  passed  both  houses  of  congress.  IMr. 
Cleveland  disregarded  these  resolutions  as  being 
an  attempt  to  invade  the  prerogative  of  the  ex- 
ecutive, and  Secretary  Olney  stated  publicly  that 
the  administration  regarded  them  merely  as  "  an 
expression  of  opinion  on  the  part  of  a  number  of 
eminent  gentlemen."  Besides  the  resolutions 
just  referred  to  others  were  introduced  at  various 
times  providing  for  intervention,  for  special  inves- 
tigation, and  for  recognition  of  the  Cuban  repub- 
lic. On  3  June,  1896,  Mr.  Cleveland  sent  Fitz- 
hugh  Lee  to  Havana  as  consul-general  in  place 
of  Ramon  0.  Williams,  and  it  was  generally  be- 
lieved that  Gen.  Lee  was  expected  to  act  in  some 
sense  as  a  special  commissioner  of  the  president, 
to  report  to  him  on  the  state  of  affairs  in  the 
island.      Many   expected    that    the   appointment 


CLEVELAND 


CLEVELAND 


657^ 


would  be  only  a  preliminary  to  intervention,  but 
the  administration,  though  instructing  Gen.  Lee 
to  guard  the  rights  of  American  residents,  con- 
tinued to  watch  for  filibustering  expeditions  and 
to  intercept  them  when  this  was  possible;  and  in 
July,  189(j,  the  president  issued  a  second  proclama- 
tion of  neutrality,  repeating  in  more  explicit 
terms  the  one  that  had  been  put  forth  in  1895. 
Relations  with  Spain  continued  to  require  delicate 
management  during  the  whole  of  the  administra- 
tion, the  more  notable  events  being  the  firing  on 
the  American  steamer  "  Allian9a"  by  a  Spanish  gun- 
boat, for  which  apology  was  ultimately  made  by 
Spain,  the  condemnation  to  death  of  the  crew  of  the 
alleged  filibustering  schooner  "  Competitor,"  which 
was  finally  suspended  upon  representation  that  the 
prisoners  had  not  received  the  trial  by  civil  tri- 
bunal to  which  they  were  entitled  by  treaty,  and 
the  settlement  by  Spain,  on  14  Sept.,  1895,  of  the 
long-standing  claim  of  1,500,000  pesos,  as  in- 
demnity for  the  condemnation  to  death,  in  1870,  of 
Antonio  Mora,  a  naturalized  American  citizen,  and 
the  confiscation  of  his  estates.  It  was  charged  by 
the  enemies  of  the  administration  that  this  pay- 
ment was  made  in  pursuance  of  a  secret  agreement 
by  which  the  United  States  bound  itself  to  vigilant 
action  in  the  suppression  of  filibustering. 

But  the  most  conspicuous  event  in  the  relations 
of  the  administration  with  foreign  countries  was 
undoubtedly  President  Cleveland's  Venezuela  mes- 
sage, the  act  most  highly  praised  as  well  as  the 
most  severely  condemned  of  his  whole  public 
career.  In  his  message  to  congress  on  2  Dec,  1895, 
Mr.  Cleveland  called  attention  to  the  long-stand- 
ing boundary  dispute  between  Great  Britain  and 
Venezuela,  and  to  the  efforts  of  the  U.  S.  gov- 
ernment to  induce  the  disputants  to  settle  it  by 
arbitration.  Previously,  in  July,  Secretary  Olney, 
in  a  despatch  to  the  American  ambassador  in  Lon- 
don, had  called  attention  to  the  peculiar  interest  of 
the  United  States  in  the  dispute,  owing  to  the  rela- 
tion of  that  dispute  to  the  Monroe  doctrine,  and 
again  urging  arbitration.  On  26  Nov.  Lord  Salis- 
bury returned  an  answer  in  which  he  denied  that 
the  interests  of  the  United  States  were  necessarily 
concerned  in  such  disputes,  and  refused  to  arbitrate 
except  in  regard  to  territory  lying  to  the  west  of 
the  Schomburgk  line — a  line  surveyed  by  Great 
Britain  in  1841-4. 

These  despatches  were  sent  to  congress  on  17  Dec. 
together  with  a  special  message  in  which  Mr.  Cleve- 
land stated  that,  as  Great  Britain  had  refused  to 
arbitrate  the  dispute,  it  now  became  the  duty  of 
the  United  States  to  determine  the  boundary  line 
by  diligent  inquiry,  and  asked  for  a  special  appro- 
priation to  defray  the  expenses  of  a  commission  to 
be  appointed  by  the  executive  for  that  purpose. 
This  commission  was  to  report  without  delay. 
"  When  such  report  is  made  and  accepted,"  the 
message  went  on,  "  it  will,  in  my  opinion,  be  the 
duty  of  the  United  States  to  resist  by  every  means 
in  its  power,  as  a  wilful  aggression  upon  its  rights 
and  interests,  the  appropriation  by  Great  Britain  of 
any  lands  or  the  exercise  of  governmental  jurisdic- 
tion over  any  territory  which,  after  investigation,  we 
have  determined  of  right  to  belong  to  Venezuela." 

This  message  caused  great  excitement  both  in 
this  country  and  Great  Britain,  being  regarded  as 
equivalent  to  a  threat  of  war.  The  president's 
course,  however,  was  almost  unanimously  upheld 
by  both  parties  in  congress,  which  immediately 
authorized  the  appointment  of  a  boundary  com- 
mission, and  this  commission  was  immediately  con- 
stituted by  the  appointment  of  Justice  David  J. 
Brewer,  of  the  U.  S.  supreme  court;  Chief-Justice 


Alvey,  of  the  court  of  appeals  of  the  District  of 
Columbia ;  Andrew  D.  White,  of  New  York ;  Fred- 
erick R.  Coudert,  of  New  York ;  and  Daniel  C. 
Gilman,  president  of  Joims  Hopkins  university. 

The  commission  began  at  once  to  take  testimony 
and  accumulated  a  vast  amount  of  data,  but  before 
it  was  prepared  to  make  its  formal  report,  the  ex- 
citement due  to  the  message  had  subsided  on  both 
sides  of  the  Atlantic,  and  an  agreement  was  reached 
through  diplomatic  channels  by  which  Great  Brit- 
ain bound  herself  to  arbitrate  her  dispute  with 
Venezuela,  thus  terminating  the  incident.  The 
conclusion  of  this  controversy  was  widely  regarded 
as  the  first  formal  acquiescence  by  a  European 
power  in  the  Monroe  doctrine,  or,  at  any  rate,  in 
the  application  of  that  doctrine  to  warrant  the  ex- 
ercise by  the  United  States  of  virtual  protection 
over  the  smaller  American  states.  The  Venezue- 
lan arbitration  treaty  was  signed  at  Washington 
by  Sir  Julian  Pauncefote  for  England  and  Minis- 
ter Andrade  for  Venezuela,  on  2  Feb.  According 
to  its  provisions.  President  Cleveland  designated  as 
arbitrator,  on  behalf  of  the  United  States,  Justice 
Brewer,  of  tlie  supreme  court,  while  the  Venezue- 
lan government  named  Chief-Justice  Fuller,  and 
Great  Britain  appointed  Lord  Herschell  and  Jus- 
tice Collins. 

Some  minor  events  in  the  relations  of  the  ad- 
ministration with  foreign  governments  were  as  fol- 
lows.: In  1896  great  sympathy  was  excited  through- 
out the  country  by  the  Armenian  massacres,  and 
in  congress  many  efiorts  were  made  to  bring  about 
the  active  interference  of  the  United  States  in 
Turkish  affairs,  either  on  broad  humanitarian 
grounds  or  because  of  specific  cases  of  injui'ies 
suffered  by  American  missionaries.  It  was  be- 
lieved also  that  the  United  States  should  have  a 
war  ship  at  Constantinople,  and  when  Turkey  re- 
fused to  grant  to  this  country  the  privilege  of 
sending  an  armed  ship  through  the  Dardanelles, 
there  were  many  rumors  of  an  impending  attempt 
at  a  forcible  passage.  The  administration,  how- 
ever, continually  denied  any  sucli  intention,  and, 
although  the  "  Bancroft,"  a  small  war  vessel,  orig- 
inally intended  for  a  practice-ship,  was  sent  to  the 
Mediterranean,  as  was  believed,  that  she  might  be 
in  readiness  to  act  as  a  guardship  should  she  be 
required  to  do  so,  no  occasion  arose  for  her  use,  the 
American  squadron  in  Turkish  waters,  larger  than 
for  many  years  previous,  being  such  as  to  compel 
proper  treatment  of  American  citizens. 

Owing  to  the  repeated  efforts,  especially  in  the 
Pacific  states,  to  restrict  Chinese  immigration,  laws 
had  been  passed  by  congress,  which  were  agreed  to 
by  China  in  a  special  treaty  concluded  at  Wash- 
ington, 17  March,  1894.  By  this  treaty  Chinese 
laborers  were  prohibited  entering  the  country,  and 
those  already  residing  in  the  United  States  were 
required  to  be  registered.  On  3  May,  1894,  the 
time  fixed  by  congress  for  this  registration  ex- 
pired. There  was  great  objection  to  this  feature 
of  the  law,  and  large  numbers  of  Chinese  had  failed 
to  register.  The  law  provided  that  all  such  should 
be  deported,  but  finally  the  administration  decided 
that  as  no  means  had  been  provided  for  this  pur- 
pose no  steps  should  be  taken  to  carry  out  the  de- 
portation clause. 

The  seal-fishery  question,  which  it  had  been 
hoped  was  settled  by  the  Paris  tribunal,  continued 
to  come  in  different  forms  before  the  administra- 
tion. President  Cleveland  had  urged  in  one  of  his 
messages  that  congress  should  sanction  the  pay- 
ment of  $425,000,  agreed  upon  between  Secretary 
Gresham  and  the  British  minister  as  compensation 
for  Canadian  vessels  seized  unlawfully  by  the  U.  S. 


658* 


CLEVELAND 


CLEVELAND 


authorities,  but  congress  failed  to  appropriate  the 
amount,  and  the  claims  remained  unsettled.  The 
customary  yearly  proclamations  against  poaching 
were  issued,  but,  owing  to  the  inadequacy  of  the 
provisions  for  its  prevention  adopted  by  the  Paris 
tribunal,  the  seal  herd  continued  to  decrease. 

To  pass  from  foreign  to  domestic  affairs,  the  un- 
settled financial  state  of  the  country  during  a  large 
part  of  Mr.  Cleveland's  second  term  first  demands 
notice.  On  8  Aug.,  1893,  the  president  convened 
congress  in  special  session  because,  as  stated  in  his 
message  of  that  date,  of  "  the  existence  of  an  alarm- 
ing and  extraordinary  business  situation,  involv- 
ing the  welfare  and  prosperity  of  all  our  people," 
and  to  the  end  that  "  through  a  wise  and  patriotic 
exercise  of  the  legislative  duties  .  .  .  present  evils 
may  be  mitigated  and  dangers  threatening  the  fu- 
ture may  be  averted."  The  country  was  in  the 
midst  of  a  financial  crisis,  largely  due,  it  was  be- 
lieved, to  past  unsound  legislation,  under  which 
the  gold  reserve  had  been  diminishing,  silver  ac- 
cumulating, and  expenditures  exceeding  revenue. 
Confidence  had  become  impaired  and  credit  shaken. 
Business  interests  and  the  conservative  sentiment 
of  the  country  demanded  the  repeal  of  the  provi- 
sions of  the  act  of  14  July,  1890  (popularly  knoWn 
as  the  Sherman  act),  which  required  the  monthly 
purchase  of  four  and  one-half  million  ounces  of  sil- 
ver and  the  issue  of  treasury  notes  in  payment 
therefor.  Such  repeal  the  president  strongly  rec- 
ommended, declaring  that  "  our  unfortunate  finan- 
cial plight  is  not  the  result  of  untoward  events,  nor 
of  conditions  related  to  our  natural  resources ;  nor 
is  it  traceable  to  any  of  the  afflictions  which  fre- 
quently check  natural  growth  and  prosperity,"  but 
is  "  principally  chargeable  to  congressional  legis- 
lation touching  the  purchase  and  coinage  of  silver 
by  the  general  government."  Reviewing  such 
legislation,  he  said  :  "  The  knowledge  in  business 
circles  among  our  own  people  that  our  government 
can  not  make  its  fiat  equivalent  to  intrinsic  value, 
nor  keep  inferior  money  on  a  parity  with  superior 
money  by  its  own  independent  efforts,  has  resulted 
in  such  a  lack  of  confidence  at  home  in  the  stabil- 
ity of  currency  values  that  capital  refuses  its  aid 
to  new  enterprises,  while  millions  are  actually  with- 
drawn from  the  channels  of  trade  and  commerce, 
to  become  idle  and  unproductive  in  the  hands  of 
timid  owners.  Foreign  investors,  equally  alert, 
not  only  decline  to  purchase  American  securities, 
but  make  haste  to  sacrifice  those  which  they  al- 
ready have."  He  insisted  that  '*  the  people  of  the 
United  States  are  entitled  to  a  sound  and  stable 
currency,  and  to  money  recognized  as  such  on  every 
exchange  and  in  every  market  of  the  world.  Their 
government  has  no  right  to  injure  them  by  finan- 
cial experiments  opposed  to  the  policy  and  prac- 
tice of  other  civilized  states,  nor  is  it  justified  in 
permitting  an  exaggerated  and  unreasonable  reli- 
ance on  our  national  strength  and  ability  to  jeop- 
ardize the  soundness  of  the  people's  money." 

The  house  promptly,  and  by  a  large  majority,  re- 
pealed the  obnoxious  provisions.  In  the  senate  a 
strong  and  determined  minority  resisted  the  repeal, 
and,  taking  advantage  of  the  unlimited  debate 
there  permitted,  delayed  action  for  many  weeks. 
In  the  heat  of  the  contest  a  compromise  was  prac- 
tically agreed  upon  in  the  senate,  which  was  de- 
feated only  by  the  firm  opposition  of  the  president. 
He  insisted  upon  unconditional  repeal,  which  was 
finally  enacted  1  Nov.,  1893. 

Soon  after,  one  of  the  suggested  measures  of 
compromise,  which  provided  among  otlier  things 
for  the  immediate  coinage  of  so  much  of  the  silver 
bullion  in  the  treasury  as  I'epresented  the  seignior- 


age (declared  to  be  $55,156,681).  was  embodied  in 
a  bill  which  passed  both  houses  of  congress.  This 
bill  the  president  vetoed  as  "  ill-advised  and  dan- 
gerous." He  said  :  "  Sound  finance  does  not  com- 
mend a  further  infusion  of  silver  into  our  currency 
at  this  time  unaccompanied  by  further  adequate 
provision  for  the  maintenance  in  our  treasury  of  a* 
safe  gold  reserve." 

At  the  first  regular  session  of  the  fifty-third  con- 
gress, opened  4  Dec,  1893,  tiie  question  of  tariff  re- 
vision was  at  once  considered.  In  his  message  of 
that  date  the  president,  after  reviewing  the  work 
and  needs  of  the  various  departments  of  govern- 
ment, dwelt  with  special  emphasis  on  the  necessity 
of  immediately  undertaking  this  important  reform. 

"  Manifestly,  if  we  are  to  aid  the  people  directly 
through  tariff  reform,  one  of  its  most  obvious  fea- 
tures should  be  a  reduction  in  present  tariff  charges 
upon  the  necessaries  of  life.  The  benefits  of  such 
a  reduction  would  be  palpable  and  substantial,  seen 
and  felt  by  thousands  who  would  be  better  fed  and 
better  clothed  and  better  sheltered.  .  .  . 

"  Not  less  closely  related  to  our  people's  pros- 
perity and  well-being  is  the  removal  of  restrictions 
upon  the  importation  of  the  raw  materials  neces- 
sary to  our  manufactures.  The  world  should  be 
open  to  our  national  ingenuity  and  enterprise. 
This  can  not  be  while  federal  legislation,  through 
the  imposition  of  high  tariff,  forbids  to  American 
manufacturers  as  cheap  materials  as  those  used  by 
their  competitors." 

A  tariff  bill,  substantially  following  the  lines  sug- 
gested by  the  president  and  providing  among  other 
things  for  free  wool,  coal,  iron  ore,  and  lumber,  was 
framed  by  the  committee  on  ways  and  means,  and, 
with  the  addition  of  free  sugar  and  an  income  tax. 
passed  the  house  on  1  Feb.,  1894.  In  the  senate 
the  bill  was  amended  in  many  items,  and  generally 
in  the  direction  of  higher  duties.  After  five  months 
of  prolonged  discussion  the  bill,  as  amended,  passed 
the  senate  by  a  small  majority,  all  the  democrats 
voting  for  it  except  Senator  Hill,  of  New  York.  It 
was  then  referred  to  a  conference  committee  of 
both  houses  to  adjust  the  differences  between  them. 
A  long  and  determined  contest  was  there  waged, 
principally  over  the  duties  upon  coal,  iron  ore,  and 
sugar.  It  was  understood  that  a  small  group  of 
democratic  senators  had,  contrary  to  the  express 
wishes  and  pledges  of  their  party  and  by  threats 
of  defeating  the  bill,  forced  higher  duties  in  im- 
portant schedules.  While  the  bill  was  pending  be- 
fore the  conference  committee  the  president,  in  a 
letter  to  Mr.  Wilson,  the  chairman  of  the  ways  and 
means  committee,  which  later  was  read  to  the 
house,  strongly  urged  adherence  to  the  position 
which  the  house  had  taken. 

The  house,  however,  finally  receded  from  its  po- 
sition in  the  belief  that  any  other  course  would  de- 
feat or  long  delay  any  reduction  of  the  tariff,  and 
that  the  business  interests  of  the  country  demanded 
an  end  to  the  conflict.  The  bill,  as  amended,  passed 
both  houses,  and  at  midnight  of  27  Aug.,  1894,  be- 
came a  law  without  the  signature  of  the  president. 
In  a  ptiblished  letter  of  the  same  date  he  gave  his 
reasons  for  withholding  his  approval.  While  he 
believed  the  bill  was  a  vast  improvement  over  ex- 
isting conditions,  and  would  certainly  lighten  many 
tariff  burdens  which  rested  heavily  on  the  people, 
he  said  :  "  I  take  my  place  with  the  rank  and  file 
of  the  democratic  party  who  believe  in  tariff  re- 
form and  well  know  what  it  is,  who  refuse  to  accept 
the  results  embodied  in  this  bill  as  the  close  of  the 
war.  who  are  not  blinded  to  the  fact  that  the  livery 
of  democratic  tariff  reform  has  been  stolen  and  worn 
in  the  service  of  republican  protection,  and  who 


CLEVELAND 


CLEVELAND 


659^ 


have  marked  the  places  where  the  deadly  blight  of 
treason  has  blasted  the  councils  of  the  brave  in 
their  hour  of  might.  The  trusts  and  combinations 
— the  communism  of  pelf — whose  machinations 
have  prevented  us  from  reaching  the  success  we 
deserve,  should  not  be  forgotten  nor  forgiven." 

The  close  of  the  year  18'J4  was  marked  by  finan- 
cial depression,  by  a  larger  deficit  than  had  been 
expected,  and  by  a  decline  in  the  revenue.  Al- 
though the  Sherman  act  had  been  repealed,  no 
progress  had  been  made  with  the  scheme  presented 
by  Secretary  Carlisle  for  reducing  the  paper  cur- 
rency and  providing  for  an  adequate  reserve.  The 
reserve  was  threatened  twice,  and  the  president 
was  obliged  to  make  use  of  the  power  given  under 
the  resuQiption  acts,  by  issuing  150,000,000  worth 
of  five-per-cent  ten-year  bonds  for  the  purchase  of 
gold.  In  his  message  to  the  last  session  of  the 
58d  congress  he  stated  that  he  should  employ  his 
borrowing  power  "  whenever  and  as  often  as  it  be- 
comes necessary  to  maintain  a  sufficient  gold  re- 
serve and  in  abundant  time  to  save  the  credit  of 
our  country  and  make  good  the  financial  declara- 
tions of  our  government." 

In  February,  1895,  the  gold  reserve  had  fallen 
to  $41,000,000,  and  Mr.  Cleveland  asked  congress 
for  permission  to  isstie  three-  {ser-cent  bonds  payable 
in  gold.  This  being  denied  him,  he  issued  four-per- 
cent thirty-year  bonds  redeemable  in  coin,  to  the 
amount  of  .|62,000,000.  In  June,  1895,  the  supreme 
court  decided  by  a  majority  of  one  that  the  income 
tax  that  had  been  imposed  by  the  Wilson  bill  was 
unconstitutional,  and  the  treasury  thus  lost  a  source 
of  revenue  that  it  had  been  estimated  would  yield 
$30,000,000  yearly.  In  his  message  of  December, 
1895,  tiie  president  recommended  a  general  reform 
of  the  banking  and  currency  laws,  including  the 
retirement  and  cancellation  of  the  greenbacks  and 
treasury  coin  notes  by  exchange  for  low-interest 
U.  S.  bonds ;  but  congress  failed  to  act  on  this 
recommendation.  Gold  exports  continued,  and  in 
January  preparations  were  made  for  a  new  loan. 
An  invitation  was  issued  asking  applications  for 
$50  thirty-year  four-per-cent  bonds  to  the  amount 
of  $100,000,000  before  6  Feb..  European  bankers 
held  back,  a  free-coinage  bill  having  been  mean- 
while I'eported  favorably  in  the  senate,  but  Ameri- 
cans subscribed  freely,  and  the  treasury  obtained 
$111,000,000  in  this  way.  This  success  was  con- 
trasted by  Mr.  Cleveland's  opponents  with  his 
policy  in  the  loan  of  1895,  which  was  made  by  con- 
tract with  a  syndicate  of  bankers ;  but  it  was 
pointed  out  in  favor  of  that  policy  that  it  was  the 
only  course  possible  in  a  sudden  emergency,  and 
that  such  an  emergency  did  not  exist  in  1896. 

On  29  May  the  president  vetoed  a  river  and  har- 
bor bill  that  provided  for  the  immediate  expendi- 
ture of  $17,000,000,  and  authoi'ized  contracts  for 
$1)2,000,000  more,  but  it  was  passed  over  his  veto. 

In  July,  1894,  seriotis  labor  troubles  arose  in  Illi- 
nois and  other  states  of  the  west,  beginning  with  a 
strike  of  the  employees  of  the  Pullman  palace  car 
company,  and  spreading  over  many  of  the  railroads 
centring  in  Chicago.  Travel  was  interrupted,  the 
mails  delayed,  and  interstate  commerce  obstructed. 
So  wide-spread  became  the  trouble,  involving  con- 
stant acts  of  violence  and  lawlessness,  and  so  grave 
was  the  crisis,  that  military  force  was  necessary, 
especially  in  Chicago,  to  preserve  the  peace,  en- 
force the  laws,  and  protect  property.  The  presi- 
dent, with  commendable  firmness  and  promptness, 
fully  met  the  emergency.  Acting  under  authority 
vested  in  him  by  law,  he  ordered  a  large  force  of 
U.  S.  troops  to  Chicago  to  remove  obstructions  to 
the  mails  and  interstate  commerce,  and  to  enforce 


the  laws  of  the  United  States  and  the  process  of 
the  federal  courts ;  and  on  8  and  9  July  issued 
proclamations  commanding  the  dispersion  of  all 
unlawful  assemblages  within  the  disturbed  states. 
The  governor  of  Illinois  objected  to  the  presence 
of  the  troops  without  his  sanction  or  request.  In 
answer  to  his  protest  the  president  telegraphed : 
"  Federal  troops  were  sent  to  Chicago  in  strict  ac- 
cordance with  the  constitution  and  laws  of  the 
United  States  upon  the  demand  of  the  post-office 
department  that  obstruction  of  the  mails  should 
be  removed,  and  upon  the  representations  of  the 
judicial  officers  of  the  United  States  that  process 
of  the  federal  courts  could  not  be  executed  through 
the  ordinary  means,  and  upon  abundant  proof  that 
conspiracies  existed  against  commerce  between  the 
states.  To  meet  these  conditions,  which  are  clearly 
within  the  province  of  federal  authority,  the  pres- 
ence of  federal  troops  in  the  city  of  Chicago  was 
deemed  not  only  {proper,  but  necessary,  and  there 
has  been  no  intention  of  thereby  interfering  with 
the  plain  duty  of  the  local  authorities  to  preserve 
the  peace  of  the  city." 

To  a  further  protest  and  argument  of  the  govern- 
or the  president  replied :  "  While  I  am  still  per- 
suaded that  I  have  transcended  neither  my  author- 
ity nor  duty  in  the  emergency  that  confronts  us,  it 
seems  to  me  that  in  this  hour  of  danger  and  public 
distress  discussion  may  well  give  way  to  active  effort 
on  the  part  of  the  authorities  to  restore  obedience 
to  the  law  and  to  protect  life  and  property." 

The  decisive  action  of  the  president  restored 
order,  ended  the  strike,  and  received  the  commen- 
dation of  both  houses  of  congress  and  of  the  people 
generally.  The  president  then  appointed  a  com- 
mission to  investigate  the  causes  of  the  strike.  It 
is  interesting  to  note  in  this  connection  that  by 
special  message  to  congress  of  22  April,  1886,  Presi- 
dent Cleveland  had  strongly  recommended  legis- 
lation which  should  provide  for  the  settlement  by 
arbitration  of  controversies  of  this  character. 

Early  in  May,  18.J6,  Mr.  Cleveland  issued  an 
order  by  which  30,000  additional  posts  in  the  civil 
service  were  placed  on  the  list  of  those  requiring  a 
certificate  from  the  civil  -  service  commissioners, 
thus  raising  the  number  on  this  list  to  80,000. 
When  he  first  became  president  there  were  only 
13,000  appointments  out  of  130,000  for  which  any 
test  of  the  kind  was  required. 

In  Mr.  Cleveland's  last  annual  message,  after  de- 
claring that  the  agreement  between  Great  Britain 
and  the  United  States  regarding  the  Venezuela 
boundary  question  had  practically  removed  that 
question  from  the  field  of  controversy,  he  added 
that  '•  negotiations  for  a  treaty  of  general  arbitra- 
tion for  all  differences  between  Great  Britain  and 
the  United  States  are  far  advanced  and  promise  to 
reach  a  successful  consummation  at  an  early  date." 
On  11  Jan.,  1897,  a  treaty  between  Great  Britain 
and  the  United  States  for  the  establishment  by  the 
two  countries  of  such  an  international  tribunal  of 
general  arbitration  was  signed  by  Secretary  Olney 
and  Sir  Julian  Pauncefote  at  Washington,  and  sent 
by  President  Cleveland  to  the  senate.  This  treaty 
was  hailed  with  great  satisfaction  by  all  friends  of 
arbitration.  The  preamble  stated  that  the  articles 
of  the  treaty  were  agreed  to  and  concluded  because 
the  two  countries  concerned  are  "  desirous  of  con- 
solidating the  relations  of  amity  which  so  happily 
exist,  between  them  and  of  consecrating  by  treaty 
the  principle  of  international  arbitration."  No 
i-eservation  was  made  regarding  the  subject-matter 
of  disputes  to  be  arbitrated.  Matters  involving 
pecuniary  claims  amounting  to  $500,000  or  less 
were  to  be  settled  by  three  arbitrators,  consisting 


660' 


CLEVELAND 


CLEVELAND 


of  two  jurists  of  repute  and  an  umpire,  the  latter 
to  be  appointed  by  the  king  of  Sweden  in  ease  the 
arbitrators  should  not  agree  upon  one.  All  other 
claims,  except  those  involving  territory,  were  to  go 
first  before  such  a  tribunal,  but  in  case  the  decision 
should  not  be  unanimous  it  was  to  be  reviewed 
before  a  similar  tribunal  of  five.  Boundary  ques- 
tions were  to  go  to  a  special  court  of  six  members 
— three  U.  S.  judges  and  three  British  judges. 
The  treaty  was  to  continue  in  force  for  five  years, 
and  thereafter  until  twelve  months  after  either  of 
the  contracting  parties  should  give  notice  to  the 
other  of  a  desire  to  terminate  it. 

On  1  Feb.  the  foreign  relations  committee  of 
the  senate  reported  favorably  on  this  treaty  with 
amendments  that  were  regarded  by  the  friends  of 
the  treaty  as  making  it  practically  of  no  effect. 
Even  in  this  form  tl\e  treaty,  on  5  May,  failed  to 
receive  the  two-thirds  majority  necessary  for  con- 
firmation, the  vote  being  4o  to  20.  It  was  generally 
believed  that  personal  hostility  to  Mr.  Cleveland 
had  much  to  do  with  the  rejection.  There  had 
been  for  some  time  a  feeling  in  the  senate  that  the 
president  and  his  secretary  of  state  had  not  de- 
ferred sufficiently  to  the  rights  of  that  body  in 
matters  of  foreign  policy.  Mr.  Olney's  statement 
in  the  Cuban  matter,  noticed  above,  had  much  to 
do  with  strengthening  this  feeling,  and  although 
the  secretary's  position  in  this  matter  was  gener- 
ally sustained  by  constitutional  lawyers  it  doubt- 
less had  its  effect  in  still  further  estranging  many 
senators  from  the  administration.  Another  differ- 
ence of  opinion  of  the  same  kind  occurred  in  the 
case  of  certain  extradition  treaties  negotiated  by 
Secretary  Olney  with  the  Argentine  Republic  and 
the  Orange  Free  State.  In  these  treaties,  by  the 
president's  desire,  as  was  understood,  a  clause  was 
incorporated  providing  for  the  surrender  of  Amer- 
ican citizens  to  the  authorities  of  a  foreign  coun- 
try provided  such  citizens  have  been  guilty  of 
crime  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  country  that 
demands  their  return.  This  was  intended  to  pre- 
vent this  country  from  becoming  an  asylum  for 
European  criminals,  who  had  been  granted  natu- 
ralization papers  here  and  who  should  attempt  to 
make  their  naturalization  protect  them  from  the 
consequences  of  their  past  criminal  acts.  But  this 
plan  has  never  been  adopted  by  any  other  country, 
and  the  attempt  to  cause  the  United  States  to  in- 
itiate it  was  not  in  accordance  with  public  opinion. 
On  28  Jan.,  181J7,  the  senate  ratified  both  treaties, 
but  with  amendments  conferring  discretionary 
power  on  the  surrendering  government  in  the  mat- 
ter of  giving  up  its  own  citizens. 

As  the  time  for  the  meeting  of  the  national 
democratic  convention  of  1896  drew  nigh  it  be- 
came apparent  that  the  advocates  of  the  free  coin- 
age of  silver  would  have  a  majority  of  the  dele- 
gates. On  16  June  Mr.  Clevehxnd,  in  a  published 
letter,  condemned  the  free-silver  movement,  and 
called  upon  its  opponents  to  do  all  in  their  power 
to  defeat  it.  The  convention  was  clearly  opposed 
to  Mr.  Cleveland.  Its  platform  was  in  effect  a 
condemnation  of  his  policy  in  the  matters  of  the 
currency,  the  preservation  of  public  order,  civil- 
service  reform,  and  Cuban  policy.  It  declared  for 
the  free  coinage  of  silver  and  nominated  a  pro- 
nounced free-silver  advocate.  In  the  canvass  that 
followed  I\Ir.  Cleveland  was  favorable  to  the  gold- 
standard  wing  of  the  party,  which  under  the  name  of 
the  national  democrats  held  a  separate  convention 
and  nominated  Senator  Palmer  for  the  presidency. 

One  of  the  president's  last  official  acts  was  his 
appearance  at  the  sesquicentennial  celebration  of 
Princeton  university,  where  he  delivered  an  address 


that  was  widely  praised.  Soon  afterward  it  was 
announced  that  he  had  purchased  a  house  in  the 
town  of  Princeton,  and  afcer  the  inauguration  of 
his  successor  he  removed  thither  with  his  family. 
There  his  son  was  born,  28  Oct.,  1897.  The  picture 
on  page  054  represents  Mr.  Cleveland's  summer 
home  at  Buzzard's  Bay,  Mass. 

Mr.  Cleveland  is  as  distinguished  for  foicible 
speech  as  for  forcible  action.  His  many  addresses, 
both  while  in  and  out  of  office,  are  marked  by  clear- 
ness of  thought  and  directness  of  expression,  which, 
with  his  courage  and  ability,  have  always  api)ealed 
to  the  best  sentiments  of  the  people,  and  have 
formed  and  led  a  healthy  public  opinion.  He  is 
notable  for  being  the  first  public  man  in  the  United 
States  to  be  nominated  for  the  presidency  thrice  in 
succession.  Equally  remarkable  is  the  fact  that  he 
has  received  this  recognition  although  often  at  vari- 
ance with  his  own  party.  His  final  withdrawal  from 
public  office  was  marked,  as  has  been  already  said, 
by  a  general  estrangement  be'"ween  him  and"  many 
of  those  who  had  been  once  his  followers,  and  de- 
spite this  the  popular  feeling  toward  him  through- 
out the  country  continued  to  be  one  of  respect  and 
esteem.  Several  campaign  lives  of  Mr.  Cleveland 
appeared  during  his  three  presidential  contests. 
See  also  "Pi-esident  Cleveland,"  by  J.  Lowry  Whit- 
tle, in  the  "Public  Men  of  the  Day"  series  (1896). 

President  Cleveland  married,  in  "the  White  House 
(see  illustration,  page  052),  on  2  June,  1886,  Frances 
Folsom,  daugh- 


#1^. 


terof  his  deceased 
friend  and  part- 
ner, Oscar  Fol- 
som, of  the  Buf- 
falo bar.  Except 
the  wife  of  Madi- 
son, Mrs.  Cleve- 
land is  the  young- 
est of  the  many 
mistresses  of  the 
White  House, 
having  been  born 
in  Buffalo,  N.  Y., 
in  1864.  She  is 
also  the  first  wife 
of  a  president 
married  in  the 
White  House, 
and  the  first  to 
give   birth   to    a 

child  there,  their  second  daughter  having  been  born 
in  the  executive  mansion  in  1893. — His  youngest 
sister.  Rose  Elizabeth,  b.  in  Pavetteville,  N.  Y., 
in  1846,  removed  in  1858  to  Holland  Patent,  N.  Y., 
where  her  father  was  settled  as  pastor  of  the  Pres- 
byterian church,  and  where  he  died  the  same  year. 
She  was  educated  at  Houghton  seminary,  became 
a  teacher  in  that  school,  and  later  assumed  charge 
of  the  collegiate  institute  in  Lafayette,  Ind.  She 
taught  for  a  time  in  a  private  school  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  then  prepared  a  course  of  historical 
lectures,  which  she  delivered  before  the  students 
of  Houghton  seminary  and  in  other  schools.  When 
not  employed  in  this  manner,  she  devoted  herself 
to  her  aged  mother  in  the  homestead  at  Holland 
Patent,  "N.  Y.,  until  her  mother's  death  in  1882. 
On  the  inauguration  of  the  president  she  became 
the  mistress  of  the  White  House,  and  after  her 
brother's  marriage  she  associated  herself  as  part 
owner  and  instructor  in  an  established  institution 
in  New  York  city.  Miss  Cleveland  has  published 
a  volume  of  lectures  and  essays  under  the  title 
"George  Eliot's  Poetrv.  and  other  Studies"  (New 
York,  1885),  and  "The"Long  Run,"  a  novel  (1886). 


CLEVENGER 


CLIFFORD 


657 


CLEVENGER,  Sliobal  Tail,  sculptor,  b.  near 
Middletown,  Butler  co.,  Ohio,  22  Oct.,  1812;  d.  at 
sea,  23  Sept..  1843.  He  was  the  son  of  a  New  Jer- 
sey weaver,  went  to  Cincinnati  when  a  boy,  and 
found  occupation  as  a  stone-cutter.  Having  de- 
veloped artistic  ability,  as  was  shown  by  some  very 
creditable  tombstone  work,  he  was  induced  by 
David  Guid  to  carve  busts  in  freestone.  His  first 
effort  in  this  direction  was  the  likeness  of  E.  S. 
Thomas,  then  editor  of  the  Cincinnati  "  Evening 
Post,"  which  was  executed  directly  in  the  stone, 
without  the  intervention  of  plaster.  He  subse- 
quently devoted  himself  to  art,  and  transferred  his 
studio  to  New  York.  Among  his  sitters  were 
William  Henry  Harrison,  Henry  Clay,  Martin  Van 
Buren,  Daniel  Webster,  Edward  Everett,  and 
Washington  Allston.  Specimens  of  his  work  are 
now  preserved  in  the  art-galleries  of  the  Boston 
athenasum,  the  New  York  and  Philadelphia  histori- 
cal societies,  the  Metropolitan  museum  of  art  in 
New  York,  and  the  Academy  of  fine  arts  in  Phila- 
delphia. His  bust  of  Daniel  Webster,  recognized 
as  the  most  faithful  likeness  of  the  great  statesman, 
was  selected  by  the  Post-office  department  as  best 
adapted  for  representation  on  the  fifteen  cent 
U.  S.  postage-stamp.  In  1840  he  went  to  reside  in 
Rome,  where  he  executed  the  "  North  American 
Indian,"  which  was  the  first  distinctive  American 

f)iece  of  sculpture  made  in  Rome,  and  attracted  a 
arge  number  of  Italians  to  his  studio.  While  in 
Italy  he  contracted  pulmonary  phthsis  by  inhala- 
tion of  stone-dust.  He  died  when  one  day's  sail 
from  Gibraltar,  and  his  body  was  consigned  to  the 
ocean.  His  works  are  characterized  by  remarkable 
fidelity,  strength,  and  beauty  of  execution.  Henry 
T.  Tuckerman  says  of  him  :  "  Brief  as  was  the  life 
of  Clevenger,  it  was  for  the  most  part  happy  and 
altogether  honorable." — His  son,  Sliobal  Vail, 
physician,  b.  in  Florence,  Italy,  24  March,  1843,  re- 
ceived his  early  education  in  the  Jesuit  college  of 
New  Orleans,  and  later  was  graduated  at  Chicago 
medical  college.  In  1860  he  filled  a  clerkship  in  a 
St.  Louis  bank,  which  he  resigned  to  visit  New 
Mexico,  crossing  the  plains  for  this  purpose,  but 
returning  soon  after  the  beginning  of  the  civil 
war.  He  enlisted  in  the  U.  S.  army,  and  served 
in  the  engineer  corps,  attaining  the  rank  of  first 
lieutenant.  Subsequently  he  was  engaged  in  sur- 
veying in  Montana  and  Dakota,  and  filled  the  office 
of  U.  S.  deputy  surveyor.  Later  he  built  the  first 
telegraph-line  through  Dakota,  and  for  a  time  was 
chief  engineer  of  tiie  Dakota  southern  railroad.  In 
1873  he  began  the  study  of  medicine  under  army 
surgeons  in  Fort  Sully,  while  holding  the  appoint- 
ment of  civilian  meteorologist  in  the  U.  S.  signal 
service.  He  settled  in  Chicago  in  1879,  and  after 
studying  medicine  became  a  specialist  in  nervous 
and  mental  diseases.  For  some  years  he  was  jia- 
thologist  to  the  Chicago  county  insane  asylum,  and 
he  is  consulting  physician  in  his  specialties  to  the 
Michael  Reese  hospital  and  to  the  Alexian  Broth- 
ers' hospital.  He  has  also  held  the  professorship 
of  anatomy  in  the  Art  institute  of  Chicago.  Dr. 
Clevenger  is  a  member  of  many  scientific  organiza- 
tions, and  a  frequent  contributor  to  the  scientific 
press.  He  has  published  a  "  Treatise  on  Govern- 
ment Surveying"  (New  York,  1874);  "Compara- 
tive Physiology  and  Psychology  "  (Chicago,  1885) ; 
and  "  Lectures  on  Artistic  Anatomy  and  the 
Sciences  Useful  to  the  Artist "  (New  York,  1887). 

CLIFFORD,  John  Henry,  governor  of  Massa- 
chusetts, b.  in  Providence,  R.  I.,  16  Jan.,  1809 ;  d. 
in  New  Bedford,  Mass..  2  Jan..  1876.  He  was 
graduated  at  Brown  in  1827,  studied  law,  and  set- 
tled in  New  Bedford,  and  soon  acquired  an  exten- 


sive practice.  In  1835  he  became  a  member  of  the 
Massachusetts  legislature,  and  in  1862  was  presi- 
dent of  the  senate.  From  1849  till  1858  he  was  at- 
torney-general of  the  state,  except  during  the  years 
1853-'4,  when  he  filled  the  office  of  governor. 
Among  the  prominent  cases  in  which  he  acted  for 
tlie  state  was  the  prosecution  of  Prof.  John  W. 
Webster,  of  Harvard,  for  the  murder  of  Dr.  George 
Parkman  in  1850.  In  1867  he  retired  from  tlie 
legal  profession  and  became  president  of  the  Bos- 
ton and  Providence  railroad  company.  He  received 
the  degree  of  LL.  D.  from  Brown  in  1849,  Amherst 
in  1853,  and  Harvard  in  1853.  For  several  years  he 
was  president  of  the  board  of  overseers  of  Harvard. 
CLIFFORD,  Nathan,  jurist,  b.  in  Rumney,  N. 
H.,  18  Aug.,  1803;  d.  in  Cornish,  Me.,  25  July, 
1881.  He  received  his  early  education  at  the  Haver- 
hill, N.  H.,  academy,  and  later  supported  himself 
while  studying  at  the  Hampton  literary  institution. 
After  graduation  he  studied  law,  was  admitted  to 
the  bar,  and  settled  in  York  county.  Me.,  in  1827. 
From  1830  till  1834  he  was  a  member  of  the  Maine 
legislature,  and  during  the  last  two  years  was 
speaker.  He  was  a  member  of  the  democratic 
party,  and  was  considered  one  of  its  ablest  leaders. 
In  1834  he  was  appointed  attorney-general  of 
Maine,  an  office  which  he  filled  until  1838,  when 
he  was  elected  to  congress  and  served  for  two 
terms,  from  2  Dec,  1839,  till  3  March,  1843.  Dur- 
ing the  presidential  canvass  of  1840  he  advocated 
the  re-election  of  Martin  Van  Buren,  and  met  in 
public  discussion  many  of  the  most  distinguished 
whig  orators,  gaining  lor  himself  the  reputation  of 
being  one  of  the  most  eloquent  champions  of  the 
democracy.  In  1846  Mr.  Clifford  became  attorney- 
general  in  Pres- 
ident Polk's 
cabinet.  In  ar- 
ranging the 
terms  of  peace 
between  Mexico 
and  the  United 
States,  he  went 
to  Mexico  as  the 
U.  S.  commis- 
sioner, with  the 
powers  of  en- 
voy extraordi- 
nary and  min- 
ister plenipo- 
tentiary ;  and 
through  him 
the  treaty  wiis 
arranged  with 
the  Mexican 
government,  by 

which  California  became  a  part  of  the  United 
States.  He  served  from  18  March,  1848,  till  6 
Sept.,  1849,  after  which  he  returned  to  Maine  and 
resumed  his  law  practice.  In  1858  he  was  nom- 
inated as  an  associate  justice  of  the  supreme  court 
by  President  Buchanan.  To  the  people  of  Maine 
this  appointment  gave  great  satisfaction,  as  he  was 
not  only  the  first  cabinet  officer  from  that  state,  but 
also  the  only  representative  she  ever  had  in  the  su- 
preme court.  In  1877,  as  the  oldest  associate  judge, 
he  became  president  of  the  electoral  commission  con- 
vened early  in  that  year.  Although  a  firm  believer 
in  Mr.  Tilden's  election  he  conducted  the  proceed- 
ings with  perfect  impartiality.  Subsequent  to  the 
inauguration  of  President  Hayes  he  refrained  from 
visiting  the  executive  mansion.  In  October,  1880, 
he  was  attacked  with  a  serious  illness,  a  complica- 
tion of  disorders  arose,  and  it  became  necessary  to 
amputate  one  of  his  feet  in  consequence  of  gan- 


658 


CLIFTON 


CLINGMAN 


grene.  From  this  illness  he  never  recovered.  He 
published  "  United  States  Circuit  Court  Reports  " 
(3  vols.,  Boston,  1869). 

CLIFTON,  William,  poet,  b.  in  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  in  1772;  d.  in  December,  1799.  His  father 
was  a  wealthy  Quaker.  Owing  to  his  delicate 
health,  all  ideas  of  an  active  life  were  abandoned, 
and  he  found  consolation  and  employment  in  litera- 
ture, and  became  proficient  in  music  and  drawing. 
He  was  fond  of  field  sports,  and  soon  relinquished 
the  Quaker  garb.  During  the  excitement  produced 
by  Jay's  treaty,  Clifton  used  his  pen  in  support  of 
the  administration,  conti-ibuting  to  the  newspapers 
many  satires  in  prose  and  verse.  The  longest  of 
these  productions  was  entitled  "  The  Group,"  in 
which  various  mechanics  and  tradesmen  are  repre- 
sented as  meeting  for  a  discussion  upon  topics  be- 
yond their  depth  respecting  politics  and  the  state. 
The  coarse  material  of  Jacobinism,  which  is  riot 
disguised,  is  occasionally  elevated  by  the  polish  of 
the  verse.  "  The  Rhapsody  on  the  Times"  is  an- 
other production  of  the  same  character,  but  written 
to  the  measure  of  "  Hudibras."  In  his  poem,  the 
"  Chimeriad,"  which  was  left  unfinished,  he  boldly 
personifies,  in  the  character  of  the  witch  Chimera, 
the  false  philosophy  then  reigning  in  France.  He 
also  wrote  an  epistle  to  Gifford,  which  was  pub- 
lished anonymously  in  the  first  American  edition 
of  Gilford's  poems.  One  of  his  best  papers  is  a  pre- 
tended French  manuscript,  in  prose  and  verse,  de- 
scribing the  descent  of  Talleyrand  into  hell.  His 
poems  were  collected  and  published  after  his  death, 
with  "  Introductory  Notes  of  his  Life  and  Charac- 
ter "  (New  York,  1800). 

CLINCH,  Charles  Powell,  author,  b.  in  New 
York  city,  20  Oct.,  1797 ;  d.  there,  16  Dec,  1880. 
He  was  the  son  of  a  wealthy  ship-chandler,  and 
was  educated  in  New  York.  In  early  life  he  be- 
came the  secretary  of  Henry  Eekford,  an  eminent 
ship-builder  of  the  metropolis,  at  whose  country 
residence,  a  short  distance  from  the  city,  he  met 
Halleck,  Drake,  and  others  of  the  Knickerbocker 
school.  For  many  years  Mr.  Clinch  was  an  edi- 
torial writer  for  the  press,  and  a  literary  and  dra- 
matic critic.  He  also  wrote  numerous  poems,  the- 
atrical    addresses. 


and  plays,  includ 
ing  "  The  Spy," 
"The  Expelled  Col- 
legians," and  "  The 
First  of  May,"  the 
last  of  which  was 
produced  at  the 
Broadway  theatre. 
In  1835  he  was 
elected  a  member 
of  the  state  legis- 
lature, and  during 
the  same  year  the 
great  fire  in  New 
York  swept  away 
his  fortune,  which 
had  been  invest- 
ed principally  in 
insurance  stocks. 
He  then  obtained 
a  place  in  the 
New  York  custom- 
house, where  his 
aptitude  for  the  work  was  such  that  he  was  pro- 
moted to  be  deputy,  and  then  assistant  collector, 
which  oifice  he  held  until  1876,  when  he  resigned 
after  forty  years  of  service,  at  the  same  time  chang- 
ing his  place  of  residence  from  Staten  Island  to  New 
York  city.    So  sensitive  was  he  of  even  a  suspicion 


a^<^a.^ 


of  partiality  in  the  performance  of  his  public  duties 
that  he  never,  under  any  circumstances,  would  give 
decisions  in  cases  connected  with  the  importations 
of  his  brother-in-law,  Alexander  T.  Stewart.  Mr. 
Clinch  was  one  of  the  five  intrusted  with  the  secret 
of  the  authorship  of  "  The  Croakers  "  (see  Halleck, 
Fitz-Greene),  which  appeared  in  the  "  Evening 
Post"  during  April  and  May,  1819.  '  He  was  a 
great  admirer  of  William  Cullen  Bryant,  and  wrote 
a  poem  to  his  memory,  which,  with  a  short  bio- 
graphical sketch,  appears  in  Gen.  Wilson's  "  Bryant 
and  Friends  "  (New  York,  1886). 

CLINCH,  Diiiicaii  Lament,  soldier,  b.  in  Edge- 
combe county,  N.  C,  6  April,  1787 ;  d.  in  Macon, 
Ga.,  27  Nov.,  1849.  He  vvas  appointed  first  lieu- 
tenant in  the  3d  U.  S.  infantry  on  1  July,  1808,  and 
was  gradually  promoted  until  he  became,  on  20 
April,  1819,  colonel  of  the  8th  infantry,  and  ten 
years  later  brevet  brigadier-general.  When  the 
Seminole  war  began  in  Florida  in  1835,  Gen.  Clinch 
was  in  command  of  that  district.  He  commanded 
at  the  battle  of  Withlacoochee,  31  Dec,  1835,  and 
displayed  the  most  intrepid  courage.  In  Septem- 
ber, 1836,  he  resigned  his  commission  and  settled 
on  a  plantation  near  St.  Mary's,  Ga.  Subsequently 
he  was  elected  as  a  whig  to  congress  to  fill  the  va- 
cancy caused  by  the  death  of  John  Millen,  and 
served  from  15  Feb.,  1844,  till  3  March,  1845.  His 
daughter  married  Gen.  Robert  Anderson. 

CLIN(tMAN,  Thomas  Lanier,  senator,  b.  in 
Huntsville.  N.  C.  27  July,  1812;  d.  in  Raleigh,  N.  C., 
4  Nov.,  1897.  He  was  graduated  at  the  University 
of  North  Carolina,  after  which  he  studied  law  and 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  legislature.  He  set- 
tled in  Asheville,  Buncombe  co.,  N.  C,  in  1836, 
and  was  sent  to  the  state  senate  in  1840.  Later  he 
was  elected  as  a  whig  to  congress,  and  served  con- 
tinuously from  4  Dec,  1843,  till  14  June,  1858, 
with  the  exception  of  the  29th  congress.  During 
his  long  career  in  the  house,  extending  over  thir- 
teen years,  he  participated  in  nearly  all  of  the  im- 
portant debates,  and  as  chairman  of  the  committee 
on  foreign  affairs  acquitted  himself  with  ability. 
His  first  week  in  congress  was  marked  by  an  en- 
counter with  Henry  A.  Wise,  of  Virginia,  in  which 
he  displayed  great  readiness  and  self-possession. 
His  speech  against  the  so-called  •'21st  rule"  was 
extensively  published,  and  his  reply  to  Duncan's 
"  coon  speech  "  made  a  decided  impression.  Later 
his  speech  on  the  causes  of  Henry  Clay's  defeat 
led  to  a  duel  between  himself  and  William  L. 
Yancey,  of  Alabama.  He  also  made  important 
speeches  on  the  slavery  question,  on  Gen.  Scott's 
conduct  in  Mexico,  the  tariff,  against  commercial 
restrictions,  on  mediation  in  the  eastern  war,  Texas 
debts,  British  policy  in  Cuba,  and  especially  against 
the  Clayton  and  Bulwer  treaty.  It  is  said  that 
while  a'  member  of  congress  he  attended  every 
day's  session  of  the  house  without  a  single  excep- 
tion. He  was  originally  a  whig,  but  subsequently 
joined  the  democratic  party.  In  1858,  on  the  ap- 
pointment of  Asa  Biggs  as  U.  S.  judge  for  the  dis- 
trict of  North  Carolina,  Mr.  Clingman  was  selected 
by  the  governor  of  that  state  to  fill  the  vacancy 
in  the  senate,  and  subsequently  elected  for  six 
years  after  4  March,  1861 ;  but  he  withdrew  with 
the  southern  members  on  21  Jan.,  1861.  In  May 
of  that  year  he  was  sent  as  a  commissioner  to  the 
Confederate  congress,  to  give  assurances  that 
North  Carolina  woidd  co-operate  with  the  Confed- 
erate states,  and  was  invited  to  participate  in  the 
discussions  of  that  body.  In  July  he  was  expelled 
from  the  U.  S.  senate  with  those  who  neglected  to 
send  in  their  resignations.  He  entered  the  Confed- 
erate army  as  colonel,  and  on  17  May,  1862,  was 


CLINTON 


CLINTON 


659 


appointed  a  brigadier-general  in  command  of  the 
8th,  31st,  51st,  and  61st  North  Carolina  infantry. 
He  served  through  the  war,  surrendering  with  Gen. 
J.  E.  Johnston  in  April,  1865.  He  was  a  delegate 
to  the  National  democratic  convention  held  in 
1868.  In  1855  he  measured  and  made  known 
through  the  Smithsonian  institution  the  highest 
point  of  the  Black  mountain,  since  designated  as 
'•  Clingman's  peak,"  and  in  1858  he  determined  the 
highest  point  of  the  Smoky  mountain,  designated 
on  the  maps  of  the  coast  survey  as  "  Clingman's 
dome."  He  also  made  known  the  existence  in 
North  Carolina  of  the  diamond,  ruby,  platinum, 
corundum,  and  many  other  rare  miner?.ls,  and  the 
important  mica-mines  in  Mitchell  and  Yancey  coun- 
ties were  first  opened  by  him.  Since  the  close  of 
the  war  Gen.  Clingman  has  devoted  his  attention 
to  mining  and  to  scientific  and  literary  pursuits. 
He  has  published  a  volume  of  his  speeches  (1878) 
and  minor  works,  including  *'  Follies  of  the  Posi- 
tive Philosophers  "  (Raleigh.  1878). 

CLINTON,  Charles,  ancestor  of  the  Clintons 
in  the  United  States,  b.  in  the  county  Longford, 
Ireland,  in  1690;  d.  in  what  is  now  Orange  county, 
N.  Y.,  19  Nov.,  1773.  His  grandfather,  William 
Clinton,  was  an  adherent  of  Charles  I.,  and  fled  to 
Ireland  for  refuge  after  the  defeat  of  the  royalists. 
His  maternal  grandfather  was  a  captain  in  Crom- 
well's army,  Charles,  with  a  party  of  relatives  and 
friends,  chartered  a  ship  and  sailed  for  Philadel- 
phia, 20  May,  1729.  The  captain  formed  a  plan  to 
starve  the  passengers,  either  with  a  view  to  obtain- 
ing their  property,  or  to  deter  emigration ;  and, 
after  the  death  of  many,  among  whom  were  a  son 
and  daughter  of  Mr.  Clinton,  they  were  finally  al- 
lowed to  land  on  Cape  Cod,  on  4  Oct.,  having 
paid  a  large  sum  for  their  lives.  A  proposition  to 
wrest  the  command  from  the  captain  had  previous- 
ly failed,  owing  to  want  of  energy  among  his  vic- 
tims. In  the  spring  of  1731  the  party  settled  in 
Ulster  county,  six  miles  west  of  the  Hudson  and 
sixty  miles  north  of  New  York,  where  Mr.  Clinton 
pursued  his  occupation  of  farmer  and  land-sur- 
veyor. He  was  afterward  justice  of  the  peace, 
county  judge,  and  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  Ulster 
county  militia.  He  was  made  a  lieutenant-colonel 
in  Oliver  DeLancy's  regiment  on  24  March,  1758, 
and  served  under  Col.  Bradstreet  at  the  siege  and 
capture  of  Fort  Frontenac. — His  son,  Alexander, 
was  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1750,  and  became  a 
physician. — A  second  son,  Charles,  d.  in  April, 
1791,  was  a  surgeon  in  the  army  that  took  Havana 
in  1762. — A  third  son,  James,  soldier,  b.  in  Ulster 
county,  N.  Y.,  9  Aug.,  1736;  d.  in  Little  Britain, 
Orange  co.,  N.  Y.,  22  Dec,  1812,  was  provided  by 
his  father  with  an  excellent  education,  but  his 
ruling  inclination  was  for  military  life.  He  was 
appointed  an  ensign  in  the  2d  regiment  of  Ulster 
county  militia,  and  became  its  lieutenant-colonel 
before  the  beginning  of  the  revolution.  During 
the  war  of  1756,  between  the  English  and  French, 
he  particularly  distinguished  himself  at  the  cap- 
ture of  Fort  Frontenac,  where  he  was  a  captain 
imder  Bradstreet,  rendering  essential  service  by 
capturing  a  French  sloop-of-war  on  Lake  Ontario. 
The  confidence  reposed  in  his  character  may  be  es- 
timated by  his  appointment  as  captain-comman- 
dant of  four  regiments  levied  for  the  protection  of 
the  western  frontiers  of  Ulster  and  Orange  coun- 
ties. He  was  appointed  colonel  of  the  3d  New 
York  regiment  on  30  June,  1775,  and  in  the  same 
year  accompanied  Montgomery  to  Quebec.  He  was 
made  brigadier-general,  9  Aug.,  1776,  and  com- 
manded Fort  Clinton  when  it  was  attacked,  in  Oc- 
tober, 1777,  by  Sir  Henry  Clinton.     After  a  gallant 


defence  by  about  600  militia  against  3,000  British 
troops,  Fort  Clinton,  as  well  as  Fort  Montgomery, 
of  which  his  brother.  Gen.  George  Clinton,  was 
commander-in-chief,  was  carried  by  storm.  Gen. 
Clinton  was  the  last  man  to  leave  the  works,  re- 
ceiving a  severe  bayonet-wound,  but  escaping  from 
the  enemy  by  riding  a  short  distance  and  then 
sliding  down  a  precipice  100  feet,  to  the  creek, 
whence  he  made  his  way  to  the  mountain.  In  1779 
he  joined  with  1,600  men  the  expedition  of  Gen. 
Sullivan  against  the  Indians,  proceeding  up  the 
Mohawk  to  the  head  of  Otsego  lake,  where  he  suc- 
ceeded in  floating  his  bateaux  on  the  shallow  out- 
let by  damming  up  the  lake  and  then  letting  out 
the  water  suddenly.  After  an  engagement,  in 
which  the  Indians  were  defeated  with  great  loss 
at  Newtown  (now  Elmira),  all  resistance  upon  their 
part  ceased  ;  their  settlements  were  destroyed,  and 
they  fled  to  the  British  fortress  of  Niagara.  Gen. 
Clinton  commanded  at  Albany  during  a  great  part 
of  the  war,  but  was  present  at  the  siege  of  Yorktown 
and  at  the  evacuation  of  New  York  by  the  British. 
He  was  a  commissioner  to  adjust  the  boundary- 
line  between  New  York  and  Pennsylvania,  and  was 
a  member  of  the  legislature  and  of  the  convention 
that  adopted  the  constitution  of  the  United  States. 
— A  fourth  son,  Georg'e,  statesman,  b.  in  Little 
Britain,  Ulster  co.,  N.  Y..  26  July,  1739;  d.  in 
Washington,  D.  C,  20  April,  1812.  On  his  return 
from  a  priva- 
teering cruise  in 
1758,  he  accom- 
panied his  fa- 
ther and  brother 
James  in  the  ex- 
pedition against 
Fort  Frontenac 
as  a  lieutenant, 
and,  on  the  dis- 
banding of  the 
colonial  forces, 
he  studied  in 
the  law-office  of 
William  Smith, 
and  settled  in 
his  birthplace, 
receiving  short- 
ly afterward  a 
clerkship  from 
the  colonial  gov- 
ernor. Admiral 
George  Clinton, 
a  connection  of 
the  family.  He 
was  elected  in 
1768  to  the  New  York  assembly,  where  he  so  reso- 
lutely maintained  the  cause  of  the  colonies  against 
the  crown  that,  on  22  April,  1775,  he  was  elected 
by  the  New  York  provincial  convention  one  of  the 
delegates  to  the  second  continental  congress,  tak- 
ing his  seat  on  15  May.  He  did  not  vote  on  the 
question  of  independence,  as  the  members  of  the 
New  York  provincial  congress,  which  he  repre- 
sented, did  not  consider  themselves  authorized 
to  instruct  their  delegates  to  act  on  that  ques- 
tion. They  purposely  left  it  to  the  new  provincial 
congress,  which  met  at  White  Plains,  8  July,  1776, 
and  which,  on  the  next  day,  passed  unanimously  a 
resolution  approving  of  the  declaration.  Clinton 
was  likewise  prevented  from  signing  the  declara- 
tion with  the  New  York  delegation  on  15  July,  by 
receiving,  on  the  7th  of  that  month,  an  imperative 
call  from  Washington  to  take  post  in  the  High- 
lands, with  rank  as  general  of  militia.  In  the 
spring  of  1777  he  was  a  deputy  to  the  New  York 


660 


CLINTON 


CLINTON 


provincial  congress,  which  framed  the  first  state 
constitution,  but  was  again  called  into  the  field  by 
congress,  and  appointed,  25  March,  1777,  a  briga- 
dier-general in  the  Continental  army.  Assisted  by 
his  brother  James,  he  made  a  brilliant,  though  un- 
successful, defence,  6  Oct.,  1777,  of  the  Highland 
forts,  Clinton  and  Montgomery,  against  Sir  Henry 
Clinton.  He  was  chosen  fii'st  governor  of  the  state, 
20  April,  1777,  and  in  1780  was  re-elected  to  the 
office,  which  he  retained  by  successive  elections 
until  1795.  From  the  period  of  his  first  occupa- 
tion of  the  gubernat«rial  chair  until  its  final  re- 
linquishment he  exhibited  great  energy  of  char- 
acter, and,  in  the  defence  of  the  state,  rendered 
important  services,  both  in  a  civil  and  military 
capacity.  In  1780  he  thwarted  an  expedition  led 
by  Sir  John  Johnson,  Brant,  and  Cornplanter,  into 
the  Mohawk  valley,  and  thus  saved  the  settlers 
from  the  horrors  of  the  torch  and  scalping-knife. 
He  was  active  in  preventing  encroachments  on  the 
territory  of  New  York  by  the  settlers  of  the  New 
Hampshire  grants,  and  was  largely  instrumental 
with  Timothy  Pickering  in  concluding,  after  the 
war,  lasting  treaties  of  peace  with  the  western  In- 
dians. In  1783  he  accompanied  Washington  and 
Hamilton  on  a  tour  of  the  northern  and  western 
posts  of  the  state,  on  their  return  visiting,  with 
Schuyler  as  a  guide,  the  High -Rock  Spring  at 
Saratoga.  While  on  this  trip  he  first  conceived  the 
project  of  a  canal  between  the  Mohawk  and  Wood 
creek,  which  he  recommended  to  the  legislature  in 
his  speech  opening  the  session  of  1791,  an  idea  that 
was  subsequently  carried  out  to  its  legitimate  end  in 
the  Erie  and  Champlain  canals  by  his  nephew.  Gov. 
De  Witt  Clinton.  At  the  time  of  Shays's  rebellion, 
1787,  he  marched  in  person,  at  the  head  of  the  mi- 
litia, against  the  insurgents,  and  by  this  prompt 
action  greatly  aided  the  governor  of  Massachusetts 
in  quelling  that  outbreak.  In  1788  he  presided 
at  the  state  convention  to  ratify  the  Federal  con- 
stitution, the  adoption  of  which  he  opposed,  be- 
lieving that  too  much  power  would  tliereby  pass  to 
the  Federal  congress  and  the  executive.  At  the 
first  presidential  election  he  received  three  of  the 
electoral  votes  cast  for  the  vice-presidency.  In 
1792,  when  Washington  was  re-elected,  C!linton 
had  for  the  same  office  fifty  votes,  and  at  the  sixth 
presidential  election,  1809-'18,  he  received  six 
ballots  from  New  York  for  the  office  of  president. 
In  1800  he  was  chosen  to  the  legislature  after  one 
of  the  most  hotly  contested  elections  in  the  annals 
of  the  state ;  and  in  1801  he  was  again  governor. 
In  1804  he  was  elected  vice-president  of  the  United 
States,  which  office  he  filled  until  his  death.  His 
last  important  public  act  was  to  negative,  by  his 
casting  vote  in  the  senate,  the  renewal  of  the  char- 
ter of  the  U.  S.  bank  in  1811.  He  took  great  in- 
terest in  education,  and  in  his  message  at  the 
opening  session  of  the  legislature  of  1795  he  in- 
itiated the  movement  for  the  organization  of  a 
common-school  system.  As  a  military  man,  Clin- 
ton was  bold  and  courageous,  and  endowed  with  a 
will  that  rarely  failed  him  in  sudden  emergencies. 
As  a  civil  magistrate  he  was  a  stanch  friend  to 
literature  and  social  order.  In  private  life  he  was 
affectionate,  winning,  though  dignified  in  his 
manner,  strong  in  his  dislikes,  and  warm  in  his 
friendships.  The  vast  infiuence  that  he  wielded 
was  due  more  to  sound  judgment,  marvellous 
energy,  and  great  moral  force  of  cliaracter,  than 
to  any  specially  high-sounding  or  brilliant  achieve- 
ments.— James's  son,  De  Witt,  statesman,  b.  in 
Little  Britain,  New  Windsor,  Orange  eo.,  N.  Y.,  2 
March,  1769  ;  d.  in  Albany,  N.  Y.,  11  Feb.,  1828,  was 
graduated  at  Columbia  in  1780,  studied  law  under 


Samuel  Jones  in  New  York,  and  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1788,  but  practised  very  little,  preferring 
to  take  part  in  politics  as  an  active  republican. 
While  the  Federal  constitution  was  still  a  subject 
for  discussion,  he  wrote,  under  the  signature  of 
"  A  Countryman,"  a  series  of  letters  in  reply  to 
the  "  Federalist,"  and,  when  the  constitution  came 
up  before  the  state  convention  for  ratification,  he 
reported  for  the  press  the  debates  of  that  body.  In 
1790  he  became  private  secretary  to  his  vmcle, 
George  Clinton,  then  governor  of  New  York,  and 
was  a  leading  champion,  through  the  press,  of  his 
administration.  He  was  also  made  one  of  the 
secretaries  of  the  newly  organized  Board  of  re- 
gents of  the  state  university,  and  secretary  of  the 
Board  of  commissioners  of  state  fortifications.  He 
left  these  offices  when  his  uncle  retired  from  the 
governorship  in  1795,  but  continued  to  uphold  the 
republican  cause,  opposing  the  administration  of 
Gov.  Jay  and  President  John  Adams.  While  as- 
sailing the  federalists  for  their  hostility  to  France, 
he  nevertheless  raised,  equipped,  and  commanded 
a  company  of  artillery  for  service  in  the  event  of 
war  with  that  country.  He  also  studied  the  natu- 
ral sciences  at  this  time.  He  was  chosen  to  the 
lower  branch  of  the  legislature  in  1797,  and  from 
1798  till  1802  was  a  member  of  the  state  senate.  In 
1801  he  became  a  member  of  the  governor's  coun- 
cil, and  revived  an  old  claim  of  that  body  to  a 
right  of  nomination  co-ordinate  with  that  of  the 
governor.  Gov.  Jay  adjourned  the  council,  deny- 
ing this  right,  but  Clinton  defended  his  position 
in  the  legislature,  and  the  matter  was  referred  to 
the  people,  who  supported  his  views  by  amending 
the  state  constitution.  While  in  the  state  senate, 
Clinton  worked  to  secure  the  public  defence,  for 
the  passage  of  sanitary  laws,  tlie  encourage- 
ment of  agriculture,  manufactures,  and  the  arts, 
the  relief  of  prisoners  for  debt,  and  the  abolition 
of  slavery  in  the  state.  He  also  used  his  infiuence 
to  promote  the  use  of  steam  in  navigation.  He 
was  chosen  to  the  U.  S.  senate  in  1802,  and  while 
there  distinguished  himself  by  a  powerful  speech 
opposing  war  with  Spain.  He  resigned  in  1802,  to 
take  the  office  of  mayor  of  New  York,  to  which  his 
uncle,  now  governor  for  the  second  time,  had  ap- 
pointed him.  This  office  was  then  very  important, 
the  mayor  of  the  city  being  also  president  of  the 
council  and  chief  judge  of  the  court  of  common 
pleas.  He  continued  mayor  until  1815,  with  the 
exception  of  the  years  from  1807-'9  and  1810-'l. 
During  this  time  he  was  also  state  senator  from 
1805  till  1811,  lieutenant-governor  from  1811  till 
1813,  and  was  also  a  member  of  the  council  of 
appointment.  After  his  uncle,  George  Clinton, 
ceased  to  be  prominent,  on  account  of  his  advanced 
age,  De  Witt  Clinton  came  to  be  regarded  as  a 
promising  republican  candidate  for  the  presidency. 
Aaron  Burr's  disgrace  I'emoved  one  of  his  rivals; 
but  Clinton  soon  began  to  be  looked  on  with  dis- 
trust by  his  party,  on  account  of  his  want  of  sym- 
pathy with  some  of  President  Jefferson's  acts  and 
with  Madison's  course  previous  to  the  war  of  1812. 
He  was  suspected  of  a  leaning  toward  the  federal- 
ists, and  was  bitterly  assailed  by  his  enemies, 
toward  whom  his  own  course  had  never  been  mild. 
The  republican  caucus  at  Washington  in  1812  re- 
nominated Madison :  but  Clinton,  retaining  his 
hold  on  the  party  in  his  own  state,  and  relying  on 
the  support  of  the  federalists,  secured  a  nomina- 
tion from  the  republican  members  of  the  New 
York  legislature.  The  result  of  the  election  was 
the  choice  of  Madison  by  a  majority  of  thirty-nine 
electoral  votes.  Clinton,  having  alienated  his  party 
by  his  course,  without  gaining  the  full  sympathy 


CLINTON 


CLINTON 


661 


of  the  federalists,  was  in  1813  displaced  from  the 
office  of  lieutenant-governor.  He  was  still  mayor 
of  New  Yoi'k,  however,  and  did  all  in  his  power  to 
advance  the  interests  of  that  city.  By  aiding  in 
the  establishment  of  schools,  the  amelioration  of 
criminal  laws,  the  relief  of  suffering,  tlie  encour- 
agement of  agriculture,  and  the  correction  of  vice, 
he  showed  himself  one  of  the  foremost  friends  of 
the  people,  and  his  popularity  increased  accord- 
ingly. His  efforts  in  founding  institutions  of 
science,  literature,  and  art,  helped  to  give  the  city 
the  metropolitan  character  it  had  hitherto  lacked, 
and  his  liberality  in  securing  tiie  public  defence, 
and  in  voting  money  and  men  to  the  government, 
served  to  arrest  the  popular  suspicions  of  his  loyalty. 
Above  all,  he  was  the  friend  of  internal  improve-' 
ments.  As  early  as  1809  he  had  been  appointed 
one  of  seven  commissioners  to  examine  and  sur- 
vey a  route  for  a  canal  from  the  Hudson  to  the 
lakes.  He  was  sent  by  the  legislature  in  1812  to 
urge  the  adoption  of  the  project  by  congress,  but 
his  efforts  were  unsuccessful.  In  January,  1815,  a 
republican  council  of  appointment  removed  him 
from  tlie  mayoralty,  and  in  the  autumn  of  that 
year  he  prepared  an  elaborate  petition  to  the  legis- 
lature, asking  for  the  immediate  construction  of 
the  Erie  and  "Champlain  canals.  This  was  adopted 
by  popular  meetings,  and  ably  advocated  by  Clinton 
himself  before  the  legislature,  and  in  1817  a  bill 
authorizing  the  construction  of  the  Erie  canal 
passed  tliat  body.  Clinton's  memorial  had  brought 
him  prominently  forward  as  the  promoter  of  the 
enterprise,  and,  in  spite  of  the  opposition  of  those 
who  denounced  the  scheme  as  visionary,  he  was 
elected  governor  of  the  state  in  1817  by  a  non- 
partisan vote.  The  canal  was  begun  on  4  July, 
1817,  Gov.  Clinton  breaking  the  ground  with  his 
own  liand.  But,  notwithstanding  this  happy  be- 
ginning of  his  administration,  it  was  filled  with 
violent  political  controversies,  and  though  he  was 
re-elected  in  1819,  it  was  by  a  reduced  majority. 
In  1822,  a  popular  convention  having  adopted  con- 
stitutional amendments  that  he  did  not  entirely 
approve,  he  refused  to  be  again  a  candidate.  His 
opponents  secured  his  removal  from  the  office  of 
canal  commissioner  in  1824,  and  popular  indigna- 
tion at  the  injustice  of  this  act  resulted  in  his  elec- 
tion as  governor  by  a  majority  of  16,000,  larger 
than  had  before  been  given  to  any  candidate,  and 
he  was  re-elected  in  1826.  In  October,  1825,  the 
Erie  canal  was  opened  with  great  ceremony,  and 
Gov.  Clinton  was  carried  on  a  barge  in  a  triumphal 
progress  from  Lake  Erie  to  New  York.  In  this 
same  year  he  declined  the  English  mission  offered 
to  him  by  President  John  Quiney  Adams.  Gov. 
Clinton's  death,  which  was  sudden,  took  place 
while  he  was  still  in  office;  but  he  had  lived  to 
inaugurate  several  branches  of  the  Erie  canal,  and 
by  his  influence  had  done  much  toward  developing 
the  canal  system  in  other  states.  He  was  tall  and 
well  formed,  of  majestic  presence  and  dignified 
manners.  He  published  "  Discourse  before  the 
New  York  Historical  Society  "  (1812) ;  "  Memoir 
on  the  Antiquities  of  Western  New  York  "  (1818) ; 
"  Letters  on  the  Natural  History  and  Internal  Re- 
sources of  New  York  "  (New  York,  1822) ;  "  Speeches 
to  the  Legislature"  (1823),  and  several  literary 
and  historical  addresses.  See  Hosack's  "  Memoir 
of  De  Witt  Clinton"  (1829);  Renwick's  "Life  of 
De  Witt  Clinton"  (1840);  Campbell's  "Life  and 
Writings  of  De  Witt  Clinton"  (1849);  and  "Na- 
tional Portrait  Gallery  of  Distinguished  Ameri- 
cans." Some  of  Clinton's  letters  to  his  friend, 
Col.  Henry  Post,  of  New  York,  giving  interesting 
glimpses  of  his  character,  were  published  by  John 


Bigelow  in  "  Harper's  Magazine  "  for  February  and 
March,  1875. — James  Clinton's  grandson,  Alex- 
ander, b.  in  Little  Britain,  Orange  co.,  N.  Y.,  7 
April,  1793  ;  d.  in  New  York  city,  16  Feb.,  1878, 
was  graduated  at  the  College  of  physicians  and 
surgeons  in  1819,  and,  after  practising  some  years 
in  his  native  county,  returned  to  New  York  in 
1832,  where  he  continued  in  practice  until  ad- 
vanced age  obliged  him  to  retire.  During  the  war 
of  1812  he  was  an  officer  in  the  army,  and  at  the 
time  of  his  death  was  the  oldest  member  of  the 
Society  of  the  Cincinnati. 

CLINTON,  (ileorg'e,  colonial  governor  of  New 
York,  d.  10  July,  1761.  He  was  the  youngest  son 
of  Francis,  sixth  Earl  of  Lincoln,  and  appoint- 
ed commodore  and  governor  of  Newfoundland  in 
1732.  On  21  May,  1741,  he  became  governor 
of  New  York,  and  entered  on  the  duties  of  the 
office  in  September,  1743.  His  want  of  skill  in 
civil  affairs  peculiarly  exposed  him  to  the  tumults 
and  commotions  of  colonial  government.  In  his 
controversies  with  the  assembly,  instigated  by 
Chief-Justice  James  DeLancy,  Golden,  afterward 
lieutenant-governor,  was  his  champion  with  the 
pen,  his  chief  opponent  being  Horsmanden.  Clin- 
ton was  succeeded,  in  October,  1753,  by  Sir  D.  Os- 
borne, and  afterward  became  governor  of  Green- 
wich hospital.  He  was  vice-admiral  of  the  red  in 
1745.  and  admiral  of  the  fleet  in  1757. — His  son, 
Sir  Henry,  Bi-itish  general,  b.  in  1738;  d.  in  Gib- 
raltar, Spain,  23  Dec,  1795,  became  a  captain  of 
the  guards  in  1758, 
and  served  in  Han- 
over during  the 
remainder  of  the 
seven  years'  war. 
In  May,  1775,  hav- 
ing attained  the 
rank  of  major-gen- 
eral, he  was  sent 
to  Boston,  along 
with  Burgoyne  and 
Howe.  In  the  fol- 
lowing winter  he 
went  on  an  expedi- 
tion to  North  Caro- 
lina to  co-operate 
with  the  loyalists 
there  and  redeem 
the  colony  for  the 
king.  Sir  Peter 
Parker,  with  the 
fleet  and  re-en- 
forcements from  Ireland,  was  to  join  him  there, 
but  was  detained  by  contrary  winds  and  did  not 
reach  the  American  coast  till  May.  The  over- 
whelming defeat  of  the  tories  at  Moore's  Creek  in 
February  made  Clinton  think  it  unsafe  to  land  in 
North  Carolina.  Pie  cruised  up  and  down  the 
coast  until  Parker's  arrival,  and  it  was  then  de- 
cided to  go  south  and  capture  Charleston.  On  28 
June  they  attacked  Fort  Moultrie,  in  Charleston 
harbor,  and  were  totally  defeated.  Clinton  then 
sailed  for  New  York  and  took  part  in  Gen.  Howe's 
campaigns  from  the  battle  of  Long  Island  to  the 
capture  of  Philadelphia.  When  Howe  sailed  for 
Chesapeake  bay  in  the  summer  of  1777,  Clinton 
was  left  in  command  of  New  York.  About  this 
time  he  was  made  K.  C.  B.  In  September  he 
stormed  Forts  Clinton  and  Montgomery,  on  the 
Hudson  river,  and  sent  a  force  to  relieve  "Burgoyne 
at  Saratoga,  but  too  late  to  be  of  any  avail.  On 
Sir  William  Howe's  resignation,  14  April,  1778, 
Clinton  was  appointed  commander-in-chief  of  his 
majesty's  forces  in  America,  with  the  rank  of  lieu' 


662 


CLINTON 


CLOSSE 


tenant-general.  In  June  he  evacnated  Philadel- 
phia, and  on  his  retreat  through  New  Jersey  fought 
an  indecisive  battle  with  Washington  at  Monmouth 
Court-House.  In  December,  1779,  he  set  sail  for 
South  Carolina,  taking  Lord  Cornwallis  with  him, 
and  leaving  Gen.  Knyphausen  in  command  of  New 
York.  In  the  spring  he  invested  Charleston,  and 
on  12  May  succeeded  in  capturing  that  city,  to- 
gether with  the  whole  southern  army  of  6,000  men 
under  Gen.  Lincoln.  This  was  one  of  the  heaviest 
blows  dealt  to  the  Americans  during  the  revolu- 
tionary war,  and  it  may  well  have  consoled  Sir 
Henry  Clinton  for  his  humiliating  defeat  before 
Charleston  in  1776.  Leaving  Cornwallis  in  com- 
mand at  the  south.  Sir  Henry  returned  to  New 
York,  and  during  the  summer  matured,  in  concert 
with  Benedict  Arnold,  the  famous  scheme  for  the 
treasonable  surrender  of  West  Point.  He  accom- 
plished nothing  more  of  a  military  nature,  as  his 
army  in  New  York  was  held  in  virtual  blockade  by 
Washington.  In  October,  1781,  Sir  Henry  set  sail 
for  Chesapeake  bay  with  a  large  naval  and  mili- 
tary force,  to  relieve  Lord  Cornwallis,  but  did  not 
arrive  in  the  neighborhood  until  after  the  surren- 
der ;  on  hearing  of  which,  without  landing,  he  re- 
turned to  New  York.  He  was  soon  afterward 
superseded  by  Sir  Guy  Carleton,  and  returned  to 
England  in  June,  1782.  He  was  elected  to  parlia- 
ment, and  afterward  made  governor  of  Limerick. 
In  1793  he  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  Gib- 
raltar. He  wrote  "A  Narrative  of  the  Campaign 
in  1781  in  North  America"  (London,  1783;  re- 
printed, Philadelphia,  1865) ;  a  rejoinder  to  Lord 
Cornwallis's  "  Observations  "  on  the  aforesaid ;  and 
"  Observations  on  Stedman's  History  of  the  Ameri- 
can War"  (London,  1794). 

CLINTON,  Joseph  Jackson,  A.  M.  E.  Zion 
bishop,  b.  in  Philadelphia,  Pa..  3  Oct.,  1823 ;  d.  in 
Atlantic  City,  N.  J.,  24  May,  1881.  He  was  of  Afri- 
can servile  descent,  but  enjoyed  in  his  youth  many 
advantages  of  education  that  were  denied  at  that 
time  to  most  of  his  race.  He  began  his  ministry  in 
1839,  became  local  preacher  in  his  church  in  1840, 
and  entered  the  itinerancy  in  1841.  He  was  or- 
dained deacon  in  1844,  elder  in  1846,  and  was 
elected  and  consecrated  bishop  in  May,  1864.  Dur- 
ing his  labors  he  travelled  through  nearly  every 
state  in  the  union.  He  was  missionary  bishop  in 
the  south  during  and  after  the  war,  and  very  suc- 
cessful in  the  establishment  there  of  missions  and 
annual  conferences.  Bishop  Clinton  was  an  elo- 
quent speaker,  and  possessed  rare  executive  ability. 
He  occasionally  contributed  to  the  press. 

CLITZ,  John  Mellen  Brady,  naval  officer,  b.  in 
Sackett's  Harbor,  N.  Y.,  1  Dec,  1821 ;  d.  in  Wash- 
ington. D.  C,  9  Oct.,  1897.  His  father  fought  at 
Fort  Erie,  17  Sept.,  1814,  and  died  in  command  of 
Fort  Mackinac,  6  Nov.,  1836.  The  son  entered 
the  navy  as  a  midshipman  in  1837,  became  passed 
midshipman  in  1843,  and  was  on  the  bomb-brig 
"  Heela "  at  the  capitulation  of  Vera  Cruz  and 
the  capture  of  Tuxpan  in  the  Mexican  war.  He 
was  made  lieutenant,  6  April,  1851 ;  commander, 
16  July,  1803,  and  commanded  at  different  times 
the  blockading  steamers  "  Penobscot,"  ''Juniata," 
and  "  Osceola."  He  was  in  both  attacks  on  Fort 
Fisher,  and  was  recommended  for  promotion  in 
Admiral  Porter's  commendatory  despatch  of  28 
Jan.,  1865.  He  was  commissioned  captain,  25  July, 
1866,  did  ordnance  duty  at  the  Brooklyn  navy- 
yard  in  1870,  and  was  made  commodore  on  28 
Dec,  1872.  He  was  promoted  to  rear-admiral,  13 
March,  1880,  commanded  the  Asiatic  station,  and 
was  placed  on  the  retired  list  in  1884. — His  brother, 
Henry  Boynton,  soldier,  b.  in  Sackett's  Harbor, 


N.  Y.,  4  July,  1824;  disappeared,  13  Oct.,  1889, 
was  graduated  at  the  U.  S.  military  academy  in 
1845.  He  served  during  the  war  with  Mexico," and 
was  brevetted  first  lieutenant  for  gallant  conduct 
at  Cerro  Gordo.  From  1848  till  1855  he  was 
assistant  instructor  of  infantry  tactics  at  West 
Point.  He  then  served  on  various  frontier  posts 
until  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war,  having  been 
made  captain  in  the  3d  infantry,  6  Dec,  1858. 
While  on  leave  in  1859  and  1860  he  travelled  ex- 
tensively in  Europe.  He  took  part  in  the  defence 
of  Fort  Pickens.  Fla.,  in  1861,  became  major  on  14 
May  of  that  year,  and  was  engaged  in  the  peninsu- 
lar campaign  at  Yorktown,  where  he  was  wounded, 
and  in  the  battle  of  Gaines's  Mills  he  was  twice 
wounded  and  taken  prisoner.  He  was  brevetted 
lieutenant-colonel,  27  June,  1862,  for  his  gallantry 
at  Gaines's  Mills,  and  after  a  month  in  Libby 
prison,  was  exchanged,  and  made  commandant  at 
West  Point,  where  he  I'emained  till  1864,  afterward 
doing  garrison  duty  till  the  close  of  the  war.  He 
was  made  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  6th  infantry, 
4  Nov.,  1863,  and  brevetted  colonel  and  brigadier- 
general,  13  March,  1865,  for  his  services  during 
the  war.  After  that  time  he  commanded  at  vari- 
ous posts.  He  was  made  colonel  of  the  10th  in- 
fantry, 22  Feb.,  1869,  and  placed  on  the  retired 
list,  1  July,  1885,  at  his  own  request,  having  been 
in  the  service^forty  vears. 

CLOREVIERE.  Father,  clergyman,  b.  in  Brit- 
tany in  1768;  d.  in  Baltimore  in  1826.  He  was 
educated  with  Chateaubriand,  and  entered  the 
army  of  Louis  XVI.  He  took  part  in  the  Vendean 
revolt,  and  was  a  general  under  Cadoual.  Being 
implicated  in  a  conspiracy  against  the  first  consul, 
he  escaped  to  the  United  States.  He  entered  the 
seminary  in  Baltimore  in  1808,  was  ordained  in 
1812,  and  was  then  sent  to  Charleston  to  arrange 
some  differences  between  the  laity  and  the  clergy. 
He  returned  in  1820  to  Baltimore,  "where  he  founded 
the  Convent  of  the  visitation. 

CLOSSE,  Raphael  Lambert,  Canadian  soldier, 
b.  in  St.  Denis  de  Mogres,  near  Tours,  France, 
about  1620;  d.  in  Montreal,  6  Feb.,  1662.  He 
came  to  Canada  with  Maisonneuve  in  1642,  and 
was  made  sergeant-major  of  the  garrison  of  Mon- 
treal, acting  as  notary  in  times  of  peace.  This  set- 
tlement was  exposed  to  attack  from  Indians,  and 
he  soon  became  noted  for  his  skill  in  fighting  the 
hostile  tribes.  He  trained  his  men  as  sharp-shoot- 
ers, and  armed  them  with  musket,  pistol,  and 
sword.  Each  was  instructed  to  pick  his  man, 
shoot  him  with  the  musket,  then  rush  on  and  take 
another  with  the  pistol,  using  the  sword  at  close 
quarters,  and  gaining  the  cover  of  the  trees  when 
possible.  By  such  tactics,  when  once  sent  with 
twenty  men  to  rescue  four  who  were  besieged  in  a 
redoubt  at  Point  St.  Charles,  he  routed  the  hostile 
force,  killing  thirty-two  of  them,  though  he  lost 
four  of  his  men  at  the  first  fire.  On  26  July,  1651, 
with  sixteen  men,  after  an  engagement  that  lasted 
all  day,  he  defeated  a  party  of  Indians  that  had 
jienetrated  to  the  Plotel  Dieu  in  Montreal.  On  14 
Oct.,  1652,  he  contended  with  a  force  of  300  Iro- 
quois near  the  fort,  and,  protected  by  an  old  hut, 
defeated  them  with  a  loss  of  fifty  killed  and  thirty- 
seven  wounded,  his  own  loss  being  but  one  killed 
and  one  wounded  out  of  a  force  of  thirty-four.  In 
1655  he  was  acting  governor  of  Montreal  during 
the  absence  of  Maisonneuve.  On  6  Feb.,  1662,  he 
was  sent  with  twelve  soldiers  to  rescue  some  work- 
men who  had  been  attacked  by  Iroquois ;  but  he 
was  deserted  by  his  servant,  his  pistol  missing  fire, 
and  he  was  killed,  together  with  three  of  his  partv- 
In  1658  the  fief  of  St.  Lambert  was  bestowed  upon 


GLOSSY 


CLYDE 


663 


him  as  a  reward  for  his  services,  and  in  1673  an- 
other was  bestowed  upon  his  widow. 

CLOSSY,  Ssimuel,  educator,  b.  in  Ireland  about 
1715;  d.  there  in  1776.  He  studied  medicine,  and 
was  the  author  of  a  work  entitled  "  Observations 
on  Some  of  the  Diseases  of  the  Human  Body, 
Chiefly  taken  from  the  Dissections  of  Morbid 
Bodies"  (1763).  In  1764  he  emigrated  to  America, 
and  the  year  following  was  appointed  professor  of 
natural  philosophy  in  King's  (now  Columbia)  col- 
lege, and  retained  this  chair  until  1776,  when  he 
resigned.  Upon  the  organization  of  a  medical 
school  in  connection  with  the  college  in  1767,  he 
became  professor  of  anatomy.  Being  a  loyalist,  at 
the  beginning  of  the  war  of  independence  he  re- 
turned to  his  native  country. 

CLOUGH,  George  Lafayette,  b.  in  Auburn, 
N.  Y.,  18  Sept.,  1824.  His  natural  taste  for  draw- 
ing was  evinced  at  an  early  age,  and  when  he  was 
ten  years  old  he  thought  of  little  else.  At  this 
time  a  wagon-painter,  who  had  seen  several  of  his 
sketches,  gave  him  some  colors  on  a  bit  of  shingle, 
with  brushes  and  a  smooth  piece  of  board,  and 
Clough  made  his  first  oil-painting,  which  he  still 
retains.  He  entered  the  service  of  the  local  physi- 
cian, who,  knowing  his  predilections,  arranged  his 
work  in  such  a  way  that  he  could  devote  part  of 
his  time  to  painting.  When  he  was  eighteen  years 
old  a  portrait-painter  named  Palmer  gave  him 
some  lessons  in  return  for  studio  work,  and  after  a 
year  he  began  to  paint  pictures  or  anything  else 
that  promised  a  suppoi-t.  About  1844  Charles  L. 
Elliot  came  to  Auburn  to  take  Gov.  Seward's  por- 
trait, and  from  him  Clough  obtained  his  first  ideas 
of  really  good,  artistic  work.  Securing  some 
chance  commissions,  he  was  enabled  to  visit  New 
York  and  obtain  further  instruction  from  Elliot, 
who  always  remained  his  firm  friend.  In  1850  he 
went  to  Europe  and  copied  pictures  in  the  princi- 
pal galleries  of  the  continent,  and  after  his  return 
he  generally  resided  near  New  York,  where  he 
found  a  ready  sale  for  his  paintings. 

CLOUGH,  John  E.,  missionary,  b.  in  Chau- 
tauqua county.  N.  Y.,  16  July,  1836.  He  was 
graduated  at  Upper  Iowa  university  in  1862,  ap- 
pointed by  the  American  Baptist  missionary  union 
a  missionary  to  India,  and  arrived  in  that  country 
in  1865,  spending  his  first  year  among  the  Teloo- 
goos  at  Nellore.  In  1866  he  removed  to  Ongole, 
and  at  the  end  of  1879  he  had  gathered  a  church 
of  more  than  13,000  members.  During  the  great 
famine  in  India  he  rendered  the  government  the 
most  valuable  service  in  distributing  aid  to  the 
sufl'erers  by  the  famine. 

CLOVER,  Lewis  P.,  painter,  b.  in  New  York 
city,  20  Feb.,  1819 ;  d.  in  New  Hackensack,  N.  Y., 
16  Nov.,  1896.  He  was  educated  in  New  York  and 
at  the  College  of  St.  James,  Maryland.  He  studied 
painting,  and  afterward  engraving  for  three  years 
under  Asher  B.  Durand.  After  this  he  adopted 
painting  as  a  profession  and  followed  it  success- 
fully for  several  years  in  New  York  and  Balti- 
more. He  was  elected  an  associate  of  the  National 
academy  of  design  in  1840.  Through  the  influence 
of  Chief-Justice  Taney  he  was  led  to  enter  the  min- 
istry of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  church,  was  or- 
dained deacon  in  1850,  and  afterward  entered  the 
priesthood.  He  was  rector  of  churches  in  Lexing- 
ton, Va.,  Springfield,  111.,  and  elsewhere.  In  1858 
he  received  the  degree  of  D.  D.  from  the  Univer- 
sity of  Kentucky.  The  titles  of  some  of  his  best- 
known  paintings  are  "  The  Rejected  Picture,"  "  The 
Idle  Man,"  "  Repose  by  Moonlight,"  and  "  The 
Phrenologist."  These  were  all  exhibited  in  the 
National  academy  of  design.     The  American  re- 


print of  Burnet's  "  Practical  Hints  on  Composi- 
tion in  Painting"  (Philadelphia,  1853)  was  edited 
by  Dr.  Clover,  who  furnished  the  etchings  that 
illustrate  the  loook.  He  published  numerous  ser- 
mons and  addresses,  notably  one  on  the  death  of 
Chief-Justice  Taney  (1864),  which  is  largely  quoted 
in  Tvler's  memoirs. 

CLUSERET,  Gustave  Paul,  soldier,  b.  in 
Paris,  France,  13  June,  1823.  He  entered  the  mili- 
tary school  of  St.  Cyr  in  1841,  became  lieutenant 
in  January,  1848,  and  was  made  a  chevalier  of  the 
legion  of  honor  for  bravery  in  suppressing  the  in- 
surrection of  June,  1848.  A  few  months  after  the 
coup  d'etat  he  was  retired  for  political  reasons,  and 
opened  a  painter's  studio  in  Paris,  but  was  shortly 
afterward  replaced  and  served  in  Algeria  and  the 
Crimean  war,  being  promoted  to  captain  in  1855. 
He  resigned  his  commission  in  1858.  joined  Gari- 
baldi in  1860,  and  commanded  the  French  legion 
in  his  army,  receiving  the  brevet  of  colonel  in 
November  of  that  year  for  gallantry  at  the  siege 
of  Capua,  where  he  was  wounded.  He  came  to 
the  United  States  in  January,  1862,  entered  the 
National  army,  and  was  appointed  aide-de-camp 
to  Gen.  McClellan,  with  the  rank  of  colonel.  He 
was  soon  afterward  assigned  to  Gen.  Fremont, 
who  placed  him  in  command  of  the  advanced 
guard.  He  was  in  several  engagements,  and  was 
brevetted  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  on  14 
Oct.,  1862,  for  gallantry  in  the  battle  of  Cross  Keys. 
After  some  further  service  in  the  Shenandoah  val- 
ley, he  resigned  on  2  Mai'ch,  1863,  and  in  1864  ed- 
ited in  New  York  city  the  "  New  Nation,"  a  weekly 
journal  advocating  Fremont  for  the  presidency, 
and  vehemently  opposing  the  renomination  of 
Lincoln.  Gen.  Cluseret  returned  to  Europe  in 
1867,  took  part  in  the  Fenian  agitation  of  that 
year,  and  was  accused  by  the  journals  of  leading, 
under  an  assumed  name,  the  attack  on  Chester 
castle.  In  the  same  year  Cluseret  wrote  for  the 
"  Courrier  Fran^ais  "  a  series  of  articles  on  "  The 
Situation  in  the  United  States."  In  1868  an  ob- 
noxious article  in  "  L'Art,"  a  journal  founded  by 
him,  caused  his  imprisonment  for  two  months,  and 
in  1869,  on  account  of  his  violent  attacks  on  the 
organization  of  the  army,  he  was  again  arrested, 
but  pleaded  that  he  was  a  naturalized  American 
citizen,  and  was  given  up  to  Minister  ^Vashburne, 
who  sent  him  out  of  the  country.  He  returned  to 
Paris  on  the  fall  of  the  second  empire,  which  he 
had  predicted,  and  began  to  assail  the  provisional 
government,  but  soon  afterward  engaged  in  at- 
tempts at  insurrection  in  Lyons  and  IMarseilles. 
In  the  following  spring  he  bcame  minister  of  war 
under  the  commune,  and  for  a  time  was  at  the 
head  of  all  its  military  operations.  He  was  arrested 
on  suspicion  of  treachery  on  1  May,  1871,  but  es- 
caped, and  settled  near  Geneva  in  1872.  He  was 
condemned  to  death  in  his  absence  by  a  council  of 
war,  on  30  Aug.  of  that  year.  In  1893  Cluseret  was 
elected  to  the  French  chamber  of  deputies.  He 
has  published  a  pamphlet  on  "  Mexico  and  the  Soli- 
darity of  Nations  "  (1866) ;  "  L'Armee  et  la  denio- 
cratie  "  (1869) ;  and  assisted  to  prepare  the  "  Dic- 
tionnaire  historique  et  geographique  de  I'Algerie." 

CLYDE,  Lord,  Sir  Colin  Campbell,  British 
soldier,  b.  in  Glasgow,  Scotland,  20  Oct.,  1792 ;  d. 
in  Chatham,  England,  14  Aug.,  1863.  He  entered 
the  army  in  1808,  and  served  in  the  peninsular 
war.  In  1814-'5  he  participated  in  the  war 
against  the  United  States,  and  in  1823  aided  in 
quelling  an  insurrection  in  Demerara.  Having 
been  appointed  lieutenant-governor  of  Nova  Sco- 
tia, he  arrived  m  Halifax  in  July,  1834,  and  at 
once  entered  upon  the  duties  of  his  office.    Sir 


664 


CLYMER 


CLYMER 


Colin,  however,  was  a  better  soldier  than  states- 
man, and,  though  he  secured  the  personal  respect  of 
all  during  the  six  years  that  he  represented  royalty 
in  the  province^  in  his  administration  of  the  duties 
of  the  executive,  he  adhered  too  closely  to  his  in- 
structions to  give  satisfaction  to  a  people  who  were 
becoming  conscious  of  their  rights,  as  well  as  of 
their  wrongs,  and  whose  aspirations  for  increase 
of  privileges  and  a  larger  share  in  the  administra- 
tion of  the  government  had  infused  a  new  life  into 
the  body-politic,  even  before  the  interregnum  that 
succeeded  the  recalling  of  Sir  Peregrine  Maitland 
in  1832.  In  1840  political  agitation  was  at  fever 
Keat  in  Nova  Scotia,  and,  as  Sir  Colin  deemed 
it  a  point  of  honor  to  support  the  executive  coun- 
cil in  its  contest  with  the  house  of  assembly,  the 
latter  reluctantly  "petitioned  for  his  recall,  the  re- 
sult being  that  he  left  the  province  in  the  autumn. 
In  1842  he  became  a  colonel,  and  served  in  the  ex- 
pedition against  the  Chinese.  He  distinguished 
himself  as  a  general  of  brigade  in  India  between 
1848  and  1852,  and  with  the  Highland  brigade, 
which  he  commanded  in  the  Ci'iinean  war,  con- 
tributed to  the  victories  of  the  Alma  and  Bala- 
klava,  in  1854.  In  this  year  he  became  major- 
general,  and  in  1855  received  the  grand  cross  of 
the  Bath.  In  July,  1857,  he  was  appointed  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  army  in  India,  and  after  a 
series  of  brilliant  victories  succeeded  in  crushing 
the  Sepoy  rebellion  in  1858.  The  same  year  he 
was  created  Lord  Clyde,  and  was  made  field-mar- 
shal, 9  Nov.,  18G2.  His  life  has  been  written  by 
Lieut.-Gen.  Shadvvell  (Edinburgh,  1881). 

CLYMER,  Oeorg'e,  signer  of  the  Declaration  of 
Independence,  b.  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  in  1789;  d. 
in  Morrisville,  Bucks  co..  Pa.,  23  Jan.,  1813.  His 
father  emigrated  from  Bristol,  England,  to  Phila- 
delphia. Clymer  was  left  an  orphan  at  the  age  of 
seven,  and  was  brought  up  and  educated  by  his 
uncle,  William  Coleman,  who  took  the  boy  into 
his  counting-room,  and  left  him  most  of  his  for- 
tune. But  though  pursuing  a  business  career,  he 
was  averse  to  it,  and,  having  early  acquired  habits 
of  reading  and  reflection,  made  himself  acquainted 
with  law,  history,  and  political  and  agricultural 
science.  He  was  one  of  the  first  that  opposed  the 
arbitrary  acts  of  Great  Britain,  and,  when  it  was 
found  necessary  to  arm  in  defence  of  colonial 
rights,  he  became  captain  of  a  volunteer  company. 
At  a  meeting  held  in  Philadelphia,  on  16  Oct., 
1773,  to  adopt  measures  to  prevent  the  sale  of 
taxed  tea,  he  was  made  chairman  of  a  committee 
to  request  those  appointed  to  sell  the  tea  to  resign 
their  appointments.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
council  of  safety,  and  on  29  July,  1775,  became 
one  of  the  first  continental  treasurers,  converting 
all  his  specie  into  continental  currency,  and  sub- 
scribing liberally  to  the  loan.  On  20  July,  1776, 
five  men,  including  Mr.  Clymer,  were  appointed 
by  the  legislature  to  succeed  those  members  of  the 
Pennsylvania  delegation  who  had  refused  their  as- 
sent to  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  and  had 
left  their  seats  in  congress.  Although  Mr.  Cly- 
mer's  signature  is  affixed  to  the  Declaration,  he 
was  not  present  at  its  adoption.  He  was  appoint- 
ed, with  Richard  Stockton,  to  inspect  the  north- 
ern army  at  Ticonderoga  on  26  Sept.,  1776,  and  in 
December  of  the  same  year,  when  the  approach  of 
the  British  forced  congress  to  adjourn  to  Balti- 
more, he  was  one  of  a  committee  to  execute  all 
needful  public  business  in  Philadelphia.  He  was 
re-elected  to  congress  on  12  March,  1777,  and  on 
9  April  was  one  of  a  committee  to  consider  steps 
for  opposing  the  enemy  if  they  should  attack 
Philadelphia.     On  11  July,  1777,  he  was  appointed 


one  of  three  commissioners  to  investigate  com- 
plaints against  the  commissary  department  of  the 
army.  At  the  meeting  of  the  general  assembly, 
held  on  14  Sept.,  1777,  Mr.  Clymer  was  not  re- 
elected to  congress.  In  the  autumn  of  this  year, 
just  after  the  battle  of  the  Brandywine,  his  house  in 
Chester  county  was  sacked  by  the  British,  and  the 
hostility  with  which  he  was  regarded  by  them  was 
further  shown  by  an  attempt  to  destroy  his  aunt's 
house  in  Philadelphia,  which  they  thought  was 
his  property.  In  this  same  year  he  was  one  of 
three  commissioners  to  investigate  the  causes  and 
extent  of  disaffection  near  Fort  Pitt,  and  to  treat 
with  the  Indians 
there.  The  pow- 
ers of  the  com- 
mission extended 
even  to  the  sus- 
pension and  im- 
prisonment of 
officers  suspected 
of  treason,  and 
the  appointment 
of  others  in  their 
stead.  Although 
its  labors  were 
not  entirely  suc- 
cessful, its  report 
to  congress  on  27 
April,  1778,  in- 
duced that  body 
to  take  energetic 
measures  for  the 
conquest  of  De- 
troit and  the  car- 
rying of  the  war  into  the  enemy's  country.  In  1780 
Mr.  Clymer  was  active  in  an  association  of  the  pa- 
triotic citizens  of  Philadelphia,  who  formed  a  bank 
to  facilitate  the  supply  and  transportation  of  pro- 
visions to  the  army,  and  in  November  of  that  year 
he  was  again  chosen  to  congress.  He  was  deputed 
by  that  body,  with  John  Nixon,  to  organize  the 
Bank  of  North  America,  and  in  1782  was  associated 
with  Rutledge  on  his  mission  to  the  southern  states. 
He  removed  to  Princeton  in  the  last-named  year 
that  he  might  educate  his  children  at  the  college 
there,  but  was  summoned  from  his  retirement  in 
1784,  and  elected  to  the  Pennsylvania  legislature, 
where  he  aided  in  modifying  the  criminal  code, 
laboring  with  zeal  for  the  abolition  of  capital  pun- 
ishment. He  was  a  member  of  the  convention 
that  framed  the  Federal  constitution,  and  in  No- 
vember, 1788,  was  elected  to  the  first  congress  held 
under  its  provisions.  Here  he  opposed  the  be- 
stowal of  titles  on  the  president  and  vice-presi- 
dent, earnestly  comliated  the  notion  that  a  repre- 
sentative should  always  vote  in  accordance  with 
the  instructions  of  his  constituents,  favored  the 
gradual  naturalization  of  foreigners,  and  sup- 
ported the  assumption  of  the  state  debts  by  the 
nation.  In  1791,  declining  a  re-election  to  con- 
gress, he  was  appointed  collector  of  the  duty  on 
spirits,  which,  in  Pennsylvania,  led  to  the  whiskey 
riots.  After  resigning  this  office  he  was,  with 
Messrs.  Pickens  and  Hawkins,  appointed  to  nego- 
tiate a  treaty  with  the  Creeks  and  Cherokees. 
This  was  consummated  on  29  June,  1796,  and  he 
then  withdrew  from  public  life.  Besides  other  in- 
stitutions indebted  to  him,  were  the  Pennsylvania 
agricultural  society,  of  which  he  was  vice-presi- 
dent, the  Academy  of  fine  arts,  and  the  Pennsyl- 
vania bank,  of  both  of  which  he  was  president. 
Mr.  Clymer  was  scrupulously  punctual  in  the 
smallest  engagements,  and  was  noted  for  brev- 
ity, both  in  speech  and  in  his  writings.     He  was 


COALE 


COAN 


665 


the  author  of  various  addresses  and  essays,  politi- 
cal, literary,  and  scientific. — His  grandson,  Mere- 
dith, physician,  b.  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  in  June, 
1817,  studied  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
and  was  graduated  at  the  mediical  department  of 
that  institution  in  1837.  Early  in  1839  he  went 
to  Europe,  and  studied  in  Paris,  London,  and 
Dublin  until  1841,  under  the  most  eminent  physi- 
cians. He  began  practice  in  Philadelphia,  but 
removed  to  New  York,  where  he  has  made  a  spe- 
cialty of  diseases  of  the  nervous  system  and  the 
mind.  He  was  attending  physician  to  the  Phila- 
delphia institution  for  the  blind  in  1842,  to  the 
Philadelphia  hospital  from  1843  till  1847,  and  con- 
sulting physician  until  1853.  He  lectured  on  the 
institutes  of  medicine  in  1843,  on  the  practice  of 
medicine  in  1849  in  the  Medical  institute  of  Phila- 
delphia, on  the  practice  of  medicine  in  the  Frank- 
lin medical  college,  of  which  he  was  one  of  the 
founders  in  1846,  and  professor  of  practice  of  medi- 
cine in  the  medical  department  of  Hampden-Sid- 
ney  college  during  1848.  In  1851,  after  settling  in 
New  York,  he  became  professor  of  the  institutes 
and  practice  of  medicine  in  the  University  of  New 
York,  and  in  1871  was  professor  of  mental  and 
nervous  diseases  in  Albany  medical  college.  Dur- 
ing the  civil  war  he  was  surgeon  of  U.  S.  volun- 
teers, president  of  the  examining  board  of  the  U. 
S.  army  in  1863-'3,  also  in  charge  of  the  sick  and 
woimded  officers  in  Washington,  D.  C,  and  medical 
director  of  the  Department  of  the  South  in  1864-'5. 
Dr.  Clymer  has  twice  been  president  of  the  New 
York  society  of  neurology,  is  a  fellow  of  the  College 
of  physicians  and  surgeons  in  Philadelphia,  and  of 
other  medical  and  scientific  societies,  and  one  of 
the  five  honorary  members  of  the  Association  of 
American  physicians.  His  literary  work  includes 
frequent  articles  to  the  medical  journals,  the  edit- 
ing of  the  "  Medical  Examiner  "  from  1838  till  1844 ; 
and  the  "  Journal  of  Nervous  and  Mental  Diseases  " 
from  1878  till  1885.  He  has  edited  Carpenter's 
"  Human  Physiology  "  (3d  ed.,  Philadelphia,  1843) ; 
Carpenter's  "  Elements  of  Physiology  "  (1844)  ; 
Williams's  "  Principles  of  Medicine  "  (1844) ;  Ait- 
ken's  "  Science  and  Practice  of  Medicine  "  (3  vols., 
3d  ed.,  1866) ;  and  he  is  the  author  of  "  Williams 
and  Clymer's '  Diseases  of  the  Respiratory  Organs '  " 
(1844) ;  "  The  Pathology,  Diagnosis,  and  Treatment 
of  Fevers  "  (Philadelphia,  1846) ;  "  Notes  on  Physi- 
ology and  Pathology  of  the  Nervous  System,  with 
reference  to  Clinical  Medicine  "  (New  York,  1868) ; 
*'  Lectures  on  Palsies  and  Kindred  Disorders  " 
(1870) ;  "  Ecstasy  and  other  Dramatic  Disorders  of 
the  Nervous  System  "  (1870) ;  "  Hereditary  Genius  " 
(1870) ;  "  Cerebro-Spinal  Meningitis  "  (Philadelphia, 
1873) ;  and  "  The  Legitimate  Influence  of  Epilepsy 
on  Criminal  Responsibility"  (New  York,  1874). 

COALE,  Robert  Dorsey,  chemist,  b.  in  Balti- 
more, Md.,  13  Sept.,  1857.  He  was  graduated  in 
1875  at  the  Pennsylvania  military  academy  with 
the  degree  of  C.  E.,  after  which  he  became  a  stu- 
dent in  Johns  Hopkins  university,  where  from  1880 
till  1881  he  was  fellow  in  chemistry,  and  until  1883 
assistant  in  that  science.  During  1883-'4  he  was 
lecturer  on  chemistry,  and  in  1884  became  profes- 
sor of  chemistry  and  toxicology  in  the  University 
of  Maryland.  His  original  scientific  researches 
gained  for  him  the  degree  of  Ph.  D.,  and  were 
published  in  1;he  "  American  Chemical  Journal." 

COAN,  Sherwood,  singer,  b.  in  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  about  1830 ;  d.  in  Chicago,  111.,  35  Nov., 
1874.  He  was  apprenticed  to  a  carriage-maker, 
but  went  upon  the  stage  under  the  name  of  Camp- 
bell, and,  after  being  for  several  years  a  member  of 
various  minstrel  troupes,  appeared  in  concerts,  and 


then  in  English  opera,  where  he  was  very  success- 
ful. He  sang  with  Clara  Louise  Kellogg,  Parepa- 
Rosa.  Zelda  Harrison,  William  Castle,  and  other 
well-known  singers,  and  went  with  the  Rosas  to 
England,  where  he  attracted  much  attention.  His 
voice  was  a  low  baritone,  very  sweet  and  powerful, 
and  his  style  was  simple  and  pleasing. 

COAN,  Titus,  missionary,  b.  in  Killingworth, 
Conn.,  1  Feb.,  1801  ;  d.  in  Hilo,  Hawaii,  1  Dec, 
1882.  He  was  descended  from  a  family  that  had 
settled  in  Connecticut  and  at  East  Hampton,  L.  I., 
early  in  the  history  of  the  country.  He  studied 
under  private  teachers,  and  from  1819  till  1826 
taught  school  in  Saybrook,  Killingworth,  and 
Guilford.  In  1836  he  went  to  western  New  York, 
where  four  of  his  brothers  were  established,  and 
taught  for  two  years.  He  was  a  cousin  of  Asahel 
Nettleton,  the  evangelist,  and  had  been  influenced 
by  the  revivals  that  followed  Nettleton's  preaching ; 
he  studied  theology  at  Auburn,  and  was  graduated 
there  in  1833.  Even  before  his  graduation  Mr. 
Coan  was  invited  by  the  Boston  board  of  mis- 
sions to  undertake  the  dangerous  task  of  exploring 
southern  Patagonia,  with  a  view  to  the  possible  es- 
tablishment of  a  mission  there.  He  sailed  from 
New  York  for  the  straits  of  Magellan,  16  Aug.,  1833, 
with  one  companion,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Arms,  on  the 
schooner  "  Mary  Jane,"  Capt.  Clift.  The  perilous 
adventures  of  their  trip  are  narrated  in  his  "  Pata- 
gonia." Escaping  with  their  lives  from  the  sav- 
ages near  Gregory's  bay,  the  young  explorers  were 
taken  off  by  a  passing  vessel  and  retui-ned  to  New 
London,  where  they  arrived  7  May,  1834.  On  3 
Nov.,  1834,  Mr.  Coan  married  Miss  Fidelia  Church, 
and  on  the  5th  of  the  following  month  the  young 
missionaries  sailed,  with  six  others,  in  the  ship 
"  Hellespont,"  from  Boston,  for  the  Hawaiian 
islands.  They  arrived  at  Honolulu,  via  Cape 
Horn,  6  June,  and  at  Hilo,  which  was  to  be  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Coan's  home  for  life,  31  July,  1835.  For 
two  years  Mr.  Coan  devoted  himself  to  the  study 
of  the  language,  in  which  he  became  a  powerful 
speaker.  His  energetic  and  affectionate  nature,  and 
his  charming  personal  presence,  gave  almost  unex- 
ampled success  to  his  labors.  The  number  of  con- 
versions in  the  years  1838-'40  was  more  than  7,000, 
while  he  received  in  all,  up  to  1883,  13,000  persons 
into  the  Hilo  and  Puna  church.  Throughout  this 
extensive  district,  100  miles  of  coast-line,  a  region 
for  many  years  only  accessible  on  foot.  Dr.  Coan 
made  regular  and  frequent  tours  and  organized 
schools  and  churches ;  and  he  acted  as  its  only 
physician  until  1849,  when  the  mission  board  sent 
out  a  medical  man  to  assist  him.  Mrs.  Coan  estab- 
lished and  for  some  time  conducted  a  seminary  for 
young  Hawaiian  girls.  Dr.  Coan  seized  every  op- 
portunity to  visit  and  to  study  the  great  volcanoes 
of  Hawaii,  of  which  no  history  can  ever  be  written 
that  will  not  depend,  in  large  part,  upon  the  data 
given  in  his  published  descriptions.  The  largest  vol- 
cano in  the  world  was  in  his  parish,  and  for  forty 
years  he  was  the  chief  observer  both  of  Kilauea  and 
of  Mokuaweoweo,  the  summit  crater.  In  1860,  and 
again  in  1867,  he  made  a  tour  of  the  missions  in 
the  Marquesas  islands.  In  1870,  after  a  continuous 
absence  of  thirty-six  years,  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Coan  re- 
visited the  United  States.  His  abounding  energy 
exercised  itself  in  making  239  addresses  in  twenty 
different  states  and  territories  during  the  eleven 
months  of  his  stay.  Mrs.  Coan  died,  after  their  re- 
turn to  Hilo,  exhausted  by  care  and  labor,  29 
Sept.,  1872.  She  was  a  woman  of  flne  mind  and 
great  charm  of  character,  and  to  her  wise  aid  and 
counsel  much  of  Dr.  Coan's  success  was  due.  Dr. 
Coan's   published  writings    are  "  Adventures  in 


666 


COANACATZIN 


COBB 


Patagonia  "  (New  York,  1880) :  "  Life  in  Hawaii  " 
(1882) ;  and  a  multitude  of  articles  in  the  "  Ameri- 
can Journal  of  Science,"  the  "  Missionary  Herald," 
and  otlier  journals. — His  son,  Titiis  Miinson,  phy- 
sician, b.  in  Hilo,  Hawaiian  islands,  27  Sept.,  1830, 
was  educated  at  home  and  in  the  royal  school 
and  the  Punahou  academy  at  Honolulu,  where  he 
was  prepared  for  college.  Coming  to  the  United 
States  in  1856,  he  spent  a  year  at  Yale,  but  went 
subsequently  to  Williams,  where  he  was  graduated 
in  1859.  He  studied  medicine  at  the  New  York 
college  of  physicians  and  surgeons,  and  took  his 
degree  in  1861.  Dr.  Coan  afterward  served  two 
years  in  the  city  hospitals,  and  more  than  two 
years  in  the  U.  S.  navy,  under  Admiral  Farragut, 
as  assistant  surgeon,  1863-'5,  being  present  at  the 
battle  of  Mobile  Bay.  Resigning  from  the  naval 
service  in  December,  1865,  he  resumed  his  residence 
in  New  York,  which  has  been  his  home  ever  since. 
Dr.  Coan  first  became  known  as  a  writer  by  his 
essays  in  the  "  Galaxy  "  (1869-77).  He  has  con- 
tributed many  literary,  critical,  and  technical  pa- 
pers, and  poems,  to  various  periodicals,  and  has 
})ublished  in  book-form  "  Ounces  of  Prevention  " 
(New  York,  1885) ;  a  "  Universal  Gazetteer  "  (a  sup- 
plement to  "  Webster's  Dictionary,"  1885) ;  and  he 
edited  "Topics  of  the  Time"  (6  vols..  New  York, 
1883).  Dr.  Coan  has  written  much  on  the  subject 
of  mineral  springs,  to  which  he  has  given  special 
study  during  repeated  visits  to  Europe. 

COANACATZIN  (co-an-a-cat-tseen'),  twelfth 
king  of  Texcoco,  Mexico  (thirteenth  king,  according 
to  some  authorities),  flourished  in  the  early  part  of 
the  16th  century.  He  succeeded  his  brother,  Caca- 
matzin,  on  the  throne  in  1521,  but  ruled  only  for 
a  short  time,  being  in  dispute  with  his  brother 
Ixtlixochitl.  The  latter  was  aided  by  the  con- 
queror Cortes,  and  effected  the  deposition  of  Coana- 
catzin  in  the  course  of  the  same  year. 

COBB,  Carlos,  merchant,  b.  in  Athens,  Vt.,  28 
Feb.,  1815 ;  d.  in  Tarrytown,  N.  Y.,  16  Sept..  1877. 
He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Rochester.  N.  Y., 
where  he  practised  law  for  several  years.  Becom- 
ing interested  in  geology,  he  made  a  large  collec- 
tion of  fos^ls,  some  of  which  he  gave  to  Yale  col- 
lege, and  others  to  the  Metropolitan  museum.  In 
1845-'6  he  was  geologist  to  a  party  commissioned 
by  the  Canadian  government  to  survey  the  north- 
ern shore  of  Lake  Superior,  and  his  report  was 
published  in  connection  with  that  of  the  commis- 
sion. He  entered  the  produce  comniission  business 
in  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  in  1847,  and  in  1859-'60  prepared 
a  pro-rata  tax  bill,  which  was  defeated  in  the  legis- 
lature. He  removed  to  New  York  in  1862,  when 
he  became  a  member  of  the  produce  exchange,  and 
was  the  first  chairman  of  its  committee  on  grain. 
Many  reforms  were  instituted  in  the  exchange  by 
his  efforts.  Mr.  Cobb  was  a  inan  of  fine  presence 
and  dignified  bearing,  a  genial  and  delightful  com- 
panion. Though  a  democrat  in  politics,  he  invest- 
ed his  fortune  in  government  bonds  in  the  darkest 
days  of  the  war. 

COBB,  David,  soldier,  b.  in  Attleborough, 
Mass.,  14  Sei3t.,  1748;  d.  in  Taunton,  Mass.,  17 
April,  1839.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1766,  studied  medicine  in  Boston,  and  practised  at 
Taunton.  Mass..  for  many  years.  He  was  secretary 
of  the  Bristol  county  convention  of  1774,  and  in 
1775  was  a  delegate  to  the  provincial  congress. 
He  served  in  New  Jersey  and  Rhode  Island  in 
1777-8  as  lieutenant-colonel  of  Heniy  Jackson's 
regiment,  was  for  several  years  an  aide-de-camp  of 
Washington,  and  at  the  close  of  the  war  was  colo- 
nel and  brevet  brigadier-general.  Washington 
intrusted   to   him   the   duty   of  entertaining   the 


French  officers,  and  of  negotiating  with  Sir  Guy 
Carleton  for  the  evacuation  of  New  York.  He 
was  also  an  intimate  friend  of  Gen.  Greene  and 
Gen.  Knox.  Afterward  he  became  major-general 
of  militia,  and  judge  of  the  Bristol  county  court 
of  common  pleas.  During  Shays's  rebellion  he 
declared  that  he  "would  sit  as  a  judge,  or  die  as 
a  general,"  and  by  his  energy  several  times  pro- 
tected his  court  when  it  was  menaced  by  armed 
insurgents,  and  prevented  bloodshed.  He  was 
elected  to  congress  as  a  federalist,  serving  from  2 
Dec,  1793,  till  3  March,  1795,  and  in  1796  became 
a  land  agent  and  farmer  in  Oldsborough.  Me. 
He  was  elected  to  the  Massachusetts  senate  from 
the  eastern  district  of  Maine,  in  1802  was  president 
of  that  body,  was  elected  to  the  council  in  1808, 
and  became  lieutenant-governor  in  1809.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  board  of  military  defence  in  1812, 
and  chief  justice  of  the  Hancock  county  court  of 
common  pleas,  and  returned  to  Taunton  in  1817. 

COBB,  Georg'e  Thomas,  congressman,  b.  in 
Morristown,  N.  J.,  8  Oct.,  1813;  d.  6  Aug.,  1870. 
He  was  employed  in  the  iron-works  at  Dover,  N. 
J.,  and,  subsequently  establishing  himself  in  the 
iron  business,  rapidly  made  a  fortune,  from  which 
he  gave  generously  to  both  public  and  private  ob- 
jects. The  Evergreen  cemetery  in  Morristown 
was  one  of  his  gifts  to  his  native  town,  and  he 
also  gave  $15,000  for  a  school-house,  and  $75,000 
for  a  church.  Mr.  Cobb  was  elected  to  congress 
as  a  Democrat  in  1860,  and  first  sat  in  the  extra 
session,  called  by  President  Lincoln  in  July,  1861, 
to  provide  means  for  suppressing  the  rebellion. 
Mr.  Cobb  at  once  gave  the  administration  his 
hearty  support,  and  his  course  offended  many  of 
his  Democratic  friends  at  home.  The  next  nomi- 
nating convention  of  his  district  passed  resolutions 
condemning  the  war.  Mr.  Cobb  refused  a  renomi- 
nation,  and  Andrew  J,  Rogers  succeeded  him. 
Mr.  Cobb  finally  separated  from  the  Democracy, 
and  in  1865  was  elected  by  the  Republicans  of  Mor- 
ris county  as  state  senator,  and  was  re-elected  in 
1868.  In  1869  he  lost  the  republican  nomination 
for  U.  S.  senator  by  three  votes.  He  was  killed  in 
an  accident  on  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  railroad. 

COBB,  Howell,  soldier,  b.  in  Granville,  N.  C, 
about  1770 ;  d.  in  Georgia  in  1820.  He  became  a 
planter  in  Georgia,  served  in  the  army  as  ensign 
and  captain  from  1793  till  1806,  and  was  in  con- 
gress for  three  successive  terms,  serving  from  1807 
till  1812,  when  he  resigned  to  accept  a  captain's 
commission  in  the  army.  He  served  through  the 
war  of  1813,  resigned  on  the  declaration  of  peace, 
and  lived  on  his  plantation  till  his  death.  ' 

COBB,  Howell,  lawyer,  b.  in  Savannah,  Ga., 
in  1795.  After  serving  an  apprenticeship  to  a 
printer,  he  engaged  in  teaching  in  Perry,  Houston 
county,  till,  in  1827,  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  and 
also  became  a  preacher  in  the  Methodist  church. 
In  1830  he  was  a  state  senator,  and  soon  afterward 
he  established  the  "  Cherokee  Gazette,"  the  first 
paper  printed  in  the  Cherokee  district  after  it  came 
under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  state.  He  was  a  presi- 
dential elector  in  1836,  and  cast  his  vote  for  Hugli 
L.  White.  At  his  instance  the  Georgia  cotton- 
planters  formed  a  corporate  body  for  improving 
the  cidture  of  that  staple.  He  published  a  work 
on  legal  forms  (1845);  "Penal  Code  of  Georgia" 
(Macon,  1850) ;  and  a  work  on  the  African  race. 

COBB,  Howell,  statesman,  b.  in  Cherry  Hill, 
Jefferson  co.,  Ga.,  7  Sept.,  1815 ;  d.  in  New  York 
city,  9  Oct.,  1868.  He  was  gi-aduated  at  Franklin 
college,  Athens,  in  1834,  studied  law,  was  admit- 
ted to  the  bar  in  1836,  and  chosen  an  elector  on 
the   Van   Buren   ticket  the  same   year.     He   was 


COBB 


COBB 


667 


appointed  by  the  legislature  solicitor-general  of 
the  western  circuit  of  Georgia  in  1837,  held  the 
office  for  three  years,  and  during  that  period  ob- 
tained an  extensive  practice.  He  entered  congress 
as  a  democrat  in  1848,  and  served  by  successive  re- 
elections  till  1851.  distinguishing  himself  by  his 
familiarity  with  the  rules,  his  sl^ill  as  a  debater, 
his  vehement  professions  of  love  for  the  Union, 
and  his  equally  earnest  advocacy  of  state  rights. 
His  imperiousness,  and  his  bold  championship  of 
slavery,  made  him  the  leader  of  the  southern  party 
in  the  house  in  1847,  and  he  was  elected  speaker 
in  1849,  after  a  long  and  close  contest.  He  de- 
manded the  extension  of  slavery  into  California 
and  New  Mexico  by  Federal  authority,  and  advo- 
cated the  compromise  measures  of  1850.  An  issue 
being  taken  on  this  latter  question  by  the  south- 
ern rights  extremists  of  Georgia,  he  was  nominated 
for  governor  by  the  Union  party  in  1851,  and  after 

a  violent  con- 
test was  elected 
by  a  large  ma- 
jority. At  the 
expiration  of 
his  term  of  ser- 
vice as  govern- 
or, in  1853,  he 
resumed  the 
practice  of  law, 
but  still  took  an 
active  part  in 
politics.  He 
was  again  elect- 
ed to  congress 
in  1855,  atlvo- 
cated  Mr.  Bu-. 
chanan's  elec- 
tionthroughout 
the  northern 
states  in  1856, 
and  in  1857  became  his  secretary  of  the  treasury. 
He  found  the  treasury  full,  and  the  bonds  repre- 
senting the  national  debt  at  a  premium  of  six- 
teen to  eighteen  per  cent.  He  used  the  surplus 
funds  in  the  treasury  in  purchasing  this  indebted- 
ness at  this  high  premium,  but  the  approach  of 
the  civil  war  so  affected  the  national  credit  that 
he  was  compelled  to  attempt  to  borrow  at  an  exor- 
bitant discount  the  money  necessary  to  defray  the 
ordinary  expenses  of  the  government.  On  10 
Dec,  1800,  he  resigned,  giving  as  his  reason  that 
tlie  state  of  Georgia  (then  about  to  secede)  required 
his  services.  On  his  return  to  Georgia,  he  ad- 
dressed the  people  of  the  state,  urging  forward  the 
secession  movement.  He  was  one  of  the  delegates 
from  Georgia  to  the  provisional  congress  which 
prepared  and  adopted  the  constitution  of  the  Con- 
federacy, and  presided  over  each  of  its  four  ses- 
sions. Of  the  first  Confederate  congress,  that  as- 
sembled 18  Feb.,  1862,  Mr.  Cobb  was  not  a  member; 
but,  having  done  his  utmost  to  organize  the  oppo- 
sition, he  was  withdrawn  from  civil  office,  not 
being  a  favorite  with  Jefferson  Davis.  On  the  de- 
mand of  the  Georgian  members,  the  Confederate 
congress  appointed  him  brigadier-general,  and  sub- 
sequently promoted  him  to  a  major-generalship, 
but  he  took  little  part  in  military  movements.  At 
the  close  of  the  war  he  strongly  opposed  the  re- 
construction measures  as  calculated  to  retard  the 
restoration  of  the  south  to  the  Union,  keep  back 
its  prosperity,  and  destroy  the  negro  race.  See 
a  memorial' volume  edited  by  Samuel  Boykm 
(Philadelphia,  1869).— His  brother,  Thomas  Read 
Rootes,  lawyer,  b.  in  Cherry  Hill,  Ga.,  10  April, 
1823 ;  killed  'at  the  battle  of  Fredericksburg,  Va., 


13  Dec,  18C2,  was  graduated  at  the  University  of 
Georgia  in  1841,  standing  at  the  head  of  his  class, 
was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  was  reporter  of  the 
supreme  court  of  Georgia  from  1849  till  1857,  when 
he  resigned.  He  was  a  trustee  of  the  university, 
was  active  in  the  cause  of  education  in  his  native 
state,  and  had  a  high  reputation  and  large  practice 
as  a  lawyer.  He  was  an  able  and  eloquent  member 
of  the  Confederate  congress,  in  which  he  served  as 
chairman  of  the  committee  on  military  affairs,  and 
afterward  became  a  general  in  the  Confederate 
army.  Mr.  Cobb  was  a  Presbyterian,  took  much 
interest  in  religious  and  educational  matters,  and 
gave  largely  to  the  Lucy  Cobb  Institute.  He  pub- 
lished "Digest  of  the  Laws  of  Georgia"  (1851); 
"  Inquiry  into  the  Law  of  Negro  Slavery  in  the 
United  States"  (Philadelphia,  1858);  "H'istorical 
Sketch  of  Slavery,  from  the  Earliest  Periods" 
(Philadelphia,  1859);  and  several  essays  in  behalf 
of  a  state  system  of  education. 

COBB,  Jonathan  Holmes,  manufacturer,  b.  in 
Sharon,  Mass.,  8  July,  1799 ;  d.  in  Dedham,  Mass., 
12  March,  1882.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1817,  and  numbered  among  his  classmates  George 
Bancroft,  Ciileb  Gushing,  and  Stephen  H.  Tyng. 
Mr.  Cobb  was  one  of  the  first  to  interest  himself 
in  the  cultivation  and  manufacture  of  silk  in  the 
United  States.  In  1825  the  annual  importations 
of  this  material  amounted  to  $10,250,000,  in  conse- 
quence of  which  congress  adopted  measures  direct- 
ing public  attention  to  the  desirability  of  produc- 
ing silk  at  home.  Meanwhile  Mr.  Cobb  succeeded 
in  raising  the  si  Ik- worm  in  Dedham,  and  in  1829 
called  the  attention  of  the  Massachusetts  legisla- 
ture to  the  fact.  This  body  directed  that  a  work 
be  prepared  on  the  subject,  appropriating  $600  for 
the  purpose,  and  Mr.  Cobb  was  asked  to  write  the 
book.  Of  his  "  Mainuxl  of  the  Mulberry-Tree  and 
the  Culture  of  Silk  "  (Boston,  1831),  numerous  copies 
were  distributed  by  the  members  of  the  Massachu- 
setts legislature.  In  1833  the  printing  of  2,000 
copies  was  ordered  by  congress,  which  were  circu- 
lated throughout  the  United  States  by  the  mem- 
bers of  that  body.  The  New  England  silk  com- 
pany, under  the*  superintendence  of  Mr.  Cobb, 
began  operations  about  1835,  with  a  capital  of 
$50,000.  It  employed  sixteen  sewing-silk  ma- 
chines, and,  under  the  protective  duty  of  forty 
per  cent,  on  sewing-silk,  made  arrangements  to 
manufacture  200  pounds  a  week.  A  factory  was 
erected,  which  at  that  time  was  the  largest  build- 
ing in  the  town,  but  it  was  destroyed  by  fire  in 
1844.  From  these  efforts  has  come  the  silk  indus- 
try of  to-day,  which  produces  in  the  United  States 
annually  more  than  $25,000,000  worth  of  silken 
fabrics,  of  so  excellent  quality  that  they  are  fre- 
quently sold  as  of  foreign  manufacture.  In  1820 
Mr.  Cobb  established  the  "  Village  Register,"  and 
in  1831  was  instrumental  in  founding  the  Dedham 
institution  for  savings,  of  which,  for  many  years, 
he  was  secretary.  For  forty-five  years  he  was  regis- 
ter of  probate,,  and  for  twenty-eight  town-clerk. 

COBB,  Lyman,  author,  b.  in  Massachusetts 
about  1800;  d.  in  Colesburg,  Potter  co..  Pa.,  26 
Oct.,  1864.  He  was  one  of  the  greatest  educators 
of  his  time,  and  was  also  active  in  charitable  enter- 
prises, being  a  member  of  numerous  benevolent 
societies.  He  was  the  author  of  "  Evil  Tendency 
of  Corporal  Punishment "  (New  York,  1847),  and 
numerous  text-books,  including  "Just  Standard 
for  Pronouncing  the  English  Language"  (New 
York,  1825);  "  Spelling-Book "  (1826),  with  "In- 
troduction" (1831),  and  "  Expositor  "  (1835) ;  sev- 
eral readers  (1831-'44) ;  "  Miniature  Lexicon  of  the 
English    Language'    (1835-54);    "Arithmetical 


668 


COBB 


COBB 


Rules  and  Tables  "  (1835) ;  a  new  series  of  spell- 
ing-books (1843) :  and  "  New  Pronouncing  School 
Dictionary"  (1843). 

COBB,  Nathaniel  Ripley,  b.  in  Falmouth, 
Me.,  3  Nov.,  1798  ;  d.  in  Boston,  24  May,  1834.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Charles  street  Baptist  church 
in  Boston,  Mass.,  and  when  but  twenty-three  years 
of  age  he  drew  up  and  signed  the  following  re- 
markable document :  "  By  the  grace  of  God,  I  will 
never  be  worth  more  than  $50,000.  By  the  grace 
of  God,  I  will  give  one  fourth  of  the  net  profits  of 
my  business  to  charitable  and  religious  uses.  If  I 
am  ever  worth  $20,000,  I  will  give  one  half  of  my 
net  profits ;  and  if  I  am  worth  $30,000,  I  will  give 
three  fourths,  and  the  whole  after  $50,000.  "  So 
help  me  God,  or  give  to  a  more  faithful  steward, 
and  set  me  aside."  These  resolutions  he  kept  to 
the  letter.  As  one  result,  he  gave  to  Newton  theo- 
logical seminary  at  different  times  about  $15,000. 

COBB,  Stephen  Alonzo,  b.  in  Madison,  Me., 
17  June,  1833 ;  d.  in  August,  1878.  He  went  with 
his  father  to  Minnesota  in  1850,  where  he  engaged 
in  the  lumber  business,  meanwhile  preparing  for 
college.  After  two  years  in  Beloit  college  he 
went  to  Brown,  where  he  graduated  in  1858,  and 
in  1859  removed  to  Wyandotte,  Kansas,  and  began 
the  practice  of  law.  In  18G2  he  was  a  state  sena- 
tor, but  entered  the  army,  served  through  the  war, 
and  rose  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel.  In 
1809  he  again  became  a  member  of  the  state  sen- 
ate. In  1871  he  was  elected  to  the  house,  in  1872 
was  speaker  of  that  body,  and  mayor  of  Wyan- 
dotte in  1862  and  1868.  He  was  elected  to  con- 
gress in  1872,  and  served  on  the  committees  on 
post-roads  and  the  state  department.  He  was  re- 
nominated in  1874,  but  was  defeated, 

COBB,  Sylvaniis,  clergyman,  b.  in  Norway, 
Me.,  in  July,  "1799  ;  d.  in  East  Boston,  31  Oct.,  1866. 
In  1828  he  was  settled  over  Universalist  churches 
at  ]\Ialden  and  Waltham,  Mass.,  and  in  1838  took 
charge  of  the  *'  Christian  Freeman,"  which  he  edit- 
ed for  more  than  twenty  years.  He  was  for  many 
years  a  leader  in  the  anti-slavery  and  temperance 
movements.  Dr.  Cobb's  published  works  include 
"  The  New  Testament,  with  Explanatory  Notes " 
(Boston,  1864) ;  "  Compend  of  Divinity  "  and  "  Dis- 
cussions."— His  son,  Sylvanus,  author,  b.  in 
Waterville,  Me.,  in  1823;  d.  in  Hyde  Park,  Mass., 
20  July,  1887,  was  editor  and  publisher  of  a  pa- 
per called  "  The  Rechabite,"  edited  the  "  New 
England  Washingtonian,"  and  was  a  principal 
contributor  to  "  Gleason's  Pictorial,"  "  Flag  of 
Our  Union,"  and  the  New  York  "Ledger."  He 
published  "  The  Autobiography  of  Rev.  Sylvanus 
Cobb,"  with  a  memoir  (Boston,  1867),  and  numer- 
ous tales,  including  "  The  King's  Talisman  "  (Hart- 
ford, 1851);  "The  Patriot  Cruiser"  (New  York, 
1859) ;  and  "  Ben  Hamed  "  (Boston,  1864).— Another 
son,  Cyrus,  artist,  b.  in  Maiden,  Mass.,  6  Aug.,  1834, 
was  graduated  at  Lyman  school.  East  Boston,  in 
1848,  and  afterward  studied  the  higher  mathe- 
matics and  classics.  He  and  his  twin  brother  Da- 
rius studied  art  together,  and  refused  opportuni- 
ties for  European  study,  wishing  to  have  no  master 
but  nature.  While  perfecting  themselves  in  art 
the  brothers  retired  together  at  midnight  and  rose 
before  sunrise,  and  they  have  since  been  closely 
identified  in  their  work.  At  this  time  they  prac- 
tised mental  mathematical  calculation,  as  an  exer- 
cise to  prepare  the  mind  for  future  work,  and  at- 
tained great  proficiency,  for  example,  in  multiplying 
large  numbers  mentally.  Cyrus  began  the  study 
of  law  in  1869,  to  enable  himself  and  his  brother 
to  bring  out  their  large  historical  works.  He  was 
graduated  at  the  Boston  university  law-school  in 


1873,  and  practised  till  1879,  when  he  resumed  his 
art  work.  Among  his  sculptures  are  a  bust  of  B. 
P,  Shillaber  (1867),  the  Cambridge  Soldiers'  Monu- 
ment (1869),  an  heroic  bas-relief  of  Prospero  and 
Miranda  (1883),  heroic  statue  of  Abbott  Lawrence 
(1885 -'6),  "  Ancient  Celtic  Bard  contemplating  the 
Future  Woes  and  Dawning  Light  of  Ireland  "  (1886), 
and  a  bust  of  Theodore  Parker  (1880).  His  paint- 
ings include  "  Jesus  Condemned,"  containing  about 
thirty  figures,  those  in  the  foreground  of  colossal 
size  (1879);  "Warren  at  the  Old  Scath"  (1880); 
and  portraits  of  Dr.  A.  P.  Peabody  and  Dr.  J.  Ap- 
pleton.  Mr.  Cobb  has  paid  much  attention  to 
music,  is  a  member  of  the  Boylston  club,  and  has  a 
tenor  voice  of  great  compass.  Both  the  brothers 
have  led  orchestras,  and  in  later  years  have  directed 
choruses.  Mr.  Cobb  has  written,  besides  other 
poems,  thirty  sonnets  on  the  "  Masters  of  Art," 
which  appeared  in  the  Boston  "  Transcript,"  and 
are  to  be  published  in  book-form.  Both  the  broth- 
ers served  in  the  civil  war  in  the  44th  Massachu- 
setts regiment.  To  set  forth  the  aim  and  purpose 
of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic,  Cyrus  has 
written  a  novel,  "  Veteran  of  the  Grand  Army " 
(Boston,  1870). — Cyrus's  twin  brother,  Darins,  b. 
in  Maiden,  Mass.,  6  Aug.,  1834,  studied  with  his 
brother  at  the  same  schools,  and  has  painted  por- 
traits, landscapes,  and  figure-pieces.  The  latter 
include  "  Judas  in  the  Potter's  Field  "  and  "  King 
Lear"  (1877);  "Christ  before  Pilate,"  his  chief 
work,  which  has  been  highly  praised,  and  which 
has  been  engraved  (1878) ;  "  For  Their  Sakes,"  a 
temperance  painting  (1879);  and  "Washington  on 
Dorchester  Heights  "  (1880).  In  conjunction  with 
Cyrus  he  has  painted  a  rendering  of  Leonardo  da 
Vinci's  "  Last  Supper,"  which  has  been  pronounced 
the  best  ever  made.  These  are  all  large  exhibition 
pictures,  varying  from  six  to  nine  feet  in  length. 
His  portraits  include  that  of  Collector  Simmons,  in 
the  Boston  custom-house  (1875),  and  one  of  Rufus 
Choate,  purchased  by  the  SulJolk  bar  in  1877. 
Those  of  Gov.  Andrew  (1868)  and  Prof.  Agassiz 
(1883)  are  owned  by  Harvard.  Among  other  por- 
traits by  his  hand  is  one  of  Charles  Sumner,  a 
two-thirds  length  of  Henry  Wilson,  bought  in  1876 
by  his  native  town,  and  those  of  Cyrus  and  Sylva- 
nus Cobb,  Jr.,  sent  to  the  Centennial  exhibition. 
Among  his  landscapes  is  "  Back  Bay  Lands."  Mr. 
Cobb  has  assisted  his  brother  Cyrus  in  his  musical 
work,  has  lectured  on  art  before  lyceums  and  col- 
leges, and  was  art  editor  of  the  Boston  "  Traveller  " 
for  several  years.  Pie  has  written  poems  on  art 
and  nature,  and  numerous  essays  in  periodicals,  not 
yet  published  in  book-form,  and  also  has  an  art 
novel  in  manuscript. 

COBB,  Thomas  W.,  senator,  b.  in  Columbia 
county,  Ga.,  in  1784;  d.  in  Greensborough,  Ga., 
1  Feb.,  1830.  His  father,  John  Cobb,  emigrated 
from  Virginia.  Thomas  studied  law  with  William 
H.  Crawford,  settled  in  Lexington,  Ga.,  and  soon 
became  distinguished  in  his  profession.  He  served 
two  terms  in  congress,  from  1817  till  1821,  took  his 
seat  again  in  1823,  and  before  the  expiration  of  his 
term,  in  1824,  was  chosen  U.  S.  senator  in  place  of 
Nicholas  Ware,  deceased.  He  resigned  in  1828,  and 
became  a  judge  of  the  superior  court  of  his  state. 
Senator  Cobb  was  an  eloquent  debater,  one  of  his 
best  speeches  being  on  Gen.  Jackson's  policy  in  the 
Florida  campaign.  Together  with  Mercer,  of  Vir- 
ginia, and  Clay,  of  Kentucky,  he  advocated  a  vote 
of  censure  on  that  officer.  He  was  also  prominent 
in  the  debates  on  the  Missouri  question  in  1819. 
He  wrote  several  admirable  political  essays. — His 
son,  Joseph  Beckham,  author,  b.  in  Oglethorpe 
county,  Ga.,  11  April,  1819  ;  d.  in  Columbus,  Ga.,  15 


COBBETT 


COBBS 


669 


Sept.,  1858,  was  educated  at  Wilmiiifjton,  S.  C,  and 
at  Franklin  college,  Athens,  Ga.  He  removed  in 
1838  to  Noxubee  county.  Miss.,  where  he  devoted 
himself  to  literary  pursuits.  He  was  elected  to  the 
state  convention  as  a  whig  in  1851,  was  several 
times  a  member  of  the  state  senate,  and  in  1853 
was  an  American  candidate  for  congress.  He  pub- 
lished "  The  Creole,  or  the  Siege  of  New  Orleans," 
a  novel  (Philadelphia,  1850) ;  "  Mississippi  Scenes, 
or  Sketches  of  Southern  and  Western  Life  and 
Adventure "  (1850) ;  and  "  Leisure  Labors  "  (New 
York,  1858).  He  was  a  frequent  contributor  of 
political  essays  to  the  "  American  Review." 

COBBETT,  Thomas,  clergyman,  b.  in  New- 
bury, England,  in  1608;  d.  in  Ipswich,  Mass.,  5 
Nov.,  1685.  He  studied  at  Oxford,  but  left  on  ac- 
count of  the  plague,  and  became  a  pupil  of  Dr. 
Twiss.  To  avoid  further  persecution  for  his  non- 
conformity, he  emigrated  to  Massachusetts  in  1637 
with  Davenport,  and  was  a  colleague  to  his  old 
friend,  Mr.  Whiting,  of  Lynn,  until,  in  1656,  he 
became  pastor  of  the  first  church  in  Ipswich,  where 
he  remained  until  his  death.  He  was  remarkable 
for  the  frequency  of  his  prayers,  and  his  assurance 
of  their  efficacy.  In  1645  he  published  a  work  on 
infant  baptism;  in  1653,  "The  Civil  Magistrate's 
Power  in  Matters  of  Religion,  modestly  debated," 
etc.;  in  1654,  "A  Practical  Discourse  of  Prayer"; 
in  1656,  "On  the  Honor  due  from  Children  to  their 
Parents";  and  a  "Narrative  of  New  England's 
Deliverances"  (in  "New  England  Historical  and 
Genealogical  Register,"  vol.  vii.). 

COBBETT,  WiUiaiu,  British  journalist,  b.  in 
Farnham,  Surrey,  9  March,  1762 ;  d.  there,  18  June, 
1835.  His  father  was  a  fariner  and  innkeeper, 
and  a  man  of  some  intelligence,  who  gave  his  son 
such  rudimentary  education  as  he  could.  At  the 
age  of  twenty-one,  having  spent  his  boyhood  work- 
ing in  the  fields,  (jobbett  went  to  London  and  got 
a  place  as  clerk  in  an  attorney's  office.  But,  unable 
to  endure  the  confinement  of  this  place,  which  he 
called  a  "  hell  on  earth,"  he  enlisted  in  the  54th 
infantry  regiment  and  was  sent  to  Chatham.  Here 
he  devoted  every  spare  moment  to  learning  English 
grammar.  He  went  to  Canada  with  his  regiment 
and  served  till  1791,  when  he  obtained  an  honora- 
ble discharge,  having  reached  the  grade  of  sergeant- 
major.  On  5  Feb.,  1792,  he  married,  at  Woolwich, 
Anne,  daughter  of  Thomas  Reid,  a  sergeant-major 
of  artillery.  She  was  a  woman  of  remarkable  force 
of  character.  Cobbett's  object  in  quitting  the 
array  was  to  bring  certain  officers  to  justice  for 
having  in  various  ways  wronged  both  the  public 
and  the  soldiers.  With  this  purpose  he  visited 
London  and  laid  his  complaints  before  the  govern- 
ment, but  with  little  or  no  success.  He  then  went 
to  France  and  remained  there  six  months,  learning 
the  language ;  but  the  anarchy  of  1792  made  it  so 
uncomfortable  there  that  he  crossed  the  ocean  and 
settled  in  Philadelphia.  Here  he  advocated  the 
•cause  of  the  federalist  party,  and  under  the  name  of 
"  Peter  Porcupine  "  wrote  a  series  of  powerful  pam- 
phlets, in  which  the  French  revolutionists  and  their 
sympathizers  were  severely  criticised.  He  also  at- 
tacked Dr.  Benjamin  Rush,  who  advocated  the  cure 
of  yellow  fever  and  other  dangerous  maladies  by 
wholesale  bleeding.  Cobbett  compared  him  very 
effectively  to  Dr.  Sangrado  ;  but  the  irascible  Rush 
brought  suit  for  libel,  and  obtained  a  verdict  for 
f  5,000  damages.  As  the  costs  of  suit  amounted  to 
f  3,000  more,  this  was  a  heavy  blow.  In  1800  Cob- 
bett returned  to  London,  opened  a  book-shop,  and 
published  the  "  Works  of  Peter  Porcupine  "  (12 
vols.),  which  had  an  immense  sale.  He  soon 
founded  the  "Weekly  Political  Register,"  which 
VOL.  I. — 43 


continued  to  be  published  during  his  lifetime. 
The  success  of  this  paper  was  so  great  that  Cob- 
bett gre.v  rich  and  was  able  to  buy  a  large  estate 
in  the  country.  He  wrote  with  great  asperity,  but 
usually  with  much  justice  and  good  sense.  His 
command  of  English  was  extraordinary,  and  he 
was  an  inveterate  toe  to  humbug  and  tyranny. 
Thus  he  made  himself  obnoxious  to  the  govern- 
ment, and  was  often  prosecuted  for  libel.  One  of 
these  cases  became  celebrated.  In  July,  1810,  for 
sharply  denouncing  the  flogging  of  English  militia- 
men by  German  officers,  he  was  fined  £1,000  and 
sentenced  to  two  years'  imprisonment  in  Newgate. 
His  friends  immediately  raised  the  money  as  a 
testimonial  of  their  sympathy,  but  he  was  kept  in 
prison  during  the  whole  of  the  two  years.  In  1816 
he  established  an  occasional  paper,  called  "  Two- 
penny Trash,"  which  had  so  great  a  sale  and  pro- 
duced such  effect  upon  workingmen  as  to  rouse  the 
hostility  of  the  government,  so  that  Cobbett  felt  it 
necessary  to  retreat  for  two  years  to  the  United 
States,  where  he  leased  a  farm  on  Long  Island.  In 
1819  he  returned  to  England,  and  devoted  himself 
to  authorship.  In  1832,  being  then  seventy  years 
old,  Mr.  Cobbett  was  elected  to  parliament  for  the 
borough  of  Oldham.  He  had  distinguished  him- 
self as  an  advocate  of  Catholic  emancipation  and 
parliamentary  reform,  but,  in  spite  of  his  personal 
celebrity,  his  influence  in  the  house  of  commons 
was  but  slight.  On  25  May,  1835,  in  the  midst  of 
a  debate  on  the  malt  tax,  he  was  struck  down  by 
heart  disease,  and  died  soon  after  being  removed 
to  his  country  house  at  Farnham.  Asa  writer  of 
English  prose,  Mr.  Cobbett  ranks  among  the  high- 
est. He  was  extremely  industrious  and  temperate 
in  his  habits,  and  thus  acquired  a  good  deal  of 
learning  and  accomplished  a  great  amount  of  lit- 
erary work.  Among  his  published  books  are  a 
"  History  of  the  Protestant  Reformation  in  Eng- 
land and  Ireland,"  a  "  History  of  England,"  "  A 
Year's  Residence  in  America,"  "  Advice  to  Young 
Men  and  Women."  "  Cottage  Economy,"  and  es- 
pecially his  English  and  French  grammars,  which 
are  of  themselves  very  entertaining.  He  also  com- 
piled twenty  volumes  of  parliamentary  debates.  As 
a  satirist  he  has  had  few  if  any  superiors,  after 
Swift  and  Junius,  and  he  was  so  ready  to  wield  his 
stinging  pen  that  Sir  Henry  Bulwer  calls  him.  in 
the  title  of  an  essay,  "  The  Contentious  Man,"  Yet 
he  was  very  domestic  in  disposition,  and  devotedly 
loved  by  his  family  and  friends.  See  "  William 
Cobbett ;  a  Biography,"  by  Edward  Smith  (2  vols., 
London,  1878),  and  "Historical  Characters,"  by 
Sir  Henrv  L.  Bulwer  (London,  1868). 

COBBS,  Nicholas  Hamner,  P.  E.  bishop,  b.  in 
Bedford  county,  Va.,  5  Feb.,  1796;  d.  in  Mont- 
gomery, Ala.,  il  Jan.,  1861.  While  studying  for 
the  ministry  in  the  Episcopal  church  he  was  en- 
gaged in  teaching  for  several  years.  He  was  or- 
dained deacon  in  Staunton,  Va.,  in  May,  1824,  by 
the  Rt.  Rev.  R.  C.  Moore,  D.  D..  and  priest  the 
next  year,  in  Richmond,  Va.,  by  the  same  bishop. 
He  was  occupied  in  pastoral  work  in  his  native 
county  for  fifteen  years.  In  1839  he  became  rector 
of  St.  Paul's  church,  Petersburg,  Va.,  and  in  1843 
accepted  a  call  to  the  rectorship  of  St.  Paul's 
church,  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  In  1844  he  was  elected 
bishop  of  Alabama,  being  the  first  to  preside  over 
that  diocese,  and  was  consecrated  in  Philadelphia, 
20  Oct.,  1844.  Bishop  Cobbs  was  a  faithful  over- 
seer of  the  work  couuaitted  to  his  charge.  A  noble 
charity  in  Montgomery  bears  the  name  of  "  The 
Bishop  Cobbs  llouie  for  Orphans,"  See  "A  Saint 
I  of  the  Southern  Church,"  a  memoir,  by  the  Rev. 
I  Greenougii  White,  A.  M.  (New  York,  1897). 


670 


COBOS 


COCHRAN 


COBOS,  Marcelino,  Mexican  bandit,  b.  in 
Manresa,  Spain,  about  1825;  d.  in  December,  ISfiO. 
He  emigrated  to  Mexico  about  1845,  and  enrolled 
himself  in  the  famous  guerillas  commanded  by 
Father  Javanta,  with  whom  he  served  during  the 
whole  campaign  against  the  Americans  (1847-'8). 
A  few  years  afterward  he  served  in  the  reactionary 
bands  during  the  civil  war,  and  was  noted  for  his 
extreme  boldness  and  terrible  cruelties.  At  the 
head  of  his  300  guerillas,  all  well  equipped  and 
mounted,  he  became  the  terror  of  the  farmers  and 
inhabitants  of  small  towns.  His  lieutenants  were 
then  Gonzalez  (afterward  made  a  general  and 
pi'esident  of  Mexico)  and  Buitron,  who  was  shot 
by  the  I'epublicans  upon  the  downfall  of  Maximil- 
ian's empire.  It  is  said  that  Cobos  ordered  the  as- 
sassination of  the  Mexican  general  Santos  Degol- 
lado,  and  many  other  monstrous  crimes.  The  bat- 
tle of  Calpulalpan,  fought  between  the  troops  of 
the  conservative  and  liberal  parties  (21  to  24  Dec, 
1860),  decided  the  contest  in  favor  of  the  latter, 
and  the  victors  ruled  the  country  until  the  French 
army  invaded  Mexico  in  1863.  Cobos,  who  had 
taken  part  in  this  battle,  fled  to  the  mountains 
with  a  few  of  his  men,  but  some  rancheros  fol- 
lowed, captured  and. beheaded  him,  taking  his  head 
in  triumph  to  the  city  of  Mexico. 

COBURN,  Abner,  merchant,  b.  in  Skowhegan, 
Me.,  22  March,  1803  ;  d.  there,  4  Jan.,  1885.  His 
father,  Eleazar,  a  land-surveyor,  several  times  rep- 
resented the  town  of  Canaan  (now  embraced  in 
Skowhegan)  in  the  legislatures  of  Massachusetts 
and  Maine.  Though  employed  in  early  life  on  his 
father's  farm,  Abner  spent  several  terms  at  Bloom- 
field  academy,  and  in  1825  became  a  surveyor.  The 
knowledge  obtained  in  this  profession  led  him  into 
the  lumber  business,  which  he  prosecuted  for  more 
than  half  a  century  with  ability  and  success.  He 
began  to  take  an  interest  in  railway  enterprises  in 
1854,  and  became  director  or  president  of  several 
important  lines.  In  1838  he  was  elected  as  a  whig 
to  the  Maine  legislature,  and  again  in  1840.  In 
1852,  when  Gen.  Scott  was  the  whig  candidate  for 
president,  he  was  on  the  electoral  ticket.  In  1855 
he  was  a  member  of  Gov.  Morrill's  council,  and  in 
1857  held  the  same  office  under  Govs.  Hamlin  and 
Williams.  In  1860  he  was  an  elector  on  the  Lincoln 
ticket  and  chosen  governor  of  Maine  in  1862,  fill- 
ing the  office  during  most  of  the  year  1863  and 
supporting  the  national  government  with  devotion 
and  fidelity.  His  last  public  service  was  rendered 
in  1884,  when  he  was  one  of  the  Republican  electors 
and  was  made  their  chairman.  Gov.  Coburn  was 
active  in  philanthropic  movements,  and  evinced  a 
practical  interest  in  higher  education.  He  was 
president  of  tlie  managers  of  the  College  of  agri- 
culture and  mechanic-arts,  and  vice-president  of 
the  board  of  trustees  of  Colby  university.  He  gave 
largely  in  his  lifetime  to  aid  schools  and  colleges 
and  the  building  of  churches,  especially  in  connec- 
tion with  the  Baptist  denomination,  to  which  he 
was  warmly  attached.  He  bequeathed  to  various 
educational,  religious,  and  charitable  institutions 
over  $800,000,  including  $200,000  to  Colby  uni- 
versity, $100,000  to  the  Maine  state  college  of  agri- 
culture, $200,000  to  the  American  Baptist  home 
missionary  society,  and  $100,000  to  tlie  American 
Baptist  missionary  union. 

COBURN,  Charles  Rittenhonse,  educator,  b. 
in  Bradford  county.  Pa.,  5  June,  1809 ;  d.  in  Har- 
risburg,  Pa.,  9  March,  1869.  He  was  almost  wholly 
self-taught,  and,  having  acquired  sufficient  knowl- 
edge to  instruct,.he  was  engaged  in  1827,  at  a  salary 
of  eight  dollars  a  month,  to  take  charge  of  a  small 
school  in  Uwego,  N.  Y.     In  1837  he  became  assist- 


ant in  tlie  Owego  academy,  and  remained  there  for 
ten  years,  with  occasional  interruptions  from  ill 
health  and  a  brief  attendance  at  the  State  normal 
school.  In  1848-'50  he  was  president  of  the  New 
York  teachers'  association,  and  in  1852-'3  one 
of  the  editors  of  the  "  New  York  Teacher."  He 
has  lectured  frequently  on  educational  topics.  In 
1853  he  received  the  honorary  degree  of  A.  M. 
from  Madison  university.  In  1854  he  took  charge 
of  the  normal  and  mathematical  department  of 
Susquehanna  collegiate  institute,  Bradford  county. 
Pa.,  and  from  1857  till  1863  superintendent  of 
schools  for  the  same  county.  He  was  state  super- 
intendent of  schools  for  Pennsylvania  from  1863 
till  1866,  and  previously  was  president  of  the  State 
teachers'  association  for  one  year.  In  1866  he  was 
elected  superintendent  of  schools  at  Harrisburg, 
an  office  whicth  he  held  at  the  time  of  his  death. 

COCHRAN,  David  Henry,  educator,  b.  in 
Springville,  N.  Y.,  5  July,  1828.  He  was  graduated 
at  Hamilton  in  1850,  and  received  from  it  the  degree 
of  LL.  D.  in  1869.  He  was  professor  of  natural 
sciences  at  the  Clinton  liberal  institute  in  1850-1, 
principal  of  Fredonia  academy  from  1852  till  1854, 
professor  of  natural  sciences  in  the  State  normal 
school  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  in  1854-'5,  and  its  presi- 
dent from  1855  till  1864.  In  the  last-named  year 
he  became  president  of  the  Broolvlyn  polytechnic 
institute,  where  he  entirely  reorganized  the  courses 
of  study.  In  1862  Prof.  Cochran  visited  the  prin- 
cipal educational  institutions  of  Europe,  under  the 
direction  of  the  executive  committee  of  the  normal 
school,  and  he  has  travelled  widely  through  the 
mining  districts  of  the  United  States  and  British 
America.  He  is  a  trustee  of  Hamilton  college,  has 
lectured  much  in  New  York  state,  and  published 
educatioTial  and  scientific  reports. 

COCHRAN,  James,  inventor,  b.  in  Batavia,  N. 
Y.,  in  1763;  d.  31  Dec,  1846.  He  was  a  brass- 
founder  in  Philadelphia,  and  Franklin  frequently 
visited  his  shop.  He  invented  tlie  art  of  making 
cut  nails,  and  also  claimed  to  have  made  the  first 
copper  cents  in  this  country. 

COCHRAN,  John,  surgeon,  b.  in  Sudsbury, 
Chester  co.,  Pa.,  1  Sept.,  1730;  d.  in  Palatine, 
Montgomery  co.,  N.  Y.,  6  April,  1807.  He  was  the 
son  of  James,  an  emigrant  to  Chester  county,  Pa., 
in  the  early  part  of 
the  18th  century. 
He  was  instructed  at 
the  grammar -scliool 
of  Dr.  Francis  Alli- 
son, and  acquired  a 
knowledge  of  surgery 
and  medicine  from 
his  preceptor,  Dr. 
Thompson,  at  Lan- 
caster. Pa.  At  the 
beginning  of  the 
French  and  Indian 
war  in  1755  he  en- 
tered the  British  ser- 
vice as  a  surgeon's 
mate  in  the  hospital 
department.  When 
Gen.  Bradstreet 

marched  against  Fort 
Frontenac  in  the 
summer  of  1758,  he 
joined  him,  together 

with  Maj.  (afterward  Gen.)  Philip  Schuyler.  At 
the  close  of  the  war  his  reputation  as  a  surgeon 
was  fully  established.  He  first  settled  in  Albany, 
and  married  Gertrude,  a  sister  of  Gen.  Schuyler, 
but   soon  afterward  he   removed  to   New  Bruns- 


^iT^'ii^^ 


y/f/'Tt^ 


COCHRAN 


COCHRANE 


671 


•wick,  N.  J.,  where  he  practised  his  profession  and 
was  president  of  the  Medical  society  of  New  Jer- 
sey, and,  late  in  1776,  offered  his  services  as  a  vol- 
unteer in  the  hospital  department  of  the  Revolu- 
tionary army.  On  the  recommendation  of  Wash- 
ington he  was  appointed  physician  and  surgeon- 
general  in  the  middle  department,  and  on  17 
Jan.,  1781,  congress  appointed  him  director-gen- 
eral of  hospitals,  and  his  experience  enabled  him 
to  make  great  improvements  in  the  hospital  ser- 
vice. Soon  after  peace  had  been  declared  he  re- 
moved with  his  family  to  New  York,  and  on  the 
adoption  of  the  Federal  constitution  Washington 
made  him  commissioner  of  loans  for  tliat  state. 
— His  grandson,  John,  lawyer,  b.  in  Palatine, 
Montgomery  co.,  N.  Y.,  27  Aug.,  1813 ;  d.  in  New 
York  city,  7  Feb.,  1898,  was  graduated  at  Hamil- 
ton college,  Clinton,  N.  Y.,  in  1831.  He  studied 
law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  of  New  York  in 
1834.  From  1853  till  1857  he  was  surveyor  of  the 
port  of  New  York,  and  from  1857  till  1861  a  rep- 
resentative from  that  city  in  congress.  On  4  July, 
1858,  he  was  deputed  by  the  common  council  of 
the  city  of  New  York  to  convey  to  his  native  state 
of  Virginia  the  remains  of  President  James  Mon- 
roe, who  had  died  in  New  York  and  been  buried 
there.  On  11  June,  1861,  he  was  commissioned 
colonel  of  the  1st  U.  S.  chasseurs,  which  he  com- 
manded at  Fair  Oaks,  Malvern  Hill,  and  other 
battles  of  the  peninsular  campaign.  He  became 
brigadier-general  of  volunteers  on  17  July,  1863, 
and  was  assigned  a  brigade  in  Couch's  division  of 
the  Army  of  the  Potomac.  He  was  with  the  re- 
serve at  the  battle  of  Antietam,  and  afterward 
pursued  the  retreating  enemy,  resigning  from  the 
army  on  27  Feb.,  1862,  in  consequence  of  serious 
physical  disability.  In  1864  he  was  nominated  at 
Cleveland,  Ohio,  by  the  convention  of  independent 
republicans,  for  vice-president  of  the  United  States 
on  the  ticket  with  Gen.  John  C.  Fremont  for  presi- 
dent. In  1863-'5  he  was  attorney-general  of  the 
state  of  New  York,  and  in  1869  tendered  the  mis- 
sion to  Paraguay  and  Uraguay,  which  he  declined. 
In  1872  he  was  one  of  the  "New  York  delegation  to 
the  convention  of  the  liberal  republican  party  that 
met  at  Cincinnati,  and  was  chiefly  instrumental  in 
securing  the  nomination  of  Horace  Greeley  for  the 
presidency.  In  1872  he  was  a  member  of  the  com- 
mon council  of  the  city  of  New  York  and  presi- 
dent of  the  board,  and  was  acting  mayor  during 
the  temporary  retirement  of  Mayor  Hall  in  the 
midst  of  the  Tweed  ring  disclosures,  and  again  a 
member  of  the  council  in  1883.  Gen.  Cochran  was 
president  of  the  Society  of  the  Cincinnati. 

COCHRAN,  John  Webster,  inventor,  b.  in 
Enfield,  N.  H.,  16  May,  1814.  In  1832,  with  a  cash 
capital  of  $1.25,  he  walked  110  miles  to  Boston, 
and  in  1833  patented  a  steam-heating  apparatus.  In 
1834  he  invented  a  revolving,  breech-loading  rifled 
cannon,  in  which  the  cylinder  was  automatically 
rotated  by  the  cocking  of  the  hammer — the  same 
principle  that  afterward  secured  the  success  of  the 
revolving  pistol.  He  visited  France  in  1835. 
showed  his  model  to  the  Turkish  ambassadoi-,  and 
went  to  Constantinople  on  the  invitation  of  Sultan 
Mahmoud,  who  rewarded  him  liberally.  He  lived 
in  France  in  1839-47,  and  afterward  'in  England, 
where  he  invented  machinery  for  the  curvilinear 
sawing  of  timber,  which  was  adopted  by  the  Brit- 
ish government.  After  his  return  to  this  country 
he  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  fire-arms  and 
projectiles  and  in  perfecting  various  inventions. 

COCHRANE,  Sir  Alexander  Forester  Ingrlis, 
British  naval  officer,  b.  22  April,  1758  :  d.  in  Paris, 
26  Jan.,  1832.     He  was  a  son  of  the  Scottish  Earl 


of  Dundonald,  and  distinguished  himself  in  wars 
with  the  United  States  and  France,  especially  for 
an  unequal  combat  with  five  French  vessels  in 
Chesapeake  bay.  He  was  made  a  post-captain  in 
1782  and  a  rear-admiral  in  1804.  He  was  knighted 
for  his  gallant  conduct  and  meritorious  services  in 
a  battle  against  the  French  in  1806  near  Hayti, 
and  in  1809  was  made  vice-admiral.  He  com- 
manded the  British  fleet  on  the  American  station 
in  the  war  of  1812-'5,  and  assisted  the  land  forces 
in  taking  Washington  in  August,  1814,  and  in  the 
attack  on  New  Orleans.  He  was  made  admiral  of 
the  blue  in  1819. — His  son.  Sir  Thomas  John,  b. 
about  1790 ;  d.  in  1872,  served  as  captain  under 
his  father  in  the  war  against  the  United  States  in 
1814.  He  was  elected  to  parliament  in  1837,  was 
afterward  made  a  rear-admiral,  commanded  in  the 
East  Indies  from  1842  till  1846,  and  became  vice- 
admiral  about  1850. — Another  son,  John  Dnndas, 
traveller,  b.  about  1780 ;  d.  in  South  America,  12 
Aug.,  1825,  entered  the  British  navy  at  the  age  of 
ten,  and  attained  the  rank  of  captain.  In  1815  he 
began  a  series  of  journeys  on  foot  through  France, 
Spain,  and  Portugal.  After  a  plan  for  exploring 
the  interior  of  Africa  and  the  course  of  the  Niger, 
submitted  by  him  in  1820  to  the  British  admiralty, 
had  been  declined,  he  determined  upon  making  a 
tour  of  the  world,  as  much  as  possible  on  foot,  in- 
tending to  cross  from  Asia  to  America  at  Bering 
strait,  and  started  from  London  in  February, 
1820,  but  gave  up  the  project  after  reaching  Kamt- 
schatka.  Afterward  he  went  to  South  America, 
where  he  was  engaged  in  mining  enterprises  at  the 
time  of  his  death.  In  1824  he  published  "  Narra- 
tive of  a  Pedestrian  Journey  through  Russia  and 
Siberian  Tartary,  from  the  Frontiers  of  China  to 
the  Frozen  Sea  and  Kamtschatka  "  (London,  1824). 

COCHRANE, Clark  Beaton,  b.  in  New  Boston, 
N.  H.,  in  1817;  d.  in  Albaiiy,  N.  Y.,  5  March,  1867. 
He  was  graduated  at  Union,  and  devoted  himself 
to  the  study  of  law.  In  1844  he  was  chosen  a  mem- 
ber of  the  assembly,  on  the  democratic  ticket,  from 
Montgomery  county.  He  was  one  of  the  primitive 
barnburners,  supported  Van  Buren  and  Adams  in 
1848,  and  in  1854  vigorously  opposed  the  Kansas- 
Nebraska  bill,  after  which  he  acted  with  the  repub- 
lican party.  In  1856  he  was  elected  to  congress 
from  the  Schenectady  district,  and  in  1858  was  re- 
elected. The  following  year,  his  health  becoming 
affected  by  the  excitement  of  congressional  life,  he 
was  obliged  to  return  home  for  temporary  rest,  and 
after  the  expiration  of  his  term  resided  in  Albany, 
devoting  himself  to  his  profession.  In  1865  he 
accepted  a  nomination  for  the  legislature.  He  was 
the  acknowledged  leader  of  the  house,  and  his  tact 
in  quieting  angry  debate  gave  him  the  title  of 
"  The  Great  Pacificator." 

COCHRANE,  Matthew  Henry,  Canadian  sena- 
tor, b.  in  Compton,  Quebec,  11  Nov.,  1824.  He  re- 
sided with  his  father  on  the  farm  until  he  was 
eighteen  years  of  age,  when  he  went  to  Boston  and 
engaged  in  the  shoe  business.  He  returned  to 
Canada  in  1854  and  established  the  same  business, 
in  which  he  is  still  engaged,  being  head  of  tlie  firm 
of  Cochrane,  Cassils  &  Co.  In  1864  he  became  an 
importer  of  fine  breeds  of  cattle  and  horses.  He 
is  a  trustee  of  Lenoxville  university,  a  member  of 
the  council  of  agriculture  of  Quebec,  and  connect- 
ed as  director  or  president  with  various  other  in- 
dustrial and  financial  enterprises.  Politically  he 
is  a  conservative,  and  he  was  called  to  the  Do- 
minion senate,  on  17  Oct.,  1872. 

COCHRANE,  William,  Canadian  clergyman, 
b.  in  Paisley.  Scotland,  9  Feb.,  1831.  He  attended 
the  parish  school  in  his  native  town  until  twelve 


672 


COCK 


COCKE 


years  of  age,  when  he  was  employed  in  a  book- 
store, in  which  he  remained  for  about  ten  years, 
and  then  entered  the  University  of  Glasgow.  He 
emigrated  to  the  United  States  in  1854,  and  was 
graduated  at  Hanover  college,  Indiana,  in  1857. 
He  studied  theology  at  Princeton,  and  in  February, 
1859,  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  presbytery  of 
Madison,  Ind.,  and  on  7  June  became  pastor  of  the 
Scotch  Presbyterian  church,  Jersey  City,  N.  J.  On 
13  May,  18G2,  he  became  pastor  of  Zion  Presbyte- 
rian church,  Brantford,  Ontario.  In  1864  he  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  M.  A.  from  Hanover  college, 
and  in  1875  that  of  D.  D.  He  is  a  frequent  con- 
tributor to  current  literature,  and  has  published 
four  volumes  of  sermons,  "  The  Heavenly  Vision," 
"  Christ  and  Christian  Life,"  "  Warning  and  Wel- 
come," and  "  Future  Punishment." 

COCK,  Tliomas,  physician,  b.  in  Glen  Cove,  L. 
I.,  in  1782;  d.  in  New  York  city,  14  June,  1869. 
He  studied  medicine  in  company  with  Dr.  Valen- 
tine Mott,  in  the  office  of  Dr.  Valentine  Seaman, 
at  that  time  a  noted  practitioner,  whose  partner 
he  afterward  became.  During  the  epidemic  of 
yellow  fever,  in  1822,  he  was  untiring  in  his  efforts 
to  overcome  the  disease ;  and  again,  during  the 
cholera  of  1832,  his  devotion  was  recognized  by 
the  city  authorities  in  the  presentation  of  a  ser- 
vice of  silver.  In  his  long  career  he  occupied  va- 
rious places  of  honor  and  importance  in  the  pro- 
fession. He  was  visiting  physician  to  the  New 
York  hospital  from  1819  till  1834,  and  consulting 
physician  after  that  year ;  became  a  fellow  of  the 
College  of  physicians  and  surgeons  in  1820  ;  was  its 
vice-president  from  1827  until  1855  ;  its  president 
from  1855  till  1858;  and  president  of  the  New 
York  academy  of  medicine  in  1852.  He  was  also 
professor  of  anatomy  and  physiology  in  Queen's 
(now  Rutgers)  college,  N.  J.,  from  1812  till  1826. 
Dr.  Cock  was  long  an  active  member,  and  at  his 
death  a  vice-president,  of  the  American  Bible  so- 
ciety. Infirmity  and  ill  health  compelled  him  to 
retire  from  practice  some  years  before  his  death. 

COCKBURN,  Alexander  Peter  (ko'-burn),  Ca- 
nadian merchant,  b.  in  Finch,  Stormont,  Ontario, 
7  April,  1837.  He  was  educated  in  his  native  town, 
and  became  a  merchant  and  forwarder.  He  repre- 
sented North  Victoria  in  the  Ontario  assembly  from 
1867  till  1871,  and  has  represented  Muskoka  in  the 
house  of  commons  since  1872.  While  in  parliament 
he  labored  successfully  to  promote  a  vigorous  poli- 
cy for  the  development  of  the  northern  districts  by 
the  construction  of  railways  and  roads,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  a  liberal  land  policy  for  actual  settlers. 
Since  1865  he  has  written  extensively  on  the  sub- 
ject. His  publications  include  "  A  Few  Weeks  in 
the  North,"  the  "  Settler's  Guide,"  and  the  "  Tour- 
ist's Guide  "  (1868). 

COCKBURN,  Sir  George,  British  naval  officer, 
b.  in  London,  22  April,  1772 ;  d.  19  Aug.,  1853.  He 
entered  the  navy  in  his  ninth  year,  served  on  the 
East  India,  home,  and  Mediterranean  stations,  be- 
coming post-captain  in  1795,  and  was  thanked  by 
the  house  of  commons  in  1809  for  his  services  as 
commander  of  the  naval  force  on  shore,  in  the 
operations  by  which  Martinique  came  into  the  pos- 
session of  Great  Britain.  In  1811  he  was  sent  on 
an  unsuccessful  mission  for  the  reconciliation  of 
Spain  and  her  American  colonies.  He  became  a 
rear-admiral  in  1812,  and  took  a  conspicuous  part 
in  the  war  with  the  United  States.  In  April,  1813, 
he  took  position  with  his  squadron  in  Lyini  Haven 
bay,  and  sent  off  marauding  expeditions  in  all  di- 
rections to  the  coasts  of  Virginia,  Delaware,  and 
Maryland.  He  deprived  three  villages  on  the 
Chesapeake  of  property  worth  about  f  70,000,  laid 


many  towns  in  ashes,  burned  farm-houses,  and  car- 
ried away  live  stock  and  slaves,  wiiich  were  after- 
ward sold  in  the  West  Indies  on  Cockburn's  own 
account.  He  took  the  fortified  works  at  Hampton 
on  26  June,  and  in  July  captured  two  islands  and 
two  small  war-vessels  in  North  Carolina.  In  the 
latter  part  of  the  year  he  sailed  as  far  as  the  Georgia 
coast,  plundering  as  he  went.  In  August,  1814,  he 
accompanied  the  expedition  against  the  city  of 
Washington,  and,  in  conjunction  with  Gen.  Ross, 
defeated  a  small  force  of  Americans  at  Bladens- 
burg,  Md.,  four  miles  from  the  capital,  on  the  24th 
of  that  month.  Cockburn  and  Ross  then  entered 
the  city,  accompanied  by  a  guard  of  200  men,  and 
burned  the  public  buildings  and  some  private  prop- 
erty. Cockburn  was  concerned  in  the  unsuccessful 
attempt  to  capture  Baltimore  in  September,  1814. 
In  1815  he  received  the  order  of  the  bath,  and  in 
the  autumn  of  that  year  carried  Napoleon  to  St. 
Helena.  He  served  repeatedly  as  member  of  par- 
liament and  as  lord  of  the  admiralty,  was  made 
admiral  of  the  fleet  in  1851,  and  in  1852  inherited 
a  baronetcv  from  his  brother. 

COCKBURN,  George  Ralph  Richardson,  Ca- 
nadian educator,  b.  in  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  15 
Feb.,  1834.  He  was  educated  at  Edinburgh  high 
school  and  at  the  university,  where  he  was  gradu- 
ated in  1857.  Subsequently  he  studied  in  France 
and  Germany.  He  ai'rived  in  Canada  in  1858,  was 
soon  afterward  appointed  to  the  rectorship  of  the 
model  grammar-school  of  Upper  Canada,  and  with- 
in a  short  time  was  commissioned  to  inspect  the 
higher  educational  institutions  of  the  province. 
This  investigation  extended  over  a  period  of  two 
years,  and  its  results  were  given  to  the  public  in 
two  reports,  in  which  the  condition  of  the  schools 
and  the  need  of  higher  educational  facilities  were 
set  forth.  The  principal  institutions  of  learning 
in  the  United  States  were  then  visited  by  Mr. 
Cockburn.  In  1861  he  was  appointed  principal  of 
Upper  Canada  college  and  a  member  of  the  senate 
of  Toronto  university.  Under  his  management 
the  college  has  obtained  a  high  reputation  for  the 
thoroughness  of  its  teaching.  He  is  a  thorough 
philologist  and  Latin  scholar.  In  1887  he  was 
elected  to  the  Dominion  parliament  for  centre 
Toronto. 

COCKBURN,  James,  Canadian  statesman,  b. 
near  Berwick,  on  the  Scottish  borders,  13  Feb., 
1819 ;  d.  in  Ottawa,  14  Ang.,  1883,  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  Berwick  grammar-school  and  at  Up- 
per Canada  college,  studied  law,  and  was  admitted 
to  the  Upper  Canada  bar  in  1846.  He  was  ap- 
pointed solicitor-general  of  Upper  Canada  and  a 
member  of  the  cabinet  in  March,  1864,  and  re- 
tained those  offices  until  the  union  in  1867.  In 
November  of  that  year  he  was  unanimously  elected 
first  speaker  of  the  Dominion  house  of  commons, 
and  in  February,  1872,  was  chosen  speaker  of  the 
second  parliament.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Que- 
bec confederation  conference  in  1864.  He  was  a 
liberal-conservative. 

COCKE,  John  Hartwell,  b.  in  Surry  county, 
Va.,  19  Sept.,  1780;  d.  in  Fluvanna  county,  Va.,  1 
July,  1866.  He  was  graduated  at  William  and  Mary 
in  1798,  and  was  general  commanding  the  Virginia 
troops  at  Camp  Carter  and  Camp  Holly,  on  the 
Chickahominy,  in  1812  and  1813,  in  defence  of  the 
city  of  Richmond.  He  was  vice-president  of  the 
American  temperance  society  and  of  the  American 
colonization  society,  and  a  member  of  the  first 
board  of  visitors  of  the  University  of  Virginia. 

COCKE,  Philip  St.  George,  soldier,  b.  in  Vir- 
ginia in  1808 ;  d.  in  Powhatan  county,  Va.,  26 
Dec,  1861.     He  was  graduated  at  the  U.  S.  military 


COCKE 


CODDINGTON 


673 


academy  in  1832,  assigned  to  the  2d  artillery,  and 
served  at  Charleston,  S.  C,  during  the  nullification 
excitement  in  1882-3.  lie  was  adjutant  from 
1883  till  1834,  and  resigned  on  1  April  of  the  lat- 
ter year.  He  then  devoted  himself  to  planting  in 
Virginia  and  Mississippi,  and  was  president  of  the 
Virginia  state  agricultural  society  from  1853  till 
1856.  He  was  made  a  brigadier-general  in  the 
Confederate  service  early  in  1801,  and  commanded 
the  5th  brigade  at  the  first  battle  of  Bull  Run. 
After  an  eight  months'  campaign  he  returned 
home,  shattered  in  body  and  mind,  and  shot  him- 
self in  a  paroxysm  of  insanity.  He  published 
"Plantation  and  Farm  Instruction"  (1852). 

COCKE,  WiHiaiii,  senator,  b.  in  Virginia  about 
1740;  d.  in  Columbus,  Miss..  22  Aug.,  1828.  He 
began  the  practice  of  law,  and  after  serving  as  a 
member  of  the  Virginia  leijisJature  and  a  colonel 
of  militia  he  went  to  Tennessee,  where  he  became 
brigadier-general  of  militia.  When  Tennessee  was 
admitted  into  the  Union  in  1796,  Cocke  and  Will- 
iam Blount  were  elected  as  its  first  U.  S.  senators. 
Cocice  served  from  5  Dec,  1796.  till  1797,  and 
again  from  1799  till  3  March.  1805.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  legislature  in  1813,  a  judge  of  the 
circuit  court,  and  in  1814  appointed  by  President 
Madison  Indian  agent  for  the  Chickasaw  nation. 
He  has  a  monument  in  Columbus,  Miss. — His  son, 
John,  soldier,  b.  in  Brunswick,  Nottaway  co.,  Va., 
in  1772;  d.  in  Rutledge,  Granger  co.,  Tenn.,  16 
Feb.,  1854.  He  went  with  his  father  to  Tennessee 
early  in  life,  and,  after  receiving  a  common-school 
education,  studied  law  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar.  He  was  a  member  of  the  first  legislature  in 
1796,  speaker  of  the  house  for  many  years,  and 
afterward  became  a  member  of  the  state  senate. 
He  was  made  major-general  of  the  East  Tennessee 
six-months'  volunteers  on  25  Sept.,  1813,  com- 
manding them  in  the  Creek  war,  was  made  colonel 
of  a  regiment  of  Tennessee  volunteers  on  13  Nov., 
1814,  and  served  under  Jackson  at  New  Orleans. 
He  was  elected  to  congress  for  four  successive 
terms,  serving  from  6  Dec,  1819,  till  3  March, 
1827,  after  which  he  devoted  himself  to  planting. 

COCKRELL,  Francis  Marion,  senator,  b.  in 
Johnson  county,  Mo.,  1  Oct.,  1834.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Chapel  Hill,  Mo.,  in  1853,  studied  law,  was 
admitted  to  the  bar,  and  practised  in  Warrens- 
burg.  He  entered  the  Confederate  army,  where  he 
rose  to  be  a  colonel,  commanding  the  1st  Missouri 
brigade  under  Gen.  Bowen,  which  was  routed  at 
Baker's  Creek,  and  he  was  afterward  commissioned 
a  brigadier-general.  He  never  held  a  public  office 
untirelected  as  a  democratic  senator  in  congress 
from  Missouri,  to  succeed  Carl  Schurz,  taking  his 
seat  on  4  March,  1875.  He  was  re-elected  in  1880 
for  the  term  expiring  3  March,  1887. 

CODAZZI,  Ag-ostine  (ko-dat'-see),  Italian  en- 
gineer, b.  in  Lugo,  Italy,  in  1792 ;  d.  in  1859.  He 
made  several  campaigns  under  Napoleon,  and  af- 
terward distinguished  himself  as  an  engineer  in 
South  America.  He  went  to  Santa  Fe  de  Bogota 
about  1826,  entered  the  Colombian  service  as  lieu- 
tenant-colonel of  artillery,  and  was  employed  in 
making  charts  and  preparing  plans  of  defence. 
Gen.  Paez  appointed  him  in  1831  to  prepare  charts 
of  the  new  republic  of  Venezuela,  and  he  was  occu- 
pied until  1840  with  this  work,  taking  part  twice 
during  that  time  in  defensive  military  expeditions. 
In  1838  and  1889  he  conducted  an  exploration  to 
the  interior  of  Guiana,  penetrating  nearly  to  the 
sources  of  the  Orinoco.  He  was  made  a  colonel  in 
the  Venezuelan  army,  afterward  established  a  Ger- 
man colony  in  the  republic  and  in  1848  was  em- 
ployed by  the  government  of  New  Granada  upon 


a  topographical  survey.  During  his  later  explora- 
tions he  visited  the  isthmus  of  Panama  to  ascer- 
tain the  possibility  of  cutting  a  canal  through  it. 
Col.  Codazzi  published  "  Resiimen  de  la  Gcografia 
de  Venezuela,"  with  an  extensive  chart  of  the 
country  (Paris,  1841),  and  other  works. 

CODDINtr,  Ichabod,  clergyman,  b.  in  Bristol. 
N.  Y.,  in  1811 ;  d.  in  Baraboo.'Wis.,  17  June,  1866. 
He  became  a  popular  temperance  lecturer  at  the 
age  of  seventeen,  and  during  his  junior  year  at 
Middlebury,  where  he  entered  in  1834,  interested 
himself  so  much  in  the  anti-slavery  movement  that 
he  obtained  leave  to  speak  publicly  in  its  behalf. 
His  addresses  raised  such  a  storm  of  opposition  that 
his  life  was  several  times  in  danger,  and  the  col- 
lege faculty,  fearing  the  popular  fury,  represented 
that  his  absence  was  without  permission.  Codding 
compelled  them  to  retract  this  statement,  and  then, 
leaving  the  college,  served  for  five  years  as  agent 
and  lecturer  of  the  Anti-slavery  society,  speaking 
continually  in  New  England  and  New  York.  It  is 
said  that  he  never  lost  his  self-command,  though 
often  assailed  by  mobs.  He  removed  to  the  west 
in  1842,  entered  the  Congregational  ministry,  and 
held  pastorates  in  Princeton,  Lockport,  Joliet,  and 
elsewhere.  He  also  continued  to  lecture  in  the 
west,  where  he  was  greatly  admired  and  loved. 

CODDINGTON,  WiHlam,  founder  of  the  colo- 
ny of  Rhode  Island,  b.  in  Lincolnshire,  England, 
in  1601 ;  d.  1  Nov.,  1678.  He  was  one  of  the  Mas- 
sachusetts magistrates  appointed  by  tiie  crown, 
and  arrived  al  Salem  in  the  ship  "  Arbella,"  in 
1680.  While  exercising  his  judicial  functions,  he 
traded  as  a  merchant  in  Boston,  and  accumulated 
real  estate  at  Braintree.  With  Gov.  Vane,  he 
sympathized  with  the  Antinomian  party,  and  at 
the  general  election  of  May,  1637,  when  Winthrop 
superseded  Vane  as  governor,  Coddington's  name 
was  dropped  from  the  roll,  but  on  the  following 
day  both  he  and  Vane  were  elected  deputies  to  the 
court  from  Boston.  When  Mrs.  Hutchinson  was 
tried,  Coddington  imdertook  her  defence  against 
Winthrop  and  his  party,  and  also  unsuccessfully 
opposed  the  banishment  of  Wheelwright  and  other 


Antinomians.  Wishing  to  enjoy  peace,  eighteen 
of  the  party,  led  by  Coddington  and  John  Clark, 
removed  in  1688,  iiitcnding  to  settle  on  Long  Isl- 
and, or  Delaware  bay,  but,  by  the  advice  of  Roger 
Williams,  selected  the  island  of  Aquidneck,  now 
Rhode  Island,  for  their  home.  Having  di-awn  up 
and  signed  an  agreement  to  be  "  judged  and  guided 
by  the  absolute  laws  of  Christ,"  Coddington  was 
elected  judge  or  chief  magistrate,  witii  a  council 
of  three  elders,  who  were  enjoined  by  a  vote  of  the 
freemen  to  be  guided  by  God's  laws.  At  a  general 
election,  iield  in  Newport,  12  March.  1640.  the  titles 
of  judge  and  ejder  were  abolished,  and  Coddington 
was  elected  governor,  with  a  deputy  and  four  as- 
sistants.    He  continued  in  ofhee  until  a  charter 


674 


CODMAN 


COFFIN 


was  obtained  and  the  island  incorporated  with  the 
Providence  plantations  in  1647,  when  John  Cogges- 
hall  became  president  of  the  colony,  and  Codding- 
ton  was  chosen  assistant  from  Newport.  He  was 
made  president  in  1648,  but  did  not  enter  on  the 
duties  of  the  office.  At  this  time,  owing  to  the 
disturbed  state  of  the  colony,  he  formed  the  pro- 
ject of  withdrawing  the  island  of  Aquidneck  fi'ora 
its  rule.  In  September,  with  Capt.  Partridge,  he 
presented  a  petition  begging  that  the  island  might 
be  received  into  a  league  with  the  united  New 
England  colonies,  which  was  refused,  on  the 
ground  that  Aquidneck  rightfully  belonged  to 
Plymouth.  Failmg  in  his  designs,  Coddington 
went  to  England  in  1649,  and,  after  a  delay  of  two 
years,  obtained  from  the  council  of  state  a  commis- 
sion to  govern  the  islands  of  Rhode  Island  and 
Conanicut  during  his  life.  In  the  autumn  of  that 
year  the  colonists,  including  those  of  Newport  and 
Portsmouth,  urged  Roger  Williams  and  John  Clark 
to  go  to  England  to  secure  the  revocation  of  Cod- 
dington's  commission.  This  they  succeeded  in 
doing  in  October,  1652,  and  Coddington's  "usurpa- 
tion "  was  at  an  end.  But  he  refused  to  give  up 
the  records,  and  it  was  not  until  1655  that  he 
formally  submitted  to  the  colony.  He  united  with 
the  Quakers  in  1665,  and  in  1674  was  chosen  gov- 
ernor of  the  colony.  He  was  re-elected  in  1675, 
and  again  in  1678,  just  before  his  death.  He  pub- 
lished "  Demonstration  of  True  Love  unto  the 
Rulers  of  Massachusetts,  by  one  who  was  in  au- 
thority with  them"  (1674).  There  is  an  alleged 
portrait  of  Gov.  Coddington  in  the  council-cham- 
ber at  Newport.  Tiie  accompanying  illustration  is 
a  representation  of  his  house  at  Newport.  See 
"  William  Coddington  in  Rhode  Island  Colonial 
Affairs "  (No.  4  of  "  Rhode  Island  Historical 
Tracts,"  Providence,  1878). 

COUMAN,  John,  clergyman,  b.  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  8  Aug.,  1783 ;  d.  in  Dorchester,  23  Dec, 
1847.  His  father,  John,  was  a  Boston  merchant 
and  a  member  of  the  Massachusetts  senate.  Young 
Codman  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1802,  and 
began  the  study  of  law;  but,  in  accordance  with 
his  father's  dying  wish,  he  abandoned  it  for  the- 
ology. After  studying  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  he 
went  to  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  in  1805.  and  spent 
three  years  abroad,  during  the  last  of  which  he 
preached  at  the  Scotch  church  in  Swallow  street, 
London.  He  returned  to  the  United  States  in 
May,  1808,  and  in  December  became  pastor  of  the 
recently  organized  second  church  at  Dorchester, 
Mass.,  where  he  remained  until  his  death.  During 
the  early  part  of  his  pastorate  he  caused  dissatis- 
faction in  his  congregation  by  refusing  to  exchange 
with  clergymen  whose  orthodoxy  was  doubtful, 
and  this  finally  led  to  the  organization  of  a  new 
church.  The  excitement  produced  by  his  course 
was  so  great  that  he  was  on  one  occasion  forcibly 
kept  out  of  his  pulpit.  In  1834-'5  Dr.  Codman 
was  a  delegate  to  the  Congregational  union  of 
England  and  Wales,  and  he  again  visited  Europe 
in  1845.  He  inherited  wealth  from  his  father,  and 
gave  freely.  Among  his  gifts  were  a  large  sum  of 
money  to  Princeton  theological  seminary,  and  his 
library  of  several  thousand  volumes  to  Andover. 
Dr.  Codman  published  numerous  sermons,  many 
of  which  were  afterward  collected  in  a  volume 
(1834),  and  "  A  Visit  to  England  "  (1836).  A  memoir 
by  Dr.  William  Allen,  with  six  select  sermons,  was 
published  after  his  death  (1853). — His  son,  John,  b. 
in  Dorchester,  Mass.,  16  Oct.,  1814,  left  Amherst 
in  his  junior  year,  1833,  and  finished  his  education 
on  the  sea,  becoming  a  captain  in  the  merchant 
marine.     He  has  travelled  widely,  and  is  known  as 


an  advocate  of  free  ships  and  free-trade.  He  has 
contributed  to  periodicals,  and  published  "  Sailors' 
Life  and  Sailors'  Yarns  "  (New  York,  1846) ;  "  Ten 
Months  in  Brazil"  (1872);  "The  Mormon  Country" 
(1876) ;  and  "  The  Round  Trip  "  (1881). 

CODY,  William  Frederick,  scout,  b.  in  Scott 
county,  Iowa,  26  Feb.,  1845.  When  he  was  about 
seven  years  old  his  father  removed  to  Kansas,  then 
an  unsettled  territory,  where  he  was  killed  in  what 
was  known  as  the  "  Border  war."  When  the  pony 
express  was  established  across  the  plains  in  the 
spring  of  1860,  William  became  one  of  the  most 
fearless  and  daring  among  its  riders.  At  the  be- 
ginning of  the  civil  war  he  acted  as  government 
scout  and  guide,  being  chiefly  employed  in  Arkan- 
sas and  southwestern  Missouri.  In  1863  he  enlist- 
ed in  the  7th  Kansas  cavalry,  was  promoted,  and 
served  with  distinction  as  scout  until  the  close  of 
the  war.  In  1867  he  entered  into  a  contract  with 
the  Kansas  Pacific  railway  in  western  Kansas,  at 
a  monthly  compensation  of  $500,  to  deliver  all  the 
buffalo  meat  that  would  be  required  for  food  for  the 
army  of  laborers  employed,  and  in  eighteen  months 
he  killed  4,280  buffaloes,  earning  the  title  of  "  Buf- 
falo Bill,"  by  which  he  was  afterward  familiarly 
known.  Cody  again  entered  the  government  ser- 
vice in  1868  as  a  scout  and  guide,  and  after  a  series 
of  dangerous  rides  as  bearer  of  important  des- 
patches through  a  country  infested  with  hostile 
Indians,  was  appointed  by  Gen.  Sheridan  chief 
scout  and  guide  for  the  5th  cavalry  against  the 
Sioux  and  Cheyennes.  He  then  served  with  the 
Canadian  river  expedition  during  1868-'9,  and  until 
the  autumn  of  1872  was  with  the  army  on  the 
western  border.  In  1872  he  was  elected  a  member 
of  the  Nebraska  legislature,  but,  after  serving  a 
short  time,  resigned,  and  made  a  successful  appear- 
ance on  the  stage  in  Chicago.  At  the  beginning 
of  the  Sioux  war  in  1876  he  discharged  his  dra- 
matic company,  joined  the  5th  cavalry,  and  was 
engaged  in  the  battle  of  Indian  Creek,  where  he 
killed  in  a  hand-to-hand  conflict  the  Cheyenne 
chief  Yellow-Hand,  At  the  close  of  the  campaign 
he  returned  to  the  stage,  and  in  1883  organized 
an  exhibition  called  the  "  Wild  West,"  whose  ob- 
ject was  to  give  a  realistic  picture  of  life  on  the 
frontier.  His  actors  included  actual  Indians, 
Mexicans,  and  "  cowboys,"  and  in  1886  he  con- 
tracted to  take  his  company  to  Europe  during  1887. 

COFFIN,  Charles  Carleton,  author,  b.  in 
Boscawen,  N.  II.,  26  July,  1823:  d.  in  Brookline, 
Mass.,  2  March,  1896.  lie  labored  on  his  father's 
farm  till  he  was  of  age,  and  was  so  desirous  to 
acquire  knowledge  that  he  studied  at  night.  He 
worked  as  a  civil  engineer  from  1845  till  1848,  and 
then  bought  a  farm,  but  abandoned  it  on  account 
of  failing  health.  He  then  gave  his  attention  to 
telegraphy,  constructed  the  time  line  between  Har- 
vard observatory  and  Boston,  in  1849,  and,  when  in 
charge  of  the  Boston  telegraphic  fire-alarm,  sent 
out  the  first  signal  over  the  system,  29  April,  1852. 
After  writing  for  some  of  the  New  Hampshire  pa- 
pers, he  began  contributing  to  the  Boston  press  in 
1851,  spending  much  time  upon  his  articles,  some 
of  which  he  rewrote  ten  times  befoi-e  sending  them 
to  the  printer.  From  1855  till  1860  he  held  vari- 
ous places  on  the  Boston  "Journal,"  the  "Atlas," 
and  the  "  Traveller."  When  the  civil  war  began, 
Mr.  Coffin  became  war-correspondent  for  the 
"  Journal,"  writing  under  the  pen-name  of  "  Carle- 
ton."  He  witnessed  many  important  battles,  and 
was  in  almost  every  engagement  from  the  Wilder- 
ness to  the  taking  of  Richmond,  often  rendering 
important  service  to  the  military  authorities  by  his 
knowledge  of  engineering.    Pie  was  also  the  "  Jour- 


COFFIN 


COFFIN 


675 


nal's"  correspondent  during  the  Prusso-Austrian 
war  of  1806,  and  at  its  completion  made  the  cir- 
cuit of  the  world,  returning  part  of  the  way  from 
San  Francisco  by  stage,  the  Pacific  railroad  not 
being  completed.  During  his  travels,  which  lasted 
two  and  a  half  years,  Mr.  Coffin  wrote  a  weekly 
letter  to  the  Boston  "  Journal."  He  lectured  be- 
fore the  Lowell  institute,  and  was  for  years  a  popu- 
lar lyceura  lecturer.  He  also  appeared  several 
times  before  congressional  committees,  to  present 
arguments  on  the  labor  question.  He  was  for 
some  time  a  resident  of  Boston,  and  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Massachusetts  legislature  in  1884  and 
1885,  serving  on  important  committees.  He  pub- 
lished "  The  Great  Commercial  Prize,"  advocating 
the  construction  of  a  railway  over  the  Northern 
Pacific  route  (1858) ;  "  Davs  and  Nights  on  the  Bat- 
tle-Field" (Boston,  1804)*;  "Following  the  Flag" 
and  "Winning  His.Wav,"  a  storv  (1865);  "Four 
Years  of  Fighting  "  (1860) ;  "  Our  New  Way  Round 
the  World  "  (1809);  "  The  Seat  of  Empire"  (1870) ; 
"  Caleb  Krinkle,  a  Story  of  American  Life  "  (1875) ; 
"  History  of  Boscawen  "  (1877) ;  "  Boys  of  '76  " 
<New  York,  1879);  "Story  of  Libertv"  (1878); 
"Old  Times  in  the  Colonies"  (1880);'  "Life  of 
Garfield  "  (Boston,  1880) ;  "  Building  the  Nation  " 
(New  York,  1883);  and  "  Drum-Beiit  of  the  Na- 
tion," the  first  volume  of  a  series  (1887). 

COFFIN,  John  Huntiiigtou  Crane,  mathe- 
matician, b.  in  Wiscasset,  Me.,  14  Sept.,  1815 ;  d. 
in  Washington,  D.  C,  8  Jan.,  1890.  In  the  year 
1836  he  was  appointed  professor  of  mathematics 
in  the  U.  S.  navy,  and  in  that  capacity  served  on 
the  "  Vandalia "  and  the  "  Constellation,"  in  the 
West  India  squadron,  at  Norfolk  navy-yard,  and 
on  the  Florida  surveys,  until  1843.  when  he  was 
placed  in  charge  of  the  mural  circle  in  the  U.  S. 
naval  observatory  in  Washington.  After  1853  he 
was  intrusted  with  the  department  of  mathematics, 
and  subsequently  that  of  astronomy  and  naviga- 
tion, at  the  U.  S.  naval  academy.  In  1805  he  was 
appointed  to  the  charge  of  the  "  American  Epheme- 
ris  and  Nautical  Almanac,"  then  published  in  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.,  but  since  1867  in  Washington,  D.  C. 
In  this  capacity  he  remained  until  1877,  when  he 
was  placed  on  the  retired  list,  having  been  senior 
professor  of  mathematics  since  1848.  Prof.  Coffin 
was  a  member  of  the  American  academy  of  sci- 
ences, Boston,  the  American  philosophical  society, 
Philadelphia,  and  was  one  of  the  original  mem- 
bers of  the  National  academy  of  sciences.  In  1884 
he  received  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.  D.  from 
Bowdoin.  Besides  many  smaller  articles,  he  pub- 
lished "  Observations  with  the  Mural  Circle  at  the 
U.  S.  Naval  Observatory,  with  Explanations,  For- 
mulas, Tables,  and  Discussions,  1845-9,"  in  the  vol- 
umes of  the  observatory  for  those  years ;  "  The 
€ompass,"  local  deviations  (1863);  "Navigation 
and  Nautical  Astronomy  "  (New  York,  1808),  the 
last  two  having  been  prepared  for  use  in  the  U.  S. 
naval  academy ;  "  The  American  Ephemeris  and 
Nautical  Almanac,"  edited  (1808  till  1879);  also 
"  Personal  Errors  in  Observations  of  the  Declina- 
tion of  Stars  "  in  "  Gould's  Astronomical  Journal  " 
(1850) ;  and  "  Observations  of  the  Total  Eclipse  of 
the  Sun,  August.  1869  "  (Washington,  1884). 

COFFIN,  Joshua,  antiquarv,  b.  in  Newbury, 
Mass.,  12  Oct.,  1793 ;  d.  there,  24  June.  1864,  He 
was  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1817,  and  taught 
for  many  years,  numbering  among  his  pupils  the 
poet  Whittier,  who  addressed  to  him  a  poem  enti- 
tled "  To  My  Old  School-Master."  3Ir.  Coffin  was 
ardent  in  the  cause  of  emancipation,  and  was  one 
of  the  founders  of  the  New  England  anti-slavery 
society  in  1832,  being  its  first  recording  secretary. 


He  published  "  The  History  of  Ancient  Newtury  " 
(Boston,  1845),  genealogies  of  the  Woodman,  Lit- 
tle, and  Toppan  families,  and  magazine  articles. 

COFFIN,  Levi,  piiilanthropist,  b.  near  New 
Garden,  N.  C,  28  Oct.,  1798;  d.  in  Avondale,  Ohio, 
16  Sept.,  1877.  His  ancestors  were  natives  of  Nan- 
tucket. He  assisted  on  his  father's  farm  and  had 
but  little  schooling,  yet  he  became  a  teacher.  The 
cruel  treatment  of  the  negroes,  and  the  Quakers 
principles  under  which  he  was  reared,  enlisted  his 
sympathies  in  favor  of  the  oppressed  race,  and  at 
the  age  of  fifteen  he  began  to  aid  in  the  escape  of 
slaves.  Subsequently  he  organized  a  Sunday-school 
for  negroes,  and  in  1822  opened  his  first  school. 
In  1826  he  settled  in  Wayne  county,  Ind.,  where  he 
kept  a  country  store.  Being  pi'osperous  in  this 
undertaking,  he  soon  enlarged  his  business  in  vari- 
ous lines,  including  also  the  curing  of  pork.  In 
1836  he  built  an  oil-mill  and  began  the  manufac- 
ture of  linseed-oil.  Meanwhile  his  interest  in  the 
slaves  continued,  and  he  was  active  in  the  "  under- 
ground railroad,"  a  secret  organization,  whose  pur- 
pose was  the  transportation  of  slaves  from  member 
to  member  until  a  place  was  reached  where  the 
negro  was  free.  Thousands  of  escaping  slaves 
were  aided  on  their  way  to  Canada  by  him,  in- 
cluding Eliza  Harris,  who  subsequently  became 
known  through  "  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin."  The  ques- 
tion of  using  only  "  free-labor  goods  "  had  been  for 
some  time  agitated  throughout  the  United  States, 
and  in  1840  a  convention  was  held  in  Salem,  Ind., 
at  which  Mr.  Coffin  was  chosen  to  oj)en  such  a 
store  in  Cincinnati.  Accordingly  he  moved  to  that 
city  in  April,  1847.  The  undertaking  proved  suc- 
cessful, and  he  continued  to  be  so  occupied  for 
many  years.  His  relations  with  the  "  underground 
railroad  "  were  also  continued,  and  he  became  its 
president.  In  1803  he  was  associated  in  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  freedmen's  bureau,  and  during  the 
following  year  was  sent  to  Europe  as  agent  for  the 
Western  freedmen's  aid  commission.  He  held 
meetings  in  all  of  the  prominent  cities  in  Great 
Britain,  enlisted  much  sympathy,  and  secured 
funds.  Again  in  1807  he  visited  Europe  in  the 
same  capacity.  When  the  colored  people  of  Cin- 
cinnati celebrated  the  adoption  of  the  fifteenth 
amendment  to  the  United  States  constitution,  he 
formally  resigned  his  office  of  president  of  the 
"underground  railroad,"  which  he  had  held  for 
more  than  thirty  years.  The  story  of  his  life  is 
told  in  "  Reminiscences  of  Levi  Coffin,  the  Reputed 
President  of  the  Underground  Railroad "  (Cin- 
cinnati, 1870). 

COFFIN,  Robert  Allen,  educator,  b.  in  Will- 
iamsburg, Mass.,  23  Aug.,  1801;  d.  in  Conway, 
Mass.,  4  Sept.,  1878.  He  was  graduated  at  Am- 
herst in  1825,  after  which  he  taught  in  North- 
ampton, and  became  principal  of  academies  in 
New  Ipswich,  N.  H.,  Warren,  R.  I.,  New  Bed- 
ford, Mass.,  and  elsewhere.  His  last  years  were 
spent  in  Conway,  Mass.,  where  he  was  chiefly  em- 
ployed as  an  accountant,  though  giving  instruc- 
tion almost  to  the  last.  In  1850-7  he  represented 
Conway  in  the  Massachusetts  legislature.  Mr. 
Coffin  was  an  occasional  contributor  to  the  relig- 
ious magazines,  and  published  "  Compendium  of 
Natural  Philosophy  "  (Ne\v  York,  1844) ;  "  Town 
Organization :  its  Uses  and  Advantages,"  a  prize 
essav  (Boston,  1845);  and  "History  of  Conway" 
(Northampton,  1807).— His  brother,  Janies  Henry, 
meteorologist,  b.  in  Williamsburg.  Mass.,  0  Sept., 
1806 ;  d.  m  Easton,  Pa.,  0  Feb.,  1873.  He  was  grad- 
uated at  Amherst  in  1828,  supporting  himself  by 
teaching  in  a  private  school  in  Berkshire  county. 
In  1829  he  established  the  Fellenberg  academy  in 


676 


COFFIN 


COFFIN 


Greenfield,  Mass.,  the  first  and  most  successful 
manual-labor  school  in  the  country.  From  1837 
till  1840  he  was  principal  of  the  Ogdensburg,  N. 
Y.,  academy,  and  while  there  he  began  his  investi- 
gations in  meteOirology.  In  1840  he  was  elected  a 
tutor  in  Williams,  and  erected  an  observatoiy  upon 
the  Grreylock  peak  of  Saddle  mountain,  at  a  height 
of  nearly  4,000  feet  above  the  ocean,  where  continu- 
ous observations  were  taken  by  a  self-registering 
anemometer  which  he  devised.  From  1843  till 
184(3  he  was  principal  of  the  Noi-walk,  Conn.,  acad- 
emy, and  then  was  elected  to  the  chair  of  mathe- 
matics and  astronomy  in  Lafayette  college.  Fast- 
en, Pa.,  where  he  remained  until  his  death.  Prof. 
Coffin's  reputation  depends  chiefly  upon  his  work 
in  meteorology.  In  1853  he  announced  before  the 
American  association  for  the  advancement  of  sci- 
ence his  theory  of  atmospheric  circulation,  includ- 
ing the  principle,  quoted  in  Europe  since  1860  as 
"  Buys-Ballot's  Law."  Besides  the  numerous  val- 
uable papers  pulilished  in  the  transactions  and 
proceedings  of  the  societies  of  which  he  was  a 
member,  there  appeared  among  the  publications 
of  the  Smithsonian  institution  "  Winds  of  the 
Northern  Hemisphere  "  (1853) ;  "  Psychrometrical 
Tables  "  (1856);  "  The  Orbit  and  Phenomena  of  a 
Meteoric  Fire  Ball "  (1869) ;  and  "  The  Winds  of 
the  Globe,  or  the  Laws  of  Atmospheric  Circula- 
tion over  the  Surface  of  the  Earth  "  (1875).  The 
two  large  quarto  volumes  of  the  "  Results  of  Me- 
teorological Observations  for  1854r-'9 "  were  ed- 
ited for  the  Smithsonian  institution  by  him.  He 
also  published  "  Exercises  in  Book-keeping  "  and 
"Key"  (Greenfield,  1835);  "Elements  of  Conic 
Sections  and  Analytical  Geometry"  (New  York. 
1849);  "Key"  (1854);  and  "Solar  and  Lunar 
Eclipses"  (1845).  Prof.  Coffin  was  one  of  the 
early  members  of  the  National  academy  of  scien- 
ces, "and  a  sketch  of  his  life  by  Arnold  Guyot 
appears  in  the  "  Biographical  Memoirs  of  the  Na- 
tional Academy  of  Sciences "  (Washington,  1877). 
See  also  "  Life  "  by  John  C.  Clyde  (Easton,  1882).— 
His  son,  Seidell  Jennings,  educator,  b.  in  Og- 
densburg, N.  Y.,  3  Aug.,  1838,  was  graduated  at 
Lafayette  in  1858,  and  at  Princeton  theological 
seminary  in  1864.  During  the  same  year  he  be- 
came connected  with  Lafayette  college,  where  he 
has  held  the  offices  of  tutor  and  adjunct  professor 
of  mathematics.  On  the  death  of  his  father  in 
1873  he  became  professor  of  mathematics  and 
astronomy,  and  in  1874  was  ordained  by  the  pres- 
bytery of  Lehigh.  In  1876  he  was  commissioned 
by  the  state  of  Pennsylvania  to  secure  the  "  col- 
lege exhibits  "  for  the  educational  building  at  the 
Centennial  exhibition.  Prof.  Coffin  has  served  on 
various  committees  of  the  American  association 
for  the  advancement  of  science,  and  has  been  a 
frequent  contributor  to  the  scientific  journals  of 
articles  on  meteorology.  Besides  minor  biographi- 
cal pamphlets,  he  has  published  "  Record  of  the 
Men  of  Lafayette"  (Easton,  1879).  and  revised 
"Olmsted's  Astronomy"  (New  York,  1882).  He 
has  also  completed  "  The  Winds  of  the  Globe  " 
(Washington,  1875),  written  by  his  father,  said  to 
be  the  largest  collection  of  numerical  tables  ever 
published  in  the  United  States. 

COFFIN,  Robert  Barry,  author,  b.  in  Hudson, 
N.  Y.,  21  July,  1826;  d.  in  Fordham,  New  York 
city,  10  June,  1886.  lie  was  seventh  in  line  of  de- 
scent from  Tristram,  and  his  great-grandfather, 
Alexander  Coffin,  was  one  of  the  original  proprie- 
tors of  Hudson.  He  became  fond  of  books  at  an 
early  age,  spending  his  savings  for  them,  and  at 
the  "age  of  ten  owned  a  small  library.  He  spent 
several  years  at  the  collegiate  institute  in  Pougli- 


keepsie,  N.  Y.,  and  soon  began  to  contribute  anony- 
mously to  various  journals.  In  1845  he  became 
book-keeper  in  an  importing  house  in  New  York 
city,  but  left  on  account  of  failing  health  in  1849, 
and  in  1852  opened  a  book-store  with  his  brother 
in  Elmira,  N.  Y.  He  studied  divinity  in  1854,  in- 
tending to  take  orders  in  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
church,  and  at  this  time  was  a  contributor  to  the 
"Churchman."  He  went  to  New  York  again  in 
1857,  and  in  1858  succeeded  T.  B.  Aldrich  as  assist- 
ant editor  of  the  "  Home  Journal,"  to  which  he 
had  contributed  since  1849,  becoming  at  the  same 
time  art  critic  for  the  "  Evening  Post."  He  was 
appointed  a  clerk  in  the  auditor's  department  of 
the  New  York  custom-house  in  April,  1863,  and  re- 
tained the  office  till  the  winter  before  his  death, 
with  the  exception  of  the  years  from  1869  till  1875. 
He  edited  "  The  Table,"  a  monthly  publication  de- 
voted to  gastronomy,  in  1873,  and  from  1882  till 
1886  contributed  regularly  on  the  same  subject  to 
the  "  Caterer,"  a  Philadelphia  magazine.  Mr.  Cof- 
fin's humorous  sketches,  pulilished  in  various  pe- 
riodicals over  the  signature  of  "  Barry  Gray,"  have 
been  widely  read.  In  1881  he  delivered  some 
verses  at  the  reunion  of  the  Coffin  family  in  Nan- 
tucket. He  published  "  My  Married  Life  at  Hill- 
side "  and  "  Matrimonial  Infelicities  "  (New  York, 
1865) ;  "  Out  of  Town  :  A  Rural  Episode  "  (1866) ; 
"  Cakes  and  Ale  at  Woodbine  "  (1868) ;  "  Castles  in 
the  Air  and  other  Phantasies "  (1871) ;  and  "  The 
Home  of  Cooper  "  (1872).  He  left  a  completed  book 
in  manuscript. 

COFFIN,  Robert  Stevenson,  poet,  b.  in  Bruns- 
wick, Me.,  14  July,  1797;  d.  in  Rowley,  Mass.,  7 
May,  1827.  Plis  father,  Ebenezer  Coffin,  was  a 
minister  in  Brunswick.  Robert  removed  with  his 
father  to  Newburyport,  became  a  printer  there, 
and  afterward  worked  at  his  trade  in  Boston,  New 
York,  and  Philadelphia.  He  served  as  a  sailor  in 
the  war  of  1812,  and  was  once  a  prisoner  on  board  a 
British  frigate.  He  began  to  write  poetry  early  in 
life,  and  printed  it  in  the  papers  on  which  he  was 
employed  over  the  signature  of  "  The  Boston  Bard." 
Becoming  intemperate,  he  was  found  in  sickness 
and  poverty  in  New  York  in  1826,  and  sent  by 
some  benevolent  ladies  to  his  family  in  Massachu- 
setts, where  he  died.  He  published  an  autobiog- 
raphy (1825)  and  "  The  Oriental  Harp :  Poems  of 
the  Boston  Bard  "  (Providence,  R.  I.,  1826).  Among 
the  more  notable  verses  in  this  book  are  "  On  Pre- 
senting a  Lady  with  a  Cake  of  Soap,"  "  To  a  Mouse 
which  Took  Lodgings  with  the  Author  in  a  Public 
House  near  the  Park,  New  York,"  and  "  A  Large 
Nose  and  an  Old  Coat." 

COFFIN,  Roland  Folger,  sailor,  b.  in  Brook- 
Ivn,  N.  Y.,  8  March.  1826;  d.  on  Shelter  island,. 
N.  Y.,  17  July,  1888.  He  was  educated  in  Nan- 
tucket, Mass.,  and  Brooklyn.  ]\luch  of  his  youth 
was  passed  in  the  former  place,  and  he  went  to  sea, 
as  most  of  liis  family  had  done  for  generations. 
He  was  captain  of  the  ship  "  Senator  "  from  1850 
till  1860,  when  he  became  an  acting  master  in  the 
U.  S.  navy,  and  served  as  such,  mostly  in  the 
North  Atlantic  blockading  squadron  during  the 
civil  war,  until  1863.  In  his  hours  ofE  duty  at  sea 
he  learned  and  practised  short-hand  writing.  He 
became  a  reporter  for  the  "  World  "  newspaper  in 
New  York  in  1869,  and  soon  began  to  publish  a 
series  of  short  sea-stories  entitled  "  An  Old  Sailor's 
Yarns."  These  attracted  attention  and  gave  him 
a  name  in  literature.  He  was  also  the  regular  re- 
porter of  marine  news  and  of  yachting,  and  in  this 
latter  department  was  for  many  years  the  most  ex- 
pert writer  connected  with  the  New  York  press. 
Two  volumes  of   "An  Old  Sailor's  Yarns"  have 


COFFIN 


COFFIN 


677 


been  published  (New  York,  1878-82),  and  "The 
America's  Cup,"  giving  an  account  of  the  interna- 
tional yachting  contests  (New  York,  1885).  He 
has  also  published  a  "  History  of  American  Yacht- 
ing "  in  the  monthly  magazine  "  Outing,"  which 
was  issued  in  book-form  (New  York,  188(5). 

COFFIN,  Thuothy  Grardiier,  lawyer,  b.  in  Nan- 
tucket, Mass.,  1  Nov.,  1788 ;  d.  in  New  Bedford, 
Mass.,  19  Sept.,  1854.  He  early  engaged  in  a  sea- 
faring life,  but,  receiving  severe  injuries  from  a 
fall,  turned  his  attention  to  the  law.  He  was 
graduated  at  Brown  in  1813,  was  admitted  to  the 
Bristol  bar  in  181G,  and  obtained  the  foremost  rank 
in  the  profession,  trying  his  intellectual  strength 
against  such  opponents  as  Webster  and  Choate. 
He  was  judge  advocate  of  Massachusetts  militia 
under  Gen.  Lincoln.  As  a  nisi  prius  lawyer  he 
had  few  equals. 

COFFIN,  Tristram,  colonist,  b.  in  Brixton, 
Devonshire,  England,  in  1605;  d.  in  Nantucket. 
Mass.,  in  1081.  He  is  considered  the  ancestor  of 
all  the  persons  bearing  this  name  in  the  United 
States.  In  1642  he  came  to  America  with  his  wife 
and  a  number  of  relatives  and  lived  in  Haverhill, 
Mass.,  and  in  1059  took  up  his  residence  in  Nan- 
tucket, of  which  colony  he  was  the  founder  and 
the  first  chief  magistrate.  The  character  of  Tris- 
tram, his  wisdom  in  civilizing  the  Indians,  and 
his  numerous  descendants,  entitle  him  to  mention, 
especially  as  Judith,  daughter  of  his  son  Stephen, 
was  the  grandmother  of  Benjamin  Franklin.  His 
life  was  published  by  Allen  Coffin  (Nantucket, 
1881). — John,  loyalist,  b.  in  Boston,  Mass.,  in  1756 : 
d.  in  Kings  county,  N.  B.,  in  1888.  He  was  de- 
scended from  Tristraan  through  James  and  Will- 
iam, who,  born  in  Nantucket,  settled  in  Boston 
about  1730.  He  was  educated  at  the  Boston  Latin- 
school,  and,  for  his  services  in  the  battle  of  Bunker 
Hill,  was  appointed  ensign  on  the  field  by  Gage. 
He  raised  400  men  in  New  York,  who  became 
known  as  the  Orange  rangers,  and  commanded 
them  at  the  battles  of  Long  Island  and  German- 
town.  He  exchanged  into  the  New  York  volun- 
teers in  1778,  and  took  part  at  San  Lucie  and  Bry- 
ar's  Creek  in  1779,  at  Camden  in  1780,  and  in  1781 
at  Hampton,  Hobkirk's  Hill,  and  Eutaw  Springs. 
In  all  these -engagements  Coffin's  cavalry  is  men- 
tioned with  praise,  and  his  daring,  judgment,  and 
estimable  character  as  a  cavalry  officer  are  highly 
commended.  Cornwallis  sent  him  a  handsome 
sword  in  acknowledgment  of  his  services,  enclos- 
ing his  commission  as  major,  thanking  him  for  his 
carriage  and  conduct  on  many  occasions,  and  es- 
pecially giving  him  acknowledgment  for  distin- 
guishing himself  at  Eutaw.  The  promotion  he 
had  earned  was  deferred  by  his  feeling  obliged  to 
report  the  want  of  firmness  in  battle  of  a  scion  of 
the  royal  house.  He  settled  at  his  manor  of  Al- 
wington.  New  Bmnswick,  and  became  prominent  in 
developing  that  province.  When  the  occasion  came 
he  resumed  his  military  rank,  and  was  appointed 
major-general.  At  his  death  he  was  the  senior 
general  in  the  British  army.  All  of  his  branch  of 
the  name  were  refugee  loyalists.  Notwithstanding 
his  choice  of  sides  in  the  revolution,  he  never  lost 
his  interest  in  the  "  old  thirteen,"  and  he  remem- 
bered that  he  was  "  Boston-born "  from  first  to 
last.  One  of  his  many  sayings  was,  "  I  would  give 
more  for  one  pork-barrel  made  in  Massachusetts 
than  for  all  that  have  been  made  in  New  Bruns- 
wick since  its  settlement." — His  uncle,  John,  con- 
structed a  fortress  at  Quebec  in  1775,  and  its  first 
volley  killed  Montgomery  and  his  two  aides.  This 
event  and  the  sacking  of  Montreal  are  said  to  have 
«aved  the  Canadas  to  the  crown. — His  brother,  Sir 
VOL.  I. — 44 


Isaac,  Bart.,  naval  officer,  b.  in  Boston,  16  May, 
1759;  d.  in  Cheltenham,  England,  4  Aug.,  1839. 
In  1773  he  was  appointed  midshipman  on  board 
the  "Gaspe."  After  active  and  faithful  service, 
at  the  age  of  eighteen  he  was  appointed  lieutenant, 
and  at  the  age  of  twenty -two  captain  of  the 
"  Shrewsbury."  He  took  part  in  Rodney's  victory, 
12  April,  1782,  and  in  many  other  engagements 
along  the  Atlantic  coast  and  in  the  West  Indies, 
acquitting  himself  with  credit  both  in  the  war  of 
independence  and  in  that  with  France.  He  was 
appointed  admiral  in  1802  and  created  a  baronet  in 
1804  for  his  long  and  faithful  services.  After  his 
retirement  from  active  service  he  married  Eliza- 
beth, daughter  of  William  Greenly,  of  Titley  Court, 
Gloucestershire.  In  1818  he  was  returned  to  par- 
liament for  Ilchester,  Devonshire,  and  took  an  act- 
ive part  in  the  debates  on  naval  affairs  and  kindred 
subjects.  He  never  forgot  that  he  was  an  Ameri- 
can by  birth,  and  was  untiring  in  his  efforts  to  pro- 
mote the  interests  of  his  native  land.  Racers  sent 
over  by  him  to  improve  our  breed,  fish  to  multiply 
in  our  waters,  plants  and  trees  for  our  garden  and 
orchards,  maps  and  new  inventions  for  merchant 
and  naval  marine,  nautical  schools,  and  the  Coffin 
academy  at  Nantucket,  were  but  a  few  of  his  bene- 
factions. He  was  a  man  of  the  world,  of  elegant 
manners  and  graceful  ways,  and  a  very  pleasant 
companion,  and  at  the  same  time  in  his  fondness 
for  frolic  and  in  his  happy  temperament  a  brilliant 
instance  of  the  traditional  commodores  of  the  Brit- 
ish navy.  When  the  reform  bill  was  in  jeopardy 
in  1832,  the  king  placed  his  name  at  the  head  of 
his  list  of  new  peers  as  Earl  of  Magdalen  to  carry 
the  bill  through  the  lords.  It  would  have  been  an 
empty  honor,  as  Sir  Isaac  had  no  lineal  heir  to  in- 
herit. See  his  life,  by  Thomas  Coffin  Amory  (Boston, 
1886). — His  cousin.  Sir  Thomas  Aston,  loyalist,  b. 
in  Boston,  Mass.,  31  March,  1754;  d.  in  London, 
31  May,  1810,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1772, 
and  at  one  period  of  the  revolution  private  secre- 
tary to  Sir  Guy  Carleton.  He  was  made  a  baronet, 
19  May,  1804,  and  in  the  same  year  secretary  and 
comptroller  of  accounts  of  Lower  Canada.  He  was 
also  at  one  time  commissary-general  in  the  British 
army. — Another  cousin,  Nathaniel,  physician,  b. 
in  Portland,  Me.,  3  May,  1744;  d.  there,  18  Oct., 
1826,  was  the  son  of  Dr.  Nathaniel  Coffin,  who  went 
from  Newburyport  to  Falmouth  (now  Portland)  in 
1738.  He  studied  medicine  with  his  father,  and 
in  London  at  Guy's  and  St.  Thomas's  hospitals  un- 
der Akenside,  Hunter,  and  McKenzie.  On  his  re- 
turn he  began  his  profession,  and  within  a  year,  on 
the  death  of  his  father,  succeeded  to  his  extensive 
business.  In  1775,  when  Capt.  Mowatt  was  about 
to  destroy  the  town  (then  called  Falmouth),  Dr. 
Coffin  with  two  others  visited  his  ship  and  en- 
deavored to  persuade  him,  inisuccessfuily,  however, 
to  abandon  the  project.  He  became  specially  emi- 
nent as  a  surgeon,  and  for  many  years  tlischarged  the 
duties  of  hospital  surgeon  for  marine  patients  in  his 
district.  Bowdoin  conferred  on  him  the  honorary 
degree  of  M.  D.  in  1821,  and  he  was  the  first  presi- 
dent of  the  Maine  medical  society. 

COFFIN,  William  Anderson,  painter,  b.  in 
Alleghany  City,  Pa.,  31  Jan.,  1855.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Yale  in  1874,  and  remained  in  the  United 
States  for  three  years,  preparing  to  become  an  art- 
ist. In  October,  1877,  he  went  to  Paris  and  spent 
four  months  as  a  student  with  Jacquesson  de  la 
Chevraise,  and  three  years  with  Leon  Bonnat.  Re- 
turning to  America  in  1880,  he  remained  nearly  a 
year  and  then  went  again  to  Paris.  In  October, 
1882,  he  opened  a  studio  in  New  York.  He  ex- 
hibited two  pictures  in  the  Paris  salon  of  1879.  two 


678 


COQGESHALL 


COGSWELL 


in  that  of  1880,  and  one  in  1882.  He  first  exhibit- 
ed in  the  National  academy.  New  York,  in  1881. 
in  1886  he  was  awarded  the  Hallgarten  prize  of 
f  300  for  his  picture  in  the  National  academy.  His 
most  notable  works  are  "  Une  academie  de  pein- 
ture  moderne "  and  "  Un  auberge  en  Bi'etagne " 
(1879);  "Joueur  de  Mandoline"  and  "Le  Pere 
Jean  "  (1880) ;  "  An  Examination  "  (time  of  Louis 
XIII.).  and  "  The  Close  of  Day  "  (1881) ;  "  Portrait 
of  a  (jrentleman  "  (1882) ;  "  Reflections  "  and  "  Five 
O'clock  in  the  Morning  "  (1884) ;  "  Lady  in  Black  " 
and  "  Dav-Dreams  "  (1885) ;  '•  Moonlight  in  Har- 
vest "  and  "  The  Hayfield  "  (1886). 

COGOESHALL,  "Georg-e,  sailor,  b.  in  Connecti- 
cut in  1784.  He  went  to  sea  when  quite  young. 
In  the  second  war  with  Great  Britain  he  com- 
manded two  privateers.  He  published  "  Vovages 
to  Various  Parts  of  the  World  from  1799  till  1844  " 
(New  York,  1852) ;  "  History  of  American  Priva- 
teers and  Letters  of  Marque  during  our  War  with 
England,  1812,  '13,  '14 "(New  York,  1856;  2d  ed., 
1861) ;  "  Historical  Sketch  of  Commerce  and  Navi- 
gation from  the  Birth  of  our  Saviour  down  to  the 
Present  Date  "  (New  York,  1860) ;  and  "  Religious 
and  Miscellaneous  Poetrv." 

COGCJESHALL.  William  Turner,  journalist, 
b.  in  Lewistown,  Pa.,  6  Sept.,  1824 ;  d.  in  Quito, 
Ecuador,  2  Aug..  1867.  He  went  in  1841  to  Ohio, 
connected  himself  with  the  Cincinnati  "  Gazette," 
published  "  The  Genius  of  the  West "  in  1854-'6, 
and  was  state  librarian  in  1856-'62.  At  the  be- 
ginning of  the  civil  war  he  volunteered,  and  was 
appointed  on  the  staff  of  Gov.  Dennison,  with 
the  rank  of  colonel.  He  was  detailed  to  perform 
secret  service  in  Virginia  and  other  places,  and 
while  on  duty  caught  a  cold  that  led  to  consump- 
tion, and  finally  ended  his  life.  He  bought  the 
Springfield  "  Republic "  in  1862,  but  sold  it  in 
1865,  and  took  charge  of  the  "  Ohio  State  Jour- 
nal," published  at  Columbus.  He  was  on  Gov. 
Cox's  staff  in  January,  1866,  and  in  June  of  that 
year  accepted  the  mission  to  Ecuador,  hoping  that 
the  pure  air  of  Quito  might  restore  his  health. 
He  published  "  Signs  of  the  Times,"  a  book  on 
spirit-rappings  (Cincinnati,  1851) ;  "  Easy  Warren 
and  his  Contemporaries "  (New  York,  1854) : 
"  Oakshaw,  or  the  Victim  of  Avarice  "  (Cincinnati, 
1855);  "Home  Hits  and  Hints"  (New  York,  1859); 
"  Poets  and  Poetrv  of  the  West "  (Columbus,  Ohio, 
1860) ;  "  Stories  of  Frontier  Adventure  "  (1863) ; 
"  The  Journeys  of  A.  Lincoln  as  President-elect 
and  as  President  Martyred"  (1865);  and  con- 
tributed largely  to  periodical  literature. — His 
daughter,  Jessie,  b.  in  Wadsworth,  Ohio,  22  Sept., 
1851 ;  d.  in  Guayaquil,  Ecuador,  10  Jan.,  1868,  ac- 
companied her  father  to  Ecuador  as  secretary  of 
legation,  and  had  entire  charge  of  the  office  for 
four  months  after  his  death. 

COGSWELL,  Jouatliau,  clergyman,  b.  in  Row- 
ley, Mass.,  3  Sept.,  1782;  d.  in  New  Brunswick,  N. 
J.,  1  Aug.,  1864.  John  Cogswell,  the  founder  of 
the  American  branch  of  the  family,  sailed  from 
Bristol,  23  May,  1635,  in  his  own  ship  "  The  An- 
gel Gabriel."  Her  cargo  consisted  of  his  prop- 
erty, and  comprised  a  large  part  of  his  valuable  es- 
tate. The  vessel  arrived  off  the  coast  of  Maine 
in  a  fearful  tempest,  and  was  wrecl^d  at  Pema- 
quid  bay,  15  Aug.  The  crew  and  passengers  were 
all  saved,  but  a  large  part  of  her  cargo  was  lost. 
After  camping  out  for  a  few  days,  Mr.  Cogswell 
chartered  a  small  bark,  which  landed  him,  with  his 
family,  furniture,  silver  plate,  and  such  books  as 
he  had  saved,  at  Ipswich,  Mass.,  where  many  of  his 
descendants  still  reside.  Later  in  the  same  year 
he  purchased  an  extensive  tract  of  land  and  erected 


the  third  house  built  at  Ipswich.  The  reasons  for 
leaving  his  English  home  for  a  log  house  in  the 
wilderness  of  a  new  world  were  identical  with 
those  that  led  to  the  foundation  of  Plymouth  colo- 
ny fifteen  years  before.  Among  John  Cogswell's 
descendants  was  Nathaniel,  who  studied  medicine 
with  Dr.  Perkins,  one  of  the  celebrities  of  Boston, 
and  an  intimate  friend  of  the  philosopher  Benja- 
min Franklin.  He  was  present  when  Franklin 
killed  a  pigeon  with  his  new  electric  battery.  Jona- 
than was  Nathaniel's  youngest  son.  In  early  life 
he  resolved  to  become  a  minister,  and  persisted  in 
his  purpose,  although  his  father  opposed  it  and 
withheld  pecuniary  aid,  wishing  him  to  follow  his 
own  profession.  He  was  graduated  with  honor  at 
Harvard  in  1806,  standing  second  in  his  class. 
From  1807  till  1809  he  was  a  tutor  at  Bowdoin, 
pursuing  his  theological  studies  at  the  same  time, 
but  finishing  them  at  Andover  theological  semi- 
nary, where  he  was  graduated  with  the  first  class 
that  completed  the  course  in  1810,  and  included 
his  life-long  friends,  Richard  S.  Storrs  and  Gardner 
Spring.  The  same  year  he  was  ordained  as  a  Con- 
gregational minister  and  settled  as  pastor  of  the 
church  in  Saco,  Me.  Here  he  remained  for  eighteen 
years,  when  his  health  compelled  him  to  resign. 
During  this  period  he  saved  a  sura  of  nearly  |1,000 
with  a  view  to  purchasing  a  house ;  but  when  the 
work  of  foreign  missions  was  established  and  an 
eloquent  appeal  was 
made  in  his  church 
for  aid,  he  gave 
everj"  dollar  of  his 
savings  to  the  cause. 
From  1829  till  1834 
he  was  pastor  of  the 
New  Britain  church 
in  Berlin,  Conn.  In 
1832  he  was  ap- 
pointed trustee  of 
his  brother  Nathan- 
iel Cogswell's  large 
estate,  of  which  he 
and  his  family  were 
the  principal  heirs. 
In  May,  1834,  he 
accepted  the  chair 
of  ecclesiastical  his- 
tory in  the  Theo- 
logical institute  of 
Connecticut  at  East  Windsor  Hill, 
filled  this  position  gratuitously  for  ten  years,  but 
contributed  liberally  to  the  institution  not  alone  in 
money,  but  by  giving  most  of  his  large  and  valu- 
able library.  He  resigned  his  professorship  in 
1844  and  removed  to  New  Brunswick,  N.  J. 
There,  in  company  with  Dr.  Janeway  and  John  R. 
Ford,  he  erected  a  tasteful  edifice  known  as  the 
2d  Presbyterian  church,  contributing  a  large  pro- 
portion of  the  cost,  in  addition  to  giving  one 
half  of  the  cost  of  the  parsonage  and  a  thousand 
dollars  toward  the  support  of  a  minister,  followed 
by  frequent  gifts  to  the  pastor  and  people  up  to 
the  time  of  his  death.  He  was  one  of  the  early 
members  of  the  New  York  historical  society,  a  life 
director  of  the  American  Bible  society,  a  life  mem- 
ber of  the  American  tract  society,  and  connected 
with  numerous  other  organizations,  to  all  of  which 
he  contributed  liberally.  He  founded  scholarships 
in  the  College  of  New  Jersey  and  in  Rutgers  col- 
lege, and  was  a  regular  annual  contributor  to  the 
various  boards  of  the  church  with  which  he  was 
connected  for  threescore  years.  Christian  benefi- 
cence marked  the  whole  course  of  his  long  life. 
As  a  preacher  Dr.  Cogswell  was  peculiarly  zealous 


^ev..^-''     /i^^C 


He  not  onlv 


COGSWELL 


COGSWELL 


679 


for  sound  doctrine,  and  fearless  in  stating  and  de- 
fending it.  His  own  faith  was  unwavering,  and 
timidity  in  expressing  what  he  believed  was  un- 
known to  hira.  In  1886  he  received  the  degree  of 
S.  T.  D.  from  the  University  of  New  York.  Dr. 
Cogswell  was  twice  married,  first  to  Elizabeth, 
adopted  daughter  of  Samuel  Abbott,  who  gave  to 
Andover  theological  seminary  $120,000.  She  died 
in  East  Windsor  in  1837 ;  and  a  year  later  he 
married  Jane  Eudora,  daughter  of  Chief-Justice 
Kirkpatrick,  of  New  Jersey,  who  died  in  March, 
1864.  President  Harrison,'  Ralph  Waldo  Emer- 
son, Rufus  Choate,  and  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes  are 
all  connected  with  the  Cogswells  through  female 
branches  of  the  family,  I)i-.  Cogswell  published 
"A  Sermon  delivered,  24  Aug.,  1819,  before  the 
York  County  Association  "  (Maine) ;  "  Farewell 
Discourse  at  Saco,"  Me.,  12  Oct.,  1828 ;  "  Ten  Dis- 
courses, intended  as  a  Keepsake  for  the  Family  and 
Friends"  (Hartford,  1842);  "A  Treatise  on  the 
Necessity  of  Capital  Punishment "  (1843) ;  "  Dis- 
courses "  (New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  1845) ;  "  Hebrew 
Theocracy"  (1848);  "Calvary  and  Sinai"  (1852); 
"  Discourse  delivered  before  the  Theological  Insti- 
tute of  Connecticut"  (1856);  " Godliness  a  Great 
Mystery  "  (1857) ;  and  "  The  Appropriate  Work  of 
the  Holy  Spirit"  (1859).  See  "The  Cogswells  in 
America,"  by  E.  0.  Jameson  (Boston,  1884). 

COCtSWELL,  Joseph  (xreen,  bibliographer, 
was  b.  in  Ipswich,  Mass.,  27  Sept.,  1780;  d.  in 
Cambridge,  Mass.,  26  Nov.,  1871.  He  was  grad- 
uated at  Harvard  in  1806.  After  making  a  voy- 
age to  India  as  supercargo  of  the  vessel  in  which 
he  sailed.  Dr.  Cogswell  practised  law  for  a  few 
years  in  Belfast,  Me.  In  1812  he  married  Mary, 
the  daughter  of  Gov.  John  Taylor  Gilman.  She 
died  in  1813.  From  1813  till  1815  he  was  a 
tutor  at  Harvard.  In  1816  he  went  to  Europe, 
and,  in  company  with  George  Ticknor,  spent  two 
years  at  the  University  of  Gottingen,  where  they 
advanced  together  in  the  special  culture  that  has 
associated  their  names  with  what  is  highest  in 
American  literature  and  bibliography.  Two  more 
years  were  passed  in  Europe,  chiefly  on  the  conti- 
nent, in  the  principal  capitals,  aiul  in  the  study  of 
educational  problems  and  bibliography.  During 
part  of  this  time  Edward  Everett  was  his  compan- 
ion. He  was,  with  his  friend  Ticknor,  the  guest  of 
Sir  Walter  Scott,  at  Abbotsford ;  and  contributed 
to  "  Blackwood's  Magazine  "  a  paper  on  American 
literature  which  attracted  much  attention.  Re- 
turning to  the  United  States  in  1820,  he  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  geology  and  mineralogy,  and 
college  librarian  at  HarvaVd.  In  1823,  having  re- 
signed his  chair  in  Harvard,  he,  in  connection  with 
George  Bancroft,  the  historian,  established  the 
Round  Hill  school,  at  Northampton,  Mass.  The 
plan  of  the  institution  was  novel,  and  based  on  an 
examination  of  the  best  English  and  German  sys- 
tems of  education.  After  Mr.  Bancroft's  retire- 
ment in  1830,  Dr.  Cogswell  continued  the  school 
for  six  years,  when  he  assumed  the  charge  of  a 
similar  institution  in  Raleigh,  N.  C.  Abandoning 
this  field  of  labor,  he  accepted  the  editorship  of 
the  "  New  York  Review,"  one  of  the  ablest  critical 
journals  then  existing  in  the  country,  which  he 
conducted  till  its  suspension  in  1842.  Becoming 
the  friend  and  companion  of  John  Jacob  Astor, 
he,  in  conjunction  with  Washington  Irving  and 
Fitz-Greene  Halleck,  arranged  with  him  the  plan 
of  the  Astor  library.  With  Halleck,  Irving,  and 
others,  Cogswell  was  appointed  a  trustee  of  the 
fund  for  its  creation.  When  Washington  Irving 
was  appointed  minister  to  Spain,  he  was  anxious 
that  his  friend  Cogswell  should  accompany  him  as 


secretary  of  legation,  and  accordingly  wrote  to 
Washington,  requesting  his  appointment.  "  He 
is,"  said  Irving,  "  a  gentleman  with  whom  I  am  on 
terms  of  confidential  intimacy,  and  I  know  no  one 
who,  by  his  various  acquirements,  his  prompt  sa- 
gacity, his  knowledge  of  the  world,  his  habits  of 
business,  and  his  obliging  disposition,  is  so  calcu- 
lated to  give  me  that  counsel,  aid,  and  companion- 
ship, so  important  in  Madrid,  where  a  stranger  is 
more  isolated  than  in  any  other  capital  of  Europe." 
Cogswell  received  the  appointment,  and  would 
probably  have  accepted  it,  but,  Astor  finding  that  he 
was  likely  to  lose  his  invaluable  services,  made  him 
superintendent  of  the  embryo  libraiy.  After  the 
rich  merchant's  death,  he  went  abroad  to  purchase 
books ;  and  it  may  safely  be  said  that  no  library  in 
the  land  was  founded  with  more  discrimination 
and  economy.  The  books  purchased  by  him  would 
sell  to-day  for  ten  times  the  amount  that  he  ex- 
pended, while  many  of  them  cannot  now  be  bought 
at  any  price.  He  gave  the  Astor  library  his  own 
valuable  series  of  works  relating  to  bibliography, . 
as  he  had  before  united  with  a  friend  in  presenting 
Harvard  with  a  rare  cabinet  of  minerals  and 
numerous  botanical  specimens.  During  Dr.  Cogs- 
well's active  superintendency  of  the  Astor  library, 
he  prepared  a  valuable  alphabetical  and  analytical 
catalogue  of  its  contents,  which  was  published  in 
eight  large  volumes,  displaying  his  extraordinary 
knowledge  of  the  comparative  value  and  signifi- 
cance of  the  books  he  collected.  He  continued 
the  duties  of  superintendent,  which  he  had  per- 
formed with  singular  industry  and  fidelity,  until 
the  pressure  of  advancing  years  induced  him  to 
retire.  Two  years  later,  having  chosen  a  residence 
at  Cambridge,  he  also  resigned  the  office  of  trus- 
tee. In  accepting  his  resignation,  the  board 
passed  a  resolution  highly  complimentary  to  his  , 
talents,  great  learning,  and  spotless  character.  All 
who  enjoyed  the  privilege  of  Dr.  Cogswell's  ac- 
quaintance, and  the  thousands  of  seekers  after  in- 
formation who  remember  the  patience  and  urbanity 
with  which  he  was  ever  ready  to  aid  them  in  their 
researches,  will  most  cordially  unite  in  the  richly 
merited  tribute  to  iiis  learning,  amiability,  and  un- 
sullied life.  While  his  physical  strength  gradu- 
ally failed,  his  intellectual  powers  remained  un- 
impaired, and  his  sparkling  table-talk  was  as 
interesting  as  in  earlier  years.  He  had,  in  his  fre- 
quent visits  to  Europe,  met  many  of  the  most 
distinguished  men  of  the  19th  century,  including 
Goethe,  Humboldt,  Beranger,  Byron,  Scott,  Jeffrey, 
and  the  brilliant  circle  that  thronged  Gore  House 
in  Lady  Blessington's  palmy  days.  Dr.  Cogswell 
left,  of  his  moderate  fortune,  |4,000  to  a  school  in 
his  native  place,  where  he  was  buried  by  the  side 
of  his  mother's  grave,  and  where  a  handsome 
monument  has  been  erected  by  his  Round  Hill 
pupils,  no  one  of  whom  ever  left  the  school  with- 
out carrying  away  with  him  a  strong  affection  for 
the  faithful  friend  and  teacher.  He  received  the 
degree  of  LL.  D.  from  Trinity  in  1842,  and  from 
Harvard  in  1863.  He  was  a  frequent  contributor 
to  the  magazines,  including  "Blackwood's,"  "The 
North  American  Review,"  "The  Monthly  An- 
thology," and  "The  New  York  Review."  See 
"  Memorial  Volume."  by  Anna  E.  Ticknor  (printed 
privatelv.  Boston,  1874)'. 

COGSWELL,  Mason  Fitcli,  physician,  b.  in 
Canterbury,  Conn.,  28  Sept.,  1761 ;  d.  in  Hartford, 
Conn.,  10  'Dec,  1830.  His  mother  died  while  he 
was  young,  and  lie  was  adopted  by  Samuel  Hunt- 
ington, president  of  the  Continental  congress  and 
governor  of  Connecticut,  who  sent  him  to  Yale, 
where  he  was  graduated  in  1780  as  valedictorian 


680 


COGSWELL 


COHEN 


of  his  class,  and  its  youngest  member.  He  studied 
with  liis  brother  James,  a  surgeon  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary army,  at  the  soldiers'  hospital  in  New 
York,  and  became  one  of  the  most  distinguished 
surgeons  in  the  country.  He  married  Mary  Austin 
Ledyard,  and  settled  in  Hartford,  Conn.  He  was 
the  first  to  introduce  in  tiie  United  States  the 
operation  of  removing  a  cataract  from  the  eye, 
and  also  the  first  to  tie  the  carotid  artery  (1803). 
His  daughter,  Alice,  became  deaf  and  dumb  from 
severe  illness  at  an  early  age,  and  her  father's  at- 
tention was  thus  called  to  the  possibility  of  edu- 
cating deaf-mutes.  Mainly  through  his  influence 
the  first  deaf-and-dumb  asylum  in  the  country, 
that  at  Hartford,  was  established  in  1820,  and  Alice 
became  its  first  pupil.  He  was  also  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Connecticut  retreat  for  the  insane 
at  Hartford.  He  was  for  ten  years  president  of 
the  Connecticut  medical  society,  one  of  the  last 
survivors  of  the  "■  old  school,"  and  persisted  in 
wearing  knee-breeches  and  silk  stockings,  which 
.  he  held  to  be  the  only  proper  dress  for  a  gentle- 
man.—His  son.  Mason  Fitch,  physician,  b.  in 
Hartford,  Conn.,  10  Nov.,  1807;  d.  in  Albany, 
N.  Y.,  21  Jan.,  1865,  was  graduated  at  Yale  in 
1829,  studied  medicine,  and  became  a  leading  phy- 
sician in  Albany.  He  served  as  assistant  surgeon 
and  surgeon  in  the  volunteer  army  of  the  United 
States  during  the  civil  wai*.  In  1847  he  married 
Lydia,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  John  M.  Bradford,  a 
direct  descendant  from  Gov.  Bradford,  of  Plym- 
outh colony.     She  died  in  1872. 

COWS  Well,  Milton,  soldier,  b.  in  Noblesville, 
Ind.,  4  Dec,  1825;  d.  in  Washington,  D.  C,  20 
Nov.,  1882.  He  was  the  first  child  of  American 
parentage  born  in  Noblesville.  After  graduation 
at  the  IJ.  S.  military  academy  in  1849,  he  joined 
the  army  and  served  almost  continuously  until  he 
was  jjlaced  on  the  retired  list  in  1871.  This  period 
covered  the  civil  war,  in  which  he  became  colonel 
of  the  42d  New  York  volunteers.  He  was  severely 
wounded,  and  held  a  prisoner  for  nearly  a  year. 
After  his  retirement  with  the  rank  of  brevet  colo- 
nel in  the  regular  army  for  gallant  services,  he  was 
deputy  governor  of  the  soldier's  home  in  Washing- 
ton, and,  with  the  exception  of  a  yeai-'s  interval, 
held  the  office  until  his  death. 

COGSWELL,  Thomas,  soldier,  b.  in  Haverhill, 
Mass.,  4  Aug.,  174G  ;  d.  in  Gilmanton,  N.  H.,  'S 
Sept.,  1810.  He  was  one  of  a  family  of  fourteen 
sons  and  five  daughters.  Of  the  nine  sons  that 
reached  adult  years,  eight  joined  the  Revolutionary 
army.  Thomas  was  captain  of  a  company  in  Col. 
Gerrish's  regiment  at  Bunker  Hill ;  became  major 
of  Vose's  regiment,  21  Feb.,  1777,  and  lieutenant- 
colonel  of  the  15th  Massachusetts  regiment,  26 
Nov.,  1779.  He  was  afterward  wagon-master- 
general,  and  served  till  the  end  of  the  war.  After 
national  independence  was  secured,  he  settled  on 
a  farm  near  Gilmanton,  N.  II.,  and  became  a 
prominent  citizen  of  the  community,  serving  as  a 
judge  in  the  court  of  common  pleas  from  1784  till 
1810.  He  married  Ruth,  daughter  of  Gen.  Joseph 
Badger. — His  son,  Nathaniel,  soldier,  b.  in  Haver- 
hill, Mass.,  19  Jan.,  1778  ;  d.  near  the  rapids  of  the 
Red  river,  Louisiana,  in  August,  1813,  was  gradu- 
ated at  Dartmouth  in  1794.  He  studied  law,  and, 
after  admission  to  the  bar,  travelled  in  Europe. 
He  had  a  strong  desire  for  military  life,  of- 
fered his  services  to  the  patriot  army  in  Mexico, 
and  died  holding  a  genei-al's  commission.  Two 
other  sons,  Thomas  and  Francis,  died  in  the  mili- 
tary service  of  the  United  States  in  the  second  war 
with  Great  Britain. — William,  a  younger  brother 
of   Thomas,    surgeon,    b.    in    Haverhill,  Mass.,  11 


July,  1760;  d.  in  Atkinson,  N.  IL,  1  Jan.,  1831, 
entered  the  army  when  fifteen  years  old  in  his 
brother's  company.  Having  served  his  term  of 
enlistment,  he  studied  medicine  and  surgery,  and 
in  1778  I'e-enlisted  for  a  short  time  under  Gen. 
Sullivan.  On  19  July,  1781,  he  was  appointed 
surgeon's  mate  in  the  military  hospital  at  West 
Point,  and  on  5  Jan.,  1784,  promoted  to  surgeon- 
in-chief  of  the  hospital  and  chief  medical  officer 
of  the  U.  S.  army.  He  resigned  1  Aug.,  1785.  He 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  New  Hampshire 
medical  society  and  of  Atkinson  academy,  giving 
the  land  on  which  the  academy  was  built. 

COGSWELL,  William,  clergyman,  b.  in  At- 
kinson, N.  H.,  5  June.  1787;  d.  in  Gilmanton, 
N.  H.,  18  April,  1850.  He  received  his  early  train- 
ing in  the  academy  at  Atkinson,  and  was  gradu- 
ated at  Dartmouth  in  1811.  While  in  college  he 
taught  school,  and  had  Rufus  Choate  among  his 
pupils.  After  graduation  he  taught  for  two  years, 
pursuing  his  theological  studies  at  the  same  time. 
In  1815  he  was  ordained  to  the  ministry  and  in- 
stalled pastor  of  the  South  church  in  Dedham, 
Mass.  In  1829  he  was  chosen  general  agent  of  the 
American  education  society,  and  resigned  his  pas- 
toral charge.  In  1832  he  became  secretary  of  the 
society,  which  office  he  held  for  ten  years,  and  in 
1837  was  chosen  a  trustee  of  Andover  theological 
seminary.  He  was  elected  to  the  chair  of  national 
education  and  history  at  Dartmouth  in  1841,  and 
occupied  it  until  1844,  when  he  resigned  to  accept 
the  presidency  and  chair  of  Christian  theology  in 
Gilmanton,  N.  H.,  theological  seminary.  He  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  A.  ]\I.  from  Harvard  and  from 
Brown  in  1816,  and  that  of  D.  D.  from  Williams 
in  1833.  Dr.  Cogswell  edited  the  "  New  England 
Historical  and  Genealogical  Register,"  the  "  New 
Hampshire  Repository,"  and  the  "  American  Quar- 
terly Register."  Besides  his  sermons,  he  published 
"  A  Manual  of  Theology  and  Devotion,"  "  Assistant 
to  Family  Religion,"  "  Christian  Philanthropist," 
"Theological  Class-Book,"  "Harbinger  of  the 
IMillennium,"  "  Letters  to  Young  Men  preparing 
for  the  Ministry,"  "  Reports  of  the  American  Edu- 
cation Society,"  and  "  Reports  of  the  Northern 
Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences." 

COGSWELL,  William,  soldier  and  statesman, 
b.  in  Bradford,  Mass.,  23  Aug.,  1838 ;  d.  in  Wasli- 
ington,  D.  C,  22  May,  1895.  He  studied  in  Phil- 
lips Andover  academy  and  in  Kimball  Union  acad- 
emy, at  Meridun,  N.  H.  He  entered  Dartmouth 
college,  but  soon  went  to  sea  before  the  mast,  fol- 
lowing the  example  of  an  elder  brother.  After 
his  return  he  was  graduated  at  Harvard  law-school 
in  1860.  In  1861  he  raised  the  first  company  of 
volunteers  for  the  national  cause  in  Alassachusetts. 
He  was  regularly  promoted  until  he  became  colonel 
of  the  2d  Massachusetts  infantry,  and  particii);ited 
in  many  of  the  battles  of  the  Army  of  the  Poto- 
mac, for  which  he  was  brevetted  brigadier-general, 
15  Dec,  1864.  After  the  war  he  became  a  promi- 
nent officer  of  the  Grand  army  of  the  republic,  and 
served  in  the  Massachusetts  house  and  senate.  Gen. 
Cogswell  was  four  times  elected  to  congress. 

COHEN,  Jacob  Da  Silva  Soils,  physician,  b. 
in  New  York  city,  28  Feb.,  1838.  He  was  educated 
at  the  Philadelphia  central  high  school,  and,  after 
attending  medical  lectures,  received  his  diploma 
from  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1860.  In 
1858-'9  he  lived  in  Memphis,  Tenn.  He  was  ap- 
pointed assistant  surgeon  to  the  26th  Pennsylvania 
regiment  in  April,  1861,  and  in  the  same  year  be- 
came assistant  surgeon  in  the  navy.  He  accom- 
panied Dupont's  expedition  to  Port  Royal,  and  re- 
mained in  the  South  Atlantic  blockading  squadron 


COIT 


COKE 


681 


till  January,  1864,  when  he  resigned,  but  served 
for  several  months  in  army  hospitals  in  Phila- 
delphia. After  a  year  in  New  Yoric,  he  returned 
to  Philadelphia  in  1866.  Dr.  Cohen  has  made  a 
specialty  of  diseases  of  tlie  throat  and  chest,  and  is 
lecturer  on  laryngoscopy  at  Jefferson  medical  col- 
lege, Philadelphia.  He  is  consulting  pliysician  of 
several  Philadelphia  hospitals,  and  a  member  of 
many  medical  societies.  In  1875  he  was  president 
of  the  Phihxdelphia  northern  medical  association. 
Among  his  publications  the  most  important  are 
"Treatise  on  Inhalation  "  (Philadelphia,  1867;  2d 
ed.,  1876) ;  "  Diseases  of  the  Throat "  (Xew  York, 
1872) ;  and  "  Croup  in  its  Relations  to  Tracheot- 
omy" (Philadelphia,  1874). 

COIT,  Henry  Augustus,  educator,  b.  in  Wil- 
mington, Del.,  20  Jan.,  1830 ;  d.  in  Concord,  N.  II., 
5  Feb.,  1895.  He  was  educated  at  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania,  but  was  not  graduated.  He  entered 
the  ministry  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  church, 
and  on  the  foundation  of  St.  Paul's  school,  in  Con- 
cord, N.  H.,  by  Dr.  George  Shattuck,  was  chosen 
its  first  rector.  The  school,  opened  in  1856  with 
five  or  six  boys,  has  since  grown  to  be  one  of  the 
largest  in  the  country,  numbering  about  300  pupils 
and  twenty  masters,  and  occupying  twenty  build- 
ings. Its  rector  was  made  a  doctor  of  divinity  by 
Trinity  college  in  1863,  and  the  success  of  the 
school  was  largely  due  to  his  efforts.  In  1868  he 
visited  England,  and  studied  the  workings  of  the 
large  public  schools  there,  many  features  of  which 
he  introduced  into  St.  Paul's.  Dr.  Coit  had  been 
a  trustee  of  Trinity  college  for  four  years,  a  dele- 
gate to  the  general  convention  of  his  church  for 
many  years,  and  was  a  preacher  of  much  power. 
He  published  numerous  sermons  and  addresses.— 
His  brother,  Joseph  Howland,  was  professor  of 
mathematics  and  natural  science  in  St.  James's  col- 
lege, Md.,  until  the  closing  of  that  institution  in 
1865,  when  he  became  associated  with  his  brother 
in  St.  Paul's  school.  Concord,  of  which  he  is  now 
vice-principal.  He  wrote  part  of  the  first  vol- 
ume of  the  •'  Life  of  Bishop  Kerfoot  "  (New  York, 
1885). — Another  brother,  James  Milnor,  chemist, 
b.  in  Harrisburg,  Pa.,  31  Jan.,  1845,  was  educated 
at  St.  Paul's  school.  Concord,  N.  H.,  and  at  Hobart 
college,  Geneva,  N.  Y.,  where  he  was  graduated  in 
1865.  In  1881  he  received  the  degree  of  Ph.  D. 
from  Dartmouth.  During  1873-'5  he  was  the 
general  manager  of  the  Cleveland  tube-works,  but 
has  since  given  his  attention  to  the  teaching  of 
chemistry  and  the  natural  sciences,  principally 
at  St.  Paul's  school.  Dr.  Coit  has  devised  sev- 
eral improved  forms  of  chemical  apparatus,  and 
has  published  "  A  Short  Manual  of  Qualitative 
Analysis  "  (Concord,  N.  II.,  1883),  and  "  A  Chemi- 
cal Arithmetic,  with  a  Short  Svstem  of  Qualitative 
Analysis  "  (Boston,  1886). 

COIT,  Thomas  Winthrop,  clergyman,  b.  in 
New  London,  Conn.,  28  June,  1803 ;  d.  in  Middle- 
town,  Conn.,  21  June,  1885.  He  was  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1821.  studied  for  the  ministry  in  the  Epis- 
copal church,  and  became  rector  of  St.  Peter's 
church,  Salem,  Mass.,  in  1827;  of  Christ  church, 
Cambridge,  Mass.,  in  1829  :  and  of  Trinity  church. 
New  Rochelle,  N.  Y.,  in  1839.  For  brief  periods 
he  was  professor  in  Trinity  college,  Hartford,  Conn., 
and  president  of  Transylvania  university,  Lexing- 
ton, Ky.  Soon  afterward  he  accepted  the  rector- 
ship of  St.  Paul's  church,  Troy,  N.  Y.,  which  place 
he  held  for  nearly  twenty-five  years.  In  1854  he 
was  appointed  lecturer  on  ecclesiastical  history  in 
the  Berkeley  divinity  school,  the  duties  of  which 
office  he  discharged  in  coimection  with  his  rector- 
ship in  Troy.     In  1872  he  resigned  his  church,  was 


appointed  professor  in  the  Divinity-school,  and  re- 
moved to  Middletown,  Conn.  Dr.  Coit  was  one  of 
the  best  scholars  and  ablest  writers  in  the  Episco- 
pal church.  His  contributions  to  church  literature 
were  numerous  and  effective.  He  published  "  Re- 
marks on  Norton's  Statement  of  Reasons  "  (1833); 
"Paragraph  Bible"  (1834);  "  Townsend's  Bible, 
Chronologically  Arranged,  with  Notes "  (2  vols., 
1837-'8) ;  "  Puritanism,  or  a  Churchman's  Defence 
against  its  Aspersions,  by  an  Appeal  to  its  own 
History"  (1845);  a  monograph  in  Bishop  Perry's 
"  History  of  the  American  Episcopal  Church,"  en- 
titled "  Puritanism  in  New  England  and  the  Epis- 
copal Church  "  (1885) ;  together  with  frequent  con- 
tributions to  periodical  literature. 

COKE,  Richard,  senator,  b.  in  Williamsburg, 
Va.,  13  March,  1829.  Pie  was  educated  at  William 
and  Mary  college,  studied  law,  and  after  admission 
to  the  bar  removed  to  Waco,  Texas,  and  practised 
his  profession.  He  served  as  a  private,  and  after- 
ward as  captain,  in  the  Confederate  army.  In 
June,  1865,  he  was  appointed  district  judge,  and 
in  1866  elected  judge  of  the  supreme  court.  A  year 
later  Gen.  Sheridan  removed  him,  on  the  ground 
that  he  was  an  impediment  to  reconstruction.  In 
1873  he  was  elected  governor  of  Texas,  and  in  1876 
was  re-elected.  Having  been  elected  as  a  democrat 
to  the  U.  S.  senate,  he  resigned  to  take  his  seat  in 
that  body  on  4  March,  1877.  In  1883  he  was  elected 
for  another  term,  to  expire  3  INIarch,  1889. 

COKE,  Thomas,  clergyman,  b.  in  Brecon,  South 
Wales,  9  Sept.,  1747 ;  d.  2'  May,  1814.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Oxford,  and  in  1772  became  mayor  of  his 
native  town.  Subsequently  he  studied  for  the 
church,  and  obtained  a  curacy  at  Petherton.  In 
1776  he  became  acquainted  with  John  Wesley,  and, 
joining  the  Methodists,  was  appointed  superintend- 
ent of  the  London  district  in  1780,  and  president 
of  the  Irish  conference  in  1782.  After  being  or- 
dained by  Wesley  as  bishop  of  the  church  in  the 
United  States,  he  arrived  in  New  Yoi'k  in  1784, 
and  on  27  Dec.  of  that  year  he  ordained  Asbury  a 
bishop,  and  joint  superintendent  of  the  church  in 
America.  They  proceeded  together  to  visit  the 
different  conferences  itntil  June,  1785,  when  Coke 
returned  to  England  and  visited  Wales,  Scotland, 
and  Ireland.  The  first  mission  he  established  was 
in  the  West  Indies  in  1786,  which  he  again  visited 
in  1788-'9,  1790,  and  1792-'3.  His  ninth  and  last 
visit  to  the  United  States  was  in  1803.  After  the 
death  of  Wesley  he  was  chosen  secretary  of  the 
English  conference,  and,  in  conjunction  with  Mr. 
Moore  and  Dr.  Whitehead,  published,  in  1792,  a 
"  Life  of  Wesley."  In  a  voyage  to  New  York,  in 
1797,  the  vessel  he  was  in  was  taken  by  a  priva- 
teer, and  he  was  cruelly  treated,  being  jtlundered 
of  everything  but  his  books.  In  1803  he  estab- 
lished a  mission  in  Gibraltar,  and  from  tiiis  time 
until  1808  was  engaged  in  travelling  in  aid  of  the 
missionaiy  cause.  Through  his  influence  a  mis- 
sion was  established  in  1811  at  Sierra  Leone.  De- 
termining, in  1813,  to  establish  a  mission  at  Ceylon, 
such  was  his  zeal  that,  when  the  conference  hesi- 
tated on  account  of  the  expense,  he  furnished  the 
money  from  his  own  private  purse.  The  mission- 
aries embarked  30  Dec,  and,  after  being  out  four 
months,  he  was  found  dead  in  his  cabin.  He  ren- 
dered valuable  assistance  to  Wesley  in  procuring 
what  was  called  the  deed  of  declaration,  providing 
for  the  settlement  of  the  Methodist  chapels  in  the 
connection,  and  restricted  the  conference  to  100  of 
the  preachers,  and  their  successors,  forever.  He  was 
the  author  of  a  "  Commentary  of  the  Bible  "  (1807), 
"  A  History  of  the  West  Indies,"  "  History  of  the 
Bible,"  "  Six  Letters  in  Defence  of  the  Doctrine  of 


682 


COL BORNE 


COL BURN 


Justification  by  Faith,"  "  Four  Discourses  on  the 
Duties  of  a  Minister,"  and  a  "  Preacher's  Manual." 

COLBORNE,  Sir  John,  Lord  Seaton,  British 
soldier,  b.  in  1779 ;  d.  17  April.  1863.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Christ's  hospital,  and  Winchester  school, 
entered  the  army  in  1799,  and  served  in  Holland, 
Egypt,  and  Italy.  He  was  in  tlie  battle  of  Maida 
in  1806,  was  military  secretary  to  Sir  John  Moore, 
commanded  a  brigade  in  Wellington's  army  in 
Portugal,  France,  and  Spain  in  1810-'4,  and  did 
good  service  through  the  peninsular  war.  He 
originated  and  led  the  decisive  movement  of  the 
52d  light  infantry  that  secured  the  victory  at 
Waterloo.  He  received  several  orders  of  knight- 
hood for  his  services,  and  became  lieutenant-gov- 
ernor of  Guernsey,  and  major-general  in  1825.  He 
was  made  lieutenant-governor  of  Upper  Canada  in 
1829,  and  firmly  repressed  the  strong  reform  party 
that  he  found  there.  In  1835  he  obtained  a  recall ; 
but,  as  he  was  about  to  embark  for  Europe,  he  was 
appointed  commander-in-chief  of  the  forces  in 
Canada.  He  returned  to  Quebec,  and  took  efilcient 
and  prompt  measures  to  check  the  rebellion  then 
preparing,  and,  on  its  breaking  out,  took  the  field 
in  person,  in  several  engagements,  and  completely 
routed  the  insurgents.  He  was  twice  temporarily 
governor-general  of  British  North  America,  ren- 
dered great  services  to  that  country,  and  was  made 
a  lieutenant-general  in  1838.  He  returned  to  Eng- 
land in  1839,  and  on  14  December  of  that  year  was 
created  Baron  Seaton.  He  was  also  made  a  privy- 
councillor  and  given  a  pension  of  £2,000  per  an- 
num. He  was  afterward  lord-high-commissioner 
of  the  Ionian  isles,  and  commander  of  the  forces  in 
Ireland,  but  resigned  in  1860,  and  was  promoted 
to  field-marshal  on  30  March  of  that  year. 

COLBURN,  Jeremiah,  numismatist,  b.  in  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  12  Jan.,  1815;  d.  there,  30  Dec,  1891. 
He  began  to  collect  coins,  and  afterward  turned 
his  attention  to  shells,  minerals,  etc.,  and  finally  to 
books,  autographs,  manuscripts,  portraits,  and  en- 
gravings relating  to  America,  including  continental 
money  and  the  more  recent  issues  of  paper  tokens. 
In  1840  he  began  a  collection  of  bank-notes.  In 
1857  he  contributed  articles  to  the  '"  Historical 
Magazine  "  on  American  coins  and  coinage,  which 
were  followed  for  several  years  by  short  articles  on 
these  subjects  in  "  Notes  and  Queries."  He  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  Boston  numismatic  so- 
ciety, had  been  its  curator,  vice-president,  and  presi- 
dent, and  since  1871  had  been  one  of  the  editors  of 
the  "  American  Journal  of  Numismatics." 

COLBURN,  Warren,  educator,  b.  in  Dedham, 
Mass.,  1  March,  1793  :  d.  in  Lowell,  Mass.,  13  Sept., 
1833.  His  parents  were  poor,  and  when  a  boy  he 
worked  in  factories  in  the  different  villages  to  which 
they  moved.  He  learned  the  machinist's  trade, 
but  early  manifested  a  taste  for  mathematics,  and 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1820.  He  then 
opened  a  select  school  in  Boston,  but  in  April, 
1823,  became  superintendent  of  the  Boston  manu- 
facturing company  at  VValtham,  Mass.,  and  in 
August,  1824,  of  the  Merrimack  manufacturing 
company  at  Lowell.  While  here  he  invented  im- 
portant improvements  in  machinery,  and  delivered 
a  series  of  popular  lectures,  illustrated  with  the 
magic  lantern,  on  commerce,  natural  history,  phys- 
ics, and  astronomy,  which  was  continued  through 
many  years.  He  was  also  superintendent  of  schools 
at  Lowell,  was  elected  a  fellow  of  the  American  acad- 
emy of  arts  and  sciences  in  1827,  and  was  for  several 
years  an  examiner  in  mathematics  at  Harvard.  His 
reputation  rests  largely  on  his  "  First  Lessons  in 
Intellectual  Arithmetic  "  (Boston,  1821),  the  plan  of 
which  he  had  carefully  completed  while  yet  an  un- 


dergraduate at  Harvard.  It  had  a  large  circula- 
tion, both  here  and  abroad,  and  has  been  trans- 
lated, not  only  into  most  of  the  languages  of  Eu- 
rope, but  also  into  several  of  the  eastern  tongues. 
He  also  published  a  "  Sequel "  to  his  arithmetic 
(1824 :  revised  ed.,  1833),  and  an  "  Algebra  "  (1827). 
COLBURN,  Zerah,  mathematical  prodigy,  b. 
in  Cabot,  Vt.,  1  Sept.,  1804;  d.  in  Norwich,  Vt., 
2  March,  1840.  When  only  six  years  old  he  began 
to  manifest  extraordinary  powers  of  computation. 
His  father,  wishing  to  make  money  by  exhibiting 
the  boy,  left  Vermont  with  him  in  the  winter  of 
1810-'l.  The  offer  of  Dr.  Wheelock,  president  of 
Dartmouth,  to  educate  Zerah  at  his  own  expense 
was  rejected,  and  the  lad  was  placed  on  exhibition 
in  Boston,  where  he  attracted  much  attention.  He 
mentally  solved  problems  involving  the  use  of 
numbers  containing  four  or  five  places  of  figures 
with  greater  ease  and  rapidity  than  that  to  which 
experienced  mathematicians  could  attain.  The 
question,  "How  many  days  and  hours  in  1,811 
years  ?  "  was  answered  correctly  in  twenty  seconds. 
At  this  time  he  could  not  explain  his  processes ; 
but  a  few  years  later  he  was  able  to  do  so,  and  it 
then  appeared  that  he  had  no  new  methods,  but 
merely  possessed  wonderful  facility  in  using  the 
ordinary  ones.  When  he  was  nine  years  old  he 
was  able  to  solve  questions  like  the  following : 
"  What  is  999,9992  X  492  X  25  ?  "  The  result  occu- 
pies seventeen  places  of  figures.  He  immediately 
gave  the  factors  of  294,967,297,  which  French 
mathematicians  had  supposed  to  be  a  prime  num- 
ber. His  performances  show  that  his  mental  pro- 
cesses were  inconceivably  rapid,  and  his  memory 
very  powerful.  After  exhibiting  his  son  in  the 
middle  and  southern  states,  Mr.  Colburn  took  him 
to  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland,  and  finally 
placed  him  in  the  Lycee  Napoleon  at  Paris,  where 
he  remained  for  eighteen  months.  In  181 G  they 
were  reduced  to  poverty  in  England,  and  Zerah  at- 
tracted the  attention  of  the  Earl  of  Bristol,  who 
placed  him  in  Westminster  school  for  three  years; 
but  a  disagreement  between  Mr.  Colburn  and  the 
earl  caused  the  boy's  removal  from  the  school  in 
1819,  and,  in  accordance  with  his  father's  sugges- 
tions, Zerah  began  to  study  for  th(^  stage.  Aban- 
doning this,  he  became  assistant  in  a  school,  and 
soon  began  teaching  on  his  own  account,  perform- 
ing astronomical  calculations  at  the  same  time  for 
Dr.  Thomas  Young,  then  secretary  of  the  board  of 
longitude.  After  his  father's  death  in  1824  he  re- 
turned to  the  United  States,  and,  after  teaching  for 
a  few  months  in  E^'airfield,  N.  Y.,  removed  to  Bur- 
lington, Vt.,  where  he  studied  at  tlie  university, 
and  supported  himself  by  teaching  French.  He 
united  with  the  Methodist  church  in  1825,  was  for 
nine  years  an  itinerant  preacher,  and  in  1835  be- 
came professor  of  languages  in  Norwich  univer- 
sity, Vermont.  His  remarkable  faculty  for  com- 
putation left  him  about  the  time  he  reached  man- 
hood. Mr.  Colburn's  manners  were  unassuming, 
and  he  gave  no  evidence  of  great  ability,  aside 
from  his  early  talent  for  calculation.  He  published 
his  "  Memoirs  "  (Springfield,  1833). — His  nephew, 
Zerah,  engineer,  b.  in  Saratoga.  N.  Y.,  in  1832; 
d.  in  Massachusetts,  4  May,  1870,  lost  his  father 
when  a  child,  and  removed  with  his  mother  to 
New  Hampshire,  where  he  worked  on  a  farm.  lie 
afterward  went  to  Boston,  found  employment  in 
the  Lowell  machine-shop  in  1847,  and  then  on 
the  Concord  railroad,  where  he  showed  great 
talent  for  practical  mechanics.  He  soon  rose  to 
be  superintendent  of  Mr.  Souther's  locomotive- 
works  in  Boston,  and  afterward  held  a  similar 
place  in  the  works  at  Paterson,  N.  J.,  where  he  in- 


COLBY 


GOLDEN 


683 


vented  improvements  in  freight  engines.  He 
then  connected  himself  with  the  "  Railroad  Jour- 
nal," and  in  1854  established  in  New  York  city 
the  "  Railroad  Advocate,"  which  he  sold  in  1855, 
and  bought  lands  in  Iowa.  He  visited  England 
and  France,  and  gave  an  account  of  the  machine 
and  iron  works  there  in  letters  to  the  "  Advocate." 
In  1857,  with  Mr.  Holley,  he  again  visited  Europe 
at  the  request  of  several  railroad  presidents,  and  in 
1858  they  published  a  report  on  European  railway 
systems  and  machinery.'  They  resumed  their  re- 
searches in  1858,  in  which  year  Mr.  Colburn  began 
writing  for  the  London  "  Engineer,"  and  soon  be- 
came its  editor.  After  several  years  of  hard  work 
he  returned  to  the  United  States  and  began  the 
publication  of  an  American  "  Engineer  "  in  Phila- 
delphia. Only  a  few  numbers  were  issued,  and  he 
soon  resumed  the  editorship  of  the  London  paper. 
In  186(5  he  established  in  London  a  new  journal 
called  "  Engineering,"  which  he  continued  to  edit 
until  a  few  weeks  before  his  death.  In  1870  over- 
work and  irregularity  of  habits  drove  him  into 
partial  insanity.  He  came  back  to  this  country  in 
April,  avoided  all  his  old  friends,  strayed  away  to 
a  country  town  in  Massachusetts,  and  died  there 
by  his  own  hand.  During  his  residence  in  Lon- 
don, Mr.  Colburn  was  employed  as  consulting  en- 
gineer on  many  important  constructions,  and  pre- 
pared numerous  valuable  papers  in  addition  to  his 
editorial  labors.  The  more  noted  of  these  were  his 
papers  before  the  Institution  of  civil  engineers  (of 
which  he  was  a  member)  on  "  Iron  Bridges  "  and  on 
"  American  Locomotives  and  Rolling  Stock,"  both 
of  which  received  medals.  He  was  considered  a 
high  authority  on  all  subjects  connected  with  me- 
chanical engineering.  He  published  "  The  Loco- 
motive Engine  "  (Boston,  1851),  and  wrote  a  supple- 
ment on  "  American  Practice  "  for  a  new  edition  of 
Clark's  "  Locomotive  Engine  "  (1859). 

COLBY,  Anthony,  governor  of  New  Hamp- 
shire, b.  in  New  London,  N.  H.,  13  Nov.,  1792;  d. 
there,  13  July,  1873.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Baptist  church,  and  did  much  toward  consolidat- 
ing the  interests  of  the  denomination  in  the  state. 
He  was  major-general  of  militia,  president  of  a 
railroad,  and  a  large  owner  of  factories.  In  1846-7 
he  was  governor  of  the  state.  Dartmouth  gave 
him  the  honorary  degree  of  A.  M.  in  1850,  and  he 
was  one  of  its  trustees  from  1850  till  1870.  Dur- 
ing the  civil  war  he  was  adjutant-general  of  the 
state.  Gov.  Colby  was  a  personal  friend  of  Daniel 
Webster.  His  last  work  was  the  establishment  of 
Colby  academy,  a  Baptist  institution  in  New  Lon- 
don. N.  IL,  endowed  by  his  family. 

COLBY,  Charles  Galnslia,  editor,  b.  in  Roch- 
ester, N.  Y.,  in  1830;  d.  in  New  York  city,  30 
Oct.,  1866.  He  was  graduated  at  Wesleyan  uni- 
versity, Middletown,  Conn.,  in  1848,  and  soon 
afterward  began  teaching  and  lecturing  on  astron- 
omy. In  1850  he  was  engaged  with  Prof.  Bond,  of 
Cambridge  observatory,  and  calculated  the  eclipses 
for  July,  1851,  publishing  his  results  in  "  Harper's 
Magazine"  of  that  month.  He  also  wrote  an 
article  on  telescopes  for  the  New  York  "  Inde- 
pendent," which  attracted  the  attention  of  scien- 
tific men.  In  the  latter  part  of  1851  he  removed 
to  New  York,  where  he  was  first  employed  in  the 
office  of  the  "American  Railroad  Journal,"  and 
then  aided  Dr.  R.  S.  Fisher  in  the  preparation  of 
his  "  Statistical  Gazetteer  of  the  United  States  " 
and  "American  Statistical  Annual"  (New  York, 
1853).  He  afterward  became  assistant  editor  of 
Hunt's  "Merchant's  Magazine,"  and  held  the 
place  till,  on  the  death  of  Mr.  Hunt,  the  property 
passed  into  other  hands.     Mr,  Colby  wrote  the  de- 


scriptive and  statistical  letter-press  for  Morse's 
"Geography  of  the  World"  (New  York,  1850), 
Morse's  "  Diamoud  Atlas,"  and  several  smaller 
works.  He  was  also  the  author  of  numerous 
cyclopaedia  articles.  He  removed  to  Boston  in 
1861,  where  he  was  engaged  on  the  "  Commercial 
Bulletin,"  but  was  compelled  by  failing  health  to 
return  to  New  York  in  1864. 

COLBY,  Gardner,  philanthropist,  b.  in  Bow- 
doinham.  Me.,  3  Sept.,  1810 ;  d.  in  Newton  Centre, 
Mass.,  2  April,  1879.  After  receiving  the  rudi- 
ments of  an  English  education,  he  entered  the 
dry-goods  business  in  Boston,  and  afterward  en- 
gaged in  manufacturing  woollen  goods.  During 
the  civil  war  he  was  a  large  contractor  for  the  sup- 
ply of  clothing  to  the  national  army,  and  in  1870 
became  president  of  the  Wisconsin  central  rail- 
road. Mr.  Colby  was  distinguished  for  his  liberal 
contributions  to  benevolent  objects.  Newton 
theological  seminary.  Brown  university,  and  the 
American  Baptist  missionary  union  received  large 
sums  from  him.  A  gift  of  $50,000  to  Waterville 
college,  Maine,  caused  the  name  of  that  institution 
to  be  changed  to  Colby  university.  He  occupied 
many  important  places  of  trust  and  honor  in  the 
Baptist  denomination,  and  for  years  was  treasurer 
of  Newton  theological  seminary. — His  son,  Charles 
Lewis,  b.  in  Roxbury,  Mass.,  in  1839,  was  gradu- 
ated at  Brown  in  1858.  He  removed  to  Milwaukee, 
Wis.,  about  1874,  and  became  president  of  the 
Wisconsin  central  railroad.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  legislature  in  1880.  and  became  a  trustee  of 
Brown  university  in  1879.— Another  son,  Henry 
Francis,  clergyman,  b.  in  Boston  Highlands 
(Roxbury),  Mass.,  25  Nov.,  1842,  was  graduated  at 
Brown  in  1862,  and  at  Newton  theological  semi- 
nary in  1867.  He  has  been  pastor  of  the  1st 
Baptist  church  in  Dayton,  Ohio,  since  his  ordina- 
tion in  1868,  and  in  1883  was  president  of  the 
Ohio  Baptist  convention.  He  has  travelled  ex- 
tensively in  Europe.  He  has  published  a  class 
poem  (1862),  and  sketches  of  Gardner  Colby,  Caleb 
Pai'ker,  and  Ebenezer  Thresher. 

COLCUR  (coal'-kur),  Araueanian  cacique  of 
Angol,  b.  in  that  territory,  Chili,  in  1555;  d.  in 
Coya  in  1589.  He  was  the  grandson  of  Caupoli- 
Ciin,  and,  after  taking  part  in  almost  every  battle 
against  the  Spaniards  from  1583  till  1591,  was 
elected  chief  of  the  united  forces  of  the  Arauea- 
nians  in  1592.  He  surprised  Sotomayor,  the 
governor  of  Chili,  who,  being  defeated,  returned 
to  Peru  for  re-enforcements.  From  1593  till  1596 
Colcur  kept  up  the  war  by  means  of  continuous 
skirmishes,  without  accepting  battle  in  open  field, 
and  giving  not  a  moment  of  rest  to  Gov.  Loyola, 
who  in  1597  fell,  with  sixty  men  of  his  escort,  in 
an  ambuscade.  On  the  death  of  the  governor, 
the  Spanish  troops  scattered,  when  the  cacique 
attacked  and  captured  the  defenceless  cities,  slaugh- 
tering every  Spaniard  that  fell  into  the  hands  of 
his  Indians.  In  1598  he  besieged  the  city  of  Coya, 
stormed  it  several  times  without  success,  and  was 
killed  during  the  final  attack,  which  proved  disas- 
trous to  the  Araucanians. 

COLDEN,  Cadwallader,  phvsician,b.  in  Dunse, 
Scotland,  17  Feb.,  1688;  d.  on  Long  Island,  28 
Sept.,  1776.  His  father.  Rev.  Alexander  Coldcn, 
prepared  him  for  the  University  of  Edinburgh, 
where  he  was  graduated  in  1705.  He  then  spent 
three  years  in  studying  medicine  and  mathematics, 
and  in  1708  came"  to  this  country  and  practised 
successfully  as  a  physician  in  Philadelphia  till  1715, 
He  tnen  visited  London,  and  met  Halley,  the  as- 
tronomer, who  was  so  pleased  with  a  paper  on 
"  Animal  Secretions,"  written  by  Colden  some  years 


684 


GOLDEN 


COLDEN 


before,  that  he  read  it  before  the  Royal  society. 
Golden  also  became  acquainted  at  this  time  with 
other  noted  literary  and  scientific  men.  He  re- 
turned to  Philadelphia  in  1716,  but,  at  the  re- 
quest of  his  friend.  Gov.  Hunter,  settled  in  New 
York  in  1718,  and  in  1719  became  the  first  survey- 
or-general of  the  colony,  and  master  in  chancery. 
Gov.  Burnet  gave  him  a  seat  in  the  provincial 
council  in  1720.  About  1755  he  retired  with  his 
family  to  a  tract  of  land,  for  which  he  had  received 
a  patent,  about  nine  miles  from  Newburg,  on  the 
Hudson.  Here,  in  the  midst  of  a  wilderness,  ex- 
posed to  attacks  from  hostile  Indians,  he  gave  his 
attention  to  farming  and  to  scientific  pursuits, 
without  neglecting  the  duties  of  the  surveyor- 
general's  office.  Golden  was  an  earnest  royalist  and 
advocate  of  the  taxation  of  the  colonies  by  the  home 
government.  He  administered  the  affairs  of  the 
province  as  president  of  the  council  in  1760,  and 
in  1761  Lord  Halifax,  in  return  for  his  "  zeal  for 
the  rights  of  the  crown,"  appointed  liim  lieutenant- 
governor.  He  held  this  office  till  his  death,  and 
was  repeatedly  placed  at  the  head  of  affairs  by  the 
absence  or  death  of  the  various  governors.  He 
was  acting  governor  when  the  paper  intended  for 
distribution  under  the  stamp-act  arrived  in  New 
York,  and  it  was  put  under  his  care  in  Fort 
George,  which  stood  on  Battery  point.  On  the 
evening  of  1  Nov.,  1765,  "a  torch-light  proces- 
sion," says  Bancroft,  "  carrying  a  scaffold  and  two 
images,  one  of  the  governor,  the  other  of  the 
devil,  came  from  the  Fields,  now  the  Park,  down 
Broadway,  to  within  eight  or  ten  feet  of  the  fort, 
knocked   at  its   gate,  broke   open   the  governor's 

coach-house,  took 
out  his  chariot, 
carried  the  images 
upon  it  through 
the  town,  and  re- 
turned to  burn 
them,  with  his 
own  cari-iages  and 
sleighs,  before  his 
eyes  on  the  Bowl- 
ing Green."  He 
would  have  fired 
on  the  people,  but 
was  menaced  with 
being  hanged  on 
a  sign-post  if  he 
did  so.  The  next 
day  he  yielded, 
and  consented  to 
give  the  stamps 
into  the  custody 
of  the  New  York 
common  council. 
They  were  taken  to  the  city-hall,  and  the  mu- 
nicipal government  then  restored  order.  Golden's 
claim  for  indemnification  was  rejected  by  the 
assembly  in  1766.  He  continued  to  be  a  firm 
friend  of  the  crown,  and  in  1775  advised  the  as- 
sembly to  "  supplicate  the  throne,  and  our  most 
gracious  sovereign  will  hear  and  relieve  you  with 
paternal  tenderness."  Golden's  administration 
was  marked  by  the  incorporation  of  several  be- 
nevolent societies.  On  the  return  of  Gov.  Tryon 
in  1775,  he  retired  to  his  house  on  Long  Island. 
Dr.  Golden  corresponded  from  1710  till  his  death 
with  the  most  prominent  scientific  men  of  his 
time.  He  took  special  interest  in  botany,  and  was 
the  first  to  inti'oduce  the  Linna?an  system  into 
America.  He  furnished  to  Linnaeus  an  accoimt 
of  between  300  and  400  American  plants,  about  200 
of  which  were  described  in  the  "  Acta  Upsaliensia." 


The  celebrated  Swedish  botanist  afterward  gave 
the  name  Goldenia  to  a  plant  of  the  tetandrous 
class,  in  honor  of  his  correspondent.  One  of  Gol- 
den's most  constant  correspondents  was  Benjamin 
Franklin.  The  two  philosophers  regularly  com- 
municated their  discoveries  to  each  other,  and  in 
a  letter  to  Franklin,  dated  October,  1743,  Golden 
first  mentions  his  invention  of  the  art  of  stereo- 
typing, afterward  practically  carried  out  by  Her- 
ban  in  Paris  in  the  beginning  of  this  century. 
Though  he  early  gave  up  the  practice  of  medicine, 
he  was  always  interested  in  it.  He  was  one  of  the 
first  to  recommend  the  cooling  regimen  in  fevers, 
and  in  1743  showed,  in  a  tract,  how  an  e|)ideniic 
that  had  visited  New  York  was  aggravated  by  the 
filth  and  foul  air  in  portions  of  the  city.  For  this 
he  was  thanked  by  the  corporation,  who  adopted 
many  of  his  suggestions.  Dr.  Golden  took  an  ac- 
tive part  in  founding  the  American  philosophical 
society.  Pie  published  a  "  History  of  the  Five 
Indian  Nations  depending  upon  New  York,"  call- 
ing attention  to  the  relation  of  Indian  affairs  to 
commerce  (New  York,  1727;  reprinted,  with  in- 
troduction and  notes  by  John  G.  Shea,  1866 ; 
enlarged  ed.,  London,  1747),  and  "  Gause  of  Gravi- 
tation "  (New  York,  1745 ;  enlarged  ed.,  entitled 
"  Principles  of  Action  in  Matter,"  with  a  treatise 
on  Fluxions,  London,  1752).  He  prepared,  just 
before  his  death,  a  new  edition  of  the  last-named 
work,  with  copious  additions,  and  placed  the 
manuscript  in  the  hands  of  Prof.  Whittle,  of 
Edinburgh,  but  it  never  appeared,  and  its  fate  is 
unknown.  Among  Dr.  Golden's  medical  papers 
are  an  "  Essay  on  the  Virtues  of  the  Bortanice  or 
Great  Water-Dock,"  which  led  to  his  acquaintance 
with  Linnaeus,  and  "  Observations  on  Exidemical 
Sore  Throat "  (1753).  Among  his  manuscripts  are 
an  inquiry  into  the  operation  of  intellect  in  ani- 
mals, an  essay  on  vital  motion,  and  "  Observations 
on  Smith's  History  of  New  York,"  complaining  of 
the  author's  partiality  and  incorrectness.  These 
and  other  papers  are  in  the  possession  of  the 
New  York  historical  society,  and  the  historian 
Bancroft  derived  from  them  valuable  data  for  his 
History  of  the  United  States. — His  grandson, 
Cadwallader  David,  lawyer,  b.  in  Springhill, 
near  Flushing.  L.  I.,  4  April,  1769;  d.  in  Jersey 
Gity,  N.  J.,  7  Feb.,  1834,  began  his  studies  in  Ja- 
maica, L.  I.,  and  continued  them  in  London,  Eng- 
land. He  returned  to  the  United  States  in  1785, 
studied  law,  and  began  practice  in  New  York  in 
1791.  He  removed  to  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.,  in 
1793,  but  returned  in  1796  to  New  York  city, 
where  he  became  district  attorney  in  1810,  and 
stood  at  the  head  of  his  profession  as  a  commercial 
lawyer.  He  was  colonel  of  a  volunteer  regiment 
in  1812,  a  member  of  the  legislature  in  1818,  and 
in  the  same  year  succeeded  De  Witt  Glinton  as 
mayor  of  New  York.  In  1821  he  successfully  con- 
tested the  election  of  Peter  Sharpe  to  congress, 
and  served  one  term,  and  from  1824  till  1827  was 
a  member  of  the  state  senate.  With  De  Witt 
Glinton  he  was  among  the  earliest  promoters  of 
the  system  of  internal  improvements,  and  also  gave 
much  attention  to  public  education  and  the  refor- 
mation of  juvenile  criminals.  He  was  for  many 
years  one  of  the  governors  of  the  New  York  hos- 
pital. Mr.  Golden  married  a  daughter  of  Samuel 
Provoost,  first  Episcopal  bishop  of  the  diocese  of 
New  York.  He  published  a  "  Life  of  Robert  Ful- 
ton," whose  intimate  friend  he  was  (New  York, 
1817) ;  "  Memoir  of  the  Gelebration  of  the  Gom- 
pletion  of  the  New  York  Ganals"  (1825);  and 
"  V^indication  of  the  Steamboat  Right  granted  by 
the  State  of  New  York  "  (1819). 


COLE 


COLEMAN 


685 


COLE,  Azel  Dow,  educator,  b.  in  Sterling, 
Conn.,  1  Dec,  1818 ;  d.  in  Nashotah,  AVis.,  15  Oct., 
1885.  He  was  graduated  at  Brown  in  1838,  and 
at  the  General  -theological  seminary,  in  New 
York,  in  1841,  and  was  ordained  by  Bishop  Gris- 
wold.  In  November  of  the  same  year  he  became 
rector  of  St.  James's  parish  in  Woonsocket,  R.  L 
After  nearly  four  years'  service  in  this  parish,  he 
went  in  1845  to  Kalamazoo,  Mich.,  where  also  he 
remained  four  years.  In  December,  1849.  he  re- 
moved to  Racine,  Wis.,  and  in  May,  1850,  was 
elected  president  of  Nashotah  theological  semi- 
nary. In  this  place  he  labored  until  his  death,  a 
period  of  thirty-five  years,  being  also  rector  of  St. 
Sylvanus's  parish,  and  making  regular  visitations 
to  the  stations  in  the  neighboring  villages  and 
country  districts,  where  services  were  regularly 
maintained  by  the  students.  In  several  of  these 
places  the  results  of  his  efforts  culminated  in  the 
erection  of  substantial  churches.  He  was  nomi- 
nated to  the  vacancy  in  the  bishopric  made  by  the 
death  of  Bishop  Armitage  in  1878,  and,  although 
not  elected,  wielded  an  influence  in  the  affairs  of 
the  diocese  unequalled  by  that  of  any  other  church- 
man. In  1852  the  degree  of  D.  D.  was  conferred 
on  him  by  Norwich  university,  Vt. 

COLE,  Cornelius,  senator,  b.  in  Lodi,  N.  Y., 
17  Sept.,  1833.  He  was  graduated  at  Wesleyan 
university,  Middletown.  Conn.,  in  1847,  and,  after 
studying  law  in  the  office  of  William  H.  Seward, 
was  admitted  to  the  bar.  In  1849  he  crossed  the 
plains  to  California,  and,  after  working  a  year  in 
the  gold  mines,  began  the  practice  of  law.  He  was 
district  attorney  of  Sacramento  city  and  county 
from  1859  till  1863,  was  a  member  of  the  National 
republican  committee  from  1856  till  1800,  and  dur- 
ing the  latter  year  edited  a  newspaper.  He  then 
removed  to  Santa  Cruz,  and  was  a  representative 
from  California  in  the  38th  congress  as  a  union 
republican,  serving  from  7  Dec,  1863,  till  3  March, 
1865.  He  was  elected  U.  S.  senator  to  succeed 
James  A.  McDougall,  democrat,  serving  from  4 
March,  1867,  till  3  March,  1873. 

COLE,  Joseph  Foxcroft,  artist,  b.  in  Jay,  ]\Ie., 
9  Nov.,  1837;  d.  in  Boston,  Mass.,  3  May,  1893. 
He  was  a  pupil  of  Lambinet  from  1860  till  1863, 
and  of  Charles  Jaeque  in  1867.  His  professional 
life  was  spent  in  Paris  and  Boston.  Among  his 
paintings  are  "  The  Ram  and  Ewe,"  "  New  Eng- 
land Farm,"  "  The  Shepherdess,"  "  Willow  Brook," 
"  The  Weakest  goes  to  the  Wall,"  "  Pastoral  Scene 
in  Normandy,"  exhibited  in  the  Paris  salon  of 
1875 ;  "  Norman  Farm,"  and  "  Sheep- washing  in 
Normandy,"  sent  to  the  London  Royal  academy 
exhibition  of  1877;  and  "Twilight,  Melrose  High- 
lands," "Cows  Ruminating,"  and  "Coast  Scene  in 
Normandy,"  shown  at  the  Centennial  exhibition  of 
1876,  where  he  received  a  medal  and  diploma.  His 
landscapes  contain  delicate  gradations  of  color,  and 
show  "quiet,  slumberous  distances,  indicative  of 
the  mysterious  tenderness  and  repose  of  nature." 

COLE,  Orsamus,  jurist,  b.  in  Cazenovia,  Madi- 
son CO.,  N.  Y.,  23  Aug.,  1819.  He  was  graduated 
at  Union  in  1848,  studied  law,  and  removed  to 
Potosi,  Grant  co..  Wis.,  where  he  practised  his  pro- 
fession. He  was  a  prominent  member  of  the  con- 
stitutional convention  of  1847,  and  elected  to  con- 
gress as  a  whig  in  1848,  serving  one  term.  He 
vigorously  opposed  the  compromise  measures  of 
1850,  including  the  fugitive-slave  law,  was  the 
whig  and  free-soil  candidate  for  attorney-general 
of  Wisconsin  in  1853,  and  in  1855  elected  by  the 
republicans  to  the  supreme  bench  of  the  state.  He 
was  reelected  in  1861,  1867,  and  1873,  and  in  1879 
for  a  term  of  ten  years. 


COLE,  Tliomas,  painter,  b.  in  Bolton-le-Moor, 
England,  1  Feb.,  1801 ;  d.  near  Catskill,  N.  Y.,  11 
Feb.,  1848.  His  father  emigrated  to  the  United 
States  in  1819,  and  settled  in  Ohio,  where  Thomas 
took  lessons  in  art  from  a  mediocre  portrait-painter 
named  Stein.  In  1835  he  removed  to  New  York, 
became  intimate  with  Durand  and  Trumbull,  and 
turned  his  attention  to  depicting  the  autumn 
scenery  of  the  Hudson,  with  such  success  that  he 
soon  became  known  as  one  of  the  best  of  American 
landscape-painters.  He  made  several  professional 
visits  to  Europe,  and  sketched  and  painted  in  Eng- 
land, France,  and  Italy;  but  his  most  attractive 
works  were  executed  in  this  country.  In  1880  he 
exhibited  at  the  Royal  academy,  London,  a  "  View 
in  New  Hampshire  "  and  "  The  Tomb  of  General 
Brock,"  and  in  1881  a  "  View  in  the  United  States.'" 
Among  his  most  popular  works  are  the  "  Voyage 
of  Life,"  a  series  of  allegorical  pictures,  familiar 
through  engravings,  and  the  "  Course  of  Empire," 
a  similar  series,  representing  a  nation's  rise,  prog- 
ress, decline,  fall,  and  desolation,  now  owned  by 
the  New  York  historical  society.  Among  his  other 
works  are  "  Dream  of  Arcadia,"  "  Departure,  Re- 
turn," "Garden  of  Eden"  (1828);  "Expulsion 
from  Paradise  "  (1838,  Lenox  librarv,  New  York) ; 
"  Titian's  Goblet "  (1883) ;  "  Mount  Etna,"  "  White 
Mountains"  (Wadsworth  athenteum,  Hartford); 
"  Angel  appearing  to  the  Shepherds  "  (Boston 
atheuiPum) ;  "  Primitive  State  of  Man,"  "  View  on 
the  Thames,"  "  Cross  in  the  Wilderness,"  "  L'AUe- 
gro,"  "  II  Penseroso,"  "  Mountain  Ford,"  "  Cross 
and  the  World."  "  Vale  of  Segesta,"  "  Choeorua 
Peak,"  and  "  Catskill  Creek."  Mr.  Cole  was  a 
modest,  sweet-tempered,  thoughtful  man,  whose 
love  of  nature  was  as  deep  as  that  of  his  friend 
Bryant.  They  found  great  pleasure  in  wandering 
among  the  Ca'tskills,  which  is  pleasantly  commem- 
orated in  one  of  Durand's  finest  pictures,  in  which 
the  poet  and  painter  are  seen  standing  together  on 
a  mountain  ledge.  After  the  death  of  Mr.  Cole  a 
memorial  address  was  delivered  by  Mr.  Bryant  be- 
fore the  New  York  historical  society. 

COLEMAN,  Charles  Caryll,  painter,  b.  in 
Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  in  1840.  He  went  to  Europe  when 
nineteen  years  old  to  study  art,  but  returned  at 
the  beginning  of  the  civil  war,  and  served  in  the 
national  army  three  years.  In  1866  he  returned 
to  Europe,  and  has  since  resided  there,  painting 
chiefly  in  Paris,  London,  and  Rome,  where  his 
studio  was  in  1886.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Lon- 
don art  club,  and  has  been  an  associate  member  of 
the  National  academy.  New  York,  since  1881.  His 
principal  works  are  "  Troubadour,"  "  Nuremberg 
Towers"  (1876);  "Bronze  Horses  of  St.  Mark's" 
(1877);  "Venice,  Ancient  and  Modern"  (1880); 
"  Remote  Quarter  of  Paris  in  1878  "  (1881) ;  "  Capri 
Interior,"  "Capri  Grainfield,"  "Capri  Reapers," 
and  "  Head  of  Capri  Girl "  (1886). 

COLEMAN,  John,  editor,  b.  in  Baltimore,  Md., 
11  Feb.,  1808 ;  d.  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  16  Sept.,  1869. 
He  was  a  Methodist  till  1884,  when  he  was  con- 
firmed in  the  Protestant  Episcopal  church,  was  or- 
dained priest  in  Frederick,  Md.,  27  May,  1836,  and 
for  twenty  years  was  rector  of  Trinity  church, 
Philadelphia,  lie  became  editor  of  the  "Banner 
of  the  Cross,"  Pliiladelphia,  with  Rev.  F.  Ogilby, 
and  edited  Faber's  "  Ditticulties  of  Romanism," 
with  an  introductory  essay  (Philadelphia,  1840), 
and  Dr.  Wilmer's  "Episcopal  Manual"  (1841).— 
His  son,  Leig-htou,  P.  E.  bishop,  b.  in  Phihulelpliia, 
3  Mav,  1887,  was  graduated  at  the  General  theo- 
logical seminary,  New  York,  in  1861.  and.  after 
holding  pastorates  in  Philadelphia,  Wilmington, 
Del.,  and   Mauch   Chunk,  Pa.,  became  rector  of 


686 


COLEMAN 


COLEMAN 


Trinity  church,  Toledo,  Ohio,  in  1874.  He  resided 
abroad  for  several  years,  and  on  6  June,  1888,  was 
chosen  bishop  of  Delaware.  F5esides  numerous 
sermons.  Dr.  Coleman  has  published  "A  History 
of  the  Lehii^h  Valley"  (Philadelphia,  1872). 

COLEMAN,  Lewis  Miner,  educator,  b.  in  Han- 
over county,  Va.,  3  Feb.,  1827;  d.  in  March,  1863. 
He  was  graduated  with  high  honor  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Virginia  in  1846.  In  1859  he  succeeded  the 
distinguished  scholar,  Dr.  Harrison,  as  professor  of 
Latin  in  that  institution.  At  the  beginning  of  the 
war  he  raised  an  artillery  company  for  the  Con- 
federate service,  became  its  captain,  and  in  1862 
was  appointed  major  of  artillery.  At  the  battle  of 
Fredericksburg  he  received  a  wound,  from  which, 
after  lingering  in  great  agony  for  three  months,  he 
died.  Prof.  Coleman  was  distinguished  for  his 
Christian  devotion  and  high  scholarship. 

COLEMAN,  Lyman,  author,  b.  in  Middlefield, 
Mass.,  14  June,  1796;  d.  in  Easton,  Pa.,  16  March, 
1882.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1817.  and  for 
three  years  was  principal  in  the  Latin  grammar- 
school  in  Hartford.  He  was  a  tutor  in  Yale  from 
1820  till  1825,  studying  theology  at  the  same  time. 
He  was  pastor  of  Belchertown,  Mass.,  Congrega- 
tional church  for  seven  years,  for  five  years  princi- 
pal of  Burr  seminary  in  Vermont,  and  then  prin- 
cipal of  the  English  department  of  Phillips  An- 
dover  academy.  He  spent  the  years  1842  and  1843 
in  travel  and  study  in  Germany,  where  he  enjoyed 
the  intimate  friendship  of  Dr.  August  Neander,  and 
on  his  return  taught  German  in  Princeton  college, 
and  afterward,  from  1845  till  1846,  at  Amherst.  In 
1856  he  travelled  in  Eui'ope.  Egypt,  and  Palestine. 
He  was  professor  of  Latin  and  Greek  in  Lafayette 
college,  Easton,  Pa.,  from  1861  till  1868,  when  he 
was  transferred  to  the  new  chair  of  Latin  language 
and  literature,  holding  it  till  his  death.  Princeton 
gave  him  the  degree  of  S.  T.  D.  in  1847.  Dr.  Cole- 
man published  "  Antiquities  of  the  Christian 
Church  "  (translated  from  the  German,  New  York, 
1841) ;  "  The  Apostolical  and  Primitive  Church  " 
(Boston,  1844) ;  "  Historical  Geography  of  the 
Bible"  (Philadelphia,  1850);  "Ancient  Christian- 
ity "  (1852) ;  "  Historical  Text-Book  and  Atlas  of 
Biblical  Geography "  (1854 ;  revised  ed.,  1859) ; 
"  Prelacy  and  Ritualism  "  (1869) ;  and  a  genealogy 
of  the  Lyman  familv.  See  a  sermon  on  his  life  by 
llev.  Alfred  N.  Kellogg,  D.  D.  (Easton,  Pa.,  1882)." 

COLEMAN,  Obed  M.,  inventor,  b.  in  Barnsta- 
ble, Mass.,  23  Jan.,  1817 ;  d.  in  Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  5 
April,  1845.  He  was  of  German  and  English  par- 
entage, showed  talent  for  music  in  infancy,  and 
during  a  severe  illness,  in  1883,  manifested  won- 
derful inventive  powers.  About  this  time,  when 
living  in  New  Bedford,  Mass.,  he  invented  an 
"Automaton  Lady  Minstrel  and  Singing-Bird," 
consisting  of  the  figure  of  a  lady  with  a  bird 
perched  on  her  shoulder.  The  lady  played  several 
airs  on  an  nccordeon,  while  the  bird  warbled. 
Coleman  sold  this  remarkable  piece  of  mechanism 
for  $800,  thus  relieving  himself  from  extreme  pov- 
erty. He  removed  to  Saratoga  in  1842,  and  in- 
vented improvements  in  the  accordeon.  He  also 
began  here  to  construct  his  ^olian  attachment  to 
the  piano-forte,  which  gave  him  high  rank  among 
inventors.  He  sold  his  patent  for  $100,000  in 
this  country,  and  for  about  $10,000  in  England. 

COLEMAN,  William,  journalist,  b.  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  14  Feb.,  1766  ;  d.  in  New  York  city,  13  July, 
1829.  He  studied  law,  began  practice  in  Green- 
field, Mass.,  and  during  Shays's  rebellion  served 
against  the  insurgents.  He  removed  to  New  York 
city  about  1794,  and  was  for  a  short  time  a  law 
partner  of   Aaron   Burr.     He  was  afterward  re- 


porter of  the  New  York  supreme  court,  but  lost 
the  place  after  the  defeat  of  the  federalists  in  1800. 
In  1801  Coleman  was  selected  by  Alexander  Ham- 
ilton and  other  prominent  members  of  his  party 
to  conduct  a  new  fedei'alist  daily  in  New  York. 
The  paper,  under  the  name  of  the  "  Evening  Post," 
appeared  on  16  Nov.,  1801,  and  Coleman  was  its 
sole  editor  for  twenty  years,  retaining  his  connec- 
tion with  it  till  his  death.  Coleman  never  wavered 
in  his  attachment  to  the  principles  of  the  Federal 
party,  and  was  its  warm  defender,  even  after  it  had 
become  extinct.  He  was  able,  honest,  and  fearless, 
and  was  brought  into  intimate  relations  with  some 
of  the  most  prominent  men  of  his  time. 

COLEMAN,  William  T.,  pioneer,  b.  in  Cyn- 
thiana.  Ky.,  29  Feb..  1824 ;  d.  in  San  Francisco, 
Cal.,  22  Nov.,  1893.  He  went  to  San  Francisco  in 
1849  and  engaged  in  business.  During  1850  and 
tlie  early  part  of  1851,  lawlessness,  from  which 
San  Francisco,  even  at  the  height  of  the  first  gold 
excitement  of  1849,  had  been  surprisingly  free,  be- 
came frequent  and  aggressive.  The  regular  courts, 
meanwhile,  proved  to  be  ineffective.  The  result  in 
February,  1851,  was  an  outburst  of  popular  indig- 
nation against  crime.  Robbers  had  assaulted  and 
badly  injured  a  well-known  merchant,  Jansen,  in 
his  place  of  business ;  and  two  men  were  arrested 
on  a  mistaken  suspicion  that  they  were  the  assail- 
ants. On  22  Feb.  a  crowd  of  indignant  citizens 
undertook  to  get  these  men  out  of  the  hands  of 
the  jailer  and  execute  them,  but  the  attempt  was 
for  the  moment  thwarted.  Later  in  the  day,  how- 
ever, an  agreement  with  the  authorities  was 
reached,  in  accordance  with  which  the  prisoners 
were  to  be  brought  for  trial  before  an  improvised 
popular  tribunal  on  the  next  day.  At  this  trial  Mr. 
Coleman  appeared  as  prosecuting  attorney,  regular 
lawyers  declining  the  responsibility.  He  himself 
had  before  used  all  his  personal  influence  with  the 
assembled  people  to  secure  an  orderly  trial,  and 
when  the  popular  jury  disagreed  on  the  question  of 
the  personal  identity  of  one  of  the  accused,  the  whole 
undertaking  was  quietly  abandoned,  the  people  re- 
stored the  prisoners  to  the  regular  authorities,  and 
the  excitement  died  away.  The  possibility  of  or- 
derly popular  justice  in  San  Francisco  had,  how- 
ever, been  made  plain  by  this  aifair,  and  when,  in 
May  and  June,  further  signs  of  lawlessness  became 
noticeable,  while  the  inelliciency  of  the  courts  re- 
mained as  obvious  as  ever,  the  leaders  in  the  move- 
ment of  February  joined  with  many  other  citizens 
to  organize  a  vigilance  committee,  for  the  sake  of 
terrifying,  banishing,  and,  in  very  serious  cases, 
hanging  the  dangerous  characters.  In  the  execu- 
tive body  of  this  committee  Mr.  Coleman  was 
prominent.  The  committee  was  active  during 
June,  July,  and  August,  its  sessions  all  being 
secret.  In  all  cases  imt  one  (where  they  retook 
two  of  their  prisoners  whom  the  sheriff  had  res- 
cued) open  resistance  of  the  regular  authorities 
was  avoided.  Even  in  this  case  they  escaped  an 
actual  fight  with  the  authorities  by  means  of 
prompt  action  and  an  overwhelming  show  of  force. 
They  executed,  in  the  course  of  their  activity,  four 
men,  all  notorious  and  desperate  characters,  ban- 
ished to  foreign  countries,  under  threats  of  death 
upon  return,  many  others,  and  terrified  into  flight 
or  concealment  a  vast  number.  When  their  work 
was  done  they  abandoned,  not  their  organization, 
but  their  active  operations,  and  returned  to  pri- 
vate life.  Mr.  Coleman's  services  in  connection 
with  the  committee  of  1851  were  not  forgotten, 
and  when  in  May,  1856,  after  a  long  period  of  com- 
mercial depression,  popular  discontent,  and  too 
general  social  corruption,  public  indignation  was 


COLES 


COLFAX 


637 


once  more  aroused  to  white  heat  by  the  murder  of 
the  noted  editor  James  King,  of  William,  Mr.  Cole- 
man was  one  of  the  first  called  upon  to  lead  a  new 
movement,  which  resulted  in  the  greatest  of  all 
vigilance  committees.  After  some  urging,  he  ac- 
cepted this  call  and  became  leader  of  the  executive 
committee  of  the  revived  organization.  The  work 
of  the  great  committee  cannot  be  described  fully 
here ;  but  Mr.  Coleman's  name  is  connected  with 
all  the  prominent  occurrences  for  which  the  com- 
mittee is  responsible.  Early  in  the  history  of  the 
excitement  he  was  visited  at  the  rooms  of  the  ex- 
ecutive committee  by  the  governor  of  California, 
Neely  Johnson,  in  company  with  prominent  offi- 
cials, among  whom  was  Gen.  William  T.  Sherman, 
then  major-general  of  tne  state  militia.  The  offi- 
cials came  to  use  their  personal  influence  with 
Coleman  himself,  and,  with  the  other  members  of 
the  body,  to  prevent  any  active  interference  in  the 
course  of  law.  Of  this  interview  Gen.  Sherman,  in 
his  "  Memoirs,"  has  given  an  account  that  differs 
much  from  the  memory  of  Mr.  Coleman  himself, 
and  of  other  committee  members.  At  all  events, 
the  negotiations  entirely  failed,  and  the  committee 
took  for  the  time  almost  complete  control  of  the 
administration  of  criminal  justice  in  San  Francis- 
co. Both  city  and  state  authorities  were  powerless 
to  hinder  them ;  the  committee  were  strong  in  the 
consciousness  of  the  approval  of  a  large  majority 
of  good  citizens ;  and  the  respectable  but  not  very 
skilfully  conducted  efforts  of  the  "law  and  order" 
party  to  organize  public  sentiment  against  the 
whole  movement  proved  unavailing.  Mr.  Coleman 
throughout  endeavored,  and  generally  with  suc- 
cess, to  keep  the  committee  from  hasty  and  dan- 
gerous action,  and  to  avoid  collision  with  U.  S. 
authorities.  He  had  charge  of  the  trials,  and  di- 
rected the  final  executions,  of  the  four  murderers 
whom  the  organization  hanged,  the  most  noted  of 
whom  was  Casey,  the  murderer  of  King.  The  most 
serious  complication  in  the  movement  was  the  ar- 
rest and  trial  of  Judge  David  S.  Terry,  of  the  su- 
preme court  of  the  state,  for  assault  on  one  of  the 
vigilance  police.  Tei-ry  was  finally  released  with- 
out punishment.  The  committee  tried  to  avoid 
interference  in  matters  of  general  partisan  politics, 
so  far  as  related  to  national  and  state  affairs ;  but 
after  the  cessation  of  the  activity  of  the  whole 
body,  in  August,  1856,  its  members  still  retained 
enough  unity  to  control  municipal  polities  for 
many  years.  While  jMr.  Coleman's  firm  continued 
its  San  Francisco  business,  he  himself  lived  in  New 
York  from  1857  till  1864 ;  and  he  was  there  un- 
successfully sued  by  persons  who  had  suffered  from 
the  vigilance  committee.  In  1864  he  returned  to 
San  Francisco.  The  history  of  the  vigilance  com- 
mittees, so  far  as  it  is  now  known,  may  be  found  in 
the  "  Annals  of  San  Francisco  "  (New  York,  1855) ; 
Tuthill's  "  History  of  California  "  (San  Francisco, 
1866);  and  Hittell's  "History  of  San  Francisco" 
(San  Francisco,  1878).  But  the  complete  inner  his- 
tory of  that  strange  episode  will  probably  not  be 
written,  or  at  least  not  published,  until  the  actors 
have  all  passed  away. 

COLES,  Abraham,  author,  b.  in  Scotch  Plains, 
N.  J.,  26  Dec,  1813;  d.  in  Monterey,  Cal.,  3  iMay, 
1891.  He  early  began  the  study  of  medicine,  was 
graduated  at  Jefferson  medical  college,  Philadel- 
phia, in  1835,  and  settled  in  Newark,  N.  J.,  in  1836. 
He  visited  Europe  in  1848,  and  again  in  1854.  and 
was  in  Paris  daring  the  insurrection  of  June.  1848. 
of  which  he  wrote  an  account  in  a  series  of  letters 
to  the  Newark  "  Advertiser."  He  has  published  a 
volume  containing  thirteen  original  translations 
of  the  celebrated  "hymn  "Dies  Irai"  (New  York, 


djf^(^ll4j 


1859) ;  "  Stabat  Mater  Dolo-osa  "  (1865) ;  "  Sta- 
bat  Mater  Speciosa  "  (1866) ;  "  Old  Gems  in  New 
Settings"  (1866); 
"The  Microcosm," 
a  physiological 
poem,  read  before 
the  New  Jersey 
medical  society 
while  he  was  its 
president  in  1866 
(1866 ;  2d  ed., 
with  other  poems, 
1881);  "The  Evan- 
gel inverse,"  with 
Scripture  text 
and  notes  (1874); 
"The  Light  of  the 
World  "  (1884), 
and  various  re- 
views and  papers, 
on  literary,  medi- 
cal, and  scientific 
subjects.     He  has 

been  engaged  on  the  task  of  versifying  the  Psalms. 
Princeton  gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  in  1871. 

COLES,  Edward,  governor  of  Illinois,  b.  in  Al- 
bemarle county,  Va.,  15  Dec,  1786;  d.  in  Philadel- 
phia, Pa.,  7  July,  1868.  He  was  educated  at  Hamp- 
den-Sidney  college,  and  at  William  and  Mary, 
where  he  was  graduated  in  1807.  He  was  private 
secretary  to  President  Madison  from  1810  till  1816, 
and  in  1817  sent  on  a  confidential  diplomatic  mis- 
sion to  Russia.  He  returned  in  1818,  and  in  1819 
removed  to  Edwardsville,  111.,  and  freed  all  the 
slaves  that  had  been  left  him  by  his  father,  giving 
to  each  head  of  a  family  160  acres  of  land.  He 
was  appointed  registrar  of  the  U.  S.  land-office  at 
Edwardsville,  and  in  1822  was  nominated  for  gov- 
ernor on  account  of  his  well-known  anti-slavery 
sentiments.  He  served  from  1823  till  1826,  and 
during  his  term  of  office  prevented  the  pro-slavery 
party  from  obtaining  control  of  the  state  after  a 
bitter  and  desperate  conflict.  The  history  of  this 
remarkable  struggle  has  been  written  by  Elihu  B. 
Washburne  (Chicago,  1882).  Gov.  Coles  removed 
to  Philadelphia  in  1833,  and  in  1856  read  before 
the  Pennsylvania  historical  society  a  "  History  of 
the  Ordinance  of  1787"  (Philadelphia,  1856). 

COLES  WORTHY,  Daniel  Clement,  publisher, 
b.  in  Porthvnd,  ]Me.,  14  July,  1810;  d.  in  Chelsea, 
Mass.,  1  April,  1893.  One  of  his  family  was  a 
member  of  the  famous  "  tea-party  "  in  Boston  har- 
bor. He  became  a  printer,  and  published  and 
edited  the  Portland  "  Tribune "  in  1840-4,  and 
after  1850  was  a  well-known  Boston  bookseller. 
He  published  "Sabbath-Sciiool  Ilvinns"  (1833); 
"  Advice  to  an  Apprentice  "  (1836) ;  "  Opening 
Buds"  (1838);  "A  Touch  at  the  Times"  (1840); 
"  C'hronicles  of  Casco  Bay  "  (1850) ;  and  "  A  Group 
of  Children,  and  other  Poems  "  (1865). 

COLFAX,  Schnyler,  statesman,  b.  in  New 
York  city,  23  March,  1823;  d.  in  Mankato.  Minn., 
13  Jan.,  1885.  His  grandfather  was  Gen.  William 
Colfax,  who  commanded  the  life-guards  of  Wash- 
ington throughout  the  Revolutionary  war.  His 
father  died  a  short  time  before  the  son's  birth,  and 
in  1834  his  mother  married  George  W.  Matthews. 
After  attending  the  public  schools  till  he  was  ten 
years  of  age,  and  serving  three  years  as  clerk  in  his 
step-fathei-'s  store,  Schuyler  went  with  the  family 
to  Indiana  in  183G,  and  settled  in  New  Carlisle,  St. 
Joseph  CO.,  where  Mr.  ISIatthews  soon  became  post- 
master. The  boy  continued  to  serve  as  his  clerk, 
and  began  a  journal  to  aid  himself  in  composition, 
contributing  at  the  same  time  to  the  county  pa- 


COLFAX 


COLGATE 


per.  His  step-father  retired  from  business  in 
1839,  and  Colfax  then  began  to  study  law,  but 
afterward  gave  it  up.  In  1841  Mr.  Matthews  was 
elected  county  auditor,  and  removed  to  South 
Bend,  making  his  step-son  his  deputy,  which  office 
Colfax  held  for  eight  years.  In  1842  he  was  active 
in  organizing  a  temperance  society  in  South  Bend, 
and  continued  a  total  abstainer  throughout  his 
life.  At  this  time  he  reported  the  proceedings  of 
the  state  senate  for  the  Indianapolis  "Journal " 
for  two  years.  In  1844  he  made  campaign  speeches 
for  Henry  Clay.  He  had  acted  as  editor  of  the 
South  Bend  "  Free  Press  "  for  about  a  year  when, 
in  company  with  A.  W.  West,  he  bought  tlie  pa{)er 
in  September,  1845,  and  changed  its  name  to  the 
"  St.  Joseph  Valley  Register."  Under  his  man- 
agement, despite  numerous  mishaps  and  business 
losses,  the  "  Register  "  quadrupled  its  subscrij^tion 
in  a  few  years,  and  became  the  most  influential 
journal,  in  support  of  whig  politics,  in  that  part 
of  Indiana.  Mr.  Colfax  was  secretary  of  the  Chi- 
cago harbor  and  river  convention  of  July,  1847, 
and  also  of  the  Baltimore  whig  convention  of  1848, 
which  nominated  Taylor  for  president.  The  next 
year  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  convention  to 
revise  the  constitution  of  the  state  of  Indiana,  and 
in  his  place,  both  by  voice  and  vote,  opposed  the 

clause  that  pro- 
hibited free  col- 
ored men  from 
settling  in  that 
state.  He  was 
also  offered  a 
nomination  for 
the  state  senate, 
but  declined  it. 
In  1851  he  was 
a  candidate  for 
congress,  and 
came  near  being 
elected  in  a  dis- 
trict that  was 
strongly  demo- 
cratic. He  ac- 
cepted his  oppo- 
nent's challenge 
to  a  joint  can- 
vass, travelled  a 
thousand  miles, 
and  spoke  sev- 
enty times.  He  was  again  a  delegate  to  the  whig 
national  convention  in  1853,  and,  having  joined 
the  newly  formed  republican  party,  was  its  suc- 
cessful candidate  for  congress  in  1854,  serving  by 
successive  re-elections  till  1869.  In  1856  he  sup- 
ported Fremont  for  president,  and  during  the  can- 
vass made  a  speech  in  congress  on  the  extension 
of  slavery  and  the  aggressions  of  the  slave-power. 
This  speech  was  used  as  a  campaign  document,  and 
more  than  half  a  million  copies  were  circulated. 
He  was  chairman  of  several  important  committees 
of  congress,  especially  that  on  post-offices  and  post- 
roads,  and  introduced  many  reforms,  including  a 
bill  providing  for  a  daily  overland  mail-route  from 
St.  Louis  to  San  Francisco,  reaching  mining-camps 
where  letters  had  previously  been  delivered  by  ex- 
press at  five  dollars  an  ounce.  Mr.  Colfax  favored 
Edward  Bates  as  the  republican  candidate  for  the 
presidency  in  1860.  His  name  was  widely  men- 
tioned for  the  office  of  postmaster  -  general  in 
Lincoln's  cabinet,  but  the  president  selected  C. 
B.  Smith,  of  Indiana,  on  the  ground,  as  he  after- 
ward wrote  Colfax,  that  the  latter  was  "  a  young 
man,  running  a  brilliant  career,  and  sure  of  a 
bright  future  in  any  event."     In  the  latter  part  of 


'-^^^^<^^^T^*:^1, 


1861  he  ably  defended  Fremont  in  the  house  against 
the  attack  of  Frank  P.  Blair.  In  1862  he  intro- 
duced a  bill,  which  became  a  law,  to  punish  fraudu- 
lent contractors  as  felons,  and  continued  his  ef- 
forts for  reform  in  the  postal  service.  He  was 
elected  speaker  of  the  house  on  7  Dec,  1863,  and 
on  8  April,  1864,  descended  from  the  chair  to  move 
the  expulsion  of  Mr.  Long,  of  Ohio,  who  had  made 
a  speech  favoring  the  recognition  of  the  southern 
confederacy.  The  resolution  was  afterward  changed 
to  one  of  censure,  and  Mr.  Colfax's  action  was 
widely  commented  on.  but  generally  sustained  by 
Union  men.  On  7  May,  1864,  he  was  presented  by- 
citizens  of  Indiana  then  in  Washington  with  a 
service  of  silver,  largely  on  account  of  his  course  in 
this  matter.  He  was  twice  re-elected  as  speaker, 
each  time  by  an  increased  majority,  and  gained  the 
applause  of  both  friends  and  opponents  by  his  skill 
as  a  presiding  officer,  often  shown  under  very  try- 
ing circumstances.  In  May,  1868,  the  republican 
national  convention  at  Chicago  nominated  him  on 
the  first  ballot  for  vice-president.  Gen.  Grant  be- 
ing the  nominee  for  president,  and,  the  republican 
ticket  having  been  successful,  he  took  his  seat  as 
president  of  the  senate  on  4  March,  1869.  On  4 
Aug.,  1871,  President  Grant  offered  him  the  place 
of  secretary  of  state  for  the  remainder  of  his  term, 
but  he  declined.  In  1872  he  was  prominently 
mentioned  as  a  presidential  candidate,  especially 
by  those  who,  later  in  the  year,  were  leaders  in  the 
liberal  republican  movement,  and,  although  he  re- 
fused to  join  them,  this  was  sufficient  to  make  ad- 
ministration men  oppose  his  renomination  for  the 
vice-presidency,  and  he  was  defeated  in  the  Phila- 
delphia convention  of  1872.  In  December,  1872, 
he  was  offered  the  chief  editorship  of  the  New 
York  "  Tribune,"  but  declined  it.  In  1873  Mr. 
Colfax  was  implicated  in  the  charges  of  corrup- 
tion brought  against  members  of  congress  who  had 
received  shares  of  stock  in  the  credit  mobilier  of 
America.  The  house  judiciary  committee  reported 
that  there  was  no  ground  for  his  impeachment,  as 
the  alleged  offence,  if  committed  at  all,  had  been 
committed  before  he  became  vice-president.  These 
charges  cast  a  shadow  over  the  latter  part  of  Mr. 
Colfax's  life.  He  denied  their  truth,  and  his 
friends  have  always  regarded  his  character  as  irre- 
proachable. His  "later  years  were  spent  mostly  in 
retirement  in  his  home  at  South  Bend,  Ind.,  and 
in  delivering  public  lectures,  which  he  did  fre- 
quently before  large  audiences.  His  first  success 
in  this  field  had  been  in  1865  with  a  lecture  en- 
titled "Across  the  Continent,"  written  after  his 
return  from  an  excursion  to  California.  The  most 
popular  of  his  later  lectures  was  that  on  "  Lincoln 
and  Garfield,"  Mr.  Colfax  was  twice  married. 
After  his  death,  which  was  the  result  of  heart 
disease,  public  honors  were  paid  to  his  memory 
both  in  congress  and  in  Indiana.  See  "  Life  of 
Colfax  "  by  O.  J.  Hollister  (New  York,  1886). 

COLGATE,  WiUiam,  manufacturer,  b.  in  Kent, 
England,  25  Jan.,  1783 ;  d.  in  New  York  city,  25 
March,  1857.  Constrained  by  political  considera- 
tions, his  family  emigrated  to  this  country  in  1795, 
and  settled  in  Harford  county,  Md.  Young  Col- 
gate came  to  New  York  in  1804,  and  became  ap- 
prentice to  a  soap-boiler,  whose  business  he  snbse- 
(|uently  followed  with  an  intelligence  and  industry 
that  commanded  the  largest  success.  In  1808  he 
united  with  a  Baptist  church,  and  was  soon  recog- 
nized as  one  of  tiie  leading  Christian  men  of  New 
York.  In  all  the  missionary  and  educational  en- 
ter{)rises  of  his  denomination  he  was  distinguished 
for  zeal  and  liberality.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
board  of  managers  of  the  American  Bible  society, 


COLHOUN 


COLLES 


689 


but  felt  constrained  by  his  religions  convictions  to 
withdraw  from  it,  and  to  unite  in  the  formation  of 
the  American  and  foreign  Bible  society,  of  which 
he  was  made  treasurer.  In  1850  he  joined  twelve 
others,  laymen  and  clergymen,  in  the  organization 
of  the  American  Bible  imion,  and  of  this  society  he 
remained  treasurer  until  his  death. — His  son,  James 
Boorman,  banker,  b.  in  New  York  city,  4  March, 
1818,  has  for  many  years  been  the  head  of  the  firm 
of  James  B.  Colgate  &  Co.  In  association  with  his 
partner,  Mr.  Trevor,  he  built  and  presented  to  the 
Warburton  avenue  Baptist  church,  of  Yonkers,  its 
fine  house  of  worship.  He  has  given  large  sums 
to  Colgate  university,  Rochester  university,  Roch- 
ester theological  seminary.  New  London,  N.  H.,  to 
Peddle  institute,  N.  J.,  and  to  Columbian  univer- 
sity, Washington,  D.  C.  In  connection  with  Madi- 
son university,  of  whose  board  he  has  been  presi- 
dent since  18()4,  he  built  and  liberally  endowed 
Colgate  academy.  In  tlie  civil  war  he  was  a  stanch 
and  effective  supporter  of  the  government. — An- 
other son,  Samuel,  manufacturer,  b.  in  New  Yoi'k 
city,  22  March,  1822,  succeeded  to  his  father's  busi- 
ness, the  manufactui-e  of  soap,  in  which  he  has 
been  greatly  prospered.  He  has  been  a  munificent 
patron  of  the  benevolent  enterprises  of  his  denomi- 
nation, lie  is  president  of  the  New  York  Baptist 
education  society,  and  of  "The  society  foi-  the  sup- 
pression of  vice,"  and  a  member  of  the  board  of 
the  American  tract  society. 

COLHOUN,  Edmund  Ross,  naval  officer,  b.  in 
Pennsylvania,  6  May.  1821 ;  d.  in  Washington, 
D.  C,  17  March,  1897.  He  entered  the  navy  as  mid- 
shipman in  1839 ;  resigned  in  1853 ;  re-entered  the 
navy  as  acting  lieutenant,  24  Sept.,  1861 ;  was  com- 
missioned commander,  17  Nov.,  1862;  captain,  2 
March,  1869 ;  commodore,  26  April,  1876,  and  rear- 
admiral,  3  Dec,  1882,  when  he  was  retired  from 
active  service.  He  served  in  the  Mexican  war  in 
the  first  attack  on  Alvai'ado  under  Com.  Connor, 
and  in  the  assault  on  Tobasco  under  Com.  Perry. 
In  1861-'2  he  commanded  the  steamer  "  Hunch- 
back," of  the  North  Atlantic  blockading  squadron, 
and  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Roanoke  Island,  the 
capture  of  Newbern,  and  the  engagements  below 
Franklin  on  the  Blackwater  river  in  October,  1862. 
In  1863  he  commanded  the  steamer  "  Ladona,"  and 
afterward  the  monitor  "  Weehawken,"  of  the  South 
Atlantic  blockading  squadron,  in  her  various  en- 
gagements with  Forts  Sumter,  Wagner,  and  Beau- 
regard, in  the  summer  of  1863.  In  1864-'5  he 
commanded  the  monitor  "  Saugus,"  attached  to 
the  North  Atlantic  squadron,  and  engaged  How- 
lett's  battery  on  James  river,  21  June,  and  again  5 
Dec,  1864,  and  took  part  in  the  bombardment  of 
Fort  Fisher,  25  Dec,  1864,  and  subsequent  days. 
He  was  commandant  at  Mare  island  navy-yard, 
Cal.,  in  1879-80,  and  inspector  of  vessels  in  Cali- 
fornia at  the  time  of  his  retirement. 

COLHOUN,  John,  naval  officer,  b.  in  Pennsvl- 
vania  in  1802;  d.  in  New  York  city,  30  Nov.,  1872. 
He  entered  the  navy  as  midshipman,  25  Jan.,  1821, 
became  a  passed  midshipman,  24  May,  1828,  a  lieu- 
tenant, 27  May,  1830  ;  a  commander,  4  Nov.,  1852, 
was  retired  in  "October,  1864,  and  subsequently  pro- 
moted to  the  rank  of  commodore,  4  April,  1867. 
He  served  on  the  store-ship  "  Supply,"  at  Vera 
Cruz,  during  the  Mexican  war,  commanded  the 
sloop  "Portsmouth"  on  the  coast  of  Africa  in 
1859-61,  brought  the  frigate  "St.  Lawrence" 
home  from  Key  West  in  1863,  and  after  his  re- 
tirement served  as  light-house  inspector  in  1866-7. 

COLLAMER,  Jacob,  senator,  b.  in  Troy,  N.  Y., 
8  Jan.,  1791 ;  d.  in  Woodstock,  Vt.,  9  Nov..  1865. 
In  childhood  he  removed  with  his  father  to  Bur- 


^C7^^CL-^^-z^,.^?ir^ 


lington,  and,  earning  his  own  support,  was  gradu- 
ated at  the  University  of  Vermont  in  1810,  stud- 
ied law  at  St.  Albans,  made  the  frontier  campaign 
as  a  lieutenant  of  artillery  in  the  militia,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  at  St.  Albans  in  1813.  Until 
1833  he  practised  law  in  Washington.  Orange,  and 
Windsor  counties,  Vt.,  and  in  1821-'2  and  1827-8 
represented  the 
town  of  Royal- 
ton  in  the  as- 
sembly. In 1833 
he  was  elected 
an  associate  jus- 
tice of  the  su- 
preme court  of 
Vermont,  and 
continued  on 
the  bench  until 
1842,  when  he 
declined  a  re- 
election. In 
1843  he  was 
chosen  as  a 
whig  to  repre- 
sent the  2d  dis- 
trict in  con- 
gress, was  re- 
elected in  1844 
and  1846,  but  in 
1848declinedto 
be  again  a  can- 
didate. In  March,  1849,  he  was  appointed  post- 
master-general by  President  Taylor,  but  on  the 
death  of  the  president  resigned  with  the  rest  of  the 
cabinet.  He  was  soon  afterward  again  elected 
judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  Vermont,  holding 
that  office  until  1854,  when  he  was  chosen  U.  S. 
senator,  which  office  he  held  at  the  time  of  his 
death.  He  served  as  chairman  of  the  committee 
on  post-offices  and  post-roads,  and  was  also  chair- 
man of  that  on  the  library. 

COLLES,  Christopher,  engineer,  b.  in  Ireland 
about  1738  ;  d.  in  New  York  city  in  1821.  He  was 
educated  by  Pococke,  the  oriental  traveller,  after 
whose  death,  in  1765,  he  emigrated  to  America, 
lectured  in  Philadelphia  on  pneumatigs  in  1772, 
and  in  1773  delivered  a  series  of  lectures  in  New 
York  city  on  inland  lock  navigation.  In  April, 
1774,  he  proposed  to  build  a  reservoir  for  New  York 
city.  The  Revolutionary  war  having  prevented  the 
construction  of  the  reservoir,  he  suggested  a  system 
of  pipes  to  supply  the  city  with  water  from  outside, 
and  offered  to  carry  out  the  work.  In  1775  he  lec- 
tured on  gunnery,  and  was  emi>loyed  as  instructor 
to  the  artillery  department  of  the  army,  until  the 
arrival  of  Baron  Steuben  in  1777.  Colles  was  the 
first  to  suggest  canals  and  improvements  to  con- 
nect Lake  Ontario  with  the  Hudson,  and  surveyed 
the  Mohawk  river  as  far  as  Wood  creek.  In  1784 
he  presented  a  memorial  to  the  New  York  legisla- 
ture recommending  that  project.  The  results  of 
his  labors  were  published  by  Samuel  Loudon  in 
1785.  In  1808  Colles  published  a  jtamphlet  on  in- 
land navigable  communications.  He  made  a  tour 
through  Pennsylvania  and  New  York,  and  in  1789 
published  a  book  describing  the  roads  of  New  York 
state.  In  1796  he  settled  in  New  York  city,  and 
engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  baiid-boxes,  paper- 
hangings,  rat-  and  mouse-traps.  Prussian  blue,  and 
otiier  colors,  traded  in  skins  and  Indian  curiosities, 
supplied  Blanchard  and  Baron  with  astronomical 
calculations  for  their  "3Iatheinatical  Correspond- 
ent," made  fireworks,  and  applied  his  science  to 
other  practical  purposes ;  yet,  in  spite  of  his  knowl- 
edge and  ingenuity,  his  honesty,  and  his  estimable 


690 


COLLETON 


COLLIER 


character,  he  was  always  in  pecuniary  straits.  After 
the  duties  on  spirits  were  established  by  congress, 
he  was  appointed  to  test  the  specific  gravity  of  im- 
ported liquors.  He  also  made  proof-glasses. 
Finally,  through  his  friend,  John  Pintard,  he  re- 
ceived the  appointment  of  superintendent  of  the 
academy  of  tine  arts.  During  the  war  of  1812  he 
constructed  and  worked  the  telegraph  on  Castle 
Clinton.  He  is  said  to  have  built  the  tirst  steam- 
engine  in  the  United  States.  He  was  the  friend 
of  Jefferson  and  Hamilton,  was  respected  by  his 
contemporaries,  and  his  memory  was  preserved  as 
that  of  the  original  projector  of  the  Erie  canal. 

COLLETON,  James,  colonial  governor  of 
South  Carolina.  He  was  a  brother  of  one  of  the 
proprietaries,  and  was  appointed  governor  with 
the  rank  of  landgrave,  and  endowed  with  48.000 
acres  of  land,  in  1080.  He  was  expected  to  assert 
the  authority  of  the  proprietaries  and  secure  the 
enforcement  of  laws  in  the  constitutions  that  were 
disregarded  by  the  colonists.  The  parliament, 
which  had  been  elected  before  his  arrival,  refused 
to  acknowledge  the  binding  force  of  the  constitu- 
tions. Colleton  thereupon  excluded  the  members 
of  the  majority  from  the  legislative  halls,  and 
these  protested  against  any  acts  that  might  be 
passed  by  the  remaining  members.  In  1(587  a  new 
parliament  was  elected  that  was  even  less  tractable. 
Colleton  endeavored  to  collect  quit-rents  on  unim- 
proved land  as  well  as  on  cultivated  fields ;  but 
the  asseml)ly  imprisoned  the  secretary  of  the  col- 
ony, seized  the  records,  and  defied  the  governor 
and  proprietaries.  In  1689  Colleton,  under  pretext 
of  threatened  danger  from  the  Spaniards  or  In- 
dians, called  out  the  militia  and  proclaimed  mar- 
tial law.  Shortly  after  the  English  revolution  the 
colonists  rose  against  his  despotism,  and  the  legis- 
lative assembly  impeached  and  disfranchised  Colle- 
ton, and  banisiied  him  from  the  province. 

COLLETT,  John,  geologist,  b.  in  Eugene, 
Vermilion  co.,  Ind.,  6  Jan.,  1828.  He  was  gradu- 
ated in  1847  at  Wabash  college,  wliicli,  in  1881, 
gave  him  the  degree  of  Ph.  D.  Dr.  Collett  was 
state  senator  in  1871,  assistant  state  geologist  in 
1870-'8,  a  member  of  the  state-house  commission 
in  1878-9,  chief  of  the  bureau  of  statistics  and 
geology  in  1879-'80,  and  geologist  in  1881-'5. 
From  1870  till  1879  he  published  annually  his  re- 
ports as  assistant  geologist,  and  as  geologist  from 
1881  till  1884,  and  for  the  years  1879  and  1880 
reports  of  the  bureau  of  statistics  and  geology. 

COLLIER,  Sir  George,  British  naval  officer,  d. 
6  April,  1795.  He  became  a  commander  in  the 
royal  navy  in  1761,  was  promoted  commodore 
while  in  North  America  in  1779,  and  became  a 
vice-admiral  in  1794.  He  was  appointed  in  1775 
to  the  command  of  the  "  Rainbow,"  cruised  on  the 
American  coast,  receiving  the  honor  of  kniglit- 
hood  for  his  activity,  was  senior  captain  of  the 
fieet  in  1777,  and  on  8  July  captured  the  "  Han- 
cock," commanded  by  Capt.  Manly,  destroyed  the 
magazines  and  stores  at  Machias  and  tliirty  ves- 
sels on  the  northeast  coast,  was  temporarily  chief 
in  command  on  the  American  station,  in  May.  1779, 
destroyed  the  principal  towns  on  Chesapeake  bay, 
ravaged  the  coast  of  Connecticut  in  July,  visited 
New  Haven,  Fairfield,  Norwalk,  and  Green  Farms, 
destroyed  many  privateers  and  other  vessels,  and 
on  14"  Aug.  captured  Com.  Saltonstall's  fleet  in 
Penobscot  river.  His  "  Journal  on  the  Rainbow  " 
was  published  in  New  York  in  1835. 

COLLIER,  Henry  Watkins,  jurist,  b.  in  Lun- 
enburg county,  Va.,  17  Jan.,  1801  ;.d.  at  Bailey's 
Springs,  Lauderdale  co.,  Ala.,  28  Aug.,  1855.  He 
was  educated  in  the  Abbeville  district,  S.  C,  where 


his  father  settled  in  1801.  removed  with  the  family 
to  Madison  county,  Ala.,  in  1818,  and  studied  law 
at  Murfreesboro,  Tenn.,  and  at  Huntsville,  Ala., 
where  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  and  began  prac- 
tice. In  1823  he  settled  in  Tuscaloosa,  where  he 
was  elected  district  judge  in  1827.  In  1836  he  was 
appointed  associate  justice  of  the  supreme  court  of 
Alabama,  in  1837  was  made  chief  justice,  and 
held  that  office  till  1849,  when  he  was  elected, 
without  opposition,  governor  of  the  state.  His 
support  was  sought  both  by  the  southern  rights 
and  the  Union  party ;  but  he  favored  neither  side 
of  the  question  that  then  agitated  the  southern 
states,  and  in  1851  was  re-nominated  and  elected 
without  a  regular  nomination.  When  his  second 
term  expired  lie  retired  to  private  life. 

COLLIER,  James,  lawyer,  b.  in  1789;  d.  in 
Steubenville,  Ohio,  2  Feb.,  1873.  He  was  a  soldiet 
in  the  war  of  1812,  and  fought  at  Queenstown, 
where  he  assisted  in  forming  the  first  American 
line  on  the  Canadian  side.  After  the  war  he  re- 
moved to  Steubenville,  where  he  practised  law 
with  distinction  and  served  as  paymaster-general 
of  the  state.  When  the  question  arose  as  to  the 
boundary-line  between  Virginia  and  Ohio,  he,  with 
Thomas  Ewing  and  John  Brough,  represented  the 
latter  state  in  the  joint  high  commission  that  set- 
tled the  dispute.  In  1849  he  was  appointed  col- 
lector for  California,  and  went  there  overland, 
fighting  his  way  through  hostile  Indians  with  a 
small  company  of  dragoons.  When  he  had  reached 
his  destination  he  was  the  only  officer  there,  and 
for  some  time  he  acted  as  military  governor. 

COLLIER,  John  Allen,  jurist,  b.  in  Broome 
county,  N.  Y.,  in  1787;  d.  in  Binghamton,  N.  Y., 
24  March,  1873.  He  practised  law  at  Binghamton, 
was  elected  to  congress  as  a  Clay  democrat,  serving 
from  5  Dec,  1831,  till  2  March,  1833,  was  state 
comptroller  in  1845-'6,  and  was  commissioner  to 
revise  the  code  in  1847. 

COLLIER,  Joseph  Avery,  clergvman,  b.  in 
Plymouth,  Mass.,  26  Oct.,  1828;  d.  in  Kinderhook, 
N.  Y.,  13  Aug.,  1864.  He  was  graduated  at  Rut- 
gers in  1849,  and,  upon  the  completion  of  his 
studies  in  the  theological  seminary  of  the  Re- 
formed Dutch  church  at  New  Brunswick,  was 
ordained  pastor  of  the  churches  of  Bronxville  and 
Greenville,  Westchester  co.,  N.  Y.  He  was  pastor 
at  Geneva,  N.  Y.,  in  1855-'9,  and  afterward  at 
Kingston,  N.  Y.  He  was  the  author  of  "  The  Right 
Way,  or  the  Gospel  applied  to  the  Intercoui'se  of 
Individuals  and  Nations"  (New  York,  1854); 
"  The  Christian  Home  "  (Philadelphia,  1859) ;  "  The 
Young  Men  of  the  Bible"  (New  York,  1861); 
"  Little  Crowns  and  how  to  Coin  them "  (1862) ; 
"Pleasant  Paths  for  Little  Feet"  (1864):  "Dawn 
of  Heaven,"  published  posthumously,  with  a  bio- 
graphical sketch  of  the  author,  by  his  brother,  the 
Rev.  Ezra  W.  Collier  (1865). 

COLLIER,  Peter,  chemist,  b.  in  Chittenango, 
N.  Y.,  17  Aug.,  1835.  He  studied  at  the  Yates 
Polytechnic  institute  in  his  native  place,  was 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1861,  and  in  1870  received 
his  medical  degree  from  the  University  of  Ver- 
mont. Subsequent  to  his  graduation  at  Yale  he 
spent  several  years  in  the  Sheffield  scientific  school, 
studying  chemistry,  and  for  a  time  was  assistant 
in  the  laboratory,  receiving  in  1866  the  degree  of 
Ph.  D.  In  1867  he  was  called  to  the  chair  of  ana- 
lytical chemistry,  mineralogy,  and  metallurgy  in 
tlie  University  of  Vermont,  becoming  at  the  same^ 
time  professor  of  general  chemistry  and  toxicology 
in  the  medical  department,  of  which  faculty  he 
was  also  dean.  These  offices  he  held  until  1877, 
and  from  1872  till  1876  he  was  secretary  of  the 


COLLIER 


COLLINS 


691 


State  board  of  agriculture,  mining,  and  manufac- 
ture, and  prepared  the  annual  reports  of  the  board 
during  these  years.  In  1878  he  was  appointed  one 
of  the  scientific  commissioners  to  the  world's  ex- 
position, held  in  Vienna,  and  contributed  a  report 
on  "Commercial  Fertilizei's"  to  the  government 
series.  From  1877  till  1888  he  was  chemist  to  the 
department  of  agriculture  in  Washington.  During 
his  administration  the  efficiency  of  "the  work  was 
greatly  improved,  and  its  scientific  value  received 
universal  commendation.  Numerous  investiga- 
tions were  undertaken  at  his  suggestion  and  con- 
tinued under  his  supervision.  The  most  impor- 
tant of  these  was  concerning  sorghum  sugar.  By 
a  long  series  of  carefully  planned  experiments. 
Prof.  Collier  succeeded  in  showing  the  possibility 
of  producing  sorghum-sugar  economically  in  the 
United  States.  The  practical  establishment  of  the 
industry,  though  successful  at  several  localities, 
has  never  been  fostered  by  the  government,  and 
the  depreciation  in  value  of  the  cane-sugar,  owing 
to  the  large  production  of  beet-sugar  in  Germany 
and  Austria,  still  prevents  capitalists  from  making 
it  an  American  product.  The  United  States  im- 
ports sugar  at  an  expense  of  |200,000,000  per  an- 
num, and  this  sum  could  be  retained  within  our 
country,  provided  the  demonstrations  of  Prof. 
Collier  were  accepted.  In  1888  he  invented  and 
patented  an  apparatus  for  recovering  sugar  from 
begasse,  or  refuse,  of  the  sugar-cane  and  sorghum. 
He  has  published  many  reports  and  articles  on 
fertilizers  and  on  sorghum,  and  has  lectured  before 
scientific  associations  on  these  topics.  Prof.  Col- 
lier has  edited  the  "  Reports  of  the  Department  of 
Agricvilture "'  (Washington,  1877-'83),  and  pub- 
lished •'  Sorghum  :  its  Culture  and  Manufacture 
Economically  Considered,  and  as  a  Source  of  Sugar, 
Syrup,  aTid  Fodder"  (Cincinnati,  1883). 

COLLIER,  Robert  Laird,  clergyman,  b.  in 
Salisbury,  Md..  7  Aug.,  1887;  d.  there.  28  July, 
1890.  Originally  a  Methodist  preacher,  he  united 
with  the  Unitarian  church,  and  was  pastor  of  large 
churches  in  Chicago  and  Boston,  and  at  the  same 
time  became  a  popular  lecturer  and  writer  of 
magazine  articles.  His  principal  published  works 
are  "  Every-Day  Subjectsiu  Sunday  Sei'inons  "  (Bos- 
ton, 18()!)) :  "  Meditations  on  the  Essence  of  Chris- 
tianity "  (187G) ;  and  "  English  Home  Life  "  (1885). 

COLLIER,  William,  clergyman,  b.  in  Seituate, 
Mass.,  11  Oct.,  1771  ;  d.  in  Boston,  Mass.,  29  March, 
1848.  He  learned  the  carpenter's  trade,  but  decided 
to  become  a  minister,  entered  Brown  university, 
and  was  graduated  in  1797.  He  studied  theology 
with  Dr.  Maxcy,  president  of  the  college,  was  li- 
censed in  1798,  ordained  in  Boston,  11  July,  1799, 
preached  one  year  in  Newport,  R.  I.,  was  pastor 
in  New  York  city  in  1800-'4,  then  in  Charlestown, 
Mass.,  till  1820,  when  his  health  failed  and  he  re- 
moved to  Boston  and  became  a  minister-at -large. 
He  was  active  in  the  city  mission  and  kindred  en- 
terprises, and  was  a  pioneer  in  the  temperance 
movement,  beginning  in  1826  the  publication  of 
a  weekly  temperance  paper,  called  the  "  National 
Philanthropist,"  which  was  continued  for  two  years. 
He  also  edited  "  The  Baptist  Preacher,"  a  monthly 
publication  containing  sermons  by  living  ministers, 
begun  in  1827,  prepared  editions  of  Sauriu  and 
Andrew  Fuller,  and  compiled  a  hymn-book. 

COLLINS,  Charles,  educator," b.  in  North  Yar- 
mouth, Me.,  17  April,  1818 ;  d.  in  Memphis,  Tenn., 
10  July,  1875.  He  was  graduated  at  Wesleyan  uni- 
versity, Middletown.  Conn.,  in  1837,  taught  the 
high-school  in  Augusta,  Me.,  for  a  year,  was  presi- 
dent of  Emory  and  Henry  college,  in  Emory,  Va., 
from  its  establishment  in  1888  till  1852,  when  he 


became  president  of  Dickinson  college.  Pa.  From 
1800  till  his  death  he  was  proprietor  and  president 
of  the  State  female  college  near  Memphis,  Tenn. 
He  contributed  many  articles  to  Methodist  maga- 
zines, aiul  publislied  a  discourse  on  "Methodism 
and  Calvinism  Compared"  (Philadelphia,  1849). 

COLLINS,  Edward  K.,  ship-owner,  b.  in  Truro, 
Cape  Cod,  Mass.,  5  Aug.,  1802 ;  d.  in  New  York 
city,  22  Jan.,  1878.  He  began  life  as  a  clerk  in  the 
office  of  McCrea  &  Slidell,  shipping-merchants  in 
New  York'city,  became  superintendent  of  a  line  of 
packets  running  between  New  York  and  Vera  Cruz, 
then  of  a  line  running  to  New  Orleans,  and  estab- 
lished the  Dramatic  line  of  sailing-packets  to  Liver- 
pool in  1836.  The  first  steamer  of  the  Collins  line 
between  New  York  and  Liverpool  sailed  from  New 
York  on  27  April,  1849.  The  company  had  a  fleet 
of  five  steamers.  One  of  them,  the  "  Arctic,"  sank 
with  many  passengers  on  board  off  Cape  Race,  New- 
foundland, in  1854,  and  another,  the  "  Pacific," 
sailed  from  Liverpool  in  May,  1856,  and  was  never 
again  heard  from.  Afterward  the  government 
abruptly  terminated  a  mail  contract,  involving  a 
subsidy  of  |858,000  a  year,  on  which  the  line  de- 
pended largely  for  its  support.  In  consequence 
of  these  misfortunes  the  company  ceased  opei-ations 
in  January,  1858.  Mr.  Collins  afterward  engaged 
in  mining  enterprises,  and  was  nt  one  time  largely 
interested  in  Ohio  coal  and  iron  mines. 

COLLINS,  Elizabeth  Rallinger,  minister  of 
the  Society  of  Friends,  b.  in  Upper  Evesham,  N.  J., 
in  1755  ;  d.  in  1831.  Her  father,  Joseph  Ballinger, 
died  when  she  was  a  child,  and  in  1778  she  married 
John  Mason,  who  died  about  1777,  and  in  1778  she 
married  Job  Collins.  When  in  her  twenty-fourth 
year,  she  felt  strongly  impressed  with  the  duty  of 
becoming  a  minister  of  the  gospel,  and  later  she 
was  a  noted  preacher  in  her  denomination,  "  labor- 
ing zealously  to  stir  up  the  lukewarm,  and  speak- 
ing a  word  in  season  to  those  that  were  weary; 
while  the  purity  of  her  life,  and  the  Christian 
meekness  that  marked  her  character,  adorned  the 
doctrines  she  delivei'cd  to  others."  Her  autobi- 
ography was  published  in  Philadelphia  in  1859. 

COLLINS,  George  C,  merchant,  b.  in  South 
Hadley,  Mass..  in  1810;  d.  in  New  York  city,  10 
Feb.,  i875.  He  removed  when  a  boy  to  Hartford, 
Conn.,  and  at  the  age  of  twenty  went  to  Mobile, 
Ala.,  as  confidential  secretary  to  Burrett  Ames,  the 
largest  cotton-dealer  in  the  south.  After  three  years 
he  returned  to  the  north  and  went  into  business  on 
his  own  account  as  a  grocer  in  Hartford,  removed 
to  New  York  city  in  1841  as  partner  in  the  house 
of  McCoon,  Sherman  &  Co.,  and  established  in  1860 
the  house  of  Collins  &  Rayner,  which  afterward  be- 
came George  C.  Collins  &  Co.  After  the  draft-riots 
of  1863  he  was  a  member  of  a  committee  to  pi'ose- 
cute  the  claims  of  the  families  of  the  murdered  ne- 
groes against  the  city,  and  was  one  of  the  largest 
contributors  to  the  fund  raised  for  the  relief  of  the 
families.  He  was  an  active  promoter  of  various 
charitable  and  religious  objects. 

COLLINS,  Isaac,  publisher,  b.  in  Delaware.  10 
Feb.,  1740;  d.  in  Burlington,  N.  J.,  21  March, 
1817.  He  was  the  son  of  an  immigrant  from  Bris- 
tol, England,  learned  the  printer's  trade,  went  to 
Philadelphia  at  the  age  of  twenty-one,  where  he 
worked  as  a  journeyman,  in  1770  was  appointed 
public  printer  in  New  Jersey,  and  removed  to  Bur- 
lington. In  1771  he  began  the  publication  of  an 
almanac,  which  he  issued  annually  for  more  than 
twenty  years.  In  1778  he  removed  to  Trenton,  and 
there  printed  5,000  copies  of  a  family  Bible  that 
was  remarkably  free  from  typographical  errors. 
To  secure  accuracy,  tlie  proofs  were  read  eleven 


692 


COLLINS 


COLLINSON 


times.  In  1796  he  went  to  New  York  city,  Imt 
returned  to  Burlington  in  1808.  His  son's  also 
followed  the  business  of  their  father ;  and  the 
house  of  Charles  Collins  is  now  the  oldest  pub- 
lishing firm  in  the  United  States. 

COLLINS,  .Tolui,  governor  of  Rhode  Island,  b. 
8  June,  1717;  d.  in  Newport,  R.  I.,  8  March,  1795. 
He  was  a  prominent  patriot  during  the  Revolution, 
and  a  commissioner  to  settle  the  accounts  of  Rhode 
Island  with  congress  in  1776,  sat  in  the  old  con- 
gress from  1778  till  1783,  was  governor  from  1786 
till  1789,  and  in  the  latter  year  elected  a  member 
of  the  first  congress  under  the  constitution,  but 
did  not  take  his  seat. 

COLLINS,  Joseph  Edmund,  Canadian  jour- 
nalist, b.  in  Placentia,  Newfoundland,  22  Oct., 
1855.  He  was  educated  by  private  tutors,  and  in 
1874  removed  to  Frederieton,  New  Brunswick,  and 
studied  law  for  a  short  time.  Then  he  established 
the  Frederieton  "  Star "  newspaper,  and  subse- 
quently the  Chatham  "  Star."  In  1881  he  removed 
to  Toronto  and  assumed  the  city  editorship  of  the 
"  Globe."  He  has  published  "  Life  and  Times  of 
Sir  John  A.  Maedonald,"  "  Canada  under  the  Ad- 
ministration of  Lord  Lome,"  "A  Sketch  of  the 
Life  of  Lord  Lansdowne,"  and  other  works,  all 
published  in  Toronto.  He  has  also  been  a  con- 
tributor to  popular  periodicals. 

COLLINS,  Napoleon,  naval  officer,  b.  in  Penn- 
sylvania, 4  May,  1814 ;  d.  in  Callao,  Peru,  9  Aug., 
1875.  He  entered  the  navy  in  1884  as  midship- 
man, became  a  lieutenant  in  1846,  was  attached  to 
the  sloop  '*  Decatur  "  during  the  Mexican  war,  and 
was  present  at  Tuspan  and  Tobasco.  He  com- 
manded the  steamer  "  Anacosta  "  in  the  Potomac 
squadron  in  1861,  and  took  part  in  the  engage- 
ment at  Acquia  Creek  on  81  May  in  that  year. 
He  afterward  received  command  of  the  gun-boat 
"  Unadilla,"  and  for  nearly  a  year  was  with  the  fleet 
stationed  off  the  coast  of  South  Carolina,  Georgia, 
and  Florida,  and  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Port 
Royal  and  in  various  expeditions  along  the  coast. 
In  July,  1862,  he  was  made  commander  of  the 
steamer  "  Octorara"  in  the  West  Indian  squadron. 
In  1868  he  was  transferred  to  the  steam  sloop 
"  Wachusett "  and  sent  in  pursuit  of  Confederate 
privateers.  On  7  Oct.,  1864,  he  bore  down  on  the 
Confederate  steamer  "  Florida "  in  the  harbor  of 
Bahia,  Brazil,  intending  to  sink  her,  but  demand- 
ed her  surrender,  and,  as  the  captain  and  half  his 
crew  were  ashore,  the  lieutenant  in  command 
deemed  it  best  to  comply.  In  an  instant  the 
"  Florida  "  was  boarded,  a  hawser  was  made  fast, 
and  the  captor  put  out  to  sea,  making  no  reply  to 
a  challenge  from  the  Brazilian  fleet,  and  imharmed 
by  three  shots  fired  from  the  fort.  After  the  "  Wa- 
chusett" and  her  prize  arrived  in  Hampton  Roads 
in  November,  while  negotiations  for  the  return  of 
the  "  Florida  "  were  in  progress  she  was  run  into 
at  her  anchorage  by  a  steam  transport  and  sunk. 
Brazil  having  complained  that  her  neutrality  had 
been  violated  in  this  affair.  Sec.  Seward  disavowed 
the  act  6f  Commander  Collins  and  ordered  him  to 
be  tried  by  court-martial.  On  25  July,  1866,  he 
was  promoted  captain  and  placed  in  command  of 
the  steam  sloop  "  Sacramento."  He  was  made  a 
commodore  on  19  Jan.,  1871,  and  on  9  Aug.,  1874, 
was  raised  to  the  rank  of  rear-admiral  and  placed 
in  command  of  the  South  Pacific  squadron. 

COLLINS,  Psitrick  Andrew,  b.  in  Ireland 
in  1844.  He  came  to  the  United  States  in  1848, 
and  settled  in  Chelsea,  Mass.  He  worked  at  the 
upholsterer's  trade  for  eight  years,  gave  his  leisure 
hours  to  study,  entered  flarvard  law-school  in  1868, 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1872.     In  1868-'9 


he  was  a  member  of  the  Massachusetts  house  oi 
representatives,  and  in  1870-'l  a  state  senator,     in 

1875  he  was  judge-advocate-general  of  the  state. 
He  was  appointed  delegate-at-large  from  Massa- 
chusetts to  the  democratic  national  conventions  in 

1876  and  1880,  and  was  nominated  for  attorney- 
general.  In  1882  he  was  elected  to  congress,  and 
he  has  been  twice  re-elected.  Mr.  Collins  was  one 
of  the  secretaries  to  the  Fenian  congress  held  in 
Philadelphia  in  1865,  and  has  been  an  active  mem- 
ber of  the  land  and  national  leagues  since  their 
establishment.  He  was  chosen  pi-esident  of  the 
Irish  land  league  at  the  convention  that  was  held 
in  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  in  1884. 

COLLINS,  Tliomas,  governor  of  Delaware,  b. 
in  1782:  d.  near  Duck  creek,  Kent  co.,  Del.,  29 
March,  1789.  He  was  for  some  time  high  sheriff 
of  Kent  county,  a  member  of  the  council  for  four 
years,  brigadier-general  of  militia  from  1776  till 
1788,  member  of  the  assembly,  chief-justice  of  the 
court  of  common  pleas,  and  governor  of  the  state 
from  1786  till  1789. 

COLLINS,  Thomas  Wharton,  jurist,  b.  in 
New  Orleans,  28  June,  1812;  d.  8  Nov.,  1879.  He 
became  a  printer,  then  an  editor,  studied  law,  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1888,  was  reporter  and  clerk 
of  the  state  senate  in  1884,  then  edited  the  "  True 
American,"  was  clerk  of  the  U.  S.  court  in  1836-'8, 
district  attorney  for  the  Orleans  district  in  1840-2, 
judge  of  the  city  court  in  1842-'6,  a  member  of 
the  constitutional  convention  in  1852,  and  in  1856 
was  elected  judge  of  the  first  district  court  of  New 
Orleans.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he  resumed  the 
practice  of  law  in  New  Orleans,  and  in  1867  was 
made  judge  of  the  seventh  district  court,  which 
office  he  held  until  the  court  was  abolished,  when 
he  returned  to  legal  practice.  He  was  the  author 
of  a  tragedy  called  "  The  Martyr  Patriots,"  which 
was  successfully  performed  ;  also  of  "  Humanics  " 
(1860),  "  The  Eden  of  Labor,"  and  essays  on  soci- 
ology, ethics,  and  politics,  published  in  periodicals. 

COLLINS,  Zaccheus,  philanthropist,  b.  in 
Philadelphia,  26  Aug.,  1764;  d.  there,  12  June, 
1881.  He  was  a  member  of  the  society  of  Friends, 
a  promoter  of  the  advancement  of  the  natural  sci- 
ences, and  an  officer  or  member  of  many  jahilo- 
sophical,  humane,  and  religious  societies.  ^ 

COLLINSON,  Sir  Richard,  naval  officer,  b.  in 
Gateshead,  England,  7  Nov..  1811 ;  d.  in  Ealing,  18 
Sept.,  1888.  He  entered  the  navy  in  1828.  and,  after 
service  on  the  Pacific  station,  was  assigned  to  the 
"  Chanticleer,"  which  was  employed  in  making  ob- 
servations on  the  shores  and  islands  of  the  Atlantic 
ocean.  Being  promoted  a  lieutenant  in  1885,  he 
joined  the  "Sulphur,"  and  was  employed  in  the 
examination  of  the  coasts  of  Central  America  and 
jNIexico,  visiting  California,  Vancouver's  island, 
Sitka,  and  fixing  the  position  of  Mount  St.  Elias. 
Subsequently  he  took  part  in  the  Chinese  war,  and 
was  promoted  captain  and  C.  B.  in  1842.  In  1850 
Capt.  CoUinson  took  command  of  an  expedition  to 
Bering  strait,  to  continue  the  search  for  Sir  John 
Franklin.  After  passing  three  winters  in  the  ice, 
and  ascertaining  the  fact  that  the  northern  coast 
of  North  America  was  navigable  by  a  sailing  ves- 
sel from  Bering  strait  to  King  William's  land,  he 
returned  to  England,  and  received  the  medal  of 
the  Geographical  society.  After  service  on  the 
Defence  commission  and  the  lakes  in  Canada,  he 
was  promoted  to  flag-oflicer  in  1862,  and  made  a 
K.  C.  B.  in  1875.  He'is  the  author  of  "  Nine  Weeks 
in  Canada "  (Cambridge,  1862),  and  "  The  Three 
Voyages  of  Martin  Frobisher  in  Search  of  a  Pas- 
sage to  Cathaia  and  India  by  the  Northwest,  A.  D. 
1576-8 "  (London,  1867). 


COLLIPULLE 


COLOCOLO 


693 


COLLIPULLE  (call-ye-pull'-ye),  Araiieanian 
cacique,  b.  early  in  the  IGth  century;  d.  in  1576. 
When  still  very  young  he  was  appointed  generalis- 
simo of  the  Indian  army  of  Chili,  in  1504,  after  the 
death  of  its  leader,  the  cacique  Antigueun.  In 
August  of  the  same  year  he  fought  as  a  chief  at 
the  battle  of  Mariguena,  and  assisted  in  the  defeat 
of  the  Spanish  aiiny  cDinmanded  by  a  son  of  Vil- 
lagran.  From  15()5  till  1508  he  had  many  encoun- 
ters with  the  Spaniards,  in  15G9  besieged  unsuc- 
cessfully the  city  of  Valdivia,  and  in  1570  planned 
and  fought  three  important  battles  at  Cafiete,  Vil- 
larrica,  and  the  banks  of  the  Biobio,  where  he  was 
killed.  Collipulle  was  seven  feet  in  height,  and 
famous  for  his  extraordinary  strength. 

COLLOT,  Victor,  French  explorer,  b.  in  Cha- 
lons-sur-Marne  about  1751 ;  d.  in  Paris  in  July, 
1805.  He  was  an  officer  in  the  army,  rose  to  be  a 
general  of  brigade,  and  was  at  one  time  governor 
of  Guadeloupe.  He  published  a  map  of  Detroit  in 
1790,  also  "  Voyage  dans  le  nord  d'Amerique  en 
1790,"  and  a  •'  Memoire  sur  les  moyens  de  sou- 
mettre  les  rebels  de  St.  Dominique." 

COLLYER,  Robert,  clergyman,  b.  in  Keighly, 
Yorkshire.  England,  8  Dec,  1823.  He  educated 
himself,  having  left  school  at  the  age  of  eight  years 
to  earn  his  living  in  a  factory.  The  only  instruc- 
tion he  received  after  that  was  in  a  night-school 
that  he  attended  two  winters.  When  fourteen 
years  old  he  was  apprenticed  to  a  blacksmith.  In 
1849  he  became  a  local  Methodist  preacher,  and 
the  year  following  came  to  the  United  States,  a,nd, 
while  still  working  as  a  hammer-maker  in  Shoe- 
makertown,  Pa.,  preached  on  Sundays.  His  views 
gradually  changed  in  the  direction  of  Unitarian- 
ism,  and  he  was  arraigned  before  the  conference 
for  heresy,  and  his  license  to  preach  revoked. 
The  clumge  in  his  views  of  the  atonement  was 
partly  brought  about  by  conversations  with  Lucre- 
tia  Mott.  The  circumstance  that  the  Methodist 
clergy  at  that  time  wei-e  restrained  from  freely  de- 
nouncing slavery  had  much  influence  in  convert- 
ing him  to  Unitarianism.  While  still  working  at 
his  craft,  he  became  known  as  an  eloquent  public 
speaker.  In  1859  he  united  with  the  Unitarian 
church,  and,  going  to  Chicago,  111.,  became  a  mis- 
sionary of  the  Unitarian  church  in  that  city,  and 
in  1800  organized  the  Unity  church,  which  began 
with  only  seven  members,  but  rapidly  increased  in 
numbers  under  his  spirited  and  earnest  preaching. 
In  1801  he  was  a  camp-inspector  for  the  Sanitary 
commission.  His  reputation  as  a  preacher  and  lec- 
turer soon  extended  over  the  country.  In  Septem- 
ber, 1879,  he  became  pastor  of  the  Church  of  the 
Messiah  in  New  York  city.  He  has  re-visited  Eng- 
land five  times  since  1865,  and  travelled  in  other 
parts  of  Europe.  He  is  the  author  of  "  Nature  and 
Life"  (Boston,  1860);  "A  Man  in  Earnest:  Life  of 
A.  H.  Conant"  (1808);  "The  Life  that  Now  Is" 
(1871) ;  •'  The  Simple  Truth,  a  Home  Book  "  (1877) ; 
"A  History  of  the  Town  and  Parish  of  Ilkley" 
(Otley,  England,  1886),  written  in  collaboration 
with  Horsef all  Turner;  "Lectures  to  Young  Men 
and  Women  "  (1886). 

COLMAN,  Benjamin,  clergyman,  b.  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  19  Oct.,  1078 ;  d.  there,  29  Aug.,  1747.  He 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1692,  began  preach- 
ing soon  afterward,  embarked  for  England  in  July, 
1695,  was  captured  by  a  French  privateer,  and 
reached  England  after  a  brief  imprisonment.  He 
there  became  acquainted  with  eminent  noncon- 
formist divines,  and  preached  in  Bath  and  other 
places.  In  1699  he  returned  to  take  charge  of  the 
Brattle  street  church,  receiving  ordination  in  Lon- 
don, because  the  society,  just  organized  in  opposi- 


tion to  the  Cambridge  platform,  differed  with  the 
other  churches  in  New  England  in  regard  to  tlio 
forms  of  service,  desiring  to  abolish  the  public  re- 
lation of  experiences,  and  to  introduce  reading  of 
the  Scriptures  and  recital  of  the  Lord's  prayer. 
He  remained  with  the  society,  with  which  the  other 
Boston  churches  long  refused  to  hold  communion, 
till  his  death,  ranking  among  the  first  of  New  Eng- 
land clei'gymen,  and  exerting  a  powerful  influence 
in  civil  affairs  that  sometimes  drew  censure  upon 
him.  He  procured  benefactions  for  Harvard  and 
Yale  colleges,  and  interested  himself  in  the  missior. 
among  the  Housatonic  Indians  and  other  benevo- 
lent enterprises.  In  1724  he  was  offered,  but  re- 
fused, the  presidency  of  Harvard.  Many  of  his 
sermons,  some  poems,  and  a  tract  in  favor  of  in- 
oculation for  small-pox,  were  published.  His  col- 
lected sermons  were  printed  in  three  volumes  (Bos- 
ton, 1707-'22).  See  "  Life  and  Character  of  Col- 
man,"  by  his  son-in-law,  the  Hev.  Ebenezer  Turell 
(Boston,  1749),  and  Hopkins's  "History  of  the 
Houssatonnoc  Indians." 

C0L3IAN,  Henry,  agricultural  writer,  b.  in 
Boston,  12  Sept.,  1785 ;  d.  in  Islington,  England, 
14  Aug.,  1849.  He  was  graduated  at  Dartmouth 
in  1805.  From  1807  till  1820  he  was  a  Congrega- 
tional minister  at  Hingham,  Mass.,  where  he  also 
taught  school.  He  was  a  teacher  in  Boston  in 
1820-5,  and  from  1825  till  1831  had  charge  of  a 
Unitarian  churcli  in  Salem,  when  he  left,  being  in 
ill  health.  He  then  engaged  in  farming  at  Deer- 
field,  Mass.,  and  was  employed  by  the  state,  from 
1886  till  1842,  as  commissioner  to  investigate  its 
agricultural  condition  and  resources.  In  1888  and 
1839  he  issued  reports  on  the  agriculture  of  Massa- 
chusetts, and  in  1840  published  a  "  Report  on  Silk 
Culture."  In  1842  he  visited  Europe  in  the  em- 
ploy of  the  Massachusetts  agricultural  society,  and 
pursued  investigations  of  European  farming  for 
six  years.  On  his  return,  in  1848,  he  published  in 
Boston  "  European  Agricultural  and  Rural  Econ- 
omy," and  a  smaller  work  entitled  "  Agricultural 
and  Rural  Economy  of  France,  Belgium,  Holland, 
and  Switzerland."  He  was  the  author  also  of  "  Eu- 
ropean Life  and  Manners,  in  Familiar  Letters  to 
Friends  "  (1849),  and  published  two  volumes  of  ser- 
mons. Visiting  England  again  for  his  health  in 
1849,  he  died  soon  after  his  arrival. 

COLMAN,  Sanuiel,  painter,  b.  in  Portland,  IMe., 
in  1832.  He  began  early  to  sketch  from  nature  in 
and  around  New  York,  where  his  father  was  a  pub- 
lisher, and  became  a  pupil  of  Asher  B.  Durand. 
In  1860-62  he  studied  in  France  and  Spain ;  in 
1871  he  again  went  abroad,  and  travelled  in  Swit- 
zerland, north  Africa,  Italy,  France,  and  Spain, 
returning  in  1876  to  New  York.  He  was  elected 
an  associate  member  of  the  National  academy  in 
1860,  and  a  full  member  in  1862.  was  a  founder  of 
the  American  society  of  painters  in  water-colors, 
and  its  first  president  in  1866-'71,  and  an  original 
member  of  the  Society  of  American  artists  in  1878. 
His  studio  is  in  New  York.  His  pictures  include 
"Bay  of  Gibraltar,"  "Andernach  on  the  Rhine," 
"  Street  Scene  in  Caen,  Normandy,"  "  ]\Iarket  I)ay 
in  Brittany,"  "  Arab  Caravansary  "  (1879).  "  Arab 
Burying-Ground,"  "  Dutch  Boats  off  tlic  Coast  of 
Holland"  (1880),  "Misty  Afternoon  in  Venice" 
(1881),  "  Zandam  in  Holland,"  "  Ruins  of  Mosque 
in  Algeria"  (1882),  and  "Tower  of  Giralda"  (1884). 

COLOCOLO  (col-o-co'-lo),  Molucho  or  Arauca- 
nian  cacique,  b.  about  1515;  d.  in  October,  1561. 
When  Valdivia  inidertook  the  conquest  of  Arauco, 
Colocolo  with  4.000  men  and  the  cacique  Aillavillu 
with  his  army  set  out  to  o])pose  the  advance  of  the 
Spaniards.     A  fierce  battle  ensued,  Colocolo  dis- 


694 


COLQUITT 


COLT 


tinguishing  liimself  so  much  that  at  the  death  of 
Aillavillu  he  was  given  the  command  of  both 
tribes.  From  1551  till  1558  he  directed  many  at- 
tacks upon  the  invaders  under  Valdivia,  and,  hav- 
ing united  his  troops  with  those  of  Caupoliean, 
fought  the  famous  battle  of  Tucapel,  2  Dec,  1553, 
in  which  Valdivia  was  defeated.  The  victory  of 
the  Indians  was  due  to  the  plan  of  Colocolo,  who 
divided  his  forces  into  thirteen  bodies,  to  make 
them  fight  in  turn,  in  order  to  have  always  fresh 
troops  during  the  encounter.  On  the  following 
day  another  battle  was  fought,  Colocolo  being  at 
the  head  of  his  division,  and  the  Spaniards  were 
again  routed.  Accompanied  by  Lautor,  he  re- 
sisted in  ills  intrenchments  the  attack  of  Villa- 
gran's  army,  23  April,  1554.  The  Spanish  cliief  was 
wounded,  and  retreated  to  Concepcion,  a  city  that, 
later  in  1554,  was  captured  and  burned  by  Colo- 
colo. In  1555  he  was  besieged  in  the  city  of  Val- 
divia by  Villagran,  and  evacuated  the  place  after 
a  long  resistance.  At  the  end  of  the  same  year  he 
fought  a  battle  with  Villagnin  at  Biobio,  but  was 
again  defeated.  Two  years  later  he  commanded  a 
division  of  Caupolican's  army,  had  an  encounter 
with  Garcia  de  Mendoza  at  Monte  Pinto,  attacked 
with  great  fury  his  intrenchments  three  times, 
and  was  repelled  each  time  by  the  Spaniards,  los- 
ing 2,000  men.  In  November,  1557,  he  was  de- 
feated once  more  at  the  Arauco  valley,  and,  Cau- 
poliean having  been  taken  prisoner,  he  succeeded 
him  as  chief  of  the  Araucanian  army.  He  kept  up 
the  war  until  1559,  when,  being  successful  in  sev- 
eral battles,  he  asked  for  peace,  and  signed  the 
first  treaty  between  the  Spaniards  and  the  Arauca- 
nians.  Again,  in  October,  1561,  he  raised  a  large 
army  against  the  conquerors,  and  lost  his  life  in 
the  terrible  battle  of  Lomaco.  Colocolo  was  not 
only  celebrated  for  his  great  courage,  but  also  con- 
sidered the  wisest  cacique  of  his  time. 

COLQUITT,  Walter  Tarver,  b.  in  Halifax 
county,  Va.,  27  Dec,  1799;  d.  in  Macon,  Ga.,  7 
May,  1855.  He  removed  with  his  parents  to  Geor- 
gia, entered  Princeton  college,  but  was  not  gradu- 
ated, studied  law  in  ]\Iille(lgeville,  Ga.,  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1820.  He  began  practice  at 
Sparta,  and  afterward  removed  to  Cowpens.  At 
the  age  of  twenty-one  he  was  elected  by  the  legis- 
lature a  brigadier-general  of  militia.  He  became 
prominent  in  1826  by  contesting  the  district  as  the 
Troup  candidate  for  congress  against  Lumjikin, 
the  Clark  candidate,  who  was  elected  by  thirty- 
two  majority.  The  same  year  he  was  elected  judge 
of  the  Chattahoochee  circuit,  and  was  re-elected  in 
1829.  In  1834  and  1837  he  was  a  state  senator. 
In  1838  he  was  elected  to  congress  as  a  state- 
rights  whig,  and  took  his  seat  on  2  Dec,  1839,  but, 
having  left  the  party  with  two  colleagues  after  the 
nomination  of  Harrison  for  president,  he  resigned 
on  21  July,  1840.  He  was  again  elected  to  con- 
gress as  a  Van  Buren  democrat,  serving  frona  1 
^  Feb.,  1842,  till  3  March,  1843.  He  was  then  elected 
to  the  U.  S.  senate,  and  served  from  4  Dec,  1843, 
till  he  resigned  in  1848.  He  supported  the  Polk 
administration  in  the  controversy  relative  to  Ore- 
gon, and  throughout  the  Mexican  war  was  a  promi- 
nent opponent  of  the  Wilmot  proviso.  He  was 
one  of  the  most  earnest  speakers  in  the  Nashville 
convention  in  1850  in  defence  of  the  rights  of  the 
south.  He  had  been  licensed  as  a  Methodist 
preacher  in  1827,  and,  during  the  turmoil  of  a 
most  exciting  political  career,  was  in  the  habit  of 
officiating  at  the  Methodist  churches.  Pie  was  one 
of  the  most  successful  lawyers  in  the  state,  and  in 
criminal  practice  had  no  rival.— His  son,  Alfred 
Holt,  statesman,   b.   in  Walton   county,   Ga.,  20 


April.  1824 ;  d.  in  Washington.  D.  C,  26  March,  1894 ; 
was  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1844,  studied  law, 
served  during  the  Mexican  war  as  a  staff  officer, 
with  the  rank  of  major,  and  in  1852  was  elected  to 
congress  as  a  democrat,  and  served  one  term.     In 

1859  he  was  a  member  of  the  legislature,  and  in 

1860  a  presidential  elector  on  the  Breckinridge 
ticket.  He  was  a  member  of  the  secession  conven- 
tion of  Georgia,  entered  the  Confederate  army  as 
captain,  was  chosen  colonel  of  the  6th  Georgia  in- 
fantry, promoted  a  brigadier-general,  and,  after 
serving  some  time  in  that  grade,  was  commissioned 
a  major-general.  In  1876  he  was  elected  governor 
of  Georgia  for  four  years,  and  after  the  expiration 
of  his  term  re-elected  for  two  years  under  the  new 
constitution.  In  1882  he  was  elected  U.  S.  senator, 
and  was  re-elected  for  the  term  expiring  in  1895. 

COLT,  Le  Baron  Bradford,  jurist,  b.  in  Ded- 
ham,  Mass.,  25  June,  1846.  He  was  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1868,  and  at  Columbia  law-school  in  1870. 
He  travelled  in  Europe  in  1870-'l,  was  a  member 
of  the  Rhode  Island  house  of  representatives  in 
1879-'81,  and  on  6  July,  1884,  appointed  U.  S.  cir- 
cuit judge  for  the  first  judicial  circuit. 

COLT,  Samuel,  inventor,  b.  in  Hartford,  Conn., 
19  July,  1814;  d.  there,  10  Jan.,  1862.  His  father, 
descended  from  an  early  settler  of  Hartford,  was  a 
merchant  and  afterward  a  manufacturer.  At  the 
age  of  ten  he  en- 
tered his  father's 
factory,  and  re- 
mained there  and 
at  school  till  his 
fourteenth  year, 
when  he  was  sent 
to  a  boarding- 
school  in  Am- 
herst, Mass.,  but 
ran  away,  and  in 
July,1827,shipped 
as  a  boy  before 
the  mast  on  an 
East  India  voy- 
age. After  his 
return  he  was 
placed  in  his  fa- 
ther's factory  at 
Ware,  Mass.,  in 
the  dyeing  and 
bleaching  depart- 
ment, under  the  tuition  of  William  T.  Smith,  a 
scientific  and  practical  chemist,  and  as  soon  as 
he  had  become  a  dexterous  manipulator  he  again 
left  home  to  seek  his  fortune,  and  though  but  sev- 
enteen or  eighteen  years  of  age,  with  a  meagre  edu- 
cation, yet,  under  the  assumed  name  of  Dr.  Coult, 
he  traversed  the  Union  and  British  America,  lec- 
turing on  chemistry,  and,  owing  to  his  success  as 
an  exj)erimenter,  drew  full  houses.  The  profit 
from  these  lectures,  which  was  very  considerable, 
during  the  two  years  that  followed,  was  devoted  to 
the  prosecution  of  the  great  invention  connected 
with  his  name.  The  first  model  of  his  pistol  was 
made  in  wood  in  1829,  with  the  imperfect  tools  at 
his  command,  while  he  was  a  sailor-boy  on  board 
ship.  The  money  acquired  by  his  chemical  lectures 
enabled  him  to  manufacture  other  models,  and  in 
1835,  when  only  twenty-one  years  of  age,  he  took 
out  his  first  patent  for  revolving  fire-arms.  I*atents 
having  been  issued  in  England,  France,  and  the 
United  States  for  the  revolver,  he  induced  New 
York  capitalists  to  take  an  interest  in  it,  and  a 
company  was  formed  at  Paterson,  N.  J.,  in  1835, 
with  a  capital  of  .f 300,000,  under  the  name  of  the 
Patent  Arms  Company.     For  a  long  time  the  offi- 


COLT 


COLTON" 


695 


cers  of  the  government  and  of  the  array  and  navy- 
objected  to  the  percussion-cap,  to  the  supposed  lia- 
bility of  the  arm  to  get  out  of  order,  to  the  tend- 
ency of  several  of  the  charges  to  explode  at  the 
same  time,  and  to  the  greater  difficulty  of  repair- 
ing it  than  the  arms  in  common  use.  These  ob- 
jections Mr.  Colt  met  by  careful  explanations,  by 
repeated  experiments,  and  by  modifications  in  the 
construction  of  the  weapon.  In  1837,  during  the 
Florida  war,  the  officers  of  the  army  were  baffled 
in  their  attempts  to  drive  tiie  Indians  from  the 
Everglades,  until  a  few  of  the  troops,  under  the 
direction  of  Lieut.-Col.  Harney,  were  armed  with 
Colt's  revolvers,  and  their  success  was  such  that 
more  were  at  once  ordered,  and  the  Indians  were 
easily  disheartened  and  defeated  when  they  found 
that  their  enemies  could  fire  six  or  eight  times 
without  reloading.  In  1842  the  Patent  Arms  Com- 
pany were  forced  to  suspend,  the  speedy  conclusion 
of  the  Seminole  war  having  put  an  end  to  their  sales, 
and  from  that  time  till  1847  none  of  the  repeating 
fire-arms  were  manufactured.  Meantime  the  mar- 
ket was  drained  of  them  by  the  demand  from  Texas 
and  the  Indian  frontier.  In  1847,  the  Mexican 
war  having  begun.  Gen.  Taylor  sent  to  Col.  Colt 
for  a  supply.  There  were  none  to  be  had,  but  he 
contracted  to  make  1,000  for  |28,000.  He  had 
parted  with  the  last  one  to  a  Texan  ranger,  and, 
after  advertising  in  vain  for  one  to  serve  as  a 
model,  he  was  compelled  to  make  a  new  model, 
and  in  so  doing  added  improvements.  This  first 
thousand  were  made  at  an  armory  temporarily 
hired  at  Whitneyville,  near  New  Haven,  Conri. 
Other  orders  following  immediately  on  the  comple- 
tion of  the  first.  Col.  Colt  procured  more  commodi- 
ous workshops  at  Hartford  and  filled  the  orders 
with  promptness.  The  emigration  to  California, 
and  afterward  to  Australia,  increased  the  demand 
for  the  revolvers  and  assured  the  permanence  of 
the  business.  Soon  after  the  Mexican  war,  the 
suggestions  derived  from  the  use  of  these  arms  by 
the  military  forces  led  to  improvements  in  their 
construction  and  to  their  adoption  by  the  govern- 
ment of  the  United  States  as  a  regular  weapon  for 
the  army.  Subsequently  the  Crimean  and  Indian 
campaigns  suggested  still  further  improvements 
and  simplifications.  Finding  in  1853  that  more 
room  and  greater  facilities  for  manufacturing  were 
required.  Col.  Colt  purchased  a  tract  of  meadow- 
land  lying  within  the  city  limits  of  Hartford,  about 
250  acres  in  extent,  protected  it  from  the  annual 
freshets  of  the  Connecticut  river  by  means  of  a 
dike,  and  there  built  an  armory,  consisting  of  two 
parallel  buildings  three  stories  high  and  500  feet 
long,  connected  by  a  central  building  250  feet  in 
length,  with  other  buildings  for  offices  and  ware- 
rooms.  In  1861  a  second  building  of  the  same  size 
as  the  first  was  erected.  All  the  balls,  cartridges, 
bullet-moulds,  powder-flasks,  and  lubricators  are 
manufactured  at  the  armory,  and  most  of  them, 
as  well  as  the  greater  part  of  the  machinery  for 
manufacturing  the  arms,  were  the  invention  of 
Col.  Colt  or  the  development  of  his  suggestions  by 
skilful  workmen.  A  part  of  the  establishment  is 
devoted  to  the  manufacture  of  machinery  for  mak- 
ing the  fire-arms  elsewhere,  which  has  already  sup- 
plied a  large  portion  of  tlie  machinery  for  the 
armory  of  the  British  government  at  Enfield,  Eng- 
land, and  the  whole  of  that  for  the  Russian  gov- 
ernment armory  at  Tula.  On  the  land  enclosed 
by  the  dike  he  also  erected  dwellings  for  his  em- 
ployes, the  entire  expenditure  upon  the  grounds 
and  buildings  amounting  to  more  than  $2,500,000. 
The  dwellings  erected  for  the  employes  are  unusu- 
ally comfortable  and  convenient.    Col.  Colt  also  pro- 


vided the  workmen  with  a  public  hall,  a  library, 
courses  of  lectures,  concerts,  a  set  of  instruments  for 
a  band  of  musicians,  and  a  uniform  for  a  military 
company  organized  among  them.  He  invented 
also  a  submarine  battery  for  the  defence  of  harbors 
against  naval  attacks,  and  was  the  first  to  conceive 
and  practically  test  the  project  of  a  submarine  tele- 
graph-cable, having  laid  and  operated  with  perfect 
success  in  1843  such  a  cable  from  Coney  Island 
and  Fire  Island  to  the  city  of  New  York,  and  from 
the  Merchants'  exchange  to  the  mouth  of  the  har- 
bor. This  cable  was  insulated  by  being  covered 
with-a  combination  of  cotton  yarn  with  asphaltum 
and  beeswax,  and  the  whole  enclosed  in  a  lead  pipe, 
gutta  percha  being  then  unknown.  A  beautiful 
Episcopal  cluirch  was  erected  to  his  memory  by  his 
widow,  who  with  their  only  son  still  continues  the 
manufacture  of  arms. 

COLTON,  Calvin,  clergyman,  b.  in  Long- 
meadow,  Mass.,  in  1789  ;  d.  in  Savannah,  Ga.,  13 
March,  1857.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1813, 
and  at  Andover  seminary  in  1815,  and  settled  over 
the  Presbyterian  church  in  Batavia,  N.  Y.  Subse- 
quently he  entered  the  ministry  of  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  church,  but  relinquished  preaching  in 
182G  from  failure  of  his  voice.  After  a  long  tour 
through  the  United  States,  he  went  to  England  in 
1831,  as  correspondent  of  the  New  York  "  Ob- 
server," and  remained  four  years.  After  his  re- 
turn to  the  United  States  he  took  orders  in  the 
Episcopal  church,  and  published  "  Thoughts  on 
the  Religious  State  of  the  Country,  and  Reasons 
for  Preferring  Episcopacy."  But  he  soon  resumed 
the  journalistic  profession,  and  distinguished  him- 
self as  a  writer  of  political  tracts  and  articles  ad- 
vocating the  principles  of  the  whig  party.  From 
1842  till  1844  he  edited  the  "True  Whig"  in 
Washington.  In  1852  he  became  professor  of  po- 
litical economy  in  Trinity  college,  Hartford,  Conn. 
He  published  in  England  "A  Manual  for  Emi- 
grants to  America,"  and  "  History  and  Character 
of  American  Revivals  of  Religion"  (1832);  also 
"  The  Americans,  by  an  American  in  London " 
(1833) ;  "  American  Cottager  "  and  "  A  Tour  of  the 
Lakes  "  (1833) ;  and  "  Church  and  State  in  Amer- 
ica, being  a  Reply  to  the  Bishop  of  London." 
After  his  return  from  England  he  published  "  Four 
Years  in  Great  Britain  "  (New  York,  1835) ;  "  Prot- 
estant Jesuitism"  (1836);  "Abolition  a  Sedition  " 
and  "  Abolition  and  Colonization  Contrasted " 
(1838) ;  "  A  Voice  from  America  to  England " 
(1839):  "The  Crisis  of  the  Country";  "American 
Jacobinism  " ;  and  "  One  Presidential  Term  "  (1840). 
In  1840  appeared  a  series  of  political  tracts  called 
the  "  Junius  Papers,"  which  were  widely  circulated, 
and  enlarged  and  republished  in  1844.  The  same 
year  he  published  "  The  Rights  of  Labor  "  (New 
York);  in  1846,  "Life  and  Times  of  Henry  Clay," 
the  materials  for  which  he  obtained  from  IMr.  Clay, 
whom  he  visited  for  the  purpose  in  1844;  and  in 
1848,  "  Public  Economy  for  the  United  Slates," 
containing  an  elaborate  argument  in  favor  of  the 
protective  policy.  While  a  professor  at  Trinity 
college  he  published  "  The  Genius  and  Mission  of 
the  Episcopal  Church  in  the  United  States  "  (New 
York,  1853),  prepared  for  the  ])ress  tiie  "Private 
Correspondence  of  Henry  Clay  "  (1855),  wrote  "  The 
Last  Seven  Years  of  the  Life  of  Henry  Clay" 
(1856),  and  edited  the  "  Si)ceclies  of  Henry  Clay." 
— His  brother,  Walter,  autiior.  b.  in  Rutland,  \i., 
9  May,  1797;  d.  in  Philadeliihia.  Pa..  22  Jan.,  1851, 
was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1822.  and,  after  teacii- 
ing  and  studying  theology  at  Andover,  became  in 
1825  professor  of  moral  philosoiihy  and  belles-l(>t- 
tres  at  Middletown  academy,  Conn.     In   1828-"30 


696 


COLTON 


COLUMBUS 


y'^oi^c*^^''-'     <— -s^-z^^^^^^t^-T^ 


he  edited  the  "  American  Spectator,"  a  whig 
paper  in  Wasiiington,  but,  becoming  a  favorite 
with  President  Jackson,  was  appointed  chaplain 
in  the  navy.  In  1831  he  sailed  to  the  West  Indies 
in  the  "  Vincennes  "  ;  in  1832-'5  he  was  attached 
to  the  "  Constellation "  on  the  Mediterranean,  in 
1837  assigned  to  the  naval  station  at  Charlestown, 
Mass.,  and  edited  the  "  Colonization  Herald,"  and 
in  1888  to  the  chaplaincy  of  the  station  at  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.,  where,  in  1841-2,  he  was  principal 
editor  of  the  "  North  American,"  and  published  a 
pamphlet  entitled  "The  Bible  in  the  Public 
Schools."     In  1845  he  was  ordered  to  Calitoi'nia, 

and  on  28  July, 
1840,  was  made 
by  Com.  Stock- 
ton alcalde  of 
Monterey,  Cal. 
After  exercising 
the  duties  of 
this  office  for 
two  months  un- 
der a  military 
commission,  he 
was  confirmed 
as  alcalde  by 
the  vote  of  citi- 
zens. He  es- 
tablished there 
the  first  news- 
paper in  Cali- 
fornia, which 
was  called  the 
"  Californian,"  and  after  its  removal  to  San  Fran- 
cisco the  "  Alta  California."  He  also  built  the 
first  school-house,  and,  in  a  letter  to  the  "  North 
American,"  made  the  first  public  announcement  of 
the  discovery  of  gold.  He  returned  to  Philadel- 
phia in  1849.  He  wrote  many  lively  and  interest- 
ing books  of  travel  and  sea  life,  the  chief  of  which 
are  "  Ship  and  Shore  in  Madeira,  Lisbon,  and  the 
Mediterranean"  (New  York,  1835);  "A  Visit  to 
Athens  and  Constantinople  "  (1836) ;  "  Three  Years 
in  California  "  (1850) ;  "  Heck  and  Port :  Incidents 
of  a  Cruise  to  California"  (1850).  In  1851  the 
Rev.  Henry  T.  Cheever  republished  the  sketches 
of  Athens  and  Constantinople  under  the  title 
"  Land  and  Lee  in  the  Bospliorus  and  -^Egean," 
and  edited  "  The  Sea  and  Sailor,  Notes  of  France 
and  Italy,  and  other  Literary  liemains,"  with  a 
memoir  of  the  author, 

COLTON,  (ilarduer  Oiiincy,  scientist,  b.  in 
Georgia,  Vt.,  7  Feb.,  1814:  d.  in  Rotterdam,  Hol- 
land, 11  Aug.,  1898.  His  father  was  a  pioneer 
settler  of  the  state.  Gardner  received  a  common- 
school  education,  and  at  the  age  of  sixteen  learned 
the  trade  of  chair-making,  which  he  followed  in  St. 
Albans  until  1835,  when  he  went  to  New  York, 
worked  at  his  trade,  and  wrote  for  tlie  press,  at 
the  same  time  improving  every  opportunity  for 
culture.  In  1842  he  studied  medicine  in  the  office 
of  the  late  Willard  Parker,  M.  D.,  and  at  the  Col- 
lege of  physicians  and  surgeons.  In  1844  he  be- 
gan the  delivery  of  philosophical  and  chemical 
lectures,  giving  exhibitions  of  electric  phenomena 
and  of  the  effects  of  nitrous-oxide  or  "  laughing- 
gas."  An  experiment  at  one  of  these  lectures  led 
directly  to  the  first  surgical  operation  ever  per- 
formed with  the  aid  of  an  anassthetic.  On  the 
evening  of  10  Dec,  1844,  Dr.  Cclton  was  lecturing 
in  Hartford,  Conn.  A  young  man  named  Cooley 
inhaled  the  gas,  and  while  under  its  influence  fell 
over  a  bench  and  was  bruised  severely.  After  the 
effect  of  file  gas  had  passed,  he  told  Dr.  Horace 
Weils,  a  dentist  who  was  present,  that  he  had  been 


conscious  of  no  pain.  Dr.  Wells  perceived  the 
significance  of  the  fact,  and,  after  consultation  with 
Dr.  Colton,  made  an  appointment  for  the  next  day, 
inhaled  the  gas,  and  had  a  tooth  extracted  by  a 
fellow-dentist.  Dr.  Riggs,  of  Hartford.  The  opera- 
tion was  painless,  and  led  by  natural  steps  to  the 
general  use  of  anaesthetics.  Prior  to  this  time  the 
knowledge  of  ana?sthetics  had  not  extended  beyond 
theory.  Dr.  Colton  gives  Dr.  Wells  full  credit  for 
the  discovery.  In  1847  Dr.  Colton  devised  an  elec- 
tric motor,  and  first  exhibited  it  during  his  lectures 
at  Pittsburg.  The  machine  was  made  from  his 
plans  by  a  mathematical-instrument-maker  named 
LiLly,  and  is  believed  to  be  the  first  electric  loco- 
motive operated  in  this  country.  It  is  fully  de- 
scribed in  Prescott's  "  Dynamo-Electricity  "  (New 
York,  1884).  In  1849  he  went  to  California,  and 
for  several  months  worked  in  the  newly  discovered 
gold-fields  and  laractised  medicine.  Returning  to 
San  Francisco  near  the  close  of  the  year,  he  en- 
gaged in  various  enterprises,  and  was  appointed 
justice  of  the  peace  by  Gov.  Riley,  the  first  appoint- 
ment to  this  office  in  California.  His  energy  and 
prudence  soon  gave  him  a  competence,  and  he  re- 
turned to  the  east  and  resumed  his  lecturing  tours 
until  1860,  when  he  became  interested  in  the  pub- 
lication of  a  series  of  war  maps,  which  bore  his 
name.  In  1863  he  established  tlie  "  Colton  Dental 
Association  "  in  New  York,  and  similar  offices  in 
several  of  the  larger  cities  of  the  United  States. 
Subsequently  he  introduced  the  anassthetic  use  of 
nitrous-oxide  gas  in  Paris  and  London.  He  is  the 
author  of  several  tracts  and  pamphlets  relating  to 
philosophical  and  theological  subjects. 

COLTON,  George  Hooker,  author,  b.  in  West- 
ford,  N.  Y.,  27  Oct.,  1818 ;  d.  in  New  York  city,  1 
Dec,  1847.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1840,  and 
became  a  teacher  in  Hartford,  Conn.  He  wrote  a 
poem  to  commemorate  the  Indian  wars  in  which 
Gen.  Harrison  had  been  engaged,  entitled  "Te- 
cumseh,  or  the  West  Thirty  Years  Since,"  and 
prepared,  from  the  sources  examined  in  the  prepa- 
ration of  the  poem,  a  series  of  lectures  on  the 
Indians,  which  he  delivered  in  several  cities  during 
1842-3.  In  1844  he  read  a  poem  before  the  Phi 
Beta  Kappa  society  of  Yale.  In  January,  1845, 
he  issued  the  first  number  of  a  political  magazine, 
called  the  "  American  Whig  Review,"  which  he 
conducted  with  energy  and  ability  until  his  death. 

COLUMBUS,  Christopher,  discoverer,  b.  in 
Genoa  about  1436;  d.  in  Valladolid,  20  May,  1506. 
It  is  a  singular  circumstance  that  we  do  not  know 
with  certainty  where  or  when  Columbus  was  born. 
His  descendant,  the  Duke  de  Veragua,  believes,  with 
the  best  authorities,  that  he  was  a  native  of  Genoa, 
and  that  his  birth  occurred  about  the  year  1436 — 
possibly  as  late  as  1440.  According  to  the  custom 
of  the  time,  he  Latinized  his  name  of  Christoforo 
Colombo  into  Columbus,  and  when  he  went_  to 
Spain  adopted  the  Spanish  form  of  it,  Cristobal 
Colon,  lie  was  the  eldest  son  of  Domenico  Co- 
lombo, a  wool-comber,  and  his  wife,  Susanna  Fon- 
tanarossa.  They  had  two  other  sons,  Bartolomeo 
and  Giacomo,  the  latter  called  in  Spain  Diego. 
The  early  history  of  Columbus  is  involved  in  ob- 
scurity. His  son  and  biographer,  Ferdinand,  un- 
willing from  mistaken  pride  to  reveal  the  humble 
condition  from  which  his  father  emerged,  has  left 
his  biography  very  incomplete.  We  know  that  for 
a  time  he  attended  school  and  assisted  his  father 
in  the  trade  of  wool-combing  before  going  to  sea 
at  the  age  of  fifteen,  also  that  he  saw  some  sea- 
fighting  in  the  wars  between  Genoa  and  Venice. 
These  unknown  years,  it  would  apjiear,  were 
stormy,  laborious,  and  eventful.     "  Wherever  ship 


COLUMBUS 


COLUiMBUS 


697 


has  sailed,"  Columbus  writes,  "  there  have  I  jour- 
neyed." We  know  that  he  was  for  a  time  en- 
gaged in  selling  books  in  Genoa,  and  that  at  a 
later  date  he  was  wrecked  in  an  engagement  begun 
off  Cape  St.  Vincent,  and,  before  his  ship  sank,  es- 
caped on  a  plank  and  reached  the  shores  of  Portu- 
gal. This  was  about  1470.  He  made  his  way  to 
Lisbon,  where  he  supported  himself  by  making 
maps  and  charts  and  by  occasional  voyages.  A 
few  years  later  he  met  and  married  Donna  Felipa, 
daughter  of  an  Italian  named  Parestrello,  who  had 
been  governor  of  Porto  Santo.  Columbus  resided 
for  some  time  on  this  island,  where  his  wife — 
would  that  we  knew  something  of  her — had  in- 
herited a  small  pi'operty,  and  where  their  son 
Diego  was  born.  Here  he  studied  the  papers  and 
maps  left  by  his  father-in-law,  a  distinguished 
navigator  under  Prince  Henry,  of  Portugal,  and 
here  he  was  constantly  brought  into  association 
"with  persons  interested  in  maritime  discovery. 
The  precise  date  when  Columbus  conceived  tlie 
design  of  discovering,  not  a  new  continent,  but  a 
western  route  to  Asia,  cannot  be  determined — proba- 
bly about  1474.  During  the  ensuing  ten  years  he 
made  proposals  of  discovery  to  Genoa,  Portugal, 
Venice,  France,  and  England,  which  were  deemed 
by  some  of  those  governments  the  extravagant  de- 
mands of  a  mere  adventurer.  The  king  of  Portu- 
gal, after  having  referred  the  project  to  a  maritime 
junto  and  to  his  council,  both  of  whom  regarded 
it  as  visionary,  nevertheless  sent  a  caravel,  under 
the  pretext  of  taking  provisions  to  the  Cape  de 
Verde  islands,  but  with  secret  instructions  to  try  the 
route  proposed  by  Columbus.  After  sailing  several 
days,  the  pilots,  losing  courage,  returned  with  the 
report  that  no  indications  of  land  had  been  seen. 
King  John  was  not  yet  inclined  to  give  up  the 
scheme,  although  it  had  been  most  unmercifully 
ridiculed  by  his  council  and  other  unbelievers.  But 
Columbus,  who  had  lost  his  wife  and  property,  as 
well  as  all  hope  of  aid  in  that  quarter,  determined 
to  abandon  Portugal  and  seek  elsewhere  for  patron- 
age. Accordingly  he  left  Lisbon  toward  the  end  of 
1484  secretly,  lest  his  departure  should  be  prevented, 
and  set  out  for  Si)ain.     Meeting  with  ftlarchena. 

the  Superior  of 
La  Rabida,  an 
Andalusian  mon- 
astery, now  pre- 
served by the  gov- 
ernment of  Spain 
as  anational  mon- 
ument, that  good 
man  became  so 
deeply  interested 
in  his  glorious 
project  that  he 
detained  him  as  a 
guest,  and  sent 
for  the  learned 
physician  of  Pa- 
los,  Garcia  Fer- 
nandez, to  discuss 
the  scheme.  Now 
it  was  for  the 
first  time  listened 
to  with  admiration.  Marchena,  assuming  charge 
of  the  maintenance  and  education  of  the  young 
«on  of  Columbus,  gave  the  father  a  letter  of  intro- 
duction to  the  confessor  of  Isabella,  Fernando  de 
Talavera.  After  seven  years  of  weary  attendance 
on  the  Spanish  court,  Columbus  was  on  the  point 
of  departure  for  France  when  stipulations  were  at 
last  signed  by  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  at  the  camp 
■of  Santa  FtS  on  17  April,  1492.    On  Friday,  3  Aug., 


fEKKUS 


Columbus,  as  admiral  of  the  seas  and  lands  which 
he  expected  to  discover,  set  sail  from  the  bar  of 
Saltes,  near  Palos,  with  120  men  in  three  small 
ships,  as  seen  in  the  illustration — the  "  Santa  Ma- 
ria," a  decked  vessel  of  ninety  feet  keel,  and  two 


caravels  or  undecked  boats,  the  "  Pinta  "  and  "  Ni- 
na," much  smaller  than  the  '*  Santa  Maria." 

On  Friday,  12  Oct.,  1492,'  the  outposts  of  the 
New  World  were  seen.  One  of  the  Bahama  group 
is  the  land  first  discovered,  but  as  to  which  par- 
ticular island  there  is  great  difference  of  opinion. 
Humboldt  thinks  it  was  Cat  island,  called  by  the 
natives  Guanahavi  and  by  the  Spaniards  San  Sal- 
vador. Some  writers  have  claimed  that  it  was  on 
that  beautiful  spot  where  Columbus  wished  to  be 
buried  and  where  he  slept  for  centuries — the  island 
of  Santo  Domingo.  According  to  the  latest  inves- 
tigations, Columbus  certainly  landed  on  Cat,  Sa- 
mana,  or  Watlings  islands.  These  investigations, 
pursued  chiefly  in  the  explorer's  log-book,  would 
seem  to  indicate  that  the  admiral's  landing-place 
was  the  last-mentioned  island,  now  (18t;C)  believed 
to  be  the  true  San  Salvador.  This  is  perhaps  as 
near  as  the  world  will  ever  come  to  a  certain  knowl- 
edge of  the  "  landfall"  of  Columbus  on  the  Ameri- 
can continent.  In  the  spring  of  the  following  year 
news  of  the  startling  event  burst  upon  the  aston- 
ished ears  of  Europe.  Columbus  returned  to  Eu- 
rope, landing  triumphantly  at  Palos  on  Friday,  15 
March,  1493.  and  in  his  journey  through  Spain  to 
Barcelona  he  received  princely  honors  all  the  way. 
There  his  entrance  with  some  of  the  natives,  and 
with  the  arms  and  utensils  of  the  discovered  islands, 
was  a  long-delayed  triumph,  as  striking  and  more 
glorious  than  that  of  a  Koman  conqueror. 

With  seventeen  ships  and  1,700  men  Columbus 
sailed  on  his  second  voyage  from  Cadiz,  25  Sept., 
1493,  discovered  the  Windward  islands,  Jamaica, 
and  Porto  Eico,  and  founded  a  colony  in  His- 
paniola,  of  which  he  left  his  brother  Bartholomew 
lieutenant-governor,  reaching  Cadiz  11  June,  1496. 
He  succeeded  in  clearing  himself  of  the  charges 
preferred  against  him  by  the  adventurers  wiio  had 
accompanied  him,  and  on  30  May,  1498,  sailed  with 
six  ships  on  his  third  voyage.  Columbus  discov- 
ered the  Orinoco  and  then  visited  Ilispaniola,  only 
to  again  become  the  victim  of  malice  and  misrep- 
resentation. A  commissioner  sent  by  the  Spanish 
king  to  inquire  into  the  charges  placed  liim  and  his 
brother  in  chains  and  sent  them  to  Spain.  When 
the  captain  of  the  ship  olTered  to  free  him  from 
his  fetters,  Columl)us  proutlly  replied  :  "  No,  I  will 
wear  them  as  a  memento  of  the  gratitude  of 
princes."  The  indignation  expressed  throughout 
Spain  at  this  outrage  caused  the  king  to  disclaim 


698 


COLUMBUS 


COLUMBUS 


having  aiithorized  it ;  but  the  nobles  were  jealous 
of  his  superior  rank,  and  Ferdinand  dissatisfied 
with  the  small  profits  received  from  the  expedition 
to  the  New  World.  The  only  subsequent  employ- 
ment Columbus  received  was  the  command  of  four 
caravels  to  search  through  the  sea,  now  the  gulf,  of 
Mexico.  He  sailed  from  Cadiz,  9  May,  1502,  coasted 
along  the  south  side  of  the  gulf,  and,  after  much 
suffering  from  hardship  and  famine,  reached  San 
Lucar,  7  Nov.,  1504,  where  he  lay  sick  for  several 
months,  and,  on  his  recovery  and  return  to  Spain, 
had  his  claim  finally  rejected  by  the  king.  At 
length,  infirm  in  body,  but  in  full  possession  of  his 
faculties,  having,  in  his  own  words,  "  no  place  to 
repair  to  but  an  inn,  and  often  with  nothing  to  pay 
for  his  sustenance,"  the  discoverer  of  a  new  world 
died  at  No.  2  Calle  Ancha  de  la  Magdalena  on  As- 
cension day,  in  a  small  apartment  of  a  modest 
house,  with  a  few  faithful  friends  and  followers 
standing  by  his  bedside.  A  small  tablet  on  the 
front  of  the  two-story  stone  building,  some  600 
years  old,  briefly  states,  "  Here  died  Columbus." 

The  travels  of  the  discoverer  did  not  cease  with 
his  death.  His  remains,  after  burial  at  Valladolid, 
were  removed  to  Seville.  In  1536  they  were  taken 
with  great  pomp  to  Santo  Domingo  and  interred 
in  the  cathedral.  In  1796  what  were  supposed  to 
be  his  ashes  were  again  removed  to  the  cathedral 
of  Havana  and  buried  there  with  imposing  cere- 
monials ;  but  it  is  believed  by  many  authorities 
that  the  remains  conveyed  to  Cuba  were  not  those 
of  Columbus,  but  those  of  his  son  Diego.  On  this 
point,  and  in  answer  to  the  recent  assertion  that  he 
was  a  native  of  Calvi,  in  Corsica,  the  Duke  of  Vera- 
gua  says  in  a  letter  to  the  writer:  "I  do  not  think 
any  of  the  historians  or  writers  have  been  success- 
ful in  their  attempts  to  deprive  Genoa  of  the  honor 
of  being  the  birthplace  of  Columbus  or  in  taking 
from  Havana  the  glory  of  possessing  his  ashes." 

The  name  and  fame  of  Columbus  are  not  local  or 
limited  ;  they  do  not  belong  to  any  single  country  or 
people.  They  are  the  proud  possession  of  tlie  whole 
civilized  world.  In  all  the  transactions  of  history 
there  is  no  act  which  for  vastness  and  performance 
can  be  compared  to  the  discovery  of  the  continent 
of  America,  "  the  like  of  which  was  never  done  by 
any  man  in  ancient  or  in  later  times."  After  form- 
ing his  great  and  glorious  designs,  Columbus  still 
continued,  even  during  his  most  destitute  days,  the 
promiser  of  kingdoms,  holding  firmly  in  his  grasp 
*'  the  keys  of  the  ocean  sea,"  claiming  as  it  were 
from  heaven  the  Indies  as  his  own,  and  "  dividing 
them  as  he  pleased."  He  never  knew  the  extent 
or  value  of  his  discovery.  He  died  in  the  convic- 
tion that  the  land  he  had  reached  was  the  long- 
sought  Indies.  But  it  was  a  country  far  richer 
than  the  Indies ;  and  had  he,  in  quitting  Cuba, 
struck  into  a  westerly  instead  of  a  southerly  di- 
rection, it  would  have  carried  him  into  the  very 
depths  of  the  golden  regions  whose  existence  he 
had  so  long  and  so  vainly  predicted.  As  it  was,  he 
"  only  opened  the  gates,"  to  use  his  own  language, 
for  others  more  fortunate  than  himself ;  and  before 
he  left  Hispaniola  for  the  last  time  the  young  ad- 
venturer arrived  there  who  was  destined,  by  the 
conquest  of  Mexico,  to  realize  all  the  magnificent 
visions,  which  had  been  derided  only  as  visions,  m 
the  lifetime  of  Columbus. 

The  accompanying  illustration  is  a  representa- 
tion of  a  noble  statue  by  Sunal,  a  Spanish  sculptor, 
which  will  be  set  up  in  the  Central  park  on  the  four 
hundredth  anniversary  of  the  discovery  of  our  con- 
tinent, an  event  which  it  is  believed  will  be  cele- 
brated by  the  governments  of  Spain  and  the  United 
States,  other  European  and  American  nations  per- 


haps participating  in  the  quadricentennial  of  the 
momentous  event.  The  late  king  of  Spain,  who  said 
to  the  writer,  "  Columbus  should  form  an  enduring 
bond  between  Spain  and  the  United  States,"  was 
deeply  interested  in  the  proposed  celebration,  ex- 
pecting to  visit  the  New  World  with  a  large  Span- 
ish fleet,  and  perhaps  to  witness  the  unveiling  of  the 
Columbus  statue  in  the  Central  pai'k. 


The  following  remarkable  letter,  not  to  be  found 
in  any  of  the  biographies  of  Columbus,  was  written 
in  Sjianish  by  the  great  admiral  two  days  before 
hfe  sailed  from  Saltes  in  search  of  "  that  famous 
land."  It  was  addressed  to  Agostino  Barberigo, 
doge  of  Venice,  to  whom  the  discoverer  had  previ- 
ously made  proposals  of  exploration,  and  has  lain 
perdu  for  three  hundred  and  ninety-two  years 
among  the  fifteen  millions  of  Venetian  archives 
contained  in  an  ancient  monastery  near  the  grand 
canal.  There  is  a  surprising  tone  of  confidence 
about  the  letter,  and  the  reference  to  "  the  famous 
land  "  is  certainly  remarkable  : 

"  Magnificent  Sir:  Since  your  republic  has  not 
deemed  it  convenient  to  accept  my  offers,  and  all 
the  spite  of  my  many  enemies  has  been  brought  in 
force  to  oppose  my  petition,  I  have  thrown  myself 
in  the  arms  of  God,  my  Maker,  and  He,  by  the  in- 
tercession of  the  saints,  has  caused  the  most  clem- 
ent king  of  Castile  not  to  refuse  to  generously  as- 
sist my  project  toward  the  discovery  of  a  new 
world.  And  praising  thereby  the  good  God,  I  ob- 
tained the  placing  under  my  command  of  men  and 
ships,  and  am  about  to  start  on  a  voyage  to  that 
famous  land,  grace  to  which  intent  God  has  been 
pleased  to  bestow  upon  me."  Like  Shakespeare, 
the  "Inventor  de  las  Indias"  has  suffered  a  series 
of  feeble  and  foolish  attacks  from  those  who  would 
fain  rob  him  of  the  glory  of  being  the  most  sue- 


COLVER 


COLVOCORESSES 


699 


cessful  of  all  navigators,  as  they  would  deprive 
"the  myriad-minded"  of  the  authorship  of  his 
own  writings.  The  latest  of  these  futile  efforts  to 
prove  him  to  be  an  "  inglorious  Columbus,"  was 
made  in  an  address  before  the  New  York  Histori- 
cal Society,  on  the  evening  of  2  Nov.,  1886— Fer- 
nando, son  of  Christopher  Columbus  and  Beatriz 
Enriquez,  his  second  wife,  b.  in  Spain  in  1488  ;  d. 
in  1589.  His  father  legitimated  him  by  a  codicil 
dated  at  Segovia,  25  Aug.,  1505.  At  the  age  of 
ten  he  was  a  page  of  Queen  Isabella,  and  then 
began  his  studies,  becoming  proficient  in  mathe- 
matics, cosmography,  and  naval  subjects.  In 
1508-'9  he  made  a  voyage  to  Hispaniola  with  his 
eldest  brother.  Admiral  Diego  Columbus,  and  after- 
ward he  accompanied  Charles  V.  to  Italy  and  Ger- 
many, travelled  in  Africa  and  Asia,  and  retired  in 
1530,  when  he  became  a  priest.  He  collected  a  fine 
library  of  20,000  volumes,  which  he  bequeathed  to 
the  cathedral  of  Seville.  A  large  number  of  the 
most  valuable  of  these  were  found  in  October,  1886, 
mouldering  in  a  cellar  of  Seville.  He  wrote  "  His- 
toria  del  Almirante  Don  Cristobal  Colon,"  which 
would  have  been  lost  but  for  a  translation  into  Ital- 
ian made  by  Alonso  de  Ulloa  (Venice,  1571),  and  left 
another  manuscript,  "  Apuntamientos  sobre  la  De- 
marcacion  del  Maluco  y  sus  Islas,"  kept  in  the  ar- 
chives of  Simancas.  See  "  Select  Letters  relating  to 
the  Four  Voyages  to  the  New  World  of  Columbus," 
translated  and  edited  by  R.  H.  Major  (London, 
Hakluyt  society,  1847);  "Life  and  Voyages  of  Co- 
lumbus," by  Washington  Irving  (New  York,  1828) ; 
"  The  Spanish  Conquest  of  America,"  by  Sir  Arthur 
Helps  (London,  1858-'60) ;  "  Notes  on  Columbus," 
by  Henri  Harrisse  (printed  privately.  New  York, 
1865) ;  "  Memorials  and  Footprints  of  Columbus," 
by  Jas.  Grant  Wilson  (New  York,  American  geo- 
graphical society,  1885). 

COLVER,  Nathaniel,  clergyman,  b.  in  Orwell, 
Vt.,  10  May,  1794;  d.  in  Chicago,  25  Dec,  1870. 
His  father,  a  Baptist  minister,  removed,  while 
Nathaniel  was  a  child,  to  Champlain,  in  northern 
New  York,  and  thence  to  West  Stockbridge,  Mass.. 
where  the  son  was  converted  and  decided  to  enter 
the  Baptist  ministry.  Though  he  had  but  slender 
opportunities  of  early  education,  he  made  himself 
a  respectable  scholar.  After  brief  pastorates  in 
various  places  he  was  called  in  1839  to  Boston, 
where  he  co-operated  in  organizing  the  church 
since  famous  as  Tremont  Temple.  His  ministry 
here  was  remarkable  for  its  bold,  uncompromising, 
and  effective  warfare  upon  slavery  and  intemper- 
ance, as  well  as  for  its  directly  spiritual  results.  On 
leaving  Boston  in  1852,  Mr.  Colver  was  pastor  at 
South  Abingdon,  Mass.,  at  Detroit,  at  Cincinnati, 
and  finally,  in  1861,  at  Chicago.  While  in  Cincin- 
nati he  received  from  Denison  university  the  degree 
of  D.  D.  In  Chicago  he  was  invited  to  take  the  pro- 
fessorship of  doctrinal  theology  in  the  theological 
seminary  in  process  of  organization  in  that  cit  y.  In 
1867-'7d  he  was  president  of  the  Freedman's  insti- 
tute in  Richmond,  Va.  Dr.  Colver  bore  a  conspicu- 
ous part  in  the  anti-masonic,  anti-slavery,  and 
temperance  movements  of  his  day.  He  published, 
besides  occasional  addresses,  three  lectures  on  Odd- 
fellowship  (1844).  See  "  Memoir  of  Nathaniel  Col- 
ver," by  Justin  A.  Smith,  D.  D.  (Chicago,  1873). 

COLVILLE,  Alexander,  Lord,  British  naval 
officer,  b.  about  1710;  d.  21  May,  1770.  He  was 
the  eiglith  Baron  Colville  in  the  peerage  of  Scot- 
land. He  entered  the  navy,  and  attained  in  1770 
the  rank  of  vice-admiral  of  the  white.  He  com- 
manded on  the  North  American  station,  and  in 
1762  drove  the  French  out  of  St.  John,  Newfound- 
land, which  they  had  retaken  a  short  time  before. 


COLVIN,  Verplanck,  topographical  engineer, 
b.  in  Albany,  N.  \ .,  4  Jan.,  1847.  He  was  educated 
at  private  schools,  and  then  at  the  Albany  acade- 
my, where  he  excelled  in  scientific  branches.  In 
1864  he  entered  the  law-office  of  his  father  in  Al- 
bany, and  subsequently  was  admitted  to  the  bar, 
meanwhile  continuing  his  interest  in  the  sciences, 
especially  chemistry.  He  delivered  part  of  a  free 
course  of  lectures  given  in  the  geological  hall,  and 
was  led  in  1865  to  make  his  first  expedition  into 
the  Adirondack  wilderness.  Until  1872  he  con- 
tinued to  spend  his  summers  in  exploration,  while 
his  winters  were  occupied  in  tiie  practice  of  his 
profession  and  in  study.     During  the  summer  of 

1869  he  made  the  ascent  of  Mt.  Marcy,  and  in 

1870  the  first  ascent  of  Mt.  Seward.  In  1872  he 
applied  to  the  legislature  for  aid,  and  in  conse- 
quence the  Adirondack  survey  was  instituted,  with 
himself  as  superintendent.  Ilis  work  during  that 
year  included  the  discovery  of  Lake  Tear-of-the- 
Clouds,  the  most  elevated  lake  spring  and  source  of 
the  Hudson  river.  Each  year  during  the  summer 
months  he  directs  surveying  parties  engaged  in 
field-work  throughout  the  Adirondack  region,  and 
determinations  of  the  altitudes  of  most  of  the  im- 
portant mountains  have  been  made  under  his 
supervision.  He  was  appointed  in  1873  one  of  the 
commissioners  of  state  parks  to  report  upon  the 
expediency  of  setting  apart  the  whole  Adirondack 
region  as  a  state  forest  reserve,  and  subsequently 
exerted  his  influence  toward  the  passage  of  a  bill 
on  this  subject.  In  1883  he  was  appointed  super- 
intendent of  the  New  York  state  land  survey.  Mr. 
Colvin  is  a  member  of  numerous  scientific  societies, 
and  has  been  president  of  the  department  of 
physical  science  in  the  Albany  institute.  About 
1881  he  delivered  at  Hamilton  college  a  series  of 
lectures  of  geodesy,  surveying,  and  topographical 
engineering.  Besides  occasional  articles  in  the 
magazines,  he  has  written  a  series  of  reports  on 
the  surveys,  which  are  published  bv  the  state. 

COLVOCORESSES,  George  Musalas,  naval 
officer,  b.  in  the  island  of  Scio,  Grecian  archipelago, 
22  Oct.,  1816 ;  d.  in  Bridgeport,  Conn.,  3  June, 
1872.  He  was  ransomed  from  the  Turks  after  the 
massacre  of  the  Greek  population  of  the  island  in 
1822,  and  sent  by  his  father  to  the  United  States, 
where  he  was  received  into  the  family  of  Capt. 
Alden  Partridge  and  educated  at  the  military 
academy  founded  by  that  officer  in  Norwich,  Vt. 
In  1832  he  was  appointed  a  midshipman,  and  in 
1836-'7  attached  to  the  frigate  "  United  States  "  on 
the  Mediterranean  squadron.  In  1838  he  was 
commissioned  passed  midshipman,  and  accompa- 
nied Capt.  Wilkes's  exploring  expedition  to  the 
southern  seas,  serving  at  various  times  on  the 
"Porpoise,"  "Peacock,"  "Vincennes,"  and  "Ore- 
gon," and  taking  part  in  the  overland  expedition 
in  1841  from  Vancouver's  island  to  San  Francisco. 
He  was  commissioned  lieutenant  in  1843,  served 
on  the  Pacific  squadron  in  1844-'6,  the  IMediter- 
ranean  squadron  in  1847-9,  on  the  coast  of  Africa 
in  1851-'2,  at  New  York  in  1853-"5,  on  the  East 
India  squadron  in  1855-'8,  during  which  he  par- 
ticipated as  executive  officer  of  tiie  "  Ijevant  "  in 
the  capture  of  the  Barrier  forts  in  Canton  river, 
and  at  Portsmouth  navy-yard  in  1858-'60.  He 
was  made  commander  in  1861,  and  assigned  to 
the  store-ship  "Supply"  on  tlie  Atlantic  coast  in 
1861-3,  during  which  he  cajitured  the  blockade- 
runner  "  Steplien  Hart,"  laden  with  arms  and  mdi- 
tary  stores;  to  tlie  sloop-of-war  "Saratoga,"  of 
the  South  Atlantic  blockading  squadron,  in  1864 ; 
and  the  sloop-of-war  "  St.  Mary's,"  of  the  Pacific 
squadron,   in  1805-6.      In   1867   he   received  his 


700 


COL  WELL 


COMBE 


commission  as  captain,  and  was  retired.  He  was 
mysteriously  murdei-ed  in  Bridgeport.  Capt.  Col- 
voeoresses  was  the  author  of  a  work  on  Wilkes's 
expedition,  entitled  "Four  Yeirs  in  a  Government 
Exploring  Expedition "  (New  York,  1855). — His 
son,  (jrcorge  Partridg'e,  naval  officer,  b.  in  Nor- 
wich, Vt.,  8  April,  1847,  was  graduated  at  the  U.  S. 
naval  academy  in  1868,  and  had  risen  to  the  rank 
of  lieutenant  in  1875.  He  has  served  on  most  of 
the  foreign  naval  stations,  and  in  the  hydrographic 
office  at  Washington,  and  in  1886  was  assistant  in- 
structor in  drawing  at  the  U.  S.  naval  academy. 

COLWELL,  Steplien,  author,  b.  in  Brooke  coun- 
ty, Va.,  35  March,  1800 ;  d.  in  Philadelpiiia,  Pa., 
15  Jan.,  1872.  He  was  graduated  in  IHIK  at  Jeffer- 
son college,  Pa.,  studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  of  Virginia  in  1831.  Removing  to  Pitts- 
burg, Pa.,  he  practised  law  for  ten  years,  when  he 
became  an  iron  merchant  in  Philadelphia.  He  de- 
voted much  of  his  time  to  the  study  of  political 
economy,  and  soon  began  to  write  for  the  press. 
He  acquired  large  wealth,  which  he  devoted  to 
charitable  purposes,  to  the  endowment  of  professor- 
ships, to  the  encouragement  of  scientific  investiga- 
tion, and  to  the  collection  of  a  large  and  valuable 
library,  including  a  very  complete  selection  of 
works  on  his  favorite  topics  of  political  and  social 
science.  During  the  civil  war  Mr.  Colwell  was 
among  the  foremost  supporters  of  the  National 
government  in  its  struggle  against  secession.  He 
lent  his  name  and  his  money  to  the  cause,  and 
strengthened  the  hands  of  the  administration  by 
every  means  in  his  power.  He  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Union  league  of  Philadelphia,  and 
an  associate  member  of  the  U.  S.  sanitary  commis- 
sion. After  the  war  he  was  appointed  a  commis- 
sioner to  examine  the  whole  internal  revenue  system 
of  the  United  States,  with  a  view  to  suggesting 
such  modifications  as  would  distribute  and  lighten 
the  necessary  burdens  of  taxation — a  problem  of 
peculiar  importance  at  that  crisis  of  the  nation's 
history.  To  this  work  he  devoted  much  time  and 
study,  and  his  advice  had  due  weight  in  determin- 
ing the  financial  policy  of  the  government.  He 
bequeathed  his  library  to  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania with  an  endowment  for  a  professorship  of 
social  science.  His  first  published  work,  imder  the 
.signature  of  "Mr.  Penn,"  was  entitled  "  Letter  to 
Members  of  tlie  Legislature  of  Pennsylvania  on  the 
Removal  of  Deposits  from  the  Bank  of  tlie  United 
States  by  Order  of  the  President"  (1884).  Still 
concealing  his  identity  under  the  name  of  "Jona- 
than B.  VVise,"  he  published  •'  The  Relative  Position 
in  our  Industry  of  Foreign  Commerce,  Domestic 
Production,  anil  Liternal  Trade "  (Philadelphia, 
1850).  He  was  the  author  of  "  New  Themes  for 
the  Protestant  Clergy  "  (1851) ;  "  Politics  for  Ameri- 
can Christians  "  (1853);  "Hints  to  Laymen,"  and 
"  Charity  and  the  Clergy  "  (1858) ;  "  Position  of 
Christianity  in  the  United  States,  in  its  Relation 
with  our  Political  System  and  Religious  Instruction 
in  the  Public  Schools  "  (1855) ;  "  The  South  ;  a  Let- 
ter from  a  Friend  in  the  North  witli  Reference  to 
the  Etfects  of  Disunion  upon  Slavery  "  (1856).  The 
same  year  he  edited,  with  notes,  "  List's  Treatise  on 
National  Economy."  His  last  and  most  important 
work  is  "  The  Ways  and  Means  of  Commercial 
Payment  "  (1858).  Besides  these  publications  in 
book-form,  he  was  the  author  of  a  noteworthy  arti- 
cle in  the  "  Merchant's  Magazine,"  entitled  "  Money 
of  Account "  (1853),  and  another  essay  on  the  same 
subject  in  the  "  Banker's  Magazine"  (1855). 

COLYAR,  Arthur  St.  Clair,  lawyer,  b.  in 
Washington  county,  Tenn.,  38  June,  1818.  He  was 
self-educated,  and   achieved   success  as  a  lawyer. 


He  opposed  secession  in  1861,  but  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Confederate  congress,  and  served  till 
1865.  After  the  war  he  reorganized  the  Tennessee 
coal  and  railroad  company,  becoming  its  president, 
and  also  engaged  in  manufacturing.  He  has  done 
nujch  to  develop  the  resources  of  liis  state. 

COLYER,  Vincent,  painter,  b.  in  Blooming- 
dale,  N.  Y.,  in  1835;  d.  on  Contentment  island, 
Coim.,  13  July,  1888.  He  studied  four  years  in 
New  York  with  John  R.  Smith,  and  then  was  a 
pupil  at  the  National  academy,  of  which  he  be- 
cnme  an  associate  member  in  1849.  and  from  that 
time  until  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war  he  painted 
in  New  York  city.  After  the  war,  during  which 
he  had  devoted  all  his  time  to  his  duties  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Christian  and  the  Indian  commissions, 
he  settled  at  Rowayton,  in  the  town  of  Darien, 
Conn.  His  works  include  "  Johnson  Straits,  Brit- 
ish Columbia  "  ;  "  Columbia  River  "  (1875) ;  "  Pue- 
blo "  ;  "Passing  Shower"  (1876);  "Home  of  the 
Yackamas,  Oregon "  ;  "  Darien  Shore,  Connecti- 
cut "  ;  "  Rainy  Day  on  Connecticut  Shore  "  (1881) ; 
"  Winter  on  Connecticut  Shore  "  (1884) ;  "  Spring 
Flowers  "  (1885) ;  and  "  French  Waiter  "  (1886). 

COMAN,  Charlotte  B.,  painter,  b.  in  Water- 
ville,  N.  Y.,  about  1845.  She  studied  in  New 
York  under  James  R.  Brevoort  and  H.  Thompson, 
and  later  in  Paris  under  Bmile  Vernier.  After 
painting  in  France  and  Holland  for  six  years,  she 
returnetl  to  the  United  States,  and  opened  a  studio 
in  New  York.  Her  best  works  are  "  French  Vil- 
lage "  (1876) ;  "  Sunset  at  the  Seaside,  France  " 
(1877);  "Peasant  Home  in  Normandy"  (1878); 
"Cottage  in  Picardy  "  (1881) ;  "  Old  Windmills  in 
Holland";  "Spring-Time  in  Picardy"  (1883); 
"  View  near  Schiedam  "  (1883) ;  "  Farmer's  Cottage 
in  Picardy "  (1884);  "Poppy-Field  in  Normandy" 
(1885) ;  and  1886  "  A  French  Village." 

COMBE,  Oeorg-e,  phrenologist,  b.  near  Edin- 
burgh. Scotland,  31  Oct.,  1788 ;  d.  at  Moor  Park, 
Suri'ey,  England,  14  Aug.,  1858.  He  was  educated 
at  the  high  school  and  Edinburgh  university,  and 
in  1804  began  the  study  of  law.  In  1813  he  ob- 
tained his  commission  as  a  writer  to  the  signet, 
and  soon  afterward  that  of  notary  public.  He  was 
eminently  successful  as  a  lawyer,  and  his  shrewd- 
ness and  conscientiousness  in  dealing  with  his  cli- 
ents obtained  him  a  large  practice.  In  1887  he  de- 
voted himself  wholly  to  jihrenology.  On  the  visit 
of  Spurzheim  to  Edinburgh  in  1816,  Combe  be- 
came a  convert  to  his  system  of  phrenology,  and 
advocated  it  in  his  lectures  and  writings.  In  1819 
he  published  "  Essays  on  Phrenology,  or  an  Inquiry 
into  the  System  of  Gall  and  Spurzheim,"  which  was 
subsequently  developed  into  his  "  System  of  Phre- 
nology "  (3  vols.,  8vo,  1834).  His  most  important 
work,  "  The  Constitution  of  Man  "  (1838).  was  de- 
signed to  show  that  all  the  laws  of  nature  were  in 
harmony  with  one  another",  and  that  man  could 
best  fulfil  God's  will,  and  attain  the  greatest  hap- 
piness, by  discovering  those  laws  and  obeying  them. 
In  1833,  assisted  by  a  few  friends,  George  Combe 
and  his  brother  Andrew,  a  physician,  established 
the  "Edinburgh  Phrenological  Journal,"  and  for 
more  tlian  twenty-three  years  contributed  gratui- 
tously to  its  pages.  In  1833  he  married  Cecilia 
Siddons,  a  daughter  of  the  famous  actress.  In 
1887  he  went  to  Germany;  and  in  1838,  accompa- 
nied by  his  wife,  he  visited  the  L^nited  States,  and 
during  the  two  years  he  remained  there  delivered 
158  lectures  on  phrenology,  and  the  education  and 
treatment  of  the  criminal  classes.  On  his  return 
to  Great  Britain  in  June,  1840,  he  published  his 
"  Moral  Philosophy,"  and  in  the  year  following  his 
"  Notes  on  the  United  States  of  North  America." 


COMEGYS 


COMONFORT 


701 


COMEGYS,  Joseph  Parsons,  senator,  b.  in 
Cherbourg,  Del.,  29  Dec,  I8I0;  d.  in  Dover,  Del., 
1  Feb.,  1898.  His  ancestors,  who  were  Hungarians, 
came  to  this  country  about  1670.  His  father,  Cor- 
nelius P.  Comegys,  was  governor  of  Delaware  from 
1837  till  1840.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1835,  in  1843  and  1849  was  chosen  to  the  legisla- 
ture, and  in  1852  appointed  one  of  the  committee 
of  three  to  revise  the  statutes.  He  was  appointed 
by  the  governor  to  fill  the  vacancy  in  the  U.  S. 
senate  caused  by  the  death  of  John  M.  Clayton, 
and  served  from  4  Dec,  1856,  till  3  March,  1857. 
He  was  a  delegate  to  the  Philadelphia  national 
union  convention  of  1866,  and  on  18  May,  1876, 
became  chief  justice  of  Delaware.  The  University 
of  Pennsylvania  gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  in 
1886. — His  brother,  Cornelius  treorg'e,  physician, 
b.  in  Cherbourg,  23  July,  1816;  d.  in  Cincinnati, 
Ohio,  10  Feb.,  1896,  was  educated  at  Dover  acad- 
emy, Delaware.  After  embarking  in  business,  he 
began  the  study  of  medicine,  and  received  his  di- 
ploma from  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in 
1848.  He  went  to  Cincinnati  in  1849,  and  in  1851 
studied  in  London  and  Paris.  He  became  professor 
of  anatomy  in  the  Cincinnati  college  of  medicine 
in  1852,  but  resigned  to  accept  the  chair  of  the  in- 
stitutes of  medicine  in  the  new  Miami  medical  col- 
lege. This  was  united  with  the  Medical  college  of 
Ohio  five  years  later,  and  Dr.  Comegys  retained  his 
chair  till  1868,  with  the  exception  of  the  years 
1860-'4.  In  1857  he  became  lecturer  on  clinical 
medicine  in  the  Cincinnati  hospital,  where  he  in- 
troduced important  improvements.  Dr.  Comegys 
delivered  an  address  before  the  alumni  association 
of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1875,  in  which 
he  maintained  that  a  healthy  brain  is  necessary  to 
a  free  will.  He  was  in  favor  of  reform  in  medical 
teaching,  holding  that  bedside  instruction  in  hos- 
pital wards  should  be  given  to  advanced  students, 
and  that  instruction  given  to  large  classes  by  means 
of  lectures  is  inadequate.  Dr.  Comegys  for  many 
years  was  a  director  of  the  board  of  education,  was 
active  in  developing  the  Cincinnati  public  library, 
secured  the  organization  of  the  University  of  Cin- 
cinnati in  1869,  and  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Cincinnati  academy  of  medicine  and  its  president. 
Dr.  Comegys  claims  to  have  been  the  first  to  an- 
nounce the  correct  theory  of  counter-irritation.  He 
was  a  member  of  various  medical  associations.  Of 
his  numerous  medical  papers,  two  have  attracted 
much  attention,  that  on  "  The  Pathology  and  Treat- 
*  ment  of  Phthisis"  (1854)  and  that  on  "Cool  Bath- 
ing in  the  Treatment  of  Entero-Colitis  "  (1875),  in 
which  he  is  said  to  have  introduced  "  one  of  the 
most  life-saving  improvements  in  modern  therapeu- 
tics." He  translated  from  the  French  Renouard's 
"  Historv  of  Medicine  "  (Cincinnati,  1856). 

COMER,  Jokn.  clergyman,  b.  in  Boston,  in 
August,  1704 ;  d.  at  Old  Rehoboth,  Mass.,  23  May, 
17S4.  He  was  apprenticed  to  a  glover,  but  at  the 
age  of  seventeen,  through  the  influence  of  In- 
crease Mather,  was  released  by  his  master,  and 
soon  afterward  entered  Harvard,  studied  there  for 
two  years,  and  removed  to  Yale.  In  1721  he 
united  with  the  Congregational  church  at  Cam- 
bridge, but  four  years  afterward  became  a  Baptist 
and  connected  himself  with  Mr.  Callender's  church 
in  Boston.  In  the  same  year  he  began  to  preach, 
and  in  1726  was  ordained  co-pastor  at  Newport. 
He  was  dismissed  from  this  charge  in  1729,  in 
consequence  of  his  attempt  to  introduce  the  prac- 
tice of  the  laving  on  of  hands  in  presenting  newly 
baptized  members  to  full  fellowship  in  the  church. 
In  1732  he  became  pastor  of  Old  Rehoboth,  ten 
miles  from  Providence.    He  left  a  diary  in  manu- 

TOL.  I. — 45 


script,  which  contains  intei'esting  information  of 
the  early  history  of  the  Baptists  in  America. 

COMER,  Thomas,  actor,  b.  in  Bath,  England, 
19  Dec,  1790;  d.  in  Boston,  27  July,  1862.  He 
acted  at  Covent  Garden  and  Drury  Lane  theatres, 
and  in  1827  came  to  the  United  States,  and  was 
successively  musical  director  at  the  Tremont 
theatre,  the  Museum,  and  the  Boston  theatre.  His 
forte  was  acting  eccentric  parts  and  Irish  imper- 
sonations.    He  was  skilled  in  musical  composition. 

COMFORT,  George  Fisk,  educator,  b.  in  Berk- 
shire, Tompkins  co.,  N.  Y.,  20  Sept.,  1833.  He  was 
graduated  at  Wesleyan  university,  Middletown, 
Conn.,  and  became  a  teacher.  He  studied  in 
Europe  in  1860-'65.  and  from  1865  till  1868  was 
professor  of  languages  at  Alleghany  college,  Mead- 
ville,  Pa.  In  1872  he  was  appointed  professor 
of  assthetics  and  modern  languages  at  Syracuse, 
N.  Y.,  university.  His  publications  include  a  series 
of  text-books  for  the  German  language.  In  1866 
he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Institute  archaso- 
logico,  Rome,  Paris,  and  Berlin. 

COMLY,  Jolin,  author,  b.  in  Pennsylvania  in 
1774;  d.  in  Ryberry,  Pa.,  17  Aug.,  1850.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  Society  of  Friends,  and  is  the 
author  of  "  Comly's  Speller,"  of  which  several 
millions  have  been  printed.  He  also  published  a 
grammai',  a  reader,  and  a  primer.  See  "  Journal 
of  the  Life  and  Religious  Labors  of  John  Comly, 
of  Ryberry  "  (Philadelphia,  1853). 

COMMAGER,  Henry  S.,  soldier,  b.  about  1825  ; 
d.  in  Galveston,  Texas,  5  Sejit.,  1867.  He  was  a 
prominent  Democratic  politician  in  Toledo,  Ohio, 
and  in  1864  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  con- 
gress. He  was  colonel  of  the  67th  Ohio  regiment 
during  the  civil  war,  and  on  27  Feb.,  1865,  was 
brevetted  brigadier-general  of  volunteers.  For  a 
short  time  before  his  death  he  was  in  the  employ 
of  the  internal  revenue  service. 

COMONFORT,  Yg-nacio,  Mexican  soldier,  b.  in 
Puebla,  Mexico,  12  March,  1812 ;  killed  near  San 
Luis  Potosi,  13  Nov.,  1863.  He  entered  the  Jesuit 
college  in  his  native  city  in  1826,  became  a  captain 
of  cavalry  in  1832,  and  soon  after  that  attached 
himself  to  the  liberal  party,  of  which,  from  that 
time,  he  was  a  leader.  He  became  prefect  of  the 
district  of  Tlapa  in  1834,  was  elected  in  1842  to  the 
congress  that  was  dissolved  by  Santa  Anna,  and  in 
1846  to  the  one  that  was  dispersed  by  Gen.  Pare- 
des.  The  revolution  of  August,  1846,  followed, 
and  Comonfort  took  a  prominent  part  in  it.  He 
became  third  alcalde  of  the  capital  and  prefect  of 
western  Mexico,  but  left  these  offices  to  engage  in 
the  war  with  the  United  States,  and,  after  the  cap- 
ture of  Mexico,  organized  guerillas  in  the  west  for 
another  campaign.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Queretaro  congress,  which  made  peace  with  the 
United  States,  and  was  then  chosen  senator  by  his 
native  state,  and  served  till  1851.  He  was  again 
elected  to  congress  in  1852,  and  was  a  custom- 
house director  till  1853,  when  Santa  Anna,  return- 
ing to  power,  dismissed  him,  and  he  joined  Alvarez 
in  raising  an  insurrection.  After  a  visit  to  New 
York,  where  he  obtained  financial  aid,  Comonfort 
was  instrumental  in  forcing  Santa  Anna  to  abdi- 
cate in  1855.  Alvarez  assumed  the  government, 
but  retired  on  11  Dec,  and  made  Comonfort  pro- 
visional president.  Tlie  new  president  was  vigor- 
ously opposed  by  the  clergy,  the  army,  and  the 
conservatives,  and  on  19  Dec.  the  junta  of  Za- 
capoastla  declared  against  him.  In  F"'ebraary, 
1856,  the  conservatives  assembled  at  Puebla  a  force 
variously  estimated  at  from  5.000  to  15,000  men ; 
but  Comonfort  marched  on  the  town,  forced  the 
rebels  to  surrender  on  20  March,  and  on  81  March 


702 


COMPOSTELA 


COMSTOCK 


issued  a  decree  confiscating  chnrcli  property,  fol- 
lowing it,  on  28  June,  by  another,  forbidding  the 
clergy  to  hold  landed  estate.  These  measures 
caused  several  revolts,  and,  though  they  were 
promptly  quelled,  the  country  remained  in  an  un- 
settled state.  On  11  March,  1857,  congress  pro- 
mulgated a  new  constitution,  vesting  in  itself  all 
control  over  religious  and  military  affairs.  Comon- 
fort  was  proclaimed  constitutional  president,  with 
extraordinary  powers ;  but  the  opposition  of  the 
clergy  and  the  army  rendered  his  position  critical. 
Zuloaga's  brigade,  the  last  to  remain  faithful,  de- 
clared against  him  on  11  Jan.,  1858,  and,  after  a 
bloody  struggle  of  several  days,  the  rebels  gained 
■possession  of  the  capital  on  21  Jan.  Juarez,  who 
had  been  appointed  provisional  president  by 
Comonfort,  while  the  latter  took  the  field  in  per- 
son, convened  a  congress  at  Guanajuato  in  his 
friend's  interest ;  but  Comonfort,  finding  all  efforts 
in  vain,  fled  to  the  United  States  in  February,  and 
then  to  France.  Soon  after  the  success  of  Juarez 
over  the  church  party,  in  1859,  and  on  the  first 
movement  of  the  French  for  the  invasion  of 
Mexico.  Comonfort  returned,  was  appointed  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  troops,  and  showed  great 
skill  and  bravery.  On  his  way  from  Mexico  to  San 
Luis  Potosi  he  was  murdered  by  banditti. 

COMPOSTELA,  Dieg-o  Evelino  de  (kom-pos- 
tay'-lah),  bishop  of  Cuba  and  Florida,  b.  in  Coruna, 
Spain,  in  1635 :  d.  in  Havana,  27  Aug.,  1704.  He 
was  appointed  bishop  of  Cuba  and  Florida  in  1685, 
but  did  not  take  possession  of  his  office  until  No- 
vember, 1687.  He  was  a  man  of  exemplary  con- 
duet  and  morals.  He  established  in  Havana  a 
foundling  asylum,  the  first  college  for  girls  in 
Cuba,  a  seminary  for  boys,  several  piiblic  schools, 
hospitals,  charitable  institutions,  and  many 
churches  in  the  interior  of  the  island,  which  were 
the  beginning  of  new  towns  and  cities.  As  bishojj 
of  Florida,  he  established  many  missions  there. 

COMSTOCK,  Andrew,  elocutionist,  b.  in  New 
York  city  in  1795;  d.  there  in  1874.  He  was  a 
professor  of  elocution,  a  lecturer  on  oratory,  and 
author  of  a  "  New  System  of  Phonetics,"  "  Phonetic 
Speaker,"  "  Phonetic  Testament,"  '•  Reader,"  *'  His- 
toria  Sacra,"  and  "  Elocution  "  (16th  ed.,  1854). 

COMSTOCK,  Cyrus  Ballon,  soldier,  b.  in  West 
Wrentham,  Mass.,  3  Feb.,  1831.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  the  U.  S.  military  academy  in  1855,  stand- 
ing first  in  his  class,  and  became  second  lieuten- 
ant in  the  corps  of  engineers.  Prom  that  time 
until  1859  he  was  engaged  in  the  construction  of 
Fort  Taylor,  Fla.,  and  Fort  Carroll,  Md.,  after 
which  he  was  assistant  professor  of  natural  and 
experimental  philosophy  at  West  Point.  During 
the  civil  war  he  served  in  the  defences  of  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  becoming  in  August,  1861,  assistant 
to  the  chief  of  engineers  in  the  Army  of  the  Poto- 
mac. He  continued  with  this  army  through  the 
peninsular  campaign  of  1862,  and  the  Maryland 
campaign,  and  was  made  chief  engineer  in  No- 
vember, 1862.  After  Fredericksburg  and  Chan- 
eellorsville  he  was  transferred  to  the  Army  of 
the  Tennessee,  and  was  its  chief  engineer,  being 
present  at  the  siege  of  Vicksburg.  Later  he 
became  assistant  inspector  of  the  military  divis- 
ion of  the  Mississippi,  and  from  March,  1864,  till 
the  close  of  the  war  was  senior  aide-de-camp  to 
Gen.  U.  S.  Grant,  serving  in  the  Richmond  cam- 
paign of  1864^'5,  at  Fort  Fisher,  and  in  Gen.  Canby's 
Mobile  campaign.  From  1866  till  1870  he  served 
as  aide  to  the  general-in-chief  at  Washington, 
and  since  that  time  has  been  occupied  as  superin- 
tendent of  geodetic  survey  of  the  northern  and 
northwestern  lakes,  and  on  other  important  sur- 


veys, including  the  improvements  of  the  mouth  of 
the  Mississippi.  In  1881  he  became  lieutenant- 
colonel  in  the  engineer  corps,  and  he  holds  the 
brevet  ranks  of  brigadier-general  in  the  regular 
army  and  major-general  of  volunteers.  He  was 
appointed  in  1882  a  member  of  the  board  of  en- 
gineers for  fortifications  and  river  and  harbor  im- 
provements. Gen.  Comstoek  was  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  the  National  academy  of  sciences  in  1884. 
He  has  published  "  Notes  on  European  Surveys  " 
(Washington,  1876) ;  "  Survey  of  the  Northwestern 
Lakes  "  (1877) ;  and  "  Primarv  Triangulation,  U.  S. 
Lake  Survey  "  (1882).     He  was  retired  in  1895. 

COMSTOCK,  John  Henry,  naturalist,  b.  in 
Janesville,  Wis.,  24  Feb.,  1849.  He  was  graduated 
at  Cornell  in  1874,  where,  from  1873  till  1877,  he 
was  instructor.  In  1877  he  was  made  assistant 
professor  of  entomology  at  Cornell,  and  also  de- 
livered a  course  of  lectures  at  Vassar  college.  Hav- 
ing obtained  leave  of  absence  from  the  university, 
he  was,  during  1879-'81,  U.  S.  entomologist  at 
Washington,  and  in  1882  became  jjrofessor  of  en- 
tomology and  general  invertebrate  zoology  at  Cor- 
nell. Besides  numerous  articles  contributed  to 
various  entomological  and  agricultural  journals, 
he  has  published  "  Notes  on  Entomology  "  (Ithaca, 
1875) ;  "  Annual  Reports  of  Entomologist "  (Wash- 
ington, 1879-'81) ;  "  Report  on  Cotton  Insects " 
(1879) ;  "  Second  Annual  Report  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  Entomology  of  Cornell  University,"  in- 
cluding a  monograph  on  "  Diaspinae "  (Ithaca, 
1883),  and  the  article  on  "  Hymenoptera "  in  the 
"  Standard  Natural  History  "  (Boston,  1884). 

COMSTOCK,  John  Lee,  author,  b.  in  Lyme, 
Conn.,  in  1789 ;  d.  in  Hartford,  Conn.,  21  Nov., 
1858.  After  receiving  a  common-school  education 
he  studied  medicine,  and,  a  few  months  after  re- 
ceiving his  diploma,  became  assistant  surgeon  in 
the  25th  infantry.  He  served  at  Fort  Trumbidl, 
New  London,  Conn.,  during  part  of  the  war  of 
1812,  and  then  on  the  northern  frontier,  where  he 
had  charge  of  three  hospitals.  At  the  close  of  the 
war  he  settled  in  Hartford,  Conn.,  and  about  1830 
began  compiling  school-books.  He  possessed  much 
mechanical  ingenuity,  was  a  skilful  draughtsman, 
and  made  the  drawings  for  most  of  the  illustra- 
tions of  his  works.  His  books  include  text-books 
on  natural  philosophy,  chemistry,  mineralogy, 
botany,  geology,  physiology,  natural  history,  and 
physical  geography,  a  "  History  of  the  Greek  Revo- 
lution "  (New  York,  1828),  and  a  "  History  of  the 
Precious  Metals"  (Hartford,  1849).  His  "Intro-  « 
duction  to  Mineralogy "  (1832)  was  used  at  West 
Point,  and  his  "  System  of  Natural  Philosophy " 
(1831)  had  a  sale  of  nearly  900,000  copies,  was 
translated  into  several  foreign  languages,  and  re- 
published in  Ijondon  and  Edinburgh. 

COMSTOCK,  Theodore  Bryant,  geologist,  b. 
in  Cuyahoga  Falls,  Ohio,  27  July,  1849.  He  was 
graduated  at  the  Pennsylvania  state  college  in 
1868,  and  at  Cornell  in  1870,  where,  in  1886,  he  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  Ph.  D.  In  1870  he  accom- 
panied Hartt's  expedition  to  Brazil  as  pliotog- 
rapher  and  assistant  geologist,  and  in  1873  was 
geologist  to  Capt.  W.  A.  Jones's  Wyoming  expedi- 
tion. He  was  director  of  the  Kirtland  summer 
school  of  natural  history  in  Cleveland,  Ohio,  in 
1875,  and  from  that  date  till  1879  was  professor  of 
general  and  economic  geology  in  Cornell.  From 
1879  till  1884  he  was  general  manager  of  the  Ni- 
agara consolidated  mining  company  in  Silverton, 
Col.,  for  which  he  built  and  operated  ore-sampling 
and  concentrating  works,  after  which  he  was  elect- 
ed to  the  chair  of  mining  engineering  and  physics 
in  Illinois  university  at  Champaign.     He  has  been 


COXAXT 


COXANT 


703 


prominent  in  the  American  association  for  tlie  ad- 
vancement of  science,  and  in  1877  was  ciiairinan  of 
the  committee  on  Yellowstone  park.  In  1886  he 
was  elected  secretary  of  the  section  of  geology  and 
geography  in  this  association.  Dr.  Comstock  has 
made  several  important  geological  discoveries 
while  on  the  various  expeditions  with  which  he 
has  been  connected,  accounts  of  which  have  ap- 
peared in  the  "  American  Journal  of  Science,"  the 
"American  X'aturalist,"  tlie  "Engineering  an*d 
Mining  Journal,"  and  otlier  journals  to  which  he 
is  a  contributor.  While  in  the  west  he  edited  the 
"San  Juan  Expositor"  in  Eureka,  Col.,  during 
1879-80,  and  was  mining  editor  of  the  "  Silverton 
Democrat  "  in  1883-'3.  He  has  also  published  the 
geological  portion  of  the  "  Report  upon  the  Recon- 
noissance  of  Northwestern  Wyoming,  including 
the  Yellowstone  Xational  Park "  (Washington, 
1875);  "Outline  of  General  Geology"  (Ithaca, 
1878);  "Classification  of  Rocks"  (1877);  "Notes 
on  the  Geology  of  San  Juan  Country  "  (1882) ;  and 
"  Geology  and  Vein-Structure  of  Southwestern  Col- 
orado "  (1886),  the  two  last  from  "  Transactions  of 
the  American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers." 

CONANT,  Albau  Jasper,  artist,  b.  in  Vermont, 
24  Sept.,  1821.  After  residing  for  some  years  in 
Troy,  he  removed  to  St.  Louis  in  1857.  Here  he  was 
instrumental  in  the  establishment  of  an  art-gallery. 
He  visited  Washington  and  painted  portraits  of 
President  Lincoln,  Attorney-General  Bates,  and  Sec. 
Stanton.  He  was  for  eight  years  a  curator  of  the 
University  of  Missouri,  and  is  a  correspondent  of  the 
Institution  ethnographique,  and  author  of  "  Foot- 
prints of  Vanished  Races  in  the  Mississippi  Valley." 
CONANT,  John,  manufacturer,  b.  in  Ashburn- 
ham,  Mass. ;  d.  in  Brandon,  Vt.,  in  1856.  He  rep- 
resented the  town  of  Brandon  in  the  legislature 
for  many  years,  was  a  member  of  the  convention 
for  revising  the  constitution  of  the  state,  and  a 
presidential  elector  in  1840.  He  erected  in  Bran- 
don a  large  Baptist  seminary. — His  son,  Thomas 
Jefferson,  biblical  scholar,  b.  in  Brandon,  Vt.,  I'd 
Dec,  1802 ;  d.  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  30  April,  1891. 
He  was  graduated  at  Middlebury  in  1823.  having 
studied  Hebrew  and  German  in  addition  to  the 
usual  curriculum,  and  continued  for  two  years 
as  a  resident  graduate,  to  read  privately  the  He- 
brew scripttxres  and  the  Greek  classic  writers  with 
tlie  professor  of  languages.  He  was  tutor  iir  Co- 
lumbian college,  Washington,  D.  C,  in  1825-'7, 
and  in  1827  became  professor  of  Greek,  Latin,  and 
German  in  Waterville  college  (now  Colby  univer- 
sity), Maine.  He  held  this  chair  till  1833,  wiien  he 
resigned  and  inade  his  home  near  Boston,  wliere 
he  could  better  prosecute  his  studies  in  the  orient- 
al languages.  He  had  already  become  convinced 
of  the  necessity  of  a  new  translation  of  the  script- 
ures, a  work  to  which  his  life  has  been  chiefly  de- 
voted. He  was  professor  of  languages  and  bibli- 
cal literature  in  Hamilton  literary  and  theological 
seminary  (now  Colgate  university),  at  Hamilton, 
N.  Y.,  from  1835  till  1850,  but  spent  two  years  of 
that  time  in  study  abroad,  mainly  at  Halle  and 
Berlin.  In  1851  he  accepted  the  chair  of  Hebrew 
and  biblical  exegesis  in  Rochester  theological  semi- 
nary, which  he  resigned  in  1857,  and  removed  to 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y..  having  accepted  from  the  Ameri- 
can Bible  union  the  office  of  reviser  of  the  common 
English  version  of  the  Bible.  He  continued  in 
this  service  till  1875,  and  also  became  a  member  of 
the  Old  Testament  company  of  the  American  com- 
mittee, co-operating  with  the  committee  of  the 
convocation  of  Canterbury,  England,  in  the  revis- 
ion of  the  authorized  English  version  of  the  Bible. 
He  IS  conceded  to  be  one  of  the  first  Hebraists  of 


the  time,  and  is  also  a  writer  of  pure  and  nervous 
English.  He  has  published  a  translation  of  the 
11th  edition  of  the  Hebrew  grammar  of  Gese- 
nius,  with  grammatical  exercises  and  a  chrcstom- 
athy  added  by  the  translator  (Boston,  1839),  and 
a  translation  of  Dr.  E.  Rodiger's  17th  edition  of 
that  work,  with  the  additions  (New  York,  1877). 
This  work  has  become  a  standard  text-book  in 
England  and  America.  He  has  also  published 
"  The  Book  of  Job  "  (New  York.  1856),  "  The  Gos- 
pel by  Matthew  "  (1860).  and  "  The  Book  of  Prov- 
erbs" (1872),  each  book  containing  the  received 
original  text,  the  common  version,  and  a  revised 
version,  with  critical  introduction,  and  critical  and 
philological  notes  for  scholars.  His  other  works 
are  revised  versions  in  English,  with  notes,  of 
"The  New  Testament"  (1866);  "The  Book  of 
Genesis"  (1868);  "The  Book  of  Psalms"  (1872); 
"  Propliecies  of  Isaiah,  Chapters  I-XIII "  (1874) ;  and 
the  historical  books  of  the  Old  Testament,  from 
Joshua  to  second  Kings  (Philadelphia,  1884) ;  and 
"  BairrlCftv,  its  Meaning  and  Use  philologically  and 
historically  investigated  "  (New  York,  1864).  His 
wife,  Hannah  O'Srien  CIiapHn,  b.  in  Danvers, 
Mass.,  in  1809;  d.  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  18  Feb., 
1865,  was  a  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Jeremiah  Chap- 
lin, and  married  Dr.  Conant  in  1830.  She  was  a 
frequent  contributor  to  literary  and  religious  peri- 
odicals, and  in  1838  became  editor  of  the  "  Mothers 
Monthly  Journal,"  published  in  Utica,  N.  Y.  Mrs. 
Conant  had  a  profound  knowledge  of  the  oriental 
tongues,  and  gave  her  husband  muchjissistance  in 
his  life-work,  at  the  same  time  keejiing  pace  with 
current  literature,  and  controlling  a  large  family. 
She  published  "  The  Earnest  Man,"  a  biographical 
sketch  of  tlie  missionarv  Judson  (1855) ;  "  Popular 
History  of  English  Bible  Translation"  (1856); 
"  The  History  of  the  English  Bible,"  a  work  of 
great  research  (1859);  translations  from  the  Ger- 
man of  Strauss's  "  Lea,  or  The  Baptism  in  the 
Jordan  "  (1844) ;  Neander's  Commentaries  on  the 
Epistle  of  Paul  to  the  Philippians,  the  Epistle  of 
James,  and  the  first  Epistle  of  John  (1850-'2) ;  and 
Uhden's  "  N^ew  England  Theocracy  "  (1857). — Their 
son,  Samuel  Stillman,  author,  b.  in  Waterville, 
Me.,  11  Dec,  1831,  studied  at  ]\Iadison  university, 
Hamilton,  N.  Y.,  and  in  1S5S  went  abroad  and 
spent  two  years  in  study  in  Berlin,  Heidelberg,  and 
Munich.  After  being  connected  with  various  jour- 
nals, he  was  managing  editor  of  "  Harper's  Week- 
ly "  from  1869  till  January,  1885,  when  he  myste- 
riously disappeared.  He  contributed  largely  to 
periodicals,  and  translated  from  the  Russian, 
through  the  German,  Lermontoff's  "  Circassian 
Boy  "  (Boston,  1875). — His  wife,  Helen  Stevens, 
b.  in  Methuen,  Mass.,  9  Oct.,  1839,  has  contributed 
to  periodicals,  and  has  published  "  The  Butterfly- 
Hunters  "  (Boston,  1868),  and  primers  of  German 
and  Spanish  literature  (X^ew  York,  1878-'9). 

CONANT,  Roger,  pioneer,  b.  in  Budleigh,  Dev- 
onshire, England,  in  April,  1593 :  d.  in  I>everly, 
Mass.,  19  Nov.,  1679.  He  came  to  Plymouth  in 
1623,  removed  to  Nantasket  in  1625,  and  thence, 
in  the  autumn,  to  Cape  Ann,  liaving  been  charged 
by  the  adventurers  in  England  with  the  care  of 
that  settlement.  Some  of  the  settlers  became  dis- 
couraged and  left,  and  the  rest  finally  removed  to 
Naumkeag  (now  Salem),  where  Conant  built  tlie 
first  house  in  1626.  In  May,  1632,  he  was  chosen 
one  of  a  committee  to  confer  on  the  subject  of 
raising  a  general  stock  for  purposes  of  trade,  and 
in  1636  was  ap{)ointed  to  examine  and  mark  all  the 
Salem  canoes,  then  an  important  means  of  trans- 
port. He  was  a  representative  at  the  first  court  in 
1634,  and  in  1637  was  a  justice  of  the  quarterly 


704 


CONCANEN 


CONDICT 


court  in  what  was  afterward  known  as  Essex 
county.  He  organized  the  first  Puritan  church  at 
Cape  Ann.  In  1(540,  his  son  Roger,  "being  the 
first-born  child  in  Salem,"  received  from  the  town 
a  grant  of  forty  acres  of  land.  In  1671  he  peti- 
tioned the  legislature  to  change  the  name  of  Bev- 
erly, "because  (wee  being  but  a  smale  place)  it 
hath  caused  on  us  a  constant  nickname  of  beggar- 
ly, being  in  the  mouths  of  many." 

CONCANEN,  Luke,  bishop,  b.  in  Ireland ;  d.  in 
Naples,  Italy,  in  1810.  He  was  educated  in  Rome, 
where  he  acquired  so  much  influence  that  ecclesi- 
astical appointments  in  Ireland  were  usually  de- 
termined by  his  advice.  He  was  also  interested  in 
tlie  missions  of  America,  and  to  some  extent  the 
founder  of  the  Dominican  convent  of  St.  Rose  in 
Kentucky,  which  he  sustained  by  his  contributions 
to  the  end  of  his  life.  In  1808  he  was  created  first 
bishop  of  New  York,  and  was  also  commissioned 
by  the  pope  to  carry  the  pallium  to  Archbishop 
Carroll.  As  his  attempt  to  sail  for  the  United 
States  from  Leghorn  was  frustrated  by  the  dis- 
turbed condition  of  the  country,  he  went  to  Naples, 
whence  he  expected  to  sail,  but  was  arrested  by 
order  of  Murat,  on  the  pretext  that  he  was  a  Brit- 
ish subject.  He  was  imprisoned  in  the  convent  of 
St.  Dominic  at  Naples,  and  the  hardships  he  en- 
dured caused  his  death. 

CONCHA,  Jose  (xtiti6rrez  de  la  (coan'-cha), 
mai-quis  of  Havana,  Spanish  soldier,  b.  in  Cordova, 
Argentine  Republic,  in  1809.  He  went  to  Spain 
very  young,  entered  the  army,  fought  against  the 
revolutionary  troops  in  South  America,  and  after- 
ward took  part  in  the  first  Carlist  war.  In  1839 
he  was  bre vetted  lieutenant-general,  and  afterward 
held  the  command  of  the  Spanish  cavalry.  In 
1850-'2  he  was  governor-general  of  Cuba.  t)uring 
this  short  administration  occurred  the  invasion  of 
the  island  by  an  expedition  that  sailed  from  the 
United  States  under  command  of  Gen.  Narciso 
Lopez,  who  was  defeated,  captured,  and  executed 
in  Havana,  1  Sept.,  1851.  A  few  days  before,  14 
Aug.,  fifty  of  his  followers  were  shot.  In  1854 
Concha  was  again  appointed  governor-general  of 
Cuba,  which  post  he  retained  until  1859,  when  he 
returned  to  Spain,  where  he  was  appointed  minis- 
ter of  war  in  1863,  and  president  of  the  senate  in 
1864.  Queen  Isabella  appointed  him  prime  minis- 
ter just  after  the  revolution  broke  out  in  Spain, 
29  Sept.,  1868.  A  third  time  he  was  appointed 
governor-general  in  1874,  in  the  midst  of  the 
Cuban  insurrection ;  but  his  administration  lasted 
only  a  few  months.  In  1886  he  was  elected  pi'esi- 
dent  of  the  Spanish  senate.  Gen.  Concha  has 
published  "  Ensayo  sobre  la  Situacion  Politica  en 
Cuba  "  (1860) ;  "  Memoria  sobre  la  guerra  de  Cuba  " 
(1876) ;  and  memoii's  of  his  first  administration. 

CONCHA  TORO,  Melchor  (coan'-chah),  Chili- 
an statesman,  b.  in  the  city  of  Santiago,  19  June, 
1823.  He  was  wealthy,  and  devoted  his  knowledge 
of  law  and  financial  matters  to  the  service  of  Chili. 
In  1864  he  became  a  member  of  the  chamber  of 
deputies,  and  in  1870  was  elected  to  the  senate, 
becoming  its  vice-president.  He  was  also  minister 
of  finance  in  1869  under  Perez's  administration, 
and  in  1886  he  was  again  chosen  senator.  He  has 
written  "  Chile  durante  los  anos  de  1824  a  1828  " 
(Santiago,  1864). 

CONCILIO,  trennaro  Lnig-i  Vincenzo  de,  cler- 
gyman, b.  in  Naples,  Italy,  5  July,  1835 ;  d.  in  Jer- 
sey City,  N.  J.,  22  March,  1898.  He  was  educated 
in  Naples,  and  ordained  deacon  in  1857.  During 
the  same  year  he  entered  the  missionary  college  in 
Genoa,  with  the  intention  of  devoting  his  life  to  for- 
eign missions.    He  was  ordained  priest  in  1859,  and 


sent  to  the  diocese  of  Newark,  N.  J.,  where,  in 
April,  1860,  he  became  assistant  rector  of  the 
Church  of  Our  Lady  of  Grace,  in  Hoboken.  In 
September,  1860,  he  was  appointed  professor  of 
dogmatic  theology,  logic,  and  metaphysics  in 
Seton  Hall  college.  South  Orange,  N.  J.,  but  failing 
health  compelled  him  to  resign  this  chair  at  the  end 
of  the  year.  From  1861  till  1867  he  was  assistant 
in  St.  Mary's  church,  Jersey  City,  and  in  1867  was 
made  rector  of  St.  Michael's  in  the  same  city.  His 
relations  with  the  college  have  been  maintained, 
and  he  continues  to  be  pro-synodal  examiner  in 
theology,  and  on  several  occasions  has  taught 
moral  theology  in  the  seminary.  In  Febniary, 
1886,  he  was  appointed,  by  Leo  XIIL,  Cameriere 
Segreto  to  his  holiness,  a  dignity  that  entitles  the 
person  receiving  it  to  be  addressed  as  "  very  rever- 
end monsignor."  Monsignor  Concilio  has  made  a 
special  study  of  the  summa  of  St.  Thomas  Aquinas, 
and  contributed  frequent  articles  to  the  Catholic 
journals,  and  has  published  "  Catholicity  and  Pan- 
theism "  (1874) ;  "  The  Knowledge  of  Mary  "  (New 
York,  1878) ;  and  "  Intellectual  Philosophy  "  (1878). 

CONDAJttlNE,  Charles  Marie  de  la,  French 
geographer,  b.  in  Paris,  28  Jan.,  1701 ;  d.  there,  4 
Feb.,  1774.  He  was  educated  at  the  University  of 
Paris,  entered  the  army  in  1719,  and  was  distin- 
guished at  the  siege  of  Rosas,  but  abandoned  mili- 
tary life  to  join  an  expedition  whose  object  was  to 
explore  the  coasts  of  Asia  and  Africa.  He  visited 
the  Troad,  Cyprus,  Jerusalem,  and  Constantinople, 
and  in  1735,  with  Bouguer  and  others,  was  sent  to 
Peru  by  the  Academy  of  sciences  to  measure  an 
arc  of  the  meridian.  While  in  South  America  he 
also  made  observations  on  the  use  of  caoutchouc 
by  the  natives,  and  to  him  is  ascribed  the  intro- 
duction of  the  article  into  Europe;  and  he  also 
tried  to  introduce  into  France  inoculation  for 
small-pox.  He  was  the  first  to  discover  that  the 
deflection  of  a  plumb-line  by  the  attraction  of  a 
mountain  is  a  measurable  quantity.  He  was  made 
a  fellow  of  the  Royal  society  of  London  in  1748, 
and  a  member  of  the  French  academy  in  the  year 
1760.  He  published  treatises  on  geography,  natu- 
ral history,  and  physics,  and  had  some  reputation 
as  a  writer  of  verses.  His  works  include  "  Rela- 
tion abregee  d'un  voyage  fait  dans  I'interieur  de 
I'Amerique  Meridionale"  (Paris,  1745),  and  "La 
figure  de  la  terre  determinee  par  les  observations 
de  MM.  de  la  Condamine  et  Bouguer"  (1749).  See 
Condorcet's  "  filoge  de  la  Condamine." 

CONDICT,  Ira,  clergyman,  b.  in  Orange,  N.  J., 
21  Feb.,  1764;  d.  in  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  1  June, 
1811.  He  was  the  son  of  a  farmer,  was  gradu- 
ated at  Princeton  in  1784,  and  afterward  taught 
at  Monmouth,  N.  J.,  at  the  same  time  pursuing  a 
course  of  theological  study.  He  was  licensed  to 
preach  by  the  presbytery  of  New  Brunswick  in 
April,  1786,  and  ordained  pastor  of  the  churches  at 
Newton,  Hardwick,  and  Shappenack,  in  November, 
1787.  In  1794  he  was  installed  pastor  of  the  Re- 
formed Dutch  church  in  New  Brunswick,  where  he 
remained  until  he  died.  It  was  chiefiy  through  his 
efforts  that  Queen's  (now  Rutgers)  college,  which 
had  been  closed  for  several  years,  was  reopened  in 
1807.  Under  his  leadership  the  trustees  deter- 
mined to  raise,  by  the  help  of  the  Reformed 
churches,  $12,000  for  the  erection  of  a  spacious 
building  and  to  open  the  college  immediately.  Dr. 
Condict  assumed  the  duties  of  president  pro  tein- 
pore,  and  instructed  the  highest  class.  In  1809  he 
was  regularly  appointed  professor  of  moral  phi- 
losophy and  vice-president,  having  declined  the 
presidency ;  but  the  actual  duties  of  the  oflice  were 
performed  by  him  since  Dr.  Livingston,  the  nominal 


COXDICT 


CONGAR 


705 


president,  confined  himself  to  his  theological  pro- 
fessorship. Dr.  Condict  was  mainly  instrumental 
in  the  removal  of  the  theological  seminary  to  New 
Brunswick.  His  exertions  to  obtain  funds  for  the 
college,  and  his  labors  as  professor  and  executive 
head  of  the  institution,  in  addition  to  his  duties  as 
pastor  of  one  of  the  largest  churches  of  the  denomi- 
nation, hastened  his  death. 

CONDICT,  John,  senator,  b.  in  1755;  d.  in 
Orange,  N.  J.,  4  May,  18a4  He  received  a  public- 
school  education,  and  served  in  the  Revolutionary 
army  as  a  surgeon.  He  was  a  member  of  the  New 
Jersey  legislature,  was  chosen  to  congress  as  a 
democrat,  and  served  from  1799  till  1803,  when  he 
was  elected  U.  S.  senator,  serving  till  1817. 

CONDICT,  Lewis,  congressman,  b.  in  Morris- 
town,  N.  J.,  in  March,  1773;  d.  there,  20  May, 
1862.  After  receiving  a  liberal  education,  he 
studied  medicine,  received  his  diploma  from  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1794,  and  began 
practice  at  Morristown.  He  was  high  sheriff  of 
Morris  covinty  before  1800,  and  from  1805  till  1810 
was  a  member  of  the  legislature,  serving  the  last 
two  years  as  speaker  of  the  house.  He  was  one  of 
the  commission  appointed  in  1807  to  settle  the 
boundary  between  New  Jersey  and  New  York,  and 
was  chosen  to  congress  as  a  whig,  serving  from  4 
Nov.,  1811,  till  3  March,  1817,  and  again  from  3 
Dec,  1821,  till  2  March,  1833.  He  declined  re- 
election, and  was  afterward  a  presidential  elector 
on  the  Harrison  ticket  in  1840. 

CONDICT,  Silas,  congressman,  b.  in  Newark, 
N.  J.,  in  1777 ;  d.  there,  29  Nov.,  1861.  His  father, 
Silas,  was  a  delegate  to  congress  under  the  old  con- 
federation from  1781  till  1784.  The  younger  Con- 
dict was  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1795,  was  a 
member  of  the  New  Jersey  legislature  for  several 
years,  and  elected  to  congress  as  a  Clay  demo- 
crat, serving  from  5  Dec,  1831,  till  2  March,  1833. 
He  was  a  candidate  for  re-election,  but  defeated  by 
F.  S.  Schenck,  a  Jackson  democrat,  by  502  majority. 
He  was  a  delegate  to  the  State  constitutional  con- 
vention of  1844,  and  a  presidential  elector  on  the 
Fillmore  ticket  in  1856.  He  was  for  many  years 
president  of  the  Newark  banking  company. 

CONDIE,  David  Francis,  physician,  b.  in 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  12  May,  1796;  d.  in  Delaware 
county,  Pa.,  31  March,  1875.  He  received  his  medi- 
cal diploma  from  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
in  1818,  and  became  prominent  in  his  profession. 
He  published  an  abridged  edition,  with  notes,  of 
Thomas's  "  Practice  of  Medicine "  (Philadelphia, 
1817) ;  "  Course  of  Examination  for  Medical  Stu- 
dents" (2d  ed.,  1824);  "Catechism  of  Health" 
(1831);  "Treatise  on  Epidemic  Cholera,"  in  con- 
nection with  Dr.  John  Bell  (1832) ;  and  "  Diseases 
of  Children  "  (6th  ed..  enlarged,  1868).  Dr.  Condie 
also  edited  Churchill's  "  Diseases  of  Women,"  and 
contributed  largelv  to  medical  journals. 

CONDORCAN^UI,  Jose  Gabriel  (con-dor- 
ean'-ke),  also  called  Tupac  Amaru  or  Aymaru, 
American  Spaniard,  who,  having  been  ill  treated 
by  a  magistrate  of  Lima,  attempted  the  redress  of 
his  own  grievances,  and  the  oppressions  of  the 
Indians,  by  exciting  an  insurrection  in  1780.  He 
was  artful  and  intrepid,  and,  to  conciliate  the 
Indians,  assumed  the  name  of  the  Inca  Tupac 
Amaru,  professing  a  design  to  restore  the  ancient 
dynasty  of  Peru.  Being  a  cacique  of  the  province 
of  Tinta,  under  pretext  of  celebrating  Charles 
III.'s  birthday  with  a  banquet,  he  invited  the 
governor  of  the  province,  Antonio  Arriaga,  who 
at  once  was  imprisoned,  and  hanged  on  6  Nov. 
JHis  plan  was  at  first  successful ;  and,  after  a  con- 
test of  three  years,  he  was  hailed  Inca  of  Peru, 


But  he  became  obnoxious  to  the  Spanish  settlers, 
and  troops  were  sent  against  him.  Yet  the  re- 
bellion gained  ground,  being  assisted  by  nearly 
60,000  Indians,  who  murdered  men  and  women  and 
committed  revolting  atrocities.  Finally,  the  eiforts 
of  the  Indians  proving  too  feeble,  Condorcanqui 
and  other  leaders  of  the  revolt  were  deserted  by 
their  followers,  taken,  and  put  to  death,  with  no 
less  cruelty  than  they  had  practised  against  the 
Spaniards.  His  two  sons,  his  wife,  another  Indian 
woman,  who  was  the  mother  of  his  son  Hipolito, 
and  his  uncle,  Francisco  Tupac  Amaru,  were  all 
executed  at  Cuzco  on  18  May,  1781. 

CONE,  Spencer  Hougliton,  clergyman,  b.  in 
Princeton,  N.  J.,  30  April,  1785 ;  d.  28  Aug.,  1855. 
At  the  age  of  twelve  he  entered  the  freshman  class 
at  Princeton,  but  the  sickness  of  his  father  obliged 
him  to  relinquish  his  studies  when  only  fourteen. 
At  sixteen  he  was  master  in  a  school  at  Burlington. 
He  soon  removed  to  Philadelphia,  and  associated 
himself  in  teaching  with  Dr.  Abercrombie,  principal 
of  an  academy.  Finding  his  salary  insufficient  for 
the  family  dependent  on  him,  he  at  first  resolved 
to  study  law,  but  after  some  preparation  for  the 
bar  abandoned  this  purpose,  and  turned  to  the 
stage,  though  this  step  was  contrary  to  his  own 
tastes  as  well  as  opposed  to  the  wishes  of  his  devout 
mother.  He  appeared  in  July,  1805,  as  Achmet  in 
the  tragedy  of  "  Mahomet,"  and  subsequently  acted 
with  success  in  Philadelphia,  Baltimore,  and  Alex- 
andria. His  profession,  distasteful  to  him  from 
the  first,  and  adopted  only  from  necessity,  soon  be- 
came disgusting.  In  1812  he  entered  the  office  of 
the  Baltimore  "  American  "  as  treasurer  and  book- 
keeper. Soon  afterward,  in  connection  with  his 
brother-in-law,  he  purchased  and  published  the 
Baltimore  "  Whig,"  whereupon  he  abandoned  the 
stage.  He  was  converted  in  November,  1813,  and 
baptized,  4  Feb.,  1814,  into  the  fellowship  of  a 
Baptist  church.  Having  obtained  a  clerkship  in 
the  treasury  department  at  Washington,  he  re- 
moved to  that  city,  where  he  soon  began  preaching 
with  remarkable  success.  In  1815-6  he  was  elected 
chaplain  of  the  house  of  representatives.  After 
seven  years  spent  with  a  small  church  at  Alex- 
andria, he  was  called  to  the  Oliver  street  church. 
New  York,  where  he  remained  for  eighteen  years. 
He  then  became  pastor  of  the  1st  Baptist  church, 
in  which  relation  he  continued  until  his  death.  In 
1832  the  degree  of  D.  D.  was  conferred  upon  him 
by  Princeton,  and  the  same  year  he  was  chosen 
president  of  the  Baptist  triennial  convention,  and 
was  re-elected  until  1841.  From  1837  till  1850  he 
was  president  of  the  American  and  foi-eign  Bible 
society.  On  the  formation  of  the  American  Bible 
union,  he  was  made  its  president,  and  so  continued 
until  his  death.  At  the  zenith  of  his  career  he  was 
probably  the  most  popular  and  influential  Baptist 
minister  in  the  United  States, 

CONEY,  Jabez,  manufacturer,  b,  in  1805 ;  d,  in 
Boston,  Mass.,  23  Jan.,  1872,  He  began  business 
in  Mill  Village,  Dedham,  Mass.,  in  1826,  his  first 
work  being  the  construction  of  a  large  water- 
wheel.  He  planned  and  constructed  many  manu- 
facturing establishments  previous  to  1837,  when 
his  machine-shop  was  burned.  He  then  moved  to 
South  Boston  and  entered  upon  a  much  more  ex- 
tensive business,  building  machinery  for  boring 
and  finishing  cannon,  constructing  the  first  iron 
vessel  ever  lauilt  in  New  England,  and  the  first 
large  marine  engine,  tlie  first  gravel  excavator,  and 
many  other  great  enterprises.  He  suffered  from  a 
paralvtic  affection  for  more  than  twenty  years. 

CONGAR,  Samuel  Hayes,  antiquarian,  b.  in 
Newark,  N,  J.,  10  Dec,  1796 ;  d.  there  29  July,  1872. 


706 


CONG DON 


CONKLING 


At  the  age  of  eleven  years  he  was  placed  in  a  drug- 
store, where  he  gained  information  as  best  he  could, 
receiving  slight  schooling.  Five  years  later  he  was 
apprenticed  to  a  coach-painter,  and  he  continued 
to  follow  that  trade  until  his  retirement  from 
business  in  1855.  In  early  life  he  held,  for  a  time, 
the  office  of  librarian  to  the  Apprentices'  library 
of  Newark,  where  he  laid  the  foundation  for  the 
knowledge  on  books  for  which  he  subsequently 
became  known.  About  1845  he  began  his  re- 
searches among  the  genealogies  of  Newark  fami- 
lies, and  soon  became  possessed  of  more  antiquarian 
and  genealogical  information  concerning  the  north- 
ern part  of  New  Jersey,  especially  the  county  of 
Essex,  than  any  other  person.  He  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  New  Jersey  historical  society  in 
1848,  and  its  librarian  in  1852.  His  articles,  many 
of  which  were  historically  valuable,  appeared  prin- 
cipally in  the  "  Newark  Daily  Advertiser."  He 
also  prepared  the  genealogical  notices  of  first  set- 
tlers in  the  Historical  society's  volume  on  the  bi- 
centennial of  Newark. 

C0N(t1)0N,  Charles  Taber,  journalist,  b.  in 
New  Bedford,  :\lass.,  7  April,  1821;  d.  in  New 
York  city,  18  Jan.,  1891.  He  was  never  graduated, 
though  he  received  the  degree  of  A.  M.  in  1879 
from  Brown.  He  was  an  editorial  writer  on  the 
New  York  "  Tribune  "  from  1857  till  1882,  and  was 
an  occasional  contributor  of  critical  and  literary 
papers  to  periodical  literature.  He  published  a 
poem,  delivered  at  Dartmouth  college  (New  York, 
1861) ;  "  Tribune  Essays  "  (1869) ;  and  "■  Reminis- 
cences of  a  Journalist"  (Boston,  1880). 

CONdiER,  Omar  Dwight,  senator,  b.  in  Coop- 
erstown,  N.  Y.,  in  1818;  d.  in  Ocean  City,  Md.,  11 
July,  1898.  He  removed  with  his  father  to  Oliio 
in  1824,  and  was  graduated  at  Western  Reserve  in 
1842.  He  was  engaged  in  the  geological  survey 
of  the  Lake  Superior  iron  and  copper  region  from 
1845  till  1847,  and  in  1848  became  a  lawyer  in 
Port  Huron,  Mich.  He  was  elected  judge  of  the 
St.  Clair  county  court  in  1850,  and  was  a  state 
senator  from  1855  till  1861,  being  president  p?-o 
tempore  of  the  senate  in  1859.  He  was  a  presiden- 
tial elector  on  the  Republican  ticket  in  1864,  a 
member  of  the  State  constitutional  convention  in 
1866,  and  a  member  of  congress  from  1869  till  1881, 
when  he  was  chosen  to  the  U.  S.  senate. 

CONKLIN',  WilHam  Augustus,  zoologist,  b.  in 
New  York  city,  16  March,  1837.  He  was  educated 
at  the  public  schools,  and  received  the  degree  of 
doctor  of  veterinary  science  from  Columbia  veteri- 
nary college  and  that  of  Ph.  D.  from  IManhattan 
college.  He  has  been  connected  with  Central  })ark 
since  1858,  and  director  of  the  zoological  depart- 
ment since  1870.  He  has  travelled  three  times 
through  Europe,  visiting  the  various  zoological 
gardens,  is  an  honorary  or  corresponding  member 
of  many  zoological  societies,  and  is  a  member  of 
several  scientific  societies  in  the  United  States. 
Dr.  Conklin  possesses  one  of  the  most  complete 
libraries  in  the  country  on  the  subjects  of  mam- 
malia and  ornithology.  He  is  editor  of  the  "  Jour- 
nal of  Comparative  Medicine  and  Surgery "  in 
New  York,  and  has  written  articles  on  natural 
history  for  various  periodicals. 

CONKLIN,  William  Judkins,  physician,  b. 
in  Sidney,  Ohio,  1  Dec,  1844.  He  was  graduated 
at  Ohio  Wesleyan  university  in  1866,  and  at  Ohio 
medical  college,  Cincinnati,  in  1868.  He  was 
physician  to  the  Dayton  hospital  for  the  insane 
from  1869  till  1871,  and  afterward  became  secre- 
tary of  its  board  of  trustees.  He  was  professor  of 
physiology  in  Starling  medical  college,  Columbus, 
Ohio,  from  1875  till  1878,  and  of 'diseases  of  chil- 


dren from  1878  till  1884.  He  is  visiting  surgeon 
to  St.  Elizabeth's  hospital,  Dayton,  and  a  member 
of  various  medical  societies.  He  has  contributed 
frequently  to  medical  journals,  and  has  published 
several  monographs,  including  "  History  of  the 
Discovery  of  the  Circulation  of  the  Blood." 

CONKLING,  Alfred,  jurist,  b.  in  Amagansett, 
SulFolk  CO.,  N.  Y.,  12  Oct.,  1789;  d.  in  Utica, 
N.  Y.,  5  Feb.,  1874.  He  was  graduated  at  Union 
in  1810,  studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  1812.  He  was  district  attorney  for  Montgomery 
county  three  years,  and  was  elected  to  congress 
as  an  anti-Jackson  democrat,  serving  from  1821 
till  1828.  He  then  removed  to  Albany,  and  in 
1825  was  appointed  by  President  John  Quincy 
Adams  judge  of  the  U.  S.  district  court  for  the 
nortliern  district  of  New  York,  which  office  he 
held  till  1852,  when  President  Fillmore  appointed 
him  minister  to  Mexico.  On  his  return  from  that 
mission,  in  1853,  he  settled  at  Genesee,  N.  Y.,  de- 
voting himself  mainly  to  literary  pursuits.  Union 
college  gave  liim  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  in  1847.  He 
published  "  Treatise  on  the  Organization  and 
Jurisdiction  of  the  Supreme,  Circuit,  and  District 
Courts  of  the  United  States  "  (2d  ed.,  1842) ;  "  Ad- 
miralty Jurisdiction  "  (2  vols.,  1848) ;  "  The  Pow- 
ers of  the  ICxecutive  Department  of  the  United 
States"  (Albany,  1866);  and  the  "Young  Citizen's 
Manual."— His"  son,  Frederick  Augustus,  b.  in 
Canajoharie,  N,  Y.,  22  Aug.,  1816 ;  d.  in  New  York 
city,  18  Sept.,  1891,  He  became  a  merchant,  and 
was  for  three  years  a  member  of  the  New  York  legis- 
lature. In  June,  1861,  he  organized,  at  his  own 
expense,  the  84th  New  York  regiment,  serving  as 
its  colonel.  During  July,  1863,  the  regiment  did 
duty  as  provost-guard  at  Baltimore,  Md.,  and  in 
1864  it  saw  several  months'  service  in  Virginia. 
Col.  Conkling  served  one  term  in  congress,  from 
1861  till  1863,  and  in  1868  was  the  Republican  can- 
didate for  mayor  of  New  York.  He  changed  his 
politics,  however,  and  spoke  in  various  parts  of 
the  Union  in  favor  of  Mr.  Tilden's  election  to  the 
presidency  in  1876,  and  of  Gen.  Planeock's  in  1880. 
He  was  a  trustee  of  the  College  of  physicians  and 
surgeons,  a  member  of  the  geographical  and  his- 
torical societies,  and  the  author  of  various  reports 
to  the  New  York  legislature,  and  numerous  politi- 
cal, commercial,  and  scientific  pamphlets. — Another 
son,  Roscoe,  senator,  b.  in  Albany,  N.  Y.,  30  Oct., 
1829;d.inNewYork, 
18  April,  1888,  re- 
ceived an  academic 
education,  and  stud- 
ied law  under  his 
father.  In  1846  he 
entered  the  law-of- 
fice of  Francis  Ker- 
nan,  afterward  his 
colleague  in  the  sen- 
ate, and  in  1850  be- 
came district  attor- 
ney for  Oneida  coun- 
ty. He  was  admit- 
ted to  the  bar  in  that 
year,  and  soon  be- 
came prominent  both 
in  law  and  in  poli- 
tics. He  was  elected 
mayor  of  Utica  in 
1858,  and  at  the  ex- 
piration of  his  first 

term  a  tie  vote  between  the  two  candidates  for  the 
office  caused  him  to  hold  over  for  another  term. 
In  November,  1858,  he  was  chosen  as  a  Republican 
to  congress,  and  took  his  seat  in  that  body  at  the 


CONKLING 


CONNER 


707 


beginning  of  its  first  session,  in  December,  1859 — 
a  session  noted  for  its  long  and  bitter  contest  over 
the  speakership.  He  was  re-elected  in  1860,  but  in 
1862  was  defeated  by  Francis  Kernan,  over  whom, 
however,  he  was  elected  in  1864.  His  first  com- 
mittee was  that  on  the  District  of  Columbia,  of 
which  he  was  afterward  chairman.  He  was  also  a 
member  of  the  committee  of  ways  and  means  and 
of  the  special  reconstruction  committee  of  fifteen. 
Mr.  Conkling's  first  important  speech  was  in  sup- 
port of  the  fourteenth  amendment  to  the  constitu- 
tion. He  vigorously  attacked  the  generalship  of 
McClellan,  opposed  Spaulding's  legal-tender  act, 
and  firmly  upheld  the  government  in  the  prosecu- 
tion of  the  war.  Mr.  Conkling  was  re-elected  in 
the  autumn  of  1866,  but  in  January,  1867,  be- 
fore he  took  his  seat,  was  chosen  U.  S.  senator  to 
succeed  Ira  Harris,  and  re-elected  in  1873  and 
1879.  In  the  senate  he  was  from  the  first  a  mem- 
ber of  the  judiciary  committee,  and  connected 
with  nearly  all  the  leading  committees,  holding 
the  chairs  of  those  on  commerce  and  revision  of 
the  laws.     Senator  Conkling  was  a  zealous  sup- 

f)orter  of  President  Grant's  administration  and 
argely  directed  its  general  policy  toward  the 
south,  advocating  it  in  public  and  by  his  personal 
influence.  He  was  also  instrumental  in  the  pas- 
sage of  the  civil-rights  bill,  and  favored  the  re- 
sumption of  specie  payments.  He  took  a  promi- 
nent part  in  framing  the  electoral-commission  bill 
in  1877,  and  supported  it  by  an  able  speech,  argu- 
ing that  the  question  of  the  commission's  jurisdic- 
tion should  be  left  to  that  body  itself.  Mr.  Conk- 
ling received  93  votes  for  the  Republican  nomina- 
tion for  president  in  the  Cincinnati  convention  of 
1876.  In  the  Chicago  convention  of  1880  he  advo- 
cated the  nomination  of  Gen.  Grant  for  a  third 
term.  In  1881  he  became  hostile  to  President 
Garfield's  administration  on  a  question  of  patron- 
age, claiming,  with  his  colleague,  Thomas  C.  Piatt, 
the  right  to  control  federal  appointments  in  his 
state.  The  president  having  appointed  a  political 
opponent  of  Mr.  Conkling's  to  the  coUectorship  of 
the  port  of  New  York,  the  latter  opposed  his  con- 
firmation, claiming  that  he  should  have  been  con- 
sulted in  the  matter,  and  that  the  nomination  was 
a  violation  of  the  pledges  given  to  him  by  the 
president.  Mr.  Garfield,  as  soon  as  Mr.  Conkling 
had  declared  his  opposition,  withdrew  all  other 
nominations  to  New  York  offices,  leaving  the  ob- 
jectionable one  to  be  acted  on  by  itself.  Finding 
that  he  could  not  prevent  the  confirmation,  Mr. 
Conkling,  on  16  May,  resigned  his  senatorship.  as 
did  also  his  colleague,  and  returned  home  to  seek 
a  vindication  in  the  form  of  a  re-election.  In 
this,  however,  after  an  exciting  canvass,  they 
failed ;  two  other  republicans  were  chosen  to  fill 
the  vacant  places,  and  Mr.  Conkling  returned  to 
his  law  practice  in  New  York  city.  In  1885-'6  he 
was  counsel  of  the  State  senate  investigating  com- 
mittee, appointed  for  the  purpose  of  disclosing  the 
fraud  and  bribery  in  the  grant  of  the  Broadway 
horse-railroad  franchise  by  the  board  of  aldermen 
in  1884.  After  the  taking  of  testimony,  lasting 
about  three  months,  Mr.  Conkling,  together  with 
Clarence  A.  Seward,  made  an  argument  which 
resulted  in  the  repeal  of  the  Broadway  railroad 
charter.— Alfred's  daughter,  Marsraret  Cockburn 
(Mrs.  Steele),  b.  1814,  d.  1890,  has  published  "Me- 
moirs of  tlie  Mother  and  Wife  of  Washington" 
(Auburn,  N.  Y.,  1851-3);  "Isabel;  or.  Trials  of 
the  Heart":  a  translation  of  Florian's  "History  of 
the  Moors  of  Spain."  and  has  contributed  to  cui-rent 
literature.— Alfred  Conkling's  grandson.  AHVed 
Eonald,  b.  in  New  York  city,  28  Sept.,  1850,  was 


graduated  at  Yale  in  1870,  pursued  his  studies  at 
Harvard  and  in  Berlin,  Germany,  and  on  his  return 
to  this  country  was  employed  on  the  U.  S.  geologi- 
cal survey.  He  then  studied  law,  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1879,  and  became  assistant  U.  S.  at- 
torney in  1881-'2.  He  was  an  unsuccessful  Repub- 
lican candidate  for  congress  in  1884,  and  made 
many  addresses  in  favor  of  the  election  of  James 
G.  Blaine  during  the  presidential  campaign  of  that 
year.  He  is  the  author  of  "  Appletons'  Guide  to 
Mexico  "  (New  York,  1884). 

CONLEY,  John  Dikeniaii,  scientist,  b.  in 
Brockport,  Mom-oe  co.,  N.  Y.,  14  Sept.,  1843.  He 
was  graduated  at  the  State  normal  school,  Albany, 
in  1863,  and  at  Hamilton  college  in  1869.  During 
the  same  year  he  was  elected  to  the  chair  of  chem- 
istry and  natural  sciences  in  Blackburn  university, 
Carlinville,  111.  He  has  published  a  series  of  geo- 
logical charts  of  all  the  ages  and  epochs,  illustrated 
with  two  Inuidred  figures  of  characteristic  fossils. 

CONNELLY,  Jolin,  R.  C.  bishop,  b.  in  Droghe- 
da,  Ireland,  in  1750;  d.  in  New  York  in  1825.  He 
was  educated  hi  Belgium,  where  he  became  a 
member  of  the  Dominican  order,  and  afterward 
went  to  Rome  and  was  elected  prior  of  St.  Clem- 
ent's and  appointed  agent  for  the  Irish  bishops. 
During  the  French  occupation  of  that  city  he 
gained  much  credit  for  his  success  in  securing  the 
property  of  the  English  and  Irish  religious  insti- 
tutions from  confiscation.  On  the  return  of  Pius 
VII.  to  Rome  in  1814,  Father  Connelly  was  chosen 
bishop  of  New  York,  and  consecrated  the  same 
year.  He  visited  Ireland  with  the  object  of  ob- 
taining priests,  but  secured  only  one.  At  this  time 
the  diocese  of  New  York  embraced  the  entire  state 
and  part  of  New  Jersey,  and  contained  a  Catholic 
population  of  17,000.  Bishop  Connelly  foimd 
only  four  priests  to  receive  him  on  his  arrival,  and 
had  to  perform  missionary  duties  in  addition  to 
his  episcopal  functions.  He  founded  churches  in 
Utica  and  Rochester,  and  erected  an  orphan  asy- 
lum in  New  York,  which  he  confided  to  the  care 
of  the  Sisters  of  Charity.  His  labors  during  the 
yellow-fever  epidemics  of  1822  and  1823  greatly 
impaired  his  strength. 

CONNELLY,  Pierce  Francis,  sculptor,  b.  in  a 
southern  city  about  1840.  Pie  was  taken  to  Eng- 
land when  a  child,  received  a  good  education,  and 
studied  painting  in  Paris,  and  afterward  in  Rome. 
At  the  age  of  twenty  he  determined  to  become  a 
sculptor,  established  "himself  at  Florence,  and  exe- 
cuted, among  other  works,  "  Thetis,"  in  the  New 
York  museum  of  fine  arts ;  "  St.  Martin  and  the 
Beggar,"  an  equestrian  group ;  "  Ophelia  "  ;  "  Horror 
arresting  the  Trium{)]i  of  Death";  "Queen  Philip- 
pa";  "Diana  transforming  Acta>on,"  and  other 
pieces  exhibited  at  the  Philadelphia  centennial  ex- 
hibition, and  several  portrait  busts.  In  1876  he 
visited  the  United  States,  and  went  from  there  to 
New  Zealand,  where  he  became  known  as  an  ex- 
plorer of  mountains,  made  sketches  of  craters, 
glaciers,  and  lakes,  and  painted  pictures  of  the 
scenery  of  the  country  that  were  exhibited  in 
Auckbind  in  1877. 

CONNER,  David,  naval  omcer.  b.  in  Harris- 
burg,  Pa.,  in  1792 ;  d.  in  Philadelphia,  20  March, 
1856.  He  entered  a  counting-house  in  Philadel- 
phia in  1806,  became  a  midshipman  in  the  navy,  16 
Jan.,  1809,  and,  as  acting  lieutenant,  took  part  in  the 
action  between  the  "  Hornet "  and  the  "  Peacock," 
24  Feb.,  1813.  Charged  with  the  duty  of  remov- 
ing the  prisoners,  Lieut.  Coinier  was  among  the 
last  to  leave  the  sinking  vessel.  On  24  July,  1813, 
he  became  a  lieutenant,  and  remained  in  the  "  Hor- 
net" under  Capt.  Biddlc.     In  the  action  with  the 


708 


CONNER 


CONNOR 


"  Penguin,"  23  March,  1815,  he  was  dangerously 
wounded,  and  for  his  gallantry  was  presented  with 
a  medal  by  congress,  and  the  legislature  of  Penn- 
sylvania unanimously  voted  him  a  sword.  He  was 
promoted  to  the  rank  of  commander  on  3  March, 
1825,  and  to  that  of  captain  on  3  March,  1835.  He 
commanded  the  squadron  on  the  West  India  sta- 
tion just  before  the  beginning  of  hostilities  with 
Mexico,  and  in  May,  1846,  he  sailed  from  Vera 
Cruz  to  San  Brazos  de  Santiago,  established  a 
blockade  of  the  Mexican  ports  on  the  gulf,  and 
commanded  the  American  squadron  on  the  Mexican 
coast  for  two  years.  In  August  and  October,  1846, 
two  fruitless  attempts  were  made  to  enter  the  port 
of  Alvarado,  on  14  Nov.,  1846,  the  port  of  Tam- 
pico  was  captured  by  him,  and  on  9  March,  1847, 
he  directed  the  landing  of  the  army  of  Gen.  Scott 
at  Vera  Cruz,  and  assisted  in  the  reduction  of  the 
fortress  of  San  Juan  de  Ulloa,  but  was  soon  after- 
ward compelled,  by  the  failure  of  his  health,  to  re- 
turn home.  At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  com- 
mandant of  the  Philadelphia  navy-yard. 

CONNER,  Henry  W.,  politician,  b.  in  Prince 
George  county,  Va.,  in  August,  1793 ;  d.  in  Catawba 
county,  N.  C,  15  Jan.,  1866.  He  was  graduated  at 
the  University  of  South  Carolina  in  1813,  served  in 
Gen.  Joseph  Graham's  expedition  against  the  C!reek 
Indians  in  1814,  settled  in  Catawba  county,  N.  C, 
was  a  candidate  for  congress  in  1818,  and  elected 
as  a  democrat  in  the  next  congressional  election, 
and  re-elected  nine  successive  times,  serving  from 
3  Dec,  1821,  till  3  March,  1841.  He  declined  re- 
election, but  in  1848  entered  the  state  senate,  after 
which  he  refused  to  be  a  candidate  for  office. 

CONNER,  James,  tvpe-founder,  b.  near  Hyde 
Park,  Dutchess  co.,  N.  Y.,  22  April,  1798.  In  1814 
he  was  apprenticed  to  Samuel  Brower,  and,  after 
learning  the  trade,  worked  in  different  prniting- 
offices  in  New  York  city,  was  a  skilful  pressman, 
and,  after  becoming  expert  in  finishing  stereotype 
plates,  took  charge  of  a  stereotype  foundry  in  Bos- 
ton. Returning  after  three  years  to  New  York 
city,  he  began  business  as  a  printer  and  stereotype- 
founder.  He  made  from  old  stereotype  plates, 
and  sold  in  large  quantities,  large  type  that  was 
wanted  for  posters,  manufactured  the  first  folio 
Bible  ever  printed  in  the  United  States,  began  to 
cast  type  for  his  own  establishment,  devising  a  style 
of  light-faced  type  that  found  a  large  demand, 
and  stereotyped  Shakespeare's  works  and  other 
books,  and  then  a  polyglot  Bible,  for  which  he 
designed  a  new  size  of  type,  which  he  called  agate. 
He  next  published  Walter  Scott's  works,  after 
which  he  confined  himself  to  type-founding.  He 
invented  a  method  of  casting  letters  from  an 
electrotyped  matrix  by  chemical  precipitation. 

CONNER,  James,  soldier,  b.  in  Charleston, 
S.  C,  ISept.,  1829;  d.  26  June,  1883.  He  was 
graduated  at  South  Carolina  college  in  1849,  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1852,  and  in  1856  appointed 
U.  S.  district  attorney  for  South  Carolina,  which 
office  he  resigned  in  December,  1860.  He  entered 
the  Confederate  army  as  captain  in  1861,  served  in 
many  campaigns,  rose  to  the  rank  of  brigadier- 
general,  and  in  the  latter  part  of  the  war  com- 
manded a  division.  He  was  chairman  of  the  South 
Carolina  Democratic  state  committee  in  1876,  and 
elected  in  that  year  attorney-general  on  the  same 
ticket  with  Gov.  Wade  Hampton,  but  resigned  the 
office  in  1877. 

CONNER,  Samuel  Shepard,  soldier,  b.  in  New 
Hampshire,  about  1783;  d.  in  Covington,  Ky.,  17 
Dec,  1820.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1806. 
During  the  war  with  Great  Britain  he  entered  the 
army  as  major  of  the  21st  infantry,  served  as  aide- 


de-camp  to  Gen.  Henry  Dearborn  in  the  beginning 
of  1813,  and  was  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  13th  in- 
fantry from  March,  1813,  till  14  July,  1814,  when 
he  resigned.  In  the  latter  year  he  was  elected  to 
congress  from  Massachusetts,  serving  from  4  Dec, 
1815,  till  3  March,  1817.  In  1819  he  was  appointed 
surveyor-general  of  the  Ohio  land  district. 

CONNESS,  John,  senator,  b.  in  Ireland,  20 
Sept.,  1821.  He  emigrated  to  the  United  States  at 
the  age  of  thirteen,  learned  the  trade  of  a  piano- 
forte maker,  and  worked  in  New  York  city  until 
the  discovery  of  gold  in  California.  He  went  to 
that  state  in  1849,  engaged  in  mining,  and  after- 
ward became  a  merchant.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  California  legislature  in  1853-'4  and  in  1860-'l, 
a  candidate  for  lieutenant-governor  in  1859,  and 
the  union  democratic  candidate  for  governor  in 
1861,  receiving  30,944  votes,  to  32,751  cast  for 
the  Breckinridge  democratic  candidate,  and  56,036 
for  Leland  Stanford,  the  successful  republican 
candidate.  He  was  elected  as  a  union  republican 
to  succeed  Milton  S.  Latham,  a  democrat,  to  the 
U.  S.  senate,  and  sat  from  4  March,  1863,  till  4 
March,  1869,  serving  on  the  committees  on  finance 
and  the  Pacific  railroad,  and  as  chairman  of  the 
committee  on  mines  and  mining.  He  resided  m 
Massachusetts  after  the  conclusion  of  his  term. 

CONNOLLY,  John,  physician,  b.  in  Lancaster 
county.  Pa.,  about  1750.  He  resided  at  Pittsburg, 
where  he  became  acquainted  with  Washington.  At 
the  beginning  of  the  Revolution  he  suggested  to 
Gov.  Dunmore  the  plan  of  rousing  the  Indian  tribes 
against  the  colonists,  and  was  his  chief  agent  in 
that  business.  He  was  seized  and  imprisoned, 
wliile  at  the  head  of  an  armed  i^arty,  in  1774,  by 
the  authorities  of  Pennsylvania,  with  whom  he  hail 
a  bitter  controversy  respecting  land  at  the  falls  of 
the  Ohio,  granted  him  by  Lord  Dunmore.  He  was 
appointed  by  Lord  Dunmore  magistrate  of  West 
Augusta,  and  in  1775  was  authorized  by  him  to 
raise  in  Canada  and  the  west  and  command  a  regi- 
ment of  loyalists  and  Indians,  to  be  called  the 
Loyal  Foresters.  He  visited  Gen.  Gage  in  the  au- 
tumn of  1775,  and  while  on  the  way  from  Williams- 
burg, Va.,  to  Detroit,  the  rendezvous  of  the  force 
he  expected  to  raise  for  the  invasion  of  Virginia, 
he  was  captured  at  Plagei'stown,  Md.,  with  his  in- 
structions in  his  possession,  and  held  prisoner  till 
near  the  end  of  the  war.  He  and  other  disaf- 
fected persons  held  conferences  at  Detroit,  about 
1798,  with  prominent  citizens  of  the  west,  with  re- 
gard to  the  seizure  of  New  Orleans  and  the  forci- 
ble control  of  the  navigation  of  the  Mississippi, 
The  attention  of  Washington  was  attracted  to  the 
subject,  and  measures  were  taken  to  prevent  the 
execution  of  the  plot. 

CONNOR,  Edmund  Sheppard,  actor,  b.  in 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  9  Sept.,  1809;  d.  in  1891.  In 
1829  lie  made  his  first  public  appearance  as  young 
Nerval  in  the  Walnut  street  theatre,  and  there- 
after became  noted  as  a  performer  of  backwoods- 
man and  Indian  characters,  in  several  plays  writ- 
ten by  native  dramatists.  He  was  manager  of  the 
Arch  street  theatre,  Philadelphia,  in  1850,  and  for 
many  years  lived  in  retirement  in  New  .Jersey. 
— His  second  wife,  Charlotte  Mary  Sanford 
Barnes,  d.  in  New  York  city,  14  April,  1863, 
whom  he  married  in  1847,  made  her  debut  at  the 
Tremont  theatre,  Boston,  in  1833,  played  Juliet 
to  the  Romeo  of  her  mother,  Mrs.  Mary  Barnes, 
and  afterward  appeared  in  England.  Her  father, 
John  Barnes,  was  also  a  successful  actor. 

CONNOR,  Patrick  Edward,  soldier,  b.  in  the 
south  of  Ireland,  17  March,  1820;  d.  in  Salt  Lake 
city,  Utah,  17  Dec,  1891.    He  was  educated  in  New 


CONNOR 


CONRAD 


709 


York  city,  entered  the  regular  army  dui'ing  the 
Florida  war,  at  the  age  of  nineteen,  engaged  in 
mercantile  business  in  New  York  city  after  his  dis- 
charge in  1844,  and  in  1846  settled  in  Texas.  Upon 
the  breaking  out  of  the  Mexican  war  in  that  year 
he  was  mustered  in  as  captain  of  Texas  volunteers, 
in  the  regiment  of  Albert  Sidney  Johnston,  fought 
at  Palo  Alto,  Resaca  de  la  Palma,  and  was  severely 
wounded  at  Buena  Vista.  Shortly  after  the  close 
of  the  war  he  emigrated  to  California,  and  there 
engaged  in  business.  In  1861  he  raised  a  regiment 
of  volunteers  in  California,  and  was  ordered  to 
Utah,  to  prevent  a  revolt  of  the  Mormons  and 
rid  the  overland  routes  of  plundering  Indians.  On 
29  Jan.,  1863,  his  force,  numbering  200,  after  a 
rapid  march  of  140  miles,  made  in  four  nights 
through  deep  snow,  in  weather  so  cold  that  the  feet 
of  seventy-six  soldiers  were  frozen,  encountered 
300  warriors  in  their  fortified  camp  on  Bear  river, 
Washington  territory.  The  troops  enfiladed  the 
position,  and  after  a  fight  of  four  hours  destroyed 
the  entire  band.  Col.  Connor  was  commissioned 
brigadier-general,  30  March,  1863,  and  was  long  in 
command  of  the  Utah  district,  where  he  effective- 
ly established  the  authority  of  the  government. 
He  received  the  brevet  of  major-general  at  the 
close  of  the  civil  war,  and  having  been  appointed, 
on  the  petition  of  the  legislatures  of  Colorado  and 
Nebraska,  to  the  district  of  the  plains,  organized 
an  expedition  of  2,000  cavalry  to  chastise  the  Sioux 
and  Arapahoes  for  depredations  on  the  Overland 
mail  route,  and  in  August,  1865,  defeated  the  latter 
at  Tongue  River.  He  was  mustered  out  of  the  ser- 
vice on  30  April,  1866„  Gen.  Connor  was  the  leader 
in  building  up  a  Gentile  community  in  Utah.  His 
volunteer  force  numbered  16,000.  Soon  after  he 
established  Camp  Douglas,  near  Salt  Lake  City,  he 
founded  there  the  "  Union  Vedette,"  which  was  the 
first  daily  newspaper  printed  in  the  territory.  He 
located  the  first  silver  mine  in  Utah,  wrote  the  first 
mining  law,  introduced  navigation  on  the  Great 
Salt  Lake,  built  the  first  silver-lead  smelting-works, 
and  founded  the  town  of  Stockton.  After  the  war 
he  declined  a  colonelcy  in  the  regular  army  in  order 
to  attend  to  his  large  mining  and  commercial  in- 
terests in  Utah. 

CONNOR,  Seidell,  soldier,  b.  in  Fairfield,  Me., 
25  Jan.,  1839.  He  was  graduated  at  Tufts  college, 
Massachusetts,  in  1859,  and  studied  law  in  Wood- 
stock, Vt,  When  the  war  began  he  enlisted  for 
three  months  in  the  1st  regiment  of  Vermont  vol- 
imteers,  and  after  being  mustered  out  was  chosen 
major,  and  afterward  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  7th 
Maine  regiment.  He  commanded  the  regiment  for 
some  time,  took  part  in  the  peninsular  campaign, 
was  in  temporary  command  of  the  77th  New  York 
regiment  after  the  battle  of  Antietam,  participated 
in  the  battle  of  Fredericksburg,  receiving  a  slight 
wound,  and  was  i)resent  at  the  battle  of  Gettys- 
burg. In  January,  1864,  he  was  commissioned 
colonel  of  the  19th"Maine  volunteers,  and,  as  rank- 
ing officer,  commanded  the  brigade.  In  the  battle 
of  the  Wilderness  his  thigh-bone  was  shattered  by 
a  bullet,  6  May,  1864.  He  was  commissioned 
brigadier-general  in  June,  1864,  but  was  incapaci- 
tated for  active  service  after  receiving  his  wound. 
In  April.  1866,  his  leg  was  again  fractured  by  a 
fall,  confining  him  to  his  house  for  two  years.  He 
was  a  member  of  Gov.  Chamberlain's  staff,  and  in 
1868  was  appointed  assessor  of  internal  revenue. 
In  1874  he  was  appointed  collector  for  the  Augusta 
district,  and  held  that  office  till  he  was  nominated 
by  the  republicans  for  the  governorship  of  Maine, 
in  1875.  He  was  elected  by  3,872  majority  over 
Charles  W.  Roberts,  the  democratic  candidate,  and 

VOL.  I. — 46 


re-elected  for  the  two  following  terms,  serving 
from  January,  1876,  till  January,  1879.  From 
1882  till  1886  he  was  U.  S.  pension-agent. 

CONNOR,  Skeflington,  jurist,  b.  in  Dubhn, 
Ireland,  in  1810 ;  d.  in  Toronto  in  1863.  He  was 
graduated  at  Trinity  college,  Dublin,  in  1830,  and 
soon  afterward  he  emigrated  to  Canada,  settling  in 
the  township  of  Orillia,  then  a  wilderness,  where  he 
lived  for  two  years.  He  then  returned  to  Ireland, 
whence,  after  a  short  stay,  he  went  to  the  continent 
and  resided  for  a  few  years.  During  his  absence 
Mr.  Connor  was  called  to  the  Irish  bar  in  1833,  and, 
on  his  return  to  Canada,  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
at  Osgood  hall,  Toronto,  in  1842.  He  entered  into 
partnership  with  ex-Chancellor  Blake  and  Justice 
Morrison,  and  for  many  years  had  a  lucrative  prac- 
tice. In  1846  he  again  visited  Ireland,  and  the 
degree  of  LL.  D,  was  conferred  upon  him  by  the 
University  of  Dublin.  In  1858  he  was  solicitor- 
general  for  Upper  Canada.  At  the  general  elec- 
tion of  1856  he  was  elected  for  South  Oxford,  a 
constituency  that  he  continued  to  represent  until 
his  elevation,  on  1  Feb.,  1863,  to  the  Queen's  bench 
as  puisne  judge.  During  the  whole  of  his  parlia- 
mentary career  he  adhered  to  the  liberal  party. 
He  had  been  appointed  chancellor  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Toronto  not  long  before  his  death. 

CONOVER,  Simon  Barclay,  senator,  b.  in 
Cranbury,  Middlesex  co.,  N.  J.,  23  Sept.,  1840.  He 
was  graduated  M.  D.  in  the  University  of  Nashville, 
Tenn.,  in  1864,  appointed  an  assistant  surgeon  in 
the  Army  of  the  Cumberland,  and  stationed  at 
Nashville,  Tenn.,  resigned,  but  was  afterward  re- 
appointed, and  ordered  to  Lake  City,  Fla.,  in  1866, 
He  was  a  member  of  the  State  constitutional  con- 
vention in  1868,  and  was  appointed  state  treasurer 
by  Gov.  Reed,  resigning  his  commission  in  the 
army  to  accept  the  office.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Republican  national  convention  at  Chicago  in  1868, 
and  became  a  member  of  the  Republican  national 
committee.  After  the  expiration  of  his  term  of 
office  as  treasurer,  in  1873,  he  was  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  the  state  house  of  representatives,  and  chosen 
speaker.  He  was  elected  U.  S.  senator  in  1872,  and 
served  from  4  March,  1873,  till  3  March,  1879.  He 
was  the  Republican  candidate  for  governor  in  1880. 
After  the  expiration  of  his  term  in  the  senate  he 
resumed  the  practice  of  medicine. 

CONOVEK,  Thomas  Anderson,  b.  in  Mon- 
mouth, N.  J.,  17  April,  1791;  d.  in  South  Amboy, 
N.  J.,  25  Sept.,  1864.  He  entered  the  navy  as  mid- 
shipman, 1  Jan.,  1812,  his  first  cruise  being  on  the 
"  Essex,"  commanded  by  Capt.  David  Porter,  dur- 
ing the  war  with  England.  His  next  service  was 
under  Com.  McDonough  on  Lake  Champlain.  lie 
was  promoted  to  a  lieutenancy,  5  March,  1817,  and 
served  on  board  the  "  Guerriere  "  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean, and  other  vessels  in  various  portions  of  tlie 
world  until  his  promotion  to  commander,  28  Feb., 
1838,  in  which  capacity  he  commanded  the  sloop- 
of-war  "  John  Adams  "  some  years.  He  was  pro- 
moted to  the  rank  of  captain,  2  Oct.,  1848,  and  in 
1857-8  commanded  the  squadron  on  the  coast  of 
Africa,  the  "  Constitution  "  being  his  flag-ship.  On 
16  July,  1862,  on  the  creation  of  the  grade  of  com- 
modore in  the  navy,  he  was  promoted  to  that  rank, 
and  later  was  placed  on  the  retired  list,  after  hav- 
ing been  in  the  service  more  than  half  a  century. 

CONRAD,  Charles  3Ias,'ill,  statesman,  b.  in 
Winchester,  Va..  in  1804;  d.  in  New  Orleans,  La.,  11 
Feb.,  1878.  He  went  with  his  Jatlier  to  Jlississippi, 
and  thence  to  Louisiana  while  an  infant,  received 
a  liberal  education,  studied  law.  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1828,  and  practised  in  New  Orleans.  He 
served  several  years  in  the  state  legislature,  was 


710 


CONRAD 


CONRAD 


elected  to  the  U.  S.  senate  as  a  whig  in  the  place 
of  Alexander  Mouton,  who  had  resigned,  and  served 
from  14  April,  1842,  till  3  March,  1843.  In  1844 
he  was  a  member  of  the  state  constitutional  con- 
vention. He  was  elected  to  congress  in  1848,  and 
served  till  August,  1850,  when  he  was  appointed 
secretary  of  war  bv  President  Fillmore,  serving 
from  13  Aug.,  1850,  till  7  March,  1853.  He  was 
one  of  the  leaders  of  the  secession  movement  in 
Louisiana  in  December,  1860.  a  deputy  from  Lou- 
isiana in  the  Montgomery  provisional  congress  of 
1861,  a  member  of  the  1st  and  2d  Confederate  con- 
gresses in  1862-'4,  and  also  served  as  a  brigadier- 
general  in  the  Confederate  army. 

CONRAD,  Frowin,  b.  in  Auro,  Switzerland,  2 
Nov.,  1833.  He  entered  the  order  of  St.  Benedict, 
and  was  ordained  in  1856.  Having  received  direc- 
tions to  found  a  monastery  of  his  order  in  the 
United  States  in  1873,  he  embarked  for  this  country 
and  founded  the  Benedictine  monastery  of  New 
Engleberg,  at  Conception,  Mo.,  which  was  erected 
into  an  abbey  in  1881.  In  1885  Father  Conrad 
was  chosen  as  its  first  abbot. 

CONRAD,  Joseph,  soldier,  b.  in  Wied-Selters, 
Germany,  17  May,  1830.  He  was  graduated  at  the 
military  academy  of  Hesse  Darmstadt  in  1848,  and 
came  to  this  country,  settling  in  Missouri.  At  the 
beginning  of  the  civil  war  he  enlisted  in  the  Na- 
tional service,  and  was  made  captain  of  the  3d 
Missouri  infantry.  He  became  major  in  Septem- 
ber, and  was  engaged  in  the  action  of  Carthage, 
the  battle  of  Pea  Ridge,  and  the  siege  of  Corinth, 
After  being  mustered  out,  he  re-entered  the  army 
as  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  15th  Missouri  infantry, 
in  May,  1862,  became  colonel  in  November,  and 
was  engaged  in  the  battles  of  Perryville,  Chicka- 
mauga,  and  Missionary  Ridge.  During  the  Atlanta 
campaign  he  commanded  a  brigade  in  the  Army  of 
the  Cumberland,  and  was  brevetted  brigadier-gen- 
eral for  his  services.  He  commanded  the  sub-dis- 
trict of  Victoria  in  Texas  until  February,  1866, 
when  he  was  mustered  out  of  the  volunteer  service. 
In  July,  1866,  he  entered  the  regular  army,  and 
was  commissioned  captain  in  the  29th  infantry, 
transferred  to  the  11th  infantry  in  April,  1869, 
and  served  with  his  regiment  until  Octobei',  1882, 
when  he  was  retired  with  the  rank  of  colonel. 

CONRAD,  Joseph  Speed,  soldier,  b.  in  Ithaca, 
N.  Y.,  23  Aug.,  1833:  d.  in  Fort  Randall,  4  Dec, 
1891.  He  was  graduated  at  the  U.  S.  military  acad- 
emy in  1857.  and  assigned  to  Fort  Columbus.  He 
was  sent  to  the  western  frontier  in  1858,  and  dur- 
ing the  three  years  succeeding  served  in  Minne- 
sota and  Nebraska.  When  the  civil  war  began 
he  was  a  first  lieutenant,  and  was  detailed  as 
commissary  of  subsistence  to  Gen.  Lyon  in  the 
Missouri  campaign  in  the  summer  of  1861.  He 
was  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Wilson's  Creek,  10 
Aug.,  and  was  on  sick-leave  until  October.  He 
was  promoted  captain,  1  Nov.,  1861,  and  placed  at 
the  head  of  the  discharge  department  in  Washing- 
ton from  that  time  until  21  Jan.,  1864.  Early  in 
the  summer  of  that  year  he  joined  the  regular 
brigade  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  and  was  en- 
gaged in  the  campaigns  that  followed,  including 
the  battles  of  the  Wilderness,  Spottsylvania,  Pe- 
tersburg, and  Reams's  Station.  During  this  period 
he  served  at  different  times  as  judge-advocate,  pro- 
vost-marshal, and  commissary  of  musters.  He 
received  three  brevets,  as  major,  lieutenant-colonel, 
and  colonel  of  volunteers.  From  1865  till  1871  he 
was  occupied  with  garrison  duty,  after  which  he 
served  as  instructor  of  infantry  tactics  at  the  U.  S. 
military  academy,  and  then  on  special  duty  in 
Washington  in  connection  with  the  Centennial  ex- 


RjJ.  Lrma 


hibition  at  Philadelphia.  In  1877  he  was  assigned 
to  duty  on  the  frontier.  He  was  promoted  to  major 
of  the  17th  infantry  on  27  April,  1879,  and  to  lieu- 
tenant-colonel of  the  22d  infantry  on  27  June,  1884 
In  1886  he  was  in  command  of  Fort  Lyon,  Colorado. 

CONRAD,  Robert  Taylor,  lawyer,  b.  in  Phila- 
delphia, 10  June,  1810;  d.  there,  27  June,  1858. 
He  was  the  son  of  a  publisher  of  Philadelphia, 
was  educated  for  the  bar,  and  attained  a  high 
reputation  as  a  political  speaker,  and  as  an  edi- 
tor and  poet.  Before  he  was  twenty-one  years 
old  he  wrote  a  tragedy,  "  Conradin,"  and  in"l832 
published  the  "  Daily  Commercial  Intelligencer," 
which  was  merged  into  the  "  Philadelphia  Ga- 
zette." Abandoning  this  occupation  from  failing 
health  in  1834,  he  returned  to  the  law,  became 
recorder,  and  in 
1838  judge  of 
thecriminalses- 
sions  for  the 
city  and  coun- 
ty of  Philadel- 
phia. When  tlie 
latter  court  was 
dissolved,  he  re- 
sumed the  pen, 
edited  "  Gra- 
ham's Maga- 
zine," and  be- 
came associate 
editor  of  the 
"  North  Ameri- 
can." On  the 
consolidation  of 
the  districts 
with  the  city  in 

1854,     he     was  ^ 

elected     mayor 

by  the  Whig  and  American  parties.  In  1856  he 
was  appointed  to  the  bench  of  the  quarter  sessions, 
serving  in  that  capacity  till  1857.  In  literature 
he  is  best  known  by  the  tragedy  of  "Aylmere," 
purchased  by  Edwin  Forrest,  in  which  that  actor 
played  the  part  of  Jack  Cade.  In  1852  Judge  Con- 
rad published  a  volume  entitled  "  Aylmere,  or  the 
Bondman  of  Kent,  and  other  Poems,"  the  princi- 
pal of  which  latter  are  "  The  Sons  of  the  Wilder- 
ness," a  meditative  poem  on  the  wrongs  and  mis- 
fortunes of  the  North  American  Indians,  and  a 
series  of  sonnets  on  the  Lord's  Prayer.  Another 
tragedy  that  he  wrote,  "  The  Heretic,"  was  never 
acted,  nor  published. 

CONRAD,  Timothy  Abbott,  naturalist,  b.  in 
New  Jersey,  21  June,  1803;  d.  in  Trenton,  N.  J., 
9  Aug.,  1877.  He  was  from  early  life  an  investi- 
gator of  American  paleontology  and  natural  his- 
tory, devoting  himself  to  the  study  of  the' shells  of 
the  tertiary  and  cretaceous  formations,  and  to  ex- 
isting species  of  moUusks.  In  1831  he  began  the 
issue  of  a  work  on  "  American  Marine  Concholo- 
gy,"  and  the  year  following  published  the  first 
number  of  his  "  Fossil  Shells  of  the  Tertiary  For- 
mation," which  was  never  completed.  A  "  Monog- 
raphy  of  the  Family  Unionidfe  "  was  issued  be- 
tween 1835  and  1847.  The  lithographed  plates  in 
his  publications  were  in  part  his  own  work.  He 
contributed  many  articles  to  the  "  American  Jour- 
nal of  Science"  and  the  "Journal  of  the  Phila- 
delphia Academy  of  Science."  As  one  of  the 
New  York  state  geologists  he  prepared  the  geo- 
logical report  for  1837.  He  was  paleontologist  of 
the  New  York  geological  survey  from  1838  till 
1841,  and  wrote  the  annual  reports  in  that  depart- 
ment. He  also  made  the  reports  of  paleontologi- 
cal  discoveries  in  the  Pacific  railroad  survey  and 


CONRAD 


CONWAY 


711 


the  Mexican  boundary  survey.  He  defended  the 
theory  of  periodical  refrigeration,  and  suggested 
that  the  Mississippi  depression  was  the  conse- 
quence of  the  upheaval  of  the  Appalachians  and 
the  later  elevation  of  the  Rocky  mountain  area.  A 
list  of  his  scientific  papers  is  given  in  the  catalogue 
of  the  Royal  society  of  England. 

CONRAD,  William,  clergyman,  b.  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, 11  Aug.,  1808;  d.  16  Feb.,  1865.  He  was 
educated  at  the  academy  and  theological  seminary 
of  the  German  Reformed  church  at  York,  Pa!, 
licensed  to  preach  by  the  Westmoreland  classis  in 
May,  1835,  and  labored  during  the  rest  of  his  life 
in  western  Pennsylvania  as  a  pioneer  preacher. 
He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  Westmoreland  col- 
lege. Mount  Pleasant,  Pa.,  to  which  he  presented 
his  large  collection  of  geological  specimens,  was  a 
frequent  contributor  to  religious  journals,  and 
published  a  volume  on  "  Baptism  "  (1847). 

CONROY,  John  Joseph,  R.  C.  bishop,  b.  in 
Queens  county,  Ireland,  in  1819.  He  studied  un- 
der the  Sulpicians  at  Montreal,  completed  his  theo- 
logical course  in  Mount  St.  Mary's,  and  was  or- 
dained in  1842.  He  became  vice-president  of  St. 
John's  college,  Pordham,  in  1843,  and  was  after- 
ward appointed  president.  He  was  transferred  to 
the  pastorate  of  St.  Joseph's  church,  Albany,  in 
1844,  and  founded  St.  Vincent's  orf^han  asylum, 
built  a  convent  of  the  Sisters  of  Charity,  and  re- 
built St.  Joseph's  church.  He  became  vicar-gen- 
eral of  the  diocese  of  Albany  in  1857,  and  admin- 
istered its  affairs  during  the  absence  of  the  bishop. 
He  succeeded  Dr.  McCloskey  on  the  latter's  promo- 
tion to  the  see  of  New  York.  During  his  admin- 
istration there  was  a  large  increase  of  churches 
and  priests.  Among  the  most  noted  institutions 
that  he  founded  are  an  industrial  school,  St.  Peter's 
hospital,  St.  Agnes's  rural  cemetery,  and  a  house 
of  the  Little  Sisters  of  the  Poor.  He  was  present 
at  the  first  and  second  councils  of  Baltimore,  and 
took  part  in  the  sessions  of  the  Vatican  council. 
In  1869  he  convoked  a  synod  of  his  diocese,  and 
made  important  regulations  for  its  future  govern- 
ment. In  1870  a  coadjutor  was  appointed  at  his 
request,  and  in  1874  he  resigned.  He  was  then 
created  bishop  of  Curium  in  paiiihus.  and  I'esided 
in  New  York  city,  where  he  died,  20  Nov.,  1895. 

CONTEE,  Beiijaiiiiii,  clergyman,  b.  in  Mary- 
land in  1755 ;  d.  in  Charles  county,  Md.,  3  Nov., 
1815.  He  was  liberally  educated,  studied  theology, 
and  became  a  clergyman  of  the  Protestant  Episco- 
pal church.  In  1776  he  was  an  officer  in  the  3d 
Maryland  battalion,  lie  was  a  member  of  the 
Continental  congress  in  1787-'8,  and  was  elected 
to  the  1st  congress  under  the  constitution,  in  which 
body  he  voted  in  1790  for  establishing  the  seat  of 
government  on  the  Potomac.  Subsequently  he 
became  the  ]irosi(ling  judge  of  the  Charles  county, 
Md.,  testaiiieutarv  court. 

CONTIIECIEUR,  Captain,  French  soldier,  b. 
about  1730.  He  was  a  captain  in  the  French  ma- 
rines, and  in  1754  conducted  a  force  of  1,000  men, 
mostly  Indians,  with  eighteen  cannon,  down  the 
Alleghany  river  in  boats,  for  the  purpose  of  pre- 
venting the  British  authorities  or  the  Ohio  com- 
pany from  planting  settlements  in  the  Ohio  valley, 
which  was  claimed  by  the  French  under  the  treaty 
of  Aix.  Ensign  Ward,  of  Capt.  Trent's  company, 
had  partly  constructed  a  fort  at  Ohio  Fork,  now 
Pittsburg,  the  spot  recommended  for  the  purpose 
in  Washington's  report.  He  surrendered  the  works 
to  Contrecosur,  who  finished  the  stockade,  called 
it  Fort  Duquesne,  and  maintained  there  a  garri- 
son of  about  250  Frenchmen,  and  sometimes  as 
many  as  500  Indians.     When  Braddock  advanced 


with  more  than  2,000  men,  although  the  garrison 
was  demoralized  by  fear,  Capt.  Beaujeu,  who  had 
come  to  relieve  Contrecoeur,  determined  to  attack 
the  approaching  army,  and,  while  he  carried  out 
the  brilliant  attack  that  resulted  in  the  rout  of 
Braddock's  army,  9  July,  1755,  Contrecoeur,  to 
whom  the  French  official  reports  erroneously  give 
the  credit  of  the  victory,  remained  at  the  fort. 
As  Beaujeu  had  been  shot,  the  command  again  de- 
volved upon  Contrecoeur,  who  was  responsible  for 
the  atrocities  committed  by  the  Indians. 

CONVERSE,  Amasa,  journalist,  b.  in  Virginia 
in  1795;  d.  in  Louisville,  Ky.,  9  Dec,  1872.  He 
was  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1822.  After  com- 
pleting his  theological  course  he  was  for  some 
years  a  pastor  in  the  south,  whence  he  removed 
to  Philadelphia,  and  founded  the  "  Christian  Ob- 
server," a  Presbyterian  weekly  organ  of  old-school 
doctrine  and  southern  political  sympathies.  When 
the  civil  war  began  he  removed  his  paper  to  Rich- 
mond, Va.,  and  after  the  war  to  Louisville,  Ky., 
where  it  continued  to  be  the  organ  and  exponent 
of  the  southern  Presbyterian  church. 

CONVERSE,  Charles  Crozat,  musical  com- 
poser, b.  in  Warren,  Mass.,  in  1834.  He  studied 
law  and  music  in  Leipsic,  Germany,  returned 
home  in  1857,  and  was  graduated  at  the  Albany 
law-school  in  1861.  His  musical  compositions  have 
appeared  under  the  anagrammatic  pen-names  "  C. 
0.  Nevers,"  "  Karl  Reden,"  and  "  E.  C.  Revons." 
He  has  published  a  cantata  (1855);  "New  Method 
for  the  Guitar  "  (1855) ;  "  Musical  Bouquet "  (1859) ; 
"  The  One  Hundred  and  Twenty-sixth  Psalm " 
(1860) ;  "  Sweet  Singer  "  (1863) ;  "  Church  Singer  " 
(1863) ;  "  Sayings  of  Sages"  (1863). 

CONWAY,  Monciire  Daniel,  author,  b.  in  Staf- 
ford county,  Va.,  17  March,  1832.  His  father  was 
a  magistrate  and  a  member  of  the  Virginia  legisla- 
ture ;  his  mother  a  daughter  of  Surgeon-General 
Daniel.  He  received  his  early  education  at  Fred- 
ericksburg academy,  and  was  graduated  at  Dick- 
inson college.  Pa.,  in  1849,  where  he  united  with 
the  Methodist  church.  He  began  the  study  of  law 
at  Warrenton,  Va.,  and  while  there  wrote  for  the 
Richmond  "  Examiner,"  of  which  his  cousin,  John 
M.  Daniel,  was  editor,  in  support  of  extreme  south- 
ern opinions.  He  abandoned  the  law  to  enter  the 
Methodist  ministry,  joined  the  Baltimore  confer- 
ence in  1850,  was  appointed  to  the  Rockville  cir- 
cuit, and  in  1852  to  Frederick  circuit.  He  was  a 
contributor  to  the  "  Southern  Literary  Messenger," 
and  published  a  pamphlet  entitled  "  Free  Schools 
in  Virginia,"  in  which  he  advocated  the  adoption 
of  the  New  England  common-school  system.  Hav- 
ing undergone  a  change  of  political  and  religious 
convictions,  partly  through  the  infiuence  of  a  set- 
tlement of  Quakers  among  whom  he  lived,  he  left 
the  Methodist  ministry  and  entered  the  divinity- 
school  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  where  he  was  gradu- 
ated in  1854.  He  then  returned  to  Virginia,  in 
the  hope  of  preaching  his  humanitarian  ifieas  and 
transcendental  and  rationalistic  doctrines;  but 
upon  reaching  Falmouth,  where  his  parents  re- 
sided, was  obliged  by  a  band  of  neighbors  to  leave 
the  state  under  threats  because  he  had  befriended 
Anthony  Burns,  a  fugitive  slave  from  the  same 
district.  The  same  year  he  became  pastor  of  the 
Unitarian  church  in'Washington,  D.  C,  wliere  he 
preached  until  he  was  dismissed  on  account  of 
some  anti-slavery  discourses,  especially  one  deliv- 
ered after  the  assault  on  Senator  Sumner.  In  1857 
he  was  settled  over  the  Unitarian  church  in  Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio.  There  he  published,  among  other 
pamphlets,  "A  Defence  of  tiie  Theatre"  and  "The 
Natural   History  of    the    Devil."      The    publica- 


712 


CONWAY 


CONWAY 


tlon  of  books  on  slavery  and  its  relation  to  the 
civil  war  led  to  an  invitation  to  lecture  on  this 
subject  in  New  England,  as  he  had  already  lec- 
tured gratuitously  throughout  Ohio.  During  the 
war  his  father's  slaves  escaped  from  Virginia  and 
were  settled  by  him  in  Yellow  Springs,  Ohio.  He 
was  for  a  time  editor  of  the  Boston  "  Common- 
wealth." In  1863  he  went  to  England  to  enlighten 
the  British  public  in  i-egard  to  the  causes  of  the 
war,  and  there  wrote  and  lectured  as  a  representa- 
tive of  the  anti-slavery  opinions  of  the  north.  He 
also  contributed  to  "  Eraser's  Magazine  "  and  the 
"  Fortnightly  Review."  Toward  the  close  of  1863 
he  became  the  minister  of  South  Place  religious 
society  in  London,  remaining  there  until  he  re- 
turned to  the  United  States  in  1884.  He  was  long 
the  London  correspondent  of  the  Cincinnati  "  Com- 
mercial." "  The  Rejected  Stone,  or  Insurrection 
versus  Resurrection  in  America,"  first  appeared 
under  the  pen-name  "  A  Native  of  Virginia,"  and 
attracted  much  attention  before  the  authorship  be- 
came known.  "  The  Golden  Hour  "  was  a  similar 
work.  Mr.  Conway  was  a  frequent  contributor  to 
the  daily  liberal  press  in  England,  and  has  written 
extensively  for  magazines  in  that  country  and  in 
the  United  States.  A  series  of  articles  entitled 
"  South  Coast  Saunterings  in  England  "  appeared 
in  "  Harper's  Magazine  "  in  1868-9.  He  has  pub- 
lished in  book  form  "  Tracts  for  To-day  "  (Cincin- 
nati, 1858) ;  '^  The  Rejected  Stone  "  (Boston,  1861) ; 
"  The  Golden  Hour  "  (1862) ;  "  Testimonies  con- 
cerning Slavery  "  (London,  1865) ;  "  The  Earth- 
ward Pilgrimage,"  a  moral  and  doctrinal  allegory 
(London  and  New  York,  1870) ;  "  Republican  Su- 
perstitions," a  theoretical  treatise  on  politics,  in 
which  he  objects  to  the  extensive  powers  conferred 
on  the  president  of  the  United  States  by  the  Fed- 
eral constitution,  and  advocates,  with  Louis  Blanc, 
a  single  legislative  chamber  (London,  1872) ;  "  The 
Sacred  Anthology,"  a  selection  from  the  sages  and 
sacred  books  of  all  ages  (London  and  New  York, 
1873) ;  "  Idols  and  Ideais  "  (London  and  New  York, 
1877) ;  "  Demonology  and  Devil-Lore  "  (1879) ;  "  A 
Necklace  of  Stories  "  (London,  1880) ;  "  The  Wan- 
dering Jew  and  the  Pound  of  Flesh  "  (London  and 
New  York,  1881) ;  "  Thomas  Carlyle  "  (1881). 

CONWAY,  Thomas,  Count  de,  soldier,  b.  in  Ire- 
land, 27  Feb.,  1733;  d.  about  1800.  He  was  educated 
in  France,  entei'ed  the  army,  and  in  1777  had  at- 
tained the  rank  of  colonel  and  the  decoration  of  St. 
Louis.  On  the  recommendation  of  Silas  Deane  he 
came  to  the  United  States  and  offered  his  services  to 
congress.  He  was  made  a  brigadier-general,  13  May, 
1777,  was  present  at  the  battles  of  Brandywine  and 
Germantown.  It  is  chiefly  as  the  leader  of  the 
"  Conway  cabal,"  a  conspiracy  to  deprive  Washing- 
ton of  the  command  of  the  army,  that  he  is  known 
to  history.  This  plot  was  developed  during  the 
autumn  of  1777,  and  received  the  open  or  secret 
support  of  a  strong  faction  in  congress,  including 
some  able  and  patriotic  men,  who  were  dissatisfied 
with  what  they  thought  the  supineness  of  Wash- 
ington and  the  southern  army,  in  contrast  with 
the  victory  that  had  just  been  won  at  Saratoga  by 
the  northern  army  under  Gates.  Even  John  Adams 
exclaimed :  "  I  am  weary  with  so  much  insipidity," 
while  Dr.  Benjamin  Rush  actively  supported  the 
dissidents.  Through  the  influence  of  this  faction 
Gates  was  made  president  of  the  board  of  war,  and 
a  Canadian  campaign  was  proposed,  which  Lafay- 
ette was  to  lead,  with  Conway  to  assist  him.  Em- 
bittered by  Washington's  opposition  to  his  promo- 
tion, Conway  wrote  anonymous  letters  to  prominent 
men,  alleging  Washington's  responsibility  for  re- 
cent military  disasters.    He  was  thought  to  have 


even  forged  Washington's  name  to  papers  designed 
to  further  the  plans  of  the  conspirators.  But  Gen. 
James  Wilkinson,  under  the  influence  of  wine,  dis- 
closed some  passages  that  had  appeared  in  a  letter 
from  Conway  to  Gates,  and  Washington  thus  be- 
coming apprised  of  the  conspiracy  against  him,  its 
power  was  soon  gone.  Lafayette,  also,  refused  to 
lead  the  proposed  expedition  unless  Baron  de  Kalb 
should  be  made  his  second.  Conway's  promotion 
to  major-general  was  confirmed,  14  Dec,  1777,  in 
spite  of  Washington's  disapproval.  But  in  the 
following  March,  having  lost  favor  with  congress, 
his  resignation,  offered  conditionally,  in  a  fit  of 
petulance,  was  accepted  unconditionally,  and  he 
was  obliged,  against  his  will,  to  leave  the  army. 
In  July,  1778.  Gen.  John  Cadwallader,  a  stanch 
adherent  of  Washington,  challenged  Conway  to 
mortal  combat  because  of  his  attacks  upon  the 
commander-in-chief.  The  meeting  took  place,  22 
July,  and  Conway  was  badly  wounded  in  the 
mouth.  He  fell  on  his  face,  but  raised  himself  and 
remarked  to  his  adversary :  "You  fire  with  much 
deliberation,  general,  and  certainly  with  a  great 
deal  of  eft'ect."  As  soon  as  he  was  able  to  sit  up  he 
wrote  a  humble  apology  to  Washington.  He  shortly 
afterward  returned  to  France,  where  he  re-entered 
the  military  service,  and  was  appointed  governor 
of  Pondicherry  and  the  French  settlements  in  Hin- 
dustan. He  is  charged  with  having  ruined  the 
French  prospects  in  India  by  a  quarrel  with  Tippoo 
Saib.  In  1792  he  was  sent  to  take  command  of 
the  royalist  array  in  the  south  of  France,  but  dur- 
ing tlie  revolution  was  obliged  to  flee  the  country. 

CONWAY,  William,  sailor,  b.  in  Camden,  Me., 
in  1802 ;  d.  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  30  Nov.,  1865.  He 
was  a  sailor  in  the  U.  S.  navy  for  forty  years,  and 
was  stationed  at  the  Warrington  or  Pensacola 
navy-yard  when  it  was  surrendei'ed  to  the  south- 
erners on  12  Jan.,  1861,  serving  at  the  time  as 
quartermaster.  When  ordered  by  Lieut.  Frederick 
B.  Kinshaw  to  lower  the  U.  S.  flag,  he  replied :  "  I 
have  served  under  that  flag  for  forty  years,  and  I 
won't  do  it."  Shortly  afterward  Mr.  Conway  was 
sent  to  the  north,  where  he  remained  until  his  death. 

CONWAY,  William  A.,  actor,  b.  in  London; 
drowned  himself  off  Charleston  bar  in  1828.  He 
was  educated  for  the  bar,  but  appeared  on  the 
stage  at  the  Haymarket  theatre,  in  London,  termi- 
nated a  three  years'  engagement  in  1816,  starred 
till  1821,  and  came  to  the  United  States  in  1823, 
He  appeared  as  Hamlet  and  other  tragic  parts  in 
New  York  and  Philadelphia,  visited  the  western 
and  southern  cities,  took  passage  early  in  1828  for 
Savannah,  and  threw  himself  into  the  sea  while  on 
the  voyage.  He  won  the  affections  of  Mrs.  Piozzi, 
whose  letters  to  him  were  published  in  1843.  As 
Coriolanus  he  was  excelled  by  Kemble  alone. — His 
son,  Frederick  B.,  actor,  b.  in  Clifton,  England, 
10  Feb.,  1819  ;  d.  in  Manchester,  Mass.,  6  Sept., 
1874.  He  early  developed  a  taste  for  the  stage, 
and  had  won  a  fair  position  in  his  profession  in 
England,  when  he  came  to  the  United  States  in 
August,  1850.  Here  he  formed  an  association  with 
Edwin  Forrest,  and  played  lago  to  his  Othello, 
De  Mauprat  to  his  Richelieu,  and  other  com- 
panion parts.  After  the  death  of  his  first  wife, 
Mr.  Conway  married,  m  May,  1852,  Miss  Crocker, 
a  leading  actress,  and  the  two  thenceforward 
acted  together.  In  1859  they  opened  Pike's  opera- 
house  ni  Cincinnati  with  a  first-class  company, 
but  the  engagement  was  not  profitable,  and  they 
returned  to  the  east.  In  1861  they  visited  Eng- 
land, and  filled  a  short  engagement  at  Sadler's 
Wells  theatre,  London.  After  their  return  they 
became  star -actors,  and  made  an  extensive  and 


CON  WELL 


COOK 


713 


profitable  tour.  Though  somewhat  pompous  in 
manner,  Mr.  Conway  was  a  good  actor,  with  a 
fine  personal  appearance  and  a  commanding  de- 
livery.—Sarah  Crocker,  wife  of  Frederick,  b.  in 
Ridgefield,  Conn.,  in  1834:  d.  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  in 
April,  1875,  was  a  sister  of  Mrs.  D.  P.  Bowers.  (See 
Bowers).  She  made  her  debut  in  Baltimore  in 
1849,  playing  Parthenia  and  other  leading  parts. 
She  possessed  a  tall  and  graceful  figure  and  an  ex- 
pressive countenance,  and  was  a  versatile  actress 
and  a  popular  manager.  In  1864  she  leased  the 
Park  theatre  in  Brooklyn,  and  subsequently  the 
new  Brooklyn  theatre,  in  which  for  nine  years  Mr, 
Conway  played  leading  parts. 

CONWELL,  Henry,  R.  C.  bishop,  b.  in  Armagh, 
Ireland,  in  1748;  d.  in  Philadelphia  in  1842.  He 
was  ordained  in  1776.  When  vicar-general  of  Ar- 
magh he  received  notice  of  his  appointment  to  the 
see  of  Philadelphia  in  1820,  and  was  consecrated  in 
London.  Shortly  after  his  arrival  in  Philadelphia 
he  had  difficulty  with  the  trustees  of  the  cathedral 
church  of  St.  Mary's,  who  insisted  on  retaining  a 
priest  of  doubtful  character,  contrary  to  the  de- 
sire of  the  bishop.  The  result  was  a  schism.  Dr. 
Conwell  and  the  clergy  of  his  household  were 
obliged  to  abandon  the  cathedral,  and  retired  to 
the  church  of  St.  Joseph's  in  the  neighborhood. 
The  efforts  of  Bishop  England  and  other  prelates, 
who  offered  themselves  as  mediators,  were  unavail- 
ing, and  in  1828  Dr.  Conwell  went  to  Rome.  The 
papal  authorities  endeavored  to  dissviade  him  from 
returning  to  the  United  States,  and,  fearing  he 
might  be  detained  in  Rome,  he  suddenly  went  to 
Paris.  Here  the  papal  nuncio  used  every  effort  to 
prevail  on  him  to  resign  his  see,  but  only  with  the 
result  of  alarming  the  aged  prelate  still  further, 
who  forthwith  sailed  for  New  Yoi'k.  He  was 
present  at  the  council  of  Baltimore  in  1829,  but 
took  no  part  in  its  deliberations.  He  was  per- 
suaded by  the  assembled  bishops  to  accept  the 
Rev.  Francis  P.  Kenrick  as  a  coadjutor,  and  spent 
the  remainder  of  his  life  in  retirement. 

CONY,  Samuel,  jurist,  b.  in  Augusta,  Me.,  27 
Feb.,  1811 ;  d.  there,  5  Oct.,  1870.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Brown  in  1829,  studied  law,  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1832,  and  engaged  in  practice  at  Old- 
town,  Me.  He  was  elected  to  the  legislature  in 
1835,  in  1839  was  chosen  a  member  of  Gov.  Fair- 
field's executive  council,  and  from  1840  till  1847 
was  judge  of  probate  for  Penobscot  county.  In 
1847  he  was  appointed  land-agent,  and  in  1850 
elected  state  treasurer,  an  office  which  he  retained 
for  five  years.  In  1850  he  removed  to  Augusta. 
Up  to  1861  he  acted  with  the  democratic  party, 
but,  being  rejected  by  the  section  of  his  party  that 
was  opposed  to  the  war,  he  was  in  1862  elected  to 
the  legislatui-e  as  a  war  democrat,  and  in  1863 
chosen  governor.  His  administration  was  so  ad- 
mirable and  efficient  that  he  was  twice  re-elected 
by  large  majorities.  He  was  offered  a  renomina- 
tion  in  1867,  but  the  impaired  state  of  his  health 
forced  him  to  decline. 

CONYNGHAM,  John  Butler,  soldier,  b.  in 
1827 ;  d.  in  Wilkesbarre,  Pa.,  27  May,  1871.  He 
was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1846,  subsequently  stud- 
ied law,  and  practised  in  Wilkesbarre  and  St. 
Louis.  At  the  first  call  for  troops  in  1861  he  vol- 
unteered in  the  three-months'  service,  and  on  his 
return  joined  the  52d  Pennsylvania  volunteers,  of 
which  he  was  appointed  major  on  5  Nov.,  1861. 
He  participated  in  the  peninsular  campaign  of  1862, 
and  in  the  winter  of  1863  was  sent  with  his  regi- 
ment to  Port  Royal,  S.  C,  was  present  at  the  naval 
attack  on  Fort  Sumter  in  April,  1863,  and  partici- 
pated in  the  subsequent  assault  and  siege  opera- 


tions against  Fort  Wagner.  Upon  the  reduction 
of  that  fort,  Maj.  Conyngham  was  placed  in  com- 
mand of  the  defences  of  Morris  island.  He  was 
detailed  by  Gen.  Terry  to  make  a  night  recon- 
noissance  of  Sumter,  and  subsequently  engaged 
in  the  night  assault  on  Fort  Johnson,  across 
Charleston  harbor.  In  this  assault  he  was  cap- 
tured and  detained  as  prisoner  for  several  months. 
While  a  prisoner  at  Charleston  he  was  one  of  the 
number  selected  as  hostages  to  be  shot  in  case  of  a 
bombardment  of  the  city  by  our  forces.  In  No- 
vember, 1863,  he  was  promoted  to  the  lieutenant- 
colonelcy,  and  in  March,  1865,  to  the  colonelcy  of 
his  regiment.  In  March,  1867,  Col.  Conyngham 
was  appointed  captain  in  the  38th  infantry,  U.  S. 
army,  and  transferred  to  the  24th  infantry,  Novem- 
ber, 1869.  In  1871  he  was  brevetted  major  and 
lieutenant-colonel  for  gallant  service  in  the  field. 
During  his  term  of  service  in  the  regular  army  he 
was  mostly  employed  on  the  Indian  frontier. 

CONYNGHAM,  Redmond,  antiquarian,  b.  in 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  19  Sept.,  1781 ;  d.  in  Lancaster 
county,  Pa.,  16  June,  1846.  He  inherited  from  his 
paternal  grandfather  an  estate  in  the  county  Done- 
gal, Ireland,  yielding  £2,000  a  year,  and  subsequent- 
ly spent  some  time  in  Ireland.  During  his  stay 
abroad  he  became  intimate  with  Curran,  Grattan, 
and  other  prominent  Irishmen,  including  his  cous- 
in, William  Conyngham  Plunket,  afterward  lord- 
chancellor  of  Ireland.  On  his  return  to  the  United 
States  he  settled  m  Luzerne  county,  Pa.,  and  for 
several  years  represented  that  district  in  the  state 
legislature.  He  then  removed  to  Lancaster  county, 
where  he  resided  until  his  death.  Mr.  Conyngham 
devoted  much  of  his  leisure  to  antiquarian  re- 
search, and  contributed  valuable  papers  of  historical 
interest  to  the  American  philosophical  society  and 
to  the  Historical  society  of  Pennsylvania,  of  which 
he  was  a  member.  He  made  a  specialty  of  the 
early  history  of  Pennsylvania  and  the  aborigines 
of  Lancaster  county. 

COOK,  Albert  John,  naturalist,  b.  in  Owasso, 
Mich.,  30  Aug.,  1842.  He  was  graduated  at  the 
Michigan  agricultural  college  in  1862,  and  then 
studied  at  Harvard.  In  1867  he  was  appointed 
instructor  in  mathematics  at  the  Agricultural  col- 
lege, and  in  1869  succeeded  to  the  professorship  of 
zoology  and  entomology.  Prof.  Cook  has  been 
for  many  years  agricultural  and  entomological 
correspondent,  and,  in  some  cases,  editor  of  those 
departments,  to  the  New  York  "  Tribune,"  Phila- 
delphia "  Press,"  "  Rural  New  Y'orker,"  '•  New 
England  Homestead,"  "Country  Gentleman,"  and 
other  journals.  He  has  published  "  Injurious  In- 
sects of  Michigan"  (Lansing,  1873),  and  "Bee- 
keeper's Guide  "  (1876 ;  14th  ed.,  1886). 

COOK,  Clarence  Chatham,  journalist,  b.  in 
Dorchester,  Mass.,  8  Sept.,  1828.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Harvard  in  1849,  and,  after  studying  archi- 
tecture, was  employed  for  many  years  as  a  teacher. 
In  1863  Mr.  Cook  wrote  a  series  of  articles  on 
American  art  for  the  New  York  "  Tribune,"  and 
continued  such  contributions  until  1869,  when  he 
went  as  the  "  Tribune "  correspondent  to  Paris. 
He  resigned  that  place  at  the  beginning  of  the 
Franco-Prussian  wax-,  and  subsequeiuly  passed 
some  time  in  Itah%  On  his  return  to  New  Yoi-k  he 
renewed  his  former  connection  with  the  "  Trib- 
une." ]\Ir.  Cook  has  publislied  "The  Central 
Park  "  (New  York,  1868) ;  the  text  to  accompany 
a  reproduction,  by  hcliotype,  of  Diirer's  ■"  Life  of 
the  Virgin"  (Boston,  1874):  "The  House  Beauti- 
ful" (New  York,  1878):  and  edited,  witli  notes,  a 
translation  of  the  7tli  German  edition  of  Wilhelm 
Lubke's  "  History  of  Art "  (2  vols.,  1878). 


714 


COOK 


COOK 


COOK,  Daniel  Pope,  lawyer,  b.  in  Scott  county, 
Ky.,  in  1795 ;  d.  in  Kentucky,  16  Oct.,  1827.  He 
received  a  classical  education,  studied  law.  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar,  and  began  practice  in  Kaskaskia, 
111.,  in  1815.  He  was  editor  of  the  "  Illinois  In- 
telligencer," the  only  newspaper  printed  in  the 
territory  in  1816,  and  afterward  settled  in  Ed- 
wardsville.  He  was  the  first  attorney-general  of 
Illinois,  subsequently  judge  of  the  circuit  court  in 
the  western  circuit,  and  a  representative  in  con- 
gress from  6  Dec,  1819,  till  3  March,  1827.  He 
married  a  daughter  of  Gov.  Ninian  Edwards,  and 
took  a  prominent  part  in  Illinois  politics,  exerting 
a  powerful  influence  to  prevent  the  introduction  of 
slavery  during  the  contest  on  that  question  in 
1823-'4.  In  his  canvass  for  congress  at  the  first 
election  after  the  admission  of  the  state,  when  he 
was  defeated  by  John  McLean — who  like  himself, 
was  remarkably  eloquent — the  custom  of  stump- 
speaking  was  first  introduced  in  Illinois.  He  won 
the  next  election  against  the  same  competitor,  and 
was  three  times  re-elected.  In  his  last  term  he 
was  acting  chairman  of  the  committee  of  ways 
and  means,  though  suffering  from  consumption. 
After  a  trip  to  Cuba,  he  returned  to  his  residence 
in  Edwardsville,  and  then  went  back  to  his  early 
home  in  Kentucky,  where  he  died.  Out  of  respect 
for  his  great  ability  and  services  to  the  state,  the 
legislature,  four  years  after  his  death,  gave  his 
name  to  Cook  county.  See  "  The  Edwards  Pa- 
pers," edited  by  Elihu  B.  Washburne  (Chicago, 
1884). — His  son  and  only  child,  John,  soldier,  b. 
in  Belleville,  111.,  13  June,  1825,  was  left  an  or- 
phan and  the  possessor  of  a  fortune  at  an  early 
age,  was  educated  by  his  grandfather.  Gov.  Ed- 
wards, and  after  his  death  by  a  clergyman,  and 
entered  college  at  Jacksonville,  111.,  but  was  not 
graduated,  on  account  of  the  failure  of  his  sight. 
He  engaged  in  mercantile  business  in  St.  Louis, 
Mo.,  in  1846  entered  the  dry-goods  business  with 
his  uncle  in  Springfield,  ill.,  and  afterward  be- 
came a  dealer  in  real  estate.  In  1855  he  was 
made  mayor  of  Springfield,  the  following  year 
sheriff  of  Sangamon  county,  and  later  quarter- 
master general  of  the  state.  At  the  beginning  of 
the  civil  war  in  1861  he  commanded  the  first  regi- 
ment raised  in  Illinois.  For  gallantry  at  the  cap- 
ture of  Fort  Donelson,  where  he  commanded  a 
brigade,  he  was  made  a  brigadier-general  on  21 
March,  1862.  In  1864  he  commanded  the  district 
of  Illinois,  with  headquarters  at  Springfield.  He 
was  mustered  out  on  24  Aug.,  1865,  with  the  rank 
of  major-general  by  brevet.  In  1868  he  was  elected 
to  the  Illinois  legislature." 

COOK,  George  Hammell,  geologist,  b.  in  Han- 
over, Morris  eo.,  N.  J.,  5  Jan..  1818;  d.  in  New 
Brunswick,  N.  J.,  22  Sept.,  1889.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Rensselaer  polvtechnic  institute.  Troy, 
N.  Y.,  in  the  class  of  1839,  and  from  1842  till  1846 
he  was  senior  professor  in  that  institution.  In 
1853  he  became  professor  of  chemistry  and  the 
natural  sciences  at  Rutgers.  His  chair  became  in 
1867  that  of  chemistry,  natural  history,  and  agri- 
culture, and  in  1878  its  title  was  again  changed 
to  that  of  analytical  chemistry,  geology,  and  agri- 
culture. In  1880  he  became  simply  professor  of 
geology  and  agriculture.  Prof.  Cook  was  elected 
vice-president  of  the  college  in  1864,  and  during 
the  same  year  was  appointed  state  geologist  of 
New  Jersey.  In  1880  he  was  appointed  director 
of  the  New  Jersey  agricultural  experiment  station, 
of  which  he  published  annual  reports.  He  was  a 
member  of  several  scientific  societies  and  a  fellow 
of  the  American  association  for  the  advancement 
of  science.     Besides  papers  contributed  to  scien- 


tific journals,  he  published  annual  reports  as  state 
geologist  from  1863  to  1885,  and  was  the  author  of 
"  Geology  of  New  Jersey  "  (Newark,  1868). 

COOK,  Henry  F.,  soldier,  killed  in  battle  at 
Bristow  Station,  Va.,  14  Oct.,  1863.  He  was  a 
native  of  Mississippi,  served  as  first  lieutenant  in 
the  Mexican  war,  with  Jefferson  Davis's  regiment 
of  Mississippi  volunteers,  distinguished  himself  in 
the  battle  of  Monterey,  where  he  was  wounded,  and 
commanded  a  company  in  the  battle  of  Buena 
Vista.  At  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war  he  joined 
the  Confederate  army,  and  rose  by  successive  steps 
until  he  was  made  a  brigadier-general  in  1863. 

COOK,  Mrs.  Hosea  and  Mrs.  Jesse,  pioneers. 
Of  their  early  life  nothing  authentic  is  known.  In 
1792  they,  with  their  husbands,  were  occupying 
two  log  cabins  in  the  Innis  settlement  near  Frank- 
fort, Ky.  In  April  of  that  year  a  band  of  Indi- 
ans made  an  attack  on  the  settlement,  and  at 
the  first  onslaught  killed  one  and  mortally  wound- 
ed the  other  of  the  husbands.  The  wounded  man 
crawled  to  the  cabin,  where  he  gave  directions  for 
barricading,  and  then  breathed  his  last.  The  wid- 
ows, with  three  children  crying  at  their  skirts,  pre- 
pared to  defend  themselves  to  the  utmost.  There 
was  a  rifle,  but  there  were  no  bullets.  A  musket- 
ball  was  finally  discovered,  but  it  was  too  large 
for  the  bore.  In  her  frenzy  it  was  bitten  in  two 
pieces  by  one  of  the  women.  The  Indians  began 
with  their  tomahawks  to  cut  through  the  door, 
and,  in  English,  demanded  instant  surrender. 
Through  a  narrow  aperture  in  the  logs  one  of  the 
women  fired  the  rifle,  and  one  of  the  chiefs  fell 
dead.  The  infuriated  savages  swarmed  on  the 
roof  and  set  fire  in  several  places,  but  from  the 
loft  underneath  the  roof  the  flames  were  extin- 
guished as  fast  as  they  burned  through,  until  the 
water  was  exhausted,  when  the  women  used  some 
eggs,  which  were  broken  and  spread  over  the  burn- 
ing roof.  They  also  used  the  bloody  clothing  of 
the  man  that  lay  dead  below  to  check  the  flames. 
As  a  result  of  their  intrepidity,  the  raid  was  unsuc- 
cessful, and  tlie  savages  sullenly  retired. 

COOK,  James,  navigator,  b.  in  Marton,  York- 
shire, England,  28  Oct.,  1728;  killed  in  the  Sand- 
wich islands,  14  Feb.,  1779.  His  father  was  an 
agricultural  laborer  and  farm  bailiff,  and,  owing  to 
his  poverty,  the  education  of  the  son  was  limited. 
In  his  thirteenth  year  the  future  navigator  was 
apprenticed  to  a  haberdasher  in  Staiths,  a  lit- 
tle fishing  town  near  Whitby.  His  father  dying, 
and  the  lad  quarrelling  with  his  master,  his  in- 
dentures were  given  up,  when  he  engaged  himself 
as  cabin-boy  in  a  coasting  vessel,  and  afterward 
became  master  of  a  sloop.  In  1755  he  shipped  in 
the  "  Eagle,"  of  the  royal  navy,  and  was  speedily 
promoted  to  the  quarter-deck.  Having  been 
master  successively  of  the  sloops  "Grampus  "and 
"  Garland,"  in  1759  he  had  his  master's  rank  con- 
firmed by  the  admiralty,  and  was  ai)pointed  to  the 
"  Mercury,"  a  frigate  "belonging  to  the  squadron 
sent  out  to  co-operate  with  Gen.  Wolfe  at  Quebec. 
Cook  piloted  the  boats  of  the  squadron  to  the  at- 
tack of  Montmorency,  and  condiicted  the  debarka- 
tion of  the  troops  for  the  assault  on  tiie  heights  of 
Abraham.  He  was  employed  to  take  hydrographic 
surveys  of  the  St.  Lawrence  between  Orleans  and 
the  north  shore,  as  well  as  the  survey  of  the  most 
dangerous  parts  of  the  river  below  Quebec,  and 
performed  the  task  in  the  very  face  of  tlie  French 
encampment,  afterward  publishing  a  chart  of  the 
river  and  channels  from  Quebec  to  the  sea.  Being 
promoted  to  the  flag-ship  "  Northumberland,"  he 
made  use  of  his  leisure  to  study  mathematics  and 
astronomy.      In   1762   he  was  present  at  the  re- 


COOK 


COOK 


715 


^^^rrC'jW/p 


capture  of  Newfoundland,  after  which  he  returned 
to  England.  In  addition  to  the  charts  of  the  St. 
Lawrence,  he  published  several  others,  and,  while 
on  one  of  the  Burgeo  islands  near  Cape  Ray,  ob- 
served an  eclipse  of  the  sun.  The  record  of  his 
observations,  published  in  the  "  Philosophical 
Transactions,"  showed  an  accuracy  that  gave  him 

a  high  reputa- 
tion as  an  as- 
tronomer. Ear- 
ly in  17G3  he  ac- 
companied Cap- 
tain Greaves  to 
survey  the  coast 
of  Newfound- 
land, and  in  the 
following  year 
sailed  with  Sir 
Hugh  Pallisser 
as  marine  sur- 
veyor of  that 
coast  and  of  Lji- 
brador.  When 
the  Royal  socie- 
ty obtained  the 
consent  of  the 
king  to  fit  out 
an  expedition 
for  the  purpose 
of  observing  the  transit  of  Venus  in  the  south 
Pacific.  Cook  was  chosen  to  command  the  expedi- 
tion, and  authorized  to  prosecute  geographical  re- 
searches in  the  southern  seas.  He  received  a  royal 
commission  as  lieutenant,  chose  the  "  Endeavor," 
of  370  tons,  as  the  expedition  ship,  and  sailed,  23 
Aug.,  1768,  from  Plymouth.  On  13  April,  1709, 
Lieut.  Cook  reached  Otaheite,  where  he  erected  an 
observatory,  and  the  necessary  astronomical  obser- 
vations were  made.  He  then  sailed  in  quest  of  the 
great  continent  at  that  time  supposed  to  exist  near 
the  south  pole,  and  reached  New  Zealand,  which 
had  remained  unexplored  since  the  time  of  its  first 
discovery.  Cook  first  saw  the  narrow  strait  tluit 
divides  the  island.  His  attempts  to  penetrate  to 
the  interior  of  either  of  the  islands  were  thwarted- 
by  the  continued  hostility  of  the  natives,  and  he 
contented  himself  with  a  voyage  of  six  months' 
duration  around  the  coast.  Prom  New  Zealand 
he  proceeded  to  Australia,  took  possession  of  the 
coast  about  Botany  bay  in  the  name  of  the  king  of 
Great  Britain,  28  April,  traced  1,300  miles  of  coast- 
line, and  proved  the  entire  separation  of  that 
island  and  Papua.  After  various  escapes  from 
shipwreck  and  native  hostility,  he  sailed  for  New 
Guinea,  thence  to  Batavia,  where  his  ship,  shat- 
tered and  disabled,  put  in  for  repairs.  Cook  finally 
reached  England,  11  June,  1771,  having  circum- 
navigated the  globe  and  fulfilled  the  objects  of 
the  expedition.  On  29  Aug.,  following  his  ar- 
rival, he  was  raised  to  the  rank  of  captain  in  the 
navy.  The  great  southern  continent  was  now 
supposed  to  lie  nearer  the  pole,  and  to  settle  this 
point  it  was  determined  to  send  out  another  expe- 
dition. Two  ships,  the  "  Resolution,"  of  462  tons 
and  112  men,  commanded  by  Cook,  and  the  "  Ad- 
venture," of  336  tons  and  81  men,  commanded  by 
Tobias  Purneaux,  sailed  from  Plymouth,  13  July, 
1772,  with  instructions  to  "circumnavigate  the 
whole  globe  in  high  southern  latitudes,  making 
traverses  from  time  to  time  into  every  part  of  the 
Pacific  ocean  which  had  not  undergone  previous 
investigation,  and  to  use  his  best  endeavors  to  re- 
solve the  much-agitated  question  of  a  southern 
continent."  The  expedition  reached  Madeira  on 
the  29th,  and,  after  touching  at  the  Cape  of  Good 


Hope,  explored  the  specified  latitudes,  but  without 
discovering  land.  After  sailing  over  3,660  leagues, 
reaching  lat.  71°  10'  S.,  in  Ion.  106°  54'  W.,  and 
being  out  of  sight  of  land  117  days.  Cook  became 
satisfied  that  no  land  existed  within  the  limits  of 
his  researches,  and  sailed  for  New  Zealand.  After 
wintering  among  the  Society  islands,  he  examined 
the  waters  eastward  of  his  former  cruise,  between 
lat.  60°  and  70° ;  then  explored  the  ocean  between 
lat.  43°  and  50°,  from  Easter  island  to  the  New 
Hebrides,  discovered  and  named  New  Caledonia, 
and  returned  by  way  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Plope  to 
England,  arriving  30  July,  1775.  He  was  pro- 
moted to  a  post-captaincy  on  9  Aug.,  1775,  ap- 
pointed a  captain  of  Greenwich  hospital,  chosen  a 
member  of  the  Royal  society,  29  Feb.,  1776,  and 
received  the  Copleian  gold  medal  for  the  best  ex- 
perimental paper  of  the  year.  In  this  paper  he 
embodied  an  account  of  the  successful  method  of 
preserving  the  health  of  men  at  sea,  adopted  by 
him  as  the  result  of  his  researches  into  the  nature 
and  use  of  anti-scorbutic  medicines.  A  reward  of 
£20,000  having  been  offered  for  the  discovery  of  a 
northwest  jaassage,  Capt.  Cook  volunteered  to  ta'vs 
charge  of  an  expedition  to  ascertain  its  practica- 
bility by  making  the  attempt  by  way  of  Bering 
strait.  He  sailed  from  Plymouth,  12  July,  1776, 
with  the  "  Resolution  "  and"  Discovery,"  the  latter 
under  the  command  of  Capt.  Charles  Gierke.  After 
going  as  tar  north  as  lat.  65°  in  an  endeavor  to 
find  a  passage  to  the  Atlantic,  Capt.  Cook  turned 
his  attention  to  the  equatorial  Pacific  for  the  win- 
ter, discovering  several  small  islands  and  groups, 
then  bore  away  to  the  Friendly  islands,  where  he 
cruised  for  several  months.  In  January,  1778,  he 
set  out  again  for  the  north,  and  on  his  way  discov- 
ered and  circumnavigated  a  group  which  tie  named 
the  Sandwich  islands,  in  honor  of  the  Earl  of 
Sandwich.  He  reached  the  coast  of  America  in 
March,  sailed  up  a  sound  since  known  as  Cook's 
inlet,  and,  finding  no  passage  through,  set  out  for 
Bering  strait,  which  he  reached  early  in  the  sum- 
mer of  1778,  but  was  stopped  Ijy  an  impassable 
barrier  of  ice.  Having  carefully  surveyed  the 
Aleutian  group,  and  determined  the  most  west- 
erly point  of  America  and  its  distance,  he  reached 
the  point  still  known  by  the  name  he  gave  it, 
Icy  cape,  18  Aug.,  1778,  and  did  not  turn  back 
till  the  end  of  the  month,  having  found  it  impos- 
sible to  proceed.  Returning  to  the  Saiulwieh 
islands  to  prepare  for  another  attempt  northward 
the  next  year,  he  discovered  Hawaii,  the  largest 
of  the  group,  and  Maui.  He  cruised  about  Hawaii 
several  weeks,  and  found  the  natives  peaceably 
disposed  but  addicted  to  stealing.  One  of  the 
boats  having  been  stolen  on  the  night  of  13  Feb., 
1779,  Cook  determined  to  seize  the  person  of  the 
king  and  hold  him  luitil  the  boat  should  be  re- 
turned or  reparation  made.  With  a  lieutenant  and 
nine  men  he  went  on  shore  for  the  puipose  on  14 
Feb.  He  succeeded  in  bringing  the  king  nearly  to  the 
boats,  when  the  chieftain's  suspicions  were  aroused 
and  he  refused  to  embai'k.  His  wives,  who  were 
near  at  hand,  set  up  a  lamentation,  and  a  shot 
from  one  of  the  boats,  fired  to  prevent  a  canoe 
leaving  the  bay,  accidentally  killed  a  chief.  The 
barbarians,  aroused  to  fury,  rushed  upon  Cook  and 
his  men.  Four  of  the  marines  attending  him  were 
instantly  killed,  the  rest  were  obliged  to  retreat 
to  the  boats,  and  Cook,  who  was  the  last  to  retire, 
was  overpowered  and  slain.  His  body  and  those 
of  the  marines  were  afterward  cut  up  by  the  sav- 
ages and  probably  devoured,  only  the  bones  of 
the  great  navigator  being  recovered  seven  days 
later,   and   buried   in   the   sea.      The   account   of 


716 


COOK 


COOK 


Cook's  first  voyage  was  published  under  the  di- 
rection of  Dr.  Hawkesworth  ;  his  second  was 
chronicled  by  himself ;  while  the  third  was  pre- 
pared from  his  journal  by  Lieut.  King.  The  charts 
and  plates  illustrating  the  last  were  executed  at 
the  expense  of  the  government,  and  half  the 
profits  of  the  work  were  given  to  his  family.  A 
narrative  of  the  third  voyage  was  also  published  in 
Hartford,  Conn.,  by  John  Ledyard,  who  accom- 
panied the  expedition.  Distinguished  honors  were 
paid  to  his  memory,  and  a  medal  in  commemora- 
tion of  him  was  struck  by  order  of  the  Royal 
society.  His  widow  received  a  pension  of  £200 
per  annum,  and  each  of  his  children  £25. 

COOK,  James  Merrill,  financier,  b.  in  Ballston, 
N.  y.,  19  Nov.,  1807;  d.  in  Saratoga,  12  April, 
1868.  His  father  was  a  lawyer  and  judge  in  Sara- 
toga county,  and  offered  James  a  liberal  education. 
But  the  son  preferred  the  counting-room  to  the  col- 
lege, and  devoted  some  years  to  a  clerkship  in  New 
York  city.  When  he  was  about  thirty-one  years  of 
age  he  was  elected  to  a  local  office  in  his  native 
town.  His  ardent  support  of  whig  principles 
brought  him  followers,  and  he  was  chosen  to  many 
town  and  county  offices  during  the  succeeding  ten 
years.  He  was  a  member  of  the  constitutional  con- 
vention in  1846,  and  a  member  of  the  state  senate 
in  1848-51,  and  again  in  1864-'5.  In  1851  he  re- 
ceived a  certificate  as  state  treasurer,  and  dis- 
charged the  duties  of  the  office  for  a))out  a  year, 
when  the  claims  of  his  competitor  in  the  election 
were  established,  and  he  retired.  During  1854-'5 
he  filled  the  office  of  state  comptroller  with  such 
marked  ability  that  it  resulted  in  his  being  offered 
the  superintendency  of  the  banking  department  of 
the  state.  In  order  to  accept  the  office,  it  was 
necessary  for  him  to  divest  himself  of  all  interest  in 
any  banks  in  the  state,  and  he  was  president  of  the 
Ballston  Spa  bank,  having  been  one  of  the  original 
corporators,  and  the  owner  of  a  large  amount  of 
stock  in  that  and  other  institutions.  At  the  solici- 
tation of  capitalists  throughout  the  state,  he  sold 
out  his  stock  and  accepted  the  office.  The  salary 
had  been  but  $2,500,  but  was  by  act  of  legislature 
increased  to  $5,000.  Mr.  Cook  served  from  30 
Jan.,  1856,  till  16  April,  1861.  Frauds  were  de- 
tected, worthless  banks  wound  up,  laws  improved, 
guards  and  securities  multiplied.  To  such  an  ex- 
tent was  his  policy  carried  out  that  the  financial 
crisis  of  1857  did  not  affect  the  credit  of  the  state. 
Though  specie  payments  in  the  United  States  were 
generally  suspended,  the  paper  bills  of  New  York 
state  banks  continued  to  pass  at  par  throughout 
the  country.  His  last  report  as  superintendent  of 
the  banking  department  of  New  York  called  out 
elaborate  reviews  from  various  European  journals. 
In  1858  his  name  was  prominently  before  the  re- 
publican convention  as  a  candidate  for  governor, 
but  at  his  own  solicitation  was  withdrawn. 

COOK,  John,  Canadian  clergyman,  b.  in  San- 
quhar in  1810;  d.  in  Quebec,  1  April,  1892.  He 
was  educated  at  Edinburgh  university,  and  re- 
ceived his  theological  training  under  Dr.  Chalmers ; 
was  ordained  by  the  presbytery  of  Dumbarton  in 
1835,  in  the  year  following  arrived  in  Quebec,  and 
shortly  afterward  was  appointed  pastor  of  St.  An- 
drew's church  in  that  city.  When  the  disruption 
took  place  in  1843,  he  retained  his  connection  with 
the  Established  church  of  Scotland,  and  when 
the  establishment  of  Queen's  college,  Kingston, 
was  determined  upon,  he  exerted  himself  to  se- 
cure the  necessary  endowment,  and  had  been  a 
trustee  of  the  institution  ever  since.  In  1857  he 
assumed  the  presidency  temporarily,  and  during 
two  sessions  acted  as  professor  of  divinity.    The 


founding  of  Morin  college,  Quebec,  was  largly  due 
to  his  efforts,  and  after  its  establishment  he  was 
the  lecturer  on  divinity.  In  1861  he  proposed  reso- 
lutions favoring  a  union  between  the  free  and  the 
established  branches  of  the  Presbyterian  church, 
and  in  1875  such  a  union  was  effected,  when  Dr. 
Cook  was  moderator  of  the  first  general  assembly. 

COOK,  Joseph,  author,  b.  in  Ticonderoga,  N. 
Y.,  26  Jan.,  1888.  He  is  the  son  of  a  farmer. 
When  he  was  nine  years  of  age  he  attended  an 
auction  of  a  district-school  library,  and  purchased 
every  book  of  merit  in  the  collection.  As  a  reward 
for  good  scholarship  he  was  offered  his  choice  be- 
tween a  watch  and  a  cyclopa?dia,  and  chose  the 
latter.  He  entered  Yale  in  1858,  but,  his  health 
becoming  impaired,  he  left  early  in  1861.  In  1863 
he  entered  Harvard  as  a  junior,  and  was  graduated 
in  1865,  not  only  receiving  high  honors,  but  carry- 
ing off  several  prizes.  Mr.  Cook  then  studied  three 
years  at  Andovei-,  adding  a  fourth  year  for  special 
study  of  advanced  religious  and  philosophical 
thought.  A  license  was  granted  to  him,  but  he 
declined  all  invitations  to  any  settlement  as  pastor. 
He  preached  in  Andover  during  1868-'70,  and  was 
acting  pastor  in  Lynn,  Mass.,  in  1870-'l.  In  1871 
he  went  to  Europe  and  studied  at  Halle,  Leipsic, 
Berlin,  and  Heidelberg,  then  travelled  in  Italy, 
Egypt,  Greece,  Turkey,  and  northern  Africa.  Re- 
turning to  the  United  States  near  the  close  of 
1873,  he  became  a  lecturer  on  the  relations  of  relig- 
ion, science,  and  current  reform.  His  lectures  in 
Tremont  temple,  Boston,  soon  became  widely 
known  as  the  "  Boston  Monday  Lectures,"  and,  al- 
though delivered  at  noonday,  they  drew  audiences 
to  the  full  capacity  of  the  hall,  which  seats  8,000. 
The  lectures  were  reported  in  many  newspapers, 
and  were  afterward  issued  in  book-form.  Philoso- 
phy, science,  and  politics  were  discussed,  and  so 
great  was  their  popularity  that  a  series  was  pre- 
pared for  general  delivery.  The  following  topics 
were  selected,  and,  as  occasion  offered,  the  lectures 
were  delivered  in  '  various  cities  of  the  United 
States:  1.  "Does  Death  end  AH?"  2.  "Seven 
Modern  Wonders."  3.  "  Ultimate  America."  4. 
"  Certainties  in  Religion."  5.  "  England  and 
America  as  Competitors  and  Allies."  6.  "  Politi- 
cal Signs  of  the  Times.'"  7.  "  Alcohol  and  the  Hu- 
man Brain."  8.  "  Law  and  Labor,  Property  and 
Poverty."  9.  "  God  in  Natural  Law."  10.  "  Re- 
ligious Signs  of  the  Times."  11.  "  What  saves 
Men,  and  Why  1 "  12.  "  A  Night  on  the  Acropo- 
lis." During  "the  winter  of  1878-'9  Mr.  Cook  con- 
ducted a  Boston  Monday-noon  lectureship  and  a 
New  York  Thursday-evening  lectureship,  besides 
filling  a  large  number  of  engagements.  In  1880, 
in  answer  to  invitations  from  abroad,  he  decided 
to  make  a  lecturing  tour  around  the  world.  He 
was  everywhere  received  with  immense  audiences. 
He  made  135  public  appearances  in  Great  Britain, 
passed  several  months  in  Germany  and  Italy,  and 
went  to  India  by  way  of  Greece,  Palestine,  and 
Egypt.  From  India  his  tour  extended  to  China, 
Japan,  Australia,  New  Zealand,  and  the  Sandwich 
islands,  returning  home  by  way  of  San  Francisco. 
In  Japan  he  gave  twelve  lectures — six  in  English 
and  six  through  an  interpreter — to  audiences  com- 
posed chiefly  of  Japanese  students,  teachers,  and 
public  men.  Mr.  Cook's  popularity  arises  from 
the  fact  that  he  attempts  to  show  that  science 
is  in  harmony  with  religion  and  the  Bible.  His 
published  works  are  "  Biology  "  (Boston,  1877) ; 
"  Transcendentalism  " (1877) ;  "'Orthodoxy  "  (1877) ; 
"Conscience"  (1878);  "Heredity"  (1878);  "Mar- 
riage" (1878);  "Labor"  (1879);  "Socialism" 
(1880) ;  "  Occident "  (1884) ;  "  Orient "  (1886). 


COOK 


COOK 


717 


COOK,  Lemuel,  soldier,  b.  in  Plymouth,  Litch- 
field CO.,  Conn.,  in  1764;  d.  in  Clarendon,  N,  Y., 
20  May,  1860.  He  entered  the  army  at  the  age 
of  seventeen,  participated  in  the  campaign  against 
Cornwallis  in  Virginia,  and  received  an  honorable 
discharge  at  the  close  of  the  war.  signed  by  Gen. 
Washington,  which  he  retained  until  his  death. 
Soon  after  leaving  the  army  he  married  Hannah 
Curtis,  of  Cheshire,  Conn.,  by  whom  he  had  eleven 
children.  He  married  again  when  he  was  seventy 
years  old.  In  his  earlier  married  years  he  was  a 
farmer  near  Utica,  N.  Y. ;  during  the  last  thirty 
years  of  his  life  he  lived  at  Clarendon.  His  pen- 
sion for  many  years  was  $100  a  year,  increased  in 
1863  to  $200,  and  the  last  year  of  his  life  to  $300. 

COOK,  Marc,  author,  b.  in  Providence,  K.  I.,  1 
March,  1854 ;  d.  in  Utica,  N.  Y.,  4  Oct.,  1882.  He 
was  a  son  of  the  Rev.  Theodore  Dwight  Cook,  a 
Universalist  clergyman.  His  early  education  was 
received  in  the  public  schools  of  Utica ;  but  before 
he  had  learned  to  write  he  showed  his  precocity  by 
dictating  verses  and  stories  to  the  older  boys.  A 
few  years  later  he  established  a  semi-monthly  paper, 
entitled  "The  Boy's  Companion,"  which  was  fol- 
lowed by  "  The  Enterprise,"  a  monthly  of  more 
pretentious  character,  the  joint  production  of  him- 
self and  E.  M.  Eewey.  He  entered  Hamilton 
college  at  the  age  of  sixteen,  but  did  not  complete 
his  course..  While  there  he  wrote  "  To  a  Pretty 
School  ma'am,"  and  other  poems,  which  were  wide- 
ly copied.  In  1874  he  left  college  and  devoted  him- 
self to  journalism.  In  1879  he  made  the  experi- 
ment of  a  prolonged  sojourn  in  the  Adirondacks 
for  the  cure  of  consumption,  and  as  a  result  of  sev- 
enteen months'  experience  published  "  Camp  Lou  " 
in  "  Harper's  Magazine  "  for  May,  1881,  which  at- 
tracted wide  attention  and  was  expanded  into 
"  The  Wilderness  Cure  "  (New  York,  1881).  Many 
of  his  vers  de  societe  had  appeared  under  the  pen- 
name  of  Vandike  Brown,  and  his  widow  collected  a 
sufficient  number  to  fill  a  volume,  and  published  it 
under  that  title  (Boston,  1883). — His  brother,  Theo- 
dore Pease,  journalist,  b.  in  Bostqji,  Mass.,  21 
Dec,  1844,  entered  the  army  at  the  age  of  eighteen 
and  served  through  the  civil  war,  being  finally  on 
the  stall:  of  Gen.  John  C.  Robinson.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Columbia  law-school  in  1867,  but  devoted 
himself  to  journalism  in  Utica.  During  the  presi- 
dential canvass  of  1876  he  wrote  the  "  Lives  of  Til- 
den  and  Hendricks"  (New  York,  1876).  The  best 
known  of  his  poems  are  "  Blue-Beard  "  and  "  An 
Ode  for  Deeoration-Dav  "  (1872). 

COOK,  aiartlia  Elizabeth  Duncan  Walker, 
author,  b.  in  Northumberland,  Pa.,  23  July,  1806 ; 
d.  in  Hoboken,  N.  J.,  15  Sept.,  1874.  She  was  a  sis- 
ter of  Robert  J.  Walker,  secretary  of  the  treasury, 
and  Avas  educated  by  her  father.  She  married  at 
the  age  of  eighteen  Lieut,  (afterward  General) 
William  Cook.  Mrs.  Cook  was  for  nearly  two 
years,  1863-4,  editor  of  the  "  Continental  Month- 
ly," published  in  New  York,  and  contributed  many 
poems,  sketches,  and  tales  to  that  periodical.  She 
was  a  good  linguist,  and  translated  several  works 
from  the  German  and  French.  Among  these  were 
Liszt's  "  Life  of  Chopin,"  translated  from  the 
French  (Philadelphia,  1863) ;  "  The  Undivine  Com- 
edy, and  Other  Poems,"  by  Count  Sigismund  Kra- 
sinski,  translated  from  the  Polish  through  the  Ger- 
man and  French  (1875);  and  "Life  of  Joan  of 
Arc,"  from  the  German  of  Guido  Goerres,  pub- 
lished as  a  serial  in  the  "  Freeman's  Journal." 

COOK,  Philip,  soldier,  b.  in  Twiggs  county, 
Ga.,  31  July,  1817.  He  was  educated  at  Oglethorpe 
university, 'studied  law  at  the  University  of  Vir- 
ginia, was  admitted  to  th-e  bar,  and  practised  his 


profession  in  Americus,  Ga.  In  1859,  1860,  and 
1863  he  served  in  the  state  senate.  He  entered  the 
Confederate  service  in  April,  1861,  as  a  private, 
and  before  the  end  of  the  war  had  risen  to  a  briga- 
dier-generalship. In  1865  he  was  elected  to  con- 
gress, but  was  not  allowed  to  take  his  seat,  by  rea- 
son of  the  "  disability  clause,"  incurred  by  his 
taking  up  arms  against  the  Union.  After  the  re- 
peal of  the  law  creating  this  clause  he  was  elected 
to  congress  three  times,  serving  from  1  Dec,  1873, 
till  3  March,  1879. 

COOK,  Russell  S.,  secretary  of  the  American 
tract  society,  b.  in  New  Marlborough,  Berkshire 
CO.,  Mass.,  6  March,  1811 ;  d.  in  Pleasant  Valley, 
N.  Y.,  4  Sept.,  1864.  His  early  life  was  devoted  to 
study.  On  arriving  at  manhood  he  entered  a  law- 
yer's office  in  Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  but  soon  changed 
his  choice  of  a  profession  and  entered  the  theo- 
logical seminary  at  Auburn,  and,  after  gi-aduation, 
was  ordained  pastor  of  the  Congregational  church 
in  Lanesboro',  Mass.,  in  1836.  In  1838,  his  voice 
failing,  he  became  connected  with  the  American 
tract  society,  and  in  May,  1839,  was  elected  one  of 
the  corresponding  secretaries,  tilling  the  office  for 
eighteen  years.  His  first  efforts  were  directed  to 
the  expansion  of  the  volume  circulation,  and  in 
three  and  a  half  years  he  succeeded  in  distributing 
800,000  volumes.  In  1841,  that  he  might  meet  the 
wants  of  remote  neighborhoods,  Mr.  Cook  began 
what  was  afterward  developed  into  the  system  of 
American  colportage.  With  this  great  work  he 
was  wholly  identified,  devoting  to  it  his  untiring 
energies:  and  so  successfully  that,  in  1856,  after 
fifteen  years,  the  society  had  on  its  list  547  colpor- 
teurs, besides  115  students  who  labored  only  during 
vacations.  Its  current  receipts  had  increased  from 
$131,000  in  1839  to  $415,000  in  1856.  He  estab- 
lished in  1843  the  "  American  Messenger,"  a  month- 
ly publication,  with  a  German  edition,  the  "  Bot- 
s'chafter."  This  was  soon  followed  by  the  "  Child's 
Papei-,"  the  first  of  illustrated  papers  for  children. 
The  monthly  issue  of  these  jieriodicals  soon  reached 
an  aggregate  of  500,000  copies.  In  1853  and  1856 
he  went  to  Europe  and  established  his  system  of 
colportage  in  Scotland.  Failing  health  obliged 
him  to  give  up  his  labors  as  secretary  in  1857 ;  but, 
somewhat  regaining  his  vigor,  he  afterward  became 
identified  with  various  religious  undertakings,  and 
labored  with  unabated  resolution  to  tlie  last. 

COOK,  Yalentine,  clergyman,  b.  in  Pennsylva- 
nia in  1765  ;  d.  in  Logan  county,  Ky.,  in  1820.  His 
father  removed  to  western  Virginia  when  Valen- 
tine was  a  child.  He  became  a  convert  to  Meth- 
odism at  an  early  age,  and  immediately  began 
preaching.  His  father  sent  him  to  Cokesbury  col- 
lege, but  at  the  end  of  a  year  or  two  he  returned 
home,  and  in  1788  began  "itinerant  labors,  and  in 
1794  became  presiding  elder.  About  1796  he  origi- 
nated the  custom  of  calling  anxious  sinners  to  the 
front  to  be  prayed  for,  which  afterward  became 
universal  in  the  Methodist  denomination.  In  1798 
he  moved  to  Kentucky,  and  there  married  a  niece 
of  Gov.  Slaughter,  'in  1799  he  took  charge  of 
Bethel  seminary,  and  was  afterward  for  some  time 
principal  of  Ilarrodsburg  academy,  finally  settling 
in  Logan  county.  In  1819  he  made  a  preaching- 
tour  to  the  east  on  horseback,  visiting  Jjcxington, 
Cincinnati,  Pittsburg,  New  York,  Philadelphia, 
and  Baltimore.  He  possessed  rare  power  as  a 
preacher,  and  instituted  revivals  wherever  he 
went,  but  was  erratic  in  iiis  maimer  and  negligent 
in  his  dress.  He  was  well  versed  in  German,  and 
on  one  occasion  stayed  with  a  German  family,  who, 
ignorant  of  his  knowledge,  indulged  in  many  un- 
complim-entary  remarks  about  him.     Before  re- 


718 


COOK 


COOKE 


tiring  for  the  night  he  asked  permission  to  pray, 
began  his  invocation  in  English,  and  then  changed 
to  Grerraan.  Consternation  seized  the  members  of 
the  househokl  when  they  recalled  their  remarks, 
and  they  fled,  leaving  him  to  care  for  himself. 

COOK,  Zebedee,  insurance  manager,  b.  in  New- 
buryport,  Mass.,  11  Jan.,  178(5;  d.  in  Framingham, 
24  Jan.,  1858.  At  an  early  age  he  went  to  Bos- 
ton to  seek  his  fortune.  He  first  entered  on  a 
mercantile  career,  but  in  1815  turned  his  attention 
to  insurance,  and  was  among  the  first  to  introduce 
into  this  country  the  system  known  as  "  mutual 
insurance."  He  was  made  president  in  1823  of 
the  Eagle  insurance  company,  and  held  the  office 
until  1828.  During  the  next  ten  years  he  devel- 
oped his  ideas  so  thoroughly  that  in  1838  he  was 
invited  to  New  York  to  become  president  of  the 
Mutual  safety  insurance  company,  the  first  estab- 
lished in  that  city  on  the  system  of  a  division  of 
profits  between  the  insurers  and  the  insured.  The 
business  transacted  was  entirely  marine,  ^^"]lile 
Mr.  Cook  was  a  resident  of  Boston  he  was,  in  ad- 
dition to  his  business  requirements,  deeply  inter- 
ested in  horticulture  and  rural  improvements.  By 
an  article  published  9  Jan.,  1829,  in  the  "New- 
England  Farmer,"  he  gave  the  first  impulse  to  the 
formation  of  the  Massachusetts  horticultural  soci- 
ety. On  24  Feb.  a  meeting  was  held  in  liis  office, 
and  the  society  was  incorporated  on  12  June. 
Gen.  Dearborn  was  the  first  president,  and  Mi'. 
Cook  vice-president.  On  the  resignation  of  Gen. 
Dearborn  in  1834,  Mi-.  Cook  was  elected  to  the 
vacancy.  By  his  efforts  the  Isabella  grape  was  in- 
troduced into  New  England.  He  procured  the 
cuttings  and  began  the  culture.  He  served  in  the 
Massachusetts  legislature  from  1835  till  1839. 
After  nearly  twenty  years'  residence  and  business 
in  New  York,  he  retired,  at  the  age  of  seventy-one, 
to  Framingham,  Mass. 

COOKE,  Amos  Starr,  missionary,  b.  in  Dan- 
bury,  Conn.,  1  Dec,  1810 ;  d.  in  Honolulu,  Sand- 
wich islands,  20  March,  1871.  He  was  graduated 
at  Yale  in  1834,  entered  the  service  of  the  Ameri- 
can board  of  commissioners  for  foreign  missions  in 

1836,  and  arrived  at  the  Sandwich  islands  in  April, 

1837,  where,  in  June,  1839.  he  took  charge  of  the 
education  of  the  royal  family  and  nobility.  He 
retained  the  direction  of  the  royal  school  for  ten 
years,  educating  the  last  two  Kamehamehas,  and 
doing  nnich  toward  shaping  their  characters. 

COOKE,  E(l»vard,  educator,  b.  in  Bethlehem, 
N.  H.,  19  Jan.,  1812;  d.  in  Newton  Centre,  Mass., 
18  Sept.,  1888.  He  was  graduated  at  Wesleyan 
university,  and  taught  in  Amenia  seminary,  N.  Y., 
from  1838  till  1840,  when  he  became  principal  of 
the  newly  established  seminary  at  Pennington, 
N.  J.  From  1847  till  1853  he  was  pastor  of  Meth- 
odist churches  ia  and  near  Boston,  and  in  1853 
became  president  of  Lawrence  university,  Apple- 
ton,  Wis.  While  holding  this  office  he  was  one  of 
the  first  to  become  interested  in  the  education  of 
the  northwestern  Indians.  In  1857-'60  he  was  one 
of  the  regents  of  normal  schools  in  Wisconsin. 
Harvard  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.  D.  in  1855, 
and  on  his  return  to  Massachusetts,  in  1861,  he  be- 
came one  of  the  board  of  examiners  of  that  college, 
and  pastor  of  the  Cambridge  Methodist  church. 
From  1864  till  1874  he  was  principal  of  the  Wes- 
leyan academy  at  Wilbraham,  Mass.,  and  from  that 
year  till  1884  president  of  Claflin  university  and 
State  agricultural  college  at  Orangeburg,  S.  C.  In 
the  latter  year  he  resigned  on  account  of  ill  health, 
and  afterward  resided  at  Newton  Centre,  Mass. 

COOKE,  Edwin  Francis,  soldier,  b.  in  Brook- 
lyn, Susquehanna  co.,  Pa.,  11  Sept.,  1835;   d.  in 


Santiago,  Chili,  6  Aug.,  1867.  He  was  educated  at 
Mount  Retirement  seminary,  Deckertown,  N.  J. 
He  entered  the  national  service  at  the  beginning 
of  the  civil  war  as  a  captain  in  the  2d  New  York 
light  cavalry,  rose  to  the  command  of  his  regiment, 
and  finally  became  chief  of  staff  in  Gen.  Kilpat- 
rick's  cavalry  division.  In  1863  he  was  associated 
with  Col.  Dahlgren  in  command  of  the  force  that 
was  sent  to  enter  Richmond  from  the  south,  and 
his  horse  was  killed  under  him  by  the  same  volley 
that  terminated  Dahlgren's  life.  Being  taken  pris- 
oner, he  was  confined  for  several  months  in  one  of 
the  imderground  cells  in  Libby  prison,  where  he 
lost  his  health.  From  Libby  prison  he  was  sent  to 
other  prisons  in  South  Carolina  and  Georgia.  He 
once  succeeded  in  escaping,  but.  after  wandering 
two  months  through  South  and  North  Carolina, 
was  recaptured.  He  was  finally  exchanged  in 
March,  1864,  and  on  13  March,  1865,  was  brevet- 
ted  brigadier-general  of  volunteers.  He  accepted 
the  office  of  secretary  to  the  Chilian  legation,  in 
the  vain  hope  that  the  climate  might  benefit  his 
health,  received  his  commission  on  11  Nov.,  1865, 
and  remained  in  Santiago  till  disease,  induced  by 
his  imprisonment,  terminated  his  life. 

COOKE,  Eleutlieros,  congressman,  b.  in  Gran- 
ville, N.  Y.,  25  Dec,  1787;  d.  in  Sandusky,  Ohio, 
27  Dec,  1864.  His  name  was  given  him  in  com- 
memoration of  the  framing  of  the  Federal  consti- 
tution in  1787,  the  year  of  his  birth.  After  receiv- 
ing a  liberal  education,  he  studied  law  and  began 
practice  in  Granville,  but  removed  in  1817  to 
Madison,  Iild.,  in  1819  to  Bloomingville,  Ohio,  and 
in  1820  to  Sandusky,  where  he  rose  to  the  front 
rank  of  his  profession.  He  was  for  several  years  a 
member  of  the  legislature,  and  was  elected  to  con- 
gress as  a  whig,  serving  one  term,  from  1831  till 
1833.  He  was  a  candidate  for  re-election,  and  re- 
ceived a  majority  of  the  votes  cast,  but  was  defeated 
on  a  technicality.  While  he  was  in  congress,  Mr. 
Stanberry,  of  Ohio,  was  assaulted  on  the  street  by 
Gen.  Houston,  in  consequence  of  remarks  made  on 
the  floor  of,  the  house.  In  bringing  the  matter 
before  congress,  Mr.  Cooke  said  that  if  he  and  his 
friends  were  denied  protection  by  that  body,  he 
would  "  flee  to  the  bosom  of  his  constituents,"  and 
this  expression  was  taken  up  by  his  political  oppo- 
nents and  remained  a  catch-word  for  some  time. 
Mr.  Cooke  was  the  pioneer  of  railroad  enterprise  in 
the  west,  having  been  the  projector  of  the  Mad 
River  railroad,  now  the  Sandusky,  Dayton  and  Cin- 
cinnati railroad. — His  son.  Jay,  banker,  b.  in  San- 
dusky, Ohio,  10  Aug.,  1821,  went  in  1838  to  Phila- 
delphia, where  he  entered  the  banking-house  of  E. 
W.  Clark  &  Co.  as  a  clerk,  and  became  a  partner 
in  1842.  He  retired  in  1858,  and  in  1861  estab- 
lished a  new  firm  of  which  he  was  the  head. 
Through  the  influence  of  Salmon  P.  Chase,  Mr. 
Cooke's  personal  friend,  this  house  became  the 
government  agent  for  the  placing  of  the  war  loans, 
and  by  his  success  in  negotiating  them  Mr.  Cooke 
contributed  materially  to  the  success  of  the  na- 
tional cause.  After  the  war  the  firm  acted  as 
agents  for  the  Northern  Pacific  railroad,  and  its 
suspension  in  1873,  growing  out  of  its  connection 
with  that  enterprise,  was  one  of  the  causes  of  the 
financial  panic  of  that  year.  Mr.  Cooke  subse- 
quently resumed  business  with  success. — Another 
son,  Henry  David,  journalist,  b.  in  Sandusky, 
Ohio,  23  Nov.,  1825 ;  d.  in  Georgetown,  D.  C,  29 
Feb.,  1881,  was  graduated  at  Transylvania  univer- 
sity, Kentucky,  in  1844,  and  began  the  study  of  the 
law,  but  soon  turned  his  attention  to  writing  for 
the  press.  In  1847  he  sailed  for  Valparaiso,  Chili, 
as  an  attache  to  the  American  consul  there,  but 


COOKE 


COOKE 


719 


was  shipwrecked.  Being  detairxea  at  St.  Thomas 
after  the  wreck,  he  conceived  the  idea  of  a  steam- 
ship line  from  New  York  to  California  via  the 
isthmus  of  Panama,  and  wrote  concerning  it  to  the 
Philadelphia  "United  States  Gazette"  and  the 
New  York  "  Courier  and  Enquirer."  The  atten- 
tion of  the  state  department  was  called  to  the  cor- 
respondence by  Consul  W.  G.  Moorhead,  and  in 
about  two  years  the  Pacific  mail  steamship  com- 
pany was  organized.  Mr.  Cooke  afterward  lived 
in  California,  where  he  was  actively  connected  with 
shipping  interests.  He  was  the  first  to  announce 
to  the  authorities  at  Washington,  through  a  des- 
patch from  the  military  governor  of  California,  the 
discovery  of  gold  in  the  Sacramento  valley.  Be- 
coming involved  by  suretyship  for  a  reckless  specu  • 
lator,  he  lost  his  fortune,  and  returned  to  Sandusky 
in  comparative  poverty.  He  then  engaged  in 
journalism,  becoming  one  of  the  owners  of  the 
Sandusky  "  Register,"  and  afterward  of  the  Colum- 
bus "State  Journal."  In  1856  he  was  a  presi- 
dential elector,  and  in  1861  became  a  partner  in 
the  house  of  Jay  Cooke  &  Co.  He  was  appointed 
the  first  governor  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  but 
resigned  in  1873.  The  last  twenty  years  of  his 
life  were  spent  in  Georgetown,  where  he  was  noted 
for  his  benefactions.  He  built  a  mission  church 
in  that  city,  gave  $20,000  toward  an  Episcopal 
church,  and  made  other  gifts  for  public  benefit. 

COOKE,  Elisha,  politician,  b.  in  Boston,  Mass., 
16  Sept.,  1637;  d.  31  Oct.,  1715.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Harvard  in  1657.  After  serving  as  an  as- 
sistant under  the  old  government,  he  was  sent  to 
England  in  1689  as  the  agent  of  Massachusetts  for 
the  restoration  of  the  charter.  Being  unwilling  to 
submit  to  any  abridgment  of  the  liberties  of  the 
peoj^le,  he  opposed  the  new  charter  in  1691.  He 
was  elected  councillor  in  1693,  and  rejected  by 
Gov,  Phipps,  but  was  re-elected  in  1694,  and  con- 
tinued in  the  council  till  1703,  when  Gov.  Dudley 
negatived  his  election,  continuing  to  do  so  for 
several  years  in  succession.  He  was  a  physician 
by  profession,  and  was  highly  esteemed  as  such. 
He  served  in  places  of  2)ubiic  trust  over  forty 
years. — His  son,  Elisha,  b.  in  Boston,  20  Dec, 
1678;  d.  24  Aug.,  1737,  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
in  1697.  He  was  a  representative  to  the  general 
court  from  1713  till  1734,  and  in  the  former  year 
opposed  a  public  bank.  He  was  elected  to  the 
council  in  1717,  took  the  popular  side  against  Gov. 
Shute,  and,  on  his  re-election  in  1718,  was  informed 
by  that  magistrate  that  "  his  attendance  at  the 
board  would  be  excused."  In  1720  he  was  elected 
speaker  of  the  house  of  representatives,  but  was 
rejected  by  the  governor,  who  dissolved  the  assem- 
bly when  it  refused  to  admit  his  right  to  control 
its  action.  He  was  agent  for  the  province  in  Lon- 
don in  1723,  and  was  again  chosen  to  the  council 
in  May,  1726,  soon  after  his  return.  He  was  ap- 
pointed a  justice  of  the  court  of  common  pleas  in 
Suffolk  county  in  1730.  Mr.  Cooke  was  long  the 
leader  of  the  popular  party  in  the  province,  and 
published  several  political  tracts. 

COOKE,  George  Frederick,  English  actor,  b. 
in  Westminster,  17  April,  1756 ;  d.  in  New  York, 
26  Sept.,  1812.  His  father,  an  Irish  captain  of  dra- 
goons, died  soon  after  his  birth,  and  he  removed 
with  his  mother  to  Berwick-upon-Tweed,  where  he 
was  apprenticed  to  a  printer.  A  strolling  com- 
pany interested  hiin  in  the  theatre,  and,  after  fre- 
quently taking  part  in  private  theatricals,  he  left 
his  trade  in  1771,  and  in  1776  made  his  first  public 
appearance  in  Brentford  in  the  tragedy  of  "  Jane 
Shore."  After  acting  with  various  provincial 
companies  he  made  his  first  decided  success  at 


Manchester  in  1784.  He  joined  the  Dublin  com- 
pany in  1794,  became  the  hero  of  the  stage  there 
and  in  Cork  and  Manchester,  and  in  1800  played 
Richard  III.  with  success  at  Co  vent  Garden  thea- 
tre, London.  For  ten  years  he  was  the  rival  of 
John  Kemble,  and  played  both  in  tragedy  and 
comedy  in  the  largest  cities  in  Great  Britain,  his 
most  popular  char- 
acters being  Rich- 
ard III.,  Shylock, 
lago,  Sir  Giles 
Overreach,  Kitely, 
and  Sir  Pertinax 
Macsycophant.  Pie 
sailed  for  the  United 
States  in  1810,  and 
appeared,  on  21  Oct., 
as  Richard  III.  be- 
fore 2,000  specta- 
tors in  the  Park 
theatre,  New  York. 
Here,  before  the 
play  began,  he  re- 
quested the  audi- 
ence to  stand  while 

"  God  Save  the  King  "  should  be  played,  and  finally 
carried  his  point,  calmly  taking  snuff  during  the 
tumult  that  followed  his'demand.  His  conduct  was 
equally  capricious  at  Philadelphia  and  Baltimore ; 
but  his  acting,  which  was  the  finest  that  had  been 
seen  in  this  country,  attracted  large  audiences.  His 
inveterate  habits  of  intemperance,  which  had  long 
vexed  his  managers,  finally  terminated  his  life.  He 
is  buried  in  St.  Paul's  churchyard,  New  York  city, 
where  a  monument  was  erected  to  his  memory  by 
Edmund  Kean  in  1821.  It  was  repaired  by  Charles 
Kean  in  1846,  and  again  by  Edward  A.  Sothern  in 
1874.  The  inscription,  written  by  the  poet  Hal- 
leck,  includes  the  couplet : 

"  Three  kingdoms  claim  his  birth, 
Both  hemispheres  pronounce  his  worth." 
Kean  considered  Cooke  the  greatest  of  modem 
actors,  Garrick  alone  excepted.  His  memoirs  were 
written  by  William  Dunlap  (2  vols.,  London,  1813), 
and  Dunlap's  novel,  "Thirty  Years  Ago"  (1836), 
contains  notes  of  his  conversation  and  many  inci- 
dents of  his  life  and  character. 

COOKE,  Jolin  P.,  musician,  b.  in  Chester,  Eng- 
land, 31  Oct.,  1820 ;  d.  in  New  York  city,  4  Nov., 
1865.  His  father  was  a  musician  and  actor.  After 
leading  the  orchestra  of  the  Adelphi,  the  Strand, 
and  Astley's,  London,  he  came  in  1850  to  New  York 
as  leader  at  Burton's  theatre  in  Chambers  street, 
and  was  afterward  musical  director  at  several 
other  New  York  theatres.  He  composed  and  ar- 
ranged music  for  the  "  Winter's  Tale,"  "  Midsum- 
mer Night's  Dream,"  and  other  Shakespearian  plays, 
and  when  engaged  at  the  Old  Broadway  theatre 
wrote  melodies  for  the  "  Sea  of  Ice,"  which  added 
much  to  its  success.  He  also  composed  several 
pieces  that  have  been  thought  worthy  of  more 
pretentious  musicians. 

COOKE,  Jolin  Roarers,  la\wer.  b.  in  Bermuda 
in  1788 ;  d.  in  Richmond,  A'a.,  10  Dec,  1854.  He 
practised  law  in  Virginia  with  distinction  for 
more  than  forty  years,' and  during  that  time  was 
concerned  in  nearly  all  the  great  cases  carried  to 
the  higher  courts  of  that  state.  He  held  a  com- 
mission, in  1807,  in  the  Frederick  troop  tliat 
marched  to  the  seaboard  when  the  "Chesapeake" 
was  fired  upon,  and  in  1814  he  was  a  member  of 
the  legislature.  In  1829  he  was  a  member  of  the 
convention  that  framed  the  constitution  of  Vir- 
ginia, and  served,  with  Chief-Justice  Marshall,  ex- 
President  Madison,  and  John  Randolph,  on  the 


720 


COOKE 


COOKE 


committee  of  seven  that  drafted  that  instrument. 
He  possessed  a  vigorous  and  penetrating  mind, 
and  has  been  called  "  the  model  of  lofty  courtesy, 
chivalry,  and  generosity." — His  brother,  Philip 
St.  George,  soldier,  b.  near  Leesburg,  Va.,  13 
June,  1809 ;  d.  in  Detroit  Mich.,  20  March,  1895. 
He  entered  the  U.  S.  military  academy,  where  he 
was  graduated  in  1827,  and  was  assigned  to  the 
Gth  infantry.  He  was  stationed  for  many  years 
on  the  frontier,  and  in  the  Black  Hawk  war  was 
adjutant  of  his  regiment  at  the  battle  of  Bad 
Axe  River,  2  Aug.,  1832.  He  became  first  lieu- 
tenant in  the  1st  dragoons  on  4  March,  1833,  and 
captain  on  31  May,  1835.  He  escorted  a  party  of 
Santa  Fe  traders  to  the  Arkansas  river  in  1843, 
and  on  30  June  of  that  year  captured  a  Texan 
military  expedition.  During  the  Mexican  war  he 
commanded  a  Missouri  volunteer  battalion  in  Cali- 
fornia from  1846  till  1847,  and  in  1848  a  regiment 
in  the  city  of  Mexico,  having  been  promoted  to 
major  on  16  Feb.,  1847,  and  brevetted  lieutenant- 
colonel  on  20  Feb.,  for  his  conduct  in  California. 
Afterward  he  was  engaged  in  various  Indian  expe- 
ditions, conmianding  the  cavalry  in  the  action  at 
Blue  Water,  3  Sept.,  1855.  He  commanded  in  Kan- 
sas during  the  troubles  there  in  1856-'7,  perform- 
ing that  delicate  duty  to  the  satisfaction  of  all, 
and  was  at  the  head  of  the  cavalry  in  the  Utah 
expedition  of  l857-'8,  becoming  colonel  of  the  2d 
dragoons  on  14  June,  1858.  In  1859  he  prepared 
a  new  system  of  cavalry  tactics,  which  was  adopt- 
ed for  the  service  in  November,  1861  (revised  ed., 
1883).  In  June,  1861,  Col.  Cooke  published  a  let- 
ter in  which  he  declared  that  he  owed  allegiance 
to  the  general  government  rather  than  to  his  na- 
tive state  of  Virginia.  He  was  promoted  to  briga- 
dier-general on  12  Nov.,  1861,  and  commanded  all 
the  regular  cavalry  in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac 
during  the  peninsular  campaign,  particularly  in  the 
siege  of  Yorktown,  and  the  battles  of  Williamsburg, 
Gaines's  Mills,  and  Glendale.  He  sat  on  courts-mar- 
tial in  1862-'3,  commanded  the  Baton  Rouge  dis- 
trict till  1864,  and  till  1866  was  general  superin- 
tendent of  the  I'ecruiting  service.  He  was  at  the 
head  of  the  Department  of  the  Platte  in  1866-'7, 
of  that  of  the  Cumberland  in  1869-70,  and  of  the 
Department  of  the  Lakes  from  1870  till  1873.  On 
29  Oct.,  1873,  he  was  placed  on  the  retired  list, 
having  been  in  active  service  more  than  forty-five 
years.  Gen.  Cooke  published  "  Scenes  and  Ad- 
ventures in  the  Army"  (Philadelphia,  1856),  and 
"  The  Conquest  of  New  Mexico  and  California  ;  an 
Historical  and  Personal  Narrative"  (1878).  His 
daughter  married  Gen.  J.  E.  B.  Stuart,  the  Con- 
federate cavalry  leader. — John  Rogers's  son,  Pliilip 
Pendleton,  poet,  b.  in  Martinsburg,  Va.,  26  Oct., 
1816;  d.  20  Jan.,  1850,  was  graduated  at  Princeton 
in  1834,  and  studied  law  with  his  father.  Before 
he  was  of  age  he  had  begun  practice.  He  had  little 
partiality  for  his  profession,  and  devoted  himself 
to  literature  and  to  field  sports,  of  which  he  was 
very  fond.  Before  his  death  he  was  famous  as  the 
greatest  huntsman  in  the  Shenandoah  valley.     He 

Sublished  several  poems  in  the  "Knickerbocker 
lagazine  "  at  an  early  period,  and  became  a  con- 
tributor to  the  "  Southern  Literary  Messenger  "  on 
its  establishment.  Mr.  Cooke  was  stately  and  im- 
pressive in  manner,  and  a  brilliant  talker.  His 
only  publication  in  book-form  was  "  Froissart  Bal- 
lads, and  other  Poems"  (Philadelphia,  1847).  At 
the  time  of  his  death  he  was  publishing  serially  a 
romance  entitled  "  Chevalier  Merlin."  His  short 
lyrics,  "  Florence  Vane,"  "  To  My  Daughter  Lily," 
and  "  Rosa  Lee,"  were  very  popular.  The  first 
named  has  been  translated  into  many  languages, 


and  has  been  set  to  music  by  celebrated  composers. 
Among  his  tales  are  "  Johrt  Carpe,"  "  The  Crime  of 
Andrew  Blair,"  and  "  The  Gregories  of  Hackwood." 
— Another  son,  John  Esten,  author,  b.  in  Winches- 
ter, Va.,  3  Nov.,  1830;  d.  near  Boyce,  Clarke  co., 
Va.,  27  Sept.,  1886,  left  school  at  sixteen,  studied 
law  with  his  father,  and,  after  practising  about 
four  years,  devoted  himself  to  literature.  He  en- 
tered the  Confederate  army  at  the  beginning  of 
the  civil  war,  and  served  first  as  a  private  in  the 
artillery  and  afterward  in  the  cavalry,  being  en- 
gaged in  nearly  all  the  battles  in  Virginia,  most  of 
the  time  as  a  member  of  Gen.  J.  E.  B.  Stuart's 
staff.  At  Lee's  surrender  he  was  inspector-general 
of  the  horse-artillery  of  the  Army  of  Northern  Vir- 
ginia. His  writings  relate  almost  entirely  to  Vir- 
ginia, and  describe  the  life,  manners,  and  history 
of  the  people  of  that  state.  His  war -books  are 
records  of  personal  observation  and  opinion.  In 
a  letter  written  a  few  months  before  his  death  Mr. 
Cooke  says :  "  I  still  write  stories  for  such  periodi- 
cals as  are  inclined  to  accept  romance,  but  whether 
any  more  of  my  work  in  that  field  will  appear  in 
book-form  is  uncertain.  Mr.  Howells  and  the  other 
realists  have  crowded  me  out  of  popular  regard  as 
a  novelist,  and  have  brought  the  kind  of  fiction  I 
write  into  gen- 
eral disfavor.  I 
do  not  complain 
of  that,  for  they 
are  right.  They 
see.  as  I  do,  that 
fiction  should 
faithfully  re- 
flect life,  and 
they  obey  the 
law,  while  I  can 
not.  I  was  born 
too  soon,  and  am 
now  too  old  to 
learn  my  trade 
anew.  But  in 
literature,  as  in 

everything  else,  '  ' 

advance  should  /?     x  y    ^ 

still  has  no  right — j 

to   complain    if 

he  is  left  behind.  Besides,  the  fires  of  ambition 
are  burned  out  of  me,  and  I  am  serenely  happy. 
My  wheat-fields  are  green  as  I  look  out  from  the 
porch  of  the  Briers,  the  corn  rustles  in  the  wind, 
and  the  great  trees  give  me  shade  upon  the  lawn. 
My  three  children  are  growing  up  in  such  nurture 
and  admonition  as  their  race  has  always  deemed 
fit,  and  I  am  not  only  content,  but  very  happy, 
and  much  too  lazy  to  entertain  any  other  feeling 
toward  my  victors  than  one  of  warm  friendship 
and  sincere  approval."  His  publications  include 
"Leather  Stocking  and  Silk,"  a  story  (New 
York,  1854) ;  "  The  Virginia  Comedians  "  (2  vols., 
1854) ;  "  The  Youth  of  Jefferson,"  based  on  the 
letters  of  that  statesman  (1854) ;  "  Ellie,"  a  novel 
(Richmond,  Va.,  1855) ;  "  The  Last  of  the  Forest- 
ers "  (New  York,  1856) ;  "  Henry  St.  John,  Gentle- 
man ;  a  Tale  of  1774-'5,"  sequel  to  the  "  Come- 
dians "  (1859) ;  "  Life  of  Stonewall  Jackson " 
(Richmond,  1863  ;  enlarged  ed..  New  York,  1876) ; 
"Surry  of  Eagle's  Nest,"  a  picture  of  military  in- 
cidents in  the  Confederate  cavalry,  in  auto-bio- 
graphical form,  purporting  to  be  "  from  MS.  of 
Col.  Surry  "  (New  York,  1866) ;  "  Wearing  of  the 
Gray  "  (1867) ;  "  Mohun,  or  the  Last  Days  of  Lee 
and  his  Paladins,"  sequel  to  the  foregoing  (1868) ; 


COOKE 


COOKE 


721 


"Fairfax  "  (1868) ;  "  Hilt  to  ITilt,"  a  romantic  story 
of  18G4  (18G9) ;  "  Out  of  the  Foam  "  (1869) ;  "  Ham- 
mer and  Rapier,"  war  sketches  (1870) ;  "  The  Heir 
of  Gaymount"  (1870);  "Life  of  Gen.  R.  E.  Lee" 
(1871) ;  "  Dr.  Van  Dyl^e,"  a  story  of  Virginia  in 
the  last  century  (1872) ;  "  Her  Majesty  the  Queen  " 
(Philadelphia,  1873);  "Pretty  Mrs.  Gaston,  and 
other  Stories  "  (New  York,  1874) ;  "  Justin  Harley  " 
(Philadelphia,  1874) ;  "  Canolles,"  a  story  of  Corn- 
wallis's  Virginia  campaign  (Detroit,  1877) ;  "  Pro- 
fessor Pressensee,"  a  story  (New  York,  1878) ; 
"  Mr.  Grantley's  Idea,"  "  Virginia  Bohemians,"  and 
*'  Stories  of  the  Old  Dominion  "  (1879) ;  "  Virginia ; 
a  History  of  the  People"  (Boston,  1883);  "My 
Lady  Pokahontas  "  (1884) ;  and  "  The  Maurice 
Mystery"  (New  York,  1885).  Besides  these,  Mr. 
Cooke  wrote  several  novels  not  issued  in  permanent 
form,  and  a  mass  of  stories,  sketches,  and  verses 
for  periodicals.  The  last  product  of  his  pen  was  an 
article  written  for  this  work. — Philip  St.  George's 
son,  John  R.,  entered  the  array  in  1855  as  second 
lieutenant  of  the  8th  infantry,  became  first  lieu- 
tenant, 28  Jan.,  1861,  and,  resigning  on  30  May, 
entered  the  Confederate  service,  where  he  rose  to 
the  rank  of  brigadier-general.     He  died  in  1891. 

COOKE.  Josiah  Parsons,  chemist,  b.  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  12  Oct.,  1827 ;  d.  in  Newport,  R.  L,  3  Sept., 
1894.  He  attended  the  Boston  Latin  school,  and 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1848.  During  the  fol- 
lowing year  he  became  tutor  in  mathematics,  subse- 
quently instructor  in  chemistry,  and  in  1850  Erving 
professor  of  chemistry  and  mineralogy.  Under  his 
direction  the  course  in  chemistry  had  been  devel- 
oped from  a  very  small  beginning  until  facilities 
are  afforded  for  study  and  investigation  not  ex- 
celled elsewhere.  Prof.  Cooke  was  the  first  to  intro- 
duce laboratory  instruction  into  the  undergraduate 
course  of  an  American  college  ;  and  successfully  la- 
bored to  render  the  inductive  methods  of  experi- 
mental science  a  legitimate  means  of  liberal  culture 
not  only  in  the  college  but  also  in  the  preparatory 
school.  Prof.  Cooke's  work  was  largely  that  of 
instructing,  and,  in  addition  to  his  duties  at  Har- 
vard, he  gave  courses  of  popular  lectures  in  Balti- 
more, Brooklyn,  Lowell,  Washington,  and  Worces- 
ter, besides  five  courses  at  the  Lowell  institute  in 
IBoston.  As  director  of  the  chemical  laboratory 
of  Harvard  college,  he  published  numerous  con- 
tributions to  chemical  science,  most  of  which  have 
been  collected  in  a  volume  entitled  "  Chemical  and 
Physical  Researches  " 
,_^_,__^^  (1881),  which  includes 

"       ~  much    of    his    scien- 

tific work.  The  inves- 
tigation on  the  atomic 
weight  of  antimony 
(1880)  was  one  of  the 
most  brilliant  and  per- 
fect pieces  of  chemi- 
cal work  ever  executed 
in  this  country.  It  re- 
ceived the  commenda- 
tion of  chemists  both 
in  the  United  States 
and  Europe,  and  its 
results  have  been  ac- 
cepted. His  numerous 
mineral  analyses,  with 
descriptions  of  new 
species,  have  appeared 
in  the  "  American  Journal  of  Sciences  "  and  in  the 
"  Proceedings  of  the  American  Academy  of  Sciences 
and  Arts,"  with  both  of  which  journals  he  had  been 
editorially  connected.  His  "  New  Chemistry  "  was 
the  earliest  exposition  of  a  consistent  system  of 


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chemistry  based  on  the  principles  of  molecular 
mechanics.  Its  philosophy  has  been  widely  ac- 
cepted both  in  England  and  in  Germany,  and  the 
book  has  been  translated  into  most  of  the  lan- 
guages of  Europe.  Prof.  Cooke  was  a  member  of 
many  scientific  societies.  In  1872  he  was  elected 
to  the  National  academy  of  sciences,  and  he  was  also 
an  honorary  fellow  of  the  London  chemical  society, 
a  distinction  which,  in  this  country,  is  shared  with 
but  one  other.  In  1882  he  received  the  degree  of 
LL.  D.  from  the  University  of  Cambridge,  England. 
His  published  works  are  of  two  kinds.  The  scien- 
tific includes  "  Chemical  Problems  and  Reactions  " 
(Cambridge,  1857) ;  "  Elements  of  Chemical  Phys- 
ics "  (Boston,  1860) ;  "  First  Principles  of  Chemical 
Philosophy  "  (1868 ;  revised  ed.,  1882) ;  and  "  The 
New  Chemistry "  (New  York,  1872 ;  I'evised  ed., 
1884) ;  "  Fundamental  Principles  of  Chemistry " 
(Cambridge,  1886).  The  literary  comprise  "Re- 
ligion and  Chemistry"  (New  York.  1864)  and  "Sci- 
entific Culture  and  other  Essays  "  (New  York, 
1881 ;  with  additions,  1885). 

COOKE,  Josiah  PLatt,  delegate  to  congress,  b. 
in  Danbury,  Conn.,  in  1730;  d.  therein  1816.  He 
was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1750,  and  was  a  delegate 
from  his  state  to  congress  under  the  old  confedera- 
tion from  1784  till  1788. 

COOKE,  Nicholas,  governor  of  Rhode  Island, 
b.  in  Providence,  3  Feb.,  1717 ;  d.  14  Sept.,  1782. 
In  December,  1774,  he  was  one  of  the  committee 
of  inspection  of  the  town  of  Providence,  a  body 
invested  with  the  general  powers  of  a  committee 
of  safety.  He  was  deputy-governor  from  May  till 
October,  1775,  and  chairman  of  public  assemblies 
at  Providence  on  numerous  occasions  during  that 
exciting  period  of  the  revolution.  He  was  gov- 
ernor from  October,  1775,  till  May,  1778.  The  in- 
scription on  his  monument  in  Providence  says  he 
"  merited  and  won  the  approbation  of  his  fellow- 
citizens,  and  was  honored  with  the  friendship 
and  confidence  of  Washington." — His  grandson, 
Nicliolas  Francis,  physician,  b.  in  Providence, 
R.  I.,  25  Aug.,  1829  ;  d.  in  Chicago,  111.,  1  Feb.,  1885, 
entered  Brown  university  in  1846,  but  left  before 
graduation,  studied  medicine  in  Providence,  and  in 
1852  made  a  tour  of  the  world.  On  his  return  he 
studied  in  the  medical  dejiartment  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Pennsylvania  and  at  Jefferson  medical 
college,  but  soon  afterward  became  a  convert  to 
homoeopathy.  After  entering  into  partnership 
with  Dr.  A.  H.  Okie,  of  Providence,  the  first 
homoeopathic  graduate  in  the  United  States,  Dr. 
Cooke  removed  to  Chicago  in  1855,  and  remained 
there  till  his  death.  He  became  professor  of  chem- 
istry in  Hahnemann  medical  college,  on  its  organi- 
zation in  1859,  and  was  subsequently  transferred 
to  the  chair  of  theory  and  practice.  He  resigned 
in  1870,  and  in  1872  filled  for  one  session  the  chair 
of  special  pathology  and  diagnosis  in  Pulte  medi- 
cal college,  Cincinnati.  He  also  declined  profes- 
sorships in  several  other  medical  colleges.  Dr. 
Cooke  was  a  prominent  member  of  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  church  till  about  1875,  when  he  became 
a  Roman  Catholic.  He  was  particularly  skilful 
in  diagnosis.  He  published  "Satan  in  Society" 
(New  York,  1871)  and  "Antiseptic  Medication" 
(Chicago.  1882),  besides  contributions  to  medical 
periodicals,  including  an  able  article  on  "  Pancreas 
Disease  "  in  the  "  Clinique  "  of  15  Nov.,  1884. 

COOKE,  Parsons,  clergvman,  b.  in  Hadley, 
Mass.,  18  Feb.,  1800;  d.  in'^Lynn,  Mass.,  12  Feb., 
1864.  He  was  graduated  at  Williams  in  1822, 
studied  theology  with  Dr.  Griffin,  at  that  time 
president  of  Williams  college,  and  on  26  June, 
1826,  was  ordained  i:)astor  of  a  newly  organized 


723 


COOKB 


COO LEY 


Congregational  church  in  Ware,  Mass.  He  re- 
moved to  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  in  1836,  and  a  few 
months  afterward  became  pastor  of  the  1st  Con- 
gregational church  in  Lynn,  Mass.,  where  he  re- 
mained until  his  death.  The  financial  embarrass- 
ment of  his  congregation,  occasioned  by  the  build- 
ing of  a  new  church,  led  him  to  undertake,  in 
1840,  the  editorship  of  the  "  New  England  Puri- 
tan," published  in  Boston,  and  he  continued  in 
journalism  from  the  conviction  that  he  could  be 
useful  in  that  work.  The  "  Puritan  "  was  subse- 
quently united  with  the  "  Recorder,"  of  whicli  Dr. 
Cooke  became  senior  editor,  retaining  the  place 
until  his  death.  Dr.  Cooke  was  strongly  Calvin- 
istic  in  his  views,  constantly  opposed  the  new- 
school  or  moderately  Calvinistic  Congregational- 
ists,  and  occasionally  became  involved  in  discus- 
sions with  other  denominations.  As  a  preacher, 
he  was  doctrinal  rather  than  hortatory.  Williams 
college  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.  D.  in  1849.  His 
publications  include  a  sermon  on  "The  Exclu- 
siveness  of  Unitarianism,"  the  cause  of  his  first 
controversy  (1839) ;  a  "  History  of  German  Ana- 
baptism  "  ;  "A  Century  of  Puritanism  and  a 
Century  of  its  Opposites  "  (Boston,  1857) ;  and  oc- 
casional sermons  and  addresses. 

COOKE,  Rose  Terry,  author,  b.  in  West  Hart- 
ford, Conn.,  17  Feb.,  1827;  d.  in  Pittsfield,  Berk- 
shire CO.,  Mass.,  18  July,  1893.  She  was  married 
to  R.  H.  Cooke,  of  Winsted,  Conn.,  in  1873.  She 
published  "Poems  by  Rose  Terry"  (Boston,  1860); 
"Ilapjiy  Dodd"(1879);  "Somebody's  Neighbors" 
(ISSl);  and  "Root-Bound"  and  "The  Sphinx's 
Children "  (1886).  She  wrote  many  short  maga- 
zine stories,  some  of  them  humorous,  mainly  de- 
scribing New  England  life.  "  The  Two  Villages  " 
is  her  best-known  poem. 

COOKINS,  James,  artist,  b.  in  Terre  Haute, 
Ind.,  about  1835.  After  studying  two  years  in 
Munich,  he  opened  a  studio  in  Cincinnati  in  1861. 
He  studied  again  in  Munich  from  1865  till  1870, 
and  then  settled  in  Chicago,  111.  He  has  much 
talent  as  a  landscape-painter,  and  liis  illustrations 
of  fairy  tales  show  great  power  of  invention. 

COOKMAN,  George  Gfrimston,  clergyman,  b. 
in  Hull,  England,  21  Oct.,  1800 ;  lost  at  sea  in 
March,  1841.  He  came  to  the  United  States  on 
business  in  1823,  and  while  here  became  convinced 
that  it  was  his  duty  to  preach  the  gospel.  One  of 
his  objects  in  coming  to  this  country  was  to  bear 
some  humble  part  in  the  emancipation  of  the  slaves 
of  the  south.  His  father  settled  him  in  business 
in  England  and  was  anxious  to  detain  him  at 
home ;  but  he  came  again  to  tliis  country  in  1825, 
officiated  for  a  few  months  as  a  local  preacher  in 
Philadelphia,  and  at  the  ensuing  session  of  the 
Philadelphia  conference  in  1826  was  admitted  into 
the  Methodist  ministry.  He  was  transferred  to 
Baltimore  in  1833,  and  was  twice  chosen  chaplain 
to  congress.  He  preached  every  Sunday  morning 
in  tlie  hall  of  representatives,  and  attracted  great 
crowds,  among  whom  were  all  the  prominent  states- 
men of  the  day,  including  John  Quincy  Adams, 
Daniel  Webster,  and  Henry  Clay.  He  sailed  for 
England,  11  March,  1841,  on  the  steamship  "Presi- 
dent," which  was  never  lieard.from  again.  His 
style  of  pulpit  oratory  was  nervous,  elegant,  and 
richly  imaginative.. — His  son,  Alfred,  clergyman, 
b.  in  1838 ;  d.  in  Newark,  N.  J.,  13  Nov.,  1871,  was 
educated  in  the  schools  of  Baltimore  and  Wash- 
ington, and  under  his  father's  care,  and  began 
preaching  in  Baltimore  when  only  sixteen  years 
old.  He  afterward  joined  the  Philadelphia  con- 
ference, and  held  pastorates  in  Philadelphia,  Har- 
risburg,  Wilmington,  New  York,  and  other  cities. 


See  "  Life  of  Alfred  Cookman,"  by  Henry  B. 
Ridgaway  (New  York,  1871). — Another  son,  John 
Emory,  b.  in  Carlisle,  Pa.,  8  June,  1836 ;  d.  in 
New  York  city,  29  March,  1891.  He  was  graduated 
in  Boston,  joined  the  New  York  conference  in  1861, 
and  spent  his  ministry  mostly  in  the  vicinity  of 
New  York,  with  the  exception  of  three  years  as  pas- 
tor of  Tremont  sti'eet  church,  Boston.  He  received 
the  degree  of  D.  D.  fi'om  Illinois  Wesleyan  uni- 
versity in  1876.  In  1891  he  joined  the  Episcopal 
church,  and  was  employed  in  New  York  city. 

COOLEY,  Abiel  A.,  inventor,  b.  in  1782 ;  d.  in 
Hartford,  Conn.,  18  Aug.,  1858.  He  was  a  phy- 
sician, and  invented  improvements  in  friction- 
matches,  an  ingenious  shingle-machine,  and  one  of 
the  first  power-presses  in  use.  He  was  also  the  first 
to  apply  the  cam-movement  to  pumps. 

COOLEY,  Le  Roy  Clark,  chemist,  b.  in  Point 
Peninsula,  N.  Y.,  7  Oct.,  1833.  He  was  graduated 
at  Union  in  1858,  whei-e  he  followed  a  scientific 
course.  From  1801  till  1874  he  was  professor  of 
natural  sciences  in  the  New  York  state  normal 
school,  when  he  became  professor  of  physics  and 
chemistry  in  Vassar  college.  He  has  devised  vari- 
ous forms  of  apparatus  to  facilitate  laboratory  in- 
struction in  physics  and  chemistry,  and  in  1868 
invented  an  electric  register  by  which  piano-wires 
and  tuning-forks  leave  an  imprint  of  their  vibra- 
tions, which  was  the  first  successful  application  of 
electricity  to  the  purpose  of  recording  swift  periodic 
impulses  in  permanent  characters.  Prof.  Cooley  has 
contributed  frequently  to  educational  and  scientific 
journals,  and  has  published  "  A  Text-Book  of  Phvs- 
ics  "  (New  York,  1868) ;  "  A  Text-Book  of  Chem'is- 
try  "  (1869) ;  "  Easy  Experiments  in  Physical  Sci- 
ence "  (1870) ;  "  Natural  Philosophy  for  High 
Schools "  (1871) ;  "  Elements  of  Chemistry  for 
High  Schools"  (1873);  "The  Student's  Guide- 
Book  and  Note-Book  "  (Poughkeepsie,  1878) ;  "  The 
New  Text-Book  of  Physics"  (New  York,  1880); 
"  The  New  Text-Book  of  Chemistry  "  (1881) ;  "  The 
Beginner's  Guide  to  Chemistry  "  (1886). 

Cooley,  Thomas  Mclntyre,  jurist,  b.  in  At- 
tica, N.  Y.,  6  Jan.,  1834;  d.  in  Ann  Arbor,  Mich., 
12  Sept.,  1898.  He  began  the  study  of  law,  and, 
removing  to  Michigan,  completed  his  legal  studies 
at  Adrian,  where  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
January,  1846.  He  practised  his  profession  for  the 
two  following  years  at  Tecumsch,  after  which  he 
settled  in  Adrian.  For  a  time  he  edited  a  news- 
paper, "  The  Watch-Tower,"  and  in  1857  the  state 
senate  assigned  to  him  the  work  of  compiling  the 
general  statutes  of  Michigan,  which  were  published 
in  two  volutnes.  In  1858  he  was  appointed  reporter 
of  the  supreme  court,  an  office  which  he  retained  for 
seven  years,  during  which  time  he  published  eight 
volumes  of  reports.  In  1859  he  was  made  professor 
of  law  in  the  t^niversity  of  Michigan.  In  1864  lie 
was  elected  a  justice  of  the  stipreme  court  of  the 
state  to  fill  a  vacancy,  and  in  1869  was  re-elected 
for  the  full  term  of  eight  years.  In  1868-'9  he 
was  chief  justice,  and  in  1885  retired  permanently 
from  the  bench.  In  1881  a  School  of  political  sci- 
ence was  established  in  the  University  of  Michi- 
gan, and  he  assumed  the  professorship  of  constitu- 
tional and  administrative  law.  He  long  occupied 
the  chair  of  American  history  in  the  University 
of  Michigan,  and  was  lecturer  on  constitutional 
law,  and  dean  of  the  School  of  political  science. 
He  published  a  "Digest  of  Michigan  Reports" 
(1866) ;  "  The  Const ihitional  Limitations  which 
Rest  upon  the  Legislative  Power  of  the  States  of 
the  American  Union"  (Boston,  1868;  enlarged 
ed.,  1871) ;  and  editions,  with  copious  notes,  of 
Blackstone's  "  Commentaries  "  (1870)  and  Story's 


COOLIDGE 


COOMBS 


723 


"  Commentaries  on  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States,"  with  additional  chapters  on  the  "  New 
Amendments"  (1873);  "The  Law  of  Taxation" 
(1876);  "The  Law  of  Torts"  (1879);  "General 
Principles  of  Constitutional  Law  in  the  United 
States  "  (1880) ;  and  "  Michigan :  A  History  of  Gov- 
ernments" (Boston,  1885). 

COOLIDGE,  Carlos,  governor  of  Vermont,  b. 
in  Windsor,  Vt.,  in  1792 ;  d.  there,  15  Aug.,  1866. 
He  was  graduated  at  Middlebury  in  1811,  and 
practised  law  in  his  native  place  for  fifty-two  years. 
He  was  attorney  for  the  county  from  1831  till  1836, 
and  a  representative  in  the  legislature  from  1834 
till  1837,  and  from  1839  till  1842.  He  was  speaker 
in  1836,  and  during  his  latter  term  was  governor 
of  Vermont,  1848-'50,  and  senator  from  1855  till 
1857.  He  received  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  from  Mid- 
dlebury in  1849. 

COOLIDGfE,  Kichartl  H.,  military  surgeon,  b. 
in  the  state  of  New  York  in  1816 ;  d.  in  Kaleigh, 
N.  C,  23  Jan.,  1866.  He  was  appointed  assistant 
surgeon  in  tlie  U.  S.  army  from  New  York  state  in 
August,  1841,  and  served  at  various  posts.  In 
June,  1860,  he  was  promoted  surgeon,  and  was 
medical  purveyor  and  director,  Department  of  the 
Pacific,  from  January,  1861,  till  April,  1862.  He 
was  lieutenant-colonel  and  medical  inspector  from 
June,  1862,  till  October,  1865,  was  in  the  provost- 
marshal's  department,  Washington,  D.  C,  till  April, 
1864,  and  on  duty  at  Louisville,  Ky.,  from  May  till 
November,  1864.  He  was  made  medical  inspector 
of  the  Northern  Department  and  of  the  Department 
of  Pennsylvania  in  1865,  and  subsequently  pro- 
moted to  a  brevet  lieutenant-colonelcy  for  faithful 
and  meritorious  services  during  the  war.  He  was 
medical  director  of  the  Department  of  North  Caro- 
lina at  the  time  of  his  death. 

COOLIDGi-E,  Sidney,  scientist,  b.  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  in  1830 ;  d.  near  Chickamauga,  Ga.,  19  Sept., 
1863.  He  studied  abroad  from  1839  till  1850,  first 
in  Geneva  and  Vevay,  and  afterward  in  the  Royal 
military  college  in  Dresden.  After  his  return  to 
this  country  he  assisted  in  the  construction  of  the 
Richmond  and  Danville  railroad,  and  in  running 
the  boundary-line  of  Minnesota.  After  working  in 
the  nautical-almanac  office  and  in  the  Cambridge 
observatory,  he  was  appointed  in  1853  assistant  as- 
tronomer to  Com.  Perry's  Ja[)an  exploring  expedi- 
tion. In  1854  he  assisted  Prof.  George  P.  Bond 
in  his  observations  of  the  planet  Saturn,  and  con- 
tributed drawings  and  notes  to  the  published  an- 
nals of  the  observatory.  He  took  charge  in  1855  of 
the  chronometrie  expedition  for  determining  the 
difference  of  longitude  between  Cambridge  and 
Greenwich,  and  in  1856-'7  studied  the  dialects  and 
astronomical  superstitions  of  the  Indians  near 
Saguenay  river  and  Lake  Mistassinnie.  Being  in 
Mexico  in  1858,  he  took  part  in  the  civil  war  of 
that  year,  was  taken  prisoner  and  sentenced  to  be 
shot,  but  was  finally  released  and  sent  to  the  city  of 
Mexico  on  parole.  He  took  part  in  an  Arizona 
land-survey  in  1860,  and  in  May,  1861,  became 
major  in  the  16th  U.  S.  infantry.  He  was  super- 
intendent of  the  regimental  recruiting  service  in 
1862,  commanded  regiments  at  different  posts  and 
camps,  and  was  engaged  at  the  battles  of  Hoover's 
Gap  and  Chickamauga,  where  he  was  killed.  For 
his  services  in  the  latter  fight  he  received  the 
brevet  of  lieutenant-colonel. 

COOLIDGE,  Susan.  See  Woolsey,  Sarah  C. 
COOMBE,  Tlionias,  clergyman,  b.  in  Philadel- 
phia, 21  Oct.,  1758 ;  d.  in  London,  15  Aug.,  1822. 
He  was  graduated  at  the  College  of  Philadelphia  in 
1766,  and  in  1768  went  to  England,  where  he  was 
ordained   priest   and   appointed   chaplain  to   the 


Marquis  of  Rockingham.  He  returned  to  Phila- 
delphia in  1772,  and  was  chosen  an  assistant  min- 
ister of  Christ  church  and  St.  Peter's.  On  20  July, 
1775,  the  day  appointed  for  a  general  fast  by  the 
Continental  congress,  he  delivered  a  sermon,  which 
was  published  (Philadelphia,  1775;  3d  ed.,  New- 
port, 1776).  Mr.  Coombe  supported  the  cause  of 
the  colonies  until  the  passage  of  the  Declaration 
of  Independence,  but  felt  that  his  ordination-oath 
did  not  permit  him  to  follow  the  same  course  after 
that  event.  This  decision  caused  him  to  be  looked 
upon  with  suspicion,  and  just  previous  to  the  occu- 
pation of  the  city  he  was  ordered  to  be  arrested ; 
but  the  order  was  not  executed,  and,  after  the  Brit- 
ish left  the  city  in  1778,  h'e  obtained  permission  to 
go  to  New  York,  whence  he  sailed  for  England. 
He  was  subsequently  chaplain  to  the  Earl  of  Car- 
lisle, and  in  1794  was  appointed  chaplain  in  ordi- 
nary to  the  king.  The  degree  of  D.  D.  was  con- 
ferred upon  him  in  1781  by  the  University  of  Dub- 
lin. He  was  an  eloquent  and  impi'essive  preacher. 
Josiah  Quincy,  Jr.,  speaks  of  one  of  his  extempore 
prayers  "  which,  in  point  of  sentiment,  propriety 
of  expression,  and  true  sublimity,  excelled  any- 
thing of  the  kind  "  he  had  ever  heard.  Dr.  Coombe 
was  the  friend  of  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  Johnson, 
and  Goldsmith.  He  issued  under  two  titles :  "  Ed- 
win, or  the  Emigrant"  (Philadelphia,  1775),  and 
"The  Peasant  of  Auburn"  (London,  1783). 

COOMBS,  Leslie,  soldier,  b.  near  Boonesboro, 
Clark  CO.,  Ky.,  28  Nov.,  1793;  d.  in  Lexington, 
Ky.,  21  Aug.,  1881.  His  father,  who  served  at  the 
siege  of  Yorktown,  removed  from  Virginia  in  1782, 
and  settled  in  the  wilderness  of  Kentucky.  Leslie, 
the  twelfth  child  of  this  pioneer  farmer,  entered 
the  army  at  the  age  of  nineteen.  In  the  campaign 
that  ended  in  the  disaster  at  the  river  Raisin,  he 
was  sent  by  Gen.  Winchester  with  important  des- 
patches to  Gen.  Harrison.  To  deliver  these  he  was 
obliged  to  traverse  a  wilderness,  occupied  by  sav- 
ages and  covered  with  snow,  for  over  a  hundred 
miles,  and  suffered  great  privations.  On  2  June, 
1813,  he  was  commissioned  captain  of  spies  in  Dud- 
ley's regiment  of  Kentucky  volunteers.  He  volun- 
teered, with  an  Indian  guide,  to  carry  the  intelli- 
gence of  the  approach  of  Gen.  Clay's  forces  to  Gen. 
Harrison,  when  the  latter  was  besieged  in  Fort 
Meigs,  but  was  overpowered  in  sight  of  the  fort, 
and  escaped  to  Fort  Defiance.  He  bore  a  conspicu- 
ous part  in  tl:e  defeat  of  Col.  Dudley,  on  5  May, 
and  was  wounded  at  Fort  Miami.  After  the  war 
he  studied  law,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  the  age 
of  twenty-three,  attaining  high  rank  in  the  profes- 
sion. In  1836  he  raised,  at  his  own  expense,  a  regi- 
ment to  aid  Texas  in  her  struggle  for  independ- 
ence, and  was  commissioned  colonel  in  August  of 
that  year.  He  was  for  several  terms  state  auditor, 
and  was  many  times  elected  to  the  legislature. 
When  his  old  commander,  Gen.  Harrison,  was  a 
candidate  for  president.  Coombs  took  a  prominent 
part  in  the  canvass.  As  a  stump  orator  he  was 
unsurpassed.  At  the  beginning  of  the  Mexican 
war  he  aided  largely  in  raising  volunteers  in  Ken- 
tucky. He  was  a  strong  whig,  and  earnestly  de- 
voted to  the  Union  from  the  time  when  the  question 
of  secession  was  first  advanced.  In  1849  Henry 
Clay,  who  placed  great  trust  in  Gen.  Coombs,  wrote 
to  him  suggesting  that  Union  meetings  should  be 
held  throughout"  Kentucky,  enclosing  resolutions 
to  be  adopted.  During  the  canvass  of  1844  he 
made  many  speeches  in  the  north  and  east  in  sup- 
port of  his  friend  Clay  as  a  candidate  for  president. 
It  was  in  defeating  Gfen.  Coombs  for  congress  that 
John  C.  Breckinridge  won  his  earliest  success  in 
public  life.    Gen.  Coombs's  last  public  office  was 


724 


COOPER 


COOPER 


that  of  clerk  of  the  Kentucky  court  of  appeals,  to 
which  he  was  elected  by  a  large  majority  as  the 
Union  candidate  in  1860.  In  opposition  to  "the  state 
guard,  organized  by  Simon  B.  Buckner,  which  was 
only  a  school  of  recruits  for  the  Confederate  army, 
he  organized  and  armed,  in  conjunction  with  Gen. 
Lovell  11.  Rousseau,  a  body  of  loyal  soldiers,  who 
subsequently  I'endered  eifective  service  in  the  na- 
tional cause.  Gen.  Coombs  was  one  of  the  pioneers 
of  railroad-building  in  the  west. 

COOPER,  Elias  Samuel,  surgeon,  b.  in  Butler 
county,  Ohio,  in  1821 ;  d.  in  San  Francisco,  Cal., 
18  Oct.,  1862.  He  received  a  thorough  medical 
education  in  Cincinnati  and  St.  Louis,  and  began 
practice  in  Peoria,  111.  /  In  1855  he  removed  to 
San  Francisco,  where  his  eminent  abilities  and  re- 
markable skill  as  an  operating  surgeon  soon  placed 
him  at  the  head  of  his  profession,  and  gained  for 
him  a  high  reputation  among  his  professional 
brethren  in  the  eastern  states  and  in  Europe.  Dr. 
Cooper  took  an  active  part  in  the  organization  of 
the  medical  department  of  the  University  of  the 
Pacific,  the  first  medical  school  on  the  Pacific 
coast,  and  at  the  time  of  his  death  was  professor 
of  surgery  and  president  of  the  medical  faculty. 
He  established  the  "  San  Francisco  Medical  Press," 
and  was  a  contributor  to  eastern  medical  journals. 

COOPER,  Ellwood,  horticulturist,  b.  in  Sads- 
bury,  Lancaster  eo..  Pa.,  24  May,  1829.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  Harmony,  after  which  he  engaged  in  busi- 
ness in  Port  au  Prince,  W.  I.,  and  later  in  NewYork. 
About  1870  he  removed  to  southern  California  and 
settled  in  Santa  Bai'bara,  where  he  has  devoted  his 
attention  principally  to  the  cultivation  of  fruits. 
On  his  farm  are  produced  olives,  grapes,  English 
walnuts,  and  European  almonds,  in  crops  far  ex- 
ceeding those  of  the  older  countries ;  also  oranges, 
lemons,  Japanese  persimmons,  and  other  similar 
fruits.  Mr,  Cooper  was  the  first  in  the  United 
States  to  manufacture  olive-oil  and  put  it  on  the 
market.  In  connection  with  this  industry  he  has 
invented  various  forms  of  machinery  for  use  in  the 
oil-works,  and  also  a  nuxchine  for  hulling  English 
walnuts,  grading  them  as  to  size  and  washing 
tliem,  thus  not  only  eft'eeting  a  great  saving  of 
labor,  but  making  them  more  satisfactory  for  sale 
than  can  be  done  by  hand.  He  has  been  president 
of  the  board  of  directors  of  Santa  Barbara  college, 
for  three  years  was  principal  of  the  college,  and  is 
now  (1886)  president  of  the  California  state  board 
of  horticulture.  He  has  published  "  Statistics  of 
Trade  with  Hayti "  (New  York,  1868);  "Forest 
Culture  and  Eucalyptus  Trees"  (San  Francisco, 
1876) ;  and  "  A  Treatise  on  Olive  Culture  "  (1882). 

COOPER,  Ezekiel,  clergyman,  b.  in  Caroline 
county,  Md.,  22  Feb.,  1763 ;  d.  in  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
21  Feb.,  18-47.  He  was  the  son  of  a  revolutionary 
officer,  and  at  the  age  of  fourteen  was  so  impressed 
by  a  sermon  delivered  by  the  Rev.  Freeborn  Gar- 
rettson,  that  he  at  once  determined  to  unite  with 
the  church.  In  1784  he  was  placed  upon  circuit 
under  Bishop  Francis  Asbury,  and  in  1787  ad- 
mitted to  membership  in  the  conference.  His  first 
appointment  in  1785  was  to  Long  Island,  and  he  had 
that  entire  territory  for  his  circuit.  A  year  later 
he  was  assigned  to  East  New  Jersey,  and  in  1787  to 
Trenton.  In  1788  he  was  appointed  to  Baltimore, 
then  to  Annapolis,  and  afterward  to  Alexandria. 
During  1792-8  he  was  presiding  elder  of  the  Bos- 
ton district,  after  which  he  was  successively  in  New 
York,  Brooklyn,  Philadelphia,  and  Wilmington, 
In  1798  he  became  chairman  of  the  Book  Concern, 
and  from  1799  till  1802  was  stationed  in  Philadel- 
phia as  editor  and  general  agent  of  that  establish- 
ment.    In  this  cajjacity  he  displayed  rare  ability, 


and  during  his  administration  imparted  to  it  such 
impulse  and  organization  that  it  has  become  one 
of  the  largest  religious  publishing  establishments 
in  the  United  States.  Its  capital  stock,  which  was 
almost  nothing  when  he  first  became  connected  with 
it,  rose  to  nearly  $50,000  during  his  period  of  office. 
He  continued  with  the  depository  after  its  removal 
to  New  York,  where,  in  1804.  he  was  stationed  as 
preacher,  after  which  he  resumed  his  itinerant 
labors.  In  1820  he  was  appointed  to  St,  George's 
church  in  Philadelphia,  but  was  soon  afterward 
placed  on  the  supernumerary  list.  He  was  distin- 
guished for  pulpit  eloquence,  logical  ability,  and 
varied  knowledge.  At  the  time  of  his  death  he 
was  older  in  the  ministry  than  any  in  the  itiner- 
ancy of  the  Methodist  church,  either  in  Europe  or 
America.  He  published  sermons  on  the  death  of 
Bishop  Francis  Asbury  (Philadelphia,  1819)  and  of 
the  Rev.  John  Dickinson. 

COOPER,  George  Henry,  naval  officer,  b.  in 
Fort  Diamond,  New  York  harbor,  27  July.  1821 ;  d. 
in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  17  Nov.,  1891.  He  ejitered  the 
U.  S.  navy  in  Aug.,  1887,  and  during  that  year  was 
attached  to  the  fleet  on  the  coast  of  Florida,  which 
was  co-operating  with  the  army  m  boat  expeditions 
against  the  Seminole  Indians.  From  1888  till  1842 
he  was  attached  to  the  frigate  "  Constitution  "  on 
the  Pacific,  after  which  he  spent  some  time  in  the 
naval  school,  then  in  Philadelphia.  He  was  pro- 
moted to  passed  midshipman  in  June,  1843,  and 
served  on  the  "  Flirt "  during  the  Mexican  war. 
This  vessel  reported  to  Gen.  Taylor  in  March,  1846, 
and  Mr.  Cooper  commanded  a  detachment  of  men 
at  Point  Isabel,  Texas,  in  May,  After  the  capture 
of  Monterey  he  was  transferred  to  Com,  Connor's 
squadron,  and  was  present  at  the  attacks  on  To- 
basco,  Alvarado,  and  Tuspan.  From  1847  till  1851 
he  served  at  Norfolk,  and  then  for  five  years  was 
attached  to  the  "  Susquehanna  "  in  the  East  India 
squadron.  He  received  his  commission  as  lieu- 
tenant, 8  May,  1851,  and  on  his  return  from  the 
East  Indies  again  spent  two  years  at  Norfolk,  after 
which  lie  served  on  the  frigate  "  Roanoke  "  in  the 
home  squadron,  and  later  at  the  navy-yard  in 
Portsmouth.  In  July,  1862,  he  was  made  com- 
mander and  given  the  supply-vessel  "  Massachu- 
setts," of  the  Atlantic  squadron,  and  in  1863  was 
in  command  of  the  "  Mercedita,"  of  the  South  At- 
lantic blockading  squadron.  For  seven  weeks  he 
commanded  the  monitor  "  Sangamon "  inside  of 
the  Charleston  roads,  employed  on  picket-duty, 
and  acted  in  concert  with  the  army,  constantly 
shelling  Fort  Sumter  and  the  batteries  on  Sulli- 
van's island.  Later  he  was  stationed  in  Stono  inlet, 
S.  C,  as  senior  officer,  co-operating  with  the  army 
in  expeditions  against  the  enemy,  and  frequently 
engaged  at  short  range.  From  1863  till  1867  he 
commanded  successively  the  "  Sonoma,"  the  "  Glau- 
cus,"  and  the  "  Winooski,"  and,  after  receiving  his 
commission  as  captain  in  December,  1867,  was  sta- 
tioned at  the  Norfolk  navy-yard.  He  then  spent 
some  time  at  sea  in  command  of  the  frigate  "  Colo- 
rado," and  in  1872-'3  was  commandant  of  the  Nor- 
folk navy-yard.  In  June,  1874,  he  was  promoted 
to  commodore,  after  which  he  had  charge  of  the 
Pensacola  navy-yard.  From  1878  till  1880  he  was 
president  of  the  board  of  inspection,  and  com- 
mandant of  the  Brooklyn  navy-yard  until  1882. 
In  November,  1881,  he  was  commissioned  reai'- 
admiral  and  given  command  of  the  North  Atlantic 
station,  with  headquarters  in  New  York.  In  1884 
he  was  placed  on  the  retired  list. 

COOPER,  Henry,  senator,  b.  in  Columbia, 
Tenn.,  22  Aug.,  1827.  He  was  graduated  at  West 
Tennessee  university,  Jackson,  in  1847,  and  stud- 


J  /. 


c^  C'P^cn^-^ 


C&  o/^ 


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COOPER 


COOPER 


725 


led  law.  In  1849  he  was  admitted  to  the  bai\  and 
began  practice  in  Shelbyville.  He  was  elected  to 
the  state  legislature  in  1853,  and  again  in  1857. 
In  April,  1862,  he  was  appointed  judge  of  the 
7th  judicial  circuit  in  Tennessee,  an  office  which 
he  retained  until  1866,  when  for  a  year  he  was  pro- 
fessor in  the  law-school  at  Lebanon,  Tenn.  Sub- 
sequently he  settled  in  Nashville,  and  resumed  his 
practice.  He  was  elected  to  the  state  senate  in 
1869,  and  in  1870  was  chosen  as  a  Democrat  to  the 
U.  S.  senate,  serving  from  4  March,  1871,  till  3 
March,  1877. 

COOPER,  James,  senator,  b.  in  Frederick  coun- 
ty, Md.,  8  May,  1810;  d.  in  Camp  Chase,  near  Co- 
lumbus, Ohio,  28  March,  1863.  He  studied  at  St. 
Mary's  college,  and  was  graduated  at  Washington 
college,  Pa.,  in  1832,  after  which  he  studied  law 
with  Thaddeus  Stevens.  In  1834  he  was  admitted 
to  the  bar,  and  began  to  practise  in  Gettysburg, 
Pa.  He  was  elected  to  congress  as  a  Whig,  and 
served  for  two  terms,  from  2  Dec,  1839,  till  3 
March,  1843.  He  was  a  member  of  the  state  legis- 
lature during  the  years  1843,  1844,  1846,  and  1848, 
and  its  speaker  in  1847.  In  1848  he  was  made  at- 
torney-general of  Pennsylvania,  and  he  was  elected 
to  the  IJ.  S.  senate  as  a"  Whig,  holding  office  from 
3  Dec,  1849,  till  3  March,  1855.  On  the  expiration 
of  his  term  he  settled  in  Philadelphia,  and  later  in 
Frederick  City,  Md.  Soon  after  the  beginning  of 
the  civil  war  he  took  command  of  all  the  volun- 
teers in  Maiyland,  and  organized  them  into  regi- 
ments. On  17  May,  1861,  he  was  made  brigadier- 
general  in  the  volunteer  service,  his  appointment 
being  among  the  first  that  were  made  during  the 
war.  Later  he  was  placed  in  command  of  Camp 
Chase,  where  he  served  until  his  death. 

COOPER,  James  B.,  naval  officer,  b.  in  Bucks 
county,  Pa.,  6  March,  1753  ;  d.  in  Haddonfield, 
N.  J.,  5  Feb.,  1854.  He  served  during  the  revo- 
lutionary war  as  captain  in  Lee's  legion,  and  was 
actively  engaged  in  the  contests  at  Stony  Point, 
Paulus  Hook,  Guilford  Court-House,  and  Eutaw 
Springs.  In  1812  he  entered  the  navy  as  master, 
and  served  in  that  capacity  during  the  war.  He 
was  promoted  to  lieutenant  in  April,  1822,  and  be- 
came commander  in  September,  1841. — His  son, 
Benjamin,  naval  officer,  b.  in  New  Jersey  about 
1793 ;  d.  in  Brooklyn,  L.  1.,  1  June,  1850.  He  was 
appointed  to  the  U.  S.  navy  as  midshipman  on  16 
Jan.,  1809,  and  served  with  distinction  during  the 
war  of  1812.  He  fought  bravely  under  Capt. 
James  Lawrence  on  the  "  Hornet,"  in  her  action 
with  the  "  Peacock  "  in  February,  1813,  and  was 
made  lieutenant  in  December,  1814.  Later  he  was 
again  promoted,  and  attained  the  grade  of  captain 
in  February,  1828. 

COOPER,  James  Fenimore,  author,  b.  in 
Burlington,  N.  J.,  15  Sept.,  1789 ;  d.  in  Coopers- 
town,  N.  Y.,  14  Sept.,  1851.  On  his  father's  side 
he  was  descended  from  James  Cooper,  of  Stratford- 
on-Avon,  England,  who  emigrated  to  America  in 
1679  and  made  extensive  purchases  of  land  from 
the  original  proprietaries  in  New  Jersey  and  Penn- 
sylvania. He  and  his  immediate  descendants  were 
Quakers,  and  for  a  long  time  many  of  them  re- 
mained on  the  lands  thus  acquired.  His  mother, 
Elizabeth  Fenimore,  was  of  Swedish  descent,  and 
this  name  too  is  of  frequent  occuiTence  among  the 
Society  of  Friends  in  the  old  Quaker  settlements. 
Cooper  was  the  eleventh  of  twelve  children,  most 
of  whom  died  early.  Soon  after  the  conclusion 
of  the  revolutionary  war  William  Cooper  became 
the  owner  of  a  tract  of  land,  several  thousand 
acres  in  extent,  within  the  borders  of  New  York 
state  and  lying  along  the  head-waters  of  the  Sus- 


quehanna river.  He  encouraged  the  settlement  of 
this  tract  as  early  as  1786,  and  by  1788  had  select- 
ed and  laid  out  the  site  of  Cooperstown,  on  the 
shore  of  Otsego  lake.  A  dwelling-house  was  erect- 
ed, and  in  the  autumn  of  1790  the  formidable  task 
was  undertaken  of  transporting  a  company  of  fif- 
teen persons,  including  servants,  from  the  com- 
parative civilization  of  New  Jersey  to  the  wilder- 
ness of  central  New  York.  The  journey  was 
accomplished  on  10  Nov.,  and  for  six  years  the 
family  lived  in  the  log-house  originally  construct- 
ed for  their  domicile.  In  1796  Mr.  Cooper  de- 
termined to  make  his  home  permanently  in  the 
town  he  had  founded,  which  by  that  time  prom- 
ised to  become  a  thriving  settlement.  Pie  began 
the  construction  of  a  mansion,  completed  in  1799, 
which  he  named  Otsego  Hall,  and  which  was  for 
many  years  the  manor-house  of  his  own  posses- 
sions, and  by  far  the  most  spacious  and  stately 
private  residence  in  central  New  York.  To  every 
reader  that  has  fallen  under  the  spell  of  Cooper's 
Indian  romances,  the  surroundings  of  his  boy- 
hood days  are  significant.  The  American  fron- 
tier prior  to  the  19th  century  was  very  different 
from  that  which  exists  at  present.  Then  the  fore- 
most pioneers  of  emigration  had  barely  begun  to 
push  their  way  westward  through  the  Mohawk 
valley,  the  first  available  highway  to  the  west. 
Out  of  the  forest  that  bordered  the  shores  of  Otse- 
go lake  and  surrounded  the  little  settlement,  In- 
dians came  for  barter,  or  possibly  with  hostile  in- 
tent, and  until  young  Cooper  was  well  advanced 
toward  manhood  the  possibility  of  an  Indian  raid 
was  by  no  means  remote.  The  Six  Nations  were 
still  strong  enough  to  array  a  powerful  band  of 
warriors,  and  from  their  chieftains  Cooper,  no 
doubt,  drew  the  portraits  of  the  men  that  live  in  his 
pages.  Such  surroundings  could  not  but  stimu- 
late a  naturally  active  imagination,  and  the  mys- 
terious influence  of  the  wilderness,  augmented 
subsequently  by  the  not  dissimilar  influence  of  the 
sea,  pervaded  his  entire  life. 

The  wilderness  was  his  earliest  and  most  potent 
teacher,  after  that  the  village  school,  and  then 
private  instruction  in  the  family  of  the  Rev.  J. 
Ellison,  the  English  rector  of  St.  Peter  s  Episcopal 
church  in  Albany.  This  gentleman  was  a  gradu- 
ate of  an  English  university,  an  accomplished 
scholar,  and  an  irreconcilable  monarchist.  It  is  to 
be  feared  that  the  free  air  of  the  western  continent 
did  not  altogether  counteract  the  influence  of  his 
tutor  during  the  formative  period  of  the  young 
American's  mind.  As  an  instructor,  however, 
Ellison  was,  undeniably,  well  equipped,  and  such 
teachers  were,  in  those  days,  extremely  rare.  His 
death,  in  1802,  interrupted  Cooper's  preparatory 
studies,  but  he  was  already  fitted  to  join  the  fresh- 
man class  at  Yale  in  the  beginning  of  its  second 
term,  January,  1803.  According  to  his  own  ac- 
count, he  learned  but  little  at  college.  Indeed, 
the  thoroughness  of  his  preparation  in  the  classics 
under  Ellison  made  it  so  easy  for  him  to  maintain 
a  fair  standing  in  his  class  that  he  was  at  liberty 
to  pass  his  time  as  pleased  him  best.  His  love  for 
out-of-door  life  led  him  to  explore  the  rugged  hills 
northward  of  New  Haven,  and  the  equally  pictur- 
esque shores  of  Long  Island  sound  probably  gave 
him  his  first  intimate  acquaintance  with  the  ocean. 
No  doubt  all  this  was,  to  some  extent,  favorable  to 
the  development  of  his  sympathy  with  nature ;  but 
it  did  not  improve  his  standing  with  the  college 
authorities.  Gradually  he  became  wilder  in  his 
defiance  of  the  academic  restraints,  and  was  at  last 
expelled,  during  his  third  year.  Perhaps,  if  the 
faculty  could  have  foreseen  the  brilliant  career  of 


726 


COOPER 


COOPER 


their  unruly  pupil,  they  would  have  exercised  a 
little  more  forbearance  in  his  case.  Be  this  as  it 
may,  the  father  accepted  the  son's  version  of  the 
affair  and,  after  a  heated  controversy  with  the  col- 
lege authorities,  took  him  home. 

The  United  States  already  afforded  a  refuge  for 
the  political  exiles  of  Europe,  and  was  beginning 
also  to  attract  the  attention  of  distinguished  for- 
eign visitors;  and  many  of  these  found  their  way 
as  guests  to  Otsego  hall.  Talleyrand  was  among 
them,  and  almost  every  nationality  of  Europe  was 
represented  either  among  the  permanent  settlers 
of  the  town  or  among  its  transient  sojourners. 
Young  Cooper,  however,  did  not  linger  long  at 
home,  and,  as  the  merchant  marine  offered  the 
surest  stepping-stone  to  a  commission  in  the  navy 
(the  school  at  Annapolis  not  being  yet  established), 
a  berth  was  secured  for  him  on  board  the  ship  "  Ster- 
ling," of  Wiscasset,  Me.,  John  Johnston  master. 
She  sailed  from  New  York  with  a  cargo  of  flour, 
bound  for  Cowes  and  a  market,  in  the  autunm  of 
1806,  about  the  time  when  Cooper  should  have 
been  taking  his  degree  with  the  rest  of  his  class- 
mates at  Yale.  He  shipped  as  a  sailor  before  the 
mast,  and,  although  his  social  position  was  well 
known  to  the  captain,  he  was  never  admitted  to 
the  cabin.  A  stormy  voyage  of  foi'ty  days  made  a 
sailor  of  him  before  the  "  Sterling  "  reached  Lon- 
don. During  her  stay  there,  Cooper  made  good 
use  of  his  time,  and  visited  everything  that  was 
accessible  to  a  young  man  in  sailor's  dress,  in  and 
about  the  city.  The  "  Sterling "  sailed  for  the 
straits  of  Gibraltar  in  January,  1807,  and,  taking 
on  board  a  return  cargo,  went  back  to  London, 
where  she  remained  several  weeks.  In  July  she 
cleared  for  home,  and  reached  Philadelphia  after 
a  voyage  of  fifty-two  days. 

According  to  the  requirements  of  the  time, 
Cooper  was  now  qualified  to  be  a  midshipman  ;  his 
commission  was  issued  1  Jan.,  1808,  and  he  report- 
ed for  duty  to  the  commandant  at  New  York,  24 
Feb.  Apparently  war  with  G-reat  Britain  was  im- 
minent, and  preparations  were  made  in  anticipation 
of  immediate  hostilities.  Cooper  served  for  a  while 
on  the  "  Vesuvius,"  and  in  the  autumn  was  ordered  to 
Oswego,  N.  Y.,  with  a  construction-party,  to  build 
a  brig  for  service  on  Lake  Ontario.  Early  in  the 
spring  of  1809  the  vessel  was  launched,  but  by 
that  time  peaceful  counsels  had  prevailed,  and  war 
was  postponed  for  three  years.  All  these  experi- 
ences tended  to  develop  the  future  novelist.  Many 
incidents  of  the  stormy  North  Atlantic  voyages 
appear  in  his  sea  novels,  while  the  long  winter  on 
the  shore  of  Ontario  gave  him  glimpses  of  border 
life  in  a  new  aspect,  and  his  duties  in  the  ship-yard 
made  him  familiar  with  every  detail  of  naval  con- 
struction. After  a  visit  to  Niagara,  he  was  left  in 
charge  of  the  gun-boat  flotilla  on  Lake  Champlain. 
where  he  remained  during  the  summer,  and  on  13 
Nov.,  1809,  was  ordered  to  the  "Wasp,"  under 
command  of  Capt.  James  Lawrence.  Nearly  two 
years  passed,  of  which  there  is  but  scant  record ; 
but  during  this  period  he  had  become  engaged  to 
a  daughter  of  John  Peter  De  Lancey,  of  West- 
chester county,  N.  Y.,  and  they  were  married  on  1 
Jan.,  1811.  Here  again  fate  placed  him  under  in- 
fluences that  shaped  his  future  career.  The  De 
Lanceys  were  tories  during  the  revolutionary  war, 
and  the  family  traditions  naturally  supplemented 
the  teaching  of  the  English  tutor.  Cooper's  own 
patriotism  was  staunch,  but  the  associations  of 
his  life  were  such  that,  to  a  generation  that  looked 
with  suspicion  upon  everything  English,  his  mo- 
tives often  seemed  questionable.  The  marriage 
was  happy  in  every  respect.     In  deference  to  the 


wishes  of  his  wife,  he  resigned  his  commission  in 
the  navy  on  6  May,  1811.  After  a  temporary  resi- 
dence in  Westchester  county,  he  went  to  Coopers- 
town  and  began  a  house,  which  was  left  unfinished 
and  was  burned  in  1823.  Again,  out  of  consid- 
eration for  his  wife's  preferences,  he  returned  to 
Westchester  county,  where  he  remained  until  after 
his  first  literary  success  in  1821-'2.  In  the  mean 
time  his  parents  had  died,  his  father  in  1809  and 
his  mother  in  1817;  six  children,  five  daughters, 
and  a  son  had  been  born  to  him ;  and  his  time 
had  been  given  to  the  cultivation  and  improve- 
ment of  his  estate  in  Searsdale,  known  as  the  An- 
gevine  farm.  A  second  son,  Paul,  was  born  after 
his  removal  to  New  York  city. 

He  was  now  thirty  years  old,  and  seemed  no 
nearer  to  a  literary  life  than  he  had  been  when  he 
fii'st  donned  his  midshipman's  uniform.  One  day 
he  was  reading  an  English  novel  to  his  wife,  and 
casually  remarked,  as  many  another  has  done  un- 
der like  circumstances,  "  I  believe  I  could  write  a 
better  story  myself."  Encouraged  by  her,  he 
made  the  attempt,  with  what  ultimate  success  the 
world  knows.  "  Precaution,"  a  novel  in  two  vol- 
umes, was  published  anonymously  in  an  inferior 
manner  in  New  York  in  1820.  Of  this  first  novel 
it  need  only  be  said  that  it  dealt  with  high  life  in 
England,  a  subject  with  which  the  author  was  per- 
sonally unfamiliar,  save  through  the  pages  of  fic- 
tion. The  book  was  republished  in  better  editions, 
both  in  this  country  and  in  England ;  and  it  is  note- 
worthy that  the  English  reviewers  gave  it  a  fairly 
favorable  reception  without  suspecting  its  Ameri- 
can origin.  This  venture  can  scarcely  be  said  to 
have  enabled  him  to  taste  the  sweets  of  authorship, 
but  it  had  the  effect  of  stimulating  the  desire  to 
write.  Its  modest  success  was  such  that  Charles 
Wilkes  and  other  friends  urged  him  to  try  some 
familiar  theme.  "  If,"  they  urged,  "  he  could  so 
well  dramatize  affairs  of  which  he  was  totally  ig- 
norant, why  should  not  the  sea  and  the  frontier 
afford  far  more  congenial  themes  1 "  The  story  of 
a  spy,  related  by  John  Jay  years  before,  recurred 
to  his  memory,  and  the  surroundings  of  his  home 
— Westchester  county,  the  debatable  ground  of 
both  armies  during  almost  the  whole  revolution- 
ary period — furnished  a  convenient  stage.  "  The 
Spy"  was  the  result,  and  during  the  winter  of 
1821-'2  the  American  public  awoke  to  the  fact 
that  it  possessed  a  novelist  of  its  own.  The  suc- 
cess of  this  book,  which  was  unprecedented  at  the 
time  in  the  meagre  annals  of  American  literature, 
determined  Cooper's  career ;  but,  leaving  his  sub- 
sequent writings  for  consideration  by  themselves, 
the  story  of  his  life  is  here  continued,  independent- 
ly of  his  authorship. 

In  1823  he  was  living  in  New  York.  There,  on 
5  Aug.,  his  youngest  child,  Fenimore,  died,  and 
Cooper  himself  was  shortly  afterward  seriously  ill. 
By  1826  his  popularity  had  reached  its  zenith  with 
the  publication  of  the  "  Last  of  the  IMohicans." 
Until  this  time  he  had  always  signed  his  name 
James  Cooper ;  but,  in  April,  1826,  the  legislature 
passed  an  act  changing  the  family  name  to  Feni- 
more-Cooper,  in  compliance  with  the  request  of 
his  grandmother,  who  wished  thus  to  perpetuate 
her  own  family  name. .  At  first  Cooper  attempted 
to  preserve  the  compound  surname  by  using  the 
hyphen,  but  he  soon  abandoned  it  altogether. 
With  fame  had  arisen  envy  and  uncharitableness 
at  home  and  abroad.  English  reviewers  at  once 
claimed  him  as  a  native,  and  stigmatized  him  as  a 
renegade.  His  birthplace  was,  with  much  show 
of  authority,  fixed  in  the  Isle  of  Man,  and  for 
many  years  the  matter  was  seriously  in  dispute, 


COOPER 


COOPER 


727 


notwithstanding:  the  positive  proofs  of  his  Ameri- 
can nativity,  in  the  decade  following  the  adop- 
tion of  his  mother's  surname  the  controversies 
gathered  force  that  affected  the  closing  years  of 
his  life,  and  even  survived  him.  He  was  one  of 
the  first  Americans  that,  from  personal  associa- 
tion, reached  a  point  whence  he  could  look  with- 
out bias  upon  tlie  somewhat  crude  social  develop- 
ment of  his  native  country.  Naturally  of  a  head- 
strong and  combative  disposition,  he  had  not  the 
address  to  temper  his  utterances  so  as  to  avoid 
giving  offence  in  an  age  when  the  popular  sense 
smarted  under  what  Mr.  Lowell,  even  in  our  own 
time,  has  termed  "  a  certain  condescension  in  for- 
eigners." All  his  patriotic  championship  of  the 
young  republic  in  foreign  lands  counted  for 
naught  in  the  light  of  the  criticisms  pronounced 
at  home.  His  self-assertive  manner  made  him 
enemies  among  men  who  could  not  understand 
that  he  was  merely  in  earnest,  and  even  Bryant 
owned  to  having  been  at  first  somewhat  startled 
by  an  "  emphatic  frankness,"  which  he  afterward 
learned  to  estimate  at  its  true  value.  A  thorough 
democrat  in  his  convictions,  Cooper  was  still  an 
aristocrat,  and  he  often  gave  expression  to  views 
under  different  conditions  that  seemed  alike  con- 
tradictory and  ofliensive.  His  love  of  country, 
however,  was  one  of  the  most  pronounced  traits  of 
his  nature,  and  his  faith  in  what  is  known  as  the 
"  manifest  destiny  "  of  the  republic  was  among  the 
firmest  of  his  convictions.  This  faith  remained 
through  the  troublous  days  of  "  nullification,"  and 
through  the  early  controversies  concerning  the 
abolition  of  slavery.  Abroad  he  was  the  champion 
of  free  institutions,  and  had  his  triumphs  in  for- 
eign capitals.  At  home  he  was  looked  upon  as  an 
enemy  of  all  that  the  fathers  of  tlie  republic  had 
fought  for.  An  English  writer  in  Colburn's  "  New 
Monthly  IMagazine"  (1831)  said  of  his  personal 
bearing :  "  Yet  he  seems  to  claim  little  considera- 
tion on  the  score  of  intellectual  greatness ;  he  is 
evidently  prouder  of  his  birth  than  of  his  genius, 
and  looks,  speaks,  and  walks  as  if  he  exulted  more 
in  being  I'ecognized  as  an  American  citizen  than 
as  the  author  of  '  The  Pilot '  and  '  The  Prairie.'  " 
This  proud  Americanism  did  not,  however,  after 
the  first  years  of  his  celebrity,  injure-his  standing 
In  England.  During  his  repeated  and  often  pro- 
tracted visits  to  England,  his  society  was  sought 
by  the  most  distinguished  men  of  the  time,  al- 
though it  is  said  that  he  never  presented  letters  of 
introduction.  He  very  soon  convinced  those  with 
whom  he  associated  that,  though  an  American,  he 
was  not  an  easy  person  to  patronize.  On  the  con- 
tinent he  was  unwillingly  led  into  a  controversy 
to  which  he  ascribed  much  of  the  unpopularity 
that  he  afterward  incurred  in  the  United  States. 
A  debate  had  arisen  in  the  French  chamber  of 
deputies  in  which  Lafayette  referred  to  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  United  States  as  a  model  of  econo- 
my and  elfieiency.  Articles  soon  appeared  in  the 
papers  disputing  the  accuracy  of  the  figures,  and 
arguing  tliat  the  limited  monarchy  was  the  cheap- 
est and  best  form  of  government.  Cooper,  after 
holding  aloof  for  a  time  from  the  discussion,  pub- 
lished a  pamphlet  prefaced  by  a  letter  from  La- 
fayette to  himself,  in  which  he  reviewed  the  whole 
subject  of  government  expenditure  in  the  United 
States.  This  provoked  answers  and  contradic- 
tory statements,  some  of  which  had  a  semi-official 
origin  in  the  U.  S.  legation  at  St.  Petersburg.  One 
immediate  outcome  of  the  afllair  was  a  circular 
from  the  department  of  state  calling  for  informa- 
tion regarding  local  expenditures.  Against  this 
Cooper  protested  in  a  long  letter,  which  was  pub- 


lished in  the  "  National  Gazette,"  of  Philadelphia. 
The  letters  on  the  finance  discussion  aroused  what 
now  seems  an  altogether  inexplicable  bitterness 
against  their  author.  The  attacks  upon  him  in 
the  newspapers  were  excessively  annoying  to  a 
proud  and  sensitive  nature,  and  when  he  returned 
in  1833  it  was  with  a  determination  to  abandon 
literature,  and  a  distrust  of  public  opinion  under 
the  American  republic.  He  resolved  to  reopen  his 
ancestral  mansion  at  Cooperstown,  now  long  closed 
and  falling  into  decay,  and  visited  the  place  in 
June,  1834,  after  an  absence  of  nearly  sixteen 
years.  Repairs  were  at  once  begun,  and  the  house 
was  speedily  put  in  order.  At  first  the  winters 
were  spent  in  New  York  and  the  summers  in 
Cooperstown  ;  but  eventually  he  made  the  latter 
place  his  permanent  abode.  He  was  no  longer  in 
sympathy  with  the  restless  spirit  of  progress  that  had 
exterminated  the  Indian  and  was  levelling  the  for- 
ests of  the  United  States.  The  Mohawk  valley,  once 
traversed  only  by  a  rude  bridle-path,  now  afforded 
passage  for  an  endless  procession  of  canal-boats 
from  the  ocean  to  the  inland  seas ;  railroads  were 
building,  and  the  whole  motive  of  existence  was 
feverish  anxiety  for  g-ain.  The  associations  of  his 
boyhood  home  soon  revived  the  instinct  for  lit- 
erary work,  and  he  resumed  his  pen.     But  in  the 


1?  ^1  jf  ' 


mean  time  he  did  not  hesitate  to  express,  his  con- 
viction that  the  morals  and  manners  of  the  coun- 
try were  decidedly  worse  than  they  had  been 
twenty  years  before,  and  the  vitterances  of  so 
famous  a  man  soon  became  public  pi'operty.  A 
contemporary  journal  said  of  him,  in  1841 :  "  He 
has  disparaged  American  lakes,  ridiculed  Ameri- 
can scenery,  burlesqued  American  coin,  and  even 
satirized  the  American  flag ! "  Cooper  had  appar- 
ently believed  that  his  amicably  intended  criticism 
of  American  manners  and  customs  would  be  re- 
ceived with  some  deference,  if  not  with  a  moderate 
degree  of  gratitude,  and  vituperation  of  this  char- 
acter astonished  him.  During  the  years  that  fol- 
lowed, the  breach  steadily  widened  between  Cooper 
and  his  countrymen,  and  even  his  fellow-towns- 
men. In  1837  the  local  quarrel  culminated  in 
what  was  known  as  "  the  three-mile-point  contro- 
versy." This  point  was  a  part  of  the  Cooper  es- 
tate, and,  owing  to  the  good  nature  of  the  heirs, 
had  been  used  as  a  public  resort  until  the  towns- 
people had  come  to  believe  that  it  was  actually 
their  own.  When  Cooper  returned  to  his  home  he 
endeavored,  in  an  informal  way,  to  uproot  this 
idea  of  public  ownership.  Each  repetition  of  his 
purpose  was  resented,  and  at  last  a  popular  outcry 
was  raised  against  the  arrogant  claims  of  "  one 
J.  Fenimore  Cooper."  A  mass-meeting  was  called, 
and  fiery  resolutions  were  passed  ;  but  there  was  not 
a  shadow  of  lawful  right  on  the  popular  side,  and, 
as  soon  as  measures  were  taken  to  protect  the  prop- 
erty against  trespassers,  the  claim  of  the  town  had 


728 


COOPER 


COOPER 


to  be  abandoned.  The  affair,  however,  widened  the 
breech  between  the  author  and  the  public,  and  the 
newspapers  were  not  slow  to  present  his  actions  to 
their  readers  in  the  most  objectionable  light.  The 
novel  entitled  "  Home  as  Found  "  was  an  outgrowth 
of  this  experience — a  sequel,  nominally,  to  "  Home- 
ward Bound,"  but  as  different  as  possible  in  most 
of  the  qualities  that  go  to  make  a  successful  novel. 
Cooper's  indignation  appears  to  have  dulled  his 
literary  discrimination,  and  he  made  the  characters 
in  his  novels  express  unpardonably  offensive  ideas 
in  the  most  disagreeable  way  imaginable.  Two  of 
these  characters  were  identified  as  intended  to  per- 
sonate the  author  himself — John  and  Edward  Ef- 
fingham in  "  Home  as  Found  " — and  none  of  the 
protests  and  denials  put  forth  by  Mr.  Cooper  had 
any  appreciable  effect  in  removing  the  impression. 
For  writing  this  book  he  was  never  forgiven  by 
his  contemporaries,  and  the  bitterness  of  popular 
indignation  was  intensified  by  the  knowledge  that 
the  book,  like  his  others,  was  sure  to  be  translated 
into  all  the  languages  of  Europe.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  brvitality  of  the  newspaper  attacks  upon 
the  author  was  inexcusable. 

During  the  decade  ending  with  1843  Cooper 
explored  almost  every  available  avenue  to  un- 
popularity, not  only  in  his  own  country,  but  in 
England.  Even  such  professedly  exemplary  and 
fastidious  publications  as  Blackwood's  and  Fra- 
zer's  magazines  invented  epithets  in  worst  taste,  if 
possible,  than  those  applied  to  him  in  his  own 
country.  Just  at  this  crisis,  when  he  was  de- 
nounced in  England  for  obtrusive  republicanism, 
and  pursued  at  home  for  aristocratic  sympathies, 
he  instituted  libel  suits  against  many  of  the  lead- 
ing whig  editors  in  the  state  of  New  York.  Among 
these  was  Thurlow  Weed,  of  the  Albany  "  Evening 
Journal,"  James  Watson  Webb,  of  the  "  Courier 
and  Enquirer,"  Horace  Greeley,  of  the  "  Tribune," 
and  William  L.  Stone,  of  the  "  Commercial  Adver- 
tiser," the  three  last-named  journals  published  in 
New  York  city.  These  suits  at  first  caused  much 
merriment  among  the  defendants ;  but  when  jury 
after  jury  was  obliged,  in  most  cases,  reluctantly 
to  returft  a  verdict  for  the  plaintiff,  there  was  a 
decided  change  in  the  tone  of  the  press.  The 
damages  awarded  were  usually  small,  but  the  ag- 
gregate was  considerable,  and  the  restraining  ef- 
fect of  verdicts  was  immediately  apparent.  The 
suit  against  Mr.  Webb  differed  from  the  rest, 
in  that  it  was  a  criminal  proceeding,  under  an  in- 
dictment from  the  grand  jury  of  Otsego  county. 
Probably  Mr.  Cooper  failed  to  secm-e  a  verdict  in 
this  instance  for  the  reason  that,  while  the  jury 
might  probably  have  assessed  damages,  they  could 
not  agree  to  send  the  defendant  to  prison.  Possi- 
bly, however,  the  reading  aloud  in  open  court  by 
plaintiff's  counsel  of  "  Home  as  Found "  had  an 
unfortunate  efl:'ect.  In  these  suits  Mr.  Cooper  acted 
as  his  own  counsel,  with  regular  professional  assist- 
ance, and  proved  himself  an  able  advocate  and  an 
excellent  jury-lawyer.  The  most  pertinacious  of 
the  accused  journalists  was  Thurlow  Weed,  and 
against  him  numerous  distinct  and  successful  suits 
were  brought.  Repeated  adverse  verdicts,  with 
costs,  at  last  reduced  even  Mr.  Weed  to  submis- 
sion, and  in  1843  he  published  a  sweeping  retrac- 
tion of  all  that  he  had  ever  printed  derogatory  to 
Cooper's  character.  These  successful  prosecutions 
did  not  in  the  least  help  the  authors  general  popu- 
larity. Indeed,  he  seemed  to  undertake  them  in  a 
spirit  of  knight-errantry,  and  follow  them  to  the 
end  from  a  lofty  conviction  of  the  righteousness 
of  his  own  cause.  The  effect  of  the  controversy 
was  to  embitter  the  last  years  of  a  life  that  should 


have  ended  serenely  in  the  assurance  of  a  well- 
earned  and  world-wide  literary  fame.  Cooper  died 
in  his  home,  Otsego  Hall,  and  was  buried  in  the 
Episcopal  church-yard.  A  monument  has  been 
erected  there,  surmounted  by  a  statue  of  "  Leather- 
stocking,"  and  bearing  as  a  sufficient  inscription 
the  author's  name  in  full,  with  the  dates  of  his 
birth  and  death.  Six  months  after  his  death  a 
public  meeting  was  held,  in  honor  of  his  memory, 
in  the  city  of  New  York.  Daniel  Webster  pre- 
sided and  addressed  the  assembly,  as  did  also 
William  Cullen  Bryant.  Washington  Irving  was 
also  present,  with  a  large  representation  of  the 
most  cultivated  people  in  the  city.  A  few  years 
after  the  novelist's  death  Otsego  Hall  was  burned, 
and  the  surrounding  property  was  sold  by  the 
heirs.  In  concluding  a  sketch  of  Cooper's  life,  it 
should  be  said  that  when  about  to  die,  and  appar- 
ently in  the  full  possession  of  his  faculties,  he  en- 
joined his  family  never  to  allow  the  publication  of 
an  authorized  account  of  his  life.  This  command 
has  been  faithfully  obeyed,  and  none  of  the  several 
biographers  have  had  access  to  his  papers.  Mrs. 
Cooper  survived  her  husband  only  a  few  months, 
and  was  buried  by  his  side  at  Cooperstown. 

An  exhaustive  history  of  Cooper's  literary  work 
would  include  more  than  seventy  titles  of  books 
and  other  publications,  and  a  long  list  of  miscella- 
neous articles  published  in  magazines  and  news- 
papers. Some  of  these  have  been  casually  referred 
to  in  the  preceding  narrative,  when  they  seemed 
to  mark  important  passages  in  his  career.  Such 
were  "  Precaution,"  his  first  venture,  "  The  Spy," 
his  first  success,  "  The  Last  of  the  Mohicans," 
marking  the  high  tide  of  his  popularity,  and 
"  Home  as  Found,"  as  the  direct  cause  of  the  un- 
happy final  controversies.  The  ten  years  follow- 
ing tiie  publication  of  "  The  Spy  "  saw  perhaps  his 
chi^f  successes.  These  included  the  five  famous 
"  Ler  t  herstocking  Tales,"  beginning  with  the 
'■  Pioneers,"  of  which  3,500  copies  were  sold  before 
noon  on  the  day  of  publication.  This  period  also 
included  "  The  Pilot,"  the  production  of  which  was 
suggested  by  the  appearance  of  Scott's  "  Pirate," 
which,  in  Cooper's  estimation,  was  unmistakably 
a  landsman's  work.  Cooper's  sailor  instincts  told 
him  that  the  most  had  not  been  made  out  of  the 
available  materials,  and  he  was  successful,  in  this 
and  his  other  sea-stories,  in  proving  his  theory. 
"  Lionel  Lincoln,"  too,  was  the  first  of  a  distinctive 
group  intended  to  embrace,  as  the  title-page  to 
the  first  edition  indicated,  "  Legends  of  the  Thir- 
teen Republics."  After  the  summit  of  fame  had 
been  reached,  and  his  books  were  eagei'ly  awaited 
in  two  continents,  came  the  controversial  period, 
extending  to  1842,  and  overlapping  by  a  year  or 
more  the  last  decade  of  his  literary  activity.  It 
was  inevitable  that  the  disturbing  influences  pre- 
ceding his  later  work  should  have  their  effect.  An 
observer  so  keen  as  he  could  not  fail  to  note  the 
position  in  which  he  had  been  placed  by  the  mis- 
understandings and  disputes  that  had  fallen  to  his 
lot.  The  younger  generation  of  readers  had  al- 
most insensibly  imbibed  the  impression  that  he 
was  the  justly  disliked  and  distrusted  critic  of 
everything  American.  That  he  was  conscious  of 
this  feeling,  and  sensitive  to  it,  is  evident  from  pas- 
sages in  the  later  works,  in  which  he  alludes  to  love 
of  country  and  popular  injustice,  and  the  like. 
This  period  also  saw  the  production  of  his  "  His- 
tory of  the  United  States  Navy,"  a  work  for  which 
it  is  said  he  had  been  collecting  materials  for  as 
many  as  fourteen  years.  For  its  preparation  he 
was  peculiarly  qualified,  through  his  personal  ac- 
quaintance with  naval  ofiicers  and  his  familiarity 


COOPER 


COOPER 


729 


with  all  the  details  of  a  seafaring  life.  When  it 
is  read  at  this  late  day  it  is  difficult  to  under- 
stand why  it  should  have  excited  the  rancor  that 
it  did.  Any  one  of  the  present  generation  who  is 
reasonably  fair-minded  must  see  that  it  is  the 
work  of  a  judicial  mind,  which  seeks  to  do  exact 
justice,  irrespective  of  patriotic  considerations.  It 
was  its  fate,  however,  to  stir  up  controversies  as 
harsh  and  enduring  as  any  of  those  in  which  its 
author  was  previously  engaged,  and  it  was  freely 
denounced  on  both  sides  of  the  ocean  as  grossly 
unfair  for  diametrically  opposite  reasons.  Cooper's 
facts  have  borne  the  test  of  time,  and  the  work 
must  always  remain  an  authority  on  the  subject 
treated.  It  was  highly  successful  commercially, 
and  went  through  three  editions  before  the  author's 
death,  which  event  interrupted  a  continuation  of 
the  work  intended  to  include  the  Mexican  war. 
As  one  of  the  most  successful  of  authors.  Cooper's 
fame  is  assured.  The  generation  that  now  reads 
the  "  Leatherstocking  Tales,"  "  The  Pilot,"  "  Wing 
and  Wing,"  and  the  rest  of  his  stories  of  adven- 
ture, know  him  only  as  a  master  of  fine  descriptive 
English,  with  a  tendency  now  and  then  to  prolix 
generalization.  His  libel  suits  and  controversies 
are  forgotten,  his  offensive  criticisms  are  rarely 
read,  and  he  is  remembered  only  as  the  most  brill- 
iant and  successful  of  American  novelists. 

The  greater  part  of  Cooper's  title-pages,  in  the 
original  editions  at  least,  do  not  bear  his  name. 
They  are  "  by  the  author  of,  etc.,  etc."  The  con- 
troversial papers  usually  bore  his  name.  In  the 
"  Knickerbocker,"  "  Gi'aham's,"  and  the  "  Naval " 
magazines  and  elsewhere,  he  published  many  valu- 
able contributions,  letters,  and  some  serial  and 
short  stories  that  afterward  appeared  in  book-form. 
Several  posthumous  publications  appeared  in 
"  Putnam's  Magazine."  A  work  on  "  The  Towns 
of  Manhattan"  was  in  press  at  the  time  of  his 
death,  but  a  fire  destroyed  the  printed  portion,  and 
only  a  part  of  the  manuscript  was  recovered.  A 
few  books  have  been  erroneously  ascribed  to  him, 
but  they  are  not  of  sufficient  importance  to  be 
now  mentioned.  The  following  list  embraces  all 
his  principal  works :  "  Precaution,"  a  novel  (New 
York,  1820;  English  edition,  1821);  "The  Spy,  a 
Tale  of  the  Neutral  Ground  "  (1821 ;  English  edi- 
tion, 1822) ;  "  The  Pioneers,  or  the  Sources  of  the 
Susquehanna ;  a  Descriptive  Tale "  (1823 ;  Eng- 
lish ed.,  and  London,  1823) ;  "  The  Pilot,  a  Tale 
of  the  Sea "  (1823)  ;  "  Lionel  Lincoln,  or  the 
Leaguer  of  Boston  "  (1825) ;  "  The  Last  of  the  Mo- 
hicans, a  Narrative  of  1757"  (Philadelphia,  182(5); 
"  The  Prairie,  a  Tale  "  (1827) ;  "  The  Red  Rover,  a 
Tale  "  (1828) ;  "  Notions  of  the  Americans  ;  Picked 
up  by  a  Travelling  Bachelor  "  (1828) ;  "  The  Wept 
of  Wish-ton-Wish,  a  Tale"  (1829);  English  title, 
*'  The  Borderers,  or  the  Wept  of  Wish-ton-Wish," 
also  published  as  "  The  Heatheotes  "  ;  "  The  Wa- 
ter-Witch, or  the  Skimmer  of  the  Seas ;  a  Tale  " 
(1830);  "The  Bravo,  a  Tale"  (1831);  "Letter  of 
J.  Fenimore  Cooper  to  Gen.  Lafayette  on  the 
Expenditure  of  the  United  States  of  America " 
(Paris,  1831) ;  "  The  Heidenmauer,  or  the  Bene- 
dictines ;  a  Legend  of  the  Rhine "  (Philadelphia, 
1832);  "The  Headsman,  or  the  Abbaye  des  Vig- 
nerons ;  a  Tale  "  (1833) ;  "  A  Letter  to  his  Coun- 
trymen "  (New  York,  1834)  ;  "  The  Monikins " 
(Philadelphia,  1835) ;  "  Sketches  of  Switzerland  " 
(1836) ;  English  title,  "  Excursions  in  Switzer- 
land " ;  "A  Residence  in  France,  with  an  Excur- 
sion up  the  Rhine,  and  a  Second  Visit  to  Switze- 
rland " ;  "  Gleanings  in  Europe  "  (1887) ;  English 
title,  "  Recollections  of  Europe  " ;  "  Gleanings  in 
Europe— England "  (1837);  English  title,  "Eng- 


land, with  Sketches  of  Society  in  the  Metropolis  "  ; 
"  Gleanings  in  Europe — Italy  "  (1838) ;  English 
title,  "  Excursions  in  Italy  " ;  "  The  American 
Democrat,  or  Hints  on  the  Social  and  Civic  Rela- 
tions of  the  United  States  of  America  "  (Coopers- 
towTi,  1838) ;  "  The  Chronicles  of  Cooperstown " 
(1838) ;  "  Homeward  Bound,  or  the  Chase  ;  a  Tale 
of  the  Sea"  (Philadelphia,  1838);  "Home,  as 
Found  "  (Philadelphia,  1838) ;  English  title,  "  Eve 
Effingham,  or  Home " ;  "  History  of  the  Navy  of 
the  United  States  of  America"  (1839);  "The  Patli- 
finder,  or  the  Inland  Sea  "  (1840) ;  "  Mercedes  of 
Castile,  or  the  Voyage  to  Cathay  "  (1840) ;  English 
title,  "  Mercedes  of  Castile,  a  Romance  of  the  Days 
of  Columbus "  ;  "  The  Deerslayer,  or  the  First 
War  Path;  a  Tale"  (Philadelphia,  1841);  "The 
Two  Admirals,  a  Tale  "  (1842) ;  "  The  Wlng-and- 
Wing,  or  Le  Feu-Follel;  a  Tale"  (1842);  Eng- 
lish title,  "  The  Jack  o'  Lantern  (Le  Feu-Follet), 
or  the  Privateer  " ;  "  Richard  Dale  "  ;  "  The  Battle 
of  Lake  Erie,  or  Answers  to  Messrs.  Burges, 
Duer,  and  Mackenzie  "  (Cooperstown,  1843) ;  "  Wy- 
andotte, or  the  Hutted  Knoll ;  a  Tale "  (Phila- 
delphia, 1843) ;  "  Ned  Myers,  or  a  Life  before  the 
Mast "(1843);  "Afloat  and  Ashore,  or  the  Adven- 
tures of  Miles  Wallingford"  (published  by  the 
author,  1844 ;  2d  series.  New  York,  1844 ;  English 
title,  "  Lucy  Hardinge  ") ;  "  Proceedings  of  the 
Naval  Court-Martial  in  the  Case  of  Alexander 
Slidell  Mackenzie,  a  Commander  in  the  Navy  of 
the  United  States,  etc.,  including  the  Charges  and 
Specifications  of  Charges  preferred  against  him 
by  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  to  which  is  an- 
nexed an  Elaborate  Review  "  (1844) ;  "  Satanstoe, 
or  the  Littlepage  Manuscripts  ;  a  Tale  of  the 
Colony  "  (1845) ;  "  The  Chainhearer,  or  the  Little- 
page  Manuscripts  "  (1846) ;  "  Lives  of  Distinguished 
American  Naval  Officers  "  (Philadelphia  and  Au- 
burn, 1846) ;  "  The  Redskins,  or  Indian  and  Injin  ; 
being  the  Conclusion  of  the  Littlepage  Manuscripts  " 
(New  York,  1846) ;  English  title,  "  Ravensnest,  or 
the  Redskins  " ;  "  The  Crater,  or  Vulcan's  Peak ;  a 
Tale  of  the  Pacific  "  (New  York,  1847) ;  the  English 
title  was  "  Mark's  Reef,  or  the  Crater ";  "  Jack 
Tier,  or  the  Florida  Reefs"  (1848);  "The  Oak 
Openings,  or  the  Bee  Hunter"  (1848);  English 
title,  "The  Bee  Hunter,  or  the  Oak  Openings"; 
"  The  Sea  Lions,  or  the  Lost  Sealers"  (1849) ;  "  The 
Ways  of  the  Hour ;  a  Tale  "  (1850).  See  "  Memo- 
rial Discourse  "  by  William  Cullen  Bryant,  with 
speeches  by  Daniel  Webster  and  others  (New  York, 
1852) ;  "  The  Home  of  Cooper,"  by  R.  B.  Coffin 
(Barry  Gray)  (1872);  "James  Fenimore  Cooper,'' 
by  Thomas  Rainsford  Lounsbury  (Boston,  1882); 
aiid  "  Bryant  and  his  Friends  "  (New  York,  1886). 
— His  daughter,  Susan  Fenimore,  author,  b.  in 
Scarsdale,  N.  Y.,  in  1813  ;  d.  in  Cooperstown,  N.  Y., 
31  Dec,  1894.  She  was  the  second  child,  and  during 
the  latter  years  of  her  father's  life  she  became  his 
secretary  and  amanuensis,  and  but  for  her  father's 
prohibition  would  naturally  have  become  his  biog- 
rapher. In  1873  she  founded  an  orphanage  in 
Cooperstown,  and  under  her  superintendence  it 
became  in  a  few  years  a  prosperous  charitable  in- 
stitution. It  was  begun  in  a  modest  house  in  a 
small  way  with  five  pupils ;  now  the  building,  which 
was  erected  in  1883,  shelters  ninety  boys  and  girls. 
The  orphans  are  taken  when  quite  young,  are  fed. 
clothed,  and  educated  in  the  ordinary  English 
branches,  and  when  old  enough  positions  are  found 
for  them  in  good  Christian  families.  Some  of  them 
before  leaving  are  taught  to  earn  their  own  living. 
In  furtherance  of  the  work  to  wliich  she  has  con- 
secrated her  later  years,  and  which  she  terms  her 
"life  work,"  during  1886  she  established  "The 


780 


COOPER 


COOPER 


Friendly  Society."  Every  lady  on  becoming  a 
member  of  the  society  chooses  one  of  the  girls  in 
the  orphanage  and  makes  her  the  object  of  her 
special  care  and  solicitude.  Her  home  is  built 
mainly  with  bricks  and  materials  from  the  ruins  of 
Otsego  Hall,  of  which  a  fine  view  is  given  on  a 
previous  page.  Her  published  books  are  "Rural 
Hours"  (New  York,  1850);  "The  Journal  of  a 
I^aturalist,"  an  English  book,  edited  and  annotated 
by  Miss  Cooper  (1852) ;  "  Rhyme  and  Reason  of 
Country  Life  "  (1885) ;  and  "  Mt.  Vernon  to  the 
Children  of  America  "  (1859). 

COOPER,  Joseph  Alexander,  soldier,  b.  near 
Somerset,  Ky.,  25  Nov.,  1823.  He  served  during 
the  Mexican  war  in  the  4th  Tennessee  infantry. 
When  the  civil  war  began  he  entered  the  U.  S.  ser- 
vice as  captain  in  the  1st  Tennessee  infantry,  be- 
coming in  1862  colonel  of  the  6th  Tennessee.  He 
served  in  East  Tennessee  and  Georgia,  and  in  July, 

1864,  was  made  a  brigadier-general,  in  which  ca- 
pacity he  commanded  on  the  march  through  Geor- 
gia, receiving  the  brevet  of  major-general  in  March, 

1865.  He  held  the  office  of  collector  of  internal 
revenue  in  Tennessee  from  1869  till  1879,  and  later, 
again  resumed  his  farming  in  Kansas. 

COOPER,  Mark  Antony,  statesman,  b.  in 
Hancock  county,  Ga.,  20  April,  1800;  d.  17  March, 
1885.  He  was  graduated  at  the  South  Carolina 
college  in  1819,  and  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1821, 
settling  in  Eatonton.  In  1825,  and  again  in  1836, 
he  served  in  the  campaign  against  the  Seminoles 
in  Florida.  In  the  second  campaign  he  was  a  ma- 
jor. He  served  two  terms  in  congress,  and  in  1843 
was  defeated  for  governor  of  Georgia.  He  took 
a  leading  jjart  in  public  enterprises,  founded  the 
State  agricultural  society,  and  develojaed  in  many 
ways  the  resources  of  his  state. 

COOPER,  Myles,  clergyman,  b.  in  England  in 
1735;  d.  in  Edinburgh,  1  May,  1785,  He  was 
graduated  at  Oxford  in  1760,  and  became  a  fellow 
of  Queens  college.  In  1762,  at  the  instance  of 
Tliomas  Seeker,  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  he 
came  to  America  to  assist  President  Samuel  John- 
son, of  Kings  (now  Columbia)  college,  and  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  mental  and  moral  philosophy 
in  that  institution.  A  year  later  he  succeeded  to 
the  presidency.  Judge  Thomas  Jones  says  that 
through  his  means  the  college  was  raised  in  repu- 
tation superior  to  all  the  colleges  on  the  continent, 
and  that  under  his  tuition  was  produced  a  num- 
ber of  young  men  superior  in  learning  and  ability 
to  any  that  America  had  ever  before  seen.  The 
son  of  Mrs.  Washington  was  one  of  his  pupils,  and 
after  Mr.  Custis  left  the  college.  Gen.  Washington 
expressed  the  conviction  that  he  had  been  under 
the  care  of  "  a  gentleman  capable  of  instructing 
him  in  every  branch  of  knowledge."  In  1771  he 
visited  England,  and  returned  shortly  before  the 
revolutionary  war.  He  was  loyal  to  the  crown, 
and  is  credited  with  the  authorship  of  "  A  Friend- 
ly Address  to  all  Reasonable  Americans  on  our 
Political  Confusions ;  in  which  the  Necessary  Con- 
sequences of  violently  opposing  the  King's  Troops, 
and  of  a  General  Non-importation,  are  fairly  stat- 
ed" (New  York,  1774).  This  tract  was  answered 
by  Alexander  Hamilton,  then  an  undergraduate 
in  the  college,  also  by  Gen.  Charles  Lee  in  a  pam- 
phlet which  passed  through  numerous  editions  in 
Boston,  New  York,  and  Philadelphia.  Cooper's 
tory  sentiments  were  not  favorably  received  by 
the  students,  and  in  August,  1775,  a  party  of  re- 
publicans set  off  about  midnight  with  the  design 
of  "  seizing  him  in  his  bed,  shaving  his  head,  cut- 
ting off  his  ears,  slitting  his  nose,  stripping  him 
naked,  and  setting  him   adrift."     The   plot   was 


overheard  at  a  public  house  where  the  party  had 
stopped  for  "  a  proper  dose  of  Madeira,"  and  Presi- 
dent Cooper  was  informed  just  in  time  to  escape 
through  a  back  window.  He  took  refuge  in  the 
house  of  a  friend,  where  he  remained  cojicealed 
during  the  night,  and  in  the  morning  was  conveyed 
on  Ijoard  the  English  ship-of-war  "  Kingfisher," 
in  which  he  sailed  for  England.  He  had  previous- 
ly been  warned  with  others  to  "  fly  for  their  Lives, 
or  anticipate  their  doom  by  becoming  their  own 
executioners,"  in  a  published  letter  signed  "  Three 
Millions."  On  his  arrival  in  England,  two  excel- 
lent livings  were  given  him,  one  in  Berkshire,  and 
the  other  in  Edinburgh,  where  he  generally  resided. 
He  published  "  Poems  on  Several  Occasions  "  (Ox- 
ford, 1761),  and  a  j^oem  in  the  "  Gentleman's  Mag- 
azine" for  July,  1776,  descriptive  of  his  escape 
from  New  York.  On  13  Dec,  1776,  he  delivered  a 
sermon  before  the  University  of  Oxford  "  On  the 
Causes  of  the  Present  Rebellion  in  America," 
which  gave  rise  to  much  political  controversy.  He 
advocated  the  appointment  of  bishops  for  the  colo- 
nies in  an  "  Address  to  the  Episcopalians  of  Vir- 
ginia," and  also  published  "  The  American  Que- 
rist" (1774).  The  epitaph  that  he  wrote  for  him- 
self is  characteristic : 

"  Plere  lies  a  priest  of  English  blood : 
Who,  living,  lik'd  whate'er  was  good — 
Good  company,  good  wine,  good  name. 
Yet  never  hunted  after  fame. 
But  as  the  first  he  still  preferr'd, 
So  here  he  chose  to  be  interr'd ; 
And,  unobscured  from  crowds,  withdrew 
To  rest  among  a  chosen  few. 
In  humble  hopes  that  sovereign  love 
Will  raise  him  to  be  blest  above." 
He  was  interred  a  few  miles  from  Edinburgh,  where 
Episcopal  ministers  "  who  die  in  that  city  "  are 
all  buried,  which  accounts  for  his  expression  "  to 
rest  among  a  chosen  few." 

COOPER,  Peter,  philanthropist,  b.  in  New 
York  city,  12  Feb.,  1791 ;  d.  there,  4  April,  1883. 
His  mother  was  the  daughter  of  John  Campbell,  a 
successful  potter  in  New  York,  who  became  an 
alderman  of  the  city  and  was  deputy  quartermas- 
ter during  the  Revolutionary  war.  Mr.  Campbell 
contributed  liberally  to  the  cause  of  American  free- 
dom, and  received  in  acknowledgment  a  large 
quantity  of  Continental  money.  On  his  father's 
side  Mr.  Cooper  was  of  English  descent,  and  both 
his  grandfather  and  his  father  served  in  the  Con- 
tinental army.  The  latter,  wdio  became  a  lieu- 
tenant during  the  war,  was  a  hatter,  and  at  the 
close  of  the  war  resumed  his  business  in  New  York. 
Peter  was  born  about  this  period,  and  he  remem- 
bered the  time  when,  as  a  boy,  he  was  employed  to 
pull  hair  out  of  rabbit-skins,  his  head  being  just 
above  the  table.  He  continued  to  assist  his  father 
until  he  was  competent  to  make  every  part  of  a 
hat.  The  elder  Cooper  determined  to  live  in  the 
country,  and  removed  to  Peekskill,  where  he  began 
the  brewing  of  ale,  and  the  son  was  employed  in 
delivering  the  kegs.  Later,  Catskill  became  the 
residence  of  the  family,  and  the  hatter's  business 
was  resumed,  to  which  was  added  the  making  of 
bricks.  Peter  was  made  useful  in  carrying  and 
handling  the  bricks  for  the  drying  process.  These 
occupations  proved  unsatisfactory,  and  another 
move  was  made,  this  time  to  Brooklyn,  where  the 
father  and  son  again  made  hats  for  a  time,  after 
which  they  settled  in  Newburg  and  erected  a 
brewery.  Peter  meanwhile  acquired  such  knowl- 
edge as  he  could,  for  his  schooling  appears  to  have 
been  limited  to  half  days  during  a  single  year.  In 
1808  he  was  apprenticed  to  John  Woodward,  a  car- 


COOPER 


COOPER 


731 


riage-maker,  with  whom  he  remained  until  he  be- 
came of  age.  During  this  time  he  constructed  a 
machine  for  mortising  the  hubs  of  carriages,  which 
proved  of  great  value  to  his  employer,  who  at  the 
expiration  of  his  service  offered  to  establish  him  in 
business.  This,  however,  was  declined,  and  Cooper 
settled  in  Hempstead,  L.  I.,  where  for  three  years 
he  manufactured  machines  for  shearing  cloth,  and 
at  the  end  of  this  engagement  he  had  saved  suffi- 
cient money  to  buy  the  right  of  the  state  of  New 
York  for  a  machine  for  shearing  cloth.  He  began 
the  manufacture  of  these  machines  on  his  own  ac- 
count, and  the  enterprise  was  thoroughly  success- 
ful, largely  owing  to  the  interruption  of  commer- 
cial intercourse  between  the  United  States  and 
Great  Britain  by  the  war,  and  also  on  account  of 
an  improvement  devised  by  himself.  At  this  time 
he  married  Sarah  Bedel,  of  Hempstead,  who  proved 
a  devoted  wife  during  fifty-six  years  of  married 
life.  With  the  cessation  of  hostilities  the  value  of 
this  business  depreciated,  and  he  turned  his  shop 
into  a  factory  for  making  cabinet-ware.  Later  he 
entered  the  grocery  business  in  New  York,  but  soon 
afterward  the  profits  acquired  by  the  sale  of  his 
machines  and  in  the  grocer's  shop  were  invested 
in  a  glue-factory,  which  he  purchased  with  all  its 
stock  and  buildings  then  on  a  lease  of  twenty-one 
years.  These  works  were  situated  on  the  "  old 
middle  road,"  between  31st  and  34th  streets,  New 

York  city,  and 
there  the  busi- 
ness of  manu- 
facturing glue, 
oil,  whiting,  pre- 
pared chalk,  and 
isinglass  was 
continued  until 
the  expiration  of 
the  lease,  when 
he  bought  ten 
acres  of  ground 
in  Maspeth  ave- 
nue, Brooklyn, 
where  the  busi- 
ness has  since 
been  continued. 
In  1828  he  pur- 
chased 3,000 
acres  of  land 
within  the  city 
limits  of  Balti- 
more, and  he 
erected  the  Canton  iron-works,  which  was  the 
first  of  his  great  enterprises  tending  toward  the 
development  of  the  iron  industry  in  the  United 
States.  This  purchase  was  made  at  a  time  when 
there  was  great  commercial  excitement  in  Baiti- 
moi'e  on  account  of  the  building  of  the  Baltimore 
and  Ohio  railroad.  It  was  feared  that  the  many 
short  turns  in  the  road  would  make  it  useless  for 
locomotive  purposes.  The  stockholders  had  be- 
come discouraged,  and  the  project  seemed  about  to 
be  abandoned,  when  Peter  Cooper  came  to  the  res- 
cue and  built,  in  1830,  from  his  own  designs,  the 
first  locomotive  engine  ever  constructed  on  this 
continent.  By  its  means  the  possibility  of  building 
railroads  in  a  country  with  little  capital,  and  with 
immense  stretches  of  very  rough  surface,  in  order 
to  connect  commercial  centres,  without  the  deep 
cuts,  tunnelling,  and  levelling  that  short  curves 
might  avoid,  was  demonstrated,  and  the  Baltimore 
and  Ohio  railroad  was  saved  from  bankruptcy.  He 
determined  to  dispose  of  his  Baltimore  property, 
and  a  portion  of  it  was  purchased  by  Horace  Ab- 
bott, which  in  time  became  the  Abbott  iron  com- 


pany. The  remainder  was  sold  to  Boston  capital- 
ists, who  formed  the  Canton  iron  company.  He 
received  part  of  his  payment  in  stock  at  $44  a 
share,  which  he  svibsequently  sold  at  $230.  He 
then  returned  to  New  York  and  built  an  iron-fac- 
tory, which  he  afterward  turned  into  a  rolling-mill, 
where  he  first  successfully  applied  anthracite  coal 
to  the  puddling  of  iron,  and  made  iron  wire  for 
several  years.  In  1845  he  built  three  blast-fur- 
naces in  Phillipsburg,  near  Easton,  Pa.,  which  were 
the  largest  then  known,  and,  to  control  the  manu- 
facture completely,  purchased  the  Andover  iron- 
mines,  and  built  a  railroad  through  a  rough  coun- 
try for  eight  miles,  in  order  to  bring  the  ore  down 
to  the  furnaces  at  the  rate  of  40,000  tons  a  year. 
Later  the  entire  plant  was  combined  into  a  corpo- 
ration known  as  the  Ironton  iron-works.  At 
these  works  the  first  wrought-iron  beams  for  fire- 
proof buildings  were  made.  The  laying  of  the 
Atlantic  cable  was  lai'gely  due  to  his  persistent 
efforts  in  its  behalf.  He  was  the  first  and  only 
president  of  the  New  York,  Newfoundland,  and 
London  telegraph  company.  It  became  necessary 
to  expend  large  sums  in  its  construction,  much  of 
which  came  directly  from  Mr.  Cooper.  The  banks 
were  unwilling  to  trust  the  corporation,  and  inva- 
riably drew  on  the  president  as  claims  matured. 
The  company  was  frequently  in  his  debt  to  the  ex- 
tent of  ten  to  twenty  thousand  dollars.  The  first 
cable  lasted  scarcely  a  month,  and  a  dozen  years 
elapsed  before  the  original  investments  were  recov- 
ered. In  spite  of  public  ridicule  and  the  refusal 
of  capitalists  to  risk  their  money,  Mr.  Cooper  clung 
to  the  idea,  until  at  last  a  cable  became  an  assured 
success.  The  original  stock,  which  had  been  placed 
on  the  market  at  $50  a  share,  was  then  disposed  of 
to  an  English  company  at  $90.  Mr.  Cooper  served 
in  both  branches  of  the  New  York  common  coun- 
cil, and  strongly  advocated,  when  a  member  of 
that  body,  the  construction  of  the  Croton  aque- 
duct. He  was  a  trustee  in  the  Public  school  socie- 
ty first  founded  to  promote  public  schools  in  New 
York,  and  when  that  body  was  merged  in  the 
board  of  education  he  became  a  school  commis- 
sioner. But  he  is  most  widely  known  in  connec- 
tion with  his  interest  in  industrial  education.  His 
own  experience  early  impressed  him  with  the  ne- 
cessity of  affording  proper  means  for  the  instruc- 
tion of  the  working  classes.  With  this  idea  he 
secured  the  property  at  the  junction  of  3d  and  4th 
avenues,  between  7th  and  8th  streets,  and  from 
plans  of  his  own  making  "  The  Cooper  Union  for 
the  Advancement  of  Science  and  Art "  was  erect- 
ed. In  1854  the  corner-stone  was  laid,  and  five 
years  later,  on  its  completion,  a  deed  was  executed 
in  fee  simple  transferring  this  property  to  six 
trustees,  who  were  empowered  to  devote  all  rents 
and  income  from  it  "to  the  instruction  and  improA^e- 
ment  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  United  States  in 
practical  science  and  art."  A  scheme  of  education 
was  devised  which  should  include  "  instruction  in 
branches  of  knowledge  by  which  men  and  women 
earn  their  daily  bread ;  in  laws  of  health  and  im- 
provement of  the  sanitary  conditions  of  families 
as  well  as  individuals ;  in  social  and  political  sci- 
ence, whereby  communities  and  nations  advance 
in  virtue,  wealth,  and  power ;  and  finally  in  mat- 
ters which  affect  the  eye,  the  ear,  and  the  imagina- 
tion, and  furnish  a  basis  for  recreation  to  the 
working  classes."  Free  courses  of  lectures  on  so- 
cial and  political  science  were  established ;  also  a 
free  reading-room  ;  and  collections  of  works  of  art 
and  science  were  provided,  and  a  school  for  in- 
struction of  women  in  the  art  of  design  by  which 
they  may  gain   an  honorable   livelihood.     When 


732 


COOPER 


COOPER 


sufRcient  funds  have  been  collected,  it  is  proposed 
to  establish  a  polytechnic  school.  The  building 
with  its  improvements  has  cost  thus  far  nearlv 
$750,000.  It  has  an  endowment  of  $200,000  for 
the  support  of  the  free  reading-room  and  library. 
The  annual  expense  of  the  schools  varies  from 
150,000  to  $60,000,  and  is  derived  from  the  rents 
of  such  portions  of  the  edifice  as  are  used  for  busi- 
ness purposes.  Mr.  Cooper  devoted  much  careful 
thought  and  study  to  questions  of  finance  and  good 
government.  He  became  active  in  the  greenback 
inovement,  and  published  several  political  pam- 
phlets on  the  subject  of  the  currency.  In  1876  he 
was  nominated  by  the  national  independent  party 
as  their  candidate  for  president,  and  in  the  elec- 
tion that  followed  received  nearly  100,000  votes. 
In  all  affairs  concerning  the  advancement  and  wel- 
fare of  New  York  city  Mr.  Cooper  was  prominent. 
No  public  gathering  seemed  complete  without  his 
well-known  presence  on  the  platform.  He  was  a 
regular  attendant  of  the  Unitarian  church,  and 
liberal  in  his  donations  to  charitable  institutions, 
to  many  of  which  he  lield  the  relation  of  trustee. 
His  various  addresses  and  speeches  were  collected 
in  a  volume  entitled  "  Ideas  for  a  Science  of  Good 
(Government,  in  Addresses,  Letters,  and  Articles 
on  a  Strictly  National  Currency,  Tariff,  and  Civil 
Service"  (New  York,  1883).—" His  son,  Edward, 
merchant,  b.  in  New  York  city,  26  Oct.,  1824.  He 
was  educated  in  public  schools  and  then  in  Colum- 
bia, but  left  college  without  completing  the  course, 
and  received  the  honorary  degree  of  A.  M.  in  1845. 
Afterward  he  spent  some  time  in  travel  abroad, 
and  on  his  return  to  the  United  States  became, 
with  his  college  friend  and  brother-in-law,  Abram 
S.  Hewitt,  a  member  of  the  firm  of  Cooper,  Hewitt 
&  Co.  Gradually  he  was  associated  with  his 
father  in  his  various  enterprises,  and  much  of  the 
active  management  of  affairs  fell  to  him.  The 
success  of  the  Trenton  iron-works  and  of  the  New 
Jersey  iron-  and  steel-works  is  largely  due  to  his 
painstaking  and  careful  study  of  the  subject. 
Long  experience  as  an  iron-master  has  made  him 
a  practical  and  scientific  metallurgical  engineer. 
Mr.  Cooper  has  also  been  prominent  as  a  democrat 
in  New  York  local  politics,  and  was  mayor  from 
1879  till  1881.  He  was  also  an  active  member  of 
the  committee  of  seventy,  through  whose  efforts 
the  Tweed  ring  was  overthrown.  In  national  poli- 
tics he  has  served  as  a  delegate  to  the  Charleston 
convention  of  1860,  and  to  the  St.  Louis  conven- 
tion of  1876.  He  is  a  trustee  of  the  Cooper  imion, 
and  is  a  member  of  various  corporations. — Peter 
Cooper's  nephew,  James  Campbell,  mineralogist, 
b.  in  Harford  county,  near  Baltimore,  Md.,  16 
June,  1832,  a  son  of  James  Cooper,  received  a 
limited  education  in  the  public  schools  of  Balti- 
more, and  for  many  years  has  been  connected 
with  the  development  of  western  railways,  hold- 
ing various  offices.  Mr.  Cooper  has  taken  great  in- 
terest in  the  study  of  geology  and  mineralogy,  and 
has  collected,  located,  and  named  fully  50,000  speci- 
mens of  minerals,  including  a  collection  of  9,000 
specimens  that  he  presented  the  University  of  Kan- 
sas. He  has  added  much  to  the  knowledge  of  the 
mineral  resources  of  the  United  States,  and  has  con- 
tributed extensively  to  newspapers  and  periodical 
literature  concerning  his  discoveries.  Mr.  Cooper 
is  a  member  of  several  scientific  associations. 

COOPER,  Philip  H.,  naval  officer,  b.  in  New 
York,  5  Aug.,  1844.  He  was  graduated  at  the  U.  S. 
naval  academy  in  1863,  when  he  was  promoted  to 
ensign  and  attached  to  the  steam  sloop  "  Ticon- 
deroga  "  in  the  North  Atlantic  blockading  squad- 
ron, and  was  present  at  both  attacks  on  Fort 


Fisher.  In  1865  he  was  made  mastei',  and  in  1866 
lieutenant,  serving,  meanwhile,  until  1868  on  the 
slod])  "  Shenandoah,"  in  the  Asiatic  squadron.  He 
received  his  commission  as  lieutenant-commander 
in  1868,  and  was  assigned  to  duty  at  the  U.  S.  naval 
academy.  Later  he  was  attached  to  the  "  Plym- 
outh," on  the  European  station,  and  afterward 
was  on  duty  at  the  Naval  academy.  He  was  made 
commander  in  1879,  and  for  several  years  employed 
at  the  bureau  of  navigation  in  Washington,  alter 
which  he  commanded  the  "  Swatara  "  in  the  Asiatic 
squadron.  In  1886  he  was  made  commandant  of 
the  Norfolk  navy-yard. 

COOPER,  Samuel,  soldier,  b.  in  Haekensack, 
N.  J.,  12  June,  1798;  d.  in  Cameron,  Va.,  3  Dec, 
1876.  His  father,  of  the  same  name,  served  during 
the  Revolutionary  war,  and  fought  in  the  battles 
of  Lexington,  Bunker  Hill,  Monmouth,  and  Ger- 
mantown.  At  the  close  of  the  war,  having  attained 
the  rank  of  major,  he  settled  in  Dutchess  county, 
where  he  married  Miss  Mary  Horton.  He  was 
graduated  at  the  U.  S.  military  academy  in  1815, 
and  promoted  to  second  lieutenant  in  the  artillery. 
His  services  were  retained  on  the  reorganization 
of  the  army  after  the  war  of  1812,  and  he  served 
on  garrison  duty  and  in  Washington  for  several 
years,  meanwhile  he  had  been  promoted  to  first 
lieutenant.  From  1828  till  1836  he  was  aide-de- 
camp to  Gen.  Alexander  Macomb,  becoming  cap- 
tain in  June,  1836,  and  until  1841  was  on  staff 
duty  at  army  head-quarters  as  assistant  adjutant 
general.  During  the  Florida  war  he  was  chief  of 
staff  to  Col.  William  J.  Worth.  He  remained  on 
special  duty  in  the  war  department  in  Washington 
from  1842  till  1852,  was  brevetted  colonel  for  meri- 
torious conduct  in  the  prosecution  of  his  duties  in 
connection  with  tlie  Mexican  war,  and  then,  until 
1861,  was  adjutant-general  of  the  U.  S.  army,  with 
the  rank  of  colonel  of  the  staff,  dating  from  1852. 
For  a  short  time  during  this  period  he  was  secre- 
tary of  war  ad  interim.  In  March,  1861,  he  re- 
signed his  commission  and  offered  his  services  to 
the  seceding  states.  He  was  appointed  adjutant 
and  inspector-general  of  the  Confederate  army,  of 
which  he  was  the  ranking  officer,  standing  first  on 
the  list  of  generals.  In  1827  he  married  a  grand- 
daughter of  George  Mason,  of  Gunston  Hall,  Cler- 
mont, Fairfax  co.,  Va.,  and  subsequent  to  the  civil 
war,  lived  in  retirement  at  his  country  seat  near 
Alexandria,  Va.  He  was  the  author  of  "  A  Con- 
cise System  of  Instructions  and  Regulations  for 
the  Militia  and  Volunteers  of  the  United  States  " 
(Philadelphia,  1836). 

COOPER,  Tliomas,  scientist,  b.  in  London, 
England,  22  Oct.,  1759;  d.  in  Columbia,  S.  C,  11 
May,  1840.  He  was  educated  at  Oxford,  and  then 
studied  law,  devoting  at  the  same  time  consider- 
able attention  to  medicine  and  the  natural  sciences. 
After  being  admitted  to  the  bar  he  travelled  a  cir- 
cuit for  a  few  years,  but  took  an  active  part  in  the 
politics  of  the  time,  and  was  sent  with  James  Watt, 
the  inventor,  by  the  democratic  clubs  of  England 
to  those  of  France,  where  his  sympathies  were 
with  the  Girondists.  This  course  called  out  severe 
censure  from  Edmund  Burke  in  the  house  of  com- 
mons, to  whicli  Cooper  replied  with  a  violent  pam- 
phlet. Its  circulation  was  prohibited  among  tlie 
lower  classes  by  the  attorney-general,  although  no 
exception  was  made  to  its  appearance  in  expensive 
form.  While  in  France  he  studied  chemistry  and 
learned  the  process  of  obtaining  chlorine  from  sea- 
salt,  and  this  knowledge  he  tried  to  apply  on  his 
return  to  England  by  becoming  a  bleacher  and  a 
calico-printer,  but  was  unsuccessful.  In  1795  he 
followed  his  friend,  Dr.  Joseph  Priestley,  to  the 


COOPER 


COOPER 


733 


United  States,  and  settled  in  Northumberland, 
Pa.,  where  he  practised  law.  He  became  a  strong 
democrat,  and  violently  attacked  the  administra- 
tion of  John  Adams  in  the  Reading  "  Advertiser  " 
of  26  Oct.,  1799.  This  led  to  his  being  tried  for 
libel  under  the  sedition  act,  and  he  was  sentenced 
to  six  months'  imprisonment,  with  a  fine  of  $400. 
In  1806  he  was  appointed  a  land  commissioner  and 
succeeded  in  overcoming  the  difficulties  with  the 
Connecticut  claimants  in  Luzerne  county.  Later 
he  was  made  judge,  but,  becoming  obnoxious  to 
the  members  of  his  own  party,  he  was  removed  in 
1811  on  a  charge  of  arbitrary  conduct.  From  1811 
till  1814  he  held  the  chair  of  chemistry  in  Dick- 
inson college,  Carlisle,  and  from  1816  till  1821 
filled  a  similar  place  in  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. In  1819  he  was  called  to  the  College  of 
South  Carolina  in  Columbia,  of  which,  from  1820 
till  1834,  he  was  president,  and  at  the  same  time 
professor  of  chemistry  and  political  economy.  On 
his  retirement  in  1840  the  revision  of  the  statutes 
of  the  state  was  confided  to  him.  President  Cooper 
was  eminent  for  his  versatility  and  the  extent  of 
his  knowledge.  In  philosophy  he  was  a  material- 
ist, in  religion  a  free-thinker,  and  in  the  nul- 
lification contest  an  ultra  state-rights  man.  He 
was  a  vigorous  pamphleteer  in  various  political 
contests,  and  a  frequent  contributor  to  newspa- 
pers and  magazines.  From  1812  till  1814  he  edit- 
ed two  of  the  five  volumes  of  "  The  Emporium  of 
Arts  and  Sciences"  in  Philadelphia,  and  also 
Thomas  Thomson's  "System  of  Chemistry"  (4 
vols.,  Philadelphia,  1818).  He  published  "  Letters 
on  the  Slave-Trade"  (London,  1787);  "Tracts, 
Ethical,  Theological,  and  Political"  (1790);  "In- 
formation concerning  America"  (1790);  "Account 
of  the  Trial  of  Thomas  Cooper,  of  Northumber- 
land "  (Philadelphia,  1800) ;  "  The  Bankrupt  Law 
of  America  Compared  with  that  of  England" 
(1801) ;  "  Introductory  Lecture  at  Carlisle  Col- 
lege "  (1812) ;  "  An  English  Version  of  the  Insti- 
tutes of  Justinian"  (1812);  "Tracts  on  Medical 
Jurisprudence"  (1819);  and  "Elements  of  Politi- 
cal Economy  "  (Charleston,  1826). 

COOPER,  Thomas  Apthorpe,  actor,  b.  in 
London,  England,  in  1776 ;  d.  in  Bristol,  Pa.,  21 
April,  1849.  He  received  a  good  edtication,  and, 
on  the  death  of  his  father,  was  adopted  by  Thomas 
Holcroft  and  William  Godwin.  His  first  appear- 
ance on  the  stage  was  with  Stephen  Kemble's 
company  in  Edinburgh,  and  later  he  acted  at 
Covent  Garden,  London,  with  great  success  as 
Hamlet  and  Macbeth.  In  December,  1796,  he 
made  his  first  appearance  in  Philadelphia  as  Mac- 
beth at  the  Chestnut  street  theatre,  and  in  August 
of  the  following  year  played  in  the  Greenwich 
street  theatre,  New  York,  as  Pierre  in  "  Venice 
Preserved."  He  returned  to  England  in  1802,  and 
for  several  years  held  a  foremost  rank  on  the  Eng- 
lish stage.  In  1804  he  returned  to  New  York  and 
soon  afterward,  for  a  long  time,  became  lessee  of 
the  Park  theatre.  Later  he  again  visited  England, 
but  soon  returned  to  the  United  States,  where  he 
continued  to  play  until  advanced  in  years.  His 
daughter  having  married  the  son  of  President 
Tyler,  he  held  various  public  offices,  among  which 
were  that  of  military  storekeeper  in  Frankford, 
Pa.,  during  1841,  and  later  the  office  of  surveyor  to 
the  ports  of  New  York  and  Philadelphia.  Cooper 
had  great  natural  endowments  of  person  and  voice, 
but  did  not  excel  as  a  student.  His  acting  was  of 
the  school  of  John  Philip  Kemble,  whom  he  bid 
fair  to  rival  in  his  early  days. 

COOPER,  William,  clergyman,  b.  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  in  1694 ;  d.  there,  13  Dec,  1743.     He  was 
VOL.  I. — 47 


graduated  at  Harvard  in  1712,  and  his  leisure  dur- 
ing his  college  years  was  given  to  the  study  of  the 
Bible.  After  his  graduation,  being  then  only 
eighteen  years  of  age,  he  continued  his  studies 
until  1715,  when  he  began  to  preach.  In  August 
of  that  year  he  was  invited  to  become  the  col- 
league of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Benjamin  Colman,  but  his 
ordination  was  deferred  until  23  May,  1716.  He 
continued  with  the  Brattle  street  Congregational 
church  until  his  death.  In  1737  he  was  chosen  to 
the  presidency  of  Harvard,  but  declined  it.  lie 
participated  actively  in  the  great  revival  of  1740, 
and  said,  toward  the  close  of  his  career,  that 
"since  the  year  1740  more  people  had  sometimes 
come  to  him  in  concern  about  their  souls  in  one 
week  than  in  the  preceding  twenty- four  years  of 
his  ministry,"  In  1742  he  became  involved  with 
the  Rev.  Jonathan  Ashley,  of  Deerfield,  in  a  dis- 
pute concerning  the  revival,  and  a  long  newspa- 
per and  pamphlet  controversy  ensued.  Besides 
numerous  published  sermons,  he  was  the  author  of 
"A  Tract  defending  Inoculation  for  the  Small- 
Pox"  (1720),  and  "  The  Doctrine  of  Predestination 
unto  Life  indicated  in  Four  Sermons "  (Boston, 
1740;  London,  1765).— His  son,  William,  b.  in 
Boston,  Mass.,  in  1720;  d.  there,  28  Nov.,  1809, 
was  distinguished  for  his  patriotic  services  during 
the  revolutionary  war,  and  for  forty-nine  years 
was  town  clerk  of  Boston. — Another  son,  Samuel, 
clergyman,  b.  in  Boston,  28  March,  1725;  d.  there, 
29  Dec,  1783,  studied  at  the  grammar-school  in 
Boston,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1743, 
He  studied  theology  and  became  his  father's  suc- 
cessor and  an  associate  to  the  veneral)le  Dr.  Col- 
man. He  was  elected  to  the  colleagvie  postorate 
on  31  Dec,  1744,  and  ordained  on  21  May,  1746. 
His  ministry  with  the  Brattle  street  church  con- 
tinued until  his  death.  In  1767  he  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Harvard  corporation,  in  wliich 
office  he  remained  during  his  lifetime,  and  in  1774 
was  chosen  president ;  but,  like  his  father,  he  pre- 
ferred the  active  duties  of  the  ministry.  He  took 
a  prominent  part  in  politics,  and  in  1754  published 
"  The  Crisis,"  a  pamphlet  in  opposition  to  the  ex- 
cise act,  then  in  contemplation.  From  the  time  of 
the  stamp-act  some  of  the  best  political  articles  in 
the  "  Boston  Gazette  "  were  written  by  him.  The 
letters  of  Gov.  Hutchinson  were  sent  to  him  by 
Dr.  Franklin,  with  an  injunction  not  to  allow  their 
publication.  These  he  placed  in  the  hands  of  a 
friend,  whose  disregard  of  the  prohibition,  though 
a  breach  of  confidence  involving  serious  conse- 
quences, was  a  great  public  benefit.  In  the  spring 
of  1775,  with  other  distinguished  patriots,  he  was 
lampooned  by  the  British  officers  in  an  oration  de- 
livered on  State  street.  Afterward  he  made  him- 
self particularly  obnoxious  to  the  authorities,  in 
consequence  of  which  he  withdrew  from  Boston 
just  before  the  battle  of  Lexington.  From  April, 
1775,  till  March,  1776,  his  church  was  used  as  a 
barracks  for  the  British  troops.  Dr.  Cooper  was 
the  intimate  friend  of  John  Adams  and  Benjamin 
Franklin,  who,  during  their  residence  in  France, 
i"ecommended  to  his  care  many  of  the  prominent 
French  visitors  to  America.  He  was  also  an  es- 
teemed correspondent  of  distinguished  Europeans, 
and  in  1767  was  honored  by  the  University  of 
Edinburgh  with  the  degree  of  D.  D.  He  was  a 
member  of  several  religious  and  scientific  socie- 
ties, and  was  the  first  president  of  the  American 
academy  of  science  and  arts.  Besides  his  political 
writings  he  j^ublislied  numerous  sermons.  His 
"  Discourse  on  the  Commencement  of  the  New 
Constitution  of  Massachusetts  "  (1780)  is  the  most 
finished  of  all  his  literary  productions. 


734 


COOTE 


COPE 


COOTE,  Sir  Eyre,  British  soldier,  b.  in  1757; 
d.  10  Dec,  1823.  He  was  a  nephew  of  Sir  Eyre 
Coote,  commander-in-chief  in  India,  entered  the 
British  army  as  ensign,  15  April,  1774,  and  was 
promoted  lieutenant  in  July,  1776.  He  was  pres- 
ent at  the  battle  of  Long  Island  and  the  reduction 
of  Fort  Washington,  took  part  in  the  expeditions 
to  Rhode  Island  and  the  Chesapeake,  was  engaged 
at  Brandywine,  Germantown,  and  Monmouth,  and 
at  the  attack  on  Mud  island.  He  became  a  cap- 
tain, 10  Aug.,  1778,  was  engaged  at  the  siege  of 
Charleston  and  in  the  Virginia  campaign,  and  was 
present  at  the  surrender  of  Yorktown.  He  became 
a  major  in  1783,  served  under  Gen.  Greg  in  the 
West  Indies  in  1793-'5,  was  made  a  colonel  in 
1796,  severely  wounded  in  the  Ostend  expedition 
of  1798,  promoted  major-general  in  that  year,  and 
served  in  Abercromby's  Egyptian  expedition  of 
1801.  He  was  lieutenant-governor  of  Jamaica 
from  1805  till  1808,  and  rose  to  the  rank  of  gen- 
eral in  1814,  but  was  afterward  dismissed  from  the 
army  for  the  commission  of  a  crime. 

COPAHUE  (co-pah-oo'-a),  Chilian  cacique, 
flourished  in  the  latter  part  of  the  14th  century. 
He  made  war  against  all  other  caciques  of  his 
race,  defeated  them,  and  became  supreme  chief  of 
the  whole  Araucanian  people,  also  reducing  some 
tribes  of  northern  Chili.  According  to  the  native 
historian  Pue,  in  1380  the  Promancos  and  Pen- 
cones  rose  in  arms  against  Copahue,  gathered  in 
large  numbers,  fought  a  battle  in  the  Aconcagua 
valley,  and  were  routed,  leaving  many  dead  upon 
the  field,  and  many  prisoners,  who  were  horribly 
tortured.  Copahue's  cruelties  exasperated  his 
enemies  and  caused  them  to  unite  against  him, 
with  the  aid  of  some  Araucanian  caciques.  A 
battle  was  fought  in  the  Llai-llai  valley,  in  which 
he  perished,  and  subsequently  every  tribe  regained 
its  independence.  The  people  of  his  own  tribe 
buried  his  remains  on  the  top  of  the  highest 
mountain  in  the  region  belonging  to  them,  and 
the  mountain  still  bears  his  name. 

COPANO  (co-pan'-yo),  Chilian  yoqui  or  cacique, 
b.  in  the  Malpocho  valley  in  1511 ;  d.  early  in 
1548.  He  was  chief  of  the  Promancos,  belonging 
to  the  Malpocho  tribe.  The  caciques  of  neighbor- 
ing regions  made  him  their  generalissimo  to  di- 
rect the  war  against  the  Spaniards,  who  had  founded 
the  city  of  Santiago  in  1541.  During  1541  Copaho 
many  times  attacked  the  Spanish  settlement,  and 
caused  heavy  loss  to  the  colonists.  The  next 
year,  while  Valdivia  was  absent  from  the  city,  the 
Indians,  in  great  numbers,  attacked  it,  burned  the 
buildings,  and  forced  the  inhabitants  to  seek 
refuge  in  a  fortress,  which  was  also  assaulted,  and 
its  defenders,  under  Alonso  de  Monroy,  were  com- 
pelled to  go  out  and  fight  in  the  open  field.  The 
timely  return  of  Valdivia  prevented  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  whole  colony ;  and  afterward  Copaiio 
was  defeated  in  three  battles.  During  1543-'4  he 
continued  the  hostilities  against  the  conquerors, 
and  then  joined  the  Copiapinos,  a  tribe  of  north- 
ern Chili,  and  was  proclaimed  chief  of  all  the 
allied  forces.  In  1545  he  again  attacked  Alonso 
de  Monroy  at  Copiapo,  and  only  Monroy  and  one 
of  his  officers  escaped,  all  his  other  men  pei*- 
ishing  at  the  hands  of  the  Indians.  A  treaty  of 
peace  made  with  Valdivia  in  1546  did  not  continue 
long,  and  Copaiio  destroyed  the  new  city  of  La 
Serena  in  1547.  The  celebrated  chief  was  killed 
by  some  northern  Indians  that  declined  to  be 
commanded  by  a  stranger. 

COPE,  Tliomas  Pym,  merchant,  b.  in  Lancas- 
ter county,  Pa.,  26  Aug.,  1768;  d.  in  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  22   Nov.,    1854.     His   father,   Caleb   Cope,  a 


Quaker  of  Lancaster,  Pa.,  protected  Andre  from  a 
mob  in  1775.  The  son  entered  a  counting-house 
in  Philadelphia  in  1786,  began  business  for  him- 
self in  1790,  importing  his  goods  latterly  in  his 
own  vessels,  the  first  of  which  he  built  in  1807, 
and  established  in  1821  the  first  line  of  packets  be- 
tween Philadelphia  and  Liverpool,  which  survived 
several  financial  crises,  and  continued  in  existence 
down  till  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war.  He  ac- 
quired great  wealth,  and  possessed  in  a  high  de- 
gree the  respect  of  his  fellow-townsmen.  During 
an  epidemic  of  yellow  fever  in  1793  he  remained 
in  the  city  to  aid  the  sufl'erers,  and  took  the  dis- 
ease himself,  and,  when  the  small-pox  raged  in 
1797,  he  accepted  the  task  of  ministering  to  the 
wants  of  the  destitute  as  almoner,  and  carried 
food  to  the  houses  of  the  sufferers.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  city  council  about  1800,  an  efficient 
member  of  the  committee  for  introducing  water 
into  the  city,  served  in  the  legislature  in  1807,  and 
in  the  State  constitutional  convention,  was  presi- 
dent of  the  Board  of  trade  for  many  years,  and  of 
the  Mercantile  library  company  from  its  foundation 
until  his  death,  and  was  an  executor  of  Girard's 
will,  a  trustee  of  the  bank,  and  a  director  of  the 
Girard  college.  He  was  also  actively  interested 
in  completing  the  Chesapeake  and  Delaware  canal, 
and  in  the  construction  of  the  Pennsylvania  rail- 
road. The  estate  of  Lemon  Hill,  the  country- 
seat  of  Henry  J,  Pratt,  which  came  into  the  pos- 
session of  tlie  old  U.  S.  bank,  was  through  his 
efforts  secured  to  the  city  as  a  public  park,  instead 
of  being  utilized  for  factory  purposes.  When  Mr. 
Cope  retired  from  mercantile  life  his  sons,  Henry 
and  Alfred,  carried  on  the  business,  which  eventu- 
ally passed  into  the  hands  of  Francis  and  Thomas 
P.,  sons  of  Henry,  who  adopted  the  style  of  Cope 
Brothers. — Alfred's  son,  Edward  Drinker,  natu- 
ralist, b.  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  28  July,  1840;  d. 
there,  12  April,  1897.  He  was  educated  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania,  and  then  studied  com- 
parative anatomy  in  the  Academy  of  sciences  of 
Philadelphia,  in  the  Smithsonian  institution  dur- 
ing 1859,  and  in  Europe  from  1863  till  1804.  He 
became  professor  of  natural  sciences  in  Haverford 
college  in  1864,  but  resigned  in  1867  on  account  of 
failing  health.  Later  he  became  paleontologist  to 
the  U.  S.  geological  survey,  serving  at  first  on  the 
survey  of  the  territories,  and  then  on  the  survey 
west  of  the  100th  meridian.  His  work  in  this  con- 
nection has  resulted  in  his  discovery  of  nearly  1.000 
new  species  of  extinct  and  as  many  recent  verte- 
brata.  For  many  years  Prof.  Cope  was  secretary 
and  curator  of  the  Academy  of  natural  sciences, 
Philadelphia,  and  chief  of  the  department  of  or- 
ganic material  of  the  permanent  exhibition  in  that 
city.  He  was  a  member  of  numerous  scientific 
societies  in  the  United  States  and  Europe,  and  in 
1879  received  the  Bigsby  gold  medal  from  the 
Royal  geological  society  of  Great  Britain.  In 
1872  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  National 
academy  of  sciences,  and  in  1884  was  vice-president 
of  the  section  on  biology  of  the  American  associa- 
tion for  the  advancement  of  science.  The  titles  of 
his  papers,  upward  of  350  in  number,  form  a 
systematic  record  of  the  development  of  paleon- 
tology in  the  United  States.  They  have  appeared 
in  the  official  reports  of  the  government  surveys, 
proceedings  of  the  Philadelphia  academy  of  sci- 
ences, of  the  American  philosophical  society,  the 
American  association  for  the  advancement  of  sci- 
ence, and  in  numerous  periodicals.  Among  his 
larger  works  are  "  Systematic  Arrangement  of  the 
Lacertilia  and  Ophidia  "  (1864) ;  "  Primary  Groups 
of  the  Batrachian  Anura  "  (1865) ;  "  History  of  the 


COPELAND 


COPLEY 


735 


Cetaeea  of  the  Eastern  North  American  Coast" 
(1866) ;  "  Synopsis  of  the  Extinct  Cetaeea  of  the 
United  States"  (1867-8);  -'Systematic  Arrange- 
ment of  the  Extinct  Batrachia,  Reptilia,  and  Aves 
of  North  America  "  (1869-'70) ;  "  Systematic  Rela- 
tions of  the  Fishes"  (1871);  "Systematic  Rela- 
tions of  the  Tailed  Batrachia  "  (1872) ;  "  Extinct 
Vertebrata  of  the  Eocene  Formations  of  Wyo- 
ming"  (1873);  "Cretaceous  Vertebrata  of  the 
West  "  (1877) ;  and  "  Tertiary  Vertebrata  "  (1885). 
To  the  theory  of  evolution  "he  has  made  impor- 
tant contributions,  among  which  are  "  On  the 
Origin  of  Genera  "  (1868) ;  "  Hypothesis  of  Evolu- 
tion, Physical  and  Metaphysical "  (1870) ;  "  Method 
of  Creation  of  Organic  Types  "  (1871) ;  "  Evolution 
and  its  Consequences  "  (1872) ;  "  Consciousness  in 
Evolution  "  (1875) ;  "  Relation  of  Man  to  Tertiary 
Mammalia"  (1875);  "On  the  Theory  of  Evolu- 
tion "(1876) ;  "  The  Origin  of  Will "  (1877) ;  "  The 
Relation  of  Animal  Motion  to  Animal  Evolution  " 
(1878) ;  "  A  Review  of  the  Modern  Doctrine  of 
Evolution"  (1879);  "Origin  of  Man  and  other 
Vertebrates  "  (1885) ;  "  The  Energy  of  Life  Evolu- 
tion and  how  it  has  acted  "  (1885) ;  "  The  Origin 
of  the  Fittest  "  (1886). 

COPELAND,  Alfred  Bryant,  painter,  b.  in 
Boston,  Mass.,  about  1840.  He  studied  in  the 
Royal  academy  at  Antwerp,  lived  in  that  city  for 
several  years,  and  brought  to  Boston  a  large  num- 
ber of  original  paintings  and  copies.  He  became 
art  professor  in  the  University  of  St.  Louis,  but 
about  1877  opened  a  studio  in  Paris,  where  he 
worked  in  crayon  and  oils.  He  exhibited  church 
interiors  in  the  Paris  salon  in  1877-'8,  and  sent  to 
Boston  a  collection  of  street  scenes  in  Paris. 

COPELAND,  Joseph  T.,  soldier,  b.  in  Michi- 
gan about  18o0.  He  entered  the  1st  Michigan  cav- 
alry, which  was  organized  during  the  summer  of 
1861,  and  was  commissioned  lieutenant-colonel  on 
22  Aug.  He  fought  through  the  Manassas  cam- 
paign, returned  to  Detroit  in  July,  1862,  and  or- 
ganized the  5th  cavalry,  of  which  he  became  colo- 
nel, 14  Aug.,  and  on  29  Nov.,  1802,  was  appointed 
a  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  and  assigned  to 
the  command  of  the  Michigan  cavalry  brigade, 
formed  at  Washington,  12  Dec.  The  brigade, 
forming  part  of  Hooker's  cavalry,  was  in  Mary- 
land after  Lee  had  crossed  the  Potomac.  They 
were  the  first  Union  troops  to  occupy  Gettysburg ; 
but  with  the  other  changes  of  commanders  then 
carried  out,  Gen.  Copeland  transferred  his  com- 
mand to  Gen.  Custer  just  before  the  battle,  1  July, 
1868.  He  subsequently  commanded  a  draft  ren- 
dezvous at  Annapolis  Junction,  Md.,  and  at  Pitts- 
burg, Pa.,  and  then  the  post  and  military  prison  at 
Alton,  111.,  until  the  close  of  the  war. 

COPLEY,  John  Singleton,  painter,  b.  in  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  3  July,  1737 ;  d.  in  London,  25  Sept., 
1815.  He  is  commonly  called  self-taught,  but  he 
probably  received  some  instruction  from  his  step- 
father, Peter  Pelham,  who  died  in  1751.  Boston 
was  then  a  small  provincial  town  where  art  was  al- 
most unknown  and  good  instruction  unattainable. 
Young  Copley  began  at  an  early  age  to  see  visions 
of  lovely  forms  and  faces,  which  nature  impelled 
him  to  reproduce  with  such  materials  as  he  could 
procure  or  make  for  himself.  Hi  the  uncongenial 
atmosjihere  of  colonial  Boston  such  talent  was 
phenomenal,  and,  as  he  was  really  successful  in  pro- 
ducing likenesses,  he  soon  gained  local  celebrity  by 
executing  portraits  of  many  members  of  the  lead- 
ing families,  as  is  still  attested  by  almost  every 
notable  collection  in  the  city.  In  1760  he  sent  to 
Benjamin  West,  in  England,  without  name  or  ad- 
dress, a  portrait,  which  at  once  gave  him  a  place 


among  artists  of  recognized  merit.  This  painting 
is  known  as  "  The  Boy  and  the  Flying  Squirrel," 
and  represents  the  artist's  half-brother,  Henry  Pel- 
ham.  Through  West's  influence  the  picture  was 
exhibited  at  Somer- 
set house.  Its  Ameri- 
can origin  was  at 
once  suspected,  be- 
cause the  wood  of 
the  stretching-frame 
was  made  of  Ameri- 
can pine  ;  but  the 
authorship  was  not 
decided  until,  after 
long  delay,  the  let- 
ter of  transmittal 
reached  England.  In 
1767,  on  West's  nom- 
ination, Copley  was 
elected  a  fellow  of 
the  Society  of  artists 
of  Great  Britain.  In 
1769  he  married  Su- 
sannah, daughter  of 
Richard  Clarke,  a  lineal  descendant  of  Mary  Chilton, 
who  came  from  England  in  the  "  Mayflower."  The 
first  years  of  their  mari'ied  life  were  passed  in  Bos- 
ton, in  a  solitary  house  on  Beacon  Hill,  where  four 
children  were  born,  including  the  son  that  became 
lord  chancellor  of  England.  During  these  years 
correspondence  had  continued  with  English  ad- 
mirers, and  in  1774  Copley  sailed  for  England, 
and  after  a  short  sojourn  there  visited  Italy,  spend- 
ing a  year  in  studying  the  old  masters,  and  then 
settled  in  London.  Here  he  was  joined  by  his 
wife,  and  he  thenceforward  made  it  his  home.  He 
rose  with  almost  unprecedented  rapidity  to  the 
height  of  professional  fame.  He  was  patronized 
by  the  royal  family  and  the  nobility,  and  met  with 
uninterrupted  success.  In  1777  he  was  elected  an 
associate  member,  and  in  1779  a  full  member,  of 
the  Royal  academy.  When  he  sent  copies  of  the 
engraving  of  his  picture,  "  The  Death  of  Chat- 
ham," to  Washington  and  John  Adams,  the  former 
wrote,  "  It  is  rendered  more  estimable  in  my  eye 
when  I  remember  that  America  gave  birth  to  the 
celebrated  artist  who  produced  it."  Adams  said, 
"  I  shall  preserve  my  copy,  both  as  a  token  of  your 
friendship  and  as  an  indubitable  proof  of  Ameri- 
can genius."  Although  he  was  essentially  a  jjor- 
trait-painter,  Copley  composed  some  large  histori- 
cal works,  of  which  the  "  Death  of  Chatham,"  the 
"  Death  of  Major  Pierson,"  and  the  "  Siege  of  Gib- 
raltar "  are  in  the  National  gallery,  London.  The  ■ 
first  two  of  these  and  his  "  Charles  I.  demanding 
in  the  House  of  Commons  the  Five  Impeached 
Members  "  were  engraved  and  became  very  popu- 
lar. Among  his  other  historical  works  are  "  Offer 
of  the  Crown  to  Lady  Jane  Gray  "  (1808) ;  "  King 
Charles  signing  Strafford's  Death-Warrant "  ;  "As- 
sassination of  Buckingham " ;  "  Battle  of  the 
Boyne  "  ;  "  King  Charles  addressing  the  Citizens 
of  London " ;  "  The  Five  Impeached  Members 
brought  back  in  Triumph  "  ;  and  "  The  King's  Es- 
cape from  Hampton  Court."  Among  his  best  por- 
trait compositions  are  "  The  Daughters  of  George 
III."  (Buckingham  Palace);  "The  Family  Pic- 
ture "  (Charles  Amory,  Boston) ;  "  The  Red  Cross 
Knight "  (1788,  S.  G.  Dexter,  Boston) ;  "  Mrs.  Der- 
by as  St.  Cecilia"  (W.  Appleton,  Boston);  and 
"Mrs.  D.  D.  Rogers  "  (1789,  H.  B.  Rogers,  Boston). 
Most  of  Copley's  best  works  were  collected  by  his 
son,  Lord  Chancellor  Lyndhurst,  and  were  dis- 
persed at  his  sale  in  1864.  See  A.  T.  Perkins's 
"  Life  of  J.  S.  Copley  "  (1873) ;  "  Memorial  His- 


736 


COPPEE 


CORBIN 


tory  of  Boston  "  IV.  (1881) ;  and  Mrs.  Martha  B. 
Amory's  "Life  of  J.  S.  Copley"  (1882).— His  son, 
John  Singleton,  Jr.,  afterward  Baron  Lyndhnrst, 
b.  in  Boston,  21  May,  1772  ;  d.  at  Tunbridge  Wells, 
England,  11  Oct.,  1863.  His  father  attempted  to 
educate  him  as  an  artist ;  but  he  had  no  taste  for 
that  profession,  and  is  credited  with  having  de- 
clared in  a  fit  of  childish  impatience  that  coming 
generations  should  speak  of  "  Copley  the  father  of 
the  lord  chancellor,  not  of  Copley  the  son  of  the 
painter."  He  was  graduated  with  high  honor  at 
Cambridge  in  1795,  and  shortly  afterward  visited 
the  United  States  with  a  view  to  regain  his  father's 
pro-pei-ty  in  Boston,  which  had  been  sold  through 
a  mistake.  This  he  failed  to  accomplish,  but  spent 
some  time  in  this  country,  visiting  Washington  at 
Mount  Vernon,  and  travelling  extensively  through 
the  northern  and  middle  Atlantic  states.  Of  his 
experiences  he  made  copious  notes  and  wrote  de- 
scriptive letters  in  Latin  to  the  vice-chancellor  of 
Cambridge  university.  Returning  to  England  in 
1798,  he  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1804,  and  entered 
parliament  in  1818.  In  1827  he  became  chancellor, 
and  was  raised  to  the  peerage  as  Baron  Lyndhurst 
of  Lyndhurst,  27  April  the  same  year.  He  was 
twice  married,  but,  as  he  had  no  male  issue,  the 
title  lapsed  at  his  death.  See  Lord  John  Camp- 
bell's "Lives  of  the  Lord  Chancellors"  (7  vols., 
London,  1846-'7) ;  "  Select  Biographical  Sketches," 
by  William  Heath  Bennet ;  "  Life  of  John  Single- 
ton Copley"  {siqjra);  and  "Life  of  Lord  Lynd- 
hurst," by^Sir  Theodore  Martin  (London,  1883). 

COPPEE,  Henry,  educator,  b.  in  Savannah, 
Ga.,  13  Oct.,  1821 ;  d.  in  Bethlehem,  Pa.,  22  March, 
1895.  He  spent  two  years  at  Yale  in  the  class  of 
1839,  then  studied  civil  engineering,  entered  the 
U.  S.  military  academy  in  1841,  and  after  gradu- 
ation in  1845  served  as  an  officer  of  artillery  through 
the  Mexican  war,  receiving  the  brevet  of  captain 
for  gallantry  at  Contreras  and  Churubusco.  He 
was  principal  assistant  professor  of  geography, 
history,  and  ethics  at  West  Point  from  14  Jan., 
1850,  until  16  May,  1855,  and  on  30  June,  1855,  re- 
signed from  the  army  and  became  professor  of  Eng- 
lish literature  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
where  he  remained  until  1866,  when  he  accepted 
the  presidency  of  Lehigh  university  at  Bethlehem, 
Pa.  In  1875  he  exchanged  the  presidency  for  the 
professorship  of  history.  In  1874  Dr.  Coppee  was 
appointed  one  of  the  regents  of  the  Smithsonian 
institution,  and  twice  he  served  on  the  assay  com- 
mission of  the  U.  S.  mint.  In  1864-'6  he  edited 
the  "  United  States  Service  Magazine."  He  pub- 
lished "  Elements  of  Logic  "  (Philadelphia,  1857) ; 
"  Gallery  of  Famous  Poets "  (1858) ;  "  Elements 
of  Rhetoric  "  (1859) ;  "  Gallery  of  Distinguished 
Poetesses  "  (1860) ;  "  Select  Academic  Speaker  " 
(1861) ;  "  Manual  of  Battalion  Drill  "  (1862) ;  "  Evo- 
lutions of  the  Line"  (1862);  "Manual  of  Court- 
Martial "  (1863) ;  "  Songs  of  Praise  in  the  Christian 
Centuries  "  (1864) ;  "  Life  and  Services  of  Gen.  U. 
S.  Grant "  (New  York,  1866) ;  a  manual  of  "  Eng- 
lish Literature  "  (Philadelphia,  1872) ;  "  Lectures 
on  English  Literature  "  (1872) ;  "  The  Conquest  of 
Spain  by  the  Arab-Moors "  (Boston,  1881) ;  and 
"  Life  of  General  Thomas,"  in  Great  Commanders 
Series  (New  York,  1893).  He  also  edited  a  trans- 
lation of  Marmont's  "  Esprit  des  institutions  mili- 
taires"  (1862),  and  one  of  "La  guerre  civile  en 
Amerique  "  by  the  Comte  de  Paris. 

COP  WAY,  George,  Indian  author,  b.  near  Pon- 
tiac,  Mich.,  August,  1818 ;  d.  there  in  1863.  His 
name  in  the  0  jib  way,  in  which  tribe  he  was  born, 
is  Ka-ge-ga-gah-bowh.  He  was  for  many  years 
connected  with  the  press  of  New  York  city,  and  lec- 


tured extensively  in  Europe  and  the  United  States. 
Among  his  publications  are  a  translation  of  the 
"  Acts  of  the  Apostles  "  into  his  native  language 
(1838);  "Recollections  of  a  Forest  Life"  (1847); 
"  The  Ojibway  Conquest,"  a  poem  (New  York,  1850) ; 
"  Traditional  History  and  Characteristic  Sketches 
of  the  Ojibway  Nation"  (Boston,  1850);  "Organi- 
zation of  a  New  Indian  Territory  "  (1850) ;  "  Run- 
ning Sketches  of  Men  and  Places  in  England, 
France,  Germany,  Belgium,  and  Scotland  "  (New 
York,  1851) ;  and  "  Indian  Life  and  Indian  History" 
(Boston,  1858).  See  "  Life,  Letters,  and  Speeches  of 
Ka-ge-ga-gah-bowh"  (New  York,  1850). 

CORAM,  Thomas,  English  philanthropist,  b. 
about  1668;  d.  29  March,  1751.  He  was  a  sailor  in 
early  life,  rose  to  be  captain  of  a  mei'chantraan, 
lived  several  years  in  Taunton,  Mass.,  where  he 
followed  farming  and  boat-building,  returned  to 
England  in  1703,  and  devoted  himself  to  charitable 
works,  especially  the  establishment  of  a  foundling 
hospital  in  London,  which,  after  seventeen  years 
of  exertion,  was  opened  on  17  Oct.,  1740.  He  was 
also  a  promoter  of  English  settlements  in  Georgia 
and  Nova  Scotia.  Having  expended  his  fortune 
in  benevolent  enterpi-ises  in  his  old  age,  he  was  the 
recipient  of  an  annuity  obtained  by  subscription. 
He  was  instrumental  in  promoting  American  com- 
merce by  securing  an  act  of  parliament  granting  a 
bounty  on  naval  stores  of  colonial  production.  At 
the  time  of  his  death  he  was  engaged  on  a  scheme 
for  the  education  of  Indian  girls. 

CORAS,  Jos6  Zacarias,  sculptor,  b.  in  Puebla, 
Mexico,  in  1752 ;  d.  there  in  1819.  His  statues  of 
the  crucifixion  are  noted  for  the  profound  agony 
in  the  face  of  Christ.  The  two  statues  that  crown 
the  tower  of  the  JMexican  cathedral  are  his  work. 

CORBETT,  Henry  Winslow,  senator,  b.  in 
Westboro,  Mass.,  18  Feb.,  1827  He  accompanied, 
his  parents  to  Washington  county,  N.  Y.,  received 
an  academic  education,  entered  a  store  at  Cambridge 
in  1840,  removed  to  New  York  city  in  1843,  and 
continued  in  mercantile  business  there  for  seven 
years.  In  1850  he  shipped  a  quantity  of  goods  to 
Portland,  Oregon,  and  the  following  spring  settled 
in  that  territory  and  became  a  prominent  mer- 
chant, and  in  1867  a  banker,  in  Portland.  He  has 
held  various  local  offices,  and  was  active  in  the 
organization  of  the  republican  party  in  Oregon. 
He  was  a  delegate  to  the  Republican  national  con- 
vention of  1860,  and  chairman  of  the  state  central 
committee  in  1859-'60,  and  in  1866  was  elected  U.  S. 
senator,  serving  from  1867  till  3  March,  1873. 

CORBIN,  Margaret,  patriot,  b.  about  1750. 
She  was  the  wife  of  a  soldier,  and  was  wounded  by 
three  grape-shot  in  the  shoulder  and  utterly  dis- 
abled at  Fort  Washington,  16  Nov.,  1776,  while  she 
heroically  filled  the  post  of  her  husband,  who  was 
killed  by  her  side  while  serving  a  piece  of  artillery. 
The  council  of  Pennsylvania  in  1779  appealed  to 
the  board  of  war  in  her  behalf,  and  in  consequence 
she  received  from  congress  a  pension  of  one  half 
of  the  monthly  pay  drawn  by  a  soldier  while  in 
service.  The  board  of  war,  having  received  further 
information  in  1780  that  her  wound  deprived  her 
of  the  use  of  one  arm,  recommended  that  she  re- 
ceive annually  "  one  compleat  suit  of  cloaths  ou-t 
of  the  public  stores,  or  the  value  thereof  in  money," 
in  addition  to  the  provision  previously  made. 

CORBIN,  Thomas  Grosrenor,  naval  officer, 
b.  in  Virginia,  13  Aug.,  1820.  He  was  appointed 
a  midshipman,  15  May,  1838,  served  on  the  coast 
survey  and  in  the  Brazilian  and  Pacific  squadrons, 
was  commissioned  lieutenant,  10  June,  1852,  and 
employed  in  the  survey  of  the  river  Plata  during 
1853-'5.     He  was  attached  to  the  steamer  "Wa- 


CORCORAN 


CORCORAN 


737 


bash,"  of  the  South  Atlantic  blockading  squad- 
ron, in  1861-'3,  and  at  the  battle  of  Port  Royal,  7 
Nov.,  1861,  taking  part  in  the  capture  of  Forts 
Beauregard  and  Walker.  He  was  commissioned 
commander,  16  July,  1862,  and  was  commandant 
at  the  naval  academy  in  1863.  In  1864-'5  he  com- 
manded-the  steamer  "Augusta,"  served  as  fleet- 
captain  of  the  West  India  squadron  in  1865-6, 
was  commissioned  captain,  25  July,  1866,  made  his 
last  cruise  in  command  of  the  flagship  "  Guerriere," 
of  the  South  Atlantic  squadron,  in  1868,  and  after- 
ward served  on  ordnance  duty  at  Philadelphia. 
He  was  retired  5  Jan.,  1874. 

CORCORAN,  James  Andrew,  clergyman,  b.  in 
Charleston,  S.  C,  20  March,  1820 ;  d.  in  Philadel- 
phia, 16  July,  1889.  He  was  sent  to  Rome  at  the 
age  of  fourteen,  and  was  graduated  with  the  repu- 
tation of  the  best  linguist  among  the  students  of 
his  time,  was  ordained  in  1842,  returned  to  Charles- 
ton in  1843  and  organized  the  Diocesan  seminary, 
in  which  he  was  appointed  professor  of  theology 
in  1844.  He  held  this  place  till  1851,  being  also 
pastor  of  the  cathedral  and  chaplain  to  the  Sisters. 
He  was  for  fifteen  years  editor  of  the  "  United 
States  Catholic  Miscellany."  He  was  chosen  sec- 
I'etary  of  the  Baltimore  provincial  councils  of 
1855  and  1858,  and  of  the  plenary  council  of  1866. 
As  his  duties  consisted  in  preparing  matter  for 
the  sessions  of  these  bodies,  framing  decrees,  and 
reducing  everything  to  order  and  system.  Dr.  Cor- 
coran had  considerable  influence  on  the  legisla- 
tion of  the  Catholic  church  in  the  United  States. 
He  accompanied  the  four  doctors  sent  by  Gen. 
Beauregard  in  1862  to  the  relief  of  the  inhabitants 
of  Wilmington  who  were  suffering  from  yellow 
fever,  and  continued  to  be  their  pastor  till  1868. 
He  was  present  at  the  general  council  of  the 
Vatican,  being  selected  by  the  American  bishops 
as  a  representative  doctor  of  the  Catholic  church 
of  the  United  States,  and  in  1870  was  appointed 
professor  in  the  seminary  of  St.  Charles  Borromeo, 
Philadelphia,  and  founded  the  "  Catholic  Quarter- 
ly Review,"  of  which  he  was  editor, 

CORCORAN,  Micliael,  soldier,  b.  in  Carrow- 
keel,  county  Sligo,   Ireland,  21    Sept.,   1827 ;    d. 

near  Fairfax 
Court -House, 
Va.,  22  Dec, 
1863.  He  was 
the  son  of  a 
captain  in  the 
British  army, 
received  a 
good  educa- 
tion, and  was 
appointed  in 
the  Irish  con- 
stabulary at 
the  early  age 
of  eighteen, 
but  resigned 
his  commis- 
sion from  pa- 
triotic mo- 
tives in  1849, 
emigrated  to 
the  United 
States,  and 
settled  in  New 
York  cit}', 
where  he  ob- 
tained a  clerk- 
ship in  the  post-oflBce,  and  afterward  in  the  oihce  of 
the  city  register.  He  entered  the  69th  regiment  of 
New  York  militia  as  a  private,  rose  through  the  suc- 


cessive grades,  and  in  August,  1859,  was  elected 
colonel.  When  the  militia  paraded  in  honor  of  the 
Prince  of  Wales  in  1860,  he  refused  to  order  out 
his  regiment,  for  which  he  was  subjected  to  a  trial 
by  court-martial  that  was  still  pending  when  the 
civil  war  began.  Upon  the  first  call  of  the  presi- 
dent for  troops.  Col.  Corcoran  led  the  69th  regi- 
ment to  the  seat  of  war.  It  was  ordered  into 
Virginia,  built  Fort  Corcoran  on  Arlington  heights, 
and  fought  with  impetuous  valor  at  the  battle  of 
Bull  Run,  21  July,  1861.  The  colonel  was  wounded 
and  taken  prisoner,  and  was  first  sent  to  Rich- 
mond, and  afterward  taken  to  Charleston,  Colum- 
bia, Salisbury,  back  to  Richmond,  and  to  other 
places,  being  kept  in  close  confinement  for  nearly 
a  year.  With  some  other  national  officers  he  was 
reserved  for  execution  in  case  the  U.  S.  government 
carried  out  its  threat  of  punishing  the  crews  of 
captured  privateers.  He  was  ofliered  his  liberty 
on  condition  of  not  again  taking  up  arms  against 
the  south,  but  refused  to  accept  it  on  such  terms. 
An  exchange  being  finally  effected,  15  Aug.,  1862, 
he  was  released,  and  commissioned  brigadier-gen- 
eral, dating  from  21  July,  1861.  He  next  organ- 
ized the  Corcoran  legion,  which  took  part  in  the 
battles  of  the  Nansemond  river  and  Suffolk,  during 
April,  1863,  and  held  the  advance  of  the  enemy 
upon  Norfolk  in  check.  In  August,  1863,  the 
legion  was  attached  to  the  Army  of  the  Potomac. 
Gen.  Corcoran  was  killed  by  the  falling  of  his 
horse  upon  him  while  he  was  riding  in  company 
with  Gen.  Thomas  Francis  Meagher. 

CORCORAN,  William  Wilson,  banker,  b.  in 
Georgetown,  D.  C,  27  Dec,  1798 ;  d.  in  Washing- 
ton, D.  C,  24  Feb.,  1888.  His  father,  Thomas,  was 
born  in  Limerick,  Ireland,  and,  coming  to  this  coun- 
try in  1783,  married  Hannah  Lemmon,  of  Balti- 
more county,  Md.,  in  1788,  and  settled  in  George- 
town, then  a  busy  commercial  port.  Here  he 
prospered  in  business,  and  became  a  magistrate, 
member  of  the  levy  court,  postmaster,  and  college 
trustee.  The  son,  after  pursuing  classical  and 
mathematical  studies  in  private  schools  and  in 
Georgetown  college,  entered  upon  business  at  the 
age  of  seventeen,  at  first  under  the  direction  of 
two  older  brothers,  who  combined  with  the  dry- 
goods  trade  a  wholesale  auction  and  commission 
business,  and  were  very  prosperous  until  1823, 
when,  in  a  time  of  general  financial  stringency, 
they  were  compelled  to  suspend,  after  sinking  more 
than  their  capital  in  a  resolute  effort  to  maintain 
their  credit.  As  it  was,  they  paid  in  full  all  con- 
fidential debts,  and  compromised  with  their  re- 
maining creditors  at  the  rate  of  fifty  per  cent.  In 
1828  Mr.  Corcoran  took  charge  of  the  large  real 
estate  held  in  the  District  of  Columbia  by  the  U. 
S.  bank  and  the  Bank  of  Columbia,  and,  after  his 
father's  death  in  1830,  devoted  himself  with  unre- 
mitting assiduity  to  this  responsible  trust  until  1836. 
In  1835  he  married  Louise  Amory  Morris,  daugh- 
ter of  Com.  Charles  Morris.  Mrs.  Corcoran  died  in 
1840,  leaving  a  beloved  memory,  which,  with  that 
of  the  daughter,  is  shrined  in  "  The  Louise  Home." 
In  1837  Mr.  Corcoran  began  business  as  a  broker 
and  banker  in  Washington,  and  three  years  later 
he  called  the  late  George  W.  Riggs  into  partnership 
with  him,  and  in  1845  the  firm  established  itself  at 
the  seat  of  the  old  U.  S.  bank  in  Washington. 
Among  the  first  uses  that  Mr.  Corcoran  made  of 
his  accumulations  was  the  disbursement  of  $46,000 
in  absolute  discharge  of  the  debts  for  which  a  legal 
compromise  had  been  made  in  1823.  He  paid  them 
all  to  the  uttermost  farthing,  with  interest  calcu- 
lated to  the  date  of  this  complete  settlement.  The 
firm  of  Corcoran  &  Riggs  was  now  strong  enough 


738 


CORDOVA 


CORDOVA 


to  take  on  its  own  account  nearly  all  the  loans  of 
the  government.  At  one  stage  of  its  operations, 
during  the  Mexican  war,  its  transactions  under  this 
head  were  so  bold  that  Mr.  Riggs  thought  it  more 
prudent  to  retire  from  the  partnership.  Mr.  Cor- 
coran now  found  himself  with  twelve  millions  of 
the  United  States  six-per-cent.  loan  on  his  hands,  in 
a  falling  market,  which  had  already  sunk  one  per 
cent,  below  the  price  at  which  he  had  taken  the 
whole  loan.  Nothing  daunted,  he  embarked  at 
once  for  London,  and  there  succeeded,  through  the 
faith  inspired  by  his  business  judgment  and  honor, 
in  enlisting  its  greatest  banking-houses  in  support 
of  a  loan  that  seemed  perilous,  but  that  subse- 
quently rose  to  a  high  premium  and  proved  a 
source  of  great  profit  to  all  interested  in  it,  besides 
bringing  a  relief  to  the  exchanges  of  the  United 
States.  This  negotiation,  so  creditable  to  his 
sagacity,  courage,  and  integrity,  laid  the  basis  of 
that  large  wealth  which  subsequently  came  to  be 
reckoned  by  the  millions.  He  retired  from  the 
banking  business  in  1854,  and  has  since  given  him- 
self entirely  to  the  management  of  his  own  affairs. 
Plans  of  benevolence  have  taken  the  foremost  place 
in  his  solicitudes,  and  in  shapes  so  multiform  that 
they  have  left  no  aspect  of  human  life  untouched 


j^y""i"rrTT^ 


|iti'''^.Mfc 


by  his  beneficence.  The  beautiful  cemetery  of  Oak 
Hill,  crowning  the  slopes  of  Georgetown,  marks 
his  tender  respect  for  the  dead ;  the  Louise  Home, 
his  provident  care  for  impoverished  gentlewomen  ; 
the  Corcoran  gallery  of  art  (see  illustration),  with 
its  magnificent  endowment,  his  patronage  of  the 
fine  arts ;  his  rich  benefactions  to  colleges  and  uni- 
versities, his  love  of  learning;  countless  gifts  to 
churches,  church  homes,  and  theological  seminaries, 
his  reverence  for  religion ;  ceaseless  contributions 
to  institutions  of  public  charity,  his  sympathy  for 
human  suffering.  It  is  estimated  that  his  charities, 
including  private  ones,  exceed  the  aggregate  amount 
of  $5,000,000.  Mr.  Corcoran  has  long  made  his 
home  in  Washington  the  seat  of  an  elegant  hospi- 
tality and  a  centre  of  social  influence,  as  being  the 
favorite  meeting-place  of  scholars,  artists,  states- 
men, diplomatists,  and  distinguished  strangers. 

CORDOVA,  Francisco  de  (cor'-do-vah),  clergy- 
man, b.  in  Spain ;  d.  in  Cumana,  Venezuela,  in 
1514.  He  was  sent  by  Peter  de  Cordova  with  Juan 
Garces  to  convert  the  natives  of  Venezuela  in  1514. 
They  arrived  at  Cumana,  where  the  Indians  re- 
ceived them  with  kindness,  and  were  making 
numerous  conversions  when  a  Spanish  vessel  visited 
the  coast  with  the  object  of  carrying  off  and  selling 
the  natives.  The  captain  and  crew  were  well 
treated  for  the  sake  of  the  missionaries,  and  the 
captain  invited  the  cacique  and  principal  Indians 
on  board.  As  soon  as  they  were  on  deck  they 
were  seized  and  thrown  into  chains,  and  the  vessel 
then  sailed  for  Santo  Domingo.  The  Indians 
rushed  to  the  house  of  the  two  Dominicans  and 


were  about  to  kill  them,  when  the  priests  obtained 
a  respite  by  promising  that  if  the  cacique  and  his 
companions  were  not  restored  in  four  months  they 
would  submit  to  their  fate.  Meanwhile  another 
Spanish  ship  arrived,  on  which  Francisco  de  Cor- 
dova and  his  companion  could  easily  have  made 
their  escape ;  but  they  contented  themselves  with 
begging  the  captain  to  return  promptly  to  Santo 
Domingo  and  state  the  facts  to  the  admiral  and 
Peter  de  Cordova.  The  cajjtain  executed  his  com- 
mission, but  was  too  late.  The  cacique  and  his 
chiefs  had  been  sold,  and  the  purchasers  refused  to 
surrender  them.  The  king  of  Spain  ordered  the 
pirates  to  be  tried  and  the  cacique  and  his  com- 
panions restored  to  freedom.  The  four  months, 
however,  had  elapsed  without  the  Indians  hearing 
news  of  their  countrymen,  and  Francisco  de  Cor- 
dova and  his  companion  were  slain,  these  being  the 
first, Dominican  martyrs  of  the  New  World. 

CORDOVA,  Francisco  Fernslndez  de,  dis- 
coverer of  Mexico ;  d.  in  1518.  On  8  Feb.,  1517,  this 
navigator  sailed  from  Cuba  with  Juan  Alaminos,  a 
pilot,  who  had  accompanied  Columbus  in  his  fourth 
voyage,  steered  for  the  continent,  and  in  March 
ranged  the  coast  of  Yucatan,  where  he  lost  many 
men  in  his  various  encounters  with  the  natives.  It 
appears  certain  that  Cordova  left  two  of  his  com- 
panions in  this  region  ;  for  in  1518,  when  Grijalva 
explored  the  country,  he  was  informed  that  one  of 
them  survived,  but  was  unable  to  procure  his  re- 
lease. After  exploring  the  coast,  and  remarking 
the  grand  monumental  structures  of  Yucatan,  he 
was  forced  by  a  tempest  to  abandon  its  shores.  He 
visited  Florida  five  years  after  the  expedition  of 
Ponce  de  Leon,  and,  on  returning  to  Cuba,  died,  ten 
days  after  his  arrival,  of  wounds  received  from  the 
natives.  He  was  a  rich  settler  in  Cuba  before  he 
undertook  his  expedition. 

CORDOVA,  Jose  M.,  Colombian  general,  b.  in 
Antoquia,  New  Granada,  in  1797;  killed  at  San- 
tuario,  17  Oct.,  1829.  He  was  the  son  of  a  rich 
merchant  of  the  Spanish  party,  but  when  fifteen 
years  of  age  joined  the  Independents.  His  con- 
duet  at  the  battle  of  Boyaca,  8  Aug.,  1819,  gained 
him  the  rank  of  colonel,  and  he  was  charged 
with  the  expulsion  of  the  royalists  from  Antoquia. 
This  duty  he  successfully  performed  ;  and  his  first 
care  was  to  levy  on  his  own  father  the  sum  of  $10,- 
000.  His  exactions  occasioned  his  recall,  but  he 
distinguished  himself  in  many  combats  on  the 
banks  of  the  Magdalena.  By  a  skilful  manreuvre 
he  captured  a  Spanish  fleet  of  twenty-seven  vessels 
at  anchor  in  the  port  of  Teneriff'e,  and,  after  a 
bloody  battle,  took  possession  of  the  town.  He 
was  made  a  general,  and  was  in  the  Colombian 
division  left  by  Bolivar  in  Peru.  On  9  Dec.',  1824, 
Cordova  participated  in  the  victory  of  Ayacucho, 
and  he  was  named  general  of  division  on  the 
field.  Covering  his  ambition  with  the  pretext  of 
establishing  a  federal  government,  he  conspired 
many  times  against  Bolivar,  and  openly  revolted 
in  August,  1829,  but  found  few  partisans.  He  was 
hunted  at  Santuario,  17  Oct.,  by  the  united  forces 
of  Andrada,  Ureta,  and  O'Leary,  and  defended  him- 
self \yith  vigor,  but  fell  covered  with  wounds. 

CORDOVA,  Jose  Maria,  South  American 
soldier,  b.  in  Cajainarca.  Peru.  14  Jan.,  178G ;  d. 
near  the  same  city,  18  Oct.,  1846.  He  was  the  son 
of  wealthy  parents,  who  sent  him  to  Spain  for  his 
military  studies,  and,  after  finishing  them,  he 
entered  the  Spanish  army  and  fought  against  the 
French  when  they  invaded  the  peninsula.  But,  on 
hearing  of  the  revolutionary  movement  in  Peru, 
he  deserted  his  colors,  although  he  was  a  captain 
of  cavalry,  and  fled  to  his  own  country.     There  he 


CORDOVA 


CORLEY 


739 


took  service  under  the  insurgent  Gen.  Rondeau, 
and  was  with  him  in  many  battles  fouglit  in  upper 
Peru  (now  Bolivia).  He  was  promoted  to  the  rank 
of  colonel  in  1813,  and  given  command  of  the 
guerillas,  with  which,  in  1814,  he  continually  mo- 
lested the  Spanish  Gen.  Pezuela,  forcing  him  to 
retreat  to  Suipacha ;  but  Pezuela  afterward  routed 
both  Rondeau  and  Cordova,  then  commanding  a 
division,  at  Viluma,  near  Cuzco,  on  15  Nov.,  1815. 
Then  Cordova  offered  his  services  to  Gen.  San 
Mai'tin,  who  was  preparing  an  expedition  to  Chili, 
and,  having  distinguished  himself  at  tne  battle  of 
Chacabuco,  Chili,  was  appointed  colonel  in  the 
Chilian  army,  and  as  such  fought  at  Cancha  Ra- 
yada  and  Maipo  in  1818.  On  14  Jan.,  1819,  he 
embarked  in  one  of  the  Chilian  vessels  commanded 
by  Lord  Cochrane,  took  an  important  part  in  several 
unsuccessful  attacks  upon  Callao,  returned  to  Chili, 
afterward  accompanied  San  Martin  when  he  landed 
at  Pisco,  8  Sept.,  1820,  was  awarded  the  rank  of 
brigadier- general,  and  finally  entered  Lima  with 
San  Martin,  12  July,  1821.  The  constituent  con- 
gress of  Peru  appointed  Cordova  general  of  divis- 
ion, and  elected  him  a  member  of  the  triumvirate 
intrusted  with  the  government  of  the  country, 
and  subsequently  was  defeated,  18  June,  1823,  by 
Canterac,  the  Spanish  general  that  entered  Lima ; 
then  Cordova  joined  Gen.  Sucre,  with  whom  he 
entered  Arequipa,  30  Aug.,  and  on  5  Aug.,  1824, 
took  part  in  the  defeat  of  the  royalists  at  Junin, 
when  he  commanded  the  centre  of  the  army  under 
Bolivar.  At  the  battle  of  Ayacucho.  9  Dec,  1824, 
Cordova  decided  the  victory  for  the  revolutionary 
forces  by  defeating  the  three  portions  of  the  royal- 
ist army  in  succession,  and  taking  prisoners  Vice- 
roy Laserna  and  Gen.  Moret,  even  after  the  divis- 
ion under  Sucre,  the  commander-in-chief  of  the 
revolutionary  troops,  had  been  routed  by  the  Span- 
iards. That  was  the  end  of  the  Spanish- American 
war  of  independence.  In  December,  1827,  the  Pe- 
ruvian people  elected  Gen.  Cordova  vice-president 
and  lie  acted  as  such  for  six  years,  afterward  retir- 
ing to  Ins  farm  at  Cajamarca,  where  he  died. 

CORDOVA,  Pedro  de,  clergyman,  b.  in  Spain 
in  1460  ;  d.  in  Santo  Domingo  in  1525.  He  entered 
the  Dominican  order  and  embarked  with  two  other 
Dominicans  for  Santo  Domingo  in  1510.  His  aus- 
tere life  commended  the  veneration  of  the  Span- 
iards, as  well  as  of  the  Indians.  In  conjunction 
with  his  companions,  he  established  schools  in 
every  part  of  the  island  for  the  natives  and  the 
children  of  the  colonists.  But  when  he  attempted 
to  free  the  Indians  from  the  slavery  to  which  the 
Spaniards  had  reduced  them,  he  became  the  object 
of  bitter  hatred.  The  feeling  was  increased  when 
he  refused  to  censure  a  monk  who  had  j^i'eached 
sermons  against  the  cruelty  of  the  colonists.  He 
then  set  out  for  Spain,  and  laid  the  wrongs  of  the 
Indians  before  the  great  council  and  the  king. 
Some  regulations  were  made  for  bettering  their 
condition,  but,  knowing  that  these  would  be  futile 
as  long  as  the  natives  were  portioned  out  among 
the  colonists,  he  demanded  permission  for  himself 
and  his  brethren  to  leave  the  island  and  preach  the 
gospel  in  parts  of  America  where  the  Spaniards 
had  not  formed  settlements.  This  permission  was 
refused  by  the  king,  who,  however,  made  him  a 
member  of  the  royal  audience  of  Hispaniola,  capi- 
tal of  the  island  of  Santo  Domingo.  He  returned 
to  America,  bringing  with  him  fourteen  friars  from 
the  convent  of  Salamanca.  In  1512  he  laid  the 
foundations  of  the  convent  of  Santa  Cruz,  in  Santo 
Domingo,  the  first  convent  of  the  Dominican  order 
erected  in  the  New  World,  Between  1514  and 
1519  he  despatched  three  bodies  of  missionaries  to 


Venezuela,  and  all  of  them  perished  at  the  hands 
of  the  natives.  In  the  same  year  Pedro  de  Cor- 
dova accompanied  a  body  of  colonists  to  the  island 
of  Santa  Marguerita.  The  islanders  received  them 
so  favorably,  and  showed  so  much  disposition  to 
embrace  Christianity,  that  he  sent  the  vessels  back 
to  Santo  Domingo  for  new  colonists.  No  sooner, 
however,  were  the  ships  out  of  sight  than  the  na- 
tives rose  and  massacred  all  the  Spaniards,  with  the 
exception  of  Pedro  de  Cordova  and  another,  who 
escaped  to  the  shore,  where  they  found  a  boat.  On 
returning,  he  resumed  direction  of  the  convent  of 
Santa  Cruz.  The  pope  named  him  grand  inquisi- 
tor of  all  the  Indias,  and  at  his  instance  Charles  V. 
founded  the  Royal  university  of  Hispaniola. 

CORDUBA  ¥  SALINAS,  clergyman,  lived  in 
the  17th  century.  He  published  the  "  Vida,  Virtu- 
tes  y  Milagros  del  Apostol  del  Piru  "  (1G30)  and 
"  Epitome  de  la  Historia  de  la  Provincia  cle  los 
doce  Apostoles  en  la  Provincia  del  Piru"  (1051) ; 
and  also  wrote  "  Monarchiam  Limensem." 

COREAL,  Francisco  (kor-ray'-al),  Spanish 
traveller,  b.  in  Cartagena  in  1648  ;  d.  in  1708.  He 
left  Cartagena  in  1666,  went  to  the  West  Indies, 
and  then  visited  Florida  and  Mexico.  After  trav- 
elling in  several  North  American  regions  he  made 
explorations  in  Brazil  as  well  as  in  Uruguay,  along 
the  river  Plate,  and  in  Peru.  He  passed  the 
Panama  isthmus  for  the  third  time  in  1679,  and 
returned  to  his  country,  where  he  published  his 
"  Viaje  a  las  Indias  Occidentales,"  a  narrative  of 
his  travels,  which  was  translated  and  printed  in 
French  (3  vols.,  1722).  Some  have  thought  that 
Coreal  was  only  the  pseudonym  used  by  an  un- 
known author  who  was  not  the  real  traveller. 

COREY,  Charles  Henry,  clergyman,  b.  at  New 
Canaan,  New  Brunswick.  12  Dec,  1834.  He  was 
graduated  at  Acadia  college,  Nova  Scotia,  and  at 
Newton  theological  seminary  in  1861.  Not  long 
after  his  ordination  to  the  Baptist  ministry  he  re- 
signed his  charge,  to  enter  the  service  of  the  U.  S. 
Christian  commission,  and  remained  in  that  ser- 
vice until  the  end  of  the  war.  In  1867  he  was  ap- 
pointed principal  of  the  Augusta  institute,  Au- 
gusta, Ga.,  and  in  the  next  year  was  transferred  to 
Richmond,  Va.,  as  president  of  an  institution  for 
the  training  of  colored  preachers  and  teachers.  In 
this  work  he  has  been  eminently  successful. 

CORLET,  Elijah,  educator,  b.  in  London,  Eng- 
land, in  1611 ;  d.  in  Cambridge,  Mass.,  24  Feb., 
1687.  He  was  graduated  at  Oxford  in  1627,  estab- 
lished himself  in  Caiiil)ridge  soon  after  the  settle- 
ment of  the  town,  and  taught  the  grammar-school 
there  for  forty-six  years.  The  Society  for  the 
propagation  of  the  gospel  compensated  him  for 
preparing  Indian  scholars  for  the  university.  Ne- 
heiniah  Walter  published  an  elegy  on  his  death. 

CORLEY,  Manuel  Simeon,  patriot,  b.  in  Lex- 
ington district,  S.  C,  10  Feb.,  1823.  He  received 
an  academic  education,  was  apprenticed  to  a  tailor 
in  1834,  and  began  business  for  himself  in  1838. 
In  1846  he  began  to  write  for  the  press,  in  advocacy 
of  temperance  and  other  reforms.  He  opposed  the 
secession  doctrine  in  1851,  for  which  he  was  de- 
nounced as  an  abolitionist  and  threatened  with  ex- 
pulsion from  the  state.  He  defended  himself  in 
articles  openly  avowing  his  principles,  which  were 
only  received  by  the  newspapers  at  advertising 
rates.  In  1852  he  made  a  tour  through  the  north, 
and  wrote  a  series  of  letters  directed  against  sec- 
tionalism to  the  "  Southern  Patriot."  In  1855-'6 
he  edited  the  South  Carolina  "  Temperance  Stand- 
ard." A  patent  for  a  new  system  of  cutting  cloth- 
ing was  issued  to  him  in  1857.  He  was  one  of  the 
few  opponents  of  secession  in  South  Carolina  in 


740 


CORLISS 


CORNBURY 


1860,  was  compelled  to  serve  as  a  conscript  in  the 
Confederate  army  in  1863,  and  after  his  capture 
by  the  national  troops  at  Petersburg,  2  April, 
1865,  joyfully  took  the  oatli  of  allegiance  and  re- 
turned to  his  home.  He  opposed  the  policy  of  An- 
drew Johnson  and  Gov.  Perry,  advocated  recon- 
struction in  1866,  and  was  a  delegate  to  the 
constitutional  convention  of  1867,  in  which  he 
introduced  tlie  resolutions  to  remove  the  provis- 
ional government,  opposed  the  repudiation  of  the 
slave  debts,  and  advocated  the  present  homestead 
law  of  the  state.  He  was  elected  to  congress  in 
1868,  and,  after  the  removal  of  his  technical  dis- 
abilities, took  his  seat  on  25  July,  1868,  and  served 
till  3  March,  1869.  He  introduced  joint  resolu- 
tions for  the  better  protection  of  loyal  men  in  the 
reconstructed  states  and  the  exclusion  of  secession- 
ist text-books  from  the  schools,  and  earnestly  sup- 
ported the  15th  amendment.  In  1869  he  was  ap- 
pointed a  special  agent  of  the  U.  S.  treasury 
department.  He  was  commissioner  of  the  State 
board  of  agricultural  statistics  in  1870,  treasurer 
of  Lexington  county  in  1874,  and  a  nominee  of  the 
independent  party  for  state  comptroller  in  1882. 

CORLISS,  George  Henry,  inventor,  b.  in  Eas- 
ton.  N.  Y.,  2  June,  1817 :  d.  in  Providence,  R.  I.,  21 
Feb.,  1888.  In  1825  his  father,  a  physician,  moved 
to  Greenwich,  N.  Y.,  where  young  Corliss  attend- 
ed school.  After  several  years  as  general  clerk  in 
a  cotton-factory,  he  spent  three  years  in  Castleton 
academy,  Vermont,  and  in  1838  opened  a  country 
store  in  Greenwich.  He  first  showed  mechanical 
skill  in  temporarily  rebuilding  a  bridge  that  had 
been  washed  away  by  a  freshet,  after  it  had  been 
decided  that  such  a  structure  was  impracticable. 
He  afterward  constructed  a  machine  for  stitching 
leather,  before  the  invention  of  the  original  Plowe 
sewing-machine.  He  moved  to  Providence,  R.  I., 
in  1844,  and  in  1846  began  to  develop  imj^rove- 
ments  in  steam-engines,  for  which  he  received  let- 
ters-jjatent  on  10  March,  1849.  By  these  improve- 
ments uniformity  of  motion  was  secured  by  the 
method  of  connecting  the  governor  with  the  cut- 
off. The  governor  had  previously  been  made  to  do 
the  work  of  moving  the  throttle-valve,  the  result 
being  an  imperfect  response  and  a  great  loss  of 
power.  In  the  Corliss  engine  the  governor  does  no 
work,  but  simply  indicates  to  the  valves  the  work 
to  be  done.  This  aiTangement  also  prevents  waste 
of  steam,  and  renders  the  working  of  the  engine  so 
uniform  that,  if  all  but  one  of  a  hundred  looms  in 
a  factory  be  suddenly  stopped,  that  one  will  go  on 
working  at  the  same  rate.  It  has  been  said  that 
these  improvements  have  revolutionized  the  con- 
struction of  the  steam-engine.  In  introducing 
their  new  engines,  the  inventor  and  manufacturers 
adopted  the  novel  plan  of  offering  to  take  as  their 
pay  the  saving  of  fuel  for  a  given  time.  In  one 
case  the  saving  in  one  year  is  said  to  have  amounted 
to  $4,000.  In  1856  the  Corliss  steam-engine  com- 
pany was  incorporated,  and  Mr.  Corliss  became  its 
president.  Its  works,  covering  many  acres  of 
ground,  are  at  Providence,  R.  I.,  and  hundreds  of 
its  engines  are  now  in  use.  Mr.  Corliss  received 
awards  for  his  inventions  at  the  exhibitions  at  Paris 
in  1867,  and  at  Vienna  in  1873,  and  was  given  the 
Rumford  medal  by  the  American  academy  of  arts 
and  sciences  in  1870.  In  1872  he  was  appointed 
Centennial  commissioner  from  Rhode  Island,  and 
was  one  of  the  executive  committee  of  seven  to 
whom  was  intrusted  the  responsibility  of  the  pre- 
liminary work.  In  January,  1875,  he  submitted 
plans  for  a  single  engine  of  1,400  horse-power  to 
move  all  the  machinery  in  the  exhibition.  Engi- 
neers of  high  repute  predicted  that  it  would  be 


noisy  and  troublesome,  but  it  was  completely  suc- 
cessful, owing  to  the  care  of  Mr.  Corliss,  who  spent 
$100,000  upon  it  above  the  appropriation  for  build- 
ing it.  Special  contrivances  were  necessary  to  com- 
pensate the  expansion  of  the  great  lengths  of  steam- 
pipe  and  shafting,  which  would  otherwise  have 
been  thrown  out  of  gear  by  a  change  of  tempera- 
ture. The  cylinders  were  forty  inches  in  diameter, 
with  ten-foot  stroke;  the  gear-wheel  was  thirty 
feet  in  diameter ;  and  the  whole  engine  weighed 
700  tons.  M.  Bartholdi,  in  his  report  ito  the  French 
government,  said  that  it  belonged  to  the  category 
of  works  of  art,  by  the  general  beauty  of  its  effect, 
and  its  perfect  balance  to  the  eye.  Mr.  Corliss 
invented  many  other  ingenious  devices,  among 
which  is  a  machine  for  cutting  the  cogs  of  bevel- 
wheels,  an  improved  boiler,  with  condensing  ap- 
paratus for  marine-engines,  and  pumping-engines 
for  water-works.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Rhode 
Island  legislature  in  1808-'70.  and  was  a  republi- 
can presidential  electoi-  in  1876.  The  Institute  of 
France  gave  him,  in  1878,  the  Montyon  prize  for 
that  year,  the  highest  honor  for  mechanical  achieve- 
ment, and  in  February,  1886,  the  king  of  Belgium 
made  him  an  "  Officer  of  the  Order  of  Leopold." 

CORMIER,  Charles,  Canadian  senator,  b.  in 
St.  Gregoire  le  Grand,  jn'ovince  of  Quebec,  22  June, 
1813.  He  is  a  grandson  of  Fran9ois  Cormier,  who 
emigrated  from  France  to  Nova  Scotia.  He  is  a 
mill-owner,  and  has  been  mayor  of  Plessisville, 
president  of  the  commissioner's  court,  and  of  the 
school  commissioners.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
legislative  council  of  Canada  from  1862  until  the 
union  in  1867,  when  he  was  called  to  the  senate. 

CORNBURY,  Edward  Hyde,  Lord,  colonial 
governor  of  New  York,  d.  in  London,  England,  1 
April,  1723.  He  was  the  eldest  son  of  the  second 
Earl  of  Clarendon,  and  was  one  of  the  first  officers 
of  the  household  troops  to  abandon  the  cause  of 
his  uncle  by  marriage,  James  II.,  in  1688,  and  join 
the  standard  of  the  Prince  of  Orange  and  the 
Princess  Anne,  his  cousin ;  in  reward  for  which 
service  he  was  appointed  governor  of  New  York 
and  New  Jersey.  He  arrived  in  New  York  city,  3 
May,  1702.  The  assembly,  which  was  largely  com- 
posed of  Orange  partisans,  the  followers  of  Leisler, 
welcomed  the  new  governor,  voted  him  £2,000  to 
pay  the  expenses  of  his  voyage,  and  provided  a 
revenue  for  the  public  service  for  seven  years  in 
advance.  Although  Cornbury  had  been  educated 
at  Geneva,  he  was  a  foe  to  Presbyterianism,  and 
the  colonists  soon  found  that  he  was  an  arrogant 
and  bigoted  upholder  of  despotic  power  and  more 
dishonest  and  rapacious  than  any  of  the  governors 
that  had  preceded  him.  After  £1,500,  voted  in 
April,  1708,  for  the  specific  purpose  of  fortifying 
the  Narrows,  had  been  misappropriated,  the  assem- 
bly in  June  petitioned  for  a  treasurer  of  its  own 
nomination.  Lord  Cornbury  declared  that  the  as- 
sembly had  no  rights  but  such  as  her  majesty  was 
l^leased  to  allow  them,  yet  the  queen  in  1704  ac- 
knowledged the  right  to  make  specific  appropria- 
tions, and  perniitted  the  appointment  of  a  treasurer 
to  take  charge  of  extraordinary  grants.  The  gov- 
ernor denied  the  right  of  ministers  or  school-teach- 
ers to  practise  their  professions  without  a  special 
license  from  him.  He  even  forged  a  standing  in- 
struction in  order  to  favor  the  English  church. 
In  Jamaica,  L.  I.,  he  gave  to  the  Episcopalians  the 
church  that  had  been  built  by  the  towns-people ; 
but  the  colonial  courts  reversed  the  decree.  A 
Presbyterian  clergyman,  who  was  tried  for  preach- 
ing without  a  license,  was  acquitted  by  an  Episco 
palian  jury.  In  New  Jersey  the  assembly  was  as 
firm  in  resisting  the  governor's  demands  for  money 


CORNELIUS 


CORNELL 


741 


as  the  legislature  of  New  York.  In  1704  he  ex- 
cluded from  the  New  Jersey  assembly  representa- 
tives that  had  been  duly  elected.  After  two  as- 
semblies had  been  angrily  dissolved,  the  third,  in 
April,  1707,  sent  Lewis  Morris,  the  speaker,  with 
a  remonstrance  to  the  governor.  In  New  York  the 
assembly  was  likewise  twice  dissolved.  The  third, 
which  was  convened  in  August,  1708,  asserted  with 
vigor  the  right  of  self-government  in  respect  to 
taxation,  the  judiciary,  and  administration.  One 
of  his  imbecile  freaks  was  to  attire  himself  like  a 
woman,  and  in  that  disguise  to  patrol  the  fort  in 
which  he  lived.  In  compliance  with  the  protests  of 
the  colonists.  Lord  Cornbury  was  removed  in  that 
year.  He  was  immediately  arrested  by  his  credit- 
ors and  thrown  into  prison ;  but  vipon  the  death 
of  his  father  he  discharged  his  debts  and  returned 
to  England  to  take  his  seat  in  the  house  of  lords 
as  the  third  Earl  Clarendon.  He  left  the  reputa- 
tion of  being  the  worst  governor  that  New  York 
had  ever  had;  but  his  administration  promoted 
harmony  among  the  colonists  of  various  races  and 
religions,  and  advanced  the  principles  of  liberty. 

CORNELIUS,  Elias,  physician  and  patriot,  b. 
on  Long  Island  in  1758;  d.  in  Somers,  N.  Y.,  13 
June,  1833.  He  studied  medicine,  and  at  the  age 
of  nineteen  obtained  the  appointment  of  surgeon's 
mate  in  the  2d  Rhode  Island  regiment.  He  was 
captured  and  confined  in  the  prison-ship  "  Jersey," 
but  escaped  in  March,  1778,  rejoined  the  army,  and 
continued  with  it  till  1781.  In  later  years  he  ob- 
tained a  large  practice. — His  son,  Elias,  educator, 
b.  in  Somers,  N.  Y.,  31  July,  1794 ;  d.  in  Hartford, 
Conn.,  12  Feb.,  1832.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale 
in  1813,  and  sent  to  the  Cherokee  and  Chickasaw 
Indians  as  a  missionary.  He  was  ordained  an 
evangelist  in  1817,  and  travelled  through  the  south, 
raising  funds  to  found  Indian  missions.  The  cause 
was  helped  by  his  "  Little  Osage  Girl,"  widely  read 
in  Sunday-schools,  which  was  founded  on  the  story 
of  a  child  that  he  rescued  from  the  Cherokees,  who 
had  killed  and  scalped  her  mother.  In  1819  he  was 
installed  as  the  colleague  of  Dr.  Worcester  in  the 
Tabernacle  church  at  Salem,  Mass.  After  Dr.  Wor- 
cester's death  in  1821,  Mr.  Cornelius  remained  in 
the  pastorate  until  1826,  when  he  accepted  the  sec- 
retaryship of  the  American  education  society.  In 
1832,  a  month  before  his  death,  he  became  sec- 
retary to  the  Board  of  commissioners  for  foreign 
missions.  A  "  Memoir  "  of  Dr.  Cornelius  was  pub- 
lished by  Bela  B.  Edwards  (New  York,  1833). 

CORNELL,  Ezekiel,  soldier,  b.  in  Scituate,  R. 
I.  He  was  a  mechanic,  who  educated  himself,  and 
established  a  library  in  his  native  town.  In  1775 
he  was  appointed  lieutenant-colonel  of  Hitchcock's 
regiment,  was  present  at  the  siege  of  Boston,  was 
made  deputy  adjutant-general,  1  Oct.,  1776,  and 
subsequently  brigadier-general  and  commander  of 
the  brigade  of  state  troops,  which  was  in  service 
three  years  and  three  months,  and  was  disbanded, 
16  March,  1780.  This  force  was  of  great  service 
in  protecting  the  state  during  the  British  occupa- 
tion. He  was  a  delegate  from  Rhode  Island  to 
the  Continental  congress  in  1780-'3,  and  chairman 
of  the  military  committee.  At  the  close  of  his 
term  he  retired  to  his  farm  at  Scituate. 

CORNELL,  Ezra,  philanthropist,  b.  at  West- 
chester Landing,  N.  Y.,  11  Jan.,  1807 ;  d.  in  Ithaca, 
N.  Y.,  9  Dec,  1874.  His  parents  were  Quakers, 
and,  although  his  early  educational  opportunities 
were  limited  to  the  common  schools  of  Westchester 
and  Madison  counties,  he  was  through  life  a  de- 
voted student  and  became  distinguished  for  his 
practical  and  scientific  attainments.  He  settled 
at  Ithaca  in  1828,  and  for  many  years  was  em- 

VOL.  I. — 48 


ployed  as  manager  of  the  Ithaca  Falls  mills.  The 
water-power  tunnel  at  Fall  Creek,  conceived  and 
executed  by  him,  is  a  monument  of  his  foresight 
and  skill.  Becoming  associated  with  Prof.  Morse 
in  the  early  development  of  the  electric  telegraph, 
Mr.  Cornell  superintended  the  erection  of  tlie  first 
telegraph-line  in  America,  which  was  opened  be- 
tween Washington  and  Baltimore  in  June,  1844. 
Thereafter,  devoting  himself  to  the  establishment 
of  telegraph-lines  throughout  the  northern  and 
western  states,  he  became  one  of  the  most  active 
and  enterprising  pioneers  in  that  business,  from 
which  he  realized  a  large  fortune.  He  was  one  of 
the  original  founders  of  the  Western  union  tele- 
graph company,  of  which  he  was  a  director  for 
twenty  years,  and  for  much  of  that  period  he  was 
the  largest  individual  share-holder.  He  gave  much 
attention  to  public  affairs,  and  was  especially  in- 
terested in  agricultural  development.  He  attended 
the  first  Republican  national  convention  at  Pitts- 
burg, Pa.,  in  1856  as  a  delegate.  He  was  presi- 
dent of  the  New  York  state  agricultural  society  in 
1862,  represented  that  society  at  the  international 
exposition  in  London,  and  travelled  extensively  in 
Europe.  He  was  a  member  of  the  New  York  state 
assembly  in  1862-'3,  and  a  state  senator  from  1864 
till  1868.     Mr.  Cornell  was  the  founder  of  Cornell 


% 


1]^ 


university  at  Ithaca.  His  original  endowment  of 
$500,000,  in  1865,  was  supplemented  by  contribu- 
tions of  nearly  $400,000  from  his  private  means, 
and  more  than  $3,000,000  realized  as  the  profits  of 
his  operation  in  purchasing  and  locating  public 
lands  for  the  benefit  of  the  university.  In  his  ad- 
dress at  the  inaugural  ceremonies  Mr.  Cornell  said : 
"  I  would  found  an  institution  where  any  person 
can  find  instruction  in  any  study."  This  compre- 
hensive declaration,  adopted  as  the  official  motto, 
and  graven  upon  the  seal  of  the  university,  has 
been  the  inspiration  of  the  authorities  in  direct- 
ing its  subsequent  development.  Although  young, 
Cornell  university  already  ranks  with  the  foremost 
institutions  of  learning  in  the  United  States.  The 
Cornell  library  in  Ithaca  was  also  established  bv 
Mr.  Cornell,  at  an  outlay  of  nearly  $100,000.  The 
last  years  of  his  life  were  devoted  to  the  building 
of  several  railway-lines,  to  connect  Ithaca  with  the 
general  railroad  system  of  the  state,  in  order  to 
facilitate  access  to  the  university  town.  These 
enterprises  proved  highly  beneficial  to  the  locality, 
but  the  capital  invested  in  them  was  almost  a  total 
loss. — His  son,  Alouzo  Barton,  25th  governor  of 
New  York,  b.  in  Ithaca,  N.  Y.,  22  Jan.,  1832,  was 
educated  at  the  Ithaca  academy,  at  the  age  of 
fifteen  was  a  telegraph-operatoi'  at  Troy,  and  in 
the  following  year  became  manager  of  the  tele- 
graph-office at  Cleveland,  Ohio,  where  he  continued 
three  years,  after  which  he  was  for  several  years 
manager  of  the  principal  telegraph-office  in  New 
York  city.     In  1862-'3  he  was  propi'ietor  of  the 


742 


CORNELL 


CORNING 


line  of  steamboats  on  Cayuga  lake,  and  from  1864 
till  1869  was  cashier  and  vice-president  of  the 
First  national  bank  of  Ithaca.  He  was  a  super- 
visor of  the  town  of  Ithaca  in  1864-'5.  Prom  1858 
till  1866  he  served  as  chairman  of  the  Tompkins 
county  Republican  committee,  and  in  1866-'7  was 
a  member  of  the  Republican  state  committee.  He 
was  one  of  the  first  commissioners  for  the  erection 
of  the  new  state  capitol  at  Albany  from  1868  till 
1871.  He  has  been  a  director  of  the  Western 
union  telegraph  company  continuously  since  1868, 
and  was  its  vice-president  from  1870  till  1876.  At 
the  Republican  state  convention  in  1868  he  was 
nominated  for  lieutenant-governor,  but  was  de- 
feated in  the  election.  President  Grant  in  1869 
appointed  Mr.  Cornell  surveyor  of  customs  at  New 
York,  which  office  he  resigned  to  become  a  member 
of  the  New  York  state  assembly  in  1873.  Although 
a  new  member,  he  was  nominated  for  speaker  by 
acclamation  in  the  Republican  caucus,  and  won 
high  repute  as  a  successful  presiding  officer.  In 
June,  1870,  he  was  nominated  as  assistant  treasurer 
of  the  United  States  at  New  York ;  but  he  declined 
the  appointment.  From  1870  till  1878  he  was 
chairman  of  the  Republican  state  committee,  and 
became  noted  as  a  political  organizer  of  remark- 
able tact  and  efficiency.  Mr.  Cornell  was  a  dele- 
gate at  large  to  the  Republican  national  convention 
at  Cincinnati  in  1876,  and  was  the  leader  of  the  New 
York  delegation.  Through  his  influence  nearly 
the  entire  delegation  was  finally  recorded  for  Gov. 
Hayes,  of  Ohio,  thus  insuring  his  nomination  for 
the  presidency.  In  the  canvass  Mr.  Cornell  served 
as  chairman  of  the  state  committee,  and  also  as  a 
member  of  the  national  executive  committee,  and 
devoted  himself  to  the  work  with  great  energy. 
In  January  following  he  was  appointed  naval  offi- 
cer for  the  port  of  New  York  by  President  Grant. 
Soon  after  his  accession,  President  Hayes  directed 
the  treasury  department  to  notify  Mr.  Cornell  that 
he  must  resign  from  the  state  and  national  com- 
mittees as  a  condition  of  remaining  naval  officer. 
Regarding  this  as  an  invasion  of  his  civil  and 
political  rights,  he  declined  to  obey  the  mandate  ; 
whereupon  a  successor  was  nominated,  but  M'as 
rejected  by  the  senate.  After  the  adjournment  of 
the  senate  in  July,  1878,  the  president  suspended 
both  the  collector  (Chester  A.  Arthur)  and  the 
naval  officer,  and  their  successors  were  finally  con- 
firmed. At  the  subsequent  elections  Mr.  Cornell 
was  chosen  governor  of  New  York  and  Gen.  Arthur 
became  vice-president  of  the  United  States.  Gov. 
Cornell  was  inaugurated,  1  Jan.,  1880,  and  served 
three  years.  His  administration  was  noted  for 
economy  in  public  expenditures,  and  his  vetoes  of 
approiariation  bills  were  beyond  all  precedent,  but 
gave  much  satisfaction  to  the  people.  Upon  his 
recommendation  a  state  board  of  health  and  the 
state  railroad  commission  were  created,  women  were 
made  eligible  for  school-officers,  a  reformatory  for 
women  established,  and  the  usury  laws  were  modi- 
fied. The  resignation  of  the  New  York  senators 
from  the  U.  S.  senate  in  1881  provoked  a  bitter  con- 
test for  the  succession,  by  which  the  Republican 
party  was  divided  into  hostile  factions.  At  the 
convention  in  1882,  Gov.  Cornell  was  earnestly  sup- 
ported for  renomination,  but  he  was  opposed  by 
many  active  politicians,  and  was  finally  defeated. 
So  much  dissatisfaction  was  aroused  among  the 
Republican  masses  that  the  nominees  of  the  party 
were  overwhelmed  at  the  polls  by  a  majority  of 
nearly  200,000,  and  this  result  led  to  the  defeat  of 
the  Republican  party  in  the  following  presidential 
election.  On  his  retirement,  Gov.  Cornell  resumed 
his  residence  in  New  York  city. 


CORNELL,  John  Henry,  musician,  b.  in  New 
York  city,  8  May,  1828 ;  d.  there,  1  March,  1894.  He 
was  appointed  organist  of  St.  John's  chapel  in  his 
native  city,  where  he  had  until  that  time  pursued 
his  musical  studies,  especially  harmony  and  com- 
position. Within  a  year  he  resigned  and  went  to 
England,  where  he  visited  the  chief  cathedral  cities. 
At  York  he  united  with  the  Roman  Catholic 
church,  and,  returning  to  the  United  States,  en- 
tered a  religious  order  in  Baltimore.  He  withdrew 
from  the  order  and  made  a  tour  of  England,  Hol- 
land, and  Germany.  From  1868  till  1877  he  was 
organist  of  St.  Paul's  chapel  (Trinity  parish),  New 
York  city,  and  subsequently  for  five  years  organ- 
ist of  the  Brick  church.  His  chief  works  are  a 
"  Primer  of  Modern  Musical  Tonality,"  "  Practice 
of  Sight-Singing,"  "  Theory  and  Practice  of  Musi- 
cal Form,"  adapted  from  the  German  of  Ludwig 
Bussler,  "Easy  Method  of  Modulation,"  "A  Man- 
ual of  Roman  Chant "  (Baltimore),  and  a  "  Con- 
gregational Tune-Book  "  (New  York,  1872). 

CORNELL,  William  Msison,  phvsician,  b.  in 
Berkley,  Mass.,  16  Oct.,  1802  ;  d.  in  Boston,  14  April, 
1895.  He  was  graduated  at  Brown,  studied  theol- 
ogy, was  ordained,  and  became  pastor  of  a  Congre- 
gational church  at  Woodstock,  Conn.,  in  1832-'4, 
and  then  at  Quincy,  Mass.,  until  1839,  when  he  left 
the  ministry  on  account  of  failing  health.  Pie  then 
studied  medicine,  took  his  degree  in  1844  at  the 
Berkshire  medical  school,  began  practice  in  Bos- 
ton, edited  the  "Journal  of  Health"  in  1846-'9, 
and  afterward  "  Pastor  and  People  "  and  the 
"  Guardian  of  Health,"  and  contributed  largely  to 
periodicals.  He  also  compiled  a  "  Medical  Dic- 
tionary." and  subsequently  filled  the  chair  of  an- 
atomy and  physiology  in  the  Western  university. 

CORNELL,  William  W.,  manufacturer,  b."on 
Long  Island,  1  Jan.,  1823  ;  d.  at  Fort  Washington, 
New  York  city,  17  March,  1870.  He  established 
an  extensive  business  as  an  iron-founder  in  New 
York  city,  was  a  liberal  giver  to  benevolent  ob- 
jects, especially  for  the  erection  of  churches  for 
the  Methodist  denominations,  and  founded  Cornell 
college  at  Mount  Vernon,  Iowa. — His  brother,  John 
Black,  inventor,  b.  about  1825 ;  d.  in  New  York,  26 
Oct.,  1887.  In  1847,  after  serving  an  apprenticeship 
of  six  years,  he  entered  business  with  his  brother, 
W.  W.  Cornell,  at  first  employing  only  one  man 
and  a  boy.  On  12  Sept.,  1854,  J.  B.  Cornell  pa- 
tented an  improved  method  of  uniting  the  sheet- 
metal  slats  of  revolving  shutters  for  store-fronts, 
and  in  1856  a  new  plaster-supporting  metallic  sur- 
face for  fire-proof  partitions ;  and  these  inventions 
gave  a  great  impetus  to  the  use  of  iron  for  build- 
ing. The  works  of  the  Messrs.  Cornell  are  now 
among  the  largest  in  the  country,  and  they  have 
erected  many  iron  fire-proof  buildings,  including 
that  of  the  New  York  Stock  Exchange. 

CORNINfcr,  Erastus,  merchant,  b.  in  Norwich, 
Conn.,  14  Dec,  1794;  d.  in  Albany,  N.  Y.,  9  April, 
1872.  At  the  age  of  thirteen  he  settled  in  Troy, 
where  he  served  as  a  clerk  in  the  hardware  store  of 
his  uncle,  Benjamin  Smith.  In  1814  he  removed 
to  Albany  and  entered  the  business  house  of  James 
Spencer,  becoming  later  a  member  of  the  firm. 
After  inheriting  the  greater  portion  of  his  uncle's 
property,  he  became  head  of  the  extensive  hard- 
ware house  of  Erastus  Corning  &  Co.  He  also  ac- 
quired a  large  interest  in  the  Albany  iron-works, 
which,  under  his  management,  became  one  of  the 
largest  industrial  establishments  in  the  United 
States.  His  attention  was  then  directed  to  bank- 
ing, a  business  which  he  followed  for  many  years 
with  success.  His  greatest  work  was  in  connection 
with  the  development  of  the  railroad  system  of 


COENPLANTER 


CORNWALLIS 


743 


New  York  state.  He  was  made  president  of  the 
pioneer  Albany  and  Schenectady  line,  and  its  ex- 
tension was  largely  the  results  of  his  efforts.  He 
was  the  master-spirit  of  the  consolidation  that 
made  the  great  New  York  Central  road,  and  was 
president  of  that  corporation  for  twelve  years,  con- 
tinuing as  a  director  until  his  death.  He  became 
prominent  in  Albany  politics,  and  held  the  office 
of  mayor.  From  1842  till  1845  he  was  a  member 
of  the  state  senate,  and  he  was  elected  as  a  demo- 
crat to  congress,  serving  from  7  Dec,  1857,  till  3 
March,  1859,  and  again  from  4  July,  1861,  till  3 
March,  1863.  He  was  again  re-elected,  but  resigned 
on  account  of  failing  health.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  peace  congress  held  in  Washington  in  1861. 
He  was  elected  a  regent  of  the  University  of  the 
State  of  New  York  in  1883,  and  at  the  time  of  his 
death  was  vice-chancellor  of  the  board.  Mr.  Corn- 
ing acquired  great  wealth,  and  his  estate  at  the 
time  of  his  death  was  estimated  at  $8,000,000. 

CORNPLANTER,  or  GARYAN-WAH-OAH, 
Seneca  chief,  b.  in  Conewaugus,  on  Genesee  river, 
in  1732 ;  d.  at  the  Seneca  reservation.  Pa.,  17  Feb., 
1836.  He  was  a  half-breed,  the  son  of  John  O'Bail, 
an  Indian  trader,  and  first  became  known  as  the 
leader  of  a  war-party  of  Senecas,  in  alliance  with 
the  French  against  the  English.  He  was  present 
at  Braddock's  defeat,  and  at  the  period  of  the  revo- 
lution was  one  of  those  who  spread  destruction 
over  the  frontier  settlements  in  New  York  and  the 
valley  of  Wyoming.  During  the  war  he  was  an 
inveterate  foe  of  the  Americans,  but  at  a  subse- 
quent period  he  manifested  toward  them  a  sincere 
friendship.  He  and  Red  Jacket  were  for  many 
years  the  chief  counsellors  and  protectors  of  their 
people.  He  made  great  efforts  to  eradicate  intem- 
perance from  his  nation,  and  was  the  first  tem- 
perance lecturer  in  the  United  States.  In  his  later 
years  he  cultivated  a  farm  on  Alleghanv  river. 

CORNWALEYS,  or  CORMWALEYS,  Thomas, 
pioneer,  b.  about  1600  ;  d.  in  Burnliam  Thorpe,  Nor- 
folk, England,  in  1676.  He  was  the  son  of  Sir  Will- 
iam and  grandson  of  Sir  Charles  Cornwaleys,  who 
was  ambassador  to  Spain  under  James  II.  In  the 
planting  of  the  colony  at  St.  Mary's,  Cornwaleys 
took  a  leading  part,  and  for  twenty-five  years  his  in- 
fluence was  conspicuous  in  the  councils  and  course 
of  the  province.  He  commanded  the  force  against 
Claiborne  in  1635,  and  opposed  the  code  sent  out  by 
Lord  Baltimore  for  adoption  by  the  general  assem- 
bly in  1638,  on  the  ground  that  the  freemen  had 
the  right  under  the  charter  to  make  their  own  laws. 
He  was  appointed  deputy  governor  in  1638  by 
Leonard  Calvert,  who  also  deputized  him  to  act  as 
lieutenant-general  during  the  visit  of  the  governor 
to  England  in  1641.  On  Calvert's  return,  with  in- 
structions from  the  proprietary,  Cornwaleys  re- 
fused to  be  sworn  in  as  a  member  of  the  new  coun- 
cil, for  some  reason  which  does  not  appear,  but 
which  doubtless  had  reference  to  the  political 
struggle  then  going  on  in  England  between  the 
king  and  parliament.  He  was  appointed  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  expedition  against  the  Indi- 
ans in  1642,  and  protested  in  the  general  assembly 
against  the  governor  and  his  servants  being  ex- 
empted from  military  service.  He  led  the  expedi- 
tion against  the  Indians  in  1643,  and  in  1644  re- 
sumed his  place  in  the  council.  His  manor  of 
Cornwaleys  Cross  was  on  the  head  of  St.  Mary's 
river,  in  Maryland.  It  was  plundered  by  Ingle 
and  his  crew,  and  in  1646  he  brought  an  action  of 
trespass  against  Ingle  in  the  coixrts  of  Westminster 
Hall,  laying  his  damages  at  £3,000.  The  suit  was 
settled  upon  Ingle's  assigning  him  property  and 
claims  in  Maryland  and  Virginia  in  satisfaction  of 


the  demand.  On  7  March,  1652,  he  received  a  grant 
of  4,000  acres  beyond  Port  Tobacco  creek.  He  be- 
came a  member  of  the  general  court,  25  Nov.,  1652, 
appointed  assistant  governor  to  Gov.  Fendall,  20 
Nov.,  1657,  upon  the  restoration  of  the  govern- 
ment to  Lord  Baltimore  from  the  Puritan  occupa- 
tion under  Claiborne.  He  returned  to  England, 
sailing  2  June,  1659. 

CORNWALL,  Henry  Beding'er,  chemist,  b.  in 
Southport,  Conn.,  29  July,  1844.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Columbia  college  in  1864,  and  at  the  School 
of  mines  in  1867  as  a  mining  engineer.  From  1865 
till  1873  he  was  assistant  in  the  School  of  mines, 
with  the  exception  of  two  years  spent  in  study  at 
the  Freiburg,  Saxony,  mining-school.  In  1873  he 
was  ejected  to  the  chair  of  analytical  chemistry 
and  mineralogy  in  the  John  C.  Green  school  of 
science  of  the  College  of  New  Jersey.  In  1865  he 
was  superintendent  of  the  Continental  zinc  and 
lead  company,  of  New  York.  During  1870-'l  he 
filled  a  similar  office  in  the  Geral  silver-mining 
company,  and  spent  fifteen  months  while  in  their 
employ  examining  the  Batopilas  mines,  in  Mexico. 
Prof.  Cornwall  has  published  numerous  scientific 
papers,  and  has  paid  special  attention  to  water- 
analysis.  He  has  translated  "  Plattner's  Blowpipe 
Analysis  "  (New  York,  1870),  and  is  the  author  of 
a  "  Manual  of  Blowpipe  Analysis  and  Determina- 
tive Mineralogv  "  (1872). 

CORNWALLIS,  Charles,  Earl  (afterward 
Marquis),  British  soldier,  b.  in  Brome,  Suffolk, 
England,  31  Dec,  1737 ;  d.  at  Ghazepore,  near  Be- 
nares, India,  5  Oct.,  1805.  The  family  had  been 
conspicuous  in  London  since  the  reign  of  Edward 
III.  In  1599  William  Cornwallis  was  knighted  for 
military  ser- 
vices in  Ire- 
land. In  1627 
his  son  Fred- 
erick was  cre- 
ated a  baro- 
net by  Charles 
I.,  and,  be- 
ing distin- 
guished for 
his  loyalty  to 
the  Stuarts, 
was  raised  in 
1661  to  the 
peerage  as 
Baron  Corn- 
wallis of  Eye, 
a  rank  that 
was  held  by 
his  descend- 
ants till  1753, 
whenCharles, 
the  fifth  baron,  was  created  Earl  Cornwallis  and 
Viscount  Brome.  Charles  had  married  in  1722 
Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Lord  Townshend,  and 
Charles  was  their  sixth  child  and  eldest  son.  He 
distinguished  himself  at  Eton,  and  in  1756,  being 
then  known  as  Lord  Brome,  obtained  an  ensign's 
commission  in  the  army,  and  spent  the  next  two 
years  at  the  famous  military  academy  at  Turin. 
In  1758  he  was  appointed  aide-de-camp  to  Lord 
Granby,  with  the  rank  of  captain,  and  was  pres- 
ent at  the  battle  of  Minden  in  1759.  He  was  pro- 
moted to  lieutenant-colonel  in  1761,  and  became 
noted  for  personal  valor  and  the  skill  with  which 
he  handled  his  regiment.  In  July,  1762,  on  the 
death  of  his  father,  he  became  Earl  Cornwallis, 
and  soon  afterward  took  his  seat  in  the  house  of 
lords.  In  politics  he  was  an  extreme  liberal,  be- 
longing to  the  party  of  "  new  whigs "  headed  by 


L  trih/urz^^^ 


744 


CORNWALLIS 


CORNWALLIS 


Pitt  and  Shelbunie.  On  the  American  question 
his  sympathies  were  strongly  with  the  colonists, 
and  in  the  famous  debate  on  the  repeal  of  the 
stamp-act  he  was  signalized  as  one  of  the  five  peers 
who  voted  in  favor  of  unconditional  repeal,  accom- 
panied by  an  explicit  renouncement  of  the  right  of 
taxing  America.  In  1766  he  was  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  colonel.  In  1770  he  was  made  constable 
of  the  tower  of  London  and  vice-treasurer  of  Ire- 
land. In  December,  1775,  having  reached  the 
grade  of  lieutenant-general,  he  was  ordered  to 
America,  and  embarked  in  the  "  Bristol,"  of  fifty 
guns,  one  of  the  fleet  commanded  by  Sir  Peter 
Parker.  After  a  long  delay  at  Cork  for  re-enforce- 
ments and  a  tempestuous  voyage,  the  squadron 
reached  the  coast  of  the  Carolinas  in  May,  was  de- 
feated before  Port  Moultrie  in  June,  and  then 
sailed  northward  to  take  part  in  the  operations 
against  New  York.  Lord  Cornwallis  took  an  act- 
ive part  in  the  battle  of  Long  Island  and  the 
movements  that  followed  down  to  the  fall  of  Port 
Washington.  He  then  took  possession  of  Fort 
Lee,  which  Greene  had  hastily  abandoned,  and  con- 
ducted the  pursuit  of  Washington's  army  through 
New  Jersey.  In  December,  considering  Washing- 
ton as  disposed  of  and  the  war  virtually  at  an  end, 
Cornwallis  returned  to  New  York,  intending  to  set 
sail  for  England.  He  had  actually  sent  his  lug- 
gage on  board  ship  when  the  news  of  Washing- 
ton's great  stroke  at  Trenton  upset  his  plans.  He 
marched  upon  Trenton,  and  found  the  American 
army  drawn  up  behind  Assunpink  creek  in  such  a 
position  that  he  hoped  next  day  to  capture  it ;  but 
Washington,  by  a  masterly  device,  withdrew  dur- 
ing the  night,  marched  around  the  left  wing,  and 
early  in  the  morning  routed  his  rear-guai'd  at 
Princeton,  causing  him  to  retreat  upon  New  Bruns- 
wick. In  the  brief  campaign  of  June,  1777,  when 
the  British  were  compelled  to  abandon  New  Jersey, 
the  most  important  part  was  taken  by  Cornwallis. 
At  the  battle  of  Brandywine,  11  Sept.,  he  con- 
ducted a  flanking  march,  which  secured  the  de- 
feat of  the  Americans.  On  26  Sept.  he  occupied 
Philadelphia  with  the  advance  of  the  British  army, 
and  on  4  Oct.  moA^ed  to  the  support  of  Gen.  Howe 
at  Germantown.  In  January,  1778,  he  returned  to 
England  on  private  business,  but  was  again  in 
America  in  May,  and  took  part  in  the  battle  of 
Monmouth,  28  June.  In  December  he  was  called 
Ijack  to  England  by  the  severe  illness  of  his  wife, 
who  died  soon  afterward.  Toward  the  end  of  1779 
he  returned  to  America  and  accompanied  Sir  Henry 
Clinton  on  his  expedition  to  South  Carolina.  In 
June,  1780,  after  the  capture  of  Charleston,  Sir 
Henry  returned  to  New  York,  leaving  Cornwallis 
in  the  chief  command  at  the  south.  His  first  ad- 
versary was  the  incomj^etent  Gates,  whom  he  de- 
feated at  Camden,  16  Aug.,  in  the  most  disastrous 
battle  ever  fought  by  an  American  army.  After 
this  great  victory  Cornwallis  proceeded  to  invade 
NortXi  Carolina;  but  he  had  gone  no  farther  than 
Charlotte,  in  Mecklenburg  county,  in  the  midst  of 
a  bitterly  hostile  population,  when  he  was  obliged 
to  fall  back  on  hearing  news  of  the  overwhelming 
defeat  of  his  subordinate  Ferguson  at  King's 
Mountain,  7  Oct.,  by  the  highland  militia.  On  his 
second  advance  northward  he  had  the  brilliant 
Greene  to  contend  with,  and  disasters  thickened 
around  him.  First  his  left  wing  under  Tarleton 
was  annihilated  by  Morgan  at  the  Cowpens,  17 
Jan.,  1781;  then  Greene  succeeded,  in  spite  of 
him,  in  reuniting  his  main  army  with  that  of  Mor- 
gan at  Guilford  Court-House,  near  the  Virginia 
l)order,  and  at  a  great  distance  from  Cornwallis's 
base  of  supplies.    Thus  forced  to  give  battle  against 


superior  numbers  and  in  a  most  disadvantageous 
position.  Lord  Cornwallis  fought  with  great  skill 
and  as  much  success  as  was  possible  under  the  cir- 
cumstances. The  battle  at  Guilford  Court-House, 
15  March,  1781,  was,  for  the  numbers  engaged, 
one  of  the  most  obstinate  on  record.  After  losing 
one  third  of  his  force  in  killed  and  wounded,  Corn- 
wallis barely  succeeded  in  keeping  possession  of 
the  field,  but  found  it  necessary  next  day  to  re- 
treat, leaving  his  wounded  behind.  He  fell  back 
to  Wilmington,  on  the  coast,  where  he  might  hope 
for  support  from  the  fleet.  Greene  pursued  him 
about  fifty  miles,  and  then,  leaving  him  quite  to 
himself,  faced  about  and  marched  rapidly  back  to 
South  Carolina  to  undertake  the  reconquest  of  that 
state.  The  British  army  was  so  badly  crippled 
that  Cornwallis  did  not  think  it  prudent  to  follow 
him,  nor  was  he  willing  to  acknowledge  his  defeat 
by  embarking  on  the  ships  and  returning  to  South 
Carolina  by  sea.  At  this  juncture  of  aft'airs,  hear- 
ing that  Gen.  Phillips  had  been  sent  with  a  con- 
siderable British  force  to  Virginia,  he  decided  to 
march  northward  and  join  him,  hoping  to  deal  a 
blow  in  Virginia,  cut  off  Greene's  connections 
with  the  northern  states,  and  return  to  attack  him 
with  superior  force.  This  ^^lan  was  too  extensive 
and  hazardous  to  be  likely  to  succeed.  Cornwallis 
adopted  it  on  the  spur  of  the  moment,  on  his  own 
responsibility,  and  without  waiting  for  his  superior 
officer.  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  to  sanction  it ;  and  in 
after-years  it  became  the  occasion  of  a  bitter  con- 
ti'oversy  between  the  two  generals.  On  25  April 
Cornwallis  started  from  Wilmington,  and  on  20 
May  he  effected  a  junction  with  Phillips  at  Peters- 
burg. His  hope  of  dealing  a  heavy  blow  was 
foiled  by  the  youthful  Lafayette,  who  commanded 
the  American  troops  in  Virginia  and  adopted  a 
Fabian  policy.  Cornwallis  pursued  Lafayette  un- 
successfully from  Richmond  to  the  Rapidan,  then, 
after  some  fruitless  raids  upon  Charlottesville  and 
Albemarle  Court-House,  he  returned  to  Richmond, 
and  presently  began  his  retreat  from  the  peninsula, 
closely  followed  by  Lafayette,  who  had  been  re-en- 
forced by  Steuben  and  Wayne,  until  he  was  now 
superior  in  numbers.  The  campaign  was  ended 
the  last  week  in  July,  when  Cornwallis  occupied 
Y^orktown,  while  Lafayette  took  up  a  strong  posi- 
tion on  Malvern  Hill  and  awaited  further  develop- 
ments. In  retreating  to  Yorktown  the  British 
general  hoped  to  secure  re-enforcements  by  sea ; 
but  in  August  the  Count  de  Grasse  arrived  on  the 
coast  of  Virginia  with  a  powerful  French  fleet, 
and  for  the  first  time  in  the  war  the  British  lost 
control  of  the  water.  Washington  was  not  slow  to 
avail  himself  of  this  rare  opportunity,  and  by  one 
of  the  most  brilliant  movements  recorded  in  the 
history  of  warfare  suddenly  moved  his  army  from 
the  Hudson  river  to  the  James  and  invested  Y''ork- 
town  with  an  overwhelming  force.  Thus  placed 
between  a  hostile  fleet  and  an  army  that  outnum- 
bered him  more  than  two  to  one,  Cornwallis  was 
obliged  to  surrender,  17  Oct.,  1781.  The  commis- 
sioners of  the  two  armies  met  in  the  Moore  House 
(see  illustration,  page  745)  to  agree  upon  the  terms 
of  capitulation.  Two  months  afterward,  having 
been  regularly  exchanged.  Lord  Cornwallis,  the 
defeated  commander,  returned  to  England. 

In  1786,  having  been  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
fleld-marshal,  C-ornwallis  was  appointed  governor- 
general  of  India  and  commander-in-chief  of  the 
forces  there.  He  was  shortly  afterward  made  a 
knight  of  the  garter.  In  1791-'2  he  conducted 
in  person  the  great  war  against  Tippoo  Sultan, 
captured  Bangalore,  invested  Seringapatam,  and 
concluded  a  treaty  with  Tippoo  by  which  the  latter 


CORONA 


CORPA 


745 


surrendered  more  than  half  of  his  dominions  to 
Great  Britain.  The  reforms  that  he  wrought  in 
the  civil  service  of  India,  and  in  its  judicial  and 
revenue  systems,  were  wide-reaching  and  salutary. 
On  his  return  to  England  in  1794  he  was  created  a 
marquis  for  his  services  in  India.  In  the  following 
year  he  became  master  of  the  ordnance,  with  a 
seat  in  the  cabinet.  In  1798  he  was  appointed  lord- 
lieutenant  of  Ireland  and  commander-in-chief  of 
the  forces  there.  This  was  just  after  the  suppres- 
sion of  the  rebellion,  and  Cornwallis  remained  in 
Ireland  until  the  accomplishment  of  the  parlia- 
mentary union  between  that  country  and  Great 
Britain.    Then  in  November,  1801,  he  was  sent  to 


^J*    *WT 


France  as  one  of  the  commissioners  for  negotiat- 
ing the  treaty  that  was  completed  and  signed  at 
Amiens,  29  March,  1802.  Feeling  his  health  to.be 
somewhat  precarious,  he  now  retired  to  his  rural 
estate  at  Brome  in  the  hope  of  spending  the  re- 
mainder of  his  life  in  seclusion.  But  in  1805  the 
troubles  in  India  seemed  to  call  for  his  skilful 
management,  and  he  was  again  sent  out  as  gov- 
ernor-general, but  lived  only  a  few  months  after 
his  arrival.  Among  English  public  men  there 
have  been  none  more  high-minded,  disinterested, 
faithful,  and  pure,  than  Lord  Cornwallis.  As  a 
military  commander  he  was  bold  and  vigilant, 
though  unable  to  cope  with  the  transcendent  tal- 
ents of  Washington  and  Greene.  He  was  by  far 
the  ablest  of  the  generals  sent  by  Great  Britain  to 
fight  in  America.  He  married,  14  July,  1768,  Miss 
Jemima  Jones,  by  whom  he  had  one  son  and  one 
daughter.  The  former  succeeded  to  the  marquis- 
ate,  which  became  extinct  by  the  failure  of  male 
heirs  in  the  next  generation.  See  Gleig's  "  Lives 
of  the  Most  Eminent  British  Military  Command- 
ers "  (London,  1832) ;  Kaye's  "  Lives  of  Indian  Offi- 
cers "  (London,  1867) ;  and  Johnston's  "  Yorktown 
Cainpaign  "  (New  York,  1881). 

CORONA,  Ramon  (co-ro'-nah),  Mexican  soldier, 
b.  in  Acaponeta,  8  May,  1825;  d.  11  Nov.,  1889. 
He  was  in  business  in  his  native  town,  but  had  to 
leave  the  place  on  account  of  persecution  by  Manuel 
Losada,  a  bandit,  who  became  a  kind  of  independ- 
ent ruler  in  the  Tepic  territory.  Corona  joined 
the  liberals,  entered  the  army,  soon  obtained  the 
rank  of  general,  and  fought  against  the  array  of 
Maximilian,  especially  in  the  western  states,  and 
the  French  troops  never  became  masters  of  that 
part  of  the  country.  Corona  organized  the  Army 
of  the  west,  8,000  strong,  in  1866,  and  crossed  the 
country,  defeating  the  French  in  many  encounters. 
He  reached  Queretaro,  participated  in  the  siege, 
and,  after  the  final  victory  of  the  Mexicans,  Maxi- 
milian surrendered  to  him,  15  May,  1867.  The  re- 
public having  been  reinstated.  President  Juarez 
gave  Gen.  Corona  a  high  military  office,  with  resi- 
dence   at   Guadalajara.      At    that    time   Losada, 


thinking  to  subjugate  the  whole  nation,  organized 
an  army  of  16,000  men,  and  issued  a  proclamation 
to  his  troops,  telling  them  to  expect  no  compensa- 
tion but  what  they  could  get  from  the  vanquished 
towns.  On  28  Jan.,  1872,  at  daybreak,  began  a 
bloody  battle,  near  Mojonera,  between  his  forces 
and  about  1,400  men  under  Corona.  Losada  was 
routed,  leaving  over  3,000  dead  on  the  field,  while 
the  rest  of  his  troops  were  dispersed.  Next  day 
Corona  entered  Guadalajara  in  triumph,  after  hav- 
ing saved  that  city  from  the  army  of  plunderers, 
for  which  he  was  surnamcd  the  "  Hero  de  la  Mo-, 
jonera."  President  Lerdo  de  Tejada  appointed  him 
minister  to  Spain,  where  he  remained  twelve  years. 
He  returned  to  Mexico  in  1884,  and  was  put  in 
command  of  the  Federal  army  at  Jalisco. 

CORONADO.  Francisco  Vasquez  de  (cor-o- 
nah'-do),  Spanish  explorer,  b.  in  Salamanca,  Spain, 
about  1510  ;  d.  in  1542.  On  the  arrival  in  Culiacan 
of  Cabeza  de  Vaca  from  his  journey  from  Florida 
in  1536,  when  he  brought  news  of  the  existence  of 
half-civilized  tribes  far  to  the  north,  an  expedi- 
tion was  sent  out  under  Marco  de  Niza,  in  1539,  to 
explore  that  region.  On  its  return,  a  second  expe- 
dition was  fitted  out  under  Coronado,  which  de- 
parted from  Culiacan,  on  the  Pacific  coast,  in  April, 
1540.  He  passed  up  the  entire  length  of  what  is 
now  the  state  of  Sonora  to  the  river  Gila.  Cross- 
ing this,  he  penetrated  the  country  beyond  to  the 
Little  Colorado,  and  visited  the  famed  cities  of 
Cibola  mentioned  by  Cabeza  de  Vaca  and  De  Niza. 
In  the  kingdom  were  seven  cities.  The  country, 
he  says,  was  too  cold  for  cotton,  yet  the  people  all 
wore  mantles  of  it,  and  cotton  yarn  was  found  in 
their  houses.  He  also  found  maize,  Guinea  cocks, 
peas,  and  dressed  skins.  From  Cibola,  Coronado 
travelled  eastward,  visiting  several  towns,  similar 
to  the  existing  villages  of  the  Pueblo  Indians,  till 
he  reached  the  Rio  Grande,  and  from  there  travelled 
300  leagues  to  Quivira,  the  ruins  of  which  are  well 
known,  being  near  lat.  34°  N.,  about  170  miles  from 
El  Paso.  There  he  found  a  temperate  climate, 
with  good  water  and  an  abundance  of  fruit.  The 
people  were  clothed  in  skins.  On  his  way  back  in 
March,  1542,  Coronado  fell  from  his  horse  at 
Tiguex,  near  the  Rio  Grande,  and  is  said  to  have 
become  insane.  The  viceroy  Mendoza  wished  a 
colony  to  be  founded  in  the  regions  visited ;  but 
the  commander  of  the  expedition  did  not  wish  to 
leave  any  of  his  party  in  so  poor  a  country  and  at 
so  great  a  distance  from  succor.  The  narrative  of 
this  expedition  furnishes  the  first  authentic  account 
of  the  buffalo,  or  American  bison,  and  the  great 
prairies  and  plains  of  New  Mexico.  Drawings  of 
the  cities  and  houses  built  by  the  Indians  were 
sent  to  Spain  witli  Coronado's  report. 

CORPA,  Pedro  de,  missionary,  b.  in  Spain 
about  1560 ;  d.  in  Florida  in  1597.  He  came  to 
America  in  1592,  and  was  one  of  a  body  of  Francis- 
cans who  were  sent  to  Florida  to  mediate  between 
the  Indians  and  Spaniards.  At  this  time  the 
Spaniards  were  so  hemmed  in  by  the  natives 
that  they  could  not  leave  their  forts,  and  were 
reduced  to  great  extremity.  Father  de  Corpa 
was  well  received  and  succeeded  in  restoring 
friendly  relations.  He  then  began  his  missionary 
labors,  at  first  without  much  success,  owing  to  the 
difficulty  of  weaning  the  natives  from  polygamy. 
He  prevailed  in  the  end.  howevei',  built  several 
chapels,  and  founded  villages  and  schools.  He  in- 
troduced an  Indian  translation  of  Pareja's  "  Doc- 
trina  Christiana  para  los  Indios."  In  1597  he 
found  it  necessary  to  denounce  the  life  of  the  son 
of  a  cacique  who  had  relapsed  into  polygamy. 
The  young  chief  fled  from  the  village,  collected  a 


r46 


CORREA 


CORRIGAN 


band  of  braves,  returned,  crept  into  the  chapel 
where  the  friar  was  at  his  devotions,  and  toma- 
hawked him  before  the  altar.  He  then  cut  off  his 
head  and  ))laced  it  on  a  spear  in  front  of  the  gate. 

CORREA,  Antonio,  Porto  Rican  soldier,  b.  in 
the  latter  part  of  the  17th  century.  He  entered 
the  army  quite  young,  and  when  he  was  captain  of 
the  local'  militia  was  put  in  command  of  the  small 
garrison  in  Areeibo  in  1703.  On  5  Aug.  of  that 
year  the  English,  having  resolved  to  undertake 
the  conquest  of  the  island  of  Porto  Rico,  attacked 
•  Areeibo  with  a  small  squadron  and  some  land 
forces.  Correa  at  once  gathered  his  men,  pre- 
tended to  retreat,  went  to  a  wood  where  they  had 
their  horses,  and  when  an  English  column  ap- 
proached the  place  it  was  suddenly  and  fiercely  at- 
tacked and  driven  back  to  the  shore,  where  many 
were  killed,  even  after  they  reached  the  boats. 
Correa  lost  but  one  man  killed  and  three  wounded. 
All  the  survivors  were  rewarded  with  special 
honors  by  the  king  of  Spain.  The  British  gave 
up  their  attempt  to  seize  the  island. 

CORREA,  Juan,  Mexican  painter,  flourished 
during  the  early  part  of  the  18th  century.  His 
paintings  are  specially  remarkable  for  their  fine, 
broad  composition,  expression,  and  life-like  fig- 
ures, as  well  as  for  tlieir  good  perspective  and 
effective  groupings.  But  he  is  not  a  good  colorist. 
They  are  generally  large,  like  tliose  he  painted 
for  the  cathedral  of  the  city  of  Mexico.  Correa 
was  an  excellent  teacher  of  his  art,  and  among  his 
pupils  ai'e  the  celebrated  Cabrera  and  Ibarra. 

CORREA  DA  SERRA,  Jose  Francisco  (ko- 
ray'-ah),  Portuguese  botanist,  b.  in  Serpa  in 
1750;  d.  in  Caldas,  11  Sept.,  1823.  He  studied  at 
Rome  and  Naples,  and,  after  residing  eleven  years 
at  Paris,  came  in  1813  to  the  United  States  to 
prosecute  researches  in  natural  history.  About 
1814  he  supplied  the  place  of  Mr.  Barton  as  pro- 
fessor of  botany  in  Philadelphia.  He  published 
several  botanical  papers,  one,  on  the  soil  of  Ken- 
tucky, in  "  American  Philosophical  Transactions  " 
(vol.  i.,  new  series).  When  Correa  returned  to  his 
own  country,  the  constitutional  form  of  govern- 
ment had  been  established  and  he  was  elected  a  rep- 
resentative. Besides  many  scientific  writings,  he 
left  an  extensive  work  entitled  "  Collec9ion  de  libi'o 
ineditos  da  historia  Portugijeza." 

CORREA  DE  SA  BENAVIDES,  Salvador 
(co-ray'-ah),  Portuguese  admiral,  b.  in  1594 ;  d.  in 
Lisbon  in  1668.  After  serving  with  distinction  in 
the  Portuguese  navy,  he  was  appointed  governor 
of  Brazil.  He  effected  the  expulsion  of  the  Dutch 
from  Bahia  in  1635-'40,  re-established  order  in 
some  Brazilian  provinces,  took  from  the  Dutch  their 
settlements  on  the  western  coast  of  Africa  in  1648, 
and  conquered  the  kingdom  of  Angola.  Then  he 
returned  to  Rio  Janeiro  as  governor,  filled  that 
office  for  some  time,  and  finally  went  to  Lisbon. 

CORREIA  DE  LACERDA,  Antonio  (cor-ray- 
yah  da  lah-ilier'-dah),  Portuguese  physician,  b.  in 
"Ponte  in  1777;  d.  in  the  province  of  Maranhao, 
Brazil,  21  July,  1852.  He  was  graduated  at  the 
University  of  Coimbra,  served  as  military  surgeon, 
and  in  1818  went  to  Brazil  to  practise  his  profession. 
A  few  years  later  he  emigrated  to  the  United 
States,  where  he  dev^oted  himself  to  his  professional 
work  with  marked  success.  He  returned  to  Brazil 
in  1836  and  settled  at  Maranhao,  giving  much  of 
his  time  to  scientific  investigation.  He  published 
several  scientific  books,  among  them  "  Flora  pa- 
raense-maranhensis,"  "  Phytographia  paraense-ma- 
ranhensis,"  "  Nova  genera  plantarura,"  "  Notes  de 
botanique,"  "  Chemiologia  vegetal."  "  Zoologia 
paranense,"  "  Observances  sobre  propiedades  thera- 


peuticas  das  plantas,"  "  Observa^oes  meteorolo- 
gicas,"  "  Observagoes  medico-philosophicas,"  and 
"  Materia  medica  das  Para  e  Maranhao." 

CORREIA  DE  SOUZA  COSTA,  Antonio  (cor- 
ray'-yah  da  so'-thah),  Brazilian  physician,  b.  in  Rio 
Janeiro  about  1830.  In  1859  lie  won  in  competi- 
tion the  post  of  first  officer  in  the  medical  science 
department,  and  afterward  the  professorship  of 
hygiene  and  history  of  medicine.  Later  he  served 
during  the  war  against  Paraguay  as  first  surgeon, 
and  was  made  a  colonel.  He  belongs  to  the  impe- 
rial council,  and  is  physician  of  the  court,  presi- 
dent of  the  board  of  health,  a  member  of  the 
Academy  of  medicine,  and  of  several  other  cor- 
porations. Most  of  his  medical  works  have  been 
translated  into  French  and  English.  The  princi- 
pal ones  are  "  Da  infecgao  purulenta  "  ;  "  Da  dys- 
enteria  nos  paizes  inter-tropicales  " ;  "  Considera- 
yoes  sobre  a  myases  das  fossas  nazaes " ;  and 
"  Formulario  pharmaceutico  militar  para  uso  dos 
hospitaes  e  enfermarias  militares  do  Brazil." 

CORRIOAN,  Michael  Aug^ustine,  R.  C.  prel- 
ate, b.  in  Newark,  N.  J.,  13  Aug.,  1839.  His  early 
education  was  received  at  St.  Mary's  college,  Wil- 
mington, Del.,  and  in  1859  he  was  graduated  at 
Mount  St.  Mary's,  Emmettsburg,  Md.  It  is  curi- 
ous to  note,  in  connection  with  Archbishop  Corri- 
gan's  successful  appeal  to  the  U.  S.  government  to 
protect  the  property  of  the  American  college  at 
Rome  from  be- 
ing assumed  by 
the  Italian  gov- 
ernment, that  he 
was  one  of  the 
twelve  students 
that  first  entered 
that  college.  Car- 
dinal Patrizi  oi-- 
dained  him  a 
priest  at  Rome 
on  19  Sept.,  1863. 
In  1864  he  re- 
ceived the  degree 
of  D.  D.  The 
young  clergyman 
was  appointed 
to  the  cliair  of 
dogmatic  theolo- 
gy and  sacred 
scripture  in  Seton  Hall  college,  Orange,  N.  J,, 
and  in  1868  became  its  president.  In  March,  1873, 
Pope  Pius  IX.  appointed  Dr.  Corrigan  to  the  see 
of  Newark,  he  having  administered  the  affairs  of 
that  diocese  during  the  absence  of  Bishop  Bay- 
ley  at  the  Vatican  council  in  1870.  As  bishop, 
Dr.  Corrigan  showed  a  combination  of  firmness 
and  gentleness,  which  commanded  the  admiration 
of  his  ecclesiastical  superiors.  Churches,  chari- 
table institutions,  and  religious  communities  arose 
in  the  diocese.  His  energy,  his  grasp  of  the 
smallest  details  of  every  plan,  his  power  of  admin- 
istration, and  his  liberality  were  notable.  During 
his  administration  the  Jesuits  and  Dominicans 
were  introduced  by  him,  a  Catholic  protectory 
for  boys  founded  in  Denville,  a  home  of  the 
Good  Shepherd  in  Newark,  a  hospital  in  charge 
of  the  Little  Sisters  of  the  Poor,  and  a  convent 
for  the  Dominican  Nuns  of  the  Perpetual  Ado- 
ration. In  1880  the  Catholic  schools  of  New 
Jersey  had  increased  to  150,  with  nearly  30,000 
pupils,  the  churches  to  150,  and  the  priests  to 
172.  Bishop  Corrigan  had  been  made  coadjutor, 
with  the  right  of  succession,  to  Cardinal  McClos- 
key,  archbishop  of  New  York,  under  the  title 
of  Archbishop  of  Petra,  on  26  Sept.,  1880,  and 


c^.c.^- 


CORSE 


CORSON 


747 


thereafter  performed  all  of  the  practical  work  of 
the  archdiocese.  In  1884  he  was  summoned  to 
Rome  to  advise  with  the  pope  as  to  the  work  of 
the  proposed  Plenary  council,  and  represented 
New  York  in  that  body.  Dr.  Corrigan,  when 
early  in  1886  he  received  the  pallium,  was  the 
youngest  archbishop,  excepting  Archbishop  Se- 
ghers,  in  the  American  episcopate.  On  10  Oct., 
1885,  Cardinal  McCloskey  died,  and  Archbishop 
Corrigan  became  metropolitan  of  the  diocese  of 
New  York.  He  was  no  longer  archbishop,  in  title, 
of  a  deserted  strip  of  Arabian  soil,  but  the  chief 
spiritual  ruler  of  one  of  the  most  important  dio- 
ceses in  the  world.  He  was  not  obliged  to  wait, 
according  to  the  usual  custom,  for  the  pallium,  in 
order  to  exercise  his  functions.  By  a  special  act 
of  courtesy  done  to  a  prelate  who  had  so  far  re- 
markably distinguished  himself  in  the  apostolic 
A'irtues  befitting  his  state,  Rome  permitted  him 
to  perform  the  acts  of  his  office  as  soon  as  he 
succeeded  to  the  archbishopric.  Archbishop  Cor- 
rigan is  a  scholar,  with  a  keen  interest  in  modern 
literature.  He  has,  in  the  pulpit,  the  art  of  con- 
vincing and  stimulating  ;  and  the  modulations  of 
a  voice,  trained  in  the  laest  schools,  give  variety 
and  interest  even  to  the  most  abstract  theological 
theme.  He  is  not  a  great  pulpit  orator,  in  the 
rhetorical  sense  of  the  phrase,  but  a  genial  and 
pleasant  talker,  who  never  fails  to  soften  and 
charm  his  audiences.  His  administration  of  the 
archdiocese  of  New  York  has  already  shown  the 
results  to  be  expected  from  his  successful  career  in 
Newark.  The  fourth  provincial  council  and 
fourth  synod  of  New  Y^ork  were  principally  influ- 
enced by  him,  while  the  five  succeeding  synods 
were  held  under  his  guidance.  During  his  ad- 
ministration over  fifty  new  Catholic  churches  have 
been  erected  in  this  city,  several  institutions  of 
charity  established  or  enlarged,  and  the  fine  theo- 
logical seminary  in  Yonkers  completed. 

CORSE,  John  Murray,  soldier,  b.  in  Pitts- 
burg, Pa.,  27  April,  1835  ;  'd.  in  Boston,  Mass.,  27 
April,  1893.  He  was  gi'aduated  at  the  U.  S.  mili- 
tary academy,  entering  the  army  as  major  of  the 
6th  Iowa  volunteers  in  August,  1861 ;  served  under 
Gen.  Fremont,  and  on  the  staff  of  Gen.  John  Pope ; 
but  after  the  victories  of  Island  No.  10  and  Shiloh 
preferring  active  service,  joined  his  regiment,  and 
became  its  colonel.  He  commanded  a  division  at 
Memphis,  and  was  commissioned  a  brigadier-gen- 
eral on  11  Aug.,  1863.  He  served  in  the  Chatta- 
nooga campaign,  distinguished  himself  at  Chicka- 
mauga,  and  was  wounded  at  Missionary  Ridge.  In 
Sherman's  march  to  the  sea  he  commanded  a 
division  of  the  15th  corps.  When,  after  the  evacu- 
ation of  Atlanta,  the  Confederates  crossed  the 
Chattahoochee  and  destroyed  the  railroad,  Corse 
was  ordered  from  Rome  to  the  relief  of  Allatoona, 
where  large  commissary  supplies,  guarded  by  890 
men,  under  Col.  Tourtellotte,  were  threatened  by 
an  infantry  division  of  the  enemy.  Gen.  Corse  ar- 
rived with  1,054  troops  before  the  Confedei'ates ; 
but  when  the  latter  came  up,  being  greatly  supe- 
rior in  numbers,  they  closely  surrounded  the 
position.  To  the  summons  of  the  Confederate 
general,  French,  to  surrender  and  avoid  a  needless 
effusion  of  blood.  Gen.  Corse  returned  a  defiant 
answer.  The  Confederates,  numbering  4,000  or 
5,000,  attacked  the  fortifications  furiously,  5  Oct., 
1864,  but  were  repeatedly  driven  back.  Gen. 
Sherman,  who  had  despatched  a  corps  to  attack 
the  Confederate  rear,  signaled  from  Kenesaw 
mountain,  where  he  heard  the  roar  of  battle,  eigh- 
teen miles  away,  for  the  commander  to  hold  out, 
as  relief  was  approaching;  and  when  he  learned 


by  the  sun-telegraph  that  Corse  was  in  command, 
he  said :  "  He  will  hold  out ;  I  know  the  man." 
Gen.  Corse's  ear  and  cheek-bone  were  shot  away 
during  the  engagement,  but  he  continued  to  direct 
his  men.  At  the  approach  of  the  relieving  force, 
the  assailants  retired.  Gen.  Sherman  made  the 
brave  defence  of  Allatoona  the  subject  of  a  general 
order,  emphasizing  the  principle  in  warfare  that 
fortified  posts  should  be  defended  to  tlie  last, 
without  regard  to  the  strength  of  the  attacking 
force.     Corse  received  the  brevet  of  major-general, 

5  Oct.,  1864.  After  the  war.  Gen.  Corse  was  for 
two  years  (1867-'9)  collector  of  internal  revenue  in 
Chicago,  111.  He  then  spent  four  years  in  Eiirope, 
and  on  his  return  engaged  in  railroad  contracting, 
and  built  several  hundred  miles  of  road  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Chicago.  In  1881  he  removed  to 
Massachusetts,  i-esiding  in  Boston  and  in  Win- 
chester, where  he  settled  in  1882,  after  marrying 
for  his  second  wife  a  niece  of  Franklin  Pierce,  i 
He  was  a  vigorous  opponent  of  Gen.  Butler  in  his 
political  campaigns,  and  became  chairman  of  the 
executive  committee  in  the  democratic  state  cen- 
tral committee.  On  9  Oct.,  1886,  he  was  appointed 
postmaster  of  Boston  by  President  Cleveland. 

CORSE,  Montg'Oiuery  Dent,  soldier,  b.  in 
Alexandria,  Va.,  14  March,  1816;  d.  in  his  birth- 
place, 11  Feb.,  1895.  He  served  as  a  captain  in  the 
Mexican  war,  and  lived  in  California  from  April, 
1849,  till  December,  1856,  when  he  returned  to 
Virginia  and  became  a  banker  in  Alexandria.  He 
entered  the  Confederate  service  in  May,  1861,  as 
colonel  of  fhe  17th  Virginia  regiment.  He  was 
wounded  in  the  second  battle  of  Bull  Run,  and 
engaged  at  Boonsboro  and  Antietam.  He  was 
connnissioned  a  brigadier-general  in  November, 
1862,  commanded  a  brigade  in  Pickett's  division 
in  the  expedition  against  Knoxville,  and  was  cap- 
tured at  Sailor's  Creek,  Va.,  on  6  April,  1865. 
After  the  war  he  resumed  the  business  of  a  banker 
and  broker  at  Alexandria  till  1874. 

CORSON,  Edward  T.,  surgeon,  b.  in  Mont- 
gomery c'Oimty,  Pa.,  14  Oct.,  1834;  d.  in  Plymouth, 
Pa.,  22  June,  1864.  He  entered  the  navy  as  assist- 
ant surgeon,  20  May,  1859,  and  was  ordered  to 
China  and  Japan  in  the  U.  S.  steamer  "Hartford," 
where  he  remained  until  the  winter  of  1861.  He 
was  subsequently,  for  a  short  time,  at  the  naA'al 
asylum,  Philadelphia,  and,  upon  application  for  sea 
service,  was  ordered  to  the  "  Mohican,"  returning, 
after  a  cruise  of  40,000  miles,  without  the  loss  of  a 
man  by  sickness.  He  was  promoted  to  surgeon, 
31  July,  1862. 

CORSON,  Hiram,  educator,  b.  in  Philadelphia, 

6  Nov.,  1828.  After  being  employed  for  some 
time  as  a  private  tutor  and  assistant  teacher  in  the 
Treemount  seminary  at  Norristown,  Pa.,  he  be- 
came connected  with  the  library  of  congress  and 
with  that  of  the  Smithsonian  institution  at  Wash- 
ington in  1849,  and  continued  there  until  1856, 
when  he  resumed  teaching.  In  1859  Mr.  Corson 
removed  with  his  family  to  Philadelphia,  and  for 
some  years  devoted  himself  to  teaching  and  lectur- 
ing on  English  literature.  In  1865  he  was  elected 
professor  of  history  and  rhetoric  in  Girard  college, 
resigning  this  place  in  1866  to  accept  the  pro- 
fessorship of  rhetoric  and  English  literature  in  St. 
John's  college,  Annapolis.  In  1870  he  was  elected 
to  the  chair  of  Englisli  language  and  literature, 
rhetoric,  and  oratory  in  Cornell,  which  office  he 
still  holds.  He  has  published  Chaucer's  "  Legende 
of  Goode  Women,"  containing  an  introduction  on 
the  versification  of  Chr.ucer,  and  glossarial  and 
critical  notes;  "An  Elocutionary  Manual,"  with  an 
introductory  essay  on  the  study  of  literature  and 


748 


CORSON 


CORTES 


the  relations  of  vocal  culture  to  an  aesthetic  ap- 
preciation of  poetry  ;  and  a  "  Hand-Book  of  Anglo- 
Saxon  and  Early  English  "  (New  York,  1871).  He 
has  also  prepared  a  thesaurus  of  early  English, 
containing  a  complete  verbal  and  glossarial  index 
of  the  "  Canterbury  Tales,"  "  Piers  Ploughman.", 
(lower's  "  Confessio  Amantis,"  Wyclift'e's  Bible, 
Spenser,  and  Chapman's  Homer. 

CORSON,  Juliet,  teacher  of  cookery,  b.  in  Bos- 
ton. 14  Feb.,  1842;  d.  in  New  York  city,  18  June, 
l.s'.}?.  She  was  educated  in  Brooklyn,  and  in  1872-3 
was  secretary  of  the  New  York  free  training-school 
for  women.'  Since  1872  she  devoted  herself  to 
study  and  experiments  on  healthful  and  economi- 
cal cookery,  and  dietetics.  She  founded  the  New 
York  school  of  cookery  in  1876,  and  was  its  super- 
intendent till  1883,  when  she  was  obliged  to  close 
it  on  account  of  failing  health.  Since  that  time 
she  had  been  actively  engaged,  in  the  intervals  of 
illness,  in  writing  and  in  lecturing  throughout  the 
country.  In  Philadelphia,  Montreal,  and  Oak- 
land, Cal.,  her  efforts  led  to  the  teaching  of  cook- 
ery in  the  public  schools.  In  1881  the  French  con- 
sul-general at  New  York  applied  officially  to  Miss 
Corson  for  her  works  and  methods,  for  the  purpose 
of  adapting  them  to  the  needs  of  the  French  edu- 
cational system.  Her  publications,  besides  many 
newspaper  articles  and  pamphlets,  include  "Fifteen- 
Cent  Dinners  for  Workingmen's  Families,"  pub- 
lished by  the  author  for  free  distribution  to  work- 
ing-people earning  $1.50,  or  less,  a  day  (New  York, 
1877) ;  "  Cooking  Manual "  (1878) ;  "  Cooking-School 
Text-Book  and  Housekeeper's  Gufde "  (1878); 
"  New  Family  Cook-Book  "  (1885) ;  "  Local  Ameri- 
can Cookery  "  (1885) ;  "  Practical  American  Cook- 
ery" (1886);  "Diet  for  Invalids  and  Children" 
(1886) ;  and  "  Family  living  on  f  500  a  Year  "  (1886). 

CORTEREAL,  or  CORTERREAL,  Caspar 
(cor-tay-ray-al'),  Portuguese  navigator,  b.  in  Lis- 
l)on;  d.  in  1501.  In  1500,  by  appointment  of  the 
icing  of  Portugal,  he  left  the  mouth  of  the  Tagus 
witii  two  ships,  well  equipped  at  his  own  cost,  and 
went  as  far  as  the  regions  since  known  as  Canada. 
He  reached  60°  N.,  and  imposed  upon  many  places 
purely  Portuguese  names,  such  as  Labrador.  Se- 
bastian Cabot  had  visited  these  coasts  in  1497,  but 
did  not  land.  After  his  return  from  this  voyage, 
he  again  left  Lisbon  for  the  arctic  regions,  15  May, 
1501,  but  never  returned ;  and  an  expedition  sent 
by  King  Emanuel  in  1503  found  no  traces  of  him. 
In  this  last  voyage  he  carried  off  fifty-seven  na- 
tives, most  of  whom  were  lost  in  his  ship.  The 
other  ship  reached  Lisbon  in  October,  1501.  His 
father,  John  Vaz  Costa  Cortereal,  a  gentleman  of 
the  household  of  Alphonso  V.  of  Portugal,  is  said 
to  have  discovered  Newfoundland  about  1463. 

CORTES,  Hernan,  or  Hernando,  soldier,  b.  in 
Medellin,  province  of  Estremadura,  Spain,  in  1485 ; 
d.  near  Seville,  2  Dec,  1547.  His  parents,  Martin 
Cortes  and  Catalina  Pizarro  Altamirano,  were  both 
of  good  family,  but  in  reduced  circumstances.  He 
was  a  sickly  cliild,  and  at  the  age  of  fourteen  was 
sent  to  the  University  of  Salamanca,  but  returned 
home  two  years  later  without  leave.  He  then  de- 
termined upon  a  life  of  adventure,  and  arranged  to 
accompany  Nicolas  de  Ovando,  likewise  a  native  of 
Estremadura,  who  was  about  to  sail  for  Santo  Do- 
mingo to  supersede  Bobadilla  in  his  command.  An 
accident  that  happened  to  him  in  a  love  adventure 
detained  him  at  home,  and  the  expedition  sailed 
without  him.  He  then  sought  military  service  un- 
der the  celebrated  Gonzalo  de  Cordova,  but  on  his 
way  to  Italy  was  prostrated  by  sickness  in  Valencia, 
where  he  remained  for  a  year,  experiencing  great 
hardship  and  poverty.     Returning  to  Medellin,  he 


was  able  in  1504  to  sail  from  San  Lucar  for  Santo 
Domingo.  Ovando  received  him  cordially,  and  ha 
obtained  employment  under  Diego  Valasquez  in 
the  suppression  of  a  revolt,  on  the  termination  of 
which  he  was  assigned  the  control  of  a  large  num- 
ber of  Indians,  and  appointed  a  notary.  He  was 
at  this  time  remarkable  tor  a  graceful  physiog- 
nomy and  amiable 
manner  as  well  as 
for  skill  and  ad- 
dress in  military 
matters,  and  he 
held  successively 
various  important 
offices.  In  1511 
he  accompanied 
Diego  Velasquez, 
who  was  sent  out 
by  Diego  Colum- 
bus to  subdue  and 
colonize  Cuba. 
Later  he  held  the 
office  of  alcalde 
of  Santiago  in 
the  new  colony, 
and  meanwhile  he 
married  Catalina 
Juarez,  a  Spanish 
lady  who  had 
come  over  in  the  suite  of  Maria  de  Toledo,  the  vice- 
queen.  After  his  marriage  he  employed  himself  and 
his  Indians  in  getting  gold.  "  How  many  of  them 
died  in  extracting  this  gold  for  him,  God  will  have 
kept  a  better  account  than  I  haA^e,"  says  Las  Casas. 
Grijalva,  a  lieutenant  of  Velasquez,  had  just  dis- 
covered Mexico,  but  had  made  no  attempt  at  its 
settlement.  This  displeased  the  governor,  and  Cor- 
tes was  given  the  command  of  a  new  expedition 
about  to  start  for  the  conquest  of  the  newly  dis- 
covered province.  At  the  last  moment,  Velasquez 
appears  to  have  regretted  the  appointment,  possi- 
bly fearing  that  Cortes  would  carry  off  all  the 
glory  as  well  as  the  profit  of  the  enterprise,  and 
endeavored  to  recall  the  expedition;  but  Cortes 
hastened  his  preparations,  and  on  18  Nov.,  1518, 
left  Santiago  with  10  vessels,  550  Spaniards,  nearly 
300  Indians,  a  few  negroes,  10  brass  guns,  a  dozen 
horses,  and  some  falconets.  Collecting  stores  on 
his  way,  he  arrived  at  Trinidad,  and  later  at  Ha- 
vana, at  both  of  which  places  he  found  orders 
from  Velasquez  depriving  him  of  his  command; 
but  in  neither  place  could  they  be  enforced,  so, 
after  writing  a  letter  of  remonstrance  to  the  gov- 
ernor, he  sailed,  on  10  Feb.,  1519,  for  the  island  of 
Cozumel,  on  the  coast  of  Yucatan.  On  4  March  he 
first  landed  on  the  shores  of  Mexico,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Tabasco,  advancing  slowly  along  the  giilf. 
Sometimes  taking  measures  to  conciliate  the  na- 
tives and  sometimes  spreading  terror  by  arms,  he 
finally  reached  and  took  possession  of  the  city  of 
Tabasco.  The  noise  of  the  artillery,  the  appear- 
ance of  the  floating  fortresses  that  had  transported 
the  Spaniards  over  the  ocean,  and  the  horses  on 
which  they  fought,  all  new  objects  to  the  natives, 
inspired  them  with  astonishment,  terror,  and  ad- 
miration. At  San  Juan  de  Ulua,  Cortes  first 
learned  that  the  native  ruler  was  called  Monte- 
zuma ;  that  he  reigned  over  an  extensive  empire, 
which  had  lasted  for  three  centuries ;  that  thirty 
vassals  called  caciques  obeyed  him ;  and  that  his 
power  and  riches  were  very  great.  These  facts  in- 
duced him  to  midertake  the  conquest  of  the  em- 
pire. He  laid  the  foundation  of  the  town  of  Vera 
Cruz,  and  caused  himself  to  be  chosen  captain- 
general  of  the  new  colony,  then  burning  his  ships 


CORTES 


CORTES 


749 


so  as  to  make  retreat  impossible,  and  to  augment 
his  army  by  the  seamen,  and  taking  the  part  of 
several  native  tribes  against  the  tax-collectors  of 
Montezuma,  thus  gaining  allies,  he  set  out  for  the 
city  of  Mexico,  the  residence  and  capital  of  Mon- 
tezuma. The  republic  of  Tlascala,  a  province  be- 
tween the  coast  and  the  capital,  although  hostile 
to  Montezuma,  opposed  Cortes  with  its  forces. 
After  four  severe  battles,  in  each  of  which  he  de- 
feated large  numbers  of  Tlascalans,  he  entered  the 
capital  city  of  Tlascala  on  18  Sept.,  1519,  and,  dic- 
tating peace  on  moderate  terms,  converted  the  na- 
tives into  powerful  allies.  He  endeavored  to  per- 
suade the  Tlascalans  to  abjure  their  religion,  but  in 
vain,  although  he  succeeded  better  in  prevailing 
upon  them  to  own  themselves  vassals  of  the  king 
of  Spain.  After  a  stay  of  twenty  days  in  this  capi- 
tal he  pushed  on  toward  Mexico  by  Cholula,  ac- 
companied by  several  thousand  of  his  new  allies. 
An  attempt  was  made  to  check  his  advance  by  an 
ambuscade  prepared  by  the  Cholulans  at  the  in- 
stance of  the  Mexicans ;  but  this  he  escaped,  al- 
though not  until  after  he  had  taken  vengeance  on 
the  Cholulans.  He  then  continued  his  march,  and 
reached  the  city  of  Mexico  early  in  November,  at 
the  head  of  a  force  consisting  of  6,000  natives  and 
a  handful  of  Spaniards.  Ambassadors  from  Mon- 
tezuma had  met  Cortes  before  he  entered  Tlascala, 
and  he  was  now  received  with  great  ceremony  by 
the  Mexican  monarch.  The  natives,  believing  him 
to  be  a  descendant  of  the  sun,  prostrated  them- 
selves before  him,  and  he  was  assigned  quarters  in 
one  of  the  beautiful  palaces  of  this  magnificent 
city.  This  he  at  once  fortified  so  as  to  prevent 
surprise  or  capture,  and  was  considering  what 
plans  to  pursue  in  order  to  possess  the  wealth  of 
the  empire  when  he  was  informed  that  an  attack 
had  been  made  on  the  garrison  at  Vera  Cruz.  The 
importance  of  this  event  was  very  great,  for  hitherto 
the  Mexicans  had  believed  the  Spaniards  to  be  im- 
mortal, and  they  were  only  undeceived  by  the  re- 
ceipt of  the  head  of  one  of  the  soldiers.  Cortes 
conceived  and  executed  a  most  brilliant  and  daring 
project,  which,  being  successf  ul,doubtless  prevented 
the  massacre  of  the  entire  Spanish  force.  Accom- 
panied by  his  ofl&cers,  he  went  at  once  to  the  palace 
of  Montezuma,  and,  taking  him  prisoner,  threat- 
ened him  with  instant  death  if  he  in  any  way  ap- 
pealed to  his  people;  then,  having  captured  the 
Mexicans  who  had  participated  in  the  attack  on 
Vera  Cruz,  he  burned  them  alive  in  front  of  the 
imperial  palace.  Meanwhile  he  placed  Monte- 
zuma in  irons,  and  compelled  him  to  acknowledge 
himself  a  A^assal  of  Charles  V.  Caminatzin,  the 
bravest  of  Montezuma's  nephews,  was  likewise 
made  prisoner,  and,  with  many  of  the  nobles  of 
the  empire,  induced  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance 
to  the  king  of  Spain.  Soon  after  the  Mexican 
ruler  was  restored  to  a  semblance  of  liberty,  but 
not  until  he  presented  Cortes  with  600,000  marks 
of  pure  gold  and  a  large  quantity  of  precious 
stones.  Scarcely  had  he  accomplished  all  this 
when  he  received  intelligence  that  an  army  under 
Narvaez  had  been  sent  by  Velasquez  to  compel 
him  to  renounce  his  command.  Leaving  200  men 
in  Mexico  under  the  command  of  a  lieutenant 
whom  he  recommended  to  the  care  of  Montezuma 
as  a  vassal  of  Charles  V.,  he  marched  with  70  men, 
and,  after  being  joined  by  150  more,  whom  he  had 
left  at  Cholula,  captured  Narvaez,  who  had  en- 
camped near  the  city  of  the  Cempovallans  with  a 
force  of  900  men,  80  horses,  and  10  or  12  pieces  of 
artillery.  The  defeated  troops,  after  the  death  of 
their  leader,  readily  joined  the  army  of  Cortes  and 
returned  with  him  to  Mexico,  where  he  found  that 


the  people  had  risen  against  the  Spaniards.  Mon- 
tezuma, still  a  prisoner,  endeavored  to  pacify  his 
subjects,  but  was  attacked  by  the  mob  and  so  in- 
jured by  stones  that  he  died  in  a  few  days.  A  new 
emperor  was  chosen,  under  whose  leadership  they 
attacked  the  Spaniards  and  drove  them  out  of  the 
city.  Cortes's  rear-guard  was  cut  to  pieces,  and, 
after  a  harassing  retreat  of  six  days,  the  Mexicans 
offered  battle  on  the  plains  of  Otumba.  With  the 
advantages  offered  by  his  artillery  and  fire-arms, 
Cortes,  on  7  July,  1520,  gained  a  great  victory, 
which  decided  the  fate  of  Mexico.  The  celebrated 
noehe-triste  (or  "  unhappy  night ")  tree,  shown  in 
the  illustration,  is  in  the  village  of  Popotla,  near 
an  old  church  in  the  environs  of  Mexico.  Cortes 
is  said  to  have  sat  under  this  tree  lamenting  his 
misfortime  after  the  retreat  of  the  Spaniards  during 
the  night  of  the  evacuation.  The  tree  is  known 
by  the  Indians  as  the  "  ahuehuete,"  and  in  Spanish 
is  called  "  sabino."  It  is  a  species  of  cedar  and  is 
ten  feet  in  diameter  at  the  base,  about  forty  feet 
in  height,  and  surrounded  by  a  substantial  iron 
railing.  After  his  success,  Cortes  proceeded  to 
Tlascala,  where  he  collected  an  army  of  natives, 
and  again  marched  against  the  city  of  Mexico, 
which,  after  a 
gallant  defence 
of  seventy-seven 
days,  was  retaken 
on  13  Aug.,  1521. 
The  extent  of  his 
conquest,  due  en- 
tirely to  his  ge- 
nius, valor,  and 
profound  but  un- 
scrupulous poli- 
cy, caused  his  ir- 
regularities to  be 
forgiven  by  hib 
sovereign,  who, 
disregarding  the 
pretensions  of  Ve- 
lasquez, appoint- 
ed Cortes  govern- 
or and  captain- 
general  of  Mexi- 
co, also  confer- 
ring on  him  the 
marquisate  of 
Oajaca     with     a 

considerable  revenue.  His  course  of  conquest, 
however,  was  not  such  as  to  conciliate  the  natives  ; 
he  was  over-zealous  to  destroy  their  idols,  and 
anxious  to  convert  them  to  Christianity,  even 
using  force  for  this  purpose.  These  actions  so  em- 
bittered the  Mexicans  that,  reduced  to  despair, 
they  again  revolted,  but  in  vain.  The  arms,  valor, 
and  zeal  of  the  Spaniards  succeeded  everywhere. 
Guatimozin,  the  new  emperor,  a  man  of  much 
greater  force  than  Montezuma,  was,  with  a  num- 
ber of  the  caciques,  accused  of  conspiring  against 
the  conquerors,  and  was  publicly  executed  with 
circumstances  of  great  cruelty  by  Cortes.  Mean- 
while his  successes  produced  jealousies  in  Madrid, 
his  ambition  and  great  popularity  with  the  soldiers 
caused  him  to  be  feared,  and  commissioners  were 
sent  to  watch  his  conduct  and  thwart  his  proceed- 
ings. While  he  was  engaged  in  conquest,  his  prop- 
erty was  seized  and  his  retainers  imprisoned  and 
put  in  irons.  Indignant  at  such  treatment,  Cortes 
returned  to  Spain  to  appeal  to  the  justice  of  his 
master,  and  presented  himself  with  great  splendor 
before  the  court.  He  was  received  by  Charles 
with  every  distinction,  and  decorated  with  the  or- 
der of  Santiago.     Cortes  returned  to  Mexico  with 


750 


CORTHELL 


CORTINA 


new  titles  and  lionors,  but  with  diminished  power, 
a  viceroy  having  been  intrusted  with  the  adminis- 
tration of  civil  affairs,  although  Cortes  still  re- 
tained military  authority,  with  permission  to  con- 
tinue his  conquests.  This  division  of  power  led  to 
continual  dissension,  and  caused  the  failure  of  sev- 
eral enterprises  in  which  Cortes  was  engaged  ;  but 
in  1536  he  discovered  the  peninsula  of  California 
and  surveyed  part  of  the  gulf  that  separates  it 
from  Mexico.  Subsequently,  however,  tired  of 
struggling  with  unworthy  adversaries,  he  returned 
to  Europe,  hoping  to  confound,  his  enemies.  He 
was  coldly  received  by  Charles ;  but,  concealing  his 
feelings,  he  served  in  the  disastrous  expedition  to 
Algiers  in  1541.  During  this  unfortunate  cam- 
paign, which  was  his  last,  he  served  with  great 
bravery ;  and,  had  his  advice  been  heeded,  the  Span- 
ish arms  would  have  been  saved  from  disgrace,  and 
Europe  delivered  nearly  three  centuries  earlier 
from  the  scourge  of  organized  piracy.  On  his  re- 
turn he  was  utterly  neglected,  and  could  scarcely 
obtain  an  audience.  On  one  occasion  he  forced 
his  way  through  a  crowd  that  surrounded  the  em- 
peror's carriage,  and  mounted  on  the  doorstep. 
The  emperor,  astounded  at  such  audacity,  demand- 
ed of  him  who  he  was.  "  I  am  a  man,"  replied 
Cortes  proudly,  "  who  has  given  you  more  prov- 
inces than  your  ancestors  left  you  cities."  This 
declaration  of  services  could  scarcely  fail  to  offend 
the  proud  monarch,  and  Cortes  retired  to  Seville, 
where  he  passed  the  remainder  of  his  days  in  soli- 
tude. Five  letters  addressed  to  Charles  V.,  detail- 
ing his  conquests,  are  his  only  writings.  See  "  Let- 
ters and  Despatches  of  Cortes,"  translated  by 
George  Folsom  (New  York,  1848);  Prescott's  "  Con- 
quest of  Mexico  "  (Boston,  1843) ;  and  Sir  Arthur 
Helps's  "  Life  of  Hernando  Cortes  "  (London,  1871). 

CORTHELL,  Elmer  Lawrence,  engineer,  b. 
30  Sept.,  1840.  He  left  Brown  university  to  en- 
list for  three  years  at  the  beginning  of  the  civil 
war,  and  was  promoted  to  be  captain  of  artillery. 
Returning  to  the  university  after  his  discharge,  he 
was  graduated  in  1867,  then  studied  civil  engineer- 
ing with  S.  B.  Cushing,  of  Providence,  and  went 
to  Illinois  as  assistant  engineer  in  the  construc- 
tion of  the  Hannibal  and  Naples  railroad  in  1868. 
He  was  chief  engineer  of  the  Sny  Island  levee  in 
1871,  became  chief  assistant  engineer  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi jetties  in  1874,  chief  engineer  in  the  con- 
struction of  the  New  York,  West  Shore,  and  Buf- 
falo railroad  in  1881,  and  in  1883  was  appointed 
chief  engineer  of  the  Tehuantepec  ship-railway. 
He  has  published  a  "  History  of  the  Jetties  at  tlie 
Mouth  of  the  Mississippi  River  "  (New  York,  1881). 

CORTINA,  Jos§  M.  Justo  Gomez  de  La  (cor- 
tee'-nah).  Count  de  la  Cortina,  Mexican  scholar,  b. 
in  the  city  of  Mexico,  9  Aug.,  1799 ;  d.  there,  6 
Jan.,  1860.  He  was  the  son  of  noble  parents,  from 
whom  he  inherited  his  title.  At  the  age  of  fifteen 
he  was  sent  to  Madrid  to  finish  his  education,  af- 
terward studied  at  the  Academy  of  Alcala  de  He- 
nares,  won  in  competition  the  professorship  of  mili- 
tary geography,  and  became  an  officer  of  engineers. 
Still  later  he  entered  the  diplomatic  service.  The 
most  distinguished  scholars  of  Spain  met  at  his 
house  in  Madrid,  and  he  was  in  correspondence 
with  philologists,  historians,  critics,  and  poets  of 
France,  Germany,  and  Austria.  Cortina  returned 
to  his  country  in  1832,  worked  hard  to  promote 
literary  education  in  Mexico,  and  sooii  had  great 
influence  in  politics ;  but  this  caused  his  expulsion 
from  Mexico  in  June,  1833,  and  he  was  absent  un- 
til Gen.  Santa  Anna  recalled  him  in  the  following- 
year.  He  afterward  filled  many  public  offices,  in- 
cluding those  of  minister  of  finance,  president  of 


the  board  of  finance,  colonel  of  the  grenadiers 
corps,  member  of  the  board  of  notables  that  laid 
the  bases  for  the  organization  of  the  republic,  sena- 
tor and  chief  officer  of  the  war  department,  and 
governor  of  the  district  of  Mexico.  He  established 
several  periodicals,  was  a  constant  contributor  to 
many  others,  published  more  than  twenty  works, 
and  left  fifty-four  manuscripts  on  various  subjects. 
Among  his  printed  books  are  "  Cartilla  historial  " ; 
"  Cartilla  social  "  (1833) ;  "  Diecionario  de  sinoni- 
mos  castellanos  "  (1845) ;  "  Leonor,"  a  novel  (1845) ; 
"  Euclea  6  la  Griega  de  Trieste,"  a  novel  (1845) ; 
"  Diecionario  manual  de  voces  tecnicas  castella- 
nas,  en  bellas  artes  "  (1848) ;  "  Los  enviados  diplo- 
maticos ;  sus  atribuciones  y  derechos  "  (1854) ;  and 
"  Prontuario  diplomatico  y  consular  "  (1856).  Of 
his  manuscripts,  the  "  Diecionario  diplomatico," 
"  Gramatica  castellana,"  "  Diecionario  de  voces  an- 
tiguas,"  "  Use  de  las  preposiciones  de  la  lengua 
castellana,"  "  Nomenclatura  cientifica  de  plantas  y 
de  animales  de  la  Republica  mejicana,"  "  Tratado 
de  la  nobleza  espafiola,"  "  Diecionario  militar  an- 
tiguo,"  "  Vocabulario  de  voces  poeticas,"  "  Die- 
cionario seismologico,"  and  the  poems  entitled  "  La 
Mariposa  "  and  "  El  Clasico  y  el  Romantico,"  de- 
serve special  mention.  Cortina's  library,  which 
included  many  rare  books  and  manuscripts,  was 
sold  in  Paris.  He  also  left  a  rich  numismatic  col- 
lection, which  he  presented  to  the  National  museum 
in  the  city  of  Mexico. 

CORTINA,  Juan  Nepomuceno  (cor-tee'-nah), 
Mexican  soldier,  b.  in  La  Higuera,  near  Matamo- 
ros,  Tamaulipas,  15  June,  1830.  He  began  life  as 
a  farm  laborer.  When  the  American  troops  en- 
tered Mexico  in  1846  he  organized  a  band  of  cow- 
boys for  guerilla  warfare.  This  band  was  after- 
ward incorporated  in  the  Mexican  army  and  took 
part  in  the  battles  of  Palo  Alto  and  Angostura, 
where  Cortina  was  dangerously  wounded.  At  the 
close  of  the  war  he  had  the  rank  of  captain,  but 
was  not  permitted  to  enter  the  regular  army,  and 
became  a  smuggler.  On  one  occasion  he  had 
promised  certain  Texan  dealers  to  smuggle  a  lai'ge 
cargo  of  goods  into  Matamoros,  and,  as  the  Mexi- 
can authorities  were  making  preparations  to  pre- 
vent it,  he  entered  Matamoros  alone,  took  away 
with  him  the  custom-house  collector,  and  forced 
him  to  escort  the  cargo  into  Matamoros.  In  1856, 
while  assisting  the  liberal  revolutionists,  he  entered 
the  town  of  Burgos  and  shot  the  mayor  and  other 
officers.  Even  some  members  of  his  own  party 
asked  in  congress  that  Cortina  and  others  should 
be  sentenced  to  death  in  1857.  He  was  now  a  gen- 
eral, and  sided  with  Comonfort,  but  was  attacked 
and  defeated  by  Gen.  Hinojosa  near  Cerralbo,  and 
took  refuge  iii  United  States  territory,  where 
he  remained  until  1859.  He  then  served  under 
Gen.  Vidaurri,  but  would  not  submit  to  mili- 
tary discipline.  He  and  Canales  governed  in  the 
frontier,  appointing  and  discharging  military  or 
civil  authorities  at  will,  burning  settlements,  and 
committing  other  depredations,  until  1863.  Cor- 
tina remained  faithful  to  the  republican  party  dur- 
ing the  first  year  of  the  French  invasion,  joined 
Vidaurri  to  defend  Maximilian  in  1864,  refused  to 
go  to  the  city  of  Mexico  when  called  there  in  1865, 
and  again  sided  with  the  republicans  in  1867. 
President  Juarez  appointed  him  in  1869  federal 
chief  of  Tamaulipas ;  but  he  revolted  in  1874  in 
favor  of  the  Plan  de  Tuxtepec,  and  gave  shelter  to 
Gen.  Diaz,  then  a  fugitive,  to  whom  he  offered 
money  and  soldiers.  After  the  revolution  was 
ended  in  1876,  Diaz  ordered  Gen.  Canales  to  cap- 
ture and  shoot  Cortina ;  but  Canales  only  arrested 
him  and  took  him  to  the  city  of  Mexico,  early  in 


CORUJA 


COSBY 


751 


1877,  where  he  has  been  kept  ever  since  in  the 
military  prison  of  Santiago  Tlaltelolco,  without 
Ijeing  tried  or  sentenced. 

CORUJA,  Antonio  Alvares  Pereii'a  (co-roo- 
ha),  Brazilian  scholar,  b.  in  Porto  Alegre,  Rio 
Grande  do  Sul,  31  Aug.,  1806.  After  finishing  his 
studies,  he  devoted  himself  to  teaching  Portuguese 
and  philosoph}^,  but,  being  elected  a  member  of 
the  provincial  deputation  in  1886,  took  part  in  the 
political  struggles  of  that  time,  sufliered  persecu- 
tion, gave  up  polities,  and  established  a  college  in 
Rio  Janeiro.  He  was  noted  for  his  educational 
work,  and  received  several  decorations.  Most  of 
his  works  are  text-books  of  Portuguese  and  Latin 
grammar,  arithmetic,  history  of  Brazil,  orthogra- 
phy and  provincial  words.  He  has  also  written 
largely  for  periodicals. 

CORWIN,  Thomas,  statesman,  b.  in  Bourbon 
county,  Ky.,  29  July,  1794 ;  d.  in  Washington,  D. 
C,  18  Dec,  1865.  In  1798  his  father,  Matthias,  re- 
moved to  what  is  now  Lebanon,  Ohio,  and  for 
many  years  represented  his  district  in  the  legisla- 
ture. The  son  worked  on  the  home  farm  till  he 
was  about  twenty  years  old,  and  enjoyed  very 
slender  educational  advantages,   but  began    the 

study  of  law  in 
1815,  and  was 
admitted  to  the 
bar  in  May,  1818. 
His  ability  and 
eloquence  as  an 
advocate  soon 
gained  him  an 
extensive  prac- 
tice. He  was 
first  chosen  to 
the  legislature 
of  Ohio  in  1822, 
serving  seven 
years,  and  was 
chosen  to  con- 
gress in  1830, 
from  the  Miami 
district  as  a 
whig,  of  which 
party  he  was 
an  enthusiastic 
member.  His 
wit  and  eloquence  made  him  a  prominent  member 
of  the  house  of  representatives,  to  which  he  was 
re-elected  by  the  strong  whig  constituency  that 
he  represented  for  each  successive  term  till  1840, 
when  he  resigned  to  become  the  whig  candidate 
for  governor  of  Ohio,  and  canvassed  the  state 
with  Gen.  Harrison,  addressing  large  gatherings 
in  most  of  the  counties.  He  was  unsurpassed  as 
an  orator  on  the  political  platform  or  before  a  jury. 
At  the  election  he  was  chosen  by  16,000  majority. 
Gen.  Harrison  receiving  over  23,000  in  the  presi- 
dential election  that  soon  followed.  Two  years 
later,  Gov.  Corwin  was  defeated  for  governor  by 
Wilson  Shannon,  whom  he  had  so  heavily  beaten 
in  1840.  In  1844  the  Whigs  again  carried  the 
state,  giving  its  electoral  vote  to  Mr.  Clay,  and  send- 
ing Mr.  Corwin  to  the  U.  S.  senate,  where  he  made 
in  1847  a  notable  speech  against  the  war  in  Mexi- 
co. He  served  in  the  senate  until  Mr.  Fillmore's 
accession  to  the  presidency  in  July,  1850,  when  he 
was  called  to  the  head  of  the  treasury.  After  the 
expiration  of  Mr.  Fillmore's  term  he  returned  to 
private  life  and  the  practice  of  law  at  Lebanon, 
Ohio.  In  1858  he  was  returned  once  more  a  repre- 
sentative in  congress  by  an  overwhelming  majority, 
and  was  re-elected  with  but  slight  opposition  in 
1860.     On  Mr.  Lincoln's  accession  to  the  presi- 


dency he  was  appointed  minister  to  Mexico,  where 
he  remained  until  the  arrival  of  Maximilian,  when 
he  came  home  on  leave  of  absence,  and  did  not  re- 
turn, remaining  in  Washington  and  practising  law, 
but  taking  a  warm  interest  in  public  affairs,  and 
earnestly  co-operating  in  every  effort  to  restore 
peace.  His  style  of  oratory  was  captivating,  and 
his  genial  and  kindly  nature  made  him  a  univer- 
sal favorite.  His  intemperate  speech  against  the 
Mexican  war  hindered  his  further  political  ad- 
vancement. He  was  a  faithful  public  servant,  led 
a  busy  life,  lived  frugally,  and,  although  he  had 
been  secretary  of  the  U.  S.  treasury,  failed  to  se- 
cure a  competency  for  his  family.  See  the  "  Life 
and  Speeches  "  of  Thomas  Corwin,  edited  by  Isaac 
Strohn  (Dayton.  1859).— His  brother,  Moses  B.,  b. 
in  Bourljon  county,  Ky.,  5  Jan.,  1790 ;  d.  in  Urbana, 
Ohio,  7  April,  1872,  received  a  co.iimon-sehool  edu- 
cation, studied  law,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1812,  and  practised  at  Urbana.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  legislature  in  1838-9,  and  was  elected  as  a 
whig  to  congress  in  1848,  against  his  son,  John 
A.,  who  was  nominated  as  a  Democrat.  He  was 
again  elected  in  1854. 

CORWINE,  Amos  Breckinridge,  journalist, 
b.  in  Maysville,  Ky.,  in  1815 ;  d.  in  New  Rochelle, 
Ohio,  22  Jime,  1880.  His  early  years  were  spent 
on  his  fathers  .plantation  in  Mississippi.  He  pub- 
lished the  Yazoo  "  Banner "  from  1840  to  1844. 
He  served  during  the  Mexican  war,  being  a  lieu- 
tena^nt  in  the  Mississippi  regiment  commanded  by 
Jefl'erson  Davis,  and  was  severely  wounded  at 
Buena  Vista.  After  that  war,  in  partnership  wi*"h 
his  brother  Samuel,  he  edited  the  Cincinnati 
"  Chronicle."  During  the  administrations  of  Presi- 
dents Tyler  and  Fillmore  he  was  U.  S.  consul  at 
Panama.  In  1856  he  was  sent  by  President  Pierce 
to  investigate  the  Panama  massacres,  and  on  his 
report  were  based  the  treaty  and  adjustment  of 
damages  between  the  L^nited  States  and  New  Gra- 
nada. He  was  re-appointed  consul,  and  remained 
in  Panama  until  1861,  when  he  was  removed. 

COSA,  J  nan  de  la,  Spanish  navigator,  b.  in  the 
latter  part  of  the  15th  century;  d.  in  1509.  He 
accompanied  Columbus,  as  pilot,  in  his  second 
voyage.  Having  become  noted  for  his  great  abili- 
ty and  vast  knowledge  as  a  navigator,  he  was  in- 
trusted with  the  command  of  three  expeditions  to 
the  coasts  and  territories  of  Darien,  and  on  re- 
turning to  Spain  was  rewarded  for  his  discov- 
eries with  special  honors  and  the  title  of  alguacil 
mayor  of  those  regions  explored  by  him.  In  1509 
he  accompanied  Ojeda  in  another  expedition  to  the 
same  country,  and  the  explorers  landed,  against  his 
advice,  at  the  place  where  the  city  of  Cartagena 
is  now.  When  Ojeda  had  gone  some  distance  into 
the  countiy,  he  and  his  men  were  attacked  and 
surrounded  by  many  thousands  of  Indians.  De  la 
Cosa  went  at  once  to  his  aid,  fought  with  astonish- 
ing braveiy,  resisted  desperately  against  the  con- 
tinuous attacks  of  numberless  Indians,  and,  after 
three  hundred  of  his  companions  had  perished  in 
the  battle,  he  also  fell  under  the  poisoned  arrows 
of  the  enemy.  A  few  days  afterward  Ojeda  found 
the  body  of  his  heroic  friend  hanging  from  a  tree. 

COSBY,  William,  governor  of  New  York,  b. 
about  1695;  d.  in  New  York  city,  10  March,  1736. 
After  serving  as  a  colonel  in  the  army,  and  being 
governor  of  Minorca  and  of  the  Leeward  islands, 
he  became  governor  of  New  York  in  1731,  and 
held  the  ofiice  till  his  death.  His  administi-atiou 
was  turbulent  and  unpopular.  He  appointed  James 
De  Lancey  his  successor,  held  in  contempt  the  elec- 
tive franchise,  and  continued  the  same  assembly 
six  years,  without  permitting  its  dissolution. 


752 


COSGROYE 


COTTON 


COSGROVE,  Henry,  R.  C.  bishop,  b.  in  Wil- 
liamsport,  Pa.,  in  IH'Si.  He  removed  witti  liis  pai'- 
ents  to  Dubuque  when  eleven  years  old.  He  was 
ordained  in  1857,  and  appointed  assistant  pastor  of 
St.  Mary's,  Davenport.  He  became  pastor  in  1862, 
and  shortly  afterward  erected  a  church  and  school. 
He  was  appointed  vicar-general  of  the  diocese  in 
1883.  On  the  death  of  Bishop  McMullen  he  was 
selected  as  administrator;  and  in  1884  was  pro- 
posed to  the  holy  see  as  his  successor  in  the  bish- 
opric of  Davenport.  Dr.  Cosgrove  is  the  first  na- 
tive of  the  United  States  that  has  been  appointed 
bishop  west  of  the  Mississippi. 

COSSETT,  Fraiiceway  Kainia,  clergyman,  b.  in 
Claremont,  N.  H.,  24  April,  179U ;  d.  in  Lebanon, 
Tenn.,  3  July,  1863.  He  was  graduated  at  Middle- 
bury  in  1813,  and,  after  teaching  school  for  several 
years,  studied  theology,  intending  to  take  orders 
in  the  Protestant  Episcopal  church.  Going  to 
Tennessee,  he  became  interested  in  the  Cumber- 
land Presbyterians,  and  was  ordained  by  Anderson 
presbytery  in  1822.  He  was  first  president  of 
Cumberland  college,  Princeton,  Ky.,  in  1825-'42, 
and  of  Cumberland  university,  Lebanon,  Tenn.,  till 
1847.  Middlebury  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.  D.  in 
1839.  Dr.  Cossett  was  the  founder  of  the  Nash- 
ville "  Banner  of  Peace,"  and  edited  it  from  1839 
till  1850.  Ho  published  "  Life  and  Times  of  Ew- 
ing,"'  containing  a  history  of  the  early  years  of  the 
Cumberland  Presbyterian  church. 

COSTKxAN,  John,  Canadian  statesman,  b.  in 
St.  Nicholas,  province  of  Quebec,  1  E'eb.,  1835.  He 
was  graduated  at  St.  Ann's  college,  went  to  New 
Brunswick,  and,  after  engaging  in  various  pursuits, 
was  appointed  a  judge  of  the  superior  court  of 
common  pleas.  In  1861  he  was  elected  for  Vic- 
toria county,  and  sat  in  the  New  Brunswick  assem- 
bly till  1866.  He  was  returned  for  the  same  county 
at  the  general  election  that  followed  confederation 
in  1867,  and  has  represented  it  ever  since  in  the 
Dominion  house  of  commons.  On  23  May,  1882, 
lie  was  sworn  of  the  privy  council,  and  became  min- 
ister of  inland  revenue,  a  portfolio  which  he  still 
retains.  To  his  efiiorts  in  parliament  the  Roman 
Catholics  of  New  Brunswick  are  largely  indebted 
for  now  possessing  separate  schools,  on  a  similar 
basis  to  that  prevailing  in  Ontario  and  Quebec. 
In  1882  he  submitted  in  parliament  the  famous 
"  Costigan  Irish  resolutions,"  praying  the  British 
government  to  grant  home  rule  to  Ireland  on  the 
colonial  plan  of  self-government.  The  resolution 
was  adopted  by  the  Canada  house  of  commons. 

COTABANAMA  (co-tah-ban-nah'-mah),  Indian 
cacique,  the  last  of  the  five  kings  of  Hayti,  d.  in 
1504.  He  ruled  in  the  district  of  Higuey.  Cota- 
banama  made  war  against  the  Spaniards,  who  had 
taken  possession  of  the  island,  but  at  last  was  de- 
feated by  Juan  de  Esquibel,  Ovando's  lieutenant, 
and  taken  to  Santo  Domingo  to  be  executed.  His 
death  was  followed  by  the  surrender  and  submis- 
sion of  the  people  that  had  been  under  his  rule. 

COTTINEAU,  Denis  Nicholas,  naval  officer, 
b.  in  Nantes,  Prance,  in  1746 ;  d.  in  Savannah,  Ga., 
29  Nov.,  1808.  He  was  formerly  a  lieutenant  in 
the  French  navy.  He  commanded  the  "  Pallas  " 
in  the  battle  of  Paul  Jones  with  the  British  squad- 
ron under  Sir  Richard  Pearson.  James  Fenimore 
Cooper,  in  his  "  History  of  the  Navy  of  the  United 
States,"  says  that  Jones  appears  to  have  had  much 
respect  for  Cottineau's  judgment,  and  abandoned 
a  difficult  and  daring  enterprise,  whose  nature  is 
not  known,  at  his  advice. 

COTTING,  John  Rugbies,  scientist,  b.  in  Ac- 
ton, Mass.,  in  1783;  d.  in  Milledgeville,  Ga.,  13 
Oct.,  1867.     He  was  educated  at  Harvard  and  at 


Dartmouth  medical  school,  and  was  ordained  as  a 
Congregational  minister  about  1810,  He  then  de- 
voted himself  to  the  study  of  chemistry  and  the 
allied  sciences,  and  during  the  war  of  1812  was  em- 
ployed by  a  Boston  firm  to  manufacture  chemical 
compounds  never  before  made  in  this  country. 
After  holding  several  professorships  of  chemistry, 
he  removed,  in  1835,  to  Augusta,  Ga.,  having  been 
induced  by  cotton-planters  of  that  state  to  make 
an  agricultural  and  geological  survey  of  Burke 
and  Richland  counties.  His  report,  published  in 
1836,  contains  valuable  analyses  of  cotton  lands 
and  a  table  of  fifty-seven  genera  of  fossils.  He  af- 
terward entered  on  a  similar  survey  of  the  whole 
state,  but  it  was  suspended  in  1837  from  lack  of 
financial  support,  and  the  fine  collection  of  plants, 
minerals,  and  fossils  that  he  had  made  were  dis- 
tributed among  various  colleges.  The  maps  of  the 
survey  were  finely  executed,  and  the  emperor  of 
Russia  requested  copies  for  the  Royal  library  at  St. 
Petersburg.  Dr.  Cotting  published  an  "  Introduc- 
tion to  Chemistry,"  used  for  several  years  at  Har- 
vard (Boston,  1822),  "  Synopsis  of  Lectures  on 
Geology  "  (Trenton,  N.  J.,  1825),  and  a  work  on 
"  Soils  and  Manures." 

COTTON,  John,  clergyman,  b.  in  Derby,  Eng- 
land, 4  Dec,  1585 ;  d.  in  Boston,  Mass.,  23  Dec, 
1652.  His  father  was  Roland  Cotton,  a  lawyer. 
John  entered  Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  when 
only  thirteen  years  old,  and  afterward  removed  to 
Emmanuel  college,  where  he  obtained  a  fellowship. 
Pie  soon  became  head  lecturer,  dean,  and  then 
catechist,  and  gained  a  high  reputation  for  learn- 
ing and  brilliancy.  While  connected  with  the  col- 
lege he  imbibed  Puritan  opinions,  and  about  1612 
became  minister  at  Boston,  in  Lincolnshire.  While 
here  he  was  convinced  that  many  of  the  ceremonies 
of  the  established  church  were  unscriptural,  and 
was  suspended  for  some  time  by  his  bishop  for  re- 
fusing to  conform  to  them ;  but,  as  the  majority  of 
his  people  were  with  him,  he  was  restored,  and 
kept  his  place  for  more  than  twenty  years,  educat- 
ing many  young  men  for  the  ministry,  and  effect- 
ing a  general  reformation  in  the  town  by  his  labors. 
After  Bishop  Laud  obtained  control  of  the  church, 
dissensions  arose  among  Mr.  Cotton's  parishionei's, 
and,  hearing  that  he  was  to  be  summoned  before 
the  high  commission  court,  he  fled  to  London, 
where  he  remained  some  time  in  concealment,  and 
then  embarked  for  Boston,  in  New  England,  where 
he  arrived  on  3  Sept.,  1633.  Within  a  fortnight 
after  his  arrival  he  was  chosen  by  the  magistrates 
to  be  a  teacher  in  the  first  church,  in  Boston,  of 
which  John  Wilson  was  pastor.  He  retained  his 
connection  with  this  church  till  his  death.  When 
the  noted  Anne  Hutchinson  began  to  propagate 
her  Antinomian  doctrines,  Mr.  Cotton  for  a  time 
gave  her  countenance,  but  soon  opposed  her,  find- 
ing that  he  had  been  led  away  by  false  represen- 
tations. In  1642  he  was  invited,  together  with 
Hooker  and  Davenport,  to  assist  at  the  celebrated 
assembly  of  divines  in  Westminster,  but  was  dis- 
suaded from  accepting  by  Hooker,  who  wished  to 
form  for  himself  a  system  of  church  government 
for  New  England.  His  death  was  the  result  of  ex- 
posure in  crossing  the  ferry  to  Cambridge,  when  on 
his  way  to  preach.  Mr.  Cotton  had  a  reputation 
for  profound  learning.  He  was  accustomed  to 
study  twelve  hours  a  day,  and  loved,  as  he  said, 
"  to  sweeten  his  mouth  with  a  piece  of  Calvin  "  be- 
fore going  to  sleep.  He  was  a  critic  in  Greek, 
wrote  Latin  with  elegance,  and  could  discourse  in 
Hebrew.  His  pulpit  oratory  was  distinguished  by 
simplicity.  Notwithstanding  his  own  experience 
in  England,  he  was  extreme  in  his  views  as  to  the 


COUCH 


COUDIN 


763 


power  of  the  civil  authority  in  religious  matters, 
and  carried  on  a  famous  controversy  on  the  sub- 
ject with  Roger  Williams.  Mr.  Cotton  introduced 
into  New  England  the  custom  of  keeping  the  Sab- 
bath, from  evening  to  evening.  A  tablet  to  his 
memory,  with  a  Latin  inscription  by  Edward  Ever- 
ett, was  erected  in  1857  in  St.  Botolph's  church, 
Boston,  England,  chiefly  by  contributions  from  his 
descendants  in  Boston,  Mass.  Cotton  was  a  volu- 
minous writer,  being  the  author  of  nearly  fifty 
books,  all  of  which  were  sent  to  London  for  pub- 
lication. Soon  after  reaching  New  England  he 
drew  up,  by  request  of  the  general  court,  an  ab- 
stract of  the  laws  of  Moses  for  use  in  the  colony. 
This  was  published,  though  not  adopted;  but  "a 
revision  of  the  abstract,  supposed  to  be  the  joint 
work  of  Cotton  and  Sir  Henry  Vane,  was  adopted 
and  printed  (London,  1641),  Of  his  other  works, 
some  of  the  most  important  are  "  Set  Forms  of 
Prayer"  (1042);  "The  Keys  of  the  Kingdom  of 
Heaven,  and  the  Power  Thereof,"  giving  his  theo- 
cratic ideas  of  government  (1644) ;  "  The  Bloody 
Tenent  Washed  and  made  White  in  the  Blood  of 
the  Lamb,"  one  of  his  letters  to  Roger  Williams, 
who  had  charged  him  with  holding  a  '•  bloody 
tenent  of  persecution"  (1647);  and  the  famous 
catechism  whose  full  title  reads,  "  Milk  for  Babes, 
drawn  out  of  the  Breasts  of  both  Testaments, 
chiefly  for  tlie  Spiritual  Nourishment  of  Boston 
Babes  in  either  England,  but  may  be  of  use  for 
any  Children  "  (London,  1046).  Two  of  his  tracts 
relating  to  Roger  Williams,  edited  by  Reuben  A. 
Guild,  were  published  by  the  Narragansett  club 
(1800).  See  Mather's  "  Magnalia "  and  Norton's 
"Life  and  Death  of  Mr.  John  Cotton"  (London, 
1648 ;  new  ed.,  with  notes  by  Prof.  Enoch  Pond, 
Boston,  1834). — His  son.  Seaborn,  b.  at  sea  in 
August,  1633 ;  d.  19  April,  1080,  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1651,  and  was  minister  at  Hamjaton, 
N.  H.,  from  1660  till  his  death.— Another  son, 
John,  b.  in  Boston,  13  March,  1640 ;  d.  in  Charles- 
ton, S.  C,  18  Sept,  1699,  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
in  1657.  He  was  minister  for  thirty  years  in  Plym- 
outh, Mass.,  and  afterward  in  Charleston,  S.  C. 
He  was  eminent  for  his  acquaintance  with  the 
Lidian  language,  frequently  preached  to  the  abo- 
rigines at  Martha's  Vineyard  and  Plymouth,  and 
revised  and  corrected  the  whole  of  Eliot's  Indian 
Bible  (Cambridge,  1685). — Josiah,  son  of  the  second 
John,  b.  8  Jan.,  1680;  d.  19  Aug.,  1756,  was  gradu- 
ated at  Harvard  in  1698.  He  studied  theology, 
taught  in  Marblehead  and  Plymouth,  and,  though 
not  ordained  over  any  church,  preached  occasion- 
ally for  several  years.  He  also  gave  his  attention 
to  agriculture,  having  a  good  farm  in  Plymouth. 
Having  acquired  considerable  knowledge  of  the 
Indian  language,  he  visited  various  tribes  in  Plym- 
outh colony  as  a  missionary  during  nearly  forty 
years,  receiving  a  salary  of  £20  from  the  commis- 
sioners for  propagating  the  gospel.  He  was  also 
clerk  of  the  county  court,  and  register  of  probate. 
He  prepared  a  vocabulaiy  of  the  language  of  the 
Massachusetts  Indians  ("  Massachusetts  Historical 
Collections,"  vol.  ii..  3d  series). 

COUCH,  Darins  Nash,  soldier,  b.  in  South  East, 
N.  Y.,  23  July,  1822 ;  d.  in  Norwalk,  Conn.,  12  Feb., 
1897.  He  was  graduated  at  the  U.  S.  military 
academy,  and  assigned  to  the  artillery,  with  which 
he  served  in  the  Mexican  war,  gaining  the  brevet  of 
first  lieutenant,  23  Feb.,  1847,  for  gallant  conduct 
at  Buena  Vista.  He  received  his  full  commission 
on  4  Dec,  served  against  the  Seminoles  in  1849-'50, 
and  in  1853,  when  on  leave  of  absence,  made  an 
exploring  expedition  into  Mexico,  which  is  thus 
mentioned  in  the  U.  S.  senate  reports  of  "  Explora-  | 


tions  and  Surveys  for  a  Railroad  from  the  Missis- 
sippi River  to  the  Pacific  Ocean  "  (1853-'6),  vol.  ix. : 
"  Should  there  be  two  species,  and  the  smaller  not 
named,  I  shall  propose  to  call  it  C.  Coucliii,  in 
honor  of  its  indefatigable  discoverer,  Lieut.  D.  M. 
Couch,  who,  at  his  own  risk  and  cost,  undertook  a 
journey  into  northern  Mexico,  when  the  country 
was  swarming  with  bands  of  marauders,  and  made 
large  collections  in  all  branches  of  zoology,  which 
have  furnished  a  great  amount  of  information  re- 
specting the  natural  history  of  our  borders,  and 
the  geographical  distribution  of  vertebrata  gener- 
ally." Lieut.  Couch  wrote  an  account  of  his  expe- 
dition, entitled  "  Notes  of  Travel,"  but  it  is  still  in 
manuscript.  He  resigned  on  30  April,  1855,  was  a 
merchant  in  New  York  city  in  1855-'7,  and  en- 
gaged in  manufacturing  at  Norton,  Mass.,  from 
1858  till  15  June,  1861,  when  he  became  colonel  of 
the  7th  Massachusetts  volunteers.  He  was  made 
brigadier-general  of  volunteers  in  August,  his  com- 
mission dating  from  17  May,  and  on  the  reorgani- 
zation of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  was  assigned 
a  division  in  Gen.  Keyes's  corps,  with  which  he 
distinguished  himself  at  Fair  Oaks,  Williamsburg, 
and  Malvern  Hill.  He  was  promoted  to  major- 
general  on  4  July,  1862,  commanded  a  division  in 
the  retreat  from  Manassas  to  Washington,  30 
Aug.  to  2  Sept.,  and  took  part  in  the  battle  of 
Antietam  in  Franklin's  corps.  He  was  soon  after- 
ward in  command  of  the  2d  army  corjDS,  and  took 
a  prominent  part  in  Burnside's  operations  at 
Fredericksburg,  and  Hooker's  at  Chancellorsville. 
From  11  June,  1863,  till  1  Dec,  1864,  he  command- 
ed the  Department  of  the  Susquehanna,  and  was 
engaged  in  organizing  Pennsylvania  militia  to  re- 
sist Lee's  invasion  of  July,  1863.  He  was  at  the 
head  of  the  2d  division  of  the  23d  army  corps 
from  December,  1864,  till  May,  1865,  was  at  the 
battle  of  Nashville,  and  took  part  in  the  opera- 
tions in  North  Carolina,  in  February,  1865,  to  ef- 
fect a  junction  with  Schofield,  He  resigned  on  26 
May,  1865,  and  was  the  unsuccessful  democratic 
candidate  for  governor  of  Massachusetts.  He  was 
collector  of  the  port  of  Boston  from  1  Oct.,  1866, 
till  4  March,  1807,  when  the  failure  of  the  senate 
to  confirm  his  appointment  forced  him  to  vacate 
the  office.  He  became  president  of  a  Virginia 
mining  and  manufacturing  company  in  1807,  but 
subsequently  removed  to  Norwalk,  Conn.,  was 
quartermaster-general  of  the  state  of  Connecticut 
in  1877-'8.  and  adjutant-general  in  1883-'4. 

COUDIN,  Robert,  soldier,  b.  in  Jamaica,  Vt., 
18  Sept.,  1805 ;  d.  in  Boston,  Mass.,  9  July,  1874, 
His  grandfather,  Thomas  Coudin,  held  a  military 
commission  imder  George  II.  Robert  was  edu- 
cated in  his  native  town,  and  in  1825  came  to  Bos- 
ton, where  he  engaged  in  the  lumber  business. 
Before  the  civil  war  he  was  colonel  of  the  old  2d 
Massachusetts  militia  regiment.  He  was  commis- 
sioned colonel  of  the  1st  Massachusetts  volunteers 
on  25  May,  1861,  and  left  for  the  seat  of  war  on  15 
June.  His  was  the  first  regiment  that  volunteered 
"  for  three  years  or  the  war."  Among  the  battles 
in  which  Col.  Coudin  took  part  were  Bull  Run, 
Williamsburg,  Fair  Oaks,  Glendale,  Malvern  Hill, 
and  Chantilly.  At  the  battle  of  Bull  Run,  his 
horse  being  shot  under  him,  he  marched  at  the 
head  of  his  men,  loading  and  firing  with  them. 
For  bravery  at  Williamsburg  he  was  recommended 
for  promotion  by  Gen.  Hooker,  and  received  his 
brigadier-general's  commission  on  26  Sept.,  1862. 
His  appointment  expired  on  4  March,  1803.  At 
the  close  of  the  war  he  became  captain  of  the 
"  Ancient  and  honorable  artillery  company "  of 
Boston,  and  vvas  director  of  various  public  insti- 


754 


COUES 


COURSOL 


tutions.— Ilis  son,  Rol)ert  Jackson,  b.  in  Boston, 
21  May,  1839 ;  d.  in  1864,  entered  the  army  as  a 
private  in  his  father's  regiment.  He  rose  by 
bravery  on  the  battle-field  to  be  captain  in  the 
56th  Massachusetts  regiment,  and  was  probably 
killed  in  the  battle  of  Cold  Harbor,  3  June,  1864, 
as  he  was  never  heard  fi-om  after  that  day. 

COUES,  Elliott  (cows),  naturalist,  b.  in  Ports- 
mouth, N.  H.,  9  Sept.,  1843 ;  d.  in  Baltimore,  25 
Dec,  1899.  He  was  graduated  at  Columbian  uni- 
versity in  1861,  and  later  received  from  that  institu- 
tion the  degrees  of  A.  M.,  M,  D.,  and  Ph.  D.  In 
1862  he  entered  the  U.  S.  army  as  medical  cadet, 
and  in  1864  was  made  assistant  surgeon,  which 
rank  he  retained  until  his  resignation  on  17  Nov., 
1881.  Meanwhile  he  had  received  the  brevet  of 
captain  for  services  during  the  war,  and  in  1866 
was  post  surgeon  at  Columbia,  S.  C.  In  1869  he  was 
elected  professor  of  zoology  and  comparative  an- 
atomy at  Norwich  university,  Vt.,  and  from  1873 
till  1876  was  surgeon  and  naturalist  to  the  U.  S. 
northern  boundary  commission,  and  in  1875  col- 
laborator at  the  Smithsonian  institution.  From 
1876  till  1880  he  was  secretary  and  naturalist  to 
the  U.  S.  geological  and  geographical  survey  of 
the  territories,  and  in  1877  became  professor  of 
anatomy  in  the  National  medical  college.  Subse- 
quent to  his  resignation  in  1883  he  was  appointed 
professor  of  biology  in  the  Virginia  agricultural 
and  mechanical  college.  Dr.  Coues  is  a  member  of 
many  scientific  societies  both  in  thfe  United  States 
and  Europe,  and  in  1877  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  National  academy  of  sciences.  Within  a  few 
years  he  has  become  prominently  identified  with 
the  theosophist  movement  in  the  United  States, 
and  is  a  member  of  the  general  council  and  presi- 
dent of  the  American  board  of  control  of  the 
Theosophical  society  of  India.  He  has  been  editor 
or  associate  editor,  for  years,  of  the  "  Bulletin  of 
the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,"  "Bulletin  of  the 
Nuttall  Ornithological  Club,"  "  American  Natural- 
ist," '•  American  Journal  of  Otology,"  "  Standard 
Natural  History,"  "  The  Auk,"  "  Century  Diction- 
ary," and  other  publications.  Prof.  Coues  is  the 
author  of  several  hundred  monographs  and  minor 
papers  in  scientific  periodicals.  Among  his  im- 
portant works  are  "Key  to  North  American 
Birds"  (Boston,  1872);  "Field  Oruithology"  (Sa- 
lem, 1874);  "Birds  of  the  Northwest"  (Boston, 
1874) ;  "  Fur-bearing  Animals  "  (1877) ;  "  Mono- 
graphs of  North  American  Rodentia,"  with  J.  A. 
Allen  (Washington,  1877);  "Birds  of  the  Colorado 
Valley"  (1878);  " Ornithalogical  Bibliography" 
(1878-80) ;  "  New  England  Bird  Life,"  with  R.  E. 
C.  Stearns  (1881);  "Check-List  and  Dictionary 
of  North  American  Birds  "  (Boston,  1882) ;  "  Air- 
Fauna  Columbiana,"  with  D.  W.  Prentiss  (1883) ; 
"  Biogen,  a  Speculation  on  the  Origin  and  Nature 
of  Life"  (Boston,  1884);  "New  Key  to  North 
American  Birds "  (1884) ;  and  "  The  Daemon  of 
Darwin  "  (1884). 

COU(xHLAN,  Lawrence,  clergyman,  b.  in  Eng- 
land about  1760 ;  d.  in  Nova  Scotia  in  1834.  He 
was  a  Wesleyan  preacher,  emigrated  from  England 
to  Nova  Scotia,  and  by  his  great  labors  did  much 
to  establish  Methodism  there  and  in  the  neighbor- 
ing provinces.  He  has  been  called  the  "  Apostle 
of  Nova  Scotia." 

COULUOCK,  Charles  Walter,  actor,  b.  in 
London,  26  April,  1815 ;  d.  in  New  York  city,  27 
Nov.,  1898.  He  received  an  academic  education, 
and  chose  the  stage  asa  profession.  He  made  his 
first  appearance  as  Othello  in  London  in  1835, 
and  was  successful.  After  this  he  acted  with 
Charles  Kean,  Ellen  Tree,  Fanny  Kemble,  Mrs. 


Fitzwilliam,  and  W.  C.  Macready,  with  whom  he 
became  a  favorite.  He  came  to  the  United  States 
in  1849,  and,  at  his  farewell  performance  in  Eng- 
land, played  Macduff  to  Macready's  Macbeth.  His 
first  appearance  in  this  country  was  at  the  Broad- 
way theatre.  He  subsequently  supported  Char- 
lotte Cushman,  and  was  successful  as  Jacques  in 
"As  You  Like  It,"  and  as  Luke  Fielding  in  "The 
Willow  Copse."  After  again  supporting  Macready 
in  England,  he  returned  to  this  country,  and  in 
1878-'9  played  with  John  E.  Owens  in  "  Cricket  on 
the  Hearth,"  and  afterward  in  society  dramas. 
His  rendition  of  Dunstan  Kirke  in  "  Hazel  Kirke," 
at  the  Madison  Square  theatre,  was  especially  pow- 
erful. Mr.  Couldock  has  a  fine  voice,  and  his  style 
of  acting  is  both  forcible  and  sympathetic. 

COULTER,  John  Merle,  bo"tanist,  b.  in  Ningpo, 
China,  20  Nov.,  1851.  He  was  graduated  at  Hano- 
ver college,  Ind..  in  1870,  and  during  1872-'3  was 
botanist  to  the  U.  S.  geological  survey  of  the  terri- 
tories in  the  Rocky  mountain  system.  In  1874  he 
became  professor  of  natural  sciences  in  Hanover 
college,  where  he  remained  until  1879,  when  he  was 
appointed  to  the  chair  of  biology  at  Wabash.  Prof. 
Coulter  is  editor  of  the  "  Botanical  Gazette,"  pub- 
lished in  Crawfordsville,  Intl.,  and  is  the  author,  in 
part,  of  "Synopsis  of  the  Flora  of  Colorado" 
(Washington,  1874) ;  "  Manual  of  Rocky  Mountain 
Botany  "  (New  York,  1885) ;  and  in  part  of  "  Hand- 
Book  of  Plant  Dissection  "  (New  York,  1886). 

COURCELLES,  Daniel  de  Remi,  Seigneur  de, 
French  governor  of  Canada.  He  was  sent  out  to 
succeed  Mezy  in  1666,  and  in  the  same  year  led  an 
expedition  on  snow-shoes  against  the  Mohawks,  aid- 
ing Tracy  in  their  reduction.  In  1671  he  deter- 
mined to  establish  a  post  on  Lake  Ontario,  to  act 
as  a  barrier  between  the  Ottawas  and  the  Iroquois, 
and  at  the  same  time  draw  off  trade  from  Hudson 
river.  Having  constructed  a  large  plank  flat-boat 
of  two  or  three  tons  burden,  provided  with  a  strong 
rope  to  draw  it  over  rajiids  and  shoals,  he  left  Mon- 
treal on  3  June,  with  a  party  of  fifty-six.  They 
reached  Lake  Ontario  on  12  June,  and  selected  a 
site  for  a  post.  The  project  of  Courcelles  met  with 
che  approval  of  Louis  XIV. ;  but  he  returned  to 
France  in  1672  on  account  of  failing  health,  and  it 
was  left  for  his  successor,  Frontenac,  to  carry  it 
out,  which  he  did  on  14  July,  1673,  by  the  construc- 
tion of  a  fort  at  Katarakoui  (Kingston).  See  Mar- 
gry's  "  Decouvertes  et  etablissements  des  FrauQais 
dans  I'Amerique  septentrionale,"  i.,  169,  and  Brod- 
head's  "  New  York  Colonial  Documents,"  ix.,  75. 

COURSOL,  Michel  Joseph  Charles,  Canadian 
jurist,  b.  in  Amherstburg,  Ontario,  3  Oct.,  1819 ; 
d.  in  Montreal,  4  Aug.,  1888.  He  was  educated  at 
Montreal  college,  and  studied  law.  In  the  latter 
part  of  1864,  while  acting  as  judge  of  the  court  of 
sessions,  Montreal,  he  attained  notoriety  by  dis- 
charging Lieut.  Bennett  H.  Young  and  other  Con- 
federate raiders,  who  on  19  Oct.,  1864,  entered  the 
town  of  St.  Albans,  Vt.,  fifteen  miles  from  the  Cana- 
da frontier,  and,  after  robbing  three  banks  of  over 
$200,000  and  wounding  several  persons  (one  fatal- 
ly), effected  their  escape  into  Canada.  Though  the 
majority  of  the  Canadian  bar  approved  Judge 
Coursol's  act,  and  he  was  not  without  justifiers 
among  the  most  eminent  British  lav^yers,  the  pro- 
priety and  legality  of  his  conduct  was  called  in 
question,  and  Youiig  and  several  of  his  associates 
were  re-arrested  by  the  Canadian  authorities.  The 
controversy,  which  at  one  time  promised  to  dis- 
turb the  peaceful  relations  of  Great  Britain  and 
the  United  States,  was  settled  with  nothing  more 
serious  than  a  temporary  display  of  irritated  feel- 
ing.   The  president  of  the  United  States  revoked 


COURT  DE  GEBBLIN 


COVELL 


755 


the  celebrated  proclamation  of  Gen.  Dix,  and  the 
Canadian  authorities,  by  the  re-arrest  of  Young  and 
others,  having  shown  their  disapproval  of  Judge 
Coursol's  action,  mutual  concessions  ensued,  result- 
ing in  restoring  the  former  peaceful  relationship  of 
the  two  countries.  During  the  "  Trent "  difficulty  in 
November,  1861,  Mr.  Coursol  raised  a  regiment 
known  as  the  "  chasseurs  Canadiens,"  and  in  1866, 
when  there  was  fear  of  a  Fenian  invasion,  he 
headed  his  battalion  and  marched  to  the  frontier 
to  repel  the  invaders.  In  September,  1878,  he  re- 
signed his  judgeship  to  contest  Montreal,  east,  in 
the  house  of  commons,  and  was  elected.  He  was 
president  of  St.  Jean  Baptiste  society,  a  powerful 
politico-religious  French-Canadian  organization, 
and  received  various  official  appointments.  In  1872 
he  was  created  a  knight  of  the  order  of  Charles  II., 
of  Spain. 

COURT  DE  GEBELIN,  Aiitoiiie  (l^oor  deh 
zhay  blan),  French  author,  b.  in  Nimes  in  1725 ;  d. 
in  Paris,  10  May,  1784.  He  was  a  preacher  early  in 
life,  and  afterward  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of 
antiquity,  mythology,  the  filiation  of  languages, 
and  similar  subjects,  in  which  he  became  very 
learned.  He  went  to  Paris  in  176o,  and  published 
there  his  great  work  "  Le  monde  primitive,"  the 
fruit  of  twenty  years'  labor  (9  vols.,  1775-'84).  The 
completion  of  this  book,  which  was  to  have  in- 
cluded several  more  volumes,  was  prevented  by  the 
author's  death.  He  sympathized  deeply  with  the 
Americans  in  the  war  for  independence,  and  co- 
operated with  Benjamin  Franklin  and  others  in 
publishing  a  work  entitled  "  Affaires  de  I'Angle- 
terre  et  de  I'Amerique,"  advocating  the  patriot 
cause  (15  vols.,  Paris,  1776  et  seq.).  Besides  these, 
he  was  the  author  of  a  variety  of  works  in  history, 
philosophy,  and  politics. 

COURTENAY,  Edward  Henry,  mathemati- 
cian, b.  in  Maryland  in  1803 ;  d.  in  Charlottesville, 
Va.,  21  Dec,  1853.  He  was  graduated  first  in  his 
class  at  the  U.  S.  military  academy  in  1821,  and 
was  assigned  to  the  engineer  corps.  He  served  as 
assistant  professor  of  natural  and  experimental 
philosophy,  and  afterward  of  engineering,  at  West 
Point  from  1821  to  1824.  He  assisted  in  the  con- 
struction of  Fort  Adams,  R.  I.,  in  1824-'6,  and  on 
1  Sept.,  1828,  returned  to  the  military  academy, 
where  he  was  given  the  chair  of  natural  and  ex- 
perimental philosophy,  16  Feb.,  1829,  and  held  it 
till  his  resignation,  31  Dec,  1834.  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  mathematics  in  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania in  1834-'6,  division  engineer  on  the  Erie 
railway  in  1836-'7,  and  then  again  entered  the  gov- 
ernment service  as  civil  engineer.  He  was  em- 
ployed in  the  construction  of  Fort  Independence, 
Boston  harbor,  in  1837-41,  and  was  chief  engineer  of 
the  dry  dock  at  the  Brooklyn  navy-yard  in  1841-'2. 
He  then  accepted  the  chair  of  mathematics  in 
the  University  of  Virginia,  and  held  it  till  his 
death.  The  University  of  Pennsylvania  gave  him 
the  degree  of  A.  M.  in  1834,  and  Hampden  Sidney 
college  that  of  LL.  D.  in  1846.  He  translated  and 
edited  Boucharlat's  "  Elementary  Treatise  on  Me- 
chanics," for  the  use  of  the  cadets  at  the  U.  S.  mili- 
tary academy  (New  York,  1833),  and  wrote  a  "  Trea- 
tise on  the  Differential  and  Integral  Calculus,  and 
the  Calculus  of  Variations  "  (1855). 

COURTENAY,  Rejrinald,  clergyman,  b.  in 
England  in  1813.  In  1835  he  was  graduated  at  Ox- 
ford, and  in  1853  received  the  degree  of  D.  D.  He 
was  rector  of  Thornton  Watlass,  Yorkshire,  from 
1842  till  1853,  and  was  appointed  archdeacon  of 
Middlesex,  Jamaica,  in  1853.  In  1856  he  was  con- 
secrated bishop  of  Kingston,  and  coadjutor  to  the 
bishop  of  Jamaica.     He  retained  his  archdeaconry, 


and  had  jurisdiction  over  the  entire  diocese,  which 
includes  British  Honduras.  He  resigned  in  1879. 
His  published  works  are  "  The  Future  States,  their 
Nature  and  Evidences  "  (1857) ;  "  Account  of  the 
Church  of  England  "  (published  in  English,  Italian, 
and  Spanish) ;  and  "  Three  Pastoral  Charges." 

COUTINHO,  Aiireliano  de  Sousa  e  Oliveira 
(coo-teen-yo),  Viscount  de  Sepitiba,- Brazilian  states- 
man, b.  in  the  province  of  Rio  Janeiro,  21  June, 
1800 ;  d.  25  Sept.,  1855.  He  studied  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Coimbra,  Portugal,  where  he  was  gradu- 
ated as  a  lawyer,  and  then  spent  two  years  at  the 
military  academy  of  Lisbon.  On  his  return  to 
Brazil,  he  was  chamberlain  of  the  emperor,  mem- 
ber of  the  imperial  council,  and  senator.  In  1833, 
while  filling  the  office  of  minister  of  justice,  he 
brought  about  a  pacific  settlement  of  serious  diffi- 
culties in  the  court,  and  also  the  elevation  of 
young  Dom  Pedro  II.  to  the  throne.  He  discovei'ed 
a  conspiracy  against  the  prince  and  in  favor  of 
Dom  Pedro  I.  Coutinho  rendered  important  ser- 
vices to  Brazil  in  several  departments,  and  has  left 
works  relative  to  internal  affairs. 

COVARRUBIAS,  Francisco  Diaz  (co-var- 
roo'-be-as),  Mexican  astronomer,  b.  in  Jalapa  in 
1833.  He  distinguished  himself  as  a  student  in 
the  mining-school,  where  he  was  graduated  in 
1854,  and  became  assistant  professor  of  mathemat- 
ics there.  President  Cominfort  appointed  him 
chief  engineer  for  the  topographical  suiwey  of  the 
valley  of  Mexico,  and  the  final  results  of  his  com- 
mission were  the  topographical  map  of  the  Federal 
district,  the  hydrographic  map  of  the  valley  of 
Mexico,  and  the  accurate  ascertainment  of  the 
geographic  position  of  the  city  of  Mexico.  He  re- 
tired to  private  life  for  some  time,  and  President 
Juarez  gave  him  the  office  of  chief  engineer  and 
superintendent  of  public  roads.  He  was  also  chief 
asti'onomer  of  the  National  observatory  of  Chapul- 
tepec.  He  resigned  this  office  at  the  time  of  the 
French  invasion,  but  Juarez  appointed  him  assist- 
ant secretary  of  public  works  in  1867,  and  Presi- 
dent Lerdo  sent  him  to  Japan  to  observe  the  tran- 
sit of  Venus,  8  Dec,  1874.  He  went  to  Paris  in 
1875,  and  represented  the  Mexican  geographical 
society  at  the  geographical  congress,  then  being 
made  a  member  of  the  German  astronomical 
society.  On  his  return  to  Mexico  he  published  a 
book  relating  to  his  observations  of  the  transit  of 
Venus,  and  President  Diaz  sent  him  as  Mexican 
minister  to  the  five  Central  American  republics, 
where  he  remained  for  two  years,  aiding  Diaz  in 
the  persecutions  against  the  refugees  from  Mexico, 
and  almost  bringing  about  serious  international 
complications.  On  account  of  this  and  of  an 
unfortunate  incident,  he  left  Guatemala  in 
haste.  He  went  to  Europe  in  1881,  and  repre- 
sented Mexico  at  the  Geographical  congress  in 
Venice,  and  also  at  that  of  electricians  in  Paris, 
and  was  appointed  consul-general  of  Mexico.  He 
has  been  professor  of  mathematics,  geodesy,  and 
astronomy  in  the  National  school  of  engineers,  and 
also  filled  the  chair  of  natural  philosophy  in  the 
National  preparatory  school.  He  has  published 
scientific  works,  the  principal  ones  being  "La 
posicion  geografica  de  Mejico,"  "  Tablas  geodesicas 
para  las  latitudes  de  la  Republica  Slejicana," 
"  Tratado  de  topografia,  geodesia  y  astronomia," 
"  Nuevos  metodos  astronomicos,"  and  "  Elementos 
de  analisis  trascendente." 

COVELL,  James,  clergyman,  b.  in  Marblehead, 
Mass.,  4  Sept.,  1796 ;  d.  In  Troy,  N.  Y.,  15  May, 
1845.  His  parents  removed  to  Maine,  and  then  to 
Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.,  where,  in  June,  1815,  James 
was  licensed  as  a  travelling  preacher  in  the  Meth- 


756 


COVERNTON 


COWAN 


odist  church.  He  labored  chiefly  in  New  York 
and  Vermont,  and  from  1888  till  1841  was  princi- 
pal of  the  Troy  conference  academy,  West  Poult- 
ney,  Vt.  He  published  a  "  Dictionary  of  the 
Bible  "  (New  York). 

COVERNTON,  Charles  William,  Canadian 
physician,  b.  in  Penton  Place,  Walworth,  London, 
England,  13  Aug.,  1813.  He  was  educated  in 
London  and  at  the  Abbe  Haffrangue's  college, 
Boulogne-sur-Mer,  France.  After  studying  medi- 
cine for  two  years,  in  1832  he  went  to  Edinburgh 
university,  in  1835  was  graduated  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  St,  Andrews,  and  in  the  same  year  obtained 
the  diploma  of  London  college  of  surgeons.  He 
arrived  in  Canada  in  June,  1836,  and  accompanied 
the  militia  as  surgeon  during  the  rebellion  in  the 
following  year.  In  1878  he  was  appointed  to  a 
chair  in  the  faculty  of  medicine.  Trinity  college, 
Toronto,  Li  1882  he  was  appointed  by  the  gov- 
ernment of  Ontario  a  member  of  the  Provincial 
board  of  health,  in  1884  became  its  chairman,  and 
was  present  as  a  delegate  of  the  board  at  the 
4th  international  congress  of  hygiene  at  Geneva, 
Switzerland,  in  1882,  and  in  October,  1884,  at  the 
convention  from  state  boards  at  St.  Louis,  and  in 
the  following  December  at  Washington,  D.  C. 

COVERT,  John  M.,  physician,  b.  in  St.  Augus- 
tine, Fla.,  25  July,  1832;  d.  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  18 
Feb.,  1872,  He  was  graduated  at  Charleston  col- 
lege, S.  C,  in  1853,  and  at  South  Carolina  medical 
college  in  1855.  Soon  after  taking  his  medical  de- 
gree he  went  to  Portsmouth,  Va.,  as  a  volunteer  in 
a  yellow-fever  epidemic,  and  settled  there  in  the 
practice  of  his  profession.  He  became  surgeon  of 
the  1st  Louisiana  volunteers  m  1861,  and  was  sub- 
sequently medical  director  on  Gen.  Lee's  staff.  He 
returned  to  Norfolk  after  the  war,  and  in  1867 
volunteered  to  go  to  Galveston,  Texas,  to  combat 
the  yellow  fever.  He  removed  to  Brooklyn,  N.  Y., 
in  1869,  and  at  the  time  of  his  death  was  known  in 
literary  circles  there  as  an  excellent  belles-lettres 
scholar,  and  the  possessor  of  much  poetical  talent, 

COVINGtTON,  Leonard,  soldier,  b.  in  Aquasco, 
Md.,  30  Oct.,  1768 ;  d,  in  French  Mills,  N,  Y.,  14 
Nov.,  1813.  He  was  commissioned  as  lieutenant  of 
cavalry  in  October,  1792,  and  joined  the  army  un- 
der Gen.  Wayne.  He  distinguished  himself  at 
Fort  Recovery,  30  June,  1794,  and  was  honorably 
mentioned  by  his  commanding  officer  in  the  ac- 
count of  the  battle  of  the  Miami.  He  was  made 
captain  in  July  following,  but  in  September,  1795, 
resigned  his  commission,  and  devoted  himself  to 
agriculture.  He  served  for  several  years  in  the 
Maryland  legislature,  and  as  a  member  of  con- 
gress in  1805-'7.  In  1809  he  was  commissioned 
lieutenant-colonel  of  cavalry,  colonel  a  month 
later,  and  brigadier-general  in  1813,  when  he  was 
ordered  to  duty  on  the  northern  frontier.  He  was 
mortally  wounded  in  the  battle  of  Chrystler's 
Field,  11  Nov.,  1813,  and  died  two  days  later. 

COVODE,  John,  congressman,  b.  in  Westmore- 
land county,  Pa.,  17  March,  1808;  d.  in  Harris- 
burg,  Pa.,  11  Jan.,  1871.  He  was  of  Dutch  descent, 
spent  his  early  years  on  a  farm,  and,  after  serving 
a  short  apprenticeship  to  a  blacksmith,  engaged  in 
the  coal  trade.  He  afterward  became  a  large 
woollen  manufacturer,  and  a  stockholder  and  di- 
rector in  several  railroad  lines.  After  two  terms 
in  the  legislature,  he  was  elected  to  congress  as  an 
anti-masonic  whig  in  1854,  and  re-elected  as  a  re- 
publican in  1856,  serving  four  terms,  from  1855  till 
1863.  In  his  second  term  he  made  a  national  repu- 
tation by  his  vigor  and  penetration  as  chairman 
of  the  special  committee  appointed  to  investigate 
cliarges  against  President  Buchanan.    His  report, 


published  by  order  of  congress  (Washington,  1860), 
attracted  much  attention.  He  earnestly  supported 
President  Lincoln's  administration,  being  an  act- 
ive member  of  the  joint  committee  on  the  conduct 
of  the  war.  President  Johnson  sent  Mr.  Covode 
south  to  aid  in  the  reconstruction  of  the  disaffected 
states ;  but  he  did  not  see  matters  as  the  president 
desired,  and  was  recalled.  Mr.  Covode  was  again 
elected  to  congress  in  1868,  his  seat  being  unsuc- 
cessfully contested  by  his  opponent,  and  was  active 
in  opposing  the  president.  He  was  chairman  of 
the  republican  state  committee  of  Pennsylvania  in 

1869,  and  declined  a  renomination  to  congress  in 

1870.  He  was  recognized  in  his  state  as  a  strong 
political  power.  His  unthinking  impetuosity 
made  him  many  bitter  enemies,  but  his  honesty 
and  geniality  won  him  innumerable  friends.  He 
was  known  as  "  Honest  John  Covode." 

COWAN,  Edg-ar,  senator,  b.  in  Sewickley, 
Westmoreland  co.,  Pa.,  19  Sept.,  1815 ;  d.  in 
Greensburg,  Pa.,  29  Aug.,  1885.  He  was  early 
thrown  on  his  own  resources,  becoming  by  turns 
clerk,  boat-builder,  school-teacher,  and  medical 
student,  but  finally  entered  Franklin  college,  Ohio, 
where  he  was  graduated  in  1839.  He  then  stud- 
ied law  in  Greensburg,  Pa.,  and  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1842.  In  1861  he  was  elected  to  the 
U.  S.  senate  by  the  people's  party,  and  served  till 
1867,  distinguishing  himself  as  a  ready  and  fearless 
debater.  He  was  chairman  of  the  committees  on 
patents,  finance,  and  agriculture,  and  a  member  of 
that  on  the  judiciary.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the 
Union  convention  at  Philadelphia  in  1866,  and  in 
January,  1867.  was  appointed  minister  to  Austria, 
but  was  not  confirmed  by  the  senate.  At  the 
close  of  his  term  he  resumed  the  practice  of  law  in 
Greensburg,  Senator  Cowan  was  a  man  of  lai'ge 
proportions  and  great  physical  strength,  being  six 
feet  four  inches  in  height.  He  published  various 
speeches  and  addresses  in  pamphlet  form. — His 
son,  Frank,  author,  b.  in  Greensburg,  Pa.,  11 
Dec,  1844,  was  educated  at  Mount  Pleasant  and 
Jefferson  colleges,  but  never  graduated.  He  be- 
came secretary  of  the  senate  committee  on  patents 
in  1862,  read  law  with  his  father  during  the  vaca- 
tions of  congress,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1865.  President  Johnson  made  him  one  of  his 
secretaries  in  1866,  and  in  1867  he  began  the  study 
of  medicine,  receiving  his  degree  from  George- 
town medical  college  in  1869.  He  then  practised 
medicine  in  Greensburg  till  1872,  when  he  estab- 
lished a  journal  called  "  Frank  Cowan's  Paper," 
which  continued  till  1875.  He  was  district  attor- 
ney of  his  county  in  1878,  and  in  1880-'81  made  a 
tour  of  the  globe,  entering  Corea  before  the  mak- 
ing of  any  of  the  treaties  between  that  country  and 
civilized  nations,  and  sent  to  the  U.  S.  govern- 
ment much  information  about  its  exports  and  im- 
ports, also  making  a  A^aluable  ethnological  collec- 
tion. He  resumed  the  practice  of  law  in  1882,  and 
in  1884-'5  made  a  second  tour  of  the  world.  Dr. 
Cowan  is  a  member  of  several  scientific  societies. 
He  has  lectured  in  various  parts  of  the  world  on 
his  travels,  and  has  published  "  Curious  Facts  in 
the  flistory  of  Insects"  (Philadelphia,  1865); 
"  Zomara ;  a  Romance  of  Spain "  (Pittsburg, 
1873) ;  "  Southwestern  Pennsylvania  in  Song  and 
Story"  (Greensburg,  Pa.,  1881);  "The  City  of 
the  Royal  Palm,  and  other  Poems  "  (Rio  de  Janerio, 
1884) ;  besides  pamphlets  and  magazine  articles, 
including  "  The  Hvidsaerk  Inscription  of  the  Falls 
of  the  Potomac  "  (1866),  a  hoax,  which,  although 
immediately  explained  by  its  author,  has  found  its 
way  into  European  books  of  reference.  Dr.  Cowaa 
has  also  puljlished  musical  compositions. 


COWDERY 


COX 


757 


COWDERY,  JoiLithaii,  surgeon,  b.  in  Sandis- 
field,  Mass.,  22  April,  1767:  d.  in  Norfolk,  Va.,  20 
Nov.,  1852.  He  was  appointed  assistant  surgeon, 
1  Jan.,  1800,  and  surgeon,  27  Nov.,  1804.  He  served 
in  the  frigate  "  Philadelphia,"  which  was  stranded 
on  the  coast  of  Tripoli,  31  Oct.,  1803,  and  was  a 
prisoner  in  the  hands  of  the  Turks  nearly  two  years. 
In  180G  he  published  a  journal  of  this  captivity. 

COWELL,  Beiijamiu,  jurist,  b.  in  Wrentham, 
Mass.,  in  1781 ;  d.  in  Providence,  11. 1.,  6  May,  1860. 
Pie  was  graduated  at  Brown  in  1803,  studied  law, 
and  settled  in  Providence.  He  was  a  clerk  of  the 
Federal  courts,  and  for  a  time  chief  justice  of  the 
court  of  common  pleas.  In  1850  he  published  a 
volume  of  history,  entitled  "  The  Spirit  of  '76." 

COWELL,  Joseph,  comedian,  b.  in  Kent,  Eng- 
land, 7  Aug.,  1792 ;  d.  in  London,  14  Nov.,  1863. 
He  made  his  first  appearance,  23  Jan.,  1812,  at 
Davenport,  England,  as  Belcour  in  the  "West 
Indian,"  and  first  appeared  in  London  in  1812,  at 
Drury  Lane  theatre.  In  October,  1812,  he  acted 
on  the  American  stage  as  Leclair  in  "  Foundling 
of  the  Forest,"  and  as  Crack  in  "  Turnpike  Gate," 
at  the  Park  theatre  in  New  York.  Cowell  was  dis- 
tinguished in  low  comedy,  and  as  a  comic  vocalist. 
He  appeared  in  Philadelphia  as  manager  of  Walnut 
street  theatre  circus.  Kate  Bateman  is  his  grand- 
daughter. He  wrote  "  Thirty  Years  among  the  Play- 
ers of  England  and  America  "  (New  York,  1844). 

COWEN,  Benjaiuiu  S.,  physician,  b.  in  Wash- 
ington county,  N.  Y.,  in  1793 ;  d.  in  St.  Clairsville, 
Ohio,  27  Sept.,  1869.  He  was  educated  in  his  na- 
tive place  and  studied  medicine.  In  1820  he  re- 
moved to  Moorefield,  Harrison  co.,  Ohio,  subse- 
quently studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  182*9.  He  removed  to  St.  Clairsville  in  1832, 
and  after  a  time  edited  the  Belmont  "  Chronicle," 
of  which  he  was  proprietor  and  principal  editor 
until  1852,  when  he  relinquished  it  to  his  son,  now 
Brig.-Gen.  B.  R.  Cowen.  In  1839  he  was  a  dele- 
gate to  the  convention  that  nominated  Gen.  Har- 
rison for  president,  and  in  1840  was  elected  to 
congress  by  the  whigs,  where  he  succeeded  Joshua 
R.  Giddings  as  chairman  of  the  committee  on 
claims.  He  took  strong  ground  in  favor  of  the 
tariff  of  1842,  and  throughout  his  congressional 
career  was  looked  upon  as  a  consistent  anti-slavery 
man.  During  1845-'6  he  was  a  member  of  the 
Ohio  legislature,  and  from  1847  till  1852  was  pre- 
siding judge  of  the  court  of  common  pleas.  At 
the  beginning  of  the  war  he  was  active  in  raising 
men  and  money,  and  during  its  continuance  his 
efforts  to  aid  the  government  never  relaxed. 

COWLES,  Edward  Pitkin,  jurist,  b.  in  Canaan, 
Conn.,  in  1815  ;  d.  in  Chicago,  III,  2  Dec,  1874. 
He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1836,  studied  law, 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1839,  and  entered 
into  practice  at  Hudson,  N.  Y.,  with  his  brother, 
Col.  Cowles,  of  the  128th  New  York  volunteers, 
who  was  killed  at  Port  Hudson.  In  1853  he  re- 
moved to  New  York,  and  was  soon  afterward  ap- 
pointed judge  of  the  supreme  court  by  Gov.  Clark, 
and,  at  the  end  of  his  first  term,  was  reappointed 
to  fill  a  vacancy  created  by  the  death  of  Judge 
Morris.  On  leaving  the  supreme  court,  he  engaged 
in  practice  with  Chief-Justice  Barbour,  afterward 
of  the  superior  court.  While  on  his  way  home- 
ward from  California,  he  died  at  Chicago,  from 
gangrene,  resulting  from  a  slight  injury  of  the  foot. 

COWLES,  Griles  Hooker,  clergyman,  b.  in 
Farmington,  Conn.,  26  Aug.,  1766;  d.  in  Austin- 
burg,  Ohio,  16  July,  1835.  He  was  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1789,  entered  the  ministry  of  the  Congre- 
gational church  in  May,  1791,  and  was  installed 
pastor  of  the  first  church  at  Bristol  in  1792.     In 


1810  he  was  appointed  by  the  Connecticut  mission- 
ary society  to  travel  through  Ohio,  and  formed  or 
assisted  in  forming  most,  if  not  all,  of  the  Congre- 
gational churches  in  the  northeastern  part  of  that 
state.  He  became  pastor  at  Austinburg  and  Mor- 
gan, Ohio,  in  1811.  Williams  college  conferred  on 
him  the  degree  of  D.  D.  in  1823. 

COWLES,  Henry,  clergyman,  b.  in  Norfolk, 
Conn.,  24  April,  1803 ;  d.  6  Sept..  1881.  He  was 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1826,  and  held  Congregation- 
al pastorates  from  1828  till  1835.  He  was  a  pro- 
fessor of  theology  at  Oberlin  from  1835  till  1848. 
He  published  "Notes"  on  the  Bible  (16  vols.,  New 
York,  1867-'81) ;  "  Hebrew  History  "  (New  York, 
1873) ;  and  other  works. 

COX,  Abraham  Siddon,  surgeon,  b.  in  New 
York  in  1800 ;  d.  at  Lookout  Mountain,  Tenn.,  29 
July,  1864.  He  had  been  for  many  years  one  of 
the  most  eminent  medical  practitioners  of  New 
York  city.  At  the  beginning  of  the  war  he  be- 
came a  surgeon  in  the  army,  and  at  the  time  of 
his  death  was  surgeon-in-chief  of  the  1st  division, 
20th  corps.  Army  of  the  Cumberland. 

COX,  Edward  Travers,  geologist,  b.  in  Cul- 
pepper county,  Va.,  21  April,  1821.  His  father, 
when  the  boy  was  only  four  years  old,  moved  to 
New  Harmony,  Ind.,  and  joined  Robert  Owen's  com- 
munity. He  was  educated  in  the  schools  belonging 
to  the  community,  and  pursued  studies  in  geology 
and  chemistry  under  Dr.  David  Dale  Owen,  whom 
he  subsequently  assisted  in  making  the  geological 
surveys  of  Kentucky  and  Arkansas,  both  in  the  field- 
work  and  in  the  laboratory.  Mr.  Cox  continued 
with  Dr.  Owen  until  the  death  of  the  latter  in  1859. 
He  was  sent  by  a  party  of  capitalists  in  1864  to 
New  Mexico  for  the  piirpose  of  examining  mining 
property,  and  investigations  of  other  geological  lo- 
calities were  made,  including  the  examination  of  the 
Spanish  Peak  coal,  the  Raton  Mountain  coal,  and 
the  hot  springs  of  Ojo  Caliente,  the  water  of  which 
was  qualitatively  analyzed  on  the  spot  by  him,  and 
the  copper  mines  at  the  head  of  Gila  river,  as  well 
as  the  deposits  of  magnetic  iron-ore  in  that  vicin- 
ity. A  detailed  report  of  this  expedition  was  pub- 
lished by  the  U.  S.  government  in  1865.  During 
1865  he  made  an  examination  of  the  coal-seams 
in  Gallatin  county,  111.,  at  the  request  of  A.  H. 
Worthen,  state  geologist  of  Illinois,  and  established 
their  order  of  sequence.  Later  he  examined  cer- 
tain of  the  coal-measures  of  southern  Illinois,  and 
a  report  of  his  results  was  published  in  the  sixth 
volume  of  the  "  Geological  Survey  of  Illinois " 
(Springfield,  1875).  He  was  appointed  in  1868 
state  geologist  of  Indiana,  and  held  that  office 
until  1880.  Under  his  direction  the  work  accom- 
plished was  published  as  eight  "  Annual  Reports 
of  the  Geological  Survey  of  Indiana"  (1869  to 
1878).  He  was  the  first  to  make  a  correct  column 
of  the  coals  of  western  Kentucky,  southern  Illinois, 
and  Indiana,  and  also  filled  the  chair  of  geology 
in  the  University  of  Indiana  in  virtue  of  his  office 
on  the  geological  survey.  After  his  resignation 
he  spent  some  time  in  California  examining  min- 
ing property  as  an  expert,  and  in  this  capacity 
visited  many  of  the  gold,  silver,  copper,  and  anti- 
mony mines  in  the  west  and  in  Mexico.  More 
recently  he  has  made  New  York  city  his  residence. 

COX,  Hannah,  centenarian,  b.  in  Preston, 
Conn.,  25  June,  1776 ;  d.  in  Holderness,  N.  H.,  29 
Aug.,  1881.  Her  father  was  an  officer  in  the  Revo- 
lutionary war,  and  lived  to  the  age  of  eighty-six. 
When  siie  was  thirteen  years  old  her  family  Re- 
moved to  Holderness,  which  was  her  home  until 
her  death.  In  her  twenty-second  year  she  married 
Robert  Cox,  who  died  in  1822,  leaving  her  with 


758 


cox 


cox 


seven  children.  Up  to  ninety-seven,  Mrs.  Cox  was 
unremittingly  industrious.  Until  near  the  time  of 
her  death  her  faculties,  with  the  exception  of  im- 
paired hearing,  were  in  good  preservation :  she 
walked  without  a  cane,  and  read  small  print  with- 
out glasses.  After  she  had  reached  the  age  of  100 
she  was  proud  to  recall  the  fact  that,  when  five 
years  old,  she  had  knitted  socks  for  soldiers. 

COX,  Hannah,  abolitionist,  b.  in  Longwood, 
near  Philadelphia,  in  1796 ;  d.  there,  15  April,  1876. 
She  joined  the  first  movement  in  favor  of  emanci- 
pation, being  a  co-laborer  with  Benjamin  Lundy, 
Garrison,  Lucretia  Mott,  and  John  G.  Whittier. 
For  years  she  and  her  husband,  who  survived  her 
in  his  91st  year,  received  fugitive  slaves.  Their 
golden  wedding  was  celebrated  in  1873,  when  poems 
were  sent  by  Whittier  and  Bayard  Taylor. 

COX,  Henry  G.,  physician,  b.  in  Bermuda  about 
1819 ;  d.  in  New  York  city,  29  May,  1866.  He  re- 
ceived a  thoi-ough  English  and  classical  education, 
and,  soon  after  attaining  his  majority,  was  elected 
to  the  legislature  of  the  Bermuda  islands.  At  the 
age  of  twenty-six  he  came  to  New  York  to  pursue 
the  study  of  medicine,  was  graduated  in  1849  at 
the  College  of  physicians  and  surgeons,  and  was 
immediately  appointed  house  physician  at  Bellevue 
hospital,  and  subsequently  to  a  place  on  the  medi- 
cal stafl:  at  Quarantine  hospital,  Staten  Island.  In 
1860  he  settled  in  private  practice  in  the  city,  and 
received  also  the  appointment  of  physician  to  the 
State  hospital  on  Ward's  island,  an  office  that  he 
held  for  many  years.  On  the  organization  of  the 
New  York  medical  college  in  1850,  he  was  appoint- 
ed censor,  and  afterward  to  its  professorship  of 
theory  and  practice.  Dr.  Cox  took  an  enthusiastic 
interest  in  the  organization  of  the  Nursery  and 
child's  hospital,  incorporated  in  1854,  and  to  his 
watchfulness  in  its  earlier  years  is  due  much  of  the 
usefulness  of  the  institution.  A  few  months  be- 
fore his  death  the  commissioners  of  hospitals  ap- 
pointed him  principal  consulting  physician. 

COX,  Henry  Hamilton,  author,  b.  in  Ireland 
about  1750;  d.'there  in  1822.  His  name  was  origi- 
nally Henry  Hamilton,  and  he  is  said  to  have 
served  in  the  British  army  in  India.  He  assumed 
the  name  of  Cox  on  inheriting  a  landed  estate 
from  his  grandfather.  Sir  Michael  Cox.  The  estate 
was  heavily  encumbered,  and  he  came  to  America 
with  a  view  of  living  in  obscurity  until  it  could  be 
cleared  by  the  income  arising  from  it.  Pie  settled 
in  York  county.  Pa.,  and  subsequently  in  Ches- 
ter county,  assumed  the  garb  and  manners  of  a 
Quaker,  and  was  admitted  into  their  society.  At 
times,  however,  his  eccentric  manner  excited  the 
suspicion  that  his  new  life  was  not  the  result  of 
sincere  conviction,  and  that  something  in  his  former 
life  remained  concealed.  His  estate  became  disen- 
cumbered in  1817,  and  he  at  once  returned  to  Ire- 
land. AlthoiTgh  he  bore  certificates  from  the 
Quaker  society  in  Chester  county  to  that  of  Dub- 
lin, it  is  said  that  on  his  voyage  home  he  doffed 
his  plain  clothes  and  threw  his  broad-brimmed  hat 
overboard.  He  was  the  original  of  "  The  Strange 
Friend,"  a  story  by  Bayard  Taylor,  published  in 
the  "  Atlantic  Monthly."  Soon  after  he  arrived  in 
Philadelphia  he  presented  to  the  Library  company 
of  that  city  several  bound  volumes  of  manuscript 
correspondence  between  the  military  and  civil  de- 
partments of  the  British  government  during  the 
reign  of  William  and  Mary.  It  was  subsequently 
discovered  by  William  Hepworth  Dixon  that  these 
manuscripts  filled  a  hiatus  in  a  series  of  volumes 
belonging  to  the  British  government,  which  had 
been  deposited  in  a  public  library  in  Dublin,  and, 
upon  application,  the   Library  company  restored 


them  to  their  proper  place.  It  was  supposed  that 
they  had  come  into  the  possession  of  Mr.  Cox 
through  some  of  his  ancestors,  who  had  held  public 
office.  In  America  Mr.  Cox  was  known  as  Henry 
Cox.     He  published  "  The  Pennsylvania  Georgics." 

COX,  Jacob  Holson,  statesman,  b.  in  Montreal, 
Canada,  27  Oct.,  1828.  His  parents  were  natives 
of  the  United  States,  but  at  the  time  of  his  birth 
were  temporarily  sojourning  in  Canada.  He  spent 
his  boyhood  in  New  York,  removed  with  his  par- 
ents to  Ohio  in  1846,  and  was  graduated  at  Ober- 
Un  in  1851.  After  leaving  college  he  studied  law, 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1858,  and  settled  in 
Warren,  Ohio.  In  1859-'61  he  was  a  member  of 
the  state  senate,  having  been  elected  by  the  repub- 
licans. At  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war  he  held 
a  state  commission  as  brigadier-general  of  militia, 
and  took  an  active  part  in  raising  troops.  He 
entered  the  national  army  on  23  April,  1861,  and 
three  weeks  later  received  the  commission  of 
brigadier-general  and  was  assigned  to  the  command 
of  the  "  brigade  of  the  Kanawha  "  in  western  Vir- 
ginia. On  29  July  he  drove  out  the  Confedei'ates 
under  Gen.  Wise,  taking  and  repairing  Gauley  ajid 
other  bridges,  which  had  been  partially  destroyed. 
Gen.  Cox  remained  in  command  of  this  depart- 
ment, with  the  exception  of  a  short  interval,  until 
August,  1862,  when  he  was  assigned  to  the  Army 
of  Virginia  under  Gen.  Pope.  He  served  in  the 
9th  corps  at  the  battle  of  South  Mountain,  14 
Sept.,  1862,  assuming  command  when  Gen.  Reno 
fell,  and  also  at  Antietam,  three  days  later.  For 
his  services  in  this  campaign  he  was  commissioned 
major-general.  On  16  April,  1863,  Gen.  Cox  was 
put  in  command  of  the  district  of  Ohio,  and  also 
of  a  division  of  the  23d  army  corps.  He  served  in 
the  Atlanta  campaign,  and  under  Gen.  Thomas  in 
the  campaigns  of  Franklin  and  Nashville.  On  14 
March,  1865,  he  fought  the  battle  of  Kingston,  N. 
C,  and  then  united  his  force  with  Gen.  Sherman's 
army.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he  resigned  his 
command,  and  entered  on  the  practice  of  law  in 
Cincinnati.  He  was  governor  of  Ohio  in  1866-'7, 
declined  the  office  of  commissioner  of  internal 
revenue  tendered  him  by  President  Johnson  in 
1868,  and  was  secretary  of  the  interior  in  President 
Grant's  first  cabinet  from  March,  1869,  till  Decem- 
ber, 1870,  when,  on  account  of  disagreement  with 
certain  measures  of  the  administration,  he  re- 
signed. Eeturning  to  Cincinnati,  he  resumed  his 
legal  practice.  In  October,  1873,  he  was  elected 
president  of  the  Wabash  railroad,  and  removed  to 
Toledo  to  take  charge  of  his  new  work.  In  1876 
the  republicans  elected  him  representative  to  con- 
gress, where  he  served  from  15  Oct.,  1877,  till  3 
March,  1879.  The  degree  of  LL.  D.  has  been  con- 
ferred upon  him  by  the  University  of  North  Caro- 
lina, and  also  by  Davison  university,  Ohio.  He 
has  published  "  Atlanta  "  and  "  The  March  to  the 
Sea;  Franklin  and  Nashville"  (New  York,  1882). 

COX,  James,  artist,  b.  in  England  in  1751 ;  d. 
in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  in  1834.  For  many  years  he 
was  the  fashionable  drawing-master  in  Philadel- 
phia and  did  much  to  advance  the  fine  arts.  He 
made  a  remarkable  collection  of  works  on  the  fine 
arts,  numbering  over  5,000  volumes,  which  he  sold, 
during  the  latter  part  of  his  life,  to  the  Library 
company  of  Philadelphia,  for  an  annuity  of  $400. 

COX,  James,  soldier,  b.  in  Monmouth,  N.  J.,  14 
June,  1753;  d.  there,  12  Sept.,  1810.  His  early 
education  was  received  in  the  public  schools.  At 
the  age  of  twenty-four  he  commanded  a  company 
of  militia,  and  afterward  served  at  the  battles  of 
Germantown  and  Monmouth,  attaining  to  the  rank 
of  brigadier-general.     He  was  for  many  years  a 


cox 


cox 


759 


member  of  the  state  assembly,  and  one  year  its 
speaker.  He  was  also  a  representative  from  New 
Jersey  in  the  10th  congress,  serving  from  23  May, 
1809,  until  his  death. — His  grandson,  Samuel  Sul- 
livan, statesman,  b.  in  Zanesville,  Ohio,  30  Sept., 
1824;  d.  in  New  York  city,  10  Sept.,  1889.  His 
father  was  a  member  of  the  Ohio  senate.  He  at- 
tended the  Ohio  university  at  Athens,  and  was 
graduated  at  Brown  in  1846.  During  his  stay  in 
college  he  maintained  himself  by  literary  work, 
and  obtained  the  prizes  in  classics,  history,  literary 
criticism,  and  political  economy.  Adopting  the 
profession  of  the  law,  he  returned  to  Ohio  to  begin 
practice,  but  soon  laid  it  aside,  and  went  to  Eu- 
rope. On  his  return  he  became,  in  1853,  editor  of 
the  Columbus,  Ohio,  "  Statesman,"  and  from  that 
time  turned  his  attention  to  political  issues.    While 

editing  this  jour- 
nal he  published 
a  gorgeous  de- 
scription in  so- 
ph omoric  strain, 
which  procured 
for  him  the  so- 
briquet of  "  Sun- 
set" Cox.  Mr. 
Cox  was  offered, 
in  1855,  the  sec- 
retaryship of  le- 
gation in  Lon- 
don, but  de- 
clined it.  The 
opportunity  was 
given  not  long 
after  of  going  to 
Lima,  Peru,  in  a 
similar  capacity, 
and  he  accepted. 
He  remained  in 
Peru  one  year, 
and  on  his  re- 
turn was  elected  to  congress,  and  re-elected  three 
times,  serving  continuously  from  7  Dec,  1857,  till 
3  March,  1865.  During  three  terms  he  was  chair- 
man of  the  committee  on  Revolutionary  claims. 
Mr.  Cox  was  a  delegate  to  the  Chicago,  New  York, 
and  St.  Louis  democratic  conventions  of  1864, 1868, 
and  1876.  During  the  civil  war  he  sustained  the 
government  by  voting  money  and  men,  although  he 
took  a  prominent  part  in  opposing  certain  policies 
of  the  administration.  In  1866  he  took  up  his  resi- 
dence in  New  York  city,  and  was  elected  as  a  repre- 
sentative to  congress  in  1868,  and  re-elected  three 
times.  He  served  on  the  committees  on  foreign  af- 
fairs, banking,  the  centennial  exhibition,  and  rules. 
At  the  opening  of  the  first  session  of  the  45th  con- 
gress, in  1877,  he  was  one  of  three  candidates  for  the 
speakership.  Although  not  elected,  he  served  fre- 
quently as  speaker  j5ro  tern.  In  this  session  he  took 
upon  himself,  by  a  special  resolution  of  his  own, 
the  work  of  the  new  census  law.  He  was  the  au- 
thor also  of  the  plan  of  apportionment  adopted  by 
the  house.  He  was  the  introducer  and  champion 
for  many  years  of  the  bill  concerning  the  life-sav- 
ing service,  and  finally  witnessed  its  passage.  Mr. 
Cox's  work  in  congress  included  the  raising  of  the 
salaries  of  letter-carriers,  and  granting  them  a  va- 
cation without  loss  of  pay.  This  latter  measure 
involved  an  appropriation  of  $96,000,  but  its  re- 
sults justified  the  action.  He  was  on  the  committee 
to  investigate  the  doings  of  Black  Friday,  Federal 
elections  in  cities,  the  New  York  post-office,  and  the 
Ku-klux  troubles.  He  was  also  for  many  years  one 
of  the  regents  of  the  Smithsonian  institution,  his 
term  closing  in  1865.     In  1869  he  visited  Europe 


and  northern  Africa,  journeying  through  Italy, 
Corsica,  Algeria,  and  Spain.  In  1872  he  was  de- 
feated as  candidate  at  large  for  the  state,  but  the 
death  of  his  successful  competitor  necessitated  an- 
other election,  which  resulted  in  Mr.  Cox's  return 
to  his  seat.  He  was  re-elected  in  1874,  1876,  1878, 
and  1880,  serving  twelve  consecutive  years,  making 
a  total  congressional  service  on  his  part  of  twenty 
years.  The  last  effort  of  Mr.  Cox,  and  for  which  the 
Chamber  of  commerce  of  New  York  city  thanked 
him,  was  the  passage  of  a  law  r.niting  all  jurisdic- 
tions in  the  Federal  jurisdiction,  so  as  to  preserve 
New  York  harbor  and  its  tributaries  from  destruc- 
tion. This  had  passed  in  the  house,  but  it  was  de- 
feated on  a  point  of  order  in  the  senate.  In  the 
summer  of  1882  Mr.  Cox  visited  Sweden,  Norway, 
Russia,  Turkey,  and  Greece.  In  1885  he  was  ap- 
pointed minister  to  Turkey,  but  returned  to  the 
United  States  in  October  1886  after  a  year's  ab- 
sence, and  in  November  was  re-elected  to  con- 
gress. He  had  a  reputation  as  an  effective  and 
humorous  speaker,  writer,  and  lecturer.  In  addi- 
tion to  a  large  amount  of  newspaper  and  magazine 
work,  he  published  "  The  Buckeye  Abroad  "  (New 
York,  1851);  "Puritanism  in  Politics"  (1863); 
"Eight  Years  in  Congress"  (1865);  "A  Search  for 
Winter  Sunbeams"  (1870);  "Why  We  Laugh" 
(1876);  "Free  Land  and  Free  Trade"  (1876); 
"Arctic  Sunbeams"  (1882);  "Orient  Sunbeams" 
(1882);  "Three  Decades  of  Federal  Legislation" 
(1885) ;  and  "  The  Diplomat  in  Turkey  "  (1887). 

COX,  Keiiyon,  painter,  b.  in  Warren,  Ohio,  27 
Oct.,  1856.  After  preliminary  studies  in  Cincinnati 
and  Philadelphia,  he  went  to  Paris  in  1877,  and  be- 
came a  pupil  of  Cai'olus-Duran  and  of  Gerome, 
remaining  in  France,  with  short  intervals,  until 
1882,  when  he  returned  to  New  York.  He  is  a 
mcml)er  of  the  Society  of  American  artists.  His 
works  include  "  Head  of  Venetian  Girl "  (1879) ; 
"Lady  in  Black"  (1880);  "Pink  and  White" 
(1881);  "Two  Portraits"  (1882);  "Thistledown" 
(1883) ;   and  "A  Corner  Window"  (1884). 

COX,  Lemuel,  master  mechanic,  b.  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  in  1736 ;  d.  in  Charlestown,  Mass.,  18  Feb., 
1806.  Until  about  the  age  of  forty-five  his  life  is 
hid  in  obscurity.  At  this  time  he  was,  on  29  Dec, 
1775,  imprisoned  at  Ipswich,  because  of  his  strong 
attachment  to  royalist  principles.  In  1786  began 
the  first  of  his  most  prominent  works  by  building 
the  Boston  and  Charlestown  bridge.  Its  length 
was  1,500  feet,  its  width  43  feet,  and  it  was  es- 
pecially adapted  to  withstand  the  tidal  currents 
and  ice.  Its  construction  occi;pied  but  thirteen 
months.  In  1787  he  built  the  Essex  bridge  at  Sa- 
lem, which  was  nearly  as  large.  His  success  with 
these  and  others  built  by  him  in  Maine  and  Massa- 
chusetts caused  him  to  be  invited  to  direct  the 
construction  of  the  great  bridge  at  Waterford,  Ire- 
land, in  1793.  Mr.  Cox  was  the  inventor  of  a  ma- 
chine for  cutting  card-wire,  the  first  projector  of  a 
powder-mill  in  Massachusetts,  and  the  first  to  sug- 
gest employing  the  prisoners  on  Castle  island  to 
make  nails.  For  these  reasons  and  for  various 
other  discoveries  in  the  mechanic  arts  a  grant  of 
1,000  acres  of  land  in  Maine  was  made  to  him  by 
an  act  of  legislature. 

COX,  Melville  Beverid^e,  missionary,  b.  in 
liallowell.  Me.,  9  Nov.,  1799;  d.  in  Liberia,  Africa, 
21  July,  1833.  His  early  education  was  obtained 
in  the  common  schools.  At  the  age  of  about  nine- 
teen he  became  a  Methodist,  and  preached  as  a 
licentiate  in  various  towns  and  villages  in  Maine. 
Failing  health  caused  him  to  seek  a  more  conge- 
nial climate.  He  spent  a  few  years  in  Baltimore 
and  vicinity,  where  he  received  an  appointment  as 


760 


COX 


COXE 


the  first  American  Methodist  missionary  to  the 
colony  of  Liberia.  He  arrived  at  his  field"  of  labor 
on  8  March,  1833,  established  a  Sunday-school,  sum- 
moned conferences,  and  organized  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  church  in  Africa  under  the  supervision 
and  control  of  the  general  conference  of  that  de- 
nomination in  America.  In  less  than  five  months 
from  his  arrival  he  became  a  victim  of  African 
fever.  During  the  brief  period  of  his  sojourn  in 
Liberia  he  wrote  "  Sketches  of  Western  Africa" 
which  was  appended  to  a  memoir  of  his  life  written 
by  his  brotlier,  G.  F.  Cox,  D.  D.  (New  York,  1840). 
COX,  Palmer,  artist,  b.  in  Granby,  Quebec, 
Canada,  28  April,  1840.  He  was  graduated  at 
Granby  academy  in  1858,  and  subsequently  re- 
sided in  Springfield,  Mass.,  and  Lucknow.  Ont., 
until  1863.  From  1863  till  1875  he  made  San  Fran- 
cisco, Cal.,  his  home,  and  while  there  contributed 
regularly  to  the  "  Golden  Era "  and  the  "  Aita 
California."  In  1875  he  settled  in  New  York, 
where  he  follows  artistic  and  literary  pursuits.  He 
has  distinguished  himself  chiefly  by  illustrating 
his  own  writings  with  characteristic  drawings,  as 
shown  in  "  The  Brownie  Stories."  Mr.  Cox  has  con- 
tributed to  various  magazines,  and  has  published 
"  Squibs  of  California  "  (Hartford,  1874) ;  "  Hans 
Ton  Pelter's  Trip  to  Gotham  "  (New  York,  1876) ; 
"  How  Columbus  found  America "  (1877) ;  and 
"  That  Stanley  "  (1877). 

COX,  Samuel  Hanson,  clergyman,  b.  in  Rah- 
way,  N.  J.,  25  Aug..  1793;  d.  in  Bronxville,  West- 
chester CO.,  N.  Y.,  2  Oct.,  1881.  His  father,  who 
at  the  time  of  his  death,   in  1801,  was  engaged 

in  mercantile  en- 
terprises in  New 
York  city,  was 
descended  from 
a  family  that  in 
the  17th  century 
settled  on  the 
eastern  shore  of 
IM  a  I- viand,  where 
the  name,  di- 
versely spelled, 
has  been  long 
connected  with 
the  Quakers  of 
Talbot  county. 
By  intermar- 
riages with  other 
families  of  the 
peninsula,  this 
connection  was 
rendered  nomi- 
nal at  different 
periods ;  but,  as  the  father  of  Dr.  Cox  had  main- 
tained his  relations  with  the  society,  he  received 
his  academic  education  at  their  high-school  or  col- 
lege at  Westtown,  near  Philadelphia.  He  also 
received  private  instruction  in  Philadelphia,  and 
was  a  law-student  in  Newark,  N.  J.,  in  1812,  when, 
with  Southard,  Prelinghuysen,  and  others  that 
became  eminent,  he  organized  a  volunteer  corps  of 
riflemen,  which  occasionally  served  in  the  war, 
notably  at  Fort  Green,  L.  I.  He  studied  tlieology 
in  Philadelphia  under  Dr.  Wilson,  a  distinguished 
Presbyterian  clergyman.  The  degree  of  M.  A.  was 
conferred  upon  him  by  Princeton,  and  that  of  D. 
D.  by  Williams.  He  was  ordained  in  1817,  and  ac- 
cepted the  pastorate  of  Mendham,  Morris  co., 
N.  J.  In  1821  he  removed  to  New  York  as  pastor 
of  the  Presbyterian  church  in  Spring  street,  and 
thence  to  Laight  street  in  1825.  His  congregation 
here  was  largely  composed  of  wealthy  merchants. 
He  took  a  leading  part  in  the  foundation  of  the 


e^V^/t^i^.   H-^^U^.i:'^r\.    C^-^iL- 


University  of  the  city  of  New  York  and  in  literary 
conventions,  one  of  which  was  presided  over  by 
John  Quincy  Adams,  called  to  aid  in  its  organiza- 
tion. He  was  appointed  to  open  the  instructions 
of  the  imiversity  with  the  late  Dr.  Mcllvaine, 
afterward  bishop  of  Ohio,  and  delivered  one  of  the 
two  memorable  courses  of  lectures  in  the  winter  of 
1831-'2,  his  department  being  that  of  moral  phi- 
losophy. During  the  cholera  season  of  the  latter 
year  he  remained  at  his  post  until  stricken  down 
by  the  disease.  In  impaired  health  Dr.  Cox  went 
to  Europe  in  1833,  where  a  speech,  delivered  at  the 
anniversary  of  the  British  and  foreign  Bible  so- 
ciety in  London,  gained  him  distinction  and 
opened  the  way  to  honors  and  attentions  in  Eu- 
rope. The  anti-slavery  sentiment  then  predomi- 
nant in  England  made  a  great  impression  on  Dr. 
Cox,  and  he  publicly  defended  his  country,  when 
it  was  gratuitously  assailed  on  that  point,  and  de- 
livered a  celebrated  sermon  against  slavery,  soon 
after  his  return,  which,  though  moderate  in  tone, 
drew  upon  him  a  great  share  of  the  violence  with 
which  the  agitators  were  then  visited.  He  was 
never  identified  with  their  extreme  measures,  and 
afterward  took  a  leading  conservative  position  in 
all  questions  connected  with  the  south,  which  for 
a  long  time  disturbed  the  Presbyterian  church. 
In  recognition  of  this  service  to  tlie  counsels  of 
his  brethren,  he  received  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  from 
a  southern  college.  In  other  questions  his  theo- 
logical standing  was  with  the  new  school,  of  which 
he  was  a  prominent  champion.  In  the  order  and 
discipline  of  his  church,  however,  he  maintained 
the  highest  and  most  thorough  old-school  position. 
He  was  elected  professor  of  pastoral  theology  in 
the  Theological  seminary  at  Auburn  in  1834,  but 
in  1837  became  pastor  of  the  1st  Presbyterian  con- 
gregation in  Brooklyn,  L.  I.,  where  he  built  a  new 
chui'ch  in  Henry  street.  In  1845  Dr.  Cox  attended 
the  Evangelical  alliance  in  London.  In  1852,  his 
liealth  declining,  he  visited  Nassau,  but  with  so  little 
good  effect  that,  against  the  remonstrances  of  his 
people  and  the  most  liberal  proposals  on  their 
part,  he  resigned  his  charge,  and  retired  to  a  pleasant 
property,  which  they  enabled  him  to  purchase,  at 
Owego,  N.  Y.  He  considered  his  career  as  a  pastor 
at  an  end,  but  frequently  delivered  lectures  and 
appeared  in  pulpits  in  New  York  for  several  years 
subsequently.  He  was  for  many  years  professor  of 
ecclesiastical  history  in  the  Union  theological 
seminary  of  New  York.  His  contributions  to  pe- 
riodicals and  journalistic  literatiire  were  numerous. 
His  work  on  "  Quakerism "  (1833)  is  in  part  an 
autobiography.  In  connection  with  the  duties  of 
his  chair,  he  edited  Bower's  "  History  of  the  Popes  " 
(New  York,  1847).  He  also  presided  for  a  time 
over  the  Ladies'  college  at  Le  Roy,  N.  Y.  For  the 
last  twelve  years  of  his  life  he  lived  in  retirement 
in  Westchester  county.  Although  much  criticised 
for  personal  eccentricities,  he  was  generally  recog- 
nized as  a  man  of  high  character  and  commanding 
talents,  of  great  boldness  in  expressing  his  strong 
convictions,  and  of  singular  power  as  an  orator. 
Dr.  Cox  was  the  eldest  of  three  sons,  all  of  whom 
attained  professional  eminence.  James  died  pre- 
maturely in  Philadelphia  in  1830,  Abraham  Lid- 
don,  after  a  brilliant  practice  in  New  York,  where 
he  became  professor  of  surgery  in  the  medical  col- 
lege now  connected  with  the  New  York  university, 
of  which  he  was  one  of  the  founders,  died  in  the  ser- 
vice of  his  country  near  Chattanooga  in  1863. — His 
son,  Arthur  Cleveland  Coxe  (he  added  the  '"e"), 
P.  E.  bishop,  b.  in  Mendham,  N.  J.,  10  May,  1818; 
d.  in  Clifton  Springs,  N.  Y.,  20  July,  1896.  His 
parents  removed  in'  1820  to  New  York  city,  where 


COXE 


COXE 


761 


his  early  education  and  training  were  obtained. 
He  was  graduated  with  distinction  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  the  city  of  New  Yorlf  in  1838  and  at  the 
General  theological  seminary  of  the  Episcopal 
church  in  1841.  He  was  an  adherent  of  the  Prot- 
estant Episcopal  church  from  childhood,  under 
the  influence  of  maternal  relatives  and  social  con- 
nections.    While   still   in  college  he   became   an 

author  and  con- 
tributor to  pe- 
riodical litera- 
ture. He  was 
ordained  dea- 
con on  27  June, 

1841,  and  priest 
on    25      Sept., 

1842.  He  took 
charge  of  St. 
Ann's  church, 
Morrisania,  N. 
Y.,  shortly  after 
his  ordination 
to  the  diacon- 
ate,  and  thence 
removed  in  the 
spring  of  1842 
to  Hartford, 
Conn.,  where  he 
was  rector  of 
St.  John's  from 

1843  till  1854.  He  accepted  the  rectorship  of  Grace 
church,  Baltimore,  Md.,  in  1854,  and  two  years  later 
he  was  elected  bishop  of  Texas,  but  declined.  From 
an  early  period  in  his  ministry  he  took  part  in  the 
councils  of  his  church.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
general  convention  in  1853,  and  of  that  which  met 
in  Richmond,  Va.,  in  1859.  In  1853  he  moved  an 
addition  to  the  Litany,  while  Bishop  Alonzo  Pot- 
ter made  a  similar  motion  in  the  house  of  bishops, 
without  any  concert  between  them,  which  led,  in 
connection  with  Dr.  Muhlenberg's  "  Appeal  to  the 
Bishops,"  to  the  "  Memorial  Papers "  and  the 
adoption  of  additional  prayers,  and  finally  to  the 
movement  for  the  revision  of  the  Prayer-Book.  In 
1863  he  became  rector  of  Calvary  church,  New 
York  city,  and  soon  afterward  was  elected  assist- 
ant bishop  of  western  New  York.  He  was  conse- 
crated in  Trinity  church,  Geneva,  N.  Y.,  4  Jan., 
1865,  and  on  the  death  of  Bishop  De  Lancey,  5 
April  of  the  same  year,  he  succeeded  as  the 
second  bishop  of  western  New  York.  In  1868 
he  gave  his  assent  to  the  formation  of  a  new 
diocese  oiit  of  a  portion  of  his  jurisdiction,  and 
eenti'al  New  York  was  committed  to  other  hands. 
He  has  taken  an  active  part  in  the  board  of  mis- 
sions in  behalf  of  the  Greek  mission  and  the  exten- 
sion of  the  missionary  episcopate  in  the  United 
States.  In  the  interest  of  the  missionary  work  of 
the  church  he  has  travelled  extensively  abroad,  and 
in  1872,  when  the  charge  of  the  churches  in  Hayti 
was  placed  in  his  hands,  he  visited  that  island,  or- 
ganized churches,  and  ordained  clergy.  This  over- 
sight he  held  until  a  bishop  of  Hayti  was  conse- 
crated in  1874.  Bishop  Coxe  has  made  various 
valuable  contributions  to  theological  learning,  bib- 
lical criticism,  and  church  literature.  He  pub- 
lished several  volumes  of  poems  before  receiving 
ordination.  "Advent,  a  Mystery,"  appeared  in 
1837,  followed  by  "  Jonathan,"  the  Lay  of  a  Scold  " 
(New  York,  1838) ;  and  "  Athwold  "  (1838),  of  which, 
after  its  suppression  for  forty  years,  a  new  and  en- 
larged edition  was  recently  published.  "  Athana- 
sion,  and  other  Poems,"  appeared  in  1842,  "  Hal- 
loween "  in  1844,  and  "  Saul,  a  Mystery,"  in  1845. 
In  1877  he  published  a  poem  entitled  "  The  Ladye 


Chace."  As  early  as  1845  he  published  his  best- 
known  volume  of  poems,  the  "Christian  Ballads" 
(reprinted  in  Oxford,  England,  1850).  Soon  after 
the  English  publication  of  the  "  Ballads  "  the  au- 
thor visited  at  Freiburg,  Germany,  the  distin- 
guished Hirscher,  the  precursor  of  Dr.  Von  Dol- 
iinger  in  the  Old  Catholic  movement.  On  his  re- 
turn to  England  in  1852  he  published  an  account 
of  this  visit  by  the  advice  of  Bishop  Wilberforce. 
This  led  to  his  active  participation  in  the  forma- 
tion of  the  Anglo-Continental  society.  On  his  re- 
turn to  this  country  he  engaged  on  "the  unpopular 
side  of  a  conflict,  of  which  the  publication  of  re- 
vised editions  of  the  Scriptures  by  the  American 
Bible  society  was  the  subject.  Hi"s  "  Apology  for 
the  English  Bible"  (1854)  ultimately  led  to  the 
suppression  of  those  new  and  crude  revisions 
made  at  great  cost  by  that  society.  In  1867-'8 
Bishop  Coxe  contributed  to  the  "  Union  chreti- 
enne,"  a  periodical  published  in  Paris  in  the  inter- 
est of  Gallicanism  by  the  Abbe  Guettee,  a  series  on 
the  subject  of  "Anglican  Orders."  In  1869  he 
published  an  "  Open  Letter  to  Pius  IX.,"  in  answer 
to  the  brief  convoking  the  Vatican  council.  This 
spirited  letter  was  translated  into  various  lan- 
guages, and  has  had  a  wide  circulation  on  the  con- 
tinent of  Europe.  In  1872  appeared  in  Paris  his 
work,  "  L'episcopat  de  I'occident,"  a  new  pres- 
entation of  the  history  of  the  Church  of  England 
and  a  refutation  of  Roman  Catholic  attacks.  In 
1873,  in  collaboration  with  Bishop  Wilberforce  and 
others,  he  engaged  in  a  serial  publication,  issued  in 
Oxford,  England,  in  defence  of  Anglo-Catholic 
principles  against  either  extreme.  He  had  sympa- 
thized with  the  Oxford  movement  so  far  as  it  has 
moved  within  the  bounds  of  Anglo-Catholicity ; 
but  he  had  broken  loose  from  it,  as  a  party,  after 
the  defection  of  Dr.  Newman,  and  in  1866  he  had 
further  clearly  defined  his  position  by  the  publica- 
tion of  "  The  Criterion,"  which  was  republished  in 
England.  Bishop  Coxe  attended  the  second  Lam- 
beth conference.  He  has  taken  an  active  part  in 
opposition  to  the  New  Testament  revision.  Among 
his  other  wi'itings  are  "  Sermons  on  Doctrine  and 
Duty  "  (1855) ;  "  Thoughts  on  the  Services  "  (1859) ; 
and  "  Apollos ;  or.  The  Way  of  God."  Besides  these 
he  has  published  a  large  number  of  tracts,  editions 
and  translations  of  foreign  works,  sermons,  letters, 
lectures,  and  pamphlets.  During  1885-'6  he  was 
engaged  in  editing,  with  large  additions  and  notes, 
an  American  edition  of  the  Edinburgh  "  Transla- 
tions of  the  Ante-Nicene  Fathers,"  edited  by  Drs. 
Roberts  and  Donaldson,  of  which  the  last  volume 
was  publish(Ml  a  few  years  later. 

COX,  "William,  journalist.  He  was  a  native  of 
England,  and  died  there  about  1851.  At  an  early 
age  he  came  to  the  United  States  and  obtained  em- 
ployment on  the  New  York  "  Mirror."  He  con- 
tributed, under  the  pseudonym  of  "  An  Amateur," 
a  series  of  sketches  satirizing  the  literary  infirmi- 
ties of  the  time,  which  were  afterward  published 
as  "  Crayon  Sketches  "  (New  York,  1833),  and  gave 
their  author  an  immediate  reputation.  He  re- 
mained with  the  "  Mirror "  for  some  years,  when 
he  returned  to  England. 

COXE,  Eckley  Brinton,  engineer,  b.  in  Phila- 
delphia, 4  June,  1839 ;  d.  in  Drifton,  Pa.,  13  May, 
1895.  He  was  graduated  at  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania, where  also  he  took  a  course  in  the  scien- 
tific department.  After  spending  six  months  in 
the  anthracite  coal  region  of  Pennsylvania  engaged 
in  topographical  geology,  he  went  abroad  in  1860. 
Two  years  were  spent  at  the  Ecole  des  mines  in 
Paris,  and  a  year  in  the  Freiberg  mining-school, 
after  which  he  continued  for  nearly  two  years 


762 


COXE 


COZZENS 


'  studying  the  mines  in  England  and  continental 
Europe.  Soon  after  his  return  to  the  United 
States  he  embarked  in  the  coal  business,  and  his 
mines  of  anthracite  in  Drifton,  Pa.,  are  among  the 
most  successful  and  best-conducted  pieces  of  min- 
ing property  in  the  state.  During  the  summer  of 
1877  they  were  selected  by  the  faculty  of  Colum- 
bia college  school  of  mines  as  affording  better  fa- 
cilities for  study  than  any  other.  As  an  expert  on 
the  mining  and  preparation  of  anthracite  coal,  and 
on  the  subject  of  mine  surveying,  Mr.  Coxe  had 
frequently  lectured  before  scientific  bodies.  He 
had  been  prominent  in  the  American  institute  of 
mining  engineers,  being  its  president  from  May, 
1878,  till  February,  1880 ;  also  in  the  Institute  of 
mechanical  engineers,  of  which  he  was  vice-presi- 
dent from  April,  1880,  till  November,  1881 ;  and 
he  was  a  member  of  the  American  society  of  civil 
engineers.  He  published  papers  on  technical  sub- 
jects, chiefly  in  the  transactions  of  the  societies  of 
which  he  was  a  meinber,  and  translated  the  first 
volume  of  the  fourth  edition  of  Weisbach's  "  Me- 
chanics of  Engineering,  and  Construction  of  Ma- 
chines" (New  York,  1872).  From  1880  till  1884 
he  was  a  state  senator  in  Pennsylvania. 

COXE,  John  Redman,  physician,  b.  in  Tren- 
ton, N.  J.,  in  1773;  d.  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  22 
March.  1864.  He  was  educated  in  Philadelphia, 
completed  his  classical  course  in  Scotland,  returned 
home  in  1790,  studied  medicine  with  Dr,  Rush, 
and,  after  receiving  his  diploma  in  1794,  studied  in 
London,  Paris,  and  Edinburgh.  In  1796  he  set- 
tled in  Philadelphia,  and  in  1798,  during  the  vis- 
itation of  yellow  fever,  was  appointed  by  the 
Board  of  health  physician  to  the  port.  He  was 
for  several  years  one  of  the  physicians  of  the 
Pennsylvania  hospital,  and  also  of  the  Philadel- 
phia dispensary.  In  1809  he  was  elected  professor 
of  chemistry  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
from  which  chair  he  was  transferred  in  1818  to 
that  of  materia  medica  and  pharmacy,  which  he 
held  until  1835.  Dr.  Coxe  was  the  first  to  practise 
vaccination  in  Philadelphia.  He  published  a 
treatise  on  "  Inflammation  "  (Philadelphia,  1794) ; 
"  Importance  of  Medicine  "  (1800) ;  "  Vaccination  " 
(1800);  "Combustion"  (1811);  "  American  Dispen- 
satory "  (1827) ;  "  Refutation  of  Harvey's  Claim  to 
the  Discovery  of  the  Circulation  of  the  Blood " 
(1834) ;  "  Appeal  to  the  Public  "  (1835) ;  "  Agaricus 
Atramentarius"  (1842);  "Recognition  of  Friends 
in  Another  World"  (1845);  and  "The  Writings 
of  Hippocrates  and  Galen  Epitomized"  (1846). 
He  edited  the  "  Philadelphia  Medical  Museum " 
(1805-'ll),  and  "Emporium  of  Arts  and  Sciences," 
continued  by  Dr.  Thomas  Cooper  (1812-'4). 

COXE,  Margaret,  author,  b.  in  Burlington, 
N.  J.,  about  1800.  She  published  "  Claims  of  the 
Country  on  American  Females  "  (Columbus,  1842) ; 
"  Botany  of  the  Scriptui-es "  ;  "  Wonders  of  the 
Deep  "  ;  and  "  Young  Ladies'  Companion." 

COXE,  Tencli,  political  economist,  b.  in  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.,  22  May,  1755;  d.  there,  17  July,  1824. 
His  mother  was  a  daughter  of  Tench  Francis.  His 
father  came  of  a  family  well  known  in  American 
affairs.  One  ancestor  was  a  proprietor  of  the  prov- 
ince of  West  Jersey,  and  sent  out  the  first  ship  that 
ever  entered  the  Slississippi  from  the  gulf.  An- 
other wrote  "  A  Description  of  the  Province  of 
Carolana,"  and  drew  that  scheme  for  the  union 
of  the  colonies  against  Frencli  aggression  which 
Franklin  copied  in  the  "  Albany  Plan."  Tench  re- 
ceived his  education  in  the  Philadelphia  schools, 
and  intended  to  study  law ;  but  his  father  deter- 
mined to  make  him  a  merchant,  and  he  was  placed 
in  the  counting-house  of  Coxe  &  Furmau,  becom- 


ing a  partner  at  the  age  of  twenty-one.  Those 
were  the  times  that  tried  men's  souls,  and  the  boy 
proved  unequal  to  the  trial.  In  1776  he  resigned 
from  the  militia,  turned  royalist,  left  the  city  to 
join  the  British,  and  came  "back  in  1777  with  the 
army  under  Howe.  When  Howe  left,  Coxe  was  ar- 
rested and  paroled.  He  now  turned  whig,  and 
began  a  long  political  career.  In  1786  he  was  sent 
to  the  Annapolis  convention,  and  in  1788  to  the 
Continental  congress.  He  next  became  a  federal- 
ist, and  was  made  assistant  secretary  of  the  treas- 
ury in  1789,  and  commissioner  of  the  revenue  in 
1792;  but  from  this  place  Adams  removed  him. 
He  then  turned  republican,  and  in  the  canvass  of 
1800  published  Adams's  famous  letter  to  him  re- 
garding Pinckney.  For  this  he  was  reviled  by  the 
federalists  as  a  renegade,  a  tory,  and  a  British  guide, 
and  was  rewarded  "by  Jefferson  in  1803  with  the 
place  of  purveyor  of  public  supplies,  which  he  held 
till  1812.  In  i804  Coxe  organized  and  led  a  party 
at  Philadelphia  opposed  to  the  election  to  congress 
of  Michael  Lieb,  and  this  brought  him  again  into 
public  notice.  Though  a  republican,  he  was  for 
three  months  daily  abused  by  the  "  Aurora  "  ;  was 
called  a  tory,  a  Federal  rat,  a  British  guide  who 
had  entered  Philadelphia  in  1777  with  laurel  in  his 
hat,  and  his  party  was  nicknamed  the  "quids." 
The  term  is  commonly  supposed  to  have  been  first 
applied  to  the  little  hand  led  by  John  Randolph  in 
1806,  but  this  is  a  mistake.  The  claims  of  Tench 
Coxe  to  remembrance  are  his  labors  in  behalf  of 
American  'manufactures,  and  his  statistical  writ- 
ings on  political  economy.  He  deserves,  indeed,  to 
be  called  the  father  of  the  American  cotton  indus- 
try. He  it  was  who  first  attempted  to  bring  an 
Arkwright  machine  to  the  United  States,  and  first 
urged  the  people  of  the  south  to  give  their  time 
to  raising  cotton.  His  speech  before  the  delegates 
of  the  constitutional  convention  is  in  the  "  Ameri- 
can Museum"  of  September,  1787.  His  treasury 
papers  are  in  the  "  American  State  Papers "  (vol. 
i..  Finance).  His  chief  works  are:  "An  Inquiry 
into  the  Principles  for  a  Commercial  System  for 
the  United  States"  (1787);  "Examination  of  Lord 
Sheffield's  Observations  on  the  Commerce  of  the 
United  Provinces"  (1792);  "View  of  the  United 
States"  (1787-'94).  He  wrote  also  on  naval  power, 
on  encouragement  of  arts  and  manufactures,  on 
the  cost,  trade,  and  manufacture  of  cotton,  on  the 
naviijation  act,  and  on  arts  and  manufactures  in  the 
United  States. 

C0ZZKN8,  Frederick  Swartwoiit,  merchant, 
b.  in  New  York  citv,  5  March.  1818 ;  d.  in  Brook- 
lyn, N.  Y.,  23  Dec".,  1869.  He  was  educated  in 
New  York  city,  trained  in  mercantile  pursuits,  be- 
gan a  grocery  and  wine  business  at  the  age  of 
twenty-one,  and  became  a  leading  wine-merchant. 
He  introduced  the  Longworth  wines  from  Ohio 
into  the  New  York  trade,  being  the  first  to  sell 
native  wines  in  that  city.  His  leisure  hours  were 
devoted  to  literature,  which  he  cultivated  as  a 
means  of  recreation.  His  earliest  .humorous  poems 
and  sketches  were  printed  in  1847  in  "  Yankee 
Doodle."  A  series  of  articles  that  he  contributed 
to  the  "  Knickerbocker  Magazine "  he  collected 
and  published  in  1853  in  a  volume  entitled  "  Pris- 
matics,"  under  the  pen-name  "  Richard  Haywarde," 
which  was  the  real  name  of  one  of  his  ancestors, 
an  English  Moravian  missionary  in  America.  In 
the  "  Knickerbocker  Magazine "  he  also  issued  a 
series  of  humorous  sketches  describing  the  misad- 
ventures and  trials  of  a  city  man,  new  to  country 
life,  who  had  purchased  a  rural  home.  They  were 
called  the  "  Sparrowgrass  Papers,"  and.  when  pub- 
lished in  a  volume  in  New  York  iu  1856,  obtained 


COZZENS 


CRADOCK 


763 


a  wide  circulation,  and  gained  for  the  author  a 
reputation  as  one  of  the  first  of  American  humor- 
ists. In  1859  he  published  a  volume  of  travel  en- 
titled "Acadia;  or,  A  Month  among  the  Blue 
Noses  " ;  in  the  same  year  also  a  "  True  History  of 
New  Plymouth  "  in  tlie  New  York  "  Ledger."    For 

seven  years  be 


^r^^s^ 


fore  the  civil 
war  he  con- 
ducted, in  con- 
nection with 
his  business, 
a  trade  -  pa- 
per called  the 
"Wine- Press," 
for  which  he 
wrote  useful 
and  entertain- 
ing essays  on 
grape  -  culture 
and  wine-mak- 
ing, and  on 
aesthetic  sub- 
jects. He  re- 
sided for  many 
years  at  Yon- 
kers,  where  the 
scene  of  the 
"  Sparrowgrass 
Papers "  was 
laid,  but,  after 
failing  in  business  in  1868,  he  removed  to  Rahway, 
N.  J.,  and  was  making  a  visit  in  Brooklyn  at  the 
time  of  his  death.  His  other  published  works  are  a 
"  Memorial  of  Col.  Peter  A.  Porter,"  who  was  killed 
at  the  head  of  his  regiment  in  the  battle  of  Cold 
Harbor  (1865) ;  "  Sayings  of  Dr.  Bushwhacker  and 
other  Learned  Men,"  to  which  Verplanck  contrib- 
uted several  essays  (New  York,  1867) ;  and  a  "  Me- 
morial of  Fitz-G-reene  Halleck,"  which  was  read 
before  the  New  York  historical  society  and  after- 
ward published  (1868).  See  Wilson's  "Bryant  and 
his  Friends." — His  uncle,  Issacliar,  b.  in  Newport, 
R.  I.,  in  1781,  was  a  chemist  and  mineralogist  by  pro- 
fession, and  was  the  author  of  a  "  Geological  His- 
tory of  New  Y'ork  Island"  (New  York,  1843).— 
Another  uncle,  William  B.,  hotel-keeper,  b.  in 
Newport,  R.  I.,  in  1787;  d.  at  West  Point,  N.  Y., 
13  March,  1864,  was  for  ten  years  proprietor  of  the 
American  hotel  in  New  York  city,  and  subsequently 
opened  Cozzens's  hotel  at  West  Point. — William 
Cole,  cousin  of  Frederick  Swartwout,  merchant, 
b.  in  Newport,  R.  I.,  26  Aug.,  1811 ;  d.  there,  17 
Dec,  1876.  In  1842  he  became  the  head  of  the 
dry-goods  firm  of  William  C.  Cozzens  &  Co.,  and 
about  1857  president  of  the  Rhode  Island  Union 
bank.  In  1854  he  was  mayor  of  Newport,  subse- 
quently a  representative  in  the  general  assembly, 
and  in  1861  a  senator.  In  March,  1862,  the  gov- 
ernor and  lieutenant-governor  having  resigned, 
Mr.  Cozzens,  who  had  been  chosen  president  of  the 
senate,  became  acting  governor  of  the  state  for 
about  three  months.  An  historical  address  that 
he  delivered  in  1863  was  published  under  the  title 
"  History  of  Long  Wharf,  Newport." — Frederick 
Schiller,  son  of  Frederick  Swartwout,  artist,  b.  in 
New  York  city,  11  Oct.,  1846,  was  graduated  at  the 
Rensselaer  polytechnic  institute,  Troy,  N.  Y.,  in 
1868.  He  worked  at  decorative  designing  in  New 
York  city,  afterward  applied  himself  to  sketching, 
and,  following  an  early  bent  for  marine  subjects, 
soon  acquired  a  reputation  as  a  draughtsman  of 
water-craft.  He  has  exhibited  water-color  sketches 
m  New  York,  Boston,  and  Philadelphia,  and  is  es- 
pecially successful  with  fog-effects  and  surf-boat 


subjects.  He  has  published  a  series  of  lithographed 
drawings  of  "  American  Yachts,"  accompanied  with 
descriptions  by  Lieut.  James  D„  J.  Kelley.  He 
has  also  produced  a  series  of  outline-drawings 
of  vessels  of  all  kinds,  comprising  steamers  from 
1819  to  the  present,  American  and  English  yachts, 
and  all  varieties  of  American  craft  propelled  by 
sails,  oars,  or  paddles.  These  sketches  were  pub- 
lished in  the  magazine  "  Outing  "  in  1886,  prepara- 
tory to  their  appearance  in  book-form  under  the 
title  "Cozzens's  Outlines." 

COZZENS,  Samuel  Woodworth,  author,  b.  in 
Marblehead,  Mass.,  14  April,  1834;  ti.  in  Thomas- 
ton,  Ga.,  4  Nov.,  1878.  He  was  a  lawyer,  and  for  a 
time  U.  S.  district  judge  of  Arizona.  His  published 
works  include  "  The  Marvellous  Country  "  (Boston, 
1876) ;  "  The  Young  Trail-Hunters  Series,"  com- 
prising "  The  Young  Trail-Hunters,"  "  Crossing 
the  Quicksands,"  and  "  The  Young  Silver-Seekers  " 
(1876  et  seq.) ;  and  "  Nobody's  Husband  "  (1878). 

CRABB,  (Jeorg'e  W.,  jurist,  b.  in  Tennessee;  d. 
in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  in  1847.  He  removed  to  Ala- 
bama at  an  early  age,  settled  at  Tuscaloosa,  then 
the  capital,  was  assistant  secretary  of  the  senate, 
and  afterward  state  comptroller.  He  served  with 
distinction  in  the  Florida  war  of  1836  as  lieu- 
tenant-colonel of  Chisolm's  regiment  of  Alabama 
volunteers,  was  elected  to  the  state  senate,  and  be- 
came major-general  of  the  militia.  In  1838  he 
was  elected  to  congress  as  a  whig,  to  fill  a  vacancy, 
and  re-elected  the  same  year,  but  was  defeated  in 
1840.  He  supported  Polk  for  president  in  1844,  and 
was  appointed  judge  of  the  Mobile  county  court 
in  1846,  but  was  overtaken  by  a  malady  for  which 
he  spent  a  winter  in  Cuba,  afterward  going  to 
Philadel])hia  for  medical  treatment,  and  there  died. 

CRABBE,  Thomas,  naval  officer,  b.  in  Mary- 
land in  1788 ;  d.  in  Princeton,  N.  J.,  29  June,  1872. 
He  entered  the  service  from  Pennsylvania  as  a 
midshipman,  15  Nov.,  1809,  served  in  the  war  of 
1812-5,  was  promoted  lieutenant,  4  Feb.,  1815,  be 
came  commander,  3  March,  1835,  commanded  Fort 
Brook,  Tampa  bay,  during  the  campaign  against 
the  Seminoles  in  1837,  was  commissioned  as  cap- 
tain, 8  Sept.,  1841,  and  commanded  the  squadron 
on  the  coast  of  Africa  in  1855-7.  He  was  retired  as 
commodore,  16  July,  1862,  officiated  as  prize  com- 
missioner in  1864-'5,  and  was  made  a  rear-admiral 
on  the  retired  list,  25  July,  1866. 

CRABTREE,  Lotta,  "actress,  b.  in  New  York 
city,  7  Nov.,  1847.  Her  father,  who  kept  a  book- 
store for  many  years  in  Nassau  street.  New  York, 
went  to  California  in  1851  and  there  engaged  in 
gold-mining.  His  wife  and  daughter  followed  in 
1854.  Lotta  made  her  first  appearance  on  the 
stage  in  1855  as  a  singer  in  an  amateur  perform- 
ance at  La  Porte.  At  the  age  of  eleven  she  played 
the  part  of  Gertrude  in  the  "  Loan  of  a  Lover  "  at 
Petaluma.  The  mother  and  daughter  were  mem- 
bers of  a  variety  company  that  travelled  through 
California  in  1860.  In  1864  Lotta  appeared  in 
New  York  city  in  spectacular  plays  at  Niblo's  Gar- 
den, and  first  gained  a  reputation  in  John  Brough- 
am's "  Little  Nell  and  the  Marchioness."  She  soon 
became  a  favorite  with  the  American  public  in  ec- 
centric comedy,  playing  roles  especially  written  for 
her.  Her  chief  successes  were  as  "  Topsy,"  "  Sam 
Willoughby,"  "  Firefly."  "  Musette,"  "  Zip,"  "  Bob," 
"  The  Little  Detective,"  and  "  Nitouclie." 

CRADOCK,  Matthew,  English  merchant,  d.  27 
May,  1641,  He  was  a  wealthy  merchant  of  the  city 
of  London,  and  was  chosen  the  first  governor  of 
the  Massachusetts  company,  18  March,  1629, 
While  remaining  in  England,  he  conducted  a  trade 
in  the  colony  through  his  agents,  and  was  liberal 


764 


CRADOCK 


CRAGIN 


in  advancing  funds  for  the  establishment  of  the 
plantations.  It  was  at  his  suggestion  that  the  gov- 
ernment was  transferred  from  the  London  com- 
pany to  the  colonies.  At  his  decease  the  Ameri- 
can colony  was  heavily  indebted  to  him  for  money 
advanced.  In  1640  he  represented  the  city  of  Lon- 
don in  the  long  parliament. 

CRADOCK,  Thomas,  clergyman,  d.  in  Balti- 
more county,  Md.,  in  1760.  He  was  rector  of  St. 
Thomas's  parish,  and  in  1753  preached  a  notable 
sermon  before  the  governor  and  the  assembly,  de- 
nouncing the  irregularities  of  the  clergy.  In  1754 
he  published  a  translation  of  Buchanan's  Latin 
Psalms  in  heroic  verse. 

CRAFTS,  Ebeiiezer,  pioneer,  b.  in  Pomfret, 
Conn.,  in  1740 ;  d.  in  Craftsbury,  Vt.,  in  1810.  He 
was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1759,  and  became  a  mer- 
chant in  Sturbridge,  Mass.  He  served  under  Lin- 
coln during  the  Shays  rebellion  as  commander  of  a 
regiment,  and  in  1790  emigrated  with  his  family  to 
the  wilderness  of  Vermont  and  there  founded  the 
town  that  is  called  after  him. — His  son,  Samuel 
Chandler,  governor  of  Vermont,  b.  in  Woodstock, 
Vt.,  6  Oct.,  1768 ;  d.  in  Craftsbury,  Vt.,  19  Nov., 
1853,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1790,  removed 
with  his  father  to  Craftsbury,  Vt.,  the  same  year, 
was  chosen  town-clerk  upon  the  organization  of  the 
town  in  1792,  and  held  that  office  for  thirty-seven 
years.  During  his  life  he  filled  every  office  within 
the  gift  of  the  people  of  Vermont.  He  was  the 
youngest  delegate  in  the  State  constitutional  con- 
vention that  met  at  Windsor  in  1793,  was  elected 
to  the  legislature  in  1796,  and  again  in  1800,  1801, 
1803,  and  1805,  was  register  of  probate  for  the  Or- 
leans district  from  1796  till  1815,  judge  of  the  Or- 
leans county  court  from  1800  till  1816,  and  during 
the  last  six  years  chief  judge.  He  was  clerk  of  the 
house  of  representatives  in  1798-9,  and  a  member 
of  the  executive  council  in  1809-'12  and  1835-'7. 
He  was  elected  a  representative  in  congress  in  1816, 
and  served  for  four  successive  terms,  from  1817  till 
1825.  In  the  latter  year  he  was  again  chosen  chief 
judge  of  the  county  court,  and  served  till  1828, 
when  he  was  elected  governor  of  the  state.  In  1829 
he  presided  over  the  constitutional  -convention  of 
the  state,  and  was  re-elected  governor  in  that  year 
and  in  1830.  In  1842  he  was  appointed  by  the  gov- 
eruor,  and  subsequently  elected  by  the  legislature, 
to  fill  the  unexpired  term  of  Samuel  Prentiss  as  U. 
S.  senator,  and  served  from  30  April,  1842,  till  3 
March,  1843.  In  1802  he  accompanied  Dr.  Fran- 
cois A.  Miehaud  in  his  botanical  explorations  of 
the  valley  of  the  lower  Mississippi. 

CRAFTS,  James  Mason,  chemist,  b.  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  8  March,  1839.  He  was  graduated  at  Law- 
I'ence  scientific  school  of  Harvard  in  1858,  after 
which  he  spent  seven  years  abroad,  studying  chem- 
istry and  kindred  sciences  at  the  Freiberg  mining- 
school,  at  the  university  in  Heidelberg,  and  at  the 
Ecole  des  mines  in  Paris.  On  his  return  to  the 
United  States,  he  was  in  1868-'70  professor  of  chem- 
istry at  Cornell,  and  from  1870  till  1880  a  member 
of  the  faculty  in  the  Massachusetts  institute  of 
technology  in  Boston,  although  from  1874  till  1880 
a  non-resident  professor.  He  is  a  member  of  many 
scientific  societies  both  in  the  United  States  and 
abroad,  is  a  fellow  of  the  chemical  society,  London, 
and  in  1872  was  elected  a  member  of  the  National 
academy  of  sciences.  Besides  several  honors  re- 
ceived from  the  French  academy  of  sciences,  he 
was  made  chevalier  of  the  legion  of  honor  by  the 
Fi'ench  government  in  1885.  Most  of  his  chemical 
investigations  were  made  in  Paris,  largely  in  con- 
nection with  Prof.  Charles  Friedel.  They  have 
been  presented  before  the  French  academy  of  sci- 


ences, and  include  researches  on  silicon  and  its  com- 
binations with  compound  radicals,  and  investiga- 
tions on  the  vapor  densities  of  halogen  compounds, 
principally  iodine.  He  has  published  "A  Short 
Course  of  Qualitative  Analysis"  (New  York,  1869). 

CRAFTS,  Walter,  mining  engineer,  b.  in  New- 
ton, Mass.,  21  Jan.,  1839.  He  was  graduated  at 
Rensselaer  polytechnic  institute  in  1860,  and  spent 
two  years  in  study  at  the  Freiberg  mining-school. 
On  his  return  to  the  United  States  he  became  min- 
ing superintendent  of  copper  mines  in  the  Lake 
Superior  district,  Michigan,  and  from  1867  till  1870 
was  in  charge  of  iron-mines  in  Berkshire  county, 
Mass.  From  1870  till  1876  he  was  superintendent 
of  the  Shelby  iron  company  in  Alabama.  In  1877 
he  was  appointed  treasurer  and  manager  of  the 
Crafts  iron  company  in  the  Hockiiig  valley,  Ohio, 
and  in  1883  became  an  official  in  the  Columbus 
and  Hocking  coal  and  iron  company.  As  an  au- 
thority on  furnaces  and  their  treatment  he  has  a 
high  reputation.  He  is  a  member  of  the  American 
institute  of  mining  engineers. 

CRAFTS,  Wilbur  Fisk,  clergyman,  b.  in  Frye- 
burg.  Me.,  12  Jan.,  1850.  He  was  graduated  "at 
Wesleyan  university,  Middletown,  Conn.,  in  1869, 
and  at  the  school  of  theology  of  Boston  university 
in  1872.  He  joined  the  New  England  conference 
of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  church  in  1870,  and 
preached  while  prosecuting  his  theological  studies 
at  Nahant  and  Stoneham,  Mass.  In  1872  he  was 
stationed  at  Haverhill,  and  subsequently  at  Dover, 
N.  H.,  New  Bedford,  Mass.,  Chicago,  111.,  and 
other  places.  He  travelled  in  Europe  and  Pales- 
tine, and,  having  united  with  the  Congregational 
church,  was,  after  his  return,  pastor  of  a  church  in 
Brooklyn.  N.  Y.,  until  1883.  He  has  published 
"  Through  the  Eye  to  the  Heart "  (New  York,  1873 ; 
revised  ed.,  1878) ;  "  Childhood,  the  Text-Book  of 
the  Age  for  Parents,  Pastors,  and  Teachers  "  (Bos- 
ton, 1875) ;  "  The  Ideal  Sunday-School  "  (Boston, 
1876) ;  •'  Rescue  of  Child-Soul  "  (1880) ;  "  Successful 
Men  of  To-day  "  (1883) :  "  The  Sabbath  for  Man  " 
(1885) ;  and,  with  his  wife,  "  Pocket  Lesson  Notes  " 
(1886). — His  wife,  Sarah  J .  Timanus,  has  published 
"  Letters  to  Primary  Teachers,"  treatises  on  Kinder- 
garten teaching,  and  religious  books  for  the  young. 

CRAFTS,  William,  lawyer,  b.  in  Charleston, 
S.  C,  24  Jan.,  1787;  d.  in  Lelaanon  Springs,  N.  Y., 
23  Sept.,  1826.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1805,  studied  law,  became  an  eloquent  and  success- 
ful pleader  in  Charleston,  especially  in  criminal 
cases,  and  for  several  terms  was  a  member  of  the 
legislature,  serving  both  in  the  senate  and  house  of 
representatives.  He  j^rinted  essays  on  subjects  of 
contemporary  interest  in  the  Charleston  '*  Courier," 
of  which  he  was  for  a  time  the  editor,  delivered 
fi'equent  popular  addresses,  was  the  Phi  Beta  Kap- 
pa orator  at  Cambridge  in  1817,  wrote  "  The  Sea- 
Serpent,  or  Gloucester  Hoax,"  a  humorous  three- 
act  drama,  contributed  humorous  sketches  to  the 
"  Omnium  Botherum,"  a  journal  devoted  to  local 
satire,  and  published  a  few  poems,  the  longest  of 
which  are  "  Sullivan's  Island  "  and  "  The  Raciad." 
A  selection  from  his  writings  and  orations  was  pub- 
lished, with  a  memoir  by  the  Rev.  Samuel  Gilman 
(Charleston,  S.  C,  1828). 

CRAGIN,  Aaron  H.,  senator,  b.  in  Weston, 
Vt.,  3  Feb.,  1821 ;  d.  in  Washington,  D.  C,  10  May, 
1898.  He  studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  in  1847.  He  removed  to  Lebanon, 
N.  H.,  and  began  practice  in  that  year,  was  elected 
to  the  New  Hampsliire  legislature  in  1852,  and 
served  till  1855,  when  he  entered  congress,  having 
been  chosen  by  the  American  party.  He  was  re- 
elected in  1856,  and  served  till  3  March,  1859.    He 


CRAGIN 


CRAIG 


765 


was  returned  to  the  legislature  in  that  year,  and 
was  a  delegate  to  the  Eepubliean  national  conven- 
tion at  Chicago  in  1860.  In  1865  he  was  elected 
U.  S.  senator  from  New  Hampshire,  and  served  as 
chairman  of  the  committee  on  contingent  expenses 
of  the  senate ;  was  re-elected  to  the  senate  in  1871, 
and  was  chairman  of  the  committee  on  naval  af- 
fairs. He  was  one  of  the  commissioners  appointed 
for  the  sale  of  the  Hot  Springs  of  Arkansas. 

CRAGIN,  Francis  Wliittemore,  naturalist,  b. 
in  Greenfield,  N.  II.,  4  Sept.,  1858.  He  studied  at 
Washburn  college  in  Topeka,  Kansas,  at  the  Brook- 
lyn polytechnic  institute,  and  was  graduated  at 
Lawrence  scientific  school  of  Harvard  univer- 
sity in  1883.  Subsequently  he  travelled  through- 
out the  United  States,  for  the  purpose  of  collecting 
specimens  in  natural  history.  During  the  winter 
of  1883-'4  he  established,  under  the  patronage  of 
Washburn  coUege,  the  Washburn  biological  survey 
of  Kansas,  a  work  that  has  thrown  much  light  on 
the  fauna  and  flora  of  the  great  central  plain  of 
North  America,  and  has  resulted  in  the  discovery 
of  many  new  species  of  both  animals  and  plants. 
Mr.  Cragin  is  a  member  of  the  American  associa- 
tion for  the  advancement  of  science,  and  of  the 
Kansas  academy  of  science.  He  has  published  the 
"  Bulletin  of  the  Washburn  College  Laboratory  of 
Natural  History  "  (September,  1884  et  seq.),  which 
contains  the  reports  of  the  biological  survey,  with 
notes  and  a  paper  on  the  natural  history  of  the 
west  and  southwest. 

CRAIDER,  Frederick,  Revolutionary  veteran, 
d.  in  Meadville,  Miss.,  in  August.  1866,  at  the  age 
of  108  years.  He  fought  in  the  Continental  army, 
and  was  a  veteran  also  of  the  war  of  1812-'5. 

CRAItr,  Alexander  Johnson,  educator,  b.  in 
Goshen,  Orange  co.,  N.  Y.,  11  Nov.,  1833;  d.  in 
Madison,  Wis.,  5  July,  1870.  After  receiving  a 
common  school  education,  he  removed  in  1843  to 
Palmyra,  Wis.,  where  he  lived  about  fifteen  years, 
teaching  for  a  part  of  the  time  and  holding  several 
local  offices.  He  became  a  practical  surveyor,  and 
worked  at  the  carpenter's  trade  several  years,  also 
furnishing  plans  for  school-buildings  in  different 
parts  of  the  state.  He  became  principal  of  a  Mil- 
waukee school  in  1854,  and  in  1858-'9  edited  the 
Wisconsin  "  Journal  of  Education  "  at  Racine  and 
Madison,  Wis.  In  1859-60,  he  was  a  member  of 
the  legislature.  He  was  president  of  the  State 
teachers'  association,  and  was  chosen  assistant  state 
superintendent  of  schools  in  1860,  and  from  1868 
till  his  death  was  superintendent-in-chief. 

CRAIG,  Henry  Knox,  soldier,  b.  in  Fort  Pitt, 
Pittsburg,  Pa.,  7  March,  1791 ;  d.  in  Washington, 
D.  C,  7  Dec,  1869.  After  being  educated  in  Pitts- 
burg, he  was  appointed  second  lieutenant  in  the 
3d  artillery,  17  March,  1813,  and  was  engaged  in 
the  occupation  of  Fort  George  and  the  night  as- 
sault at  Stony  Creek,  Canada.  He  was  promoted 
to  captain,  83  Dec,  1813,  commanded  Fort  Niaga- 
ra, N.  Y.,  in  1814,  and  was  transferred  to  the  light 
artillery,  17  May,  1815.  He  was  superintendent  of 
lead-mines  in  Missouri  and  Illinois  from  1831  till 
1835,  was  made  major  of  ordnance,  30  May,  1833, 
and  was  chief  of  ordnance  of  the  army  of  occupa- 
tion in  Texas  and  Mexico  in  1847.  He  distin- 
guished himself  at  Palo  Alto  and  Resaca  de  la 
Palma,  and  was  brevetted  lieutenant-colonel  for 
bravery  at  Monterej%  33  Sept.,  1846.  He  was  made 
full  lieutenant-coloiiel,  35  March,  1848,  was  inspec- 
tor of  arsenals  till  1851,  and  then  became  colonel 
of  ordnance.  He  had  charge  of  the  ordnance  bu- 
reau at  Washington  till  1861,  and  was  retired 
from  active  service,  1  June,  1863.  On  13  March, 
1865,  he  was  brevetted  brigadier-general.  In  1861 
VOL.  I. — 49 


Col.  Craig  furnished  to  congress,  at  its  request,  an 
account  of  the  arms  transferred  by  Secretary  John 
B.  Floyd  to  southern  arsenals  in  the  year  1860. — 
His  nephew,  Isaac  Eugene,  artist,  b.  near  Pitts- 
burg, Pa.,  about  1830.  After  studying  art  in  Pitts- 
burg and  Philadelphia,  he  went  to  Europe  in  1853, 
intending  to  devote  himself  to  the  German  school, 
but  changed  his  mind  after  spending  a  few  days  in 
the  Louvre,  and  remained  in  Paris  for  study.  He 
returned  to  the  United  States  in  1855,  but  went  to 
Europe  again  in  1863,  and  finally  settled  in  Flor- 
ence. His  works  have  rarely  been  exhibited  in 
public.  They  include  "  Saul  and  David  "  ;  "  The 
Emigrant's  Grave  "  ;  "  Daughter  of  Jairus  "  ;  "  The 
Brazen  Serpent "  ;  "  Pygmalion  "  ;  "  Shylock  Sign- 
ing the  Bond  "  ;  "  Peace  " ;  "  Easter  Hymn  " ;  and 
"  Venus  and  Cupid."  He  has  also  painted  a  por- 
trait of  Joel  T.  Hart,  the  Kentucky  sculptor,  and 
some  characteristic  and  striking  views  of  Venice. 

CRAIG,  James,  soldier,  b.  in  Pennsylvania,  7 
May,  1830;  d.  in  St.  Joseph,  Mo.,  31  Oct.,  1888. 
He  studied  law  and  removed  to  the  west.  In  the 
Mexican  war  he  was  a  captain  in  the  Missouri 
mounted  rifles  from  August,  1847,  till  November, 
1848.  He  was  state  attorney  for  the  twelfth  judi- 
cial circuit  in  1853-'6,  and  was  then  elected  to  con- 
gress as  a  democrat,  serving  from  7  Dec,  1857,  till 
3  March,  1861.  President  Lincoln  appointed  him 
brigadier-general  of  volunteers,  21  March,  1863, 
and  he  served  in  the  west. 

CRAIG,  Sir  James  Henry,  British  soldier,  b. 
in  Gibraltar  in  1749 ;  d.  13  Jan.,  1813.  His  father 
was  civil  and  military  judge  at  Gibraltar.  At  the 
age  of  fourteen  the  son  entered  the  army  with  the 
rank  of  ensign,  and  in  1770  was  aide-de-camp  to 
Gen.  Sir  Robert  Boyd,  governor  of  Gibraltar.  In 
1771  he  was  captain  of  the  47th  foot,  with  which 
he  went  to  America  in  1774.  He  was  engaged  in 
the  battles  of  Lexington  and  Bunker  Hill,  where  he 
was  severely  wounded,  as  he  was  also  at  the  en- 
gagements at  Hubbardton  and  Freeman's  Farm. 
He  was  included  in  the  convention  at  Saratoga, 
and  was  sent  to  Britain  with  despatches.  In  De- 
cember, 1777,  he  was  appointed  a  major  of  the  82d 
regiment.  Pie  was  ordered  to  Nova  Scotia  in  1778, 
and  engaged  in  the  operations  at  Penobscot  in  1779. 
Pie  occupied  Wilmington,  N.  C,  in  January,  1781, 
and  when  Cornwallis  surrendered  in  November, 
1781,  he  abandoned  that  place.  At  this  time  he 
held  the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel.  In  1795  he  was 
sent  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  being  now  a  ma- 
jor-general, in  command  of  the  expedition  against 
that  colony,  and,  aided  by  Admiral  Elphinstone 
and  Maj.-Gen.  Clarke,  effected  its  conquest.  In 
1797  he  went  to  India  and  commanded  the  success- 
ful expedition  against  Manila.  He  was  promoted 
lieutenant-general  in  January,  1801,  and  returned 
to  Britain  in  1803.  In  1805  he  was  on  duty  at  Lis- 
bon, Gibraltar,  Malta,  and  Naples,  and  with  Sir 
John  Stuart  led  the  Army  of  the  Mediterranean  to 
Sicily.  In  1807,  when  the  relations  existing  be- 
tween Great  Britain  and  the  United  States  were 
strained,  he  was  sent  over  as  lieutenant-governor  of 
Lower  Canada  and  commander-in-chief  of  the  forces 
at  Quebec.  His  official  career  in  Canada  was  not  suc- 
cessful, chiefly  because  of  the  prejudice  and  hatred 
with  which  the  French  Canadians  regarded  their 
British  conquerors.  The  majority  in  tlie  province 
showed  its  animus  by  electing  to  the  first  assembly 
a  M.  Panet,  who  could  not  speak  a  word  of  Eng- 
lish. At  times  it  was  impossible  to  secure  the  at- 
tendance of  a  sufficient  number  of  members  to  con- 
duct the  public  business,  and  when  they  did  meet 
it  was  only  to  contend  about  religion  and  nationali- 
ty.    The  bluff  soldier  found  such  an  assembly  in- 


766 


CKAIG 


CRAIGIE 


tolerable,  and  the  first  assembly  was  dismissed. 
The  second  (1810)  was  similar  in  composition,  and 
was  also  dismissed.  During  the  following  election 
Sir  James  H.  Craig,  or  his  council,  suppressed  "  Le 
Canadien,"  newspaper,  and  arrested  six  prominent 
members  of  the  late  assembly.  Garneau,  the  French 
Canadian  historian,  though  not  regarding  Sir  James 
witli  special  favor,  exonerates  him  from  any  great 
eul|ial)ility  in  the  matter,  placing  the  blame  upon 
C'liiof- Just  ice  Sewell,  who  was  at  the  head  of  the 
council.  In  1811  Sir  James  retired  from  the  gov- 
ernment, and  on  19  June  returned  to  England. 

CRAIG,  John,  philanthropist,  b.  in  Goffstown, 
N.  H.,  in  1797;  d.  in  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  19  July, 
1873.  He  was  educated  in  his  native  town  and  be- 
came a  successful  business  man,  amassing  a  large 
fortune  by  his  habits  of  industry  and  integrity. 
Besides  giving  liberally  during  his  lifetime,  he  be- 
-queathed  sums  amounting  to  $105,000  to  various 
Universalist  educational  institutions. 

CRAIGt,  Lewis,  clergyman,  b.  in  Orange  county, 
Va.,  in  1737;  d.  in  Kentucky  in  1828.  As  there 
was  no  ordained  minister  at  hand  to  baptize  him, 
he  began  preaching  before  his  baptism,  and  was  in- 
dicted "  for  preaching  the  gospel  contrary  to  the 
law."  His  conduct  during  the  trial  so  impressed 
one  of  the  jurors,  John  Waller,  that  it  was  the  oc- 
casion of  Waller's  conversion.  On  4  June,  1768, 
while  engaged  in  public  worship,  he  was  seized  by 
the  sheriff,  and  was  required  by  the  court  to  give 
security  not  to  preach  in  the  county  within  twelve 
months.  Refusing  to  do  this,  he  was  committed  to 
the  Fredericksburg  jail.  After  a  month's  confine- 
ment, during  which  he  preached  through  the  prison- 
bars  to  large  crowds,  he  was  released.  Soon  after- 
ward he  was  ordained,  and  became  pastor  of  a  Bap- 
tist church.  In  1771  he  was  again  imprisoned  for 
three  months  in  Caroline  county.  In  1781  he  re- 
moved to  Kentucky,  where  he  continued  his  min- 
isterial labors  with  great  zeal  and  success. — His 
brother,  Elijah,  clergyman,  b.  in  Orange  county, 
Va.,  in  1743;  d.  in  Kentucky  in  1800.  Some  time 
after  his  ordination  he  was  imprisoned  for  a 
month  lor  preaching  the  gospel.  In  Culpepper 
jail  he  lived  on  rye-bread  and  water  and  preached  to 
the  people  through  the  prison-bars.  After  this  he 
was  "  honored  with  a  term  in  Orange  jail."  He  was 
several  times  sent  as  a  delegate  from  the  Baptist 
general  association  to  urge  the  Virginia  legislature 
to  grant  entire  religious  liberty.  In  1786  he  re- 
moved to  Kentucky,  where  he  amassed  a  fortune. 

CRAIG,  Lewis  S.,  soldier,  b.  in  Virginia;  d. 
near  New  River,  Cal.,  6  June,  1852.  He  entered 
the  army  as  second  lieutenant  of  the  2d  dragoons, 
14  Oct.,  1837,  was  transferred  to  the  3d  infantry  in 
August,  1838,  and  in  March,  1840,  made  assistant 
commissary  of  subsistence.  He  was  promoted  to 
first  lieutenant  in  June,  1840,  to  captain  in  Juno, 
1846,  and  served  with  distinction  in  the  Mexican 
war,  winning  the  brevet  of  major  for  gallant  con- 
duct at  Monterey,  and  that  of  lieutenant-colonel  at 
Contreras  and  Churubusco,  where  he  was  wounded. 
He  met  his  death  at  the  hands  of  deserters  while 
in  the  performance  of  his  dutv. 

CRAIG,  Robert  H.,  actor,  b.  in  New  York 
city,  24  March,  1842 ;  d.  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  8  Dec, 
1872.  He  made  his  first  appearance  at  Barnum's 
old  museum.  New  York,  on  10  Sept.,  1860,  and 
subsequently,  when  connected  with  the  Arch  street 
theatre,  Philadelphia,  began  to  rise  in  public  favor 
as  a  comedian.  He  made  a  success  at  the  Boston 
museum  in  1870  as  a  burlesque  actor,  with  clever 
imitations  of  noted  players.  He  had  talent  as  a 
painter,  and  was  the  author  of  burlesques  on  "  Don 
Juan,"  "  Faust,"  "  Hamlet,"  and  "  Camille." 


CRAIG,  William,  artist,  b.  in  Dublin,  Ireland, 
in  1829 ;  drowned  in  Lake  George,  N.  Y.,  in  1875. 
He  painted  in  water-colors,  and  exhibited  for  the 
first  time  at  the  Royal  academy  in  Dublin  in  1846, 
His  pictures  became  popular  in  Ireland,  and  in 
1863  he  settled  in  this  country,  becoming  one  of 
the  original  members  of  the  American  society  of 
water-color  painters.  Toward  the  end  of  his  life 
he  jjainted  rapidly,  and  so  his  later  works  were 
not  equal  to  those  produced  early  in  life,  which 
have  been  pronounced  "admirable  specimens  of 
the  art,  tender  yet  brilliant  in  tone,  and  possessed  of 
that  peculiar  transparency  of  coloring  which  is  so 
noticeable  in  the  works  of  the  English  school." 
Among  his  paintings  are  "  Mount  Washington " 
(1867);  "Ruins  of  Fort  Ticonderoga"  (1868); 
"Valley  of  the  Rocks,  Paterson,  N.  J."  (1869); 
"On  the  Hudson"  (1870):  "Hudson  River  near 
West  Point  "  (1871) ;  "  Metzingeis  Cascade,  near 
Fishkill,  N.  Y."  (1872) ;  and  "  Falls  on  the  Boquet 
River  "  and  "  Kilchum  Castle,  Scotland  "  (1875). 

CRAIGHILL,  William  Price,  soldier,  b.  in 
Charlestown,  Jellerson  co.,  W.  Va.,  1  July,  1833. 
After  attending  Charlestown  academy  he  entered 
the  U.  S.  military  academy,  where  he  was  grad- 
uated in  1853,  standing  second  in  a  class  of  fifty- 
two,  and  was  assigned  to  the  engineer  corps. 
He  superintended  tlie  building  of  Fort  Dela- 
ware in  1858,  was  made  first  lieutenant  on  1 
July,  1859,  and  served  most  of  the  time  till  1864  at 
the  military  academy  as  instructor,  treasurer,  and 
in  command  of  an  engineer  detachment  there.  He 
was  made  captain  on  3  March,  1863,  was  engaged 
in  constructing  defences  for  Pittsburg  when  it 
was  threatened  by  Morgan  and  other  raiders,  and 
was  chief  engineer  of  the  middle  department  from 
April  till  June,  1864.  He  was  brevetted  lieuten- 
ant-colonel, 13  March,  1865,  for  his  services  in  the 
defence  of  Cumberland  Gap,  and  was  made  major 
on  23  Nov.,  serving  on  the  board  for  carrying  out 
in  detail  the  modifications  of  the  New  York  de- 
fences from  20  June  till  10  Nov.,  1865.  From 
1865  till  1867  he  superintended  the  defences  of 
Baltimore  harbor.  Since  then  he  has  been  engaged 
on  a  great  number  of  important  works,  including 
the  improvement  of  the  Potomac,  near  Washing- 
ton, from  1870  till  1874,  that  of  the  Appomattox 
river,  1870-'71,  and  of  the  Delaware  in  1873.  He 
was  sent  to  examine  movable  dams  and  other 
works  in  France  and  Great  Britain  in  1877-'8. 
In  1881  he  was  promoted  lieut.-colonel,  in  1888 
full  colonel,  and  in  1895  brig.-general  and  chief  of 
the  corps  of  engineers.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the 
general  convention  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
church  in  1880,  1883,  and  1886.  He  has  compiled 
"  Army  Officer's  Pocket  Companion  "  (New  York, 
1861);  translated  Dufour's  "Cours  de  tactiques"- 
(1863) ;  and,  jointly  with  Capt.  Mendell,  Gen.  Jomi- 
ni's  "  Precis  de  I'art  de  la  guerre  "  (1862). 

CRAIGIE,  William,  meteorologist,  b.  in  Bel- 
naboth,  Aberdeenshire,  Scotland,  11  March,  1799 ; 
d.  in  Hamilton,  Canada,  in  August,  1863.  He 
studied  for  the  medical  profession  at  Mareschal 
college,  Aberdeen,  and  at  the  Universities  of  Edin- 
burgh and  Dublin.  He  came  to  Canada,  and  in 
1834  settled  at  Ancaster,  Canada  West,  removing 
in  1845  to  Hamilton.  As  a  scholar,  he  had  proba- 
bly no  superior  in  Canada,  and  held  a  high  posi- 
tion as  a  scientific  authority  on  meteorology, 
botany,  horticulture,  and  agriculture.  The  results 
of  his  labors  as  a  meteorologist  were  chronicled 
for  many  months  in  the  columns  of  the  Hamilton 
"  Spectator,"  and  he  frequently  lent  assistance  to 
a  scientific  journal  published  in  connection  with 
the  Smithsonian  iiistit-ution.     He  was  a  member 


CRAIK 


CRANCH 


767 


of  the  Board  of  arts  and  manufactures  of  Canada 
West,  and  of  the  Hamilton  horticultural  society. 

CRAIK,  James,  physician,  b.  in  Scotland  in 
1731 ;  d.  in  Fairfax  county,  Va.,  G  Feb.,_1814.  He 
was  educated  to  be  a  surgeon  in  the  British  army, 
but  came  to  Virginia  early  in  life,  accompanied 
Washington  in  the  expedition  against  the  French 
and  Indians  in  1754,  and  was  in  Braddock's  disas- 
trous campaign  in  1755,  attending  that  general 
after  his  defeat,  and  assisting  in  dressing  his 
wounds.  We  owe  to  Dr.  Craik  the  details  of 
Washington's  remarkable  escape  at  Braddock's  de- 
feat. While  exploring  the  western  part  of  Vir- 
ginia in  1779,  he  met  an  aged  Indian  chief,  who 
told  him,  by  an  interpreter,  that  he  had  made  a 
long  journey  to  see  Col.  Washington,  at  whom,  in 
the  battle  of  Monongahela,  he  had  fired  his  rifle 
fifteen  times,  ordering  all  his  young  men  to  do  the 
samp.  During  the  Revolutionary  war  Dr.  Craik 
served  in  the  medical  department,  and  rose  to  the 
first'rank.  He  was  active  in  disclosing  the  con- 
spii'acy  of  1777,  to  remove  the  commander-in-chief, 
and  in  1781,  as  director-general  of  the  hospital  at 
Yorktown,  was  present  at  the  surrender  of  Corn- 
wallis.  After  the  war  he  removed  to  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Mount  Vernon,  at  Washington's  re- 
quest, and  attended  him  in  his  last  illness.  Wash- 
ington spoke  of  him  as  "  my  compatriot  in  arms, 
my  old  and  intimate  friend." 

CRALLE,  Richard  K.,  author,  b.  in  South 
Carolina ;  d.  in  Virginia,  10  June,  1864.  He  was 
a  relative  of  John  C.  Calhoun,  who  employed  him 
as  his  confidential  clerk  and  amanuensis  when  he 
was  secretary  of  state.  He  had  previously  been  an 
editor  and  Swedenborgian  clergyman  in  Washing- 
ton. He  published  "  Works  of  John  C.  Calhoun," 
with  a  memoir  (6  vols..  New  York,  1853-'6),  and 
several  polemical  works  on  new-church  doctrines. 

CRAM,  Thomas  Jefferson,  soldier,  b.  in  New 
Hampshii-e  about  1807 ;  d.  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  20 
Dec,  1883.  He  was  graduated  at  the  U.  S.  mili- 
tary academy  in  1826,  standing  fourth  in  a  class  of 
forty-one,  and  served  there  as  assistant  professor 
of  mathematics  in  1826-'9,  and  of  natural  and  ex- 
perimental philosophy  in  1829-36.  He  resigned 
on  16  Sept.,  1836,  and  was  for  two  years  assistant 
engineer  on  railroads  in  Maryland  and  Pennsylva- 
nia. He  was  reappointed,  with  the  rank  of  cap- 
tain, 7  July,  1838,  and  served  as  topographical  en- 
gineer on  various  surveys.  He  aided  in  making 
military  reconnoissances  in  Texas  in  1845-'6,  and 
in  1855-'8  was  chief  topographical  engineer,  De- 
partment of  the  Pacific.  He  was  promoted  to 
major,  6  Aug.,  1861,  to  lieutenant-colonel  on  9 
Sept.,  and  was  transferred  to  the  engineer  corps  on 
3  March,  1863.  From  1861  till  1863  he  acted  as 
aide-de-camp  to  Gen.  Wool,  being  engaged  in  the 
capture  of  Norfolk,  Va.,  10  May,  1862.  He  was 
made  colonel  on  23  Nov.,  1865,"  and  on  13  Jan., 
1866,  was  brevetted  brigadier-general  and  major- 
general  in  the  regular  army  for  his  services  during 
the  civil  war.  After  this  he  served  on  boards  of 
engineers  for  the  improvement  of  harbors  on  the 
great  lakes,  and  on  22  Feb.,  1869,  was  retired. 

CRAMER,  John,  congressman,  b.  in  Water- 
ford,  N.  Y.,  26  Sept.,  1779 ;  d.  there,  1  June,  1870. 
He  was  a  presidential  elector  in  1804,  casting  his 
vote  for  Jefferson  and  Clinton,  served  in  the  state 
house  of  representatives  in  1806  and  1811,  and  was 
state  senator  in  1823-'5.  While  senator  he  pro- 
posed the  present  system  of  choosing  presidential 
electors  on  a  general  ticket.  He  was  a  delegate  to 
the  State  constitutional  convention  in  1821,  and 
was  elected  to  congress  as  a  Jackson  democrat,  serv- 
ing two  terms,  from  1833  till  1837.    He  acquired  a 


Ifirge  forttme,  and  retired  many  years  before  his 
death  to  attend  to  his  private  interests. 

CRAMER,  Michael  John,  clergyman,  b.  in 
Schaff  hausen,  Switzerland,  6  Feb.,  1835  ;  d.  in  Car- 
lisle, Pa.,  22  Jan.,  1898.  He  was  descended  from  a 
Swedish  family  that  emigrated  to  Switzerland  soon 
after  the  reformation ;  his  mother  died  in  1840, 
and  in  1845  he  came  to  the  United  States  with  his 
father,  and  settled  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  After 
learning  the  printer's  trade,  he  entered  Ohio  Wes- 
leyan  university,  where  he  supported  himself 
during  his  course,  and  was  graduated  in  1860. 
After  serving  four  years  in  the  Methodist  minis- 
try, he  was  ap|)ointed  chaplain  in  the  army  by 
President  Lincoln,  and  remained  there  till  he  was 
sent  as  U.  S.  consul  to  Leipsic  by  President  John- 
son in  1867.  While  there  he  attended  lectures  at 
Leipsic  university,  and  also  organized  an  Ameri- 
can chapel  service,  preaching  every  Sunday  during 
his  stay.  He  was  appointed  U.  S.  minister  to 
Denmark  by  President  Grant  in  September,  1870, 
and  in  August,  1881.  was  transferred  by  President 
Garfield  to  Switzerland.  In  July,  1885,  he  re- 
turned to  this  country,  having  been  elected  in 
June  to  the  chair  of  systematic  theology  in  Boston 
university.  Dr.  Cramer  has  contributed  largely  to 
periodicals  in  this  coimtry,  Germany,  and  Den- 
mark. He  married,  27  Oct.,  1863,  Mary  Frances 
Grant,  sister  of  Gen.  Grant.  She  has  achieved 
some  success  as  an  artist. 

CRAMP,  Jolin  Mockett,  author,  b.  in  St. 
Peter's,  isle  of  Thanet,  Kent,  England,  25  July, 
1791 ;  d.  in  Wolfville,  Nova  Scotia,  6  Dec,  1881. 
He  was  educated  at  Stepney  college,  was  ordained, 
7  May,  1818,  became  pastor  of  the  Baptist  church 
in  Dean  street,  Sotithwark,  London,  and  in  1842  of 
the  Baptist  church  at  Hastings,  Sussex.  He  was 
chosen  president  of  the  Baptist  college,  Montreal, 
Canada,  in  1844;  president  of  Acadia  college. 
Nova  Scotia,  in  1851 ;  and  reappointed  principal 
of  the  theological  department  in  1853,  which  he 
retained  until  1860,  when  he  was  reappointed  presi- 
dent. He  retired  in  1869.  He  has  published  "  A 
Text-Book  of  Popery "  (Dublin,  1831 ;  enlarged 
ed.,  London,  1839) ;  "  The  Reformation  in  Europe  " 
(1833) ;  "Lectures  for  these  Times"  (1844) ;  "  Bap- 
tist History  "  (1868) ;  "  The  Lamb  of  God  "  (1871) ; 
"  Paul  and  Christ ;  a  Portraiture  and  an  Argu- 
ment "  ;  and  a  memoir  of  the  late  Madame  Feller, 
of  the  Grand  Ligne  mission,  Canada. 

CRAMPTON,  Sir  John  Fiennes  Twisleton, 
Bart.,  British  diplomatist,  b.  in  Dublin.  12  Aug., 
1805 :  d.  in  Enniskerry,  Wieklow  co..  Ireland.  7  Dec, 
1886.  He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  at  Trinity  col- 
lege, Dublin,  and  in  1852  was  appointed  minister  at 
Washington.  He  resigned  in  1856,  in  consequence 
of  a  demand  made  by  the  U.  S.  government,  which 
charged  him  with  attempting  to  enlist  recruits  for 
the  British  army  during  the  Crimean  war.  In  1857 
he  was  sent  as  British  minister  to  Hanover,  trans- 
ferred to  St.  Petersburg,  31  March.  1858,  and  to  Mad- 
rid, 11  Dec,  1860.  and  resigned  in  November,  1869. 

CRANCH,  William,  jurist,  b.  in  Weymouth, 
Mass.,  17  July,  17(i9;  d.  in  Washington,  1  Sept., 
1855.  His  father,  Richard,  a  native  of  England, 
was  for  many  years  a  member  of  the  Massachusetts 
legislature,  was  a  judge  of  the  court  of  common 
pleas,  and  the  author  of  "  Views  of  the  Prophecies 
concerning  Anti-Christ."  William  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  in  1787,  studied  law,  and  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  July,  1790.  After  practising  for 
three  years  in  the  courts  of  Massachusetts  and  New 
Hampshire,  in  October,  1794,  he  removed  to  Wash- 
ington. In  1801  President  Adams  appointed  him 
junior  assistant  judge  of  the  circuit  court  of  the 


768 


CRANDALL 


CRANDALL 


District  of  Columbia.  In  1805  President  Jefferson 
made  him  chief  justice  of  tlie  same  court,  an  office 
that  he  held  till  1855.  During  that  period  but  two 
of  his  decisions  were  overruled  by  the  U.  S.  su- 
preme court.  Among  the  last  services  imposed 
upon  him  by  congress  was  the  final  hearing  of  pat- 
ent causes  after  an  appeal  from  the  commissioner 
of  patents.  He  published  nine  volumes  of  reports 
of  the  U.  S.  supreme  court,  and  six  volumes  of  re- 
ports of  the  circuit  court  of  the  District  of  Colum- 
bia (1801  to  1841).  He  also  prepared  a  code  of  laws 
for  the  district,  published  a  memoir  of  John  Adams 
(1827),  and  in  1831  an  address  on  temperance. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Academy  of  arts  and 
sciences. — His  son.  Christopher  Pearse,  painter, 
b.  in  Alexandria,  Va.,  8  March,  1813;  d.  in  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.,  20  Jan.,  1892,  was  graduated  in  1835, 
but  retired  from  the  ministry  in  1842  to  devote 
himself  to  art.  He  studied  in  Italy  in  184G-'8, 
lived  and  painted  in  Paris  and  in  Italy  in  1853-'63, 
and,  returning  to  New  York,  was  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  the  National  academy  in  1804 ;  but  he  has 
not  contributed  to  its  exhibitions  since  1871.  His 
recent  residence  was  Cambridge,  Mass.  He  was 
a  graceful  writer  of  both  prose  and  verse,  and 
published  "Poems"  (Philadelphia,  1844);  "The 
Last  of  the  Huggermuggers  "  (1856),  and  "  Kob- 
boltozo "  (1857),  tales  for  children  illustrated  by 
himself ;  a  translation  of  the  "  ^Eneid  "  into  blank 
verse  (1872);  "Satan,  a  Libretto"  (Boston,  1874); 
"Bird  and  the  Bell,  with  other  Poems"  (1875). 
His  paintings  include  "  October  Afternoon " 
(1867),  "  Washington  Oak,  opposite  Newburg,  N. 
Y."  (1868) ;  "  Val  de  Moline,  Amalfi,  Italy  "  (1869) ; 
"  Roman  Citizen,"  "  Forest  of  Fontainebleau," 
"  Neapolitan  Fisherman,"  "  Venice  "  (1870) ;  and 
"  Venetian  Fishing-Boats  "  (1871). — Caroline  A., 
his  daughter  and  pupil,  has  studied  also  in  the 
Cooper  institute,  New  York,  and  under  William 
Hunt.  She  paints  figure-pieces  with  success.  She 
resides  in  Cambridge. — Joiin,  his  brother,  who  died 
in  1891.  was  a  portrait-painter  in  Washington,  D.  C, 
and  was  an  associate  of  the  National  academy. 

CRANDALL,  Prudence,  educator,  b.  in  Hop- 
kinton,  R.  I.,  3  Sept.,  1803;  d.  in  Elk  Falls,  Kan- 
sas, 27  Jan.,  1890.  She  was  educated  in  Providence, 
and  in  1831,  under  the  patronage  of  residents  of  the 
town,  established  the  Canterbury,  Conn.,  boarding- 
school.  In  1833  her  school  had  become  one  of  the 
best  of  its  kind  in  the  state.  At  this  time  Miss 
Crandall  admitted  a  young  negro  girl  as  a  pupil, 
and  thereby  incurred  the  displeasure  of  nearly  all 
her  former  patrons,  who  threatened  to  withdraw 
their  daughters  from  her  care.  Opposition  strength- 
ened her  decision  to  educate  the  oppressed  race, 
and,  after  consultation  with  several  of  the  anti- 
slavery  leaders,  she  issued  a  circular  announcing 
that  on  the  first  Monday  of  April,  1833,  she  would 


OL 


'ZX^-fi,-^-!  eMia-t^f 


open  a  school  "  for  the  reception  of  young  ladies 
and  little  misses  of  color."  "  Terms,  $25  per  quar- 
ter, one  half  paid  in  advance."  In  the  list  of  ref- 
erences are  the  names  of  Arthur  Tappan,  Samuel 
J.  May,  William  Lloyd  Garrison,  and  Arnold  Buf- 
fum.  The  circular  was  first  published  in  the  "  Lib- 
erator" of  2  March,  1833.  In  Canterbury  there 
was  great  indignation,  and  several  public  meetings 
were  held.  Messrs.  May  and  Buifum  appeared 
on  behalf  of  Miss 
Crandall,  but  were 
denied  a  hearing 
on  the  gi'ound 
that  they  were 
interlopers.  The 
town  pledged  it- 
self to  oppose  the 
school,  and  a  pe- 
tition was  sent 
to  the  legislature, 
praying  for  an 
act  prohibiting 
private  schools 
for  non-resident 
colored  persons. 
Such  an  act  was 
passed  in  May ; 
but   in  the  mean 

time,  in  spite  of  all  opposition.  Miss  Crandall 
had  opened  her  school,  and  began  her  work  with 
a  respectable  number  of  pupils.  She  was  ar- 
rested and  imprisoned  under  the  new  law,  and 
in  August  and  October  was  twice  brought  to 
trial.  She  was  convicted,  and  the  case  was  then 
carried  up  to  the  supreme  court  of  errors,  where 
judgment  was  reversed  on  a  technicality  in  July, 
1834.  Pending  this  decision.  Miss  Crandall  was 
the  object  of  persecutions  of  the  most  annoying 
description.  The  term  "  boycott,"  not  then  known, 
best  describes  the  measures  that  were  taken  to 
compel  the  suspension  of  her  school.  Finally  her 
house  was  set  on  fire  and  the  building  so  dam- 
aged by  a  mob  that  it  was  deemed  best  to  aban- 
don the  inidertaking.  Such  was  the  beginning 
of  the  higher  education  for  colored  people  in  New 
England.  After  the  breaking  up  of  her  school, 
she  married  the  Rev.  Calvin  Philleo,  a  Baptist 
clergyman,  who  died  in  1876.  They  lived  at 
various  places  in  New  York  and  Illinois,  and  in 
Elk  Falls,  Kansas.  Miss  Crandall's  portrait  was 
painted  by  Francis  Alexander  in  1838,  for  the 
American  anti -slavery  society,  and  became  the 
property  of  Samuel  J.  May,  who  gave  it  to  Cor- 
nell university,  in  the  library  of  which  it  is  still 
jireserved.  Tlie  illustration  presented  above  is 
from  that  portrait.  Her  life  has  been  written  by 
the  Rev.  John  C.  Kimball  (a  pamphlet,  printed 
privately,  1886). 


END   OF    VOLUME    I. 


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