APPLETONS' CYCLOP/EDIA
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY
Vou VII
ABBFTT-YOUNG
AND ANALYTICAL INDEX
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2008 with funding from
IVIicrosoft Corporation
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■.Appleton &,CO(np<jry,
^C^>^
APPLETONS' CYCLOPAEDIA
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY
EDITED BY
JAMES GRANT WILSON
PRblUBNT NEW YORK UE.NEAU>UICAt. KSO BIOCRAFMICAL SOCIETY
As H IS the commefulation of a good huntsman to find game in a wide wood,
!« It is no imputation if he hath not caught alL Plato
Volume VII
ABBETT— YOUNG
AND ANALYTICAL INDEX
7
w
NEU' YORK
D. APPLETON AND COMPANY
72 FIFTH AVENUE
1900
£
v^7
Copyright, 1900,
bt i>. appleton and company.
^;
PREFACE.
In this volame will be found nearly two thousand notices of Americans of the
army and navy who won renown in the recent war with Spain and the Philippine
Islands, also of persons of the New World who have in various ways become
prominent in the peaceful activities of life durinjf the decade that has jwissed since
the first ap[>earunce of " Appletons' Cyclopoediii of Ameri<*an Biography," in six
octavo volumes. In this new volume is included complete lists of Pen-names,
Nicknames, and Sobriquets mentioned in the complete work ; also of persons who
have <liefl since the publication of the original six volumes in 1887-'8, together
with lij<ts «>f the signers of the Declanition of Independence, of the Presidents of
the Continental Congress and of the Congress of the Confederation, 177;)-'S8,
and of the Presidents of the United States, Vice-Presidents, and Cabinet officers
from the adoption of the Constitution to the year 1900. This additional volume
includes an exhaustive Index, and numerous small |K)rtraits, e.xecutetl by the same
^kilful artist who, through his fifteen hundrc<l admirable vignettes, added so much
to the value of the original work, together with twelve full-page steel portraits
and other illustrations.
New You, December, IS99.
''Vji
FULL-PAGE PORTRAITS AKD ILLUSTRATIONS.
ARTIST
■■■aATBa
PAOS
Dbwkt, Okouk
JMI
Photogravure
Fronli»pitc«
Bkrhkb, IIkskv Wabo
Elehint
Oribagedoff
Face 13
Booth, Eowi.i
Ovlehuul
Ball
9»
Brooks, Pbilups
Photograph
Jlall
44
CUCVKLAXD. (iaOTER
fieU
Hall
ei
Dui, PoBKimo
Vallelo
Photogntvurt
9S
PCLLEB. MeLTILLB W.
Bell
Ilollyer
107
Uabeuos, Besjamisi
Bogardua
BaU
198
HoLMca, OuTEK Wesoei.i.
y^ltHman
Ball
185
IIvoBE*, John
Bradg
Roger*
147
LuWELX, JlMB RVMXU.
F%otogroph
Ball
16»
McKiXLEY, William
Pnrktr
Ball
m
Apxibil Dewey's Plao-«bip "Oltkpia"
01
The Libbabt or Coxobbm, WABHutoTOii
. 222
Trb Ukited States Battle-sbip ■*
Oreoox "
. 238
Ukited States Natal AcADsiir, A
HSAPOLU, Maryland
.
. 277
DErTED States Miutabt Academy
We« Pourr o» TBE
IIUDSOH
. 388
^1^
SOME OF THE CHIEF COXTRIBUTOES
TO APPLETONS' CYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
Adams, Charles Kendall,
Agassiz, Alexander,
Auibur anil Pn^frattor.
Allan, CoL William,
Aldo-de-c'UDp to " .StuocmiU " JaclcMO.
Allibone, B. Austin,
Author " Ulctiunary of AoUion."
Amory, Thomas 0.,
ADLhor " UU at 0«Mnl SalllTta." ale.
Bancroft, Oeorg*,
Author " IlUtorr of the t'olted 8Ut«."
Barrett, lAwrenoe,
Author " Life of £d«in Furmt.**
Bayard, Thomas F.,
Lata SrcretMrj of Sutc
Bigelow, /ohn.
Author " Life of PnakUn," etc
Boker, Oeorge H.,
Poet. Ulc U. 8. Minliler lo Baais.
Botta, Kra. Vincenzo,
Author an<] I'oet.
Bradley, Joseph P.,
I Air Junlire I'. 8. Sapmae Coarl
Brooks, Phillips,
Uie p. K. BUbop Of Ml— rhniifW.
Carter, Praaklia,
PiMldcnl of WllllsB* Collide.
Chadwiok, Pranch B., V. 8. V.,
Captain Fl«( (hip " New York."
Champlln, John Denison,
Kdilor "Cyclopedia uf Palnten awl t*aiiiliiiKa "
Chandler, William X.,
r. 8. Senator fmn New Hampahlrt.
Clarke, James Prvanaa,
Aulhur " Ten lircat Ball(ioa*,'* ale.
Conway, Monoare D.,
Mltrellaneoo* Writer.
Cooper, Kiss Susan Fenimore,
Author ■' Rural U-jun," etc.
Copi>to, Henry,
I ji<- I'rwiilfiit of lyrblgh I'nlTeraltjr.
Courtenay, William A.,
Kx Mavor of Charl.-«ton. S. C.
Coze, Arthur Cleveland,
Utr P. E Ill.hoi. of \Vr.ti-ni Raw Toft
Cullum, Oen. Oeorge W.,
Author " Rrciatrr of Weat Point Uradnalea," etr
Curry, Dr. Daniel,
Author anfl K'litor.
Curtis, Oeorge Ticknor,
Author " Life of Jamea Burhaium," etc.
Curtis, Oeorge William,
Author and Kditor.
Custer, Mrs. Elizabeth B.,
Author " B-x>u and Saddle*. "
Daniel, John W.,
U. 8. Seiuitor from Vlriliiis.
De Costa, Benjamin P.,
Illatoncal Writrr.
Didier, Eugene L.,
Author " Life uf Edgar Allan Poa."
Dix, Korgan,
Rector of Trinltjr Church, New Toik.
Doana, William C,
P. K-BUtoporAlbany.
Drake, Samuel Adams,
Author " Illatoric Petaoaagaa of Boatoo," ale.
Draper, Lyman C,
Late SecreUrjr of WiM-onaIn Hbtorical SocMr.
Dnpont, CoL Henry A.,
or Uelawaic, late V. 3. Armjr.
Eggleston, Oeorge Cary,
Author and Editor.
Fiske, John,
Author and Prnfeaaor.
Prothingham, Octavius B.,
Author " Life of rjeorse Riplejr."
OayarrA, Charles B. A.,
Author " Bialory of LottlaiauL"
Oilman, Daniel 0.,
Prv-aidml of Johiia UopUna I'niirenltj.
Ooodwin, Daniel,
Member of llllnoia Bar.
Oreely, Oen. Adolphus W.,
Author "ThTM Yeara of Arctic Serrlca.'*
Oreen, William Mercer,
Late ■■ K Ili^Lop of MlaaiaalppL
Orsane, Oen. Francis Vinton,
Late 1°. 8. Vulunlit-re.
Hale, Edward Everett,
Author " Franklin In Fiance," ale.
Hay, CoL John,
tk'cretary of Slate.
Henry, William Wirt,
Of the Virciiila Ilintoriral Socletjr.
Higginson, Col. T. W.,
Author " llintor; of the I'Dlted Slatea," etc
Hilliard. Henry W.,
Ijitc r. 8. Mlnliitrr to Drazit
Holmes, Oliver Wendell,
Author and Poet.
Howe, Mrs. Julia Ward,
Author " Later Ljrrlca," etc.
is
SOME OF TUE CHIEF CONTRIBUTORS
Huntingdon, William R.,
Rector of Gnict: tlhiircli, New York.
Jay, John,
Late U. S. Minister to Austria.
Johnson, Gen. Bradley T.,
Membor of Manlaud Bar.
Johnson, Rossiter,
Author •' History of tlu" War of 1812," etc.
Johnston, William Preston,
Late President of Tulaiie I'uiversity.
Jones, Horatio Gates,
Late of Pennsylvania Historical Society.
Jones, John William,
Si-cretary of Southern Historical Socic-ly.
Jones, William Alfred,
Author "Character and Criticism," etc.
Lathrop, George Parsons,
Author " A Study of Uawtliorne," etc.
Latrobe, John H. B.,
Late Member of Maryland liar.
Lincoln, Robert T.,
Ex -Secretary of War.
Lodge, Henry Cabot,
V. S. Senator from Massaehusettfl.
Long, Col. Charles Chaille,
Late of the Egyptian Army.
Lowell, James Russell,
Late U. S. Minister at Court of St. James,
Lydenberg, Henry M.,
Of the Aster Library, New York.
Mathews, William,
Author " Orators and Oratoiy," etc.
McHaster, John Bach,
Autlior " History of the People of the United States."
Mitchell, Donald G.,
Author "Reveries of a Bachelor," etc.
Morgan, Henry James,
Member of the Canadian Bur.
Norton, Charles Eliot,
Professor in Harvard University.
O'Neal, Edward A.,
Late (iovernor of Alabama.
Paltsits, Victor H.,
Of the Lenox Library, New Y'ork.
Parker, Cortlandt,
Member of New Jersey Bar.
Parkman, Francis,
Author " Frontenac," " French in Canada," etc.
Parton, James,
Miscellaneous Writer.
Phelps, William Walter,
Late Member of Congress from New .Jersey.
Pierrepont, Edwards,
Ijitc Attorney-Ceneral United States.
Porter, David D.,
Late Admiral U. S. Navy.
Potter, Henry Codman,
I'. E. Bishop of New York.
Preston, Mrs. Margaret J.,
Author and Poi-t.
Puron, Dr. Juan G.,
Si»anish Author and Editor.
Read, Gen. J. Meredith,
Lale V. S. Minister to Greece.
Reid, Whitelaw,
Erlitor New York " Tribune."
Romero, Mattias,
Late Mexican Minister to the TTuited States.
Russell, William Eustis,
Late Governor of Massachusetts.
Sanborn, Miss Kate,
Miscellaneous Writer.
Schurz, Gen. Carl,
Ex-Seeretary of the Interior.
Sherman, William T.,
Late General of U. S. Army.
Smith, Charles Emory,
Editor Philadelidiia " Press."
Stedman, Edmtind C,
Author " Poets of America," etc.
Stewart, George,
Late President Quebec Historical Society.
StUes, Dr. Henry R.,
Author "History of Brooklyn, N. Y'."
Stoddard, Richard Henry,
Author " Songs of Summer," etc.
Stone, William L.,
Author "Life of Red Jacket," etc.
Strong, William,
Late Justice U. S. Supreme Court.
Stryker, Gen. William S.,
President New Jersey Historical Society.
Tucker, J. Randolph,
Late Member of Congress from Virgiuia.
TXpson, Anson Judd,
Chancellor of New Y'ork State University.
Waite, Morrison R.,
Late Chief Justice U. S. Supreme Court.
Warner, Charles Dudley,
Author and Editor.
Washbume, Elihu B.,
Late I'. S. Minister to Frnuce.
Welling, James C,
Late President of Columbian Uni\ersily.
Whittier, John Greenleaf,
.\nthor and Poet.
Wilssn, Gen. Jas. Grant,
President Genealogical and Biographical Society.
Winter, William,
Poet and Theatrical Critic.
Winthrop, Robert C,
Late U. S. Senator from Massachusetts.
Wright, Gen. Marcus J.,
Author " Life of General Scott." etc.
Young, John Russell,
Miscellaneous Writer.
APPLETONS'
CYCLOP.EDIA OF AMF.IIICAN BIOGKAPIIY.
A nBKTT, Lwm, jurist, b. in Philadplphia. Pa., '
8 ' .). in JenK-T Cily. N. J.. 4 Ih-c.. t«M.
II' >w, ami <u>tt|n| in Pliilatli'lpliin, l>iit
siii ■■ ''.'rk fity and en-
tor. ; nn J. A. Fuller.
II. -';•• ' -"-I ■■■
til .n- in IW.
bi'i „ III- was . '
l)pmixT»tic state convent iun in 1S«h, |ire>i<lenl of
the state iNianI of e<Ju('alion in XHOO, a nicnilicr of
the jitate wnate in 18T.V7, and pretiident of the
senate in 1HT7. lie was pjvernor of New Jeritey
I
and wa.H eliainnan of the
nntional DenuMTHtic coii-
,.t tssit uii.l 111 i'.<^'<~*lMie
many
I wert>
'IIM of
r the
li, l^!':i. i'riiicjtlun con-
of ]A.. I).
• - l». in Chicago, 111., in
I'tah. 5 Jan.. INUI.
-ion by her father, a
Her tir>l enintKement wa»
Ill's ehurcli, N'ew York, the
;t »l>i. Ii prejienteil her with a |>iirM>
ith whit'h to riiinplete her muxii-al
'■ ' 'T' ' ■ iliniail
. I ance
. „. ,'...._ ...nt."
Ith her sf<<>ii<l lnll^ i her
inliroken. a|i|M-arin}; < .wded
hoiix-?! Ill Kiiro|>e an<l America up to tin- lime of
her fatal illiiP!«i. She ."iirrivt^l her hu!<l>nni|, VaI-
win Wetherell, two yi'ars, leaviin; a larue e>tate,
which wn.<< nearly eri'iily ilivided between her fmn-
ilr and various charilirs.
AitBOTT. JoHiah (tarilnpr. lawver, b. in
flielni-f.ird, .Miis.'i., 1 Nov.. isi.j; d. in W.H.-ln
illlU. .Mass., 3 June. 1K91. He wa.s |.r r
••■illcifc by Kalph Waldo Kmenum, wa« i
at Harvard in XXfi, and admitted to llie bur iii
IKt.'!. Mr. .\l.lxitt .ferved in the legislature in
1"" ■ '~ ' '..r in IH4I. and frmii
1-' j.itc-iit-lftrjre to every
ii:i- ■■ ;iiin. lie " ■■- ■■ '■■'■■■■
(if the suiHTior ciiiirt of Suffolk coiinl
IM-Vi-'M: removed to Ifo^ilon, where he r<
profession, and in lM74wasa I)einocralic caiidnlaie
for congress. After succeswfully contesting the
election of his opponent, he served from 38 July,
vou vu.— I
the Irmler-i of I In
New Jer««-y. II..
sill '
f|.
AiiltOll
IS-'iO: d. in
She U»K I. 'I
III
a.-
c. ■
ol
eii
ail
ill
15.
Sll
1876, till 3 March. 1877, but declined renominatioti,
and resumed practice. In 1870 he was a meinlwr
of the elei'toral conimi8!<ion. In 1H7.5 and 1877
Judge .MilHitt wa.s the unsuc«'ssful Deuux-ratic
candiilate for the V. S. seiiale. and in 1878 wb.s the
ii.inte for giivernor of .Mnss»cliu.sett.s. W'ill-
■■ liiiii the ilegree of 1,1,. 1). in iNtW.
VIII. I, l„ Arimah Shppardiutii, journulist, b.
in l-:a.'<t I'nnidence, K. 1., 10 Aug., 1806; d. in
Halliniore, Md., 10 April, 1888. lie a<lopted the
prii le in early youth, iKH'ame foreman of
a I lisliment in Itoston, and in 18<'<A re-
ni<i>..i I.I I'liilailelphia, I'a.. where he was a found-
er and proprietor <if Ihe " Public I>eilger." hiscon-
iie<'tion with that |iiii..r imiPiiiuing till lSfi4, when
he sold his inter. rge W. C'hilds. Mr,
AIh-11 licgan the i ii of the Haltimore
".Sun "on 17 May. 1N17. continuing its wile frro-
iirielor until Ihe year liefore his death. The pub-
liei. lie " Sun " was e«: ' iust bi-fore
til. on of the clectr li. and .Mr.
A I
i>.^ i.. isonallv as.sorial<
II .^iiiiiiiel K. B.
Morse in it.s promotion. The "Sun" publishwl
the first message st-nt over the wires In-lween
Washington and Italtimore, and also the flrst
presidential iiiessnjrp ,.x-pr re<'eive<l in that wav.
ABKKBKKN. Sir John ('Hnipbell liMinllton
(fonlon. seviiith carl of, goverimr-general of Can-
ada, b. in h',din-
burgh. .Scotland,
3 \u., IK47.
II. ..-d
at < ' lire
he re«MVCTl his
B. A. in 1871,
and an M. A. in
1877. While at
■' vfrsity he
• 1 to'lhe
1 seventh
earl, owing to
the death of his
eldest brother, '
whose career as
a M'Uiiiaii before
till' mast is well
L...,. ,, Thenn-
\
and
iioble-
mull was stTvtng ^^^^^
on the American ship " Hero," on a voyage from
Boston to Melbourne, when he was accidentally
1
ACAXITLI
AQNEW
washed overboard and drowned, in January, 1870.
Their grandfather, the fourth earl of Aberdeen,
was an eminent statesman, long associated with
Sir Robert Peel, and prime-minister in 1853.
Lord Aberdeen entered the house of commons as
a Conservative, but, disagreeing with Disraeli's
government on a question of policy, has since be-
come identified with the Liberal party. For many
years he held the office of high commissioner of
the Church of Scotland ; but it was as lord lieuten-
ant of Ireland, during Gladstone's previous gov-
ernment of Great Britain, that lie became so well
known. The earl has been ably seconded in his
political career as well as in his various philan-
thropic and religious efforts by his energetic wife,
Isabel Maria, youngest daugliter of Dudley Coutts
Marjoribanks," first Lord Tweedniouth, to wliom
he was married in 1877. They have resided in
Canada, where the earl owns large tracts of land.
He was appointed governor-general, 3 .lune, 1893,
soon after the death of the earl of Derby, who,
being childless, was succeeded in the title and es-
tates by his younger brother. Lord Stanley, of
Preston, late governor-general, who, however, did
not surrender the office to his successor until tlie
middle of July. In 1897 Lord Aberdeen received
the degree of LL. D. from Princeton university.
ACAXITLI, Francisco de Sandoval (ah-cash-
e'et-lee), Mexican historian; lived in the 16th cen-
tury. He was an Aztec warrior and cacique of the
town of Tlalmanalco, but submitted to the Span-
iards ; was baptized and appointed captain of the
native auxiliary forces that accompanied the ex-
pedition against the wild Chichimec Indians in
1540. On his return he wrote " Relacion de la
Jornada que hizo el virey, Don Antonio de Men-
doza, a tierra de los Chichimecos de Xuchipila,"
the manuscript of which existed in the archives of
the Franciscan province of Slexico, and is now in
the National library. It was published by Joaquin
Garcia Icazbalceta in the second volume of his
" Coleecion de Documentos " (Mexico, 1858-'66).
ACTON, Thomas Coxon, banker, b. in New
York city, 33 Feb., 1823 ; d. in Saybrook, Conn., 1
May, 1898. He was educated in his native city,
was clerk for three years, and then was in the sur-
rogate's office, afterward deputy register for six
years, in 18()0 became commissioner of the New
York metropolitan police, and two years later was
president of that board, where he remained for
seven years, in which office he did good service in
suppressing the draft riots. In 1870 he was ap-
pointed superintendent of the U. S. assay office,
which post he held for twelve years. He became
U. S. assistant treasurer at New York in 1882, and
in 1887 president of the bank of New Amsterdam
in that city. In 1894 Mr. Acton resigned, but he
remained a director of the bank.
ADAMS, Charles Coffin, clergyman, b. in
Newburyport, Mass.. 25 Aug., 1810; d. in New
York city, 24 Feb., 1888. He was educated in his
native town, ordained to the ministry of the Prot-
estant Episcopal church, and was rector of par-
ishes in Florida and in Baltimore, and from 1862
until his death was in charge of St. Mary's parish.
Manhattanville, N. Y. He was a successful pas-
tor and a popular writer. His publications in-
clude many pamphlets and magazine articles and
" Ijife of our Lord Jesus Christ " (New York,
1878) ; " Creation, a Recent Work of God " (1881) ;
and "The Hible a Scientific Study" (1883). He
also edited a book of '• poems " by " Astarte " (1865),
and "Journal of the Life and Labors of John J.
Audubon," which was published in London, but
for some reason not issued in this country.
ADAMS, David, soldier, b. in Waxaw, S. C, 28
Jan., 1706; d. in Jasper county, Ga.. 17 May, 1847.
He served in the lievolutionary army during the
latter part of the war, subsequently removed to
Georgia, and settled in Jasper county, where he
engaged in Indian warfare as a scout, and was
major of militia for ten years. He afterward be-
came brigadier-general and major-general of mi-
litia, and during the Creek war in 1813 served
under Gen. John Lloyd, commanding an expedi-
tion against the towns on the Talla[>oosa river,
and defeating a greatly superior Indian force. He
subsequently held various appointments under the
state government, was a commissioner on the part
of Georgia when the lands lying between the Oc-
mulgee and Flint rivers were obtained, ser%'ed
twenty-five years in the legislature, and was fre-
quently speaker of the house.
ADAMS, Joseph Alexander, wood-engraver,
b. in Morristown, X. J., 24 June, 1803 ; d. in Eu-
rope in 1875. He received a common-school edu-
cation, adopted the profession of wood-engraving,
and although he was self-taught became an ex-
pert in that art. He was one of the earliest ama-
teur experimenters in eleetrotyping, and was suc-
cessful in its use in duplicating his work on hard
metal. He became an associate of the National
academy in 1833, and illustrated several valuable
books. The most imjiortant of his works was his
engraving of John G. Chapman's designs in Har-
per's illustrated Bible. He accompanied Mr. Chap-
man to Europe in 1848, remaining abroad : his later
life being passed in retirement, and it is probable
that his death occurred in Italy, where lie spent
many years. See Woodbury's " Noted Engravers."
ADLER, Cyrus, librarian, b. in Van Buren, Ark.,
13 Sept., 1863. He was graduated at the University
of Pennsylvania in 1883 and then entered Johns
Hopkins, where he was successively a fellow, in-
structor, and associate in Semitic languages, receiv-
ing in 1887 the degree of Ph. D. in course. In 1888
he became honorary assistant curator of oriental
antiquities in the National museum and arranged
the collections there. Since 1895 he has l>een cus-
todian of the collection of oriental antiquities and
religious ceremonials, which department was de-
veloped by him, and in 1893 he was made librarian
of the Smithsonian institution. Besides his regular
reports as curator and librarian. Dr. Adler has con-
tributed " Progress of Oriental Science in America
during 1888 " and " The Shofar, its Use and Origin "
to the Smithsonian publications. He has also con-
tributed numerous papers to the proceedings of
the American oriental society, the American philo-
logical society, and the Jewish historical society.
AtrNEW, David Hayes, surgeon, b. in Ijancas-
ter county. Pa., 24 Nov., 1818; d. in Philadelphia,
22 March, 1893. His education was received at two
colleges. He was graduated in medicine at the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania in 1838, and began to
practise in Chester county, but removed to Phila-
delphia and became a lecturer in the School of
anatomy, also establishing the Philadelphia school
of operative surgery. In 18.54 he was elected one
of the surgeons of the Philadelphia hospital, where
he founded a pathological museum, and was also
surgeon to the Pennsylvania hospital. In 1863 he
was appointed demonstrator of anatomy and assist-
ant lecturer on clinical surgery in the medical de-
partment of the University of Pennsylvania, in
1870 he was chosen to the chair of clinical surgery,
and in 1871 he became [irofessor of the principles
and practice of surgery there, and of clinical sur-
gery in the University hospital. For several years
he was one of the surgeons at Wills ophthalmic
AGNUS
AQUINALDO Y FAMY
hospital, and also one of the surgeons to the ortho-
pedic surgery. He attained wide reputation as a
surgeon, and was a rapid and sliilful oiierator in
every department.
In his capai^ity of
efficient .surgeon as
well as of oonsult-
ing physician, he
had many cases of
great public and
scientific impor-
tance, the oest
known being that
of Presiilent Gar-
field. He made
many valuable con-
tributions to the
literature of his
profession, among
which are works on
" Practical Anat-
omy " (Philadel-
phia, 1867) and
'• La<-frations of t he
Female Perina-um and Vcsico-vagiiial Fistula"
(1867), a series of sixty pafHTs on •' .Aiiiitoniy and
its Kelation to .Medii'ine uiiil .Surgery" : and an ex-
haustive work on the •' Principles mid Practice of
Surgery "(3 vols.. 1MT8), which has been translated
into the Ja|>anese language, and was his chief work.
AWNl'S, Kflix. solijier, b. in Lyons. Franc-e, 4
July. ixnt. lie »a< eiliicateU at College Jolie Hair,
near Paris, and in \K>i set out on a voyage around
the world. sj>eniling four years in that manner.
In 1860 he came til the L'ni'ted States, and at the
beginning of the civil war enli.sted in Duryea's.'ilh
New York zouaves. At the battle of Big Itethel
he saved the life of Gen. Judsim Kil|>atrick, and
was promoted to 2«l lieutenant. He aide<l in rais-
ing the IBSth New York volunteers, in whic^h he
was given the color com[>any. In the autumn of
1862 his regiment was s»'nt to liouisiana. and he
took part in the siege of Port Ilud.s<iii. where he
was primiotetl major and for a time ha<l command
of his regiment. Sulist-ipiently he served in Texa-s,
and, after attaining the rank of lieutenant-colonel,
was onJered to the U»th corjMi. and s«'rve<l under
Oen. Philip II. Sheridan, taking rutrt in the battles
of (Joerpiam, Fisher's Hill. Winchester, and Cedar
Cre<>K. His last service was in the de|>artment
of the South, where he was commissioned to dis-
mantle the old Confederate forlsin S>utli Carolina,
Georgia, and Florida, and turn all the i>ro[H'rty over
to the U.S. government. He received the brevet of
brigadier-general of volunteers on 13 March, IHftH,
and was mustere<l out of service on 22 Aug., IXtVi.
On resuming civil life he was given charge of the
business department of the Baltimore "Ameri-
can." and he lia.s sin<-e Ijeoome its publisher.
AUL'AUO, Pedro (ah-goo-'ah-Uo). Spanish his-
torian, b. in Valdemoro; d. in Yucatan alniut the
enil of the 161 h century. Ho entere<l the Fran-
ciscan ooler in the province of Tohnlo, ami after
passing many years in the missions of South
Anu-rica was elected jirovincial of Yucatan. He
wrote " Historin ilel Nuevo Ueino de (iraniula en
10 libros," a manuscriiit in two volumes, which
probably may l>e found in the archives of the In-
«jie8. It was mentioned and extensivciv used by
Father Pedro Simim in his"Noticia8 Ilistorialc^
de Tierrafirme" (Cuenca. 1627).
AGIJINALDO Y FAMY. Kmilin, s.Mdier. b. in
the Philippine islamls in Wi'i. He was educated
at a private college under the dire<'tion of Dr.
Cipriano Oourzalez. a Filipino. He then engaged
in agriculture. _ In 1896 he became mayor of the
town of Cavite. He first became prominent in
the rebellion that broke out in 1896, the result of
a conspiracy that had been in preparation for
seven years in the Catipunan, the niner circle cre-
ated for i>olitical purpfwes by the natives in the
Masonic lodges into which the Spaniards had ini-
tiated them. The outbreak came in August, 1896.
After fierce fighting in the later months of the
year, in January, 1897. Aguinaldo advanced from
Cavite into the province of Manila with about
8.000 troops, intending to carry the rebellion into
sections tnat had not yet risen, and also to join
forces with the insurgent general, Dimaluga. He
was unsuccessful, however: the Sfianish cleared
the province by the middle of January, and forced
Aguinaldo back into Cavity again. The Spanianls,
(m I heir part, were not able to carry successfully
the campaign into the rebel strongholds, and the
rebellion daily assumed more formidable pn)por-
tions. The canii>aign was carried on with varying
fortunes until the rainy seastm. when operations
practically came to an end. When hostilities re-
0|K-ncd in August, Aguinaldo had a force of aitout
4,0(K) men, and the other chiefs had forces ranging
from 3,000 to smaller bands. He adopted the plan
of exhausting the resources of the S|ianiards rather
than daring pitched Uittles. Under orders from
Sagasta at Madrid, a more energetic policy was
adopted by the S{>aiiiard.s, so that toward the end
of November Aguinaldo enterwi into negotiations
for surrender. After some discussion, he onlered
his [>eople to a8.senilile on 2.5 l>ec.. 1897, and lay
down their arms. Before this date he and Lla-
nera had been conveyed to Hong-Kong. When
war became imminent between .Spain and the
United States in the winter and spnng of 1898 he
returned to the islands, the insurrection breaking
out once more. After the ilefeat of the Spanish
fli"et in the harlmr of Manila by .Admiral Dewey,
on 1 May, 1898, the in.surgents l>ecame more active,
and surrounde^l Manila itself. Fairly in June it
was announced that .Vguinaldo had Issued a proc-
lamation indicating his intention to set up a na-
tive a<lministration under American protection.
He issued a decree for inde|iendeiice on 12 June.
1898. and on 13 July following the Philippine
republic was pn>claime<l. with Aguinaldo as presi-
dent of the council ; Baldimiro Aguinaldo. his
nephew, secretary of war; heundro Ibaira. secre-
tary of the interior; and Mariano Trias, seeretary
of state. They took their oath of office on 17 July.
On ;10 Aug. he askeil the powers to recognize the
republic. Aguinaldo called an assembly of the
Filipinos, which met at Maloles on 1.5 Sept.. and
ralined on ;J0 Sept. the declaration of inde|>end-
ence, to which there is much op|K)sition.
Tension lielween the .American forces and the
Filipinos grew more .strained as the year advanced.
In Dwenilier (ien. Otis, who had succeeded in
commaiKl after Gen. Merritt hail been called to
advise the American iwace commissioners at Paris,
was orilered by the W ashington authorities to take
Iloilo; he sent (Jen. Caqn-nter upon the errand at
once. i)ut before the latter arrived the Filipinos
had driven out the Spanish garrison, and were in
jKjssession. In January. IKiM). .Aguinaldo put forth
a proclamation protesting against the American
occupation and tne.\nierican pretensions to sover-
eignty, denouncing the course of President Mc-
Kinley, and calling upon the Filipinos to continue
their struggle for liljerty and independence. Dur-
ing the month the rebels concentrated about
Manila. On the night of 4 Feb. the long-expected
conflict licgan; after fourteen hours of continuous
AHDMADA
ALDRICH
flgliting, in wliioh two vessels of Dewey's fleet took
part, the Filipinos were driven back at all points
with heavv loss. On 8 Feb. Aguinaldo asked for
a truce, which was of course not granted. The
campaign went on vigorously, the insurgents being
driven back steadily, maintaining a guerrilla war-
fare. Late in the month Aguinaldo issued another
manifesto lamenting the outbreak of hostilities,
defending the course of the insurgents, and alleg-
ing that the people would "perish rather than
accept the odious American dominion." Caloocan
had been captured on 10 Feb., Pasig fell on 13 March,
and Malolos, the capital of the insurgents, on 31
March. Two officers were sent to confer with
Gen. Otis concerning peace on 28 April : uncon-
ditional surrender was the only terms offered, and
they returned to their lines without success.
Fighting was renewed, and carried on vigorously.
The Filipinos made a brave but fruitless resist-
ance, for a struggle against the overwhelming re-
sources of the American republic could have but
one outcome. In August Aguinaldo issued another
address, appealing to the European powers for
recognition of Filipino independence, to which no
attention was paid, and also called a meeting of
the revolutionary congress at Tarlac.
AHUMADA, Miguel, Mexican governor, b. in
Colima in May, 1844. He abandoned his studies in
the schools of Guadalajara to take part in the war
named " La Reforma," and after that fought cour-
ageously against the invading French and attained
the rank of colonel. When the republican army
triumphed Mr. Ahumada went to Colima, and was
elected a member of the state legislature. In 1869
he took part in the camimign of Tamaulipas under
Gen. Diaz, and later filled several important posts.
While living in the state of Chihuahua he was
elected governor, and at present fills this place.
Wishing to introduce in Chihuahua all possible
improvements besides those already planned. Gov-
ernor Ahumada visited the United States, where
he was very hosfutably received.
AINSWORTH, Frederick Crayton, soldier, b.
in Woodstock, Vt., 11 Sept., 1853 ; appointed assist-
ant surgeon, U. S. army, 10 Nov., 1874 ; promoted
surgeon, 27 Feb., 1891 ; appointed colonel and chief
of the record and pension office, 27 May, 1893. He
enjoys the distinction of being the only officer of
the army promoted from the rank of major to
colonel by the direct action of congress. From
1876 to 1886 there was a large arrearage of work
in the office of the surgeon-general, and congress
was regularly appealed to for more clerks, as there
were over 9,000 cases in arrears. Col. Ainsworth
cleared up all this arrearage, and instituted such
a .sy.stem that since that time all calls for medical
histories of soldiers have been answered without
delay. The hospital records of all soldiers of the
volunteer armies are now contained on nearly
7,000,000 index record-cards, which are filed in the
war department, and so convenient to reach that
20 clerks do nuich more work now than the 380
clerks formerly did. A like condition existed in
the adjutant-general's office until the 400,000 vol-
unteer muster-rolls and 100,000 record-books of
that department were transferred to the record
and pension office. In 1899 he was made briga-
dier-general, and |)laced in charge of the publica-
tion of the " Official War Records."
ALBERT, Aristides E. P., clergyman, b. in
St. Charles parish. La., in 1853. He is of French-
Negro extraction, and was educated as a Roman
Catholic, but at thirteen years of age was con-
verted to Protestantism 'in New Orleans. He
studied at Clark university, and was graduated in
theology at Straight university, New Orleans;
was licensed to preach in 1868, became a member
of the Lfiuisiana conference in 1878, and after-
ward was pastor at Houma and New Orleans, and
presiding elder of La Teche di-strict for four years.
He has been a member of several Methodist con-
ferences, and from 1881 till 1884 was assistant
editor of the " .Southwestern Christian Advocate,"
succeeding to the editorsliip in September, 1887.
He was the orator of the colored people of Louisi-
ana at the Worhi's exposition at New Orleans in
1885, and soon afterward received the degree of
D. D. from Straight university.
ALBRIGHT, Andrew, inventor, b. in Drydcn,
N. Y., 23 June. 1831. He was brought up in the
country, received a district-school education, and
remained a farmer until 1866. In 1867 he went to
New Brunswick, N. J., and began experimenting
at the factory of the Novelty rubber company, in
that city. After many months of opposili<jn and
hard work, he obtained a patent for hard-rubber
coated harness and carriage mountings. He .soon
established a plant for the manufacture of these
goods, which have had a rapid sale not onlv in the
United States, but also in England, Australia, and
the South American states.
ALDEX, Isabella Macdnnald, author, b. in
Rochester, N. V.. 3 Nov., 1841. After completing
her education. Miss Macdonald married, in 1866,
the Rev. Dr. O. R. Alden. author of many Sunday-
school books and "'The Prince of Peace," a popu-
lar life of Christ. Mrs. Alden has written numer-
ous juvenile books under the pen-name of " Pansy."
and edited a iieriotlical with that title from 1873
to 1896. For several years she has been an edito-
rial contributor to Boston, Cincinnati, and New
York religious journals, and also to magazines.
ALDEN, William Liviiigrstone, author, b. in
Williamstown, Mass., 9 Oct., 1837. He was grad-
uated at .Jefferson, studied law and practised at
the New York bar for several years. In 1865 he
entered upon a literarv career, writing leaders for
the '■ World," "Times,'' and "Graphic " for twenty
years, when he was appointed consul-general at
Rome, where he remained from 1885-"9, receiving
a year later decoration of the crown of Italy. Since
then he has been a resident of London, continuing
a literarv career, and contributing weekly letters
to the " i^ew York Times." Mr. Allien is the au-
thor of " Adventures of Jimmy Brown " (New
York, 1885) ; " Loss of the Swansea " (Bo.ston,
1889); "Told by the Colonel" (New York, 1893);
" Among the Turks " (1895) ; and several juveniles.
ALDRICH, Charles, journalist, b. in Ellington,
Chautauqua Co., N. Y.. 2 Oct., 1828. He received
a common-school education, and spent one year in
Jamestown academy. In 1857 he went to Iowa
and established the " Freeman " in Webster City.
He served as chief clirk of the Iowa house of rep-
resentatives in 1860-'2. 1866, and 1870. ami was a
member of that body in 1883-'3. Mr. Aldrich is
the author of many of the important laws of Iowa,
including that changing the system of county gov-
ernment from dictatorship of a single county judge
to a board of supervisors, for the protection of
birds, and for the preservation of the public dtx'u-
ments of the state. He originated the agitation in
the public press that resulted in the repeal in Iowa
of the so-called granger laws for the regulation of
the transportation on the railways and the adoption
of acommission system. In 1882 he became wide-
ly known through his efforts to secure legislation
prohibiting the issue of railroad passes to public
officers. His speeches and articles in the "North
American Review" and elsewhere were circulated
ALEXANDER
ALLEN
extensively in the United States and Europe. This
agitation was largely instrumental in promoting
the passage of the interstate commerce act. He
presente<l to the state of Iowa, in 1884, his large
and valuable collection of manu.scripts, (lortraits,
and interestiiiK autosniph letters.
ALKXAMtKK. James Waddell. president, b.
in Princeton, X. J., 19 July, 1839. His father,
whose name he Ix'ars, was a prominent Presbyte-
rian clergyman, and the son was graduated from
Princeton in 1860. He was a member of the New
York bar until 1866, when he entered the Equita-
ble life insurance society of the Unite<l Slates, with
which he haslieen since connected, and on the death
of Henry B. Hyde, 2 May, 1899. succeeiled to the
office of president. Mr. .\lexandcr is al.so presi-
dent of the I'niversitv club, of the Princeton
alumni club, and a director in the Mercantile
trust comiiany. the Delaware and Hudson com|)any,
and in other financial institutions. He is known
as a public speaker, and is the author of " Prince-
ton, Old and .N'cw ' (New York. 1898).
ALEXANDER. Robert. mcm(>erof the Conti-
nental congress, b. in Haltiiuore, Md.. about 1740;
d. proliably in p^nglund after 1790. He was elect-
ed a member of the jieople's committee, 13 Nov.,
1774, and of the provincial convention of Mary-
land in 1775. and chosen a deputy to the Conti-
nental congress, 9 Dec., 1775, i)eing re-elected, 4
July, 1776. out noon aft«r the promulgation of the
Dei'Ianitioii r' ■ ' ' - he .laiiol for England
wit h othrr I '. -. Mr. A'eXBiider was
afti'rwiinl u|.j
ir Maryland luvaiists
to pn-r^vnt and nr<>s<'<;iit(> their numerous claims
befon' thf ltriti4i government.
ALFARU, I'rndencio (al-far-o), vice-president
of San Salvatlor. b. in (iuatemala about 1860. He
studied in Atic|ui7.aya, and was admilte*! to the
bar at San SalvwUir in 1884. The following year
he was elected as a representative in the national
assembly. Owing to |>olitical [x'PMK-ution he left
San Salvador; returned afterwanl, taking u pnnn-
inent part, in 1889, in the revolution that tormi-
natcd the rule of tien. Ezeta. During that time he
acti-il a.-* secretary to the provisional government.
Under the [m'^idpncy <>t Scflor Zutiessez he was
appointed ^. ".and soon afterward
was fleeted ; Sun Salvador.
M.FOVSK, i I'll. 11 iiii> luator, b. in Saintonge,
II' , about 1.500. His real name was J KAN
i'l.. . u common fninilv name in that li>cal-
ity: Atfonse he took from tfio name of his wife,
\ alentine .\lfonse, probably a I'ortiiguese. We
know little of his younger years, but it is proljable
that he followed the sea from an early agi-. We
know that in l%nhema<le a vovage to Newfounil-
lunil. Four years later he made pn'paratioiis for
a voyage to (ruinea in the " MarU- dc Jard." from
Uo<'helle. If he actually made this voyagi- it must
have been extremely short, fur on 22 Aug., 1541,
lie served as pilot to the two ships that HulM>rval
trtok to Canaua from llonfleur on his expedition
with Cartier. Alfonse sp<-nt a year and nine
months in Canailn. returning to Kochelle by 25
June, 1543. During the latter part of this year
and the first part of l.'>44 he was engage<l on a
work entitled " CoMiiographie universelle," in
which heemtmdied the geographical experience of
Ills many years at sea. In •lune, 1544, he fitted out
an arme<l cruising ex|>edilion, and it was while
upon this cruise that he was taken and killed by
the Spanianls. Of Ills '• Cw*inographic " there
seems Iti l)e little doubt now that the whole is his
own work : the part taken in it by liaulin LeTail-
lois. called Seealart, whose name is usually joined
with Alfonse in connection with the work, seems
to have been little more than changing a few pas-
sages, enough to make pretension to a collabora-
tion. Alfonse was also the inventor of the fore-
top-gallant-mast, its vard,and its sail, the Spanish
and Portuguese words for the mast, yi(a»»'/a and
Joaiiete, probably coming from the name Jean, of
the inventor. See " Bulletin de geographic histo-
rique et desiTiptive." 1895.
ALLEN. Charles Herbert, .statesman, b. in
Lowell, Mass., 15 April, 1848. He studied in the
common schools of his native town and at Am-
herst college, where he was graduated in 1869. lie
waselecte<l a member of the Lowell school commit-
tee in 1874, and he served until 1881. In that year
he was elected a member of the lower house of the
Mas-sm-husctts legislature; he was re-elected in 1882.
In 188;j he was elected state senator; he served
for a year, and was apjiointed colonel on the staff
of Gov. Robinson. He was then elected to the
49th congress as a Republican, and was re-elected
to the 50th congress, tieclining a renominution to
the 51st congress, and in 1891 was the Republican
candidate for governor of the state, but was de-
feate«l by William E. Rus<iell. On the resigiuition
of TheiMlore Roosevelt, assistant secretary of the
navy, at the outbreak of war with Spain, he was
appointo<l to the vacancv. 9 Slav, 1898.
ALLEN. Edward I'lilrlek.'R. C. bishon, b. at
I»well, Ma.<s., 17 March, I8.W. He attended the
I^iwell CMinmercial college, and thence went to
Mount St. Mary's college, Kmmettsburg. Md.,
and graduat(!d there in 1878. He made his theo-
logical course there in the seminary, and was or-
dained a priest in 1881 by Bishoii Becker. After
filling a professor's chair in nis alma mater,
Archiiishop Williams, of Boston, called him to
assist in [mrochial work at his cathe<lral. After-
ward he was assistant |iastor at .South Framing-
ham. Three years after his ordination he was
called to Mount .St. Mary's college, first as pro-
fessor, then as vice-oresident, and subsecpiently as
its president. The neavy indebtedness of the col-
lege rendered his task a difficult one, but he had
not only the courage to undertake it, but he suc-
ceetle<l by his energy, labors, and business ability
ill paying the debts of the in.stitiitlon. He also
improved and enlarged the buildings of the col-
lege, enlarged the cnaptd, and increa.scil the fac-
ultv. Dr. Allen wius appointed bishop of Mobile,
and was coiiMi-rated by Canlinal Gibbons at the
cathedral of Baltimore in 1897.
ALLEN, Sir John CampbeU, jurist, b. in Kin^
lear. New Brunswick, Oct., 1817; d. in Fredenc-
ton. New Brunswick. 27 Sept., 1898. He was edu-
cated at the grammar-school. Fre<lericton,and was
admitted as an atlorncy-at-law in 1838. Two years
later he became a liarrisler. and in 1845-'7 was
aji|M)inted one of the commissioners for settling
the claims to lands under the fourth article of the
treaty of Washington, 1842. He was a member of
the hous«' of as,sembly of New Brunswick. 1856-
'65: solicitor-general, 1856-'7; sjwaker, 1863-'5;
attorney-general. 1H0.5. Sir John was a consist-
ent opi'xmeiit of the scheme of confederation of
the maritime provinces and old Caniula, and in
June of the lust-nameil year he was sent by the
provincial government as a delegate to the British
government to urge the objections of New Bruns-
wick to the prop<ised union. In 1865 he retiretl
from political life and accepte<l a judgeship in the
supreme court. He became chief justice in 1875,
and retired through ill-health in 1896. Allen's
" Law Refiorts," in six volumes, and his work on
the rules of the supreme court and the acts of as-
6
ALLEN
AMBLEE
sembly relating to the practice of the courts, are
valuable. In 1883 he received the degree of LL. D.
from the New Brunswick university, and in 1889
he was made a knight bv the queen.
ALLEN, William Viuceiit, senator, b. in
Jlidway, Madison eo., Ohio, 28 Jan., 1847. He
removed with his family to Iowa, where he was
educated in the common schools, and attended for
a time the Upper Iowa university, but was not
gra*iuated. lie served in the rebellion as a pri-
vate, and during the last five months of the war as
a member of the staff of Gen. James I. Gilbert.
He was admitted to the bar in 1869, practising in
Iowa and Nebraska, to which place he removed in
1884. Some years later Mr. Allen was elected
judge of the ninth judicial district, and in 1893
he was president of the Nebraska Populist state
convention. He succeeded Algernon Sidney Pol-
lock as U. S. senator for the full term of six years.
ALLEYN, Cliarles, (Janadian lawyer, b. in
SIvrus Wood, County Cork, Ireland, in Septem-
ber, 1817; (1. in Quebec, 4 April, 1890. His father
was a commander in the British navy. The son
was educated at Pcrmoy school and Clongowes col-
lege, and settled in Quebec in 1834. He studied
law, and was called to the bar in 1840. He began
early to identify himself with politics, and in 1854
he was elected mayor of Quebec, and a member of
parliament. Three years later he was created a
queen's counsel, and invited by Sir John A. Mae-
donald to enter the government of Canada as
commissioner of public works. This otiice he held
for a year, and on the reconstruction of the cabinet
he was sworn in as provincial secretary. He ad-
ministered the affairs of this department with ef-
ficiency during a critical period. On the fall of
the government he resigned with his colleagues,
and though he sat in parliament until 1866 he did
not again enter the ministry. In 1866 he was ap-
pointed sheriff of the district of Quebec. In 1883,
on the reconstruction of the shrievalty, he was ap-
pointed, with fitienne Paquet, joint sheriff of the
district. — His brother, Ricliard, Canadian jurist,
b. at Trabolgan, County Cork, Ireland, in 1836 ; d.
in St. Germain de Riraouski, Quebec, 16 Aug., 1883.
He went to Canada at an early age, and was gradu-
ated in law at Laval university in 1856. In the
following year he became a member of the bar of
Lower Canada and entered into partnership with
his brother Charles. For many years he was crown
prosecutor at the court of queen's bench, and in
1873 he was made a queen s counsel. He early
connected himself with the militia and volunteers,
and in 1861, at the time of the "Trent" affair, he
joined the active force. Two years afterward, as
commander of the Victoria rifles, he was sent to
the western frontier of Ontario, and he remained in
that capacity until 1865. Soon after this he was
promoted to the majority of the 8th royal rifles,
and in due time he became colonel of the regiment,
which post he continued to hold until he accepted
a seat on the bench. He was chosen to the Quebec
house of assembly in 1877, but in 1878. on the
famous Letellier question, he was defeated, and in
1881 he was raised to the bench. He was granted
the degree of LL. D. by Laval university, and
named professor of criminal law in that col'lege.
ALLINSON, David, publisher, b. in Woodbury,
N. J., in 1774; d. in Burlington, N. J., in 1858.
His father, Samuel Allinson, a prominent New
Jersey lawyer and a member of the Society of
Friends, compiled the as.seml)lv laws of that state
from 1703 till 1776, a vaUiable'compilation, which
is known as " Allinson 's Laws." The son was for
many years a printer and publisher at Burlington,
and edited several periodicals, among them the
" Rural Visitor." He published many valualile
legal, literary, and theological works, a small dic-
tionary, and a large English and classical diction-
ary, which is regarded as valuable (1813). — His
nephew, Samuel, reformer, b. in New York city,
24 Dec., 1808; d. near Yardville, N. J., 5 Dec,
1883, was educated at the Friends' boarding-
school at Westtown, Chester co.. Pa., and estab-
lished himself, at the age of twenty-one, on a
farm near Yardville, where he continued to reside
till his death. He was instrumental in founding
the reform school for boys at Jamesburg and the
industrial school for girls near Trenton. He was
one of three commissioners that were apjMjinted in
1868 to consider better methods of discipline and
government in the state prison, and was the au-
thor of the commutation law of New Jersey. He
read a paper on " Discharged Prisoners " before
the prison reform congress in 1873, and one on
"Scholastic and Industrial Education in Reform
Schools " at the meeting in 1876.
ALMON, IVilliam Johnson, Canadian senator,
b. in Halifax, Nova Scotia, 27 Jan., 1816. He was
the son of William Almon, M. D., a member of the
legislative council of Nova Scotia, and grand.son of
William James Almon, who was appointed assist-
ant surgeon to the royal artillery in New York in
June, 1776, and after serving till thecloseof the war
settled as a surgeon in Halifax, Nova Strotia. The
son was graduated at King's college, Windsor, in
1834, studied medicine at the universities of Edin-
burgh and Glasgow, and in 1838 was graduated at
the latter. In 1872 he waselectetl to the Dominion
parliament for the county of Halifax, and he was
called to the senate in 1879. He is a governor of
King's college, Windsor, consulting physician to
the Halifax hospital and dispensary, and surgeon
of the Halifax field artillery. He is a Conservative,
and in favor of strengthening the connection be-
tween Canada and the mother country.
ALTGELD, Jolin Peter, lawyer, b. near Ber-
lin, Germany, 30 Dec, 1847. He was brought to
this country in childhood by his parents, who lived
on a farm in Richland county, Ohio. After a
limited elementary education he enlisted in the
volunteer army in 1864, and afterward taught for
several years. In 1*^69 he went to St. Louis, a great
part of the way on foot, and later taught and studied
law in northwestern Missouri, being admitted to
the bar in 1872. In 1875 he removed to Chicago,
where he built una large practice. In 1884 he was
an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for congress.
In 1886 he was chosen judge of the Cook county
superior court, and in 1890 he became its chief jus-
tice. After serving as judge for five years he re-
signed, giving as his reason the necessity of devot-
ing all his time to his private business. In 1892 he
was nominated by the Democrats f or go vernor, and
during his canvass visited all parts of the state,
seeking to meet voters perscmallv as well as by
holding public meetings. He was elected bv a
plurality of 33,000 over Joseph W. Fifer. his Re-
publican predecessor. The most striking incident
of his administration was his protest against the
sending of federal troops to Chicago during the
railway strikes (see Cleveland, Grover). In 1896
he was a candidate for re-election, but was defeated
by his Republican opponent, John R. Tanner, by a
plurality of more than 100,000.
AMBLER, James Markhani Marsliall, sur-
geon, b. in Fauquier county, Va.. 30 Dec, 1848; d.
in the Lena delta, Siberia, 31 Oct., 1881. He was
educated at Washington and Lee university, ^'ir-
ginia, and at the medical college of the University
AMES
ANDERSON
of Maryland. After his graduation, in 1870, he
practise<l iiiedifiiie in Baltimore until he entered
the navy as an a.«.-<istant surgeon, 1 April, 1874.
He became a iwissed assistant surgeon, 6 Nov.,
1877, and served at the naval hospital, Norfolk,
Va., until 23 May, 1879, when he was selected a.s a
volunteer for the ^x>st of surgeon to the"Jean-
nette "arctic expedition (see I)E Ix)xo, George W.).
When the oniecrs and crew made their escape in
three lH>ats from the sinking vessel, 13 June, 1881,
Ambler waj* in the first cutter with l)e Long and
twelve of the crew. He accompanied De Long
along the banks of Lena river, anil was alive at the
date of the last entry in De Long's journal, 30
Oct., 1881, but it is probable that he die<l the next
day. His remains were found near those of De
Long and Ah Sam by Chief Engineer Melville on
23 March, 1882, and buried on Mimument Hill, on
the Lena delta, the sjxit being marked by a pyram-
idal structure of stone and timtx'r surmounted
by a cross. Memorunda were found on his b<Hly
on " Ice formeti by Sea Water" and "Stmie Re-
marks on Snow Crvstals, etc.," which an- published
with De ling's "' Journal" (Boston, 1883). The
me<lical ollicers of the navy have lia<l a bronze
memorial tablet niailc to commemorate Ambler's
arctic services and death in the interest of s<nen-
tific research. This tablet is now in the naval
niu.-oiiiii of hygiene at Washington. D. (.'.
AMES, Seth, jurist, b. in Dedham, Mas.s., lU
Apr., 180,5; d. in BnK)kliiie. Mass., 15 Aug.. 1881.
He was the sixth of the seven children of Fisher
Ames and Frances, daughter of ful. .John Wortli-
ington, of Springfield. He was graduateil from
Harvard in is2.'),stuilied al the Harvanl law-8chiH)l,
and law in the oflU-e of (ieorge Blis.*, of Si)ring-
fielil, and from January, 1828, in that of Lemuel
Shaw, of Boston. In Se[)lemlMfr of that year he
was admitted to the bar at Dedham, ami he o|>ene<i
an oni(« in Lowell. He was sent as a representa-
tive from Ixiwell to the general court in 1K52. and
in 1841 was elected xtate senator from ^'
county. He serred M city alderman in :
and 1840, and as city solicitor from 1842 !■■ i-i.>. m
which year he married a second time and removed
to Cambridge. He was amxiinled judge of the
gU[>erior court in 1K')9. chief justice of the court in
1867, and judge of the supreme judicial court
in 1869, which position he held until he rpsigne<l
in 1881. In 18-54 he publishe<l an enlarge<l e<lilion,
in two volumes, of the works of his father, Fisher
Ames, which hail Ih-cii collecteil previously by
President Kirkland.of Harvard. an<i piilili.shed at
Boston, with ft ^iki-lch of his life, in ISOil.
AML'N.4TR(iri, .Migiipl LnU (ah-moo-na I-
BV-gbee), Chilian author, b. in Santiago, 11 Jan.,
iteS; d. there in 1888. In 1840 he entered the
National institute, where in April, 1847, he wasa|>-
|>ointed a iirofessor. He was also a writer in the
•• Rcvista lie .Siiitiago," was emjiloveil in the oHice
of statistics, and in 1849 united with the new
moilerate party. In the next year the university
openetl a com|ietition for the best history on the
Spanish reci>n(|uest of 181 4-' 1 7, and he was awarded
the pn>inium. lie waselccteil a member of the fac-
ulty of |ihili>soi>hy of the univeniit v in IH.51. and sec-
retary of the latier ImhIv in ISfiOi nnil in 1882 was
ajipointeil assistant se<Telary of state and the inte-
rior. In 1864 he founded the " Iiiile|K>ndiente" us
an organ of the liberal-ci>ns4'rvativc fusion, but
when the clerical juirty gnineil control of the pa[M-r
he resigneil, being in the .same year elcctwl to
congress for the department of Caupolican, and in
186< vice-president of the chainl>er of deputies.
President IVtcz callc<l him to the cabinet in 1868
as secretary of state and the interior, and during
his administration of two years he introduced the
|>ostal order system and authorized the construc-
tion of numerous railroads. In 1875 he was offered
a nomination for the presidency, but declineil, and
in the same year founded the "Revista Chilena."
In 1876 he was minister of public instruction and
greatly promoted education, bul resigned next
year, anil afterward f<ccupie<i himself in literary
labors, also representing the department of Val-
paraiso in congress. He was a member of the
.'Vcademia Chilena, had been editorand collaborator
of several journals, and was author of " La Recon-
quisla Espailola 1814 A 1817" (Santiago, 1850;
" Los tres primeros aflos de la Revoluci6n de Chile
1811 & 1813" (1851); " Ixjs tilulos de Chile a laso-
berania de la extreinidad austral del continente
Americano "(18.53); "I^a DictadiiradeO'IIiggins"
(1854) : " Hiografias .\ mericana.-^ " (1855) ; •' La ins-
truccion primaria en Chile" (18.56); "Compendio
de Historia Politiea y Kcclcsiastica ♦n Chile"
(1856) ; " Desi-ubrimiento y Conquista de Chile "
(1862): "Cuestion de Limites entre Chile y Bo-
livia " (1863) ; •' Ix>8 Precursores de la Indejienden-
ciade Chile" (3 vols., 1870-'2) : "CrAnicas Ilistori-
cas" (1877): and lives of several eminent Chilians.
— His brother, (jregorio Victor, b. in Santiago
in 1830. has lieen oollalxirator in the greater |)art
of the works of Miguel Luis, and is judge of the
court of iipiH>«ls of Santiago.
ANOERSON. Daviil, Canadian Anglican bish-
op, b. in London. England. 10 Feb.. 1814; d. in
Bristol. England, 5 Nov., 188,5. He wasgradiiated
at Oxfonl in 1836, was vice-principal of .St. Bee's
college, Cuml>erland. in 1841 -'7. an incuinl>ent of
.Ml Saints'. Derbv. in 1848-'9. From 1849 till 1864
he was bishop ot Prince Rujiert's Land, Canaila,
and n|)on his resignation he returned to England
anil was appointed vic«r of Clifton, and made chan-
cellor of St. Paul's cathedral. liondon. Bishop
Anderson receiveil the degree of D. I>. in 1849.
He was the author of "Notes on the Flood,"
" Net in the Bav," and other works.
ANDERSON, lunar, congressman, b. in Charles-
town, Chester CO., Pa.. 23 Nov., 1760; d. 27 Oct.,
WiH. In the autumn of 1777 he commande<I a
company of Pennsylvania militia, serving with
Washington's army, then in the Chester valley.
While the American army was at Valley Forge he
carrieil des{)atches u|>on horseback l)etween Wash-
ington at heailipiarters and congressat York. He
was a member of congress for two successive terms,
.serving from 17 Oct., 180;t, till 3 March, 1807, was
a presidential elector in 1816, and was prominently
nanieil for the governorship. Bishop .\sbury de-
scritjes him as one of the founders of the Methodist
church in this country, with which he became asso-
ciateil ill 1780. He wrote an historical description
of Charli'stown (Philadelphia. 1875).
ANHERSON. Jooeph Roid, manufacturer, b.
at Walnut Hill. Va., Feb.. 1813: d. in the Isles
of Shoals. N. H.. 7 Sept.. 1892. He was grailuated
at the r. S. military academy and a-ssigned to the
engineer corps. Besiguing from I he army, he leawd
the Tredegar ironworks of Hichmond, soon after
purchasing the projierty. A large iiort ion of the
machinery for the sugar-mills of the south were
manufactured by .Vmlersoii. also ordnance for the
fedenil government. He wasap|"iiiiteil abrigadier-
ceneral in I he Confederate army, 3 Sept.. 1 861. which
hcresigned. 19 July. 1862. His brigade was com-
posed of the 14th. 35th, 45th, anil 49lh regiments
of Georgia infantry, and thel^d Louisiana battal-
ion infantry. Army of nortlieni Virginia. Soon
after the close of the war the property was released
8
ANDERSON
ARCOS
by the government, and a new company was formed,
with Gen. Anderson as president. After passing
through some financial difficulties, in 1876 he was
appointed receiver of the works. The original com-
Sany was again given possession in 1878, Gen. An-
erson being active in its management till within
a short period of his death.
ANDERSON, Samuel, engineer, b. in London,
England, 15 Nov., 1839; d. in Scotland, 11 Sept.,
1881. He was a surveyor on the eoinmission for
marking the boundary line between British
Columbia and the United States and chief astrono-
mer under Major D. R. Cameron for defining 900
miles of the American frontier from the Lake of
the Woods to the summit of the Rocky moun-
tains. As a result of the labors of this commis-
sion the whole boundary along the 49th parallel
was marked by stone cairns or earthen mounds at
intervals of three miles across the plains, and by
iron pillars at intervals of one mile along the
southern boundary of Manitoba for 18.5 miles.
For this service Major Anderson was made a com-
panion of the order of St. Michael and St. George
m 1877. A memorial of him was erected in
Rochester cathedral, England.
ANDERSON, Thomas McArtlinr, soldier, b. in
Chillicothe, Ohio, 22 Jan.. 18o6. He was graduated
from .St. Mary's college. Maryland, in ISo.'i. studied
law at Cincinnati, and began practice in Newport,
Ky. He entered the volunteers as a private in
April, 1861, and a month later was appointed a
lieutenant in regular army. He saw much service
in the civil war and afterward, and in April. 1886,
having been captain, major, and lieutenant-colonel,
he became colonel of the 14th infantry. In the
war with Spain he was ap|iointed brigadier-general
of volunteers. May, 1898, major-general in August.
and in March, 1899, he was commissioned briga-
dier-general in the regular army. Gen. Anderson
in the first expedition to the Philippine islands
commanded a division, and in Jlay, 1899, he was
assigned to the department of the Lakes, with head-
quarters in Giiicago. He retires in June, 1900.
ANDRADE, Josfi (an-dra-day), Venezuelan dip-
lomat, b. in Merida, state of Los Andes, 6 May. 1838.
He is a son of Gen. Jose Escolastico Andrade. He
studied law in Colombia, became a member of the
municipal council of Maraeaibo, and successively
secretary and governor of the state of Zulia, repre-
senting the same state in national house of repre-
senlatives, and becoming speaker in 1888. lie re\>-
resented Venezuela at Washington during years
1889-'90 as commissioner in the United States and
Venezuela claims commission, and later was a dele-
gate to the Pan-American congress. In 1897 lie
signed a treaty of arbitration between Great Britain
and his country to settle Venezuela boundary dis-
pute, and ill 1899 he was appointed minister to the
court of St. James. — His lirother, Ignacio, presi-
dent of Venezuela, b. in Merida. 31 July, 1839. He
entered the military school, and in 1871 began ser-
vice in the array, taking a command in the cam-
paign of 1873. Later his native state made him
repi-esentative to the national congress, and after-
ward this state and that of Falcon elected him
constitutional president. These two states after-
ward elected him representative to congress. Be-
fore this he had been api>ointed bv the president
of the republic national delegate of the state of
Lara, a post which he filled with political tact.
In the following four years he abancioned polities,
and devoted himself to the management of his
property. He took part in the revolution of 1892
and when the loyalist army entered Caracas Gen.
Crespo appointed him governor of that citv. Some
time afterward the pre.sident placed Gen. Andrade
in the ministry of public works. Soon after he
was appointed president of the state of Miranda,
the richest and largest in the republic. Later he
was elected president of Venezuela, taking pos-
session of the office in March, 1898. Gen. Andrade
has travelled in Europe and the United States,
and under his wise administration Venezuela has
advanced greatly in prosperity.
ANDREWS, EHhii Benjamin, educator, b. in
Hinsdale. N. II.. 10 Jan., 1844. He served through
the civil war, losing an eye at Petersburg, was
graduated from Brown in 1870, and from Newton
theological seminary four years later. He was
pastor of the First Baptist church of Beverly,
Ma.ss., in 1874-'5. when he became president of
Denison university. Ijater he held several pro-
fessorships in Cornell and elsewhere until 18H9,
when he was elected president of Brown. He re-
signed from the university in 1898, and accepted
the position of superintendent of the Chicago
public schools. Dr. Andrews is the author of •' In-
stitutes of General History" (Boston, 1887); " In-
stitutes of Economics" (1892); "Brief Institutes
of our Economical Historv" and "An Honest
Dollar" (Hartford, 1894): "Historv of the United
States" (2 vols.. New York. 1894); "Wealth and
Moral Law" (Hartford. 1894); and "History of
the Last (Quarter Centurv in the United States"
(2 vols.. New York. 1896)."
ANGO, Jean, Norman merchant and naviga-
tor, b. at Dieppe, France, about 1480 ; d. there in
15.51. Breard .says : " En 1506, coniraenc^nt avec les
Normandes les expeditions authentiques, et ce sont
les capitaines de la grande inaison des Ango qui
ouvrent la scrie." Jean Denis's voyage of 1.506 was
made in one of Ango's ships, and Aubert, in 1.508,
was sent out by Ango. Verrazzano was subsidized
by him. lie aided in fitting out the fleet of Fran-
cis 1. against England, but, speculating too freely,
became fliianciallv ruined and died of grief.
APPLETON, John, jurist, b. in New Ipswich,
N. II., 12 July, 1804; d. in Bangor, Me., 7- Feb.,
1891. After his graduation at Bowdoin college in
1822, he taught, studied law, was admitted to the
bar, and in 1832 settled in Bangor, Me. He was
reporter of decisions in 1841, in 18.52 wa.s appointed
a justice of the state supreme court, and in 1862-
'83 was chief justice. Bowdoin gave him the de-
gree of LL. D. in 1860. Judge Applet on published
two volumes of " Reports " (llallowcll. 1841) and
"The Rules of Evidence. .Stated and Discussed"
(Philadelphia, 1860). — His son. John Francis, sol-
dier, b. in Bangor. Me.. 29 Aug., 1839: d. there, 31
Aug., 1871 ; was graduated at Bowdoin in 1860,
and at the beginning of the civil war raiseil an<l
commanded a company in the 12th JIaine volun-
teers. He was commissioned colonel of the 81st
U. S. colored troo|is, served in the department of
the Gulf, and was brevetted brigadier-general of
volunteers on 13 March. 1865. Subsequently he
studied law. was admitted to the bar of Maine,
and appointed U. S. judge for the district of east-
ern Texas, but declined the office.
ARCOS. Josf Ki-iinetti Gayoso de los Cobos,
duke of, Spanish diplomatist, b. in Madrid, 6 Feb..
1839. He is a representative of an ancient Spanish
family which has long been prominent in the affairs
of Spain, and which, because of its services to the
church, is favored by certain perpetual immunities,
such as exemption from the P^'iday flesh fast. etc.
After he had studied at the University at Madrid,
Brunetti took up the profession of the law. and se-
cured his admission to the bar in 1862. In the
year following he entered the diplomatic service.
ARMOUR
ASBBURNER
9
He was secretary of legation in Austria in 1864,
was transferred to Italy in 1866, to Switzerland in
1875, and totlic L'niteJ States in 18T7. At Wash-
ington at this time the SiMiiiish minister was Seizor
Don Peli[)e Mendez de Vigo, the third secretary
(Bmnetti Ijeing first secretary) was Don Luis Polo
V Bemabe. who afterward was minister at Wash-
ington at the outbreak of the war with Sjiaiii in
1(h8, and the naval attaehi was Comandante Don
Jnan Montojo, who afterward was in command of
the Spanish fleet destroyed bv Admiral Dewev in
Manila harlmr, 1 May, 1898. 'in 1882 the duke of
Arcos was sent as minister to Bolivia. He was
transferred to Uruguay in 1890, to Chili in 1891.
and to Mexico in 1895. While minister to Mexico
he married at Washington, in 1895, Virginia
Woodbury Lowery, whom he ha<l met when he
was first secretary of legation at Wiisihington.
He was umpire between Mexico and (tuatemala
for the settlement of claims iii 1897-'8. Just
before war broke out between Spain and t he United
.States he was recalled from Mexico to a position
in the foreign office at Madrid. When diplomatic
relations were resumed by the two countries after
the treaty of Paris, he was appointed minister at
W',.^i,i.,,.t..,i andas such wasrcceiTe<l by President
M :i 3 June, 1809. He is a grandee of
S]> ~ al.i<> chamberlain of the king of Spain.
AKMOL'R, Philip Danfortli. merchant, b. in
Stockbridge, Madison co., N. V., 16 May. 18:t3. lie
receivixl a com-
mon-school educa-
tion in his native
place, and in 1852
went to California
during the gold
fever, but retume<l
in 1856 and en-
tered business in
Milwaukee, Wis.
In 1863 he formed
a [lartnership with
John PlanKintiiii
in the pork-|>a<'k-
ing business. This
and its related
bouses grew, till in
1870, with head-
quarters in Chica-
go, thej already controlleil an enormous business
in stock and grain. The distributive sales of the
Chicago house alone are said to exceed the gross
receipts of any railroad in the world. In 1881
Mr. Armour's brother. Joseph, die<l, leaving $100.-
000 to found a charitable institution, to which he
has xlded until the Armour mission and the
Annonr institute of ti>ohnology now represent an
investment i)f $2..')0<».000. .Air. Armour has also
given freelv tn othiT rharities.
AKMSTRONtJ, David Maltland. artist, b. near
Newburg, N. V.. 12 June, 1887. He was gradu-
ated at Trinity college, and later practised law for
a few years. He then studied art in Paris and
Itome, and was for four years consul-general in
Italy. He was a director of the American art de-
partment at the Paris exposition of 1878. receiving
the decoration of the Legion of honor. P'or many
years Mr. Annstronghas been the head of a suc-
cessful decorative-glass establishment in New York
city. He is a member of the .Society of American
artists, of the Architectural league, and of the
National sfx-ietv of rniirnl paiiitirs.
AitMSTROS'ti. Samuel 4'hniiman, soldier, b.
in Hawaiian islands. 30 Jan.. 18^9: d. in Hamf>-
ton, Va., 12 May, 1893. His parents were mission-
2
/VC^
J* ^^{Vf^**.^
aries to the Hawaiian islands, where he resided un-
til 1860. After graduation at Williams in 1862 he
entered the volunteer array as a captain in the
125th New York regiment, and in 1863 was made
lieutenant-colonel of the 9th U. S. colorc<l infantry.
Subsequently he was colonel of the 8th U. S. col-
ored regiment. He was brevetted brigadier-general
of volunteers on 13 March, 1865, and after the war
went to Hampton, Ya., to work among the frced-
men. Gen. Armstrong was a founder of the Hamp-
ton normal and agricultural institute for negroes
in 1868, and since that date until his death served
as its principal. In 1878 Indians were admitted.
He was succeeded as princifial by the Kev. Ilollis
B. Frissell, for many years connected with the in-
stitution as his assistant. The Hampton institute
has l)een a great Ix-neftt to the Indians and negroes,
and is now abundantly endoweil.
ARNOLD, Abraham Kerns soldier, h. in Bed-
ford, Pa., 24 March. 1837. He entered the U. S.
military aca<lemy in July, 1854. was graduated
July, 1859. and appointed brevet 2d lieutenant in
the 2d cavalry; he was commissioned 2«l lieuten-
ant 28 June, 1860. In April. 1861. he was pro-
moted 1st lieutenant, and in August following
was transferred to the 5th cavalry. From June,
1861, to May, 1862. he serveil as regimental ail-
jutant. He was brevetted captain in June, 1862,
for gallant and meritorious service in the battle
of Gaines's Mill, and received his commission as
captain in July following. In May. 1864. he was
brevetted major for gallant and meritorious ser-
vice in the battle of To«Id's Taveni, Va. He was
firomoted major of the 6th cavalry in June, 1889,
ieutenant-colonel of the 1st cavalry in June, 1886,
and colonel in February, 1891. At the outbreak
of war with Spain in 1898 he was ap|H)inte<l briga-
dier-^neral, and assigned to the commaml of the
2d division of the 7th armv-corps. with which he
served in ('ul)a. He publistied " Notes on Horses
for Cavalry Service" (New York, 1869).
ASCENiCION. Antonio de ia(ahs-fh?n-theo n),
S|>anish navigator, b. in Salamanca in 1560; d. in
I'uebla, Mexico, in 1623. He studied mathematics
in the university of his native city, and navigation
in the college of pilots of Seville. About the end
of the 16th century he went to Mexico, where, in
1600, he entered the order of barefooted Carmelites,
and when the viceroy, the Count de Monterey,
despatched the second expedition under Sebastian
Vizcaino to California in 1602, hearing of Ascen-
ci^n's geographical knowledge, he obtained from
bis su|>eriorB [lermission to send him as cosmog-
rapher with the expedition. On Vizcaino's return,
Ascencion retire<l to the convent of Puebla. where
he died. He wrote " Viaje del nuevodescubrimien-
to. que sc hizo en la N. K. [wrel mar del Sur. desde
el puerto do Acapulco hasta el capo Mendozino en
1602. ycndo [lor general .Sebastian Vizcaino," the
manuscript of which existed in the library of
Ramirez de Prado. according to Nicolas Antonio,
who extracted i>art of it in his " Bibliotheca His-
|iana Nova" (linme. 1672).
ASHItrRNKR. Wniiam, mining engineer, b.
in StfK'kbriflge, Mass.. 2S March. 1831 ; d. in San
Francisco. ( 'nl.. 28 .March. 1888. He was educated
in his native town until 1849, when he entered the
Lawrence scientiflc school of Harvard, and after
two years went to Paris, where he studieil min-
ing engineering at the Ecole des mines. Return-
ing to this country, he was employed in making
examinations of various mining properties in the
Lake Superior region In the interest of a French
enterprise. In 1859 he explored a part of New-
foundland for a telegraph company. In 1860 he
10
ASHHURST
ASTOB
went to California as an assistant in the state
feological survey under Prof. Josiah I). Whitney.
'rom 1862 till 1883. in the practice of his pro-
fession, he was constantly travelling throughout
the mining districts of "the United States and
Mexico, his journeys sometimes extending to South
America and Asia. Prom 1864 till 1880 he was a
state commissioner to manage the Vosemite valley
and the Jlariposa grove. In 1874 he was appointed
professor of mining in the University of Califor-
nia, but his professional engagements not permit-
ting him to fully discharge his duties, he was in
1876 made honorary professor. In 1880 he became
a regent of the university. He was also a trustee
of the California school of mechanical arts, and of
the Leland Stanford, Jr., university. Prof. Ash-
burner was a trustee of the California academy of
sciences, president of the Microscopical society, a
member of the Historical and Geographical soci-
eties of the same state, und a founder of the Har-
vard club of San Francisco.
ASHHURST, John, surgeon, b. in Philadelphia,
Pa., 23 Aug., 1839. He was graduated at the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania in 1857, and at the medi-
cal department in 1860. and from 1862 till 1865 he
served as active assistant surgeon in the U. S. army.
Since 1877 he has been professor of clinical surgery
in the University of Pennsylvania, and he has been
connected with several hospitals. He is the author
of " Injuries of the Spine " (Philadelphia. 1867) and
" Principles and Practice of Surgery" (1871), and
the editor of "Transactions of the International
Medical Congress" (1877) and the " International
Kncyclopaedia of Surgery" (6 vols.. New York,
1881-6 ; 2d ed., 1888).
ASPIBOL, Manuel de, Mexican minister, b. in
Puebla, 9 June, 1836. He was educated in his na-
tive city, and adopted the profession of law. He
served in the army from 1862 to 1866, attaining
the rank of lieutenant-colonel, and twice filled the
office of under-secretary of state. For two years
he was the Mexican consul at San Francisco, and
in 1875 was elected to the senate. For three years
he was treasurer of the state of Puebla, and from
1883 to 1890 professor of municipal law in the
College of Puebla. In March, 1899, he was re-
ceived by President McKinley as ambassador from
Mexico. He is a member of various learned so-
cieties and the author of "Causa de Fernando
Maximiliano de Hapsburgo, que se hatitulado Em-
peradorde Mexico, y de sus genorales Miguel Mira-
mon y Tomas Jlejia " (Mexico, 1807) ; " Codigo de
Extranjeria de los Estados Unidos Mexieanos"
(1876); Los Derechos del Hombre " (periodical)
(1878-'80); and " La Libertad civil como base del
Dereeho internacional privado" (1896).
ASTIfi, Jean Fr6<16ric (ahs-te-ay), French
clergyman, b. in Nerae, department of Lot-et-
Garonne, in 1822. He was pastor of the French
Protestant church in New York from 1849 till
1855, when he returned to Europe and was ap-
pointed professor of philosophy in the University
of Lausanne, Switzerland, which post he still re-
tains. His works include " Le Ueveil religieux
des Etats-Unis " (2 vols., Lausaime, 1857-8) ; "Les
deux theologies nouvelles dans le protestantisme
Frangais" (1862): " Histoire de la Kepublique des
Etat,s-Unis, de 1620 k 1860 " (2 vols., 1865) ; and
" Theologie Allemaiide contemporaine " (1874).
ASTOB, John Jacoh, capitalist, b. in New York
city, 10 June, 1822; d. there, 22 Feb., 1890. He
was graduated at Columbia, stiulied at Gottingen
university, Germany, and afterward took the full
course at Harvard law-school. After one year's
practice he undertook, in 1847, to aid in the man-
agement of the Astor estate, which occupied most
of his future life. He served in Virginia on the
staff of Gen. MeClellan with the rank of colonel,
and later was brevettcd brigadier-general of vol-
unteers. He took an active interest in the Astor
library, was treas-
urer of its board of
trustees, and in 1879
deeded to it the
three lots on which
the northern wing
of the present build-
ing was afterward
erected by him. He
also gave liberally
to the library, anil
presented his collec-
tion of early books
and rare manu-
scripts. To Trinity
church, of which he
was a member, he
and his brother pre-
sented as a memo-
rial to their father
a sculptured reredos
and altar costing ^80,000. Mr. Astor also gave
freely to the Cancer hospital, the Woman's hos-
pital, and the Children's aid society, and in 1887 he
presented to the Metropolitan museum of art his
wife's collection of costly laces. He left bequests
to St. Luke's hospital of $100,000, to the Metro-
politan museum |50,000, to tlie Cancer hospital
$100,000, and to the Astor library $450,000, bring-
ing the family benefactions to the institution
up to about to $1,500,000. By his father's will he
received one half of the Astor estate, variously
estimated to be worth from $100,000,000 to $150,-
000,000, and this share, with its large accumula-
tions, he in turn bequeathed to his only son, Will-
iam Waldorf Astor, who thus became the head of
the family, and who has resided in England for
several years. See address on " Mr, J. J. Astor and
his American Ancestry," by the Rev. Blorgan Dix,
S. T. D., in " The New York Genealogical and
Biographical Record " for July. 1891. — His wife,
Charlotte Angnsta, b. in New York city. 27 Feb.,
1825 ; d. there, 12 Dec, 1887, was the daughter of
Thomas S. Gibbs, a southern merchant, who had
removed to New York. She was married to Mr.
Astor on 9 Dec, 1846. Mrs. Astor was an active
friend of tlie Children's aid society, and gave $225,-
000 to found the Cancer hospital. For twenty
years she supported a German industrial school,
and from 1872 till her death she was a manager
of the Woman's hospital, besides taking an active
part in the Niobrara league to aid the Indians and
in many other charities. She bequeathed $150,000
to charitable organizations. — His nephew, John
Jacob, b. in Rhinebeck, N. Y., 13 July, lb64. was
graduated at Harvard in 1888, and in 1894-'6
served on the staff of Gov. Levi P. Morton with
the rank of colonel. He is a member of numerous
social and scientific organizations, and a director
of various commercial and financial institutions.
In 1897 he completed on Fifth avenue. New York,
one of the largest, and probably the most costly
hotel in the world, which he named the Astoria,
after the settlement established at the mouth of
the Columbia river by his great-grandfather in
1811 (q. V.) It is erected on the site of the resi-
dence of his father. William Astor (1830-'92), and
adjoining the Waldorf hotel, erected by his cousin,
William Waldorf, now a British subject, residing
in London. Col. Astor served as a staff officer in
ATHERTON
AUSTIN
11
t'uba (luring the Spanish-American war. Fie has
invented a bicycle brake and a pneumatic roatl-
iinprover. and is the author of "A Journey in
Other Worhis" (N'ew York, 1894).
ATHEKTON, Gertrude Franklin, author,
b. in San Franei^^o about 18.50. She is a daugh-
ter of Thomas \j. Home, was educated at Sayrc
institute, and marrieil George H. B. Atherton.
of Menio Park. Cal. Since his death she has
pursiie«l a liicrury career, and since 1894 has re-
sideil in Knglaii<l'. Mrs. Atherton is the author of
" Wliat Dreams raav come " (New York, 1888) ;
'• Hermia Suydam " (1889) ; " I^ Cerritos " (1890) ;
"Mrs. Pendleton's Four-in-Hand" (1891); "A
(Question of Time "(1892); "The Dof.mswoman"
(1893): "Before the Gringos came" (1894); "A
Whirl Asunder" (1896); "His Fortunate Grace"
and " Patience .Sparhawk and her Times" (1897);
"The ("alifomians," "Valiant Runaways," and
" American Wives and English Husbands" (1898);
and " A DauL'liter of the Vine " (1899).
ATKINSON, Kilnard, economist, b. in Brook-
line, Mavs., 10 Fet).. 18"27. He was ctlucated in
private schools, is presirlcnt of the Boston manu-
facturers' mutual insurance company, and has in-
7ente<l an iuiprove<l kitchen stove, known a.s the
" Ala<idin cooker." He has receive<l the degrees
of Ph. I), from Dartmouth college and that of
LL. D. from the I'niversity of South Carolina.
For nearly four ilecailes Mr. .Atkinson has Ix-en
a<-tively ei'igaginl in the distribution of brochures
of which he is the authoron banking, competition,
cottr>n manufacture, economic legislation, fire pre-
vention, industrial education, the money (jucstion,
and the tariff. He is an anti-expansionist, op|H<>ing
war in the Phili[>iiinos, and during 1899 published
a series of [lamplilets. which he sent broa<U'a»l over
the lanil. entitled " The .\nli-lmiierialist." He hiis
also issueil "The Distribution of Products" (N'ew
York, 1885); "Margin of Proflt^s" (18H7): and
" Industrial Progress of the Nation " (1889).
ATKINSON, Wnilaiu Vate^ governor, b. in
Oakland. (fH.. '.2)1 .lime. IH.).*); il. in Newman, Ga.,
8 Aug., 1K99. lie wa* grailualed at the L'niversity
of Georgia in 1877. and was admitted to the bar
the next vuar. lie entered ixilitics, and was a
memlwro^ the state legislature fr..m IHHH to 1894,
and sjK'akcr in 1890-'4. His proMiinen<-e in the
legislature was gained through his efforts to ilefeat
the moveTuent for i>lacing the Home fort 'onfederate
veterans among the U-neflciary institutions of the
state. His election as governor in 1894 was ■ pro-
test against the old rer/imr, in <lefeating Gen.
Evans,aConfe<leratesol<lier,in the nominating con-
vention. (Sov. Atkinson was re-elected forasccond
term, which ex|>ired in 1886. He was several times
chairman of the Democratic state committee, was
a trustee of the University of Georgia, and the
founder and president of the board of trustees
of the State nonnal and industrial college.
ATLEK, Saninel John, soldier, b. in Pennsyl-
vania in 17:)U: <l. in Philailelohia, Pa.. 'Z!i Nov.,
1786. He was a brother of Willlnm .\ugustus At-
lee. the grandfather of I)r..Iohn L. Alice (ij. i\\. He
commanded a Pennsylvania company in theF ren<'h
war, and in 177<>U'd an advanceil Utttalionon I<ong
Island, but was captured by the Brilish, and re-
mained for some time in prison. Afterward he
was a commissioner to treat with the Indians.
Captain Alice was a ilelceate to the Continental
congress from 1778 till 1783. and was a prominent
raemlH'r of the committee on the mutiny of the
Pennsvlvania tro.i|>s in 1781.
ATfrlLU Edward Robert, P. E bishop, b. in
Red Hook, Duchess CO., N. V., 18 Feb., 1840. He
was graduated from Columbia in 1862, and from
the General theological seminary two years later.
He was in charge of St. Paul's church, Burlington,
Vt., and afterward of Trinity parish, Toledo, Ohio.
He was electe<l first bishop of west Missouri, and
consecrated 14 Oct.. 1890. He received the degree
of D. D. from the University of Vermont.
ATWOOD, Isaac Morgan, clergyman, b. in
Pembroke, Genesee co., N. Y., 24 March. 1838. He
was educated at Lockport, N. Y., entered the Uni-
Tersalist ministry in 1859, and was pastor of
churches in New York, Maine, and Massachusetts.
Since 1879 he has been president of Canton theo-
logical seminary. St. liawrence university, where
he is also professor of theology and ethics. The
degree of A. M. was conferred on him by St. Ijiw-
rence university in 1872. and that of I). D. by Tufts
in 1879. He was editor of the " Boston Universal-
ist " in 1867-'72, and of the " Christian leader " in
187S-'5,and has been associate eilitor of the latter
journal since 187.5. Dr. Atwood is the author of
" Have We Outgrown Chri.stianity " (Boston. l.HiO) ;
"Glance at the Religious Progress of the United
States" (1874); "latest Woril of Universalism "
(1878); "Walks alwut Zion " (1881): and "The
Manual of Revelation " (New York, 1888).
Al'BRY, Auguste Engine. Canadian educator,
b. in Tuffc, France, 14 July, 1819. He studied at
Laval college and theology in the Seminary of
Mans, and was appointe*! professor of rhetoric in
the Lyceum of \ eiidome. He was subsei|Uently
admitted to the bar of Paris, and liecame one of
its leaders. In 1848 he commanded a company
of the National guard, and took an active part in
suppressing the socialist revolt. He resumiMl his
practice, but on being selected, in 18.56, to fill the
chair of Roman law in I^aval university, Quebec,
he removed to Canada. His lectures on history
and Roman law in this institution .soim made him
known throughout Canada, and he also liecame
noted as a defender of the teiniH>ral power of the
pope, especially in the columns of tlie "Courricr
du Canada," of which he Ixvame wlitor-in-chief in
18.59. His "cours d'hi.storie gi'n^rale" of that
year was attended by many citizens of (Quebec as
well as by students. Dr. Aubry returned to
France in lHti.5. and was appointed profes.sor of
Roman law in the University of Angers.
Al'STIN.BeiiJamin FUli, Canadian educator,
b. in Brighton. Ontario, 21 Sept.. 18.50. He was
educated at .Mbert college, and enten-d the Meth-
o<list Hpiscojial ministry. After holding pastor-
ates in Ottawa and Prescott, he was made princi-
pal of Alma Indies' college, St. Thomius. Ontario, in
1H81, which ofilce he held until 1897. He received
the degree of I). D. from Victoria university, has
Ijeen editor of the "Temi)crance Union" and of
"The Methodist Eiiiscojial Pulpit," and is the au-
thor of " Popular Sins,'' sermons (1879); "Gospel
to the Poor vennm Pew Itents " (1884) ; " Woman :
Ilcr Character, Culture, and Conduct" (1890);
ami " Rational .Memory Training" (1894).
Al'STIN, .Mrs. Jane (joodwin, novelist, b. in
Worcester. .Mass.. 25 Feb., 1831 ; d. in Boston, 30
March. 1894. .She wils the daughter of lsa<ic Good-
win, of Worcester. an<l in 18,50 married Loring H.
Austin, a classnuitc of James Rus.sell Lr)well. She
lived for several years in ( 'anibridge. and afterward
in Concord, but her later life was chiefly spent in
Boston. Her writings consist mostly of historical
tales relating to the lives of the Pilgrim fathers
ami their descendnnls.and include" Dora Darling "
(lUHtton. 1864): "Outpost: A Novel" (I860); "Ci-
pher: A Itomance "(New York, 1869); "The Shadow
of Moloch Mountain" (1870); "Mrs. Bcauchainp
12
AVENDANO
AYALA
Brown" (Boston, 1880) ; "A Nameless Nobleman"
(1881); "The Desmond Hundred "(1883); -'Stand-
ish of Standish " (1889) ; " Dr. Lo Baron and Jiis
Daughter" (1891); and "David Alden's Daughter,
and other Stories " (1893).
AVENDASO, Andres (ah-vain-dahn-yo), Span-
ish missionary, b. in Old Castile about 1050; d. in
Merida, Yucatan, about 1730. He entered the
order of St. Francis in the province of Burgos,
and was sent to the missions of Yucatan, where in
1705 he was appointed provincial. In his long
residence among the Mayas he seems to have been
an acute observer, and left several interesting
manuscripts : " Diccionario de la longua de Yu-
catan," " l)iccionario abreviadode losadverbios de
tiempo y lugar de la lengua de Yucatan," " Diccio-
nario de nombres de personas, idolos, danzas y
otras antigiiedades de los Indios de Yucatan,"
" Diccionario boUinico y medico de Yucatan," and
" Explicacion de varios vaticinios de los antiguos
Indios de Yucatan." According to Juan Jose
Eguiara, in his "Biblioteca llexicana," these
existed in 1760 in the provincial convent of
Merida, but so far they have not been discovered
in the original, although extracts have appeared
in the works of Orozeo y Berra and Icazbalceta
copied from contemporaries of AvendaHo.
AVERY. Elroy McKendree, author, b. in Erie,
Mich., 14 July, 1844. He served in the army
through the civil war, and was graduated from
Michigan university in 1871, acting during his col-
lege course as correspondent of the Detroit "■Trib-
une." Later he became principal of the Cleveland
normal school, and for some years was connected
with the Brush electric light company of that
city. He has published " Elements of Natural Phi-
losophy " (New York, 1878), and numerous other
successful school-books, and contributed biograph-
ical and historical articles to the magazines. Mr.
Avery is engaged in the preparation of a " Popu-
lar History of the United States."
AYALA, (iabriel (i-a'h-lah), Mexican hi-storian,
lived in the 16th century. He belonged to the
nobility of Texcoco, and in his youth, after the
conquest by the Spaniards, was converted to Chris-
tianity and appointed notary of the city corpora-
tion. He wrote fluently in Nahuatl, the learned
language of the valley of Anahuac, in which he
composed " Apuntes historicos de la Nacion Mexi-
cana desde 1243 hasta 1563 en lengua Nahuatl,"
the original MS. of which was in the possession of
Lorenzo Boturini, and confiscated with the rest of
his collection, but extracted in his " Ensayo de una
Nueva Historia General, etc." (Madrid, 1746).
D.ApplBimt&-C6.
BABCOCK
BAILLAIRGE
13
B
BABCOCK, Christopher ATery, surgeon, b.
in Stonington, Conn., 5 April, 1?25: cL in New-
port, R. L, 2 N'ov., 1780. lie was stationed at
Newport while Gen. Wasliington's headquarters
was at Xewburg. An order from Washington was
sent to Gen. Schuyler, then commander at New-
port, directing him to send a surgeon to Danbury,
Conn., irame<liately, and to have him report to Gen.
DsTid Wooster, commander at that place. Dr.
Balwock was so detailed, and remained in Danbury
more than two years, unl il (icn. \V(M>ster was lullea.
Dr. Babcock was with Wooster when he died, and
endeavored in vain to extract the ball. After Gen.
Wooster's death Gen. Wa-'^hington ordered Dr.
Batxsock back to Newimrt. as the camp fever hud
broken out there. lie died in six weeks after bis
arrival of the prevailing fever.
BACON, Anzngtns 0ctaTiii8, senator, b. in
Bryan county. Ga.. 20 Oct., WiO, and was gradu-
ate<l in IXiO from the cla-ssical department of the
Universitv of Georgia, and from the law department
in 1860. lie served during thecainpuign of 1861-'2
•s adjutant of the 9th Georgia infantry, and sut>-
sequently as captain on stan duty. After the war
he practised at Macon both in the fe<leral and state
courts. In 1880 he was presi<)ent of the state
Democratic convention. For fourteen years he was
a inemtxT of the Georgia house of repn-sentntives,
and for ten years he aclc<l as siwaker of the house.
Mr. Uacon was s»'Vcral times a candidate for the
Deni<K>nilic nomination for governor, anil in No-
vember, 1894, was elected to the U. .S. senate. His
tcnn of service will expire 3 March, 11K)1.
BACON, John .Mosby, soMier. b. in Kentucky,
17 A|)ril. 1H44. lie liccame 2<1 lieutenant of the
11th Kcnlucky cavalry on 22 Sept.. 1862, and on
a Nov. of the same year liecanio 2d lieutenant
in the 4th Kentiickv cavalry, lie wa.s (iromoted
1st lieutenant in Peii., 186.'), capljiin on 14 March
of the same year, and major, 20 Nov.. 1864. For
gallant and meritorious action at the siege of
J'ort Resaca. Georgia, he wa.« brevette<l major on
2 March, 1867. lie was honombly mii«tered out
of the volunteer service on 21 Aug.. 18<}5, but he
entered the regular armv us captain of Troop G of
the lHh cavalrv on 28 .luly. 186(1. The regiment
was sent to 'I*exas ami six'ut eight years there,
patrolling in search of depre<lating Indians. On
7 .lunc, 1860, with 32 men of his troop, he was
engaged with Indian^ on liio I'ecos, lexas, and
on 2d and 29 Get. of the same year he had an-
other engagement at the .Salt I-'ork of the Brazos
river. For gdllanlrv' in these two engagements
he n-ceived the brevet of lieutenant-colonel. From
1 .Ian.. 1871. until 8 Feb., 1884, he sirvcd as colo-
nel and aide-de-camp on the staff of Gen. Sher-
man. He was promoted major of the 7th cavalry
on 14 April, 1884. and on 7 April. 1890. was trans-
ferrejl to the 1st cavalry ilh lieutenant-colonel, un-
dcrCol. Abraham K. Arnold. On 29.lune. 1897, he
was miule colonel of the 8th cavalry. .\t the out-
break of war with Spain in 1898 he was promote<l
hrigiulier-peneral and aj)poinled to the command
of the department of Dakota, with headquarters
at St. Paul, Minn. In Octolier. 1898. he promptly
put down nn outbreak among the Chippewa In-
di»n<< on the Leech Lake reservation.
BAGLF.Y, Worth, naval ofTuer. b. in Raleigh,
N. C, 6 -April. 1874 : il. off Cnnlenas. near Matan-
rjin. Cuba, 11 May. 1898. He was appointed to the
naval academy in .Septemlier, 1891, was graduated
,/COfnAi /^*-aCL^^
30 June, 1897, and was appointed an ensign the
day following. While a cadet attatrhed to the
academy he was assigned to make cruises on the
"Texas," " Montgomery," "Indiana," and "Maine."
When appointed an
ensign lie was as-
signed to the "Indi-
ana," but in August
was transferred to
the " Maine," where
he served until 28
Nov., 1897, when
he was ordered to
the Columbian iron-
works for duty in
connection with the
torpedo-lx)at "Wins-
low," which was un-
der construction at
the time. When the
lx>at wius completed
and |nit in commis-
sion, in December,
1897, he was at-
tached to her, and
reniaine<l with tier until his death. Re was the
first American naval officer killetl in the war with
Sjiain. A tablet to his niemorj- has been placed
in the chapel of the U. S. naval "academy.
BAILKY, Thomas Williamson, military en-
gineer, 1). ill Kingsbury, Washington co., N. Y.,
21 Sept., 1826. He was graduated at Reii.s.selaer
jiolytochnic institute, and during the next eleven
years was engage<l as a civil engineer. In 1861 he
assisted in raising a company for the Kngineers'
regiment of the wi-st. Col. Josiah W. Bissell, and
served with that organization throughout the civil
war. In the summer and autumn of 1862 he was
detailed as military roiidmaster of the Mobile and
Ohio railroad uiufer Gen. .lames B. McPherson.
While thus engaged he was called upon for a plan
of a system of fortifications to protect Jackson,
Tcnn., where a large amount of military sui)plies
were stored. He furnishe<l it, and it was a<lopted
by Gen. John A. Ijogaii. Bailey al.so assisted
C'apt. Frederick E. Prime, chief engineer of the
Array of the Tennessee, in fortifying Corinth,
Miss. At the siege of Vicksbiirg lie liegan a sys-
tem of fortifications at Haines's Bluff, but after a
month of constant exposure and incessant toil he
was sent home on sick leave in July, 1863. On re-
turning to his regiment he aided in putting Vicks-
biirg in a state of defence, and subsequently
accompanicil his regiment, which in Gen. .Sher-
man's march to the sea had charge of the pontoon
train of the Army of the Tennes.see. He was com-
missioned 1st lieutenant in 1861, captain in 1804,
and major in 186.5 and was mustered out of the
service in August of the la-st-nained year. Subse-
quent to the war he was compelled to relinquish
his i)rofession through ill health, but he resumed
il in 18*19, bccoiniiig connected with the Chicago,
Burlington and (juiiicy railroad, on the engineer-
ing staff of which corj)oriition he long continued.
BAII.LAIRGK, Charles T. Florent, Cana-
dian architect, b. in Quebec. 27 Sept.. 1827. He
was educatcnl at Quelle -seminary. pa.ssed through
an apprenticeship as architect, surveyor, and en-
gineer, entered on the practice of his profession,
and became in IS-ie a meinlier of the board of ex-
aminers and land surveyors of the province, of
14
BAIRD
BAKER
which he was chairman in 1875-85. The Monu-
ment des braves de 1760 at Quebec was erected in
1860 after his designs. He acted as joint architect
of the parliament and departmental buildings at
Ottawa in 1863-'5, and designed and carried out
the Dufferin terrace in Quebec in 1872 and the
arched aqueduct over St. Charles river in 1873.
Among the buildings that have been erected after
his plans are the asylum and church of the sisters
of charity in Quebec, the Laval university build-
ing, the music-hall, and many churches in and
around Quebec, notably that of Ste. Marie, Beauce.
Mr. Baillairge has frequently lectured on various
scientific and technical subjects. He was in 1874
elected president of the Quebec association of
architects, and is a member of numerous learned
societies. His writings include a •' Treatise on Ge-
ometry and Trigonometry" (Quebec, 1866) ; " Nou-
veau Dictionnaire Prancjais, systeme educationnel ;
rimes, consonnanees, homonymes " (1888) ; a simi-
lar dictionary of English rhymes and synonyms
(1890) ; and numerous professional papers.
BAIRl), Henry Samuel, lawver, b. in Dublin,
Ireland, 16 May, 1800 ; d. in Green Bay, Wis., 28
April, 1875. tfis father, Thomas Baird, one of the
United Irishmen, was imprisoned for a year in Kil-
mainham jail, Dublin, and on his release in 1803
came to the United States, whence in 1803 he was
followed bv his family. Henry studied law at
Pittsburg, ta.. and Cleveland. Ohio, and in 1822
settled in Mackinaw, Mich., where he opened a
school. In the spring of 1823 a new court was es-
tablished by act of congress, and he was admitted
to practice. In September, 1824, he removed to
Green Bay. In 1832 he served as quartermaster-
general in the Black Hawk war, in 1836 was
elected a member and chosen president of the first
legislative council of the territory of Wisconsin,
and the same year was appointed the first attor-
ney-general of the territory, and subsequently in
that year was secretary of Gov. Henry Dodge,
U. S. commissioner to negotiate the treaty with
the Menomenee Indians at Cedar Rapids, when
about 4,000.000 acres were ceded to the U. S. gov-
ernment. In 1846 he was a member of the Con-
stitutional convention, and he was the last Whig
candidate for governor of Wisconsin. For many
years he was a vice-president of the State histor-
ical society, and a contributor to its published
collections. — His brother, Thomas James, b. in
Dublin, Ireland, 30 April, 1794 ; d. in Pottsville,
Pa., 5 April, 1842 ; was graduated at West Point
in 1814, served in the war against Great Britain,
and resigned a captain of artillery in 1828. — The
son of the latter, Edward Carey, b. in Pottsville,
Pa., in April, 1836; d. near Ashland. V'a., 14 Nov.,
1874, served in the civil war for nearly four years,
was assistant adjutant-general to Gen. John P.
Reynolds, in command of the left wing of the
Army of the Potomac; aiul at the battle of Gettys-
burgthat general ilied in his arms. Baird was pro-
moted to the rank of major for gallant conduct.
BAKER, James, Canadian legislator, b. in Lon-
don. 6 Jan., 1830. He was graduated at O.\ford
university, and entered the Indian navy, subse-
quently becoming a cornet in the horse guards,
later serving with the 8th hussars in the Crimean
war. For bravery in the battle of Tchernaya and
during the siege of Sebastopol he received medals
with clasp. He retired from the army in 1875
with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, later travel-
ling in the ea.st, the fruit of which was a volume
entitled " Turkey in Europe." Removing with
two sons to British Columbia, he became a farmer
and ranchman, and in 1884 he was sent to the
legislature, in which he still retains a scat. Col.
Baker in 1892 was minister of education and im-
migration, also provincial secretary and minister
of mines. He is a younger brother of Gen.
Valentine Baker Pasha, and of Sir Samuel Baker,
governor-general of the Soudan.
ISAKER, Loran Ellis, merchant, b. in Yar-
mouth, Nova Scotia, 13 May, 1831. He was edu-
cated at Yarmouth academy, engaged in mercan-
tile pursuits, and became a banker and ship-owner.
Since 1874 he has been president of the bank of
Yarmouth. He is also president of the Marine
railway, and has twice held that office in the
Western counties railway — first in 1873-'4, on the
organization of the company, and again in 1881-'6.
He is also interested in woollen mills and gold-
nlines, and in 1887 became president and manager
of the Yarmouth steamship line between Boston,
Nova Scotia, and Cape Breton. He has been a
member of the legislative council of Nova Scotia
since 1878. He founded the Yarmouth free mu-
seum and public library, and lias contributed in
many other ways to the prosperity of the place.
BAKER, Liicien, senator, b. in Ohio in 1846.
At an early age he removed, with his parents, to
Michigan, where he attended the public schools.
In 1869 he removed to Kansas, took up his resi-
dence in Leavenworth, aiul engaged in the practice
of law. He followed his profession closely until
1895, when, after the sweejiing victory at the polls
in November, 1894, of the Republican parly, head-
ed by E. N. Morrill, over the Populists, headed by
Gov. L. D. Lewelling, and the Democrats, headed
by David Overmyer, he was elected to the U. S.
senate as a Republican, to succeed John Martin,
Democrat, for the term ending 3 March, 1901.
BAKER, Peter Carpenter, publisher, b. in
North Hempstead, N. Y., 25 March, 1822 ; d. in
New York city, 19 May, 1889. Four of his ances-
tors were in the Revolutionary army. He entered
a book-store in New York, learned the printer's
trade, and in 1850. with Daniel Godwin, estab-
lished the firm of Baker & Godwin, which made
a sjiecialty of printing law-books and became
widely known for fine work. In 1865 Mr. Baker
established the law-publishing firm of Baker,
Voorhis & Co., which is still in existence and has
a large catalogue. Mr. Baker was one of the
founders of the Metropolitan literary association,
edited the " Steam Press," a patriotic periodical,
during the civil war (1861-'.5), and originated the
plan for a statue of Benjamin Franklin in Print-
ing-house square. New York, which was given by
Albert de Groot. He early became known as a
public speaker, delivering orations at Fort Inde-
pendence, N. Y., 4 July, 1848; at Trenton, N. J.,
4 July, 1849 ; and in the old Broadwaj- tabernacle.
New York, on the anniversary of Bunker Hill,
1853. He pulilished many addresses and mono-
graphs, including, besides the orations noted
above, "European Recollections" (New York, 1861)
and •' Benjamin Franklin " (186.5).
BAKER, M'illiam Spohn, antiquarian, b. in
Philadelphia. Pa., 17 April, 1824; d. there. 10 Sept..
1897. He became a conveyancer, but later turned
his attention to art and literary pursuits. Mr.
Baker possessed a collection of engraved portraits of
George Washington which was the most complete
known, and his number of medals of Washington
was second only to that of William S. Appleton,
of Boston, while his collection of biographies of
Washington was the most noted in existence. He
was a member of the American philosophical so-
ciety, one of the council of the Pennsylvania his-
torical society, and for twelve years was vice-presi-
BALDWIN
BARBOSA-MACHADO
15
dent of the Pennsvlvaiiitt academy of fine arts. He
was till' author of " Origin and Antiijuity of En-
graving " (Philadelphia, 1872; 2d e<l., illustrated,
Boston, 1875) ; " American Kngravers and their
Works" (Philadelphia, 1875); "William Sharp,
Engraver, and his Works" (1875); "Engraved
Portraits of Washington " (1880) ; " iMedallic Por-
traits of Washington "(1885); "Character Portraits
of Wu.shin},t.>ii (1887); " Bibliotheca Washing-
toniana" (18Sl»): and " Itinerary of George Wash-
ington from June 15, 1775, to I)«?c. 23, 1783"(1892);
" Washington after the Revolution " (1887) : and
" Washington in Philailclphia" (1897). Mr. Baker's
collection of " Washingtotiiana" was bequeathed to
the Historical society of IVnnsylvania.
U.\LUWIN, Maurice Souliard, Canadian An-
glican bishop, b. in Toronto, Canada. 21 June,
1836. He was graduated at Trinity college, To-
ronto, in 1859, ordained deacon in April, 1860, and
became a presbyter in July, 1861. lie was incum-
bent of Port Dover, Ont., in 1862-'5, and in 1870
was appointed curate of Christ church cathedral,
Montreal. He became canon of the cathedral in
the following year, and in 1872 was electe<l rector
of the parish. In 1882 he was ap|>ointed dean of
Montreal, and on 17 Oct., 1883, was elected bishop
of Huron, to which ofllce he was consecrated on
30 Nov. of the same year. He received the degree
o{ I). I), from Trinity college, Toronto, in 1882.
Bishop Baldwin atteniled the Lambeth conferences
of 1888 and 1897. He is the author of " A Break
in the Ocean Cable" (.Montreal. 1877); " Life in a
li<»k" (1N7») ; and a volume of " Sennoiis."
it.U,LlN(;KR. William Pitt, jurist, b. in
Barbourville, Knox co., Ky., 25 Sept., 1825; d.
in (iaivcston, Tex., SO Jan., 1888. He was edu-
cated at St. Mary's college, near Lebanon, Ky., re-
moved to Texas at the age of eighteen, served as
a private and afterward as adjutant and lieuten-
ant during the Texan revolution, studied law,
an<l was admitted to the bar in 1847. He began
practice at Oalveston, was appointed V. S. attor-
ney for the district of Texas in 1800, and was em-
filoye<l as counsttl in many important cases, nota-
>ly that between the city and the Galvestcm wharf
company involving the title to the water-front of
the city. He declined a [dace on the suiireme
bench in 1871, and re»igne<l the ofllce imme<lialely
after he a<-c<'ptcd it In 1874. In 1H75 he was a
Mil inlM'r I'l the state constitutional convention.
ltAN(iS, John Kendrirk, author, b. in Yon-
ki.Ts, N. v., 27 May, 18*12. He was gradoated from
Ciiluinliin, and studied law. Later he was associ-
ate eilitor of " Life." and since 1888 has been eon-
necte<l with '• Harjfcr's Magazine." He has lieen
for several vears president of the Hnlslead school.
Yonkers. 'Fhe following are among his many
piililicalions : "Coffee and Kepartee " (New York,
iNiCii: "Three Wwks in Politics "(181>4): "Water
(1804); ".Mr. IV.na-
' A l{el)ellious Hero-
ine' (1896); "The I'nrsnit of the Houseboat"
(1S97): "Peeps at i'eople" (1888); and "The
Hous«.U>«t on the Sivx" (1890).
BANKIIKAI), Henry Clay, military officer, b.
inUiiltiiiion-. M.I.. r>Oi-t., IH2M: iI. in Hayonne, X. J.,
9 Jan.. 1X94. He was graduated at the l*. S. mili-
tary academy in June. IS-IO.cnlcreil the army, and
in 1879. after attaining the rank of major of cav-
alry, he was relireil for disabilities incurreil in the
lineofdiity. Iletook [larl in the lialtles of Shiloh,
Gettysburg, Five Fork.s, ami other famous engage-
ments of the civil war. receiving the brevet of
brigadier-general in both the regular and volunteer
service for gallantry in the field.
(iliosts, and other Stories'
parte of Corsic^" (1895);
BAKANDA. Joaquin, Mexican jurist, b. in
Merida. Yucatan, 7 May, 1840. He was educated
in Camiieehe, graduating there as a lawyer. He
went to the state of Tamanlipas, and was ap{X>int-
ed in succession to several important p()sitions, in-
cluding that of attorney-general. When he re-
turned to Cam|)cche be was appointed criminal
judge. Since the fall of the empire he has served
as judge of the district of Cainpcche, representa-
tive to the 4th and 5tli congresses of the union,
president of the supreme tribunal of justice of
Campeche, governor of the state for three terms,
magistrate of the circuit tribunal of Yucatin, Cam-
pec-lie, Tobasco, and Chiapas, senator for the fed-
eral district, secretary of justice and public in-
struction, re-elected senator, and finally secretarv
of justicw and public instruction in 1884. which
tilace he still hold.s. In 1887 he established the
bureau of records, with all its defiendencies. He
was appointed secretary of the commissioners of
Costa nica for the international conference of the
American republics, and in 1891 was a delegate to
the moiietarv confert-nce which met in Washington.
BAKBOSA-BACELLAK, Antonio (bar-bo-
sah), Portuguese author, b. in Oporto al>out 1600;
d. in Cliagas in 1663. After finishing his studies
at the L'niversity of Coimbra he taught law in
the latter city, was afterwani civil judge at Bahia,
and later judge of the supreme court of Brazil,
but came into collision with the viceroy, and,
resigning, retume<l to Portugal, and died in jx)v-
erty at the hospital of Chagas. He wrote " Sla-
tera veritatis, give pra'cipua ralionnm momenta
pro Jure corona- l^usilania"" (LisImhi, 1641):
" Itela^) da tomada da cidade dc Recife e ou-
tras do Brazil" (1648); " Rclacao das victorias
alcanfadas por as tropas do rey I>om Alfonso VI.,
sobre as de Castella" (1650) ; and KelaySo Diario
do sitio e t^miada da forte prat^ado Recife, recupe-
ra^ao das capitanias de Itamaraca, I'arahiba, iiio
Grande, Ceara, e ilha de Fernando de Noronha,
por F. Barreto, Mestre Gl. do estado do Brazil "
(Ifl.'Vt). a very valuable work, which was translated
into Italian'(Rome, 1665) and into French (Paris,
1671). His poems were collected and printe<l in
" I^henix renasi^ido, seu Obras poeticas dos mel-
hoes engenhoes i'ortuguezcs " (Lisbtm, 1716).
BARBOSA-MACHADO. Diogo, Portuguese
bil>Ii.igra|)her, b. in Lisbon, 31 March. 1082 ; d. in
Santo .\ilriano de Sever in 1770. He studied at
the I'nivcraity of Coimbra, entered holy onlers in
1?24. anil was" apjiointed in 1728 abbot of the eon-
vent of .Santo Adriano de Sever, which post he re-
tained till his death. He devote<l eighteen years
to researches in convents, state archives, private
and public libraries, and wrote "Bibliotheca Liisi-
tana antigiia e nova, hi.storica, eritica e chrono-
logica, na qiial sc coinprehende a noticia dos au-
tores Portuguc7.es. e das obras que compiizeram
des<le o tempo da promulga<;ito da ley de grnva. ate
o tempo presente ' (4 vols., Lislwn. 1741-'52). It
contains biographical noticesof all Portuguese and
Brazilian authors, a list of their works, and a com-
plete catalogue of known unpublished manuscripts,
and has [>rove<l invaluHblc for the history of Por-
tuguese and Brazilian literature. BarlM)sa-Macha-
do's great work was several times reprinted, and
the bililiograpliical part of it was sejiaralely piib-
lisheil. with notes and a<lditions by Ueiito Jos^
Farinha under the title "Sujnniarioila Bibliotheca
Liisitana " (4 vols.. Coimbra, 18'20). — His brother.
Ignaeio, Portuguese author, b. in Lisbon in 1682;
d. ill Hnhiii, Brazil, in 1770. He was educated at
the l'niversity of Coimbra, entered the magistra-
ture, and was sent to Bahia, in Brazil, as civil judge
16
BARBOUR
BARNSTON
in 1730, a position which he filled with great credit
for thirteen years, when he entereil holy orders after
the death of his wife. He was appointed histori-
ographer of the provinces beyond the sea, and
wrote " Nova relacjiio das iniportantes victorias
que alcan^aram as arnias portnguezas na Brazil e
India" (Lisbon, 1742) and " Fastos politicos e
militares da antigua e nova Lusitania" (1745).
BARBOUR, Liicieii, jurist, b. in Canton,
Conn., 4 March, 1811; d. in Indianapolis, Ind., 19
July, 1880. He was graduated at Amherst, weiit
to fndiana, was licensed to practise, and began his
professional career in Indianapolis. He was ap-
pointed U. S. district attorney by President Polk
for the district of Indiana ; was commissioner to
codify the laws of Indiana in 1852 ; acted several
times as arbitrator between the state of Indiana
and private corporations, and was elected to the
34th congress from Indiana, serving with ability
and distinction from 1855 to 1857.
BARDSEN, Ivor, Greenland magistrate, b. in
Oster Bygd about 1300; d. there about 1350.
Ele was steward or lay justice to the bishop of
Gardar, and was sent, in 1339, to drive away the
Esquimaux or Skrellings, who had made a descent
upon the Vester Bygd, and to convey succor to
the sister colony. He found on his arrival only
wild cattle, which his people took on board their
vessels and returned home. He wi'ote an account
of his voyage, which was discovered in manuscript
in the Danish archives and published by the Hak-
luyt society, with original text and the English
version, at the end of " The Voyages of the Ve-
netian Brothers Nicolo and Antonio Zeno to the
Northern Seas, in the 14th Century, compris-
ing the Latest Account of the Lost Colony of
Greenland, and of the Northmen in America, be-
fore Columbus " (London, 1873). It confirms the
voyages of the Zeno brothers, and places the date
of the destruction of the colony of Vester Bygd,
of which Pope Nicholas V. spoke in a letter of
1448, recently discovered, at about 1337.
BARKER, Albert Smith, naval officer, b. in
Hanson, Mass., 31 March, 1843. He was graduated
from the U. S. naval academy in May, 1861, and
served on the steam-frigate " Mississippi,"' being
aboard at the bombardment and passage of Ports
Jackson and St. Philip, the Chalmette batteries,
and the capture of New Orleans, also at the at-
tempted passage of Port Hudson, where the " Mis-
sissippi " was destroyed. He then joined the " Mo-
nongahela," taking part in the siege of Port Hud-
son and subsequent fights, until the Mississippi
was in complete control of the north. He was
promoted ensign, February, 1863. lieutenant, Feb-
ruary, 1864, commander, March, 1877, and captain.
May, 1893. In the war with Spain he commanded
the cruiser " Newark," and in the following year
the celebrated battle-ship "Oregon," succeeding
Admiral Dewey in command of the Asiatic squad-
ron at Manila, which he retained until relieved by
the arrival of Admiral Watson in July, 1899.— Hi's
wife, Ellen Blackmer, b. in West" Springfield,
Pa., 13 June, 1859, married in 1879 the Rev. Allen
J. Maxwell, who died in Lucknow, India, in 1890.
Four years later she married Capt. Barker.
Among her published volumes are the stories of
" The Bishop's Conversion," " Three Old Maids in
Hawaii." and "The Way of Fire."
BARKER, Wharton, banker, b. in Philadel-
phia, 1 May, 1846. He is a son of Abraham Barker,
for half a century a member of the Philadelphia
stock exchange, and a grandson of Jacob Barker
(?. v.), of New Orleans. He was graduated at the
University of Pennsylvania in 1866, previous to
which he commanded a company of colored troops
during the civil war. He became a member of
the banking firm of Barker Bros. & Co., and in
1878 was appointed financial agent in the United
States of Russia, and intrusted with the building
of four cruisers for that government. In 1869 lie
founded the " Penn Monthly," and in 1880 it wa.s
merged into "The American," which he still owns
and edits. He was a Republican until 1896, since
then a Populist ; by this party he will probably be
nominated for tlie next presidency.
BARKER, William Morri8,P. E. bishop, b
in Towanda, Pa., 12 May, 1854. He was grad-
uated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1873,
and from the Berkeley divinity school six years
later. He was ordained deacon and priest, and
was successively rector of St. Paul's, Washington,
St. Luke's, Baltimore, and St. Paul's, Duluth.
Dr. Morris was consecrated bishop of western Colo-
rado in January, 1893, and a year later was trans-
lated to the .see of Olymiiia.
BARNARD, (Jeorge tirey, sculjitor, b. in Belle-
fonte. Pa., 34 May. 1803. He studied for a year
at the Chicago art institute, and then for four
years at the ficole nationale des beaux-arts, Paris,
where he first exhibited in 1894. His studio is
in New York city, and his principal works are
" Brotherly Love," " Norway," " 1 wo Natures,"
in the Metropolitan museum of art, and " The God
Pan," also in the museiun. He is engaged on " The
Hewer," for the Paris exposition.
BARNES, Alfred Smith, publisher, b. in New
Haven, Conn., 28 Jan., 1817 ; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y.,
17 Feb., 1888. He entered the book-publishing
business at sixteen years of age in Hartford, Conn..
went to New York in 1835, and in 1838 formed a
partnership with Prof. Charles Davies for the pub-
lication of the latter's mathematical works. He re-
moved to Philadelphia in 1840, but returned to New
York in 1845, and continued in the active manage-
ment of his business till 1880. Soon after settling
in New York he formed the plan of publishing the
" National Series of Standard School-Books," and
the firm's principal business hsis been in educa-
tional works. Mr. Barnes was interested in the es-
tablishment of the elevated railroads of New York
city, and was connected with the central branch of
the Union Pacific railroad, and several banking
and insurance institutions. He left $35,000 to be
equally divided between twenty-five educational
institutions, $25,000 to be equally divided between
five religious societies, and $45,000 to the Young
men's Christian association of Cornell university.
BARNES, James, author, b. at Annapolis, Md.,
19 Sept., 1866. His father is Lieut.-Coni. John T.
Barnes (a son of Gen. James Barnes) and his
mother, Susan Bainbridge. a granddaughter of
Commodore Bainbridge. The son studied at St.
Paul's school, Concord, N. H., and after a few
years in the west, where in 1885-'7 he assisted as
a civil engineer in the construction of the Missouri
Pacific railroad, entered Princeton, where lie was
griiduated in 1891. During his college course he
was an editor of the " Nassau Literary Magazine."
After graduation he was connected for a time with
" Seribner's Magazine," and in 1894-'5 he was as-
sistant editor of " Harper's Weekly." He has pub-
lished " For King or Country " (New York, 1895) :
"Naval Actions of the War 'of 1812" (1896); "A
Princetonian," " Jlidshipman Farragut." a boy's
book, " A Loyal Traitor "' (1897) ; " Conimo<lore
Bainbridge." " Yankee Ships and Yankee Sailors,"
and "The Hero of Erie" (1898).
BARNSTON, George, Canadian manufacturer,
b. in Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1800 ; d. in Mont-
BARR
BARROWS
17
real. Canada, 14 March, 1883. lie came to this
country in 1820, connected himself with the Hud-
son hay eom[»iny, and estal)lislu>d the first factory
on the Fraser river, in British Columbia. He as-
sisted in fitting out Sir John Franklin's party in
1824, and thirty years later aided the arctic ex-
peditions under Dr. .John Kae, Kol>ert Stuart, and
others. He retiretl from the Hudson bay coni|)any
in 1807. and subsecjuently devoted mucli time anil
research to collecting Canadian botanic and zoo-
logical s[>e<:imens for the British museum and
other scientific institutions. He was president of
the Montreal natural history society.
B.4KK, Robert, author,' b. in Glasgow, Scot-
land, 16 Sept., 1850. He was taken to Canada
when he was four years old ; attended the Normal
school, Toronto; learned the carpenter's trade, and
afterwanl fitted himself to be a teacher, which
occii[>8tion he followed for some time. He then
removed to the L'nited .States and l)ec;»nie con-
nected with the Detroit " Free Press," to which he
contribute<l humorous sketches under the pen-
name of " Luke .Sharp." In 1881 he established
the English edition of the " Free Press " in Lon-
don, where he has .since resided, either in the city
or its suburl(8. With Jerome K. Jerome he fountf-
ed in London '"The Idler." but he afterward re-
tired from it to devote himself to story-writing.
He has published " In a Steamer Chair" (New
York, 18ltO): "In the Midst of Alarms" (1894);
"The Fa<-c and the Mask" (1894); "A Woman
Intervenes" (189(1): " From whos*- Bourne" (1896);
" One Day's Courtship " (1896) ; " Revenge " (1897) ;
"The Mutable Many" (1897); "Medinval Tales"
(1898) ; and " The Countess Teckla" (1898). Most
of these arc (•ollections of short stories.
BAHRINGGK. KnriiN. lawver, b. in Cal>arrus
county. X. ('.. 2 Dec. 1H21 ; d. in Charlotte, X. C., 8
Feb., 1895. He was gradiiat<-il from the I'niver-
sity of North Carolina in 1842. With his brother
Moreau he studied law, was admitted to the bar,
and began practice at Concord. In 1848 he was
sent to the slate legislature as a Whig: in 1850
he was made a state senator, and in 1800 he scrve<i
as an elwlor on the H<'II and Kverett ticket. He
was a firm iH'liever in the I'nion. but at the out-
break of the civil war he went with hi.s state, and
raised a com jmny of cavalry, of which he was com-
missioned captain. He was promoted major 20
Aug.. 186:1. and lieutenant-colonel three months
later. In June. 1864, he was commissioned briga-
dier-general, and a.ssigned to the command of the
North Carolina cavalry brigade, consisting of the
Isl. 2il. :)d, and .5th regiments. He took part in
70 actions, and was several times severely woundinl.
After the war he removed to ('harlotte and l)egan
the practice of law, advocating the acceptance of
the reconstruction acts of 1867. In 1870 he was
elected to the state constitutional convention ; in
1880 he was an unsuccessful candidate fr)r licu-
tcnaiit-govcmiir. atid he was also a member of the
Republican convention that nominatedCarfield for
the pre-sidency. In 1884 he retired from the prac-
tice of law; he busied himself with his farm, and
with writing reminis<'cntial sketches of the civil
war and articles on North Carolina history.
KARROS ARANA. Mt^u (Im r-ms-'ah-ra h-
n8h)|Chilinn historian, b. in Santiago. 10 Aug.. ISJO.
He belonged to a wealthy family. receive<l an ex-
cellent education, anil in 1843 entered the In.sti-
tuto Nacional. where he pre|iared himself for the
study of law, but feeble health force<l him in 1849
to afmnilon profes-sional studies. He Ihenwforth
gave himself entirely to literary and historical pur-
suits, gathering a great number of documents on
TOL. vii. — ,<?
the history of his country, and soon acquired repu-
tation as a laborious investigator. His first essay
was the publication, in 1850, of an historical sketch
on the campaigns of 1818-'21, the favorable re-
ception of which encouraged him to begin an ex-
tensive history of Chilian independence, and in
1853 he founded the literary magazine " El Museo."
In 18.55 he was elected member of the faculty of
humanities and philosophy of the university, of
which he became rector in 1801. After 18.57 he
took part in r)olitics, and was a eontribntor to
"El Pais" and "La Actualidad." He travelled
through the Argentine Republic. Uruguay, Brazil,
England, France, and Spain, searching the gov-
ernment archives and public ami private libraries
for documents on the history of South America,
and in Simancas he discovered the inainiscript of
the historical poem of Fernando Alvarez de To-
ledo {q. v.), " Puren Indomito," which he pub-
lished (Leipsic, 1860). After the political change
of 1861 he returned to his country, and was elected
in 1803 rector of the Instituto Nscional, where he
still occupies the chair of history of literature.
In 1864 he founded the magaziiie "Correo del
Domingo," and in 1875, with Miguel Luis Amu-
nitegui, the " Revista Chilena." In 1876 Barros
was appointed minister to Chili, and in 1898 was
commissioner for settlement of boundary between
Chili and the Argentine Republic. He is a mem-
ber of the historical institute of Brazil, and is the
owner of one of the most extensive libraries in
South America, containing valuable historical
documents, which will be given to the library of
the Instituto Nacional. He has written " Rstuilios
Historicos sobre Vicente Benavides y la campafla
del Sur 1818-1821 " (Santiago, 1850); " El general
Freirc" (1851); "Historia dc la Indefiendencia
de Chile" (4 vols., 1854-'8); " Ijis campafiH.s de
Chiloe" (18.57); "Vida v V'iajes de Hernando de
Magallanes" (1864); "Oompendio de la Historia
de America" (1865) and an elementary extract of
the same ( 1871) ; " Elementos de Literatura " (1808);
" Historia modernay contem|)fininca " (1870); " His-
toria de Literatura " (1870); "Oeografia Fisica y
Descriptiva"(1871); " Manual ilecomposicion lite-
raria" (1871); " Riquezas de los antigufw Jesuitas
de Chile" (1872); " I'rocesode Pedro de V'aldivia"
(1873); "Don Claudio Oay, Estudio biogrAfico"
(1876); "HIstoire de la Guerre du Pacifique,"
written by order of the government (2 vols., Paris,
1881); an<l "Historia General de Chile" in 12
octavo volumes (.Santiago. 1884-'03).
BARROWS, Walter Manning, clergyman, b.
in Franklin. Mich., 12 April, 1840 : d. on Alackinac
island, 10 Aug., 18i>l(. He was the son of the late
Pnjf. John M. Barrows, of Olivet college, was
graduated from Olivet, and studied theology in
New Haven, New Vork. and AnJover. He was
filled with the missionary spirit, anil for eight
years was pastor of the l-irst Congregutional
church at .Salt liake City, and was one of the
founders of the Salt Lake academy. On account
of his executive ability, his knowlei^ge of the west,
and his powers of sjioech, he was elected secretary
of the American home missionary society, with
office's in New York, a place he )ield for seven
years. Then for ten years Dr. Barrows was pastor
of the Second Congregational church of Rockford,
III. Owing to his determination the new edifice,
one of the finest in the west, was built, and after
it had burned down was rebuilt at a cost of more
than ♦1(H),(K)0. In 1897 he accepted a call to the
Second Congregational churchof Greenwich, Conn.
— His brother. John Henry, b. in Medina. Mich.,
11 July, 1847, wius graduated at Olivet, and studied
18
BAREYMORE
BATTBRSON
at Tale, Union, and Andover theological semi-
naries, lie was for fourteen years pastor of the
First Presbyterian church, Cliicago, and president
of the World's parliament of religions in 1893.
Later he was a lecturer in India, at the Union
theological seminary, and in the University of
Chicago. In 1898 Dr. Barrows was elected presi-
dent of Oberlin college. He is the author of " The
Gospels are True Histories" (Boston, 1890); "I
Believe in God" (Chicago, 1891); "The World's
Parliament of Religions" (1893); "Lite of Henry
Wan! Beecher" (New York, 1893); "A World
Pilgrimage" (Chicago, 1898); "Christianity, the
World Religion." and "The Christian Conquest
of Asia ': (Xew York, 1899).
BARRYMORE. Maurice (Herbert Blythe), act-
or, b. in India in 1847. He was graduated at Oxford
university, and studied for the Indian civil service.
He was admitted to the English bar, butabandoned
the law for the stage. His first engagement in
the United States was at the Fifth avenue thea-
ter, and he has since played with ModjesUa, Mrs.
Langtrv. and others, and with various companies.
He is the author of " Nadjeska." " The Robber of
the Rhine," and other i)lays.— His wife, Geor^iaiia
Drew BaiTvmore, actress, b. in Philadelphia in
185(i; d. in Santa Haibara, Cal., 2 July, 1893. She
was a daughter of Mr. and Mrs. John Drew, and
made her first appearance in the Arch street thea-
ter, Philadelphia, in 1872, in " The Ladies' Battle,"
and continued to be a member of her mother's
stock company for several years. In 1876 she was
married to Maurice Barrynfore, and their daughter,
Ethel Barrymore, is now (1899) in Sir Ilenry Irv-
ing's company. Mrs. Barrymore was an accom-
plished actress, and during her career played with
Edwin Booth, Barrett. Modjeska, and her husband.
She last ajjpeared in New York in 1892.
BARTLETT, Sir Ellis Ashmead, statesman, b.
in Plymouth. Mass.. in 1849. He was graduated at
Oxford university with honors in 1877. and three
years later admitted to the English bar. He was
elected to parliament in 1883, and became a civil
lord of admiralty in 1886. Sir Ellis is the author
of "The Battlefield of Thessaly " (London. 1897).
—His younger brother, William Leliiiiaii Ash-
mead, b. in Plymouth, Mass., in 1851, was gradu-
ated at O.xford university. He became private
secretary to the Baroness Burdett-Coutts, and in
1881 her husband, then assuming her name.
BARDS, Carl, physicist, b. in Cincinnati, Ohio,
19 Feb., 18o6. lie was educated in the public
schools of Cincinnati, graduating at the high
school, where he received the Ray silver medal for
proficiency in mathematics, after which he entered
the school of mines of Columbia university, study-
ing civil and mining engineering and chemistry ;
and in the University of Wiir/.hurg, where he re-
ceived the degree of Ph. D. in 1879 (summa cum
laude), where also he acted as assistant for two
years. On his return to the United States lie en-
tered the U. S. geological survey, and was given
charge of certain investigations in physical geology.
Subsequently he was appointed professor of meteo-
rology in the U. S. weather bureau, where he inves-
tigated the condensation of atmospheric moisture.
Later he was intrusted with important aeronautical
experiments for the Smithsonian institution. In
1895 he was called to the chair of physics in Brown
university, which he still retains. He was elected
a fellow of the American academy of Massachusetts
in 1887, and a member of the National academy of
sciences in 1892, and in 1897 presided over the sec-
tion on physics of the American association for the
advancement of science. Dr. Barus is the author of
numerous scientific monographs and papers, sev-
eral of which form bulletins in the series published
by the U. S. geological survey. He was also a
member of the committee appointed by congress
in the session of 1895 to draw up specifications for
the electrical standards of the United States.
BATE, William Bremage, senator, b. near
Castilian Springs, Tenn., 7 Oct., 1826. He received
an academic education in his native county of
Sumner, and when quite young acted as second
clerk on a steamboat plying between Nashville
and New Orleans. He volunteered as a private
and served through the Mexican war, attaining
the rank of lientenaiit in the .3d Tennessee in-
fantry. He was editor and proprietor of a news-
paper published at Gallatin, Tenn., called the
"Tenth Legion." He became a member of the
legislature of his native state in 1849, graduated
from the Lebanon, Tenn., law-school in 1852, and
entered upon the practice of law at Gallatin. In
1854 he was elected attorney-general for the Nash-
ville district for a period of four years. During his
term of olfice he was nominated for congress and
declined. He was a presidential elector on the
Breckenridge-Lane ticket in 1800. He entered
the Confederate army as a private, and was pro-
moted successively to captain, colonel, brigadier
and nuijor general, surrendering with the Army of
Tennessee in 1865. He was tiiree times danger-
ously wounded. At the close of the war he re-
turned to Tennessee and resumed tlie practice of
law. He was a delegate to the national Democratic
convention in 1808, served on the national Demo-
cratic executive committee for Tennessee for
twelve years, was an elector for the slate at large
on the Tilden and Hendricks ticket in 1870. .Six
years later he was elected governor of Tennessee,
and re-elected in 1884 without opposition. He
was twice narrowly defeated for U. S. senator, the
first contest being against Andrew Johnson, and
on one roll-call he was elected by one vote, but it
was changed before the result was announced. In
Jaiuiary, 1887, he was elected to the U. S. senate,
anil was re-elected in 1893. and again in 1899.
BATES, Alfred Elliott, sol.licr, b. in .Monroe,
Mich., 15 July, 1840. He was gradiuited from the
U. S. military academy in June, 1865, and entered
the army, 2d cavalry, as 2d lieutenant, seeing
much Indian service during the ten years prior to
his appointment as paymaster, with the rank of
major, in 1875. He served in various departments
until appointed military attache in London in 1898,
and to Paris the year following. In .Inly, 1899,
he was promoted to brigadier-general, and ap-
pointed paymaster-general, U. .S. army. He c<m-
tributed a chapter to Rodenbongh's " From Ever-
glade to Canon with Second Dragoons," and was
associated with the late Gen. Etnery Upton (q. v.)
in compiling the "Cavalrv Tactics of 1874."
BATTERSON. Hernioii (iriswold, clergy-
man, b. in Marbledale. Litchfield co.. Conn., 28
May, 1827. He was educated privately, and or-
dained to the ministry of the Protestant Episcopal
church. He has held rectorships in San .intonio,
Tex., in Waliasha, Jliini., and in Philadelphia.
Nebraska college gave him the degree of I). I).
He has published " Missionary Tune-Book "(Phila-
delphia, 1867) ; "The Churchman's Hymn-Book"
(1870); "Sketch-Book of the American Episcopate"
(1878); "Christinas Carols, and other Verses"
(1878) ; " The Pathway of Faith " (1885) ; " :\Iannal
of Plain Song"; and " Vesper Bells." — His elder
brother, James (Joodwin, is president of the New
England granite-works, and of the Travellers'
insurance company of Hartford, which he founded.
BAXTER
BEAUDRY
19
BAXTER, Algernon Sidney, broker, b. in
RockingliHin, Vt., 14 Nov.. 1S19 ; d. in New Yorlc
city, 29 April, 18U7. He was a si)n of Judge Hor-
ace Baxter, of Vermont, and after acomnioii-scliool
ediicaliiiD he went to Boston, and later to St. Louis,
where he was a merchant, and tiecame acquainted
with Ca|)t. U. S. Grant. Soon after the war be-
gan, he was on the staff of Grant as quartermaster,
with the rank of captain. At Siiiloh he carried
to Gen. Wallace that celebrated despatch which
caused so much controversy. Grant, in his " Per-
sonal Memoirs," says: "Capt. Baxter, a qnarter-
master on my staff, was ai'conlingly directed to
go ba<-k ami order Gen. Wallace to march immedi-
ately to Pittsburg by the road nearest to the river.
Capt. Baxter made a memorandum of this order.
. . . Gen. Wallace has since claimed that the order
deiivert<i to him by the captain wa.s simply to
join the right of the army." Baxter's condition
of health com[>elled him soon after to leave the
service, when he 8eltle<l in New York city, pursu-
ing a successful career as a broker in Wall street.
He was the last survivor of those officers who
served on Gen. Grant's staff in the successful bat-
tles of Fort Donelson and .Shiloh.
BAXTER, James Phinner, author, b. in 6or-
ham. Me., 23 March, 1831. He was educated in
Portland, Me., and l^ynn, Mass., and became a mer-
chant and manufacturer. He organized the Asso-
ciated cliaritii-s in Portland, and was instrumental
in founding the Maine industrial school for girls.
Mr. Baxter in 1S87 presented to the I'ortland pub-
lic library, the Portland scwietr of art, and the
Maine historical societv, conjointly, a lot of land,
and is erecting u|>on it, at a cost of tlOO.IMX), a
building for these societies. lie is the author of a
volume of poems entitled "Idyls of the Year"
(Porllan<l. 18»4); "The Trelawiiey Pafiers.," pub-
lished as the Sd volume of the " Documentary His-
tory of Maine " (1884) ; " George Cleeve, of C'a.*co
Bay, 1K«)-I6fl7" (1885); and "Sir Ferdinando
Gorges and his Province of Maine" (1889). He
has also e«lile<l " I)igby's Journal," the writer of
which served under Burgoyne. under the title of
"The British Invasion from the North " (Albany,
1887), and the 4th volume of the "Documentary
History of Maine." containing dwumenls from
American atid foreign archives (Portland. 1889).
BAVLOR, FranoPH Conrtenay. author, b. in
Fayettevdle, Ark., 20 Jan.. I84.S. She was etlu-
caled at home, and has travelled extensivelv. Her
present residence Is Winchester. Va. Miss Baylor's
principHl (iublicatiotisare"On Both Sides " (Phila-
delphia. I88«).'-Juan and Juanila" (Boston, 1887).
"Behind the Blue Kidge" (Philndeliihia, 1888).
"ShiK-king KxamiOes. and other Sketciies" (18S0).
"Claudia Hvde" (New York. 18!)4). "Miss Nina
Barrow" (1897). and "The Lailder of Fortune"
(Boston. 181i9i. Her first work is very entertain-
ing, and has iH'pn liighlv coinmcnde<l.
BEAN, Tarletoii HofTinun, ichthyologist, h.
in Bairibridge. Lancaster co . Pa.. 8 Oct.. 1840.
After graduation at the Columbian university.
Wiishington. !>.(;.. he was principal of Smyrna
seminary. Delaware, and of the high school in
Wilki-slmrre, Pa. In 1874 he became cnnnected
with the V. S. fish cominissiim. was curator of the
department of fishes in the U. S. nati<inal muwum.
ichthyologist and iLssislant in charge of the di-
vision of llsh culture. V. S. fish commission, and
editor of il.s publications. With Dr. G. Brown
Goo<Ie he ha* written an important memoir on
the "Deep-Sea Fishes of the Atlantic Basin."
Twice he visitol Alaska, in 1884 and 1889. to in-
restigate and report on fisheries. Dr. Beau was
for two years in charge of the Castle garden aqua-
rium, of New York, which was opened in 1896.
BEARDSLEE, Lester Anthony, naval officer,
b. in Little Falls, N. Y., 1 Feb., 1835. He was
graduated at the V. S. naval academy in 1856,
served as a midshipman under Coinmcjdore Perry
when, in IS-W, he opened Japan to commerce. In
October, 1864, he was, as licutenanl-conimander. ex-
ecutive officer of the " Wachuset " when she caught
the Confederate privateer "Florida" in Bahia,
Brazil, and he brought the prize to the United
States as commanding officer. After the civil war
he served as the naval member of the board for
testing American ineluls. In July. 1869. as com-
mander of the gunboat " Palos " on the way to
China, he carried the first American flag thrdugh
the Suez canal. In 188(>-'3 he had charge of the
government of southeastern Alaska. In 1894-'7,
as rear-a<lniiral. he commanded the U. S. forces in
the Pacific station, and was retired in February,
1898. Admiral Bcardslee is the author of vari-
ousofllcial reimrts. includingthoseon the "Strength
of Metals." the " Resources of Ala.ska." and on the
"Present Condition of Affairs in Hawaii," frora
which country he returned in 1897. These are pub-
lished among the senate executive do<'unienls.
BEATY, Janiet) (l>ee-ty). Canadian lawyer, b.
in Trafalgar. (»nt«rio, 10 Nov.. 1831. His parents
were Irish. He was educated in Toronto, studied
law, was called to the bar in 185.5. and practised
his profe8.sion. In 1873 he was appointeil queen's
coun.«el. He was made alderman of Toronto in
1877, anil in that year intriKluced the '' Bealy by-
law." changing the entire management of the civic
business. He l)ccame mayor in 1878. and was re-
elected to this office in the following term. He is
a bencher of the Imw society of Ontario, is head of
the legal firm of Beaty, Hamilton & Ca.«sels. and
has been for fifty years a justice of the court of
apiK-als for Ontario. He was elected to parlia-
ment from West Toronto in 1880. and continued
a memt)er to the close of 1887. He was chairman
of a committee of parliament, a founder of the
Confederation life a-s-socintion. and president and
a director of many institutions and associations in
Toronto. In 1884 he became president of the
Northwest Central railway company. Trinity col-
lege, Toronto, pave him tiie degrees of B. C. L.
and D. C. L. Flc is the author of "Paying the
Pa«tor Cnscriptural and Tradilional" (London,
1SS5). — His uncle. JaiueH Beaty, b. in Cavan. Ire-
lan<l. in 1798. iH-canie a memlier of parliament for
Kast Toronto in 1867, was for twcnty-tive years
proprietor of the " Ix^ader." an organ of the Con-
.servative |>arty. and was a founder of various chari-
table anil monetary institutions in Toronto.
BEAI'URY. KonU Nnpuleon, clergyman, b. in
Highgate, Franklin co., Vl., 11 Aug., 183.1. He is
of French-Canadian parentage, and was a Roman
Catholic, but was converted to Protestantism
through the influence of his classmate, the Uev.
Josi'ph Cofik, became a Methodist, and entered the
Troy conference in 18.50. He studied in Troy
university, but left without graduation, and be-
came chaplain of the 5th New York regiment of
ca%'alry on 31 Jan.. 1863. After jiarticipatiiig in
manv battles, he was capture<l and spent the sum-
mer 'of 18IW in Lil)by nri.son. On 19 July. 1805,
he was honorably discharged from the service.
Since 1876 he has iH-en a member of the Montreal
conference, and was superintendent of the French
district of the conference, and professor of theol-
otry in Wesleyan theological college. Montreal.
Mr. Beainlry is the author of "Army and Prison
Experiences with the Fifth New York Cavalry "
20
BEAUSOLEIL
BELASCO
(Albany, 1865) ; " Spiritual Struggles of a Roman
Catholic" (New York, 187.5; Glli Canadian ed.,
Toronto, 1883; French translation, Montreal, 1883;
Spanish translation, 1884).
BEACSOLEIL, Cl^ophas, Canadian lawyer, b.
in St. Felix du Valois. Canada East, 19 June, 1845.
After receiving his education at Joliette college,
he studied law in Montreal, and was admitted to
the bar in 1880. For years he has been a member
of the city council of Montreal, and has held other
local offices. He was elected to the house of com-
mons of Canada in January, 1887, and since 1896
has been chairman of the standing committee on
expiring laws. From 1866 till 1875 he was con-
nected with the " Press," and subsequently with
"L'Ordre" of Montreal and " L'Evenement " of
Quebec. Fie was chief editor of " Le Nouveau
Monde" in 1870-'4, and in the latter year estab-
lished " Le Bien Public." In 1881 lie entered
into partnership with Honore Mercier, premier of
Quebec, and he now practises in Montreal as a
member of the firm of Beausoleil, Choquet &
Girard. Mr. Beausoleil has published " Reforme
du tarif Canadien," a i)lea for protection to home
industries (Montreal, 1872). — His younger brother,
Joseph Maxime, is a prominent physician, and
has been editor of " Le Journal d'Hygiene Popu-
laire " and " La Gazette Medieale de Montreal."
BEAVEN, Thomas Daniel, R. C. bishop, b. at
Springfield, Mass., in 1849. He received his edu-
cation in the Jesuit college of the holy cross, at
Worcester, where he was graduated in 1870, and
was for two years afterward a professor in the Col-
lege of Loyola, at Baltimore. In order to complete
his ecclesiastical course of studies he went to the
College of Montreal, in 1872, and was then or-
dained in the priesthood in 1875. He then served
as assistant pastor at St. Mary'schurch, at Spejieer,
Mass., and in 1879 he became its pastor. In May,
1882, he laid the foundations of the Church of St.
Mary's, at Spencer, which he brought to successful
completion, and which was dedicated by Bishop
O'Reilly. Here he performed missionary work for
thirteen years, when, in 1889, he was called to take
charge of the Church of the holy rosary, at Hol-
yoke, Mass. At the centenary celebration of George-
town university, in 1889, he received the degree of
D. D. While thus engaged at Holyoke he was
appointed to succeed Bishop O'Reilly' as bishop of
Springfield, and was consecrated in 1892.
BEE, Hamilton Priolean, soldier, b. in
Charleston, S. C. 22 Julv, 1822 ; d. at San Antonio,
Tex., 3 Oct., 1897. In 1839 he was appointed secre-
tary on the part of Texas to the commission to run
the boundary line between Texas and the United
States from the mouth of Sabine bay to Red river.
Gens. George G. Meade and Joseph E. Johnston
were the army engineers engaged in the work. In
March, 1863, he was sent by President Houston of
Texas as a member of a commission to treat with
the Comanche Indians. The Comanches at first
refused to recognize their flag, and made them
prisoners, but eventually treated witli and released
them. He was secretary of the Texas senate in
1846, but after hostilities commenced with Mexico
he resigned and joined Gen. Ben McCuUoch's
Texas cavalry. He was engaged in the battle of
Monterey, and was promoted 1st lieutenant under
the command of Gen. Mirabeau 15. Lamar. Early
in 1861 he was appointed brigadier-general of the
Provisional army of Texas, and was appointed
rigadier-generai in the Confederate army, 4
March, 1862. lie was a brother of Gen. Bernard
Elliott Bee, of the Confederacy (q. v.), who was
killed at the battle of Bull Run in July, 1861.
BEERS, William George, Canadian dentist,
b. in Montreal, 5 May, 1846. He was educated at
McGill college, studied dentistry, and was secre-
tary of examiners from 1868 till 1879, and also
served as president and vice-president. In 1868
he founded the Canadian " Journal of Dental Sci-
ence," which he edited, and he has contributed ex-
tensively to journals of dentistry in the Unite<I
States. He was the first to make laws for the In-
dian game of lacrosse, and had it adopted as the
national field-game of Canada in 1864. His la-
crosse team, of which he is captain, visited the
British isles in 1876 and 1883, and was one of the
founders in 1893 of the Canadian national league.
Dr. Beers has published many magazine articles
on Canada and its sports, and is the author of
"Lacrosse, the National Game of Canada" (1869),
and '• Over the Snow " (1883).
BEGBIE, Sir Matthew Baillie, Canadian ju-
rist, b. in the island of Mauritius, 13 Sept.. 1819;
d. in "Victoria, British Columbia, 2 June, 1894. He
was graduated at Cambridge, England, in 1841, and
became a fellow there in 1846. He was called to the
English bar, and subsequently came to Canada. la
1858 he was made judge of British Columbia, and
also judge of the vice-admiralty court in the same
province. He became acting chief justice of Van-
couver's island in 1871, and in the same year chief
justice of the united colonies of British Columbia.
In 1875 he received the honor of knighthood.
BEGIN, Loiils-Nazaire, R. C. archbishop, b.
at Levis, Canada, 10 Jan., 1840. In 1857 he was
sent to the Seminary of Quebec, where he re-
mained until 1862, receiving the Laval degree and
winning the Prince of Wales medal. He after-
ward entered the Grand seminary of Quebec to
pursue his theological studies, going to Rome to
continue them in 1863. In Italy he was ordained
a priest in 1865. He also while abroad travelled
in the Holy Land, pursuing special biblical and
historical studies, and subsequently studied his-
tory and languages at the Catholic university of
Innspruck. Returning to Quebec in 1868, he be-
came professor of dogmatic theology and ecclesias-
tical history in Laval university, and was also pre-
fect of studies in the Little seminary. In 1884 he
accompanied Archbishop Taschereau to Rome to
defend the rights of Laval university, was ap-
pointed bishop of Chicoutimi, and was consecrated
at Quebec cathedral titular archbishop of Cyrene,
which he still holds. He became coadjutor to
Cardinal Taschereau, and since his death has ad-
ministered the archdiocese of Quebec as adminis-
trator. The works of Dr. Begin, some of wliich
have received English translations, are as follows:
" La primaute et rinfaillibilite des Souvereins
Pontifes" (Quebec. 1873); " La Sainte Ecriture et
la Rfegle do Foi " (Quebec. 1874) ; '■ Le Culte Catho-
lique, etc." (Quebec, 1875) ; " The Bjble and the
Rule of Faith," translated from the French by G.
M. Ward (1875); "Chronologic de I'Histoire du
Canada" (Quebec, 1895); " Chronologic de I'His-
toire des Etats-LInis d'Amerique" (Quebec, 1895);
and many published discourses.
BELASCO, David, dramatist, b. in San Fran-
cisco, Cal., 25 July, 1858. He was graduated at
Lincoln high-school, San Francisco, in 1876, and
from an early age has frequently appeared on the
stage. He was stage manager in 1879-'81 of the
Baldwin theatre, the Grand opera-house, and the
California theatre in San Francisco, in 1881 of the
Madison square theatre. New York, and in 1886
became manager of the Ijvceuni theatre in that
city. Mr. Belasco's principal plays are " Hearts
of Oak," " La Belle Russe," " May Blossom,"" Vale-
BELDEN
BENNING
21
rie." and. with Henry C. DeMille. " The Wife,"
"The Heart of Maryhiiul," " Men anil Women,"
"Tlie Charity Ball," anil " Lord C'humlcy."
BELDEN, James Jerome, oonf;ressman, b. in
Fabiiis, Onondaga eo., N. Y., 30 Sept., 1825. He
received a eonimon-school education, and has been
actively engaged in busiue.ss pursuits for fifty
years, having been interested in and director of
several banks. Mr. Belden is president and prin-
cipal owner of the Robert Gere bank of Syracuse,
wnich he founded. He was elected mayor of that
city in 1877. and was re-elected without opiwsi-
tion; was a delegate to the Republican national
convention which met in Chicago in 1880. and was
elected to the 50th congress. He has since been
re-elected four times, having declined an election
to the 54th congress. Mr. Belden has been a trus-
tee of the .Syra<'Usc universitv since it was founded.
He is a direct descendant of Kicharil Bayldon, of
England, who setlle<l in Weatliersfield, Conn., in
1836, and is an active member of the order of the
Founders and [lat riots of America. He has re-
cently enlarged the Manhattan hotel, which will
rank among the largest in New York citv.
BELIi. Imuic, merchant. I), in New S ork city,
4 Aug., 1814 : d. there, 30 Sept.. 18U7. He entered
the employ of a banking-hous* in New York when
he was twelve years of age, and from 18:16 till 18.55
he engaged in the cotton business in Charleston,
S. C, and Mobile, Ala., from which stale he was in
1848 elet-ted to congress. From 1858lill 18«0hewas
a member of the New York l>oaid of supervisors,
and in the latter year he l)ecame one of the orig-
inal commissioners of the department of public
charities and correction. He was a commissioner
of education in 1S7()-"H!», and also for some time a
commissioner of immigration. In 1866 he was an
organizer of the <.>ld Dominion steamship company,
and he served as its vice-president till his resigna-
tion in 181)0. He founded the ambulance system
in connection with the charities dc|>artmeiit. Mr.
Bell, who married a daughter of Dr. Valentine
Mott, was prominent in New York .society. One
of his sons was U. S. minister tn The Hague,
another was a CenlrMJ park cr)rntnissioner.
BELU WHliam HemphHI, sohlier. b. in We.st
Chi>ster, Pa.. 'iS .Ian.. IXiA. He was grn<lualo<l at
the U. S. military acadeinv in ,Iune, IS-W. entering
the annr as brevet 2d lieutenant, and serving
through the civil war in the field and in the sul>-
8ist«nccdei>artnient. Afterthedoseof the war, his
service was chiefly
westof t he .M issisRi[>.
pi, in Alaska, and on
the frontiers. Hav-
ing f>as.sed through
the intemioliate
grwles, he Iwcame,
in November. 181(7,
com tn is.«i»ry-gcneral
of the C S. army,
with the rank of
brigadier - general.
He was retired 28
.Ian.. 18fl8. after for-
ty years' service.
' fiKLLAiNY, Ed-
nard, author, h.
in Chieopee Fall.s,
Ma.s.'i., 26 March.
WK): d. there. 22
May. mm. He was
educate<i at Union
college, but was not {nwlimted. In 1871, after
studying law, be waa atlmitted to practice. F'or
C <»>-/— —< u Qu^yC^
•^
several years he was assistant editorof "The Union,"
Springfield, Mass. ; an editorial writer of the " New
^ ork Kvening Post," and with his brother Charles
established the .'■ipringfield " Daily News." He was
a frequent contributor to the magazines. Failing
health led him in time to seek the aid of the Colo-
rado climate, but without substantial benefit. His
princifial works are "Six to One, a Nantucket Idyl"
(New York, 1877); "Dr. Ileidenhoff's Process"
(1879); "Miss Ludington's Sister, a Romance of
Iminortalitv " (Boston, 188.5); "Looking Back-
ward, or 2000-1887" (1888); and "Equality," a
sequel to " Looking Backward " (1897). 'rhese
last two works had a wide circulation, and the
first was translated into Arabic, French, German,
and Russian, awakening almost as much interest
in the Old world as in the New.
BELMONT. August, banker, b. in New York
city, 18 Feb., 18.j;t. He is a son of the late banker
of the same name (t/. v.), and was graduated from
Harvard in 187.5. immediately entering his father's
banking-house, of which he is now the head —
August Belmont & Co., American representatives
of the Roth.schilds. He is chairman of the board
of directors of the liouisville and Nashville rail-
way, and connected with various financial enter-
prises. — His younger brother, Oliver Hazard
Perry, was graduatc<l from the V. S. naval
academy in 1879. and for several years has taken
an active part, as a Dem<K-rat, in the politics of
his native citv aiul state of New Y^ork.
BENHAM'. Andrew KIHrott Kennedy, naval
ofllcer, b. on Slaten island, 10 .\pril, 1832. Heen-
tered the luivy as a midshipman, 24 Nov., 1847,
and l>ecaine a pa.ssoil midshipman, 10 June, 1853.
He was ordered to the " Princeton " in .Inly, 18.53,
transferred to the ".St. Jiary's." Pacific squadron,
and served on her till 1857, and was commissioned
a master, 15 Seiit., and lieutenant, 16 Sept., 1855.
Fie was attacheil to the " Crusader," on the home
station, in 1860-'l, and when the civil war began
he was made executive officer of the "Bienville,"
on the South Atlantic blockade, where he partici-
pate<l in the capture of Port Royal, S. ('., and in
18<K1 serveil in the "Sacramento." lieidiani was
promoted to lieutenant-commander, 16.1uly, 1862,
and given the " Penobscot" in the Western Gulf
blockailing s<)Uadron, until the close of the war in
180.5. He was on duty at the Brooklyn navy-yard
in 1866. and on si)ocial service in the "Susfiuc-
hanna " in 1867. He was promote<l to commander,
25 July, 1806, serveil at the Brooklyn navy-vanl in
18<)8-'!t. as lighthous<' inspector in 1870-' 1. and
commanded the monitors "S«iugus" in 1871-'2
and "Canonicus" in 1872-'8, on the North At-
lantic station. He then served us lighthouse in-
spector in 1874-'8, wa-s promoted to captain. 12
March. 1870. and commanded tliefiag-ship " Uich-
mond." on the Asiatic station, in 187H-'81. Ho
was on duty at Portsmouth navy-yard from 8 Dee..
1881. until 15 Nov., 1884. when he wils appointed
lighthouse inspector, anil served until January,
1888. He was promoted to the rank of commo-
dore, 4 March, 1886. and to rear-admiral, 28 Feb..
1890. He was in command of one of the naval
divisions that took part in the great display in
Now York waters in .\pril. 1893. and was retired
in the following spring, after forty years' service.
BENMNiJ, Henry Lewis, jurist, b. in Colum-
bia county. Ga.. 2 Aoril. 1814: d. in Columbus,
Ga.. 10 July, 1875. He was graduated at the uni-
versity of 'his native state in 1834, winning the
highest honors of his cla8.s. He was admitted to
the bar in Columbus, in which city he afterward
resided. In 1838 he was elected solicitor-general
22
BENTLEY
BERMUDEZ
of the Cliattalioochoe circuit, and in 1853 became
one of the justices of the supreme court of the
state. In Auffust, 18G1, he was ajipointeil colonel
of the 17th Oeorpia reRinient, and in the followinjir
year was promoted brigadier-general, takina: part
in the battles of Antietam. Fredericksburg. Gettys-
burg. Chickauiauga, and the Wilderness. Gen.
Benning was in command of his brigade at the
surrender of Loe's army, after which h6 resumed
the practice of law in Columbus, in partnership
with his father-in-law. Col. Seaborn .Tones.
BENTLEY, Charles Eugene, clergyman and
politician, b. in Warner's, Onondaga co., N. Y.,
30 April. 1841. He studied at the Monroe insti-
tute and Oneida conference seminary. Until 1863
he lived on a farm, but in 1866 lie removed to
Clinton, Towa. anil in 1878 he moved to Butler
county, Nebraska, where he engaged in farming
and in preaching as a Baptist minister. In 1880
he became pastor of a church at Surprise. Neb.
He took an active interest in the Prohibition party
in the state, serving as chairman of the state con-
vention in 1884. and also as caTididate for repre-
sentative in congress, for governor, and for TJ. S.
senator, in none of which was he successful. In
Way. 1896. the Prohibition party split at its con-
vention at Pittsburg. Pa., on the question of the
nature of the platform. The majority or '' nar-
row-gauge" report declared for prohibition alone
as a party issue: the minority report called for
planks in the platform in favor of free coinage,
government control of railroads and telegraphs, an
income tax. etc.. and the party of the minority,
about two hundred in number, withdrew from tlie
convention hall and nominated Bentley for presi-
dent and James Haywood Southgate, of North
Carolina, for vice-president, as candidates of the
National or Ijiborty party.
BERDAN, Hiriiiii, inventor, b. in Plvniouth,
Mich., aljnut 1823 : d. in Wivshington, D'. C, 31
March, 1893. His father owned a stock-farm near
Rochester, N. Y., where tlie son was brought up.
He showed a taste for practical mechanics in early
boyhood. He also attained great skill as a marks-
man, and in April. 1861, was made colonel of the
1st regiment of U. S. sharpshooters, which he had
organized. The regiment was armed with a re-
peating rifle of his invention, the first of the kind
to be put into actual service. Col. Berdan was
brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers for his
conduct at Chancellorsville and major-general for
Gettysburg. After the close of the civil war he
went to Russia and sfient several years in superin-
tending the manufacture of his rifle there for the
Russian government. In 1888 he returned and
sued the United States for 1500,000 for infringing
his patents in the Springfield rifle; and in 1893
the court of claims awarded him .flOO.OOO. Be-
sides his rifle. Gen. Berdan invented a twin-screw,
armored, submarine gunboat; a long-distance
range-finder; a torpedo-boat for evading torpedo-
nets ; and a distance fuse for shrapnel shells.
HERENUT, Karl Hermann, scientist, b. in
Dantzic, 12 Nov., 1817; <1. in Guatemala city. Cen-
tral America, 13 May, 1878. He studied at va-
rious German universities, receiving his degree of
M. D. at Kiinigslierg in 1843. In 1843 he l)egan
practice at Breslau and also acted as privut-docpnt
m surgery and obstetrics at the university. In 1848
he was a member of the Vor- Parlament &i Frank-
furt. His political sympathies forced him to remove
to America in 1851. He proceeded from New York
to Nicaragua, and spent two years in the study of
the ethnography, geograi)hy,"and natural history
of that section. Two years later he moved to
Orizaba, Mexico, and thence to Vera Cruz, where
he remained from 1855 to 1863. He then gave up
medicine and devoted himself to natural science,
linguistics, and ethnology, paying special atten-
tion to the Mayan tribe's. He spent a year in
Tabasco, and thence came in 1863 to the United
States. Here he devoted the greater part of the
following year in copying manuscripts in the
Carter Brown library. At the request of the
Smithsonian institution he visited Yucatan ; the
results of this visit are published in its report for
1867. In 1869 he e}?plored the ruins of ancient
Ceutla. in the plains of Tabasco. He visited the
United States several times between this date
and 1876, his last visit. In 1874 he settled at
Coban, Vera Paz. partly to study the Maya dia-
lects of the region and partly to raise tobacco.
At the request of the Berlin museum he spent a
winter in securing and forwarding the sculptured
slabs of Santa Lucia de Cozumaljualpa, Guate-
mala; but an attack of fever terminated his work.
He contributed many articles in English, Ger-
man, and Spanish to such works as Petermann's
" Mittheilungen " and the '• Deutsch-Amerikan-
isches Conversations-Lexicon." Among his pub-
lished works are "Analytical Alphabet for the
Mexican and Central American Languages" (New
York, 1869) ; " Los escritos de D. Joaquin Garcia
Icazbalceta " (Merida. 1870) ; " Los trabajos lin-
gui-sticos de Don Pio Perez" (Mexico, 1871);
'• Cartilla en lengua Maya" (Merida. 1871); El
ramie" (1871) ; "On a Grammar and Dictionary
of the Carib or Karif Language," in the Smith-
sonian report for 1873 : " Die Indianer des Isthmus
von Tchuantepec " in " Zeitschrift fUr Ethnologic"
for 1873; "The Darien Language," in the "Amer-
ican Historical Record" for 1874. Much of his
work is unpublished; some manuscripts are in
the library of the bureau of ethnology at Wash-
ington and others in a private collection.
BERKOWITZ, Henry, clergyman, b. in Pitts-
burg, Pa.. 18 March, 1857. lie entered Cornell,
but was unable to complete the course. While
studying law he obtained a scholarship in the
Hebrew union college at Cincinnati when it was
first opened for the education of Jewish ministers
in 1875. He was graduated at McMieken univer-
sity in 1881 and at the Hebrew college in 1883,
and was one of the first to receive the new degrees
of bachelor of Hebrew and rabbi. Prior to his
his ordination he received a call from the Jewish
congregation at Mobile, and entered upon his
duties there on 1 Sept., 1883. He was one of the
founders of the Conference of rabbis of the south,
and has been secretary of that body since 1886.
He introduced the work of the American humane
society into Alabama, and has been vice-president
of the Mobile society since 1886. and of the na-
tional association since 1887. He was appointed
a trustee of the Hebrew college in 1884. and be-
came rabbi of the congregation at Kansas City,
Mo., in May, 1888. He received the degree of
D. D. from the Hebrew union college in 1887.
Dr. Berkowitz was associated with Rabbi Joseph
Krauskopf, of Philadelphia, in the authorship of
"The First Hebrew Union IJe.ider," " Second He-
brew Union Reader," and "Bible Ethics: A Manual
of Instruction in the History and Principles of
Judaism " : and published "Judaism on the Social
Question " (New Vork. 1888).
BERMUDEZ, Remigo Morales, president of
Peru, b. in the province of Tarapaca. 30 Sept.,
1836; d. in Lima. 31 March. 1894. His educaticra
was slight, and he early engaged in the nitrate
trade in his native province. Joining the revolu-
BER^^ER
BIDDLE
23
tionary ar?ny in 1854 as a lieutenant, he took part
in the defeat of Col. Chacano at Arica and in
routing the force of Gen. (iuardo, and finally
shared the victory that resulted in the overthrow
of lien. Kchinique's government. When President
Ca.-<tilla provoked an insurrection in 1864hoa};ain
e!-[)ousca the revolutionists' cause. President I'ardo |
made hira a lieutenant-colonel and prefect of the
city of Trujillo. During the war with Chili he
commanded the forces that marched to Arica, and
be displayed individual bravery. In the uprising
against President Iglesias and the clericals he
joined the revolutionary standard of Cieeres (9. r.),
and when the latter was elected president, in 1886,
Col. lieriiiudez became vice-presidenL In 1890 he
succeided ( Vireris iis president.
BEKNIKIt, Tliouias .llfred, Canadian lawyer,
b. in Henry ville, province of Quebec, 15 Aug.. 1845.
He was educated at St. Ilyacinthe college, studied
law, was ailmitted to the bar of Montreal in 1869,
and practised in St. John's, serving as crown
attorney in 1874-'6. In 1S.S0 he removed to Mani-
tolia, and in 1881 was appointed superintendent
of educatiim for Roman Catholic sohords and
registrar of the Manitoba university, which ixists
he held up to 1890. In 1884 he was appointed
chairman of the eastern judicial board, and he
was first mayor of St. Boniface. In 1881-'7 he was
a mi'Uitjer of the provincial Itoard of agricidturc of
Manitoba, and in 1888 Ix'camc president of the
colonization society of that province. He was
elected to theC;ana<'lian senate in 1892. In 1871-'2
he was editor of the "Courier" of St. Hyacinihe,
and he editeil Tache's " Vingt annck-s de missions
dans le nordouest" (1888). He is the author of
" Le MHiiitolin. cliamp d'immigmtion " (1887).
BEKRKIN), Bernardo IVreIra de (bair-ra'v-
do). Portugue.se historian, b. in Villa-de-Serpa in
1680; d. in LisUn. 13 March, 1748. He was of
noble birth, anil, entering the army, rose rajiidly
in the service and commanded a regiment of cav-
alry at the battle of .SarBgos,sa, 20 Aug.. 1710.
For his valor in this action he was ap(>ointed. in
1711, governor-general of the province of Maran-
hin. in Brazil, which post he retained till 1718,
when he became captain-general of Mazagam.
R-rredo devoted his later years to a great work
for which he hail collected materials in America,
and it is now invaluable, as most of the Portu-
guese archives have since been destroyed. It is
enlitle<l " Annaes hisloricos. do esliulo lio Maran-
hSo, em que se dA noticia de sen desj-obriniento e
tudo o mais que n'elle se tem succcdido, desde o
anno em nue foi desooberto ate 6 de 1718." It
was publislied after Herredo's death (Lislmn. 1749).
Some Brazilian authors charge Berredo with be-
ing unfair in his opinion repirdini; 1 lie Indians.
These grave a<Tusations were discussed at length,
in 1842, in the " Oanabara," • monthly review
published in Kio de Janeiro.
BERRV. JaniPii Henderxon, senator, b. in
Jackson county.-.Mii., \'> .Mnv. 1H4I, and reoeive<I a
c«)nim(m-s<diiM)l e<lucation. (leentered the Confed-
erate army as 2il lieutenant. lOlh .Arkansas in-
fantry, and lost a leg at the Iml tie of Corinth, Miss.,
4 Oct., 1862. After the war he studied law, and
was admitle<I to practicein 1866. lie was three
times elected to the legislature, and in his third
year was made sjieaker ; was president of the Demo-
cratic slate convention in 1876. and two years later
he was elecleil judne of ihe circuit court. He was
elecleil governor in \HX-2. nnil I'. .S. senator to suc-
ceed Augustus II. (iarland, of Arkansas, appointed
attorney-general, taking his sent 2.'i .Marcli, 1885.
Mr. Berry was re-elected in 1889 and 1895.
BESSEY. Charles Edwin, botanist, b. in Mil-
ton. Ohio, 21 May, 184.5. As a boy, his inclina-
tions led him to observe Nature, and he had a
keen appreciation of natural objects and phe-
nomena. He was graduated at the .Michigan
agricultural college in 1869. and soon after was
appointed professor of natural history in Iowa
a!;ricultural college, having charge of the instruc-
tion in zoology, entomology, and botany. During
the winter of 1872-'3 and thereafter he studied
botany a-s a s[)eeialty in Harvard, and in 1884 he
was called to the chair of botany in the state uni-
versity of Nebraska, where he has developed a de-
partment of botany which ranks among the best
in this country. For ten years he was president
of the Iowa academy of science, and he lias been
president of the Botanical society of America ;
also the ilegree of Ph. D. has l)een conferred ujion
hira by the State university of Iowa. Since 1880 he
has been botanical editor of the "American Natu-
ralist." and he wii,« similarly connected with "John-
son's Cyclo|Hi'dia." Besides many papers on zool-
ogy, entomology, and botanv, he is tlie author of
successful text-l)ooks. including " Holanv for High '
Schools and Colleges" (New York, 188(); 5th od.,
1888) and "Essentials of Botany" (1884).
BEYERIIKJE. Albert Jeremiah. senator,!). on
an Ohio farm on borders of Adams and Highland
counties. 6 Oct., 1862. He was graduated at De
Pauw university, and studied law in the oflTice of
Senator McDonald, becoming managing clerk. He
was mlmitted to the bar. and was associated with
.McDonald and Butler iiiilil a few years later,
when he Itegan pra<'ticc for himself, tie has been
alrea<ly identified with many im|H>rtant legal cases,
and has acnuired distinction as an orator and cam-
paign spealier. He was elected Republican U. S.
senator from Indiana for the term ending in
March. 190.5. and in the summer of 1899 ho visited
the Philippine islands and China.
BIIIDLE. Juines Stokes, naval ofllcer, b. in
Philadelphia. Pa., 15 Jan., 1818. He was ap-
(Hiinled a midshipman in the U. S. navy. 18 Oct.,
1833, and became lieutenant, 20 Aug., 1844. He
was engaged in the Florida war with a fleet of
b<Mits. and during the Mexican war he was in
command of a gunboat and served with the naval
batteries in the siege of VeraOuz and the capture
of ToImisco. In 18.56 he resigned from the navy
and was electe<l president of the Shamokin valley
railroad. In 1861, at the o|>ening of the civil war,
he offered his services to the secretary of the navy,
agreeing to retire at the close of the war. but no
formal action was taken in regard to it. In 1871
he was the Democratic candidate for mayor of
Philadelphia, but was not elected. — His kinsman,
Crniir. jurist, b. in Philadelphia, 10 Jan.. 1823. is
a fm of Nicholas Biddle (178(S-1844). w<us gradu-
Bte<l at Princeton in 1841, and was admitted to
the liar of Philadelphia in 1844. He repi-esenled
Philadelphia in the legislature in 1849-'.5(). In
April. 18tSI, he was made a major on the stall of
Oen. Roliert Patterson, and served in the .Shennn-
doah valley. He was then a|)pointed on the staff
of Oov. Andrew G. Curtin, and was detailed to
organize new regiments. On the invasion of
Maryland anil Pennsylvania by the Confederate
army in \Hl\S. he joined a regiment of Philadelphia
militia as a private, and marched to the front. In
January. 18i5, ho was appointed a judge of the
court of common pleas of Philadelphia, and in
the following auluiiin was elected to the same
olTlce. as a Itepiililican. by a large majority. In
1885 he was re-elected, having been renominated
as well by the Democratic party as by his own.
24
BIERCE
BISHOP
lie has been president of the Philadelphia agri-
cultural society, and has written on agriculture
and on a variety of other subjects. He is a mem-
ber of the Historical society of Pennsylvania, and
has been one of its vice-presidents. — Another kins-
man, Chapman, lawyer, b. in Philadelphia, Pa.,
33 Jan., 1833 ; d. there, 9 Dec. 1880, was tlie son
of Clement C. Biddle (1784-1855), who organized
and was first captain of the State fencibles, and
had command of the 1st volunteer light infantry
in the war of 1813. The son was educated at St.
Mary's college, in Baltimore, and was admitted to
the Pliiladelphia bar in 1848. He soon attained a
lucrative practice, and was solicitor of the Penn-
sylvania railroad company, and subsequently coun-
sel for that corporation. In April, 1861, he formed
a company of artillery to aid in protecting Phila-
delphia, and was made its captain. During the
summer of 1863 he undertook the raising of a
regiment of infantry, which on 1 Sept., 1863. as
the 131st Pennsylvania volunteers, took the field
with him as its colonel. He took part in the bat-
tles of Fredericksburg and Chaneellorsville, and at
Gettysburg had command of a brigade in the 1st
corps. In December. 1863, he resigned from the
army and resumed the practice of his profession.
Col. Biddle was connected with the Pairmount
park art association, and through his counsel
numerous beautiful fountains and ornamental
groups were placed in the park. — Another kins-
man, Alexander, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 39 April,
1819 ; d. there, 3 May, 1899. He was graduated at
the University of Pennsylvania, commanded a regi-
ment at Gettysburg, was identified with various
Philadelphia corporations, and at the time of his
death, at his residence on Chestnut hill, was a di-
rector of the Pennsylvania railway company.
BIERCE, Ambrose, journalist, b. in Meigs
county, Ohio, 34 June, 1843. He served in the
civil war as a lieutenant of volunteers, and later
became a journalist, having been for many years
connected with the California press, his present
residence being at Los Galos, in that state. Mr.
Bierce has published " Cobwebs from an Emptv
Skull " (London, 1874) ; " Tales of Soldiers anil
Civilians" (San Francisco, 1891); ''Black Beetles
in Amber" (1893); "Can such Things be?" (New
York, 1893) ; and in collaboration with Dr. G. A.
Danziger " The Monk and the Hungarian's Daugh-
ter," an adaptation (Chicago. 1893). " The Tales of
Soldiers and Civilians," his most popular work,
was republislied in London ami Xew York in 1898,
under the title of •' In the Midst of Life."
BIGELOW, Frank Hagar. scientist, b. in Con-
cord. Mass., '28 Aug., 1851. He was educated in
the Boston Latin school of Harvard and at the
Episcopal theological school in Cambridge, Mass.,
and has entered orders. For some years he was
assistant astronomer in the Argentine national
observatory in Cordoba, and afterward professor
of mathematics in Racine college, Wisconsin, as-
sistant in the National almanac office in Washing-
ton, and in 1891 he became professor of meteorol-
ogy in the U. S. weather bureau in Washington,
which post he now (1899) holds. He is also an
assistant rector of St. John's church in that city.
His name is especially associated with an instru-
ment for the photographic record of the transit of
stars and with some novel studies by which the
solar corona, the aurora, and terrestrial magnet-
ism are shown to be associated. The theory has
met with a favorable reception in scientific circles.
He has published many articles on these subjects
and a monograph on' the "Solar Corona," pub-
lished by the Smithsonian institution (1889).
BINGHAM, Edmund Franklin, jurist, b. in
West Concord, Vt., 13 Aug., 1838. He was gradu-
ated from Marietta college, and admitted to the
Ohio bar in 1850. After practising in Columbus
and elsewhere, he became judge of the fifth judicial
district of Ohio in 1873, continuing in that office
for fourteen years. He was defeated as Democrat-
ic candidate for the supreme court of the state
in 1881, and since 1887 he has been chief justice
of the supreme court of the District of Columbia.
BINGHAM, Henry Harrison, congressman,
b. in Philadelphia. Pa., 10 July, 1841. He was
graduated at Jefferson college in 1863, became a
lieutenant in the 140th Pennsylvania volunteers,
was wounded at Gettysburg, Spottsylvania, and
P^rmville, and in July, 1866, was mustered out as
judge-advocate, with the rank of major and brevet
brigadier-general of volunteers. He was postmas-
ter at Philadelphia in 1867-'73, but resigned to be-
come clerk of the courts of over and terminer and
quarter .sessions of Philadelphia, to which office he
was re-elected in 1875, and served till 1878, when
he was chosen to congress as a Republican, since
occupying a seat in the latter body by re-election.
He was a delegate-at-large from Pennsylvania to
the national Republican convention in 1873, and
a delegate from the first district to tlie conven-
tions of 1876, 1884, 1888. 1893, and 1896.
BINKEN, Jacobus, Dutch admiral, b. in Dord-
recht in 1633; d. in Tobago, West Indies, 7 Dec,
1677. He was employed principally in the Carib-
bean sea and gulf of Mexico, where he secureil rich
prizes. In 1675 he was given the command of a
fleet and appointed governor-general of tlie ishmds
of Tobago and Cura(;oa, which were threatened
with invasion by the French. He was attacked
by Count d'Estrees at Tobago, 3 March, 1677; but
after a hot engagement he compelled d'Estrees
to withdraw. The latter returned in December,
1677. and after a brave resistance Binkcn was
killed by the explosion of a powder-magazine.
BISHOP, Judson Wade, soldier, b. in Evans-
ville. Jeli'erson co., N. Y., 34 June, 1831. He re-
ceived his education at Fredonia academy. N. Y.,
where his father was settled as pastor of the Bap-
tist church for several years, and later at Belleville,
Jefferson eo. Having served as a clerk and book-
keeper, he taught for two winters, then studied
civil engineering, and in 18.53 entered the office of
the Grand Trunk railway at Kingston, Ontario.
After serving as an assistant enjiineer there and
in Minnesota, he settled in Chatfield. Minn., as a
surveyor, publishing a map and pamphlet history
of that country. He also taught there, and then
purchased the "Democrat" in 1859. which he
published until 1861, when he sold it and recruited
a company of volunteers. He was mustered as a
captain of the 3d Minnesota regiment on '26 June,
1861, and served through the war in the west.
He rose to be colonel. 14 July. 1864, and was
brevelted brigadier-general of volunteers on 7
June. 1865. Since the war he has l>een engaged
in building and operating railroads in Minnesota,
and is president of the St. Paul trust company.
BISHOP, Richard Moore, merchant, b. in
Fleming county. Ivy., 4 Nov.. 1813 ; d. in Jackson-
ville, Fla., 3 March,' 1893. He received a limited
education, became a clerk when he was seventeen
years old. and was admitted to partnership with
his emi)loyer when he was twenty-one. Later he
removed to Cincinnati, Ohio, and established
himself as a wholesale grocer. He was elected a
member of the city council, 1857, its presiding
officer. 1858. and mayor on a citizens' ticket. 18.59.
During the latter service he rigidly enforced the
BISPHAM
BLACKSTONE
26
laws that provided for observance of the Sabbath,
received President-elect Lincoln, then on his way
to Wdshington, and the Prince of Wales, and pre-
sided over the great Union war meeting. He was
president of the national eonmiercial convention
in Ualtiniore in 1871, in 1873 was a member of the
last constitutional convention of Ohio, and in 1877
was electetl governor as a Democrat. He was a
member of the Disciples or Christian church, was
president of the Ohio state missionary society from
1859 till 1869, succeeded Alexander' Campbell as
president of the general Christian missionarj- con-
tention, and hehl the otlicc till 187.5. Gov. liishop
was connected with many of the benevolent inter-
est* of his city and state, and gave largely of his
means to the institutions of his church, and to
e<lucntiiiniil and charitable enterprises.
B1SPH.\M, Jjleorge Tucker, lawyer, b. in
Philadelphia. Pa., 24 May, 1838. lie was gradu-
ate<l at the University of Pennsylvania in 1858,
adopted the profession of law, was admitted to the
baroftheU..S.supreme court, and established a large
and lucrative practice. lie is solicitor of theGirard
trust company. Philadelphia savings fund society,
Pennsylvania' railwav, and many other important
coriMirat ions. Mr. liispham is professor of equity
jurisprudence in the University of Pennsvlvania,
and IS the author of "The Principles of fcquity"
(Philadelphia, 1874). He has e«lited James Ilill
on "Trustees" (18(i7); .lohn Adams on " Equity"
(1868): and Williain \V. Kerr on " Ueeeiver»"(1872).
BISSKLIi, Edward Cone, clergyman, b. in
Schoharie. N. Y., 2 March. 18:12. He was gradu-
ated at Amherst and at Union theological semi-
nary, and was pastor of Congregational churches in
Westhanipton. Mass.. in San Francix'o. and in
Winchesler. .Mass. He then IxMame a missionary
under the American iKiard in .Austria, and since
1881 has been profes-sor of Hebrew in Hartford
tlieological seminary. During the civil war he
raised and oramanded a com|iany in the !i'2d
Massachusetts regiment, which served under Gen.
Banks at Port Hudson. He is the author of
" Historic Origin of the Bible" (New York. 187:1);
"The A|K^)crypha of the New Testament," a re-
vi»e<l translation, with introduction anil notes.
which forms a volume of the (Jld Testament in the
American haiige series (1880): and "The Penta-
teuch, its Origin and Stnicture: An F'xamination
of Kecent Theories" (ISWi).
BISSKLU WIlMin Shannon, lawver, b.in Xew
I-ondon. Oni'ida oo.. N. V., :!1 Dec. '1847. When
five years old his parents removed to Muffalo, where
he attended the public s<-hools : prepared for col-
lege at a private school in New Haven, and subse-
quently graduati-d from Yale. At the age of twen-
ty-one he commenced the study of law with Lanlng,
(Cleveland & Folsom in lluflalo; in 1872 formed a
partnership with layman K. Bass. and.alH>ut ayear
later. Grovcr Clevelaml being admiltwi. the 'firm
name was changed to Bass. Cleveland & Bissell.
Upon the removal of Lyman K. Bu-ss to Cnlonido
and the elin-tion of Grover Cleveland as governor
of New York, the Hrm was reorganized and for
several years Ijorc the name of Bissell. Sicard &
Qoodyear. The special character of his practice
has lK>en that of counsel for corporations. He is a
director in several railroad companies: always re-
fuscil public ofllce. but wrved as pnsidential elect ro-
at-large in 1884. and »a< a delegate t<i several state
conventions. In 18iM) Mr. Bisstdl was a member of
a commission to projiose amendments to the judi-
ciary article of the constitution of the state of
New York : and was appointed postmaster-general.
6 March. 18«:i, in Mr. Cleveland's cabinet.
BISSHOPP, CecH. British soldier, b. in Lon-
don, England, 25 June, 1783; d. in Stamford,
Canada, 11 July, 1813. He was the son of Sir
Cecil Bisshopp,' afterward baron de la Zouche.
The son entered the army at sixteen years of age,
represented Newport, Isle of Wight, in parlia-
ment, and was attached to the British embassy at
St. Petersburg, whence he returned to England in
1803. He then served in Flanders, Spain, and
Portugal, came to Canada at the beginning of the
second war between Great Britain and the United
States, was commissioned lieutenant-colonel, and
was actively engaged on the Niagara frontier. In
July, 1813. 'he planned an attack on Black Rock,
near Buffalo, where the Americans had a dock-
yard and large storehouses. With about 300 men,
before daylight on 11 July, he crossed the river in
Iwats, surprised and took possession of the place,
and priK'eeded to bum and plunder as rapidly as
]>ossible, setting fire to the navy-yard buildings and
a schooner that lay at the wharf and carrying off
a quantity of stores. But btffore he could accom-
plish all this (ien. Peter B. Porter collected a
small force aiul attacked the invaders, and after
an encounter of twenty minutes the Briti.sh re-
treated. When their boats pushed off the Ameri-
cans renewed their fire, fatally wounding Bisshopp.
BLACK, Frank Swett. governor, b. in Liming-
ton, York co.. Me., 8 March, 18.'>3. where his father,
Jacob Black, was a farmer. After graduation at
Dartmouth in 1875. he movc<l to Johnstown. N. Y.,
and studied law; lack of means, however, forced
him to accept the position of olitor of " The Johns-
town Joiinial." An editorial displeasing to the
owner caused his dismissal; he then move<l to
Troy, and became a reporter on "The Troy Whig,"
After a few months he l)ecaine clerk in the registry
department of the local post -ofiice, continuing the
study of law all this time, and in 1879 he was ad-
mitted to the bar. He formed a partnership, but
after a year retired and e.stablislied his own office.
He ina<le a reputation as a lawyer of standing,
with a good practice, taking no great interest in
ilitics until 1894. In 1888 and in 1892 he had
en a successful speaker during the presidential
campaigns. In 1894 ho was nominated for con-
gress by acclamation by the Itcpublicans of the
19th district, ami was electecl by a large majority.
In Aug., 1890, he was n<>rninate<l governor by the
Ronublican party, being successful at the election
in NovemU'r. and holding ofiice <luring 1897-'8.
BLACK, John, Canailian clergyman, b. in
Dumfries. S<'otland, 8 Jan., 1818: d. in Kildonan,
.Manitoba. 11 Vvh., 1882. He emigrated to this
cfiuiitry with his imrents, was educated at Dela-
ware aca<leniv. Delhi, N. Y., and studied theology
at Knox college. Toronto. He was licensed to
preach in the Presbyterian church in 1848, or-
dained in 1851, and the same year removed to the
Red River wttlement, Manitoba, where he was the
only Presbyterian clergyman till 1862. lie was
first miMlerator of the presbytery of Manitoba in
1870. and ileclined the iniHleratorship of the gen-
eral lussembly of Canada in 1K81. t^ueen's univer-
sity gave him the degree of D. D.
bLACKSTONi:. Timothy Bailer, railway
nresidcnt. b. In Branforil. Conn.. 28 March, 1829.
Ho entered the nillway service as ro<lman on the
survey of the New York and New Haven railway
in 1847. findingeniployment on various roads, until
he became. In 1801. president of the Joliel iind Chi-
cago railway, and three years later president of
the Chicago and Alton railway, in which office he
continued for thirty-five years, when he resigned
and retired to private life.
c;
36
BLAIS
BLISS
BLAIS, Aiidrfi Albert, R. C. bishop, b. at Saint-
Valier, Bellechasse co., province of Quebec, 26,
Aug., 1842. He entered tlie ecclesiastical college
of St. Anne de Lapocatiere for his priestly studies,
and he was ordained in the priesthood in 1868.
His first parochial work was performed as assistant
priest of St. Coloiub de Sillery, and he was thence
called to a professorship in Levis college. In 1868
he was elected assistant director of Ijaval university
and professor of English at the Lille seminary.
In 1874 he went to Koine to make a more finished
course of sacred studies, and there in 1877 he re-
ceived the degree of doctor of canon law. He next
made a continental tour, and on his returning to
Quebec he was a[)pointed [)rofessor of canon law, a
position he held until 1881, when he made another
Kuropean tour, and went to Palestine. In 1882 he
was appointed chaplain of the Sisters of the good
shepherd, and so continued until January, 1890.
Having been appointed bishop of Germanicopolis
and coadjutor bishop of Kimouski, he was conse-
crated in 1890, and, by virtue of his right of suc-
cession as appointee, on the resignation of Bishop
Langevin. in 1891, he became bishop of Kimouski.
BLAISBELL, Albert Franklin, author, b.
in South Hampton, N. H., 31 Aug,, 1847. He was
graduated at Dartmouth in 1869, taught for six
years, and was graduated at the medical depart-
ment of Harvard in 1878. He then commenced
the practice of medicine in Providence, and is phy-
sician to the lihode Island hospital. He has pub-
lished "Study of the English Classics" (Boston,
1878); "Our'Bodie.s, and how we Live" (1885);
"How to Keep Well" (1885); "Child's Book of
Health" (1886); and " First Steps with American
and British Authors " (1888). He hasedited " Read-
ings from the Waverley Novels" (1888).
BLANCH ET, Fran<;ois, Canadian physician,
b. in the parish of St. Pierre, Kiviere du Sud, in
1777; d. in Quebec, 26 .June, 1830. He was edu-
cated in Quebec seminary, studied medicine in
New York city, and settled in practice in Quebec.
He represented his native county in the provincial
assembly for several years, warmly espoused the
popular cause in the contests between the people
an<l the colonial executives, and was imprisoned
in 1810. During the war of 1813 he was at the
head of the medical slafT of the province of Que-
bec. During his parlimentary service in 1814 he
introduced the first bill for the general education
of the people, and was active in schemes for inter-
nal improvements. He published in French a
valuable work on "The Application of Chemistry
to Medicine" (New York. 1800).
BLANCO, Jos6 F61ix, Venezuelan patriot, b.
in Caracas, 24 Sept., 1783; d. there, 18 April, 1872.
He was left an orphan in early youth, and owed
his education to friends, who urged him to enter
the church. He was ordained in 1801, but took
an enthusia.stic part in the movement for inde-
pendence, and at the junta of 19 April, 1810, he
called Madariaga and other tril)unes to take part
in the discussion which culminated in the declara-
tion of independence. Being appointed chaplain
in the revolutionary army, he took part in several
campaigns, often in a military capacity. After
the evacuation of Angostura by the Spanish Blan-
co's energetic measures provided from the rich
stores of the missions the means to pay in the
Antilles for arms and clothing for the patriot
army. In 1818 he explored jirivately the situation
and public means of Casanare, regarding an inva-
sion of New Granada, and his favorable report led
Bolivar to undertake that enterprise in the next
year. He was afterward called by Vice-President
Santander to Colombia, where he served in the
administration till 1830, having been promoted
brigadier. After the separation of Venezuela from
Colombia, he returned to his country, became gov-
ernor of Maracaibo, minister of war in 1837, mem-
ber of the supreme military court and of congress,
and, finally, under Monagas, 1847, minister of
finance, but after the fall of Monagas, in 1855. he
retired to private life. Under Paez's short admin-
istration he was appointed government councillor
and general of division in 1862, but his desire to
return to the church, which he had left in 1818, at
last was gratified by Pope Pius IX., and in 1863 he
was reinstated and appointed assistant priest of
the cathedral of Caracas. His last years were
pas.sed in the duties of his ministry, in putting in
order the documents that he collected during long
years, and in preparing his great historical work.
This work, which reaches from 1780 to 1832, was
edited after his death by Kamon Azpurua, under
the title of " Documeiitos para la Historia de la
vida piiblica del Libertador de Colombia, Peru y
Bolivia" (16 vols., Caracas, 1877).
BLATCHFORl), Samuel, clergyman, b. in
Devonshire, England, in 1767: d. in Lansing-
burg, N. Y., 27 March, 1828. He was educated
at the Dissenting college of theology at Homer-
ton, near London, and in 1789 became pastor of a
Presbyterian church in Devonshire. He came to
this country in 1795 to take charge of a church in
Bedford, Westchester co., N. Y., was sub.><eqnently
pastor at Bridgeport, {'onn., and in 1804 of the
churches at Waterford and Lansingburg, N. Y.,
and at the same time principal of the academy in
the latter town. In 1824-'8, he was first presi-
dent of Kcnssclaer polytechnic institute. — His son,
Thomas Wyudeait, physician, b. in Topsham,
Devonshire, in 1794; d. in Troy, N. Y., 23 Dec.,
1866. was educated under his father and at Union
college, attended a course of lectures at Kensselaer
polytechnic institute, and was graduated at the
New York college of physicians and surgeons in
1817, in the meantime studying in London under
Sir Astley Cooper. After practising one year in
New York city and nine years on Long Island, he
settled in Troy, N. Y.. where he subsequently re-
sided. He was president of the New York state
medical society, a vice-president of the American
medical society, and a member of several profes-
sional and scientific bodies. Dr. Blatehford was
a successful fihysiciau in Troy for forty years.
BLISS, Alexander, .'joldier. b. in Boston. Mass.,
27 Dec, 1837 ; d. in Washington. D. C, 30 April,
1896. He was graduated from Harvard in 1847.
and studied law with William Allen Butler, of New
Yord, but never practised. Early in the civil war
he entered the army as captain of volunteers, and
later passed through the various grades of major,
lieutenant-colonei.and colonel by brevet in the reg-
ular army, his service being chiefly in the ipiarter-
master's department. Kesigning from the army
in March, 1868, he wa-s appointed secretary of le-
gation at Berlin, his stepfather, George Bancroft,
being the niinister to Germany, and remained at
that post for six years. In the absence of Mr.
Bancroft Col. Bliss was for a time during the
Franco-German war charge, d'affaires. With .lohn
P. Kennedy he published, for the benefit of the
Maryland soldiers and sailors' fair, "Antograph
Leaves of our Country's Authors" (Raltimore,
1864); " Hepiiblican or Democrat" (New York.
1880); and two valuable pamphlets on the Iliilifax
award and the northeastern boundary qneslion.
BLISS, Cornel ins Newton, merchant, b. in Fall
Kiver, Mass., 20 Jan,, 1833 ; was educated in pub-
BLISS
BLUE
27
lie schools, at the academy at Fall River, and the
high-school at New Orleans. After leavine school,
he was enftagej for a year in his stepfather s count-
ing-room in New Orleans, and then removed to
Boston, and entered as a clerk in the house of
Beebe, Morgan & Co. In 18(Hi he became a mem-
ber of the commission firm of J. S. and K. Wright
& Co., and subsequently removed to New York, to
take charge of the business of the firm in that city.
In 1881 the name of the firm was changed to Bliss,
Faby & Co. He was a member of the T'an-.Ameri-
can conference, and president of the Protective
taritT lengue. He was chairman of the Kepublican
slate committees of New York in 18j<7-'8. and
treasurer of the national Kepublican committees
in ltSd2-'0. He declined to be a candidate for the
nomination for governor of New York in 1885, or
to have his name presented to the convention for
that place in 1891. He was chairman of the busi-
ness men's committee of New York city in the in-
terest of the nomination of ex-President Arthur
for president in 1884, and chairman of what was
known as the committee of thirty in 1893. Mr.
Bliss was ai>|><jinted si-crelary of the interior by
President McKinley, 5 March, 1897. He resignecl
in December, 181(8, returning to New York, and
was succee<led by Kthun Allen Hitchcock.
BLIS8, Zpnos KandaH, soldier, b. in Johns-
ton, 1{. I., 17 April. 18;i.). He was graduated at
the r. S. inilitarv academy in June, 1^54. Knter-
ing the army as brevet 2<1 lieutenant, he served in
Texas until .May, 1861, when he was captured by
the Confederates and confined as a prisoner of
war until exchanged in April, 1802. lie was a|;>-
pointed colonel of a Kbode Island regiment, with
which he wrved for two years, taking |)art in the
Vickslnirg and other campaigns. I>uring the In-it
year of the war Col. HIiss commanded a brigade in
Grant's Virginia campaign. He liecame a briga-
dier-general in 189.5, and was in command of the
de|tartnient of Texas for two years. In May, 1807,
he was advanced to major-general, and retireil at
bis own request, after more than forty years of
continuous and faithful service.
ltLOI><;KTT. Hrnrr >VHHaini<. jurist, b. in
Amherst, .Mass., 21 July, 1821. His parents re-
moved to niinois alMiut 18:M. When seventeen
years of age Henry attended the Amherst acad-
emy one year, whence he returned to Illinois and
engage)) in teaching and sulisequently in land-
survryinjr until twenty-one years of age. He
stu<lii'd law in Chicago with Jonathan Y. Scam-
mon and Norman U. Judd, was admilteil to the
bar in 1845, and began practice in Waukegan. III.,
where ho still resides. In 1844 ho voted the Anli-
slavery ticket, and he has since lieen an adherent
of the Antislavery and Kepublican parties. In 18.52
he was electml to the general assembly of Illinois,
being the first avowed antislavery member that
ever o«'cupie<l a seat in that IxmIv, and in the fol-
lowing year was electeil to the state s<-nate. .\s a
legislator he was one of the ablest and most useful,
and wa.s largely instrumental in shaping the legis-
lation of the commonwealth and in promoting the
development of the resources of Illinois. In 1855
and for several years subsequently he was associ-
ated with the legal de|>Brtment of the Chicago and
Northwestern railway, of which he was one of the
projectors. He was the pioneer in the buildinir
of the Chicago and Milwauki-e railroad, and was
identified witli it in the capm-ities of attorney, di-
rector, anil president. Later he was solicitor of the
Michigan S<iulhem. Fort Wayne. Kock Island, and
Northwclern ronils, and he retired when the busi-
ness reached such pro(iortions that it was impos-
sible for one man to attend to it. In 1870 he was
appointed by President Grant a judge of the U. S.
district court for the northern district of Illinois,
which ollice he resigned in 1892, and in the fol-
lowing year he served as a member of the impor-
tant Bering sea commission which met in Paris.
BLOI»GETT. Kufuis, senator, b. in Dorchester,
N. H., 9 Oct., 1834. He studied in local schools
and academies, and at the age of eighteen was ap-
prenticed to the Amoskeag locomotive works, at
Jianchester, N. H., where he learned the trade of
a machinist. In 1866 he removed to New Jersey
and engaged in the railroad business. From 1874
till 1884 he was superintendent of the New Jersey
southern railroad, and in the latter year was ap-
pointed su()crintendent of the New York and
Ijong Branch railroad, which place he still holds.
Senator Blodgcit is also president of the Long
Branch city bank. He was a member of the New
Jersey legislature in 1878-'80, and was a delegate
to the Democratic national convention in 1880.
!n 1887 he was elected as a Deniocnit to the U. S.
senate, and was succeetled by James Smith, Jr.,
who took his seat in March. 1803.
BLOOM FIKLI). Sir Thomas, Bart., British
soldier, b. in Kngland, 16 June, 1744: d. in Kent,
England. 24 Aug.. 1822. He was educated at the
Koyal military academy in Wofilwicli. where he
was 8p[ioitited a cadet in 1758. and early oblained
his commission in the army. His first service was
at the bombanlinent of Havre de Grace, and later
he took part in the blockade of France. In 1762
he went to the West Indies, and was present at
the capture of Martinique and Havana, and later
at that of Pensacola and M<il>ile. After various
services he returned to p'ngland. and in 1771 l)e-
came ai<le-ile-camp of the ma.>iter-general of ord-
nance, which place he continued to hold until
1776, when he wa.« ordercil to Canada. The ap-
pointment of major of brigade was tendere<i him
on his arrival in America, and he was employed
in the constniction of floating lialteries on the
I^ake-s. He returned to Kngland in November,
1770, but, having constructed a gun anil carriage
suitable for Imth land and water service, he went
again to Canada early in 1777, and served under
(len. John Burgoyne until he was wounded in the
Saratoga campaign of 1777. After his recovery
he returne<l to Kngland in 1779. and resumed his
duties as aide-de-camp to I^>«1 Townshend. In
1780 he WHS app<iinted inspector of artillery, which
post, with the insiiectorship of the royal foundry,
ne held until his iieath. His last and most impor-
tant military service was at the siege <pf Cofienha-
gen in 1807, where he commanded the British and
(terman artillery under the I-^rl of Cat heart. He
was rewarded with the thanks of {>arliament. an<l
was made a baronet. He attained the rank of
general in the British army.
BI^rR, Victor, naval ofilcer. b. in North Caro-
lina. Dec. IWJo, and ai>poiiiled to the naval
academy, Sept.. 1883. lie served as a.ssistant
engineer from 1889 to 1892, and was appointed
ensign. 12 Dec.. 1892. He served on the "Alli-
atice " and the •• Thetis." and was assigned to duty
at the naval academy. 2H S«'iit.. 1896. During the
war with .Spain in 1H98 he was <irdered to the
gunltoat ".Suwanee"; <m Saturday. 11 June, he
landed l)efore Santintio and proceeded with guides
to the hills overlooking the citv and harbor, where
he distinctly saw and Ifxateii the Spanish fleet
in the harlmr; he travelled about seventy-two
miles through the enemy's coimtry. and his report
dis|telled the last lingering doubt there mav have
l)een as to the presence of Admiral Cervera s fleet
28
BODLEY
BONNEY
in Santiago harbor. In September he was given
command of one of the Spanish prizes, and in
March. 1899, he was matle a lieutenant.
BODLEY, Rachel Littler, chemist, b. in Cin-
cinnati, Oliio, 7 Dec, 1831 ; d. in Philadelphia,
Pa., 15 June, 1888. She was graduated at the
Wesleyan female college of Cincinnati in 1849,
where she taught until 1860. In that year she
studied advanced chemistry and physics. In 1865
she was chosen professor of chemistry and toxicol-
ogy in the Woman's medical college of Pennsylva-
nia, and in 1877 she became dean of the faculty,
both of which offices she held until her death.
When it was proposed that a gathering of Ameri-
can chemists should be held in 1874 to celebrate
the centennial of chemistry, she suggested that it
should take place at Joseph Priestley's grave in
Northumberland, Pa., and she was elected first
vice-president of the meeting there. Dr. Bodley
was a member of various scientific societies, in-
cluding the Franklin institute, before which in
1881 she delivered a course of lectures on "House-
hold Chemistry." She published papers on chem-
istry and botany in scientific journals, and in
1859-'60 edited "The Alumnia;" in Cincinnati,
also Clarke's " Herbarium " (1865). She was the au-
thor of "The College Story" (Philadelphia. 1881).
BOUGS, William Ellison, educator, b. in Ah-
mednuggur, Hindostan, 12 May, 1838. He was
graduated at South Carolina college in 1859,
studied theology, and entered the Confederate army
as a private in 1861, becoming, in the following
year, chaplain of the 6th South Carolina volunteers,
and surrendering at Appomattox. Later he held
pastorates in several Presbyterian churches of the
south, and in 1883 became professor of ecclesiasti-
cal history in Columbia theological seminary. Since
December, 1889, Dr. Boggs has been chancellor and
professor of metaphysics and ethics in the Univer-
sity of Georgia. He received the degree of D. D.
from the Southwestern Presbyterian university.
BOIES, Horace (boice), governor, b. in Aurora
township, Erie Co., N. Y., 7 Dec, 1827. He was
educated in the academy of his native place, and,
like his friend, Millard Fillmore, acquired under
the greatest difficulties, while working on a farm
and teaching in a country school, a knowledge of
the law, which he afterward practised successfully.
In 1857 he was a member of the state assembly,
and later resided in Buffalo. Soon after the close
of the war Mr. Boies removed to Waterloo, Iowa,
where he quickly obtained a profitable law prac-
tice. In 1884 he left the Republican party and be-
came a Democrat, being elected by them governor
of Iowa in 1890, to which office he was re-elected.
In June, 1892, he was a prominent western candi-
date for the nomination to the presidency, and
ho is the popular Democratic leader in his state,
where, owing to his handsome and honest face, he
is frequently called "Affidavit Boies."
BOMl'AS, William Carpenter, bishop, b. in
London, England, 20 Jan., 1834. He studied law
and practised for seven years, when he prepared
for the ministry. For a time he was a c\irafe in
Lincoln diocese, and in 1865 he went to Mackenzie
river, British America, as a missionary. In 1874
he was made bishop of Athabasca, and ten years
later his diocese was divided, and he became by
choice bishop of Mackenzie river. For more than
three decades he has lived a life of exile that has
few parallels in missionary annals. He received
the degree of D. D. from Lambeth. Bisho)) Bom-
Das is the author of " An Api)eal to the Bible and
Missionary Societies" (London. 1882) and " A His-
tory of the Diocese of Mackenzie River " (1888).
BONACUM, Thomas, R. C. bishop, b. in Tip-
perary county, Ireland, 29 Jan.. 1847. He was
only a year old when he arrived at St. Louis, Mo.,
where his parents permanently settled in 1848.
Having determined to embrace the priesthood, he
made his classical studies at the Salesianum near
Jlilwaukee, and his theological studies at the eccle-
siastical seminary at Cape Girardeau. He was or-
dained a priest by Bishop Meleher of Green Bay,
in the absence of Archbishop Kenrick at Rome, in
1870. He spent his years of priesthood in success-
ful missionary work. He attended the Lfniversity
of Wilrzburg lectures by Hergenroether and Het-
tinger, and in 1881 became pastor of the Church
of the holy name at St. Louis. In 1884 he was
present at the third plenary council of Baltimore
as theologian to Archbishop Kenrick. He was in
1887 appointed bishop of Lincoln, Neb., and was
consecrated in that year. During the twelve years
of Dr. Bonacum's episcopate the progress of the
church has been great in his diocese.
BONILLA, Policarpo, president of Honduras,
b. in Tegucigalpa. 14 March, 1858. He was ad-
mitted to tlie bar, and from early youth took part
in politics, becoming
the leader of the lib-
eral party. He held
several important po-
sitions, and was well
known as a represent-
ative in the national
assembly. He lived
for several years in
Guatemala, and after-
ward went to Nica-
ragua, where he was
elected a reiiresenta-
tivc In 1893 he be-
came the leader of
the revol ntion against
Gen. Vazquez, presi-
dent of Honduras,
and, allied with
N icaragua, overthrew
his administration.
Peace being estab-
lished, with a new
constitution, Mr. Bonilla was elected president of
the republic of Honduras for the term ending in
1899. During his administration he was a co-
worker in the establishment of the " Republica
Mayor de Centro-America," which comprises the
states of Honduras, Nicaragua, and San Salvador.
BONNEY, Charles Carroll, lawyer, b. in Ham-
ilton, N. Y., 4 Sept., 1831. He was educated at
Hamilton academy, and engaged in teaching in
his native town and in Peoria. III., to which place
he removed in 1850. He took an active part in
establishing the present educational system of the
state of Illinois. At the same time he studied
law, and in 1852 was admitted to the bar. In 1860
he removed to Chicago, where he has since prac-
tised his profession. Jlr. Bonney was engaged in
various reform movements, was an originator ot
the law and order movement in Illinois in 1872,
and the author of the plan for a series of world's
congresses in connection with the Columbian ex-
position of 1898. In furtherance of this scheme he
served as president of the world's congress aux-
iliary. Mr. Bonney was president of the Chicago
library association in 1870. He edited the poet-
ical works of Judge Alfred W. Arrington. and is
the author of a "Handbook of Railway Law"'
(Chicago, 1864) ; " Law of Insurance " (1865) ; and
of numerous published addresses and essays.
v<
iig^iiy
D, Applefon & Co.
BONNEy
BORUNDA
2»
BONNEY, Edirard, author, b. in Essex oountv,
N. Y., 26 Aug., IS(t7; d. in Chicago. 4 Feb., 1864.
He reinoveil to Elkhart, Inil., in 1837, and thence
to Nauvoo, 111., in 1844. After the murder of Col.
George Uavenport at Koc-k Island, III., on 4 July,
1845, he volunteered to detect, bring to justice, and
disperse a widely organized gang of murderers and
robbers, thieves and counterfeiters, that then in-
fested the .Mississippi valley, and was known as
"The Banditti of the Prairies." The story of his
success is descriljed in "The lianditti of the
Prairies, or the Jlurderer's Doom : A Tale of the
Mississippi and the Far West" (Chicago, 185,5), of
which it is said that more copies have been sold
than of any other publication in the western
country. He settled in Hannibal, Mo., in 1860.
and at the beginning of the civil war enli.sted in
the National army, was 8ssigne<l to the se<Tet ser-
vice, and contracted a disease from which he died
during the last year of the war. Mr. Bonney pre-
pared a second volume, giving a further history of
his exploits, but the .MS. was destroyed by fire.
BOOT, Adrien (bote), Flemish engineer, b. in
Antwerp about IfiSO; d. there about Id-V). He
was a famous hydraulic engineer in Eurofie when
he was engaged by the Spanish ambassa<lor in
Pari.s, Inigo de C'anlenas, to ins|)etrt and super-
intend the works for the <lrainage of the valley of
Mexico, and sailed for that country in 1614. Soon
after his arrival he ins[>ected the tunnel that had
been executed by Enrique Martinez, and declared it
inefflcient fur llie proposed end, and tooexiiensive,
advising as a substitute an o|ien cut. lie pre-
sentetl a project which, a</i'oriling to his calcula-
tion, would oidy cost $186,000, and was i)ut in
charge of the work, but it was soon found (hat his
estimate was far below the probable cost, and, as
his overbearing manner had made him many ene-
mies, be was relieved from the work, and after a
few years returne<l to Euro[)e. His re|>ort, "In-
forme 8«l)rc d Pesagile ile Ins Lnguiias de -Mexico
y Obras de Enrique .Martinez," was printed (Mexi-
co, 1637). and he was also the author of " Descriji-
tion (!<• la Nouvclle Esfwgne" (.\ntwerp, 1641).
KOOTH-Tri'KKK, Fredprirk St. (JtHirge dp
Lllllteur, b. in .>Ioiigliyr, lleiigal. 2! Man'li, 18,5:).
He was idiicated at Cheltenham cullege, England,
and pa-M'd civil examination in 1874, contiiiiiiiig
his .studies in London for two years. He was
ap[>ointe<l to a position in the Punjab, which he re-
signed in 1881 to join the Salvation army, inaugu-
rating ami continuing the work there for nine years.
From 1891, for five years he was secretary of .Salva-
tion army international affairs, and since March.
1806, he ha-s l>een in charge in t he I'nited States, with
heailnuarters In New York. — Hiswife.EmniaMoSfi,
daughter of William B'M)th, commander-in-chief of
the Salvation arniv, b. in (iateshead, Kngland, 8
Jan., 1N60, was married in 188« to Mr. Tu<ker,
who then a<lopted the name of ItiNith. and accom-
panied him to India, and later to the l'nlt<-d Stales.
She holds the rank of consul in the .Salvation army,
and has joint and equal authority with her husband
in the dirc'liun of their afTairs in this country-.
BOOTT, Kirk, mannfacturer, b. in B<*ton. 20
Oct., 17U0: d. in Lowell. Ma--.-<.. 11 Apr.. 18:17. His
father, an Eiigll.'^hman, came to Boston in 178:),
and engage<l in business as a wholefwle merchant.
The son studie<l in the Boston schools, and then
went to Rugby, in England; returning to this
oonntry, he entered Harvard in the cla.-w of 18<t9,
but left U'fore gnuiiintion to study civil engineer-
ing in England, with a view to joining the British
army. At the age of twenty-one he received
his commission as lieutenant. With his regiment.
the 85th light infantry, he took part in the
peninsular campaign, landing in Spain in August,
1813. After Napoleon had been sent to Elba,
Boott's regiment was detailed for service against
the United States, and took part in the attacks on
Washington and on New Orleans. Boott, how-
ever, was excused from serving against the land of
his birth. After a short visit to this country ho
returned to England, and studied engineering at
Sandhurst. Later he resigned his commission and
came to Boston to engage in business witli two of
his brothers. He was not succes-sfiil in this ven-
ture, however, and when in 1822 Patrick T. Jack-
son offered him the pf>sition of agent of the Merri-
mack mills at Lowell he accepted the offer eager-
ly. The man and the opportunity were joined
most op[K>rtunely. Boott was a man of tireless
energy, original, a bom leader. The possibilities of
Lowell as a manufacturing centre were just un-
folding, and Boott at once threw himself into the
developing of his particular company and of the
town as well. His training as military engineer
enabled him to take every mechanical advantage
of the water-power offered by the Merrimack
river; mills, machinery, locks, canals — all received
his attention. Besides his agency of the Merri-
mack mills he was also .superintendent of the print-
works, and agent of the Proprietors of locks and
canals. He was moderator of the first town meet-
ing, and was often sent to the state legislature.
Naturally he took an interest in church work
equally as intense as in munici|>al affairs and in
the immediate business concerns of his mills ; he
threw himself entirely into the business of the mo-
ment, and impressed his personality upon Lowell
as few other men have done. He was the pioneer
and the leader in the development of manufactur-
ing in this country — from the small, detached, weak
establishments in which it had hitherto been con-
ducted into the great joint-stock companies, to the
existence of which is due so much of the wealth
of the country. He (lushed on with all his powers
at extreme tension, until he was suddenly stricken
down by a stroke of apoplexy.
BORrNBA, Joii^ Ignacfo, Mexican archnKilo-
gist, b. in Mexico alx)ut 1740; d. there about 1800.
According to the Mexican anti<|uaries Boriinda is
the ('ham|H>llion of Anahiiac, and none knew as
well the symbolical and phonetical value of the
Mexican hieroglyphs whicli he learned to decipher.
After stiidving law in his native city he became
attorney oi the royal audiencia. and had charge,
in 17fl5, of the case of Father Mier, who was tried
for a sermon that he delivereil in the Church of
Nuestra Sefiora de Oiiadelouiie, in which Mier de-
nied that the Virgin had ever appeared in the lat-
ter place. The archbishop of jlcxico, Gonzalo
Niifiez lie Haro. appointed Morunda referee in the
case by reason of the hitter's knowledge of the
ancient hieroglyphs on which the story of the ap-
parition is base<l. Borunda's decision, which was
favorable to the defendant, brought on him much
ferseciition from the ecclesiastical authorities.
le wrote " Dissertacion dirigida al Superior Go-
bierno de Mexico, sobre las .Minas de Azogne de la
Nueva F'spafla." a mantiwript which was formerly
in the catlie<lnil. but now in the National library
of Mexico, and " I)is.sertacion sobre la predicaciiJn
del aiKwtol Snnto-TomAs en la America Septen-
trional," whir-h was sent to Spain by Nuflez de
Haro for examination by t he ecclesia-stical authori-
ties. The latter manuscript is unfortuimlely lo.st,
or i>erhaps has Ix-en destroyed in .Spain. In it Ho-
runda explained his theory and system of reading
hieroglyphs, and contended that they afforded
80
BOTURINT-BENADUCCI
BOURNE
the proof that one of Christ's first apostles. St.
Thomas, passed to Nortli America and preached
the gospel in Mexico. Borunda wrote also " Frag-
mentas para la formacion de un Diccionario Geo-
grAfico-etiinologico de las Provincias Mexicaiias,"
another valualile manuscript which is lost. Al-
though all authors agi'ee that Borunda was a great
Aztec linguist, some sav that he was ca|)ricious in
his ideas, and sometimes very arbitrary in his in-
terpretation of ancient hieroglyphic texts.
BOTUKINI-BENADUCCI, LoiTiizo, Spanish
antiquary, b. in Milan, Italy, toward the end of the
17lh centurv: d. in Madrid about 1760. He early
settled in Spain, became a member of the acad-
emy of Valencia, and in 1736 obtained permis-
sion from the court for a prolonged stay in Mexi-
co. There he studied the Aztec language, and
in his familiar intercourse with the natives as well
as with Spanish scientists had occasion to make
profound studies on ancient history and the cus-
toms of the Aztec nation. With great trouble and
a heavy outlay he gathered a large collection of
old Aztec manuscripts, maps, paintings, and other
art objects, when, in 1744, ui some way he aroused
the suspicions of the authorities, his museum was
confiscated, and he was arrested and sent to Spain.
There he was able to justify himself and was ab-
solved, but his collection "was never restored to
him and remained in the royal museum. With
notes that he saved lie wrote " Idea 6 Ensayo de
una Nueva Historia General de la America Sep-
tentrional, f undada en copiosos materiales de figu-
ras, simbolos, caraoteres, cantares y manuscriptos
de autores Indios, nuevamente descubiertos"
(Madrid, 1746). He also wrote "Oratio ad Divi-
nam Sapientiam, Academiie Valentina? Patronaui "
(Valencia, 1750), and "Oratio de Jure Naturali,
Septentrionalium Indorum " (1751).
BOUIUNOT, EUas CoriiPlius, Indian lawyer,
b. in the old Cherokee nation, near Rome, Ga., in
August, 1835; d. at Port Smith, Ark., 27 .Sept.,
1890. His father, a full-blooded Indian, whose
Indian name was Kill-kee-nah, was sent by mis-
sionaries at the age of fifteen to be educated at a
school in Cornwall, Litchfield co.. Conn. While at
this school, Elias Boudinot, of New Jersey, a son
of the first president of the Continental congress,
visited the school at Cornwall, and took quite an
interest in the young Indian and induced him to
adopt his name of Elias Boudinot. John Ridge,
who was afterward one of the chiefs of the Chero-
kees, was his cousin and schoolmate. Gen. Stand
Waite, also a chief of the Cherokees, was a younger
brother of Elias Boudinot. After leaving school
at Cornwall, Boudinot married Harriet Gold, the
youngest daughter of an influential family at that
place, despite the opposition of her family. She
accompanied her husband to the land of the Chero-
kees, in north Georgia, where she died in 1836,
leaving six children, three boys and three girls.
John Hidge also married a New England girl, and
he and the elder Boudinot were the leaders in the
politics of their tribe, and negotiated the treaty of
1835, under which the Cherokees removed from
Georgia to the Indian territory. This treaty gave
rise to two factions, one led by John Ross and the
other by Ridge and Boudinot'. In the contest for
supremacy. Ridge and Boudinot were assassinated,
22 June, '1839. The subject of this notice was
educated in New England, but returned to the
territory in 1853, and was actively engaged in
politics. At the breaking out of the civil war he
and Stand Waite raised a regiment of Indians,
and entered the Confederate army, Stand Waite as
colonel and Boudinot as major, Boudinot was
afterward promoted to the lieutenant-colonelcy of
the regiment, and served as an aide to Gen. Thomas
C. Hindman at the battle of Prairie Grove. He
was delegate from his nation to the 2d and 3d
congresses of the Confederate states. After the war
he was in Washington for many years, acting in
the interest of his tribe, and subsequently removed
to Port Smith, and engaged in the practice of law.
BOULTON, Charles Arkoll, Canadian senator,
b. in Coburg, Ontario, 17 Sept., 1841 : d. in Shell-
mouth. Manitoba. 18 May,1899. After graduation
from the Upper Canada college he served in the
British array, retiring in 1868. He then went to
the Red river, and at the outbreak of the rebellion
under Riel, in 1870, took an active part on the
loyal side, and was one of the Canadian party who
were arrested, imprisoned, and sentenced to death
by the conspirators. He escaped to Ontario, where
he remained until 1880, when he again went to
Manitoba and engaged in farming. In 1885 he
raised a corps of mounted riflemen, known as
Boulton's scouts, and led them through the north-
west rebellion. The next year he published at
Toronto an interesting book entitled " Reminis-
cences of the Northwest Rebellion." In 1889 he
became a Liberal senator in the Dominion parlia-
ment. In 1896 he introduced a measure favoring
the establishment of an international peace tribu-
nal. In the summer of 1897 Senator Boulton ac-
companied Sir Wilfrid Laurier to England as a
member of the military staff sent to represent
Canada at the Queen's diamond jubilee.
BOURKE, John (iregory, author and soldier,
b. in Philadelphia. Pa., 23 June, 1846: d. there, 8
June, 1896. He was graduated at the U. S. mili-
tary academy; entered the cavalry in 1869 as sec-
ond lieutenant, was promoted in 1876. and became
cafrtain in 1882, serving for several years on the
staff of Gen. George Crook, and taking part in nu-
merous Indian campaigns. He was. in 1890. bre-
vetted major for gallantry in the field, and in 1893
detailed for special service in the Latin-American
department of the Columbian exposition, and two
years later was ordered to join his regiment at
Port Ethan Allen. In 1896 he was elected jiresi-
dent of the American Polk-lore Society. In addi-
tion to numerous contributions to scientific pe-
riodicals, he was the author of "The Snake Dance
of the Mouquis" (New York, 1884); "On the
Border with Crook" (1886); "The Medicine Men
of the Af>aches" (1893); and "The Folk Food of
the Rio Grande Valley " (189.5).
BOl'RNE. George, clergyman, b. in Westbury,
Wiltshire. England. 13 June. 1780: d. in New Vork
city, 20 Nov., 1845. He was educated at Homer-
ton, and in 1802 came to the Ignited States, but
soon rcturne<l to England. In 1804 he again came
to this country, and settled in Baltimore, Md.
After preaching there and elsewhere, he removed
to llarrishurg, Va., where, besides his pastoral la-
bors, he established a print ing-oflice, a county Bible
society, and was active in promoting education
among the people. He learned the art of type-
setting, and comiiosed his tracts and discourses at
the case without manuscript. Mr. Bourne made
himself obnoxious to the people by his antagonism
to slavery and his advocacy of immediate and un-
conditional emancipation. He carried his views
so far as to organize an independent Presbyterian
church of non-slaveholders on 4 July, 1815, in Har-
risbnrg court-house. During that year he wrote
a work entitled "Tlie Book and Slavery irrecon-
cilable," in which the subject was discussed with
vigor. He was compelled to surrender his church
and printing-oflBce, and remove to Germantown,
BOVEE
BOWLES
31
P»., where he accepted a pastorate. In 1820 he
was called to Sing Sing. X. Y.. and in addition to
his printing he had charge of the aca<leniy. lie was
inviteil to take charge of the Indc[)eiiilent church
in (Quebec in 1824. and remained there till 1829,
when he returned to New York citv.and on 1 Jan..
1830. began the publication of " f he Protestant,"
which !<nl>se(jnently continued under the name of
" Protestant V'indicalor." In a<l<lition to his pas-
toral work, he was associate<l in the editorial de-
partment of the "Christian Intelligencer," and
e<lite<l foreign theological books for New York
publishers. His works include "The Book and
Slaverj- irreconcilable " (Philadelphia, 1815): " Ijec-
tures on Ecclesia-stical History " (.Sing .Sing. 1822);
"Pictures of gucbec" (New York, 1830); "Old
Friemls" (IWtl): "Lorette: The H istory of a Ca-
nadian Xun" (New Y'ork. 1834); "Slavery, illus-
trated in its Effects u|>on Woman " (Boston. 18:^4);
"Text-Book of I'ojicry " (1837): and "The Ke-
fonners — Sketches of the Keforination " (1838).
BOVEK. MarTiii Henry, reformer, b. in Am-
stenlam. X. Y.. 5 Jan.. 1827; d. in Whitewater,
Wis., 7 Mav, 1888. He received an academic edu-
cation in his native town, and in 184^1 went with bis
father to Kagic, Wis. In 1852 he was there elected
chairman of the lK>ani of sii|iervisors. and in the
name year he was chosen to the Wisconsin senate,
where he introduced and carried to a successful
issue the bill to alHilish capital punishment. In
1858 he securol the vags»ge of a similar law in
Illinois, and in the following winter he made a
public caiiva.<is in its lM>half in the state of Xew
York. Mr. Bovee rapidly ac<|uired a national rcji-
utation. and Tiuml>ereii among his friends Henry
Ward Beeclier. William Lloyd (iarrisfin. Henry
W. I»ngfelliiw, and Uerrit .Smith. Through his
efforts capital punishment was abolished, or the
taw so motlifled that it was rarely inflictetl, in Wis-
consin, Illinois, New York. Minnesota. Iowa, and
other states. During his late years .Mr. liovee was
de«>ply interested in theestablishtneiit of industrial
schools for the young, a work when'in he was quite
successful. He was an effusive public s|>eaker. and
for many years his services were called into re<|ui-
silion by the DenuK-ratic [>arty in jiolitical emer-
eencies. During the presidential canvass of 1884
he made mon- than 100 spee<'hes in Ohio and Xew
York. He pidilishe<l "Christ and the Gallows, or
lieason for the Aljolilioh of Capital Punishment"
(Xew Ynrk. 18fl!t). which was widely circulatwl.
BOWEN, (j<*or?e, missionarv. b. in .Middle-
burv. Vt.. 13 Aj)ril. 1816: <1. in' Bombay. Inilia,
8 I-'eb.. 1888. He left school in 1828 aiidengaged
in mercantile life. In 18:12 he became a skeptic.
but the death of a Christian woman to whom Mr.
Bowen was engaged led to his conversion. He was
graduated at I nion theological seminary, and
onlaini-il as a mi.ssionary in Xew York city in
1847. Sailing for India under the authority of the
Araerican Ixmril of commissioners for foreign mis-
sions, he rea<'hed Bombay in 184**. Afters|M'n<ling
B year in India he refused to accejit further salary
for his labors, believing that he would have more
influence among the heathen if he were not pos-
sessed of a state<l income. He liveil for many
years in the native baiuiars ami among the de-
graded f>opulation. until he was retpiested to Ih?-
come sei'retary to the Heligious tract society, at
whose defiot fie afterward n-sided. managing its
affairs without [lay in addition to his other labors.
In 187:1 he was a member of the missionary staff of
the Methfslist K|>iscopal church, ami at the time
of his death he was iiresiding elder of the Ilonibay
district. Ho was called "the nestor of the .Metho-
dist conference in India." Jlr. Bowen edited " The
Bombay Guanlian " from ia54 until his death, and
was the author of "Daily Meditations," "The
-Vinens of Christ." and " Love Revealed."
BOWEN, Henry Chandler, editor, b. in Wood-
stock. Conn.. U Sept., 1813 : d. in Brooklyn. N. Y.,
24 Feb., 1886. He was educate<l at Wootlstock
academy, and after four years in his father's store
removed to New York, where he became a mer-
chant. In 1848 he assisted in establishing "The
Independent" as a Congregational, antislavery
paper, and later he became its sole proprietor, re-
tiring from mercantile business in 1861. After
this date he acted as the paper's publisher, and, on
the retirement of Thetxlore Tilfon, as its editor.
In 1862 he was made collector of internal revenue
for the 2d New York district, but President John-
son removed him because "The Independent"
otipose<l the president's |H)licy of reconstruction.
Mr. Bowen was a founder of Plymouth church,
and for many years an ardent friend of Henry
Ward Beecher. At the tinieof the Beecher-Tillon
trial he was tried by a committee of the church
for having slandered his pastor, and was ex|ielled
because he refused to divulge facts that he con-
fessed ha<l come to his knowleilge. Mr. Bowen
for many vears gave 4th of July celebrations at his
summer liome, Koseland park, in Woodstock,
Conn., and invited there many of the most emi-
nent men of the country as s|>eakers. He l>e-
c|ueatlu'<l the reversion of f l.'i.OOO to Woodstock
academy and the same amount to the trustees of
Koseland park, and created a special trust of |ilO,-
<N)0 to maintain the |>ark. — His son. Clarence
Winthrop, b. in Br(H)klyn, 22 May, 1852, was
graduated at Yale in 1873. He has \>ven con-
necteil with "The Independent." and in 181(6 siic-
cee<led his father as its publisher. In 1880 he was
secretary of the committee of arrangements for
the celefiration of Washington's first inauguration
in New York city. Yale gave him thc<legreeof
Ph. D. in 1882. He has published "Boiin<Iary
Disputes of Connecticut "(Ilost on, 1882); " WihhI-
st<K-k, an Historical Sketch" (Xew York, 1886);
and the memorial volume of the centennial of
Washington's inaugurali'm (1802). — .Aiiother son,
Herbert Wolrott. b. in Br<K)klvii. 20 Feb., 1856,
was e<lucaled in I'aris. in Berlin, and at Yale,
where he was graduated in 1878. He stmlied law
at Columbia and l)egan practice, but in 18)M) was
made U. S. consul at Barceloua. Spain, and in
1804 became consul-general at that place. Five
years later he was apiiointed minister to Persiiu
)le has publishe<l "Verses" (Boston. 1884); "In
Divers Tones" (1800); " Losing (iround," sonnets
(1802); " De CJenere Huinano" (1893): and a work
on "International Law" (Xew York. 18iH!). — An-
other son, John Eliiit, b. in BriHiklvn. 2t^ June,
18.58: d. there. 3 Jan.. 1800. was graduated at
Yale, and liocame connected with "The Independ-
ent." Columbia gave him the degree of Ph. D.
He published "The Conflict Iwtween the Fast and
West in Fgypt " (Xew York, 1887), and translated
Carmen Svlva's ".Songs of Toil " (1888).
BOWLkS, Satnnel. editor, h. in Springfield.
Mass., 15 Oct., \H')l, He Btudie<l at liome and
abmnd for two years, taking a two years' special
cours«' at Yale. Ho became in 1873 an assistant
in the<>ditr>rial department of the Springfield " Re-
publican." founded by his grandfather in 1824 and
continued by his fattier for thirty-five years, the
business manager two years later, and since 1878
has lieen the publisher and editor-in-chief. Mr.
Bowles is a director of the Springfield city library
ass<x.'iation and son-in-law of Judge Hoar.
32
BOWSER
BRANN
BOWSER, Edward Albert, mathematician, b.
in Sackville, New Brunswick, 18 June, 1845. He
was graduated in 1868 at Rutgers, and lias been
professor of mathematics and engineering in Rut-
gers since 1871. In 1869-'70 lie was assistant in
office of U. S. coast and geodetic survey, and since
1875 acting assistant U. S. coast and geodetic sur-
vey. Lafavette college gave him the degree of
LL. D. in 1881. He has published " Analytic Ge-
ometry " (New York, 1880) ; " Differential and In-
tegral Calculus" (1880); "Analytic Mechanics"
<1884); " Hydromechanics " (1885): " Academic Al-
gebra " (1888) : " College Algebra " (Boston, 1888) :
" Plane and Solid Geometry " (1890) ; " Elements
of Trigonometry " ; "Treatise on Trigonometry"
(1892); and "Logarithmic Tables ' (1895).
BRADFORD, John, printer, b. in Fauquier
county, \"a.. in 1749; d. in Fayette county, Ky., in
March, 1830. He served in the Revolutionary war,
and in 1779 visited Kentucky for the first time.
In 1785 he settled with his family in the vicinity
of Lexington, and on 11 Aug., 1787, with his
brother, Fielding Bradford, he established the
"Kentucke Gazette," under which style it was
continued until 14 March, 1789, when the spelling
was changed to " Kentucky Gazette." This was
the first newspaper published west of the Alle-
ghanies except the "Pittsburg Gazette," which
first appeared about 1 Aug., 1787. The type with
which the paper was printed was floated down
Ohio river and carried on pack-horses over a wil-
derness. Its first issue was published on a sheet
of demi-paper, and the second on a half sheet of
the same size, but owing to the difficulty of pro-
curing paper it was soon afterward reduced to a
half sheet foolscap, and was thus published for
several months. His large type and illustrations
were carved by himself out of dogwood. There
was no post-office in the region, and Mr. Bradford
employed a post-rider and established a letter-box
in his log-cabin office for the liencfit of his neigh-
bors. In 1788 he published the "Kentucky Al-
manac," and in 1794 he printed books. He was
the first public printer of Kentucky, and in 1803
■conveyed his establishment to his son. In 1793
he was chairman of the board of trustees of Lex-
ington, Ky., and he was for a long time at the
head of the Democratic committee. He was also a
trustee of Transylvania university, and for many
years sheriff of Fayette county, which office he
held until his death. On account of his great in-
formation he was familiarly known as the "town
oracle " or the " old warder."
BRADFORD, Royal Bird, naval officer, b. in
Turner, Me., 22 July, 1844. He was graduated at
tlie U. .S. naval academy in June, 1865, and pro-
moted through several grades from ensign to com-
mander. In 1883 he superintended the placing of
an electric lighting plant aboard the "Trenton,"
the first man-of-war of any nation to use electric-
ity, lie commanded the IJ. S. steamer " Benning-
ton" off the coast of Chili during the threatened
war with that country. In October, 1898, he Wiis
appointed naval attnche to the United States and
Spanish peace commission, and in March, 1899, was
advanced to the grade of captain. He is at present
head of the bureau of equipment, with the rank of
rear-admiral while holding that office.
BRADLEY, Charles Smith, jurist, b. in New-
buryport, Mas.s.. 19 Julv, 1819; d. in New York
city, 29 Aiiril, 1888. He was graduated at Brown,
and, after a brief service as tutor there, studied
law at Harvard and with Charles F. Tillinghast,
of Providence. In 1841 he was admitted to the
Bhode Island bar, and entered into partnership
with Mr. Tillinghast. He was elected to the state
senate in 1854, and chiefly through his influence
the act of amnesty to all who were involved in the
Dorr rebellion of 1842 was adopted. He was
repeatedly a delegate to national Democratic
conventions, and in 1860, when the party was
divided, he voted for Stephen A. Douglass. In
1863 he was the nominee of his party for congress,
but failed of election. He was chosen in 1866
chief justice of the supreme court of Rhode Island
and held that office for two years, when he re-
signed to resume his legal practice. For two years
he lectured at the Harvard law-school, and in
1876-'9 he held a chair in that institution. In
1866 he was elected a fellow of Brown, which
place, by re-elections, he filled until his death, and
in 1867 the degree of LL. D. was conferred on hira
by that university. Judge Bradley was again the
Democratic nominee for congress from his district
in 1886, but was defeated. His reputation as an
orator led to his being chosen often to speak on
public occasions. Among his best-known efforts
are "An Address before the Alumni Association of
Brown University " in 1855, " Oration on the 250lh
Anniversary of the Landing of the Pilgrims at
Plymouth " in 1870, his remarks on the retirement
of President Alexis Caswell from the presidency
of Brown university in 1872, his oration before
the <t> P K society of Harvard university in 1879,
and his oration on " The Profession of the Law as
an Element of Civil Society," pronounced in 1881
at the University of Virginia.
BRADLEY, Lyman, inventor, b. in Cavuga
county, N. Y., 7 June, 1807; d. in Buffalo, N. Y.,
18 May, 1888. He was educated in his native
place, and acquired much of his knowledge by his
own efforts. For a time he was in business in
Lockport, N. Y., but later he removed to Wiscon-
sin, where he engaged unsuccessfully in lumbering
and other enterprises. In 1865 he settled in Buf-
falo, where he spent the remainder of his life. He
formed the acquaintance of a chemist who was
experimenting on a process for manufacturing
sugar from corn. With very little capital, and in
the face of the most discouraging circumstances,
he joined in the enterprise, and by his own study
and energy completed the process. This was
the beginning of the corn-sugar industry. After
perfecting and patenting the method he disposed
of his interest for a handsome fortune, a greater
part of which he devoted to the payment of out-
lawed debts. Jlr. Bradley was also the inventor
of a process for preserving fruit.
BRADY, John, R. C. bishop, b. in County Cav-
an, Ireland, in 1840. He made his ecclesiastical
studies at the College of All Hallows, the great
missionary college of Ireland, and was ordained in
1874. His first work was at St. Mary's church, in
Newburyport. Jlass.. as assistant pastor, until 1868,
when he was appointed pastor of St. Joseph's
church at Amesbury, where he still continues to
perform successful parochial work. To the theo-
logian and )mstor he unites a thorough appreci-
ation of American citizenship. He was chosen to
aid Arehbisliop Williams of Boston in the arduous
laboi-s of the e|)iscopate; was appointed auxiliary
bishop of Boston, was consecrated at the Boston
cathedral in 1891, under the title of bishop of Ala-
banda, and still, while discharging the missionary
duties of pastor at Amesbury, relieves the arch-
bishop of many of the labors of the episcopate.
BRANN, Henry Athanasius, author, b. in
Parkstown, County Meatli. Ireland, 15 Aug., 1837.
He came to the United States, received his clas-
sical education in St. Mary's college, Wilmington,
BRA UN
BREWSTER
33
Del., anil St. Francis Xavier's, New Vork city,
studied for the priesthood in St. Sulpice, Paris,
and the American college, Roine.and was ordained
in 1W52. He was vice-president of Seton Hall col-
lege until 1S64, and director of the Roman Catho-
lic seminary in Wheeling, W. Va.. from 1868 until
1872. when he was appointed rector of St. Eliza-
beth's church. New \ ork. He is also archdioccsan
censor of books. Besides contributing frequently
to Koman Catholic periodicals and reviews, he has
written " Curious (Questions " (Newark. 1867) ;
"Tnith and Error" (New Vork, 1871); *' Essay
on the Popes " (1875) ; "The Age of Unreason''
<1881): and " Immortality of the Soul " (1882).
BRAUN, Antoine Nicholas, Canadian clergr-
man. b. in St. -A void, Lorraine, 5 Feb., 1815: d. In
Sault aux Hwollets. Montreal, 1 Feb., 1885. He
Wits educated in France, and was onlained in Laval
in 1H46. Subseijuently he exercised the ministry
in Stra'^burg, Lyons, and in Notre Damede Liessc.
He was a meml>er of the order of Jesus. In 1851
he went to Cana<la, and remained there until his
(leath. Father Braun was (he author of various
religious works, including " Instructions Dogma-
limies sur le Manage Chretien " (t^uebcc, 1866).
BRECKINKI INiE. I lirtonKhodeti. diplomat,
b. in Ijexington, Ky., 22 Nov., 1846. He is a son
of John C. Breckinri(lge (y. i'.), and entered Wash-
ington college, Virginia, but was not graduated,
owing to trouble with his eyes. In 1870 he re-
moved to Arkansas to engage in cotton-planting,
and was elected as a Democrat to congress in 1873,
retaining his seal until 1804, when he resigned to
become U. S. minister to !£us»ia, where he renuiined
for three years. During the greater part of his
service in con^^ress Mr. Hrwkinriilge was a member
of the committee on ways and means, and also
active on several other committees.
BRKKl), WilUam Pratt, clergyman, b. in
Orcnbush. N. Y.. 23 Aug., 1816; d.'in Phila<lel-
phia, I'a., 14 Feb., 1880. He was griuluated at the
I'niversity of the city of New Vork in 1843 and at
Princeton theological seminary three ycurs later.
In 1847 he was called to the charge of the S'cond
Pn'sliyterian church in Steulicnville. Ohio. continu-
ing there until IKjti. when he accepted the pastor-
ate of the West S|inii-e sln-et churi'h in Philadel-
phia, Pa., where he ren)airied till his death. The
di'trri-e of D. D. was conferred on him by the Uni-
vtr-lty of the city of New Vork in 18ft4. He took
ail lu'live [(art in the movement to erect a nionu-
iiii'iit to John Withersjiooii in Fairmount juirk,
Philadelphia, delivering "An Historical Discourse
on Presbyterians and the Uevolulion" in many
places on its l>elialf. Dr. Breed made the a<lilress
of weh-oine to the delegates of the second general
council of the alliance of the Keforiiie<l churches
ill Septemtier. 1HS(». nnd read a pajier l>efore them
on "The DilTusioii of Presbyterian Literature."
He wiis the author of volunii-s for Suiidav-school
libraries, and " Presbvterianisiii Thri'e Hiindretl
Vears Ago " ( Philadelphia, IHTi) : " A Model Chris-
tian Worker. John Potter" (1870); and "Aboard
and Abroad in IxtH" (New York, 1885).
BRKNNAN, Thoniatt Francis. K. C. bishop, b.
in Tipperary. Irelaml, in IN");i Coming to the
Unile<i States while very young anil s«'tlllng in
Pennsylvania, he received his education in the
liiinlier region of that state. He gradiialeil at
Allegheny college, studied the elHssics at Kouen,
in France, and theology at Iniispruck. in (termany,
receiving in 1K«1 the degree of D. D. at Kome.
Retuniing to the United .States and to the I'enn-
sylvania mission, he erecteil three churches in
Forest, Potter, and Elk counties. He travelled in
Spain, Germany, Russia, and Africa, availing him-
self of these op[H>rtuaities of studying the lan-
guages of many nations. He n>nrcsented the dio-
cese of Erie at Pope Leo's jubilee, and was then
made a domestic prelate of the pope's household,
with the title of monsignore. He was appointed
bishop of Dallas, Tex., and was consecrated by
Bishop Mullen, of Krie, on 5 April, 1891, and re-
signed in the following year. He next became
au.xiliary bishop of St. John'.s Newfoundland, un-
der Bishop Power, who died in 1893, when liishop
Brennan returned to Koine at the request of I^eo
XIIL. who projKised to place him in the Catholic
college intended to be founded in Constantinople,
but not yet established. He has resided ever since
with the Indian fathers, in Iheir Grotto Ferrato,
about fourteen miles from Home.
BRENNER, Carl C„ artist, b. in Lauterecken,
Hheiiish Bavaria, 1 .Aug.. 18.'J8 ; d. in Louisville,
Ky., 22 July, 1«88. He attended the public schools
in his native village, but came to the United States
when he was a boy. Hi~ first o<,-cu[iation was that
of a sign-iiai liter, and during th? civil war he did
considerable illustrating of military experiences
while serving on the staff of Gen. Stephen G. Bur-
bridge. As a painter he devoted himself prin-
cipally to landsca|>es. and his sinilies of the l)eech
tree under all groupings and conililions was esjio-
cially not*'w<irthy. In 187(> his exhibition at the
Centennial exjiosil ion in Philadelphia attracted at-
tention, and one of his tyjiical paintings of beeches
is now in the Corcoran gallery in VViushington, D. C,
He was a prolific artist, and' his work was seldom
absent from an exhibition. S|iccimensof his land-
scapes are to be found in many of the art -galleries
in this count rv. also in private collections.
BRENT. J»M>|>h Ijtnra8t«r, lawvcr. b. in
Charles City county, Md., 30 Nov., 1826. He was
assigned to duty as chief of onlnaiice to Gen. John
B. Magruder in April. 1862. and was subsequently
chief of ordnance to the right wing of the Army of
northern Virginia, under Gen. Joseph E. Johnston.
During the latter part of 1862 he was apjHjiiitcd
chief of ordnance and artillery to Gen. iiichard
Taylor, in which position he continued during the
year 186:1 and until 17 Anril, 1864, when he was
made coUmel of artillery, lie was appointed briga-
dier-general, Octolx'r, 1864. His command con-
sisted of the 2<1. 5th, 7lh, and 18th regiments of
Ixiuisiana cavalry, known as Brent's cavalry bri-
gaile. He comiiiandeil the front lines extending
from .\rkansas to the Gulf, including the forts on
Kill river, at the time of Gen. K. Kirby Smith's
surrender, and was in command of the gnnlmats
which captured the U. S. ironclad "Indiauola."
BREWSTER. Chaiinrpy Biinre, P. K. bishon,
b. ill WiiMlliHin.Conii., .'i Spt.. \>^S. He wasgrad-
ualeil by ^ale in IHIW, where he was afterward
tutor : st'uditKl at Ik-rkeley divinity school. Middle-
town : wiLs onlained deacon in 1872, and priest in
1873. He has lieen rwlor of Christ church, Kye,
N. Y., (tra<-e church, Detroit, and Grn<-e church,
Brooklyn. While rector of the latter (larisli he was
chosen coadjutor bishop of Connecticut, and con-
secrated in New Haven, 28 Oct., 1H97. On the
death of liishop Williams in 1890. he succeeded to
his ofllce as clifK'esan of Connecticut. Bishop
Brewster has published "The Key of Life" (New
York. lKS,"i) Rud various inagaziiie articles.
BREWSTER. Frederick Carroll, lawyer, b.
ill Philadelphia. I'a.. lo .Miiv. 1825; d. in Charlotte,
N. C, 30 Dec. 1808. He was grailualed at the
University of Pcnnsylxania; read law with his
father. Francis (j. Brewster, and was admitted to
the Philadelphia bar in 1844. In 1862 he was
34
BRICE
BRITO FREYRE
elected city solicitor of Philadelphia, which office
he held until 1866, when he was elected a judge of
the court of common pleas, resigning the office in
1869, and accepting that of attorney-general of the
state, which he retained until 1870. Judge Brews-
ter was among the most eminent men of the Phila-
delphia bar. At the time lie entered on his duties
as city solicitor the celebrated suit of the heirs of
Stephen Girard, in their eifort to set aside the
charitable bequest of Mr. Girard, was on trial : a
judgment was entered against the city in the court
below, but this was subsequently reversed, the de-
feat of the heirs being in a large measure due to
Mr. Brewster's sound views upon the subject and
their forcible presentation. He was also instru-
mental in securing the decision in the Chestnut
street briilge ease, wherein a decree was entered
in the supreme court of the United States allow-
ing the city to cross the Schuylkill river by bridge,
the importance of which decision in furthering
the prosperity of Philadelphia cannot be overesti-
mated. He received the degree of LL. U. from the
University of Pennsylvania. Judge Brewster was
the author of "Digest of Pennsylvania Cases"'
(Philadelphia. 186!)); " Brewster's Reports " (4 vols.,
1869-'78) ; " Brewster's Blackstone, with Annota-
tions of Decisions on the Rule in Shelly's Case "
(1887); and "Practice in Pennsylvania Courts"
(1888) ; and had ])ublished a translation of Moliere.
BRICE, Calvin Stewart, senator, b. in Den-
mark, Ohio, 17 Sept., 1845 ; d. in New York city, 15
Dec. 1898. He was graduated at Miami university,
serving for a year in Ohio regiments during his
college course, and at the close of the war studied
law at the University of Michigan. He began his
successful financial career in 1870, acquiring large
interests in railway and other enterprises. He was
on the Tilden electoral ticket in 1876, the Cleve-
land electoral ticket in 1884, and delegate to the
national Democratic convention of 1888. On the
death of William II. Barnum he was unanimously
elected chairman of the national committee in
1889, and in January, 1890, he was elected U. S.
senator, to succeed Henry R. Payne, for the terra
commencing 4 March, 1891. He served on com-
mittees on appropriations, naval affairs, railroads,
interstate commerce, pensions, and Pacific rail-
wavs. of which he was chairman.
BRIGHTLY, Frederick Cliarles, lawyer, b.
in Bungay, Suffolk, England, 26 Aug., 1812: d. in
Gerniantown. Pa., 24 Jan.. 1888. After serving as
a midshipman under the East Indian company he
came to this country in ISiSl, studied law, and was
admitted to the bar" in 1839. Mr. Brightly retired !
from active practice about 1870, and devoted his i
time to legal autliorship. His collection of about |
5,000 volumes is one of the best private law libra-
ries in this country. He printed a descriptive cata-
logue of his books, with critical notices of authors
and_subjects, for private circulation (Philadelphia,
1885). His legal works are "The Law of Costs in
Pennsylvania" (1847); " Reports of Cases decided
by the Judges of the Supreme Court of Pennsyl-
vania." with noles (1851); "The Ecpiitable Juris-
diction of the Courts of Pennsylvania" (185.5);
•' An Analytical Digest of the Ijaws of the United
States, 1789-1869 "(2 vols., 186.5-9); "A Digest
of the Decisions of the Federal Courts " (2 vols.,
1868-73); "The Bankrupt Law of the United
States" (1871) ; "A Collection of Leading Cases on
the Law of Elections in the United States "(1871) ;
"Constitution of Pennsylvania, as Amended in the
Year 1874," to which is appended the constitution
of 1838 (1874): "A Digest of the Decisions of the
Courts of the State of Xew York to January, 1884 "
(3 vols.. New York, 1875-'84) ; " A Digest of the
I)ecisions of the Courts of tho State of Pennsylva-
nia from 1754 to 1882 " (3 vols., Philadelphia, 1877-
'83) ; and " A Digest of the Laws of Pennsylvania
from 17(X) to 1883 "(1883). He also republished
two editions of " Binn's Justice, or Magistrate's
Daily Comjianion " (1870-'86) ; also "The Practice
in Civil Actions and Proceedings in the Courts of
Pennsylvania" (2 vols., 1880), popularly known as
" Troubat and Haley's Practice " ; and has edited
numerous volumes of reports and other legal
works. — His son, Francis Frederick, lawyer, b.
in Philadelphia, Pa., 26 Feb., 1845, was graduated
at the law department of the University of Penn-
sylvania in 1866. He has published "A Digest of
the Laws and Ordinances of the City of Philadel-
phia" (2 vols., 1887) and "A Digest of the Laws
of Pennsylvania from 1883 to 1887" (1887).
BRINGHAM. Bavid, clergyman, b. in West-
boro', Mass., 2 Sept., 1794 ; d.in Bridgewater.Mass.,
18 April, 1888. He was graduated at Union college
in 1818, and ordained to the ministry in 1819.
He became pastor of the Congregational church
at East Randolph, Mass., 29 Dec. 1819, ami had
subsequently pastorates in Framingham. Bridge-
water. Falmouth, .South Plymouth, JIass., and
otlier places. Though he was a<;lmired by a large
circle of friends, his outspoken denunciation of
slavery subjected him to many insults in the early
part of his career. Twice he was saved from ex-
pulsion from his church by a majority of three,
and on several occasions he was compelled to go
armed to protect himself. He was also an ardent
prohibitionist, and at the time of his death he was
the oldest Congregational clergyman in New Eng-
land, and the oldest but one in the United States.
BRINSMABE, Thomas Clark, physician, b.
in New Hartford. Conn., 16 June. 1802; d. in Trov,
N. Y., 22 June, 1868. He studied medicine in
New Marlboro', Mass., was licensed to practice,
and after spending ten years in Lansingburg,
N. Y., removed to Troy, where he |)ractise<l suc-
cessfully until his death, and at the same time
occupied many offices of public trust. He was
health officer and president of the Troy board of
health for many years, and active in the estab-
lishment of the New York inebriate asylum, of
which he was an original trustee, president of the
Rensselaer medical society, a vice-president of the
New York state medical society in 1857 and it-s
president in 1858, treasurer of the Renssehier
polytechnic institute, later vice-president and
president in 1868. Dr. Brinsmade published an
iwldress on the "Medical Topography of the City
of Troy " in the " Transactions of the New
York State Medical Society for 1851," " The
Registration of Diseases, comprising Statistics of
37,872 Cases " (Albany. 18.58), and '" Registration
of Diseases, including Statistics of 2,056 Cases
treated in 1858-9" (1860).
BRITO FREYRE, Francisco de (bree -to),
Portuguese historian and soldier, b. in Coruche
about 1620; d. in Lisbon, 8 Nov., 1692. He chose
the profession of arms and became captain of cav-
alry. As "almirante"' of the Portuguese fleet
he led two expeditions to Brazil in the war for
the expulsion of the Dutch from that country.
His first expedition sailed from Lislion early in
October, 1653. with Pedro Jaqucs de Magalhaens for
general. The Portuguese captured Recife in Jan-
uary. 1654. and on the 26th of the month forced
the Dutch to sign a treaty surrendering all they
possessed in Brazil, thus ending the Pernambucan
war. On Brito's second expedition, in 165.5-'6, he
captured and brought back into Lisbon seven ships,.
BROOKE
BROWN
35
which netted nine million reis. When Affonso VI.
was forced from the throne in 1WJ~, and sent cap-
tive to Tereeinv, Brito was ordered to convoy him
thitlier. He refiise<l to obe? because of the regard
he felt toward the king, ifis action in this matter
event iiallr brought him misfortune in his old age.
lie married a daughter of Pedro Alvarez C'abral, a
direct dcsc-cnilaut of the discoverer of Brazil, and
he hod one son, who was sent out as governor to
Kio de Janeiro, where he died. Brito is best
known by his " Nova Lusitania, historia da guerra
Brasilica a f>urissima alma e savdosa mrmoria do
sereni.ssimo princi|)e Dom Theodosio princi|)C de
Portvgal, c princii)e do Bra.sil" (Lisbon, IBTo). It
contains only the first decatle, book one treating
of the dis(-overy and settlement of Brazil and
Ixwks two to ten of the war between the Portuguese
and Dutch, from 1623 to 16:«. The work is of
great rarity, and is im|K)rtant Iwth as a bit of Por-
tuguese literature and as a contribution to history,
lie wrote al.so " Viageda armailadecompanhia do
comniercio, e frotas do estado do Brasil. A cargo
<lo general Francisco de Brito Freyre. Impressa
por maixludo do el Hey nosso senhor. Anno 1<>.55."
The work was probably printed at Lisbon, and the
date of the imprimatur, 13 Apr., 16-'iT. may fix the
date of printing. It is often lound bouml in as a
part of the "Nova Lusitaiila."
BROOKK. Francis Kpt. P. E. bishop, b. in
Gambier, Ohio, 2 Nov.. 18.'>2. He is a son of the
Rev. .John Thomson Brooks, I). I)., rector of Christ
church, Cinciniiali, and was graduate<l at Kenyon
college, (Jambier, and later received the degrees of
A. B. and A. M. He has been a clergyman of the
Protestant Kpiso<>|ial church since is*5, having
held the rectorship of several parishes in Ohio, of
St. Peter's church. St. liouis, and of Trinity church.
Atchison, Kan. He was consecratc<l missionary
bishop of Okliitioma and Indian territory in 18JI3.
KROOKK, John Kntter. soldier, b. near Potts-
town. Pa.. 21 .lulv. ISSM. He was ap|:>ointed ca(>-
tain in the 4th Pennsylvania iMfantrr, 20 Aprd,
1861, ami was nius-
tore<l out 26 Julv,
1861. <Jn 7 Not. fol-
lowing he wa.t ma<le
colonel of the 53(1
Pennsylvania infan-
try ; he was promotol
to brigailier-general
of voluntecm on 12
Mav. 1864. He re-
signwl, 1 Feb., 1866.
and was appointeil
lieutenant-colonel of
the 371 h iiifanlrv. 28
July. 18<i6. He was
transferred to the 3d
Infantry, 15 .March,
1 8<5!(. was promote<l
to colonel of the 18th infantry, 30 March, 1870,
and was again transferred to ihe 3<l infantrv on
14 .Tune following. He wils made a brigadier-
general on April. 1888. Much of the time he
was emplciyed uiM)n Ihe fnmtierand on the plains;
in 18B7 he commanded ami conilucted successfully
a detachment of six hundred cavalry and infantrj'
rrcnilts on an overland march to New Mexico.
When the war with Spain o[H'iu'd in 181»8 ho was
put in command of the 1st anny-corps, with head-
quarters at Camp Thomas, Chickiiiiiiiiiga i)ark,
and he ret?eivo<l the rank of niajor-gonorid of vol-
unteers. He nccomjmnied (ion. .Miles upon the
invasion of Puerto Rico as second in command.
When (ien. Miles returned in August Gen. Brooke
^dU,^3^^
was left in command. He was also appointed,
with Admiral Schley and Gen. Gordon, a com-
missioner to settle upon the details of the evacua-
tion of Puerto Rico by the Spanish troops. In
Decomlicr he was appoinfe<l mditary governor of
Cuba, assuming command the same month.
ItROOKS. WiHiuin Robert, astronomer, b. in
Maidstone. England, 11 June, 1844. He came to
this country in 1857. and settled with his parents
in Darien, N. Y. When he was only fourteen years
of age he constructed a telescope, and at the age of
eighteen delivered his first astronomical lectures.
Subsequently he was employed as a mechanical
draughtsman, and invento<l various improvements
in astronomical, photographic, and other scientific
instruments. In 1870 he settled in Phelps, N. Y.,
where, in 1874, he founded and became the di-
rector of the Re<l House ol)servatory. In 1888
he removed to Geneva, N. Y.. to take charge of
Smith observatory. His work has consisted largely
in the discovery of comets, and thirteen of these
bodies have Ix-en credite<l to him since 1881, of
which two were the first-observed return of the
notable long-perioil comets of 1812 and 1815.
He found two in 1885 and the first three that were
discoveri'd in 1886, making a record of five comets
within a perifnl of nine months, of which four
were in .siicces.sion and two within four days.
Three of these, l>earing his name, were visible at
the same time, which is unparallolcd in the history
of astronomy. Mr. Brooks is a fellow of the .Vmeri-
caii asiwx'iation for the advancement of science
and a fellow of the Royal astronomical society of
(treat Britain, and has won a number of prizes
by his discoveries. He has lectured fre<|uently,
and, besi<les rmners on his specialty, has published
tK>ems, of wliich " Milton " and "The Pilgrim of
Ijivorgno" have been widely copied.
BROWN, Addison, jurist. b. in West Newbury.
Kssex CO., Mass.. 21 Feb., ISW. He was grudunted
from Harvard in 1854, and from the law-school
two years later. He was admitted to the bar. and
prac'ti8e<l in New York city from 18.55 until he was
api>ointed C S. judge for the southern district of
New York. Judge Brown was forseven years presi-
ilont of the Torrey Iwtanical club, also one of the
originators and a s<-ientific director of the Now
Viirk botanical garden, whos<' charter he prepared
in 18)11. With Prof. N. L. Britton he wrote " Brit-
ton ami Brown's Illustrated Floraof the Northern
riiilod .States and Canada " (3 vol.s.. New York,
1896- '8), and he has contributed legal opinions in
admiralty casos to the "Federal Reporter."
BROWN. Francis, clergvman, b. in Hanover,
N. H.. 26 Dec, 1849. He was graduated at Dart-
mouth in 1870, taught at I'ittsburg, Pa., in
187o-"2, was tutor in Greek at Dartmouth in 1872-
'4. and was graduated at I'nion theological semi-
nary. New ^ <irk city, in 1876. After studying two
years in Oertnany he I)ecaine instnictor in biblical
philology in Union theological seminary, associate
professor of the same in 1881. and fufi professor
in 1885. He recoivoil the degree of D. I), from
Hamilton and Dartmouth in 1884. Prof. Brown
is the author of " A.ssyriologv, its Use and Abuse
in Old Testament Study" (New York, 188.')). He
has edited "The Beginnings of History," by
Francois Lenormant (1882). and with Prof. Ros-
well I). Hitchcock (</. r.) "The Teachings of the
Twolvo Apostles" (1884: roviseil ed.. 1885).
BROWN, George WiHiani, jurist, b. in Balti-
more, Mil., 13 Oct.. 1812: <1. nt hake Mohonk,
N. Y.. 6 Sept., 18<M). Ho was graduated at Rut-
gers in 1831, studied law, and was admitted to the
bar of his native city, attaining to the first rank
36
BROWN
BROWNE
in his profession. He became mayor of Baltimore
in 1860, having been elected on a reform ticket,
and was instrumental in restoring the peace of the
city during the riots that occurred at the begin-
ning of the civil war, marching at the head of the
Massachusetts troops on 19 April, 1861, through
the streets to quell the disturbances on that day.
He was a member of the Maryland constitutional
convention in 1867, was elected chief judge of the
supreme court of Baltimore city in 1873, and
served till his retirement in October, 1888. For
many years he was professor of international and
constitutional law in the Univei-sity of Maryland.
Judge ISrown published, with William H. Norris
and Frederick W. Brown, " Digest of the Jlary-
land Reports" (Baltimore, 1847); "The Origin
and Growth of Civil Liberty in Maryland," an ad-
dress before the Maryland historical society (1850) ;
"The Old World and the New," an address (New
York, 1851) ; " The Relation of the Legal Profes-
sion to Society," a lecture (Baltimore, 1868);
"The Need of a Higher Standard of Education in
the United States," an addre.ss (1869) ; an -'Ad-
dress to the Medical Graduates of the University
of Maryland" (1873); "Sketch of the Life of
Thomas Donaldson " (1881); and "Baltimore and
the 19 .Vnril, 1861 "(1887).
BROVVN, James Allen, theologian, b. in Dru^
more township, Lancaster co., Pa., 19 Feb., 1821 ;
d. in Lancaster, Pa., 19 June, 1883. He entered the
senior class in Pennsylvania college, Gettysburg,
where he was graduated in 1842, taught in Leiters-
burg. New Windsor, and Darlington, Md., in 1843-
'5, and on 19 Oct. of the latter year was licensed
to preach by the Lutheran synod of Maryland.
He was pastor of churches in Baltimore, Md.,
and York and Reading, Pa., till February, 1859,
when he assumed the professorship of theology
and ancient languages in Newberry college. South
Carolina, of which in 1860 he was elected presi-
dent. Upon the opening of the civil war he resigned
and returned to Pennsylvania, where he was ap-
pointed chaplain of the 87th regiment of volunteeers
and, after fifteen months' service, chaplain of the
U. S. army hospital at York, Pa. In August, 1864,
he accepted the professorship of didactic theology
and the chairmanship of the faculty in the theo-
logical seminary of the general synod at Gettys-
burg, which position he held until 9 Dec, 1879,
when he was suddenly stricken down with paraly-
sis, which deprived him of the power of speech and
the use of his right arm. His resignation, tendered
in June, 1880, was not accepted by the board of
directors until 1881. In September of the same
year he removed with his family to Lancaster,
Pa., where he spent the remainder of his life in
retirement. He received the degree of I). D. from
Pennsylvania college in 1859, and that of LL. D.
from the university at Wooster, Ohio, in 1879. He
was one of the chief spirits in the general synod,
and its oresident in 1806, when the separation oc-
curred that resulted in the formation of the general
council of the Lutheran church in North America.
During the years 1870-80 he was first joint editor,
then sole editor of the " Lutheran Quarterly," in
which appeared many of his best literary and
theological productions. Among his review ar-
ticles are "Conversion of the World to Christ,"
" Angelology." " The Augsburg Confession and
Second Coming of Christ," " Gladstone . on the
Vatican Decree," and "A Question (Jonoerning
the Augsburg Confession." Many of these ap-
peared in namphlct form.
BROWN, Joseph Henry, manufacturer, b. in
Glamorganshire, Wales, 34 July, 1810; d. in
Youngstown, Ohio, 17 Nov., 1886. He accompanied
his father to this country in 1820, became an iron-
worker, and after several years of successful busi-
ness in Pennsylvania removed to Youngstown, Ohio,
in 1854, and became president of an iron manufac-
turing comi)any. In 1874-'81 he was president of
the Joseph II. Brown iron and steel company, of
Chicago. He then retired from active pursuits,
and resided at Youngstown until his death. He
invented the first method of cutting nail plate.
Mr. Brown was identified with the early history of
Youngstown, and one of the founders of the iron
plant in that city. From its establishment till
1881 he was president of the National tariff league
of America, and active in its work.
BROWNE, John Mills, surgeon, b. in Hinsdale,
N. H., 10 May, 1831 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 7 Dec,
1894. He was graduated at Harvard in jMareh,
1853, and entered the U. S. navy as an assistant sur-
geon, 36 March, 1853. In 1855-"6 he participated
in the Indian war on Puget sound, and subse-
quently he took part in the survey of the north-
west boundary. He became a passed assistant sur-
geon, 13 Jlay, 1858, served in the brig " Dolphin,"
suppressing the slave-trade on the west coast of
Africa in 1858, and in October of that year joined
the Paraguay expedition. He was commissioned a
surgeon, 19 June, 1861, and attached to the steamer
"Kearsarge" until 9 Dec, 1864, participating in
the engagement with the Confederate cruiser " Ala-
bama." He served at the Mare island navy-yard
from 1869 till 1871, during which time he superin-
tended the erection of the naval hospital there.
He was commissioned as medical inspector. 1 Dec.
1871, and was fleet-surgeon of the Pacific fleet in
1873-'6. He served at the naval hospital at Mare
island, Cal., in 1876-'80, was commissioned a medi-
cal director. 6 Oct., 1878, and was a member of the
examining board at Washington from 2 July. 1880,
to 20 Oct., 1883, when he took charge of the Muse-
um of hygiene until 1 July. 1886, after which he
was again appointed a member of the examining
and retiring board. On 37 Jlarch, 1888. he was
appointed chief of the bureau of medicine and
surgery and surgeon-general of the navy.
BROWNE, Wilson Northrop, banker, b. in
Albany, N. Y., in 1805: d. in Cincinnati, Ohio, in
1857. He was educated in his native city, but
when still young went to New York and engaged
in business ; subsequently settled in Cincinnati,
where he was one of the first to engage in [irivate
banking. Although at that time not at all in
symjiathy with the anti-slavery movement, he dis-
suaded a pro-slavery mob from sacking the resi-
dence of James G. Birney. who had fled from the
city to avoid its fury. He was a Whig manager
until within a few years of the death of his friend
Henry Clay, and afterward became one of the
earliest memliers of the Republican party. While
never connected professionally with the press, he
was during the greater part of his life a regular
contributor to it. and was considered an authority
in southern Ohio on political subjects and election
statistics. He was the first writer of " money
articles" in newspapers west of the AUeghanies. —
His son, Junius Henri, journalist, b. in Seneca
Falls,N.Y.,140ct., 1833. was graduated at St.Xavier
college, Cincinnati. He was connected with the
press of Cincinnati until 1861. when he removed to
New York city and became war correspondent of
the " Tribune." He was slightly wounded at Fort
Donelson, and again on the Mississippi flotilla,
was with the gunboat fleet and the western armies,
iloing occasional staff duty, until 3 JIay. 1863,
when he volunteered to accompany an expedition
BRUCHfel
BRUMBY
87
that was organized to run the V'icksburjr batteries.
The enterprise was a faihire, and the thirtv-four
men engaged in it were either kille<l, wounded. r>r
captiirtHl. Brown was paroled with his fellow-
corresponiient. Allien D. Richardson (q. <•.), at
Viek.sburg and sent to Richmond, to go north by
the first flttg-of-tnice boat. The Confederate
authorities, however, were unwilling to release the
" Tribune " men, and during the next twenty
months they were transferred to seven different
prisons. In the winter of 1864 they succeeded in
eluding the guards at Salisbury. N. C, where they
had been in charge of the hospitals for a year, and
after travelling 4(K) miles by night through a hos-
tile country tlicy reached the National lines at
Strawberry Plains. Tenn., on 14 .Ian., 18<$5. There
they telegraphed to the "Tribune" that they had
escaficd " out of the jaws of death, out of the
mouth of hell." bringing with them a full list of
the Union soldien< who had died ut Salisbury.
This was published, and forms the only authentic
account of their fate. After the war he whs con-
nec-tetl with the New York '"Tribune" and
" Times," and has served as corres[K)ndent for some
of the chief journals of the country, also contrib-
Dting to |>eriodical literature. He has published
" Four Years in Secessia " (Hartford, 186.'i) ; •' The
Great Metropolis "(1869); " .Sights and Sensations
in Eun.fjo" (1«71): and "Women " (18851).
BKlTHESI.LonisPanl Napolpon. K. ('.arch-
bishop, b. at -Montreal. ■iH <)<t.. IH.',."). His early
studies were made in tlu- M-hools of the Christian
brothers at Montreal. He made his cla-'^sii-al course
•t the little seminary of the Snlpicians. and at his
own request was sent to Prance to study philos^jphy
in 1874, in which year he received tonsure from the
bands of Canlinal Guibert. archbishop of Paris,
and commenced the study of sacre<i sciences un<ler
Dr. Olier. After three years thus s|K'nt he went
to Rome and enter»-<l the French wminary of the
Sulpicians, andsul>s4>quently studied at the Roman
college uniler the .lesuil.s where he received the
degree of I». I>. He receive*! onlination from Car-
dinal Monaco in the basilica of St. .John I^ateran.
He assisted at the corrniation of Leo XII I., travelled
through Europe, and returned to Moiitreiil, where
he became the private secretary of Archbishop
F'abre. He was now chos«'n professor of dogma in
Ijaval university, dischnr>;ing at the same time the
duties of chaplain to the Ursulines. His fame for
eloquence was wide-spread; he was freipiently
calletl on to s^ieak at the Catholic circle, Canadian
institute, in the university course, the Royal socjet v,
and the congre.«s of \Hxi. In 1884 he travelled I'n
Europe for his health, and, returning to Montn-al,
labortnl in the parishes of ."^t. Bridget and St.
Joseph. In 1887 he delivered in thi- new Ijival
faculty at Montreal a course of lectures. He ac-
companied An.'hbishoti Fabre to Rome, retuniing
home to assume as the archbishop's stH'retary a
large share in the tulminist ration of the archdiocese
of Montreal. Dr. Iiruch('-si became titular canon
of the cathedral, sui>erior of religious onlers, vice-
rector a</ interim <if I^val university, commissjiry
of the government of (Quebec province, i)n'sident
of the Catholic school commission of Montreal,
and discharged many other important offices. He
was appointed archbishop of Jtontreal in .Iniie,
1807, was consecratfsl by Archbishop Begin in the
Montreal cathedral in August of that year, and in
December he visited Rome.
KKUIX, EiiHtache. French admiral: b. in
Cape Frani;ais, San Domingo, West Indies, I'.Iulv.
\~r,^: d. in Paris. 18 Manh, 180.'}. He entered
the navy in 1776, was with Count d'Estaiug at
Savannah, October, 1779, with Charles Louis de
Ternay at Newport, July, 1780, with Count de
Grasse at Yorktown, October, 1781, and with Mar-
quis de Vaudreuil in the West Indies in 1782-'3,
being promoted ensign at the end of the campaign,
and was associated with Count de Chastenet-Puy-
segur (o. v.) in 1786-"7 in preparing a chart of the
coast of San Domingo, and of the currents around
the island, and published, with the latter. " De-
tails sur la navigation aux cotes de Saint-Do-
mingue et dans ses debouqueinents " (Paris, 1787,
with atlas, 2d edit.. 1821), which work secured his
promotion to lieutenant. In 1792 he commanded
the frigate "Semillante" for a cruise to the Lee-
ward islands, but was dismissed in 179^ on suspi-
cion of being a royalist, reinstated in 1796. and
amminted to the command of the frigate "fiole"
of the station of Martinique. He was afterward
chief of staff of Admiral V'illaret Joyeuse (q. v.),
assisted in the exi)edition to Ireland, was pro-
moted rear-ailmiral. and became secretary of the
navy in 1800, but. resigning, he assumed command
of the fleet at Brest. He was af'erward com-
mander-in-chief of the flotilla assembled at Bou-
logne for the invasi(m of England, and ini[)osed
on NajHileon. One dav the emjieror had em-
barked on the admiral's \>oat for the purpose of re-
connoitring the blockading British fleet, which
was continuing a galling fire. Thev had advanced
for some distance, when bullets whistled near the
emperor, and Bruix ordered the rowers to pull
back. "Kcei) advancing!" ordere<l Napoleon,
"Pullbackl' resj)onde<l the admiral. "Sailorsof
my guard," exclaimeil t he emf)eror, now thoroughly
incensed, "obey your emperor!" ".Sailorsof the
guard," resi)oiided Bruix coolly, throwing in the
air his baton of admiral,einblem of authority, "olx-y
your admiral, who alone commands here;" and
adilrcssing Napoleon, saiil, " I am, sir, your de-
voted servant, an admiral of your navy, a French-
man, but I am iKirn in the |iart of the world which
is the lanii of liberty, and where every one under-
stands how to |K'rform his duty, despite the ex-
alteil iiosition of his guest." And the emperor
kept silent, and never in his life did he receive
such a rej)roof. A few days later Admiral Bruix
fell sick, ^ust when Napoleon had issued orders to
relieve him of his command and for his arrest,
but they were momentarily su8i>ended, and he was
taken to Paris, where he died.
BRt'MUV, ThoniaH Mason, naval officer, was
b. in Marietta, Ga., in IH-'i;). His father, Slajor
Arnoldus V. Bniinby. was a graduate of the U. S.
military a>'ademy class of WiH; he later became
president of tlie(ieorgia military academy at Mari-
ella, where his son «iis born. The family moved
to Athens in 18li:i. and to Atlanta in 18(18. The
son enlcreil the U. S. naval academy, 2.5 Sept., 1873,
and was graduated, 18 June, 1879. He served on
the "Tennessee," being pnimoted ensign, 20 Nov.,
1880; on the receiving-ship "Vermont," on the
"Jamestown," on the " (Jcdney," and on the " Van-
dalia." He was one of the siirvivoi-s of the hurri-
cane off .Samoa in .Man'h, 1889. He was promoted
lieutenant (junior grade). 21 April, 1887. lie again
serve<l on the receiving-ship " Vermont " and on
the si-hool-ship "St. Mary's." He was promoted
to lieutenant, 24 Aug., 1892, and was appointed to-
the "New York" in August, 1893, and was trans-
ferretl thence to the " Vermont" in October. 1896.
From Septeml)er, 1897, until January, 1898. he
was at the naval oliservalory and war college; he
was then a.ssigned flag-lieutenant on tlie"01ym-
pia," of Dewey's squadron, Ix'ing present on the
flag-ship at the Manila victory. At the surrender
38
BRYAN
of Manila to the combined naval and army forces
under Dewey and Merritt, 13 Aug., 1898, Lieut.
Brumby raised the American flag over the city. lie
accompanied Admiral Dewey on his return to the
United States in the ''Olvmpia." in Sept., 1899.
BRYAN, Jonathan, patriot, b. in South Caro-
lina, 12 Sept., 1708; d. in Georgia, 13 March, 1788.
He removed to Georgia in 1752 and was active in
the affairs of the colony. In 1754 lie was made a
member of the first royal council under Gov. Rey-
nolds and an associate judge of the fii'st general
court. In 1769 he presided over a meeting of the
" Liberty boys," who passed non-importation reso-
lutions similar to those of Virginia, for which ac-
tion the king ordered his suspension from his of-
fices, thus making him the first martyr for political
liberty in Georgia. lie represented the district of
Savannah in the provincial congress, 4 July, 1775,
and was a member of the council of safety. In
1776 he was one of the committee that was ap-
pointed by the council to wait on Gen. Charles Lee,
then commanding that department, in behalf of
the colony, and by his influence persuaded Lee to
prepare an e.\pedition against St. Augustine in
defence of the Georgia frontier. The expedition
failed through Lee's mismanagement. In 1779 he
was arrested by the British, and with his son James
imprisoned in one of the prison ships in New York
bay. In 1780 he was released, but disqualified by
act of the Tory assembly of Georgia. Although
then seventy-two years old, he entered the Conti-
nental army and fought under Wayne. He was a
brave loader, a true patriot. The county of Bryan,
Georgia, was named in his honor. — His grandson,
Josuph, b. in South Carolina, 18 Aug.. 1773: d. 5
Sept., 1812 ; was educated at the University of Cam-
bridge England, and elected in 1803 a member of
congress from Georgia. He served three sessions,
and resigned in 180ti to retire to private life. •
BRYAN, Thomas Barhour. lawyer, b. in
Alexandria, Va., 32 Dec, 1828. He was graduated
at the Harvard law-school in 1848, and practised
in Cincinnati for four years, when he removed to
Chicago. He was a member of the Union defence
committee, president of the Chicago sanitary fair,
and president of the Soldiei-s' home since 1865.
He was an active promoter of the World's Colum-
bian exposition of 1893, and has been president of
the Union league club of Chicago. — His son,
Charles I'a^e, b. in Chicago, 12 June, 1856, was
graduated at the University of Virginia and the
Columbia law-school, and was in 1878 admitted to
the bar. He was for four terms a member of the
Illinois legislature and on the staff of Gov. Rich-
ard Oglesby {g. i:), with the rank of colonel. In
December, 1897, he was appointed by President
McKinley American minister to China, but before
proceeding to Pekin he was transferred to Brazil.
BRYAN, William Jennings, presidential can-
didate, b. in Salem, Marion co., HI., 19 March,
1860. His father, Silas L. Bryan, of Virginian an-
cestry, was a member of the state senate for eight
years, and afterward a judge of the circuit court.
William J. Bryan was educated at the public
schools of his native town, and in Whipple acad-
emy, Jacksonville, III., where he was prepared for
Illinois college. In his senior year in the latter
institution he gained second prize in an intercol-
legiate oratorical contest, and on his graduation,
in 1881, he was class orator at commencement.
After studying law at Union law college, Chicago,
111., and in the office of Lyman Trumbull, he began
to practise his profession in Jacksonville. A year
later he married Mary E. Baird, of Perry, 111., whom
ho had met during his college course, when she was
^/^-y^S<-'y-^5 ,
BRYAN
a student in the seminary at Jacksonville. In 1887
he removed to Lincoln, Neb., where, after the birth
of the first of her three children, his wife was
admitted to the bar and gave him efficient aid
in the practice of his profession. In May, 1888,
Mr. Bryan was elected a member of the Omaha
convention that was to select delegates to the na-
tional Democratic con-
venlion at St. Louis,
and he became widely
known as an orator
through a speech be-
fore the convention ad-
.vocating a tariff for
"revenue only. Large-
ly owing to this speech,
he was offered in the
following year the
Democratic nomina-
tion for lieutenant-
governor of the state.
Although he declined
the office he took an
active part in the can-
vass, and a year later,
in 1890, he was nomi''
nated by the Democrats for congress through the
efforts of the younger element of the party in his
district, 'i'he district, although Democratic by
7,000 majority in 1886, had been carried by the
Republicans by 3,000 in 1888. The party man-
agers gave little aid to Mr. Bryan in his canvass,
regarding it as hopeless, and he was ridiculed by
his opponents as young and without experience,
yet he entered into the contest with vigor, and de-
feated his opponent, Mr. Connell, the holder of the
seat, by a majority of more than 6,000. lie was a
member of the ways and means committee both in
this congress and in the following one, to which he
was chosen in 1892 by a plurality of only 140. In
congress he actively supported the Democratic
view of the tariff, and later became a conspicuous
advocate of the free coinage of silver, aiding Rich-
ard P. Bland in his efforts to this end, and gaining
notice by readiness as a speaker and skill in parlia-
mentary tactics. He declined a third nomina-
tion to congress, and became, in 1894, editor of the
Omaha '• World-Herald " for the purpose of advo-
cating his views on the free coinage of silver.
After an unsuccessful candidacy for the U. S. sen-
ate he left the editorship and resumed his law
yiractiee, at the same time continuing his interest
in politics. He is credited with a principal part
in bringing about at this time the union of the
People's party with the Democrats in Nebraska.
In 1896 he was a member of the national Demo-
cratic convention at Chicago, and on 10 July was
put in nomination as a presidential candidate by
H. T. Lewis, of Georgia. His nomination by the
convention had not been thought of as possible un-
til, in reply to a speech by Senator David B. Hill,
of New York, he had advocated free coinage of sil-
ver in an address closing with the words, afterward
widely quoted : "You shall not press down upon
the brow of labor this crown of thorns. You shall
not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold." On
the first ballot Mr. Brvan received 119 votes, on
the second 190. on the third 291. on the fourth 280,
and on the fifth .500, thus receiving the nomina-
tion. In the convention of the Peo]de's party,
held in St. Louis later in the month, he was also
made the head of their ticket. He telegraphed to
Senator Jones to withdraw his name unless Ar-
thur Sewell, the Democratic candidate for vice-
president, should be nominated by the Populists
BUBERT
BUCK
39
also, but his name remained on the ticket, although
Thomas Watson, of (icoreia, was made the vice-
presidential candidate. Mr. Bryan also received
the nomination of the national Silver party at its
convention, held in St. Louis on 23 July. The
canvass was remarkable for the at'tive part that
Mr. Bryan took in it as a imlitical orator, speaking
in all parts of the I'niteil .States. In the electioa
with which it closed, the three tickets headed by
Mr. Bryan received 0,506.H3.5 votes in a total of
13.926,757, of which the Republican candidate,
William McKinley, received 7.104,244. Of the
electoral votes, .Mr. Bryan received 176, and his
successful opponent 271. Since his defeat Mr.
Bryan has continued active as an advcK?ate of the
free coinage of silver, bot h as a public sneaker and
a writer. See " Life and S|»eeches of William J.
Brvan." bv John S. Ogilvie (New York, 1896).
ttl'BKftT, Caspar, sculptor, b. in Bohemia,
Austria, in IHSO; d. in New York city, 22 Aug.,
1899. lie rweivcd his art education in Vienna,
and came to this country in 18.')6. Among his
works were the bass-reliefs on the Garfiehl monu-
ment in Cleveland, the bnmiie statue in Alex-
andria, Va., sytnl)olical of the lost cause, the figure
of Colund)ia in front of the congressional library,
Washington, and allegorical groups of the patent
oflice. rej)resenting electricity, fire, water, inven-
tion, agriculture, and mining industry. He also
created the I'onco de Leon statue for Venezuela.
At the time of his death he wa.s taking an active
jwjrt ill the construction of the Dewey triumphal
arch ill Fifth avenue. New York.
lirCHANAN. (»e«ree, phvsician. b. in Scot-
land atK>ut 1698; d. in Baltimore. 23 April, 1750.
He emigntted to this country in 1723. and prac-
tised medicine in Baltimore county, of which he
was a justice. He was one of the seven commis-
sioners that were name<l in the ai^t of 8 Aug.,
1729, for laying out and founding the city of Bal-
timore. In 1849 he was a meiiilier of the legisla-
ture. Dr. Buchanan's residence, with its exten-
sive grounds of 5(K) acres, called "Druid Hill."
was purchased by the city in 1H«0 for <;5<X).(KX),
and is known ili " Druid Hill Park." Within it is
the burial-ground of the Buchanan family. — His
son, Andrew, soldier, b. in •• Druid Hill " in 17:t4 ;
d. there, 12 March, 1785. was lieiilenant of Balti-
more county during the Revolution, anil also pre-
siding jii.xtice. He wa.s active a,s a member of the
committee of corres|Kindence and in organizing
the militia, and was one of the brigadier-generals
8p[K>inled for the colonv in I77((. He was the
grandfather of (leii. Roljcrt Christie Buchanan
(vol. i.. p. 436). — -Andrew's son, (irorgp. plivsiciaii,
b. in Baltimore-, 19 .S'[>t., 176:{; d. near Pliiladd-
phia, 9 July, I80M, was graduated at the me<lical
department of the I'niversitv of IVnnsylvania in
1785, and also studie<l in t'Minburgli. Dr. Bu-
chanan began practice in Baltimore in 1789, was
a member of the first branch of the city council
orKHiiizcd under the charter of (he city, and in
1799 he wiLS one of the city magislnites. (In 4
July. 1H()6, he was appointed by (lov. McKeon,
of I'ennsylvania. whose daughter he ha<l mar-
ried, la/aretto jihysician, and died at the laza-
retto near Philadelphia of yellow fever, con-
tracteil in the discharge of his ofiicial duties. He
Ixi-ame a mi'inl«'r of the American iihilosoph-
ical societv in 1786. a charter menilH>r of the Med-
ical and chinirgical faculty of Maryland in 1788,
and a member of the Me<lical ?«K-iely of Baltimore
in 17H9. Dr. Buchanan was the author of " Des-
scrtatio I'hvsiologica de caiisis Respiralionis ejiis-
dcmque atfectibiis" (I'hilailclphia, 1789); "Treat-
ise on Typhus Fever," published for the benefit
of establishing a lying-in hospital in Baltimore
(1789); " Letter to the Inhabitants of Baltimore,"
in which he suggests the registration of deaths,
the formation of a public park, and the organiza-
tion of a humane society (1790) ; "An Appeal for
the Establishment of a Humane Society, in con-
junction with Drs. Brown, Wiesenthall, Goodwin,
Coale, Wynkoop, Stevenson, and Haslett (1790);
and ".Vn Oration upon the Moral and Political
Evil of .Slavery, delivere<I at a Public Meeting of
the .Maryland .Society for Promoting the Abolition
of Slavery and the Relief of Free Negroes and
others unlawfully held in Bondage" (Baltimore,
1793). A copy of the last-named pain ph lei was
discovered in 18(io in the library of the Boston
athena'um, among some books from the library of
(jell. Washington. It is dedicated to Thomas
Jefferson, and has Washington's autograph on the
title-page. It was considere<I .so valuable a work
that it gave rise to Poole's "Anti-slavery Opinions
l)efore the Year 18(X)" (Cincinnati. 1878), in which
is a fac-simile of the panijihlet. He left three sons
and several daughters. His son George was a pro-
thonotary and brieadier-general of the Pennsylva-
nia militia, and the father of Lieut.-Comniander
Thomas McKean Buchanan. V. S. navy (vol. i., p.
436) : .McKean, a jwiy-director in the navv and a
veteran ollicerof two wars; and .\diniral tVanklin
Buchanan (vol. i., p. 428). — The first George's son,
WIHIani, b. in Italtimore in 1748; d. there, 19
Dec, 1824, was a nieinlwr of the committee of cor-
respondence during the Revolution, and in 1778
was registrar of wills for Baltimore county. — Will-
iam's son. James M., lawver, b. in Baltimore in
May, 1803; d. there. 23 Aug.. 1876. studied law,
was admitte<l to the bar and served in the legisla-
ture. He was postmaster at Baltimore in 1841-'9,
memlier of the state constitutional coiivenlion of
1850-'l. and it-s president pro lemjmre, and com-
missioner of Maryland to settle matters in dis-
pute between that state and Pennsylvania. In
1855 he was appointed judge of the 6th judicial
district of Maryland. In 1856 he was a memlier
of the Democratic convention that nominated
James Buchanan for president, and in 1858 ho
was ajipointed U.S. minister lo Denmark.
mCHANAN, Joseph, inventor, b. in Wash-
ington county, Va.. 24 Aug., 1785 ; d. in Louisville,
Ky., 29 S<'pt., 1820. He removed to Tennessee
in 1795. was ediicate<l at Transylvania university,
Kentuckv. studied medicine, and practised in Port
Gibson, Miss., but in 1808 removed to Lexington,
Ky.. where in 1811 he was apjiointed |)rofes.-:or of
the institutes of medicine in the medical depart-
ment of Tiansvlvania university. Among his nu-
merous inventi<uis was a new musical instrument,
in which the notes were prinluced by glas-ses of dif-
ferent chemical composition, and a steam-engine
with which, in 1824. lie ran a wagon through the
.streets of liouisville. He claimiHl to have discov-
ered a new motive [lower, ilerived from combus-
tion wlllioiit the aid of water and steam, which is
now utilized in the air-engines of John Ericsson
anil others; anil also originated what he called
"the music of light," to lie ppKluced by means
of " harmoiiific colors luminously displayed." Dr.
Buchanan edited the "Palladiiiin" in Frankfort,
the " Western Spy" and the " LiteraM' Cadet " in
Cincinnat i. ami t he " Focus " in Louisville, and was
the author of the " Philosophy of Human Nature"
(Richmond. Ky.. 1812). He was the father of Dr.
Joseph Rodes Buchanan (q. v.).
BI'CK. WHliHiii JoHepli, historian, b. in
Bucksville, Bucks co.. Pa., 4 March, 1825. He re-
40
BUDD
BTJLNES
ceived an academical education, taught, and was
auditor of Bucks county from 1857 till 1863. As
early as 1851 he became a contributor to journals
ami magazines, chiefly on historical subjects. In
1852 the Historical society of Pennsylvania pub-
lished in their collections his " History of Moore-
land," and the following year his articles on
^' Local Superstition " and "Indian Relics." For
the former article he received a complimentary
letter from Washington Irving. He wrote a his-
torv of Bucks county, Pa., which appeared in
Bucks county " Intelligencer" in 1854-'o, and the
"History of Montgomery County," which was
published in "Scotfs xVtlas" (1877). He is also
the author of " History of the Indian Walk per-
formed for the Proprietaries of Pennsylvania in
1737. with a Life of Edward Marshall" (1886) ;
" Local Sketches and Legends pertaining to Bucks
and Montgomery Counties" (1887) : and " William
Peun in America, with Daily Occurrences wliile
in Pennsylvania." Since 1876 he has arranged
and indexed thirty-three volumes of manuscripts
belonging to the Pennsylvania abolition society,
which was founded by Benjamin Franklin and his
compeers, and he is engaged in writing an elabo-
rate history of the society.
BUDD, Henry, lawyer, b. in Philadelphia, Pa.,
13 Nov., 1849. He was graduated at the Univer-
sity of Pennsylvania in 1868, studied law, and was
admitted to the bar in Philadelphia in 1871, since
which time he has engaged in the practice of the
law in his native city. He has been one of the
editors of the " Weekly Notes of Cases " since its
inception in 1875, and has contributed on legal
subjects to the " Southern Law Review " and the
"American Law Register," which latter publica-
tion he edited in 1887-'8. He delivered a course
of lectures on " The Legal Status of the Physi-
cian " before the .Medico-chirurgical college of
Philadelphia in 1885-6 and before the University
of Penn.sylvania in 1886-'7, and is the author of
"Leading Cases in American Law of Real Prop-
■erty " (Philadelphia, 4 vols., 1894).
BUDDINGTON, Sidney Ozias, arctic explorer,
b. in Groton, Conn., 16 Sept., 1823; d. there, 13
June, 1888. After receiving a public-school edu-
cation he became a sailor, and was captain of
whaling vessels for nearly twenty-five years. In
1860 he commanded the whaler "George Henry,"
in which Charles Francis Hall (vol. iii, p. 37)
sailed to the arctic region, and he was also sailing-
master of the " Polaris " in the expedition of 1871.
On 29 Aug. the "Polaris" reached altitude 82°
ir north, the highest point that had been attained
by any vessel. After the death of Hall the expe-
dition was abandoned, and Capt. Buddington and
the crew prepared to return, but on the lircaking
up of the ice in the spring the vessel was crushed,
and the crew took refuge on floating fields of ice.
Several of the explorers, including Capt. Budding-
ton, were driven ashore and escaped. They were
rescued by the Scotch whaler " Ravenscraig," and
reached home in the summer of 1872.
DUEL, Siunuel, clergvman, b. in Trov, N. Y.,
11 June, 1815; d. in New" York city, 1 Feb., 1891.
He was a son of Judge David Huel, and was grad-
uated at Williams in 1833, and at the General
theological seminary of the Protestant Episcopal
church four years later. He was rector successive-
ly in Marshall, Mich., Schuylkill Haven, Pa., Cum-
berland, Md., Pouglikeepsie, N. Y., and New York
city till 1866. He became professor of ecclesiastical
history, and subsequently of divinity in Seabury
divinity school, Faribault, and was professor of
systematic divinity and dogmatic theology in the
General theological seminary from 1871 till 1888,
when he was professor emeritus. He received
the degree of S. T. D. from Columbia and from
the General theological seminary. Besides numer-
ous articles in periodicals, he published a transla-
tion from the German of the " Report of the Union
Conferences held from Aug. 10 to 16, 1875, at
Bonn " (New York, 1876), and is the author of
" The Apostolic System of the Church defended in
a Reply to Dr. Whately on the Kingdom of Christ "
(Philadelphia, 1844) ; " The Eucharistic Presence,
Sacrifice, and Adoration " (New York, 1874) ; and
a later volume of learned lectures entitled "A
Treatise of Dogmatic Theology."
BUFFINGTON, Adelbeit Rinaldo, b. in
Wheeling, W. Va., 23 Nov., 1837. He was grad-
uated from the U. S. military academy in May,
1861, and was made a brevet 2d lieutenant. He
served through the civil war, first in drilling
volunteers at Washington, then as ordnance oflS-
cer at the St. Louis arsenal, and later as colonel
of a regiment of Missouri militia. In 1863 he
was promoted to be captain of ordnance, and was
engaged as an inspector of the rifling of sea-coast
cannon. He was in command of the New York
arsenal from July, 1864, to September, 1865, when
he was transferred to the Baton Rouge arsenal.
He was brevetted a major for his services in the
ordnance department in the war. Later he was
in command of the arsenals at Watertown. Indian-
apolis, Allegheny, Watervliet, Springfield, and
Rock Island. While at the latter place he built
the noble bridge across the Mississijipi river. He
was promoted to be lieutenant-colonel in 1881,
colonel in 1889, and brigadier-general and chief of
the army bureau of ordnance in April, 1899. His
name is connected with a number of improve-
ments in armament. He is the designer of the
BuITington-Crozier disappearing gun-carriage, and
the field-gun carriage in use by the army.
BUIES, Arthur, Canadian journalist, b. in
Cote des Neiges, province of Quebec, 24 June,
1840. He was educated in France, where he also
studied law in the University of Paris. On his
return to Canada engaged in journalism in Mon-
treal, and was admitted to the bar. He has pub-
lished " Chroniques" (Quebec, 1875); " Le Sague-
nay et la Vallee du Lac St. Jean " (1880) : and
" La Lanterne " (1884).
BULLOCH, WilHani Gaston, physician, b. in
Savannah, Ga., 4 Aug., 1815; d. there, 33 June,
1885. He wa-s the great-grandson of Gov. Archi-
bald Bulloch (vol. i.. p. 446), was graduated at
Yale and at the medical department of the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania, and completed his medical
education in Paris. On his return in 1840 he be-
gan to practise in Savannah, and became visiting
physician to various hospitals. At the begin-
ning of the civil war he entered the Confederate
service as surgeon with the rank of major, was sta-
tioned in Charleston to examine candidates for
service, and afterward had charge of hospitals, in-
cluding the first hospital for Confederates in Rich-
mond. He was eminent as a surgeon and oculist,
and performed many operations that were unusual
at that time, including ovariotomy. He was presi-
dent of the Georgia medical society, and for some
time professor of surgery in Savannah medical
college. Dr. Bulloch invented a useful maxillary
splint for the lower jaw.
BULNES, Mannel (boo'1-nays), Chilian soldier,
b. in Penco in 1799 ; d. in Santiago in 1866. From
his youth he was an enthusiastic partisan of the
movement for independence, and in 1815 he was
banished by Gen. Osorio to the island of Quiri-
BUNGAY
BURLEIGH
41
quina. whence he escaped after eight months, and,
enlisting in the army, served in the battles of
Canoha Kayada and Maypu. As a captain, he
served undiT (ion. Piieto in the campaign ait:uinst
Benavidcs, in 1818-'2I, and later pursued the Pin-
cheira bandits, who carried on a guerrilla warfare
in the south, and whom be flnallv annihilated in
the l)eginning of 1832, for which Fie was promoted
brigiwlicr. In 1838 he was appointeil by President
Prifto commander of the ex|XHlitionary army to
Peru, occupied Lima, and pursued .Santa Cruz to
the interior, <lefeating him in iluaraz, Matucana,
and finally in Yungav, 20 Jan., 1839. He was re-
wanied with the rank of general of division, and
bv Peru with that of grand-marshal of Ancach.
lie was elected president of the republic in 1841,
and re-elected in 1846. During his administration
the University of Chili, the normal college for
teachers, the sc-hool of arts and tnules. the con-
servatory of music, the National agricultural so-
ciety, and the colony of Punia Arenas were
founded, but, although he sometimes called mem-
bers of the Liberal party to the cabinet, he was a
strict Conservative. When, in 1851, the civd war
began he t(x>k the part of the Conservative admin-
istration of Jlontt, and soon suMued the revolu-
tion in the battles of (iiiinilas au<l I.ongomilla.
Bl'NdAY. <iPor|fe Wa.thiiigtoii, journalist, b.
in Walsham-le-Willows, Suffolk. Kngland. 28 Nov.,
1826; d. in Bloomfleld. N. J., 10 .Inly. 1892. He
came to this country at an early ag^*, was educated
in New York citjr, and engaged in journalism.
From 187:1 till 1887 he was emplove*! in the New
York custom-house. He was a well-known lectur-
er, contributed to the press, was literarv editor of
the '■ Melro[)olitan." a weekly jounml in S'ew York,
and the author of "0(f-l land Takings, or Cravon
Sketches" (New York, 1854); "Traite of Kenre-
sentative Men "(1882); "Pen Portraits of Illus-
trious At»stainers." published bv the Natiimal tem-
i.i raiice society (1884): and "'The Creeils of the
ik'lls" his most popular poem.
BrN>KR. Henry Ciiyler. author, b. in Os-
wego. N. Y.. 3 .\ug.. IK.V1: d. in Nutley, X.J., 11
May, IHlMi. He rttreived u common-school e<luca-
tion. and l>ccame a clerk in an im|>orting house of
New York. In 1877, having previously contributed
to "The Arcadian " and other jiajiers, he was ap-
pointed assistant editor of " Puck," s<Min after-
ward becoming editor, and holding the position
till his death. He published "A Woman of
Honor" (New York. I88;t); ".Airs from Arcadv
and Klscwliere"(1884): "The MidKe"(1886): "The
Story of a New York House" (1887): " Zmbx- Pine,
and other Stories "(1891); "The Uunawav Hrowns"
(1892); "Made in France" (1893); "Short Sixes"
(1894); and ".Tersev Street and Jcrsev I^ane"
(1896). With Braiider Matthews he wrote "In
Partnership" (1884). and he published a plav,
"The Tower of Balwl." (irst prfHlucc<l in 18K'J.
Bl'RDEN, Kln!K»jr, planter, b. on IJurdcn's (now
Seabrooks's) island, S. ( ., in 1775; d. in Charleston,
S. C, 4 Dec., 1859. lie was a sutierior agricultu-
rist, and the foremost of those who by their own
efforts improvwl the staple of the cotton that is
grown upon the s«'a islands of South I'arolina to
such a degree that it U'cnme the choicest variety.
Seeing the jKissibility of improvement in the qual-
ity of the yield, he early began to make si'lections
of seed. His wife had obtained from Georgia some
seeds of a new variety which had come from the
Rahamas, where it was known as Persian cotton,
ami he continued to improve it, till in 1825 the
legislature of South Carolina was on the |>oint of
offering him $200,000 for the st'crct of his method.
VOL. VI 1. — r.
BURDETT COUTTS. See William Lehman
AsHMEAll IJaBTLETT.
BL'BH.\NS. Daniel, clergyman, b. in Sherman,
Conn., 7 July, 1762 ; d. in Poiighkeepsie, N. Y., 80
Dec., 1853. After preparation for college and
several years $|ient in teaching, he was made
deacon in 1793, and in 1794 he was ordained
to the priesthood of the Protestant Episcopal
church by Bishop Samuel Seabury. He la-
boreil in Lanesliorongh, Mass., and its vicinity
until 1799, when he was called to Trinity church,
Newtown, Conn., where he remained for thirty
years. During this time he organized parishes in
t*iltslield, Lenox, Tyrringham, and Williamstown,
Mass.; New Lebanon Springs. Coo[H'rstown. Rich-
field, Exeter, and elsewhere, in New York. In 1831
he took charge of .St. Peter's, in Plymouth, Conn.,
and six years later went to Oxford and Zoar. Conn.,
where he continued until 1844. when he retired
from the ministry and settled in Poughkeepsie.
He was a member of the standing committee of
the Connecticut diocese, a delegate to the general
convention for many years, and also a trustee of
Trinity college. The degree of A. M. was conferred
uiion )iim by Williams, and that of S. T. I), by
Trinity. lie wrote a history of the church at
Newtown, and published several sermons. At the
time of his death he was the oldest Episcopal cler-
gyman in this country. Dr. Hurhans was ac(|Uaint-
etl with the first three American bishops — Pro-
voost. Seabury. and White, strongly resembling
the latter, for whom he was fretpiently mistaken.
Bl'RKE, Miinriee Francli*, K. ('.'bishop, b. in
Ireland. M May. IH45. He came to this country
with his parents in 1849, was educated at .St. Mary's
university, (.'hicago. III., and in the American col-
lege at Home. Italy, and in 1875 was ordained a
priest in the Roman Catholic church. He was as-
sistant at St. Mary's church, Chicago, for the three
subsequent years, and afterwanl pastor of St.
Mary's church. Joliet, III., till 1887, when he be-
came bishop of Cheyenne, Wyoming territory. In
1893 he was transferred to St. Joseph, Mo., and
iniine<liately made bislioj) of that see.
Bl'RKE, Thomas Martin AloysiuK. H. C.
bishop, b. in Ireland. 10 Jan.. 1H4(I. son of Dr.
Peter Ulic Burke, who settled in Utica in this
country. In 1855 he entered >St. Michael's college,
Toronto, Canaila, and commenced his classi<-al
studies, which he was compelled to discontinue on
account of weak health. In 1856 he entered St.
Charles college, Maryland, where he finishe<l his
classics. While making his philosophical course
there he taught in the college, and the following
year he commenced the study of theology in St.
Mary's seniinary, Baltimore, where he graduated
in 1864, receiving the degrees of M. A. and B. T.
On 30 June, 1864, he was ordained a priest by
Bishop McKarhind.of Hart ford, and iK'rformed his
first missionary work at St. John's church. Albany,
in 1864-'5, ami then at .St. Joseph's church, in the
same city, 18(i4-'94. In 1884 he was appointed a
theologian in the third plenary council, in which
he t<M)k,a prominent part. He succeeded Dr. Lud-
den as vicar-general of Allwiny. and later was ap-
iHilntcd administrator of the diocese, and finally
l)ishnp of Albany. His appointment was in May,
1894, and he was' consecrated in July of that year.
Bishop Burke was created a knight of the holy
sepulchre, and also a knight of the grand cross.
BrRLEKiH, (■(■orge Sliepard. (met, b. in
Plainfield. Conn., 26 .^farch. 1821. He wa.s edu-
cated in the district schools, assistetl his brother,
William II. Burleigh (vol. i, p. 455), in editing the
"Charter Oak," and subsequently devoted his time
42
BURNHAM
BURRAGE
to intellectual pursuits. He has published "Anti-
Slavery llynins" (New London, Conn., 1842);
"The Maniac, and other Poems" (Philadelphia,
1849) ; and " Signal Fires, or the Trail of the
Pathfinder" (New York, 1856); and translated
into English verse Victor Hugo's " La legende des
sieoles" (printe<l privately, 1867).
BL'RNHAM, Benjamin FrankHn, lawyer, b.
in (iroton. Vt., 30 Nov., 1830: d. in Hoston, Mass.,
21 May, 1898. He was graduated from Wesloyan
university in 1853, and then took up the stmiy of
law. securing his admission to the bar of Illinois
in 1857. At the outbreak of the civil war he was
practising law at Newbury. Vt. He eidisted at
once in the 8th Vermont volunteer infantry. In
1864 he was detailed as assistant superintendent
of education of freedinen in Louisiana, and in
1865 lie was put in command of a company of
U. S. colored infantry at Palmetto ranch. He
was then assigned to the frcedman's bureau, and
was charged with the task of establishing schools
among the negroes. While engaged on this duty
he was at one time wounded severely by a mob at
Monroe, La., opposed to the innovation. He re-
turned north, and took up his residence at Boston
in 1867. LTntil 1873 he was an associate justice of
the South Boston court. He published at Boston
in 1870 two volumes of the "Digest of Decisions
of the United States Courts of Common Law and
Admiralty," covering the years 1868 and 1869.
Judge Burnhaui was also the author of "A Voice
from the Pews, or a Tabernacle Supplement "
(Boston, 1877), and, in conjunction with Celeste
S. Burnham, of "The Life of Lives: being the
Records of Jesus reviewed by Recent Biblical
Scholars" (Boston, 1885).
BURNHAM, Daniel Hudson, architect, b. in
Henderson, Jefferson eo., N. Y., 4 Sept., 1846. His
great-grandfather was an oflRcer in the Revolution-
ary army. Young Burnham went to Chicago with
his parents when nine years old, and was educated
there in various schools and afterward under pri-
vate instruction in Massachusetts. He then stud-
ied architecture in Chicago, and has since prac-
tised his profession in that city, planning, among
other buildings, the Montauk block, the Rookery,
the Insurance exchange, the Calumet club, the
Women's building, the Masonic temple, the North-
ern hotel, and numerous churches, all in Chicago,
besides noteworthy buildings in other western
cities, including the Mills office building in San
Francisco. In 1890 he became chief of construc-
tion and supervising architect of the World's Co-
lumbian exposition, and in this capacity he su-
pervised tlie construction of the great group of
exposition buildings, besides having much to do
with planning the arrangement of the whole.
BURNHAM, Horace Blois, lawyer, b. in Co-
lumbia county, N. Y., 10 Sept., 1834 ; d. in Aspen
Shade, Henrico co., Va., 10 April, 1894. He received
a common-school education, and then studied
law, securing his admission to the Pennsylvania bar
at Wilkesbarre in 1844. lie practised his profes-
sion until the outbreak of the civil war. when, in
October, 1861, he was commissione<l lieutenant-
colonel of the 67th Pennsylvania infantry. With
his regiment he took part in the principal cam-
paigns of the Army of the Potomac in Jiarvland
and Virginia in l'863-'3, and during the draft
riots in New York city he was temporarily as-
signed to duty there. In October. 1864, he was
honorably mustered out under his commission,
and was appointed on the same day major and
judge-advocate of volunteers. He was brevetted
lieutenant-colonel and colonel of volunteers in
March, 1865, for faithful and meritorious ser-
vices during the war. From October, 1864, until
May, 1866, he was judge-advocate of general
courts-martial. He then served a year in the bu-
reau of military justice at Washington. In Febru-
ary, 1867. he had been transferred to the regular
ariny with the rank of major and judge-advo-
cate. During 1867-70 he was chief judge-advo-
cate of the first military district, the headquarters
of which were at Richmond. At the same time he
served also as additional judge of the hustings
court of Richmond, and as a judge and president
of the supreme court of appeals for Virginia. For
the next two years he was assigned to the depart-
ment of the South. In 1873 he was sent on tem-
porary duty to the department of Texas, and from
1873 until 1886 was judge-advocate in the depart-
ment of the Platte. In July, 1884, he was pro-
moted lieutenant-colonel, and was made deputy
judge-advocate-general. From the department of
the Platte he went to the military division of
California at San Francisco, and here he com-
pleted his active service, being retired in .Septem-
ber, 1888. His fidelity to duty had been com-
mended by Gen. Crook in general orders, and on
the eve of his retirement Gen. Howard gave warm
testimony of his fidelity and zeal.
BUKNHAM, Slierbnrue Wesley, astronomer,
b. in Thetford, Vt., 12 June, 1838. He was edu-
cated at Thetford academy, and became a stenog-
rapher, following that profession until he was ap-
pointed in 1865 clerk of the U. S. circuit court
for the northern district of Illinois, which position
he still occupies. He began the study of astron-
omy, making many discoveries, and is now {)ro-
fessor of practical astronomy in the University of
Chicago. In 1874 he became a fellow of the Royal
astronomical society of England, receiving in 1894
its gold medal for his discovery and measurement
of many double stars. Prof. Burnham has pub-
lished numerous catalogues of more than a thou-
sand stars discovered by him.
BURR, William Hubert, engineer, b. in
Watertown, Conn., 14 July, 1851. He was gradu-
ated at the Rensselaer polytechnic institute, and
began practice as a civil engineer in 1872. He be-
came in 1884 general manager. Phcpiiix bridge
company, in 1892 professor of engineering in Har-
vard, and in the following year accepted the same
position in Columbia, which he continues to oc-
cupy. Prof. Burr has also been very frequently
employed as consulting engineer. New York city
parks, docks, and more recently in the department
of bridges. He has published several works of &
professional character, and is a member of the
American society of civil engineers.
BURR.\(wE, Henry Sneetzer. clergyman, b.
in Fitchburg, Mass.. 7 Jan.. 1837. He was gradu-
ated at Brown in 1861. entered the 36th Ma.ssaehu-
setts regiment as a private, rose to the rank of
captain, was wounded at Cold Harbor and brevet-
ted major of volunteers, and became an a.ssistant
adjiitant-general on the staff. He was captured
in Novemlier, 1864, and held as a pri.soner till 32
Fell., 1865. He resumed his studies at the close of
the civil war, was graduated at Newton theological
seminary in 1867, spent a year abroad, and in
1869-'73 was pastor of a Baptist church in Water-
ville. Me. Since 1873 he has edited the " Zion
j\dvocate." a Baptist religious journal in Portland,
Me., ami since 1876 he has been recording secre-
tary of the .American Baptist union. He is chan-
cellor of the Maine conimandery of the military
order of the Loyal legion of the United States.
Brown gave him the degree of D. D. in 1883. Dr.
BURROUGHS
BURWELL
43
Burrape has editeil " Brown University in the
fivil War" (Providciue. K. I., 18««): "" Henry
Wonlsworlh Longfellow's Seventy-fifth Birthday '
(Portliinil. l*^) : and " History of the Thirty-sixth
Keiriment of Massachusetts Volunteers" (Boston,
18H4) ; and is the author of " The Act of Baptism
in the History of the Christian Church " (Phila-
delphia. 187U): a " History of the Anabaptists in
Switzerland" (1882): and "Baptist Writers and
their Hvmns" (New York, 1888).
BrRROrUHS. Ueorge Stockton. e<lucatnr.
b. in Walcrlo<j, N. Y., 6 Jan., 1855. He wasirra«lu-
atcd from Princeton and from the theoiot;ieal
seminary there, after which he had charge of va-
rious I'resbyterian churches in New Kngland. In
1880 he accepted the professorship of biblical lit-
erature in Amherst college, remaining there for six
years, when he became president of Wabash col-
lege, which prospereil un<ler his charge. He re-
signed this |Kisitloii in the autumn of 1809, and
accepted the presidency of nberlin college. He
has reieive<i the degrees of I). l». and LL. U.
BURROWS. JuUiig C'Kxar. senator, b. in North
East, Erie co.. Pa., 9 Jan.. 18iJ7, received an aca-
demic education and stuilied law, which he was
practising when he entered the Union army in 1862.
He WHS eight times sent to the hous<' of representa-
tives, ami to his last term in the .Wth congress was
elected by 13,000 majority, lie resigneil his seat, 23
Jan.. 181*5, to assume the ofllce of V. S. senator, to
which he had been elected by the legislature to fill
out the unexpire<l term of Francis B. Stockbridge,
di^'<'a.'i«Ml. S«'riator Burrfiws's term of service ex-
pired in .March. 1HU9. He was re-ele<'te<l.
BURTIN. Nicholat* Victor, missionary-, b. in
Met/.. Als«<'.-l,orr«inp, 16 Dec. 18'28. He studied
for the Roman Catholic priesthofxl, and was or-
daineil at Marseilles in December, 1852. In June.
1854, he arrived in Canada, and was sent toCaugh-
nswaga in S<-ptember, 1855. In August. 1856, he
went to Ottawa college as pn>fe8sor of classics and
theology. Here he remained for two years until
December. 1H.V<. when he was sent again toCaugh-
nawaga as assistant pastor. He was made pastor
of the mission in .\pril, 18ft4. Father Burtin is
the author of several works which an- still in
manuscript, prayers, chants, and other devotional
works in the Mohawk language, besides a history
of the mission at Caiighnawaga, which he hopes
soon to see published.
BURTON. Clarenco Monroe. lawyer, b. in
"Whiskey Diggins." Cal.. 18 Nov.. IS-'iS! He was
gradwate<l at the University of Michigan, and a/1-
mitte<l to the \mt in 1874. Since that time he has
practised his profession in Detroit, and dcvoltHl
nis leisure hours to the study of the history of
Detroit and the northwest. His colle<'tion of
Americana relating to those subjects is the largest
in the country, nurnhf-riiig over lOO.fXK) Iwioks,
pamphlets, and dm-umcnts. Mr. Kurton has re-
cently nublishe<l -Sketch of the Life of .\ntoine
de la >lothe Cadillac. Founder of l)elrr>il." n " Di-
rectory of I>etn>it tx'lween 1701 and 1710," "In
the Fixilsteps of Ca<lillac." and " A Chapter in the
Hislorv of Clevelanil. (thin."
BI'RTON. Mconre Willlani. Cana<lian jurist,
b. in Sandwich. Kent, 21 July. ISIN. He w a son
of Ailmiral Burton of the Kiiglish navy. He
came to Canada, studied law. and was ailnntted
to the Ontario bar, practising suc<'i'ssfullv in
Hamilton. He was appointed a y. C. by Ijonl
Monck in 186;t. and in 1874 he became a judge of
the court of ap|H'ai. Judge Burton served in 1885
as chairman of a commiltee then appointed for
the revision of the provincial statutes. He was ap-
pointetl chief justice and president of the supreme
court of judicature of Ontario in April, 1897.
BURTON, Lewis William. P. E. bishop, b. in
Cleveland, Ohio. 9 Nov., 1852. He was graduated
with first honors at Kenyon college in 1873, and
at the Philadelphia divinity school four years
later. He was ordained deacon in 1877 and priest
in the next year, and has been connected with All
Saints and St. Mark's, Cleveland ; St. John's,
Richmond ; and St. Andrew's, Louisville. He was
chosen bishop of I.<exingt>m. Ky.,in January, 1890,
and has since received the degree of D. 1). from
the University of the south.
BURWASb. Nathaniel, Canadian clergyman,
b. in .Vrgentueil, Quebec, 25 July, 1839. He was
graduated at Vi toria university, at Harvard, and
at Garrett biblical institute. He became a clergy-
man in the Methodist Episcopal church in 1861,
was professor of natural science in Victoria uni-
versity, and has been di'aii of its theological faculty
and professor of biblical and systematic theology
since 1873 in Gan-etl biblical institute. He is the
author of "Genesis. Nature, and Results of Sin"
(Toronto, 1878); "Wesley's Doctrine and Stand-
ard" (1881); and "Relation of Children to the
Fall, the Atonement, and the Church" (1882).—
His brother. John, b. in 1842, also a clergyman,
has been since 1891 professor of English Bible and
practical theology in \'ictoria university.
BURWELU 'William Armistead (bur-rell),
legislator, b. in Met'klenburgh county, Va., 15
March, 1780; d. in Washington. D. C., 21 Feb.,
1821. He was graduated at William and Mary
college, and in the following year removed to
Franklin county, Va., which he sul>.«oquently rep-
resenled in the legislature. He was residing on
his plantation in 1804, a wealthy tobacco-planter,
when he was invited by President Jefferson to be-
come his private .secretary. Accepting the offer,
Mr. Burwell removc<l to Washington, where he
remained throughout Jefferson's ailministnition.
He was also electe<l a meml>er of the ninth con-
gress as a Democrat, and seven times re-elected,
serving from 1 Dec, 1806. until his death. While
in ctmgress Mr. Burwell handed to Josiah Quincy
an old manuscript account of Bacon's rebellion
that had Ijeen preserviKl in his family, with the
request that it might be preser»-ed in tlie archives
of the Ma.ssachusetts historical society, there being
at that time no similar association in Virginia.
From this record Bancroft afterward wrote his
account of the first -AmericHii rebellion. The
Virginia Burwells were descended in one line
from the Bacons, the estates originally intended
by President Nathaniel Bacon for his nephew, Na-
thaniel, "the Rclx'l," having U-en bequeathed to
the niece of the former. Mrs. Burwell, of (ilouces-
ter county, Va. Mr. Burwell enjoyed the friend-
shiji of Mr. Jefferson, who wrote for his tomb the
following epitaph : " Died at his post in Congress :
his Hisly here, his .Spirit with its Kindrwl — the
Just, the GiKxl, the Beloved of Men." — His .son,
William .MacCrpcry, journalist, b. in Botetourt
county. Va.. 4 Nov.. 1809; d. in Bcilford county,
Va., 4' .March. 1888. was gra<Iuate<I in 1809 at the
University of Virginia. Among his cla.ssmates
were Edgar A. Poe. .Mcxander Stephens, and Rob-
ert TiMniilw. Although he was left by his father
the heir to large estates, and hiul every induce-
ment lo lea<i an idle life, he had also inherited a
taste for a nuldic career, and. entering [wlitics. he
was elected to the legislature, representing his
county from 1840 till 185.'». He was a dis<-iple of
Henry Clay, a forcible thinker and a ready de-
bater.' In "1850 he was sent as an envoy to the
44
BUTLER
BYRNE
city of Mexico in connection with the Tehuante-
pec scheme. Soon afterward he founded a daily
newspaper at Lynchburg, which stronjjly advo-
cated Whig principles. He was also earnest in
advancing the material prosperity of the state, and
was instrumental in securing the charter for the
Virginia and Tennessee railroad. He served as a
private in a Virginia regiment until he was re-
called to represent his county in the legislature
again. This seat he held until the close of the war.
After spending some time in travelling through
the south, he settled at New Orleans and became
the editor of " De Bow's Review." He was subse-
quently connected with the New Orleans " Repub-
lican," " Commercial Bulletin," and " Price Cur-
rent." In 1867 he was elected secretary and
treasurer of the New Orleans chamber of com-
merce, which office he held for twenty years, until
failing health compelled him to retire from public
life. He became a Republican, and was receiver of
public moneys in the Louisiana land office during
the administration of President Hayes. In 1884
ho was the Republican candidate for lieutenant-
governor, and in 1886 he was the nominee of the
same party for congress. In June, 1887, he re-
turned to his former home in Virginia. He was a
prolific writer of plays, poems, and tales. Among
the latter are " Exile and Empire," which appeared
in the " Southern Literary Messenger," and " White
Acre against Black Acre," which was published in
book-form before the war.
BUTLER, Marion, senator, b. in Honeycults
township, Sampson co., N. C, 20 May, 1863, and
was graduated at the Universitiy of North Carolina
in 1885. For several years he was a school-teacher ;
in 1888 he joined the Farmers' alliance, and pur-
chased the '• Clinton Caucasian," which has been
removed to Raleigh, and now has the largest cir-
culation of any paper in the state. He was elected
to the state senate in 1890, and was the leader of
the alliance forces in that body. Four years later
he was elected president of the national Farmers'
alliance, and was chairman in 1894 of the Popu-
lists' state committee. He was elected to the U. S.
senate as a populist to succeed Matthew W. Ran-
som, Democrat, in 1895. Mr. Butler, whose term of
service will expire in March, 1901, is the youngest
member of tlie senate, and in 1896 he was an ardent
supporter of William J. Bryan for president.
BUTLER, Thomas Aiiibrose, author, b. in
Dublin, 21 March, 1837. He was educated in St.
Lawrence's seminary, and was graduated at the
Roman Catholic university, Dublin, in 1856. He
studied for the priesthood" in Maynooth college,
and was ordained in 1864 and appointed to a
curacy in Wicklow county, but came to tlie United
States in 1867, and was engaged in missionary work
in Kansas until 1875. Later he was appointed pas-
tor of St. James's church, St. Louis, also contribut"
ing to Roman Catholic periodicals and journals.
He is the author of " The Irish on the Prairies,
and other Poems" (New York, 1874), and " Kansas
and Irish Immigration " (1875).
BYERS. Sainnel Hankiiis Marshall, poet,
b. in Pulaski, Pa., 23 July, 1838. He was educated
in the jiulilic schools of Oskaloosa, Iowa, and stud-
ied law, but did not practise. He served in the
National army, was taken prisoner in November,
1863, and while in confinement in Columbia, S. C,
wrote the song entitled " Sherman's March to the
Sea," whose popularitv gave its name to the cam-
paign it celebrated. lie was U. S. consul at Zurich,
Switzerland, in 1869-'84, and consul-general to
Italy in 1885. In addition to being a contributor
to magazines, Mr. Bvers is the author of " What I
saw in Dixie" (Danville, N. Y., 1868); -Switzer-
land and the Swiss" (New York, 1875); "The
Happy Isles, and other Poems " (1885) : and " Mili-
tary Histirry of Iowa" (Des Moines, Iowa, 1888).
BYNNEit, Edwin Lasseter, author, b. in
Brooklyn, N. Y., 5 Aug., 1842; d.in Boston, Mass.,
5 Aug., 1893. After graduation at the Harvard
law school he was admitted to the bar, and prac-
tised law in Bo.ston, St. Louis, and New York until
1886, when he devoted himself entirely to litera-
ture. The colonial history of New England re-
ceived his special attention. He wrote several
historical novels, including "Nimporf (Boston.
1877); "Tritons" (1878); " Damen's Ghost"
(1881); "Agnes Surriage " (1886); "Penelope's
Suitors" (1887); "The Begum's Daughter"
(1889): "The Chase of the Meteor, and other
Stories" (1891); " Zachary Phips" (1892): and,
with Lucretia Peabodv Hale, "An Uncloseted
Skeleton" (Boston, 1893).
BYRNE, Thomas Sebastian, R. C. bishop, b.
at Hamilton, Ohio, in July, 1841. He entered St.
Mary's ecclesiastical seminary, near Bardstown,
Ky., where he made his classical and ecclesiastical
studies, and continued them at Mount St. Mary's
preparatory seminary, in Cincinnati. In 1865 he
went to Rome and continued his studies until ill
health compelled him to return, when he resumed
and complete<l his theological studies at Mount
St. JIary's seminary, and there he was ordained a
priest. He remained there for ten years as a pro-
fessor and until that institution was closed, when
he accepted the position of chaplain at Delhi,
Ohio. He subsequently became rector of St.
Peter's cathedral at Cincinnati, and while there he
founded the Springer institute and directed its
erection until completed. In July, 1887. he was
appointed rector of Mount St. Mary's seminary,
and so continued until 1894, when he was ap-
pointed bishop of Nashville. He was consecrated
in St. Joseph's church, Nashville, in July, 1894.
c^^ci
CADWALADER
CAPPERY
45
C
CADWALADER, Thomas, physician, b. in
Philadelpliia. Pa., in 1708; d. near Trenton, N. J.,
14 XoT., 177K. He )>egan the study of medicine in
Philadelphia and completed his course in London.
About 1731 he re-
turned to Phila-
delphia, and con-
tinued his profes-
sion there for fif-
teen years. During
the winter of \Ti6-
'7 he is mentioned
as one of the physi-
cians that mocu-
lated for the small-
pox. In 1746 he
removed to Tren-
ton, N. J., but in
1750 he returned
I ~ r ' to Philatlelphia,
^.^ _ He subscribcil in
j;^^ t^^c^^,^^ S[tai'r.^of;i::
Pennsylvania hospital, uf wliioh he became one of
the original physicians, and in the same year woa
elected a niemtx-rof the common council, in which
he served until 1 774. Dr. l'a<lwaladcr was called to
the provincial council on 3 Nov., 1755, and signed
the non-importation articles. In July, 1776, the
committee of safety of Pennsylvania appointed
him on a committer for the examination of all
candidates that applied for the [lost of surgeon in
the navy, and at tne same time he was appointed
a medical director of the army hospitals. In 177H
he 8ucceede<I the elder William Shippen as surgeon
of Pennsylvania hospital, and previously, in 1765,
he had Ix-en elected trust«ie of the Medical college
of Philaili'lphia, where hegaveacourtie of lectures.
Dr. (-'HdwHliKler was a member of the American
philosoptiii'al wK-iety and the .Xmerican Sfx-icty for
rromotnif; useful knowli'd)?e iK-fore their union in
76U. He was one of the original cor|>orat'jni of
the Philadelphia library comiuiny in ITdl. It is
reported that he saved the life of a son of Uov.
Jonathan Belcher by the application of electricity
before 1750, and he published an " Kssay on the
West India Dry Gri|i<'s" (1<45). Its pur|M)sv was
to prove that (juicksilver and drastic iiurgativcs
were highly injurious to the system, lie was the
father of (ten. •lohn Ciulwalailer and of Uol. l<ani-
bertCailwaliwler. — II is grandson, Thuuias, soldier,
b. in Philadelphia, Pa., "ia <X-t., 177U; d. there, ai
Oct., 1841, was the son of (ien. John (.'adwaliuler,
and was griuluated at the L'tiiversily of Pennsyl-
vania in 170'). After studying law he was ad-
mitted to the tmr, but took charge of the interests
of the Penn family, which withdrew him from
practice. In April, 171HI, he was a private soldier
ID a cavalry troop, and was one of the sixteen that
captured the ringleaders of the insurrection in
Pennsylvania. During the war of 1812 he was a
lieutenant-colonel of cavalry, and he was afterward
apiMiinted tocomiiiandlhe advuncetl light-brigade.
Under Gen. ( mlwalader's training these troo|>s U.'-
caine remarkable for their ellleieney and discipline.
In 1812 he was appointed inajor-geiieral of tliu 1st
division of Pennsylvania niilitiit. With Wintield
Scott andZachary Taylor he wasap|Hiint<.-d in 182U
to revise the tactiia) of the U. S. army. In 1816 he
was appointetl a trustee of the University of Peiin-
■ylvauia.— His son, John, lawyer, b. in Philadel-
phia, Pa., 1 April, 1805; d. there, 26 Jan., 1879,
was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania
in 1821, and in 1825, after studying law with
Horace Binney, was admitted to the bar. The
place of solicitor of the Bank of the United States
was given to him by his relative, Nicholas Biddle,
then its president, and his services were also re-
tained by the government in important eases,
among which was the Blackburne cloth prosecu-
tion. Mr. C'a<lwalader afterward confined himself
to private practice in his profession, and was one
of the best-known commercial lawvers in the
United States. In 1844, after the riots of that
year, he raised a company for the city artillery
composed chiefly of lawyers, which was partially
supported by the city authorities. He was elected
to congress as a Democrat and served from 3
Dec., 185.5, till 3 March, 1857. In 1858 he was
appointed judge of the U. S. district court, and
he served thereafter on the bench until his death.
The degree of LL. D. was conferred on him by the
University of Pennsylvania in 1870. — Dr. Thomas's
grandson, Thomas, soldier, b. near Trenton, N. J.,
11 Sept.. 171)5; d. there, 22 Oct., 1873, was the son
of Col. Lambert Cadwalader (q. v). He was boni
at Greenwood, a profwrtv that was purchased by
his father in 1776, and is still owned by the
family. Young Cadwalader was graduated at
Princeton in 1815 and then studied law, but never
practised. He was ap|>ointed deputy adjutant-
general of the New Jersey militia on 2 June, 1830,
aide-de-camp to the governor, with the rank of
lieutenant-colonel, and luljulant-gencral of the
state, with the rank of brigadier-general, on 30
July, 1842. This oHlce he retained through sev-
eral political changes, until his resignation on 26
Jan., 1858. In 1850, at the request of the gov-
ernor, he travelled through various Kuropeau
countries and reported on the fire-arms there in
use, which report was priuted. He was brevettcd
major-general in Man^h, 1858, in pursuance of a
special act of the legislature for his long and
meritorious services. — His son, John Lambert,
lawyer, b. near Trenton, N. J., 17 Nov.. 1830, was
graduated at Princeton in 1856 and at Harvard
law-school in 1860. His legal studies were made
with Daniel I-ord in New York city, ami subse-
quently he practised his profession in that iilace.
During lK74-"6 he was assistant secretary of state
under Hamilton Fish. — Another son, Richard
McCall, lawyer, b. in Trenton, N. J., 17 Sept.,
183l», was graduated at Princeton in I860, and at
Harvard law-school in 1863. He wa.s admitted lo
the Philadelphia bar in 1864, where he has since
practised. Mr. Cadwalader is the author of " The
Law of Ground Rents" (Philadelphia. 1870).
C.4FFERY, Doncldson, senator, b. in the par-
ish of St. Mary, La., 10 Sept., 183.5, and was edu-'
caled at St. Mary's, Maryland. He was admitted
to the bar of his native' state, and served in the
Confederate army, first in the 30th Ix>uisiana
regiment, and sul»e<|uently on the staff of Gen.
Walker. .\t the close of the war he enga^'d in
sugar-planting, and continued to practise his pro-
fession of I he Taw. He was a memlier of the con-
stitutional couvention of 1870, and was elected to
the slate senate in 1892. He was later appointed
by the governor U. S. senator, to succeed Kandall
Lee Gibson, deceased, and look his seat in Jaim-
ary, 1803. He has served on coiiiinittees on claims,
manufactures, education and labor, pensions, and
46
CALLAWAY
CAMERON
enrolled bills, beingchairman of the last mentioned.
Senator Caffery was elected by the Louisiana legis-
lature in 1894 "to fill out the terra of Gibson, which
expired in the following year, and also to succeed
himself for the long term ending in March. 1901.
CALLAWAY, Samuel Ro^er, railway presi-
dent, b. in Toronto, Canada, 34 Dec, 1850. He
entered the service of the Grand Trunk railway at
thirteen, later being employed by the Canadian
express company and the Great Western railway.
Rising steadily, he became in 1875 superintendent
of the Detroit and Milwaukee railway, in 1880
manager of the Chicago and Grand Trunk, and in
1884 vice-president of the Union Pacific and
allied lines of nearly six thousand miles. In 1887
Mr. Callaway was elected president of the Toledo,
St. Louis anil Kansas City railway, an office which
he resigned in 1895 to "become president of the
New York, Chicago and St. Louis. Two years
later he accepted the presidency of the Lake
Shore and Michigan Southern, and in 1898 was
elected president of the Hudson River and New
York Central. Mr. Callaway is regarded as a
railway official of the highest character.
CAtLIS, John Benton, soldier, b. in Fayette-
ville, N. C, 3 Jan., 1828 ; d. in Lancaster, Wis., 33
Sept., 1898. He removed to Wisconsin in 1840.
At the outbreak of the civil war he was appointed
captain in the 7th Wisconsin infantry, 30 Aug.,
1861, and on 5 .Ian., 1863, he was commissioned
major. Me was honorably discharged, 29 Nov.,
1863, was commissioned major of the veteran re-
serve corps, 24 May, 1864, lieutenant-colonel, 11
Feb., 1865, and was honorably mustered out, 14
May, 1867. having received the brevets of colonel
and brigadier-general of volunteers, 13 Mar., 1865,
for efficient and meritorious service. On 7 Mar.,
1867, he was commissioned captain in the 45th
regular infantry, and received, the same day, the
brevet of major for his services at Gettysburg,
where he had been wounded. He served as super-
intendent in the war department until Dec, 1865,
when he was sent to Huntsville, Ala., as assistant
commissioner of the freedmen's bureau, which po-
sition he held until he resigned, 4 P''cb., 1868. In
that year he was elected to congress from the 5th
Alabama district, and while in congress he intro-
duced the resolution on which was afterwards
based the Kukhix Klan bill.
CALVO, Joaqnin Bernardo (eal-vo), Costa
Rican minister, b. in San .lose in 1858. lie is the
son of a distinguished statesman, received a good
education, and established the first daily in tbsta
Rica. In 1885 he was a member of the commis-
sion established to settle the claims arising from
the wars which at that time took place in the Cen-
tral American states. He resigned from the com-
mission to accept the place of governor of the prov-
ince of Cartago. Since June, 1896, Mr. Calvo has
been Costa Rican minister to the United States.
His most important work is entitled "Apuuta-
mientos Geograficos Estadisticos e Ilistoricos de la
Republica de Costa Rica," which lias been trans-
lated into several languages, and of which many
editions have been issued.
CAMBON, Jules Martin, diplomatist, b. in
Paris, 5 April. 1845. He studied law at the College
of Louis le Grand, became an advocate in 186(5,
and in tin; year following was made secretary of
the " Conference du stage." During the Franco-
Prussian war he served as captain ; after the war
he was made auditor to the provisional commission
charged with succeeding the council of state. He
became assistant chief of the bureau of the gen-
eral government of Algeria in September, 1875, and
chief of the bureau in November, 1876. In June,
1878, he was made prefect of Constantine ; he left
this position to become general secretary to the
prefectureof polieeoftheSeine. When his brother,
Pierre Paul Cainbon. was sent to Tunis in 1882. he
succeeded him as [irefect of the department of the
north, at Lille; he remained here until he became
prefect of the Rhone, at Lyons, in 1887. In 1891
he was sent to Algiei-s as governor-general, and
only relinquished that post to become atnbassador
to the United States. When he left Algiers he
was made honorary governor-general of the prov-
ince, a title heretofore bestowed on no man. He
was appointed ambassador to this country on 14
Oct., 1897, and he presented his credentials on 15
Jan.. 1898. When war broke out between Spain
and the United States, Spain chose him, in July,
to make overtures for peace ; and it was he, acting
on behalf of Spain, that signed, with Secretary
Day, the protocol that put an end to hostilities, on
12 Aug., 1898. M. Cambon became a knight of the
Legion of honor in 1879, with special mention of
his former services; in 1885 he was promoted offi-
cer, and in 1889 commander.
CAMKRON, Arellibalil, clergyman, b. in Scot-
land in 1771 ; d. in Shelbyville, Ky., 4 Dec, 1836.
He came to this country as an infant with his
parents, who settled at first in Virginia, but sub-
sequently removed to Kentucky and was educated
at Transylvania seminary (now university), com-
pleting his course in Bardstown. His theological
studies were made with Rev. David Rice in Dan-
ville, and he was licensed to preach on 14 Feb.,
1795, by the Transylvania presbytery. At first he
served as a missionary, but on 2 June, 1796. he
was ordained and installed as pastor over several
churches in Shelby and Nelson counties. For
many years he was the only Presbyterian clergy-
man in a very wide extent of country, to supply
which he labored with indefatigable industry and
perseverance, travelling through a wilderness in
the most inclement seasons, and often being
obliged to swim swollen streams to fulfil his a|)-
pointments. He organized and built up many
churches, and next to Rev. David Rice wjus consid-
ered the father of Presbyterianism in Kentucky,
being known familiarly as '■ Father Cameron."
From time to time he found it necessary lo con-
tract his labors, and from 1828 until near the close
of his life he devoted himself to the churches of
Shelbyville and Mulberry. His publications in-
clude" " The Faithful Steward " (1806) ; " The
Minister, or Religious Liberty, Church Govern-
ment and Discipline" (1806) ; " An Ai>peal to the
Scriptures on the Design, Extent, and Effect of
the Propitiation" (1811^; "A Discourse concern-
ing the Doctrine of Indefinite Universal Atone-
ment" (1814); "A Defence of the Doctrines of
Grace" (181C); "A Ke|)ly to some Arminian
Questions on Divine Predestination " (1822) ; and
"A Sketch of the Transylvania Presbytery."
CAMERON, Henry Clay, educator, b.'in Shep-
herdstown, Va., 1 Sept., 1827. He was graduated
at Princeton in 1847, and at the theological sem-
inary in 18.55. Meanwhile he was principal of the
Edgehill school in Princeton in 1851, and in
1852-'5 tutor at the college. He was made ad-
junct professor of Greek in 1855. associate in 1860,
and professor in 1861, and since 1877 he has held
the chair of the (J reek language and literature. In
addition he was instructor in French in 1859-70,
and librarian in lS65-'72. Prof. Cameron was or-
dained a clergyman by the presbytery of Pliila-
delphia on 1 Feb., 1863". The degree of" Ph. 1). was
given him by Princeton in 1866, and he received
CAMERON
CAMPOS SALLES
47
that of D. D. from both Rutgers and Wooster in
1875. For more than twenty years he edited the
" General Catalogue of the College of Xew Jersey,"
and, in addition to CTclopiedia articles and essays,
including one on "Jonathan Dickinson and the
Rise of Colleges in America," he has published
•' Princeton Roll of Honor." a list of the graduates
of that college that fought in the war for the
Union (Princeton, 1865): "The History of the
American V\'hig Society" (lS71):and with Prof.
Arnold (iuvot a series of classical maps.
CA.MKRON, Sir Roderirk Wniiani, merchant,
b. in Glengarry county. Canaila, 25 .July, 1825. He
was educated in a district school of Kingston, and
in 1852 chartered a vessel in New York, in which
he sailed, with a |)arty of voung Canadians, for
Australia. He established himself as a shipping
merchant in New York, and now has branches in
London and Sydney. He wiis a volunteer in the
civil war. but remai'ns a British suhject. He was
a commissioner from Australia to the Centennial
exposition of 1876, from Canaila to the Melbourne
exposition of 1880, and was knighted in 1883.
CAMPBELL. Alexander WnUam, soldier, b.
in Nashville, Tenn.. 4 June, 1828: d. in Jacks<^in,
Tenn.. 13 June. 189.'f. He w»s graduated at the
West Tennessee college in 1H47, and from the
I.ielmnon law-school in 1851. He waf^ a lawyer of
ability and among the most prominent members
of the profession in his native state, and was for a
period the partner of Howell K. Jackson, recently
one of the justices of the V. S. supreme court. At
the beginning of the war he volunteereil as a pri-
vate, wag soon on staff duty with Gen. Cheatham,
and in October, 1861, Ufame colonel of the H-llh
Tennessee infantry, leailing his regiment at .ShiUili,
where he waslwice wounde<l. In Septemlicr, 18(54,
be was a.ssigne<l to the command of abriga<le under
Gen. Forrest, having previously Iteen ni8<Ie a briga-
dier-general, and serving with that succes<«ful cav-
alry leader until the surremler at Gainesville, Ga,,
5 slay, 1N05. (>en. CampU'll wa-s an active mem-
ber of the Protestant KpiscDpal church.
CAMPBELL. Archibald, soldier, b. in Al-
bany, N. Y., 26 July, 1813; d. in Wnvliinglon,
D.C., 27 July, 1887. 'His father, of thesjime name,
came from Glenlyon, Scotland, to the Cnited
States in 1704, and wa.« for fortv years ileputy sec-
retary of .stale of New York. The son wa-s gnulu-
ate<l from West I'oint and commissione<l brevet
2d lieutenant in the 6lh infantry in 1h:<5, and in
A ugust, IKIW, IwH-ame aide-<li'-camp to Gen. Gaines,
then in command of I'. S. forces on the Texas
frontier. Resigning from the armv in 1836, he
was engageil in various surveys and works of in-
ternal improvement until appointed in .April, 1845,
private secretary to William L. .Marcy, sei'retarr
of war. A year later he was maile chief clerk
of the war diMiartmeiit. He was ap|>oinle<l com-
mis.«ioner of the nortliwesteni lioundary survey in
1857, and claimed for the Cnited States the canal
I)e Haro as the water boundary, and by his flrm-
iiess prevent<Kl (during the civil war) Great Britain
from making giK>d her claim to Rosario straits,
thus saving to the Cnited States the valuable isl-
anil of San Juan. His position was fully sus-
tained by the German em[)eror when as arbi'trator
he n-ndered his ilecisinn in favor of the Cnited
Slates. Mr. Cam|>lM-ll was apiHiint<'il commission-
er of the northern boundary survey in 1S72, and
completed the boundary line across the continent
by uniting the northwestern and ea.slcm lioundary
lines at the Lake of the Woods: his report on
which, together with roam, was published under
the act of congress of 8 March, 1877.
CAMPBELL. Hugh Jones, lawyer, b. in Penn-
sylvania in 1831 ; d.in Yankton, So. Dak.. 19 Apr.,
1898. He removed when quite young to Muscatine,
Iowa, where he was studying law at the outbreak
of the civil war. Under a commission from Gov.
Kirkwoo<l he raised a regiment of volunteers : he
was appointed major, 2 Aug., 1862. lieutenant-
colonel, 17 July, 1863. colonel. 1 Dec. 1864. and was
mustereil out as lieutenant-colonel with his regi-
ment at Little Rock. Ark.. 20 July, 1865. He re-
ceived the brevet of brigadier-general. At the
close of the war he fini.she<l his Taw-studies, and,
after securing admi.ssion to the bar, began practis-
ing law in Louisiana, where he was appomted a
l^ S. court judge. During the contest of rival
presidential electors after the election of 1876, as
a member of the returning boartl he gave the de-
cision in favor of the Republican electors, thus
giving the vote of the state to Hayes and securing
his election. Campbell remove<l to what was then
Dakota territory in 1877, and held the office of
U. S. district attorney for some time. He took an
active interest in polities, served as delegate to
many conventions, and was at the head of the
movements for division of the territory into North
and South Dakota and for a<lmission into the
Union. Throughout Dakota Gen. Campbell was
known as the " father of statehood."
CAMPBELL, James Baxter. lawyer, b. in Ox-
ford. Mass.. 27 Oit., 1808; d. in Wa.shington, D.C.,
8 Nov.. 1883. He was educated at Brown, but left
without (wing graduated, and studied law in the
office of Hugh S. Ix'gar^, in Charleston, S. C. After
his admission to the Imr he attained note in his pro-
fession in South Carolina, especially as an equity
lawyer. Under the leadership of Joel R. Poinsett
he took an active part in the nullincation contest.
He l)ecame the confidential agent of the Union
committee of South Carolina in Washington, where
he met Andrew Jack.son, Daniel Webster. Kdward
Livingston, Ijewis Ca.ss. and other political leaders.
For many years he serve<l in the legislature as a
conservative DemixTat. When the civil war began,
in 1H61, although lj«'lieving in the right of secession,
he op[iosed the tiring on Fort .Sumter and other
acts that tended toward sepanition. In 1866 he
was elected to the U. S. senate by the provisional
legislature, but was excluded with other Southern
members. During the recon.st ruct ion era he held
aloof from politics, with the exception of s|ieaking
at the meetmg in Charle.ston to ratify the nomina-
ti<m of .S'ymourand Blair in 1H68. Mr. Canifiliell
was electe<l to the state senate in 1877, but his op-
|<osition to the voting-precinct law caused his en-
tire st'jnaration from tlie party there.
CAMPOS SALLES, Manuel Kerras de (cam-
pos sal-yeas), presiilent, Brazil: li. in .Silo Paulo, 13
Feb., I84I. He took up the study of law. and
was graduated in 1864. While yei a student he
had entered into politics in his native state in
1862 as a newspa|K'r writer. He wa.« elected to
the state legislature of SiJo Paulo in 1867, and
was thereafter re-elcclcil several times, until he
was sent to the chamber of deputies of the em-
pire in 1884. With Prudentc ae Moraes, he was
the first republican member to the chamlier dur-
ing the time of the empire. When the republic
was proclaimed he held the [Mjsition of minister of
justice. His first act was toalwlish the centralized
law organization of the late empire, and this he
followed by organizing new legal measures, ba.sed
upon sound principles of federal law. His efforts
in thisdirectionweresosuccessfulthat the constitu-
ent assembly followed closely, in ilrawing up the
new constitution, the lines he had laid down. He
48
CANCCHAEE
CANTERAC
left the cabiuet, and was chosen to represent his
state in the senate. Before his term here was
completed he was elected presiilent of Sao Paulo,
and this office he held until he resigned to become
the candidate of the republican party for the presi-
dency of Brazil in 1899, to which office, a little
later! he was elected bv a large majority.
CANCCHAEE, Peruvian poet, lived in the 15th
century. She was, according to some authors,
among the virgins that guarded at Cuzco the
archives of the nation in a magnificent palace
dedicated to the sun, which occupied the site
where the convent of Santa Catalina de Siena
now stands, but others contest this, although all
agree that she deserves the name of the Peruvian
Sappho. She fell in love with a priest, Yahuar
Imace, who disdained her. and she bewailed her
misfortune in touching and graceful verses, or
yaravis, some of which were till lately occasionally
sung by Indians in the mountains of Peru and
Bolivia. The yaravis composed by Cancchaee were,
according to all historians, graceful poems, and
Ferdinand Denis proposed in 1860 to the French
government to appoint a commission for obtaining
the original melody from the Indians. Tradition
says that Cancchaee committed suicide in the
Colqui-Cocha, or Silver lake. Her poems are men-
tioned by Valdes y Palacios in his " Viage al Cuz-
co," by Alcide d'Orbigny in his " L'homme Ameri-
cain," by Johann von Tschudi in his "Antigile-
dades Peruanas " (Vienna, 1851), and by others.
CANDLER, Allen Daniel, governor, b. in
Lumpkin county, Ga. He was graduated from
Mercer university, and became a manufacturer.
In 1861 he entered the Confederate army as a
captain, continuing to the close of the civil war,
when he had attained to the rank of colonel. In
1872 he was elected to the legislature, in 1879 to
the Georgia senate, and from 1883 to 1890 he was
a member of congress. In 1894 he became secre-
tary of state, and in October, 1898, he was elected
governor of Georgia. lie is the author of a
biography of his great-grandfather, entitled " Col.
William Candler, of Georgia," who was an officer
of the Revolutionarv army (Atlanta. 1896).
CANDLER, Warren Akin, M. E. bishop, b.
near Villa Rica, Carroll co., Ga., 23 Aug.. 1857.
He was graduated at Emory college, was licensed
to preach in 1875, and became pastor of various
churches in the south. In 1885 he was appointed
assistant editor of the "Christian Advocate," and
three years later he accepted the presidency of
Emory college, which he held until elected bishop
in May, 1898. He has received the degrees of
D. D. and LL. D., and is the author of " His-
tory of Sunday-Schools" (New York, 1880) and
"Georgia's Educational Work" (Atlanta, 1893).
CANNON, Franii Jenne, senator, b. in Salt
Lake City, 25 Jan., 1859, and was graduated from
the University of Utah in 1878. lie became a
printer and contributor to newspapers. Mr. Cannon
was a delegate to the Republican national conven-
tion which met at Minneapolis in 1892, and during
the same year he was defeated for delegate to con-
gress. Two years later he was successful, and in
January, 1896, he was elected to the U. S. senate.
His term of service expired in March, 1899. He
withdrew from the St. Louis national Republican
convention of 1896 because of dissatisfaction with
the monetary plank of the platform.
CANTARI, Peruvian scientist, lived in the 16th
century. He was a native of the valley of Coeha-
bamba, and descended from Ilia, the inventor of
the quipos, or bunches of strings of various colors,
which, among the Peruvian Indians, served to re-
cord historical events. Cantari was among the
few that were able to decipher the quipos, and
afforded great aid to the historians, as is acknowl-
edged by Anello Oliva in his " Histoire du Perou "
(Ternaux-Conipans's collection, Paris, 1840), by
Juan de Velasco in his " Hi.storia del reyno de
Quito " (Paris, 1840), and by Ferdinand Denis in
his " fitudes sur les Quipos " (Paris, 18.58).
CANTERAC, Jo86 (can'-tay-rak), Spanish sol-
dier, b. in France about 1770: d. in Madrid in
June, 1835. His father, a general, was executed
for his fidelity to the royalist cause during the
revolution of 1793 ; the son, with the remainder of
the family, took refuge in Spain, where he entered
the military service, became a brigadier, and in
1817 was put in command of 2,700 men, and sent to
Peru with orders to touch at Venezuela and assist
in subduing the island of Margarita, which had be-
come the headquarters of many American, Dutch,
and English armed vessels, under privateer's com-
missions from the revolutionary government. On
15 July Canterac defeated the republicans after a
bloody resistance, and, with the second division
under Aldama, he was ordered to march against
the capital, Asuncion, but was defeated on 31 July
at Matasiete. He also participated in the storm-
ing of Juan Griego, 6 Aug., and Villa del Norte,
10 Aug. ; but after being repelled from the latter
city, Morillo, the general-in-chief, being in need
of all available forces, resolved to keep the regi-
ments that had been destined for Peru, and Can-
terac left early in 1818 with only his pei-sonal staff.
In June of that year he joined the army of Upper
Peru under Gen. La Serna at Tupiza as adjutant
general, and took i)art in the campaign of that
province during 1819-"20, being temporarily in
chief command, after La Serna's departure, from
19 Sept.. 1819, to 5 Feb.. 1820. In Deceml)er of the
latter year he was ordered to Lima bv the viceroy,
Pezuela, joined in the petition for the reappoint-
ment of La Serna, and on 29 Jan.. 1821, as chief
of staff, was the first to sign the manifesto of Az-
napuquia demanding the resignation of Pezuela.
He was rewarded by the new viceroy with the ap-
pointment as general-in-chief, and when the vice-
roy resolved to abandon the capital Canterac was
ordered to the interior against Gen. Arenales. In
August, 1821, he marched from Jauja with 4,700
men to relieve Callao. but on 16 Sept. he resolved
to evacuate the fortress, which surrendered to the
patriots on 21 Sept., and Canterac returned in Oc-
tober to Jauja, after an inglorious campaign. He
was promoted major-general in JIarch, 1822, de-
feated Gen. Domingo Tristan at I§a on 7 April,
and, joining Gen. Valdes after his victory of To-
rata, routed the republican army under Gen. Are-
nales at Moquegua. 21 Jan., 1823, and was pro-
moted lieutenant-general. He was ordered by the
viceroy in July. 1824. to take the offensive, but
remained in Jauja until the approach of Bolivar's
army, when he marched on Pasco, but. meeting
the patriot forces on the way, took position near
the lagoon of Lauricocha in the plain of Junin,
where on 6 Aug., 1824, he was totally defeated. On
22 Sept. he joined the army of the vicer<jy. advanc-
ing from Cuzco. who appointed him his chief of
staff. After the final defeat of the royalist army
at Ayaeucho, 9 Dec, 1824, and the capture of the
viceroy, Canterac, as second in command, signed
next day the capitulation by which Peru was
evacuated. He went to Rio Janeiro and thence
to Spain, where he was appointed commander-in-
chief of the camp of Gibraltar. In 1835 he was ap-
pointed captain-general of New Castile, and during
a military mutiny he was shot by the insurgents.
CAPERS
CARLETON
49
CAPERS. Ellison. P. E. bishop, b. in Charles-
ton. S. C 14 Oct.. 1837. He was graduated at the
South Carolina military academy, later becoming
one of its professors. He y/as three times wounded
during the civil war, and at its close was a Con-
federate brigadier-general. He was secretary of
state of South Carolina in 1867-'8, and later en-
tered the Protestant Episcopal church. He held
rectorships in several southern parishes, including
Christ church. Greenville, S. C. where he remained
for twenty years. In 1893 he was elected and
later consecrated bishop of his native state.
CAPRON, Erastus AUyn, soldier, b. in Mace-
don, Waviie CO., N. Y.. in 1813 ; killed at Churu-
buseo. Xfexico. 20 Aug.. 1847. He was graduated
from Geneva college, and then entered the U. S.
military academy. lie was graduated and ap-
pointed brevet 2d lieutenant m the 1st artillery.
July, 1833, and received the c-ommission of 2d
lieutenant on 31 May, 1834. He served in the
Florida war in 1835-'8. and won distinction in the
battle of Withlacoochee. He was promoted 1st
lieutenant, 19 Nov., 1836. During the Mexican
war he was engaged in the siege of Vera Cruz.
He was in the sKinni.shes of La Ilova. Oka Luka.
and the buttle of Contreras. He had been ap-
pointed captain. 16 Feb.. 1847. and at the battle of
Churubusco he led his company in the storming of
the strongly intrenche<l convent used as a citadel ;
Uuring this engagement, for liravery in which he
was three tiroes brevetle<l, he fell mortally wound-
ed. Fort Capron, F'lorida, was name<l after him
for his servic-cs in the Seminole war. — His son,
Alljrn, soldier, b. in Tamjm, Fla.. 27 Aug.. 1846,
<1. at Fort Myer, Va.. 18 .S<>pt., 1898, of typhoid
fever contracted in the campaign before Santiago
de Cuba during the war with Spain. He was ap-
pointed to the U. S. military academy from Korth
Carolina, and he entere<l it on 1 Sept., 186.3. He
was graduated and commissioned 2il lieutenant in
the 1st artillery in .Tune. 1867. He remained with
his battery until 1871, when he was transfcrretl to
signal duty at P'ort Whipple, Va. Ho was pro-
rootcnl 1st lieutenant. 19 Aug.. 1873. in which year
sl!«i he was graduated with honor from the artil-
lery school. A fine mathematician and a man of
marke<l ability, he was recognized as an authority
on matters connected with the artillery branch of
the service, and also on tactics. He was made
captain. 4 Dec., 1888. During the Sioux camixiign
of ISltO he mMile a brilliant reconl at the battles of
Woundeii Km* and Drexel Mission. After that
he was on duty j)rinci|>8lly in the department of
California. During the war with Spain in 1808 he
tmik part in the invasion of Cuba; he o|>ene(l the
fight at Rl Caney at 6.1.5 o'clock, shattering the
first flagstaff in Santiago. Two weeks later he
had the honor of flring the salute of twenty-one
guns at the surrender of the town. During this
campaign he liecaine infected with the germs of
typhoirl fever; he fought against the attack with
his customary energy, but was force<l to succumb.
He was ordered to his luime at Fort Myer, Va.,
and died there. — His son. AllTn Kliwain, soldier,
b. in Hrooklyn. N*. V.. 24 .lune' 1K71. was killed at
the battle of La Guaxima. Culia. 24 June, 1898.
He studied in the. Brooklyn high-school; in 189()
he enlisted in the 4th U. S. cavalrv. He was com-
missioned 2d lieutenant in the 5tii cavalry in Oc-
tolier. 1893, and was tninsferre<l to the 7th cavalrv
in 1894. In 1894 he had charge of the Indian
prisoners at Fort .Sill. Indian territory, and was
made ii iiiemlior of the Apm-hc trilM-.' Like his
gnindfuther and father, he was a fine miitlH'ina-
tician. and showe<l exceptional ability in his pro-
VOL. VII. — 7
fession. He contributed to magazines and the
cavalry journal, generally on scientific subjects.
When war broke out with Spain, and Col. Leonard
Wood and Theodore Koosevelt recruited the 1st
U. S. volunteer cavalry, popularly known as the
" Rough Riders," he was commissioned captain,
and took part in the invasion of Cuba. While
leading the advance guard in the battle of La
Guasinia. he was niortallv wounded, the first Ameri-
can army olTicer that fell in the war.
CARDENAS. Francisco (cir-day-nas), Mexican
historian, b. in Merida, Yucatan, about 1600 ; d.
there, about 1660. He studied theologv in his
native city, was ap|>ointed its parish priest, and
afterwanl was ecclesiastical judge of idolatry for
thedi<H?ese. His leisure wasemployed in searching
the archives for historical documents and hearing
and shifting the traditions of the native race. He
wrote " Relaci6n de la Conquista y Sucesos de
Yucatiin, ))ara el Cronista mayor de Indias Don
Tomis Tamayo de Vargas" (1639). and " Relacion
historia e<'lesiastica de YiicjitAn. hecha en virtud
de Real Ci'slula de 16.35 " (1643). lioth manuscripts
are in the archives of the Indies. They were liber-
ally used by Diego Cogolludo in his " Historia de
Yucatan,"* and are mentioned by Gil Gonzalez
Divila in liis "Teatro de la Iglesia de Indias oc-
cidentales" (Madrid, 1645-'9).
CAREY. .\9a Bacon, soldier, b. in Canterbury,
Conn., 12 July, 18:t5. He was graduated from the
U. S. militarv academy, and jiromoted to lieuten-
ant in the l.^th infantrv. He served during the
civil war in New Mexico, the National govern-
ment giving him two brevets for gallantry. At
the battle of Apache Cailon, near Santa Fe, Capt.
Carey comniamled one of the battalions that
gaine<l the rear of the enemy, captured and ile-
stroycd all their ammunition, supplies, and trans-
portation, and turned t he defeat of the Union forces
at the front into a victory. The enemy, having
no supplies, were force<l to leave the country. He
was brevetti'<l major for services on that occasion.
In 1863-'4 he took part in the camj)aign against
the Navajo Indians, which resulted in their being
conquered. With a hundred and fifty picked men
he j)assi>d through the Caflon de Chclly, a feat never
liefore accomplished in time of war with the In-
dians. For it he was brevetted lieutenant-colonel.
He was chief <|Uartermaster of New Mexico for
some time, and su|>erintendent of the volunteer
signal service, chief mustering and disbursing
officer anil commissary of the territory in 1865,
and afterward in charge of the chief commissary's
oflSce, department of Dakota, until 5 Oct., 1867,
when he was aii|K)inteil paymaster, with the rank
of major. In Junuarv, 1899, he was transferred
to Washington as acting pHyninster-general, and
on the rt-tirement of I'avmaster-tieneral .Stanton,
on 30 .Ian., he succeeded him. He was retired 13
Julv, I8!t9. having reaclied the age of sixty-four.
CABI,ETON.Charle»Ame8,.soldicr,b. ill Brook-
lyn, N. Y.. 27 April, 18:t«: d. in New York city,
1 April, 1897. He wa« graduated at Dartmouth in
1N.W. studied law. and subsequently wius connected
with the New York publishing house of his brother,
George W. Carlelon. In April. 1861, he entered
the service a.s a private in the engineer corps, and
continued in the army, passing through all the
Cles. until mustered out as lieutenant-colonel in
ember, ise.'i, anil brevetted colonel and briga-
dier-general of volunteers. He was for thirty years
an active memln'rof the Loyal legion, filling many
offices in the New York conimanderv.
CARLETON, Henry (Jny, ilranuitist. b. in Fort
Union, N. M.. 21 .lune, 18.>"). He is the son of
60
CARMAN
Gen. James H. Carleton (vol. i., p. 526), and was
graduated at Santa Clara college in 1870, where he
was specially educated as a civil and raining engi-
neer. In 1873 he was appointed 3d lieutenant in
the 8th U. S. cavalry, but he resigned in 1876,
after serving in the Indian campaign against the
Arapahoes and Kiowas on the Llano Estacado,
Texas. During the political troubles in Louisiana
he was major of the 2d battalion of Louisiana
infantrv in January, 1877, and adjutant of the
Louisiana field artillery in March, 1877. Mr.
Carleton has invented a double-fluid barometer
(1873); a telegraph repeater (1884); and the electric
log and engine record, which is used in the New
York yacht club (1887). He has also been actively
engaged in journalism since 1876 as associate edi-
tor of the New Orleans "Times," as managing
editor of " Life," and as a member of the edi-
torial staff of the New York " World " since 1886.
In 1878 he gained the prize that was offered in
New Orleans for the best poem to express the
gratitude of the south to the north for aid in the
yellow fever epidemic. He is the author of " Men-
mon," a tragedy in blank verse (Chicago, 1881) ;
"Victor Durand," a drama that was performed at
Wallack's theatre in 1884 ; and " The Thompson
Street Poker Club" (New York, 1884).
CARMAN, William Bliss, poet,b. in Frederic-
ton, New Brunswick, 15 April, 1861. He was gradu-
ated at the University of New Brunswick in 1881,
and afterward studied in Edinburgh, Scotland, and
at Harvard. He studied law, practised civil engi-
neering, taught school, and has engaged in journal-
istic and literary work. He is the author of " Low
Tide on the Grand Pro " (New York, 1893) ; " Songs
from Vagabondia," with Richard Hovey (Boston.
1894) ; " Behind the Arras " (1895) ; " More Songs
from Vagabondia," with Richard Hovey (1896) ;
and " Ballads of Lost Haven " (1897). ,„^
CAROCHI, Horacio (cah-ro'-ke), ItalianTtTl-
guist, b. in Florence in 1586 ; d. in the city of Mex-
ico in 1666. He entered the society of Jesus in
Rome, and before concluding his studies was trans-
ferred to Mexico, where he was graduated, and be-
came learned in the Aztec and Otomi languages.
He was appointed provincial secretary, rector of
the College of Tepozotlan, and superior of the com-
pany's house in Mexico, where he died. His writ-
ings include " Arte de la Lengua Mexicana con la
declaraeion de todos sus adverbios " (Mexico, 1645
and 1759); "Gram4tiea de la Lengua Otomi"
(1646) ; " Vocabulario copioso de la Lengua Mexi-
cana " and " Vocabulario Otomi," the manuscripts
of which were in the library of Tepozotlan ; and
" Sermones en Lengua Mexicana," manuscript in
the College of San (jregorio. The last three are
now in the National library.
CARPENTER, Cliarles Carroll, naval officer,
b. in Greenfield, Mass., 27 Feb., 1834 ; d. at Ja-
maica Plains, Mass., 1 April, 1899. He was ap-
pointed a midshipman in 1850, was attached to
the sloop " Portsmouth," was in the naval academy
from 1855 to 1856; and was promoted to passed
midshipman in the latter year. Later he served
on the steam-frigates " Merrimac," " Roanoke,"
" Colorado," and " Dolphin," of the home squadron,
and while on the squadron assisted in the capture
of the brig " Echo," with 300 slaves aboard. After
being made a lieutenant in 1858 he was attached to
the steamer " Mohawk," which captured the slaver
" Wildfire," off the coast of Cuba, with 500 negroes.
When the civil war broke out the " Mohawk " was
placed on the Texas and East Gulf blockade. Car-
penter was transferred in 1862 lo the steamer
" Flag," of the South Atlantic squadron, and in
CARPENTER
that year was promoted to lieutenant-commander.
He next saw service on the monitor " Catskill," and
was aboard of her during the attacks on the de-
fences of Charleston. During the latter part of the
war he was at the naval academy, and after its close
he went to the Asiatic station with the flag-ship
"Hartford." His first command was the steamer
" Wyoming," then for two years he was stationed at
the Portsmouth navy-yard.' During this lime he was
commissioned as commander. B'rom 1871 to 1872
he had command of the " Nantasket," and then he
returned to Portsmouth on equipment duty for
three years. His next sea duty was in the ill-fated
" Huron," of the North Atlantic squadron, from
1875 to 1876, leaving her a year before she was.
wrecked off the North Carolina coast. Again he
returned to Portsmouth, and while there was ad-
vanced to captain in 1880. He completed his
three years of shore duty at the Boston navy-yard,
and in 1883 was commander of the " Hartford,"
which carried an English and American scientific
expedition to the Caroline atoll to view the total
eclipse of the sun. For three years he commanded
the receiving-ship " Wabash " at the Charlestown
navy-yard, and in the latter year was transferred to
Portsmouth as captain of the yard, and later be-
came commandant. He received his commission
as commodore in 1893, and as rear-admiral a year
later. As commander of the Asiatic squadron in
1894 he saw many of the naval movements of the
Chino-Japanese war. Under his orders was fired
the first and only shot by an American man-of-war
at a Chinese ship, thereby enforcing the demands
of this government and averting the impending
breach of relations between the United States and
China. His action was commended by the govern-
ment. Admiral Carpenter was retired in 1890,
after forty-six years of service. During the Span-
ish war he was recalled to act as commandant of
the Portsmouth navy-yard.
CARPENTER. Louis Henry, soldier, b. in
Glassboro', N. J., 11 Feb., 1839. He entered
the University of Pennsylvania, but before com-
pleting his course began the study of medicine. In
November, 1861, he enlisted in the 6th U. S. caval-
ry, in which he became 3d lieutenant in June, 1863.
lie served principally with the Army of the Poto-
mac, and during 1864 was acting aide-de-camp on
the staffs of Gen. Sheridan and Gen. Gregg. After
attaining the rank of 1st lieutenant in September.
1864, he was transferred to the 5th colored cavalry
with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, and became
colonel of this regiment in October, 1865. He re-
ceived the successive brevets from 1st lieutenant
in the U. S. army to that of colonel in the U. S.
volunteers during the civil war, and was appointed
captain in the 10th cavalry in July, 1866. Subse-
quently he served chiefly on the frontier against
the Indians, and was brevetted colonel for his ser-
vices on Beaver Creek in 1868. He was promoted
major of the 5th cavalry in 1883. After June,
1887, he had command of Fort Myer, Va. In
July, 1892, he became lieutenant-colonel, and in
June, 1897. colonel of his regiment. He was ap-
pointed brigadier-general of volunteers in jNlay,
1898, and was in command of the province of Puer-
to Principe. Cuba, until merged into the military
department of Santiago in July, 1899. In June,
1881, he was sent to Europe to report on the con-
dition of cavalry abroad, and on his return he
published a report that was issued by the war de-
partment.— His brother. Jaiiies Edward, lawyer,
b. in Kent county, Md.. 6 March, 1841, entered the
8th Pennsylvania cavalry, and in March, 1862. was
promoted 2d lieutenant. His regiment was as-
CARPENTER
CARRANZA
51
signed to the Army of the Potomac, and he par-
ticipated in the caiupaigri!! of that army until his
discharge in October. 1864, having attained the
rank of captain in 1863. lie received the brevet
of major in March, 1865. After the war he studied
law, and was admitted to the bar in Philadelphia.
He has been treasurer of the Historical society of
Pennsylvania since 1869. Major Carpenter has
written on military subjects, and published " A
List of the Battles, Engagements. Actions, and
Imiiortant Skirmishes in which the 8th Pennsyl-
rania C'a%-alry participated during the War of
1861-5 '• (PliiladelphiH. 1886).
CARPENTER, Saninel, colonist, b. in Eng-
land in 1649: d. in Philatlelphia, Pa.. 10 April,
1714. He early esjMjused the cause of the (Quakers,
and,embracing their faith, emigrated from England
to Barba<Joes, and in 1683 established himself in
Philadelphia. From 1685 till his death he was
treasurer of the province. He was a member of the
provincial council from 1687 till 1714, and dejiuty
governor during William Markham's administra-
tion in 1694-"8; also one of the cimimiissioners of
pro[)erty to represent William Penn in the man-
agement and sale of lands during his absence from
the colony. He was ju.stice of the court of com-
mon pleas, quarter sessions, and orphan's court of
Philadelphia in 1688; one of the overseers of the
public school of that town, and a memlier of the
provincial assembly in 1689. His name was at the
head of the list of councilmon in the first charter of
the city of Philadelphia, grunted by Gov. Thomas
Llovd in 1691. He was a member of the assembly
of JJew .Jprscy, in which province he held large
landed interests. Samuel C'arjienter was accounte<l,
after William F'enn, the richest man in the prov-
ince of Pennsylvania. He was extensively inlercst-
ed in commerce and shipping, and was the builder
and owm-r of mills in Uristol and other places in
Pennsvlvania, as well as of dwellinj;!*, warehouses,
and wharves in Philadelphia. William IVnn ap-
|(ointe<l him by his will a trustee <if his estate in
America. — HIsdesoendant.Thonia.H Prpstoii. law-
yer, b. in Ola-soboro". N. .1.. 19 April. 18<)4 : d. in
<'amden. N. J., 2 .March, 1876, was the son of Ed-
ward ('ari^nter. who was the owner of the glass-
works at Olassboro' for many years. Edwar<r<licd
when the son was (|uile young, and he grew to man-
hood in the family of his grandfather, al ('ar|ien-
ter's Lan<ling (now Mantua). After obtaining a
liberal e<lucation he studicnl jaw. and was admitted
as an attorney in Septemlter, 1830. On 26 Oct.,
1838, he was ap|K>inte<l prosecutor of the pleas of
Gloucester county. He was 8p|)ointed erne of the
associate justices of the supreme court of New ,Ier-
.sey. On his retirement from the judgeship, after
.serving a term of seven years, hedevotpfl himself to
the practice of his profession. As a judge of the
supreme court he was held in high esteem by his
associates and by the l>ar of the state for his ability,
learning, and for the uniform goo<l judgment which
he brought to the consideration of cases. — Another
ili'scendant. John ThoniaH, surgeon, b. in Potts-
ville, I'u.. 27 June. IMH:!. His father. James Strat-
lon. was an eminent physician. The son was gnul-
uated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1852.
and in medicine in 18.55. At the'ojjening of the
civil war he was commissioned surgeon of the ;}4th
Pennsylvania volunteers ; in S<-pteinl>er he was pro-
moted brigade surgeon: in Octolwr he was made
medical director of .Mc( 'ook's brigade, army of West
Virginia; in Hecembcr. medical director in charge
of hospitals at Charlestown. W. Va. ; and in ManOi,
1862, in charge of hospitals at Cumberland, .Md.
In the following May be became medical director
of the Mountain department ; in August, in charge
of general hospitals at Cincinnati, Ohio ; in Decem-
l)er, medical director of the department of Ohio;
in May, 1863. president of the army medical board,
Cincinnati, Ohio: and in March, 1864. medical in-
spector and superintendent of hospitals in the dis-
trict of Kentucky. At the close of the war he
settled in the practice of his profession at Potts-
ville, Pa. In 1876 he was president of the Schuyl-
kill county medical society and a member of the
International medical congress, and in 1880 he was
president of the medical society of Pennsylvania.
Dr. Carpenter is the author of numerous medical
papers— on the management of iii.«titutions for the
insane, on the cause and prevention of insanity,
on the local origin of constitutional diseases, and
on the identity of hospital gangrene with diph-
theria. The last-named paper was rea<l before
the American medical as.<iociation in 1878. and is
quoteil by Prof. Hirsch. of Berlin, in his work on
'• Geograjihical and Historical Pathology."
CAKR, Ezra Slocnni, educator, b. in Stephen-
town, Rensselaer Co., X. Y.. 19 March, 1819. He
was graduated at the Rensselaer polytechnic insti-
tute in \KiH. and at once engaged in the New York
state geological survey. Meanwhile he also studied
medicine and received his degree at Albany med-
ical college, and at Castleton medical college in
1842. On graduation he was amiointed professor
of chemistrv and pharmacy in Castleton medical
college, which chair he held until 1854. and in
ISJO-'.'iO he gave similar lectures in Philadelphia
medical college. In 1851 he was elected profes.sor
of chemistry and pharmacy in Albany medical
college, which place he held for five years, and
was at the same time chemist of the S'ew York
state agricultural society. He was called to the
chair of chemistry and natural philosoiihy at the
I'niversity of Wisconsin in 18.56. where he was ap-
|Kiinted a regent of that institution by the legisla-
ture, and one of the state commissioners to carry
forward the geological survey of the state, in
which capatrity "he enriched the university with a
complete collection of the soils, minerals, and pro-
ductions of Wisconsin, thus forming one of the
most perfect cabinets of the kind in the world."
Meanwhile, from 1861 till 1865 he was profes-sorof
chemistry in Rush medical college. In 1869 he
was appointed professor of chemistry and agri-
culture in the University of California", which post
he held until 1875. also occupying the chair of
chemistry in the Toland medical college. He was
then electe<l state superintendent of public in-
stniction. which post he held for four years, when
he retired and settled in southern California. Dr.
Carr received the honorary degree of LL. I), from
Miildlebury college. He was vice-president of the
American medical a-s.sociat ion in 1848, and presi-
dent of the Wisconsin medical society for two
years. Among his published papers are "Child
Culture," "The Genesis of Crime." "Claims and
Conditions of Industrial Kilucalion," and "Patrons
of Hushandrv on the Pacific Coast."
CARRANK.\. IMego (car-rAn-thah). Mexican
friar, b. in Jlexico city in 1569; d. in Tehnante-
|iec in 1603. He united with the Dominicans in
1577. anil after finishing his studies was sent, in
1587, to Xejuiia, in Oaxaca. to learn the Zapotec
language. Tnere he also acquired the Chontal
dialect, and resolved to convert the wild tribe of
that name which roamed without fixed habitations
through the mountains of the southwestern part
of the province. Aftertwelve yearsof missionary
labor, and founding the Chontal villace of Te-
quistlan, he contracted leprosy, and died in a
52
CARRANZA
CARTER
hospital. He wrote, besides a number of sermons
and prayers in the aboriginal language, " Arte de
la lengua Chontal " (in manuscript) and •' Doetrina
Cristiana " in Cliontal, almost the only work that
is left in that language (Seville, 1659).
CABRANZA, Jeronimo de, Spanish adminis-
trator, b. in Seville about 1535 ; d. in Spain about
]6t)0. In 1589 he came to America, and served for
ten years as governor of Honduras, when he re-
turned to Spain. He was an adept with the sword,
an(l first reduced to practice the theory of swords-
manship propounded by Jean Pons, of Perpignan.
He finished in 1569 a work entitled "Librode Hie-
ronimo de t'aran(;a, natural de Sevilla, que trata
dela philosophia delas annas y de sv destreza, y de
la aggresio y defensio C'hristiana," which was pub-
lished at San Lucar de Barrameda in 1582. In
1600 Luis Pacheco de Narvaez published at Ma-
drid an epitome or abridgment entitled " Libro de
las grandezas de la espada, en que se declaran mu-
chos secretos del que compuso el Comendador Ge-
ronimo de Carranza." The Biblioteca Colombina
at Seville possesses two manuscripts of works re-
lating to Carranza, one entitled " Los cinco libros
sobre la Ley de la Injuria, de palabra 6 de obra, en
que se incluyen las verdaderas resoluciones de la
honra, y los medios con que se satisfacen las afren-
tas," etc., the other " Diseurso de Annas y Letras
sobre las palabras del proemio de la Instituta del
Einperador Justiniano ; y una deelaraeion en verso,
en razon de los mordaces murmuradores y Deca-
dencia de las Ciencias, Artes, Pacultades, y Sabi-
duria, por haber censurado los escritos del autor
Jer6ninio Sanchez de Carranza," etc.
CARRERE, John Merveii, architect, b. in Rio
de Janeiro, Brazil, 9 Nov., 1858, the son of Amer-
ican parents. He was educated in Switzerland,
and graduated at the celebrated fioole des Beaux-
Arts in Paris, France, in 1882. Establishing him-
self in New York as an architect, he three years
later formed a partnership with Tlioinas Hastings
(see vol. iii., page 113). The firm have designed
and erected many prominent public and private
buildings in that city and elsewhere, including the
picturesque Ponce de Leon and Alcazar hotels in
St. Augustine, Fla. To this firm was awarded,
CARROLL, Anna Ella, patriot, b. in Kingston
Hall, Somerset eo., Md., 29 Aug., 1815 ; d. in Wash-
ington, 1). C, 19 Feb., 1894. She was a daughter
of Thomas King Carroll, governor of Maryland.
The daughter began at an early age to interest
herself in political subjects, writing pamphlets and
contributing to periodicals. At the beginning of
the civil war she became an ardent advocate of the
National cause, and set free her slaves. In 1861
she submitted to the government a plan for con-
ducting military operations in the west and south,
by which she proposed to divert operations from
the Mississippi to the Tennessee, and thus work
southward to the center of the confederacy. This
plan, as she claim, was adojited, and in 1870, in
a memorial to congress, she asked that her services
should be recognized and rewarded. The military
committee of the house, in 1881, presented a favor-
able report upon it, accompanied by a bill bestow-
ing upon her the salary of a major-general from
1861 to the end of her life " as a partial measure of
recognition of her services to the nation " ; but un-
fortunately no further steps were taken in regard
to Sliss Carroll's claims. See " A Military Genius,"
by Sarah Ellen Blackwell (Washington, 1895).
CARSON, Joseph, physician, b. in Philatlel-
phia. Pa., 19 April, 1808 ;"d. there, 30 Dec, 1876.
His grandfather, Joseph Carson, emigrated from
Scotland, and was one of the shipping merchants
of Philadelphia that signed the non-importation
resolutions and gave his credit to the Continental
congress in the struggle for independence. The
grandson was graduated at the University of Penn-
sylvania in 1826, at the medical department in
1830, and began practice two years later in Phila-
delphia. He was professor of materia medica in
the Philadelphia college of pharmac^y in 1836-'50'
and in the University of Pennsylvania in 1850-'76,
then becoming emeritus professor. He was asso-
ciated with various hospitals, was a vice-president
of the Academy of sciences, and in 1870 president
of the national convention for revising the phar-
macopa'ia of the United States. In 1835 he was
made fellow of the college of physicians. Dr. Car-
son was co-editor of the "American Journal of
Pharmacy," and edited " Elements of Materia Med-
over numerous competitors, the new building now
in course of construction in Bryant park for the
New York public library — Astor, Lenox, and Til-
den foundations — which it is expected will be
completed before the close of the century, and
which is represented in the accompanying illustra-
tion. This noble building, which is to cost $2,500,-
000 exclusive of the site, it is believed will be second
only to the Library of Congress among edifices yet
erected for library purposes. Carrere & Hastings
also won the first prize for the fine building to be
erected by them near the cathedral. Morningside
park, for the National academy of design.
iea," by Jonathan Pereira, M. D.. with notes and
additions (Philadelphia, 1843: 2 vols., 1845), and
" Materia Jledica and Therapeutics," by J. Forbes
Royle, M. I). (1847). Besides many papers to sci-
entific journals, he published " Illustrations of
Medical Botany" (Philadelphia, 1847): synopses
of lectures on materia medica and therapeutics
(1852-67); and "History of the Medical Depart-
ment of the University of Pennsylvania " (1869).
CARTER, Thomas Henry, senator, b. in Scioto
county, Ohio, 30 Oct., 1854, received a common-
school education in Illinois. For several years he
was engaged in farming and school-teaching, after
CARUTHERS
CASS
53
which he studied law, and was admitted to the bar.
In 1882 he removed to Helena, was elected delegate
from the territory of Montana to the 51st congress
as a Republican. Upon the admission of the state
Mr. Carter was elected its first representative. He
was conimissiuner of the general land office from
March. 18U1, to July. 18i)2, when he became chair-
man of the national Republican committee. In
January, 189.'5, he was elected to the U. S. senate
for the term ending in March, 1901.
CARL'THERS. Robert Looney. jurist, b. in
Smith county, TiMin.. 31 Julv, 1890; d. in Leba-
non, Tenn., 4 Oct., 1882. He was graduated at
Greenville college, read law, and was admitted to
the bar. He was clerk of the chancery court in
Smith county, where he e<lited a newspajier. and in
1827 Ix-came solicitor for the judicial circuit court
till 1832 ; afterward he was state attomev. He was
electe<l to congress as a Whi^, serving from Mav,
1841, till March. 1843, declining a re-election, ife
was made attorney-general of Tennessee in 1844,
was a presidential elector on the Clay and Freling-
huyscn ticket, and in IS-Vi was called to the su-
greme court of Tennessee, serving until 1861.
le was a delegate to the peace convention of
1861, a member of the provisional Confederate
congress in that year, and was elected governor of
Tennessee in 1863, but his inauguration was pre-
vented by the presence of the National troops.
Judge <'arnthers fiiunde<l Cumberland university.
C'ARVALLO GOVENECHE. Vicente (car-v^-
yo). Chilian author, b. in Valdivia in 1742: d. in
Buenos Ayres, 10 March, 1816. He was the son
of the governor of Valdivia, and after studying in
the college of cadets went in 1766 as sub-lieuten-
ant, to serve ou the fn>ntier against the Arauca-
nians. When Ambrosio O'Higgins, in 1786, was
app<>int<-<l presiilent of Chili, t'arvallo formed [art
of his escort, and continued to serve in Santiago.
He solicited [jermission to go to Spain, where he
wished to study documents relating to Chilian his-
tory, and being refused he fled, and disgiiise<l as a
friar crossed the continent to Buenos Ayres. Hear-
ing there that an onier of arrest had been issued
against him as deserter, he presented himself in
Madrid, was pardoned, and for some time searched
the archives for the desired documents. Toward
the end of 1793 he was assigned to service in the
drag<M>ns of Buenos Ayres, and at the opening of
the revolution, in 1810, he es|>oused the cause of
independence, became secretary of the govern-
ment, anil obtained the rank of colonel. He died
in poverty in a hospital, and his historical work
in manuscript was soM for a trifle. It was after-
ward acijuired by Claude (ray fur the National
library of Sniitiapo. and was published by the gov-
ernment. The title is " I)esfrip<M<'>n histnrica y
geognitica del reyno ile Chile hasta el aflo 1788."
CAS.\1"IjT. Sir LoniH Na|(oleun, jurist, b. in
St. Thomas. yuelH-c. 10 July. 1823. He was edu-
cate<l at the yueiKH- seminary, an<i studied law.
In 18.54 he wa« elected to the Canadian as.sembly
from the county of Montmagny. and in 1867 was
chosen to the Canadian commons from the county
of Belle Chisse, which plat-e he resigned in 1870 to
accent the puisne judgeship of the .su|K'rior court.
He dc<'linc<l an appointment to the queen's bench
in SeptemlxT. 1888. Judge Casault became pro-
fessor of common law at Laval university in 18,58,
and Uiiig held that chair. The degree of LL. I),
was conferreil on him by Laval in 1H65. and he
was appfiinted queen's counsel in 1K67. He re-
ceived the honor of knighthood in 1894, and in
the same year was appointed chief justice of the
supreme court. Lady Casault is president of the
Piu;^.d^odey
Quebec branch of the National council of women
of Canada founded bv the Countess of Aberdeen.
CASEY. Lyman 'Rnfiis, senator, b. in York,
Livingston co., N. Y.. 6 May, 1837. He removed
in early life to Michigan, engaging in business
there until 1882. when he went to Dakota territory,
becoming general manager of the Casey-Carring-
ton land company, a large farming corporation,
which position he still holds. He never sought
any public office except the U. S. senatorship, to
which he was elected a.s a Republican, holding the
office from Januarv, 1890, to March, 1893. He is
a kinsman of the (ate Gen. Thomas L. Casey, of
the engineer corps (q. v.), who died on the farm of
their ancestor. Edward Ca.sey, of Rhode Island.
CAKEV, ThoniaM Lincoln, soldier, b. in Madi-
son Barracks, .Sackett's Harbor, N. Y., 10 Mav, 1831 ;
d. in Washington, D. C, 25 March, 1896. lie was
graduated at the U. S.
military aca<lemy as
brevet 2d lieutenant
of engineers in 18.52.
In 18.54- '9 he was as-
sistant professor of en-
gineering at the mili-
tary academy. From
ia59 till 1861 he had
command of the en-
gineer troojts on tie
Pacific coast. Duriim
the civil war he servcii
at first as staff engi-
neer at Fort .Monroe,
Va., beciime captain in
the engineer corfis on 6
Aug., 1861, was super-
intending engineer of
the permanent defences and field fortifications upon
the coa.st of .Maine, and served on special iluty with
the North .\tlantic s<iuadron during the first ex-
rK-dition to Fort Fisher, N. C, 8-29 Dec, 1864.
He was made major on 2 Oct., 186:}, and brevette<l
lieutenant-colonel and colonel on 13 March. 186.5.
In 1877 he was placed in charge of the public build-
ings and grounds in the District of Columbia, the
Washingti in aqueduct, and the construction of the
building for the state, war. and navy departments,
which was complete<l on 31 Jlay, 1888. He was
engineer of the Washington monument from 1878
tilfits completion in 1884, and in 1886 he became
president of the lK)ard of engineers, in New York
city. In July, 1888, he was appointed brigadier-
general and chief of engineers, U. S. army, and
in C>ct., 1888, he was, by act of congress, placed in
charge of the erection of the magnificent buihling
for the library of congres.s, which he substan-
tially comjileted Ijefore his death. Besides numer-
ous official rejiorts, and articles upon engineering,
Gen. Casey cimtributed many valuable sketches to
historical and genealogical nuigazlnes.
("ASS, (Jeorge Watihington, engineer, b. in
Dn-sden. Ohio. 12 March. IHIO: d. in New York
city. 21 March, 1888. He was a nephew of (ien.
I,ewis Cass, with whom he resided in Detroit.
After graduation at the U. S. military academy, in
18;J2, with the brevet of 2d lieutenant, 7th infantry,
he served on engineer <iuty, and became 2d lieu-
tenant on 4th March, 1833,' and 1st lieutenant on 3
Dec, 183.5. SfXin after his resignation, on 26 Oct.,
18;i6, he wiLS ap|K)inted by President Jackson to
the engineer corps fur the construction of the great
national road, and was engaged in that work until
it was completed through .Maryland, Pennsylvania,
and Yirgmia. In the course of this enterprise he
constructed the first cast-iron bridge that was ever
54
CASSETT
CAVO
built in the United States, over Dunlap's creek, a
tributary of Monongahela river. A company was
then organized for the improvement of the channel
of the Monongahela, and he became the engineer
and afterward a member of the board of managers.
On the completion of the improvements to Browns-
ville, lie organized the first steamboat line on the
river, and also the first fast transportation line
iicross tlie mountains by relays of teams, and thus
built up a large carrying trade between the east
and west bv wav of the Monongahela and Pitts-
burg. In 1849 he established the Adams express
across the mountains from Baltimore, effected the
consolidation of all the company's lines between
Boston and St. Louis and south to Richmond in
1854, and was its president from 1856 till 1863.
He was also president of the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne
and Chicago railway from 1863 till 1884 ; of the
Continental improvement company. Grand Rapids
and Indiana railroad company from 1869 till 1874 ;
of the Southern railway security company in
1870-'3 ; and of the Northern Pacific railway com-
pany in 1871-3. He was appointed brigadier-gen-
eral of the Pennsylvania militia.
CASSETT, Alexander Johnson, railway presi-
dent, b. in Pittsburg, Pa., 8 Dec, 1839. He- was
graduated from the University of Heidelberg and
from the Rensselaer polytechnic institute, when
he engaged in surveying a railway route in Georgia.
In 1861 he entered the service of the Pennsylvania
railway as a rodman, rising through the various
grades until he retired as vice-president in 1883.
Three years later Mr. Cassett became president of
the New York, Philadelphia and Norfolk railway,
also president of a company formed to build a
railway connecting North and South America. In
1899 he succeeded the late Prank Thompson as
president of the Pennsylvania railway.
CASTELLANOS, Juan de (cas-tail-yah-nos),
Colombian poet, b. in Tunja about 1550. Little
is known of his life, but he deserves mention as
the author of a valuable collection of biographies
in verse of some of the principal persons that
figured in the discovery and conquest of Spanisli
America. The first part was published under the
title of " Primera parte de las Elegias de Varones
ilustres de las Indias, compuesta por Juan de Cas-
tellanos, benefieiado de la ciudad de Tunja del
Nuevo Reino de Granada" (Madrid, 1589), and
the second and third parts were found two cen-
turies later and printed in 1847.
CATHCART, Charles Mnrray, governor of
Canada, b. in England, 31 Dec, 1783; d. there, 16
July, 1859. He was educated at Eton, and at the
age of fifteen entered the army as an ensign. He
served on the continent under the Duke of Wel-
lington, and at the battle of Waterloo, where he
led several charges, three horses were killed under
him. He succeeded his father as second Earl
Cathcart in 1843, was appointed commander-in-
chief of the troops in British North America in
1845, and on the retirement of Lord Metcalfe, in
1846, he assumed the civil government as well. A
year later he resigned his military command, re-
turned to England, and was then succeeded in
his civil office by Lord Elgin. Subsequently he
was appointed to the command of the Northern
and Midland district of England, which post he
retained until 1854. He also served on various
important commissions, and was for several years
a member of the British parliament.
CATHERWOOl), Mary Hartwell, author, b.
in Luray, Ohio, 16 Dec, 1847. She was graduated
at the Female college, Granville, Ohio, in 1868,
and on 37 Dec, 1887, married James S. Cather-
KL&^ «t- iaJcLa.-Lyctrv^'/,
wood, with whom she resides in Hoopeston, 111.
Mrs. Catherwobd, who has become one of the most
•prominent and pojjular of American novelists, is
the author of "Craque-o'-doom " (Philadelphia,
1881); "Rocky Fork" (Boston, 1883); "Old (Jara-
van Days" (1884);
"The Secrets at
Roseladies"(1888);
•' The Romance
of DoUard " (New
York, 1889); "The
Bells of Ste. Anne"
(Boston, 1889) ;
" Story of Tonty "
(Chicago, 1889) ;
"The Lady of Fort
St. John" (Bos-
ton, 1891); "We
are Seven "(1893);
" Old Kaskaskia "
(1893); "The White
Islander " (New
York, 1893); "The
Chase of St.-Cas-
tin, and other Sto-
ries of the French
in the New World"
(Boston. 1894); "The Spirit of an HIinois Town
and Little Renault" (Boston, 1897); "The Days
of Jeanne d'Arc" (New York, 1897), a beautiful
biography; and "The Queen of the Swamp and
other Plain Americans" (Boston, 1899).
CATTANI, (jiaetano (eat-tah-nee), Italian mis-
sionary, b. in Modena, 7 April, 1696; d. in Para-
guay, 28 Aug.. 1733. He became a Jesuit, went to
Paraguay in 1739, and labored with success among
the Indians. He wrote letters to the general of
the Jesuits, which were printed in M uratori's work
on foreign missions, but are better known by the
French version, entitled " Relation des missions du
Paraguay" (Paris, 1734).
CAUCHE, Fran^rois (coash), French explorer,
b. in Rouen in 1615; d. there about 1660. He was
a sailor, visited Madagascar, Brazil, and the West
Indies, and led for some time the life of a privateer
in the south sea. As he was unable to write,
Morisot de Dijon composed the narrative of his
travels, and published it under the title " Rela-
tion veritable et curieuse de I'lle de Madagascar
et du Bresil " (Paris, 1651).
CAVERLY, Robert Boodey, author, b. in Bar-
rington, now Strafford, N. II., 19 July, 1806. He
studied law at Harvard, practised his profession
in Limerick village. Me., and at Lowell, Mass.
Before he removed from New Hampshire he served
as inspector in the state militia, with the rank of
colonel, on the staff of the major-general. He is
the author of " Synopsis of the Court-Martial of
Forty Days" (Lowell. 1858); "The Merrimack and
its Incidents: An Epic Poem" (Boston. 1866);
" Heroism of Hannah Dunston. together with the
Indian Wars of New England" (Boston, 1875);
" Genealogy of the Caverly Family" (Lowell, 1880) ;
"History of the Indian Wars of New England:
Life ami Labors of John Eliot, the Apostle among
the Indian Nations of New England, with an Ac-
count of the Eliots in England " (3 vols., 1882).
CAVO, Andres (cilh-vo). Mexican historian,
b. in Guadalajara in 1739 ; d. in Rome in the be-
ginning of the 19tli century. He entered the so-
ciety of Jesus in Mexico in 1759. and had been
sent to the missions of the northwest, when the
decree of expulsion of his order in 1767 forced
him to abandon his country. He settled in Rome,
where he gave his leisure to the study of Mexican
CERVERA
CHAMBERLAIN
55
history, and at his death left the manuscript of
his "llistoria civil y politica de Mejieo" to the
Marquis de las Torres, of Cadiz, but it was lost
for a time, being discovered by Carlos M. Basta-
raantc in a book-store in Madrid, and published
under the title of " Los tres siglos de Mejieo
durante cl gobiemo Espaflol" (2 vols., Mexico,
1836). Cavo is also the author of " De vita Joseph!
Juliani Parrenni, Havanensis" (Rome. 1792).
CERVERA, Pascnal (ther-vc-ra). S[)anish ad-
miral, b. in .Spain about ISJS. When war broke
out between Spain and the Tnited Stales he was
in command of that section of the Spanish fleet
that had colleete«l at the Cape Venle islands.
Soon after war began the fleet sailed, and the un-
certainty of its objective point caused no little
anxiety along the eastern seaboard of the United
StAtes. On 19 .May, 1898, after having skirted the
West Indies, he entered the harbor of .Santiago de
Cuba with four swift arraoretl cruisers and two
torpedo-boat destroyers. Here Cervera and his
oflicers were greeted roost enthusiastically ; they
were banqueted and feted, and it was declared
that the S[>anish flag must float from the capitol
at Washin^on. The American fleet, however,
under Admiral .Schley, hati blockaded the harbor,
and was soon joined by the fleet under Admiral
Saraiison. In July, 1898, Admiral Cervera was
ordered to leave the harbor and force his way out.
He made the attempt on Sunday morning, 3 July,
and his entire fleet was totally destroye<l and sunk
by the Americans. The admiral himself was taken
prisoner and sent to Portsmouth, X. H., and thence
to Annapolis. Md., with his staff and ofllcers. The
crews that escaped death were confined in the har-
bor at Portsmouth. Admiral Cervera arrived at
Annapolis on 16 July on board the "St. Louis," and
was received by Admiral McNair. He was or-
dered home in August after the (leace protocol had
been signed, and sailed from Portsmouth for San-
tander, 12 Sept.. on the "City of Kome," with his
staff anil 1,70() of his former crews.
4'H.4B(>T, Jemn, Canadian lawyer, b. in .St.
Charles, 15 Oct., 1806; d. in Quebec, 27 May, I860.
He was edacsted at the Seminary of (Quebec, stud-
ied law, was atlmittetl to the bar in 1834, and soon
acquired reputation. In I84^{ he was elected to
represent Queljec in parliament, and he was re-
electc<l in 1844 and 1849, representing Bellechassc
in 1851-'4. In 1849 he was made chief commi.s-
sioner of public works, and he was reappointed
to this oflice in 18.">2. L'nder his administration
the five piers in the lower St. Ijawrence were con-
struct«<l, and for this work the Canadian govern-
ment was exposed to censure fur the large amount
of unanthon7.ed expenditure. In 1852-'4 he was
a director in thefirand Trunk line, and almut that
time he wa.s appointeil a seignorinl tenure com-
missioner under the law of lH."i4, providing for the
abolition of the feudal system of iHiid-liolding.
For two yeare he again represented (^ucIm-c in
parliament. On 26 .Sept.. ly-W, he was appointed
judgi- of the sufierior court of Lower Canada,
w^hifh offlce he held at the time of his death.
t'HADWICK, French Eniutr, naval offlcer, b.
in .Morpintown. W. Vn., 29 Feb.. 1844. lie re-
ceived a classical education at the Mommgalia
academy, and entered the naval academy in IHtil.
He was made one of an a<lvanced class of thirty
chosen out of the large numlM-r of over two hun-
dred and sixty who entere<l that year, and was
graduated in }Joveml)er. 1864. After some service
in the " Siiwinehanna," he went in the same ship
to the Brazil station, where he servwl two years, in
the meantime )>eing transferred to the " Juniata,"
in which he returned home in 1867. After service
in the "Sabine," "Tuscarora," "Guerriere," at the
naval academy as an instructor of mathematics, in
the " Powhattan," and on lighthouse duty, he was
sent abroad in July. 1882, to collect information
regarding lighthouse, life-saving, and other kin-
dred administrations. He was shortly appointed
naval attache to our London embassy. On leav-
ing Ijondon he took command of the "York-
town," in the Mediterranean and Gulf of Mexico.
When detached from this command he s|)ent some
time as memlaT of the first Ixmrd on organization
of labor at the navy-yanl, was anfiointed chief in-
telligence officer in 1892, and July, 1893, succeeded
Commodore (now Admiral) Dewey as chief of the
bureau of equipment. He left this duty in Sep-
tember, 1897, and, after serving as a member on a
board to report upon the numlier and character of
docks needed, was ordered, in November, to the
command of the "New V'ork." He was a member
of the court of inquiry on the " Maine " disaster,
and when Admiral Sampson was as-siened the com-
mand of the North Atlantic station was appointed
chief of staff, also commanding oflicer of the " New
York," serving throughout the war with Spain. In
Oct.. 1899, he received a sword from his native town.
CH.\FFEE, Adna Rouianza, soldier, b. in Or-
well, Ohio, 14 .\pril, 1842. He received a common-
school education, and at the age of nineteen en-
tered the army, serving as private, sergeant, and
Ist sergeant of Company K, 6th cavalry, from 22
July, 1861. to 12 .May, 1863. He was commis-
sioned 2d lieutenant, 1^ March, 1863. and 1st lieu-
tenant, 22 Feb., 1865. He received the brevets of
1st lieutenant on 3 July. 186:<. for gallant and
meritorious service in the Viattle of tietlysburg,
and of captain on 31 .March. 1865, for similar
service in the battle of Dinwiddle Court-house.
From 11 Nov., 1864. to 12 Dec., 1866, he serveil as
regimental adjutant, and from 12 Dec, 1866, to
12 Oct., 1867, as regimental quartermaster. He
became major of the 9th cavalry in July. 1888,
and lieutenant-colonel of the 3d cavalry in June,
1897. In the war with Spain he was made briga-
dier-general of volunteers, saw s«>rvice in Cuba,
and was promotetl to major-general in July, 1898.
See "The Santiago Campaign," by Gen. Joseph
Wheeler, and Lmlge's " War with .S|«in."
CHAMBERIi.^IN, Jacob, clergyman, b. in
Sharon, l.itchli.-ld co.. Conn., 13 April. 1835. Ho
was graduate<l at Western Reserve college. Ohio,
in 1896, studied at the Reformed theological semi-
nary. New Brunswick, N. J., and receive*! a medi-
cal degree at the College of physicians and sur-
geons. New York, in 1859. In December of that
year he went as misaionar)' to India, and was sta-
tioned in Palamanair. Mailras presidency, in 1860-
'3. In 186:{ he established a new station in Ma-
danapalli. and he now has charge of both places.
He established a hospital and dispensary at ^lada-
nnpalli in 18<88, and another at PalaiimiiHir in
1872. In 1878 he was appointed chairman of the
committee for bringing out a new translation of
the Old Testament from the Hebrew into Tcliigu,
and in 1879 he was made chairman of a committee
to revise the Teltigu New Testament. In 1878 he
was elected vice-president for India of the Ameri-
can tract society, which post he still holds. Im-
riaired health c'omiH-lled a rest in this country in
l874-"8. and he revisited the United States in
lH84-'6. He received the degree of D. D. from
Western Reserve, Hutgers. and Union in 1878.
Dr. Chamberlain transUited into Telugu the Re-
formed church liturgy (Madra-s, 1873) and " Hymns
for Public and .Social Worship " (1884), and is
56
CHAMBERS
CHAPIN
the author of " The Bible Tested " (New York,
1878): "Native Churches and Foreign Missionary
Societies " (Madras. 1879) ; " Winding up a Horse,
or Christian Giving"; and "Break Cocoanuts
over the Wheels, or All Pull for Christ " (1885) ;
besides contributions to periodicals.
CHAMBERS, Robert WllUam, author, b. in
Brooklyn, N. Y., 26 May, 1865. He was educated
at the Brooklyn polytechnic school and in Paris,
where he studied art under Lefebvre, Cornion, Col-
lin, and Benjamin Constant. In 1891 he exhibited
in the Champs de Mars salon. On his return to
this country he illustrated for " Life," " Vogue,"
" Truth," and other papers, but since 1894 he has
devotedhiraself chiefly to literature. Mr. Chambers
has published " In the Quarter" (New York, 1894) ;
" The King in Yellow" (1894) ; "The Red Republic "
<1895) ; " A King and a Pew Dukes " (1895) ; " The
Maker of Moons " (1896) : " With the Band," a col-
lection of verse (1897) ; " Lorraine " (1897) : " The
Mystery of Choice" (1897); and "The Haunts of
Men " (1898). His play " Meg Merrilies " was acted
at Daly's theatre. New York, in 1897.
CHANLER, WiUiam Astor, congressman, b.
in Newport, R. I., 11 .June, 1867. He is a great-
grandson of William B. Astor, and was graduated
at Harvard in 1888. On leaving the university he
set out on an African exploring expedition, being
absent about a year, and in 1892, accompanied by
Lieut. Von Hohnel, an Austrian scientist, he de-
parted on a second African expedition, which oc-
cupied two years. In recognition of his services
in the cause of geography he was made an honor-
ary member of the Royal geographical society of
Vienna and a member of the British royal geo-
graphical society. He served through the war with
Spain, being on the staff with Gen. Wheeler, with
the rank of captain, and taking part in the siege
•of Santiago. In 1898 he was elected a member of
congress from New York city. He is the author
of "Through Jungle and Desert" (New York, 1896),
being an account of his travels in unexplored re-
gions of eastern Africa.
CHAPELLE, Placide Louis, R. C. archbishop,
b. in the diocese of Mente, Prance, 28 Aug., 1842.
Coming to America with an uncle who was a
missionary in Hayti in 1859, he also devoted him-
self to the priesthood and entered St. Mary's
seminary, Baltimore, where he completed a full
course of studies before the canonical age for or-
dination, and consequently occupied two years in
teaching at St. Charles's college. He was or-
dained a priest in 1865, and labored on the mis-
sion at Rockville, Md., and neighboring stations,
receiving while there the degree of doctor in the-
ology from St. Mary's seminary. After five years
of missionary work he accompanied Archbishop
Spalding to "the Vatican council. He was made
assistant pastor of St. John's church, Baltimore,
in 1870, afterward its pastor, and subsequently
pastor of St. Joseph's. On the death of Rev.
Francis X. Boyle, of St. Matthew's church, at
Washington, he was appointed pastor in 1882.
He was made president of the theological confer-
ences of the clergy held every three months at
Baltimore, in recognition of his eminence as a
theologian, and in 1885 succeeded Bishop O'.Sul-
livan as president of the conferences held in
Washington. He was selected by Bishop Keane
to deliver an important course of lectures at the
Catholic university at Washington on " The Writ-
ings and Influence of the Blathers of the Church,"
was a member of the board convened by Cai-dinal
Oibbons to prepare the decrees for the third
plenary council, and secretary of one of the most
important committees of the council. In 1891 he
was appointed coadjutor bishop to Archbishop
Salpointe, of Santa Fe. with the right of succes-
sion, under the title of bishop of Arabissus, and
was consecrated by Cardinal Gibbons in the Bal-
timore cathedral. He was promoted to the archi-
episcopal rank, with the title of archbishop of
Sebaste, in JIay. 1893, and on the resignation of
Archbishop Salpointe he became archbishop of
Santa Fe in January, 1894. In November, 1897,
he was appointed archbishop of New Orleans, and
in July, 1899, selected as one of three prelates to
carry out Americanization of the Catholic church
in our new possessions and Cuba.
CHAPIN. William, educator, b. in Phila<lel-
phia. Pa., 17 0ct., 1802; d. there, 20 Sept., 1888.
He was educated in Philadelphia, became an en-
graver and map publisher, and removed to New
York, where he kept a map-store in Wall street
for many years. In 1837 he became interested in
the education of the blind, for whom he estab-
lished a Bible class in New York city. He was
afterward appointed to organize the Ohio institu-
tion for the blind, which he conducted in 1840-'6,
and also visited similar institutions in Europe,
publishing, on his return, an extended account
of their condition and methods. In 1846-'9 he
was principal of a school for girls, and from
1849 until his death he was at the head of the
" Pennsylvania institution for instruction of the
blind." He early advocated the establishment of
supplementary institutions for the care of the
blind after their education was completed, and
through his personal efforts during 1852-"8 the
Pennsylvania industrial home for blind men. the
Industrial home for blind women, and the Penn-
sylvania retreat for blind-mutes and the aged
and infirm were erected. He was an officer and
manager in each, and was also a founder and
until the time of his death president of the Phila-
delphia city institute, which was established to
furnish without charge night schools, books, and
lectures to youths of both sexes. Mr. Chai)in was
in early life associate editor of the Norristown
" Herald." He contributed frequently to the
press, and prepared encyclopaedias, dictionaries,
and other books in raised letters for the blind.
He was also an excellent amateur artist in water-
colors. — His son, John Basselt. physician, b. in
New York city, 4 Dec, 1829, was graduated at
Williams in 1850. and received his medical degree
at Jefferson medical college in 1853. He was resi-
dent physician of the New York hospital, afterward
ap|iointed assistant physician to the New York lu-
natic asylum. Utica. in 1854. and in 1862. in a public
communication, recommended a change in plans
of asylum construction that would provide for the
various classes and conditions of the insane and
for their segregation in detached blocks in place of
their "congregation." These views were afterward
applied in the erection of the Willard asylum for
the insane on Seneca lake, of which Dr. Chapin
was the first superintendent and physician. These
changes from previous plans were not at first fa-
vorably received, but as time and their actual ap-
plication have shown their practicability they have
been accepted as an advance. After serving there
from 1869 till 1884, lie was appointed physician-
in-chief to the Pennsylvania hospital for the insane
in Philadelphia, wliich post he still holds, lie has
lectured on insanity at Jefferson medical college,
which gave him the degree of LL. D. : has con-
tributed annual reports on the insane ; papers for
the medical press, and written a "Compendium of
Insanity " for physicians and students.
CHAPMAN
CHENEY
57
CHAPMAN, Edwin Nesbit, physician, b. in
RiiifreneM. Conn.. 26 Fel).. 1819; d. in Brooklyn,
X. Y.. 2 March. 1888. After graduation at Yale in
1842, and at Jefferson nietiical college, Philadel-
phia, in l.S4.">, he practised his profession in Brook-
lyn. He was elected professor of therapeutics and
materia medica in Long Island college hospital in
186t»-'3. and in 1863-'7 was professor of obstetrics
and discn-ses of women and children. Dr. Chap-
man juiblishcil two valuable works, a "Treatise
on llysterology ■■ (Xew York, 1867) and "An-
tagonism of -Ucoliol ami Diphtheria" (1878).
CH.4RNAY, IJfsirf, explorer, b. in Fleurie,
France. 2 May, 1828. lie was educated at the
College Charlemagne, and has been sent by the
French government on many scientific explora-
tions, including one in 1880 to Central America,
which was aided by the generosity of Pierre Loril-
lard. He is the author of " Cites et mines ameri-
caines"(Paris, 1861); " Le Mexique " (1862); " Kx-
plnralions au Mexique et Amerique du Centre"
(ISWi); •• Le.s anciennes villes du nouvcau monde"
(1883): and "Une princess indienne avant la con-
qucte" (1888). "The Ancient Cities of the New-
World" wa.s translated by Mrs. Gonino and Mrs.
Helen .S. Conaiit. with an introductory chapter by
Allen Thomdike Ui<c (New York, 1887).
IHATARU. Kn-derlfk, naval officer, b. in
Baltimore, .Md.. in 1807; d. in St. Louis, Mo.. 8
Oct.. 1897. He entennl the U. S. navy as a mid-
shipman in 1824, and became a commander in
185.5. .Six years later he resigned to enter the
Confederate navy, with the rank of commander,
and at the time of his death was the oldest sur-
viving officer of that navy, in which he saw sev-
eral vears of a<tive st-rvice. lie wa.* a member of
a well-known Maryland family, being a brother of
Dr. Francis Chatard and an uncle of Bishop Cha-
tard of the Catholic dJK'osc of Vinccnnes.Ind.
CHATFIKLD-TAYLOK. Hobart Chatnpld,
author, b. in Chicago. 24 .March. 1865. He was
graduatetl from Cornell in lSf<«. in 1888 became
the editor of "America," and three years later
was the I^onilon corrosjH indent of the Chicago
"Daily News." In IWW he was ctmsul for Spain
in his native citv.and for services rendered to that
country during the World's Columbian cx|)osition
he wa.s dei-orated by the queen regent with the
order of 1sal>ella the Catholic. He has contrib-
uted to the "North American "and other maga-
?ines, and is the author of "With I'^lge Tools"
(Chicago. 1891); "An .American Peeress" (189.3);
"Two Women and a Fool" (180.5); "The Land
of the Castanet" (18!»6) — last three reprinted in
Lonilon ; and " The Yic« of Fwls" (1897).
CHAl' VIX, Jean (sho-vang). French navigator,
b. in Normandy, France, about 1.540 ; d. in
France in UMW.' When Manpiis de la Koche
rctumtHl in disgrace from his Canadian expedi-
tion in 1.598, Chauvin obtained from Henri IV.
the exclusive privileges of the fur-trade in New
France, with all the prerogatives that had been
conferred on La KiK'hc am! the title of 2d lieu-
tenant-general of Canada. With several fully
e<piipi>ed vessels he sailed down St. Lawrence
river, and when about 86 miles from its mouth
laniling at Cadansac, where the Indians were in the
habit of coming to sell their furs, and estaidishcd
a flourishing traile with them. He returned to
France in 1602. leaving a party of emigrants lie-
hind, nearly all of whom perished of famine.
Chauvin had planned the establishment of a fixed
commerce in furs l>etwecn France and Canada,
ami was preiiaring to make a third voyage in the
spring uf 1603, when he died,
vol.. Tii. — 8
CHAFYIN, Pierre, sieur de Tonnetuit, Nor-
man military and naval commander and mer-
chant, b. at Dieppe. France, in the 15th century;
d. at Honfleur in 1603. In 1.5«9 he commanded a
company of Calvinists in the defence of Honfleur,
and later took part in the campaign of Henry IV.
in the Canx. Associated with him were De Monts
and De Chasles, who afterward became prominent
with himself in the efforts for colonizing Canada
made in the beginning of the 17th century. In
1599 Chauvin, having previously made voyages
to the Newfoundlaml fisheries, received a roval
commission to fit out an expedition for Canaila.
The voyage was matle in the spring of 1600 with a
fleet of four shifts, and anchore*! at the month of
the Saguenay. Chauvin was as.sociated with Du-
pont-Gravf (usually called Pontgrave) in the en-
terprise which had for its main object as far as
they were concerneil the colle<tion of furs. They
received a niono|)oly of the fur-trade on condition
that they should establish a colony of 400 persons.
They loaded their ships with furs at Tailoussac,
and .sailed for France, leaving at the former place
sixteen of the crew to Itegin a settlement. In
1601 Chauvin sent out the " Esi)erancc." and in
April. 1602, saileii himself with two ships to
Ta<loussac, whence after a stay of four months
he returned to France. His colonial projects
failed, and the only trace of his visits to Canada
discoverable when Champlain landed there was a
wooden building which he erected.
CHE(iARAY. Eloise DeHabare, educator, b.
in Paris. France. 1 Feb., 1792; d. in New York
city. 22 Jan.. 1889. She was <lescended from the
Huguenot family of D'Amljerbas, which went to
.San Domingo on the revocation of the edict of
Nantes. Her father, M. Desabaye, deprived of his
estate by the revolution of 1797, removed to the
Unitwl .States, and the daughter was e<lucated in
New Brunswick. N. J. In 1814 she established a
school in New York, in Greenwich street, ami sul)-
sequentlr she removed it successively to North
Moore street. St. John's square. Fifteenth street,
and Madison avenue. The school was one of the
l)est known in the country, and numbered many
well-known (leople among its pupils. After her
retirement from its management Mme. Chegaray,
as she wa.s called, having married a Fnmchman of
that name. Iive«l for some time in Philadelphia
and New Brunswick, N. .1.. but she returned to
New York two vears before her death.
CHENEY, Henjaniin Pierce, expressman, b.
in HillslKiro'. N. II.. 12 Aug.. 1815; d. in Welles-
ley. Mass.. 23 Jniu>. 18!l.5. lie received a com-
mon.«chool e<lucation, became a stage-driver, and
subsefpiently manager of the line. In 1842 he es-
tablished, with two others. Cheney & Co.'s Boston
and Montreal express. A few years later he formed
the Cnited States and Canada exjircss company,
of which he was the president. In 1881 it was
incorporated with Adams express, of which Mr.
Chenev was trea-surer and the largest stfickholder.
He left an estate estimated at li!9,00(),(K)0, bequeath-
ing handsome sums to various Boston charities, and
having previously presented his native state with
the bronze statue <if Daniel Webster at Concord.
CHENEY. Person Colby, senator, b. in llold-
emess (now .Ashland). N. H.. 25 Feb.. 1828. After
an academic education he became a pajier manu-
facturer in Pelerboro. and later in Manchester.
He served for a year as lieutenant in the civil war,
and when compelled by illness to resign he sup-
jilied a three years" substitute. He was governor
of New Hampshire in 1875-'6. and U. S. senator
for short term of the 49th congress, to fill the un-
68
CHESTER
CLARK
expired term of Austin F. Pike, deceased. He
has been a member of the Republican national
committee since 1893, and in tliis same year he was
appointed by President Harrison minister to the
repul)lic of Switzerland. Since its organization
■ in 1874 Mr. Cheney has been president of the
People's savings bank of JIanchester.
CHESTER, Colby Mitchell, naval officer, b.
in New London, Conn., 29 Feb., 1844. He was
graduated at the U. S. naval academy, and in
1863 was ordered as ensign to the " Richmond,"
participating in the operations against Mobile and
in the famous naval battle of Mobile fought by
Farragut. In 1866 he became a master, in 1867 a
lieutenant, and in June, 1896, received his com-
mission as captain. He commanded the " Galena "
in 1886, from 1890 to 1894 was commandant of
cadets at Annapolis, in 1897 was in command of
the Asiatic squadron, and during the war with
Spain was in command of the " Cincinnati." Capt.
Chester was in 1899 assigned to the command of
the new and powerful battle-ship " Kentucky."
CHILTON, Horace, senator, b. in Smith coun-
ty, Texas, 29 Dec. 1853. He is an attorney-at-
law, and was a delegate-at-large to the national
Democratic convention held at St. Ijouis in 1888.
He was appointed U. S. senator by Gov. Hogg to
fill the vacancy created by the resignation of John
H. Reagan in April, 1891, but failed of election
when the legislature convened. Mr. Chilton be-
came a candidate again in 1894, made a success-
ful canvass of the state, and was elected as the
successor of Richard Coke (wlio declined to be a
candidate), 23 Jan., 1895. Senator Chilton's term
of service will expire 8 March, 1901.
CHILTON, Robert Hall, soldier, b. in Loudon
county, Va., in 1817; d. at Columbus, Ga., 18 Feb.,
1879. He entered the military academy, July,
1833, was 2d lieutenant of dragoons, July, 1837,
1st lieutenant, 1842, captain 1st dragoons, 6 Oct.,
1846, major and paymaster, 25 July, 1854, brevet
major, 23 Feb., 1847, for gallant and meritorious
service at the battle of Buena Vista. In this bat-
tle Col. Jeffei'son Davis, 1st Mississippi rifles, was
seriously wounded and was borne from the field
by Capt. Chilton, and their life-long friendship
dated from that event. He resigned from the
U. S. army, 29 April, 1861, and was appointed
lieutenant-colonel in the adjutant-general's de-
partment of the Confederate army soon afterward.
He was promoted to colonel, 13 Oct., 1862, and
brigadier-general, 20 Oct., 1862. The appoint-
ment was not confirmed by the Confederate sen-
ate, and he was reappointed and confirmed, 21
Dec, 1862. He was for some time chief of staff
to Gen. Robert E. Lee, also inspector-general of
the Army of northern Virginia. He resigned
from the army in April, 1864. and subsequently
engaged in business in Columbus.
CHINIQUY, Charles Paschal Telesphore,
Canadian elergvman, b. in Kamouraska. province
of Quebec, 30 July. 1809; d. in Montreal, 16 Jan.,
1899. He was educated at the College of Nicolet,
occupied the chair of belles-lettres there for four
years, was ordained to the priesthood of the Roman
Catholic church in 1833, and held charges in Que-
bec till 1851, when he was sent to Chicago to direct
Roman Catholic emigration to the prairies of Illi-
nois. Meanwhile his successful crusade against
drunkenness had won him the title of the " apostle
of temperance of Canada." In 1858. a change in his
religious views having occurred, with his entire
congregation at St. Anne, which he founded near
Kankakee, 111., he left the Roman Catholics and
united with the Canadian Presbyterian church.
Six years later he married an American lady of
his congregation. He lectured in England in
1860, 1874, and 1882, and in Australia in 1878-'80.
In addition to many minor popular treatises, he
published "The Priest, the Woman, and the Con-
fessional " (St. Anne, Kankakee co.. 1874) and
"Fifty Years in the Church of Rome" (Chicago,
1885), which have passed througli seventy editions
and been translated into ten languages. Though
in his ninetieth year, Dr. Chiniquy preached in
December, 1898, in a French Protestant church of
Montreal, where he had lived for ten years. In
1889 McGill university conferred upon the vener-
able preacher the degree of 1). D.
CHURCH, Frederick Stuart, artist, b. in
Grand Rapids, Mich., 12 June, 1842. He studied
in the schools of the National academy of design,
and afterward established a studio in New York
city, which he still continues. He is a delineator
of animals and figures, and also a successfid illus-
trator of books. Mr. Church has been a member
since 1885 of the National academy of design,
is a member of the Society of American artists,
and also of the American water-color socictv.
CHURCHILL, Lady Randolph, b. in Brook-
lyn, N. Y., 10 June. 1853. She is a daughter of
Leonard Jerome, of New York, and was educated
Ijrinci pally in Paris. In 1874 she married, in
Grace church. New York. Lord Randolph Church-
ill, who died in 1893, She is vice-president of the
Primrose league of England and prominent in
London fashionable society. Lady Churchill es-
tablished an expensive, handsomely bound quar-
terly entitled " The Anglo-Saxon Review " (June,
1899), published in London at a guinea each. Of
the first number 3.000 were sold. — Her son, Win-
ston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, grandson of
the seventh Duke of JIarlborough, b. 30 Nov.,
1874, was educated at Harrow and Sandhurst
military college. He entered the British army in
1895. serving with Spanish troops in Cuba in the
same year, and in 1897 with the Malakand field
force. He was with the Nile expeditionary army
in 1898, winning the medal with clasp for services
in the battle of Khartum. In 1899 he was an
unsuccessful candidate for parliament. Lieut.
Spencer-Churchill is author of "The Storv of the
Malakand Field Force" (London. 1H9S).
CHURCHILL. Winston, author, b. in St.
Louis, 10 Nov., 1871. He was graduated from the
U..S. naval academy in 1894, and has since
then pursued a literary career, contributing nu-
merous articles vchiefly naval) to the American
magazines. He is the author of "The Celebrity "
(New York, 1898), and " Richard Carvel " (1899),
an exceptionally popular historical novel, one hun-
dred and fifty thousand copies having been sold
insismonths. Withthesingleexceptionof " David
Harnm," it is the most successful American novel
issued during the year 1899. " Literature " pro-
nounces Mr. Churchill's work to be "a production
of which not only the author but his countrymen
have every reason to be proud."
CLARK, Clarence Don, senator, b. ia Sandy
Creek, Oswego Co., N. Y., 16 April. 1851. and was
graduated at the University of Iowa. He studied
law, and was admitted to the bar in 1874. teach-
ing school and practising at the bar in Delaware
county, Iowa, until 1881. In that year he re-
moved to Evanston, \Vy.. where he has since re-
sided. Upon the admission of the territory as a
state, he was twice elected to congress, but was
defeated for a third term by a fusion of Demo-
crats and Populists. In January. 1895, Jlr, Clark
was elected as a Republican to the U. S. senate for
CLARK
CLARKE
59
the terra ending 3 March. 1890, to fill the vacancy
caused by the faihire of the legislature to elect a
senator in 18i»2-'3. His present term of office
continues until March, 1905.
CLARK. Charles Edgrar, naval officer, b. in
Bradford, \'t., 10 Aug., 1843. and was appointed
to the naval 'academy, 29 Sept., 1860. He was
promoted ensij^ii, 1 Oct., J8C3, and served on the
steaiii-sl(M)p "Os-sipce" on the western blockading
squadron. taking part in the battle of Mobile Hay
and the bonibiirdment of Fort Morgan. He was
appointed iiia.-iter. 10 Nov., 1866, and served on the
steamer " Vanderbilt " on the Pacific station. He
was comrai-ssioned lieutenant, 21 Feb., 1867, and
lieutenant-commander, 12 March, 1868. He was
on the steamer " Suwanee " when she wils wrecked,
7 July, 1868; then 8erve<l on the receiving-ship
'• Vandalia" at Portsmouth, N. H., on the steamer
"Seminole" and the ironclad " Dictator " on the
North Atlantic station, at the naval academy, on
the '■ Saratoga " on the practice-eniise of 1871, on
the ironclacf " Mahopuc" on the North Atlantic
station, on the steamers " Hartfonl," •' Monocacy,"
and " Kearsjirge " on the Asiatic station, at the
Hoston navy-yard, and on the training-ship "New
Hampshire." He was commissioned commander,
1.5 Nov., 1881. -served on the "New Hampshire,"
and on the steamer "Ranger" on the survey of
the North Pa<-ific. He was lighthouse inspector
for four years, and was on duty at the .Marc island
navy-yarid. He commanded the " Mohican," and
later the U. S. re-
ceiving-ship "ln<le-
iicndcnee." He had
been promoted ca|)-
tain, 21 June. 1806,
and soon after was
in command of the
" .Monterey." When
it was dts'iiled to
send the "On-giin "
round from the Pa-
cific coa.st to the At-
lantic, Capt. Clark
wa-s ap[)ninted to
command her. The
ship left .San Fran-
cisco, 10 March,
1808, and reached
Jupiter inlet, Flori-
da, on 25 May, mak-
ing the journey of
13,000 miles on an
average of 2fM) miles
a day — a tribute to her makers and the captain in
command. During the war with S|)ain Capt. Clark
continued in command of the " ()regr)n." and won
iiddilional fame for himself and his famous ship
in the destructi<m of the Spanish squadron coin-
niande<l bv Admiral Pascual Cervera.
CLARii, EinnioiiH, secretary, b. in Huron.
Wayne co.. N. Y.. 14 Oct.. 1827. lie graduated at
Hamilton collc;:e. and studied meilicine. but short-
ly thereafter, removing to New York city, he be-
came a clerk in the first office estal)li»hed in Broad-
way for the transportation of through freight and
pa»scnger<i to Chicago and the west, rising rapidly
to the place of manager. He was appointed sec-
retary of the board of health at its organization
in 1866. and still hohls that office. In January,
1857, he enlisted as a private in the 2d com-
panv of the 7lh regiment ("National guard").
N. Y. state militia; was elected 2d lieutenant.
Scptemlx^r, 1850; 1st lieutenant, June, 1800; and
captain in December of the same year; and was
.^^iAjlAAA^K'
in command of his company in the three cam-
paigns made by the regiment, in 1861, 1862, and
1863, during
the civil war,
and in the
draft riots of
1803. He com-
man<Ied the
7th regiment
in the Orange
riot of 1871,
and in the la-
hoT riots of
1877. In 1864
he published
a " History of
the Second
Companv of
the Seventh Regiment, N. Y. State Militia." He
was elected colonel of his regiment in 1864, and
continued as such for a quarter of a century, when
he resigned, and was succeeded by Col. Daniel
Appleton. For twenty-five years of faithful ser-
vice in the National guard, state of New York,
the legislature by s|»'cial act brcvetled him briga-
dier-general. To Clark's energy was chiefly due
the successful completion bv private subscription
in 1880 of the armorv (see iilustration) now occu-
pie<l by the 7th regiment, while his untiring at-
tention" increa-sed the [(rosi)crity of the organi/A-
tion. He imblished a " itislorv of the iSventh
Kegiment ''(2 vols.. New York, 1889).
CLARK, WilUam Aiidrews. senator, b. near
Connellsville. Pa., 8 Jan., 1830. He studied at the
Laurel Hill academy, but in 1856 his parents re-
moveil to Van Bureh county. Iowa, where he con-
tinued his studies, attending the law-school in Mt.
Plea-sant, but never iiractised his profes-sion. Dur-
ing 1859 and 1S(M) he taught school. In 1862 he
crossed the plains, driving a team and settling in
South Park. Col.. I)ut on the discovery of gohl in
Montana he went thither, again driving his o.x-
team. He was one of the first to r(>ach Itannock,
where he opened a store, but soon branched out
into mining, banking, and manufacturing. In
1876 he was the slate orator for Montana at the
Centennial exposition, and in 18K4 he was state
commissioner to (he New Orleans exi)osilion. He
served as major of the Butte battalion in the Nez
Perce campaign of 1878. He was president of the
constitutional conventions of 1884 and 1880, and
was the Democratic candidate for delegate to con-
gress in 1888. He was defeated at this time and
again in IHDO as candidate for U. S. senator; at
this ele<'tion he claimed that he had iH'en success-
ful, but he was denied his seat. On 28 Jan.. 18it9,
he was elected senator to succeed Lee Mantle. He
is the largest individual owner of copper mines and
smelters in the world, his largest holdings being
in Butte, Mon.. and in Jerome, Ariz. He is inter-
ested largely in sugar-beet plantations in Cali-
fornia, coffee, tea, toliat-co. and rubber plantations
in Mexico, and owns a large copjH-r-wire works at
KlizalM'thport. N. J. Senator Clark is erecting one
of the most expensive residences on Fifth avenue,
New York city, and occupies one of the largest
hou.ses in WiLshington. known as ".Stewart castle."
He is a collector i\i valuable paintings.
CLARKE, RehMTB Sophia, author, b. in Nor-
ridgewixk. .Me., 22 Feb.. 183:3. where she continues
to reside. She was carefully ediicate<l. has engaged
in literarv pursuits since her youth, and is the au-
thor, under the |ien-name of ".Sophie May." of
many volumes for children and voung people, in-
cluding " Little Prudy Stories " (Boston. 1864-'5),
60
CLARKSON
CLEMENT
" Dotty Dimple Stories " (1868-'70) ; " Flyaway Sto-
ries " (1871-4) ; " Tiie Doctor's Daughter " (1873) ;
" Our Helen " (1875) ; " The Asbury Twins " (1876) ;
" Flaxie Frizzle Stories " (1877-85) ; " Quinnebas-
set Girls " (1878) ; " Janet " (1883) ; " In Old Quin-
nebasset"(1886); " Drones' Honey " (1887); "The
Champion Diamonds"; and "Pauline Wyman."
CliAKKSON, Matthew, philanthropist, b. in
New York, 17 Oct., 1758; d. there. 35 April, 1825.
He was the great-grandson of Matthew Clarkson,
who for thirteen
years was secretary
of the province,
and his father
and grandfather
also held important
places in the colo-
ny. At the begin-
ning of the Revo-
lutionary war the
son became a pri-
vate in a company
of fusileers under
Rudolph Ritzema,
and afterward he
served in Col. Jo-
siah Smith's regi-
ment of minute-
men, which was
raised for the pur-
pose of protecting
Long Island from invasion. He joined the north-
ern army in 1777, was wounded at Fort Edward,
and at Saratoga rendered effective service to Col.
Daniel Morgan, also acted as aide-de-camp to Bene-
dict Arnold, and was present at the surrender of Gen.
John Burgoyne. In 1779 he was appointed aide
to Gen. Benjamin Lincoln, under whom he partici-
pated in the siege of Savannah, and in the defence
of Charleston he served as major of infantry, and
became a prisoner at the surrender. In 1781 he re-
turned to his place as aide to Gen. Lincoln, and was
with him at the reduction of Yorktown. He also
served on the expedition of Commodore Abraham
Whipple during the siege of Charleston, and later
in the " Jason." When Lincoln became secretary
of war, Clarkson acted as his assistant, and on the
conclusion of hostilities he received the brevet of
lieutenant-colonel, and for more than fourteen years
was major-general of the state militia. Heserved
in both branches of the legislature, and was candi-
date of the Federal party for U. S. senator. For
twenty-one years he was president of the Bank of
New York, one of the promoters of the free-scliool
system, a regent of the University of the state of
New York, governor of the New York hospital for
thirty years, during twenty-three of wliieh he was
president, one of the vice-presidents of the Amer-
ican Bible society, and his name is associated with
the foundation of many of the eai'ly philanthropic
and literary societies of that city.
CLAY, Alexander Stephens, senator, b. in
Cobb county, Ga., 25 Sept., 1853, antl was gradu-
ated at Hiawassce college in 1875. He studied law
in Marietta, and entered actively in tlie practice of
his profession. In 1884-'7 he represented Cobb
county in the general assembly, and in 1892 was
elected to the Georgia senate, serving as presi-
dent of that body for two years. Mr. Clay was
chosen chairman of the state Democratic executive
committee in 1884, and was re-elected in 1896. He
was elected to the U. S. senate as a Democrat, to
succeed Gen. John B. Gordon, in October, 1896, and
took his seat 4 March, 1897. Senator Clay's term
will expire 3 March, 1903.
CLAYTON, .John Middleton, b. in Delaware
countv. Pa., 13 Oct., 1840 : d. in Plummerville,
Ark., 29 Jan., 1889. was a brother of Powell Clay-
ton (q. I'.). He received a common-school educa-
tion, studied at Barton's seminary in Village
Green, Pa., and then read law. He was admitted
to the bar. and took up the practice of his piofes-
sion in Jefferson county. Ark. He entered active-
ly into state polities, serving as member of the
state assembly in 1870-'2. and as member of the
state senate in 1872-'4. He was selected sheriff
of the county in 1876. and was re-elected five
times in succession, the last time having no oppo-
sition and polling the entire vote of both parties.
In November, 1888, he was the Republican can-
didate for congress from the 2d Arkansas dis-
trict. The excitement was so great during the
campaign and at election that many personal en-
counters took place at the polling-places. The
official count of the district gave C. K. Breckin-
ridge 5.201 votes and Clayton 4.369. but the latter
maintained that the theft of ballots and a general
intimidation of colored voters had caused this re-
sult. He went to Plummerville to institute a con-
test for the seat, and while there was shot by an
unknown assassin. The news of the crime created
great excitement in the state, and a reward of
$5,000 was offered by the governor for the arrest
of the tnurderer, but it was without success.
CLEEVE, George, founder of Portland. Me.
Settled, in 1630, on the mainland near Rich-
mond's island, but in 163.3, being driven from this
place by Winter, who claimed possession under a
grant from Trelawney, he went to Machigonne. a
neck of land on Casco bay, and in 1636 secured
a grant for the same from Gorges, together with a
joint commissionership with Winthrop and otiiers
for the government of " New Somersetshire" and
the direction of Gorges's interests. In 1642 com-
missioned deputy governor of the province of Ly-
gonia, under the proprietorship of Sir Alexander
Uigby. but only in 1646. after long litigation, was
he able to dispossess the old government holding
under the Gorges grant. In 1658. when the prov-
ince came under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts,
he was appointed a commissioner for Falmouth
(Portland). He died about 1666. in destitute cir-
cumstances, having been deprived of his property
by the Gorges claimants, whose efforts brought
about the annulment of his grant in 1665.
CLEMENT, John, jurist, b. in Haddonfield,
N. J., 8 Nov., 1818; d. there. 15 Aug.. 1894. His
father, a sur''cyor by profession, had l)een a mem-
ber of the council of west Jersey i)roprietors.
When he resigned in 1851 his son succeeded him
in the council, becoming president in 1885. The
son wa.s also a surveyor, and father and son were
associated in work for many years, thus gaining an
exceptional familiarity with the history of land
titles in the state. In 1854 the son wius appointed
judge of the Camden county courts, and was re-
appointed in 1860. In 1864 he was appointed lay
judge of the New Jersey court of errors and ap-
peals, which office lie held until his death. He was
also, by reason of this office, a member of the
court of pardons. In 1877 he was one of the three
commissioners appointeil by Gov. Bedle to report
on the prison system of the state. He was ap-
pointed by Gt)v. .McClellan in 1879 to the commis-
sion for preparing a system of general laws for
the government of municipalities, and in 1885
the supreme court of the state chose him as a
commissioner to .settle a disputed boundary line
between the counties of Burlington and Atlantic.
He took an active interest in the New Jersey his-
r. jla.ii.ol-
-^--^ ^^^
^-
::/
D . ApplstoTL 8 Co.
CLENDENIN
CLEVELAND
61
torical society, serving as president of it from 1890
until 1894. lie wrote much on historical subjects
for magazines and newspapers, and published in
book-form "Sketches of the First Emigrant Set-
tlers in Xewton Township " (Camden, 187").
CLEXIJEMN. Dafid Ramsay, soldier, b. in
Lancaster county. Pa., 24 June, 1830 ; d. in Oneida,
111., 5 March, 1895. A graduate of Knox college
in 18B1. he entered the army as major in the 8th
Illinois caralry. being promoted lieutenant-colonel
in Dec, 1863. " He was mustered out 17 July, 1865.
having been brevetted colonel of volunteers, 28
Feb., 18C5, and brigadier-general in July. lie en-
tered the army again as major of the 8th U. S.
cavalry in 1867, was promoted lieutenant-colonel
of the 3d cavalry, 1 Nov.. 1882. colonel of the 2d
in Oct.. 1HS8. and was retired on 20 April, 1891.
CLEVELAND. Cynthia Eloise. author, b. in
Canton, N. Y., 13 Aug., 1845. She was educated
in Michigan and Medina, N. Y.. and engaged in
business in that place and Pontiac, Mich. In
1880-'2, as president of the Women's Christian
temperance union of Dakota, she organized unions
with so great success as to influence the vote of
the territory for constitutional prohibition. She
then settled in Pierre, and was admitted to the
bar in 1883. In 1884 she entere<l the presidential
canvass in Michigan and Indiana, l>eing the flrst
woman that ever spoke in public for the Demo-
cratic party. She removed to Washington, D. C,
in 1885, and was ap|>ointed a law-clerk in the treas-
ury department. She has written "See-Saw. or
Civil Service in the Departments" (Detroit, lliST),
a political novel, and " Is it Fatet" (1888).
CLETELANU, ttrorer. twenty-soooml and
twenty-fourth president of the United States, was
born m Caldwell, Essex co., N. J., 18 March, 1837.
On the [Miternal side he is of English origin.
Moses Cleveland eniigratetl from Ipswich, county
of Suffolk, England, in l(i35, and settled at Wo-
bum. Mass.. whi're ho died in 1701. His grand-
son was Aaron, whose son. Aaron, was great-great-
grandfat her of Grovcr. The second Aaron's grand-
son. William, was a silversmith and w^atchmakor at
Norwich, Conn. His son. Itichard Falley Cli-ve-
land, was gra<luated at Yale in 1824. was onlainod
to the Presbyterian ministry in 1829, and in the
same year married .Vnnc NVal, daughter of a Ralti-
more merchant of Irish birth. These Iwn were the
parents of (Jrover Clevelanil. The Presbyterian
parsonage at Caldwell, where Mr. Cleveland was
born, was first oecupie<i by the Kev. Sti-phen Gro-
ver, in whose honor the Ijoy was nameil ; but the
first name was early dropped, and he has b«'en
known as (trover Cleveland. When he was four
years old his father acceprod a call to Kavetteville,
near Syracuse, X. Y., where the son had an acad-
emy schooling, and aftcrwanl was a clerk in a
country store. The removal of the family to Clin-
ton, Oneida co., gave (irf>ver additional educAlional
advantages in tiie academy there. In his s«'ven-
teenlh year he IxK^ame a clerk and an assistant
teacher in the New York institution for the blind
in New York city, in which his elder brother, Will-
iam, an alumnus of Hamilton college, now a
Presbyterian clergyman at Forest Port. X. Y., was
then a teacher. In 1855 Grover left Iliilland Pat-
ent, in Oneida co., where his mother then resided,
to go to the west in search of employment. On
his way be stopped at Black Rock, now a part of
Buffalo, where his uncle, Ijewis F. Allen, induced
bim to remain and aid him in the compilation of a
volume of the " American Herd-BiK>k," receiving
for six weeks' service $60. He afterward assisted
in the preparation of several other volumes of this
work, and the preface to the fifth volume (1861)
acknowledges his services. In August, 1855, he
secured a place as clerk and copyist for the law
firm of Rogers, Bowcn & Rogers, in Buffalo, began
to read Blackstonc, and in the autumn of that year
was receiving four dollars a week for his work.
He was admitted to the bur in 1859, but for three
years longer he remained with the firm that first
employed hira, acting as managing clerk at a salary
of fGOiO, soon advanced to |il,(X)0, a part of which
he devoted to the supjwrt of his widowed mother,
who died in 1882. lie was appointed assistant dis-
trict-attorney of Erie CO., 1 Jan., 1863, and held
the ofHc-e for three years. At this time strenuous
efforts were being made to bring the civil war to a
close. Two of Cleveland's brothers were in the
army, and his mother and sisters were dependent
largely upon him for support. Unable to enlist,
he borrowed money to send a substitute, and it
was not till long after the war that he was able to
repay the loan. In 1865, at the age of twenty-
eight, he was the democratic candidate for district
attorney, but was defe»itetl by the republican can-
didate, his intimate friend, tjvman K. Bass. He
then became a law partner of Isaac V. Vanderpool,
and in 1869 became a member of the firm of Lan-
ning, Cleveland & Folsom. He continued a suc-
ces.sful practice till 1870, when he was elected
sheriff of Erie co. At the expiration of his three
years' term he forme<l a law partnership with his
personal friend and political antagonist, Lyman
K. Ba-ss, the firm being Bass, Cleveland & Bis.sell,
and. atU'T the forced retirement from failing health
of Mr. Bass, Cleveland & Bissell. The firm was
pros|)erous, and Cleveland attained high rank as a
lawyer, by the simplicity and directness of his logic
and expression and thorough mastery of his cases.
In 1881 he was nominated as democratic can-
didate for mayor of Buffalo, and was elected by
the largest majority ever given to a candidate
in that city prior to that time. In the same
election the republican state ticket was carrietl in
Buffalo by an average majority of over 1,600; but
Clevelanil had a partial republican, inclcpendent,
and "reform" movement support. lie entered
upon the office. 1 Jan., 1882. He soon liccame
known as the " veto mayor," using that preroga-
tive fearlessly in checking unwis<>, illegal, or ex-
travagant expenditure of the public money, and
enforcing strict compliance with the requirements
of the state constituticm and the city charter.
By vetoing extravagant appropriations he saved
the city neariy f l.OOO.OOO in the first six months
of his a<lministrati<m. He oppose<l giving f500 of
the taxjiayers' money to the firemen's benevolent
society, on the ground that such appropriation was
not permissible under the terms of the state con-
stitution and the charter of the city. lie vetoed a
resolution diverting $.500 from the Fourth of July
appropriation to the observance of Memorial day
for the same rcas<m. and immediately suViscrilM-d
one tenth of the sum wonted for the purpose. His
admirable, impartial, and courageous aoministra-
tion won tributes to his integrity and ability from
the press and the people irresiK'ctive of party.
On the second day of the demf)cratic state con-
vention at Syracuse. 22 Sept., 1882, on the third
ballot, by a vote of 211 out of 382, Grovcr Cleve-
land was nominate<1 for governor, in opposition to
Charles J. Folger. then secretary of the U. S. treas-
ury, noniinateil for the same office three days be-
fore by the republican state convention at Sara-
toga. In his letter accepting this nomination Mr.
Cleveland wrote : " Public officers are the scrvonts
and agents of the people, to execute the laws which
62
CLEVELAND
CLEVELAND
the people have made, and within the limits of a
constitution which they have established. . . . We
may, I think, reduce to quite simple elements the
duty which public servants owe, by constantly
bearing in mind that they are put in place to pro-
tect the rights of the people, to answer their needs
as they arise, and to expend for their benefit the
money drawn from them by taxation."
In the canvass that followed. Cleveland had the
advantage of a united democratic party, and in
addition the support of the entire independent
press of the state. The election in November was
the most remarkable in the political annals of New
York. Both gubernatorial candidates were men
of character and of unimpeachable public record.
Judge Bulger had honorably filled high state and
federal offices. But there was a wide-spread dis-
affection in the republican ranks largely due to
the belief that the nomination of Folger (nowise
obnoxious in itself) was accomplished by means of
improper and fraudulent practices in the nominat-
ing convention and by the interference of the fed-
eral administration. What were called the " half-
breeds " largely stayed away from the polls, and
in a total vote of 918,894 Cleveland received a
plurality of 193,854 over Folger, and a majority
over all, including greenback, prohibition, and
scattering, of 151,742. He entered upon his office
1 Jan., 1883, in the words of his inaugural address,
" fully appreciating his relations to the people,
and determined to serve them faithfully and well."
With very limited private means. Gov. Cleveland
lived upon and within his official salary, simply and
unostentatiously, keeping no carriage, and daily
walking to and from his duties at the capitol.
Among the salient acts of his administration
were his approval of a bill to submit to the people
a proposition to abolish contract labor in the
prisons, which they adopted by an overwhelming
majority; his veto of a bill that permitted wide
latitude in the investments of savings banks ; and
the veto of a similar bill allowing like latitude in
the investment of securities of fire insurance com-
panies. He vetoed a bill that was a bold effort to
establish a monopoly by limiting the right to con-
struct certain street railways to companies hereto-
fore organized, to the exclusion of such as should
hereafter obtain the consent of property-owners
and local authorities. His much-criticised veto of
the " five-cent-fare " bill, which proposed to reduce
the rates of fare on the elevated roads in New York
city from ten cents to five cents for all hours in
the day, was simply and solely because he consid-
ered the enactment illegal and a breach of the
plighted faith of the state. The general railroad
law of 1850 provides for an examination by state
officers into the earnings of railroads before the
rates of fare can be reduced, and as this imperative
condition had not been complied with previous to
the passage of the bill, he vetoed it. He vetoed
the Buffalo fire department bill because he believed
its provisions would prevent the " economical and
efficient administration of an important depart-
ment in a large city," and subject it to partisan
and personal influences. In the second year of
his administration he approved the bill enacting
important reforms in the appointment and admin-
istration of certain local offices in New York city.
His state administration was only an expansion of
the fundamental principles that controlled his
official action while mayor of Buffalo. Its integ-
rity, aliility, and success made him a prominent
candidate for president.
The democratic national convention met at
Chicago, 8 July, 1884. Three days were devoted
to organization, platform, and speeches in favor of
candidates. In the evening of 10 July a vote was
taken, in which, out of 830 votes, Grover Cleve-
land received 392. A two-third vote (557) was
necessary to a nomination. On the following
morning, in the first ballot. Cleveland received 688
votes, and, on motion of Thomas A. Hendricks
(subsequently nominated for the vice-presidency),
the vote was made unanimous. He was officially
notified of his nomination by the convention com-
mittee at Albany, 29 July, and made a modest re-
sponse, promising soon to signify in a more formal
manner his acceptance of the nomination, which
he did by letter on 18 Aug., 1884 In it he said,
among other things :
" When an election to office shall be the selec-
tion by the voters of one of their number to assume
for a time a public trust, instead of his dedication
to the profession of politics ; when the holders of
the ballot, quickened by a sense of duty, shall
W"^'^
avenge truth betrayed and pledges broken, and
when the suffrage shall be altogether free and un-
corrupted, the full realization of a government by
the peoiile will be at hand. And of the means Uy
this end, not one would, in my judgment, be more
effective than an amendment to the constitution
disqualifying the president from re-election. . . .
"A triie American sentiment recognizes the dig-
nity of lal)or, and the fact that honor lies in honest
toil". Contented labor is an element of national
prosperity. Ability to work constitutes the capital
and the wage of labor, the income of a vast number
of our population, and this interest should be jeal-
ously protected. Our working-men are not asking
unreasonable indulgence, but, sis intelligent and
manly citizens, they seek the same consideration
which those demand who have other interests at
stake. They should receive their full share of the
care and attention of those who make and execute
the laws, to the end that the wants and needs of
the employers and the employed should alike be
subserved, and the prosperity of the country, the
common heritage of both, be advanced. As re-
lated to this subject, while we should not discour-
age the immigration of those who come to ac-
knowledge allegiance to our government, and add
to our citizen population, yet, as a means of pro-
tection to our working-men, a different rule should
prevail concerning those who, if they come or are
brought to our land, do not intend to become
Americans, but will injuriously compete with
those justly entitled to our field of labor. . . .
" In a free country the curtailment of the abso-
lute rights of the iniiividual should only be such
as is essential to the peace and good order of the
community. The limit between the proper subjects
of governmental control, and those which can lie
more fittingly left to the moral .sense and self-im-
posed restraint of the citizen, should be carefully
kept in view. Thus, laws unnecessarily interfer-
CLEVELAND
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63
ing with the habits and customs of any of our
people which are not offensive to the moral senti-
ments of the civilized world, and which are con-
sistent with pmd citizenship and the public wel-
fare, are unwise and vexatious. The commerce of
a nation to a great extent determines its suprem-
acy. Cheap and easy transportation should there-
fore be liberally fostered. Within the limits of
the constitution, the general government should so
improve and protect its natunU water-ways as will
enable the producers of the country to reach a
profitable market. ... If I should be called to
the chief magistracy of the nation by the suffrages
of my fellow-citizens, I will assume the duties of
that high office with a solemn determination to
dedicate every effort to the country's good, and
with a h\imble reliance upon the favor and sup-
port of the Supreme Bemg, who I believe will
always bless honest human endeavor in the con-
scientious discharge of public duty."
The canvass that followed was more remarkable
for the discussion of the personal characters and
qualifications of the candidates than for the
prominent presentation of political issues. In the
election (4 Nov.) four candidates were in the field,
viz. : G rover Cleveland, of New York, democratic;
James (i, Blaine, of Maine, republican; Benjamin
F. Butler, of Massachusetts, labor and greenback ;
John P. St. John, of Kansas, prohibition. The
total popular vote was 10,067,010, divided as fol-
lows: Cleveland, 4,874.980; Blaine, 4,a')l,«81 ;
Butler, 175,370; St. John, 150,309; blank, de-
fective, and scattering, 14,004. Of the 401 electo-
ral votes, Cleveland received 319, and Blaine, 182.
In December the executive committee of the
national civil service reform league addressed a
letter to President-elect (.'leveland commending to
his care the interest of civil-service reform. In
bis replv. dated 2A Dea, he declared that " a prac-
tical re/orm in the civil service was demanded " ;
that to it he was ple<lged bv his " conception of
true democratic faith and pul)lic duty," as well as
by his past utterances. lie added : " There is a
class of government positions which are not with-
in the letter of the civil-service statute, but which
are so disconnected with the policy of an adminis-
tration that the removal therefrom of present in-
cumbents, in my opinion, should not be made
during the terms for which they were appointed,
solely on partisan grounds, and for the purpose of
putting in their places those who are in political
accord with the appointing power. But many now
holding such positions have forfeited all just
claim to retention, because tbev have used their
S laces for party purposes in disregard of their
uty to the people, and because, instead of being
decent public servants, they have proved them-
selves offensive partisans and unscrupulous ma-
nipulators of local partv management. The les-
sons of the past should be unleamrd, and such
officials, as well as their successors, should bo
taught that efficiency, fitness, and devotion to
public dutv are the conditions of their continu-
ance in pudlic place, and that thec^uiet and unol>-
irusive exercise of individual political rights is
the reasonable measure of their party service. . . .
Selections for office not embraced within the civil-
gervice rules will be based upon sufficient iiuiulry
as to fitness, instituted by those charged with that
duty, rather than upon pei-sistent importunity or
self-solicited recommendations on behalf of candi-
dates for appointment."
When the New York legislature assembled, 6
Jan., 1885, Mr. Cleveland resigned the governor-
ship of the state. On 27 Feb. was publbhed a
letter of the president-elect in answer to one
signed by several members of congress, in which
he indicated his opposition to an increased coinage
of silver, and suggested a susfiension of the pur-
chase and coinage of that metal as a measure of
safety, in order to prevent a financial crisis and
the ultimate expulsion of gold by silver. His
inaugural address was written during the ten
days previous to his setting out for Washington.
On 4 March he went to the cajiital in company
with President Arthur, and after the usual pre-
liminaries had been completed he delivered his
inaugural address from tne eastern steps of the
Capitol, in the presence of a vast concourse. At
its conclusion the oath of office was administered
by Chief-Justice Waite. He then reviewed from
the White House the inaugural parade, a proces-
sion numbering more than 100,000 men. In the
address he urged the people of all parties to lay
aside political animosities in order to sustain the
government. He declared his approval of the
Monroe doctrine as a guide in foreign relations, of
strict economy in the a^minist ration of the finances,
of the protection of the Indians and their eleva-
tion to citizenship, of the security of the freedmen
in their rights, and of the laws against Mormon
polygamy and the importation of a servile class of
foreign lalxjrcrs. In respect to appointments to
office, he said that the people demand the aiipli-
cation of business principles to public affairs, and
also that the people have a ri^ht to protection
from the incompetency of public employees, who
hold their places solely as a reward for partisan
service, and those who worthily seek public em-
ployment have a right to insist that merit and
competency shall be recognizetl instead of party
subserviency or the surrender of honest political
belief. On the following day he sent tothc senate
the nominations for his cabinet officers as follows:
Secretary of State, Thomas P. Bayard, of Dela-
ware; secretary of the treasury, Daniel Manning,
of New York ; secretary of war, William C. Endi-
cott, of Massachu-sctts; secretary of the navy,
William C. Whitney, of New York; postmaster-
general, William F. Vilas, of Wisconsin; attorney-
general, Augustus II. Garland, of Arkansas; sec-
retary of the interior, Lucius Q. C. I^amar, of
Mississippi. ■ The nominations were promptly con-
flrme»l. On 13 March, 1885, President Cleveland
withdrew from the senate, which met in extra
session to take action on ap[)ointments and other
business connected with the new administration,
the Spanish recipr<x;ity and Nicaragua canal
treaties, in order that they might bo considered by
the new executive. On 13 March he issued a
proclamation announcing the intention of the gov-
ernment to remove from the Oklahoma country, in
Indian territory, the white intruders who sought
to settle there, which was done shortly afterward
by a detachment of soldiers. By his refusal at
once to remove certain officials for the purjK)se of
putting in their place members of his own party,
he came into conflict with many influential men,
who advocated the speedy removal of republican
office-holders and the appointment of deiiiocnits,
in order to strengthen the party as a political
organi7.atiiin. .\t the same tune the republicans
and some of the civil-service reformers complained
of other apfiointments as not b<>ing in accord with
the professions of the president. " Offensive
partisanship" was declared by the president to be
a ground for removal, and numerous republican
functionaries were displaced under that rule,
while the term became a coniumn phrase in political
nomenclature. When disturbances threatened to
64
CLEVELAND
CLEVELAND
break out between the Cheyennes and the Arapahoes
in Indian territory, Gen. Sheridan, at the request
of the president, visited that country in order to
study the cause of the troubles. lie reported that
the threatened outbreak was the result of the occu-
pation of Indian lands by cattle-owners who
leased vast areas from the Indians at a merely
nominal rental. The legal officers of the govern-
ment decided that these leases were contrary to
law and invalid. The president thereupon issued
a proclamation warning all cattle companies and
ranchmen to remove their herds from Indian ter-
ritory within forty days, and enforced the order,
notwithstanding their strenuous objection.
In his message at the opening of the first session
of the 49th congress on 8 Deo., 1885, President
Cleveland recommended increased appropriations
for the consular and diplomatic service, the abo-
lition of duties on works of art, the reduction of
the tariff on necessaries of life, the suspension of
compulsory silver coinage, the improvement of the
navy, the appointment of six general Indian com-
missioners, reform in the laws under which titles
to the public lands are required from the govern-
ment, more stringent laws for the suppression of
polygamy in Utah, an act to prohibit the immi-
gration of Mormons, the extension of the principle
of civil-service reform, and an increase in the
salaries of the commissioners, and the passage of
a law to determine the order of presidential suc-
cession in the event of a vacancy. The senate.
sitting in secret session for the consideration of
the president's appointments, called for the papers
on file in the departments relating to the causes
for which certain officers had been removed. Upon
the refusal of the president to submit the docu-
ments to their inspection, a dispute ensued, and
threats were uttered by republican senators that
no appointments should be confirmed unless their
right to inspect papers on the official files was
conceded. On 1 March, 1886, he sent a long mes-
sage to the senate, in which he took the ground
that under the constitution the right of removal or
suspension from office lay entirely within the
power and discretion of the president ; that sec-
tions of the tenure-of-office act requiring him to
report to the senate reasons for suspending offi-
cers had been repealed ; and that the papers that
the senate demanded to see were not official, but
were of a personal and private nature. Eventual-
ly most of the appointments of the president were
ratified. During the first fiscal year of his admin-
istration the proportion of postmasters throughout
the country removed or suspended was but little
larger than had often followed a change of ad-
ministration in the same [jolitical party.
In his second annual message he called the at-
tention of congress to the large excess of the reve-
nues of the country beyond the needs of the gov-
ernment, and urged such a reduction as would
release to the people the increasing and unneces-
sary surplus of national income, by such an amend-
ment of the revenue laws as would cheapen the
price of the necessaries of life and give freer en-
trance to such imported materials as could be
manufactured by American labor into market-
able commodities. lie recommended the erection
of coast defences on land, and tlic construction of
modern ships of war for the navy ; argued for the
civilization of the Indians by the dissolution of
tribal relations, the settlement of their reservations
in severalty, and the correction of abuses in the
disposition of the public lands. He urged the
adoption of liberal general pension laws to meet
all possible cases, and protested against special
legislation for a favored few, as an injustice to the
many who were equally deserving.
He approved a bill to regulate the questions
arising between the railroads and the people, and
appointed an interstate commerce commission
under its provisions. A number of bills provid-
ing for the erection of public buildings in various
parts of the country were vetoed, on the ground
that they were not required by the public business;
and while he approved 180 private pension bills,
he vetoed 42 for various reasons ; some being cov-
ered by general laws, others were to his mind un-
worthy and fraudulent, and others were not so
favorable to the claimant as the general laws al-
ready passed. A dependent pension bill, permit-
ting a pension of $12 per month to all soldiers and
sailors who served in the war for the Union, upon
the ground of service and present disability alone,
whether incuiTcd in the service or since, was
vetoed, on the ground that a sufficient lime had not
elapsed since the war to justify a general service
pension ; that its terms were too uncertain and
yielding to insure its just and imjiartial execution ;
that the honest soldiers of the country would pre-
fer not to be regarded as objects of charity, as was
proposed; and that its enactment would put a
wholly uncalled-for and enormous annual burden
upon the country for very many years to come.
The veto was sustained by congress. Vetoing an
appropriation for the distribution of seeds to
drought-stricken counties of Texas, he said :
" I can find no warrant for such an appropria-
tion in the constitution ; and I do not believe that
the power and duty of the general government
ought to be extended to the relief of individual
suffering which in no manner properly related to
the public service or benefit. A prevalent tend-
ency to disregard the limited mission of this power
and duty should, I think, be steadfastly resisted,
to the end that the lesson should be constantly
enforced that though the people support the gov-
ernment, the government should not support the
people."
As he had done while governor, so now as presi-
dent, Mr. Cleveland exercised the veto power with
great freedom. This was particularly true during
the session of congress which ended 5 Aug., 1886,
when of 987 bills which passed both houses he
vetoed 115.
In October, 1886, accompanied by Mrs. Cleve-
land and several personal friends, the president
made a tour of the west and south in response to
invitati(3ns from those sections, which involved
about 5,000 miles of railroad travel and occupied
three weeks. He was enthusiasticidly received by
the people, and made speeches at Indianapolis,
St. Louis, Chicago, Jlinneapolis, Kansas City,
Atlanta, and other cities. In December, 1887,
departing from custom, he devoted his annual
message to the presentation of a single subject,
namely, the reduction of the tariff. He advocated
a radical modification of the existing policy by the
adoption of a law framed with a view to the ulti-
mate establishment of the principles of free trade.
The republicans immediately took up the issue
thus presented, and the question at once became
a predominant issue of the canvass. Cleveland
CLEVELAND
CLEVELAND
65
was unanimously renominat«d by the national
democratic convention in St. Louis on 5 June,
1888. The efforts of both parties were directed
chiefly to the doubtful states of Indiana, New York,
New 'Jersey, and Connecticut. Cleveland carried
all the southern states, and in the north New Jer-
sey and Connecticut, while of the doubtful stjitcs
Gen. Harrison received the votes of New York and
Indiana. Of the electoral votes Ilarri-son receive<l
2:13, Cleveland 108. The popular vote for Cleveland
nunib<'re<l r)..>40,:i2i). that for Harrison ,'5.4;J9.8.>3.
At the cknv of his administration, on 4 March,
1880, Mr. Cleveland retired to New York city,
where he re-entered upon the practice of his pro-
fession. As a private citizen ho continued to
«xert a powerful influence upon his party and
public sentiment by fre<iuent exprc-ision of his
opinions on iin|>ortunt public questions. Tlu'se
expressions were always l)ased upon an implicit
belief that the integrity and justice of the woplo
would not tolerate demagogisni, but demanded of
»ny leader the truth fearlessly s|)oken. Conscious
of a strong public demand that he should again
be the demo<rratic candidate for president, and of
the {)ersonal conseciuerice to him of his every wonl
and act, he constantly stateil his views with the
coura^ and candor which had characterized his
whole public life. A notable instance of this was
his famous letter of 10 Feb., 1801, addressed to s
public meeting in New York city, which had been
called to protest against a bill then pending in
congress for the free and unlimite<l coinage of
silver. There was grave danger that the bill
would be cna(-te<l. liehind it was a strong public
sentiment, including probably a majority in con-
gress of his own party. His opiMisition insured, it
was believed, the failure of the bill, but also of all
chance for his renomination. Yet, inifwlled by a
sense of public duty which would not consider
personal consequences, be declared his belief " that
the greatest peril would be invited by the adop-
tion of the scheme " ; and he denounced " the dan-
gerous and reckless cx|>erinient of fre«5, uidimited,
and independent silver coinage." The bill was de-
feated. Notwithstanding the opjxjsition and pre-
dictions of many le»ders of his (mrty, the demand
for his renomination stciulily increased. The great
cause of tariff reform, which as president he had
championed and whii-h ha<l carried the country in
the elections of IH!M», was evident ly to lie the prin-
cipal is.->ue in the campaign of IMUa, and he was the
natural and logical leader. At the national demo-
cratic convention which met in Chicago, 22 June,
1802, ho was nimiinated on the first ballot, receiv-
ing more than two-thinis of the votes of the con-
vention, though bitterly and unanimously opposed
by the delegation fromliisowii state. In hissjtcech
of acceptance dcliveri'd to a great audienc«> in Madi-
son Square Garden, New York.anii laterinhis formal
letter of acceptani* of 26 S«'pt., 1892. he emphasized
the need of tariff reform, and made it the leading
issue between the imrties. In his letter he said :
"Tariff reform is still our puriM>sc. Though we
oppose the tlKrory that tariff laws may Ih* passed
having for their object the granting of discrimi-
nating and unfair governmental aid to private
ventures, we wage no exterminating war against
any American interests*. We believe a rejuljust-
raent can 1x3 accomplished, in accordance with the
principles we profess, without distister or demoli-
tion. We believe that the advantiigcs of freer raw
mat^-rial should I* accorded to our manufacturers,
and we contemplate a fair and careful distribution
of ne(;essary tariff burdens, rather than the pre-
cipitation of free trade."
vol,, vii. —
He denounced " the attempt of the opponents of
democracy to interfere with and control the suf-
frage of the states through federal agencies" as
"a design, which no explanation can mitigate, to
reverse the fundamental and safe relations be-
tween the j)eople and their government." lie ad-
vocated "sound and honest money," declaring:
■• Whatever may be the form of the people's cur-
rency, national or state — whether gold, silver, or
paper — it should be so regulated and guanled by
govenimental action, or by wise and careful laws,
that no one can be deluded as to the certainty and
stability of its value. Every dollar put into the
hands of the people should be of the same intrinsic
value or purchasing (lower. W'ith this condition
absolutely guaranteed, both gold and silver can
safely be utilized U|K)n equal terms in the adjust-
ment of our currency." He also urged " an honest
adherence to the letter and spirit of civil service
reform," "liberal consideration for our worthy
veteran soldiers and for the families of those who
have died," but insisting that "our [x-nsion roll
should be a roll of honor, uncontaminated by ill
desert and un vitiated by demagogic u«e."
After a most vigorous cainixiign and a thorough
discussion of im|iortant principles and measures,
the democratic [larty won an overwhelming vic-
tory, reversinff the electoral vote of 1888 and
largely increasnig its popular plurality, and carry-
ing Iwth the senate and house of representa-
tives. The ticket carried twenty-three states, in-
cluding the doubtful states of New York, New
Jersey, Conne<'ticut. and Indiana, and for the first
time in years in a presidential contest Illinois and
Wis<»ns'in. The p<ipuUr vote was 5,553,142 for
Cleveland, 5,186,031 for Harrison, 1,030,128 for
Weaver, of the " people's party," and 208,361 for
Bidwell, the prohibitionist. In the electoral col-
lege Mr. Cleveland received 276 votes. Gen. Harri-
son 145, and Mr. Weaver 23. On 4 >Iarch, 1803,
Mr. Cleveland was for a second time inaugurated
president, being the first instance in this coun-
try of a president re-elected after an interim. He
immediately nominated, and the senate prompt-
ly confinne'd, as his cabinet Walter Q. Grcsham,
of Indiana, secretary of state ; John G. Carlisle, of
Kentucky, secretary of the treasury ; Daniel S.
Lamont. of New York, secretary of war ; Richard
Olney, of Massachusetts, attorney-general ; Wilson
S. Bissell, of New York, postmaster-general ;
Hilary A. Herbert, of Alabama, secretary of the
navy ; Hoke Smith, of Georgia, secretary of the
interior; and J. Sterling jforfon, of I^ebraska,
secretary of agriculture. Judge Gresham died on
28 May,' 1805, liaving held office but a few months,
and was succeeded by the attorney-general, Mr.
Olnev, whose place was taken by Judsoii Harmon,
of Ohio. A little later postmaster-general Bissell
resigried and was succeeded by William L. Wilson,
of Virginia. In August, 1806, Secretary Smith re-
signe<l and the president appointed in bis place
David U. Francis, of Missouri.
Grave and difficult questions at once confronted
his administration. A treaty for the annexation
of the Hawaiian islands to the territory of the
I'nited States had, on 14 P'cb., 1893, been con-
cluded between President Harrison and commis-
sioners representing a provisional government of
the islands, and hiul been transmitted to the sen-
ate on the day following, but bad not yet been
acted upon. The provisional government had
been established on 17 Jan.. 1803, by the overthrow
of the constitutional ruler of the islands. Serious
doubts existed as to the authority and validity of
the provisional government and as to the part
66
CLEVELAND
CLEVELAND
taken by our government, through our ministers
and troops, in aiding its establishment. President
Harrison, in his message to the senate submitting
the treaty, declared that "the overthrow of the
monarchy was not in any way promoted by this
government." On the other hand, the queen and
her ministers filed with the treaty a protest, assert-
ing that when she yielded to the provisional gov-
ernment she had yielded to the superior force of
the United States. In order that this vital ques-
tion of fact might be impartially investigated and
determined. President Cleveland at once withdrew
the treaty from the senate and despatched James
H. Blount, of Georgia, as a special commissioner
to make full examination and report.
On 18 Dec, 1893, in a special message to con-
gress, ho transmitted the report of the commis-
sioner with all the evidence and papers connected
with the case. In his message, after reviewing all
the facts and confirming the finding of the com-
missioner, he declared that he believed "that a
candid and thorough examination of the facts will
force the conviction that the provisional govern-
ment owes its existence to an armed invasion by
the United States. . . . The lawful government of
Hawaii was overthrown without the drawing of a
sword or the firing of a shot, by a process every
step of which, it may safely be asserted, is directly
traceable to and dependent for its success upon
the agency of the United States acting through
its diplomatic and naval representatives."
Referring to the principles which should govern
the case, he said : •' I suppose that right and jus-
tice should determine the path to be followed in
treating this subject. If national honesty is to be
disregarded and a desire for territorial extension or
dissatisfaction with a form of government not our
own ought to regulate our conduct, I have entirely
misapprehended the mission and character of our
government and the behaviour which the conscience
of our people demands of their public servants. . . .
" A man of true honor protects the unwritten
word which binds his conscience more scrupulous-
ly, if possible, than he does the bond, a breach of
which subjects him to legal liabilities; and the
United States, in aiming to maintain itself as one
of the most enlightened of nations, would do its
citizens gross injustice if it applied to its interna-
tional relations any other than a high standard of
honor and morality. On that ground the United
States can not properly be put in the position of
countenancing a wrong after its commission any
more than in that of consenting to it in advance.
On that ground it can not allow itself to refuse to
redress an injury inflicted through an abuse of
power by officers clothed with its authority and
wearing its uniform ; and on the same ground, if a
feeble but friendly state is in danger of being
robbed of its independence and its sovereignty by
a misuse of the name and power of the Unitei
States, the United States can not fail to vindicate
its honor and its sense of justice by an earnest
eilort to make all possible reparation. . . .
" These principles apply to the present case with
irresistible force when the special conditions of the
queen's surrender of her sovereignty are recalled.
She surrendered not to the provisional govern-
ment, but to the United States. She surrendered
not absolutely and permanently, but temporarily
and conditionally until such time as the facts can
be considered by the United States. . . .
"By an act of war, committed with the partici-
pation of a diplomatic representative of the United
States and without authority of congress, the gov-
ernment of a feeble but friendly and confiding
people has been overthrown. A substantial wrong
ha.s thus lieen done which a due regard for our na-
tional character as well as the rights of the injured
people require we should endeavor to repair."
lie concluded by informing congress that he
should not again submit the treaty of annexation to
the senate; that he had Instructed our minister
" to advise the queen and her supporters of his
desire to aid in the restoration of the status exist-
ing before the lawless landing of the U. S. forces
at Honolulu on 10 Jan. last, if such restoration
could be effected upon terms providing for clem-
ency as well as justice to all parties concerned";
and he cojnmended the subject " to the extended
powers and wide discretion of congress " for a so-
lution " consistent with American honor, integrity,
and morality."
These proposals of the president met with
strong opposition in congress, and in February,
1894, the senate committee on foreign relations
made a report upholding Minister Stevens in his
course with relation to the revolution. Previous
to this, in December, 189.3, Mr. Willis, the U. S.
minister, had formally announced the president's
policy to President Dole, who had returned a for-
mal refusal to give up the government in accord-
ance with that policy, at the same time denving
the right of Mr. Cleveland to interfere. 6n 7
Feb., 1894, the house of representatives passed by
a vote of 177 to 75 a resolution upholding Mr.
Cleveland's course and condemning annexation, but
a similar resolution was tabled in the senate, 36 to
18, on 39 May, and on 31 May a resolution was
adopted against interference by the United States.
On 4 July, 1894, the constitution of the republic
of Hawaii was formally proclaimed by the revolu-
tionary government, and Mr. Dole was declared
president until December, 1900. The U. S. senate
passed a resolution favoring the recognition of the
new republic, and thus the matter practically
passed out of Mr. Cleveland's hands.
This was not the only question of foreign policy
that was forced upon the administration. Early
in 1895 an insurrection broke out on the island- of
Cuba. Mr. Cleveland at once took measures
against violation of the neutrality laws, and in his
message in December he appealed for the observa-
tion of strict neutrality as a " plain duty." Sym-
pathy with the insurgents was wide-spread, how-
ever, and it became increasingly difficult to detect
filibustering expeditions, and still more so to indict
and convict those guilty of violations of neutrality.
The administration was blamed in Spain for sup-
posed failure to enforce the law, and in the United
States for attempting to enforce it too stringently.
Strong efforts were made to induce the adminis-
tration to recognize the insurgents as belligerents,
and in April, 1896, a resolution in favor of such
recognition passed both houses of congress. Mr.
Cleveland disregarded these resolutions as being
an attemjit to invade the prerogative of the ex-
ecutive, and Secretary Olney stated publicly that
the administration regarded them merely as "an
expression of opinion on the part of a number of
eminent gentlemen." Besides the resolutions
just referred to others were introduced at various
times providing for intervention, for special inves-
tigation, and for recognition of the Cuban repub-
lic. On 3 June, 1896, Mr. Cleveland sent Fitz-
hugh Lee to Havana as consul-general in place
of Ramon 0. Williams, and it was generally be-
lieved that Gen. Lee was expected to act in some
sense as a special commissioner of the president,
to report to him on the state of affairs in the
island. Many expected that the appointment
CLEVELAND
CLEVELAND
67
would be only a preliminary to intervention, but
the administration, though instructing Gen. Lee
to guard the rights of American residents, con-
tinued to watch for filibustering expeditions and
to intercept thera when this was possible ; and in
July, 1896, the president issued a second proclama-
tion of neutrality, repeating in more explicit
terms the one that had been put forth in 18!)5.
Relations with Spain continued to require delicate
management during the whole of the administra-
tion, the more notable events being the firing on
the American steamer " AUian^a " by a Spanish gun-
boat, for which apology was ultimately made by
Spain, the condemnation to death of the crew of the
alleged filibustering schooner " (Competitor," which
was finally suspended upon representation that the
prisoners had not received the trial by civil tri-
Dunal to which they were entitled by treaty, and
the settlement by Spain, on 14 Sept., 185)5, of the
long-standing claim of 1,500,000 pesos, as in-
demnity for the condemnation to death, in 1870, of
Antonio Mora, a naturalized American citizen, and
the confiscation of his estates. It was charged by
the enemies of the administration that this pay-
ment was made in pursuance of a secret agreement
by which the Unitew States bound itself to vigilant
action in the suppression of filibustering.
But the most conspicuous event in the relations
of the administration with foreign countries was
undoubtedly President Cleveland's Venezui'la mes-
sage, the act morit highly prai;%d as well a'< the
most severely condemned of his whole public
career. In his message to congress on 2 Dec., 1895,
Mr. Cleveland called attention to the long-stand-
ing boundary dispute between Great Britain and
Venezuela. an<l to the efforts of the U. S. gov-
ernment to induce the disputants to settle it by
arbitration. I'reviously, in July, Secretary OIney,
in a despatch to the .\meri<!an ambassador in Lon-
don, hail called attention to the [Mwuliar interest of
the United States in the dispute, owing to the rela-
tion of that dispute to the Monroe doctrine, and
again urging arbitration. On 26 Nov. Lord Salis-
bury returned an answer in which he denied that
the interests of the United States were necessarily
concerned in such ilisputes, and refuse<l to arbitrate
except in regard to territory lying to the west of
the Sehomburgk line — a line surveyed by Great
Britain in 1841-"4.
These despatches were sent to congress on 17 Dec,
together with a special message in wiiich Mr. Cleve-
land stated that, as Great Britain had refused to
arbitrate the dispute, it now became the dutv of
the United States to determine the boundary line
by diligent inouiry. and asked for a «{)eciiil appro-
priation to defray the ex[)en.'ics of a commission to
be appointed by the exe<;utive for that purpo-*.
This commission was to report without delay.
" When such report is made and accei)tc<l," tlio
message went on, " it will, in my opinion,' be the
duty of the Unite<l States t« resist by every means
in its power, as a wilful aggression lipon its rights
and interests, the niipniprliition by (in^it HntJiin nf
any lands or the e.xerci.'* of govemmentiil jurisdic-
tion over any territory which, after investigation, we
have determined of right to belong to Venezuela."
This message causMl great excitement Imth in
this country and Great Britain, being reganled as
equivalent to a threat of war. The president's
course, however, was almost unanimously uphrld
by Ixjth parties in congress, which immediately
authorized the ap|i<>iiitinent of a boundary com-
mission, and this commission was imme<liatcly con-
stituted l)y the appointment of Justice David J.
Brewer, of the U. b. supremo court ; Chief-Ju^itice
Alvey, of the court of appeals of the District of
Columbia ; Andrew D. White, of Xew York ; Fred-
erick R. Coudert, of New York; and Daniel C.
Oilman, president of Johns Hopkins university.
The commission began at once to take testimony
and accumulate<l a vast amount of data, but before
it was prepared to make its formal report, the ex-
citement due to the message had subsided on both
sides of the Atlantic, and an agreement was reached
through diplomatic channels by which Great Brit-
ain bound herself to arbitrate her dispute with
Venezuela, thus terminating the incident. The
conclusion of this controversy was widely regarded
as the first formal acquiescence by a European
power in the Monroe doctrine, or, at any rate, in
the application of that doctrine to warrant the ex-
ercise by the United .States of virtual protection
over the smaller American states. The Venezue-
lan arbitration treaty was signed at Washington
by Sir Julian Pauncefote for England and Minis-
ter Andrade for Venezuela, on 2 Feb. According
to its provisions. President Cleveland designated as
arbitrator, on behalf of the Unitcl States, Justice
Brewer, of the supreme court, while the Venezue-
lan government named Chief-Justice Fuller, and
Great Britain appointed Lord Herschell and Jus-
tice Collins.
Some minor events in the relations of the ad-
ministration with foreign governments were as fol-
lows : In 1896 groat sympathy was excited through-
out the country by the Armenian massacres, and
in congress many efforts were made to bring about
the active interference of the United States in
Turkish affairs, either on broad humanitarian
grounds or because of spe<;ific cases of injuries
suffered by American missionaries. It was be-
lieved al.so that the United States should have a
war ship at Constantinople, and when Turkey re-
fused to grant to this country the privilege of
sending an armed ship througlt the Dardanelles,
there were many rumors of an impending attempt
at a forcible passage. The administration, how-
ever, continually denied any such intention, and,
although the " Ilancroft,""a small war vessel, orig-
inally intended for a practice-ship, was sent to the
Mediterranean, as was believed, that she might bo
in readiness to act as a ^uanLship should she be
required to do so, no occasion arose for her use, the
American squadron in Turkish waters, larger than
for many years previous, being such as to compel
proper treatment of American citizens.
Owing to the repeate<l efforts, especially in the
Pacific states, to restrict ('hinese immigration, laws
hiid l)een passed by congress, which were agreed to
by China m a special treatv concluded at Wash-
ington, 17 March. 1894. liy this treaty Chinese
lalmrers were prohibited entering the country, and
those already residing in the United States were
required to be registered. On 3 May, 1894, the
time fixed by congress for this registration ex-
pired. There was great objection to this feature
of the law, and large numbers of Chinese had failed
ti) ri'ijistiT. The law nrovided that all such should
be deported, but finally the luluiinistration decided
that as no means ha<1 iieen provided for this pur-
pose no steps should be taken to carry out the de-
portation clause.
The seal-fishery question, which it had been
hoped was scttle<l by the Paris tribunal, continued
to come in different forms Ix-fore the a<lininistra-
tion. President Cleveland had urged in one of his
messages that congress should sanction the pay-
ment of |!425,(XK), agreed upon l)etwcen Secretary
Gresham and the British minister iis compensation
for Canadian vcissels seized unlawfully by the U. S.
68
CLEVKLAND
CLEVELAND
authorities, but congress failed to appropriate the
amount, and the claims remained unsettled. The
customary yearly proclamations against poaching
were issued, but, owing to the inadequacv of the
provisions for its prevention adopted by the Paris
tribunal, the seal herd continued to decrease.
To pass from foreign to domestic affairs, the un-
settled financial state of the country during a large
part of Mr. Cleveland's second term first demands
notice. On 8 Aug., 1893, the president convened
congress in special session because, as stated in his
message of that date, of " the existence of an alarm-
ing and extraordinary business situation, involv-
ing the welfare and prosperity of all our people,"
and to the end that " through a wise and patriotic
exercise of the legislative duties . . . present evils
may be mitigated and dangers threatening the fu-
ture may be averted." The country was in the
midst of a financial crisis, largely due, it was be-
lieved, to past unsound legislation, under which
the gold reserve had been diminishing, silver ac-
cumulating, and expenditures exceeding revenue.
Confidence had become impaired and credit shaken.
Business interests and the conservative sentiment
of the country demanded the repeal of the provi-
sions of the act of 14 July, 1890 (popularly known
as the Sherman act), which required the monthly
purchase of four and one-half million ounces of sil-
ver and the issue of treasury notes in payment
therefor. Such repeal the president strongly rec-
ommended, declaring that " our unfortunate finan-
cial plight is not the result of untoward events, nor
of conditions related to our natural resources ; nor
is it traceable to any of the afflictions which fre-
quently check natural growth and prosperity," but
is " principally chargeable to congressional legis-
lation touching the purchase and coinage of silver
by the general government." Reviewing such
legislation, he said : " The knowledge in business
circles among our own people that our government
can not make its fiat equivalent to intrinsic value,
nor keep inferior money on a parity with superior
money by its own independent efforts, has resulted
in such a lack of confidence at home in the stabil-
ity of currency values that capital refuses its aid
to new enterprises, while millions are actually with-
drawn from the channels of trade and commerce,
to become idle and unproductive in the hands of
' timid owners. Foreign investors, equally alert,
not only decline to purchase American securities,
but make haste to sacrifice those which they al-
ready have." He insisted that " the people of the
United States are entitled to a sound and stable
currency, and to money recognized as such on every
exchange and in every market of the world. Their
government has no right to injure them by finan-
cial experiments opposed to the policy and prac-
tice of other civilized states, nor is it justified in
permitting an exaggerated and unreasonable reli-
ance on our national strength and ability to jeop-
ardize the soundness of the people's money."
The house promptly, and by a large majority, re-
pealed the obnoxious provisions. In the senate a
strong and determined minority resisted the repeal,
and, taking advantage of the unlimited debate
there permitted, delayed action for many weeks.
In the heat of the contest a compromise was prac-
tically agreed upon in the senate, which was de-
feated only by the firm opposition of the president.
He insisted upon unconditional repeal, which was
finally enacted 1 Nov., 189.3.
Soon after, one of the suggested measures of
comproniise, which provided among other things
for the immediate coinage of so much of the silver
bullion in the treasury as represented the seignior-
age (declared to be $5.5,1.56,(581), was embodied in
a bill which passed both houses of congress. This
bill the president vetoed as " iil-advised and dan-
gerous." He said : " Sound finance does not com-
mend a further infusion of silver into our currency
at this time unaccompanied by further adequate
provision for the maintenance in our treasury of a
safe gold reserve."
At the first regular session of the fifty-third con-
gress, opened 4 Dec, 189.3, the question of tariff re-
vision was at once considered. In his mes.sage of
that date the president, after reviewing the work
and needs of the various departments of govern-
ment, dwelt with special emphasis on the necessity
of immediately undertaking this important reform.
" Manifestly, if we are to aid the people directly
through tariff reform, one of its most obvious fea-
tures should be a reduction in present tariff charges
upon the necessaries of life. The benefits of such
a reduction would be palpable and substantial, seen
and felt by thousands who would be better fed and
better clothed and better sheltered. . . .
" Not less closely related to our people's pros-
perity and well-being is the removal of restrictions
upon the importation of the raw materials neces-
sary to our manufactures. The world should be
open to our national ingenuity and enterprise.
This can not be while federal legislation, through
the imposition of high tariff, forbids to American
manufacturers as cheap materials as those used by
their competitors."
A tariff bill, substantially following the lines sug-
gested by the president and providing among other
things for free wool, coal, iron ore, and lumber, was
framed by the committee on ways and means, and,
with the addition of free sugar and an income tax.
passed the house on 1 Feb., 1894. In the senate
the bill was amended in many items, and generally
in the direction of higher duties. After five months
of prolonged discussion the bill, as amended, passed
the senate by a small nuijority. all the democrats
voting for it except Senator Hill, of New York. It
was then referred to a conference committee of
both houses to adjust the differences between them.
A long and determined contest was there waged,
principally over the duties upon coal, iron ore, and
sugar. It was understood that a small group of
democratic senators had, contrary to the express
wishes and pledges of their party and by threats
of defeating the bill, forced higher duties in im-
portant schedules. While the bill was pending be-
fore the conference committee the president, in a
letter to Mr. Wilson, the chairman of the ways and
means committee, which later was read to the
house, strongly urged adherence to the position
which the house had taken.
The house, however, finally receded from its po-
sition in the belief that any other course would de-
feat or long delay any reduction of the tariff, and
that the business interests of the country demanded
an end to the conflict. The bill, as amended, passed
both houses, and at midnight of 27 Aug., 1894, be-
came a law without the signature of the president.
In a published letter of the same date he gave his
reasons for withholding his approval. While he
believed the bill was a Vivst improvement over ex-
isting conditions, and would certainly lighten many
tariff burdens which rested heavily on the people,
he said : " I take my place with the rank and file
of the democratic party who believe in tariff re-
form and well know what it is, who refuse to accept
the results embodied in this hill as the close of the
war, who are not blinded to the fjict that the livery
of democratic tariff reform has been stolen and worn
in the service of republican protection, and who
CLEVELAND
CLEVELAND
69
have marked the places where the deadly blight of [
treason has blasted the councils of the brave in j
their hour of might. The trusts and combinations i
— the communism of pelf — whose machinations
have prevented us from reaching the success we
deserve, should not be forgotten nor forgiven." t
The close of the year If^4 was market! by finan-
cial depression, by a larger deficit t han had been
expected, and by a decline in the revenue. Al-
though the Sherman act hail been repealed, no
progress had been made with the scheme presented
by Secretary Carlisle for reducing the paper cur-
rency and providing for an adequate reserve. The
reserve was threatene<l twice, and the president
was obligol to make use of the power givt-n under i
the resumption acts, by issuing l(oO,000,(X)0 worth
of five-per-cent ten-year bonds for the purchase of
gold. In his message to the last session of the
58d congress he stated that he should employ his
borrowing power " whenever and as often as it be-
comes necessary to maintain a sulTlcient gold re-
serve and in abundant time to save the credit of
our country and make gixxl the &nancial declara-
tions of our goveniment."
In February, IHit.^. the jfuld reserve had fallen
to $4U00O,000, and Mr. Cleveland aske<l congress
for perml-wion to issue three- [>er-cent bonds payable
in gold. This being denied him, ho issued four-per-
cent thirty-year bonds redeemable in e<iin, to the
amount of $62,000,000. In Juru', 1H03, the supreme
court decided by a majoritv of one that the income
tax that had b(>en imposed by the Wilson bill was
unconstitutional, and the treasary thus lost a source
of revenue that it had been estimated would yield
$30,000,000 yearly. In his message of December,
1805, the president recommended a general reform
of the banking and currency laws, including the
retirement and cancellation of the greenluu'ks and
treasury coin notes by exchange for low-interest
U. S. bonds ; but congress failed to act on this
recommendation. Gold exports continuc<l, and in
January preparations were made for a new loan.
An invitation was issued asking applications for
$50 thirtv-vcar f<)ur-|)cr-cent bonds to the amount
of $100,000,(XW Ix'fore « Feb.. Kurtjpean bankers
held back, a frw-coinnge bill havitig Ikhmi mean-
while n'|Mirlwl fuvnmbly in the S4'nale, hut Ameri-
cans suljscTiljcd freely, and the treitsury obtained
$111,000,000 in thus way. This success was con-
trasted by Mr. Cleveland's opponents with his
policy in the loan of 1S95, which was maile by con-
tract with a svndicale of bankers; but it was
pointed out in favor of that policy that it was the
only course possible in a sudden emergency, and
that such an emergency did not exist in 18iM.
On 2U .May the jiresident vetooti a river ami har-
bor bill that provided for the immetliate expenili-
ture of $17,01)0.000, and authorizc<l contracts for
$62,00(),()(X) mon?, but it was passe<l over his veto.
In July, 1«04, serious lalxir tnmhles arose in Illi-
nois and other states of the west, tieginning with a
strike of the employees of the Pullman palace car
company, and spreading over many of the railroads
centring in Chicago. Travel was' interrupte<l. the
mails delayed, and interstate commcrci? olisl riicted.
So wide-spread Ixtcame the trouble, involving con-
stant acts of violence and lawlessness, and so grave
was the crisis, that military force was necessary,
especially in Chicago, to preserve the peace, en-
force the laws, an<l protect pro[K'rty. The presi-
dent, with cotnmend»l>!e firmness and prf>mptnef<s,
fully met the emergency. Acting under authority
vested in him by law, he orden^l a large force of
IT. S. troojia to Chicago to remove obstructions to
the mails and interstate commerce, and to enforce
the laws of the United States and the process of
the federal courts; and on 8 and i) July issued
proclamations commanding the dispersion of all
unlawful a.ssemblages within the disturbed states.
The governor of Illinois objected to the presence
of the troops without his sanction or request. In
answer to his protest the president telegraphed:
'• Fe<leral troops were sent to Chicago in strict ac-
cordance with the constitution and laws of the
l'nit<d States upon the demand of the post-offlce
de{>artment that obstruction of the mails should
be removed, and upon the representations of the
judicial oflii-ers of the Unite«l States that process
of the federal courts could not be executed through
the ordinary means, and upon abundant proof that
cons|)iracies existed against commerce between the
states. To meet these conditions, which are clearly
within the province of federal authority, the pres-
ence of federal troops in the city of Chicago was
deemed not only proper, but necessary, and there
has been no intention of thereby interfering with
the plain duty of the local authorities to preserve
the i>eace of the city."
To a further protest and argument of the govern-
or the president replied : " While I am still per-
suaded that I have transcended neither my author-
ity nor duty in the emergency that confnmts us, it
seems to me tlmt in this hour of danger and public
distress discussion may well ^ve way to active effort
on the part of the authorities to restore obedience
to the law and to protect life and property."
The decisive action of the president restored
order, ended the strike, and received the commen-
dation of both houses of congress and of the people
generally. The president then appointed a com-
mission to investigate the causes of the strike. It
Ls interesting to note in this connection that by
special message to congress of 22 April, IKSO, Presi-
dent (.'leveland hiul strongly recommended legis-
lation which shouW provide for the settlement by
arbitration of controversies of this character.
Early in ilay, 1806, Mr. Cleveland Lssued an
order by which 30,000 additional posts in the civil
seni-ice were placed on the list of those recjuiring a
certificate from the civil -service commissioners,
thus raising the number on this list to HO.OOO.
When he first became president there were only
i:),0OU an|M)intments out of 130,000 for which any
test of tlie kind was rwjuired.
In .Mr. Cleveland's last annual message, after de-
claring that the agreement between Ureat Britain
and the United States reganling the Venezuela
boundary question ha<l practically removed that
question from the field of controversy, he added
that " negotialions for a treaty of general arbitra-
tion for all (lilTerences Ix'lween CJreat Britain and
the Unite<l ,SliU»>s are far ailvanced and promise to
reach a successful consummation at an early date."
On 11 Jan.. 1897, a treaty l)etween Oreat Britain
and the Unit«I States for the establishment by the
two countries of such an international tribunal of
genenil arbitration was signed by Secretary Olney
and .Sir Julian I'auiicefote nt Washington, and sent
by President Cleveland to the senate. This treaty
was haile<l with great satisfaction bv all friends of
arbitration. The preamble stilted that the articles
of the tre»ity were agreed to and concludc<l because
the two cfiuntries concerned are " rlesirous of con-
solidating the n-lations of amity which so happily
exist. Ix'tween them and of consecrating by treaty
the principle of international arbitration." No
reservation was made regarding the subject-matter
of disputes to Iw arbitralisl. Matters involving
pecuniary claims amounting to $500,000 or less
were to be settled by three arbitrators, consisting
70
CLEVELAND
CLEVELAND
of two jurists of repute ^d an umpire, the latter
to be appointed by tlie king of Sweden in case the
arbitrators should not agree upon one. All other
claims, except those involving territory, were to go
first before such a tribunal, but in case the decision
should not be unanimous it was to be reviewed
before a similar tribunal of five. Boundary ques-
tions were to go to a special court of six members
— three U. S. judges and three British judges.
The treaty was to continue in force for five years,
and thereafter until twelve months after either of
the contracting parties should give notice to the
other of a desire to terminate it.
On 1 Feb. the foreign relations committee of
the senate reported favorably on this treaty with
amendments that were regarded by the friends of
the treaty as making it practically of no effect.
Even in this form the treaty, on 5 May, failed to
receive the two-thirds majority necessary for con-
firmation, the vote being 43 to 26. It was generally
believed that personal hostility to Mr. Cleveland
had much to do with the rejection. There had
been for some time a feeling in the senate that the
president and his secretary of state had not de-
ferred sufficiently to the rights of that body in
matters of foreign policy. Mr. Olney's statement
in the Cuban matter, noticed above, had much to
do with strengthening this feeling, and although
the secretary's position in this matter was gener-
ally sustained by constitutional lawyers it doubt-
less had its effect in still further estranging many
senators from the administration. Another differ-
ence of opinion of the same kind occurred in the
case of certain extradition treaties negotiated by
Secretary Olney with the Argentine Republic and
the Orange Free State. In these treaties, by the
president s desire, as was understood, a clause was
incorporated providing for the surrender of Amer-
ican citizens to the authorities of a foreign coun-
try provided such citizens have been guilty of
crime within the jurisdiction of the country that
demands their return. This was intended to pre-
vent this country from becoming an asylum for
European criminals, who had been granted natu-
ralization papers here and who should attempt to
make their naturalization protect them from the
consequences of their past criminal acts. But this
plan has never been adopted by any other country,
and the attempt to cause the United States to in-
itiate it was not in accordance with public opinion.
On 28 Jan., 1897, the senate ratified both treaties,
but with amendments conferring discretionary
power on the surrendering government in the mat-
ter of giving up its own citizens.
As the time for the meeting of the national
democratic convention of 1896 drew nigh it be-
came apparent that the advocates of the free coin-
age of silver would have a majority of the dele-
gates. On 16 June Mr. Cleveland, in a published
letter, condemned the free-silver movement, and
called upon its opponents to do all in their power
to defeat it. The convention was clearly opposed
to Mr. Cleveland. Its platform was in effect a
condemnation of his policy in the matters of the
currency, the preservation of jiublic order, civil-
service reform, and Cuban policy. It declared for
the free coinage of silver and nominated a pro-
nounced free-silver advocate. In the canvass that
followed Mr. Cleveland was favorable to the gold-
standard wing of the party, which under the name of
the national democrats held a separate convention
and nominated Senator Palmer for the jiresidency.
One of the president's last official acts was his
appearance at the sesquicentennial celebration of
Princeton university, where he delivered an address
that was widely praised. Soon afterward it was
announced that he had purchased a house in the
town of Princeton, and after the inauguration of
his successor he removed thither with his family.
There his son was born, 28 Oct., 1897. The picture
on page 64 represents Mr. Cleveland's summer
home at Buzzard's Bay, Mass.
Mr. Cleveland is as distinguished for forcible
speech as for forcible action. His many addresses,
both while in and out of office, are marked by clear-
ness of thought and directness of expression, which,
with his courage and ability, have always appealed
to the best sentiments of the people, and have
formed and led a healthy public opinion. He is
notable for being the first public man in the United
States to be nominated for the presidency thrice in
succession. Equally remarkable is the fact that he
has received this recognition although often at vari-
ance with his own party. His final withdrawal from
public office was marked, as has been already said,
by a general estrangement between him and' many
of those who had been once his followers, and de-
spite this the popular feeling toward him through-
out the country continued to be one of respect and
esteem. Several campaign lives of Mr. Cleveland
appeared during his three presidential contests.
See also " President Cleveland," by J. Lowry Whit-
tle, in the " Public Men of the Day " series (1896).
President Cleveland married, in "the White House
(see illustration, page 62), on 2 June, 1886, Frances
Folsom, daugh-
ter of h is deceased
friend and part- --a-^*.
ner, Oscar Fol-
som, of the Buf-
falo bar. Except
the wife.of Madi-
son, Mrs. Cleve-
land is the young-
est of the many
mistresses of the
White House,
having been bom
in Buffalo, N. Y.,
in 1864. She is
also the first wife
of a president
married in the
White House,
and the first to
give birth to a
child there, their second daughter having been bom
in the executive mansion in 1893. — His youngest
sister. Rose Elizabeth, b. in Favetteville, N. Y.,
in 1846, removed in 1853 to Holland Patent, N. Y.,
where her father was settled as pastor of the Pres-
byterian church, and where he died the same year.
She was educated at Houghton seminary, became
a teacher in that school, and later assumed charge
of the collegiate institute in Lafayette, Ind. She
taught for a time in a private school in Pennsyl-
vania, and then prepared a course of historical
lectures, which she delivered before the students
of Houghton seminary and in other schools. When
not employed in this manner, she devoted herself
to her aged mother in the homestead at Holland
Patent, N. Y., until her mother's death in 1882.
On the inauguration of the president she became
the mistress of the White House, and after her
brother's marriage she associated herself as part
owner and instructor in an established institution
in New York city. Miss Cleveland has published
a volume of lectures and essays under the title
" George Eliot's Poetry, and other Studies " (New
York, 1885), and " The Long Run," a novel (1886).
S^ 'y^ fe
4- r
(%^'-i.<U.^..^^,
CLEWS
CODDINGTON
71
CLEWS. Henry, banker, b. in Staffordshire,
England, in IWO. lie was iiitenilcd for the rainis-
trv, but left -K'hool at fifteen to enter mercantile
li/e in New York. Later he begun business for
himself, bceoming a meml)er of the firm of Liver-
more. Clews & Co., which during the civil war
acted as U. .S. government agents in selling its
bonds. In 1877 the firm of Henry Clews & Co.
was established and still continues. Mr. Clews is
connecte«l with many financial corporations and
city institutions, and has been treasurer of the
American geographical society and for the Society
for the prevention of cruelty to animals. He is
thcauthorof "Twenty-eight Vears in Wall .Street"
(New V'ork. 1888). and is writing another work.
CLINTON, Henry Lauren, lawvcr, b. in
Womlbridge. Conn., 21 Feb., 1820; (1. in New
York city. 7 .Tune. 1899. His father was a farmer
in comfortable circumstances, but the son never
received any formal educational advantages other
than those of the district school. At the age of
eighteen he taught school and began to read law.
and when he attaine<l his majority went to New
York, where he studied in the office of David Gra-
hain, the elder brother of John (Jraham, the noted
criminal lawyer. He was admitted to the bar in
1846. and devoted his attention to criminal law,
in which he ultimately stootl near the head of the
profession. He was one of the counsel for the
prosecution of Tweed, and his connections in this
case led to his becoming, with John Kelly and Au-
fjustns Schcll, one of the triumvirate that reorgan-
ized Tammany hall. With Col. John R. Fellows,
he conducted the ilefence of Kichard Croker in his
trial for murder. His later successes, however,
were in practice in the surrogate's court, where he
acted as counsel in a number of important will con-
tests, among them IxMng the ca.se of Alexander T.
Stewart. He published two volumes, " p^xtraordi-
nary Cases" (New York. 1898) and "Celebrated
Trials" (1807). both dealing largely with legal
contests in which he had been engaged. He had
in preparation a volumedealing with the litigation
that arose out of Commoilore Vanderbill's will.
COBB, Henry Ives, architect, b. in ISrnckton,
Mass.. 19 Aug.. 18.')!). lie was gra<luated at Har-
vanl. entcre<l an architect's office in Boston, and
in 1881 established himself as an architect in Chi-
cago. Among the many public buildings which
he has designe<l in that city is the Newlwrry
library, the University of Chicago, and the ojK>ru-
house. In 189S he wius a memlH-r of the Hoard of
architects of the Columbian exposition, and is at
pres<'nt s|)ecial architect for the V. S. government.
Mr. tlobb has also a large general [)ractice through-
out the country, and has prepared designs for
manr prominent buildings in several other states.
COKL'KN, John, jurist, b. in Philadelphia. Pa.,
in 17tW: d. in .Mason county. Ky., in February. 182:t.
He was educated for the bar, emigrated to Ken-
tucky in 1784, and settled as a merchant near Lex-
ington. He removed to Mason county in 1794.
and was a judge of the U. S. district court, and
subseauently of the circuit court till 1805. Presi-
dent Jefferson appointed him U. S. judge for the
territory of Michigan, but he declined, and he was
subscfpiently judge of the territory of Orleans,
holding court in St. Louis. He resigned that fnist
in 1809. anil in 1812 became collector of internal
revenue for the 4th district of Kentucky. Judge
Coburn stoo<I high in the confidence of the Demo-
cratic party. He was a memt>er of the Kentucky
convention in 178.'i, and a commis-sioner witn
Robert Johnson to run the boundary line between
Virginia and Kentucky in 1790, making an able
report on that subject. He was also one of the
most accomplished political writers of his day.
He was an ardent friend and admirer of Daniel
Boone, and to him is attributed the act of congress
that granted Bofuie 1,000 acres of land. Ho de-
clined a nomination for the U. S. senate in 1800
in favor of his friend John Breckinridge.
COCKRAN. William Boiirke, lawyer, b. in
County Sligo. Ireland, 28 Feb.. 18.54. He came to
the Utiited States in 1871 ; for several years was en-
gaged in teaching, during which period he studied
law, and later was admitted to the NcwY'ork bar.
He became prominent as a lawyer, asa Democratic
[Hilitician. and as a public speaker. In 1891 he
was elected to congress, being returned two years
later. In 1892 he opposed the nomination of Cleve-
land, and four years later he advocated, in note-
worthy speeches, the gold standard and the elec-
tion of William McKinley to the presidency. In
August. 1899, he addressed an open letter to the
president urging him tn proffer mediation to Great
Britain in the Tninsvaal (lifiicultv.
CODDINIiTON, Jonathan Indee, merchant,
b. in Woodbridge, N. J., 23 Dec, 1784; d. in New
Y'ork city, 24 Dee.. 1856. He was educated at the
academy of his native town, entered a shipping
house in New Y'ork, and soon formed a partner-
shi|) with David Vesey Smith. For two decades
he was among the most prominent and wealthy
commission merchants of the metropolis. For four
years he was postmaster of New York, and he
was on most intimate terms with Presidents Jack-
son and Van Buren. In supjiort of Jackson's poli-
cy in the state of New York he was closely asso-
ciated with William L. Marcy, Silas Wright, and
John A. Dix. Mr. Co<ldington declined the Dem-
ocratic nomination for governor of the state which
was offered by his party. He died at his residence,
238 Fifth avenue, leaving four sons, of whom only
Gilbert S. is now living.— DaTld Smith, lawyer^
b. in New Y'ork, 28
Sept., 1823 ; d. in
Saratoga, 2 Sept.,
186.5. When only
fourteen he en-
tered the fresh-
man class of Co-
lumbia.and subse-
quently was grad-
uate<l at I'nion.
He studie«l law
in the olllco of
George W. .Strong,
an<l at the early
age of twenty-one
was admitted to
the New York
bar. At college
he won honor as
an elocutionist,
and soon established a reputation as an able lawyer
and elofiuent siHjaker. His oration at the grave
of .Tefferson, in Virginia, in 1851, his eulogy on
Lincoln, delivers*! in Charleston, S. C, in May,
1865. and many other of his speeches were pub-
lished when delivered, and after his early death a
Volume appeared containing his addresses and ora-
tions (New York. 186<!). Had he possessed more
robust health he woulil doubtless have taken a
prominent position among the statesmen and law-
yers of the land. The oldest son, who bore his
fathers name and died before him, was also a suc-
cessful lawyer. He was a well-known figure in
the fashionable life of hisday. pos.sessing a superb
physique, standing six feet six inches.
72
COE
COLSTON
COE, George Simmons, banker, b. in Newport,
R. I., 37 March, 1817; d. in Englewood, N. J., 3
May. 1896. After receiving a coinmon-scliool edu-
cation lie became a clerk in a grocery, and at eight-
een years of age a bank messenger. He served six
years in a New York banking house, and in 1834
was made cashier of the American exchange bank,
whose vice-president he became a few months later.
In 1860 he was elected its president, and he held
the oflicc (ill his retirement, on account of failing
health, two years before his death. Mr. Coe, at a
conference of New York bankers that was called in
1863 by Secretary Chase, suggested a successful
plan for relieving the financial straits of the gov-
ernment by the combination of banks in New York,
Boston, and Philadelphia, lie also conceived a
plan of bringing together the banks and the clear-
ing-house, then newly established, in such a way
that their coin reserve and liabilities could be re-
ported daily, and devised the system of clearing-
house certificates that has proved so useful in
averting or ameliorating financial panics. He was
elected president of the National banking associa-
tion in 1881, and was treasurer of the Children's
aid society, which he assisted in founding.
COFFEE, John, soldier, b. in Prince Edward
county, Va., 3 June, 1778; d. near Florence, Ala.,
in July, 1834. He removed to Davidson county,
Tenn., in 1798, and engaged in mercantile pursuits
till 1807, when he began to survey public lands.
In October, 1809, he married Mary Donelson, a sis-
ter of Andrew Jackson's wife. At the beginning
of the war of 1813 he raised a cavalry regiment,
and after the massacre at Fort Minns he organized
two others, became brigadier-general of militia,
and fought and won the battle of Tallusliatchie.
He participated also in the battles of Talladega,
Emuckfaro, Ala., where he was severely wounded,
Enotochopco, and the Horseshoe. He was subse-
quently at the battles of Pensacola and New Or-
leans, reaching the latter in time for the fight by
a forced march from Baton Rouge in two days,
and commanding Jackson's left wing. He was fre-
quently commissioned to treat with the Indians,
became surveyor-general of the southwest territory
in 1817, removed to Huntsville, Ala., and later to
Florida. He was known as " brave Jack Coffee."
COGHLAN, Joseph Bullock (cog-Ian), naval
officer, b. in Frankfort, Ky., 8 Dec, 1844. He was
graduated from the U. S. naval academy in 1863,
and immediately saw service as an ensign in the
civil war, his first sea duty being aboard the "Sa-
cramento." He became master in 1865, in the fol-
lowing year was promoted to lieutenant, and was
executive officer of the " Pawnee." Later he was
transferred to the " Guerriere," and made lieuten-
ant-commander in March, 1868. He served on the
" Richmond," and then on the ironclad " Saugus,"
of the North Atlantic squadron, and later on the
" Monongahela" and the "Indiana." He was pro-
moted to commander in February, 1883, and cap-
tain 18 Nov., 1896. Since 1897 he has commanded
the " Raleigh " on the Asiatic station, taking part
in the brilliant naval battle of Manila bay, 1 May,
1898. In the spring of tne following vear Capt,
Coghlan returned in the " Raleigh " to t"he United
States, where he received a cordial welcome. A
speech made in a New York club in which he said
that Dewey was on the point of sinking the Ger-
man squadron at Manila, as he did the Spanish
shhis, attracted the attention of the country.
COGOLLl'DO, Diegfo (co-gole-yoo-do), Spanish
historian, b. in Alcala de Henarcs about 1610; d.
in Mc'-rida, Yucatan, about 1686. He entered the
order of liarefooted Franciscan friars in his native
city in 1639 ; was sent to the missions in Yucatan,
where he labored with zeal among the natives ;
became professor of theology in the seminary of
Merida, afterward superior of the convent, and
lastly provincial of his order. He studied the
antiquities of Yucatan, searched the archives and
convent libraries for historical documents, and, as
an expert in the Maya language, investigated the
oral traditions of the natives. As a result of his
studies he composed his"Historia de Yucatan,"
which is still the principal source of information
for students of Maya history (Madrid, 1688).
COLBY, Leonard Wright, lawver, b. in Cherry
Valley. Ashtabula co., Ohio, .5 Aug., 1848. He
studied at the University of Wisconsin, where he
was graduated from tlie classical department in
1871, and from the law-school in 1873. He moved to
Nebraska, and was a memVierof the state senate in
1877 and 1887. From 1891 to 1893 he wa.s assist-
ant attorney-general of the United States. He
took an active interest in the militia of Nebraska,
serving four years as captain, six as colonel, and
nine years as brigadier-general in command of the
Nebraska state troops in the Indian wars and
troubles from 1874 to 1896. When war broke out
with Spain in 1898 Gen. Colby was commissioned
brigadier-general of volunteers, and was assigned
to the command of the 3d brigade of the 1st di-
vision of the 3d army-corps.
COLE, Nelson, soldier, b. in Duchess county,
N. Y., 18 Nov., 1833 ; d. in .St. Louis, 31 July, 1899.
During the civil war he saw much service, and
reached the rank of colonel of the 3d Missouri
light artillery. In 1865 he returned to St. Louis
and organized the Cole and Glass manufacturing
company, of which he was president. When war
was declared, with Spain he was appointed a briga-
dier-general, and was assigned to the 3d brigade,
3d division, at Camp Alger, afterward going to
Columbia, S. C. Gen. Cole was mustered out owing
to ill health in February, 1899.
COLES, Jonathan Aekerman, physician, b.
in Newark, N. J., 6 Jlay, 1843. He was graduated
from Columbia and from the College of physi-
cians and surgeons, also studying abroad for two
years. He gave to Washington park, Newark, a
colossal bronze bust of his father. Dr. Abraham
Coles (q. v.), and has made gifts of works of art
to his native state, to the Metropolitan museum,
to Columbia university, and to Admiral Dewey
as a memento of his famous victory at Manila
bay he jiresented one of Barye's beautiful allegor-
ical bronzes. Dr. Coles is a well-known collector
of bonks and paintings, and active in the affairs of
the New Jersey historical society.
COLSTON." Raleigh Edward, soldier, b. in
Paris. France, 31 Oct., 1835; d. in Richmond. Va..
39 July, 1896. His supposed father. Dr. Raleigh T.
Colston, was the son of Raleigh Colston, of Berke-
ley county, Va. (now W. Va.), and his wife, Eliza-
beth Marshall, a sister of Chief-Justice John Mar-
shall. Dr. Colston after studying medicine in
this country went to France, became a permanent
resident of Paris, and married there the divorced
wife of Gen. Kellermaii. Some years of married
life passed without ottspring. when Dr. Colston de-
cided to visit his family in Virginia. On his re-
turn his wife ])resenfed him with a son, said to
have been born during his absence. The child was
received by Dr. Colston as his own, and named
Raleigh Edward, for himself and his brother Kd-
ward. This supposed son. who afterward became
Gen. Colston, was highly educated, and. being pos-
sessed by nature of a bright mind, made rapid
progress in all his studies. In 1841 he was .sent to
CONATY
CONYNGHAM
73
Virginia to completp his education, and in July,
1842, was entered as a cadet in the Virginia mili-
tary institute. Before the completion of his aca-
demic course his supposed mother died, and npon
her death-bed confos.se<l that she had ini^iosed him
upon her husband and that he was not her child,
but the son of a poor officer of the French army.
When the information reached him that he was
disinherited and disowned by him whom he ha<l
respected and loved as a father, he was deeply dis-
tressed. This, however, was of short duration, and
he submitted to his misfortune with the fortitude
of a philosopher. The authorities of the institute
made provision for th» completion of his course of
studies by a.ssigning him to the post of acting as-
sistant professor of French. After his graduation
he was advanced to the full professorship of French.
lie occupied this chair until the beginning of the
^ civil war. He was miule colonel of the 10th rcgi-
wnent of Virginia infantry, in May, 1861, and ap-
pointed briga<lier-general in the Confederate army
in December. He commanded the department of
Norfolk and brigades of Virginia and North Caro-
lina regiments during the war, acquitting himself
in the many battles in which he wa.s engaged with
great credit. In 1H6M he was H|>[>ointi-d colonel in
the Kgyptian army, and subsequently received a
decoration. On returning to the United States he
lectured in several cities on Kgypt, and delivered
an adilress on the war in the Soudan, published by
the American geographical society in 1885.
.CONATY, Thomas James, educator, b. in Kil-
naleck. County Caven, Ireland, 1 Aug.. 1847. Com-
ing to this countrv a youth, he was graduated at the
College of the holv cross anil at the Montreal theo
logical s<'hool. lie was fiastor of the Church of
the sacred heart from 1880, and one of the organ-
izers of the Catholic summer scIkk)! at IMatlsburg,
N. Y., and its president for four vears. In 1806
he was selected by the American bishops as rector
of the Catholic university, Wa.<hington, and ap-
pointed to the jKisition as successor to Dishop
Keane iq. c.) by I'ope Leo XIII., who in 1807 con-
ferred upon him the title of domestic prelate.
Dr. Conaty founded and for four years edited
" The CatHolic School and Home Magazine."
CONE. Spencer Wnllare. lawyer, li. in Alex-
andria, Va.. 'irt May, INIO ; d. in New York city.
21 Jan., 1888. lie was the son of Rev. SfK-ncer
H. Cone (vol. i., p. 70.5), and was grailuated at the
University of the city of New York, lie studied
law, and was admitted to the bar in 1841, but de-
voteil himself chiefly to literature and politics.
For eleven years he was emjiloyed in the New
York custom-hou.se, and was coiinected with the
"Sunday Times." At the o|r>enini; of the civil
war he organized the 61st New York regiment,
and became its colonel, serving through the war,
at the close of which he was brevetled brigadier-
general of volunteers. Col. Cone published a
small volume of [xjcms, one of fairy tales, and,
with his brother, a memoir of their father.
CON(JER, Edwin Henry. dii)Iomatist, b. in
Knoxcnunty. II1..7 March. lS4:i. lie wasgrmluated
at Lombard universityandat the Albany law-school.
He serveil for three years in the civil war. and
sinc-e 1868 has been a banker in Iowa, lie was
state treasurer for three years, and in 188.'> was
sent to congress*, Iwing twice re-elected. He was
appointed to Itrazil in 1801, serving for four years,
and was again ap|Kiinteil by President McKinley
in 1897. In the following year he was transferred
to China, at present a more imfxirtant field than
Brazil, and requiring the service of an able, astute,
and experienceil minister.
10
CONRAD. Frederick William, editor, b. in
Pine Grove, Schuylkill co.. Pa., 3 Jan., 1816. He
entered Mount Airy college, and for several years
afterward was collector of tolls on the Union
canal and railroad at Pine Grove. He studied in
the theological seminary at Gettysburg in 1837-'9,
was admitted to the Lutheran ministry in 1839,
and he was pastor at Pine Grove and Waynesboro",
Pa., an<l Hagerstown, Md., till 1850. He was pro-
fessor of modern languages in Wittenberg college,
.Springfield, Ohio, and also of homiletics and
church history in its theological department in
1850-'5, and [lastor at Dayton, Ohio, and Lancas-
ter and ChanilK>rsburg, Pa., till 1866. During his
pastorate at I^ancaster he became joint owner and
editor of the " Lutheran Observer," and in 1866 he
remove<l to Philadelphia and became editor-in-
chief of this (H-riodical. in which post he has con-
tinuc<l to the present time. In 1864 Wittenberg
college conferred on him the degree of D. D. Be-
sides his editorial work, he has been a frequent con-
tributor to the '• Lutheran Quarterly." and many
of his articles have liecn published in separate
form. Among these is one on "Bapti.sm (Get-
tysburg, 1873) ; "The Lutheran Church" (Phila-
delphia, 1883) ; " Worship and its Forms " (Get-
tysburg, 1884): and "Luther's Small Catechism
Exi)lainetl and Amplified " (Philadelphia, 1886).
CONY, Daniel, jurist, b. in that part of .Stough-
ton, Mass., that is now .Sharon, 3 Aug., 1752 ; d. in
Augusta, Sle., 21 Jan., 1842. His grandfather, Na-
thanael, came from England to Massachusetts in
the latter part of the 17tli century and settled in
Boston, but in 1728 went loStoughton. Daniel re-
moved in 1778 to " Fort Western .settlement " (now
Augusta. Me.). He had prepared himself before
leaving Ma-ssachusetts for the profession of medi-
cine, and was a successful practitioner for many
years. He was in public life for several successive
years as representative and senator in the general
court and as a member of the executive council,
and he was one of the electors that chose Wash-
ington president for his secoml term. He held the
office of judge of the court of commini pleas and of
judge of probate from Kenneljec county, and was
a delegate to the convention that framed the con-
stitution of Maine. Judge Cony in 1815 founded
and liberally endowed the Cony female acwicmy in
Augu.sta (now the Coii^ high-school). His daugh-
ter married Nathan W extern, chief justice of com-
mon pleas in Massachusetts in 1810-'20, and sub-
sequently chief justice and associate justice of the
supreme court of Maine in 1820-'41, and a daugh-
ter by this marriage was the mother of Melville W.
Fuller, chief justice of the United States.
CONYNOHAJI. John NeHbit.iurist,b.in Phila-
delphia in December, 1708; d. in vV'ilkesbarre, Pa.,
21 Feb., 1871. lie was the sou of David llayfield
Conynghani and grandson of Hedmond Conyng-
ham, of Ireland. Hedmond came to Philadelphia
in 1750, and with James Maxwell Nesbit established
the mercantile finn of J. N. Nesbit & Co. He re-
turnetl to irelan<l before the Hevolution, and his
son. David llayfield, who had Iteen trained in the
counting-house of his father, succeeded him in the
firm, which subse(|uently became C<inyngham, Nes-
bit & Co.. and which materially aided the cause
of the colonies with their lil)eral donations from
1776 to 1783. David Conynghani was a member
of the Philadelphia city troop during those days.
John Nesbit Conyngham wasetiucated at the Uni-
versity of IVniisvlvania, where he was graduated
in 1817. studied law with Joshua K. Ingersoll, of
Philailelphia, and in 1820 removed to Wilkcs-
barre where he became well known in his profes-
74
COOK
CORNSTALK
sion as well as in tlie affairs of the Protestant
Episcopal church. He was lor nearly fifty years
a lay deputy to the diocesan convention of Penn-
sylvania, an'd for twenty-five years a lay deputy
from that diocese to the general convention of the
church, serving for years on the committee on
canons. From 1868 till 1871 lie was the president
of the American church missionary society. He
was for two vears a member of the legislature, and
in 1840 was appointed |)resident judge of the court
of common pleiis for Luzerne county, holding the
olfiee for thirty years. He was a member of the
American pliilosophical society, and received the
degree of LL. D. from the University of Pennsyl-
vania in 1869. He published several addresses.
He was the father of John B. Conyngliam and the
brother of Redmond Conyngliam (vol. i., p. 713).
COOK, Kraiicis Ames, naval otlieer, b. in North-
ampton, JIass., 10 May, 1843. He was graduated
at tlie naval academy in 1863, was appointed en-
sign, and served with Parragnt for two years dur-
ing the civil war in the West Gulf squadron. He
became a master in 1866, a lieutenant-commander
two years later, and a commander in 1881. He
was appointed a captain in 1896, and soon after
assigned to the command oftlie " Brooklyn," flag-
ship of Commodore Schley, commanding the Hy-
ing squadron, which played so important a part
in the naval battle and victory of Santiago in
July, 1898. He is now on duty in Washington.
COOLIIMJE, Thomas Jefferson, merchant, b.
in Boston, 26 Aug., 1831. After graduating at
Harvard, he began business as an East In<lia mer-
chant, later becoming interested in New England
cotton-mills, lie was also connected with bank-
ing and railway enterprises; was presi<lent of, and
is now a director in the Chicago, Burlington and
Quincy railway. In 1892 President Cleveland ap-
pointed him minister to France, where he re-
mained for four years. In 1899 Mr. Coolidge was
made a member of the commission to adjust dis-
putes between this country and Canada.
COPE, tJilbert, genealogist, b. in East Brad-
ford, Chester co.. Pa., 17 Aug., 1840. He was edu-
cated at the Friends' select school in West Chester
and at the Friends' boarding-school in Westtown,
and for a few years followed farming. He is a
member of the Pennsylvania historical society and
of the New England historic-genealogical society,
and has published "A liecord of the Cope Family"
(Philadelphia, 1860); "The Browns of Notting-
ham" (1864); "Genealogy of the Dutton Family"
(West Chester, 1871); and, with J. Smith Futhey,
" History of Chester County " (Philadelphia, 1881)
and "Genealogy of the Sharpless Family" (1887).
COPPINUEB, John Joseph, soldier, b. in
Queenstown, Ireland, 11 Oct., 1834. He was edu-
cated in a private school, and in early manhood
he left for Italy to join the papal army during the
struggle with Victor Emmanuel. He won a lieu-
tenancy, and for heroism in the defence of La
Roeea gateway, in Rome, he received a decoration.
At the outbreak of the civil war he came to this
country, and ft'as made captain of the 14th infan-
try, 30' .Sept., 1861, serving throughout the war,
and was appointed colonel of the 15th New York
cavalry on 27 Jan., 1865. He served in several
Indian campaigns, and was made major of the
10th infantry, 20 March, 1879, and lieutenant-
colonel of the 18th infantry on 31 Oct., 1883. In
April, 188.'), he became brigadier-general, and when
the war with Spain began he was appointed major-
general and put in command of the 4th army-corps,
with its headquarters at Camp Wheeler, II unts-
ville. Gen. Coppinger was retired 11 Oct., 1898.
CORBIN, Anstln, financier, b. in Newport,
N. II., 11 July, 1827; d. there, 4 June, 1896. He
was gi'aduated at Harvard law-school in 1849, prac-
tised in his native village, and in 18.')2 removed to
Daven|iort, Iowa, and in 1866 to New York, where
he engaged in banking business, and in 1880 be-
came president of the Long Island railroad. In
1886 he was chosen president of the Philadelphia
and Reading railroad company. Mr. Corbin was
actively as.sociated in various organizations that
had for their objects the development of artistic
and philanthropic purposes in New York city and
elsewhere. His sudden death was due to an acci-
dent while driving with a pair of s])irited liorses.
There has been much litigation over his very large
estate, which is still unsettled.
CORBIN, Henry Clarke, soldier, b. in Cler-
mont county, Ohio, 15 Sept., 1842. He .served
through the civil war, receiving the appoint-
ment of 2d lieutenant in the 83d Ohio infantry
on 28 July, 1862. He was transferred to the 79th
Ohio on 29 Aug. following. On 11 May, 1863,
he was promoted 1st lieutenant. He resigned
on 13 Nov.. 1863, and was appointed major in
the 14th United States colored cavalry on 14
Nov., 1863. He was promoted lieutenant-colonel
on 4 March, 1864, and colonel on 23 Sept., 1865.
He received the brevet of brigadier-general of
volunteers 13 March, 1865; was honorably mus-
tered out 26 March, 1866. On 11 May, 1866, he
was appointed 2d lieutenant in the 17th infantry.
He was promoted captain of the 38th infantry on
28 July following. On 11 Nov., 1869, he was
transferred to the 24th infantry. He was pro-
moted major and appointed assistant adjutant-
general on 16 June, 1880, made lieutenant-colonel
on 7 June, 1889, and colonel 26 May, 1896. In
1892 he was detailed to duty in the war depart-
ment at Washington; later he was made chief of
staff of the department of the east, stationed upon
Governor's island, and in 1897 he was ordered
back to Washington to the adjutant-general's
office. On 25 Feb., 1898, he was made brigadier-
general and appointed adjutant-general of the
army, and in August appointed major-general of
volunteer.s, which commission he declined.
CORNSTALK, Shawnee chief, b. in Mason
county, Va. (now \V. Va.), about 1720; d. in Point
Pleasant, W. Va.. in the summer of 1777. He
was the chief of the Shawnee Indians, and at the
battle of Point Pleasant. 10 Oct.. 1774. his plan of
alternate attack and retreat occasioned the princi-
pal loss of the whites. After the battle he con-
vened his tribe to consult what must next be done,
and, after upbraiding them for not suffering him
to make peace with the settlers the day before the
fight, struck his tomahawk in the post of the cen-
tre of the town-house and said : " I will go and
make peace." He kept his treaty with the Ameri-
cans till 1777, when the Shawnees, being incited
by the British, began to disturb the frontier settle-
ment. One day Cornstalk appeared at Point Pleas-
ant, and, summoning the principal settlers, told
them that he could make no secret of the disposi-
tion of the greater part of his tribe toward them,
but that, although he was opposed to the British,
he was afraid they would force him "to run with
the stream." The council then determined to de-
tain him as a hostage, and while in confinement
he and his son were infamously murdered by colo-
nists in retaliation for an outrage by Indians.
The governor offered a rewani for the apprehen-
sion of the murderers, but without effect. Corn-
stalk was generally regarded as the ablest soldier
among the Indians on the Virginia frontier.
CORTES
COVILLE
75
t'ORTfiS, Madariaga Jos^ (cor-tays), South
Anicricjin patriot, b. near Satitiago, Chili, in 1784;
d. in Rio llacha, Colombia, in 1836. lie studied
theology in his native city, was graduated as doc-
tor of divinity and ordained to the priesthoo<l. but
in 1805 hail a controversy with the prosecutor of
the audiencia, and went to Spain to obtain justice.
On his return in 1806 he went to Caracas, where he
obtained a canonry in the cathedral, lie took part
in the patriotic movement, and when on 19 April,
1810, in the meeting of the municipality, the cap-
tain-general. Kmparan, was about to be victorious,
Cortes was sctit for and took a seat in the assem-
bly as deputy of the clergy. By his spi-eches he
inhuenced the a.«seinbly, and the populace outside,
to demand the deposition of Kmparan, thus de-
claring independence, lie was sent in 1811 as a
commissioner to the patriots of New Granada, but
in 1812 was included in the capitulation of Mi-
randa, and sent by Monteverde as a prisoner to
Spain, where he was confined in the [)eniteiitiary
of Ceuta. lie tied to tiibraltar in February, 1814,
and was delivered up by the governor to the Span-
ish authorities, but released in the following vear
on the reclamation of the British cabinet, which
disavowed the conduct of the governor, in 1810
he set ont for Jamaica, where he heard of Bolivar's
expedition from llayti to Venezuela, and early in
1817 sailed for Margarita. There he published a
manifesto protesting BKuinst the country being
controlled by military chiefs, and recommending
the formation of a representative government. In
April he went to Caru|>ano, and in Cariaco met
Gen. Montilla, Zeo, and others, who were carried
away by Cortes's elfKjueiice, and on 8 May as-
sembled the so-calle<l congress of Cariaco, which
decreet! the deposition of Bolivar frtnn the execu-
tive and appointed a governing junta of three
members. But the other chiefs of the ea.stern
provinces did not recognize the authority of this
congress or the governing junta, and before the
approach of the enemy Cortes fled to Jamaica. In
IK^ he joined the ex|iedition of Gen. Montillu
agaitist Rio Hacha and Santa Marta. and fixed his
residence there, while Caracas, which had become
his second home, was oifMipied by the Spanianls.
When they evacuated the city in June, IWJl, Cor-
tes, oflendeil at not Ix-iiig summoned, remained in
Rio llacha till his death.
I'USBY, <i!f>orge Itlake, soldier, b. at Ijouis-
ville, Ky., lit Jan., IHitO. He was edueateil at pri-
vate st;hools until fifteen years old. when he became
clerk in a commission house, lie entered the mili-
tary aciulemv, 1 St'pt.. 184S. wiis lirevet lieutenant
mounted rifles. 1 July. lN.'i2. 3d lieutenant, 10
Sept.. IKW. 2d lieuteniint cavalrv. 3 March. 1855,
1st lieutenant, 1 Mav, IWO. capliiin. 9 .May. 1861.
He joined the ConfeJerate army its captain of cav-
alry the latter part of May. 1861, was promote<l
brigadier-general. 20 Jan., ISOJl. and commanded
a brigade of cavalry under (ien. Stephen I), l^ee in
the south. Later he served us chief of staff to
Gens. Magruder and Biickner. .After the close of
the war he was adjutant-general of California four
years, and is at present receiver of public moneys
of California at Sacramento.
COTTKR, JoHoph B., U.C. bishop. b. in Liver-
pool, Ktigland. in 1H44. His parents came to this
country in 1847. and he received his early educa-
tion at St. Paul, Minn., in the local schools, and
his theological studies for the priesthood at .St.
Paul's the<dogical seminary, in Grovcland Park.
He was ordained a priest in 1871 by Archbishoj)
Grace, then bishop of St. Paul. He wius apftointed
pastor of St. Thomas's church, in Winona, Wis.,
and there he labored with true missionary zeal
until 1889, when the diocese of St. Paul was erect-
ed into an archdiocese and Winona was made one
of the suffragan sees. He was appointetl first
bishop of Winona, and was consecrated in 1889.
Bishop Cotter has acquired a wide reputation as a
temfjeranee worker and organizer, and was for
three successive terms elected president of the Na-
tional union of the St. Matthew tem|)erance so;,
cieties. His championship of the cause has ex-
tended throughout the Union. It is a fact worthy
of record that the ecclesiastical province of St. Paul
is cornfiosed of the archdiocese of St. Paul, presided
over by Archbishop Ireland, and of the dioceses
of Duluth. Jamestown, St. Cloud. Sioux Falls, and
Winona, and that all the dioceses of the province
are administered by prelates all of whom are advo-
cates of the temperance cause and total abstinence.
COURTNEY, Fredrrirk, Canadian Anglican
bishop, b. in Plymouth, Kngland, 5 Jan., 1837. He
was educated in the Bluecoat school and was grad-
uated at King's college, London, in 1863. In the
following year he was ordaine«I deacon and in 1865
a priest by Dr. Langley. archbishop of Canterbury.
After holding [lastorates in Kent, Plymouth, and
Glasgow, he was assistant at St. Thoiiias's church
in New York from 1876 till 1880. Dr. Courtney
was rector in 1880-'2 of St. James church, Chicago,
an<l then of St. Paul's. Boston. On 1 Feb., 1888,
he was elected fifth bishop of Nova Scotia, and on
25 April was consecratecl as successor to Bishop
Binney. His jurisdiction comprises Nova Scotia,
Cape Breton, and Prince Kdward island, and his
residence is in the city of Halifax.
rorSIN, Jean (coo-zang), French navigator,
b. in Dieppe, lived in the latter part of the 15th
century. His <lis«"overies are related by Ixiuis
K.stancelin in his " Kecherches sur les voyages et
decouvertesdes navigatenrs Norinands en Afrique,
dans les Indcs Orientale.s, et en Ameriquc" (Pari.s,
1832), Leon Guerin in his "Les navigatenrs
Franvais" (Pari-s, 1846), and Amans Alexis Mon-
teil in his "Traill des materiaux manuscrits des
divers genres d'histoire" (2 vols., Pari.s. 1835), and
confirmed by the anonymous publication " Mi?-
moires pour servir k I'histoirede Dietijie" (Dieppe,
1740). and by Francis Parkman in tus "Pioneers
of France in the New World " (Ifostoii, 1860). Ac-
centing to these authorities, in 14t*8. four years be-
fore Columbus's voyage. Cousin, being at sea off
the African coast, was forciKl westward by winds
and currents to within sight of an unknown shore,
where he presently described the mouth of a great
river (probably the Orinoco). On board his ship
was one Pinzmi, who, being dismissed for mutinous
conduct, went to Spain, became known to Colum-
bu.s, and accompanied him in his voyage of 1492.
Cousin's discovery is al.so mentioned in the "Jour-
nal de I'Am^'rique" (Troyes, 1709) and in "De-
scription des cotes de la iiicr Oceane." It is also
said that a French pilot discovered America. Un-
fortunately the archives of the city of Dieppe were
destroyed during the boml)ardnient of 1694. and
no informktion is now to be obtained there about
Cousin's voyage to America, a narrative of which
was iindonbtedlv ileposited in the city archives.
COYILLK, F'rederifk Yernoii. botanist, b. in
Preston, Ni'W York. 23 March, 1S<>7. He was cdu-
cate<i at Oxford academy and at Cornell, where
he was graduated in 1H87. For a year he wius in-
structor in lM>tany in Cornell, but in 1888 was ap-
pointed assistant l)otaiiist in the U.S. department
of agriculture, which place he held until 1893, when
he was made chief botanist ; al.so since 1893 he has
been curator of the U. S. national herbarium in the
76
COWEN
COX
National museum. He has had charge of several
botanical expeditions, notably that to the Death
valley in 1890-'91. Mr. Coville is a fellow of the
American association for the advancement of sci-
ence, to the proceedings of which he has contributed
numerous papers, and in addition many papers to
other sources. He is the author of the " Botany of
the Death Valley Expedition " (Washington, 1893).
COWEN, Esek, jurist, b. in Rhode Island, 24
Feb., 1787 ; d. in Albany, N. Y., 11 Feb., 1844. He
was descended from John Cowen, a native of Scot-
land, who settled in Scituate, Mass., in 1656. His
father's family re-
moved in 1790 to
Greenfield, Saratoga
CO. Four years after-
ward he went to
Hartford, Washing-
ton CO., N. Y., and
at sixteen began the
study of law, at the
same time teaching
during the winters.
He was admitted to
the bar in 1810,
and began practice.
In 1812 he removed
to Saratoga Springs,
which was afterward
his residence. lie
was reporter of the
supreme court in
1821-'8, and was
then appointed judge of the 4th circuit. In 1835
he -was appointed to fill a vacancy in the supreme
court, and continued in that office until his decease.
Judge Cowen's opinion in the celebrated McLeod
case, in connection with the Canadian rebellion, in
which were discussed the question of perfect and
imperfect war and other great national principles,
attracted wide attention. Of his opinions in gen-
eral it has been said that " in their depth and
breadth of research, and their strength and reason
of bearing, they are not excelled by any judge in
England or America. He has frequently been com-
pared to Lord Mansfield. Judge Cowen was more
than six feet in height, and possessed great dignity
of presence and unassuming manners. In 1812 he
was one of the founders of the first temperance
society in the United States. He was the author
of "Civil Jurisdiction of Justices of the Peace in
New York " (2 vols., 1844) ; " New York Reports,
1823-'8 " (9 vols., 1824-',<J0) : and a " Digested Index
of Reports '" (1831) ; and edited " Phillipps on Evi-
dence " (5 vols.. New York, 1850).
COWEN, John King, railroad president, b.
in Millersburg, Holmes co., Ohio, 28 Oct., 1844.
He is the son of Washington Cowen, a native of
Oxford, Pa., who had settled in Ohio at an early
age. The son entered the Vermilion institute at
Hayesville at the age of sixteen, and two years
later began teaching at Millersburg. By this work
and otlier occupations he earned enough to enable
him to enter Princeton in 1863; he was graduated
at the head of his class in 1866. He returned to
Millersburg, where he taught in the high-school,
and later he became principal of the academy at
Shreve, Ohio. He studied at the law-school of
Michigan university, took his examination at Can-
ton, where William McKinley was one of his ex-
aminers, and on his admission to the bar settled
at Mansfield. In 1872 he was offered a position
in the legal department of the Baltimore and Oliio
railroad by Robert Garrett, son of John W. Gar-
rett, president of the road and a classmate of
Cowen's at Princeton. The ability of Cowen was
recognized and he secured rapid advancement,
eventually becoming general counsel of tlie com-
pany. He held this position until he was elected
president of the road, to succeed Charles P. Mayer.
He has taken a prominent part in Maryland poli-
tics since 1883 as an Independent Democrat. In
1884 he was elected to congress as a free-trader, in
opposition to the Gorman wing of the party. In
1887 he worked in co-operation with the Republi-
can party in support of Walter B. Brooks for gov-
ernor, ile was an active supporter of Mr. Cleve-
land at the Chicago convention in 1892, and in
1894 was nominated to congress by the 4lh con-
gressional district, although he was a resident of
the 2d. After a campaign of strong opposition
from many Democrats he was elected.
COWLES, Augustus Woodruff, educator, b.
in Reading, N. Y., 12 July, 1819. After gradua-
tion at Union college in 1841, he taught, studied
theology in New York city, and in 1847-'56 was
pastor of the Presbyterian church in Brockport.
lie was then made president of Elmira college,
where he still remains. The degree of I). D. was
given to him by Ingham university in 1858, and
that of LL. D. by Hamilton college in 1886. Dr.
Cowles was the first president of a college that
was fully chartered expressly for the collegiate
education of women, with a course of study honor-
ably equivalent to the courses in colleges for men.
He has gained considerable reputation as an artist,
first introduced the special study of art criticism
into a college curriculum, and has delivered there
freehand illustrated lectures on art.
COWLEY, Charles, lawyer, b. in Eastington,
England, 9 Jan., 1832. He came with his parents
to Lowell, Mass., in 1842, and has since resided in
that town, where he also received his education,
and has held many local offices. In 1864-'5 he
served as acting assistant paymaster in the U. S.
navy, and was also on the staff of Admiral John
A. Dahlgren as judge-advocate of the South At-
lantic blockading squadron. After the war he re-
sumed his law practice, having been admitted to
the bar of Massachusetts in 1856. In 1870 he was
the candidate for assistant attorney-general of the
state on the labor reform ticket that was headed
by Wendell Phillips. He was instrumental in pro-
curing from the legislature the ten-hour law and
the charter of the grand lodge of the Knights of
St. Crispin. During the civil war he acted as na-
val correspondent for the New York " Herald "
and for the Charlestown '• Courier " and " Mer-
cury," and has since written for the press of New
England. Norwich university, Vermont, gave him
the degree of LL. D. in 1885. Mr. Cowley is the
author of a " History of Lowell" (Lowell, 1868);
"Historical Sketch of Middlesex Countv, Vt."
(1878); "Famous Divorces of All Ages"'(1878);
" Leaves from a Lawyer's Life Afloat and Ashore "
(1879); "Our Divorce Courts" (1879); "Reminis-
cences of James C. Ayer" (1879); and edited
"The Revised Charter and Ordinances of the
City of Lowell, with Appendix " (1876): Admiral
Dahlgren's " Maritime International Law." with
memoir by his widow (Boston. 1877): "The Ro-
mance of History in ' the Black County," and of
War in the Career of Gen. Robert Smalls, 'the
Hero of the Planters'" (Lowell, 1882); and
" Lowell in the Navy during the War" (1894).
COX, William Ruffln. soldier, b. in Scotland
Neck. Halifax co.. N. C, 11 March, 1832. He was
graduated fit Franklin college, Tennessee, and at
Lebanon law-school, in the same state. He served
in the Confederate army in the various grades from
COXE
CRAVEN
77
major to brigadier-general. Resuming the practice
of the law at the close of the war, he became judge
of the superior court of North Carolina, and later
was elected to congress. Gen. Cox is now (1899)
secretary of the U. S. senate. He is a son-in-law
of the late Dr. Lyman, bishop of his native state.
COXE, Daniel, author, b. in London, England,
in 1674; d. in Trenton, N. J.. 25 April, 1739. He
was the son of Dr. Daniel Coxe, of London, who
was proprietor of extensive lands in West Jersey.
Daniel came to this country in 1703, and at various
times was a member of the royal council, speaker
of the assembly, and associate justice of the su-
preme court of New Jers»'y, which post he held
from 1734 until his death. Ue was an able law-
yer and a zealous churchman. Several of his let-
ters are published in the " History of the Church
in Burlington," by the Rev. George Morgan Hills,
D. D. (Trenton. 1876). While visiting London he
published "A Description of the English Province
of Carolana, by the Spaniards called Florida, and
by the French Ija I»uisiane" (Ijondon, 1722). In
his " curious preface " he sketches what is believed
to be the original plan for an American union,
which was subsequently a<lopted, to bind together
the thirteen states. Richard Stockton Field, in
his " Provincial (Jourts of New Jersey " (New York,
1849), says: "It was, in fact, the very plan which
was recommended by Dr. Franklin to the conven-
tion at Albany in 1754 for the purpose of forming
a league with the six nations and concerting meas-
ures for united o|)erations against the encroai^b-
ments of the F^rench. This plan of Dr. Franklin's,
which has been described as the Albany plan of
union, figures largely in our histories, and is
thought to have been one of those original con-
ceptions for which he was so famous. And yet it
was little more than a transcript of the design
sketched by Coxe many years before, and which
would seem to have originated with him." A slab
in front of the chancel of St. Mary's church in
Burlington, N. J., marks his burial-place.
CRADDOCK, Charles Egbert. See Mibfbee,
Mary Noailles.
CKAKilE, I'earl Mary, author, b. in Ik)ston,
3 Nov., 1867. Her name was Richards, and after
completing her education at University college,
Ix>ndon, she married there Reginald Walpole
Craigie, from whom she obtaine<l a separation and
the custody of their child in 1895. Mrs. Craigie
resides in England, and is the author of the follow-
ing novels and plays, all published under her pen-
name of John Oliver Hohbes: ".Some Emotion,
and a Moral" (New York, 1891); "The Sinner's
CoraetIy"(1892);"AStudvinTein|.UIions"(189;t);
"A Bundle of Life" (1895); "The Gods. Some
Mortals," and " Lord Wickenham " (1895); "The
Herb Moon" (1896); ".S<;hool for Saints" (1897);
"The Ambassador,aComedv"(1898); " The Tales
of Oliver John Hol)l>es" (lWt9): nnd " Tlic Life
of Jami's Anthony Kroude" (Kilinlnirgh, 181)9).
CR.^Ml', CharleH Henry, shiphuilder. b. in
Philadelphia, 9 Mav, 1828. He was educate<l at
the Central high scfiool ami then learned the ship-
building tra<le, later becoming a (wrtner in the
Arm of William Cramp & Sons, of Philadelphia.
He is now president of the Cramp shipbuilding
company, the largest in the country, employing
about 6,000 workmen. During the past quarter of
a century the (!rainps have built many of the finest
naval and merchant vc-sxels now afloat. In their
yards the powerful biittle-ship "Maine "is at pres-
ent in course 'of construction, also the fa-st battle-
ship " Alabama." — Henry W., a brother of Charles,
is vice-president of the company.
CRAMP, Thomas, Canadian shipbuilder, b. in
London, Englimd, in 1827; d. in Montreal, Canada.
18 Feb., 1885. He came to Canada in 184.5, settled
in Montreal as a merchant, and forming a partner-
ship with David Torrence and son. under the firm
name of D. Torrence & Co., he began the enter-
prise of establishing the Mississippi (now Do-
minion) line of ocean steamships. As president
of the Montreal btsird of trade and chairman of
the harbor commission, he did much for the im-
provement of the harbor and the deepening of the
ship channel. A month before his death he be-
came president of the Corn exchange of Montreal.
CRANE, Stephen, author, b. in Newark, N. J.,
1 Nov., 1871. He was educated in his native city
and at I^afayette college, Easton, Pa., but left dur-
ing his college course, at the age of sixteen, to enter
journalism, and was for several years occupied as
a reporter and in writing newspaper sketches. His
first pul)lished bcx)k, " The Red Badge of Courage "
(1896), a story of the civil war. gained instant suc-
cess on both sides of the Atlantic. The writer was
commonly supiiosed for some time ir England to
be a veteran soldier who was relating the story of
his actual experiences. Mr. Crane now retired
from general journalism, and has since devoted
himself chiefly to writing stories. In 1897, when
on the way to Culm, he was shipwrecked, and spent
some time in an o[)en boat before he was rescued.
Besides the book mentioned above, Mr. Crane has
published " Maggie : A Girl of the Streets." written
in 1891, and at that time put into type by the
author, but not published till 1896; "George's
Mother" (1896); "The Little Regiment" (1897);
"The Third Violet" (1897); and "Poems" (1899).
CRANE. William Henry, a<;tor, b. in Leices-
ter, Mas.x.. 12 March. 1845. He made his first ap-
pearance on the stage at Ctica. IxH-ame a leading
comedian in Chicago, and in 1877 appeared with
Stuart I{ol)Son at the Park theatre. New York. He
continued with Mr. liolison for twelve years, and
has since appeare<l in star roles in " The Senator,"
"For Money," "The American Minister," "A Vir-
ginia Courtship." " Peter Stuyvcsant, Governor of
New York." and many other i)lays.
CRANFILL, Janies Britton, e<litor, b. in
Parker county, Tex., 12. Sept., 1858. He received
a common-school education in Gonzales county, of
the state, studie<l for the Baptist ministry, and
later Iwcame editor of "The Baptist Stan'dani."
In June. 1892. he was nominated candidate for
vice-president, with John Bidwell, of California, for
president, by the national Prohibition party at its
convention in the oilv of Cincinnati.
CRAVEN, John Joseph, surgeon, b. in New
York city, 1823; d. there, Feb. 14, 1893. Ue was
surgeon of the Ist New Jersey volunteers, the
first regiment from that State to take the field in
the civil war. He was the fifth candidate to qual-
ify as brigade surgeon, and wits placed in charge
of the medical department of the expedition to
South Carolina under Gen. Horatio (J. Wright,
afterward Incoming medical director of the de-
pariment of the Sfiuth. He was brevetted lieuten-
ant-colonel, and directed the medical equipment
of the expedition apainst Fort Wagner and Fort
Sumter. Afterwarcihe acted as medical director
of the lOtli army-corps in Virginia with Gen.
Quincy A. Gillmore. and still later as medical di-
rector of the department of Virginia and North
Camlina. While filling the latter position Dr.
Craven was given full charge of Jefferson Davis
<liiring his incarceration as prisoner of war. He
retired from the service soon after the war. and
wrote a work on the prison life of Jefferson Davis,
78
CRAWFORD
CRONIN
treating the Confederate leader generously. Dr.
Craven was the inventor of a successful submarine
cable for telegraphic purposes, and during the
celebration of Cyrus W. Field's success the name
of Craven was associated witli that of Field on
the transparencies carried through the streets of
New York. He invented the first gutta-percha
covering for the purpose of insulating wires.
CRAWFORD, Thomas Hartley, lawyer, b. in
Chambersburg, Pa., 14 Nov., 1786; d.in Washing-
ton, D. C, 27 Jan., 18(i3. He was graduated at
Princeton in 1804, studied law, was admitted to
the bar in 1807, and began to practise in Chambers-
burg. Later he was elected as a Jackson Democrat
to congress, and was re-elected, serving from 7
Dec, 1839, till 2 March, 1833. In 1836 he was
appointed a commissioner to investigate alleged
frauds in the purchase of the reservation of tlie
land of the (!reek Indians. From 1838 till 1845
he held the office of commissioner of Indian affairs.
In 1845 he was appointed judge of the criminal
court of the District of Columbia, and continued
as such for nearly forty years, until his death.
CRERAR, John, philanthropist, b. in New
York city, 8 March, 1827 ; d. in Chicago, 111., 19
Oct., 1889. He was of Scottish parentage, and
was educated in
New York, where
he engaged in mer-
cantile pursuits, un-
til his removal to
Chicago in 1863.
There he became
head of the firm of
Crerar, Adams &
Co., an incorporator
and director of the
Pullman palace car
company, a director
of the Chicago and
Alton railroad com-
pany, and a member
of many important
e^ civic organizations.
iQ^^/yi'^^^ylyUAyl^ In 1888 he was a
^"^ C. presidential elector
for the 1st district of Illinois on the Kepubliean
ticket. He was a member of the Kelief and aid
society after the great fire of 1871, and rendered
much assistance. He left a fortune of ^3,500,000, of
whicli f 1,000,000 was bequeathed to various charita-
ble and religious associations in Cliicago. He con-
tributed $100,000 for a colossal statue of Abraham
Lincoln, for the double reason of friendship and
patriotism, and $3,500,000 as an endowiiuMit fnn(l
for a public library, organized in 1894 and now in
successful operation in Chicago, imder the name
of the John Crerar library. He also left a be-
quest of $25,000 to the Chicago historical society,
and a like sum to the Scotch Presbyterian church
established in his native city in 17b6, with which
was erected in 1897 a parsonage adjoining the
church, known as the "Crerar memorial manse."
CRISP, Charles Frederick, jurist, b. in Shef-
field, England, 24 Jan., 1845; d. in Atlanta, Ga.,
23 Oct., 1896. His parents, who were American
actors, were abroad professionally at tlie period of
his birth. He received a common-school education
in Macon and Savannali, entered the Confederate
army in May. 1861, serving for three vears. when
he was captured. On his release, in June, 1865, he
studied law, becoming in 1872 solicitor-general of
the southwestern judicial circuit of Georgia, and in
1878 judge of the superior couit of tlie same dis-
trict. Four years later he was elected, holding
his seat until his death. In 1891 and 1893 he was
elected speaker of the house of representatives, and
in 1896 he was a candidate for the U. S. senate,
and within a week would have been elected.
CRlTTENDEN,Thoiiia8Theodore. statesman,
b. in Shelby county, Ky., 2 Jan., 1832; was edu-
cated at Centre college, Danville, and adopted the
profession of the law. He was lieutenant-colonel
of tlie 7th Missouri cavalry from May, 1862, to the
close of the civil war, and was appointed attorney-
general to fill the unexpired term of Aikman
Welch, deceased. In 1876 he was elected to con-
gress, and was re-elected to the 45th congress. Col.
Crittenden was governor of Missouri from Jan-
uary, 1881, to January, 1885. His two adminis-
trations were generally recognized as beneficial to
the state, particularly in his enforcement of law
and management of its finances, as well as in his
vigilant care of the schools and other public insti-
tutions. He is a nephew of Senator John J. Crit-
tenden, of Kentucky, and a half-brother of Gen.
Eli H. Murray, of the same state.
CROKER, Richard, politician, b. in Black
Rock, Ireland, 24 Nov., 1843. His grandfather,
Maj. Henry Croker, was inspector-general in the
British army, one of his uncles was a member of
parliament, and another was governor of Ber-
muda, He accompanied his father to the United
States when three years of age, attended the public
schools of New York, and has since resided in that
city. His father served in Gen. Siekles's brigade
during the civil war, and also in the 10th New
York engineers. The son was elected in 1867 al-
derman of New York ; re-elected in 1869 ; elected
coroner in 1872; re-elected in 1875; again elected
alderman in 1883. During the same year he was
appointed fire commissioner, and in 1889-'90 was
city chamberlain. He early attracted the atten-
tion of John Kelly, was prominent in opposition
to the Tweed ring, and rapidly advanced in power
in the Tammany Hall organization, of which he
has been for years the recognized leader. He was
active in the political campaign of 1897. which
terminated in the elect ion of Robert A. Van Wyck
as first mavor of Greater New York.
CROMWELL, Bartlett James, naval officer,
b. in Nebraska, 28 March, 1841. He was the first
naval cadet appointed from Nebraska, and gradu-
ated as a midshipman in June, 1861. The first
sea duty of the young officer was seen aboard the
receiving-ship " Princeton " at Philadelphia. In
1862 he was promoted to acting master, and was
attached to the "Quaker City," cruising in the
West Indies and off the blockade. His first ex-
tensive trip was when he was commander, and was
assigned to the navigation of Admiral Schufeldt's
flag-ship, the " Ticonderoga," on its trip around
the globe in 1879-"80 and 1881. In September of
1895 he was summoned to Washington as a mem-
ber of the examining and retiring board of the
navy department, a position he held for two years,
being promoted to the rank of commodore, 10
Aug., 1898. He succeeded to the rank of rear-
admiral when the naval personnel bill went into
force, on 3 March, 1899. Admiral Cromwell is
commandant of the naval station at Havana.
CRONIN, David Edward, artist, b. in Green-
wich, Washington co., N. Y., 13 July, 1839. He
was educated at the Washington academy, and
subsequently studied art in Europe, at Brussels.
Antwerp, and Dilsseldorf. He enlisted in the Na-
tional army during the war, and rose to be captain
in the 1st New York mounted rifles, serving from
August, 1863, till November, 1865. During that
period he was judge-advocate of Gen. August V.
CROOKS
CRUMMELL
79
Kaiitz's cavalry division and provost-marshal of
Williamsburg. Va. He was also brcvetted iimjor.
At the close of the war he studied law, was admit-
ted to the bar. and practised \intil December, 1872,
when he began the publication of the Bingham-
ton, X. Y., "Times," a daily morning newspaper,
which he also edited. In 1876 it was consolidated
with the Binghaniton " Republican." Major
Cronin is best known as an illustrator of wide-
margin books and edilitms de luxe. He was the
first to intnxluce this mode of illustration, and his
work is much prized by collectors. The materials
that he uses are jjcn-and-ink ami water-colors, the
process being e.xcecilingly laborious and delicate.
The execution of the work on Gen. Grant's" Per-
sonal Memoirs" occupied the illustrator more
than a year. Among the books that he has thus
illustrated are " Valentino," for William Waldorf
Astor; " Domcsticus," for William Allen Butler;
Dame Bernerss " The Art of Fysshynge with an
Angle"; Washington Irving's " Sketch- Book " ;
Isaac Walton's "Complete Angler"; and three
copies of "The Evolution of a Life" (New York,
1884). The latter work is an account of the artistic
career ami army experience of Major Cronin, writ-
ten by himself and published under the pen-name
of "Seth Eyiand." — His brother, Eiij^ene Au-
gnstns, lawver, b. in Greenwich, N. \ ., 9 Aug.,
1841; d. in 'Portland, Ore.. 13 Nov., 1879, came
into prominence during the excitement subsequent
to the presidential contest of I87C. lie was a
presidential elector for the state of Oregon.
CROOKS, Hamsrj, fur-trader, b. in Greenock.
Scotland. 28 .Ian.. 1780: d. in New York city, 6
June. 1839. He came to this country in early life,
and established himself in Wisconsin as a fur-
trader. In 1808 he entered the service of John
Jacob Astor, and in the following year he set out
on an overland joumev to Astoria, on the Pacific
coast, in company with Wilson Price Hunt, Don-
ald McKenzic. Itobert Stewart, ami a company of
followers, a distance of 3,.')00 miles by the route
they travelled. Later, Mr. Crooks brcanie the
manager of the Mackinac division of the Ameri-
can fur company, of which Mr. Astor was the
head. In 1834 lie sold his interest to Crooks and
his associates, the latter becoming president, and
Robert Stuart vice-president of the new company.
The financial crisis of is;t6 and other causes led
to the failure of the enterprise, and a few vears
later the company was dissolved. Visitors to Mac-
kinot^can see the company's ancient trading-houses,
now known as the John Jacob Astor hotel, and
inspect the account-lxK)ks of the old corporation,
which are still preserved there. Mr. Crooks re-
turned to New York, where he sjicnt the closing
years of his active and energetic coreer. Black
Hawk said Mr. Cr<x)ks wm< the best pale-face friend
the red men ever had. and few chiefs from the north-
west failed to see him when on their way to Wash-
ington. He was fluent in French, and was master
of the Chippewa and other Indian languai^.
CROSBi, Frances Jane, hymn-writer, b. in
South East, Putnam co., N. Y., 24 .March, 1820.
She lost her sight when but six weeks old. In ISW
she entered the institution for the blind in New
York city, and was gra<luate<l from it in 1844.
She was apiminted teacher of English grammar,
rhetoric, (ireck and Roman history, in the institu-
tion in 1847, and continued to teach these subjects
until 1858, when she married Alexander Vanal-
styne. a teacher of music in New York citv. and
blind like herself. While very young she sliowed
a remarkable ability at verse-making; this ability
she turned to the writing of hymns, and her suc-
cess heroin was great. Perhaps the best known of
her hymns are " .Safe in the Arms of Jesus," " Pass
me not, O Gentle Saviour." "Jesus is Calling,"
" Rescue the Perishing," " Ble.ssed Assurance,"
" Saved by Grace," " Jesus keep me near the Cross,"
and " I am Thine, O Lord." Among her publica-
tions may be mentioned "The Blind Girl, and
other Poems" (New York, 1844); "An Address
comiiosed and delivered ... at an Exhibition"
(184«); "Monterey" (1849); " Pilgrim Fathers,"
in collaboration with George F. Root (Boston,
1854); "A Wreath of Columbia's Flowers" (New
York, 1859); "Bells of Evening" (1897). Her
hymns in Mootiy and Sankey's "Gosf>el Hymns"
and in Mr. Sankey's ".Socre<l Songs and Solos"
have attained a remarkably wide circulation in
the I'nited States, and abroad as well.
CROUCH, Frederick IVllliam Nicolls, com-
poser, b. in London, England ; d. in Portland,
Jle., 19 Aug., 1896. He was the son of a nmsi-
cian, and at an early age became a singer and a
violinist in the orchestra of Drury Lane theatre.
In 1849 he came to this country, becoming a
teacher and comp<»ser of music. He served
through the civil war as a private in the Rich-
mond Grays, soon after its close establishing him-
self in Baltimore as a teacher. His best-known
composition is " Kathleen Mavourneen," the mel-
odj of which he wrote in I.iondon to words re-
ceived from their author, Mrs. Crawford. Cora
Pearl, a celebrated character of Paris in the days
of Napoleon III., was his eldest daughter.
CROW, James, distiller, b. in Scotland about
1800; d. near Glenn's Creek, Ky.. in ia'i9. He
was graduated as a phvsiclan in Edinburgh, and
in 1822 came to Philaifelphia, where he engaged
unsuccessfully in business, and then emigrated to
Woo«lford county, Ky. Here his knowledge of
chemistrv enabled him to improve the rude meth-
ods of distilling whiskey ttien in vogue. His
nnxluct soon became widelv known, and he gave
nis name to one of the best-known brands of
whiskey. He also practised medicine to a limited
extent, and his opinions on this subject and on le-
gal, litcrarv, and theological questions were high-
Iv reganieii in the region where he livcil.
' CROZAT-CONVERSE, Charles, composer, b.
in Warren, .Mass.. 20 Jan., lXi'2. He studied law
and music in I-eipsic, and, retuniing to the United
.States, was graduated at the Albany law-school in
1861. He has comjMJsed much church and other
miisic.and his "American Overture" was played at
the World's Columbian eximsition by the Theodore
Thomas orchestra, and since then by Anton Seidl's
orchestra in New York. He is a contributor to
current literature and has published in a quarto
volume " Hail Columbia, Overture Auiericaine
[)oiir (irand Orchestra" (Paris, 1889).
CRr<JEK, JiiUa Urinnell Storrow (Julien
Gordon), author, b. in Paris of American par-
ents alK)ut 1850. She is the widow of Col. Van
Rensselaer Crugcr, and before his death in June,
1898, was j)rominent in New York society. Mrs.
Cniger is the author of the following novels, all
issued with the pen-name of "Julien Gordon":
"How She Did It" (New York, 1888): "A Diplo-
mat's Diarv" (Philadelphia, 1890); "The Puritan
Pagan" (N'ew York. 1891): "A Successful Man"
and "Marionettes" (1892); "Mademoiselle Rc-
s*'da" and "Mis Letters" (1893); "Poppaja"
(1894); "A We<Iding, and other Stories," and
"Eat not thy Heart" (Chicago, 1897).
CRI'.M.VKLL, Alexander, clergyman, b. in
New York city, 3 March. 1819; d. in Washington,
D. C, 10 Sept., 1898. His father was a native
80
CUESTAS
CUSIIING
African, his mother a free woman. He received
his education in Canaan and Oneida, N. Y., and
was the second ordained colored minister of his
country, having pursued his theological studies
under i)r. A. H. Vinton, of Providence, and being
ordained by Bishop Lee, of Delaware. His posi-
tion here was so unpleasant that he went to Eng-
land, entered Cambridge university after preach-
ing there and elsewhere, and was graduated in
1853. Going to Africa, he became a rector and
professor of Liberia college, where he remained
until 1873. Prom that year until 1894 Dr. Crum-
niell was rector of St. Luke's church, Washing-
ton, where ho erected a fine stone building supple-
mented by a parish hall. On his retirement as
rector emeritus of St. Luke's he was elected presi-
dent of the Colored ministry union, and in 1885
he was appointed a member of the commission for
church-work among tlie colored peoplv,.
CUESTAS, Juan Lisboa, Uruguayan presi-
dent, b. in Paysandu, 6 .Jan., 1837. He studied in
Montevideo and Buenos Ayres, and returned to
Pay.sandii as secretary of Col. Ambrosio Sandes.
In 1865 he was appointed a member of the board
of public instruction, and later filled an important
position in the Banco Italiano of Montevideo, act-
ing afterward as manager of the branch office
in Paysandu. In 1870 was appointed receiver of
the custom-house of Salto, and also auditor. In
1877 the administration of Col. Latorre intrusted
1o him the organization of taxes anil real estate,
besides that of the public debt. In 1879 he was
appointed collector of custom-houses, and in 1880
secretary of the treasury. In 1886 President
Francisco Vidal selected him as secretary of state,
which he afterward resigned and went to Buenos
Ayres as minister of LTniguay. In 1887 Mr. Cues-
tas returned to Montevideo, acting as substitute
for Senator-General Santos, who was in Europe,
and in 1891 as representative, being re-elected in
1894 for Montevideo. In 1891 Paysandu elected
him senator, and in 1897 he was appointed presi-
dent of the senate. When in August, 1898, Presi-
dent Idiarte Borda was shot by a political fanatic,
Mr. Cuestas was given charge of the public ad-
ministration, and after a turbulent period he
WHS almost unanimously elected president of the
republic, in March, 1899, by a vote of seventy-five
members of the assembly.
CURTIS, James Langdon, presidential candi-
date, b. in Stratford, Conn., 19 Feb., 1816. He
was educated in his native town, and engaged in
business in New York city, where, as colonel of the
9th regiment, he did good service in putting down
the hour riots in 1835. He was nommated by the
Labor party for governor of Connecticut in 1884,
and in 1888 became the candidate of the national
American partv for president
CURTIS, William Eleroy, journalist, b. in
Akron, Ohio, 5 Nov., 1850. He was graduated
from the Western Reserve college, selecting jour-
nalism as his profession,and being for fourteen years
on the staff of the Chicago " Inter-Ocean." Since
1887 he has been the Washington correspondent
of the Chicago " Record." He had charge of the
Columbus manuscripts at the expo.sition of 1893.
Mr. Curtis is the author of "The Land of the Ni-
hilist " (New York, 1888) : " The Capitols of .Span-
ish America" (1888); "Christopher Columbus
Portraits" (Chicago, 1893); "Venezuela" (1896);
" The Yankees of the East : Japan " (Chicago,
1896); "The United States and Foreign Powers"
(1897): and "To-day in France and Germany."
CUSHINU, William, author, b. in Lunenburg,
Mass., 15 May, 1811 : d. in Cambridge, Mass.. 27
Aug., 1895. His brother, Edmund Lambert (1807-
'83),waschief justice of New Hampshire in 1874-'6;
another brotherwas Luther Stearns. William was
graduated at Harvard in 1832, and at the divinity-
school there in 1839, and pi-eached till 1857, when
he removed to a farm in Clinton, Mass. He went to
Cambridge in 1868, became library assistant in the
Harvard library, and after 1878, when he was dis-
charged, engaged in literary pursuits. He spent
several years in collecting material for a volume
entitled"" The Century of Authors, 1778-1880," the
manuscript of which was acquired by the publish-
ers of the " Cyclopa'dia,'' and has been used in its
preparation. His published books are " Index to
the North American Review" (Boston, 1878);
" Index to the Christian Examiner " (1879) ; and
"Initials and Pseudonyms" (1885-'8).
DALES
DANFORTH
81
D
DALES, John Blakely. clergyman, b. in Kort-
right, Dfliiware co., N. V., 6 Aug., 1815; d. in
Chautauqim, 28 Aug.. 1893. lie was graduated at
Union college in 1835, and at the Associate re-
formed Pre.sbjrtcrian theological seminary. New-
burg, N. Y., in 1839. and entered the ministrvof that
chnrch. After 1840 he was pastor of the first As-
sociate Reformed (now Second Cnited) Presbyterian
church, Philadelphia, Franklin college gave him
the degree of D. I), in 1853. Dr. Dales was an
editor of the "Christian Instructor" in 184tt-'79,
professor of church history and pastoral theology
in Newburg seminary in 1867-'76, and has held
various offices in his denomination. He was the
antfaor of " Roman Catholicism " (Philadelphia,
1842); "Introduction to Lectures on Odd Fellow-
ship" (1851); "The Dangers and Duties of Young
Men " (1857) ; " History of the Associate Reformed
Church " in " The Church Memorial " (Xenia,
1859); and a "Church Manual" (1884).
DALLT, Abram, soldier, b. in New York city,
12 Aug., 1795 ; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 15 Feb., 1893.
He enlisted in the 11th New York heavy artillery
in 1812, and during the war with Great Britain
wa.s on duty at Fort Gansevoort and at the Block-
house, in what is now Central park. On the for-
mation in 1850 of an association of veterans of the
war of 1812 he became a member, and rose in it to
the rank of brigadier-general. He was the last
survivor of the war in the vicinity of New York,
and was for many vears a familiar flgnre when on
national holidays he hoiste<l the flag at the old
Blockhouse in Central park and at the Battery.
DAME, Harriet Palienoe, nurse, h. in Barn-
stead, N. II., 5 .Jan , 1815. Her parents moved to
Bamstead about 1797, and in 1843 Miss Dame
went to (!oncord, where she re8ide<I until the civil
war. She joined the 2d New IIami>shirc n-giment
as hospital matron in June, 1861, and remaine<l
with it until it was mustered out in December,
1865. Miss Dame was inside the trenches at Fair
Oaks, where she pa-xsed a dark night alone in the
thick woods, the only woman in the brigade, car-
ing for the wounded of other regiments as well as
her own. She was on duty as nurse near the old
stone church at Centrcville while her regiment
jjarticipated in the soc-ond battle of Bull Run.
There she wa.s taken prisoner, but was soon relea.«e<l.
Miss Dame wan appointed matron of the 181h army-
corps hospital in SeptemlK-r, 1864. and hwl siitier-
vision of the nurx's on duty. Of her services. Gen.
Oilman Marstxin, who was long colonel of the 2d
regiment, said : '" Wherever the regiment went
she went, often going on foot, and sometimes
camping on the field without tent. . . . She was
truly an angel of mercy, the bravest woman I ever
knew. I have seen her face a battery without
flinching." In Augiist, 1867, she was ap|)ointe<l to
a clerkship in the treasury department. In 1886
she deposited f 1.000 with a committee of the 2<1
regiment veterans to erect a building for their en-
campment at I>ake Winnipiseogee. N. H. On the
death of Dorothy L. Dix. iliss Dame succeeiled to
the presidency of the e.x-iiriny nurses' association.
DANA, Alexander Hamilton, author, b. in
Owego, N. Y.. 4 .luly. 1807; .1. in Montclair. N. J.,
27 April, 1887. His father, Kleazar, was presiding
ju<lge of the Owego district. The son was gradu-
ated at Union college, studied law in New York,
and afterward was the he«<l of the firm of Dana,
Woodruff & Ijeonard till 1854. Subsequently he
vol,. VII.— 11
practised either by himself or with his son, Fran-
cis E. Dana. Mr. Dana was the author of the
legal articles in the "New AmcricanCyclopajdia"
and works on "Knigmas of Life. Death, and the
Future State " (1860) ; " Ethical and Physiological
Inquiries" (New York, 18()2) ; and " Inductive In-
quiries in Physiology. Ethics, and Ethnology"
(1873).— His son, Malcolm McUregor, clergyman.
h. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 4 June. 1838: d. there, 26
July, 1897, was graduated at Amherst in 18.59 and
at t'nion theological seminary. New York, in 1862,
and held Congregational pastorates in Norwich,
Conn., in 18«4-'78, and then in St. Paul, Minn., till
1888, when he accepted a call to Lowell, Mass. He
was an organizer of the Minnesota board of chari-
ties and correction,. served as chaplain of the legis-
lature of that state in 1885, and was identified with
the educational development of the northwest.
Middlebury gave him the degree of D. D. in 1877.
He was the author of " Memorial of Norwich in the
Rebellion " (Norwich. Conn., 1874) and " The Story
of Carleton College" (St. Paul. Minn., 1880).
DANA, Edmund Lovell, soldier, b. in Wilkes-
barre. Ph., 29 Jan., 1817: d. there. 25 April, 1889.
He was grwliiated at Yale in 1838, studied law,
and was admitted to the bar. In December, 1846,
when the government called for troops to aid in
the war with Mexico, he was captain of the Wy-
oming artillerists, and, tendering the services of
his company, participated in all the battles of that
war. In 1862 he wius major-general of Pennsyl-
vania militia, and was appointed by the governor
commandant of a camp of organization. On 18
Oct., 1862, he was elected colonel of the 143d Peim-
svlvania regiment, and was in all the battles of
the Annv of the Potomac from this time until the
close of t^e civil war. The command of his brigade
devolvetl upon him at the Imttle of Gettysburg, in
which he met and refielle<i the last charge of Ix)ng-
street's corps, his brign<ie losing more than half its
entire strength. At Chancellorsville his horse was
shot under him, and he was wounded and taken
prisoner. In June, 18(}4, he was one of 50 oflicers
that were placed under Are of the National guns
at Charleston in retaliation for the bombardment
of that city. In August, 1865, he was brcvetted
brigmlier-general of volunteers. He resumed his
law practice, and in 1867 wasele<>ted additional law
judge of the 11th district of Pennsylvania for ten
years. He was president of the Wyoming histor-
ical and genealogical swiely and a member of va-
rious societies, (ien. Dana published " Address
delivered before the Mathelian Society, Kingston,
Pa." (1845); "Address beforetheSociotiesof Muh-
lenhnrg College" (1881); and "Incidents in the
Life of Cnpt. Samuel H. Walker" (1882).
DANFOKTH, Kdnard, educator, b. in Hills-
borough county, N. H., 4 Dec, 1828; d. in Elmira,
N. Y., 3 June,' 1888. He was educated at home,
began to teach in New York state when he was
sixteen years old. and afterward went to Grand
Rai>ids, Mich., where in five years he built up a
system of schools that attracted wide attention by
their improved methmls. Mr. Danforth was then
successively superintendent of schools in Troy,
N. Y., deputy .state superintendent for two terms,
and superintendent of schools in Elmira, where he
remained till his death. He was an active mem-
ber of the Slate teachers' association after 1856,
serving eighteen years as an officer and contrib-
uting papers to its proceedings. He imblished
82
DANFORTH
DAVENPORT
" Mind Studies for Young Teachers," and was edi-
tor of the " New York State Recorder," an annual,
and "Tlie Sunday-School at Work," a quarterly.
DANFORTH, Elliot, lawyer, b. in Middleburg,
Schoharie co., N. Y., G March, 1850. lie studied
at the public schools of his native town and at the
Schoharie academy. He then travelled widely in
the western part of tlie country and on the I'acific
slope, and was admitted to the bar in 1873. In
1878 he formed a law partnership with George II.
Winsor, and in 1880 he was elected president of
the village of Bainbridge, holding the office for
three terms. lie was also a member of the local
board of education, in 1880 he was sent as a
delegate to the national Democratic convention
at Cincinnati, and in 1884 to the Chicago conven-
tion, lie declined the offer of a nomination to
congress in 1880. In 1884 he was appointed
deputy state treasurer and held the position until
1889, when he was elected treasurer; two years
later he was re-elected. He was nominated for
lieutenant-governor at the Democratic convention
at Syracuse, 29 Sept., 1898. He has published
addresses on " Indians of New York," delivered
before the Oneida county historical society; on
" Old Schoharie," delivered before the Schoharie
county historical society ; and " Address at the
280th"Celebration of the Purchase of Mamaroneok,
N. Y.. from the Indians. Sept. 21, 1891."
DANIEL, James Jacqiielln, lawyer, b. in Co-
lumbia, S. C., 14 Aug., 1832; d. in Jacksonville,
Pla.. 2 Oct., 1888. He taught in, and then con-
ducted an academy for boys in Columbia, S. C,
until 1848, when he removed to Florida, where he
studied law and was admitted to practice. This
profession he followed until the beginning of the
civil war, when he raised a company for the 2d
Florida infantry, and accompanied that regiment
to Virginia. He took part in the peninsula cam-
paign of 1863, ()ut failing health compelled him
to return to Florida, where ho was placed in
charge of the conscript bureau. This post he
held, with the rank of colonel, until the close of
the war, when he returned to Jacksonville and
resumed the practice of law. Refusing all politi-
cal appointments, he continued active in his pro-
fession until his death, which was caused by yellow
fever. Col. Daniel was interested in the develop-
ment of Jacksonville, was president of its board
of health, its auxiliary association, tlie Florida
emigration society, and the Florida publishing
company, and was an officer or director ni various
banks, railroads, and other corporations.
DANIELS, Charles, jurist, b. in New York
city, 12 iMarch, 1836 ; d. in Buffalo, 30 Dec. 1897.
He was left an orphan at the age of ten, and at
fourteen apjirenticed himself to a shoemaker in
Buffalo, at the same time studying law in the
intervals of work. He afterward became clerk in
a lawyer's office, and in 1847 was admitted to the
bar. In 1863 he was elected a justice of the state
supreme court as a Republican, to fill a vacancy,
and in 1869 he was re-elected, serving until 1891.
In 1886 he was an unsuccessful candidate forjudge
of the court of appeals. After his retirement from
the bench Judge Daniels was chosen to the 53d
and 54th congresses, and later he practised his
profession in ISutfalo till his death.
DARWIN, Charles Robert, English naturalist,
b. in Shrewsbury, England, 13 Feb., 1809; d. in
Down, Kent, England, 18 April, 1883. He was a
grandson of Dr. Erasmus Darwin. Immediately
after his graduation at Cambridge in 1831 he vol-
unteered to accompany the ship "Beagle" as
naturalist on an exploring expedition around the
■■V
V te<*^
CL^c
a^rTA/ot^
world, on which he was engaged till 2 Oct., 1836.
Ijeaving the ship at Valparaiso, Darwin crossed the
South American continent to Buenos Ayres, dis-
covering on his way the gigantic fossil remains
that first brought his name into notice. On his
return he settled on
a country estate in
Kent, where he spent
liis life in scientific
occupations, writing
his remarkable works
on botany and natu-
ral history, and pro-
pounding the theory
of the origin of spe-
cies by the natural
selection of favora-
ble variations, which
soon became cele-
brated as the Dar-
winian theory. His
writings that relate
to this hemisphere
include "Journal of
Researches during a
Voyage Around the World" (1839); "Geological
Observations in South America" (1846); and
many papers, such as " The Connection of Certain
Volcanic Phenomena in South America." See
" Life and Letters of Charles Darwin," by his son,
Francis (3 vols.. New York, 1887).
DAVENPORT, Charles, manufacturer, b. at
Newton, Mass., 25 May, 1812. Having learned
the coach and carriage builders' trade, he began
for himself in 1832 at Cambridge. In 1834, as
the firm of Davenport & Bridges, lie entered upon
the business of building railroad cars, and for some
years of locomotives. As ear-builders his was not
only the pioneer firm of the United States, but
for the twenty-two years during which he carried
on the business his was the largest car establish-
ment in the country, having factories at Cam-
bridgeport, an<l from 1840-'50 also at Pierniont
and Newburg, N. Y. His first cars for the Boston
and Worcester railroad, early in 1835, were after the
pattern of a long omnibus upon four wheels, seat-
ing 24, to be entered by a central door upon either
side, and from a step running the length of the
car, as on a modern open street-car. Within the
fixed seats faced all one way, and were separated
on either side by a central aisle the length of the
car. The car was turned about on turn-tables
at the end of each trip. In the cars built next
he made the seats with narrow, reversible backs,
and by next year with broad backs, similar to the
modern car-seat. He thus did away with the need
of turning around the car itself. In 1837 he built
the entrance door and platform steps at the ends
of the car, instead of the side, thus opening a pas-
sageway through a train from ear to car. In
1838-'9"he built the first 8-wheel car, to seat 60,
and in 1840 tlie first 16-wheel car, to carry 76 pas-
sengers. Thus from year to year he constantly
added new improvements, as he had earlier been
the first to build a large pleasure-party barge
sleigh. In 1856 he retired from business, having
constructed over $4,000,000 worth of care for over
fifty different railroads in this country and Cuba.
He was an advocate and promoter of many public
improvements in and about the city of Boston.
Among others, the originator of the earliest plan
for the Boston Back Bay park, and of the Charles
river embankment improvement in Cambridge,
upon the opposite side of the river, both of which
have now been largely carried out. He resides
DAVID
DAVIS
83
near his son. Dr. Bennett P. Davenport (g. v.), in
the Boston suburb of Watertown.
DAVID, Lanrent Olivier, Canadian journalist,
b. at Sault au Kooollet, near Montreal, 24 March.
1842. He was educated at the Seminary of Ste.
Therese, and became an advocate in 1864, but
a<lopt«d journalism as )iis profession, and was edi-
tor of " L'Opinion Publique " from 1870 to 1884.
Mr. David was also connected at different times
with " Le Bien Publi(iue," "Le Pavs," " Le
Temps," •' La Patrie," and " L'Union." Mr. David
is a fellow of the Koyal society of Canada, and ha.s
sat in the legislature of Quelicc as member for
Montreal East. His published works are " Biogra-
phies et Portraits de nos principaux Canadiens-
Franvais" and " Patriotes de 18:l7-'8."
DA VIES. Thomas Frederick. P. E. bishop, b.
in Fairfield, Conn., 31 Aug., 1831. lie wa.s gradu-
ated from Yale in 1853 and from the Berkeley
divinity school three years later. He was or-
dained deacon by Bishop Williams, and by that
prelate advanced to the priestlioo<i in 18.57. Mr.
Davies was called to St. John's churt^h, Ports-
mouth, N. II., of which he was rector to Easter,
1868, when he was invited to his second parish,
St. Peter's, Philadelphia, remaining there until
elected bishop of Michigan in 188U, being conse-
crated in his own church, where he had Ix^en rector
nearly a quarti'r of a century, 18 .Oct., 1889. Bish-
op Davies received his degree of I). D. from the
ifniversitv of Pennsylvania.
DAVIli, Nicholas Flood, Canadian journalist,
b. at Kilflnane, Ireland, 13 Jan., 1843: educate<l
at a college afliliated with Ijondon university, and
afterwanl at Queen's college, Cork. He wascalled
to the English l>ar. Middle temple, and subse-
quently he was enrolled a barrister of Ontario and
the northwest territories of Canada. He early at-
tached himself to journalism. He was the war
correspondent of the "Irish Times" and the Lon-
don "Standard" during the Franco-German cam-
paign, and at the siege of Montmedy he was
wounded. Ho was a writer for the Toronto
"Globe," and afterward he contribute<l important
articles to the Toronto "Mail." In 1879 the
Canadian government sent him to Wa.shington to
inquire into the system of management of Indian
industrial schools. He then proceeded to Mani-
toba and took evidence on the best location for
such schools, an<l on his report the system in
vogue in Cana<la at present isbase<l. He was sec-
retary to the royal commission Cana<lian PaciBc
railway, and to the commission to inquire into the
Chinese immigration (piestion. In March. 1883.
Mr. Davin established "The Kogina Leader." and
in 1884 he was named a delegate to Ottawa to
represent the claims of the northwest territories
before the Dominion government. He has been a
member of the house of commons of Canada since
1877. His works are "The Irishman in Canada"
(1887). "Eos. an Epic of the Dawn, and other
Poems," "The Fair Grit," " British versuji ,\mer-
ican Civilization" (1894), "The Earl of Beacons-
fleld," " Culture and Practical Power," " Ireland
and the Empire," and " France and (ierniany."
DAVIS, Alexander JackHon, architect,' b. in
New York, 24 .luly, 1803; <1. in West Orange,
N. J., 14 Jan., 1892. He pa-sscd some time in
the studv of architecture, and in 1826 opencfl an
office, fie wai in partnership with Ithiel Town
in 1829-'43. and the two intrrKlucc<l numy novel-
ties and improvements in building in this coun-
try. Mr. Davis designed the executive de|>art-
ment and patent office in Washington (1834), the
Capitols of Illinois and Indiana (1837), tJhio (1839),
and North Carolina, the University of Michigan,
and the Virginia military institute. He also de-
signed the New York custom-house, and was the
founder of the American institute of architects.
In 1831 Mr. Davis was elected an associate mem-
ber of the National academy.
DAVIS, Charles Wilder, soldier, b. in Con-
cord, Mass., 11 Oct.. 1833 ;d. in Chicago, III., 16
Dec, 1898. He attended the common schools,
and at eighteen he entered the 5th Massachusetts
infantry, in which he received his early military
training. In 1861 he was living in Chicago and
was commissioned adjutant of the 51st Illinois.
He was present at the siege of Island No. 10 and
took part in the battle of Corinth. In September,
1862, he became major, and was wounded in the
battle of Chickamauga. Later he was promoted
to lieutenant-colonel, and was severely wounded
in the battle of Missionary Ridge, being in the hos-
pital for many months. lie was promoted colonel
in May, 1865, and the same day received the sur-
render of Gen. M. Jeff Thompson and 7,000 Con-
federates. He was mustered out and returned to
Chicago, where he afterward resided. At the
time of his death Col. Davis was commander of
the Illinois commandery of the Loyal legion.
DAVIS, (Jporpe Koyal. soldier, b. in Palmer,
.Mass..3 June, 1840; d. in Chicago. 25 Nov., 1899. He
studied for college, but enlisted as a private in the
8th Massachusettji
regiment at the
opening of the
civil war, and at
its close had risen
to be colonel of
the 3d Rhwie Isl-
and volunteer cav-
alry. He then re-
ceived a staff ap-
pointment in the
regular army, but
resigned in 1871,
and has since re-
sided in Chicago.
He was electeil to
congress as a He-
publican in 18(8,
and was re-elected
in 1880 and 1882.
In 1886 Col. Davi
became treasurer
of Cook county. He was a delegate to the national
Kepubliean conventions of 1884 and 1888, also a
memlK'r of the national Republican committee
and one of its officers. He was foremost in the
promotion of the World's fair of 1893, and in 1890
was made director-general of the exhibition, which
owed much of its success to his executive ability.
DAVIS, (Jeorge Whit«ileld, soldier, b. in
Thompson. Conn., 26 July, 18:19. He studied at
Nichols acadi'iny. Dudley, Mass., but was not
graduated. He enlisted in the 11th Connecticut
infantrv, 27 Nov., 1861, and was promoted 1st
lieutenant, 5 April, 1862, captain and assistant
^^-^c^^r^f^^-—-
quartermaster of volunteers, 22 May, 1865. major
and quartermaster, assigned on 31 May, 1865. hold-
ing tlie position until 5 Feb.. 1866, and was honor-
ably mustered out 20 April, 1866. He entered the
regular armv, and was comniissione<l captain of
the 14th iiiriintry,22 Jan., 1867 ; he served as lieu-
tenant-colonel and aide-de-camp to Gen. Sheridan
from 15 April to 10 Oct., 1885. lie was made
major of the 9th infantry on 16 Aug., 1894. He
was assistant engineer until the completion of the
Washington monument. From 1890 until 1893
84
DAVIS
DAY
he was general manager of the Nicaragua canal
company while on leave of absence from his army
duties, and from 1895 to 1898 he was president of
the board of publication of the official records of
the war of the rebellion. At the outbreak of the
war with Spain in 1898 he was made brigadier-
general of volunteers and placed in command of
the 2d division of the Sd army-corps.
DAVIS, Henry Gassoway, senator, b. in How-
ard county, Md., 16 Nov.. 1823. lie received a
limited education, and in 1843 became a brakeman
on the Baltimore and Oliio railroad. He was soon
advanced to higher positions on the road, and in
1858 settled in West Virginia, becoming president
of a bank. Mr. Davis was elected to the legisla-
ture in 1865 ami to the state senate in 1868 and
1870. He was a delegate to the Democratic na-
tional convention in 1868, and in 1871 took his
seat in the U. S. senate, wliere he served until 1883,
having been elected for two full terms.
DAVIS, Samuel, spv, b. in Rutherford county,
Tenn., in 1842; d. at Pulaski, Tenn., 27 Nov., 1863.
He entered the Confederate army, 1861, as a mem-
ber of Ledbetter's company of the 1st Tennessee
regiment. He was detached from his regiment
soon afterward and assigned to scout duty. In
October, 1863, Gen. Bragg, desiring to be informed
of the strength and fortifications of the Federal
artny in middle Tennessee, selected Davis for that
duty. After accomplishing his purpose he was
arrested on his return, within the Federal lines, on
20 Nov., and a plan of the fortifications of Nash-
ville, Pulaski, and other places of importance found
on his person. The accuracy of the plans and
minuteness of detail showed at once that the in-
formant was a man of high position among the
Federal engineers. He was questioned as to his
source of information, and, while admitting that
the plans had been furnished him by a Federal
officer, he resolutely refused to give the name.
Gen. Dodge, the post commander, convened a court-
martial, which found him guilty and sentenced
him to be hanged on Friday, 27 Nov., 1863. Capt.
Armstrong, who had charge of the execution, said
to Davis on the scaffold, " I am sorry to be com-
pelled to perform this painful duty." Davis re-
plied that he had no feelings against Capt. Arm-
strong; he had done his duty and was ready to die.
Capt. Chickasaw then asked the prisoner if it were
not better to save his life by disclosing the name
of the officer who furnished the information, and
intimated that it was not yet too late. Davis an-
swered with indignation : " Do you suppose that I
would betray a friend. No, sir, I would die a
thousand deaths first. I will not betray the con-
fidence of my informer oven to save my own life."
An appropriate monument to his memory has
been erected over his grave at Pulaski.
DAVIS, Varina Anne Jefferson, author, b. in
Richmond, Va., in 1864 ; d. at Narragansett Pier,
R. I., 18 Sept., 1898. She was the youngest of the
five children of Jefferson Davis (q. v.), was edu-
cated at Heidelberg, and was highlv accomplished
in French and German. Much o'f her life was
spent at Beauvoir, her father's plantation home, in
Mississippi. After the death of Mr. Davis she fre-
quently appeared on public occasions in the south,
where she was affectionately known as " the Daugh-
ter of the Confederacy." It was at a reunion of
the Confederate veterans in Atlanta that Miss
Davis was exposed to a severe rain-storm, which
caused her death two months later. She received
a public funeral in Richmond, and was buried by
the side of her father in Hollywood cemeterv. For
many years Miss Davis was a favorite in soci'etv and
a constant contributor to current literature. Her
principal writings are " The Veiled Doctor" (New-
York, 1892), her most popular novel, and her latest,
entitled a " Romance of Summer Seas " (1898).
DAWES, Rufus R., soldier, b. in Malta, Ohio, 4
July, 1838 ; d. in Marietta, Ohio, 1 Aug., 1899. He
was graduated at Marietta college in 1860. and in
the following year entered the army as captain of the
6th Wisconsin infantry. He participated in twenty
battles during the war, and was promoted to colonel
of his regiment, receiving in 1866 the brevet of
brigadier-general. His business was that of a lum-
ber merchant, and from 1871 until his death he was
a trustee of Marietta college. He served one term
in congress in 1880-'2, and declined the mission to
Persia, which was proffered to him by President
McKinley. — His son, Charles Gates, b. in Mariet-
ta, Ohio, 37 Aug.. 1865, was graduated at Marietta
college in 1884, and at the Cincinnati law-school,
practising law for seven years in Nebraska. He
was the leader of the McKinley movement in Illi-
nois, resulting in instructions for McKinley at the
Springfield, III., convention of April, 1896. In
January, 1898, he was appointed comptroller of
the currency. He is the author of " The Banking
Systems of the United States."
DAWSON, JDneas MacDonell, Canadian au-
thor, b. in Redhaven, Scotland, 30 July, 1810. He
was educated in Scotland and Prance, entered the
Roman Catholic priesthood on 2 April, 1835, and
has held charges in Canada. The University of
Kingston gave him tlie degree of LL. D. in 1886.
He is the author of " The Temporal Sovereignty
of the Pope" (London, 1860); "Our Strength and
their Strength" (Ottawa, 1870); "Life and Time
of Pius IX." (1880) ; "The Last Defender of Jeru-
salem." a poem (1882) ; " Zenobia," a poem (1883) ;
and several admirable translations.
DAWSON, Samnel Edward, Canadian pub-
licist, b. in Halifax, Nova Scotia, June, 1833, and was
educated there. He entered the book establishment
of his father, the late Benjamin Dawson, in Mont-
real, at an early age, and subsequently became sen-
ior partner in the firm of Dawson Bros. Laval
university conferred on him the degree of doctor
of letters, and for some years he has been an active
member of the Royal society of Canada. In Novem-
ber, 1891, Dr. Dawson was appointed queen's printer
and controller of stationery, with residence at Ot-
tawa. He has written verse, his best-known poem
being " Champlain." He is the author of " Copy-
right in Books," " Old Colonial Currencies," " A
Study of Lord Tennyson's ' Princess,' " " A Hand-
Book of the Dominion of Canada," " A Hand-
Book of Montreal," "Canada and Newfoundland"
(1897) ; and various papers on the Cabots.
DAY, James Roscoe, clergyman, b. at Whit-
neyville, Me., 17 Oct., 1845. He was educated in
Wesleyan seminary, and was a member of the class
of 1874 of Bowdoin college, but did not grad-
uate. Dr. Day has held various charges in the
Methodist Episcoj)al church at Portland. Me.,
Boston, and New \ ork city, and has been a trustee
of Maine Wesleyan seminary and Boston univer-
sity, also a member of the general conferences and
boards of his denomination. In 1893 he became
cliancellor of Syracuse university. His literary
work is confined to magazine articles and sermons.
He has received the degrees of S. T. D. and LL. D.
DAY, William Rufns, statesman, b. in Ra-
venna, Ohio. 17 Ajiril, 1849. His father, Luther
Day, was judge of the supreme court of Ohio.
The son entered the University of Michigan, at
Ann Arbor, from which he was graduated in 1870.
He then read law at Ravenna in the office of Judge
DAY
DECELLES
85
G. P. Robinson for eighteen months, after which he
returned to Ann Arbor and attended law lectures
for a year. In July, 1872, he was admitted to the
Ohio bar, and soon formed a partnership with
William A. Lynch at Canton, Ohio, where he also
made the acquaintance of the prosecutin": attor-
ney of Stark county. M ajor William McKinlcy, Jr.
In the spring of 18i% he was elected judge of the
common pleas court of the ninth judicial district
of Ohio, and served until the following year, when
he resigned to give his attention more closely to
the practice of his profession. President Harrison
nominated him to be U. S. district judge for the
northern district of Ohio, and the senate eon-
firmed the nomination ; but on the advice of his
physician, however, he declined the honor. Ills
health was somewhat recufierated by an outing in
the woods of northern Michigan in the summer
and fall of 1889, after which he returned to his
home in Canton, and left it only at the urgent re-
aucst of McKinlcy when the latter became presi-
dent. John Sherman was appointed secretary of
state, and Judge Day became his assistant. lie
had just been appointed by the president a s|)ecial
commissioner toCnba to investigate the Kuiz case,
but the peculiar state of affairs in the state de-
partment induced the jiresident to retain Judge
I)aT near at hand. Owing to the feeble health of
Secretary Sherman, the greater (wrt of the duties
of the state de|>art ment ilevol vcd u|>on I he assistant
secretary, who |K)s.sessed not only rare tiict,(li.scre-
tion, reticence, and diplomatic qualities, notwith-
standing his lack of previous diplomatic training
and experience, but also a readv, careful, and accu-
rate knowledge of the principles of international
law. and an acquaintance with the practice of it
as well. The Cuban question, grown acute during
the previous administration, was uppermost in
our diplomulic relations, anil he unuertook with
earnestness the solving of the problem. He was
soon convinced that Canovas would take no steps
of real value to ameliorate the condition of Cuba;
but after the as.sassination of the Spanish premier
by steady pressure he secured the recall of Weyler
and the substitution of Blanco in bis place,'thc
promulgation of improved constitutions for Cuba
and Puerto Uico, and received also characteristic-
ally .Spanish promist^s of further libenil rcfonns in
the future. The blowing upof the " Maine." how-
ever, in the harljor of Havana, 15 Feb., 18U8, forced
the country to the f»int of war with .S|>ain. Judge
Day's efforts between this timeand the actual out-
break of war were devoted to pre[>aration for it,
to securing the neutrality of the European f)owers,
and to co-oi)cration with the other departments of
the government. In the matter of the letter writ-
ten by the Spanish minister I)e l/>me. speaking dis-
paragingly of President McKinley and of his sin-
cerity in relation to Siiain, which was intercepted
and published. Day abancloiied diplomatic tnuii-
tions, made a personal call upon the minister (who
ha<l resigncci, however, the day before), and by his
prompt treatment obtained the identification of
the letter by De Lome, and thereby secured a
prompt and straightforward solution of the ilifll-
culty. At the outbreak of war Secretary Sherman
resigned, and on the day following President Mc-
Kinley nominated the former a-ssistant to be secre-
tary of stale. During the war Secretary Day was
unremitting in his ofTurts for an honorable peace.
The hoplcssiiess of the struggle on the part of
S[>ain was patent to all, and early in August Jules
('aml>on, the French ambassador at Washington,
made approaches that led to the signing of a prf>-
tocol on 12 Aug., 18fl8, by Secretary Day on the
part of the United States, and by M. Cambon on
the part of Spain, which brought about a cessation
of hostilities. In Septemljcr Secretary Day re-
signed and went to Paris as chief of the American
peace commissioners, which met the Spanish com-
missioners in October, returning in December, 1898.
In the following year he was appointed judge in
the U. S. court of appeals, and in September an-
nounced his retirement from active practice of law.
DE BESSOMES. John Francis August (bes-
sone), R. C. prelate, b. in Alsace. France. 17 June.
1815. He was educated at the University of
St. Sulpice, Paris, and in 1839 he removed to In-
diana, and was ordained by the first bishop of
V'inceniies. He became vicar-general of the dio-
cese of Indianapolis in 1872, and a moiisignor
twelve years later. He has since that time fre-
quently l>een administrator of the diocese. His
work in Indiana is represented by several churches
which he has built, a Imy's school, a home forthe sis-
ters of Providence, and another for the sisters of the
Good .Shepherd. Moiisignor de Bessonies, who is
an anient advocate of temperance, was in 1899
pointed out by Archbishop Ireland as an example
of the results of totjil abstinence, having actively
spent sixty-one vears in the priesthood.
DEBOE, William Joseph, senator, b. in Crit-
tenden county, Ky., .30 June, 1849. and was edu-
cated at Ewing college. He studied law, but later
was graduated at the Metlical university of Louis-
ville, and practised for several years. Renewing
the study of law he was admitted to the Marion
bar, and entered upon the practice of his profession.
In 1893 he was elected state senator for a term of
four years. When the Republicans carried the leg-
islature he l»ecame a canilidate for U. .S. senator, to
succeed Joseph C. S. lilackbuni, Democrat, but
withdrew in favor of William E. Hunter, who
failed to be elected during one session of the legis-
lature. Again in 1806 Mr. Deboe was a candidate,
and a second time withdrew in favor of Hunter,
who again failed of success, after which Deboe was
elected. His term of service will expire in 1903.
1)E CAZES, PanI, Canadian publici-st, b. in
Britanny, 17 June, 1841. and came to Canada at
the age of seventeen. He was educated at LTnsti-
tution Loriol. a naval training-school at Paris.
In (Quebec province he editi-d " Le Messager de
Joliette," " LeCourrierdeSt. Hyacinthe," and " La
Nation." He was admitted to the (Quebec bar in
Octolier, 1869, and formed a partnership with the
late Hon. Honorc Mercier, which continued until
1874. He went to Paris in that year as agent of the
Dominion government, but returned in 1879. when
he was api>ointed to the department of public in-
stniction, and Iwcaine secretary in 1886. He is a
fellow of the Royal society of Canada, member of
the Geographical society of France, ofllcier d'Aca-
deraie, France, and a member of several other
learned bodies. His work " Notes sur le Canada "
has pa.sseil through five editions,
DECELLES. Maxinic, R. C. bishop, b. at St,
Damarc, ('miadtt, 80 April, 1849. He made Ijoth
his classical and theological studies at the Semi-
narr of .St. Hyacinthe, and was ordained a priest
by bishop La'Rocque in 1872. His first mission-
ary work was at St. Denis, and next at Belu.>il. In
1875 he was called by Bishop Moreau of St. Hya-
cinthe to the cathedral of that city, and he was cre-
ated titular canon of the cathedrol. He resigned
in 1880. and iL^sumed charge of the Church of .St.
Itoch de Richelieu. and in 1889 was promoted to the
more im[K)rtant parish of St. Peter, at Sorcl. In
1893 he was a[ipointed coadjutor bishop of St.
Hyacinthe, and was consecrated under the title of
86
DE KOVJElf
DBVILLE
bisliop of Druzipara in March, 1893. He has con-
timied ever since to assist Bishop Moreau of Hya-
cinthe in the episcopal labors of that diocese.
DE KOVEN, Henry Louis Rej^inald, com-
poser, b. in Middletown. N. H., 3 April, 1859. Ue
was graduated at Oxford university, and studied
music at Stuttgart and Florence. He has been
the musical critic of several New York journals,
and has composed numerous songs and the operas
of " The Begum," " Don Quixote," " Robin Hood,"
"The Fencing Master," "The Tzigane," "The
JIanderin," " The Highwayman," and " The Three
Dragoons."— His wife, Anna Farwell, b. in Chi-
cago, 9 Nov., 1860, was graduated at Lake Forest
university, and in 1884 wfis married to Mr. De
Koven. She is the author of " A Sawdust Doll,"
and of contributions of prose and verse to various
periodicals. Mrs. De Koven is a daughter of
Charles B. Farwell {q. v.). late U. S. senator.
DELAND, Marg:aretta Wade, author, b. in
Alleghany, Pa., 33 Feb., 1857. Her maiden name
was Campbell. She was educated at Pelham
priory, New Kochelle, N. Y., then studied at
Cooper Union, and in 1878-'9 taught industrial
design in the Girl's normal college. In May, 1880,
she married Lorin F. Deland, of Boston, Mass.
Mps. Deland has published " The Old Garden," a
volume of verses (Boston, 1886); "John Ward,
Preacher," a novel that has attained great success
(1888); "Mr. Tommv Dove, and other Stories"
(1893); "Philip and his Wife " (1895) ; and "The
Wisdom of Fools " (1897).
DEMAKEST, Mary Angusta Lee, b. in New
York city, 26 June, 1838; d. in Los Angeles, Cal.,
8 Jan., 1888. She was a daughter of Thomas R.
Lee, and became the wife of Theodore F. C. Dem-
arest. For many years she was a resident of Pas-
saic, N. J. Mrs. Demarest bequeathed $10,000 to
various religious institutions. She was the author
of many poems, a volume of which was published
(New York, 1883). The best known of these is " My
ain Countrie," which first appeared in the New
York "Observer" in December, 1861.
DENBY, Charles, lawyer, b. at Mount Doy,
Botetourt co., Va., 13 Dec, 1830. He was edu-
cated at Georgetown university and graduated at
the Virginia military institute. He taught school
and studied law for two years, practised in Indi-
ana, and entered the army as lieutenant, passing
through the various grades until he became colo-
nel of the 80th Indiana infantry. In 1885 he was
appointed minister to China, serving as such for
four years, and in 1898 President JIcKinley made
him a member of the commission appointed to in-
vestigate the conduct of the war with Spain. Col.
Denby was one of the commissioners, the others
being President Schurman and Prof. Dean Worces-
ter, sent to the Philippines in the summer of 1899,
and ordered by the state department in September
to return and report to President McKinley.
DENIS, Jean, Norman pilot. This navigator,
according to a narrative in " Ramuzio," visited
Newfoundland in 1506, and some time prior to 1519
explored the coasts of Brazil. The 1506 voyage
was majle under the auspices of Jean d'Ango (q. v.).
Nothing was known of his personnel until the re-
cent discovery of his name upon the register of a
charitable institution at Hcmfleur, existing in
1457, and also among the names of an assembly
of the bourgeois of that city in 1502. '
DERKY, Orville Adelbert, geologist and ex-
lorer, b. in Kelloggsville, N. Y., 23 July, 1851.
le studied at Cornell, where he received the de-
gree of M. A. in 1874, after he had made a trip to
the Amazon in 1870-'l. In 1873-5 he was in-
s
structor in geology in Cornell, resigning to serve
on the geological commission to Brazil. In 1878
he was appointed curator of the National museum,
and arranged the collection which he had gath-
ered in Brazil. He has explored nearly every part
of that country, and is regarded as the greatest
living authority on the geology and physical geog-
raphy of Brazil. Mr. Derby is a fellow of the
London geological society and a member of nu-
merous scientific associations.
DE REKZKE, Jean, singer, b. in Warsaw, Po-
land, 14 Jan., 1852. From an early age his voice
showed remarkable qualities ; his parents, however,
destined him for the bar and educated him with
this end in view. Although he took his examina-
tion and received the degree of advocate, he soon
gave up his profession and devoted himself to
music. He studied under Ciaffei, and in 1874, by
the advice of Cotogni, made his first appearance as
baritone at La Fenice, in Venice. His voice, how-
ever, was tenor, rather than baritone, and after
some years ho retired from the stage, on the advice
of Sbriglia, to prepare himself for tenor parts. The
event justified the step, for on his reappearance,
at Madrid, his success was great; from Madrid he
went to London, and in 1885 he appeared in grand
opera at Paris. Later he became a great favorite
in operas given in the leading cities of this coun-
try. — His brother Eduard, singer, b. at Warsaw,
23 Dec, 1855, has made a reputation equally
great as a bass singer. He intended to devote
himself to scientific agriculture upon the family
estate, but, upon the advice of his brother, he
took up the study of music, under Stella and
Alba, in Milan, and Coletti, in Naples. After four
years he went to Paris and studied with his broth-
er under Sbriglia. The two brothers have been
favorites in grand opera in Paris and the other
capitals of Europe; they have had equal if not,
iiKleetl, greater appreciation in the United States,
where tliev have sung for manv seasons.
DE VAllENNES, Pierre Gautliier, Sieur de
la Verendryc, French traveller, b. in France ; d. in
Quebec in 1749. He emigrated to Canada, and
was for some time engaged in trading in peltry
with the Indians. M. de Beauharnais, governor of
Canada, originated a scheme to reach the Pacific,
and its execution and expense were undertaken by
De Varennes, who discovered the Rocky mountains
in 1731. While on this tour he discovered, among
massive stone pillars, a small sione bearing on two
sides graven characters of an unknown language.
The stone was afterward sent to Paris, and there
the resemblance the characters were thought to
liear to the Tartaric was regarded as supporting
the hypothesis of an Asiatic immigration into
America. The king of France conferred the cross
of St. Louis upon De Varennes, and at the time of
his death he was about to resume, by the king's
desire, his attempt to reach the Pacific ocean.
DES'ILLE. Edward Gaston, surveyor-general
of Canada, b. at La Charite-sur-Loire Meire,
France, in 1849. He was educated at the naval
school, Brest, and retired from the navy to take
charge of the extensive hydrographic surveys in
the South Sea islands and Peru. In 1874 he
arrived in Canada, and remained in the employ of
the government of Quebec a.s inspector of surveys
and scientific explorer until 1879. Two years
later he was named inspector of Dominion land
surveys, and in 1885 he reached his present posi-
tion. (!apt. Dcville is a fellow of the Royal society
of Canada, as well as a member of several other
scientific .societies. He is the author of "Astro-
nomic and Geodetic Calculations."
DE VOE
DEWEY
87
DE VOE, Thomas Farringrton, author, b. in
Yonkers. N. V.. 15 Manh, 1811 ; d. in New York
city, 1 Feb., 1892. His ancestor, Frederick de
Veaux, fled from France to Germany when a boy
to escape religious persecution, and came to New
York about 1077. Thomas was educated at private
schools, and became a butclier and cattle-dealer.
He was afterward superintendent of markets, in
which ollice ho instituted many reforms, and then
collector of the city revenue till 1884, when he re-
signed. He was fur ten years a manager of the
American institute, and took much intere.st in his-
torical research. De Voe was colonel of a regi-
ment that volunteered for the Mexican war. and
later became colonel of the 8th New York infantry.
He read before the Long Island historical society
"Historical Keminisc-ences of Brooklyn," and he
published "The Market Book" (New York, 1862);
" The Market Assistant " (Boston, 1867) ; and " The
De Veaux (ienealogy " (New York, 1885).
DEWEY, <»«org:e, naval oflicer, b. in Montpel-
ier, Vt., 26 Dec., 1837. He is dcjicended from
that Thomas Dewey from Sandwich, Kent, who
landed at Dorchester about 1633, wa.s admitteii a
freeman 14 May. l(i:!4, and who married 22 March.
1(J3S», at Windsor, Conn.. Frances Clark, widow of
Joseph Clark. His father, Julius Yemans Dewey,
wasboni 22 Aug.. 1801, at Berlin, Vt,, and, after
graduation from the medical de|>artraent of the
University of V^ermont, practised medicine in
Montpelier nntil 1850, when he became connected
with the National life insurance company; his
mother was Marv Perrtn.whom his father married
9 June, 1820. at llerlin, Vt., and who diwl 3 .Sept.,
1843, at Mont|ielier. George was the thinl of four
children. His birthi>lace is seen in the accompany-
ing illustration. His boyhood was the usual boy-
homl of a healthy, vigorous la<l in a New England
village; there was plenty of out-door life, there
were as many truant days from school as he coidd
safely avail himself of, and there were the usual
struggles that form so large a part of the life of a
boy. llis friends of those days tell how he learne<l
to paddle and swim in the Onion (now Winooski)
river; how in boyish emulation he stayed under
water until the .siiccljitors feared he was drowned;
how he pulled from the water and saved from
drowning one of his weaker companions. His
school-teacher. Major Z. K. I'angborn, relates the
experience of his first few days as teacher in the
Montpelier school. Several of his predeces-sors
had been driven off bv a close little ring of the
older pupils. of which Dewey was the leader. Tri-
fling annoying of young I'angborn, then fresh
from college, on the first day gave place to snow-
balling on the second, and to a well-planned attack
upon him in the schoolroom itself on the third. It
was only by the aid of a rawhide whip and several
hickory sticks that the teacher succeeded in bring-
ing to terras young Dewey and the other heads of
the rebellion; he then sent them home, still smart-
ing from their stinging punishment. This lesson
was well learned — there was no further trouble in
the school ; and when Major Pangborn went to
Johnson, Vt., to estab-
lish a private acad- j 'Mlllll yi V \\
emy, Dewey went with ^«inifcJ!m
him. The boy was
then fourteen years
old. One year later he
was sent to the Nor-
wich military acad-
emy, then at Norwich
but now at North-
fleld.Vt. Hereataste
for military affairs de-
veloped itself; West
Point was thought of,
but the attractions of
the naval academy
at Annapolis proved
stronger. The father
opposed this inclination, but prudently yielded
when he saw it was a serious desire in the boy's mind.
He was appointed alternate to the vacancy ex-
isting at Annapolis for Vermont, but George
Spaulding, his schoolmate at Norwich, who had
received the appointment, failed to qualify, and so
young Dewey entered the naval academy in 1854.
During his four yeirrs at Annapolis he kept a good
rank in his class, took an active interest in the
.social amenities that were afforded, and was a vig-
orous participant in the political and sectional
discussions rife in the decade preceding the civil
war. It is told that on one occasion he avenged a
fancied insult on the north by a blow from his
fist ; a challenge to aduel with pistols was prompt-
ly sent by the young southerner, and was as
promptly accepted by Dewey; C(X)ler heads, how-
ever, among the cadets, informed the officer of the
day, and the affair was stopped. The class that
entered in 1854 contained about sixty members,
but of this number only fourteen graduated in
1858; Dewey was fifth in rank. His first assign-
ment to dutT was as midshipman on the steam-
frigate " Wabash," under command of Capt. Sam-
uel Barron, who afterward became commodore in
the Confederate navy. The illustration repre-
sents him at this time. The " Wabash " was then
on Ihe Mediterranean station, and attracted no
little attention at the ports she visited, for this
was in the early days of steam as applied to war-
ships, and the type of frigate evolvcti by American
builders was full of interest to foreign luival
ofiicers. This cruise gave Dewey an opportunity
to visit the Holy Land and to send home various
mementos of his visit to his Vennont friends and
relatives. In 1800 he was ordered back to Annap-
olis for examination as passed midshipman; he
succee<led in advancing himself two numbers,
making his final rating in the class number three.
At the outbreak of the civil war he wius commis-
sioned lieutenant, and ordered to the steam-sloop
" Mississippi " on the Gulf squiulron. Early in
1802 Farragut was assigned to the squadron as
flag-offlcer, and at once he began preparations for
forcing his way up the Mississippi nast Forts Jack-
son and St. Philip to take New Orleans. By Feb-
ruary the heavy-draught ships of the squadron
had been lightened sufliciently to allow them to
cross the bar and to ascend the river. On the
April day on which the forts were to be passed
88
DEWEY
DEWEY
iOL^I^C^ .^>W*^^^
Capt. Melancton Smitli, of the " Mississippi," or-
dered Dewey to con the ship; and from the con-
ning bridge Dewey directed the vessel up the un-
known, devious, sliifting channel, through the rain
of shot and shell from the forts, past the Confeder-
ate rams, into safe
water above the
forts, where the fleet
held New Orleans at
its mercy. When
Parragut pushed on
in March, 1863, to
attack Port Hud-
son, the " Mississip-
pi " grounded under
the bluffs, and of-
fered such a target
for the Confederate
batteries that she
was abandoned and
burned. The part
Lieut. Dewey took
in the blowing up
of the "Mississippi '
was described at the
time by the corre-
spondent of the New York " Herald " as follows:
" Capt. Smith and Lieut. Dewey were the last to
leave the ship. She had been fired both forward
and aft, and Lieut. Dewey was in the boat at
the port gangway waiting for the captain, when
the latter expressed the wish that the ward-room
should be examined once more, to see if the fire
kindled there was burning properly. At this in-
stant a heavy shot, striking the starboard side of
the ship, passed entirely through her, coming
within a foot of the stern of the boat in which
Lieut. Dewey was sitting. It was only necessary
for him to look through the hole that the shot had
made to ascertain that the ward-room was in a
blaze, and on i-eporting such to be the case Capt.
Smith was satisfied, and left the good old ship to
her fate." Capt. Smith and Lieut. Dewey passed
on to the " Richmond." Some of the men had
landed on the west bank of the river, from which
they were rescued by Commander Caldwell, of the
" Essex." Capt. Smith reported in JIarch, 1863,
that 233 were saved, and 64 killed and missing.
It was rumored at the time that a few of the crew
had been captured, but the statement made in
the present year (1899), that Dewey was taken
prisoner on that occasion, is not true. Dewey was
then assigned to one of the smaller gunboats of the
fleet; he took part in the engagements with the
Confederates below Donaldsonville, La., in July,
1863, and saw other service on the river until the
stream was completely opened for the Union
forces. In 1864-'5 he served on the gunboat
'■ Agawara " on the North Atlantic blockading
squadron. He took part in the severe engage-
ments before Port Pisher in December, 1864, and
January, 1865; and in March, 1865, received his
commission of lieutenant-commander. The war
was now over, and Dewey was transferred to the
"Kearsarge," on the European squadron, as ex-
ecutive officer. For a time he was stationed at
the Kittery navy-yard, just across the river from
Portsmouth, N. II.; here he met Susan P. Good-
win, daughter of lehabod Goodwin, war governor
of New Hampshire. They were married in Oc-
tober, 1867, and had one child, George Goodwin
Dewey, born 23 Dec, 1872: five days after the
birth of the son the mother died. This son was
among the first to greet the great admiral on his
return from Manila, 26 Sept., 1899.
During 1867 Dewey served on the "Colorado,"
flag-ship of the European squadron; in 1868-'9 he
was assigned to duty at the naval academy. He
was in command cf the " Narragansett " on special
service in 1870-'l. A year later he received his
commission as commander, in April, 1873. For
three years, 1872-'5, he was in command of the
"Narragansett" on the Pacific survey. It was
during this period that the "Virginius" trouble
occurred and war with Spain .seemed imminent.
Commander Dewey wrote to the navy depart-
ment requesting that, in case war should break
out, he might be assigned the duty of captur-
ing Manila. The controversy with Spain was
settled by diplomacy, however, and there was no
need of armed force ; but it is an interesting his-
torical fact that over a quarter of a century before
the opportunity occurred the admiral had his eye
on Manila. On his return from duty on the Pa-
cific he served as lighthouse inspector in 1876-"7,
and as secretary of the lighthouse board from 1877
to 1882. He was then assigned to the command of
the" Juniata "on the Asiatic squadron ; his experi-
ences on that station in 1882-3 stood him in good
stead when he was again in command on that sta-
tion, some sixteen years later. In September,
1884, he was appointed captain. He commanded
the " Dolphin in 1884 and the " Pensacola,"
flag-ship of the European station, in 1885-'8. He
was then detailed chief of the bureau of equip-
ment and recruiting, with the rank of commo-
dore; this position he held from August, 1889,
until May, 1893, when he became a member of the
lighthouse board. In 1895 he was transferred to
the board of inspection and survey, serving as
president during 1896 and 1897. He had held the
rank of commodore from the time of his service as
chief of the bureau of equipment, but his commis-
sion as such was not issued until 20 Feb., 1896.
His health had been failing him while on shore
duty, and he applied for an assignment for sea-
service. It is probable, too, that Secretary Long
and Assistant-Secretary Roosevelt foresaw the out-
break of hostilities with Spain, recognized the im-
portance, in that event, of success by the Asiatic
squadron, and resolved to put in command an
officer tried by varied experience on sea and shore.
On 30 Nov., 1897, Dewey was assigned to sea-
service, and was detailed to the Asiatic squadron,
of which he assumed command 3 Jan., 1898.
This was the critical period in the relations be-
tween Spain and the United States. Sagasta had
recalled Weyler from Cuba, and had sent Blanco
to introduce a system of autonomy, the failure of
which soon became evident. The United States
began concentrating war-vessels near Key West
and collecting naval supplies ; the tone of the
press became more serious, demanding more ear-
nestly the end of Spanish rule in Cuba. The de
Lome letter early in February, and the destruc-
tion of the United States war-vessel " JIaine " in
the harbor of Havana, made it evident that war
was imminent. The navy department at Wash-
ington made every effort to give the Asiatic
squadron all the munitions of war necessary.
The coal supply was of course the crucial ques-
tion ; Dewey purchased two ships, one laden with
three tliousand tons of the best Welsh coal, the
other carrying six months' supplies of stores and
provisions. W'ith careful foresight he made
his preparations, and then waited. When war
should break out there would be no port where
he might refit or repair a ship nearer than San
Francisco, 7,000 miles away. He must either
take a port for a base or else sail home. Irame-
DEWEY
DEWEV
89
diately upon the declaration of war the British
government published its proclamation of neu-
trality, which course forced Dewey (under pro-
test, for he had not yet received notification from
his own government) from the harbor of Hong-
Kong. He took advantage of the delay of China
to proclaim neutrality and lay for two days in
Mirs bay, waiting for final instructions from the
government, for the arrival of Consul Williams,
and for the completion of the last necessary prep-
arations. Pie was not bound by unnecessary de-
tails in his orders from Washington, dated 24
April, which read simply: " War has commenced
between the United States and Spain. Proceed at
once to the Philippine islands. Commence opera-
tions at once, particularly against the Spanish
fleet. You roust capture vessels or destroy. Use
utmost endeavors." On 27 April he sailed for the
Philippines with a fleet of nine vessels — the flag-
ship " Olympia," the •' Baltimore," " Boston," " Ra-
leigh," "Concord," "Petrel." the revenue cutter
" McCulloch," a collier, " Nashan," and a supply-
vessel, " Zafiro " ; the oflicers and men in the fleet
numbered 1,694. The Spaniards were informed
by cable of the departure from Mirs bay, and
might have calculated with a fair degree of cer-
tainty the time the fleet could be expected at Ma-
nila. The vessels arrived at the south channel lead-
ing into Manila bay at 11.30 P. H. of SO April. The
Spaniards might iiave expected a hostile fleet, in
such a case, to lie to in the open until daylight be-
fore attempting to enter an unknown liurl>or sup-
pose<l to be well protected by lurpcdrn's and mines
in addition to the forts. Dewey waited for noth-
ing, however, but sailed boldly into the harbor,
leaiiing the way on the "tHympia," followed by
the" Baltimore," " Raleigh,"" Pet rel," " Concord,
and " Boston" in the order named. The fleet was
not discovere<l by the lookout at Corregidor until
the head of the column was nearly abreast the
lighthouse: then an alarm signal wiLt fired, and
was answered by the flash of a rocket on the main-
land, but that was all. A lifc-l)Uoy fell overboard
by accident from one of the lea<ling ships, and
ignited as s<X)n as it struck the water; the smoke-
stack of one of the vessels caught fire three times
and flared up. giving another excellent target for
the Spanish giintiers: but still not a shot was
fired l»y them. At last came the first discharge,
from a battery -scarcely half a mile distant: a few
shots from the American fleet replied, but appar-
ently did little damage to the enemy.
The vessels steame<l on at a slow rate, calculated
to put them within striking distance of the Span-
ish fleet at daybreak. The men who had been
allowoil to sleep beside their guns were now at
quarters ; coffee was served to them, an<l the bat-
tle-flags were broken out. At S.l.'j a. m. three bat-
teries at Manila, two near Cavite, and the Spanish
fleet opened fire ujjon the advancing Americans;
Dewey's orders were not to fire until he had given
the woril, and the fleet steamed on. At last Dew-
ey remarked to the captain of the "Olympia,"
13
"Gridley, you may fire when you are ready," and
at 5.41 the Americans began to return the Spanish
fire. The result of long months of target-practice
was soon apparent in the greater destructiveness
of the American fire. The flag-ship led the way
past the Spanish fleet and forts, and then counter-
marched in a line approximately parallel to that
of the enemy's fleet, anchored in'a line about east
and west across the mouth of Baker bay. At 7
A.M. the "Reina Cristiua," flag-ship of Admiral
Montojo, made a desperate effort to leave the line
and to engage the American fleet; she was met
by such a galling fire from the " Olympia." how-
ever, that she was driven back, barely suecee<ling
in reaching the shelter of the point of Cavite ;
American shells had set her on fire, and she con-
tinued to bum until she sank. Dewey .silenced
the land batteries at Manila bv a message to the
governor-general to the effect that if they did not
cease firing he would shell the city. The action
had been so fierce and the expenditure of ammu-
nition so rapid that the commodore began to fear
for the supply ; accordingly, at 7.3.5 a. m. he
ceased firing, after passing the Spai;ish fleet for the
fifth time, and witlidrcw out of range to take ac-
count of his ammunition. He satisfied himself
that the supply was ample, gave his men their
breakfast, and returned to the attack at 11.16
A. M. ; by this time almost the entire squadron of
the enemy was in flames. The engagement con-
tinued until 12.30 p. M., when his orders to "Cap-
ture vessels or destroy " were literally fulfilled, for
of the Spanish vessels the " Reina Cristina," "Cas-
tiIla,"and"Don Antonio deUUoa" were sunk, the
" Don Juan de Austria," " Isla de Cuba," " Isla de
Luzon," "General Lezo," "Marques del Duero,"
" El Correo," " Velasco," and " Isla de Mindanao"
were burned, and the "Rapido" and "Hercules,"
as well as several small launches, were captured.
The Spanish loss, as given in the report of Admiral
Montojo, was, including those at the arsenal, 381
men killed and wounded. Against this the Amer-
icans lost not a single ves.seT nor man, only nine
seamen in the whole fleet being wounded.
Dewey offered to permit the Spaniards to use
the telegrat)hic cable from Manila to Hong-Kong
providccl they would allow him to make use of it
in communicating with his own government ; this
they refused to do, and in consequence he sent a
vessel to cut the cable just off its landing-place.
A vague announcement of the battle and intima-
tion of the defeat of the Spaniards had ^^»^
already been telegraphed, but no offi- f^^
cial version was known until Dewey ^^^fr
had sent his rejmrt to Hong-Kong ,^«^r^ ^1
one of his own vessels. Iminedi- ^^f^^m ately
upon the news of the battle ^^^^ Euro-
pean government* with ^j^S^ interests in
the Philippines or- ^^^^ dered their Asi-
atic squadrons to ^^^ the scene for the
protection of ^^^ theircitizens. A French
vessel ap- ^^r^ peared first, followed soon
by nil- ^^r merous German ships, by the
Brit- ^^r ish squadron, and others. It
t^^ ^ soon became evident that the Ger-
^> mans were desirous to make trouble
for the Americans, to ignore the harbor
regulations that Dewey had drawn up, and to es-
tablish obtrusively friendly relations with the
Spaniards. The fleet under Vice-Admiral von
Diederichs was larger and stronger than the Amer-
ican, including two battle-ships, and not a little
apprehension was felt that they might come to
blows. At length Dewey intimated to Von Die-
derichs that he considered the course pursued by
go
DEWEY
DEWEY
the Germans distinctly unfriendly, .and that it
must be persisted in no longer; after this their
conduct was less objectionable.
Dewey held Manila at his mercy ; he could take
the city at any time, but not having sufficient
troops to garrison it he took no active steps until
forces from San Francisco arrived. The time be-
tween the battle of Manila and the arrival of
American troops was a trying one for him ; the
question of the status of the rebels against Span-
ish rule, the action of the Germans, the widely ad-
vertised relief expedition from Spain, under Ad-
miral Camera, and many other questions, contrived
to put Dewey into a strain of anxious tension.
The news of the destruction of the Spanish fleet
at Santiago, and of the recall of Camera's fleet
from Suez, received on 17 July, served to clear
the atmosphere, and the arrival of American
troops gave increased confidence. The first army
expedition consisted of three transports with
2,500 men, which sailed from San Francisco on
15 May and arrived off Manila 30 .June ; as fast
as possible other expeditions followed, until the
entire force in the islands consisted of 041 of-
ficers and 15,058 enlisted men, under command
of Gen. Wesley Merritt. It was only reluctance
to cause needless loss of life and property that
prevented an immediate attack upon the city ;
it was hoped Gov.-Gen. Augustin would yield
to the inevitable. During this period of inaction
the insurgents resumed the hostilities which had
been suspended by the uncompleted truce of De-
cember, 1897. They invested the city on the
north and east, but Dewey and Merritt constrained
them from attacking it. On 31 July the Spaniards
in force attacked the American lines that had been
established at Manila, but were repulsed with a
heavy loss, the Americans losing only 9 killed and
47 wounded. On 13 Aug. the fleet under Dewey
combined with the troops under Merritt to make
a simultaneous attack upon tlie city. The brigades
commanded by Gens. McArtluir and Greene car-
ried the Spanish works, losing about fifty men ; the
navy again came off without the loss of a single
life. After about six hours of fighting the city
surrendered and Dewey's flag-lieutenant, Brum-
baugh, raised the American flag.
Secretary Long suuimed up admirably the re-
sult of the victory in Manila bay when he said, in
his annual report in November, 1898 : " Aside
from the mere fact of having won without the loss
of a single life such a brilliant and electrifying
victory at the very outset of the war, with all the
confidence which it infused throughout the coun-
try and into the personnel of every brancli of the
service, it removed at once all apprehension for the
Pacific coast. The indirect pecuniary advantage
to the United States in the way of saving an in-
crease of insurance rates and in assuring tlie coun-
try of freedom from attack on that coast is incal-
culable." On 9 May, 1898, President McKinley.
in a special message to congress, recommended that
the thanks of the nation be given to Dewey and to
his officers and men ; joint resolutions to that effect
were agreed to at once, and further resolutions or-
dered to be prepared a sword of honor for Dewey
and medals for the officers and men, $10,000 being
appropriated for the purpose. The first substantial
evidence of the gratitude felt toward him was his
appointment by President McKinley, on 10 May,
1898, as rear-admiral ; he was then the senior
officer in the navy. The rank of admiral, held
before in our navy only by Parragut and Porter,
was revived by congress, and on 3 March, 1899,
Dewey was promoted to that rank.
After the fall of Manila and during the peace
negotiations at Paris relations between the Span-
iards and Americans became quiet, but the insur-
gents under Aguinaldo gave no little trouble; the
Spanish prisoners in the hands of the Filipinos
were also a fruitful source of friction. The insur-
gents grew bolder and more restive ; on 7 Jan., 1899,
Aguinaldo issued a proclamation protesting against
the intrusion of the Americans in the Philippines,
alleging that they had promised freedom for the
islands and had violated their promises, denounc-
ing McKinley's orders to Gen. Otis (who had suc-
ceeded to the command after Merritt had been
called to Paris to advise the peace commissioners),
and calling upon the Filipinos not to desist in their
straggle for liberty. In Jaimary President Mc-
Kinley appointed a commission of five, consisting of
Admiral Dewey, Gen. Otis, President Schurman, of
Cornell, Col. Charles Denby, sometime minister to
China, and Prof. Dean C. Worcester, of the Univer-
sity of Micliigan, for the purpose of examining the
situation in the Philippines, and reporting to him
and advising him on each new step in colonial de-
velopment. On 4 and 5 Feb. hostilities broke out
between the insurgents and Americans ; from then
on they continued even into the rainy season.
Dewey supported the land forces with the navy in
every case possible. His time now was also occu-
pied by his duties on the Philippine commission,
the civil members of which arrived at Manila on
4 March. On 4 April the commission issued a
proclamation assuring the Filijiinos of the perfect
good faith of the Americans and their sincere de-
sire to give them prosperity and happiness, well-
being and good government; that a conflict again.st
the Americans must in the end prove hopeless ; and
putting forth plainly and in detail the intentions
of the Americans with reference to the government
and control of the islands. On 23 May the com-
mission submitted to peace commissioners appoint-
ed by the Filipinos a draft of the proposed form
of government ; this included a governor-general
and a cabinet to be apiiointed by the president,
and later an advisory council to be elected by the
Filipinos. Dewey's work on the commission was
now at an end. lie had asked to be relieved,
Rear-Admiral John C. Watson had been assigned
to succeed him in command of the Asiatic station,
and accordingly on 20 May he left Manila on board
his flag-ship "Olympia." bound for New York by
way of Hong-Kong, the Indian ocean, the Suez
canal, and the Mediterranean sea. His progress
homeward was one continued ovation at every port
in which he stopped, and every attention and honor
possible were sliown him. In the United States the
preparations were most elaborate. A popidar sub-
scription toward a fund to provide him a home
was started ; city after city invited his attendance
at dinners and reee|)tions. In New York the cele-
bration in his honor, 39 and 30 Sept.. 1899, pro-
vided a most remarkable spectacle, the etjual of
which has perhaps never been witnessed m this
country. The Dewey arch erected on Fifth ave-
nue in his honor will, it is expected, be perpetu-
ated in marble. The admiral was presented also
with a beautiful loving cup of gold, the gift of the
city of New York, and another equally beautiful
silver cup was given later by a daily journal of
the city, whicli had rai.sed funds for the purpose
by popular subscriptions of single dimes. Pro-
ceeding to Washington, Dewey was received by
President McKinley, and was presented with the
sword (see illustration) voted by congress, receiv-
ing anotlier ovation in the nation's capital. 3 Oct.,
second only to that of the city of New York.
>-
o
a
<
g
DEWEY
DEWING
91
In person the admiral is of medium height, very
slightly stooped, inclining to be stout, but still ac-
tive and vigorous. lie is a man of the world as
well as a planner of naval battles, and while in
Washington he was extremely popular as a club
man. His manner is quiet and reserved, indicat-
ing yioise and self-control, however, rallier than
aloofiu>ss or a lack of sympathy with those about
him. Sketches of his life are numerous in the cur-
rent magazines after May. 1898. The books treat-
ing of the operations in the Philippines all contain
notices of the admiral. See " With Dewev at Ma-
nila." by Thomas .1. Vivian (New York, 1898) : " Life
of George Dewey. Uear-.Vdmiral. U. S. X.. and
Dewey Family History." by Adellwrt M. Dewey
and Louis Marinus Dewev (Westfteld, Mass., 1898) ;
and "Admiral George Dewey: a Sketch of the
Man." by John Uarrett, which was published at
New York in Septen)her, 1899.
As the names of Hull and the "Constitution"
and Karrngut and the " Hartford " are indissolubly
linke<l together, so are those of Dewey and the
"Olympia" — the latter seen in the accompanying
^i.
vignette. Her keel was laid in June, 1891, and she
wa.s launched in November, 18)(2. completed April,
189>i, and first commissioned February, 189.5. She
was constructed at San Francisco by the Union
iron-works, and is schooner-rigged. She is a .sec-
onii-class armored cniiscr, carrying armor varying
from Si to 4i inches in thickness. Her main bat-
tery consists of 10 5-ineh rapid-fire guns and 4
8-ineh breech-loading rifles mounte<l in turrets,
an<l her secondary battery comprises 14 rapiil-fire
6-pounders, 7 rapiil-fire l-poundcrs, 2 Colt's and 1
field gun. .She also carries 6 Whitehead lorix'does.
Her displacement is .WTO Ions, and she rerpiircs
34 olUcers and 410 men. Her hull and machinery
cost 11,796.000. She was first sent on several short
cruise.s. and then wa.s attached to the Asiatic sta-
tion. In May. 1898. her name and Dewey's l>ecanie
known the world over through the battle of Manila
bay. In that famous sea-fight she was commanile<l
by C'aj)t. Charles Vernon (iridley, who later, on his
way home on sick leave, died at Yokohama. Tlic
" 01ymj)i«," with the admiral alKiard, arrived in
New \ork harbor on the morning of 26 Sept.,
189!(. and a few days later a valuable service of
silver was presented to the celebrate<l war-ship by
the citizens of Olympia. Wash., who also gave a
lars:i' and tieautiful bronze shield.
UKWKY. Jeilediah, dergvman, b. 11 April,
1714,at We^tlicld, .Miuss. : d. 21 Dec. 1778. at Ben-
nington, Vt. He learned the trade of a car|)entcr
after his common-school education was completed.
In 1~{7, at the age of twentv-lhrec. he joined the
church at Westfield.aml at the lime of "the great
awakening" in the New Kngland churches in the
middle of the eighteenth century, when the West-
field church adopted" the hajf-way covenant,"
Dewey left the congregation, joine<i llieSefmralists
or New Lights, and became a preacher in that di-
vision of the church. He had left the Westfleld
church in 1748; in 1749 he was called to account
for this, and in 1750 the church voted that they
could no longer regard him as one of their num-
ber, and therefore withdrew their fellowship. .Soon
after Bennington, Vt., was settled the church was
organized there, and on 24 May, 1763, a call was
extended to Rev. Jedediah Dewey, pastor of the
New Light church at Westfield. The church pro-
posed further that the church at Westfield unite
with them and form one church under the then
W^estfield pastor. This proposal was agreed to by
an ecclesiastical council at Westfield on 14 Aug.,
1763, and was ratified by the church at Benning-
ton on 12 Sept. Dewey continued as pastor here
until his death. He took an active part in affairs
secular as well as ecclesiastical, being indicted at
Albany in January, 1770, with others, as one of the
leaders in the controversy with New York over
land titles, which had begun almut 17C5. In May,
1772, in a spirited correspondence between Gov.
Tryon of New York and the Bennington settlers,
in which Dewey took a prominent part, Tryon sug-
gested Dewey and two others as proper messengers
for a conference on the matter in dispute. The re-
sult was that Tryon modified his demands not a
little. During the Revolution Dewey preached
such vigorous war sermons, especially at the time
of Baum's invasion of Vermont and the battle of
Bennington, that he earned the title of " the fight-
ing parson." His tombstone at Bennington bears
the following inscription: " Uev. Mr. Jedediah
Dewey, First Pastor of the Church in Bennington,
who after a laborious life in the Gospel Ministry
resigned his ofllce in God's Temple for the sublime
employment of Immortality Dec. 21,1778. In the
65 year of his Age. 'Of comfort, tio man speak
Lets talk of graves and worms and epitaphs. Make
dust onr paper and with llainey eyes, Write sor-
row in the bosom of the earth.' "
DKWEY, Joel AHcn, soldier, b. in Georgia,
Franklin co., Vt., 20 Sept., 1840; d. in Knoxville,
Tenn., 17 June, 1873. He entered Oberlin in 1858,
but left in 1861 to enter the National army, and
served as 1st lieutenant and caiitain of Uhio volun-
teers under Gen. John Pope in the west, and then
with Gen. William T. Sherman. He was at one
time on the staff of Gen. William S. Rosecrans.
He became colonel of the lllth U. S. colored regi-
ment in 186;{. and led a brigade near Huntsville.
He was captured near Athens, Ala., in September,
1804, after a day's severe engagement with Gen.
Forrest's cavalry. After his liberation in Novem-
ber he served in Tennessee and northern Alabama
till the close of the war. He was commissioned
brigadier-general of volunteers on 13 Dec., 1865,
and was mustered out, 31 Jan., 1866, after declin-
ing a captain's commission in the regular army.
Gen. Dewey then entered the law-school at Albany,
N. Y.. where he was graduated in 1867, and prac-
tisc<l in Dandridge, Tenn. In 1869 he was elected
attoriicv-general of the state.
1»E>VIN(J, Thomas Wilnicr, arti.st, b. in Bos-
ton. Mass., 4 .May. 1852. He studied in 1876-'9
under Jules J. Lefcbvre in Paris. His more im-
portant paintings are "Young Sorcerer" (1877);
".Morning" (1879); "Prelmle" (1883); "A Gar-
den " (18(5) : " The Days," which gained the Clarke
prize in 1887 (18«4-'6): and "Tobias and the An-
gel" (1887). He has produced, among other por-
trait.", those of Mrs. Lloyd Bryce. Mrs. Robert
GiMilct.and Mrs. DcIanceyKune. He is a member
of the .Society of American artists, and was elected
an associate memljer of the National academy in
1887, and an academician the year following.— His
92
BIAS
DODGE
wife, Maria Richards, whose maiden name was
Oakcy, b. in New York, 37 Oct., 1855, studied at
the National academy and under Jolin Lafarge,
and, in 1876, Thomas Couture. She has painted
numerous figure and flower pieces, among which
are " Violets " (1878) and " Mother and Child "
(1880), and a number of portraits, including " Por-
trait of a Boy " (1875) ; " Portrait of her Father "
(1877); and " Sleeping Child " (1878).
DIAS, Pedro (de-ahss), Portuguese missionary,
b. in Gouvea, near Viseu, in 1621 ; d. in Bahia,
Brazil, 25 Jan., 1700. He served as a captain in
Africa, but on his return to Lisbon became a
Jesuit and was sent to Bahia. He visited nearly
the whole of Brazil, founded several missions, be-
friended the Indians, among whom he lived for
several years, and was afterward friar of a con-
vent at Bahia. lie wrote "Arte da lingoa de An-
gola " (Lisbon, 1697) ; " Arte da lingoa Brazileira,"
which contains a vocabulary for five Indian dia-
lects (1698); and " Viageur da Bahia" (1699), be-
sides severAl manuscript prayers and sermons in
the aboriginal language, which are preserved in
the archives of the Jesuits at Rome, and several
ecclesiastical works.
DIAS, Roberto (de-as), Brazilian explorer, b.
in Bahia, Brazil, about 1540; d. near I5ahia in
1591. He claimed descent from the noted Diogo
Alvarez Correa or Caramurii, and owned a large
estate near Bahia. In one of his excursionsthrough
the province he discovered some rich silver-mines,
and went to Madrid to report to King Philip II.,
carrying considerable plate that had been manu-
factured at Salvador from samples of the ores that
he discovered, as he claimed. He asked for the
title of marquis of Minas, promising to reveal the
location of the mines, but Philip II. gave the title
to the newly appointed governor of Brazil, Fran-
cisco de Souza. Dias returned to Brazil, and when
Souza asked him to serve as guide to the mining
district Dias conducted him through unexplored
countries, where Souza lost many men, and returned
exhausted to Bahia, threatening Dias with impris-
onment, but the latter died a few months later
without having revealed his secret. Some silver
ores have recently been discovered in the province
of Bahia, which tend to confirm Dias's storv.
DICKINSON, Donald McDonald, cabinet offi-
cer, b. in Port Ontario, Oswego eo., N. Y., 17 Jan.,
1847. He was graduated at the University of
Michigan in 1867, studied law, was admitted to
the bar, and has been engaged in many impor-
tant cases. He became chairman of the Demo-
cratic state committee of Michigan in 1876, and
in 1880 was chairman of the Michigan delegation
in the Democratic national convention. Since
1884 he has represented Michigan on the national
Democratic committee. On 17 Jan., 1888. he be-
came postmaster-general of the United States in
Cleveland's administration.
DIGBY, Robert, English naval officer, b. near
London, England, 20 Dec, 1732; d. at Minterne
Magna. Dorsetshire, England, 25 Feb., 1814; broth-
er oif Henry, seventh baron and first Earl Digby.
He entered the English navy in 1744, and attained
the rank of po.st-captain in 1755. He commanded
the " Kamilies,"one of the leading ships in the in-
decisive action between Admiral Keppel and Orvil-
liers in 1778, and in 1780 was second in command
to Admiral Rodney in the victorious engagement
with Don Juan de Langara off Cape St. Vincent.
In 1781, when rear-admiral of the red, he received
a commission for commanding in North America,
where he arrived on 24 Sept. with the " Prince
George," the " Canada," and the " Lion," accom-
panied by Prince William Henry, afterward King
William IV. of England, then a midshipman in the
royal navy. He was about to attack the fleet of
the Count de Grasse, acting under Admiral Graves
(whom he was unwilling immediately to relieve),
when news was brought them, near Cape Charles,
of the surrender of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown
several days before. Graves soon afterward sail-
ing, agreeable to his instructions, to the West In-
dies, he took command on the American coast.
DIONNE, Narcisse Eiitrope, Canadian author,
b. at St. Denis, Quebec, 18 May, 1848, and educated
at Laval university. He took a course in theology,
but, relinquishing divinity for medicine, he was
graduated M. D. in 1873, and went to Athabasca,
where he practised his profession for two years.
Then he went to Quebec, and accepted a leading
position on the editorial staff of " Le Courrier du
Canada." He has published "Le Torabeau de
Champlain," " Etats-Unis, Manitoba et Nord-
Ouest, ' " Pete Nationale des Canadiens-Fran^ais
a Windsor, Ontario," " Ilistorique de I'eglise de
Notre-Dame des Victoires," "Jacques Cartier,"
" Les Lieutenant-Gouverneurs de Gaspe," " Mis-
Cou : Hommes de mer et hommes de Dieu," " La
Nouvelle France — de Cartier a Champlain," " Sam-
uel Champlain: sa vie et ses oeuvres," "C. P.
Painchaud, fondateur du College de Ste. Anne,"
"Vie de C. P. Painchaud," and " Mgr. de Forbin-
Janson : sa vie — son Oiuvre en Canada." Prom
1880 until 1884 he was editor-in-chief of " Le
Courrier," and afterward conducted " Le Journal
de Quebec." In 1886 he returned to his post on
the " Courrier," which he held until 29 Sept., 1892,
when he was appointed librarian of the legislature
of Quebec. He is titulary member of the Aca-
demie des Muses Santonnes, France, and a fellow
of the Royal society of Canada.
DOBELL, Richard Reid, Canadian merchant,
b. in Liverpool, England, in 1837 ; came to Canada
in 1857, and engaged extensively in the timber
trade, founding one of the largest exporting com-
mercial houses in Quebec. He married ElizaVjeth
Frances, eldest daughter of the late Sir D. L. Mac-
Pherson, of Toronto. Mr. Dobell has always
taken great interest in the prosperity of his adopt-
ed country, and has held many prominent posi-
tions in the business life of Canada. He was an
unsuccessful candidate for parliamentary honors
in 1895, but in 1896 he was elected a member of
the house of commons for Quebec West, and on
the formation of the Liberal administration he
was sworn of the privy council and appointed a
member of the cabinet without portfolio.
DODGE, Henry Lee. merchant, b. in Mont-
pelier, Vt., 31 Jan., 182.5. He entered the Unil
versity of Vermont in 1842, but on account of il-
healtli was compelled to leave without graduation.
In 1847-'9 he studied law, but abandoned it to seek
his fortune on the Pacific coast. He arrived in
San Francisco, 1 June. 1849, and after working in
the mines he obtained the appointment of clerk
in the alcalde's court, and was made clerk of the
"ayuntamiento" or town council of San Fran-
cisco, both of which offices he retained until the
organization of the state government. During his
incumbency the sale of beach, water, and town
lots occurred. The making and delivering of the
deeds and the receipt of the purchase-money, ag-
gregating more than $1.000.()00. devolved upon
Mr. Dodge. He joined his brother in opening a
wholesale provision house, which business connec-
tion he has continued for thirty years. In 1863 he
was elected to the state senate for four years, in
1877 he was appointed by President Hayes a mem-
DODGE
DONOflUB
93
ber of a commission to investigate the affairs of
the San Francisco mint and custom-house, and in
the same year he was made superintendent of the
San Francisco mint. This office he held four years
and a half, during which time he disbursed more
than 12,000,000 from congressional appropriations,
and more than $180,000,000 in coin and bullion,
tnming over to his successor $31,000,000. Mr.
Dodge was elected president of the chamber of
commerce in 1885, and re-elected in 1886, in which
year he was also invited by President Cleveland to
serve on the U. S. mint ass»iy commission that met
in Philadelphia. He was connected with many
enteri)rises, and was president of the California pio-
neers association. In 1887 he became interested in
the organization of the Sather banking company
of San Francisco, and was made its president.
DODGE, Robert Perley, engineer. b. in George-
town, D. C. 1 Sept., 1817 ; d. in Washington, I). C,
21 May, 1887. His father. Francis, was a well-
known merchant in the District of Columbia for
fifty years, and a lineal descendant of William
Dodge who came from England to Salem, Mass., in
1629. The son was graduated at Princeton in
1836, in 1837 he went through a course of engi-
neering studies at Georgetown, Ky., and in 1838 he
was appointed an engineer of the Chcsa|>eake and
Ohio canal. On resigning that post he turned his
attention to farming in Washington county, and
was subsequently a merchant in Baltimore'and a
flour manufacturer in Georgetown and its vicinity.
He was appointed in 1801 an additional pay-
master in tiie U. S. army, with the rank of major,
promoted to colonel in 1804, and soon aftcrwanl
retired to private life. In July, 1876, he was aji-
pointc<l treasurer of the District of Columbia.
When a change was made in the hx-al goveninient
in June, 1870, he was made treasurer and assessor,
and when another change took place in the arrange-
ment of offices in July, 1881, he was made assess-
or of the dlslri<t, holding Ihe [)ost until his death.
DOLE, Sanford Ballard, president of Hawaii,
b. in the Hiiwuiiiin islands. 23 April, 1844. His
father and mother were missionnries, who went to
the Hawaiian isl-
ands from the Unit-
ed States in the year
of his birth. The
^ ^j„j^ «^ son was educated at
^ J^vJ J?| Pubahan college.on
■>/ his native island,
and at Williatns
college, .Mass., after
which he studied
law in Hoston, was
admitted to the bar
there, and then re-
turned to Honolulu.
He practised law in
his native city itiid
also became inter-
ested in politics, be-
ing a memljer of the
legislature in 1884
and taking an ac-
tive part in the
reform movement
that culminate<l in
1887. In 1889 he was again a member of the
legislature and of its executive committee. In
1887 he had l)cen appointed a judge of Ihe su-
preme court of the tcingrlom, and at the time of
the revolution of 1893 he was placed at the head
of the prr)visional government then fonne<i. On
20 Jan. be issued a proclamation declaring all
^
m
powers and duties belonging to the sovereign to
be vested in the provisional government. On 30
June a new constitution was adopted, in which he
was specially named as president till 1900, and
this constitution was promulgated on 4 July, 1894.
Meanwhile a new administration had come into
power in the United States. A treaty of annexa-
tion that had been negotiated by commissioners
sent by the provisional government had been with-
drawn from the senate by President Cleveland
(see Cleveland, Grovee), and the latter had an-
nounced his intention of restoring the monarchy.
On 23 Dec.. 1893, President Dole sent to U. S.
Minister Willis, in response to a demand that he
should relinquish to Queen Liliuokalani her con-
stitutional authority, a replv denying the right of
Cleveland to interfere in flawaiian affairs. The
stand taken by the Hawaiian government in this
matter, under his leadership, rendered the policy
of Cleveland futile. Mr. Dole has always been
conservative politically, and exerted himself to
the utmost to prevent all rash action during the
revolution of 1893. He advocated the annexa-
tion of the Hawaiian islands to the United States.
In January, 1898, with Mrs. Dole, iie visited this
country as the guest of the nation, receiving much
alti'iitioii (luring his sojourn of several weeks.
DO.MEYKO, Ignaz.Chilianscientist, b. in Lith-
uania, Poland, 3 July, 1802; d. in Santiago, 23
Jan., 1889. lie rceeive<l his primary education in
Cracow, and in 1817 continued his studies in the
University of Vienna, where he was graduated.
Taking part in the Polish insurrection of 1830-'l,
he was obliged to emigrate to France, where he
labored in the mines of Alsace, and afterward fin-
ishe<l special studies at Paris. In 1838 he accepted
the professorship of physics and chemistry at the
Lyceum of Serena, Chili. In 1846 he was called to
the same chair in the National institute and the
University of Chili, of which he was rector from
1870 till 1883. He was an a.ssociate editor of
" El Arancano," " Los Anales dc Miuas," and "El
Seinanariode .Santiago." and in 1888 began a scien-
tific journey through Europe. He is the author of
" Tratado de ensayes " (Serena, 1843 ; .Santiago,
18711) ; " Elemcntos dc Mineralogia" (1844) ; " La
Araucania y sus habitantes" (1845); " Geologia y
Geometriafeubterriinea" (1873); "Excursion & las
Cord illerasdeCo[iiap<'r'( 187.5) ; and " Constitucion
Geoli'icica de Chile" (1876).
DONALDSON, Thomas Corwin, lawver, b. in
Columbus, Ohio,27Dec.. 1843 ; d. in Philadelphia, 18
Nov., 1898. He W8sgra<liiate<l from Capital univer-
sity, of his native place, served as a private in the
civil war and later as a lieutenant, and was admit-
ted to thelmr in 1867. He filled various government
offices, and wa* offered the governorship of Idaho
by President Hayes, which he declined. While
residing in Idaho he was colonel of a regiment of
the National guard. His collection of curios, auto-
graphs, and paintings contained in his Philadelphia
residence was among the most imtKirtant in that
eitv. Col. Donaldson's publications include " The
Public Domain: Its History, with Statistics "(Wash-
ington, 1884), which passed through several edi-
tions; "The George Catlin Indian Gallery in the
National Museum, with Memoir and Statistics"
(1887); "Walt Whitman: The Man " (New York,
1896); and "The House in which Thomas Jeffer-
son wrote the Declaration of Intlependcnce " (Phila-
delphia. 1898). "Some of the People I have met"
anil " Exiicricnccs in Idaho Territory " were in
press at tlie tiiiir of his death.
DONOHL'E, Tatrick James, B. C. bishop, b.
in England in 1851, and was a graduate of the Uni-
94
DONTBNVILLE
COWLING
versity of London. In 1873 he came to the United
States, and, having settled in Washington, he stud-
ied law, received the degree of LL. D. from Colum-
bian university, practising law at the capital till
1882. He then exchanged the common law for tlie
canon law, and studied for the priesthood at St.
Mary's seminary, Baltimore, was ordained in 1885,
and was made assistant priest of St. John's church.
In 188(i he was appointed chancellor of the archdi-
ocese of Baltimore under Cardinal Gibbons, and in
1891 was appointed rector of the cathedral. His
duties in this position were onerous, but successful,
imposing upon him many general and extra duties.
He took an active part in 1889, and again iu 1893,
in serving on committees for extending a suitable
welcome to Monsignor, now Cardinal Satolli, on his
arrival in the United States. On the transfer of
Bishop Kain, of Wheeling. W. Va., to St. Louis,
Dr. Donohue was appointed bishop of Wheeling,
and he was consecrated by Cardinal Gibbons at the
cathedral in April, 1894.
DONTENVILLE, Aiignstin, R. C. prelate, b.
at Bischweiler, in the diocese of Strasbourg, Alsace,
4 June, 1857. He came to this country in 1873, re-
sided two years in the diocese of Buffalo with his
uncle, the Rev. Father Uhrich, one of the pioneer
priests of that diocese, and was sent by him to the
College of Ottawa, where he pursued his course of
humanities. In 1878 he joined the religious order
of Oblate Fathers at Lachine, where he made a
year's probation, and thence went to the College of
Ottawa to follow his regular course of studies in
philosophy and theology. He also filled the chair
of arts in the same institution. Being a member
of the order of Oblates he made his final vows
therein in 1880, and was ordained a priest by Arch-
bishop Duhamel in May, 1885. He filled a pro-
fessor's chair at Ottawa college until 1889. when he
was sent to New Westminster, British Columbia,
as director of St. Louis college. In April, 1897, he
was appointed coadjutor bishop to Bisliop Durieu,
of New Westminster, under the title of bishop of
Germanicopolis, with the right of succession. He
was consecrated in August, 1897, by Archbishop
Langevin of St. Boniface.
DOOLITTLE, Charles Caran. soldier, b. in
Burlington, Vt., 16 March, 1833. He was educated
at the high-school in Montreal, Canada, but was
not graduated on account of his removal to New
York city in 1847. He subsequently went to Michi-
gan, and on 16 May, 1861, became 1st lieutenant in
the 4th Michigan regiment. He was made colonel
of the 18th regiment of that state on 32 July, 18G2,
served in the peninsular campaign, and was slightly
wounded at Gaines's Mill. He served in Kentucky
in 1862-'3, and in Tennessee 1863-'4, and was in
command of Decatur, Ala., during the first day's
successful defence of that town against Gen. John
B. Hood. He led a brigade at Nasiiville, and was
in comuiand of that cit}[ in 1865, and of the north-
eastern district of Louisiana in the autumn of that
year. On 27 Jan., 1865, ho was made brigadier-gen-
eral of volunteers, and on 18 June he was brevet ted
major-general. He was mustei-ed out on 30 Nov.
at his own request, and since 1871 has been cashier
of the Merchants' national bank, Toledo, Ohio.
DOUBLET, Francjols (du-bla), Norman colo-
nist. In 1663 the merchants of Rouen sent out two
ships, the "Saint Michel" and the "Grenadin,"
under Doublet, with a eomymny of twenty-five colo-
nists for the islands at the mouth of the St. Law-
rence. They loft Rouen, 26 April, 1663, and after
a long passage landed at the island of Brion, where
they found some Basques living in wooden huts.
Doublet planted the cross upon the high capo on
the bay where the fleet had anchored. The colo-
nists built houses and magazines, and for a subsist-
ence betook themselves to cod-fishing. Doublet
shortly returned to France, and in April, 1664, set
out again for the island with re-enforcements for
the colony, but on his arrival at the island he
found the establishment abandoned, the buildings
destroyed, and could discover no traces of the col-
onists. His eldest son, Jean Francois, was boni in
Honfleur, France, about the year 1650.
DOUGHTY, John, soldier, b. in New York city
in 1754; d. in Morristown, N. J., 16 Sept., 1826.
He acted as commander of tlie American army
by seniority of rank, or l)y the appointment of
Gen. Washington, from June, 1784, till Septem-
ber, 1789. There was no U. S. army during that
period except two companies of artillery, the Con-
tinental army having been disbanded and the new
army not formed. He became major of an artil-
lery company in 1789. lieutenant-colonel of artil-
lerv and engineers in June, 1798. and on 26 May,
1800, he resigned. Col. Doughty, in 1785, built
Fort llarmur, at llie juiu-tioM of tlie Muskingum
with the Ohio river (the site of Marietta), which
was the first post of the kind within the bounds of
Ohio. In 1790 he built Fort Washington, con-
sisting of hewn-log cabins with connecting pali-
sades, where Cincinnati now stands. It was be-
tween the present Third and Fourth streets, and
is represented in the illustration.
DOWD, Charles Ferdinand, educator, b. in
Madison, Conn., 35 April, 1825. He was graduated
at Yale in 1853, and has successively held the posts
of principal of the preparatory department of
Newton university, Baltimore, Md., professor of
mathematics there, principal of the high-school,
Watcrbury, Conn., associate principal of the Con-
necticut normal school at New Britain, superin-
tendent of public schools. Waterbury, Conn.,
principal of the Granville (N. Y".) military acade-
my, and president of Temple Grove seminary,
Saratoga Springs, N. Y. He conceived the idea of
adopting one standard for railway time, and after
submitting it to a railway convention in New York
city in October, 1869, he devised a complete plan,
which he published, with a maji (1870). Prof.
Dowd attended conventions of railway managers
in Boston, in New York, and in the west, and finally
secured the adoption of the present system of rail-
way standard time, which is a modification of his
first plan. In this system the country is divided
into sections, in each of which the time is made
uniform, and the standards in adjacent sections
differ bv (me hour. It went into effect on 18 Nov.,
1883. Prof. Dowd received the degree of Ph. D.
from the Universitv of New York in 1888.
DOWLING. Thomas Joseph. R. C. bishop, b.
in Limerick. Ireland, 28 Feb.. 1840. In 1850 he
came with his family to Canada, and in 1860 they
removed to Chicago. In 1855 he entered St. Mi-
^4
DRAKK
DU MOULIN
95
chad's college, Toronto, and remained there sev-
eral rears as pupil and teacher of the classics. He
was one of the founders of St. Michael's literary as-
sociation, to which hecontributes annually a medal
for proficiency in English literature. He pursued
his studies at the Grand seminary of the Sulpician
fathers at Jlontreal, and was ordained a priest at
St. Mary's cathedral, Hamilton, in 1804. He was
appointed [>astor of the nii.ssions at Budford and
other stations, where he labored twenty-three years,
and built two churches, a presbytery, and a sepa-
rate school and convent for the sisters of St. Jo-
seph. In 1877 he accompanied the Canadian pil-
grims to Roineas the representative of the Hamilton
difXH>se, in 1881 was appointed vicar-general of
Hamilton ili(K-ese, and in 1883 was elected vicar-
capitular during the vacancy of the see and until
the arrival of Uishop Carberry in 1884. In 188(1
he was elected bishop of Peterborough and was
consecrated in May, 1887, being transferred to the
diocese of Hamilton in January, and installed as
bishoii of Haniiiton in May, 188!).
UKAKE, Frani-i8 Marion, soldier, b. in Rush-
ville, S<liuyler eo.. III., :J0 Dec, 1830. His father,
John, a native of North Carolina, founded the
town of Drakesville, Iowa. The son was educated
in the district schools, and entered a mercantile
life at sixteen years of age. He crossed the plains
to Sacramento, Cal., in 18-53 and 1854, engaged in
Indian warfare, and in I80U settled in business in
L'nionville, Iowa, He served through the civil
war, btH'oming in 1862 lieutenant-colonel of the
36th Iowa cavalry, was severely wounded at Mark's
Mills, an<I in 186.5 was brcvetted brigiulier-general
of volunteers. He re-entered mercantile life at the
end of the war, and was admitted to the bar in
1866, but sui>sequently engaged in railroad-build-
ing. In 1881 he became a founder of Drake uni-
versity, contributihj; the principal amount.
DUC'LERC, Jean-Baptistodlew-clare), French
naval ofllcer, b. in lirilanny in 1663; d. in Rio Ja-
neiro, Ilra/il, 18 March, 1711. He early followed
the sea, lieconiing a buccaneer in Tortngas, made
successful raids against the Dutch, Knglish, an<l
Spanish possessions, and in 1702 enterc<l the royal
navy as (Hist-captain. In 1700 he formed a com-
pany for organizing an expedition to sack Rio Ja-
neiro and Uahia. Sailing from Brest with six
ships, carrying 1,'.J(K> mariues, he sighted Rio Ja-
neiro on 6 .\ug.. and the council of war opiKising
an immediate attack he landed at Tojuca, a few
miles from the city, on 17 Aug., with 900 marines.
Duclerc was pur|)08ely misled by two negroes who
offered themselves for guides, and was attacked at
Novo Kngenho dos Padres da Companhia by an
overwhelming force and totally routed. He forti-
fied himself on ahill commanding Kio Janeiro, and
on 18 Sept. wasattiu-ked by the governor. Krancisi'o
de Castro Monies, whom he defeated. Duclerc en-
tered the city in pursuit, but was assailed by the in-
habitants, while the Portuguese army prevenfe<l
his exit. With the greater part of his forces he
took refuge in the custom-house, while Charles
d'Ysamlierl (q. v.), with a few others, fortified them-
selves in the city-lmll. Unable to obtain U»h\. Du-
clerc agreed to a capitulation proviilingthat he and
his men should be sent back to France, but the
fleet, unaware of the Portuguese success, having
meanwhile made an attack on the city, Castro de
Monies declared the capitulation violated, sent the
soldiers to (irison, while Duclerc and his officers
were kept in clos<! confinement in their house.
Duclerc was murdered, according to some authors,
by order of the city authorities, while others pre-
tend that be was killed in an attempt to escape.
DUCREUX, Franqois (dew-cruh), French his-
torian, b. in Les Sainlcs in 1594 ; d. in Bordeaux
in 1666. He was a Jesuit, and for many years pro-
fessor of rhetoric in the College of Bordeaux. Be-
sides several classical works, he wrote from the let-
ters of the missionaries " Historia Canadensis,
sen Novae F'raneia', libri decern, ad annum usque
Christi 1656" (Paris, 1(564), which contains also a
narrative of the wars between the Hurons and Iro-
quois. It was praised by Charlevoix in his " His-
toire de la Xouvelle France."
Dl'Gl'AY-TROriN, Rene (dew-gay). French
naval officer, b. in St. Malo, 10 June, 1673 ; d. in
Paris, 27 Sept., 1736. He was educated for the
church and studied at Rennes and Caen, but in
1689 embarked as volunteer on a privateer armed
by his family, and displayed such valor that in
1691 he was appointed to the command of a frig-
ate. In 1697 he entered the royal service as post-
captain, and in 1711 he proposed to the king an
expedition to Rio Janeiro, obtaining permission
to form a company to carry out the scheme on
condition that a part of the profits should re-
vert to the crown. With the utmost secrecy he
armed 15 vess«'ls, carrying 2,0(X1 marines, and set
out from La Rochelle, 9 June, 1711. Arriving off
the bar of Rio Janeiro on 12 .Sept., he entered the
narrow channel that led to the bay, despite the
desperate resistance of the Portuguese fleet and
batteries on the shore. The next day ho burned
or captured the Portuguese men-of-war and all
merchants vessels anchored in the harbor, and car-
rviiig succes-sively the advanced batteries entered
the city on 21 Sept. On 11 Dec. the viceroy of
Brazil, Antonio d'Alburcjuerque, arrived with an
army of 3,(KK) regular troops and 6,0(X) natives, and
being also routed agreed to pav 610,000 crusados as
ransom for the cit v. Duguaysailed again for France
on 13 Dec. carrying back SiSO soldiers from Jean-
Baptiste Duclerc 's expedition, which he had found
in the city prisons, and booty valued at 30,(X)0,000
livres, anchoring at Brest, 12 Feb., 1712. He was
promoted chef d'encndre and commander of St.
Louis in 1715, vice-president of the council of the
Indies in 1723. and lieutenant-general of the naval
forces in 17'28. His " Memoircs," which contain
interesting details about his expedition to Rio Ja-
neiro, were published after his iieath (2 voLs., 1740),
anrl his life was written by Jean Pricher (Paris,
1784) and Jules de La Landcllc. His statue in
bronze is in the palace at Versailles.
DU MOULIN, John Philip, Canadian Angli-
can bisho|>, b. ill Dublin, Irelaml, 9 Jan., 1834.
lie was educated at Bishop's college, and received
the degree of D. C. L. from Trinity college, To-
ronto, ill 1891. He was one of three famous men
brought out to Canada by Bishop Cronyn, of Hu-
ron. He was ordained deacon in 1H62 and priest
ill 1863. and wascurate to Archdeacon Brougn.the
rector, of St. Jolin's church, London, and curate
of Trinity church and St. James's church, Montreal.
He tiecaine rector of St. Thoniius's, Hamilton, in
1871. and in the following year was elected bishop
of Algoma. but declined. He was rector of St.
Martin's, Monln'al, canon of the cathedral, and
examining chaplain. Dr. Du Moulin was ap-
pointed canon and sub-dean of St. Alban's cathe-
dral, Toronto. He was elected bishop of Niagara
and translated to Ottawa, being consecrated at St.
James's cathedral, 24 June, 1896. Bishop Sullivan
was one of the consccrators'and Dean ('iirmichael
preached the sermon, both of whom had accom-
panied Bishop Cronyn to Canada. He attended
the Lambeth conference of 1897. His son, Frank,
is the rector of Kmiiianuel church, Cleveland, Ohio.
96
DUNBAR
DYER
DUNBAR, Paul Laurence, poet.b. in Dayton,
Ohio, 37 June, 1872. He was graduated from tlie
high-school of his native place in June, 1891, and
since that time he has been a journalist and a
public reader of his own poems. He is at present
employed in the library of congress at Washington.
Mr. Dunbar, who is a colored man, has published
"Oak and Ivy" (Dayton, 1893); "Majors and
Minors " (Toledo, 1895) ; " Lyrics of Lowly Life "
(New York, 1896) : " Folks from Dixie," a collec-
tion of stories (1898) ; a novel entitled " The Un-
called " (1898) : and " The Lyrics of the Hearth-
side" (1899). His writings have been highly com-
mended in his own country and also in England.
Mrs. Dunbar is the author of a volume entitled
" The Goodness of St. Rociue " (New York, 1899).
DUNN, Andrew Hunter, Canadian bishop, b.
in Saffron-Walden, England, in 1839. He received
his education in private schools and at Heidelberg,
Germany, graduating from Cambridge in 1863.
He was ordained deacon by Archbishop Tait in St.
Paul's cathedral, and advanced to the priesthood
in the following year. After holding various
charges in London and elsewhere, lie was unani-
mously elected, in June, 1893, to be the fifth bishop
of Quebec, as successor to Bishop Williams, being
consecrated in the following September in Christ
Church cathedral, Montreal. Among Bishop
Dunn's publications are " Our Church Manual,
" Holy Thoughts for Quiet Moments," " Helps by
the Way," and " Our Only Hope." — One of his sons,
the Rev. Edward Arthur, was appointed domestic
chaplain to the bishop in 1895, and assumed the
editorship of the " Quebec Diocesan Gazette."
DU PONT, Charles Ir6n6e, manufacturer, b.
in Charleston, S. C, 30 March, 1797 ; d. near Wil-
mington, Del., 31 Jan., 1869. He was a son of Vic-
tor Marie Du Pont, and was educated at Mount
Airy college, Germantown, which institution he
left at sixteen years of age to learn the business of
woollen manufacture and assist his father. He
relinquished his hope of entering the U. S. navy
to devote himself to this business. In 1827, at the
death of his father, Mr. Du Pont became the head
of the manufactory of cloth at Louviers. In 1856
he retired from the business and devoted himself
to agriculture. He was for several years a mem-
ber of the legislature of Delaware, and was fre-
quently spoken of in connection with the office of
governor of the state. He was one of the origina-
tors and directors of the Delaware railway, and
from 1830 until his death a director and presi-
dent of the Farmers' bank of Delaware. — His son,
Victor, b. in Louviers, on the Brandywine river,
11 May, 1838; d. in Wilmington, Del., 13 May,
1888, was graduated at Harvard in 1846, and ad-
mitted to the bar in 1849. He was trained as a
Whig in politics, but eventually entered the Demo-
cratic party. Although any office within the gift
of the people was at his command the highest be-
ing frequently offered him, he persistently declined
all political preferment. He was a presidential
elector on the Democratic ticket in 18C4, a director
of the Union national bank for thirty-six years,
also of the Wilmington and Northern railroad and
the Baltimore and Philadelphia railroad, and di-
rector and, after 1880, president of the Farmers'
mutual fire insurance company of Delaware. — His
kinsman, Henry, manufacturer, b. near Wilming-
ton, Del., 8 Aug., 1813 : d. there, 8 Aug., 1889. He
was the second son of P^Ieulhere Irenee Du Pont,
and was graduated at the U. S. military academy
in 1833. entering the 4th artillery. He was on fron-
tier service in the Creek Indian difficulties, resign-
ing his commission at his father's request to en-
ter the family powder manufactory at Wilmington.
His father dying soon after, the brothers Victor,
Albert, and Henry conducted the business, the
largest of its character in this country.
DUPONT-GRAVE, Francois (usually called
PoNTGRAVE). Or Fraufjois Grave, Breton sailor.
See PoNTGRAVE.
DYER, Nehemiah Mayo, naval officer, b. in
Princeton, Mass., 18 June. 1839. He entered the
volunteer navy in 1861 as master's mate, and for
gallantry displayed was promoted to acting ensign
in May, 1863; a year later he became acting mas-
ter, and was placed in command of the " Ran-
dolph " — operating in ftlobile bay and being sunk
by a torpedo in April, 1865. He was commis-
sioned lieutenant, and later lieutenant-commander
in 1868 and commander in April, 1883. For sev-
eral years he was on duty in the bureau of navi-
gation, and in July, 1897, he was advanced to cap-
tain and given command of the protected cruiser
" Baltimore," of the Asiatic squadron. Capt.
Dyer commanded her in the battle of Manila, May,
1898, and in the following year was presented with
a handsome sword by the city of Baltimore, and
met Admiral Dewey in New York on his return.
EAMES
EDSON
97
E
EAMES, Wilberforce, librarian, b. in Newark,
N. J., 12 Oct.. 18.55. lie has resided in Brooklyn,
X. Y., since 1861, and attended the common schools
of that citv. He spent twelve years in the service
of various bof)ksellers. and in 1883 became an assist-
ant in the Lenox library. Subsequently he was
advanced to first assistant (1888), assistant librarian
(1893), and librarian (1893). Since the consolida-
tion of the Astor. Lenox, and Tilden libraries, he
has continued to be known as " I^enox librarian."
In 1896 he received the honorary degree of A. M.
from Harvard university. Mr. Karnes has edited a
comparative edition of the authorized and revised
versions of the New Testament (1882) and vols. xv.
to XX. of Sabin's " Dictionary of Books relating to
America" (188.5-'92). a work still in progress. Ills
most noteworthyartidesin .Sabin — "Bibliographies
of the Bay Psalm Book " (1885), " Ptolemy's Geog-
raphy " (1886), and ".Sir Walter Raleigh "' (1886)—
have been issued in separate editions. He con-
tributed largely to Pilling's Indian bibliographies,
especially the article on .lohn Piliot, also ij.sued
separatefv a-s " Bibliogra|)hic Notes on Eliot's In-
dian Bibfe, and his other Translations and Works
in the Indian Ijanguage of Massachusetts" (1890).
In 1892 he edited for the Lenox library a com-
finrativeetlition of four I^atin texts, with new Kng-
ish translation of Columbus's letter to .Sancliez
on the discovery of America. I.ater he issued
"Early Xew England Catwhisms: A Bibliograph-
ical Account of some Catechisms publislieil liefore
the Voiir IMOO. for use in Xew England" (1898).
EARL. Koltert, jurist, b. in Herkimer, X. V., 10
Sept., 1824. He was graduated at Union college
in 184.5, admitted to the bar of his native county,
and forseveral years edited the " Herkimer Demo-
crat." He was judge and surrogate of Herkimer
county in 18.56-'<>0, subsequently chief judge of
the ofd court of appeals, and, after the constitu-
tional amendments in 1869, a commissioner of ap-
\
peals in 1870-'5. He was ap|K)inted a judge of the
present court of ap|ieals in 1875 by Gov. Samuel
.1. Tilrien. and held oflicc by ro-cle<'tion tillJan. 1,
1895. With Mrs. F^arl he founded the Herkimer
free library in 189.5, and gave to it property valued
at :f:i<).(K)0. .ludge Earl was also a founder of the
Herkimer historical st^wiety, and has been its presi-
dent since its foundation. He has received the
degree of LIj. I), from Columliia university.
EARLE, Alice Monr, author, b. in Worcester,
Mass., 27 April, 18.5:1 She is the daughter of Ed-
win Morse, and on 15 April, 1874. married Henry i
Earle, of Brooklyn, X. V. .She was educated in '
the public schoofs of her native city, being gradu-
ated from Worcester high-school in 1872, and also
attendeil Dr. Gannett's school in Boston. Mrs.
J^rle has ilevoted herself chiefly to researches
about the manners and customs of the colonial
and revolutionary periods in Xew England aiul
New York, and her books on these subjects have
achieved wide popularity. They include "The
Sabbath in Puritan Xew Englaiid " (Xew York,
1891); "China Collections in America" (1892);
"Customs and Fashions in Old Xew England"
(1893); "Early Prose and Verse of Xew York,"
with E. E. F'onl (189.3); "Costume of Cr)lonlal
Times" (lM94);"Life of Margaret Winthrop"
(1895); " Diary of .Anna Green Winslow" (edited)
(Boston, 1895); " Colonial Dames anil (ioodwives"
(1896); " Curious Punishments of Bygone Days"
(1896); "Colonial Days in Old Xew' York " (Sew
vou yii. — 13
York, 1896); "Old-Time Drinks and Drinkers"
(1897) ; and "Home Life in Colonial Days" (1898).
E.4RLE, Joseph Hayneswortb, senator, b. in
Greenville, S. C, 30 April, 1847 ; d. there, 20 May,
1897. He served during the last year of the rebel-
lion in Charles's battery of Darlington county, and
surrendered with Johnson's command at Greens-
boro'. X. C, in May, 1865. After graduating at
Furman university in 1868, he Ijecame principal of
Chick Springs academy in Greenville county, and
was admitted to the practice of law in 1870. He
was elected to the legislature in 1878, became state
senator in 1882. was a delegate to the Democratic
national conventions of 1880 and 1884, and was
elected attorney-general for the state in 1886 and
1888. Mr. Earle, while serving a term on the
supreme court bench, was elected to the U. S. sen-
ate for the term ending in March. 1903.
EDOERTON. Aloiizo Jay, jurist, b. near
Rome, X. Y., 7 .lune, 1827; d. in Sioux Falls, S.
Dak., 9 Aug., 1896. He was educated at Wcsleyau
university, graduating in 1850. He removed to
Minnesota, was a member of its legislature, and in
1876 he was chosen presidential elector. He re-
cruited Company B, 10th Minnesota infantry,
of which he was apiKiinted captain, and served
through the Indian campaigns of 1862-'3. In
1864 lie was commissioned colonel ef the 67th
U. S. colored infantry, and was ordered to Louisi-
ana. In 1865 his regiment and the 65th were
consolidated, retaining the latter number. Later
he was coinmi.ssi«med brigadier-general by brevet,
and placed in command of Baton Koiige, remain-
ing m command of that district till his muster
out in the winter of 1867. In 1881 he was made
U. S. senator, succeeding Mr. Wiiidom, whom
President Garfield had appointed secretary of the
treasury. In 1881 he was appointed chief justice
of the territory of Dakota, lie was a member of
the constitutional convention of South Dakota
which in 1885 formulated the present constitution,
and of the convention held in 1889 to readjust the
constitution to meet the requirements of congress.
Both conventions made him president. When the
stale was admitted, he was appointed district judge.
E1>KALL. Saniiiel Cook. P. E. bishop, b. in
Dixon. 111., 4 March, 180(1. being a descendant of
Samuel Edsall. who came from Yorkshire in 1644.
He was educated at Racine college, studied law,
and was admitted to the bar in 188'2. Later he
entered the Western theological seminary, and
was admitted to the priesthood in June, 1889, by
Bishop McLaren, 'rhc following year he took
charge of St. Peter's parish, Chicago, where he met
with much success and remained until elected by
the general convention held at Washington in
Octolicr. 1898, missionary bishop of North Dakota,
EDSON. Allttii Aaron, Canadian artist, b. in
Stanbridirc. yueliec. 18 Dec, 1842; d. m Glen Sut-
ton, t^uebec, 1 May, 1888. He was e<lucated at
Vercheres college, and entered mercantile employ-
ments in Montreal, but practised drawing and
painting by him.self, and as soon as the opportunity
came went to London to study. After three visits
to England ami Scollanil, he spent five years in
France, a part of the time as the pupil of Leon J.
Pelousc, aci|iiiriiig the French techiiiipie, which
with his keen insight into Xature made him pre-
eminent as an interpreter of the summer and
winter aspectsof Canadian forest scenery. He ex-
hibited in the Paris salons and the London roval
98
EDWARDS
ELLIOTT
academy, and every year after 1871 in the Ver-
sailles exhibitions, as well as in the Royal Cana-
dian academy, of which he was one of the founders.
Among his principal works are "On the Line," ex-
hibited at the Philadelphia centennial exposition
(1876) ; " Study of a Canadian Landscape (1882) ;
"Bolton Forest " (1883) ; "A Grav Day" (1883);
" In February " (1883) : " Un Petit "Coin aux Vaux,
pres Cernay-ia-Ville " (1884) ; " Habitants crossing
the St. Lawrence in Winter" (1886); "Driving in
Mount Royal Park, Montreal" (1886); and "Set-
tlers' IIuts"and " A Suffolk Farmhouse," which
were exhibited at the London institute of water-
colors. His last work was "The Frozen Cascade."
EDWARDS, James Thomas, educator, b. in
Barnegat, N. J., 6 .Jan., 1838. He was graduated
from Wesleyan university, Middletown, an<i then
entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal
church, but engaged chiefly in teaching. After
service in the National army in 186i), he was prin-
cipal of East Greenwich academy, Rhode Island,
till 1870, and then president of Chamberlain insti-
tute, Randolph, N. Y., till 1893, since which date
he has been principal of McDonogh school, Mary-
land. He served three terms in the senate of
Rhode Island, was a presidential elector on the
Republican ticket in 1868, and in 1893-'3 served
in the New York senate. In both senates he was
chairman of the committee on education. In 1884
and 18i)2 he was a delegate to the general confer-
ence of his church. Dr. Edwards has published
"The Grass Familv " (Randolph, N. Y., 1877);
" The Voice Tree " (Philadelphia, 1883) ; " Silva of
Chautauqua Lake" (Buffalo, 1893); "Pen and
Picture : A Chautauqua Sketch-Book " (Meadville,
Pa.. 1895); and "Addresses" (New York, 1896).
EGBERT, Henry Clay, soldier, b. in Pennsyl-
vania about 1840 ; d. in Manila in March, 1899. He
was appointed a 1st lieutenant in the army from
civil life, 23 Sept., 1861. He served continuously
as a line otlicer for nearly forty years. He was more
closely identified with the 12th infantry than any
other organization, having served with distinction
in that regiment in the civil war. He was taken
prisoner at the battle of Gettysburg, but escaped
and rejoined his command, and was severely
wounded in the battle of Bethesda church, Vir-
ginia. He was major of the 17th infantry from
1890 to 1893, when he became lieutenant-colonel
of the 6th infantry. This regiment he commanded
in the Santiago campaifju, until disabled by a shot
through the body on 1 July, 1898. For his distin-
guished service in battle he was promoted to be
brigadier-general of volunteers. This grade he
held until December, 1898, when, in the reduction
of the vohmtcer army, he was honorably dis-
charged. He was promoted to the rank of colonel
in the regular service in July, 1898, and assigned
to the 23d infantry, whose colonel, Charles A.
Wikoff, was killed at San Juan hill. He joined
the 32d infantry on 30 Jan., 1899, sailed with it
for Manila, and arrived in Manila on 4 March,
1899. Col. Egbert was killed at the head of his
regiment in a liattle fought near Manila. He was
buried in Arlington cemetery, 11 Jlay, with full
military h(mors, all the available regular troops
near Washinglon were ordered out, and many
prominent odicers were present.
EUIIIGUREN, Victor (a-ge-goo-ren), diploma-
tist, b. in the department of Piura about 1860. He
studied law, and was admitted to the bar at Lima.
Later he was a representative for his department.
The dissolution of congress <m account of the war
led hiui to withdraw from politics, to devote himself
to his profession, till 1895, when the triumph of the
coalition gave birth to the " Junta del Gobierno
Provisional," of which he was secretary. He was
afterward elected senator by popular vote. In
1897 he was appointed minister to Colombia. Mr.
Eguiguren has i)ublished several articles on the
demography of Piura's department, and others on
constitutional law. politics, and administration.
EGUSQUIZA, Juan Uaiitista (a-goos-key-tha),
president of Paraguay, b. in Asuncion, 10 May, 1845.
When thirteen years old he was sent to Buenos
Ayres to complete his education. He took part
in the war against Brazil, the Argentine Republic,
and Uruguay, and became a lieutenant-colonel.
After the war he retired to private life. He was
active in the revolution against Mr. Jovellanos in
1873 and 1873. Was elected representative, and
afterward secretary of war under President Gon-
zalez, and in 1890, with great activity and energy,
crushed a rebellion. Congress advanced him to
the rank of colonel, and two years later he was'
made a general. He declined the office of secre-
tary of war in order to take part in the elections
to succeed President Gonzalez, and in June, 1894,
his partisans, allied with those of the other candi-
date. Gen. Caballero, deposed President Gonzalez.
Then the house of representatives intrusted the
management of public affairs to the vice-president,
Mr. Mormigo, and at the end of his term Gen. Egus-
quiza was elected without opposition. He took
possession of his post in November, 1898, and has
inaugurated aconciliatory policy, striving specially
to advance public instruction, to forward material
improvements, and at the same time to preserve
the peace of the republic.
EIS, Frederick (eyes), R. C. bishop, b. in Ar-
bach, near Coblentz, 20 .Jan., 1843. He came to
this country at the age of twelve, completing his
education in Milwaiikee and at St. Sul[iice. He
was ordained priest in 1870 by Bishop Meak in the
cathedral of Marquette, and remained there as rec-
tor for three years, and later was dean and bishop's
consultor. He was pastor of other parishes, and
in June, 1899, was appointed by the pope bishop
of Sault Ste. Marie and Marquette, and in the fol-
lowing August he was consecrated in the cathedral
of Mar(|uette as fourth bishop of the diocese.
ELKIN, William Lewis, iistronomer, b. in
New Orleans, Im.. 29 April, 1855. He was edu-
cated at the Royal polytechnic school in Stuttgart,
Germany, and was graduated at the University of
Strasburg in 1880. Subsequently he was associ-
ated with Dr. David Gill, of the Royal observa-
tory at the Cape of Good Hope, in investigating
the parallaxes of southern stars. In 1884 he be-
came an astronomer at the observatory of Yale
university, which post he still holds. His investi-
gations at this place have included a triangulation
of the Pleiades with the heliometer, and other re-
searches with that instrument, the only one of its
kind in America; also researches on the parallaxes
of northern stars. These results have been pub-
lished in current astronomical journals, and liave
given Dr. Elkin reputation among astronomers.
ELLIOT, John, senator, b. about 1773; d. in
Sunbury, Liberty co., Ga., 9 Aug., 1827. He was
descended from the Scottish Roxburghshire Elli-
ots. Of his early history nothing is known ex-
cept that he graduated at Yale college in 1794.
He represented the state of Georgia in the U. S.
senate for one term from 1819 to 1825, serving on
the inililary and several other important commit-
tees. The senator is remembered as a man of
abilitv and an eloquent speaker.
ELLIOTT, Charles, author, b. in Castleton,
Roxburghshire, Scotland, 18 March, 1815 ; d. in
ELLIOTT
ESTB
99
Easton, Pa., 14 Feb., 1892. He removed to the
I'nitcd -States in his youth, was graduated at La-
fayette, studied at Princeton theological seminary,
and was ordaitie<l to the ministry of the Presby-
terian church. After teaching in Xenia, Ohio, he
became professor of belles-lettres in the University
of Pennsylvania, o<.-cupied the chair of Greek in
Miami university in 1849-'63, that of l)iblical exe-
gesis in the Presbyterian theological seminary of
the northwest, and after 1886 was professor of
Hebrew in Lafayette. Ohio university gave him
the degree of I). D. Dr. Elliott was a member of
the American oriental society, and devoted much
of his life to the study of ancient languages and
history. He translated ami enlarged Kleinert's
commentaries for the American edition of Johann
Peter Ijange's commentary on the Holy Scriptures
(New York, 1874). He also translated, with Kev.
William J. Harsha, Cellerier's " .Manuel d'herme-
neutique," under the title of " Biblical Hermeneu-
tics" (1879), and was the author of "The .Sal)-
bath " (1866) ; " Treatise on the Inspiration of the
Scriptures " (Minburgh, 1877) : and " Mosjiic Au-
thorship of the Pentateuch " (f'in<-innati, 1884).
ELLIOTT. John .Milton, jurist, b. in Scott
oountv. Va.. l(t .May, \X'H); assassinated in Frank-
fort, Ky., 26 .March, 1879. for faithfully iwrform-
ing his duty as a judge of the state supreme court.
His father, a man of talent and influence, was an
early settler in Carter, now Kllicott county. The
s<m was educated at Henry college, Virginia, stud-
ied law with Henry C. Harris at Prestonsburg, Ky.,
was there admitted to the bar, and in 18>>:i was
elected to congress as a Democrat, serving three
successive terms. He represenle<l the 9th Ken-
tucky district in the ('onfoderate c<mgre«s. In 1808
he was elected circuit judge in the Kith district,
and .'terved six years, declining a re-election. In
1876 he was elected bv the Ist apfiellate district to
the supreme court oi the state, whichiiosition he
was filling at the time he was .shot by Thomtts liu-
ford. For thirty-two years .luilge Elliott was.
with slight exceptions, in oflicial life, a high testi-
monial to his ability and integrity. The state of
Kentucky erected a monument at t'^rankfort to his
memory, which was unveiled, 34 April, 1884, with
approprinle <'erenionies and aililrt^s«'S.
r!LliIS. John Valentine, Canadian journalist,
b. in Halifax. 8 May. WVi. He removed to Mont-
real, and later to int. John, where he still resides.
lie is wiitor of the '• Daily Evening GIoIm',"
and sat in the New Brunswick house of a-ssembly
from 1882 until 18M7, when he resigncil and was
elected by St. .John n iriemlwr of the house of
commons. He was defeated in 1891, but elected
in 1896. In the election of 1887 in (jueens coun-
ty. .Mr. King, now .Senator King, had a nmjority of
the votes cast. The returning ofBcer, however,
gave the scat to Mr. George BainI, on the preten-
sion that King had not lM>en regularly nominated,
through some defect in making his reiwrt. King's
votes were accordingly rejc>cted. and application
was made to a county juilge for a recount of the
ballots. The judge decided to allow the recount
and immed a date. Mr. Baird applied to a circuit
court juilge for a stay, wliich was granted. A
copy of the order was served on the county judge,
but he refu.se<l to obey it, and o|)cned his count.
The returning olVicer refused to give up the ballots
to the county judge, and Mr. BainI obtained the
scat. Mr. Ellis severely eriticise<l this pr<K'e<lure
in the " Glolie." and was held for contempt of
court. The matter was in litigation for seven
years, but Anally Ellis was found guilty by the
supreme court, and, there being no appeal to the
supreme court of Canada, he was committed to
jail for one month, fined two hundred dollars, and
condemned to pay all costs. The ciise created
treat excitement at the time, and the friends of
Ir. Ellis raised the money and iiaid all his ex-
penses, though he suffered the full term of his in-
carceration. He is an able writer, a keen parlia-
mentary debater, and a popidar lecturer.
EM.liERSON. Henry Robert, Canadian states-
man, b. in Maugerville, New Brun.swick, 25 Sept.,
1853, educated at Acadia college. He took his
degree of LL. B. at Boston university law-school
in 1877, and was admitted an attorney in October
of the same year and a barrister in the year fol-
lowing. In 1887 he was an unsuccessful candi-
date for a scat in the house of commons. He sat
in the Xew Brunswick house of a.sscmblv for Al-
bert county from 1888 until 1890. In 1891 he was
appointed a member of the legislative council, and
became president of the executive council in March,
1892, and leader for the government in the upper
house until the alwlition of that chamber in Sep-
tember. He was returned member of the house
of assembly in 1892 and again in 1895. In 1897
James Mitchell, the premier of New Brunswick,
resigned the leadership of the government, and
Mr. Emmcrson took his place as first minister.
ENO, Anioit Richards capitalist, b. at Sims-
bun-, Conn., 1 Nov., 1810; d. in New York city,
21 Feb.. 1898. Herecei%'ed a common-school edu-
cation, and as a youth was a fellow-clerk with
Edwin D. Morgan and his cousin. Junius 8. Mor-
gan, in Hartford. Ijater he became a successful
wholesale dry-goo«ls merchant in New York city,
and was a founder and principal st(x;kholder in
the Second national bank, of which his son, John
C, was the president. He retired from the dry-
goods business in 1857 to give his attention to
real estate, in which he was very successful. He
erected the Fifth avenue hotel, which he owned
at his death, together with other real estate in that
citv, valued at nuiny millions. At the time he
budt the hotel the site was so far uptown that it
was called " Eno's Folly." It was orwned in 1859,
ami proved to be the most prolitable hotel prop-
erty in New York, possibly in the country. He
bequeathed fll.'iO.OOO to the Xew York chamber of
commerce and !JiI20.fN)0 to various charities.
ER.HENTROrT, Haniel. congressman, b. in
Keailiiig. Pa., 24 Jan.. is;{7 : d. there, 17 Sept., 1899.
He was graduated at Franklin and .Marshall col-
lege, and admitted to the bar in 1859. He filled
the oflice of district attorney from 1862 to 1865,
and that of city solicitor for three years, became
state senator in 1873. and continued in office for
seven years. From 1881 to 1889 he was a Demo-
cratic member of congress, and was re-elected in
1897 and 1899 for his sixth term ils a congressman
of the Keystone state. He was a delegate to sev-
eral national Democratic conventions!. Forthirty-
flve years Mr. Ermentroul was a leader in Berks
county politics, and was prominent in the national
councils of his party. His death was caused by an
accident while at the diimer-table.
ESTE, lieorge Feahody. soldier, b. in Nashua,
N. H., 24 Ajiril, 1829 : d. in Xew York city. 6 Feb.,
1881. He wrote his family name Kstcy till he en-
tered the army, when he adopted an older spell-
ing. He entered Dartmouth, but left on account
of illness before graduation, and. after going to
California, studied law, ami settled in Toleilo,
where he become a partner of .Morrison \i. VVaite.
He was solicitor of his county in I860, but, enter-
ing the National service as a private, became lieu-
tenant-colonel of the 14tb Ohio infantry, and in
100
ESTRADA CABRERA
EVANTUREL
1862 succeeded to the command. During the At-
lanta campaign and afterward he led a brigade,
and at Jonesboro' he averted defeat by a timely
bayonet charge. lie was brevetted brigadier-gen-
eral of volunteers, 9 Dec, 1864, and on 26 June,
1865, was given full rank. Gen. Este resigned on
4 Dec, 1865, and afterward practised his profes-
sion in Washington, D. C. He was presented by his
regiment with a sword with diamond-studded hilt.
ESTRADA CABRERA, Manuel (es-trah -dah),
S resident of Guatemala, b. in Quezaltenango, 21
ov., 1857. He studied in the Colegio de San
Jose and in the Instituto Nacional de Occiden-
te, but had to abandon for a time his law studies
and to earn a living. He was at length graduated,
and admitted to practice in (Quezaltenango in 1888,
soon acquiring a reputation as a successful lawyer.
He was appointed, in succession, district judge in
Retalhulen and Quezaltenango. Later he was ap-
pointed a magistrate of the court of appeals. His
leaning toward political life induced him to ac-
cept a seat as representative in the national assem-
bly, where his services to the public interest of the
republic attracted the attention of Gen. Jose Jlaria
Keyna Barrios, who in July, 1892, selected Estrada
Cabrera as his secretary of state. At the death of
Gen. Barrios in February, 1898, Senor Estrada
Cabrera was put in charge of the government of
the repubjic as its president.
ESTREES, Jean, Count d' (es-tray), French
naval officer, b. in Paris in June, 1624; d. there,
19 May. 1707. He served as colonel in the cam-
paigns of Flanders, entered the navy in 1668, and
was sent with a fleet to the West Indies, where he
defeated the English in several encounters. He
was promoted vice-admiral on his return, in 1669,
and given, in 1676, the command of an expedi-
tion for retaking Cayenne and Tobago from the
Dutch. He arrived off Cayenne, 17 Dec, and a
few days later stormed the place, compelling the
Dutch garrison to surrender. With re-enforce-
ments from Martinique, he then sailed for Tobago,
where he arrived, 19 Feb., 1677. Having landed
the marines, he defeated the Dutch fleet, and bom-
barded the city on S March ; but the marines were
repulsed on another point with loss, and he re-
tired to Martinique. In 1677 he sailed again from
Brest for Tobago, where he arrived, 7 Dec, carried
the city, and afterward captured the island of
Curagoa. He was made marshal of France in
1681, bombarded Tunis in 1682, and in the same
year was appointed viceroy of America, which
office he retained till his death.
EVANS, Henry Clay, pension commissioner, b.
in Juniata, Pa., 18 June, 1843. After an academic
education he enlisted in a Wisconsin infantry regi-
ment in May, 1804, serving until the war closed.
Establishing himself in Chattanooga as an iron
and railway-car manufacturer, he was twice elected
mayor, and in 1889 member of congress. He was
appointed assistant postmaster-general in 1889,
serving for four years. In the year following he
was elected governor of Tennessee on the face of
the returns, but a recount by the legislature re-
sulted in the rejection of certain returns for al-
leged irregularities and his Democratic opponent
declared elected. Mr. Evans stood second in the
balloting for vice-president at the national Re-
publican convention of 1896. In the following
year he was appointed commissioner of pensions,
in which office he has abolished numerous abuses
during his two years' occu[)ancy.
EVANS, Robley Uunglison, naval officer, b.
in Floyd county. Va.. 18 Aug., 1846, and ap-
pointed to the U. S. naval academv from Utah. 20
Sept., 1860. On 1 Oct., 1863, he was iiroraoted to
ensign ; in 1864 he was attached to the steam-sloop
"Powhatan" on the VV^est India squadron; he
served on the North Atlantic blockading squad-
ron, participating in both attacks on Fort Fisher:
in the land attack he received two severe wounds
from rifle-shots. He was commissioned lieutenant,
25 July, 1866, and was on the steam-sloop " Pis-
cataqua," ftag-shi[) of the Asiatic squadron. He
received his commission of lieutenant-commander,
12 March, 1868, and later was on duty at the
navy-yard, Washington, and at the naval acad-
emy. He served on the " Shenandoah " on the
European station, also on the " Congress " on the
same station from 1873 until 1876, and later com-
manded the training-ship "Saratoga." He was
promoted to commander, 12 July, 1878. In July,
1891, he took command of the " Yorktown," and
was appointed captain, 27 June, 1893. He was ap-
pointed to the command of the "New York," 23
Aug., 1894, and was later transferred to the " Iowa,"
which he commanded during the war with Spain,
taking an active part in the destruction of Cer-
vera's fleet. He was prominent in making naval
arrangements for the New York reception to Ad-
miral Dewey. 29 and 30 Sept., 1899.
EVANTUREL, Francis Eugene Alfred, Ca-
nadian politician, b. in Quebec, 31 Aug., 1849. He
is a grandson of Fran(;ois Evanturel. who served
with Napoleon in most of his campaigns and af-
terward settled and died in Quebec, and was edu-
cated at the Quebec seminary, studied law at Laval
university, and was called to the bar. He prac-
tised his profession until 1873, when he entered
the civil service at Ottawa. In 1H81 he resigned
and resumed practice in Ontario. He is also editor
of " L'lnterprete," which he conducts with vigor.
Mr. Evanturel has been a member of the Ontario
house of assembly from 1886 up to the present
time, and in 1894 was unanimously chosen speaker,
being the first French Canadian to hold that office.
FAIRBANK
FEWKES
101
FAIRBANK. Calvin. clerpTinan. b. in Pike,
N. Y., ;J Nov.. 1H16; il. in An,i,'i'licii. N. Y.. 12 Oct.,
1898. I le was graduated from Uberlin, and tluring
his colloKC days made the acquaintance of Gerrit
Smith, Theodore Parker, and Joshua K. Giddings,
adopting their views
and working with
tlieni. In 1844 he
learne<l that a beau-
tiful woman who
had only one-sixty-
fourth of negro
blood was to be sold
by her father for
the New Orleans
market. Mr. Fair-
bank liastily raised
%'1:1'17) from Salmon
V. Chase and other
Cincinnati citizens,
attendetl the auc-
tion, bought her
anti set her free in
Ohio, where she now
(1N!K») lives, happily
mariie<l. For one
of his many adventures in liehalf of the slaves Mr.
Fairbank was sentenced to fiftetjn years' imprison-
ment at Frankfort, Ky. On Iwing pardoned in
1849,he at once tried to prevent the passage of the
Fugitive slave bill, and on its becoming a law he
resisted its execution. This time he was Kidnapped
and .sentenced to fifteen years' imprisonment at
hard labor. During the war he was relea.scd. but
the floggings he had suffered and the lllth and
want in which he had lived maile him an old
man at forty. Prom 18fi5 to 1875 he was eniploye<l
bv various missionary and religious siK-ieties of
New York. In 1893 he publishe<l a volume en-
titled "IIow the Way was prepure<l," which gave
an account of his eventful life in the slavery days.
FAIKB.iNKS. Charlp8 Warren, senaior.'b.
near L'nionville Centre, Ohio, 11 May, 18.')2. He
was grailuate<l from the Western university in
1872, and a<lopte<l the profession of the law. Re-
moving to Indiana he was in 1802 elected chair-
man of the Republican state convention, and four
years later wa-s a delegate-at-large to the Republi-
can national convention at St. Louis, lie was
elected to the U. S. s<Miate as a Kepublicun, 20 Jan.,
1897, by a majority of 21 on joint ballot over
Daniel \V. Voorhces and Leroy Templeton. Mr.
Fairbanks never held any office prior to his elec-
tion to the senate. His term will expire in 1903.
FAXSH.\W, Daniel, printer, b. in New York
city in 1789: d. there, 20 Feb., 1860. He was aj)-
prenticed to a printer, ami shortly after attaining
nis majority entennl business for himself. He be-
came printer to the Bible socictv, then newlv
formeil, in 1817, and held that contract till 1840.
He was also printer to the Tract society for many
years. In 18'29 he introduced power presses, and
was the first printer of books by machinery in New
York. He accumulated a large fortune, part of
which he left to his son, on the condition that he
abstniii from the use of toljacco.
FARIiEY. Jolin Mnrplir. R. (.'. bishop, b. at
Newtown Hamillon. Ireland, 8 April, 1842. He
was educuteil at .Si. Macartan's college. Monaghan,
at St. John's college, Fortlham, at .St. .lose[)h's sem-
inary, Troy, and he spent four years in the study
of theology in the American college at Rome, where
he was ordained a priest in June, 1870. He was
assistant rector of St. Peter's church, at New
Brighton, Staten Island, in 1870, and from 1872 to
1884 secretary to Archbishop MeCloskey. He was
made a private chamberlain to Poiw Leo XIII. with
the title of monsignore in 1884, vicar-general of
the archdiocese of New York in 1891, domestic
prelate of Pope Leo XIIL in 1892, prothonotary
apostolic in 1895, and was appointed auxiliary
bishop of New York in 1895. He was consecrated
under the title of bishop of Teugma in December,
1895, by Archbishop Corrigan in St, Patrick's ca-
thedral. While assistant in the episcopal labors
be continues to be a member of the archbishop's
council and also his vicar-general.
FERMOY. Matthias Alexis Roche de, French
soldier, b. iti the West Indies about 1737; d. after
1778. He was thirty-fourth on the list of Continen-
tal brigadier-generals, his commission datingS Nov..
1778. On coming to this country in that year and
offering his .services to congress, Fermoy represent-
ed himself as a colonel of engineers in the French
army. He served under Washington in the Tren-
ton-Princeton campaign. On 1 Jan., 1777, he wius or-
dered to take his brigade to hold an advanced post
at Mile-Run, Iteyond Maiden-Head (now Lawrence-
ville). That night he returned to Trenton, leaving
his command in a somewhat questionable way.
The same year (1777) he was place*! in command
of Fort Independence, opposite Fort Ticonderoga.
b^ orders of congress, and against the protest of
Washington. On the retreat of Gen. Arthur St.
Clair from Ticonderoga, Fermoy, against, the or-
ders of the commanding general, set fire to his
quarters on Mount Independence at two o'clock on
tlie morning of 6 July, 1777, thus revealing to
Burgoyne .St. Clair's evacuation of Ticonderoga.
Had it not been for this St. Clair would have made
good his retreat in safety. In Di'eeud)er, 1777, he
applied for promotion to a major-generalship, but
congress on 31 Jan., 1778. refused his request, and
on 16 Feb., 1778. he was allowetl to resign, receiving-
;f800 to enable him to return to the West Indies.
FERRIS. (Jeorffe Washington (iale. engineer,
b. in Galesburg. HI.. 4 Feb.. 1H.")9: d. in Pittsburg,
I'a., 22 Nov., 1896. After attending school in Car-
son City, Nev., and San Francisco, Cal., where his
early life was spent, he entere<l Rens.sclaer polytech-
nic s«Oiool.Troy, X. Y., and was graduated in 1881.
After work as a civil engineer in West Virginia
and Kentucky, he conceive*! the plan of buiMing
the gigantic revolving wheel known by his name,
which was a consjiicuous feature of the Columbian
exposition in Chicago in 1893. He orguiiized the
firm thai constructed it and superintended its erec-
tion. The wheel's diameter was 250 feel, and it
turned on a steel axle 32 inches in diameter and
45 feet long. Thirty-six carriages, each holding
40 persons, were hung at regular intervals to the
outer tire, and in these many thousand passengers
were carried in safety during the exhibition.
FEWKES. Jesse' Walter, archn-ologi.st. b. in
Newlon. Ma.ss.. 14 Nov., 18."i0. He was graduated
from Harvard in 1H75. an<l then spent two years
in ZfKilogical sluilies in Kurope. receiving in 1877
the degree of Ph. D. from Harvard. In 1880 he was
appointed assistant in charge of the invertebrala in
the >luseum of comparative zoology in Cambridge,
where he remained for nine years. During 1890-
'4 he was ilirectorof the Hcmenway southwestern
102
FIELD
FINK
archirological expedition, for which he visited the
Zuiii and Moki pueblos, and also represented the
expedition at the JIadrid exposition in 1893. He
became a special ethnologist of tlie bureau of eth-
nology in 1895, and headed expeditions to Arizona
•during the summers of 1896 and 1897 for archieo-
logical purposes. To the literature of natural
history he has made contributions of over fifty
papers and monographs that have appeared in the
publications of the Museum of comparative zoology,
or in the proceedings of societies of which he is a
member, or in the "American Naturalist." He
has also written largely on ethnology, and is the
editor of the " American Journal of Ethnology and
Archaeology," of which he was the founder.
FIELl), Eiig'ene, journalist, b. in St. Louis,
Mo., 2 Sept., 1850 ; d. in Chicago, 111., 4 Nov., 1895.
His father, Roswell Martin Field, a native of Ver-
mont, was Dred Scott's first counsel, and for many
years judge of the circuit court of Missouri. Tlie
son completed his education at the university of
his native state, and on returning from a few
months' travel in Europe he entered upon the
career of a journalist, ultimately connecting him-
self with the Chicago " News " and " Record." He
was a great traveller and bibliomaniac, and success-
ful as the writer of verse for children, his strongest
claim, perhaps, to remembrance. His principal
works are " A Little Book of Western Verse "
(Boston, 1893); "A Little Book of Profitable
Tales," " With Trumpet and Drum " (1892) ;
" A Second Book of Verse " (1893) ; " Love Songs
of Childhood " (1894) ; " The Holy Cross, and other
Tales" (1894); the unfinished work "Love Affairs
of a Bibliomaniac" (1896): and, with Roswell M.
Field, " Echoes from the Sabine " (1895).
FIELD, Marshall, merchant, b. in Conway,
Mass., 36 Aug., 1835. He attended the schools of
his native village, and at the age of seventeen went
to Pittsfield, spending four years there as a clerk
in a general store. lie began his business career
in Chicago in 1856 as a clerk in the wholesale dry-
goods house of Cooley, Wadsworth & Co.; in four
years became a partner in the house of Cooley,
Farwell & Co., and later of the largest house of its
kind in the west, Farwell, Field & Co. In 1865
he formed a partnership with Potter Palmer and
Levi Z. Leiter.
Two years later Mr.
Palmer withdrew
and the house be-
came known as
Field, Leiter & Co.
until 1881, when
Mr. Leiter retired,
and the house was
and has ever since
been kiiown as Mar-
shall Field & Co.
The retail depart-
ment covers more
than half a block in
the center of the
city, and the whole-
sale department,
which hiis been
kept separate since
1872, is now car-
ried on in a mas-
sive granite edifice
covering an entire
block and among the grandest buildings of its
kind in the world. Besides the two mammoth
establishments in Chicago, Mr. Field has branch
houses in England, France, and Germany. Goods
\.^.,^^a.^yl^a^
•V-J-d^^tis
are purchased for cash and sold on short time.
The annual sales exceed $35,000,000, and the i)ay-
roU includes about 4,000 persons. He gave land
worth $200,000 to the Chicago universitv and
$1,000,000 to establish the "Field Columbian mu-
seum," for the permanent preservation of many
exhibits of the World's Columbian exposition and
embracing the elements of ethnological science
and natural history, and has contributed to the
Chicago historical society and to many of the
hospitals of the city. Mr. Field has never been
in public life, but takes an active interest in the
development of Chicago, and is a member of
many clubs in Chicago and New York.
FIELD, WalbridgreAbiier, jurist, b. in Spring-
field, Vt., 26 April. 1833; d. in Bo.^ton, 15 July,
1899. He was graduated from Dartmouth and
from the Harvard law-school. After attaining
prominence as a lawyer he was elected to congress
from the 3d district. In 1887 he was appointed
by Gov. Long to the supreme court bench, being
promoted to the chief justiceship in 1890 on the
resignation of Justice Morton. Gov. Wolcott
appointed Judge Oliver W. Holmes to the va-
caiicv caused bv the death of Justice Field.
FIELD, William Hildrelli, lawyer, b. in New
York city, 16 April, 1843. He was graduated at
Union college, and at Columbia college law-school,
lie was taken into partnership by John W. Ed-
monds, and remained with him until his death in
1874. He was elected president of the Catholic
club of New York in 1887, and re-elected in 1888.
Under his management this body became the most
influential Roman Catholic organization in the
state. He has tried many cases before the court of
appeals, some of great public importance, involv-
ing the interpretation of statutes, in which the law
has been settled in accordance with the construc-
tion that he advocated. Mr. Field edited, with
Judge Edmonds. "Statutes at Large of the Stale
of New York " (9 vols., Allmny, 1863-'75).
FIOUEIIOA, (liprdiiimo (fisc-gay-ro'-ah), Mexi-
can missionary, b. in the city of Mexico in 1604;
d. there in 1683. In 1622 he entered the society
of Jesus in Tepozotlan, and was appointed professor
of Latin and philosophy in the College of Oajaca.
His desire for missionary work caused him to study
the language of the savage tribes of New Biscay,
who shortly before had killed eight Jesuit mission-
aries, and in 1634 he obtained permission to preach
to the Tepehuanes. He was well received, and in
forty years' incessant labor converted and civilized
that fierce nation, and their neighbors to the north,
the Tarahumares. Worn out by sickness and age,
he returned in 1674 to Mexico, where he was ap-
pointed rector of the principal college ; but con-
tinued till the end of his life to send to his con-
verts agricultural implements and artisans for their
instruction. He wrote, besides a catechism and
religious tracts in Indian dialect, "Arte y copioso
Vocabulario de las Lenguas Tepehuana y Tarahu-
mara," of which, according to Father Francisco
Florrencia, who wrote Figueroa's biography (Mex-
ico, 1689), the latter left four co(iies in his own
writing, but only one has been preserved in the
national lil)rarv of Mexico.
FINK, Lonis Maria, R. C. bishop, b. at Trifters-
berg. Bavaria. 12 June, 1834. He pursued his
studies at Ratisbon, came to this country in 1853,
at the age of eighteen, and was received among
the Benedictines by Abbot Wimmer at St. Vin-
cent's abl)ey in Westmoreland county. Pa., making
his profession as a Benedictine in January, 18.54.
His name was Michael by baptism, but he now as-
sumed that of Louis Maria. Having completed
FINNEY
PISKB
103
his theological studies, he was ordained a priest in
May, 1857, by Bishop Young of Erie. He per-
formed missionary worlc in Pennsylvania, New
Jersey, and KcntAckv, building a new church at
Covington and intrcKlueing the Benedictine nuns
to teach the girls' school. At St. Joseph's, Chicago,
he so increased his flock as to render a larger
church necessary, and this he erected, also a fine
school. In 1871 he was appointed coadjutor to
Bishop Miegc, viear-apostolic of Kansas, and was
consecrated under the title of bishop of Eucarpia,
in June, 1871, at St. Joseph's church, Chicago,
which he had erected. He assisted Bishop Miege
in his lal)ors among the Indians, and many churches,
schools, institutions.and priests were added. Bishop
Fink l>ecame vicar-apostolic of Kansas in May,
1877. and l)ishop of Leavenworth in May, 1891.
FINNEY, John, physician, b. in Irefanil: d. in
New Ca.stle, Del., in 1774. He settled at New
Costle. and was appointed one of the first mem-
bers of the common council of that city in 1724.
He followeil his profession with success for fifty
years, and became the wealthiest person in that
county. In 1738 he was appointed a justice of
the [leace, and he served as a judge of the or-
phans' court for many years. Soon after the defeat
of Uen. Hraddock he was appointe<l lieutenant-
colonel of the upper regiment of New Castle county,
and in 1758 he acted as commissioner of the lower
counties in enuipping three comimnies of soldiers
required by Gov. Denny. He was also appointed
trustee of moneys that were granted the govern-
ment for military uses by parliament, and was
naval officer for the port and dist rict of New Castle.
An elegy written upon him by his friend, John
I'arke, was printed among poems of the latter in
1786. — Darid, his son, lawyer, d. near New Castle,
Del., in May, 1H(I0, was iKjrji in America, but re-
ceived his higher education in Ireland, and prac-
tised his profession at Newcastle. In 1748 he was
commissioned captain of a company of a.»si)clators
of New Castle county. In 1771 and 1775 he was
appointcil a justice for that county for the trial of
negroes, and in 1777a just ice of the jieace. In 1778
he was judge of the supreme court of Delaware
and justice of the superior court. He was rej)ut«l
the richest citizen of Delaware until the peruKl of
the Kevolution, when his patriotism induced him
to give too great credit to the Continental currency,
thereby materially diminishing his wealth.
FISF.T, Louis Joseph Cyprieii, Canadian poet,
b. in (Quebec. :i Oct.. IH2.">. He studied law, but
abatidnned the i)rofession to devote hims(>lf ex-
clusively to literature, lie was elected president
of the Institut Canadien in IHTM, and for sev-
eral vears edited the ~ Jounial de I'lnstruction
Publif|uc." In 1860 he was selected to write the
ode of welcome on the visit of the firlnce of Wales,
and in 1867 he competed siiccessfidly for the medal
offered by the Laval university for the best jioeni
on the iliscovery of Camida. Almost all his poems
have Ix'en publisheil in "La Kuche Litteraire,"
"Les Soirees Catuuliennes," " Le FoyerCanadien,"
and other literary reviews of Montn-al and yue-
Iwc. The most popular of his compositions are
•'La voix du pa-sse.' "MiVlitation," "Le poete k la
muse." and " l^e vn-iix <Ie Mariette." Mr. Fis<-t [
iMiblisheil "Jnde el (trazia ou les malheurs de j
I'einicrution Ciiniidieniir " ((^upbec, ISfil).
FISHRACK. ^Vlllliini .Wende. senator, b. in '
Jeffersonton. Culiicper i-o., Va.. 5 Nov.. 1831. [
He was graduated at the Cniversitv of Virginia, |
reail law in Kichmor.d in 1858. and removed to i
Fort Smith, Ark. He was a member of the con-
stitutional conventions of 1861 and 1874, was i
elected U. S. senator in 1864 by the " Camden "
legislature, but was refused admission to the sen-
ate because Arkansas was not properly " recon-
structed." He was a member of the slate legisla-
ture in 1877. 1879, and 1885, and elected governor
in 1893. He is the author of the " Fishback
amendment " to the Arkansas constitution, forbid-
ding the legislature to pay certain reconstruction
state bonds, which he denounced as fraud nlent.
FISHER, Sidney George, lawver, b. in Phila-
delphia, 2 March. 1809: d. there! 25 July, 1871.
He was gnwluatcd at Dickinson college. Carlisle,
Pa., in 1827, practised law in Philadelphia, and
wrote largely in the newspapers and magazines of
the time on the political questions of the civil war,
under the i>en-name of "Cecil." Among his writ-
ings were essays on "Kansas and the Constitu-
tion." "The True Interest of the Border States,"
"The Laws of Hace in Reference to Slavery,"
and "The Law of the Territories." He wrote a
pamphlet in favor of the re-election of President
Lincoln, which was published by the Union league
of Philiulelphia and had a wide circulation. At
the close of the war he wrote a book called "The
Trial of the Constitution," which discussed the
constitutiotial questions and diflicullies that had
been raised by the war. — His son. Sidney George,
author, b. in Philailelphia. II Sept.. 18.50, was
graduated at Trinity in 1879, spent two years at
Harvanl law-school, and became a niember of the
Philadelphia bar in 1883. On 30 July, 1880, he
wrote for the New York " Nation " a letter signed
" F. G. S.," which was the beginning of the move-
ment which established the various civil service
reform societies throughout the country. In
1892-'3 his articles entitled ".Alien Degradation
of American Character" and "Has Immigration
Dried up our Literature f" published in "The
Forum." did much to influence the formation of
the Immigration restriction league. Mr. Fisher
has miule a S[»cial study of colonial history. Ho
has t>ublished a pamiifilet entitled "The Catises
of the Increase of Divorce " (Philadelphia, 1890)
and the following historical books: "The Mak-
ing of Pennsylvania" (1896); " Pennsvlvania :
Colony and Commonwealth" (1896); "The Evo-
lution of the Constitution" (1897): and "Men,
Women, and Manners in Colonial Times" (1897).
FISH EK, Sydney Arthur, Canadian statesman,
b. in Montreal. 12 June. 18,50. educated at .McGill
university, and afterward at Trinity college, Cam-
bridge. England, where he took his degree of B. A.
He became a farmer in Bedford. Quebec, and has
closely identified himself with dairying, fruit-
growing, and stock-breeding. He has been for
many years a member of the council, and is one
of the vice-presidents for Quel)ec of the Dominion
alliance for the prohibition of the liquor tralUc.
Mr. Fisher was first returned to parliament in
1882 for Brome county, and in 1887 also, but was
defeated in the electitin of 1891. In IH'M he was
elected an<l a|>poinleil niiiiisler of agriculture in
the cabinet of Sir VVi|fri<l Laurier.
FISKE, (Jeorge MeClelliind. clergyman, b. in
East Windsor. Conn.. 21 Oct., 18.50. He was grad-
uated at Trinity, and in 1H74 at Berkeley divinity
school, from which institution he received the de-
gree of S. T. I), in 1888. He was nuule deacon in
the Protestant Epis<>opal church in 1874. and or-
dained prii'st in 1875. From 1870 till 1873 he was
heail-master of Burlington college. an<l from 1874
till 1876 missionary of St. Mark's, Ilammonton,
N. J., and of Christ church, Waterford, N. J. He
was rector successively of St. Mary's, Castleton,
N. Y., St. Peter's, Peekskill, and of St. Stephen's,.
104
PITCH
FLETCHER
Providence, R. I., since 1884. He is a member of
the board of missions of the diocese of Rhode
Island, warden of St. Mary's orplianage. East
Providence, and a trustee of Berkeley school. Provi-
dence, since 1886. In June, 1888, he was elected
bishop of the diocese of Pond du Jjac, but declined.
He has published '"A Memorial Sermon on Gen-
eral Grant " (Providence. 1885) ; " The Real Pres-
ence of Christ in the Holy Eucharist " and '• The
Mission of the Masonic Order" (1886): "An Un-
corrupt Life " (1887) ; and several sermons.
FITCH, Aslihel Parnielee, congressman, b. in
Mooers, Clinton co., N. Y., 8 Oct., 1848. His father,
Edward, a grandson of .labez Pitch, a Revolutionary
officer, was a successful lawyer in New York city
and a member of the legislature. The son was
educated in the New York public schools, at Will-
iston seminary, Easthampton, Mass., and at the
Universities of Jena and Berlin. He .studied law
at Columbia law-school, was admitted to the bar
in 1869, and devoted himself to corporation prac-
tice. He declined a Republican nomination for
congress in 1884 on the ground that he was not in
sympathy with high protection, but in 1886 was a
successful candidate in opposition to Gen. Egbert L.
Viele, a high-protection Democrat. He left the Re-
publican party on the tariff issue, but was re-elected
as a Democrat in 1888, 1890, and 1892, and in 1893
was chosen comptroller of New York city. In 1897
he was renominated, this time as a Republican, but
was not re-elected. In congress Mr. Pitch took an
active part in the contest for an international copy-
right law, also against the ship subsidy bill and
the William McKinley tariff bill.
FITZUERALD, Louis, financier, b. in New
York city, 31 .May, 1838. Educated in the schools
of his native city, he early entered on a business ca-
reer, in which he has been singularly successful.
In 1857 he became a member of the 7th regiment,
and marched with it to the defence of Washington
in 1861. Later he was commissioned 1st lieuten-
ant of the 11th New York infantry, serving through
the war, at the close of which he was lieutenant-
colonel of the 1st Mississippi. Returning to New
York, he re-entered the 7tn, becoming lieutenant-
colonel, and in 1883 he was appointed brigadier-
general, commanding the 1st brigade until his
resignation, January, 1898. During his success-
ful administration 6 regiments of infantry, 2 bat-
talions of artillery, and 1 squadron of cavalry
were provided with admirable armories, and the
convenient parade-ground at Van Cortlandt park
secured for all time for the purpose of the New
York National guard. Por many years Gen. Fitz-
gerald has been president of the Mercantile trust
company, and is recognized as one of the leiwling
financiers of Wall street, having lieen active in
the reorganization of several of the most im|)or-
tant railwav corporations of the country.
FITZGERALD, Oscar Peiiii, .M. K. bishop, b.
in Caswell county, N. C., 24 Aug., 1839. He en-
tered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal
church, was a missionary in the California mines
in 1855-'7, and subsequently edited the " Pacific
Methodist," " Christian Spectator," and " Califor-
nian Teacher " in San Pranci.sco. He was super-
intendent of public instruction of California in
18G7-'71, and under his administration the State
university was founded and the normal school or-
ganized and permanently established. He became
president of the Pacific Methodist college in 1873,
and in 1878 was appointed editor of the Nashville
" Christian Advo{-atc," the organ of the Methodist
Episcopal church, south. In 1890 he was elect-
•ed bishop, and resides in Nashville. Bishop Fitz-
gerald is the author of " California Sketches " (3
vols., Nashville, 1879); " The Class Meeting" (1880);
"Christian Growth " (1881); •' Glimpses of Truth"
(1883); "Dr. Summers: A Life Study" (1884);
" Centenary Cameos " (1885) ; " The Life of McFer-
rin " (1890) ; and " The Epworth Book " (1898).
FIT/PATRICK, Charles, Canadian lawyer,
b. in Quebec. 19 Dec, 1853. He was educated at
the Quebec seminary and Laval university. At
the latter he took, in 1876, the Dufferin medal in
the law faculty. lie was called to the bar of
Quebec, and in 1873 was appointed a queen's
counsel. In 1879 and in 1887 he was crown prose-
cutor for the city and district of Quebec. When
Louis Ricl was tried for treason and nmrder in
1885 at Regina, Mr. Fitzpatrick was engaged as
one of the counsel for the defence. He sat in
the legislature of Quebec from 1890 to June, 1896,
when he resigned and sought the suffrages of the
electors of Quebec county for the house of com-
mons. He was elected by a large majority, and
became in Mr. Laurier's ministry solicitor-general
of Canada. Mr. Pitzpatrick's pi-actice at the
Quebec bar has been large and remunerative.
FLA(iLER. Daniel Webster, soldier, b. in
Lockport, N. Y.. 24 June, 1835; d. at Port Mon-
roe, 29 March, 1899. He was a direct descendant
of John Plagler, whe came from Holland in 1733
and settled in Duchess county ; was graduated
from the U. S. military academy and apj)ointed
brevet 2d lieutenant, and 3d lieutenant of ord-
nance. 34 June, 1861. He was made 1st lieuten-
ant on 3 Aug. following, serving throughout the
civil war, nuiinly with the Burnside expedition to
North Carolina and with the Army of the Poto-
mac. In 1863 he was promoted captain and at
the close of the war he received the brevet of lieu-
tenant-colonel for distinguished service in the
field and for faithful service in the ordnance de-
partment during the war. He was made major
in 1874 and lieutenant-colonel in 1881. He was
in command of the Rock island arsenal from 1871
until 1886, and had charge of its construction.
In 1877 the government puhlished at Washington
his history of the arsenal. He was promoted
brigadier-general in January. 1891, and was made
chief of the ordnance department. In its report
on the conduct of the war with S|)ain the investi-
gating commi.ssion said of the work in his bureau:
"The testimony shows that the ordnance depart-
ment was untiring in its work, both before and
during the war, and that every effort was ma<le
by its ofTicers properly to arm and etjuip the
troops. The delays that occurred were none of
them of serious import, and it was l)eyond the
powerof the department to prevent them."
FLETCHER, Alice Ciiiiiiinarliani. ethnologist,
b. in Boston, Mass., about 1845. She was care-
fully educated, and. after study among the archaeo-
logical remains of the Ohio and Mississippi valleys,
went to reside among the Omaha Indians, in-
vestigating their customs and traditions under
the auspices of the Peabody museum of American
archaeology and ethnology of Harvard. In 1883
she was appointed liy the secretary of the interior
to allot the Omahas their lands in severalty, and
brought to the Indian schools at Carlisle and
Hampton a large party of their children and
two married couples. Under the care of the Wom-
an's national Indian association Miss Fletcher es-
tablished a system by which small sums of money
were lent to such Indians as wished to buy tracts
of land and build houses. At the request of the
Indian bureau she prepared an exhibit for the
New Orleans exposition showing the progress of
FLICKINGER
FORBES
105
Indian civilization for the last twenty-five years.
In 1886 she was sent by the commissioner of edu-
cation to visit Alaskan and Aleutian Indians ; in
1887 was appointed special agent, and assigned to
the W'innchaRO tribe. She has published numer-
ous paficrs. and in 1888 completed a report on " In-
dian Kducution and Civilization," in which is a
synopsis of all Indian treaties', their laws and
regulations, and statistics concerning population,
schools, etc. (Washington. 1888).
FLK'KIMiKK. Uaiiivl Knmler, bishop of the
Unitoil Brethren, b. in Sevonmile, Ohio, 25 May,
1824. He received an academic education, Iwcame
corresponding secretary of the United Brethren
church missionary society in 1857, and held office
by re-election till 1885, when he was chosen foreign
missionary bishop. lie has made eight missionary
tours to Africa, and done work on the frontiers of
the L'nited States and among Chinese emigrants.
OtterU'in university, Ohio, gave him the degree of
I). I), in 1875. Dr.'Flickingcr has published "Off-
Iland Sketches in Africa" (Dayton. Ohio, 1857);
".Sermons." with Kcv. William J. Shuey (1859);
" Ethiopia, or Twenty-six Yearsof Missionary Life
in Western Africa'' (1877); and "The Church's
Marching Orders" (1879).
FLOKKSHIIIM, Otto. German musician, b. in
Aix-la-('hai>flle. 2 .March, 1853. He received his
musical education under Ferdinand Hiller, re-
movinl to this country in 1875, and l)ecame a com-
poser, critic, and editor of the" Musical Courier."
HiscouifKisitions include a " I'relude and Fugue,"
which was jilaved in New York city under the
direction of Tlieoilorc Thomas; "Alia Marcia,"
which waspHHluced under Frank van der.Stncken ;
a symphonic iioem called "Consolation," which
was successfully performed by the principal musi-
cal societies in the l'nited States: and a piano
composition with orchestra and organ accomiMini-
ment entitled " Elevation," which was produced in
UrcKiklyn under the direction of Anton Seidl.
FLOOD, Juniex Clair, capitali.st, b. in Ireland
in 1H25; rl. in Il(i(lell.crg.(i.-nnany,21 Feb., 1888.
He came to this country with William O'Brien, with
whom he fomie<l an intimate friendship during
the voyage. After working in shiji-yards the two
went loCHlifnmia in 1851. ami o|K'ne<l a saloon in
.San Francisco. They made money by speculating
in mining stiX'k. ancf several years later formed a
partnership with •lames O. p'air and John W.
Mackay. who were then young miners. Floo<land
O'Brien agrewl to furnish money for tools and
outfit, while Fair anil Mackay prfispected in the
Sierras. The result was the dis<-overy of tlieCom-
st^ick IikIc, which made them four of the wealthiest
men in the world. They subsequently estaltlishcd
the Xevatla tmnk in San Fraiicis<>o, and the part-
nershii) continued till 1881, when Mr. Fair was
clectea to the IT. S. senate. Soon aflerwanl Mr.
KIikhI withrlrew from active business.
FLOWER. KoKwcU IVttihonp. banker, b. in
Theresa. .Jefferson co.. N. Y., 7 Aug., 18:t5; d. in
Ea-tiKirt. liong Island. 12.Mav, I89!t. Hewasedu-
caleil at Theresa higli-scli<M)l, and went to New
York city, where he Ix'came a merchant, after-
ward a broker and banker, amassing a fortune.
In 1880 he was elected to congress as a Democrat,
and in 1888 and 18iM) he was re-elected, but be re-
signed in the latter year and wasele"te<l gov»rnor
of his state as a DemiM'rat, serving till Dec. 111.
1894. During the threatened cholera e[iidemic of
1892 he ordered the purchase of Fire island by the
state for additional ((uarantine facilities, and when
the dwellers on the island threatened to oppose
by force the establishment of a station there he
14
ordered out the land and naval militia to assist in
enforcing the authority of the state. Gov. Flower
gave |50,(X)0 to the St. Thomas Home, New York
citv, and contributed to various charities.
tOLdiER, William Mayhew, naval officer, b.
in Ohio, 19 May, 1844. He was graduated from
the U. S. naval academy in 1864. served during
the closing year of the civil war as a midshipman,
and was promoted to the grade of master in De-
cember, 1866. Two years later he became a lieu-
tenant, and passing through theintermediate grades
he was promoted to the rank of captain in February,
1898, commanding the protected cruiser " New Or-
leans " in the war with Spain. In 1899 Capt.
Folger, who is an authority in the navy on ord-
nance, was appointed first commander of the new
" Kearsarge, the most powerful battle-ship in the
American navy. This formidable ve-ssel is repre-
sented in the accompanying illustration.
FONTAINE. I.«inar, engineer, b. in Washing-
ton county, Te.\., 10 ( )ct.. 1H29. He was educated by
pri vate tutors, including his kinsman, I'rof. Matt hew
F. Maury, and adopted the profession of a civil en-
gineer. In the civd war he held the commission
of major of cavalry in the Confederate army, and
is said to have received more wounds than any
other officer engaged. He claims the authorship
of "All quiet along the Potomac," which was
written in August, 1861. There are many other
claimants, including Mrs. Beers, who has general-
ly be«'n credited with being the author of the
popular poem. Major Fontaine has published
"Oenore," "Only a Soldier." and many other
widely known and pruiular martial verses.
FORBES. John .niirray, merchant, b. in Bor-
deaux. France.2:i Feb., 18ia ; d. in jMilton. Mass.,12
I ( )<t.. 1898, He was educate<l at Bound Hill school,
Northampton, and be-
came a prominent
China merchant, and
later president of the
Chicago, Burlington
and Ouincv railway,
and till nis death
chairman of the board
of dire<'tors. He was
the originator of relief
to Ireland in 1848.
member of fieace
com m ission. February.
1861. founder of tlie
Loyal publication so-
ciety, and one of the
originatorsof the U.S.
sanitary commission.
He was sent to Eng-
land by the govern-
ment in March, I86M.
accompanied by William H. Aspinwall. chiefly
with a view to i)revcnting the sailing of the Laird
Confederate vessels, ami he was a presidential
elector from Massachusetts in 1860, 1872, and 1880.
It was said of Mr. Forbes that he was " an Amer-
ican citizen who, keeping himself in the back-
ground, never stinted work, or money, or service
V^ . A^. vA?i^
106
FOBMBNTO
FRANK
of any sort for liis country." See interesting
" Jlemoir of Jolin Murray Forbes," by his daugh-
ter. Mrs. Sarah Fisher Hughes" (Boston. 1899).
FORMENTO, Felix, physician, b. in Piedmont
in October, 1790; d. in Pignerot, Italy, 6 Jan.,
1888. He was graduated in medicine at the Uni-
versity of Turin in 1813, was a surgeon in the
French army under Napoleon during his last
campaign in Prance, and after the downfall of the
emperor came to this country and joined the ex-
pedition under Gen. Charles F. A. Lallemand to
found a settlement in Texas for French exiles.
After the failure of that enterprise he settled in
New Orleans, attained to eminence in his profes-
sion, and became widely known for liis treatment
of yellow fever and cholera during the epidemics
of those diseases. He returned to Italy in 1851,
and after a residence there of nine yeai-s returned
to New Orleans, but when the city was occupied
by the National troops he went again to Italy, and
did not return to this country. — His son, Felix,
physician, b. in New Orleans, 16 March, 1837, was
graduated at the University of Turin in 1852, and
in medicine there in 1857, having in the meantime
studied six years in the Ecole pratique, in Paris.
During the war between France and Austria for
Italian independence in 1859 he took service in
the Sardinian army under Napoleon III. In 1800
he returned to New Orleans, settled there in the
practice of medicine, and was a visiting physician
to the charity hospital. At the beginning of the
civil war he was appointed chief surgeon to the
Louisiana hospital in Richmond, Va., and held
that post till the failure of his health in 1863,
when he returned to New Orleans, and was physi-
cian successively to the Italian, the New Lusitanos,
the Old Portuguese, and the Firemen's charitable
associations. In the yellow fever epidemic in
1867 he rendered active service to the sutferers,
and in recognition of his care for needy Italians
received a decoration from the Italian govern-
ment. He was associated for many years with
Dr. James Trudeau in the management of the
Baronne street infirmary, became a member of the
Louisiana board of health in 1880. and was a dele-
gate to the international congress of hygiene and
demography which met in Geneva in 1884. Dr.
Formento is a member of many learned bodies,
was president of the New Orleans cremation so-
ciety, and is the author of articles on hygiene ;
" Notes and Observations on Army Surgery " (New
Orleans, 1864) ; •' Memoir on Yellow Fever " (1884) ;
and " School Hygiene " (St. Louis, 1884).
FORSYTH, James, lawyer, b. in Clinton county,
N. Y., 8 Sept., 1817; d. in Troy, N. Y., 10 Aug.,
1886. He was graduated at the University of Ver-
mont, admitted to the bar, settled in Troy in 1843,
and subsequently resided in that city, where he
was for many years interested in railroad and
banking enterprises as counsel and attorney. In
1861 he became chairman of the war committee
of Rensselaer county and was a member of the
board of enrollment, and in 1864-'5 lie was provost-
marshal of Rensselaer and Washington counties.
He was collector of U. S. internal revenue for
these counties in 1868-'9, and became county judge
of Rensselaer county in 1881. From 1868 until
1886 Dr. Forsyth was president of Rensselaer poly-
technic institute. The University of Vermont gave
him the degree of LL. D. in 1882.
FOSTER, AddisoiiG., senator, b.inBelchertown,
Mass., in 1837. At an early age he removed to Os-
wego, III., and later to Minnesota. Here he taught
school, and engaged in the grain and real estate
business from 1859 until 1875. He became interest-
ed in the lumber trade and took up his residence in
St. Paul. In 1889 he removed to Tacoma, Wash.,
and here he continued his activities in the lumber
business, in developing coal-mines, and in building
railways. He was vice-president of the St. Paul
and Tacoma lumber company. While in Minne-
sota Mr. Foster was elected county auditor and
surveyor at Wabasha, but he never took an active
interest in politics until he was elected, in 1899,
U. .S. Republican senator from Washington for the
term ending in JIarch, 1905.
FOULON, Clement, known as Father Claude
D'Abhbville, French missionary, b. in Abbeville,
Somme. about 1557; d. in Paris in 1632. In 1612
he accompanied Commander Isaac de Razilly to
South America, and. after exploring the northern
shore of Brazil, began a small settlement on the
island of Maranhao, near the coast. Returning to
France a few months later, he vainly solicited aid
from the church, and in 1614 recalled the three
missionaries that he had left on Marafion island.
He was a preacher of much repute, and for many
years the superior of the convent of Capucins at
Abbeville, which he had founded. He published
"Ilistoire de la mission des P. P. Capucins a l"ile
de Maragnon et terres circonvoisines "(Paris, 1614).
FRANCIS, Charles Stephen, publisher, h. in
Boston, 9 June, 1805; d. in Tarrytown, N. Y., 1
Dec, 1887. His father, David p>ancis. was a part-
ner in the Boston publishing house of Monroe &
Francis. The son learned the printing-trade under
his father, established himself as a publisher in
New York city in 1826, and engaged in business
there continuously for more than sixty years. His
Broadway store was a popular resort for men of
letters, and was named by the father of Ralph
Waldo Emerson the " Unitarian headquarters,"
Mr. Francis being the publisher of such authors
of that denomination as William E. Channing.
William Ware, Henry W. Bellows, and Orville
Dewey. He also published many of Audubon's
works on ornithology. — His brother, David ii.,
who was long associated with him. recently retired
from the retail book business in New York.
FRANCIS, David Rowland, merchant, b. in
Richmond, Ky.. 1 Oct., 1850, of Scotch-Irish de-
scent. He was graduated from Washingto'> uni-
versity and entered u|)on a mercantile career,
organizing, after three years of training, the ci i-
mission house of D. R. Francis & Bro. in St. Lou s.
In 1883 he was elected vice-president of the Mi-r-
chant's exchange, and in the following year became
its president. In 1884 Mr. Francis was a dele-
gate to the national Democratic convention that
nominated Grover Cleveland, and the next year he
was elected mayor of St. Louis, promoting during
his term many necessary municipal reforms. He
was elected governor of Missouri in 1888. his ad-
ministration being much commended. During
the free coinage agitation that ended in the tri-
umph of the Silver party in the Democratic na-
tional convention held at Chicago, he was a strong
advocate for sound money. Gov. Francis in Au-
gust, 1896, became secretary of the interior in
Cleveland's second administration.
FRANK. RoyaH Thaxter. soldier, b. in Gray,
Cumberland CO.," Me., 6 May, 1836. He was grad-
uated from the U. S. military academy in 1858.
when he was made brevet 2d lieutenant in the 5th
infantry.and received his promotion to 2d lieuten-
ant of the 8th infantry in October following.
Until June, 1859, he served at Newport barracks,
Ky., and then in New Mexico and Texas. He had
surrendered as a prisoner of war in Texas in May,
1861, and he was held as such until exchanged in
(^
HoUjw
^::^^^^=?-^^--^
Ij. APl'LETOK A C?
FREDERIC
FULLER
107
1862. He was promoted 1st lieutenant in May.
1861, and captain. 27 Feb., 1862. He was trans-
ferred to the 1st artillery, 15 Dec, 1870, in 1881
f)romoted major, lieutenant-colonel of the 2(larlil-
ery in 1889. and colonel of tlie 1st arlillerv, 25
Oct.. 1894. From 1888 until 1898 he was com-
mandant at the U. S. artillery school at Fort Jlon-
roe. At the outbreak of war with Spain he was
promoted brigadier-general of volunteers, and as-
signed to the command of the department of the
east, which he held from 19 May to 3 .July. From
7 July Gen. Frank commanded the 1st division of
the 3d army-corps until he was assigned to the
comnianil of that corps on 27 Aug., 1898.
FREDERIC. Harold, author, b. at Utica, N. Y.,
19 Aug.. IS-'iB: d. in London, 19 Oct.. 1898. He
was graduated from Hamilton college in his
twentieth year, and in 1874 he became a proof-
reader. During the next six years he ailvanced
rapidly from one position on the staff to another,
until he wiLs qualifled for the place of chief edi-
torial writer on "The Utica Observer." In 1882
he took charge of " The Albany Evening Jour-
nal " and e<lited it for two years, and in 1884 he
was sent to London as the corres[K>ndent of " The
New York Times," filling that jiost with ability
until his death. His novels are "St-th's Brother's
VVife"(Xew York, 1887): " In the Vallev " (1889):
"The Lawton Girl " (1890); "The Return of the
O'Mahony" (18i»2); "The Copi^rhead " (1894);
"Marsena" (189.5): "The Damnation of Theron
Ware" and "March Hares " (1896) ; and "(iloria
Mundi" (1898). Mr. Frederic left in manuscript
a novel entitled " The Market Place " (1899), a story
of the London stock exchange, which has proved
to be his most popular novel.
FREN'CH, Alice, author, b. in Andover, Ma.s.s.,
19 March, 1H50. She was graduated at Abbott
acmlemy, Andover, in 1868, resides in Davenport,
and is the president of the Iowa society of colonial
dames. Miss French has gained reputation, un-
der the pen-name of "Octave Thanet," by her
short character sketches and [lapers on economic
subject.s. Her most popular stories are "The
Bishop's Vagabond," " Till' Day of the Cyclone,"
and " Whitsiin Harp, Kegulator." These, with
other articles that previously appeared in the
"Atlantic Monthly" and "S<Tibner"s Magazine,"
were published under the title of " Kniltles in the
Sun "(Boston, 1880); "Otto the Knight " (188a):
" Expiation "(Xew York, 1H86): "We All"(1889);
"Stories of a Western Town"(18U2): "An Ad-
venture in I'hotographv" (1892): "A Book of
True Lovers" (1897): " .Vlissionarv Sheriff" (1807);
ard "The Heart of Toil" (1898).'
FRENCH, SaiiiiieHjibltH, soldier, b. in Glouces-
ter i-ounty. N. J., 22 .Nov.. 1818. He entered the
U. S. military academy in lKt9, was ap|Kiinted
brevet. 2d arlillerv. and was gradiiutrd with Grant
in 1843. During tlie .Mexican war he w.ls pronioteil
for the battle of Buerui Vi>ia, where he was dan-
gerouslv wounded. He resigned his commission
in the C S. army, 31 .May, 18.56. He was appoint-
ed major of the corjis of artillery in the Confed-
erate states army, 2 April, 1861 brigadier-general
in the provisional army, 2ii Oct., iNtil. an 1 inajor-
general, 31 Aug., 1862.' From 14 Nov., 1861, to 8
March, 1862, he was in command at Kvansport,
Va., blockading the I'otomac river. On 14 March,
1862, he relieved (jen. Branch, in command at
New Berne, N. C, of the Confe<lcrale forces at
Kington. He was .sent to Wilmington, and was
orderetl, 17 July, 1862, to the command of the de-
partment of Southern Virginiaand .\orth Carolina,
with headquarters at Petersburg, Va. lie was in
I command of the line of defence from the Appo-
mattox and James rivers, and moved to Coggins's
point, with infantry and artillery, 31 July. Early
in June. 1863, he was ordered to report to Gen.
Joseph E.Johnston at Jackson, Miss. Hisdivision
in 1863 was composed of the brigades of Maxey,
McNair. and Evans, and in 1864 of the brigades of
Cockerell, Ector, and Sears, lie was engaged in all
the battles of Gen. Johnston's campaign, from the
siege of Jackson, Miss., to Atlanta. Jonesboro',
Lovejoy's station, and Big Shanty, and was in the
battles of Decatur, Columbia, Franklin, Nashville,
and the Meridian campaign. He <lirected the for-
tiiications of Wilmington. Cape Fear river, Fort
Fisher, and the line of the Ulufkwater.
FREVET, Wiinaiu Alfred, architect, b. in
New Orleans, La., 19 Jan., 1833. He was educated
in his native city and Baton Kouge, and adopted
architecture as his profession. At the outbreak of
the civil war he entered the Confederate army as a
private in the Washington artillery from New Or-
leans. He was promoted from time to time, finally
reaching the rank of lieutenant-colonel of en-
gineers. He servetl on Kirby .Smith's staff, and was
also assistant chief and acting chief of the trans-
Mississippi department until the surrender. In
1866-'8 he was state engineer for Louisiana, and for
several years after that he had charge of the con-
struction of the public schools of the McDonough
fund, some sixteen in number. He served as su-
pervising architect of the V. S. government from
June, l&i7, until March, 1890, when he resigned.
He designed the reconstruction of the state-house
at Baton Kouge, and was the architect for the
buildings of the state university at Pineville, La.,
the University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa, and many
of the jiublic buildings and private residences in
New Orleans and elsewhere in Louisiana and
several of the neighboring stales.
FRICK, Henry Clay, manufacturer, b. in West
Overton, Pa., 19 Dec, 1849. After an English edu-
cation, he began his business life as a clerk for his
frandfatlier, who was a merchant and distiller iu
'ayette county. Later he embarked in the coke
trade, which increas«Ml until the business was
larger than all the other houses in the United
States combined. He is president of the H. C.
Frick coke company, also of the Carnegie steel
company of Pittsburg. He first came into public
notice by his extremely able and vigorous man-
agement during the famous strike at the llome-
sleatl works in 1892. when he was several limes
wounded, being both shot and slabbed by the riot-
ers. In the summer of 1899 he went auroad and
visited his former partner, Andrew C-rnegie, at
Skibo ciuille. in the north of Scotland.
Fl'LLER, Melville Weston, jurist, b. in Au-
gusta. Me., 11 Feb.. 1833. He was graduated at
liowdiiin in 1853, studied law in Bangor with his
uncle, George jM. Weston, and then at Harvard,
and began to practise in 18-55 in his native city.
There Tie was an a.ssociate editor of the " Age,"
served a-s presiilent of the common council, and
became city attorney in 18.56; but he resigned in
June of that year, and removed to Chiciigo, 111.,
where he was in active practice for thirty-two
years. lie rose to the highest rank in his pro-
fession, and was concerned in many important
ca>*s, among which were the National bank tax
ca-ses, one of which was the first that was argued
before Chief-Justice Waile, the Cheney ecclesias-
tical case, the South park commissioners' cases,
ami the Lake front case. He was a member of
the state constitutional convention of 1802, and
later of the lower house of the legislature, where
108
PULLER
PYPFE
he was a leader ol the Douglas branch of the
Democratic party. ]Ie was a delegate to the
Democratic national conventions of 1864, 1872,
1876, and 1880. On
30 April, 1888, he was
nominated by Presi-
dent Cleveland to be
chief justice of the
United States, and on
20 July he was con-
firmed by the senate.
On 8 Oct. he took the
oath of office and en-
tered on his duties.
Justice Puller is, with
one exception, the
youngest member of
the supreme court. In
1899 he was a member
of the arbitration com-
mission, convened in
Paris, to which was
referred the case of the Anglo-Venezuelan bound-
ary question. Among his addresses is one wel-
coming Stephen A. Douglas to Chicago in 1800,
and another on Sidney Breese, which is prefixed
to Judge Breese's " Early History of Illinois "
(1884). The degree of LL. D. has been conferred
on him by Harvard and other institutions.
FULLER, Thomas, Canadian architect, b. in
Bath, PJngland, 8 March, 1828. He was educated
in his native place, and, after leaving school, was
articled to an architect there, subsequently study-
ing his profession in London. At an early age he
was intrusted with the erection of a cathedral at
Antigua. In 1857 he went to Toronto and formed
a partnership with Chilion Jones. In 1859 their
designs were accepted by the government for the
parliament and departmental buildings and gov-
ernor-general's residence at Ottawa. (See illus-
tration of the capitol.) In the competition for the
new capitol for the state of New York, his design
was one of the three to which equal premiums
were awarded. In the second competition, to
which three successful competitors were invited,
Augustus Laver, one of the tlirce, prepared a joint
design with Mr. Fuller, which was ultimately
adopted in 1867. He remained in Albany until
1881, when he returned to Ottawa, and in De-
cember of that year he was appointed chief archi-
tect of the Dominion of Canada.
FULLEKTON, William, musician, b. in Xew-
burg, N. v., in 1854 ; d. in London, Kngland, 25
Aug., 1888. Decomposed original musical themes
before he was twelve years old, and, having adopt-
ed music as a profession, was carefully educated
in Germany. He then settled in London, where
he became intimate with Leopold, duke of Albany,
whose apartments he shared, and was widely
known as a musical critic, song-writer, and com-
poser. In 1884 he published his first opera, "The
Lady of the Locket," which was successfully pro-
duced at the Prince of Wales's theatre. Mr. Pul-
lerton completed a second opera, " Waldemar,"
but (lied before its production.
FUNSTEN, James Boneii, P. E. bishop, b.
in Clark county, Va., in March, 1858. He was
graduated at the Virginia military institute in
1875 and at the University of Virginia three years
later. He was admitted to the bar and practiced
law, later studied for the ministrv, and was or-
dained priest in 1888. He had charge of churches
in Uichmond and Portsmouth, Va. He was con-
secrated missionary bishop of Boise at Ports-
mouth in July, 1899, Bishops Cheshire, Gibson,
Paret, Perrick. Peterkin, Kandolph, Talbot, and
Whittle being present at the ceremonial.
FUNSTOA, Frederick, soldier, b. in Clarke
county, Ohio, 9 Nov., 1865. He is a son of Edward
Hogue, member of congress from Kansas (1884-'U3),
who was generally
known in Wash-
ington as " Fog-
horn " Punston,
and was a candi-
date for a cadet-
ship at the U. S.
military academy,
which was won by
(!harles Crawford.
He was for two
years at the state
university, Law-
rence, but did not
graduate. He was
connected with the
press, and in 1898
went to Alaska to
report on its flora
to the department
of agriculture. Three years later he joined the
insurgents in Cuba, serving there eigliteen months,
when he returned to the United States and was
commissioned colonel, 20th Kansas volunteers.
He distinguished himself in several battles in the
Philippines, for which he was, in May, 1899, pro-
moted to brigadier-general. Owing to severe ill-
ness, caused by old womids, he was relieved from
duty in the following August, and returned with
his regiment to the United States. A letter re-
ceived from Gen. Punston said that one reason
why the 20th Kansas achieved the reputation it
di<l was that Gov. Stanley invariably confirmed
Col. lAinston's recommendations for the promo-
tion of officers, "although at various times under
very severe pressure to do otherwise." The gov-
ernor fully appreciated the fact that "a colonel's
power over a regiment depends greatly on his
recommendations for promotion taking prece-
dence over any social or political pull."
FYFFE, Joseph, naval officer, b. in Ohio, 26
July. 1882 ; d. in Pierce, Neb., 25 Feb., 1890. He
was appointed midshipman. 9 Sept., 1847, jiassing
througti all the intermediate grades and becoming
rear-admiral. 10 July, 1894. He saw much service
during the civil war, commanded ships in the
Asiatic squadron and in the Pacific, his last duty
being as commandant in 1893-'4 of the Boston
navy-yard. He was retired in the latter year after
eighteen years and eleven months sea service and
sixteen years and one month of shore duty.
At-^^c^^s-"-^-'^ CC^
GABRIELS
GALE
109
G
GABBIELS, Henry, R. C. bishop, b. in Wan-
iiegem-Le<le, Belgium, 6 Oct., 1838. He received
his collegiate eilticatioii at Audenarde, his philoso-
phy at St. Nicholas, his theology at Ghent and
Lnuvain. became a licentiate in theology in 1864,
and received an honorary doctorate in 1882. From
1864 to 1871, having come to the United States, he
was profes-sor in .St. Joseph's seminary, Troy, and
from 1871 to 1892 he was president of that insti-
tution. In 1891 he was appointed bishop of Og-
densbnrg, to succeed Bishop Wadhatns, and was
consecrateil in May, 1802. The Catholic summer
school ha< Ijeeii established with permanent build-
ings and eijuipment at I'lattsburg, in his diocese,
which holds .sessions every summer. His works
are "yuestioncs Mechlinienses in Rubricas " (New
York, 1887), adapte<l to the United States; "Ru-
diments of Hebrew Grammar," translated from
Vosen (1888) ; and he edited Itev. Clarence A. Wal-
worth's ■' Reminiscences of Bishop VVadhams."
(>.4GE, Lyman Jud^on, secretarv of the treas-
ury, b. in iJenivter, Madison co., N'. Y., 28 .June,
1836. Ue received a common-school education in
his native county,
but his parents re-
moving to Rome,
N. Y., in 1848, he
there entered the
academy at that
place. At eighteen
years of age he was
employed in a bank
in Rome, but later
he removed to Chi-
cago, hoping to ob-
tain there a better
situation. I'nsuc-
rcssful at first, he
was employed in a
lumber-yard, but in
1858 he secured the
|>osition of book-
keeper in the Mer-
chants' loan and
trust coni(mny, and
in 1868 was maile
cashier of the First national bank of Chicago. The
charter of the bank havinit; expired, it was reorgan-
ized, Mr. Gage wa.s made vice-president and general
manager, and in 1891 was elected president. He
never held any polit leal ollicre, though often solicited
to Ijecomc u candidate, notably for mayor of Chi-
cago. Mr. Gage first became known throughout
the country through his presidency of the local
corporation having charge of the Chicago world's
fair of 1893, whose success was largely due to his
energetic efforts. He was also president of the
civic federation of Chicago, and origiiiate<l what
were known as the e<-onomic conferences between
rcpres«MitBtivesof all classes of thought in economic
matters. lie was appointed by I'resident McKin-
ley secretary of the treasurv, and immediately con-
firmed by thos<'nateon .'J March, 1897. His admin-
istration of iheodice has given general .satisfaction.
(i.\GNON, ErncMt Ani^d^e Frederic, Cana-
dian author, b. at Klviere du Loup, t^uel)ec, now
Louisville, 7 Nov., 1834, educateii there and at
Jollette college. He studied music in Paris, and
travelled extensively In Kurope. On returning to
Canada he iK'came organist of the French cathe-
dral in (Quebec. He comi>osed several pieces of
^::r:><^*m^t^^<^^^«^*<^
great merit, and published " Chansons populaires
du Canada," which passed through three editions.
Other works of his are " Le Fort et la Chateau
Saint-Louis," " Le Comte de Paris h Quebec," " La
Croix de Jacques Cartier," and numerous sketches
and essays in magazines, reviews, and newspapers.
In 189.5 he was created officier de Vinstruction
publique by the government of France. He en-
tered the civil service in 1875 as private secretary
to Dr. de Boucherville, then premier of Quebec, and
in the next year became secretary of the depart-
ment of public works, which position he still holds.
G.\INES. M'esley John, bishop of the A. M. E.
church, b. In Wilkes county. Ga., 4 Oct., 1840. He
was reared a slave, but received theological instruc-
tion from the pastor of an Episcopal church in
Athens, Ga. In 1860 he entered the ministry of
the M. K. church, and in 1865 united with the Af-
rican M. E. chun-h. He held several pastorates in
churches of the latter denomination, has been pre-
siding elder, secretary of Its home and foreign mis-
sionary society, ami was elected one of its bishops
in May, 1888. In his capacity as bishop he has
had charge of various epi.scopal districts, covering
a wide range of territory. Bishop Gaines organized
and built Bethel church, at Atlanta, which is the
largest colored church in the south. He was the
founiler of Morrison Brown college, of Atlanta,
which has an attendance of 400 pupils, and he has
succeeded in raising (1500,000 for the use of his de-
nomination. He is also a trustee of Wilberforce
university, Ohio, and of Payne theological semi-
nary, being vice-president of the latter and presi-
dent of the financial board of the church. His
contributions to literature include " African Meth-
(xllsm in the South" (1890) and "The Negro and
the White Man " (Philadelphia, 1897).
GALBKAITH, John, jurist, b. in Huntingdon
county. Pa., 2 Aug., 1794; d. in Eric. Pa., 15 June,
1860. His father wit* a soldier of the American
Revolution, and took part in the battle of Long
Island, and after the war removed to Hut ler comity.
Pa., where he passed the renuiinder of his life.
The .s<m served an apprenticeship to the printing
business in the same office in Butler where James
Thompson, afterward chief justice, was employed.
He studied law, and In 18'28 was elected to the
Pennsylvania legislature, and twice re-elected. He
became a member of congress In 1832, was re-elect-
ed in 18;i4 and 18;(8. antl became presiding judge
of the sixth judicial district in 1851, contlnuuig in
that oflice until his death. Ills home was in Erie,
Pa., from 1839. — Ills sun, WilliuiH Ayres, also a
jurist, was Imrn in Franklin. Venango co., Pa., 9
May. 1823. and died In Erie, 3 Jan., 1898.
(lALE, Stephen Franciii, merchant, b. at Exe-
ter, Rockingham co.. N. H., 8 March, 1812. At the
early age of fourteen he entered the publLshing
house of Hilliard, (iray & Co., of Boston, continu-
ing with them for six years. He went to Chicago,
then a small frontier town, in 1835, with a slock of
books, and remained there for more than half a
century. He was Chicago's first bookseller, and is
now among the oldest surviving .settlers of the great
city. In 1839 he published a compilation of stat-
utes of Illinois, the first law-book issued in that
state. His half-brothers, Augustus II. and Charles
Burley. joined him under the firm name of .S. F.
Gale & Co., anil they conilucted a large business as
publishers and book.sellers. He took an active
part with William B. Ogueu and others in secur-
110
GALLINGER
GARCiA Y IlJiGUEZ
ing the first railroatl connection between the lakes
and the Mississippi river, and was first president
of the Aurora branch railway, now part of the
great Chicago, Burlington and Quincy railroad, of
which he was also the president for five years,
connecting it with the Illinois central. Mr. Gale
was largely interested in opening and developing
coal-mines and stone-quarries in Illinois, and wise
investments in real estate made him wealthy. He
wasaWliig and a Republican in polities, and active
in all works of charity and the promotion of lit-
erature and good government.
GALLINGKR, Jacob Harold, senator, b. in
Cornwall, Ontario, 28 March, 1837, and was a
printer in early life. Later he studied medicine,
was graduated in May. 1858. and has since followed
the profe.ssion of medicine and surgery. He is a
member of many state and national medical so-
cieties, and a frequent contributor to the journals
of his profession. Dr. Gallinger was a member of
the New Hampshire house of representatives for
several terms, and also of the state senate, being
president of that body for two years. He was sur-
geon-general of the state in 1879-'80, and was
chairman of tlie New Hampshire delegation to the
Republican national convention of 1888. He was
elected to the 49th and oOth congresses, declining
a renomination to the 51st. and was elected V. S.
senator to succeed Henry W. Blair. He took his
seat 4 March. 1891, and was re-elected in 1897. Dr.
Gallinger's term of service will expire in 1903.
GAMBLE, William, soldier, b. in Duross,
County Tyrone, Ireland. 1 Jan., 1818; d. in Nica-
ragua, Central America, 20 Dec, 1866. He studied
civil engineering, and was employed on the gov-
ernment survey of the north of Ireland, but came
to the United States when he was twenty years old,
and enlisted in the 1st U. S. dragoons. He served
in the Florida war and on the western frontier,
and rose to be sergeant-major, but on tlie expira-
tion of his term of enlistment went to Chicago,
111., where he followed his profession. At the be-
ginning of the civil war he enlisted in the 8th
Illinois cavalry, was chosen its lieutenant-colonel,
afterward was promoted colonel, and fought with
the Army of the Potomac, receiving a wound at
Malvern Hill that was nearly fatal. He was for
two years at the head of a brigade in defence of
Washington, with headquarters at Fairfax Court-
House, Va., and on 25 Sept., 1865, was commissioned
brigadier-general of volunteers. After service in
the west he was mustered out of the volunteer ser-
vice on 13 March, 18C6, and on 38 July accepted
a major's commission in the 8th regular cavalry.
He was on his way with his regiment to Califor-
nia when he died of cholera.
OANA, Domingo (ga'h-nah), Chilian diploma-
tist, b. in Talca, 1844. He was educated in tlie Na-
tional institute of .Santiago, and graduated in law
at the university of that city. After practising his
profession he was appointed in 1871 under-secre-
tary for foreign affairs and colonization, and took
part in the conferences on board the U. S. ship
"Lackawanna," off Arica. in October, 1880, when
the government of the United States offered its
friendly offices as nie<liat'ir to bring about a cessa-
tion of hostilities lietween Chili. I'eru, and Bolivia.
He was sent to Mexico as minister in 1883, occu-
pied the same post at the court of Brazil in 1884,
at the end of 1886 was promoted to Washington, and
later represented Chili in Germany and Italy. In
1893 he returned to the United States as ?ninister.
GANONdt, Francis William, naturalist, b. in
Carleton. New Brunswick, 19 Feb., 1864. He was
graduated at the University of New Brunswick,
and in 1887 obtained the B. A. of Harvard, being
for six years a tutor in that institution. He stud-
ied in Germany, and is now (1898) a professor in
Smith college. He is a member of many learned
societies and has contributed to scientific ami liis-
torical journals, particularly on New Brunswick
and Nova Scotia. Several of his monographs on
natural history have appeared in the bulletins of
the New Brunswick natural history society and in
the Transactions of the Royal society of Canada.
To the latter publication lie has also' contributed
historical articles, notably "Jacques Cartier"s First
Voyage" (1888); "The Cartography of the Gulf
of St. Lawrence from Cartier to Champlain "
(1889); "The Site of Fort La Tour" (1891); and
" Place-Nomenclature of New Brunswick" (1896).
He has also compiled a "Genealogy of the De-
scendants of Thomas Ganong" (1893).
GANTE, Pedro de (gahn'-tay), Flemish mis-
sionary, b. about 1500; d. in the city of Mexico in
1572. He entered the Franciscan order in Ghent,
and, hearing of the conquest of Mexico by Cortes,
resolved to dedicate hini.self to the conversion of
the Indians, being one of the first three monks that
went to Jlexico in 1522. He labored first in Tex-
coco, and later at Tlaxcala, and was beloved by the
natives, whom he treated with the greatest kind-
ness, teaching them not only religion, but also mu-
sic, sculpture, and useful trades. He removed af-
terward to Mexico, where he built the chape! of the
Franciscan convent, the first parish church of Mex-
ico, and founded the College of San Juan de Letran.
In order to avoid the nomination as bishop of Mex-
ico, which was tendered him twice, he refused to
receive ordination as a priest, and died as a lay
brother, mourned by all the natives of the valley
of Mexico. He wrote " Nieam Ompehua in Doc-
trina Cristiana Mexico Tlatolli Tiquitohua." the
first catechism in Aztec that was ever ])rinted (Ant-
werp, 1538; Mexico, 1553), and "Epistola ad Pro-
vincialeui Flandriiede redus ad fidem christianam
in novo orbe pertenentibus" (Antwerp. 1538).
(liARCIA-ROVIRA, Cnstodio, Colombian pa-
triot. I), in Cartagena about 1780; d. in Bogota, 8
Aug., 1816. He studied in the College of San Bar-
tolome of Bogota, where he was graduated in the-
ology and law. Although he practised at the bar
he was also noteworthy as an amateur artist, mu-
sician, and poet. When the revolution for inde-
pendence began he took an enthusiastic part in
politics, was elected governor of the province of
Socorro, and also served in the militia. In Octo-
ber. 1814. he was elected a member of the trium-
virate that constituted the executive of the repub-
lic, and when, in November, 1815, Dr. Camilo Torres
was named president. Garcia-Kovira was apiioinled
general-in-chief of the reserves, which were totally
defeated by Calzada in Cachiri, 22 Feb., 1816. He
retired to the south, and was gathering new forces
when President Fcrnande;; Madrid sent in his res-
ignation to Ihe commission of congres.s. The lat-
terappointed Garcia president, but before he could
march on I'opayan and assume the government the
forces of Vice-President Liborio Mejia were routed
by Gen. Samano at Cuchilla del Tanibo in June,
and Garcia-Kovira S(mght to reach the Brazilian
frontier to save the remainder of his forces. On
10 July. 1816. he was surprised at La Plata by a
force under Col. Tolrii. captured, sent to Bogota,
and condi'miied bv a court-martial to be shot.
(JARt JA Y ISIGIEZ, Calixlo (k.ah-leeks-toh
gar-the-ah). soldier, b. in Holguin, Cuba. 11 Aug.,
1839: d. in Washington. I). C. 11 Dec, 1898. He
WiLS educated at his native place and in Havana,
where he took his degree of bachelor. He theu
GARDINER
GARIBALDI
111
L
became a professor in Madrid, and afterward re-
turned to Cuba to assume charge of his estate. He
took a prominent part in the rebellion against
Spain in October, 18()8, and captured Santa Kita,
Baire, Guisa, llolguin, and other points. He won
many battles, but
in the end was cap-
tured and ma<le
prisoner. An at-
tempt to shoot
himself failed, and
he was taken to
Spain and con-
fined in the for-
tresses of Valencia
and Santofla in
1873. After the
treaty of peace of
Zanjon was signed
in 1878 he was set
at liberty. When
after nearly twen-
ty years of com-
parative quiet in-
X-,- . surrection again
''/^^ifl^-w^ broke out in fuba,
Garcia landed on the island, 24 May, 18i)6; he
was appointed chief of the military department
of the east and lieutenant-general in the Cuban
army. Again he waged a successful guerrilla war-
fare, winning battles and capturing many towns;
he succeeded in driving the Spaniards almost en-
tirely out of that part of Cuba east of the Moron
Irocfia. During the invasion of Cuba by the
American forces in the summer of 1898 he co-
operated with them ; after the fall of Santiago on
14 July lie resignc<l his command of the Cuban
forces, but started at onco for Holguin to attack
the Spaniards there. On 17 Aug., while fighting
a force of about 5,000 men between Gittara and
Holguin, he heard of the signing of the protocol of
12 Aug. I)etwcen the United States and the Krencli
minister at Wa-shington. .Jules Cambon, on behalf
of Spain; he sus[«nded hostilities at once, this
being the last battle in Cuba. In OctolnT follow-
ing he was app<>intcd, on recommendation of Gen.
W()(k1, a commissioner of the United States to as-
sist in the pacification of Cuba and the restora-
tion of order in the island. Gen. Garcia arrived
in the United .States with a party of Cubans, and.
after spf-mling a few days in New York, proceeded
to WHsliiiijjiiin. where he died suddenlv.
GAKDINKK, Asa Bird, lawyer, b. in New
York city, 30 Sept.. 1830, and was gra<luated at the
University of the city of New York. He studied
law. and was admitted to the Imr in 1860. Kntered
the volunteer service in tlie following year, and
continued in the army iluring the civil war. In
1866 he was ap|K>inte(l 2<1 lieutenant in the regu-
lar army, promoted in 1861) to 1st lieutenant, and in
1873 was commissiotie<l judge-advwate. He was
professor of law at the U. S. military acmlemy for
four years, and later served as judge-advocate on
the staff of (ien. Hancock, cotnmanding the divi-
sion of the Atlantic. Major (iardmer was retired
from the army at his own reijuest in 18K8. and re-
sumed the practice of law. In 1808 be became
district attorney of New York. He is an active
memljer of the order of the Cincinnati and other
patriotic organizations, and in 1875 received the
degree of LI,. I), from the New York university.
UARIB.\MU. GinHCitiK', Italian patriot, b. in
Nice. 4 July. 1K()7: d. in Caprera, 2 June, 1882.
He followed the sea from his earliest youth, and in
1836 went to Kio Janeiro, where he engaged in the
coasting trade. In 1837 he offered his services to
the revolted Brazilian province of Kio Grande do
Sul, and commanded a fleet of gunboats. Af-
ter many daring exploits he was forced to burn
his vessels, and went to Montevideo, where he be-
came a broker and teacher of mathematics. He
took service in Uruguay in the war against Kosas,
and was given the command of a small naval force,
which he was obliged to abandon after a battle at
Costa Brava in June, 1842. Garibaldi then or-
ganized the famous Italian legion, with which for
four years he fought numerous battles for the re-
public. In 1845 he commanded an expedition to
Salto, where he established his headquarters, and
toward the end of the year he resisted with 500
men for three davs the assault of Urqniza's ariiiv of
4.000. In Feb., 1846, he repelled at San Antonio,
with scarcely 200 men. Gen. Servando Gomez with
1,200 soldiers. In 1847, when he heard of Italy's
rising against Austrian dominion, he went to assist
his country, accompanied by a portion of the Ital-
ian legion ; but after taking part in several unsuc-
cessful attempts, including the defence of Home
against the French in 1840, he sailed ii: June, 1850,
for New York. On Statcn island he W(.rkcd for a
time with a countryman manufacturing candles
and soap, and in 1851 he went by way of Cen-
tral America and Panama to Caliao, whence he
sailed in 1K52 in command of a vessel for China.
Karly in 1854 he returned to Italy, where he lived
quietly in the island of Caprera. At the opening
of war against An.-itria in 18.59 he organized the
Alpine chass«'urs, and defeated the enemy in sev-
eral encounters. After the peace of Villafraiica he
began preparations for the expedition, which was
.secretly encouraged by the government. Having
conquered Sicilv and being proclaimeil dictator,
he entered Naples in triumph in September, 1860,
but afterward resigned the dictatorship and pro-
claimeil Victor Kmmanuel king of Italy, declining
all proffered honors and retiring to Caprera. In
1 862 he planned t he rescue of Home from the French,
and again invailcil Calabria from Sicily, but was
wounded and captured at Aspromonte, 20 Aug.,
1862. and sent back to Caprera, In June, 1866,
during the Au»-
tro-I'russian war,
he commanded for
a short time an
army of volun-
teers, and on 14
Oct.. 1867. he un-
dertook another
ex|)edition to lib-
erate Koine, but
was routed by the
papal troops and
the French. He
entered the ser-
vice of the French
republic in 1870,
anil he organized
and commanded
the chas.seiirs of
the Vosges. In
1871 he was elect-
ed to the Italian parliament, and took an active
nart in politics till the end of his life. In 1888 the
Italians in New York erected a bronze statue of
him by the late Giovanni Tnrini. which wasunvailed
in Wa-shington S(|nare in I8N8. He wrote several
novels, incluiling " Cantoni il volontario" (Genoa,
1870): •' Clelia. ovvero il governo nionaco; Koma
del s<'colo XIX." (1870), which in the same year
was translated into English under the title of " The
T^. ^ £<yL<^.-c:i-.^C<.yi^
112
GARLAND
GAY
Rule of tlie Monk, or Rome in the 19th Century " ;
" II frate dominatore" (1873); and a poem, " Le
Mila di Marsala " (1873). Many biographies ot
Garil)aldi have been written, including those bv
W. Robson (London, 1860); by Theodore Dwight,
(New York, 1860) ; and by Mrs. Gaskell (London,
1862). An interesting autobiography appeared
after his death, under tlie title "Garibaldi: Me-
morie autobiografiche " (Florence, 1888).
(iARLANl), Hamlin, author, b. in West Salem.
Mass.. 14 Sept., 1860. He removed to the west with
his parents and was educated in the common schools
of Mitchel county, Iowa, and at Cedar Valley semi-
nary, Osage, Iowa, where he was graduated in 1881.
Mr.Garland has devoted himself to lecturing on lit-
erary and artistic subjects, and to literature. lie
has published " Main Travelled Roads " (Boston,
1890; new edition, with additional stories, New
York, 1899): "A Little Norsk" (New York, 1891);
" Jason Edwards " (Boston, 1891) ; " A Member of
the Third House " (Chicago, 1892) ; " A Spoil of
Office" (Boston, 1892): •' Prairie Polks" (Chicago,
1893) : " Prairie Songs " (1893) : •' Crumbling Idols "
(1894); " Rose of Dutcher's Coolly" (1896) ; •' Wav-
sideCourtships " (1897) ; " Life of Gen. U. S. Grant" "
(1898); and "The Trail of the Goldseekers " (1899).
OARRETT, Andrew, conchologist, b. in Al-
bany, N. Y., 9 April, 1823; d. on the island of
Iluahine, Society group, 1 Nov., 1887. At eighteen
vears of age he went to sea, and in 1 848 he began col-
lecting shells in the islands of the South Pacific,
which he made his special field of research for
many years, besides exploring the coasts of South
America, the Kast and West Indies, and the Sand-
wich and other islands. He made collections also
of plants, birds, fishes, and other objects in natural
history. For ten years he was engaged in the in-
terests of the Goddefroi museum, Hamburg, and
he was also as.sociated with Prof. Louis Agassiz.
His private collection of shells consisted of 30,000
examples of about 8.000 species, representing al-
most every known part of the globe. Mr. Garrett
was a member of various scientific societies and an
acknowledged authority among conchologists. He
published " Andrew Garrett's Fische der Sudsee,"
in six parts, edited by Dr. Albert Giinther, of the
British museum (1873, etc.), and papers on " Land
and Fresh- Water Shells of the South Sea Islands,"
with plates, " New Species of Fishes of the Sand wich
Islands," and " New Species of South Sea Shells."
GARY, James Albert, manufacturer, b. in
Uncasville, Conn., 22 Oct., 1833. He was educated
at Allegheny college, Pennsylvania. He removed
with his parents to Maryland in 1840, and in 1861
became a partner with his father in the Alberton
cotton-mills. His father dying in 1870, the son
succeeded to the business, and has conducted it
ever since. He was nominated as a Whig for the
state senate of Maryland in 1858, but was defeated,
and was one of the three delegates from his county
to the Union convention in 1861 at the Mar^vland
institute, espousing the Union cause. He was a
delegate to the national Rejiublican convention at
Philadelphia in 1872, and was in that year nomi-
nated as a Republican for congress, but was de-
feated. He was a delegate to the national Repub-
lican conventions of 1876, 1884, 1892, and 1896.
He is vice-president of the Citizens' national bank
of Baltimore and of the Consolidated gas company,
a director of the American fire and insurance com-
pany, in tlie Trust and guarantee company and
Savings bank of Baltimore, and connected with
other corporations and enterprises. Mr. Ciary was
appointed bv President McKinley postmaster-gen-
eral, 5 March, 1897, and confirmed the same day.
(•AST, Frederick Augustus, clergyman, b. in
Lancaster county. Pa., 17 Oct., 1835. He was
graduated at Franklin and JIarshall college in
1856, studied theology in the seminary of the Re-
formed church at Mcreersburg, Pa., and was or-
dained to the ministry in 1859. He served two
pastoral charges, and during part of the civil war
was chaplain of the 45th regiment of Pennsylvania
volunteers. In 1867 he became rector of the
academy of Franklin and Marshall college, and in
1871 he was appointed tutor in the theological
seminary, when it was transferred from Mercers-
burg to Lancaster. In 1873 he was elected pro-
fessor of Hebrew and Old Testament theology
He received the degree of D. D. in 1877 from
Waynesburg college, is a member of various
learned societies, and has contributed numerous
articles to theological quarterlies and magazines,
principally on subjects connected with the lan-
guage and literature of the Old Testament.
GATLIN, Richard Caswell, soldier, b. in Le-
noir county, N. C, 18 Jan., 1809; d.at Fort Smith,
Ark., 9 Sept., 1896. He was graduated at the U. S.
military academy, 1 July. 1828, and entered the army
as brevet 3d lieutenant, 7th infantry. He served in
the Seminole war in Florida until its close in 1842,
and in 1845 accompanied his command to Corpus
Cliristi, where it became a part of the army of ob-
servation under Gen. Zachary Taylor, lie was
severely wounded at the battle of Monterey, and
was brevetted major, 23 Sept.. 1846, for gallant and
meritorious conduct. He resigned, 20 May, 1861,
having attained to the full rank of major. In
June, 1861, he was appointed brigadier-general of
Nortli Carolina state troops, and assigned to the
command of the coast defences of Wilmington. He
was appointed colonel of the corps of infantry in
the Confederate states army, to date from 16 March,
1861, and brigadier-general in the provisional army
of the Confederate states, 8 July, 1862, which he
resigned, 8 Sept., 1862, and was then appointed ad-
jutant-general of the state of North Carolina.
(JAY, Claude, scientist, b. in Draguignan,
France, 18 March, 1800; d. in Paris. 29 Nov.,
1872. He was educated in his native town, but
went in 1818 to Paris and studieii natural science
under Cuvier, Dcsfontaines, and Jussieu. After
making botanical explorations of Italy, Greece,
and Asia, he accepted a professorshifi in a French
college in Chili. He arrived in Valparaiso in De-
cemlier, 1828, and soon his scientific works were so
well known that in 1830 the secretary of the in-
terior, Portales, commissioned him to make an ex-
ploration of the territory of the republic and to
study its geography, natural history, industry, and
commerce. After long excursions, seeing that his
geodesic observations could not be exact for lack
of proper instruments, he went to France, where
he had them constructed under his personal super-
vision and returned in 1834 to Chili, where for
seven years he explored the whole republic, the
Chiloe archipelago, and the Juan Fernandez group.
Besides taking barometrical and ast ronomical meas-
urements and observing the declination of the mag-
net, he formed an extensive museum of natural
history for Santiago, and President Manuel Bulnes
conferred on him in 1841 Chilian citizenshi|>, and
obtained from congress authority to have his work
printed in Paris by the Chilian government. He
returned to Paris in 1843. and for many years
lab(]red assiduously to prepare his great book on
Chili for publication. He was elected a member
of the French institute in 1856. travelled in the two
following years in Russia and Tart ary, and in 1859
was commissioned by the Academy of sciences to
GEORGE
GIBSON
113
study the mining system in the United States. In
1861 he went to Chili, where he was rewarded by
congress with a pension for life of |2.000. and in
1863 returned to I'aris. residing there till his death.
He made large charitable bequests. His works are
"Origen de la patata" (Santiago, 1834); " Noticias
sobre la.s minas de azogue de Andagovas e Illapel "
(Valparaiso, 1837; in French, Paris, 1851): "Noti-
cias sobre la isladeJuan Fernandez "(1840); "His-
toria Pisicay Politics de Chile "(24 vols., Paris and
Santiago, 1845-'34); "Triple variation de I'aiguille
aimantee dans les parties Ouest de I'Anierique "
(Paris, ia54); "Carte general du Chili" (1835):
" Notes sur le Perou " (1855) ; " Notes sur Buenos
Ayres et Kio de Janeiro" (18.56); " Uapport &
r.\ca(lemie sur les mines des fitats Unis" (3 vols.,
1861): Hn<l " Historia Civil de Chile" (1872).
<>EOR(>R, John Malin, philanthropist, b. in
Phila<leli.hia. Pa.. 16 Oct., 1802; d. there, 11 Feb.,
1887. lie was educated in his native city and at
Burlington, N. J., and resided throughout his en-
tire lite on the family estate, Overbrook. He was
the sole survivor of l)oth his father and mother's
/amilies, and never marrie<i. By his will he left
$35,000 to various religious and charitable in-
stitutions in Pennsylvania. The balance of the
esUite, after paying a imniber of private legacies,
was devoted to the erection of a boarding-school
in Pennsylvania for the education primarily of
children of members of the Societv of Friends.
(jERHARllT. Karl, siiulptor, \ in Boston,
Mass., 7 Jan.. 18.");J. He is of Gertnan parentage,
and in earlv life was a machinist in Chicopee,
Ma.ss., and then a designer of machinery in Hart-
ford, Conn. His first works were a bust of his
wife and " A Startled Bather." which so strongly
indicated talent that he was sent to Paris for
study. In his .second year he contributed to the
salon, where he also exhibited in 1884 " Echo," a
statuette, and " Kve's Lullaby," a life-size group.
His other works include a bust of Gen. Ulysses .S.
Grant, taken in the la.st days of his illness ; busts
of Samuel I,. Clemens (1883) and the Uev. Henrv
Ward Beecher (1886); a statue of Nathan Hale
(see vol. iii., p. 31) in the state capitol at Hartfonl
(1885) ; an equestrian statue of Gen. Israel I'ut-
nam in Br<M>klyn, Conn. (1887); a statue of Josiah
Bart let t. signer of the Declaration of Indeiicndence,
in Amesburv, Mass. (1888); Welton Fountain,
Watcrhurv, Oonn. { 1888) ; statue of Gen. Gouver-
ncur K. \Varren (s<'c vol. vi., p. .362) at Gettysburg,
Pa. (1888): and tablet to John Fitch, In the state
capitol in Hartford. Conn. (1888).
GIBBS. John Blair, b. in Richmond. Va.. 25
Sept., 18.58: d. in (iuantananio, Cul)a. 12 June,
1808. He was the second son of Alfred Gibljs,
major in the I'. S. arniv and brevet major-general
of volunteers, who died at Fort I^avenworlh. 26
Dec. 18ti8. Dr. (>il)b9's grandfather married
I.iaura Wolcott, daughter of Oliver VVolcott. .secre-
tary of the treasury during part of the adminis-
tration of Washington ami Adams. He was edu-
cated at Rutgers college, and soon after gnulu-
ation began the stiidvof tnedicine. He graduated
at the medical schiK)l of the University of Penn-
sylvania, and sul>sequently took up his residence
In New York city, where he was conne<rted with
Bellevue hospital, and afterward with the Post-
graduate hospital. After a year of study in Ger-
many, he commenced practice in New York, where
his genial and sympathetic nature made him a
favorite with patients of all cla.K.ses. When the
war with .Spain tx^gati he enlisted as a surgeon,
{iasse<1 an examination in surgery, wa.s commis-
sioned and .sent on a transport with troops toGuan-
voL. VII. — ir,
tanamo. where he was killed in a night attack
of the Spaniartls on the marine camp. The Uni-
versity club of New York, as a mark of the respect
and affection in which Dr. Gibbs was held, arranged
for a memorial service in Trinity church, about
three hundred and fifty members of the club being
present. He was the first physician accepted as
an army surgeon under the president's first call
for volunteers, and also the first American officer
killed in Cuba.
GIBSON. Charles Hopper, statesman, b. in
Queen Anne county. Md., 19 Jan., 1842. He was
graduated from Washington college, Chestertown,
Md., and was admitted to the bar in 1864, after
which he began the practice of law at Easton. In
1870 he accepted the appointment for the unex-
pired term of the state's attorney for Talbot county,
to which position he was elected for four years
in 1871, and again in 1875, holding the office for
three consecutive terms, and declining a renomina-
tion for the fourth. Mr. Gibson was elected as a
Democrat to the 4i)th and the two following con-
gresses, was appointed to fill the vacancy caused
by the death of U. S. senator Kphraim K." Wilson,
and was elected to fill the unexpired term, 21 Jan.,
1892. He has served on the naval and other com-
mittees of the senate, and has lieen chairman of the
committee of manufactures. Senator Gibson's
term expired 3 March. 18!)7.
OIBSON. John Monro, clergyman, b. in Whit-
horn, Wigtownshire, Scotland, 24 April, 1838. He
went to Canada in 18.55. and was graduated at
Toronto university in 1862. and at Knox theologi-
cal college in 1864. where he had taught languages
since 1863. He was then pastor of a Presbvterian
church in Montreal till 1874. and from 1868 till
that date also lecturer in Greek and Hebrew exe-
gesis in Montreal theological college. In 1874-'80
he held a charge in Chicago, and in the latter year
he was appointed |)asior of a Presbyterian church
in London. England. The University of Chicago
gave him the degree of D. D. in 1875. Dr. Gibson
lia.s published "The Ages before Moses" (New
York, 1879); "The Foundations," lectures on the
eviilences of Christianity (Chicago, 1880 ; revised
edition, entitled " Ko<;k veriiu» Sand," London,
188:1); "The Mosaic Era" (London, 1811); and
selected poems of Robert Browning, with notes,
under the title " Pomegranates from an English
Garden " (New York, 188.5).
GIBSON. Robert Atkinson, P. E. bishop, b.
in Petersliiirg, Va.,9 July. 1846. He waseilucated
at the Episcopal liigh-.school, Alexandria, Va.,
graduated at Ham[>den-Sidney college, Va., 1867,
and at the Virginia theological seminary in 1870.
He was a missionary in five counties in Virginia,
1870-'2: assistant minister at .St. James's church,
Richmond. 187^'8; rector of Trinity church,
Parkersburg, W. Va., 1878-'87, of Christ church,
( 'incinnati, Ohio, 1887-'97 ; and was elected bishop
coa<ljutor of Virginia, to succeed the Rev. Dr.
Newton. He was cons<.'crated bi.shop in Holy
Tnnitv church. Uiclimoii<l. 3 Nov.. 1897.
GIliSON. Roltert WillianiH. architect, b. in
Aveley, Essex, Englan<l, 17 Nov., 18.54. He was
educated at a private school in Gravc.<iend, and
then at the Royal academy of arts in London,
where he completed his course in 1879. Subse-
quentlv he settled in New York city, where he has
since followed his profession. His work includes
the U. S. trust comjiany's building in New York
city and the cathedral church in Buffalo, and he
ha.s submitted a tiesign for the projected cathedral
of the Protestant Epi.scopal church to be built in
New York city. Mr. Gibson's best-known work is
114
GIBSON
GILBERT
the cathedral of All Saints' in Albany, which is
shown in the illustration, the design of which
was selected in
competition. This
church, although
not completed, was
dedicated in 1888,
with appropriate
ceremonies. ex-
tending through
an entire week.
He published in
the " American
Architect," during
1884, a series of
articles on " Span-
ish Architecture,"
with illustrations
made by himself
in Spain, and, in
the " pjngineering
Record," "Obser-
vations on Heavy Buildings" (1888).
GIBSON, Walter Murray, prime minister of
Hawaii, b. at sea in 1828; d. "in San Francisco, 21
Jan., 1888. He was of English parentage, passed
his youth in Montreal, and, after leading a roving
life, went to California in 1848, and made a fortune
by speculating in mining machinery. In 1849 he
removed to Mexico in pursuance of Daniel Web-
ster's plan to effect the centralization of the states,
and later entered with Gen. Rafael Carrera, of
Guatemala, into the same scheme respecting the
Central American republics. Failing in the latter,
he made a privateering expedition against the
Dutch in Java, was imprisoned, from whence he
escaped. In 1853, settling in Utah, he became a
Mormon elder, and was sent by Brigham Young in
1861 to establish a Mormon colony in Hawaii, but
he abandoned the scheme. He then formed a com-
pany of natives and leased the island of Lanai for
agricultural purposes, but being abandoned by the
natives, raised sheep and realized a fortune. He
went to Honolulu in 1867, entered public life, and
two years later visited the United States and as-
sisted in negotiating the recently existing reciproci-
ty treaty. Thereafter he was active in the coun-
cils of King Kalakaua, overthrew the ministry in
1872, became prime minister, and as minister of
foreign affairs, secretary of the army and navy,
and president of the boards of healtli, education,
and immigration, he controlled the policy and
revenues of the kingdom. In the uprising against
Kalakaua in July, 1887, Gibson's lite was in dan-
ger. He was given a civil trial, and escaped to
California, where he died in obscurity.
GlESY, Samuel Heiisel, clergyman, b. in Lan-
caster, Ohio, 26 Aug., 1826; d in Washington,
D. C, 27 May, 1888. His father, John Ulric, emi-
grated from Switzerland in 1804, and was one of
the founders of the Reformed church in Lancaster,
Ohio. The son was graduated at Marshall college,
at the Marshall theological seminary, was licensed
in 1849, and ordained a minister of the German
Reformed church. In 1855-'60 he was pastor at
Hagerstown, and till 1870 incumbent of Christ
church, Philadelphia. Removing thence to Balti-
more, he withdrew from his communion in 1871,
and was ordained to the priesthood of the Prot-
estant Episcopal church in 187!i. He was called
in 1874 to Christ church, Norwich. Conn., and re-
mained there eleven years. While in this charge
he founded chapels at Greenville and Willimantic,
served as archdeacon of the eastern archdeaconry i
in 1879-'83, and was a delegate to the general con- |
vention in the latter year. In 1885 he assumed
pastoral charge of the Church of the Epiphany in
Washington. The degree of D. D. was conferred
upcm him in 1869 by Franklin and Marshall col-
lege. Dr. Giesy won the reputation of a pro-
found theological writer and thinker. Besides
sermons and addresses, he was the author of " The
I Am's of Christ," which had a wide circulation
(New York, 1884), and " The Study of the Creeds,"
which was nearly completed at his death.
GILBERG, Charles Alexander, chess-player,
b. in Camden, N. J., 17 June, 1835. He was gradu-
ated at the College of the city of New York in 1854,
and is the managing partner in a large West India
house in that city. He is widely known as an
amateur chess-player, and has served as judge in
almost every public contest that has taken place.
His chess library of more than 1,500 volumes is
the largest in this country, with the exception of
that of John G. White, of Cleveland, Ohio. Mr.
Gilberg has received prizes for his chess problems,
and has edited "American Chess-Nuts" (New
York, 1868), and also "The Book of the Fifth
American Congress " (1881).
GILBERT, Addison, merchant, b. in Glouces-
ter, Mass., 23 Nov., 1808 ; d. there in July, 1888.
He was educated in the public schools of his na-
tive town and at Dunnner academy, Byfield; be-
came a successful merchant, and accunmlated
large property. For fifty years he was active in
the public affairs of Gloucester, being frequently
sent to the legislature, and .serving in local offices.
He was president of the City national bank from its
organization in 1876, and of the Cape Ann savings-
bank from 1880, both of which he assisted in
founding. He was an opponent of slavery, and in
the civil war gave financial aid to the government.
Among various bequests to public charities in
Gloucester. Mr. Gilbert left $100,000 for a city
hospital, $75,000 for an Old people's home, and
$10,000 to the Widows' and orphans' society.
GILBERT, James Isliam, soldier, b. in Louis-
ville, Ky., 4 July, 1824; d. in Topeka. Kan., 11
Oct., 1887. He received his education in Prairie du
Chien, Wis., and became a merchant and lumber-
dealer. Early in the civil war he was commissioned
colonel of an Iowa infantry regiment, was jiromot-
ed to brigadier-general at Slobile, and for gallantry
in the battle of Franklin, near Nashville, was made
a major-general of volunteers. Gen. Gilbert was
for several years postmaster at Lansing, and later
was a silver-miner in Georgetown, Col.
GILBERT, Samuel Aii^nstiis, soldier, b. in
Zanesville. Oiiio, 25 Aug., 1825 ; d. in St. Paul,
Minn., 9 June. 1868. He was educated at Ohio
university, Athens, Ohio, and then entered the U. S.
coast survey, in which service he continued until
the civil war, attaining a rank next to that of
.superintendent. On 11 June, 1861. he was ap-
pointed lieutenant-colonel of the 24th Ohio volun-
teers, and accompanied his regiment to western
Virginia. He was appointed colonel of the 44th
Ohio regiment on 14 Oct., 1861, and in May. 1862,
he took part in the raid upon the Central railroad,
in which he marched more than eighty miles in
sixty hours, including all stops. He commanded
the right in the battle of Lewisburg. W. Va., 21
May, 1862. and captured a Confederate battery. In
August, 1863, he was ordered to join Gen. John
Pope east of the Blue Ridge, and he served there
until 1863, when he commanded a brigade in
Kentncky. and dispersed a political convention
in Frankfort which he considered to l)e plotting
treason. He continued in Kentucky and Tennes-
see until November, 1863, when he became engineer
GILBERT
GLEN
115
on the staff of Gen. John G. Foster until Gen.
James Longstrcet retreated, when he resumed com-
mand of his brigade. Col. Gilbert's health hav-
ing been impaired by exposure, he resigned on 20
April. 1864. He was brevcttcd brigadier-general
of volunteers, 13 March, 1805.
GILBERT, William Lewis, manufacturer, b.
in Nortlifield, Conn.. 30 Dec. 1806. He was edu-
cated in the public sch<X)!s of his native town, and
has been a manufacturer of clocks since 1828. He
was a member of the Connecticut legislature in
1848 and 1868, treasurer of the Connecticut west-
em railroad for ten years, and has been its presi-
dent since 1883. He holds the same office in five
manufacturing companies in Winsted, Conn. Mr.
Gill)ert gave, in 1887, !J4(X).000 to provide a home
for friendless chihiren in Winsted and vicinity, and
a like sum for a free high-school in that place.
GILCHRIST, Robert, lawver. b. in Jersey City.
N. J., 21 Aug., 1825: d. there. 6 July, 1888. He
was educate<l in private schools, studied law, and
was admitted to the bar in 1847. Subsequently he
became a counsellor of the U..S. supreme court. He
was a member of the New Jersey legislature in
1859. At the first call for troops in 1861 he went
to the front as a captain in the 2d New Jersey regi-
ment. Until the close of the civil war he was a
Republican, but he left that party on the question
of reconstruction, and in 1866 he was a Democratic
candidate for congress. In 186U he was appointed
attorney-general of New Jerst^y.tofill the unexpired
tenn of George M. Robeson (appointed secretary of
the navy in President Grant's cabinet), and in 1873
was reap|H>inted for a full term. In 1875 he was a
candidate for U. S. senator. He had been apimint-
ed one of the coniniis.sioners to revise the constitu-
tion of the state in 18~1 but resigned before the
work was completed, and he also declined the office
of chief justice of New Jersey. Mr. Gilchrist was
es|)ecially versed in constitutional law, and he was
employed in many notable cases. His interpreta-
tion of the 15th amendment to the national con-
stitution secureil the right of suffrage to colored
men in New Jersey. He was the author of the
riparian-rights act, and was counsel for the state in
the suit that tested its constitutionality. Kroiii this
source the fund for maintenance of public schools
in New Jersey is now chiefly derived. He also
secured to the United .States a half million dollars
left by Joseph L. Lewis to be applied in payment
of the national debt. His large law library, en-
riched with thousands of marginal notes, was sold
at unction in New Vork six months after his death.
— His wife. Frederirka, b. in Oswego. N. V., in
1846, is a daughter of Samuel liaymond Heardsley
<o. v.). She has published " The True Story of
Hamlet and Ophelia," a study and new interpreta-
tion of Shakespeare's play (Boston, 1889).
(ilLLAM, Bernhard', cartoonist, b. at Ban-
burv. Kngland. 10 Oct.. 1858; d. at Cnnajoharie,
N. v., 19 Jan., 1896. When young he came to the
United States with his parents and settled in W'il-
liamslmrg, N. V., where he attended the public
schools. Here he amused himself drawing pic-
tures of his teachers, classmates, and persons
whom he met on the streets. He entered a law-
office, but, discovering his true calling, he connected
himself with "Frank I.«slie'8 Weekly" during
the (iarfield campaign, and his position as a car-
toonist was at once established. Later he went to
*■ Harper's Weekly." and subseqently to '• I'uck."
where his "Tattooed Man" in the Blaine cam-
paign of 1884 gave him a national reputation. He
finally joined in establishing "Judge," under the
firm name of Arkell & Gillam, making, chiefly
through his political cartoons, a success of the
Eaper. He was a great student of Shakespeare, and
ad memorized many of his plays.
GILPIN, William, governor of Colorado, b. in
Newcastle county, Del., 4 Oct., 1812. He was grad-
uated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1833.
studied at the U. S. military academy, and served
in the Seminole war. but resigned his commission
and removed to Independence, Mo., in 1841, where
he practised law, which he had studied under his
brother. He was secretary of the general assembly
in 1841-'3. On 4 March. 'l844. with a party of 125
pioneers, he founded Portland, Ore.,about four miles
above its present site, and drew up the articles of
agreement for a territorial govcrinnent. He after-
ward re-entered the army, serving through the
Mexican war as major of the 1st Missouri cavalry,
and in 1848 he made a successful expedition against
the hostile Indians of Colorado, which resulted in
a peace for eighteen years. In 1851 he returned to
Independence, and in 1861 he was appointed first
governor of Colorado. Gov. Gilpin has published
"The Central Gold Region " (Plii'.adelphia, 1859)
and "The Mission of the North Ameiicun People "
(1873). In the latter he showed by charts the
practicability of establishing a railroad around the
world on the 40th parallel of latitude, on which are
nearlv all the great cities of both continents.
GINTER, Lewis, manufacturer, b. in New York
city, 25 April. 1824; d. in Kichniond, Va., 2 Oct.,
1897. His ancestors came from Holland, their
original name being Gunther, which the grand-
father of Maj. Ginter changed. He was left an
orphan, and when eighteen years old settled in
Richmond, Va.. opening a small store in which
he sold toys, walknig-canes, etc. He prospered in
business, and enlarged and diversified his stock,
and was the pioneer in Richmond of the direct
importation of European goods. At the beginning
of the civil war he had accumulated a fortune of
l|i200,000, but sold out and invested all his means
in tobacco, sugar, and cotton, which he stored, and
joined the Confederate army. His tol)acco and
sugar were destroyed by the Confederates in May,
18(1.5. He was more fortunate in his holding of
cotton, which gave him a capital of ^20.0(X) or
l|30.000 with which to begin business, lie invested
largely in stocks, and lost some |30<l.0OO, all of
which lie subsequently paid with interest. He was
now fifty years old, but, not dismayed by his losses,
he received consignments of smoking tobacco from
John F. Allen, of Hichmond, who subsequently
liecame his partner, and from this time forward in
the cigarette and smoking tobacco business he was
eminentiv successful, achieving a fortune of about
♦ 12.000,000. He served in the Confederate army
as commissary to Gen. Joseph R. Anderson, of
Richmond, on whose retirement from the army he
served in the same capacity under Gen. Edward L.
Thomas, of Georgia. He provided a physician and
medicines for all his employees without cost, and
when one of his buildings was destroyed by fire
paid all the employees their regular wages while
rebuilding. At Christmas he distributed useful
Presents to all persons in hisemiiloy.nnd furnished
ooks for the children of tho.se who attended the
schools. His l)enevolence during his lifetime was
far-reaching, and in his will he left *2.000,000 to
deserving persons and institutions in Kichniond,
including almost every charitidile institution in
the city. The many improvements which he prt)-
je<'ted in Richmond are provided for in his will,
so that thev will be completed as he designed.
GLEN, James, lecturer, b. in Scotland in 1749;
d. in Demerara, British Guiana, 9 Sept., 1814. In
116
GLENNON
GOMEZ Y BAEZ
1783, while he was returning to his home after
purchasing a plantation, the captain of the vessel
told him he had a very remarkable book on board,
written in Latin, which he commended to Mr.
Glen's favorable attention. This was Sweden-
borg's " De Ccelo et Inferno." While in London
he saw the advertisement by Robert Ilindmarsh
announcing a meeting, 19 Dec., 1783, which he at-
tended, and found four otliers as much interested
as himself, one being a curate to the vicar of Ma-
delay. Mr. Glen, next year, instead of returning
to his plantation, was led by his zeal for the new
doctrines to land in Philadelphia to deliver public
lectures on Swedenborg's religious views. Then
he travelled through parts of Virginia and Ken-
tucky. A box of books, which were translations
of Swedenborg's writings, arrived in Philadelphia
after he left, and these fell into the hands of Mr.
Bailey, the public printer, who also embraced the
doctrines they contained. "The True Christian
Religion " was reprinted in 1788, Benjamin Frank-
lin being one of the subscribers. Through Mr. Glen
a beginning was made for the introduction of the
doctrines of Emanuel Swedenborg into this country.
GLENNON, John Joseph, R. 0. bishop, b. at
Kinnegad, County Meath, Ireland, 14 June, 1862.
He received his education at St. Alary's college,
MuUingar, at All Hallows college, Dublin, and
graduated in May, 1883, being ordained a priest
in the following year. He was appointed assistant
pastor of St. Patrick's church in Kansas City, and
became its pastor, serving there from 1884 to 1887.
He was pastor of the catliedral under Bishop Ho-
gan of Kansas City from 1887 to 1892, and was
appointed vicar-general of the diocese in 1892,
1893. and 1894, and from 1894 to 1895 he was ad-
ministrator of the diocese. He was appointed co-
adjutor bishop of Kansas City, and was conse-
crated under the title of bishop of Pinara, with
the right of succession, in June, 1896.
GLORIEUX, Alphonsiis Joseph, R. C. bishop,
b. at Dottignies, Belgium, 1 Feb., 1844. He re-
ceived his education at the College of Courtrai,
and pursued his theological studies at the Ameri-
can college of Louvain, with the intention of join-
ing the American missions. He was ordaine<l a
priest at Mechlin by Cardinal Sterckx in August,
1867. and before the end of tliat year was in Ore-
gon laboring in the mission. His first appoint-
ment was as pastor at Roseburg, Douglas county,
to which were attached several dependent mis-
sions. His next service was at Oregon City, and
thence he was sent to St. Paul. In 1871 he was
appointed president of St. Michael's college, Port-
land, and in 1884 was appointed vicar-apostolic of
Idaho. He was consecrated under the title of
bisliop of Apollonia in April, 1885, and was made
bishop of Boise, on the creation of the new see
embracing the state of Idaho, in August, 1893.
GOBIX, John Peter Shiiidel, soldier, b. in
Sunl)ury, Pa., 26 Jan., 1837. He attended the
public scliools, and then became a printer's ap-
prentice. He Went to Philadelphia, where he
taught and studied law, being admitted to the bar
in 1859. At the outbreak of the war he was
elected 1st lieutenant of 11th Pennsylvania infan-
try, and upon the reorganization of the regiment
as the 47th Pennsylvania infantry was commis-
sioned captain, 2 Sept., 1801. For bravery at Sa-
bine Crossroads and Pleasant Hill in the Red
river campaign he was promoted major, and later
lieutenant-colonel and colonel. lie was brevetted
brigadier-general of volunteers in March, 1865,
and was mustered out on 25 Dec, 1865. He set-
tled in Lebanon, where he resumed the practice of
law. In 1867 he entered the Grand army of the
republic as a member of Sedgwick post, and in 1886
he was elected commander of the department of
Pennsylvania. In 1884 he was elected colonel of
the 8th regiment of the Pennsylvania National
guard, and in 1885 was promoted to brigadier-
general, commanding the 3d brigade. In 1897 he
was elected commander-in-chief of the Grand
army of the republic. At the outbreak of war with
Spain he was appointed brigadier-general of volun-
teers, resigning in February, 1899. lie was elected
to the state senate in 1884, re-elected and served
continuously until 1899; elected president of the
senate in 1891 ; re-elected in 1893, also elected
lieutenant-governor of Pennsylvania in 1898.
GOMARA, Francisco Lopez de (go-mah'-rah),
Spanish historiaTi, b. in Seville, or, according to
some authorities, in Gomera, Canary islands, in
1510; d. in Seville in 1560 or 1576. His parents
had destined him for a military career, but he
took holy orders, and was emjjloyed for several
years as professor of rhetoric at Alcala. Desiring
to acquire a personal knowledge of the New
World, he went to Mexico about 1540, and re-
mained there four years, part of the time as sec-
retary of Heruan Cortes. On his return he re-
sided for some time in Italy, and became intimate
with Saxo Grammaticus and Olaus Magnus. His
work is entitled " Primera y segunda parte de la
historia general de las Indias con la eonquista de
Mcjico y de la Nueva Espaiia" (Medina, 15.53;
Antwerp, 1554). It had great success, passing al-
most immediately through two editions, and was
translated into Italian by Gravalis (Kome, 1566)
and by Lucio Mauro (Venice, 1566), and into
French by Martin Funu'e (Paris, 1606). The sec-
ond part, which is a history of the life of Cortes,
has been reprinted by Bustamante (Mexico. 1826).
Gomara's style is clear and fluent, but, unfortu-
nately, the second part of his work seems to have
been written from notes, which were not complete
or exact, and often supplied by a fervid imagina-
tion. In the royal library of Madrid there are
two of his works in manuscript, "Historia de Ho-
ruc y Aradin Barbaroja, reyes de Argel" and
" Anales del Emperador Carlos V.." the publication
of which has not been permitted by the royal gov-
ernment, because they depict the emperor's char-
acter in an unfavorable light.
GOMEZ Y BAEZ. Mnxiuio (go-meth), soldier,
b. at Bani, .San Domingo, 25 Aug., 1826. He re-
ceived a public-school education, and then served
in the army of San Domingo. He was a major-
general in the insurgent army of Cuba during the
revolution of 1868-'78. At the outbreak of the
new insurrection in Cuba, 24 Feb., 1895, he was
enjoying the quiet of his home in San Domingo.
He was induced by Jose Marti (g. v.). the father of
the new uprising, to take the field against the
Spanish, and he became general-in-chief of the
army of the republic of Cuba. During the first
months of the war he was confronted with great
difliculties. which caused him to be "troubled
with the most terrible doubts." But in time the
Cidians showed a more general disposition to join
in the insurrection. He successfully attacked
the Spaniards at Altagracia, ambushed a Spanish
guerrilla party, and took El JIulatto and San Ge-
ronimo. He then crossed into the province of
Sancti Spiritus, a movement which required his
passing the trnclio. a military line, which was
guarded liy nearly fifty thousand Spanish soldiers,
between Jucaro and Moron. Gomez did not do
as much fighting as some of the younger generals,
yet he was continually confusing the Spaniards
GOJns'EVILLE
GOODRICH
117
c::::^. &^^
by his circuitous movements. He was now in
one province, now in anotlier, and gave himself
actively to the execution of tlie orders and decrees
of the Cuban revolutionary government. When
the war between Spain and the United States be-
gan, Gen. Gomez readily agreed to put his army
at the disposal of
his American allies,
and co-t)pfrated with
them. After hostili-
ties ceased he bound
his men to the ob-
servance of the peace
protocol. In an
open letter to his
son, written in Au-
gust, 1899. Gomez
emphasizes the fact
that the American
in terven tion has pro-
duced so far all
the favorable results
which might reason-
ably have been ex-
pectetl from it. "It
IS absolutely false,"
he asserts, " that
great differences exist between the Cubans and
Spaniards, between the Cubans and Americans,
or among the Cubans themselves. Ou the con-
trary, all is going well. More could not have
been done in so short a time. An impatient popu-
lace does not realize that it is not the work of
a day to organize society. The turbulence of
high-strung minds must have time to abate in a
people thirsting for liberty. The intervening
power will fulfil the obligations it has incurred,
and the Cuban people, heroic and sensible, will
take the situation calmly, working and waiting for
the independence which the future will surely
bring. As to the suggestion that the intervening
riwer contemplates robbing Cubans of their own,
do not l)elieve it. Such a niraor is a calumny
against an honorable tteople." Gen. Gomez has
written various pamphlets on Cuban revolutions,
published in Jamaica. New York, and Cuba.
Among his works are " Mi Asistente." "Carta k
Tomas Kstrada Paliiia," " Pancliito Gomez," and
"Mi Hscolta." See " In the Saddle with Gomez,"
by Mario Carrillo (New York. 1K98): "The War
with Spain." bv Ilenrv Cabot Lixlge; an<l "His-
tory up to Date'." bv XVilliam A. .lohnston (1899).
OON.NEVILLK.'Biiiot Paiilinlor de, naviga-
tor, descended from a noble family of the parish
of Gonncville-les-Honfleur, in the bailiwick of
Koiien. of whose birth and death no dates have
l)een discovered. lleeiiibHrkccI with sixty [icrsims
from Ilonfleur. 24 June. 1503, in the " Kspoir," of
120 tons, for the Kiist Indies, but. owing to a vio-
lent tem|)est. was cast on a southern shore, the sit-
uation of which remained for a long lime an
insolvable problem to the geographer. But d'Avc-
zac and otiier specialists have determined that he
found land in Hni/.il. January, l.')U4. and harbored
his vessel in the Kio San Francisco do J^iil under
2(1' 10' south latitude. lie embarked again for
France about 1 Jan., l.WS, and when on his way
was forced by a tcinjiest to put into a port of Ire-
land for repairs. lie was again on his course —
in view of the coasts of Xorinandy near the islands
of Jersey and (iuernsev. 7 .May. iriO.') — when a ca-
tastrophe Wfell him. hdward Blunt. of Plymouth,
re-enforced by another vessel from Urittnny, at-
tacked him. He defended himself, but the profits
of the voyage were lost. Thirty-one of his men
died from fever, or at the hands of the pirates.
His daughter was espoused in 1521 to Essomerie,
a native of the land he had visited, and who took
his name. A great-grandson of this marriage, Jean
Paulniier de Courtonne, published an account of
his ancestor's vovage in his " Memoir touchaiit
rEtablissement d'une Mission Chretienne dans le
TroisiOme .Monde" (Paris, 166.3). See also d'Ave-
zac's " Kelation aiithciitique du Vovage du Capi-
taiiie (le Goiineville " (1869).
(iOOD, Jpreiiiiah Haak, clergvman, b. in
Rehrersbnrg, Pa.. 22 Nov., 1822 ; d. in TilTin, Ohio,
25 Jan., 1888. After graduation at Franklin and
Marshall college, he studied in the theological
seminary and wius ordained to the ministry of the
Reformed church. He was pastor and also prin-
cipal of a high-school at Lancaster. Ohio, till 1848,
when he established at Columbus the "Western
Missionary." which he edited for five years. At
Tiffin he took an active part in establishing Hei-
delberg college, the new theological seminary, and
a classical school, with his brother Reuben, in
1859. He was professor of mathematics in the
college in 1850-'66, and held thechairof dogmatic
theology in the seminary till shortly before his
death. The degree of D. D. was conferred on him
by Franklin and Marshall in 1868. Dr. Good did
much toward directing the policy of his synod,
and his services in the peace commission were of
great value in bringing the dissensions of the
church to a close. He was one of the translators-
of a new edition of the Heidelberg catechism, and
published a new hymnal and a jjrayer-book.
GOUOKLU Coiisfans Liberty", clergyman, b.
in Calais, Vt.. 16 March, 18;«); d. in St. Louis,
Mo.. 1 Feb.. 1886. He was a grandnephcw of Dr.
William Goodell (o. c). lis was graduated at
the University of Vermont in 185.5, and at An-
dover theological seminary in 1858, was ordained
to the ministry of the Congregational church, and
installed [Uistor of the South church at New Brit-
ain, Conn., in 1859. In 1872 he was called to
Pilgrim church. St. Louis, where he remained till
his death. He was one of the founders and a
trustee of Drury college. Sj)ringfiel<l. Mo., in 1873,
the only Congregational institution then in the
southwest, to which he contributed financially,
and gave 200 valuable books to begin a library.
Through the work of church extension that he
organi/.e<l the churches of his coininunion in-
creased from four to twelve in St. Louis. The Uni-
versity of Vermont gave him the degree of D. I).
Among addresses delivere<l by Dr. Gootlell, the one
t)efore the American home niis«ioiiary society, in
May, 1881. calling for "a million dollars a year for
home missiiins," obtained wide celebrity. He pub-
lishe<i " How to Build a Church " (St. Ilouis. 1883),
from a series ff articles in the "Advance."
(«0(H>KI('H. Casper Fredorii-k, naval officer,
b. in Philailelphia, 7 Jan., 1847. lie was gradu-
ated from the U. S. naval academy at the head of
his class in 1864. promoted master in 1866. and
lieutenant two years later. In 1869 he was made
lieutenant-commander, in 1884 commaiidir. atid in
1897 he was ailvanced to his present rank of cap-
tain. He was naval attache on the stalT of .Sir
Garnet Wolseley diiringthe Tel-el-Kebircampaign
of 1882. commanded the "Jamestown." "Constel-
lation," and "Concord," and in 1897-8 was [iresi-
dent of the naval war college. During the Span-
ish-American war Capt. Goodrich commaiide<i the
cruis<"r "St. Ijouis"and theU. S. steamship" New-
ark, renilering impfirtant service in both of those
vessels, and in July, 1899, he was assigned to the
command of the battle-ship " Iowa."
118
GOODSELL
GOULD
GOODSELL. Daniel Ayres, M. E. bishop, b.
in Xewburg, N. Y., 5 Nov.. 1840. lie was edii-
cateil at tlie University of the city of New York,
but left before graduation to enter the ministry of
the Methodist Episcopal church. He was a dele-
gate to every general conference from 1876 till
1888, and at the one in New York city in May,
1888, he was elected bishop. Wesleyan university
conferred on him tlie degree of S. T. I), in 1880.
Bisliop Goodsell lias been literary editor and edito-
rial contributor of the New York " Christian Ad-
vocate" since 1880, and was an editorial contribu-
tor of the '• Methodist Review" until May, 1888.
GOODWIN, Isaac, author, b. in Plymouth,
Mass., 28 June, 1786; d. in Worcester, Mass.. 16
Sept., 1833. He was educated in Plymouth, studied
law there, practised his profession, and held local
offices in Stirling and Worcester, Mass. From
1813 till 1832 he was a member and councillor of
the American antiquarian society of Worcester.
Besides many addresses and orations, he published
"Historv of the Town of Stirling, Mass. (Worces-
ter, 1815); "Tlie Town Officer" (1824); and "The
New England Sheriff" (1830). — His son, John
Abbott, author, b. in Stirling, Mass., 21 Mav,
1824; d. in Lowell, Mass., 21 Sept., 1884, was edu-
cated at the Rensselaer polytechnic institute in
the class of 1847, but was not graduated, lie
was in the Massachusetts legislature in 1854-'7
and 1859-'61, serving in the last years as speaker
of the house, held local offices in Lowell, and de-
livered many speeches. Among his principal pub-
lications are " The Pilgrim Fathers neither Puri-
tans nor Persecutors" (Lowell. 1875) and "The
Pilgrim Republic " (Boston, 1888).
GORDON, Ambrose, soldier, b. in Monmouth,
N. J., 31 iMay, 1750; d. in Augusta, Ga., 28 -lune,
1804. He joined a regiment of cavalry of which
William Washington was a field officer, and ac-
companied Col. Washington as a captain when the
regiment was sent as escoi't to Gen. Nathanael
Greene on his succeeding Gen. Horatio Gates in
command of the southern Continental army. At
the termination of the war Capt. Gordon accepted
grants of land from the state of Georgia for mili-
tary services, and went into business in Augusta,
Ga., with Col. Washington as his partner. — His
son, William Wasliiiigton, mayor of Savannah, \x
in Augusta, Ga., 17 June. 1796; d. in Savannah, 20
March, 1842. Me was graduated at the U. S. mili-
tary academy in 1815, appointed 3d lieutenant of
ordnance, and served as aide-de-camp to Gen.
Gaines. He then resigned from the army, and prac-
tised law in Savannah from 1818 till 1836. He was
mayor of the city of Savannah from 1833 till 1835,
and member of the state house of representatives
from 1835 till 1836. He procured a charter for the
Georgia central railroad, superintended the build-
ing of the road, and was president of the Central
railroad and banking company from 1836 until his
death. A monument was erected to his memory in
one of the pnlilic squares of Savannah. — His son.
William Washington, soldier, b. in Savannah, 14
Oct., 1834. He was graduated at Yale, and served
in the Confederate army during the civil war, be-
ing 1st lieutenant of the Georgia hussars and ad-
jutant and captain on the staffs of Gens. Henry W.
Mercer and Robert II. Andcrscm. commanding in-
fantry brigades. Has since its close been engaged
in the cotton business in Savannah, and for si.x
years he was a member of the Georgia legishiture.
He is the senior officer in command of the state
militia, and as such has suppressed several riots,
and was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers
in the Spanish-American war. Gen. Gordon has
been president of the Savannah cotton exchange,
and was a member of the evacuation commission
for Puerto Rico appointed by the President.
GOKHAM, Nhiibacl, soldier, b. in Barnstable,
Mass., 2 Sept., 1686; d. at Louisburg, 20 Feb.,
1746. He took an active and efficient part in ob-
taining the grants made by the legislature of Ma.s-
sachusetts to the officers and soldiers of King
Philip's war. He was the chief promoter of the
settlement of Gorhanitown, Me., and gave much
time and money to this purpose. On 8 Feb., 1745,
he was commissioned colonel of the 7th Mas.sachu-
sctts regiment in the Louisburg expedition, being
also captain of the first company. He died in the
service. — John, his eldest son, b. in Banistable,
Mass., 13 Dec, 1709; d. in London about 1753.
He removed to Falmouth (now Portland), Me., in
1742, and for a time resided in Gorham, where he
built the first mills in the town and owned much
land. In 1744 he was at Anna|)olis, Nova Scotia,
commanding a company of Indian rangers. This
fort being threatened by the French and Indians
in 1745, he was sent to Boston for succor, and
while there was invited to raise a number of men
to join the expedition against Louisburg. He was
appointed lieutenant-colonel in his father's regi-
ment, 30 Feb., 1745, and was also made captain of
the second company. Upon the death of his
father he became colonel, and. returning to An-
napolis, was placed in command of the Boston
troops sent to Minas with Col. Arthur Noble. In
1748 he commanded Gorham 's indeficndent com-
pany of rangers, stationed in Nova Scotia. He
visited England in 1749, being sent by Gov. Shirley
to explain the condition of military affairs in the
colonies, and, it seems, also to pro.secutc his claims
for recognition and recompense for expenses in-
curred in the Louisburg expedition.
GORRIE, John, inventor, b. in Charleston,
S. (L'..30ct., 1803; d. in Appalachicola, Fla., 16 June,
1855. He was educated in his native city, and
graduated at the College of physicians and sur-
geons. New York. Removing to Appalachicola in
1833. he practised his profession there for about
twenty years. In 1850 tie patented a machine for
making ice, which is now widely used in the south-
ern states. Dr. Gorrie is unquestionably the orig-
inal inventor of the artificial production of ice.
The first machine known in Europe was exhibited
in London in the summer of 1862.
GOTTHEIL, Gnstave, clergyman, b. in Pinne,
Poland, 28 May, 1827. He is of Jewish parentjige,
was educated according to the rabbinical code, at-
tended lectures in the University of Berlin and at
the institute for Hebrew literature, and in 1855
became assistant minister to the celebrated Dr.
Samuel Holdheim, of the Berlin reform temple.
He was called to Manchester, England, in 1860,
and to Temple Emanu-El, New York city, in 1873,
resigning in October, 1899. Dr. Gottheil is a lib-
eral in his religious opinions, and a leader in the
reform branch of the Hebrew church. He has
been active in social and charitable reforms, con-
tributing many papers on these subjects to the re-
views, and is the author of " Hvmnsand Anthems"
(New York, 1887). In August. 1899, his son. Prof.
Gottheil, made an important address at the Zionist
congress held in Basle. Switzerland, describing the
great progress of Zionism in tlie United States.
GOULD, George, jurist, b. in Litchfield. Conn.,
2 Sept., 1807 ; d. in Troy. N. Y.. 6 Dec. 1868. He
was the eldest son of Judge James Gould (</. v..)
He was graduated at Yale in 1827, studied law in
his father's law-school, and, after his admission to
the bar in 1830, removed to Trov, where he attained
GOULD
GRATZ
119
eminence in his profession. He was msyor of the
city in 1852, anil in 185o-'63 was a judge of the
state supreme court. Judge Gould edited his
father's work on i)lea<ling, and adapted it to the
new code of procedure (1860). An interesting me-
moir of him was printed privately by his widow
(Troy, 1871), who died in August, 1899.
tiOCLD, George Jay, capitalist, b. in New
York, 6 Fel)., 1864. He was privately educated
and became an assistant of iiis father. Jay Gouhl
(q. I'.), in his many financial affairs. Since April,
1888. he has been president of tlie Little Kock and
Fort Su)ith railway, and since 1893 also president
of Texas and Pacific railway, of the International
and Great Northern railway, of the Missouri Pa-
cific railway, and of the St. Louis, Iron Mountain
and Southern railway. Since 1892 Mr. Gould has
also been tlie president of the JIanhattan elevated
railway of New York. — His brother. Edwin, b. in
New Vork. 25 Feb., 1866, was grail uated at C't>-
lumbia, and is president of the St. Louis and
Sfiuthwestern railway. — Their eldest sister. Helen
Miller, b. in New York, 20 June, 1868, is iden-
tified with charitable work in her native city.
When the war with Spain liegan she gave the
U. S. government iflOO.OOO; was an active mem-
ber of the Women's national war relief associa-
tion, contributing freely to its work ; [)ersonally
oared for sick and convalescent soldiers at Fort
Wykoff. Long Island, giving |i35,000 for neeiled
supplies; and at the Windsor hotel fire, in March,
1899, opened her house on the F'ifth aveimc for the
relief of the dying and injured. Miss Gould has
also been a generous donor to the University of
the citv of New York and to various charities.
GRACK. Thomas, K. C. bishop, b. at W.-xford,
Irelaiiil, 2 Aug., 1H41. He received his education
at St. Peter's college, Wexford, made his ecclesias-
tical studies at All Hallows college, Dublin, and
was ordained a priest, 11 June, 1867. In this year
he went to California and |)erformed his first paro-
chial work at KeillilufT. Tehama county, where he
built tlie convent of mercy, and wils afterward
pastor for eight years at St. Marysville. For
twelve years prior to 1876 he was pastor of the
cathedral at Sacramento, and on the death of
Bishop Manoguc he was appointed bishop of Sac-
ramento, being eonsecratctl in June, 1896. uy Arch-
bishop Hlonlan of San Francisco.
GR.4UV, Henry Woodfern, journalist, h. in
Atliens. (ia.. in 18.">1 ; d. in Atlanta. Ga., 23 Dec,
1889. He studied at the Universities of (Jeorgia
and Virginia, and entered journalism as corre-
sfiondent of the " Con.«titution," Atlanta, to which
he contributed a scries of letters on the resources
of Georgin. Then he became Georgia corresiH)nil-
ent of tlie "New York Herald," and In 1870nc es-
tablished the "Daily Commercial" in Koine, (>a.
This venture was unsuccessful, as were also liis
purchase In 1872 of an interest In the Atlanta
" Herald " and his subsequent estatilishment of the
"Courier" in that city. In 1880 he bought a
quarter Interest in the "Constitution." to which
he contributed a noteworthy series of articles on
the condition of the south. In 1889 he made, at a
dinner of the New Kngland sm'iety, an address
that attracted wide attention by its oratory and Its
expression of friendly feeling toward the north.
P^xtracts from this aililress were published in all
parts of the United States, ami Mr. Grady became
Known as a representative of the younger and
more progressive element In the southern states, or
of what tnen came to U' called "the New South."
He dieil of pneumonia that was the result of a cold
contracted in Boston, wliere he hail gone to deliver
an address on " The Future of the Negro " before
the Merc^hants' association. His life has been writ-
ten by James W. Lee (New York, 1896).
GRANT, Edward Maxwell, civil engineer, b.
in Dean's Corners, Saratoga, N. Y., 21 Nov., 1839 ;
d. in Belgrade, Servia, 21 Oct., 1884. He was grad-
uated at Rensselaer polytechnic institute in 1860.
adopted the profession of civil engineering, and
during the civil war he was captain of an engineer
corps. He engaged in his profession in the south
In 1865, built all the bridges on the Flast Tennes-
see and Virginia railroad and the East Tennes-
see and Georgia railroad, the iron-wrought bridge
over Alaljama river, which was the only structure
of its kind then in existence, and a narrow-gauge
railroad in Alabama. He went abroad in 1874,
built iron furnaces in England and Finland, and
at the beginning of the Russo-Turkish war was ap-
pointed brigailier-general in the Bulgarian army,
at the same time acting as war correspondent for
the " London Daily News " from Belgrade, Servia.
He was subsequently staff correspondent of the
" liondon Times," and after the battle of Plevna
crosseil the Balkan mountains in midwinter on
horseback to Adrianople. Afterward lie returned
to Belgrade, and was U. S. vice-consul-geneial
there until his death. His personal Infhience with
King Milan of Servia enabled him to procure con-
cessions for developing the country, and he was
decorated with the cross of the conimandery.
GRASETT, Henry James, Canadian clergy-
man, b. In (ribraltar. Spain, in 1808 ; d. in Toron-
to. Canada. 26 March, 1882. lie went to Canada
in 1813 with his father. Dr. Henry Grasett. a sur-
geon in the British navy, was sent to England to
be educated, and was graduated at Cambridge in
1834. He then returned to Quebec, and was or-
dained to the ministry of tlie Church of England.
He was a.sslstant at St. James's cat hedrnl, Toronto,
in 183.5-'47, rector In 1847-'67, and dean from the
latter year until his death. Dean Grasett was
identifitHl with the low church or evangelical party,
a vice-president of the p'vangelical association of
the illocese of Toronto, a promoter of the Protes-
tant P^plscopal divinity school, president of the
Upi>er Canada tract society, and a vice-president
of the Upper Canada Bible siK-iety. From 1847
till 1875 he was a member of the council of public
instruction, serving thirteen years as Its chairman,
and for many years he was chairman of the hlgh-
schixil Ixiarii of Toronto. As a preacher he was
concise, clear, and exhaustive, without oratorical
effort.— His son. Frederick Le Maitre, physi-
cian, b. in Toronto, 1 April, 1851, was eilucateil at
London university, Dublin, and Edinburgh, re-
turneil to Toronto, and established himself as a
pliyslcian. He is a fellow of tlic Royal college of
Edinburgh and a member of the Royal college of
surgeons of England. In 1895 he was elected
president of tlie Ontario medical association.
G'R.^TZ, Hynian, founder, b. In Philadelphia,
23 Sept., 1776: d. there, 29 Jan., 1857. He was
educated in his native city, of which he liecnme a
prominent and public-spirited citizen. He was a
director of the Academy of fine arts and for six-
teen years its trea-surer. One of the founders, in
1818. of the Phllailelphia company for insurance on
livesand granting annuities, of which he was presi-
dent from 1837 to 1857. Treasurer (1824-'5fl) of
the .Mlckvch Israel congregation (the oldest Jewish
synagogue in Philadelphia), and an incorfxirator
of the Phihulelphia club in 1850. By his will he
left a " trust," which became available in 1893, "to
establish a college for the instruction of Jews ic
Philadelphia." The Gratz college was opened in
120
GRAU
GREEN
1895 and is now in its fourth year of usefulness.
Ilyman and liis brother Simon owned tlie house on
the soutliern corner of Seventh and Market streets,
in which Jefferson wrote the fii-st draft of tlie Uec-
hiration of Independence. — His sister, Rebecca,
philanthropist, b. in Philadelpliia, 4 March, 1781 ;
d. there, 39 Aug., 1869. She had every advan-
tage of education
afforded by the best
schools and private
instruction of her
native city. Her
parents were strict
adherents to the
Jewish faith, and
most of the daugh-
ter's energies were
devoted to the im-
provement of her
own people. She
established in 1835
the first Hebrew
Sunday - school in
the United States,
and continued its
active superintend-
ent until 1864. Miss
Gratz was one of
the founders of the
Jewish Poster home in 1853, and secretary of the
Hebrew benevolent society from its inception in
1819 until her death. She was also active in many
Christian charities ; her name appears on the first
list of managers of the Philadelphia orphan a.sylum,
1814, and as secretary of the board from 1817 to
1865. She is believed to be the original of Rebecca
of York in " Ivanhoe." She was intimate with
Washington Irving and the lady to whom he was
engaged. In 1817 Irving visited Abbotsford, and
the dignity of character of Rebecca Gratz as de-
scribed by him impressed Scott, and doubtless in-
fluenced him in depicting a Jewess, beautiful, noble,
and true to her faith, sacrificing her affections to
•' doing good amongst her own people," as Rebecca
describes her future life to Rowena. There is pre-
served a beautiful miniature of Miss Gratz by Mal-
bone (1806) and two portraits by Thomas Sully
(1831), from one of which, belonging to Mrs. Clay,
of Kentucky, the aocompanying vignette is copied.
GUAU, Maurice, operatic manager, b. in
Brunn, Austria, 20 Dec, 1849, and came to New
York as a child. He was graduated at the Free
academy, afterward attending the Columbia col-
lege law-school, and wastwoyears in a law ofiice. In
1873 he became manager for Aimee, and since that
time has continued his career as a successful oper-
atic and theatrical manager, conducting seasons
for Patti, Sarah Bernhardt, Sir Henry Irving. Re-
jane, and other stars. He is now managing direc-
tor of the Maurice Grau opera company. New
York, and of the Royal opera-house, London. In
August, 1899, he was made a knight of the Legion
of honor, in recognition of his work on behalf of
French art. The cross was conferred on Mr. Grau
by special desire of M. Delcasse, the minister of
foreign affairs, being, with 'a single exception, the
first instance of the distinction being conferred on
a foreign impressario, in view of his thirty years'
valuable service to operatic music in France.
(jRAYBIEL, Mary, missionary, b. in Williams-
ville, Erie co., N. Y., 6 Feb., 1846. She was grad-
uated at the classical institute of her native town
in 1864, taught for five years, and in 1883 she be-
came a missionary to Ilindostan under the care of
the foreign missionary society of the denomination
of Disciples. She settled in the mission at Bilas-
pur, and havingsecured an appropriation of IJ4!0(X)
built a stone and wood church for the use of the
natives, herself planning and superintending the
erection of the building. Under her care the mis-
sion has greatly prospered, and she has established
a successful native school.
(jiREEN, Andrew Hasnell, lawyer, b. at Green
Hill, Worcester, Ma.ss., 6 Oct., 1820. He received
his education in the schools of his native slate,
adopting the law as his profession. During his
career in New York city he has filled many posi-
tions as trustee and executor of estates, and
among the latter that of Samuel J. Tilden. He
was a commissioner of education and president
of the board in 1856, president of the Central
park board from 1857 to 1870, and comptroller
of the city from 1871 to 1876. His entrance upon
this office was at the time of the Tweed ring's
peculations. The finances of the city were in con-
fusion, and the claims urged upon the treasury
amounted to millions. Against much opposition,
Mr. Green labored for the solution of the problem
of the city's finances, which the ring's frauds had
ushered into existence. He introduced new meth-
ods of checks into the system of the comptroller's
office, which are still continued in that depart-
ment. He may be called the " father of Greater
New York," for in 1868 he conceived the plan for
the amalgamation of the cities and towns which,
in 1897, were constituted the Greater New York,
and lor which he, in 1899, was presented in the city
with a gold medal. Mr. Green was the originator
of the plan which has resulted in the consolidation
of the Astor, Lenox, and Tilden libraries under one
head as the New York public library, of which he
is a trustee. He has published various important
reports touching on public and educational topics
relative to New York city.
GREEN, Edward Rowland Robinson, capi-
talist, b. in London, England, 23 Aug.. 1868, is tne
son of Mrs. Hetty H. R. Green, reputed to be
one of the wealthiest women in the world. The
family came to New York in 1872, and he received
his education in the schools of that citv and at
Fordham college, where he was graduated in 1888.
He then took up the study of law, and secured his
admission to the bar. Instead of entering into
active practice of his profession, he became a clerk
in the office of the Connecticut river railway.
Later he became more deeply interested in rail-
ways, serving as director of several, and as presi-
dent of the Texas Midland railway, in which he
has a controlling interest, since 1893. He made
his home at Terrell, Tex., and took an active
part in the politics of the state, .serving as chair-
man of the Republican state central committee.
GREEN, Henry Woodliiill, jurist, b. in Law-
renceville, N. J., 30 Sept., 1804 ; d. in Trenton, 19
Dec, 1876. He was graduated at Princeton in
1830, studied law in the office of Chief-Justice
Ewing, was licensed as an attorney, and began the
practice of his profession in Trenton, where he
thereafter resided. He was recorder of that city
tor several years, later reporter of the court of
chancery, and a member of the legislature in
1843. In the convention that nominated Clay and
Frelinghuysen, in 1844. he advocated the latter's
nomination, and he was a member of the conven-
tion which framed the present constitution of
New Jersey. The legislature of 1845 named him,
with Peter I). 'Vroom and William L. Dayton, a
commission to revise the laws of the state, the re-
sult being the revised statutes of 1846, the only
systematic code ever attempted in New Jersey.
GREENHALGE
GRIFFIN
121
He became chief justice of the state in 1846. and
was reappointed in 1853, retaining the office until
1860, when he became chancellor. Owing to his
zeal in the discharge of his duties, his health
failed, and he was obliged to resign the latter
oflice in 1866, a year before the expiration of his
term. His opinions as chief justice of the su-
preme court and as chancellor are characterized
by thorough research, great force of argument,
and lucidity of expression. Judge (jreen was
president of the board of trustees of Princeton
theoh)gical seminary, and from 1850 until his
death was a trustee of the college there, of which
he was a liljeral benefactor. The degree of LL.D.
was conferred upon him by his ulmu mater. — His
son, Charles Ewing, b. iii Trenton, !t Oct., 1840;
d. there, 23 Dec, 18!)". He was graduated from
Princeton in 1860, was licensed as a lawyer in
1863, was chancery reporter. 1863-'77, and was
also register in l>ankruptcy for several years. As
one of the residuary legatees of his uncle, John
Cleve Green, he devoted much attention toa<lvanc-
ing the interests of the Lawrenceville school,
Princeton theological seminary and university,
being a trustee of those institutions. In 1892 the
latter conferred iiiion him the dejin-e of Lti. D.
GREENHALGE, Frederick Thomas, lawyer,
b. in Clitheroe. England, 19 July, 1842; d. in Low-
ell, Mass., 5 .Marcii, 1896. He removed with his
parents to Lowell in 18.50. and was employed there
in the mills of the Merrimack print-work.s. He
entered Harvard in the class of 186!!, but, his fa-
ther dying, was obliged to leave college to earn his
support. He. however, receiveil his degree from
Harvard in 1870. He was admlttcKl to the Mid-
dlesex bar in 1865, and began public life as a
member of the common council of Lowell. Later
he was a memlwr of the school-boanl, and mayor
of the city, member of the legislature, and, 1889-
'90, a member of congress, lie was a delegate to
the national Republican conventions of 1884 and
1890. and in the latter year chairman of the Re-
publican state convention. He was elected gov-
ernor of Masisachu setts successively in 1893, 1894,
and 189.5, the last time bv 60.000 'majority. See
his •' Life," bv James K. N'esmilh (Boston, 1897).
GREER, barid Hiiiiiiiiell, clergyman, b. in
Wheeling, W. \'a.. 20 March, 1844. He was gradu-
ated at Washington college, studied theology at the
Protestant Episcopal seminary at Gambier. Ohio.
He was ordained priest at Alexandria, Va.. in 1868.
and became rector of Trinity church, Covington,
Ky. He went abroad in 1871, and on his return
was elected rector of (Jracc church. Providence,
K. I., ami entered uixm his work there on 15 tk'pt.,
1872. Heorganizeil .several missions in connection
with the parish church, and was deputy from the dio-
cese to four successive general conventions. He ac-
cepted the rectorship of .St. ISartholomew's church.
New York city, in 1888. He is a broad church-
man, and an eli>r|uent extemporaneous preacher.
GRIIILEY, Charles Vernon, naval officer, b.
in Logansport. Ind., 2ii June, 1845: d. in KoW,
Japan, 4 June. 1898. He was appointed an acting
midshipnum from Michigan, 26 Sept., 1860, and
remaineil at the V. S. naval academy until Octolx-r.
186;J. when he was made an ensign and attached
to the steamship '"Oneida." of tlie West fiulf
8i|U8dron, from 186;{ to 186.5. He was on boanl
his ship in the battle of Mobile bay on 5 Aug.,
1864. At the close of the war, having served in a
number of engagements, he was altiu-hed to the
steam-slof>p " Brf>oklvn," of the Hrazilian squad-
ron, anil later was al>oard the " Kearsarge." He
was promoted to lieutenant on 21 Feb., 1867, and
Ifi
fl?^-^
^■
^r^V^ii^^J^^^^
lieutenant-commander one year later and assigned
to the " Michigan," and afterward to the " Monon-
gahela." He was executive officer of the flag-ship
"Trenton," of the European squadron, and was
made commander in March, 1882. He was for a
time assigned to
the torpedo sta-
tion, and also to
the Boston navy-
yard. He was
made commander
of the " James-
town " in 1884,
and later was in-
spector of light-
houses at Buffalo.
He became cap-
tain in March.
1897, and was
ordered to the
Asiatic squadron,
where he was
assigned to the
" Olvmpia." On
Suntiav, 1 Mav,
1898, the Amer-
ican fleet attacked and destroyed the entire Span-
ish squadron in the bay of Manila. .Tust be-
fore the naval battle began t'apt. Gridley took
his station in the conning tower, with Com-
modore Dewey on the bridge. As the flag-ship
led the fleet into the bay, and when the "Olym-
pia " drew near the Sjianish ships, Dewey gave the
order, '■ You may nre, Gridley, when you are
ready," and the conflict began. At the time of
the action Capt. Gridley was very ill, but he in-
sisted on actively commanding )iis ship. Soon
afterward his malady l>ecame aggravated and he
obtained sick leave, dying a few <lays after leaving
the •'(.>lynipia" to return to the United States. His
widow an(l daughter were present at the Dewey
celebration in New York in Septend)er, 1899.
GRIFFIN, Appletnn Prentiss Clark, bibli-
ographer, b. in West Wilton. N. H.. 24 July, 18.52.
He was educated in the public schools of his na-
tive state and under private tutors, and engaged
in library work, serving as custodian of the slielves
in the Boston public library from 1871 till 1890.
and as keefier of books from the latter dale till
1894. From 1895 till 1897 he was engaged in pre-
paring a full descriptive catalogue of Imoks from
Washington's library in the Boston Athenn-um,
and also examined and reported on the manu-
scripts of that institution. Since 1897 he has been
assistant librarian of the library of congress,
Wa<hingti>n. He has published " Discovery of the
Mississippi." a bibliographical account (New York.
1883); "Index of Articles upon American Local
History in Colle<-tions" (Boston, 1880); "Bib-
liography of the Historical Publications issued
bv the N'ew England Slates " (189.5): "BilJiogra-
pliy of American Historical .Societies" (Washing-
ton, 1896); " Index of the Literature of American
liocal History in Collections pul)lished in 1890-'95 "
(Boston. 1896); and " Catalogue of the Washing-
ton Collection in the Boston Alhemeum " (1897).
GRIFFIN, Saninel Paine, navigator, b. in
Savannah, (ia., in 1826: d. in .\s[iinwall. Panama,
4 July, 1887. He was graduated at the U. S. naval
academy at the head of his class, served through-
out the Mexican war in California waters, and in
1840 was in the first U. S. arctic expedition lliiil,
was sent out to search for Sir John traiiklin. He'
resigned from the navy in 1854. engaged in busi-
ness in New Orleans, and during the civil war was
122
GRIFFIN
GUINEY
detailed by Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks to collect a
fleet for the Rio Grande expedition. He soon
afterward entered the service of tlie Pacific mail
steamship company, commanding, as their com-
modore, successive steamers of their fleet till 1883.
Capt. Griffin was an autliority on ship-building, and
the author of a code of international fog-signals.
GRIFFIN, Tliomiis Musgrove, engineer, b.
in New York city, 38 April, 1833. He was grad-
uated at Hobart in 1848, and adopted the profes-
sion of a civil engineer. He assisted in the pre-
liminary surveys of the Panama railroad, built the
suspension bridge at Hamilton, Canada, the first
bridge over the Mississippi river in 1854, and two
others in 1876 and 1877, and was mechanical en-
gineer under Admiral Francis H. Gregory dui-ing
the civil war. He has invented and patented
several improvements on suspension bridges.
GRIGrGS, John Williaui, statesman, b. in New-
ton, Sussex CO., N. J., 10 July, 1849, and was
graduated from Lafayette college in 1868. He be-
gan the study of law, and in 1871 removed from
Newton to Paterson, where he was admitted to
the bar. Pour years later he was elected to the
house of assembly from Passaic county. In 1877
he was again sent to the house of assembly, but
the following year he was defeated. In 1883 he
was elected state senator, being re-elected in 1884,
and again two years later. In the senate of 1886
he was elected to the presidency. In 1893 Presi-
dent Harrison gave serious consideration to his
name in connection with a vacancy on the U. S.
supreme bench, caused by the death of Justice Jo-
seph P. Bradley, but the appointment went to an-
other. In 1895 Mr. Griggs was chosen over Alexan-
der T. McGill by a plurality of 26,900 votes, being
the first Republican governor elected in New Jersey
in twenty-five years. In January, 1898, he became
attorney-general in President McKinley's cabinet.
GRINNELL, Frederick, inventor, b. in New
Bedford, Mass., 14 Aug., 1836. He was graduated
at Rensselaer polytechiuc institute in 1854, and be-
came a draughtsman and mechanical engineer.
He was successively superintendent of the Corliss
steam-engine works, Providence, R. I., manager
of the Jersey City locomotive works, and superin-
tendent of motive power on the Atlantic and Great
Western railroad, and in 1869 became president,
manager, and mechanical engineer of tlie Provi-
dence steam and gas pipe company. He intro-
duced and has done much to perfect the auto-
matic fire extinguislier and alarm, taking out
about forty patents in connection with it.
GRISWOLD, Alplionso Miner, journalist, b.
in Westmoreland, N. Y., 26 Jan., 1834; d. in New
York city, 14 March, 1891. He was educated at
Hamilton college, and became a journalist in Buf-
falo, Detroit, Cleveland, and Cincinnati. His (lara-
graphs and humorous essays, under the pen-name
of "The Fat Contributor," won him reputation,
and he spent the years 1865-'78 in the lecture
field, his topic being " American Antiquities " and
" Queer Polks." In 1872-'83 he owned the Cincin-
nati " Satuday Night," a humorous literary jour-
nal, and after 1886 he was an editor and one of
the proprietors of " Texas Siftings."
GROSSCUP, Peter Stenger, jurist, b. in Ash-
land, Ohio, 15 Feb.. 1852. His lineage on his father's
side runs back to Holland, on his mother's to Ger-
many, but all the ancestors have been in this coun-
try from a period before the Revolution. Ho was
educated in the schools of Ashland, and in Wit-
tenberg college, one of the educational institutions
of the Lutheran church, graduating in 1873 at the
head of his class. He obtained his degree of bach-
t^-'C-.l^^.
elor of laws from the Boston law-school. Mr. Gross-
cup practised law in Ashland, Ohio, from 1874 to
1883, l)eing city solicitor for six years of that time.
In 1876 he was a cantlidate of the Republican
party for congress, but was defeated. Going to
Chicago in 1883, he entered the law firm heailed
by Leonard Swett, a former law partner of Abra-
ham Lincoln. From
this time he partici-
pated in many of the
most important trials
occurring in the west,
and attained wide
reputation as a law-
yer. He was appoint-
ed to the U. S. dis-
trict bench by Presi-
dent Harrison, 12
Dec. 1892. Soon after
he attracted the at-
tention of the country
in his decision upon
the application of the
government to close
the World's Colum-
bian exposition on
Sundays. His most
widely known service,
however, was the issuance of the injunction in the
Debs riots of 1894, and his charge to the grand
jury in the midst of the riots. He has in the
meantime handed down many decisions of wide-
spread interest to large portions of the public and
the legal profession generallv.
GRUBB, Edward Biird, soldier, b. in Bur-
lington, N. J., 13 Nov., 1841. He was graduated
at Burlington college in 1860, entered the Natiimal
army in 1861, and rose from the rank of 3d lieu-
tenant to that of colonel of New Jersey volunteers,
receiving the brevet of brigiidier-general of volun-
teers in 1865. He engaged in the mining and coal
business after the civil war, in 1877 built and
0])erated the first coke furnace in Virginia, and
became president of the Lynchl)urg iron company.
He was president of the common council of Bur-
lington, a member of the Loyal legion, and de-
partment commander of the Grand army of the re-
public, lie represented tliis country at the court
of Madrid for four years. Gen. Grubb is the au-
thor of " What I saw of the Suez Canal," which
was the first account of that enterprise published
in this countrv (Pliiladelphia, 1H69).
GUERNSEY, Rocelliis Slieridan, lawyer, b.
in Westford, Otsego co., N. Y.. 10 April, 1836.
He was educated at a district school and by pri-
vate instruction, has practised law for forty years,
and has been a member of the bar of the U. .S. su-
preuie court since 1863. Mr. Guernsey has been
counsel for the Western Union telegraph com-
pany and for the Postal telegraph cable com-
pany for many years. Ilis more important works
are "Mechanics' Lien Laws," relative to the
counties of New York. Kings, and Queens (New
York. 1873) : " IIow Shakespeare's Plays were
written" (1874); ".Suicide: History of the Penal
Laws relating to it" (1885); "Corporation Code"
(1884); "Ecclesiastical Law in Hamlet" (1885):
" New York Citv and Vicinitv during the War of
1812-15 " (2 vols. 1889). and " Taxation and its
Relations to Capital and Labor" (1897).
GUINEY, Louise Imogen (gui -nv), poet, b. in
Boston, Mass., 7 Jan.. 1861. Her father. Patrick
R. Guiney, served in. the Nat ional army during the
civil war, was brevetted brigadier-general of volun-
teers in 1864, and died in 1877 from the effects of
GUNN
GZOWSKI
123
r
a wound that he received in the battle of the
Wilderness. Louise was grailuated at Elrahurst
aemleiuy. Providence, R. I., in 1879, and early con-
tributed verses to the newspapers. Her publica-
tions are "Songs at the Start" (Boston, 1844);
"Goose-Quill Papers " (1885) ;" The White Sail,
and other Poems (1887) ; " Brownies and Bogles "
(1888) : " Monsieur Henry " (New York, 1892) ; " A
Koadside Harp" (Boston, 1893); "A Little Eng-
lish Gallery" (New York, 1894); ''Lovers' Saint
Ruth's" (Boston, 1895); "Patrines" (1897); and
"The Martyr's Idvl, and Shorter Poeuis " (1899).
Miss Guiney has also edited Thomas William Par-
son's translation of Dante (Boston, 1893) and James
Clarence Mangan's poems (1897).
tlUNN, Frederick William, educator, b. in
Washington, Litchfield co., Conn.. 4 Oct., 1816; d.
there, 10 Aug., 1881. He was graduated at Yale
in ls;J7, taught in New Preston, Conn., and subse-
quently in Towanda, Pu.. with Orville H. Piatt. In
18.'K) he established in Washington, Conn., the boy's
boarding-school that is now known as the Gunnery.
His unique methods and the homelike character of
the admirable sch(X)l soon won it a wide reputa-
tion, and he continued in its charge till his death.
The school is described in Josiah G. Holland's
novel entitled " Arthur Bonniciist le " as the " Bird's
Nest," and also in William Hamilton Gibson's
" .Snug Hamlet." See also " The Master of the
Gunnery " (New York, 1884).
Gt'NSAt'LUS, Frank Wakely, clergyman, b. ]
at Chesterville, Ohio, 1 Jan., 1850, and w^as gnulu- ,
ated at the Wesleyan university of that stat« in ■
June, 1875. He filled the pulpits of Congreea- !
tional churches in Columbus, Ohio, XewtcmviTle,
Mass., Baltimore, and Chicago, where he was pas-
tor of Plymouth church for ten years, resigning in
1897, owing to impaired health, accepting a call to
Central church in March, 1899. He is an eloquent
and popular preacher, has been president of Ar-
mour institute of technology since 1893, and is the
author of "The Transfiguration of ("hri.st" (Bos-
ton. 1885); "Monk and Knight: An Historical
Studv in Fiction" (Chicjtgo, 1891); " Phidias, and
other Poems " (1893); " Songs of Night and Day "
(1890); "Gladstone: The Man and his Work"
(1898) ; " Metamorphosis of a Creed," " November
at Eastwood," "Loose Leaves of Song," and " The
Man of Galilee" (1899).
tiUTIERREZ, Rafael Antonio (goo-te-a-reth),
president of San Salvador, b. in San Salvador, 26
Jan., 1854. He devoted himself to military life
and to agricultural pursuits, di.stinguishing himself
as a soldier, and is now a general. He has acted
an important part in politics, and suffered banish-
ment ni Guatemala. When in 1894 the uprising
against President Carlos Ezeta took place, Gutie-
rrez was one of the lemiere. and after the triumph
was elected president in 1894, which place he still
holds. He lias endeavored to give a solution to
the economical problems of his country, to im-
prove the different branches of the administra-
tion, and aided in the recent formation of the " Re-
pi'iblica Mayor de Centro Ani'irica," of which San
Salvador c<mstitutes a part.
GZOWSKI. Sir Casimlr Stanislaus, patriot,
b. in St. Petersburg. 5 March, 1813; d. in Toronto,
Canada, 24 Aug., 1898. He was the son of Count
Gzowski, a Polish nobleman, who was an officer in
the imjjerial guard. The son was graduated from
the military engineering college a' Kremnitz. and
entered the Itiissian army. When the disastrous
rebellion against the tyranny of Constantine broke
out young Gzowski, with the patriotism of his race,
threw in his lot with the insurgents. He was pres-
ent at the Polish triumph at Warsaw, and took
part in the engagements which followed. He was
several times wounded, and when the final catas-
trophe came the division to which he was attached
surrendered, the officers were imprisoned for sev-
eral months, and were afterward exiled to the
United States. After four years in this country,
he moved to Toronto, where he resided up to the
time of his death. Sir Casimir was the first presi-
dent of the Society of Canailian civil engineers,
and was also the first chairman of the Niagara Falls
tiark commission. A fine bronze bust of him has
been placed in Queen Victoria park, near Table
rock. He also won considerable reputation in
building the international bridge over the Niagara
river. Sir Casimir Gzowski, who was among the
most prominent men of Canada, was knighted in
1875, in recognition of " valuable services ren-
dered to the Dominion of Canada."
124
HADDOCK
HALL
H
HADDOCK, George Channiiig, clergyman, b.
in Watertown, N. Y., 33 Jan., 18ii2; d. in Sioux
City, Iowa, 3 Aug., 1886. Ho was partially edu-
cated at Black river institute in his native town,
learned the printer's trade, and was connected with
several Republican newspa[)ers in Wisconsin. He
was licensed to preach in the Methodist Episcopal
church, and from 1860 until 1882 was actively en-
gaged in temperance work. He was transferred
to the Iowa conference in 1882, and while en-
deavoring to enforce the prohibition laws of that
state was assassinated in Sioux City. He pub-
lished several fugitive poems that became poi)u-
lar, including " Autumn Leaves," " The Skeleton
Guest," and " The Cross of Gold." See his " Life,"
by his son (New York, 1887).
HAGGART, John Graham, Canadian states-
man, b. in Perth, Ontario, 14 Nov., 1836. He be-
came a mill-owner, was mayor of Perth for several
years, an unsuccessful candidate for parliament in
1867 and 1869, was chosen to that office as a Lib-
eral Conservative in 1872, and afterward served for
many years by re-election. In July, 1888, he be-
came postmaster-general, and in January, 1892, he
was transferred to the department of railways and
canals, which he held for four yeare.
HAGOOD, Johnson, soldier, b. at Barnwell,
S. C, 21 Feb., 1829 ; d. there, 4 Jan., 1898. He was
educated at the South Carolina military academy,
where he graduated in 1847. He was elected mas-
ter in equity, which he held until the civil war,
when he raiseil the 1st South Carolina volunteers,
of which he was elected colonel. He was appointed
brigadier-general in the Confederate army in May,
1862. On liis appointment he wiis assigned to duty
on the coast of South Carolina, and was employed
in the siege of Charleston against Gen. Gillmore
in 1863, and was in command of battery Wagner.
He was ordered to Virginia in 1804. He was en-
gaged at Walthall junction and Swift creek against
Gen. Butler, and subsequently under Beauregard
was engaged in the battle of Drury's BlulT and in
the operations resulting in confining Gen. Butler
to his fortified base in Bermuda Hundred. He
was subsequently detached with Hoke's division,
to which his brigade had been assigned, to Lee's
army, reaching it in time to partici])ate in the bat-
tle of Cold Harbor. Returning to Gen. Beaure-
gard's command, he was engage<i in the three days'
battle preceding the siege of Petersburg, his bri-
gade serving in the trenches during the siege which
followed. He was afterward in the battle of Wel-
don Road and in the operations north of the James
following the fall of Fort Harrison. In December,
1864, he joined Gen. Bragg in North Carolina and
was engaged at Fort Fisher, commanding the rear
guard of Bragg's army, and in all operations follow-
ing and iricluclingthe battle of Bentonville. After
the war he was president of the South (larolina
state agricultural societyand chairman of the board
of visitors of the South Carolina military academy.
HAID, Leo, K. C. bishop, b. in Latrobe, West-
moreland CO., Pa., 14 July, 1849. He was edu-
cated at the Benedictine abbey of St. Vincent in
his native county, entered the Benedictine novi-
tiate in 1872, became a profes.sed Benedictine and
was ordained a priest in 1872. He then became
chaplain and a i)rofessor at St. Vincent's abbey,
and in June, 1885, he was elected abbot of St.
Mary Hel[) abbey, and consecrated as a mitred ab-
bot in November. In this position he extended
his labors beyond the monastery and among the
negroes, made many converts, erecting a new col-
lege and the church and school of St, Benedict
for the colored people of the vicinity. North
C'arolina having been erected into a vicariate
apostolic by Pius IX., he appointed Abbot Haid
vicar apostolic and titular bishop of Mes.sene in
1888. He still fills the offices of abbot of the
abbey and vicar apostolic of North Carolina.
HALE, Irving, soldier, b. in North Bloomfield,
N. Y., 28 Aug., 1861, and was graduated at the
U. S. military academy, at the head of his class,
in June, 1884. Resigning his commission in the
army in 1890, he entered the service of the General
electric company, and was their manager in Colo-
rado when the war with Spain began. He went
to the Philippine islands as colonel of the 1st
regiment Colorado volunteers, and after the' cap-
ture of Manila, for his distinguished services, he
was promoted to brigadier-general by Presi<ient
McKinley, and jilaced m command of the 2d bri-
gade. In August, 1899, he returned to the LTnited
States, and has since resigned his commission, and
resumed his Ijusiness in Colorado.
HALE, WilHani Thomas, journalist, b. in
Liberty, Tenn., 1 Feb., 1857, receiving an academ-
ic education in his native town. He studied law,
was admitted to the bar, and practised his profes-
sion from 1880 until 1893, since which time he has
been connected with the " Commercial Appeal " of
Memphis, the "Post-Dispatch" of St. Louis, the
'■ American" of Nashville, and the "Sentinel" of
Knoxville. Mr. Hale, who has published many
popular poems, is the author of " Divorce and
Land Laws of Teimessee " (Liberty, 1889) ; " Show-
ers and Sunshine," a volume of poems (Memphis,
1896); "The Backwoods Trail: Stories of the In-
dians and Pioneers" (Nashville, 1899); and "An
Autumn Lane, and other Poems" (1899).
HALIBURTON, Robert Grant, Canadian au-
thor, b. in New Windsor. Nova Scotia. 3 June, 1831.
He is a son of Judge Ilaliburton ("Sam Slick"),
was graduated at King's college, and admitted to the
bar, soon enjoying an extensive practice in Halifax.
In 1877 he removed to Ottawa, where hccontinues
his law practice. Mr. Ilaliburton has been a fre-
quent contributor to scientific periodicals, also to
" Blackwood's Magazine " and the " North Amer-
ican Keview," and is a member of the American
association for the advancement of science and
other kindred societies. — His brother, Sir Arthur
Laurence, b. in Windsor, -26 .Sept., 1832, entered
the British army, and was permanent under-secre-
tary of war, from which he retired, and was
knighted in 1897, during the queen's jubilee.
HALL, Abraham Oakey, lawyer, b. in Albany
N. Y., 26 July, 1826 (while liis mother was there
on a visit); d. in New York city, 7 Oct., 1898.
His father died when he was three years old ; by
the efforts of his mother, and by writing for the
New York city pajiers, he managed to work his
way through New York university, where he was
graduated in 1844. He attended the Harvard law-
school for one term, ai<led by his uncle, Samuel
W. Oakey, a New Orleans merchant ; on his re-
turn to New York he entered an office, but soon
went to New Orleans and studied with Thomas
and John Slidell, He returned to New York, and
was admitted to the bar in 1848, All this time he
wrote for the press, and he continued to do so
during many succeeding years. He won success
HALL
HALL
125
I
at the bar, arguing before the supreme court be-
fore he was twenty-four years of age. With Na-
thaniel B. Blunt and Aaron J. Vanderpoel he orig-
inated a prominent New York law firm. Blunt
WHS elected district attorney in 1830, selecting
Hall as his assistant. When Blunt died in 1854,
Hall resigned, but was elected to the |)csition at
the ensuing election. It is said that lie argued
two hundred cases as district attorney : he also
contributed many reformatory statutes applicable
to the city. He became mayor in 1869, and was
re-elected in 1870. It was charged at the time,
and later stated in Brvce's " American Common-
wealth," that he had criminal relations with the
Tweed ring ; the courts, however, exonerated him,
and his dying in poverty would seem to disprove
the charge. After his retirement he appeared on
the stage in 1875 in "The t'rucible," a play writ-
ten by himself, which was not a success. He re-
turned to journalism, and was for a time city
editor of the " World." lie then gave up his
position, went abroad, and practised at the Kng-
lish bar. Mr. Hall also took charge of the Lon-
don bureau of the " New York Herald " until 1880.
He. returned to this country in 1891, and resumed
literary pursuits. His writitigs include "The
Manhattaner in New Orleans" (New York, 1851);
"Old Whitev's Christmas Trot" (1857); "The
Congressman's Christinas Dream" (1870); "Bal-
lads" (1880): and an exhaustive " History of the
Tweeil Ring," left in manuscript.
HALU Anne, artist, b. in I'omfret. Conn., 26
Jlay, 1792; d, in New York city, 11 Dec, 1863.
She was the sister of Jonathan I'rescott Hall
(q. v.). She took some les-sons in applying colors
to ivory from Samuel King, who taught Wash-
ington -Mlston, and received instruction in oil-
painting from .Alexander Uoliertson, in New York,
an<l John Trumbull, but soon turned her entire
attention to miniature [tainting, in which she be-
came celebrated. She was elected a meml>er of the
National academy of design, where she occasionally
exhibited. Her miniature portrait of Garaniia
Mohallii, the Greek girl, has lieen considered her
masterpiece, and has been engraved rei*ate<lly.
Uer beautiful picture of Dr. .lohii W. Francis's
son John has been long engraved under the name
of " Ol>eron." Her miniatures are scattered widely
over the country, but many of the Iwst are in the
possession of her relatives in New York.
H.ALU Arthur Crawshuy AlHston, bishop,
P. K. church, b. in Binfield, Berkshire co., Kng-
laiid, 12 .\pril, 1847. He was educated at Christ
Church, Oxford, receiving his degrees from there,
of B. A. in 18(59, .M. A. in 1872, and D. D. in 189:t.
He has l)een a licensed preacher in the diocese of
Oxford. as a meml>cr of the society of St. John the
Kvungelist. In 1874 he was assistant minister in
the (;hurch of the Advent, Boston, becoming in
1882 minister of the mission church of St. John
the Kvangelist, and so continuing until 18itl. The
diweseol Vermont elected Dr. Hall itsthird bishop,
and he was consecrated in February, 1894. Dr.
Hall has written many religious tracts and books,
the latest being the Biililwin lecture (1897) entitled
" Christ's Temptation and Ours," "The Virgin
Mother," " The Church's Dis<'ipline concerning
Marriage and Divorce," anil n devotional exiwisi-
tion of the Epistle to the Hebrews entitled " Con-
cerning Christ and the Church."
psyeholog
Ashlield. Ma.ss.. May. 1845. lie was graduated
srningunn
HALL, U
franvUlc Stanley, psychologist, b. in
at Williams in 1867, was professor of jisychology
at Antioch ojllege, Ohio, in 1872-'6. studied in
Berlin, Bonn, Heidelberg, and liCipsic, and was
lecturer on psychology at Harvanl in 1876 and
again in 1881-2, becoming professor of that branch
at Johns Hopkins university in 1882. In 1888 he
atrcepted the presidency of C5lark university. Har-
vard gave him the degree of Ph. I), in 1876.
Prof. Hall has written extensively for periodicals
on psychological and educational topics, and is
editor of the " American Journal of Psychology,"
and the author of " Aspects of German Culture"
(Boston, 1881), and, with John M. Mansfield,
"Hints toward a Select and Descriptive Bibliog-
raphy of Education " (1886).
HALL. James A., soldier, b. in Jefferson, Me.,
10 Aug., 1835; d. on a train near Syracuse, N. Y.,
10 June, 1893. He was educated at the Warren
academy, in his native state. Abandoning the
dry-goods business in which he had been engaged,
he entereil the army in November, 1861. as 1st
lieutenant of the 2d Maine battery, and rose to the
rank of brevet brigadier-general, his services being
especially conspicuous at Gettysburg, where he
was wounded an<l had his horse shot under hiin.
Gen. Hall was mustered out, 22 July, 1865, and in
the following month was assigned as colonel to
the 2d regiment of Hancock's corps, from which
he was mustered out at Savannah, Ga., in March,
1866. He was for thirteen years after the war
colle<-t(>r of customs at Waldoboro', Me.
HALL, John, clergyman, b. in Market Hill,
County .Armagh, 31 July, 1829; d. in Bangor,
County Down. 17 Sept., 1898. He was graduated
at Belfast college, and was licensed to preach in
1849. Three years he served as a missionary at
Camlin, when he was
calleil lothe First church,
Armagh, and in 1858
was transferred to the
church of St. Mary's ab-
bey, now Hut land square,
Dublin. In the oHice of
commissioner of educa-
tion, to which he was
shortly afterward ap-
pointed, he discharged
liis arduous duties with
unflaggingxeal and with-
out compensation. In
1867 Dr. Hall was chosen
delegate from the gener-
al as.xeinblv in Ireland to
the old-8cliool assembly
then in .>icssi(in in Cincinnati, where he made strong
appeals in behalf of church unity, and it is believed
hastened the desired union. At the ncw-sclinol a.s-
sembly in Koehcster he was equally successful. He
preached in the Fifth avenue church in June, in
the following month a call was sent to him, and in
Oclolier he returned to New York, entering upon
his duties on the first .Sunday of the following
month. The church soon became too small for
the rapidly increasing congregation, and the pres-
ent imposing edifice was built and generally
known as Dr. Hall's church. During his ministry
of more than three ileeades it became the most
important Presbyterian parish in the country
and justly celebrated for its wiile-spread charity.
While neither a great orator nor a profound
scholar, but a simple, earnest, conservative Chris-
tian pastor, he wfus recognized as one of the lead-
ing ministers of his denomination. In 1875 Dr.
Hall delivered the Lyman Beecher cour.'^ of lec-
tures at Yale, and in 1882 he became chancellor
of the University of the city of New York. His
death occurred at his sister's residence during his
annual visit to Ireland, and his burial was in
^.^^4^^.
126
HALLOCK
HANDY
Woodlawn cemetery, after a funeral service held
in the Fifth avenue church. He became in 1859
the editor and owner of " The Evangelical Witness,"
and was tlie author of " Family Prayers for Four
Weeks " (New York, 1868) ; " Papers for Home
Reading" (1871); "Familiar Talks to Boys"
(1873) ; " God's Word through Preaching " (1875) ;
" Poundation-Stones for Young Builders " (1880) ;
"A Christian Home and how to maintain it"
(1883); and, in conjunction with George H.Stuart,
" American Evangelists " (1875).
HALLOCK, Charles, journalist, b. in New
York city, 13 March, 1834. lie is the son of Ge-
rard Hailock {q. !•.). Studied at Yale in 1850-'l,
and at Amherst in 1851-'2. receiving his degree
from the latter in 1871. He was associate editor
and proprietor of the New York "Journal of Com-
merce" from 1855 till 1862, and founder and pro-
prietor of " Forest and Stream " from 1873 till
1880. Mr. Hailock was an incorporator and di-
rector of the Flushing and Queens county bank,
New York, and a money broker and commission
merchant in St. John and Halifax for several years.
His business ventures have included sunflower cul-
ture for the oil product, the restoration of aban-
doned New England farms, sheep-culture in the
northwest on Indian model farms, a farm colony
for sportsmen in Minnesota, the development of
Alaska, the substitution of porous terra-cotta for
adobe and titipati in Mexico, a crematory for burn-
ing garbage, a smoke-consumer and coal-saver, and
many other economic schemes. He has published
" Life of Stonewall Jackson " (Augusta, Ga., 1863) ;
" The Pishing Tourist " (New York, 1873) ; " Cauip
Life in Florida" (1875); "The Sportsman's Gazet-
teer " (1877) ; " Our New Alaska " (1886) ; and " The
Salmon Fisher" (New York, 1890).
HAMILTON, Archibald, naval officer, b. in
South Carolina in 1793; d. at sea, 15 Jan.. 1815.
He was the son of Paul Hamilton {q. v.). He en-
tered the navy as midshipman, 18 May, 1809, and
took part in the action between the "United States"
and the " JIacedonian," which resulted in the cap-
ture of the latter, and was promoted lieutenant for
his gallantry on that occasion, 24 July, 1813. Being
commissioned by Commodore Decatur to take the
flag of the captured frigate and present it to Presi-
dent Madison, young Hamilton proceeded to the
national capital, but on liis arrival found that the
president, with his entire cabinet, liad gone to a
military ball. Following them and gaining ad-
mission to the ballroom, he crossed to where Mi-s.
Madison was standing and laid tlie captured trophy
at her feet. Being a very handsome youth, he at
once became for the ladies the hero of the evening.
Having a few days' leave of absence, he spent them
in Washington, and improved the time by becom-
ing engaged to Miss Maria Mayo, one of the beau-
ties of the day. Returning to his sliip, Hamilton
continued to share the fortunes of lier commander
until the action in January, 1815, when the " I'resi-
dent," to whicli Commodore Decatur had trans-
ferred his flag, was captured by tlie British sciuad-
ron. During the engagement Hamilton, who was
acting as fourth lieutenant, fell mortally wounded.
Miss Mayo was inconsolable for the loss of her lover,
but subsequently married Gen. Winfield Scott.
HAMILTON', Edward John, clergyman, b. in
Belfast, Ireland, 29 Nov., 1834. He came to this
country at an early age, and was graduated at
Hanover college and at Princeton theological sem-
inary in 1858. He was pastor of Presbyterian
churches in Oyster Bay, L. I., and elsewhere ; dur-
ing the civil war was chaplain in the National
army for three years, was professor of mental phi-
losophy at Hanover college in 1868-'79, and of
logic, ethics, and political science at Princeton
in 1882. From 1883 to 1891 he filled the chair of
intellectual science at Hamilton college, and since
1895 has been professor of philosophy at the State
university of Washington. Wabash college, Indi-
ana, gave him the degree of D. D. Dr. Hamilton
has published a " New Analysis in Fundamental
Morals " (New York, 1872) ; " The Human Mind "
(1883) ; and " Mental Science " (1886).
HAMILTON, Otho, soldier, b. in Edinburgh,
Scotland, about 1700; d. in Waterford, Ireland, 7
Feb., 1770. His father, Capt. Thomas Hamilton,
third son of Dr. John Hamilton, of Muirhouse,
Midlothian, and Anne, granddaughter of Lord
Blphinstone. served with reputation in the Swedish
army, and later was a well-known citizen of Edin-
burgh. Otho in early life entered the army, and in
1727 was a lieutenant in the 40th regiment, then
stationed at Annapolis Royal, in Nova Scotia. On
28 July, 1727, he was appointed to act as provin-
cial secretai'y. or secretary of the council, Capt.
Lawrence Ai'rastrong being lieutenant-governor.
On 9 Oct., 1731, he was appointed a member of the
council. Major Mascarene's absence in Boston mak-
ing a vacancy. In 1736 he was again acting sec-
retary, and in that year he was one of several that
received a grant of 50,000 acres of land on the
south side of the basin of Minas. In 1740 he was
one of the five men that were appointed from
Nova Scotia by King George II. to settle the boun-
daries between the province of JIassachusetts Bay
and the colony of Kliode Island, but being then on
military duty at Canso he did not act. In Jlay,
1764, he was in command of the troops in Nova
Scotia with the rank of major, and was stationed
at Halifa.ic. Later he is said to have been military
governor of Placentia, in Newfoundland. He mar-
ried in America and had three children.
HANI), Daiiipl, philanthropist, b. in Madison,
Conn., 16 July. 1801 ; d. in Guilford, Conn., 17 Dec,
1891. He was a merchant in Augusta. Ga., and
Charleston, S. C, wliere he accumulated a fortune.
After the civil war he retired and returned to the
north, where he became known as a philanthropist,
his first gift being a high-school building to his na-
tive town. In 1888 he gave to the American mis-
sionary association more than !j-1.000,000, to be
held in trust and known as the Daniel Hand edu-
cational fund for
colored people, to -, ~7-v,
be used in the '" ^<^
"states in which
slaverv was recog-
nized " in 1861."
For many years he
lived in Guilford.
HANDY, Moses
Piiriiell, journal-
ist, b. in Missouri,
26 May, 1847; d.
in Augusta, Ga., 8
Jan., 1898. His
father was a Pres-
byterian minister
of Virginia, and it
was while, with his
wife, he was tem-
porarily in the
west that their son
was born there.
Moses received a
little education,
and in 1862 entered the Confederate army, acting as
a special courier. After the war he entered upon a
HANNA
HARRIET
127
journalistic career, being connected with various
papers, including the editorship of the " Richmond
Inquirer," the " Philadelphia Press," and the Chi-
cago " Times-Herald." He was commissioner from
Virginia to the Centennial exhibition, chief of the
department of publicity and promotion of the Co-
lumbian exposition, and in Julv, 1897, President
McKinley appointed him sf)ecial commissioner of
the I'nited States for the Paris exposition of 1900.
Major Handy went to France, and was successful in
his main object of obtaining a large additional grant
of space besides that alrea*ly allotted to American
exhibits. He returned to this country with fail-
ing health in the latter part of Octoljer, 1897.
H.\NXA, Marcus Alonzo, .senator, b. in New
L)sl)on (now Lisbon). Columbia co., Ohio, 24 Sept.,
1837. He was graduated at the Western Reserve
college, and entered the wholesale house of which
his father was the senior partner. On his death,
in 1862, the son represented his interest in the
Brm for five years. He then formed a partnershij)
in the iron and coal busincs.s. which is still carried
on. Mr. Ilanna is also connected with the ship-
ping on the lakes, and with many important rail-
way and other corporations. He was a delegate
to the national Republican conventions of 1884,
1888, and 1896, wa-s elected chairman of the latter
organization in 1890, and still holds that position.
In March. 18!)", he was appointed by Gov. Ilush-
nell to fill the vacancy in the U. S. senate caused
by John .Sherman's acceptance of the position of
.sieeretary of slate in McKiidey's cabinet. The
senator was elected by the Ohio legislature with
a small niajoritr, to succeed himself, for the term
of six years, ending in March, 1903.
HASSBROIOH. Henry Clay, senator, b. in
Pniirie du Uocher, III.. 30 Jan., 1848; received a
cofnmon-schiK)l educalion, and in 1867 removed
with his family to California. There he learned
the triwle of a printer, and later published a daily
paper in San Jose, and was aftcrwar<l connected
with the .San Francisco " (Chronicle." In 1882 he
removed to the territory of Dakota, engaging in
joutiialism and becoming prominent in politics.
He was a delegate to the Chicago convention of
1888, and w^as elected as a Republican to the Slst
congress. In 1891 Mr. Hansbroiigh was elected
to the V. S. senate, to suceee<l Gilbert A. Pierce.
His term of service will expire in March, 190:5.
HANSON, Bogrer Weiglitinan, soldier, b. in
Clark county, Ky., 27 -Aug.. 1827: d. near Mur-
freesboro", Tenn., 2 Jan., 18li3. He was 1st lieu-
tenant in Capt. John S. William's com|>any of
Kentucky volunteers in the Mexican war. lie was
a member of the general a-ssembly from Fayette
county. Ky., in 18.5.'). was an elector on the Fill-
more ticket, and in 1857 candidate of what was
known as the Know-Nothing party for coTigres,s,
bnt was ilefeateil bv James II. Clav, son of Ilenrv
Clay. In 186f) he "canvas.wl Kentucky for Hell
and Everett. lie was apfxiinted colonel of the 2d
Kentucky regiment in the Confederate serviee, 2
Sept.. 18(61, and promoted briga<lier-general, 31
De<;., 1862. lie was killed at the battle of Mur-
freesboro' or Stone's river.
HARItY, l^e (!(>hon, author, b. in Charleston,
S. C, 7 .Sept.. 1849. anil was educated at home by
her father, a graduate of Gla-sgow university, and
by her aunt, an accomplished linguist. Since her
marriage to Mr. Ilarby she has resided chiefly in
<jalveslon and New York city, devoting her leisure
to writing and contributing stories and poems, also
hist'irical articles to the leading nnigazines. Mrs.
Harby has read pa|iers before the American his-
torical association, of which she is a member, and
she is also a member of the New York historical
society, the Texas historical society, and the Amer-
ican and British societies of authors.
H ARGER. Oscar (har-jer), paIa>ontologist, b. in
Oxford, Conn., 12 Jan., 1843; d. in New Haven,
Conn., 6 Nov., 1887. He was graduated at Yale
in 1868, and during his college course showed a
marked fondness for mathematical studies. His
attention had also been directed to botany, in
which he was unusually proficient, and on gradua-
tion he was led to pursue zoological studies under
Addison E. Verrill. He showed special aptitude
for original work, and had begun important in-
vestigations when in 1870 he was ajipointed as-
sistant in pahcontology at Yale, uiiiler Othniel C.
Marsh. Besides membership in various scientific
societies, he was in 1875-'7 secretary of the Con-
necticut academy of arts and sciences. The
greater part of his time was given to work in ver-
tebrate pala-ontology, but he also did much in
invertebrate zoology, publishing papers on inyria-
pods, a fossil arachnid, isopods, and the results of
dredging exix-ditions. His last work was a report
on the ■• Marine Isopoda of New England and Ad-
jacent Waters " (1880) and one on "The Isopmla
of the Blake Dredgings on the Eastern Coast of
the United .States " (1883).
HARMON, John Haiiclictt, editor, b. in Port-
age, Ohio, 21 June, 1819: d. in Detroit, Mich., 6
Aug., 1888. His father was one of the first settlers
in Portage county. The s<m learned the printer's
trade, edited a newspaper in Cuyahoga P'alls, Ohio,
in 1836, removed to Detroit, entered the " Free
Press " printing office, and became a proprietor of
that journal, lie took an active part in 1837 in
aid of the Canadian insurgents, and was in several
skirmishes. He ser\ed several terms in the city
council, became mayor of Detroit in 1852, was col-
lector of the port for several years, and territorial
governor of Minnesota in 1858-'9. Mr. Harmon
was an active Democrat and skilful politician, and
was a delegate to all the national conventions of
his i)artv from 1840 till 1884.
HARMON, Judsoil, lawyer, b. in Newtown,
Hamilton co., Ohio, 3 Feb., 1846. He was edu-
cated at Denison university, and stuilied jurispru-
dence at the law-school of his native city. gra<iuat-
ing in 1869. He joined the Republican .seceders
who sujiported Horace Greeley for the presidency.
In 1876 he was a caiulidate for the odicc of judge
of the court of common pleas in Cincinnati, and
he was declared elected, but the legislature un-
seated him in favor of Gen. Cox. A few years
later Mr. Harmon was elected judge of the suj)e-
rior court. I)ut he resigned in 1887 in order to re-
sume practice. He was nominated and confirmed
in 1891 as attorney-general to succeed Mr. Richard
Olney, who was advanced to the state department
on the death of Secretary Gresham.
HARRIET, mother superior, b. in Charleston,
S. C, 7 May, 1823; <1. in Peekskill, N. Y., 5 April,
1896. Her name to the world was Harriet Starr
Cannon, being a member of a well-known family,
and she was highly educated. She early became
imbued with a desire to devote her life to chari-
table work, and coming to New York joined St.
liuke's hospital, then recently founded by Dr.
Muhlenberg. For four years "she was a member
of the order of deacones.se.f. In 1865 .she founded
the community of St. Mary, a religious society of
the Protestant Episcopal church, purchasing land
at Peekskill and estal)lishing a .school known as
St. Gabriel, under the sanction of Bishop Horatio
Potter. From this luideus grew, under Mother
Harriet's wise administration, the large Anglican
128
HARRIS
HARRISON
order of St. Mary, now established in four dioceses
with some six hundred members and associates,
and includine; hospitals, schools, and reformatories.
Mother Harriet was buried in the private cemetery
of the sisterhood. See '• Harriet Starr Cannon,
First Mother Superior of the Sisterhood of St.
Mary, a Brief Memoir by Morgan Dix, Sometime
Pastor of the Community" (New York, ISflti).
HARRIS, Cicero Richardson, A. M. E. Zion
bishop, b. in Fayetteville, N. C 25 Aug.. 1844. He
is of African descent, went with liis family to Ohio
in 1850, and was educated in the Central high-
school of Cleveland. He returned to his native
place as a teacher in 18()6, became jiriiicipal of Zion
Wesley institute (now Livingstone college) in 1880,
and was professor of mathematics there in 18S3-'8.
He was general secretary of the African Methodist
Episcopal Zion church in 1880-'4, and its general
steward from 1880 till 1888, when he became a
bishop. — His elder brother, John Dennis, became
a physician, was surgeon in the U. S. freedman's
hospital in Washington, and has written "Summer
on the Borders of tlie Caribbean."
HARRIS, iieorge Francis, contractor, b. in
Chesterfield, Mass., 7 March, 1818; d. in Clayton,
Ala., 18 March, 1888. He was one of the earliest
railway contractors in this country, having built
the Vermont and Massachusetts railroad in 1846
and the Great Western railroad of Cnna<la in 1853-
'3. From 1876 till his death resided in New York
city, being connected with various railroad enter-
prises. He invented the Harris track-laying ma-
chine in 1880, and subsequently devoted his atten-
tion to that subject. In 1887 one-fifth of all the
railway track in the United States was laid by the
machine that is controlled by the firm of which
Mr. Harris was the senior iiarlner.
HARRIS, Jonathan Newton, philanthropist,
b. in Salem, Conn.. 18 Nov., 1815; d. in New Lon-
don, Conn., 18 Oct., 1896. He was a member of
the state senate, twice mayor of New London,
and at the beginning of the civil war he equipf)ed
the entire garrison at Fort Trumbull. He was
long a director and promoter of the American
board of commissioners of foreign missions, and
founded the Harris school of science in Kioto,
Japan, at a cost of |100,000. Mr. Harris also
gave 150,000 each to the Moody sclujol at North-
field and to the Mount Hermon school, and an-
nually distributed that amount to various churches
and beiu^volent organizations.
HARRIS, William Alexander, senator, b. in
Loudoun county, Va., 29 Oct., 1841 ; was graduated
at Columbian university and at the Virginia mili-
tary institute. He served three years in the Confed-
erate army, and in 1863 removed to Kansas, where
he was employed as an engineer in the construc-
tion of the Union Pacific railway. In 1868 he be-
came agent for the sale of the Delaware reserva-
tion and other lands in connection with farming
and stock-raising, particularly as a breeder of pure-
bred shorthorns. He was elected to the 53d con-
gi'css as a Populist and indorsed by the Democrats.
Mr. Harris was elected to the U. S. senate, and
took his seat in March, 1897, for six years.
HARRISON, Benjamin, twenty-third presi-
dent of the United States, b. in Nortli Bend, Ohio,
20 Aug., 1833. It has been stated that his lineage
can be traced to Harrison the regicide. He came
directly from the Virginia Harrisons, who were dis-
tinguished in the early history of that colony, his
great-grandfather, Benjamin Harrison, being one
of the seven Virginia delegates to the congress which
drew the Declaration of Independence. The Harri-
sons owned large landed estates on the bank of the
Ohio near the mouth of the Big Miami. Benjamin
assisted in the work on his father's farm, which
contained about four hundred acres. The products
of the farm were annually shipped in flat boats to
New Orleans, and his father usually went with the
cargo, the crew being composed of men from the
neighborhood who were familiar with the perils of
transi)ortation on the Mississippi river. His first
studies were prosecuted in the log school-house, and
at the age of fifteen he went to Farmers (now Bel-
mont) college, at College Hill, a suburb of Cincin-
nati. After a two years' stay there he became a.
student at Miami university, Oxford, where an ac-
quaintance formed at College Hill ripened into a
permanent attachment for Miss Caroline L. Scott,
who afterward became his wife. The young lady
had faith in liis star, and did not hesitate to ally
her fortunes with his. They were married while
he was yet a law student and before he had at-
tained his majority. He graduated fourth in his
class in 1852, Milton Sayler taking first honors and
David Swing standing second. As a boy he dis-
tinguished himself as an off-hand debater in the
Union literary society. From the first he showed
an aptitude for thinking on his legs, and a gift of
utterance which enabled him to express himself in
apt words. At a town meeting, where an aboli-
tionist abused Webster and Clay for the part they
took in the compromise measures of 1850, the
citizens were amazed to see a slender, tow-headed
boy of seventeen mount a bench and make a vigor-
ous speech in vindication of the great statesmen.
He studied law with Storer & Gwynne, of Cincin-
nati, and in 1853 married and was admitted to the
bar. In 1854 he put up his sign as attorney-at-law
in Indianapolis, where he has kept his residence
ever since. It was not long before his ability be-
came known. His first effort at the bar was in
prosecuting a man charged with burglary. He
received a few dollars by acting as crier for the
United States Court, and was glad to Uike a five-
dollar fee now and then for a ca.se before a coun-
try justice, though one half of the fee was neces-
sary to pay for the hii'e of a horse to take him to
the place of trial. Whoever employed him could
count on his doing his very best, whether the in-
terests involveil were small or great. Promptness
and tlioroughness are characteristics which have
been manifest in his whole career, professional and
political. In 1855 he formed a partnership with
William Wallace, and when that gentleman was
elected ccmnty clerk in 18G1 he formed a partner-
ship with W. P. Fishback. which was interrupted
by his enlisting in the army in 1862. but the con-
nection was resumed again in 186.5, when the firm
became Po-ter. Harrison & Fishback, and so con-
tinued until 1870. when Mr. Fishback retired.
Judge Hines taking his jjlace. Gov. Porter retiring,
W. H. H. Miller became a partner in the firm, and
upon Judge Hines retiring. Mr. John B. Elam be-
came a memt)er of the firm of Harrison. Miller &
Elam. which continued until it was dissolved by
Gen. Harrison's election to the presidency in 1888.
While not always the senior in years, he was the
senior in fact in every firm of which he was a mem-
ber; such is the ungrudging testimony of all those
who have been his paitners.
Though breaking the chronological order of
events somewhat, it is as well to complete here
the sketch of his professional career. He has been
concerned in the most important litigation in In-
diana for nearly thirty years. He was employed
in all sorts of cases, such as came to attorneys
engaged in general practice before the era of pro-
fessional specialists. The panorama of human life
D APPLETOB & C°
HARRISON
HARRISON
139
with all its disappointments and successes is un-
rolled before the busy lawyer who has such a prac-
tice. The exclusive devotion to special branches
makes men strong in their lines; it narrows them
also, and the lawyer whose work has a wider range
acquires greater breadth of view, a happy versa-
tility, and a ilcxibility of mind which enable him
to pass from one subject to an(jther without weari-
ness and without distraction. Benjamin Harri-
son has amiized his associates in professional and
oHicial life by the ease and ability with which he
despatches so much important business in a mas-
terly style. For the exigencies of high station
the discipline of his professional life was an ex-
cellent preparation. As a lawyer he was thorough
in the preparation and study of his cases, in the
preliminary statement he was clear anil exhaust-
ive, putting court and jury in full possession of
his theory of the case; as an examiner of wit-
nesses he had no rival ; and :'" un advocate his per-
formances were characterized by clearness, cogency,
and completeness which left nothing further to be
said on his side of the case. It often happened that
his colleagues who had pre|>ared to assist in the
argument threw away their notes and rested the
case upon his single speech. As a cross-examiner
he was unsurpassed. No rascally witness escaped
him. Xo trumped-up story or false alibi could pa.ss
muster under his searching scrutiny. In a case
where Gov. Hendricks was defending a man in
the Federal Court again.st a charge of consj)iring
to violate the election laws, the governor injudi-
ciously put his client in the witness-ljox. He de-
nied his participation in the crime in the most posi-
tive manner; but little bv little under Harrison's
cross-examination he was driven toatlmit fact after
fact, the cumulative force of which drove him at
last to a practical confession of his guilt. In the
celebrated Clem murder case several alibis, fabri-
cated for the principal actor in the conspiracy, were
pulverized by his cross-examination. It was not
Ills plan to confuse or persecute a witness, but to
quietlv, persistently, and courteously press for a
full disclosure of the facts. He never attempted
to browU-at a witness, never excited the sympathy
of a jury for a witness by any show of unfairness.
His skill as a ni»i priiis lawyer was surpassed by
his power before the higher and appellate courts.
He put himself on paper admirably, and his briefs
arc models of strength and concisencts. He was
deferential to the courts, courteous to his opiKi-
neiits, generous to his colleagues. He showed no
fussy fear that he would be shouldered to the rear.
It was not nec-essary. It soon Ijecame evident to
his opponents and asscwiatcs that he was the con-
spicuous flgure in the fight. Unlike many able
attornejrs, he cared more for success than tor an
exhibition of his own |>owcrs. Lawyers who had
never met him were sometimes le«l to think that
bis abilities had been overrated ; no lawyer who
ever encountered him in a forensic fight came out
of it with such an opinion. His commanding
abilities as a lawyer stood him in g(xxl stead in
his political career, which began with the organi-
zation of the liepublican partv. He became con-
spicuous in Indiana politics in 1860, when, as a
cundiilate for the olTlce of reporter of the .Supreme
(,'ourt, he iniwle a thorough canvass of the state.
His first debate with Gov. Hendricks was in that
year. Uy some mistake of the campaign commit-
tees he and Hendricks were announced to speak
the same day in l{o<'kville. Hendricks was then
the Dem<K!ratic candidate for governor, and was
in the zenith of his fame as a stump speaker. He
courteously invited Harrison to divide time with
VOL. vi;.— IT •
him and made the opening speech. The local Re-
publican managers were amazed at the temerity
of a stripling who dared to measure strength with
the Goliath of the Indiana Democracy, and showed
their distrust of his ability by leaving the court-
house. Harrison, who had been seasoned and
warmed for the work by speaking every day for
weeks, assumed the aggressive, and as his few po-
litical friends began to show their appreciation by
applause, the audience increased until the court-
room was packed with enthusiastic Republicans,
who crowded about the speaker when he closed
and showered their congratulations upon him.
Mr. Voorhees was present, and. feeling the force
of the impression made by Harrison, arose when
the speech wiis finished and said he would answer
the speech that night in the same place.
Since 180U he has taken an active part in every
political canvass in Indiana. In that year he was
elected reporter of the Supreme Court, and his of-
ficial work may be found m ten volumes of the In-
diana reports. Hisollicial and professional labore
were onerous, but the tasks were lightened by the
thought that he was paying for the modest cottage
home which he had
bought on credit.
Then came the war,
and Gov. Jlorlon's
call ujioti him to raise
a regiment of volun-
teers. He enlisted,
and in a few weeks
was commissioned
colonel of the 70th
Indiana infantry. He
made arrangements
to have the duties of
his ortice of reporter
performed in his al>
sence. several of his
professional brethren
undertaking to do the
work without cost to him, so that his home could
be paid for. The Democrats put the name of a
candidate for the office on their slate ticket in
180'<i. The Republicans, supposing that Harrison
would l)e allowed to serve out his term, made no
nomination. No votes were cast except for the
Democrat, and in a mandamus suit brought by
him to compel the clerk to give him the manu-
script opinions of the judges, the Supreme Court,
composed of Democrats, decided that Harrison's
enlistment vacated the office, and that the Demo-
crat who was elected by default should fill it for
the unexpired term. At the next election, in 1864,
while Harrison was still in the field, he was re-
elected by an overwhelming majority, and after
the close of the war assumctl the office and served
out his full term of four years.
The following is a brief summary of his mili-
tary record : Heiiiaiiiin Harrison was mustered into
service as colonel of the 70lh regiment of Indiana
infantry volunteers with the field and staff of that
regiment at Indianapolis, Ind., to date fnmi 7 Aug.,
1862, to serve three years. The following remarks
appear opposite his name on the muster-in roll of
the field and staff : " Mustered into service as 2d
lieutenant, 14 July, 1862 ; as cafitain. 22 July, 1862 ;
and as colonel, 7 Aug., 1862." He was in command
of his regiment from date of muster in to 20 Aug.,
1863; of the 2d brigade, 3d division, reserve corps,
to about 20 Sept., 1863 ; of his regiment to 9 Jan.,
1864; of the 1st brigade, 1st division, 11th army
corps, to 18 April, 1804: of his regiment to 29
June, 1864; and of the 1st brigade, 3d division,
(fL^^i-
130
HARRISON
HARRISON
20tli army corps, to 23 Sept., 1864, when he was
detailed for special duty in the state of Indiana.
The exact date that he returned to duty in the
field is not shown ; but on 13 Nov., 18ti4, he was
directed to report in person to the general com-
manding at Nashville, Tenn., and subsequently
commanded the 1st brigade, provisional division,
army of the Cumberland, to 16 Jan., 1865, when,
upon his own application, he was relieved and di-
rected to rejoin his proper command for duty in
Gen. Sherman's army at Savannah, Ga. On his
way via New York to rejoin his command at Sa-
vannah, he was stricken down with a severe fever
and lay for several weeks at Narrowsburg, N. Y.
When able to leave his bed he started for Savan-
nah, but arrived too late to join Gen. Sherman,
and was assigned to command the camp of con-
valescents and recruits at Blair's Landing, S. C,
on the Pocotaligo river, and soon after joined Gen.
Sherman's army at Raleigh. lie resumed com-
mand of the 1st brigade, 3d division, 20th army
corps, 21 April, 186.5; was relieved therefrom 8
June, 1865, upon the discontinuance of the bri-
gade by reason of the muster out of the troops com-
posing it, and on the same date, 8 June, 1865, was
mustered out and honorably discharged as colonel
with the field and staff of his regiment, near Wash-
ington, D. C. lie was brevetted brigadier-general
of volunteers, 33 Jan., 1865, " for ability and mani-
fest energy and gallantry in command of brigade."
As a regimental commander he was in action at
Russellville, Ky., 30 Sept., 1863 ; in the Atlanta
campaign, at Resaca, Ga., 14-15 May, 1864 ; at
Cassville, Ga., 24 May, 1864 ; at New Hope, Ga.,
25 May, 1864; at Dallas, Ga., 37-38 May, 1864;
and at Kenesaw Mountains, Ga., 10-38 June, 1864.
As a brigade commander he participated in the
operations at Kenesaw Mountain, Ga., 29 June to 3
July, 1864 ; in the battle of Peach Tree creek, Ga.,
20 July, 1864 ; in the siege of Atlanta, C,a., 21 July
to 3 Sept., 1864 ; and in the battle of Nashville,
Tenn., 15-16 Dec, 1864 ; and was present at the
surrender of Gen. Johnston's Confederate army at
Durham's Station, N. C, 36 April, 1865.
At the close of his term of office as reporter of
the Supreme Court he resumed the law practice and
soon had his hands full of work, being retained
in almost every important case in tlie federal
and state courts at Indianapolis. In 1876 God-
love S. Orth, the Republican candidate for gov-
ernor, withdrew from the canvass while Gen.
Harrison was taking a vacation on the north
shore of Lake Superior. Without consulting him,
his name was put upon the ticket as candidate
for governor, and when he arrived from the north
an enthusiastic crowd met him at the station and
escorted him to his home. The trading of horses
while crossing the river did not work well, and
though Gen. Harrison made a splendid canvass,
running two thousand ahead of his ticket, the
popularity of Gov. Hendricks, who was on the
National ticket, pulled the whole Democratic state
ticket through by a plurality of three thousand.
The gallant fight made by Gen. Harrison in that
losing battle imposed a debt of gratitude upon his
party which has not been forgotten. In 1879
President Hayes appointed him a member of the
Mississippi river commission. In 1880 he was
chairman of the Indiana delegation in the conven-
tion which nominated James A. Garfield. Some
of his friends presented his name for the nomina-
tion in that convention, but he insisted that it
should be withdrawn. His canvass of Indiana and
other states during the campaign of 1880 was
brilliant and effective. President Garfield offered
him a place in his cabinet, which \ir. declined. He
was chosen U. S. senator in Ibol, and served
until 1887. His course in the senate was such as
to win the esteem and friendship of his Republican
colleagues and to command the respect of his po-
litical opponents. This was his first experience in
a legislative body, but he soon took rank among
the foremost debaters of the senate. Chairman of
the committee on territories, he was persistent in
his demand for the admission to statehood of North
Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Washington, and
Idaho, and though not succeeding at the time, he
had the pleasure afterward of putting his presi-
dential signature to the laws making them all
states of the Union. In his speeches in the senate
he criticised Mr. Cleveland's vetoes of the pension
bills, voted and spoke in favor of an increase of
the navy, the reform of the civil service, a judicious
tariff reform ; he favored every measure of imblic
policy which had received the approval of his
Earty. He has always been a strong partisan, and
as believed and acted in the belief that since
the Republican party was organized it has done
nothing of which Republicans should be ashamed,
or at least nothing to justify a change of allegiance
from it to the Democratic party. From one point
of view, such a course in a public man may be
criticised. It may be doubted, however, if any In-
diana Republican who has been confronted with
the type of Democrats which have dominated that
party tor the last thirty years is to be censured for
standing by his own party through thick and thin.
The Republican party leaders saw in 1888 that
the only hope of winning against Cleveland wai> to
put up a candidate who could carry some of the
doubtful states. Early in the year the Republican
leaders in Indiana and almost the entire Repub-
lican press of tlie state pronounced in favor of
Harrison, and his name was presented by the solid
delegation to the convention at Chicago. On the
first ballot he received 83 votes, standing fifth on
the list, John Sherman standing first with 225.
Seven more ballots were taken, during which
Chauncey M. Depew withdrew and his supporters
went to Harrison, giving him the nomination on
the eighth ballot by a vote of 544. There was
great rejoicing on the part of his friends in In-
diana, and as soon as the result was known there
began a series of demonstrations which are with-
out parallel in the history of presidential cam-
paigns. On the day of tlie nomination a large
delegation came to Indianapolis from Hendricks
county in a special train and proceeded at once to
Gen. Harrison's residence and called him out for a
speech, and from that day until the election dele-
gations kept coming from different parts of Indi-
ana, from Kentucky, Ohio, Michigan, Kansas, Illi-
nois, Iowa, and other states, all of which were
received and welcomed by him in impromptu
speeches which, by their appropriateness, variety,
force, and elegance of style, won the approval of
our best literary critics as well !is of the public.
In these ninety-four speeches he made no slip. He
said nothing that needed apology or explanation
from his friends. Verbatim reports of the addresses
were printed from day to day in all the leading
papers of the country, and he never in anything he
said gave his political opponents ground for un-
friendly criticism. It is an open secret that some
of the members of the National Republican com-
mittee were terrified when they learned that the
"Iloosier" candidate had commenced the cam-
paign by these free-spoken, off-hand talks with liis
neighbors. They proposed that some one should
go to Indianapolis and put a stop to the business.
HARRISON
HARRISON
131
A gentleman who knew Gen. Harrison's ability
told them not to be alarmed, and at the end of a
week the fearful gentlemen had changed their
minds and said that if they would allow Gen.
Harrison to go on in that way he would certainly
elect himself in spite of any blundering of the
committee or campaign managers.
A few extracts from some of these speeches may
give some idea of their quality. To the California
delegation the day after the nomination he said :
" I feel sure, too, ray fellow-citizens, that we have
joined now a contest of great principles, and that
the armies which are to fight out this great contest
before the American people will encamp upon the
high plains of principle and not in the low swamps
of personal defamation or detraction." To a num-
ber of veterans of the Union army : " We went not
as partisans but patriots into the strife which in-
volved the national life. . . . The army was great
in its assembling. It came with an impulse that
was majestic and terrible. It was as great in its
muster out as in the brilliant work which it had
done in the field. . . . When the war was over
. . . every man had in some humble place a chair
by some fireside where he was love<l and toward
which his heart went forward with a quick step."
To the Tippecanoe club, composed of men who had
voted for his grandfather in 1840 : " I came among
you with the herita^, I trust, of a good name,
such as all of you enjoy. It is the only inheritance
that has been transmitted in oar family." Qen.
Harrison was not in the habit of boasting of his
lineage, of which he hatl reason to be proud. If it
was ever the subject of conversation in his pres-
ence he never introduced it. To a delegation of
farmers: "The law throws the lEgis of its protec-
tion over us all. It stands sentinel almut your
country homes ... it comes into our more thickly
populated community and sj^icaks its mandate for
individual security and public order. There is an
open avenue through the ballot for the modifica-
tion or repeal of laws which are unjust or op-
rressive. To the law we bow with reverence,
t is the one king that commands our allegiance."
To a delegation of railway employees : "Heroism
has been found at the throttle and brake as well
as ufjon the battle-flehl, and as well worthy of
song and marble. The trainman crushed be-
tween the platforms, who used his last breath not
for prayer or messages of love, but to say to the
panic-stricken who gathered around him, ' Put
out the red light for the other train,' inscribed
his name very high upon the shaft where the
names of the faithful and brave are written."
To an Illinois delegation : " It was on the soil
of Illinois that Lovejoy died, a martyr to free
spetM'h. . . . Another great epcxjh in the march of
liberty found on the soil of Illinois the theater of
its most infiuential event. I refer to that high de-
bate in the presence of your people, but before the
world, in which Douglas won the senatorship and
Lincoln the presidency and immortal fame. . . .
The wise work of our fathers in constituting this
government will sIuikI all tests of internal ilissen-
siun and revolution, and all tests of external as-
sault, if we can only preserve a pure, free ballot."
To a delegation of coal-miners: "I do not care
now to deal with statistics. One fact is enough for
me. The tide of emigration from alt Kuropean
countries has been ami is toward our shores. The
gates of Castle Garden swing inward : they do not
swing outwanl to any American laborer seeking a
better country than this. . . . Here there are belter
conditions, wider and more hopeful prospects for
workmen than in any other land. ... 'I be more
work there is to do in this country the higher the
wages that will be paid for the doing of it. ... A
policy which will transfer work from our mines
and our factories to foreign mines and foreign
factories inevitably tends to a depression of wages
here. These are truths that do not require pro-
found study." To an Indiana delegation : " I hope
the time is coming, and has even now arrived, when
the great sense of j ustice which possesses our people
will teach men of all parties that party success is
not to be promoted at the expense of an injus-
tice to any of our citizens." As early as 31 July,
1888, he said : " But we do not mean to be content
with our own market ; we should seek to promote
closer and more friendly commercial relations with
the Central and South American states, . . .
those friendly political and commercial relations
which shall promote their interests equally with
ours." Addressing a company of survivors of his
own regiment, he said : " It is no time now to use
an apothecary's scale to weigh the rewards of the
men who saved the country." To a club of rail-
road employees : " The laboring men of this land
may safely trust every just reform in which they
are interested
to public dis-
cussion and to
the tests of rea-
son ; they may
surely hope up-
on these lines,
which are open
to them, to ac-
complish, un-
der our Amer-
ican institu-
tions, all those
right things VBI^^^^^ ■-S'''
they have con-
ceive<l to be necessary to their lii;:liosi suicess and
well-being." Addressing a meeting on the day of
Sheridan s funeral : " He was one of those great
commanders who, upon the field of battle, towered
a very god of war. ... He rested and refreshed
his command with the wine of victory, and found
recuperation in the dispersion of the enemy that
confronted him." To a delegation of farmers : " I
congratulate you not so much upon the rich farms
of your country as upon your virtuous and happy
homes. The home is the best, as it is the first,
school of citizenship."
All these campaign speeches, with a description
of the circumstances of their delivery, are collected
in a volume published by Lovell & Co., of New
York. But more remarkable than these are the
one hundred and forty addresses delivered during
his trip to the Pacific coast and back — a journey of
10,000 mile-s, which was accomplished in thirty-one
days, from 15 April to 15 May, 1890, without the
variation of one minute from the prearranged
schedule for arriving and departing from the hun-
dreds of stations on the way. These addresses were
non-political, and breathe throughout a spirit of
high patriotism and a call to the high responsibili-
ties of citizenship. In a letter to an American
friend who had sent him the volume containing these
si>eeches. Lord Chief-Justice Coleridge says: "The
speeches give me a very high idea of Mr. Harrison.
We know very little here of your politicians, and it
is pleasant to be brought face to face with any one
so manly aii<l high-minded as Mr. Harrison shows
himself in the book you sent me. The perpetual
demand which American customs make upon any
one of the least position in the way of speech-mak-
ing must be very trying. In a degree (not within
132
HARRISON
HARRISON
1,000 miles of the president) I found it so myself
when I was in America. But a private foreigner
may say what he likes; a president, of course, must
most carefully watch his words."
It was assumed that with Mr. Blaine in the cabinet
President Harrison would be a very inconspicuous
and unimportant person in tlie administration. It
is one of tlie marked characteristics of the man that
when he is assigned to a place he assumes all its re-
sponsibilities. As a lawyer he never shouldered him-
self to the front, but when placed in the lead he
was the leader. The simple fact is, he was not for a
moment overshadowed by any member of his cabi-
net. He insisted upon knowing what was going
on in each department and maintained an intelli-
gent supervision of them all. Nor is it detracting
from the just fame of Mr. Blaine to say that by
reason of that gentleman's failing health the work
of the state department was much more than usu-
al the work of the president. Those who have
known him long did not fail to see his hand in
the discussion of the legal rights of aliens domi-
ciled here, contained in the dignified note to the
Italian government concerning the New Orleans
massacre. Tlie statement of the basis of our liabili-
ty for wrong inflicted upon the subjects of friendly
nations when they are the result of dereliction of
duty by the local authorities was masterly, and the
dignified manner in which that government was
informed that the United States would be just, but
would not be forced to a hasty decision, was admi-
rable. In the Chile affair, in which that govern-
ment denied its responsibility for the assaults upon
our sailors at Santiago and refused safe conduct to
some of the members of the Balmaceda administra-
tion who had taken refuge at the United States le-
gation, President Harrison was earnest and persist-
ent in his demands, and, as the correspondence
shows, after waiting patiently for a response, and
becoming weary at last of the vacillating conduct
of the Chilian government, made a peremptory
request, which was jiromptly and satisfactorily
answered. It is due t > the republic of Chile to
say that during the whole of the controversy the
rival parties in that country kept it in a state of
constant revolution. The evidence in the case
showed that our sailors were outraged because they
belonged to the U. S. navy, and that the authori-
ties of Chile permitted, if they did not connive at
it. In such a case it would fiave been pusillani-
mous on the part of the Government to have failed
to demand reparation. The Bering sea contro-
versy, now happily in settlement by arbitration,
was full of diiliculty when Jlr. Blaine's sudden ill-
ness threw the burden of the matter for a time
upon President Harrison. Lord Salisbury was de-
laying, the season for pelagic sealing was coming
on, no modus vivetidi had been agreed upon.
President Harrison took measures for intercepting
the Canadian sealers, and it was not long until the
terms of the treaty were arranged. The statement
of the " five points " submitted to the arbitrators
by the treaty is a good specimen of President Har-
rison's thorough and comprehensive work. East-
ern journals who were not friendly to President
Harrison have generously united in endorsing the
conduct of the state department during his ad-
ministration, and have especially commended it for
being thoroughly patriotic and American. And it
may be said from the time of his nomination until
he retired from the presidential office he sustained
himself with a dignity and ability commensurate
with the responsibilities of his exalted station. His
policy in regard to the tariff has been censured,
but he simply maintained the views held by the
majority of the Republican party with which he
has always been in sympathy. He is what may
properly be called an out-and-out protectionist,
ills firm stand in favor of honest money gave con-
fidence to the business interests of the country
when they were imperilled by the wild schemes of
the advocates of free-silver coinage. He was re-
nominated for the presidency by the Republican
national convention at Minneapolis without seri-
ous opposition. To the surprise of tlie country he
signally failed of re-election. Public opinion 'has
been much divided as to the causes of this result.
It was certainly not on account of any failure
upon the part of President Harrison to carry out
the policy of his party, or to realize the expecta-
tion of Ills friends in the ability shown bv him in
performing the duties of his station. 'I'he fatal
illness of Mrs. Harrison, and her death a few days
before the election, cast a shadow over the closing
days of Ills official life. His administration as a
whole was business-like in its management of our
domestic affairs, dignified, firm, and patriotic in
its foreign policy, promot ig the prosperity of our
people at home and ket mg peace with all na-
tions. In his last messag to congress, on 6 Dec,
1892, after giving a sumir "y of the operations of
the different departments e said : " 'This exhibit
of the work of the executi\L departments is sub-
mitted to congress and to the public in the hope
that there will be found in it a due sense of re-
sponsibility, and an earnest purpose to maintain
the national lionor and to promote the happiness
and prosperity of all our people. And this brief
exhibit of the growth and prosperity of the coun-
try will give us a level from which to note the in-
crease or decadence that new legislative policies
may bring to us. There is no reason why the na-
tional influence, ])ower, and prosperity should not
observe the same rates of increase tliat have char-
acterized the past thirty years. We carry the
great impulse and increase of these years into the
future. There Is no reason why, in many lines of
production, we should not surpass all other na-
tions, as we have already done in some. There
are no near frontiers to our possible development.
Retrogression would be a crime."
Upon retiring from the presidency Gen. Harri-
son was engageel by the late Senator Stanford to de-
liver a course of lectures at the Leland Stanford,
Jr., university, in California, on constitutional law,
and he successfully filled that engagement during
the winter of 1893-"4. Foreigners who have stud-
ied our institutions have expressed regrets that in
America no provision is made for the dignified re-
tirement of our ex-presidents, and they have sug-
gested that some office with a life tenure be be-
stowed upon them with a suitable provision for
their support out of the public treasury. The tem-
per of our people and Ihe genius of our institutions
are not in accord wiili any such desire. The great
volunteer generals of the war came back to the
ranks and took their places with their fellow-citi-
zens in the walks of private life. So our great po-
litical leaders, from the senate and from tiie presi-
dency, when their term of office is over, come back
to their homes and ordinary pursuits without any
impairment of their dignity or their self-respect.
In his retirement from the labors of his official
station Gen. Harrison can realize the truth of what
he said In a speech on the day of his nomination
in 1888 : " Kings .sometimes bestow decorations
upon those whom they desire to honor, but that
man is most highly decorated who has the affec-
tionate regard of his neighbors and friends."
This he has in full measure. J udged by the stand-
HARRISON
HARRISSB
133
arJs of a few unprincipled and disapj)ointed poli-
ticians wlio expected to thrive on the use and
abuse of public patronage, Gen. Harrison is a
eold-blootled man. But it is possible that such
men are not as well qualified to judge of the tem-
perature of a man's blood as his friends and inti-
mates who have seen him in all the vicissitudes
of his daily life, ministering with sympathy and
self-sacrifice to relatives and friends who, over-
taken by some great calamity, have found his
heart as' tender as a child's. The country takes
little note of the petulant criticisms of its public
servants, but it will hold at their true worth the
great and usefid virtues of ability, wisdom, integ-
ritv, courage, and patriotism whenever they are
exfiibited by men in high official station. The
engraving on page 131 is a view of his home in In-
dianapolis. In April, 1896, the ex-president mar-
ried Sirs. Mary Scott I^ord Dimmock, and three
years later he aptwared as counsel in the Anglo-
Venezuelan bounilary arbitration commission, con-
cluding his argument in Paris, 27 Sept., 1899. He
is the author of "This, ''ountry of Ours" (Sew
York. 1897). Ilis life i s been written bv Gen.
Lewis Wallaee (I'hiladr ,)hia, 1888). A selection
of Gen. Harrison's sjn ches, edited by Charles
Hetlges, a|)peared in IS i, and another collection
wa.s published four years later. — His wife, CaroHiie
Lavlnia Scott, b. in Oxford, Ohio. 1 Oct., 1832;
d. in Washington.
D.C.,25 0ct,,1892,
was the daughter
of John W. Scott,
who was a pro-
fessor in Miami
university at the
time of her birth,
and afterward be-
came president of
the seminary in
Oxford. She was
graduated at the
seminary in 1852,
the same year that
Gen. Uarrison
U'ec'ryu
tJ^'-Vit-^-^^-^tf/jo
took his degree at
the university, and
was married to
him on 20 Oct., 18.">.S. She was a musician, and was
also devoted to painting, l>esides which she was a
diligent reader, and gave part of her time to lit-
erary clubs, of several of which she was a ineml)er.
Mrs. Harrison was a manager of the orphan asy-
lum in Indianapolis and a member of the Presby-
terian church in that city, ami until her removal
to Washington taught a class in Sunday-school.
Thev had two children. The son, Kuswll, was
graduated at Ijafayette in 1877 as a mining en-
gineer, and, in addition to other engineering work,
lias been connectetl with the U. .S. mints at New
Orleans and Helena as assayer. He is now a resi-
dent of Montana, where he is engaged in jour-
nalism. The ilaughter, Mary, married .Tames R.
McKee, a prosjierous mcrchunt f)f Indiunapoli.s,
Ind., who ha.1 since removed to Xew York, where
he is 1111,'at'i'd in business pursuits.
H.\KKISON, (iporge, colonist, b. probably in
England about 1.599; d. in Virginia in 1624. He
came to Virginia in 1618, and three years later
secured 200 acres of land. In the spring of 1624
he was wounded in a iluel with Richard Stephens,
near James City, and dieil fourteen days later.
This is supmsed to lie tlic first duel fought in this
country. Vidf Alexander Brown's " Genesis of the
United SUtes" (Boston, 1890).
HARRISON. Susie Frances, Canadian author,
b. in Toronto about 1860. She is the daughter of
John Byron Riley, and was educated in her native
city and in Montreal. At an early age she began
writing essays and short stories and songs. She
was married in 1879 to J. W. T. Harrison. She is
a contributor to the " Atlantic Monthly," " Tem-
ple Bar," and other magazines. Among her works
published in book-form are " Crowded Out "
(1888); "The Canadian Birthday Book" (1889);
"Pine, Rose, and Fleur-de-lis" (1890); and
"Down the River, and other Poems" (1891).
HARRISON, Thomas. Canadian educator, b.
at Sheffield. New Brunswick, 24 Oct., 1839. His
grandfather, James, emigrated to South Carolina
in 1767 from County Antrim, Ireland, and fought
in the Revolutionary war under Sir Henry Clinton.
Thomas was educated at Trinity college, Dublin,
and was elected a mathematical scholar in 1863;
in 1864 he was gratluated A. B. and LL. B. at the
University of Dublin. He was appointed profess-
or of the English language and literature and of
mental and moral philosophy in the University of
New Brunswick in June, 1870, becoming superin-
tendent of the meteorological station at Frederic-
ton, New Brunswick, in 1874. and president of the
university and professor of mathematics in August,
1885, which last [Kjsition he resigned on his a|)point-
ment as chancellor of the university in 1892.
HARRISSK, Henry, author, b.in Paris, France,
in June. 1830. While quite young he came to
this country and obtained employment in the
North Carofina state university, ijlc was deeply
interested in philosophy, and in 1858 completed
an Knglish translation of Descartcs's philosophical
works, but could not find a publisher. From phi-
losophy he turned to history, the career of Colum-
bus appealed to him, and he is iiest known from
his bibliographical and historical works on Amer-
ica. From North Carolina he went to Washing-
ton, D. C, and soon became a professor in the
Georgetown Jesuit college. On the advice of
Stephen A. Douglas he removed to Chicago, where
he practised law and wrote for journals and maga-
zines. Later he settled in New York as legal
corrcs|jondent for a Spanish bank, and also wrote
for the perioilicals. About 1866 he relumed to
Paris, engaging in
the practice of law
and writing im-
l>ortant historical
works. After the
siege he was in-
trusted with a large
sum of money for
distribution among
the poor of Paris,
especially needy
scliolars who were
t<x) proud to seek
charity. Alx>utthis
time lie began the
study of Kgyptology
under the guidance
of Miispero and De
Rouge, but soon
aliandoned this field.
His works include "^
•' Notes on Columbus" (New York. 1866), " Biblio-
theca Americana Vetustissima " (1866) and " Addi-
tions" (I'arls, 18?2); "Notes pour servir i, I'his-
tolre . . . de la Nouvelle France " (1872); " Jean ct
S»'bastien Cabot " (1882) ; " LesCorte-Real " (1883);
"Christophe Colomb " (2 vols., 1884) ; " Christopher
Columbus and the Bank of Saint George " (pri-
^<.*» ,
134
HARTLEY
HASTINGS
vately printed, New York, 1888) ; " Discovery of
North America" (London, 1892); "Jolm Cabot,
the Discoverer of North America" (1896); and
"Diplomatic History of America" (1898). See
" Henrv Ilarrisse : Biographical and Bibliograplii-
<!al Sketch," by Adolph Growoll (New York, 1899),
where is given a list of seventy-one of his biblio-
graphical writings, of which the above may per-
haps be deemed the most important.
HARTLEY, Jonathan Scott, sculptor, b. in
Albany, N. Y., 23 Sept., 1845. He was educated
at the Albany academy, and began his professional
life as a worker in marble. Subsequently he went
to England, where he passed three years, entered
the Royal academy, and gained a silver medal in
1809. After residing for a year in Germany, he
returned to the United States, and after another
visit to Europe, when he went to Paris and Rome,
he became a resident of New York. He is one of
the original members of the Salmagundi sketch
club, and was professor of anatomy in the schools
of the Art students' league in 1878-'84, and presi-
dent of the league in 1879-'80. His works include
" The Young Samaritan " ; " King Rene's Daugh-
ter " (1872) ; " The Whirlwind " (1878) ; a statue of
Miles Morgan, erected at Springfield, Mass., in
1883 : and bas-reliefs on the monument at Sara-
toga that commemorates the defeat of Burgoyne.
HARTLEY, Thomas, soldier, b. in Reading,
Pa., 7 Sept., 1748; d. in York, Pa., 21 Dec, 1800.
He studied law, was admitted to the bar, and prac-
tised in York, Pa. He served in the Revolutionary
war, and was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of
Irvine's regiment, 9 Jan., 1776, and was colonel
of the 6th Pennsylvania in the same year. Col.
Hartley commanded an expedition in October,
1778, against the savages who had been concerned
in the Wyoming massacre, destroyed their settle-
ment, killed many of them, and recovered part of
the property that they had carried away. He was
a member of the Pennsylvania house of repre-
sentatives in 1778, and was elected a representative
in congress from Pennsylvania, serving by con-
tinuous re-elections from 4 March, 1789, to 21
Dec, 1800. He was one of the council of censors
in 1783, and a delegate to the Pennsylvania con-
vention that adopted the national constitution.
HARVEY, Haj'ward Augustus, inventor, b.in
Jamestown, N. V.. 17 Jan., 1824; d. in Orange,
N. J., 28 Aug., 1893. He was educated at the
Poughkeepsie collegiate school, and then devoted
himself to mechanical inventions. His improve-
ments included nearly fifty patents in cutting
screws and rolling screws, as well as many for bolts
and bolt machinery. He also invented a new proc-
ess for the manufacture of steel, and he became
president of the Harvey steel company in Newark,
N. J. All of his inventions in screws and for the
making of steel are protected by patents in Euro-
pean countries. The " Harveyized " steel plates,
m a comparative test with those of England.
France, and Germany, were pronounced superior,
and the United States purchased the right to man-
ufacture it for the war-vessels of the new navy
begun in 1890. Altogether Mr. Harvey had se-
cured about 150 patents in this country.
HARVEY, Hezekiah, clergyman, b. in Ilulver,
Suffolk, England, 27 Nov., 1821. He came to the
United States in 1830, and after graduation at
Madison university, and at its theological seminary
in 1847, became tutor there. In 1849-57 he was
pastor of the Baptist church in Homer. N. Y.. and
since that time he has been a professor in the Ham-
ilton theological seminary, with the exception of
a pastorate in Dayton, Ohio, in 1864-'9. He is the
author of " Memoir of Rev. Alfred Bennett" (New
York, 1852) ; " The Church : its Politv and Ordi-
nances" (Philaflelphia, 1879); and "The Pastor:
his Qualifications and Duties" (1879).
HASKELL, James Richards, inventor, h. in
Geneva, N. Y., 17 Sept., 1825. He was educated
at Richfield (Ohio) academy, and at the prepara-
tory department of Western Reserve college. In
1854 he began a series of experiments with steel
breech-loading rifled cannon and breech-loading
small-arms, manufacturing twenty-five of the
former, which were purchased by the Mexican
government, and were the first of the description
that were made in the United States. In 18.55 he
began experimenting with multicharge guns in
association with Azel S. Lyman, who first con-
ceived the idea of applying successive charges of
powder to accelerate the velocity of a projectile.
In 1855 congress appropriated funds in order to
test these guns, but the bureau of ordnance op-
posed such action. Mr. Haskell's experiments
have cost more than $300,000, and the system is
now completed, so that the power of these guns
is more than doubled, and at the same time the
maximum pressure used is less than that in other
guns. In 1862, with Rafael Rafael, he invented
and constructed a machine gun for very ra|)id fir-
ing, but, notwithstanding a favorable report on it
by a board of army officers, the authorities refused
to adopt it. Mr. Haskell is a member of the
American association for the advancement of sci-
ence, and has written several pamphlets on na-
tional armament and on ordnance problems.
HASKELL, Joseph Theodore, soldier, b. in
Cincinnati, Ohio, 19 Nov., 1838 ; d. in Columbus,
16 Sept., 1898. At the age of twenty-five he en-
tered the army as captain and commissary of sub-
sistence, 19 Feb., 1863, and as such served "through-
out the civil war. He was mustered out of the
volunteer service on 8 Dec, 1866. but had been com-
missioned captain in the 23d regular infantry, 28
July, 1866. lie was promoted major of the 24th
infantry, 28 June, 1872, and on 27 Aug.. 1896, lieu-
tenant-colonel of the 17th infantry. From Janu-
ary, 1869, to January, 1872, he was in command of
the San J uan islands, which were at that time a mat-
ter of controversy between the United States and
Great Britain. The matter was settled by arbitra-
tion. Emperor William of Germany deciding in
favor of the United States. In 1888 Major Has-
kell was appointed a member of the tactics board,
in which position he aided in compiling the mili-
tary tactics at present in use in the army. At
the outbreak of the war with Spain in 1898 Col.
Poland was appointed brigadier-general and
Lieut.-Col. Haskell was assigned command of the
17th infantry. He led that regiment in the battle
of El Caney, 1 July, 1898, and distinguished him-
self fur bravery, leading the regiment through the
succession of barbed-wire fences that surrounded
the block-houses until he was shot. He was
wounded in three places, but kept his place on the
firing-line during the whole day. For his bravery
in this engagement he was promoted brigadier-
general. He was sent to his home at Columbus
post and recovered rapidly. The 17th regiment
returned to Columbus on 16 Sept. following, and
the great excitement of the day in his weakened
condition caused his instant death.
HASTINGS, Henry, merchant, b. in Townsend,
Mass., 2 Sept., 1818; d. in West Medford. 9 Aug.,
1887. He was educated at Harvard, and studied law
under Henry A. Wise in Virginia, but abandoned
that profession in 1844 to become a cotton mer-
chant in the south. He settled in Boston as a
<jf
'\.
Rum a PainhnJ by Sarali "W! Wliitman.
<^^Z:i^^Ay ^^^(^^J^^^^^,
XJiAPPXiETON a C-? NE'W-yORJCr
HATCHER
HAYS
135
t
ship-builder in 1833, and became the owner of
about forty sailing vessels, including the
•' Charger," the "North American," the "South
American," and the "Kate Hastings," which were
considered the best wooden sailing vessels in the
world. During the civil war he was advised to
Eut his vessels under the protection of the British
ag, but he refused, with the remark: "Never
shall any ship of mine, while she has a stick stand-
ing, fly any other flag than the Stars and Stripes."
He was known as " Commmlore " Hastings, and
was the last of the great ship-owners of Boston.
H.\TCHER, Robert A., congressman, b. in
Buckingham countv, Va., 24 Feb., 1819: d. in
Charleston. Mo., 18 'Dec, 1886. llis grandfather,
Jeremiah Hateher, was a Baptist minister of Vir-
ginia at the close of the eighteenth century, and his
father, Archibald, was a merchant of Lynchburg,
who was afterward the first mayor of Lafayette, Ind.
The son was educated in Lynchburg, studied law,
and was admitted to practice in Kentucky. He re-
moved to New .Madrid, Mo., in 1847, where he fol-
lowed his profos-sioii, and was for six years circuit
attorney of the 10th judicial district of the state.
At the opening of the civil war he entered the
Confederate army as a captain, later serving as a
staff officer with Gen. Leonidas Polk. He was a
member of the state convention in 1862, was made
aide-de-camp to Gen. A. P. Stewart, and became
a major and assistant adjutant-general. He was
elected a representative from Mis.«ouri to the 2d
Confederate congress, serving till the close of the
war. In 1873 he was elected to the 43d congress,
and he was twice re-elected.
HAWKINS, Hamilton Smith, soldier, b. in
South Carolina in 1834. He was appointed to the
U. 8. military academy in July, 1852, and was
graduated in 1855. On 26 April, 1861, he was
coinmissione<l 2d lieutenant in the 6th infantry,
and 1st lieutenant on 14 May following. He was
commissioned captain on 20 Sept., 186:^, and
reached the rank of major of the 10th infantry 31
Oct., 1883. On 17 Feb., 1880, he was promoted
lieutenant-colonel of the 2:3d infantry; he was
made commandant of ciulets at West Point on 1
Feb., 1888, and on 13 Aug., 1894, he was promoted
colonel of the 16th infantry; in .September follow-
ing he wiLs transferred to the 20th infantry. On
10 Oct., 1894. he was made commandant of the
infantrv and cavalry school at Fort Leavenworth,
where his regiment was stationed. In the inva-
sion of Cuba during the war with Spain in 18U8,
he commaniled the division that captured San
Juan hill in the second day's fight at Santiago,
and was there wounded in the foot. On the re-
tirement of William M. Graham, 28 S<'pt.. 1808, he
was [•romoted brigailier-general. Immediately
after receiving his commission, however, he was
placed upon the retired list un<lcr the thirty years*
service clause upon his own application.
H.WUKN. Ilornep Edwin, clergyman, b. in
Catonsville, .Md., IM Feb., 1S37. He is a grandson
ef Hora(;e H. Ilnyili-n, and was educated at St.
Timothy's college, Mnrylaml, and Keiiyon college,
served in the Confederate army in 1861-'.'), and
was gratluated at the Virginia theological semi-
nary in 1867. He was onlained priest by Bishop
Whittle of Virginia in 1868. and became rector of
Christ church. Point Pleasant. He has been as-
sistant minister of St. Stephen's church, Wilkes-
barre. Pa., since 187!). Mr. Ilayden has devoted
much study to archaeological and historical pur-
suits, and is a member of numerous historical and
scientiflc societies. He has published " History of
the West Virginia Soldiers' Medals " (1881) ; " De-
scendants of Paul Weitzel.of Lancaster, Pa., 1740"
(1883) : " Biographical Sketch of Oliver Pollock,
Esq., U. S. Agent at New Orleans. 1776-1784"
(1883) ; " Virginia Genealogies " (1888) ; and " Mas-
sacre of Wyoming" (1895).
HAYDN. Hiram Collins, clergyman, b. in
Pompey, N. Y., 11 Dec, 1831. He was graduated
at Amherst, and at Union theological seminary.
New York city, and was ordained to the ministry
in 1862. He was pastor of Presbyterian churches
in Connecticut and Ohio in 1862-'71, and of the
First Presbyterian church in Cleveland in 1872-
'80, district secretary of the American board of
foreign missions in i880-'4, and since the latter
date has held his former charge in Cleveland,
combining with his duties those of the presidency
of Adelbert college in 1887 ami of Western Re-
serve college in 1888-'91. Wooster university
gave him the degree of D. D. Dr. Haydn has
published "Lay Effort" (New York, 1877);
"Death and Beyond" (1878); "On Amusements"
(1880); "The Blessed Man" (1887); "American
Heroes on Mission Fields " ; and " The Bible and
Current Thought " (New York. 1890).
HAY.MONl), Creed, lawyer, b. in Beverly, FJan-
dolph CO., Va., 22 April, 1836. When sixteen he
crossed the plains with a party to California. On
his arrival he engaged in business in northern
Sierra county until 1859, when he began the study
of the law, and on being admitted to the bar soon
took high rank in his profession. He was cap-
tain of the Sierra Grays, and went with his com-
pany into the field under Col. Jack Hays in the
spring of 1860 against the Indians of Nevada
after the Pyramid Lake ma-ssaere. He was also
colonel of the 1st artillery regiment of the
California National guard. He served as chair-
man of the cMxie commission of the state, and,
with his associates, prepared the first complete
cfxle that was adopteu by any state in the Union.
He subsequently was a member for two terms of
the senate of Califoniia. While connected with
the chief civil suits of the state, he also served as
counsel in many criminal cases. He defended
Shepardson, charged with the highway roblwry of
Wells, Fargo & Co., and on the third trial ob-
tained an acquittal. Liiter he conducted the cases
of the men known as the More murderers in San
Buenaventura, and saved all his clients from the
gallows, and all but one from the penitentiary. In
the noted railroad tax cases he for the first time
raised the question of the protecting influence
and power of the 14tli amendment of the U. S.
constitution against the discriminating exercise
of powers by a state as between citizens or prop-
erty of the same class, and contended that a
state could not di.soriininate in the matter of
taxation as between citizens holding the same
class of property, nor as to property of the same
class, because of its ownership by citizens or
associations of citizens. While this position has
not yet l>een aflirmed by the U. S. supreme court,
it has Vieen aiiproved "by the California circuit
court and bv the courts of seven other states.
HAYS, riarry Thompson, soldier, b. in Wil-
kinson county. Miss., 14 April. 1820; cl. in New Or-
leans. 21 Aug.. 1876. He was eilucated at Mount
St. Mary's college, Maryland, and afterward
studied law in Baltimore. He began practice in
New Orleans in 1844, but later abandoned the law
and joined his brother. Col. Jack Hays, in the
Texas rangers for service in the Mexican war.
At the close of the war he returned to New Or-
leans, and resumed practice as a lawjer. He was
a member of the Louisiana constitutional conven-
136
HAYS
HEXDERSUX
tion of 1853. He entered the Confederate service
as colonel of the 6th Louisiana infantry, and was
appointed brigadier-general in the Confederate
army in July, 1862, and major-general in JIarch,
1865. His brigade was composed of the 5th. 6th,
7th, 8th, and 9tli Louisiana regiments of infantry,
Early's division, Jackson's corps. Army of north-
ern Virginia. He returned to New Orleans wlien
the war ended, and resumed the practice of law,
but was chosen sheriff of New Orleans, and served
out his term, when he again returned to tlie law,
which he continued until his deatli.
HAYS, James Bnchaiiaii, jurist, b. in Craw-
ford county. Pa., 10 Sept., 1838 ; d. in Boise City,
Idaho, 31 May, 1888. He was educated at the
University of Wisconsin, adopted the ()rofession
of law, and for four years was clerk of the circuit
court of Dodge county. He was district attorney
in 1874r-'83, and in 1885-'8 cliiet justice of the su-
preme court of Idaho. Among tlie important
cases in which he rendered decisions was tliat of the
Mormon test oath case, in which lie held tliat the
law was constitutional that prevented members of
that sect from holding office and voting, and the
interesting Excelsior mining case.
HAYWARl), Monroe Leiaiid, senator, b. in
Willsborough, N. V., 33 Dec, 1840; d. in Nebraska
City, 5 Dee.. 181)9. In May, 1861, he enlisted in the
23d New York infantry ; later he was transferred
to the 5th cavalry, and in December, 1863, he was
discharged because of disabilities arising from
sickness. He returned home, and studied at the
Fort Edward collegiate institute, where he was
graduated in 1866. His father had removed to
Wisconsin, whither the son followed, and studied
law at Whitewater ; in 1867 he moved to Nebraska,
and settled at Nebraska City. In 1875 he was
a member of the state constitutional convention,
and in 1887 he served for a time as judge of the
district court, filling out the remainder of a term
by appointment from the governor. He Inis been
chairman of five state conventions, and in 1898
he was the candidate of the Republican party for
governor ; he was defeated, although he cut down
the fusion |)Iurality from 21,000 to 3,000. In
March, 1899. he was elected U. S. senator for six
years. Of his two sons, one, Edwin P., is a surgeon
in the U. S. army, and the second, William II., a
lawyer, served as captain in the 3d Nebraska regi-
ment during the war with Spain in 1898.
HEAP, Samuel D., diplomatist, b. in Carlisle,
Pa., May, 1781 ; d. in June, 1851. He was graduated
at Dickinson college in 1801, studied medicine and
surgery with Dr. Philip S. Physick and Dr. lienja-
min Rush, and was appointed surgeon to the U. S.
navy, but, after serving for several years, resigned,
and became charge d'affaires in Tunis, where he
effected a most advantageous change in the U. S.
treaty with that country, causing to be expunged
from it articles that for more than a quarter of a
century had been a standing disgrace to our flag,
and a source also of frequent humiliating litiga-
tion and expense. He obtained an alteration in
the 14th article, to procure which was thought to
be of sufficient importance by a former adminis-
tration to send commissioners and offer a consider-
able sum, but without having been successful.
These advantages were secured without the sacri-
fice of a single dollar. .Since the ratification in
1825 of this change in the treaty, the U. S. vessels,
on arriving in the ports of the regency of Tunis, have
been saluted with 21 guns without being subjected
to the disgrace of paying a barrel of powder for
each gun, which had previously been required.
Mr. Heap's two sons, Gwin Harris (q. v.) and David
Porter, served in the civil war, as did also his
nephews. Admiral Porter and Commodores William
and Henry Porter, and the husbands of two of Iiis
nieces and a grand-niece. Admirals Nicholson and
Emmons^and Commodore Marchand.
HEBERT, Louis, soldier, b. in Iberville par-
isli, Ija., 12 March, 1830. The family of Valery
Ilebert, his father, were among the first settlers of
Iberville, and his ancestor Louis Hebert, after
whom he was named, was one of tlie founders of
the city of (Quebec. He was a graduate of Jeffer-
son college of t?t. James parish, and soon after his
graduation entered the military academy, and was
made brevet lieutenant of engineers in July, 184.5.
He resigned from the army the following year.
He served two terms in the senate of Louisiana,
and was engineer of the state. He was commis-
sioned colonel of the 3d Louisiana infantry in the
Confederate army in 1861. and brigadier-general
in May, 1862. He commanded the 2d brigade, 1st
division. Army of the west, composed of the 3d
Louisiana and the 14th and 17th Arkansas regi-
ments of infantry, Whitfield's Texas legion. Greer's
regiment of dismounted cavalry, and McDonald's
light battery of artillery. Afterward he com-
manded a brigade in Maury's division. Army of
the west. He is a representative of the old French
or Creole people of Louisiana, and is still active in
tiie management of his sugar plantation.
HEITFIELI), Henry, senator, b. in St. Louis,
Mo., 12 Jan., 1859, received his early education in
the schools of that city, and removed to Kansas,
whore he continued to reside till 1882, in which
year he went to the state of Washington. In the
following year he emigrated to Idaho, where he
still resides, engaged in farming and stock-raising.
Mr. Heitfield was elected to the state senate in
1894, being re-elected in 1896. During the follow-
ing year he was elected as a Populist to the U. S.
senate, his term of office expiring in March, 1903.
HENDERSON. David Bremner, statesman, b.
in Old Deer, Scotland, 14 March, 1840. He ac-
companied his family to Illinois in 1846, and three
years later to Iowa. He was graduated at Upper
Iowa university, studied law in Dubuque, and
was admitted to
the bar in 1865.
He enlisted as a
private in the 12th
regiment, Iowa in-
fantry, in Septem-
ber, "1861, being
elected and com-
missioned 1st lieu-
tenant of Company
C, and serving with
it until discharged,
owing to the loss
of a leg. in Febru-
ary, 1863. He re-
entered the army
as colonel of the
46th Iowa infan-
try, continuing as
such until the close of the civil war. Col. Ilcnder-
son was collector of internal revenue from 1865 to
1869, when he resigned to become a member of a law
firm. He was elected to the 48ih congress as a Re-
publican, and is still a member of the house. He
was elected speaker as successor to Thomas B. Reed,
December, 1899, defeating James B. Richardson.
Democratic candidate, by a majority of twenty-
four. He is a member of the Loyal legion, and ac-
tive in the management of the Society of the army
of Tennessee at its annual meetings in the west.
'/^^
M^¥ULde/tjU/(.
IIENDRIX
HERDIC
137
HENDRIX, Eugene Russell, M. E. bishop, b.
in Fayette, Mo., 17 ilay, 1847. He was graduated
at Wesleyan. and at l/nioii theological seminary.
New York, in 1809, and after holding several pas-
torates in the Methodist church, south, became in
1878 president of Central college, Fayette, Mo.
In 1886 he was made a bishop. In 1878 he re-
ceived the degree of D. D. from Emory college,
Ga. Dr. Hendrix declined the vice-chancellorship
of Vanderbilt university in 188o, and also the
presidency of the University of Missouri. He was
chairman of the committee to arrange for the cen-
tennial celebration of organized American Meth-
odism in behalf of the church, south, when $2,000,-
000 were raised as a thank-offering. He was a
delegate to the cecumenical conference in London
in 1881, and to the centennial conference in Balti-
more in 1884, and a member of the general confer-
ences of 1883 and 1886. He made a missionary
tour of the world in 1876-'7 with Bishop Marvin
of .St. I^uis, and on his return puhlishetl " Around
the World " (N'ashville, Tenn., 1878).
HENNESSY, John Joseph, H. C. bishop, b.
near Cloyne, Cork co., Ireland, 19 July, 1847. Ar-
riving in the Inited States with his family when
young, he received his classical education at the
college of the Christian brothers at St. Louis, Mo.,
and grmhiated in 1803. He completed his theo-
logical course at the Salesianuni, Milwaukee, at
Cape Girardeau he made his philosophy, and re-
turning to the Sidesianum in 1866. and having
been a professor there, was ordained a priest in
1869 by dispenssation, being then under the canon-
ical age. His first mission covered fen counties
of Jlissouri, with his headquarters at Iron moun-
tain, and he built a inimlwr of churches. In 1877
he cstalilished the I'rsulinc convent at Arcadia,
in 1878 was app<>inte<l procurator and vice-presi-
dent of the boaril of managers of the St. Louis
protectory, and in February, 1880, he »uecec<led
Archbishop Ryan as pastor of St. John's church,
St. Louis. He founde<l a reformatory school at
Glencoe. He was appointeil bishop of Wichita,
Kan., ami was (•onse<'ratcd in November, 1888.
HEPBl'RN. Wniiam Peter, congressman, b.
in Wellsville. Columbiana co., Ohio, 4 Nov., 183.3.
As a child he was taken by his family to Iowa,
and sent to the schools of the then territory. He
studied law. and was admitted to the bar, served
during the civil war in the 3il Iowa cavalry, reach-
ing the rank of lieutenant-colonel. He was a dele-
gate to the Republican national conventions of
18<M) and 1888, and was a presidential clector-at-
large for Iowa in 1876 and in 1888. He was sent
to the 47th congress, and has been re-elected five
times, receiving for the 55th congress 34.786 votes as
against 23.960 votes for the candidate nominated
by both the Democratic and Populist conventions.
In SeptemlH'r. 1899, Col. Hepburn delivered an
exceedingly elo<)uent oration at the opening of
the I'hiliidelphia exjiort exposition.
IIKKItKRT. Hilary Ahner, statesman, b. at
LHurensvillc, .S. C, 12 March, 1834. When a
schoolboy, he removed with his father's family to
Greenville, Ala. In 1853 he entered the Univer-
sity of Alabama, and on leaving it he went to the
University of Virginia, and after a two years'
course returned home, studied law, and was ad-
mitted to the bar. When Alabama seceded, he
joined the southern army in V'irginia as a captain
in the 8th Alabama regiment. He was wounded
and captured at the battle of Fair Oaks, having
won the commission of major. Within two months
he was exchanged and again entereil active service.
In 1863 he was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of
18
the 8th Alabama, and became colonel in 1864. In
the battle of the Wilderness he was wounded, and
was borne by his men from the field. Upon the
surrender of Lee he resumed the practice of law at
Greenville. In 1873 he removed to Montgomery,
was elected to the 4oth congress in 1876, and was
re-elected to the 47th congress and placed upon
the ways and means committee. He was made
chairman of the naval committee in the 49th con-
gress, which position he filled until his appoint-
ment as secretary of the navy, 4 March, 1893, ex-
cept in the 51st congress, when Charles A. Bou-
telle. Republican, was chairman, Mr. Herbert
being first on the Democratic side. He now re-
sides in Washington. In 1888 he wrote for a
Democratic campaign book a history of the efl'orts
to increase the navy. He also edited a volume,
published two years later, entitled " Why the Solid
South, or Reconstruction and its Results."
HERBERT, Ivor Caradoc, British soldier, b.
in Llanarth. Monmouth co.. England. 15 July. 1851.
He entered the Grenadier guards, o Nov., 1870, and
became colonel, 18 Aug., 1889, was brigade-major
of the home district from 35 Feb. to 31 July. 1883,
went to Egypt as brigade-major in August of that
year, and later resumed his old post. In November,
1885, he became commandant of the school for aux-
iliary forces, Wellington barracks, and in April,
1886, he accepted the post of military attache at St.
Petersburg. He was present at the action of Maju-
ba and at Tel-el-Kebir in 1882 ; was mentioned in
despatches, and received medal with clasp, bronze
star, and onler of the Medjidie. In the Nile ex-
pedition of 1884-'5 he was present at the action
of Abu-Klea, with the guards' camel-corps, for
which he received two clasps. In November, 1890,
he was apfminted major-general commanding the
militia of Canada, and introduced many reforms
in that service, though several of his improvements
were subje('te<l to harsh criticism. Gen. Herbert
resigned, and returned to England in the autumn
of 1X95. rejoining his regiment there.
HERBERT OF LEA, Elizabeth. Baroness,
philanthropist, b. in England about 1H25. She is
the only daughter of Lieut.-Gen. Charles Ashe
A'Court and niece of Lord Heytesbury. and on 12
Aug.. 1846. marrie<l .Sidney Herbert, second son of
the eleventh earl of Pembroke. Her husband was
created Baron Herbert of Lea, 15 Jan., 1801, held
for some time the secretaryship of state for war,
and died, 2 Aug., 1861. His elder brother died
childless, and I^ady Herbert's eldest son, George
Robert Charles, succeeded to the earldom of Pem-
broke in 1863. La<ly Herbert has passed many
years in the West Indies in philanthropic labors
among the negroes, and came to this country in
1888 tie work among the colored people of the
sf)Uth, seeking their conversion to Roman Catholi-
cism. — Her son. Michel Henry, b. 25 June, 1857,
as attaelii ot the British legation at Washington,
liecame acting minister in November. 1888. on the
dismissal of Lord Sackville, and on the 27th of
that month he married an American.
HERDIC, Peter, inventor, b. near Fort Plain,
N. v., in 1824: d. in New York city. 3 March,
1888. He removed to Bradford county. Pa., when
he was a youth, aided his mother in clearing a few
acres of uncultivated land there, and in 1846
bought a tract of pine land in the forest of Ly-
coming county. Settling in Williamsport. he
aided in increasing that town from 5,000 inhabi-
tants to 35.000, became the owner of its sewers,
gas-works, street-railways, bridges, and hotels, and
at a cost of $80,000 erected Trinity church, which
he gave to its congregation. He failed with large
138
HERNDON
HESLIN
liabilities in 1879, removed to Philadelphia, and
organized the llerdic coach company, inventing
the cab or omnibus that is known by liis name,
which soon became popular, and in a measure re-
stored his fortunes. Mr. llerdic invested in saw-
mills during iiis career in Williamsport, and in-
Tented what is known as the " boom," by wliieh logs
are floated down stream and caught in a blockade,
doing awav with the expensive raft system.
HERNDON, William Henry, b. in Greens-
burg, Ky., 25 Dec, 1818; d. near Springfield, 111.,
18 March, 1891. His parents emigrated from Vir-
ginia about 1808 to Green county, Ky. ; in 1821
tiiey removed to Illinois and settled near Spring-
field. His fatlier, Archer G. Ilerndon, was at one
time elected to the legislature of Illinois, being a
colleague of Abraham Lincoln from Sangamon
county. The son when not attending school as-
sisted his father in his si ore, and spent one year at
the Illinois college at Jacksonville. Returning
home, he entered the employ of Joshua P. Speed,
whose store was the favorite resort of Mr. Lin-
coln, Stephen A. Douglas, Edward D. Baker, and
other young men who became famous. In 1841
he began the study of law in the office of Lincoln
and Stephen T. Logan, was admitted to the bar
and became the former's partner in 1848, and re-
mained such till Lincoln's death. A student not
only of law, but of political economy, psychology,
and general literature, Mr. Herndon was of great
assistance to Lincoln. They travelled the circuit,
and togetlier gained an extensive practice as law-
yers in central Illinois. In 1853 Herndon was
elected clerk and in 1855 mayor of the city of
Springfield ; was a candidate for presidential elec-
tor on the Fremont ticket in the campaign of 1856 ;
was appointed bank commissioner for Illinois in
1857, holding that office till it was abolished in
18G8-'4. In the campaigns of 1856, '60, and '64
Mr. Herndon canvassed Illinois for the Kepubli-
can ticket. Although offered an appointment to
office by President Lincoln he declined it, and con-
tinued the practice of law till 1872, when he retired
from the profession and moved to his farm, six
miles from Springfield. In the religious world he
was known as a free-thinker, and frequently ap-
pealed in the press of the day in advocacy of his
liberal views. In 1865 he began the collection of
material for a life of Lincoln, whicli in 18S5-'9,
with the assistance of Jesse W. Weik, was pub-
lished under the title of " Herndon's Lincoln.
HERRESHOPF, John Brown, boat-builder,
b. in Bristol, K. I., in 1841. He comes of an old
Rliode Island family which for generations has
sent its sons to sea. It was an ancestor of his,
John Brown, that provided the boats for the men
that burned the " Gaspee," and one of the sliips of
this same John Brown was the first vessel to
carry the Stars and Stripes to China. With such
hereditary influences Jolni Brown Herreshoff natu-
rally took an early interest in boats. When scarcely
in liis teens he had become an expert sailor, but
at the age of fifteen he became blind. This mis-
fortune, however, did not drive liim away from
his beloved boats. A hand of wonderful delicacy
of touch and a memory of wonderful capacity for
details stood him in stead of his eyes. His history
from this time on is really the history of the
Herreshoff manufacturing company, of which he
became president, and tlie history of the boats de-
signed and built by the company. In the con-
struction and building of these boats his name is
closely linked with that of his brother, Nathaniel
G., b. in Bristol, R. 1., about 1848. He studied at
the Massachusetts institute of technology in 1866-
'9, and then underwent an apprenticeship at the
Corliss engine-works in Providence, where he
heljied build the great engine that sujjiilied the
motive power for the machinery at the Centennial
exposition in Philadel|ihia. This training he sup-
plemented bv a course of engineering abroad,
where he visited many of the best-equipped ship-
yards in Europe. U'pon his return he devoted
himself to his business, giving his attention to
the designing of steam vessels as well as sailing
yachts. He has given si)ecial care to the con-
struction and design of ihe machinery in u.se on
the boats built by the company, his coil boiler
being perhaps one of the best known and most
characteristic of his inventions. In 1876 he de-
signed and built for the U. S. naval school at
Newport a torpedo-boat, the " Lightning," cafia-
ble of making twenty miles an hour. At that
time no other firm in the country made a Sfmcialty
of high-speed machinery, and for this reason the
government placed a staff of naval officers at the
Herreshoff shops to experiment along that line.
Another early steamboat designed by him was
the " Stiletto " ; later came the torpedo-boat
"Gushing," the "Now Then," "Henrietta," and
" Vamoose," to mention only a few. One of his
earliest designs for sailing craft was the " Shad-
ow." The boat that gave him the greatest fame
was perhaps the " Gloriana," a forty-six-footer,
launched in 1891, which with her raking stem and
overhang stern marked an important st«p in yacht
architecture. The " Waj<p," in the following sea-
son, showed an advance in speed even on that
swift boat. Then came the " Vigilant," designed
as a defender of the " America's" cup in 1893, the
■• Defender " in 189.5, and the " Columbia " in 1899.
HERRICK, George Frederic, missionary, b.
in Milton, Vt., 19 April, 1834. He was graduated
at the University of V^ermont in 1856 and at An-
dover theological seminary in 1859, and went at
once as a missionary of the American board to
Turkey. A large part of his life since that time
has been spent in Constantinople, where he has
been much engaged in literary work for the mis-
sion. He was one of the revisers of the Turkish
translation of the Bil)le. and has publislied in Turk-
isli commentaries on Matthew, Mark, and The Acts.
In 1870-'3 he was professor of church history in
the theological seminary in Marsovan, Turkey, and
in 1879 he was ap])ointed to the same chair there.
The degree of D. I), was given him by the Univer-
sity of Vermont. Dr. Herrick has also published
in Turkish "History of the Christian Religion
and Church " (Constantinople, 1873) and " Belief
and Worship " (1878).
HERSEY. Alfred dishing, merchant, b. in
Hingham. Mass., 26 Nov., 1804 : d. in Boston, 8
March, 1888. He received an academic education,
settled in Boston, and, with Horace Scudder and
Barnabas Davis, was a lessee of commercial and
mercantile wharves, becoming their largest owner.
He was also interested in the shipping business,
owning shares in forty vessels. He built the South
Shore railroad between Braintree and Cohasset
and was its first president, was one of the original
owners and directors of the Boston and Hingham
steamboat company, and was heavily interested in
cotton-mills in New Hampshire. Mr. llersey was
the last of the old school of Boston merchants and
wharfingers, an active Republican politician, and
a public-spirited citizen.
HESLIN, Thomas, R. C. bishop, b. in the par-
ish of Killoe, Longford eo., Ireland, in April, 1847.
He accepted the call of Archbishop Odin to New
Orleans in 1863, and with several other students
HEWITT
HIQINBOTHAM
139
and some priests whom he joined at Havre, France,
came to New Orleans with Bishop Dubuis. He
studied philosophy and theologjr at Bouligny
seminary under tlie Lazarist fathers at New Or-
leans, tauglit at St. Jlury's college, Jefferson, and
at the Carrollton parish school, until ordained a
priest in 18(59, at Mobile, Ala., but was attached
to the archdiocese of New Orleans. He performed
|>arochial work for over fifteen years successively
as assistant priest at the Xew Orleans cathedral,
St. Vincent de Paul's church, and at St. Patrick's,
and as pastor at St. ^lichael's church for fifteen
rears. He labored among colored people of the
south, and built schools. He was appointed
bishoi) of Natchez and consecrated as such by
Archbishop Jaiissens in the cathedral of New Or-
leans in 1889. Since he Itecame a bishop he has
established non-Catholic missions by the aid of the
Missionary union of New York, and commenced
a sfiecial mission for the colored people.
HEWITT, Johu Hill, author, b. in New York
city, 11 July, 1801 ; d. in Baltimore, Md., 7 Oct.,
1890. He entered the U. S. military academy at
West Point, and was one of the band of carets
who attempted to blow up the buildings. Resign-
ing from ttie army, he went to the south, where he
studied law, and in 1823 he settled in Baltimore.
In 18*1 the Baltimore "Saturday Visitor "offered
a sum for a prize poem and tale. Hewitt carried
off the former with •' The Song of the Wind,"
while Edgar Allan Poe secured the latter with "A
Manuscript found in a Bottle." Each considered
himself deserving of both prizes, and upon their
meeting on the street they engaged in an encoun-
ter, llcwilt published '• Miscellaneous Pfjems "
(Baltimore 1838) ; wrote a comedy, " The Govern-
ess," which was produced ; and composed the
oratorio " Jcphthah's Daughter." He was also the
author of " VV'ashington, or One Hundred Years,"
a play, and " Shadows on the Wall " (1877), which
is a collection of personal reniiniscence.s.
HEYWOOI), Charles, marine officer, b. in
Maine, 3 Oct., 1839. He was ap{)ointed to the
navy from New York, and received his commis-
sion as 2d lieutenant in April, 1858. He was on
duty in Washington, in Brooklyn, Staten island,
where he was engaged in repressing the quaran-
tine riots, on the frigate " Niagara," on the special
service of transporting negroes back to Africa in
September, 1858, and served also at Grevtown,
where he had the specialduty of watching Walker,
the iilibusterer. After service at various places
he was present at the destruction of the Norfolk
navy-yaril. He was promoted 1st lieutenant in
May, 1881, and captam, 23 Nov. following. He
was on boanl the "Cumberland" during its fight
with the " Merrimac," and was specially mentioned
for his bravery. He served throughout the civil
war, was fleet marine officer on board the " Hart-
ford," look part in the battle of Mobile bay, and
the capture of Forts Morgan, Gaines, and Powcl,
and other engagements in the gulf. For gallantry
in presence of the enemy he was brcvetted major
and lieutenant-colonel. After the war he was on
duty at various land stations and on the Eurojiean
and North Atlantic Meet stations. During July
and August, 1877. he had command of a battalion
of marines at Baltimore, Philadelphia, and Read-
ing during the labor riots; for nis services he
was honorably mentioned bv Major-Gen. Hancock.
Subset! uently he sjiw si-rvice at Mare island, at
Brooklyn, and at Washington. In 1885 he was
sent with a detachment of marines to Panama;
during the troubles on the isthmus his command
rendered effective service. In 1888 he was pro-
moted to lieutenant-colonel, and on 30 Jan., 1891,
he was made commandant of the U. S. marine
corps, with the rank of brigadier-general, and saw
active service during the war with Spain.
HICHBORN, Philip, naval constructor, b. in
Charlestown, Mass.. 4 March, 1839. He was educat-
ed in the Boston high-school, and then indentured
to the government, under Mel vin Simmons, master
shipwright of the Charlestown navy-yard. In July,
1800, he went to California, and soon became mas-
ter shipwright of the Mare island navv-vard. In
1869 he was appointed assistant naval constructor,
with the station rank of lieutenant in the navy.
From California he was ordered to Portsmouth,
N. H., in 1870, and five years later he was assigned
to League island. Pa. In June, 1884, having re-
ceived his commission as a naval constructor in
1875, he was sent to Europe on special duty. Hich-
born's report upon European dock- yards embodies
the result of his investigations, anil has become a
text-book among the profession. For si.t years he
was a member of the board of inspection an(l sur-
vey, of which Admiral D. D. Porter was president.
In 1881 he was made a member of the first naval
advisory board, and was prominently associated
with all matters affecting the designing and con-
struction of the new naval vessels. He has for many
years been a member of the institution of naval
architects in England. In 1884 he was ordered to
the navy department as assistant chief of bureau,
and in July, 1893, was api)ointed chief constructor
of the navy, and rea|>pointe<l in 1897. Commo-
dore Hichborn in 1890 prepared an important arti-
cle upon "Sheathed or Unsheathed Snifis," which
was published in the April number of " Proceed-
ings of the Naval Institute " of that year.
HICKSON, Sir Joseph, Canadian j-ailway man-
ager, b. in 1830 in Kotterburn, Northumberland
CO., England; d. in Slontreal, 4 Jan., 1877. He was
educated at private schools, came to Canada in
1862, in the capacity of chief accountant of the
Grand trunk railway company. He rapidly rose
from one grade to another until 1874, when he
was appointed general manager of the line, with
full powers. He proved a very successful adminis-
trative and executive officer. He was president of
the Michigan air line, and of the Chicago, Detroit
and Canada grand trunk junction railroad ; vice-
pre.sident of the Montreal and Champlain junction
railway and of the International bridge company,
Buffalo. He was also a director of the Central
Vermont railway company. He was colonel in the
Canadian volunteers, and in 1890 was knighted.
HKJUINS, Anthony, senator, b. in Red Lion
Hundred, Xew Castle co., Del.. 4 .May. 1840. He
was graduated from Yale and from the Harvard
law-school, Ijcing admitted to tlie bar in 1864. He
was U. S. attorney-general for Delaware from 1869
until 1876, was chairman of the Republican state
committee in 1868, and received the votes of the
Republican members of the legislature for the
U. S. senate in 1881. Mr. Higgins was Republi-
can candidate for congress in 1884, and was elect-
ed to the senate to succeed Eli Salisburj-, Demo-
crat, taking his seat in March, 1889. His term of
office expired in 1895, and he was succeeded by
Richard R. Kennev. Senator Higgins received in
1891 the (lef;rce i.r'LL. I), fmui Yale.
HIGINItOTHAM, Harlow Nlles, merchant,
b. in Jolict, HI., 10 Oct., 1838. He was e<lucated in
Lombard university, at Galesburg, and the Com-
mercial college in Chicago; began business life in
the Conntv bank at Joliet, and after rising to the
position of cashier went to Chicago in April, 1861,
entering the house of Cooley, Farwell & Co. In
140
HILDRETH
HILLERN
Aiigiist, 1862, he enlisted as a private in the Jler-
cantile battery of Chicago, serving until Deocinber,
1864; lie then took a position with the firm of
Field, Palmer & Leiter, and was advanced by them
and their successors until, in 1878, he became a part-
ner in the house of Marshall Field & Co., being
placed in charge
of the credits of
the concern, a
position calling
for the most on-
erous and deli-
cate duties. Not-
withstanding his
business engage-
ments, Mr. llig-
inbotham has de-
voted much time
to public affairs
as president or
trustee of vari-
ous institutions,
and as chairman
of the execu-
tive cominitteeof
t he Field Colum-
bian museum, to
which he has
been a munifi-
cent donor. He became a celebrity by his un-
solicited and unanimous election to the presidency
of the World's Columbian exposition when its
affairs were in a critical condition. The success
of the exposition was largely due to his great
capacity and untiring devotion.
HILDRETH, Charles Lotin, poet, b. in New
York city, 38 Aug., 1856; d. there in 1896. He
was educated in the College of the city of New
York, studied medicine, and practised surgery
for four years. Owing to financial troubles in the
family, he was in his sixteenth year compelled to
support himself by his pen while at college as
well as while studying medicine and surgery. He
published in his eighteenth year" Arts and Artists
in America," followed by "Judith: A Novel,"
" The New Symphony," and other works. His
first poem appeared in his fifteenth year, and he
contributed poetry constantly to magazines. His
collected poems were published in 1888 under the
title of " The Masque of Heath." This was fol-
lowed by "01, the Mysterious City," and otiier
works. He became one of the editors of " Bel-
ford's Magazine." and contributed many poems,
articles, and reviews to that and other periodicals,
also contributing articles to encyolopicdias, and
edited several volumes of English verse. He was
a descendant of Richard Hildreth, who emigrated
from England in 164;j, and a nephew of Richard
Hildreth, the well-known historian {q. v.).
HILL, Brittoii Armstrong, lawyer, b. in Blil-
ford, Hunterdon co., N. J., 7 Dec, 1816; d. in St.
Louis, 31 Oct., 1888. He was educated at Ogdens-
burg, N. Y., admitted to the bar of Albany, and
after practising two years in Ogdensburg settled
in Missouri, and established a successful practice in
St. Louis, devoting himself specially to land prac-
tice and insurance, and railroad cases. In 1861-'5
he was a partner, with Thomas Ewing and Orville
H. Browning in the legal firm of Ewing, Hill &
Browning, in Washington, D. C, but he returned
to St. Louis, and resumed practice in that city.
During the civil war ho ardently supported the
National cause, and was an organizer of the Union
leagues of St. Louis and other towns in Missouri.
He has devoted much time and study to the reform
and perfection of the constitution of the state and
National governments, to abolishing the system of
granting to railroad corporations the public high-
ways, with unlimited power to tax freight and
passengers, and to establishing the greenback sys-
tem of finance. On that subject his opinions in
his work " Absolute Money " (St. Ijouis, 1875) were
sustained by the decision of the supreme court of
the United States in 1884, declaring the greenback
to be a legal tender. His other works are " Lib-
erty and Law Under Federative Government"
(1873) and "Gold, Silver, and Paper" (1877).
HILL, John Henry, missionary, b. in New
York citT in 1791 ; d. in Athens, Greece, 1 July,
1883. He was graduated at Columbia in 1807,
studied at the Protestant Episcopal theological
seminary, Alexandria, Va., was ordained deacon
in 1830 and priest in 1831, and the same year was
sent to Athens as a missionary. In July, 1832,
with his wife, he established a girls' school in that
city, which they successfully conducted for half a
century. He became chaplain of the British lega-
tion in 1845, and held that post for many years.
Harvard gave him the degree of D. D. in 1856, and
Columbia that of LL. D. in 1868. Dr. Hill trans-
lated devotional and other books into modem
Greek. In recognition of his services in the edu-
cation of the women of Athens, he was buried
with the honors of a taxiarch, by special orders
of the government, and the municipality of Athens
erected a marble column over his grave. See
"Service Commemorative of his Life and Work,
with Memorial Sermon, by Rt. Rev. William Ba-
con Stevens" (New York, 1883).
HILLEBRANl), »'illinni Francis, chemist,
b. in Honolulu, Hawaiian islands, 13 Dec, 1853.
He was educated at Cornell and Heidelberg, re-
ceiving the degree of Ph. D. at the latter institu-
tion, after which he studied in the chemical labo-
ratories in the universities in Strasburg and Frei-
burg. In 1878 he returned to this country, and in
1879 opened an assay office in Leadville. Col., but
a year later entered the service of the U. S. geo-
logical survey, and in 1880 was sent to Denver to
establish a cliemical laboratory for the Rocky
Mountain division of the survey. For five years
he remained in charge of this laboratory, and then
was transferred to the chief laboratory in Wash-
ington, where he has since remained. His most
important chemical researches have been the me-
tallic separation of cerium, lanthanum, and the
original didymium, the determination of the
specific heats of the above metals, the detection
of nitrogen in the various varieties of uraninite,
which led to the discovery that the gas was a mix-
ture, the major part of the supposed nitrogen
being helium. The results of these researches
have been published in " Liebig's Annalen"and
" Poggendorff's Annalen " abroad, and in this
country in the "American Journal of Science,"
the " Proceedings of the Colorado Scientific So-
ciety," the "American Chemical Journal," and
the " Journal of the " American Chemical Society."
Dr. Hillebrand is a memberof the American chem-
ical society and other scientific organizations.
HILLERN, Bertha \on, artist, b. in Treves,
Germany. 4 Aug., 1857. She came to this country
in 1877, and for two years devoted her time to ad-
vocating athletic exercises for women, apiiearing
in public as a pedestrian. She then devoted her-
self to tlie study of art, wliich she has since pur-
sued as a profession in Boston. Among her pic-
tures are "The Monk Felix," from Longfellow's
" Golden Legend " ; " Evening Praver at the Way-'
side Shrine, Germany " (1883) ; " I'he Conversion
HILLYAR
HOBART
141
of the Heathen General Plaeidus, by a Miracle
while Hunting" (1885); " Live-Oak Forest in the
Ojai Valley, California" (1887); "St. Paul, the
First Hennit," and •' A Walk through the Pine
Barrens, Florida " (1888). In 1888 she exhibited a
large number of landscapes in Boston.
HILLYAR, Sir James, British admiral; b. in
Portsea, Hants, 29 Oct.. 1769 ; d. at Torr Point,
Devonshire, 10 July, 1843. He entered the navy
in 1779 on board the " Chatham," and was in
her at the capture of the " Magicienne" off Bos-
ton, 2 Sept., 1781. After active service in the
North American and home stations, he was in
1793 appointed to the " Bolivar." under Admiral
Hot ham. When serving on the " Victory," flag-
ship of Lord Hood, for energy and good conduct
at Toulon, and afterward in Corsica, he was
appointed lieutenant of the "Aquilon," Capt.
Robert Stopford. He wa.s then removed to the
" Phaeton," in which he served with Comwallis
in his celebrated '" Retreat." Commanded the
" Excellent " and the " Niger " in 1800, and in the
following year served under Sir Sidney Smith
on the coast of Kgvpt. In 1803 he continued in
active cruising under the orders of Nelson, who
specially recommended him for promotion. He
was advanced to post-captain, and in 1809 was
appointed to the "St. George" as flag-captain,
when Sir James Soumarez placed him in command
of the " Pha-bc." a 36-gun frigate. In her, in
1810, he was present at the reduction of Mauritius,
and of Java, August, 1811. Early in 1813 he was
sent to the Pacific to destroy the American fur
establishments in the north, being joined by the
" Raccoon " and " Cherub " sloops at Juan Fernan-
dez. Hearing that the U. S. frigate " Elssex,"
Capt. Porter, was taking British merchantmen on
that station, having gone as far as the Gallapagos
islands, he sent the " Raccoon " to execute his
original orders, and proceeded with the "Phtt'be "
and " Cherub " to search for the American frigate,
which he found at Val[Miraiso, with her consort, a
prize, the " Essex, Jr." In the engagement which
followed, 27 March, the " Essex," having lost her
main-top-mast in a sudden squall, was obliged to
strike her colors after a gallant resistance, owing
to her inability to work her heavy 32-i)Ounder car-
ronudes. Capt. Hillyarconwnandi'il the" Revenge,"
1830-'l, "Caledonia," 1833-'3, was made rear-ad-
miral in 1837. nominated K. C. II. in 18:M, and ad-
vanced to K. C. B. in 1840.
HIN(;STON, Sir William Hales, Canadian
scientist, b. near (Quebec, 29 June, 1829, educated
at the Montreal college, McGill university, and in
Edinburgh, where he took his diploma as a sur-
geon. In 1853 he began the j)ructice of pliysician
and surgeon at Montreal, and was eminently suc-
cessful. Sir William has l)een president of the
Canadian medical association, or the College of
physicians and surgeons, of the Medico-chirurgical
society, and was vice-president of the British asso-
ciation for the advancement of .science. The Vic-
toria university conferred on him the honorary
degree of LL. I')., and I>. C. L. was granted him by
Bi.shop's college, of Lennoxville. In 1877 he was
elected mayor of Montreal. Ho was an unsuccess-
ful candidate for the house of commons of Canada
in Decemlwr, 1895, at a by-eleclion,but in 1896 he
wa.« called to the senate, sitting for Rougemont.
In January, 189.5. he was knighted by the (^ucen.
Sir William is the author of an important work
entitleil "The Climate of Cana<laand its Relations
to Life and Health" (.Moiitreal. 188,5).
HINTENA<'H, Andrew, R. C. prelate, b. in
Scbollbrunn, Baden, Germany, 12 May, 1844. He
entered St. Vincent's college, Westmoreland Co.,
Pa., in August, 1854, joined the Benedictine order,
11 July, 1861, and was ordained priest on 12 April,
1867. Since then he has been occupied successively
as professor of the college, master of novices, and
prior of the monastery until 7 Feb., 1888, when he
was chosen abbot of St. Vincent's abbey.
HIPPOLYTE, Louis Mondestiii Florvil,
president of llavti, b. in Cape Havtien in 1827; d.
in Port au Prince, 24 -March, 1896. He was the
son of one of the ministers of the Haytian emperor
Faustin I. by a French woman. His father, who
had travelleJl extensively, and had a knowledge of
several languages, sent the son to France to be
educated for a military career. Upon his return
to Havti he entered the army, ami distinguished
himself in the defence of the fortress of Bellair in
1865. He was at the head of the insurrection of
1889 which overthrew President Legitime, and in
October of that year he was confirmed in the
presidency by the constituent assembly. He ruled
Hayti with an iron hand, and was relentless to-
ward the leaders of the rebellion of 1891, many of
whom were ruthlcsslv executed.
HITCHCOCK, Kttian Allen, cabinet officer,
b. in Mobile, Ala., 12 June, 1835. His grand-
father married the second daughter of Col. Ethan
Allen, and his father, Henry Hitchcock, early in
life removed to the south, becoming chief justice
of Alabama. The son was educated in New
Haven, and then settled in St. Louis, pursuing a
busine.<s career, when he entered the China house
of Oliphant & Co., with which he remained for
twelve years. Returning to St. Louis, he became
president of severol manufactories, also acquiring
large railway interests. Early in 1897 he was ap-
i)ointcd minister at St. Petersburg, and when
Russia sent her present representative here with
the rank of ambassador, Sir. Hitchcock was also
promoted to the higher grade. In December, 1898,
on the retirement of Cornelius N. Bliss, he was
made a meniljer of President McKinley's cabinet,
with the portfolio of the secretary of the interior,
entering upon his duties in January, 1899.
HOBAN, Michael John. R. C. prelate, b. at
Waterloo. N. J., 1« June, 1853. From 1868 to 1871
he studied at Holy Cross college at Worcester,
Mass.. and spent two years at home in commercial
business. In 1874 he entered St. John's college
at Fordham, New Vork city, and in September of
that year he became an ecclesia-stical student at
the Cpllege of St. Charles Borromeo, Overbrook
setninary, and in October, 1875, he was sent by
Bishop O'Hara of Scranton to the American col-
lege at Rome. He was ordained a priest. May,
1880, in the Church of St. John Lateran by Car-
dinal Valetta. After a tour of travel in Lurope
he returned to Philadelphia in September, 1880.
At Scranton he was appointed assistant pastor at
St. Peter and St. Paul's church, thence he per-
formed parochial work at Pittston, then pastor at
Troy, and finally pastor at A.shley, where he erected
the fine church of St. Leo in 1890, and the rectory
in 1892. In 1897 he was appointed coadjutor
bishop, and was consecrated under the title of
bishop of Alalis by Cardinal Satolli in March,
1897, with the right'to succeed Bishop O'Hara.
HOBART. Uarret Angustiis. vice-president,
b. in Long Branch, 3 June, 1844; d. in Paterson,
N. J.. 21 Nov., 1899. He received his education
in his native countv and entered the sophomore
class of Rutgers colfege, being graduatetl there in
June. 1863. For a brief period he taught school,
anil then, in December, 1863, entered the law office
of Socrates Tuttle, in Paterson, whose daughter.
142
HOBBES
HODGE
Jennie Tuttle, he married in 1869. With great
industry he applied himself to the study of the
law, working early and late, and was admitted to
the bar of New Jersey as attorney in June, 1866,
and as counsellor in 1869. He practised law in the
ofBce of his father-in-law, received the appoint-
ment of clerk for
the grand jury
in 1865, and was
city counsel of
Paterson in 1871.
In 1872 he was
elected counsel
for the board
of freeholders of
Passaic county,
was a member of
the assembly in
1873 and 1874,
and state sena-
tor from 1877 to
1882, presiding
over the latter
/O , ^ . / body during the
h^SSAAA^^Cy oI%j^SAiJC last two years.
Various nomina-
tions, among them those of congressman and gov-
ernor, were offered to him at various times, but he
uniformly declined the honors. Mr. Hobart has
five times served, successively, as a delegate-at-
large to the Republican national convention, and
at the last, held in St. Louis, he was nominated
for vice-president, and, being duly elected, took
the oath of office on 4 March. 1897.
HOBBES, John Olirer. See Cbaigie, Mrs.
Pearl Mary.
HOBSON, Richmond Pearson, naval officer,
b. 17 Aug., 1870, at Greensborough, Ala. He at-
tended the Southern university, in his native place,
and was graduated at the head of his class. In
May, 1885, he was appointed to the U. S. naval
academy, being graduated in 1889 at the head of
the class, although its youngest member. He
cruised with the squadron of evolution on the
flag-ship " Chicago, under command of Admiral
Walker in the Mediterranean, and to Brazil to
recognize the flag of the Brazilian republic. On
his return he was ordered to a special course
abroad, spending three years in Paris, one yrarat
the Eeole nati<male superieure des mines and two
years at the fieole d'application du genie mari-
time. From the latter school he received a diplo-
ma with distinction in a course of naval construc-
tion and design in both engines and hulls. His
summer months were devoted to visiting French
ship-yards, and he also visited the English yards
before his return, in December, 1893. While
abroad, in July, 1891, he had been made assistant
naval constructor. Upon his return he served in
the navy department, in the naval intelligence de-
partment, and in the bureau of construction and
repair from January, 1894, until April, 1895. His
" Report on Information gathered Abroad by Stu-
dents " (6 vols.) and his " Report on Disappearing
Guns Afloat " (afterward published in the " Pro-
ceedings of the United States Naval Institute '")
attracted much attention at home and abroad.
He was then sent to the Brooklyn navy-yard, and
remained there as assistant to Naval-Constructor
Bowles. While on duty there he made an inspec-
tion of the yacht " Defender,'" and reported upon
the results of his investigation, which report, sup-
plemented by the results of his investigation of
the uses of aluminum for marine construction, was
afterward published in the •' Proceedings of the
United States Naval Institute." During the sum-
mer of 1896 he was on sea duty on the " New
York." He proposed, applied for, and began the
system of sea duty for constructors. Another
recommendation of his resulted in the post-gradu-
ate course of three years at the naval academy;
this took the place of the former custom of sending
students abroad. During the Chinese-Japanese
war he had applied for, and had been nominated
to it by the secretary of the navy, duty at the seat
of war; his nomination was revoked, however, be-
cause of the opposition felt to detailing a con-
structor to such a mission. While on duty at the
Brooklyn yard he was counsel for Naval-Construc-
tor Bowles and Assistant Naval-Constructor Hibbs,
in connection with the court of inquiry upon the
installation of the turret guns of the " Puritan,"
arising from the charges preferred by Commander
Sperry. In December. 1896, he was nominated by
the Mexican government to represent it on a com-
mission of experts to pass upon the Mexican de-
spatch boat " Donato Guerra," built under contract
at Philadelphia. At the outbreak of the war with
Spain he was performing the duties of constructor
for the fleet at Key West, at the same time direct-
ing the construction of the naval station there.
He was assigned to duty with Admiral Sampson's
fleet, and after it had been definitely ascertained
that Admiral (Jervera's fleet was in Santiago har-
bor he suggested a plan of sinking a vessel within
the narrow mouth of
the harbor, and thus
effectually blocking
it to the egi'ess of the
Spanish ships. His
plan was approved,
and with seven com-
panions he .sank the
collier "Merrimac"
at the entrance of the
harbor, in the face
of a fierce fire from
the Spanish fleet and
forts. He and his
men escaped from the
wreck, but were cap-
tured by the Span-
iards. They were sub-
sequently released.
Lieut. Hobson re-
turned to the United
States and experi-
mented with air-bags with a view to raising the
Spanish ships sunk on the southern coast of Cuba
in July, 1898. He left New York for Santiago in
August, to attempt to raise them, meeting with
but partial success. He was promoted by the
president to be a naval constructor, and in De-
cember was ordered to Manila to superintend the
raising of the several sunken Spanish ships of
war, concerning which he made an interesting re-
port to the department in August. 1899.
HODGE, Frederick Webb, ethnologist, b. in
Plymouth. England, 28 Oct., 1864. He came to
this country when a boy, and was educated in
Washington, chiefly in Columbian university.
Meanwhile in 1884 he entered the service of the
U. S. geological survey, and in 1886 became field
secretary of the Hemenway archaeological expedi-
tion. While so employed he made detailed sur-
veys and maps of the prehistoric ruins excavated
in southern Arizona and Zufii, New Mexico. In
July, 1889, he was appointed in the bureau of
American ethnology for duty in connection with
the preparation of a " Cyclopaedia of Indian
HOFFMAN
HORSTMANN
143
Tribes," a work which was subsequently placed in
his clmrge. Since 1893 Mr. Hodge has also had
charge of the editorial work of the bureau and of
its library, the accession of anthropologic publica-
tions having qua<lrupled during his supervision. In
1895 he made a reconnoissance of the pueblos of
Arizona and Xew Mexico. In 1897 he engaged in
archii'ologic work in Arizona and New Mexico, and
later scaled the "enchanted mesa" near Acoma.
on the summit of which he discovered evidences of
former habitation, thereby verifying a typical In-
dian tradition. Mr. Hodge has' been curator of
the Anthropological society of Washington and a
member of the editorial committee of the " Amer-
ican Anthropologist" since 1891. His writings
have been published in scientific journals and in
the reports of the bureau of American ethnology.
HOFFMAN, Eugene A ngiistiis, clergyman, 'b.
in New Vork city, 21 March, 1829. He was gradu-
ated at Harvard and from the General theological
seminarv, and was ordained a priest in the Protes-
tant Kpisoopal church. Later he was engaged in
missionary work in Elizabcthport, N. .1., and then
was called to Christ church in Elizabeth. X. J.,
where he continued for ten years, after which he
had St. Mary's church in Burlington, N. J., until
1864. During these years he built Christ church
and rectory in Elizabeth, St. Steijhen's church in
Milburn, and Trinity church in Woodbridge, N.J.
He was rector of Grace church on Brooklyn
heights in 1864-'9. and of St. Mark's church,
Philadelphia. Pa., in 1869-79. He then became
dean of the (tcncral theological seminary in New
York city, which post he still holds. In connec-
tion with his father, Samuel Verplanck HofTman,
he endowed the chair of pastoral theology with
$80,000, and on the death of the fonner his mother
contributed f 125,000 for the building of the Chapel
of the Goo<l Shepherd as a memorial to her hus-
band, and for other purposes she contributed gen-
erously during her lifetime to the support, of the
seminary. The deanery is the gift of Dr. Hoffman
himself, who in 1890 received the degree of D. D.
from Oxford university, England, and at earlier
dates the same degree and those of I). C. L. and
LL. D. from American institutions of learning.
He is the author of " Free Churches " (New York.
1858) and "The Eucharistic Week " (1859 and
1803). — His brother, Charles Frederick, clerg)--
man, b. in New York city, 18 Nov., 1834; d. on
Jekyl island, Ga., 4 March, 1897. He was gradu-
ated at Trinity, and was subsequenllv ordained
to priest's orilers. In 1872 he wa-s called to All
Angels' church in Xew York city, and in 1881 he
received the degree of S. T. D. from Kutgers and
D. C. L. from St. Stephen's. He contributed gen-
erously to the support of the General theological
seminarv and to St. Stephen's college, Annan-
dale. His gifts to the latter exceeded (i.300,000,
including a large library' and fine building, also
endowing a course of Hoffman librarv lectures.
H(' was vice-chancellor of Hobart college. Dr.
Iliiffman. in Decend)er. 1888. agreed to erect a new
church for his parish, on the west side of Central
park, at a cost of not less than f 150,000. It was
consecrated in 1890, is now a most flourishing
parish, and from that beautiful church he was
buried. Dr. Huffman published " Christ the Pa-
tron of all True Education " (Xew York, 1893) and
"The Library a Divine Child " (1893).
HOKE, Robert Frederick. soUlier, b. in Lin-
colnton, X.C, 27 -May, 1837. He was major of the
1st North Carolina infantry early in 1861, an<l ma-
jor, lieutenant-colonel, and colonel of the 33d X'orth
Carolina infantry and colonel of the 21st (formerly
11th) North Carolina infantry. He was appointed
brigadier-general in the Confederate states army,
17 Jan., 1863. and major-general, 20 April, 1864.
His brigade was in Early's division, Jackson's
(afterward Ewell's) corps. Army of northern Vir-
ginia. He was at one time in command of the
district of North Carolina. His division was com-
posed of the brigades of Gens. Martin, llagood,
Clingman, and Colquitt, Army of northern Vir-
ginia. Since the war he has been actively engaged
in business in North Carolina, and now is'president
of the Seaboard air line, Georgia, Carolina, and
Northwestern railroad company.
HOLBROOK, Martin Lntiier, physician, b. in
Mantua, Ohio. 3 Feb., 1831. He was graduated at
Ohio agricultural college, at Dr. Dio Lewis's
school of physical culture, and at the New York
hygienic medical college. During 1862 he intro-
duced physical culture into the public schools of
Cle\'eland through teachers whom he had trained
for the work, and in 1865, with others, established
the first Turkish baths in New York city. His
professional life has been stient in New Y'ork, and
since 1882 he has been professor of hygiene in the
New York medical college and hospital ifor women.
He has patented a muscle-beater for gymnastic
exercise, and has discovered, through microscopic
investigations, the terminations of the nerves of
the liver and kidneys. Since 1866 he has edited
and published "The Herald of Health." and he
has written "Parturition without Pain" (New
York. 1869); "Hygiene of the Brain" (1876);
"Marriage and Parentage" (1878); "How to
Strengthen the Memorv" (1887); and "Eating
for Strength " (1872 : new ed., 1888).
HOPPER, Edward, clergyman, b. in New
York city. 24 May. 1818: d. there, 23 April, 1888.
He was graduated at the University of the city of
New York, studied theology, and became pastor of
the Presbyterian church in Greenville, N. Y.
Thence he went to Sag Harbor, and at the begin-
ning of the civil war gained reputation by a scries
of eloquent speeches in support of the National
cause. When the Reformed Dutch church at the
corner of Henry and Market streets. New York
city, was converted into the Church of the Sea and
I^iand in 1867, he became its pastor, continuing in
its charge until his death. His work in that field
was for the most part among sailors, by whom he
was greatly beloved, and among whom he exerte<l
wide influence. Dr. Hopper wrote many hvmiis
and [KM-'ms and " The Fire on the Hearth in Sleepy
Hollow," a collection of verses, " The Dutch Pil-
grims." and "One Wife T<k) Many."
HORSTMAXN. Igiiatiiis* Frederick. K. C.
prelate, b. in Philadelphia, 16 Deo., 1840. He was
educated at the Jesuit college, and made his
ecclesiastical studies in Rome, where he was or-
dained in June, 1865, and received the degree of
D. D. in 1866. He was subsequently professor of
logic, metaplivsics,ethics, Hebrew. German, and lit-
urgy in St. Charles Borronieo's college from 18U6
to 1877; was po-slor of St. Mary's church in Phila-
delphia from December, 1877, to September, 1885;
chancellor of the archdim'cseof Philadelphia from
September, 1885, to February, 1892. Having been
appointed l>isliop of Cleveland, he was consecrated
at the Philadelphia cathedral in 1892, by Arch-
bishop Ryan, and has since been in the discharge
of the episcojial ofliee at Cleveland. He edited
Namf)ons "Catholic Doctrine as defined in the
Council of Trent," coin|)iled and edited " Intro-
duction to the Holy Bible " and " Dictionary of
the Bible," and was for four years assistant editor
of the "American Catholic Quarterly Review."
144
HOBTON
HOWLAND
HORTON, Samuel Dana, publicist, b. in Porae-
roy, Oliio, 16 Jan., 1844; d. in Washington, D. C,
23 Fel)., 1895. IIo was tlie son of Valentine B.
Horton (</. v.) ; was giailiiateil at Harvard in
1864 and at the law-school in 1808, studied in
Berlin university in 1869-'T0, and was admitted
to the bar of Ohio in 1871. He published in 1876
a treatise on "Silver and Gold, and their Relation
to the Problem of Resumption," the first of a se-
ries of works advocating a settlement of the silver
qncstion by joint action of nations. This policy
was adopted by congress, and he was identified
with its advancement in Europe as delegate to the
international monetary conferences of 1878 and
1881. The most important of his numerous works
is "The Silver Pound and England's Monetary
Policy since the Restoration " (London, 1877).
HOTCHKIN, Samuel Fitcli, author, b. in Sau-
quoit, N. Y., 3 April, 1833. He is the son and
grandson of Presbyterian clergymen, was graduat-
ed at Trinity college in 1856, and four years later
from the General theological seminiiry. He filled
several offices in the diocese of Delaware, and for
many years has been registrar of the diocese of
Philadelphia. His principal publications are
" Ancient and Modern Germantown " (1889) ;
" Early Clergy of Pennsylvania and Delaware "
(Philadelphia, 1890) ; "Country Clergy of Pennsyl-
vania" (1890) ; "The York Road, Old and New,
Fox Chase and Bustleton " (1893); "The Bristol
Pike" (1893); and "Rural Pennsylvania" (1897).
HOUGHTON, (ieorge Hendricks, clergyman,
b. in Deerfield, Mass., in 1820 ; d. in New York
city, 17 Nov., 1897. After graduation from the
University of the city of New York and from the
General theological seminary in 1845 he was or-
dained, and became assistant to Dr. Muhlenberg
at the Church of the holy comnninion ; he served
also as instructor in Hebrew at the General theo-
logical seminary. In 1848 he organized the parish
of the Transfiguration, and in 1850 the congrega-
tion put up a building. The rector remained with
the congregation from then on, refusing all pre-
ferments of his church and declining all calls to
service elsewhere. The church was freed from
debt and provided with an endowment of .f 100,-
000 ; it enlarged its activities in many religious,
social, and charitable lines, and proved to be a
valuable factor in missionary work. Popularly,
the church was called " the Little Church around
the Corner," and its rector widely known and re-
spected. He was succeeded by his nephew. Rev.
George H. Houghton, and in 1898 there was a
semi-centennial celebration of the organization of
this large and important parish.
HOVEY, Richard, author, b. in Normal, 111.,
4 May, 1864. He was graduated at Dartmouth,
and studied at the General theological semi-
nary. He was for a time connected with a New
Y'ork Episcopal church, has since been an actor,
author, and journalist, and subsequently a lecturer
at Columbia university. Mr. Ilovey has published
several plays and poems, and, with Bliss Carman,
" More Songs from Vagabondia " (Boston, 1896).
HOWARD, Lelaud Ossian, entomologist, b. in
Rockford, 111., 11 June, 1857. He was graduated
at Cornell in 1877, and while an undergraduate
did special work in the department of entomology
under Prof. John H. Comstock. A year later he
became assistant in the division of entomology in
the department of agriculture in Washington, and
in 1894 he became the chief of that division, which
place he still holds : also on 1 Nov.. 1895, becoming
honorary curator of the department of insects in
the U. S. national museum. He has made a spe-
cialty of parasitic hyraenoptera, in which branch he
has devoted chief attention to habits and host rela-
tions ; besides which he has been called upon to
make extensive studies in economic entomology in
connection with his office. In 1883 he received
the degree of JI. S. from Cornell, and in 1896 the
degree of Ph. D. was conferred upon him by George-
town university. He has been president of the
Entomological and Biological societies of Washing-
ton, and was president of the Association of eco-
nomic entomology in 1894. Dr. Howard has been a
member of the American association for the ad-
vancement of science since 1888, and presided over
the section on zoology in 1895, and again in 1897,
and in 1897 was elected permanent secretary of
that association. He prepared the definitions in
entomology for the " Century Dictionary " and was
similarly connected with the " Standard Diction-
ary," and has also contributed to the "Standard
Natural History." Dr. Howard has been a fre-
quent contributor to scientific journals, and was
the editor of " Insect Life," a journal formerly
published by the department of agriculture. His
bibliography is extensive, and consists for the most
part of contributions in liis specialty to govern-
ment reports and to scientific journals.
HOWARTH, Ellen Clementine, poet, b. in
Coopers! own, N. Y.. 20 May, 1827. Her maiden
name was Doran. She left school at seven years
of age to work in a factory, married Joseph How-
arth in 1846, and has since resided in Trenton,
N. J. Mrs. Howarth has published " The Wind-
Harp, and other Poems " (Philadelphia, 1864), and
" Poems," with an introduction bv Richard Wat-
son Gilder (Newark, N. J., 1868). tier best-known
poems are " Thou wilt never grow Old " and " 'Tis
but a Little Fa<ied Flower."
HOWISON, Henry Lycnrgns, naval officer, b.
in Washington, D. C, 10 Oct., 1837, and was gratlu-
ated at the U. S. naval academy. He was ap-
pointed acting midshipman in 1854 from Indiana,
and before the close of the civil war, in which he
saw much active service, he had reached the rank
of lieutenant-commander. In 1872 he became a
commander, in 1885 a captain, in 1897 a commo-
dore, and in November, 1898, he was promoted to
rear-admiral. He has been employed in various
branches of the navy, his recent service being in
the Spanish war as commandant of the Boston
navy-yard, and in command of the South Atlantic
squadron. Admiral Howison, with his flag-ship
" Chicago," took part in the New York naval
parade in honor of his friend and classmate, Ad-
miral Dewey, 29 Sept., 1899. He was relieved of
his command, and retired in October.
HOWLAND, Oliver Allien. Canadian lawyer,
b. at Lambton Mills. Ontario. 18 April, 1847. "He
is a son of Sir William P. Howland (g. v.), and was
graduated from the University of Toronto, in
which city he has since successfully practised law,
having been admitted to the bar iii 1875. He has
appeared before the English privy council sis
counsel in several important Canadian cases, was
elected in 1894 by a large majority as a Conserva-
tive to represent South Toronto in the legislature,
and has always taken an interest in historical re-
search as weli as in general literature. Mr. How-
land is connected with various literary associations,
and inaugurated the movement for an historical ex-
hiljition in commemoration of the four hundredth
anniversary of the landing of John Cabot in Canada.
He is the author of " The Irish Problem, viewed by
a Citizen of the Empire" (1887). and "The New
Empire: Reflections upon its Origin, Constitution,
and its Relations to tue Great Republic" (1891).
Hor
HtJMBOLDT
145
HOT, Fliilo Roniayn, phvsician, b. in Mans-
field, Ohio. 3 Nov., 1816. His father, Capt. William
Hoy, emigrated from Salem, N. Y., to Mansfield in
1815, and built the first frame building in that
place. The son received a common-school educa-
tion, and was graduated at the Ohio medical col-
lege in 1841. He has practised in Newhaven, Ohio,
till 1846, and after 1846 in Racine, Wis. Dr. Hoy
has devoted much time and study to natural sci-
ence. His local collection of birds, reptiles, fish,
and insects is widely known. He was for three
years president of the Wisconsin academy of sci-
ence, arts, and letters, and has been professor of
physiology and zoology in Racine college, and natu-
ralist to the geological survey of Wisconsin. He is
a member of many scientific associations, and of the
American association for the ailvancement of sci-
ence. His published papers are scattered through
about fifty volumes of reiiorts and proceedings.
HUBB.4RU, (jiardiner Greene, lawyer, b. in
Boston, 25 Aug., 1823 ; d. near Washington, D. C,
11 Dec, 1897. He was graiiuatcd from Dartmouth
in 1841, completed the law course at Harvard, and
afterward studied with Benjamin R. Curtis, whose
Cartner he became. His residence was in Cam-
ridge and in Boston until 1878, when he removed
to Wasliington for its milder climate. Five years
later he abandoned the law to devote his energies
to the Bell telephone company, which he projected
and in which he was a large stockholder and di-
rector. His widow has presented his valuable col-
lection of etchings and engravings to the library
of congress. The Hubbard collection reiiresents
the finest productions of the modem schools of
art. and, when taken in connection with the num-
ber already in the library under the operation of
the copyright law, will make the library gallery
one of the largest and most representative in the
world. Mrs. Hubbard also provides a fund of
f20,()00. the interest of which will be forever de-
voted to the increase of the collection.
UL'UBAKI), Nchemiah. soldier, b. in Middle-
town, Conn., 21 April, 1752 ; d. there, 6 Feb , 1837.
He was in the fourth generation from George (1504),
who was a member of the earliest general court of
the colony (16;J8). Relinquishing his idea of a col-
legiate course, he twgan a commercial career in his
native town at the age of fourteen, and when he
was twenty-one went to the West Indies, first as
supercargo and afterward as captain and merchant.
While ho was in the West Indies the news of the
Bunker Hill fight arrived, and, though the fact was
doubted, Mr. Hubbard hastened home, and early
in 1776 entered the armv. In May of that year he
was appointed by Gov. Trumbull paymaster to Col.
Bnrrnlrs regiment, which went on service to Ticon-
deriiga. In .May, 1777, he was appointed by Gen.
Greene, who was at that time quarterma-ster-gen-
eral of the United States, his deputy quartcnnaster
for the state of Connecticut, which post he held
till the resignation of Gen. Greene, when, although
reap[M>inled by Col. Pickering, he declined. Not
long afterward he re- 
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