Applied forestry, written particularly for owners and managers; explaining certain methods of foresters toward conserving property values and providing maximum returns from current operations

GIFT OF

APPLIED FORESTRY

APPLIED FORESTRY

WRITTEN PARTICULARLY FOR OWNERS
AND MANAGERS; EXPLAINING CERTAIN
METHODS OF FORESTERS TOWARD
CONSERVING PROPERTY VALUES AND
PROVIDING MAXIMUM RETURNS FROM
CURRENT OPERATIONS

ft CEWALL CO..

FORESTERS AND SURVEYOR!

i K. f^ T? T T?

Copyright 1912

By James W. Sewall

Old Town, Maine

APPLIED FORESTRY

HOW much is a tract of forest worth? You can buy
it for so much. But is it worth more or less than
that? You can sell it for so much. But are you get-
ting what it is really worth or will the buyer lose money on it?
You can make it produce a certain amount of lumber. But
could it be producing more, or are your operations depleting
your principal without your knowledge?

The admitted fact that no owner of a forest can do more
than make a guess as to the actual value of his property, unless
its value is determined by scientific measurements, suggests
the wide scope for the application of modern methods in the
efficient management of forest properties.

An ignorance of basic worth at once betrays an ignorance
as to the proper methods of conservation. The best of inten-
tions, unwisely directed, may be doing more to lessen the
value of property than careless waste for the sake of present
profits. When scientifically taken, profits can often be
greatly increased without harming the remaining values. In
fact, as in all scientific management, scientific forestry works
for the maximum returns for both present and future by avoiding
needless waste and destruction and by making more intensive
use of the present crop.

It is because of the deplorable ignorance of actual values,
and of proper methods of protecting future values, that there
has, within recent years, gone up a great cry as to the need
of forest conservation.

So wasteful have been the methods, even under supposedly
well regulated management, and so flagrant have been the
abuses under the heedless management of those caring only
for present profits, that a real danger has threatened the natural
woodland resources of this country. The doleful picture of a
country with a depleted and inadequate supply of wood mate-
rial, held up before the eyes of the public to arouse sentiment
against the fearful wastes going on in forest operations, is no

The need of

definite

knowledge

Wasteful
methods

Eight-year old burnt land ; the soil was cleaned off.

idle fancy. It needs only the application of figures to project
the ratio of depletion into the future with a certainty of showing
what a few generations or even a few decades would do toward
the serious impairment of the practical supply.

What is true on a large scale as to the mismanagement of
forest properties, is manifestly true on the smaller scale since
the large is but the aggregate of the small.

In the matter of forest preservation America is far behind
European nations in the adoption of sound policies. Even
some of the Asiatic nations have exerted and are now exerting
much labor in enhancing or at least up-keeping forest values,
by methods which we in this country are only beginning to
appreciate.

The forests of America are ample for our lumber demands
— tremendous as they are — if the cutting is carried on with a
proper regard for future growth. But it is a well known and
admitted fact that the cut of many of our more valuableand sought
after trees is greatly exceeding their growth. The certain
rise in the values of such trees in the immediate future should
of itself be sufficient to prevent owners from sacrificing for
immediate profits trees that if allowed to grow would yield
more later than the money possibly could if obtained now
and invested in even the most profitable of enterprises. But
it is non-appreciation of these facts rather than a willful

Winter transportation.

choosing of a short-sighted policy that affords the greatest
danger to our resources for the future.

The steps now being taken in Europe and Asia for the preser-
vation and extension of the forests have not been so much due
to wise foresight as to actual necessity. In certain parts of
those countries a condition has been reached which has more
than fulfilled the warnings of cautious men of previous genera-
tions, and by methods of unscientific wood utilization even
less wasteful than those which are being complained of in
America today. It is the pressure of this situation, together
with their more advanced and more intensified ideas of civiliza-
tion, which have resulted in the efforts of the present and of
the recent past to protect the forest properties of those coun-
tries from further depletion.

The principles of the efficient management of forest property
can never be fully appreciated by considering only a limited
area. It is only in the observation of the more conspicuous
instances that one may understand the result of tendencies
which otherwise might pass unnoticed.

An owner who knows only his own forest operations, and
those only by guess work and second-hand information from
others who reach their conclusions by guess work, often lacks
the perspective which enables him to see his own opportunities
for conservation in their true light.

It is for this reason that the study of forestry as a whole is
a most important one either for the owner or for his advisers.
The day has passed when guess work, either their own guess

A lesson
from abroad

Value of
wide study

work or that of their lieutenants, can satisfy the demands of
progressive business men.

A brief outline of the principal ideas underlying forestry,
and their application to efficient management of forest prop-
erties, is of value in moulding one's opinions, and turning them
in the direction of obtaining maximum returns. But the
actual use of those ideas as applied to any particular piece of
woodland will vary greatly, so that much practical experience is
needed to enable one to make the most of them.

Four classes There are, broadly speaking, four classes of people who are
concerned concerned with forests: the land owning class; the operators,
who cut the standing growth; the mill men, who transform that
growth from raw material to finished products; and the con-
sumer. These classes at times may be interwoven, — one man
may belong to all classes, — but there are always found these
main divisions.

The land The land owner, unless interested in cutting operations also,
owner is chiefly concerned in his property from the standpoint of an

investment. He de-
sires to know, first
of all, whether or
not his money, in-
vested in forest prop-
erties, constitutes
a safer, more profit-
able, and more desir-
ableinvestmentthan
if otherwise employ-
ed. This can be de-
termined not alone
from the present re-
turns from his in-
vestment, but must
take into considera-
tion the future value
of the property. If
present returns are
eating into the prin-
cipal unawares, and

Thrifty spruce growth. Land like this should be a ^.^e property is los-
source of perpetual income. Note the . . ,

vigorous reproduction. ing in actual Value

8

so that a future sale would involve a depreciation which
would swallow up present and intervening profits, then the
investment value of his property is in question and must be
given fundamental consideration.

If it is determined that the property constitutes a profitable
and satisfactory investment the next problem which the owner
must consider is whether or not he is getting the most out of
his investment. It may be that a given piece of property,
while profitable as a forest, could be cleared, and used for agri-
cultural or other purposes, and thus yield a greater profit.
If so, the forest must go, if maximum returns from the investment
are desired.

Before a wise decision to clear a tract of forest and convert
it into agricultural lands can be made, it is necessary to know
whether the nature of the soil is such as will be most advan-
tageous for field crops that could be handled at a profit in that
locality, or whether it is such as might in time better support
an artificially or naturally replanted forest.

In some cases the investment of the capital necessary to
obtain maximum results in the long run is not possible to the
present owner, and he must either sacrifice his forest, or hold
it with the practical certainty of depreciation unless it is properly
preserved. Under the pressure of lack of capital, a sale is
sometimes made at a low figure, based on present conditions,
while the opportunity of preservation and enhancing the value
through wise management, being unknown, is not figured as
an asset, and the owner loses heavily through lack of knowing
what his property is really worth. If he knew its prospective
value, as well as its present value, he could often sell at a premium
what he otherwise would give away.

In buying property, however, the conditions are reversed, and
the buyer may easily make a false estimate of the prospective
value of a forest, and so fail to realize on the property at the
price he has paid for it. The buyer may also, through lack of
knowledge, think a price is too high, and fail to take advantage
of what, if he did but know it, would have proved a real oppor-
tunity.

The methods of arriving at forest values, prior to the advent
of scientific methods of measuring, charting, surveying, tabu-
lating, mapping, and figuring, were not such as to commend
themselves to the good judgment of the modern business man

Selling

forest

property

Guessing
at values
obsolete

A Southern party. We cover all sections of the American continent.

who knows that exactness is often the difference between failure
and success.

Not so very long ago, and even yet in many instances, the
value of forest property was appraised by sheer guess work.
The cruiser goes through the forest, notes a number of the
trees, or sometimes even observes them from a mountain tree
top, and after all his jottings and data are considered, in what
must be a rather superficial manner compared with scientific
methods, he judges value. In their particular locality, where
they have had long continued opportunity of seeing lumber cut
and what it will turn out, a surprising degree of accuracy is often
shown by these cruisers. But the personal equation is always
present, and while there are many instances where land has cut
just about what the cruiser reckoned, there are also many
instances where a great variation from the true valuation of
the property has been found. Compared with the scientific
methods of the forester the ordinary cruiser's work is refined
guess work, sometimes accurate in its results, and sometimes
wild to the point of absurdity.

A better understanding of the difference between the two
methods of determining values can be gained by simple com-
parisons. There are men who can guess the weight of a person
so closely that it tallies favorably with the scales in a majority

10

of cases. But back of them are thousands of experiences for
comparison, and immediate and actual knowledge as to
how nearly correct their guesses are. It is all right for amuse-
ment to guess at weights, but no one would think of buying
meat or sugar that way. No butcher would buy his beef by
even his own guess at the weight, and yet his experience in
sizing up the weight of a piece of beef is often a matter of daily
recurrence.

The land owner must therefore deal with the question of
obtaining a knowledge of forest values, and must base all his
operations upon those determined values, in paying taxes, in
buying, selling, improving, or converting the land. The degree
of error in the original valuation cannot be made up by any
amount of wise management, and must appear in the result.
Sometimes, fortunately, the error is on the side of conservatism,
and the owner profits more largely than he was led to expect.
But sometimes the error is in the other direction, and what
might have been a profitable move turns out an inexpedient one.

In borrowing money on Timber-Bonds accurate estimates
of the value of the property, based on actual measurements
by competent men, are necessary to prevent mistakes on the
part of the seller, underwriter, or investor.

Whether operators are wasteful or conservative and econom-
ical depends largely on their point of view. There are some
operators whose policy it is to go over the land once and clean
it up thoroughly, take all the profit there is in it, rather than
to cut out a few selected trees and let the rest grow for future
operations.

Another class of operators, particularly those for large com-
panies, are more inclined to look forward, and are more and
more becoming saving agents for the forests. They realize that
they, as a class, are perhaps in a position to do more than almost
anyone else for the conservation of our woodlands. Theirs is a
work that calls for a high type of administrative ability and
leadership, and it is only natural that such qualities should
go hand in hand with a proper consideration of the future
values of the property. There are many broad-minded oper-
ators who, so far as their financial needs will allow, are carrying
on a correct operation of lumbering, according to the best
methods which the science of forestry can devise.

Between these two extremes in the types of operators are
many whose intentions are to conserve the property and get

The owner's
problem

Policies of
operators

i i

Two kinds
of mills

The

consumer's
viewpoint

Moving camp in the North. It takes practical woodsmen to meet such

conditions as these.

the maximum profits out of their operations, and yet who fall
short in both instances through lack of knowledge of what truly
constitutes efficiency.

Mill men are of two very distinct classes. One has a light
investment of capital, and desires returns of a comparatively
high profit, and is not dependent on a restricted territory for
any great length of time. The other class has heavy investments
of capital, and expects sure but lower profits, and is dependent
on a restricted territory for a long term of years.

The portable mill, jumping from place to place, and skinning
the woods clean, is the best illustration of the first mentioned
class. The enormously expensive pulp mill, with its network
of water storage basins, sluices, heavy machinery, and other
permanent features, is a type of the second class.

While outside connections and influences sway the individuals
of these two classes, it is generally conceded that the first named
class is a forest destroyer, and must tend to be so by the financial
exigencies of his means and calling. The other class has
often a profitable opportunity to be a forest conservator, since
he must consider the forest as much a part of his plant as his
machinery, and whatever prolongs the value of the forests
increases the value of his investment.

The consumer is interested in the conservation of the forests
both as a citizen of the nation, with a care for the future, and
as a user of lumber and the products of the forest, since whatever

is wasteful in lumber operations must eventually come out of
him. The ideal of scientific forestry is to provide for the con-
sumer the maximum of material for the minimum of expense,
even while it provides a maximum of present and future
profit for the land owner and forest operator.

Lumbering is the actual instrument by which profits are
derived from forest land, and it is upon the way this instrument
is used, and with what foresight and economy and common
sense, that the present and future value of forest lands depends.

In the past lumbering has considered the forest as a single
crop to be harvested once for all, rather than as a continuous
crop. Under the economic conditions which have prevailed
that was, unquestionably, the most profitable method for the
operators. Men work in the woods to make money, and so
long as apparently unlimited resources are at hand few will
stop to consider a remote and improbable future, when there
is a keen need and opportunity for immediate profits. The
working idea has been, as a rule, to get out all available timber
as cheaply as possible, considering neither the larger trees
carelessly left, the young growth harmed, nor the condition
of the forest when the work is completed. Conditions have
seemed to call for this, and in some places still do. But under
many present circumstances it is both wrong and wasteful.

Upon the idea of getting out lumber as cheaply as possible,
as the only prime motive, there has gradually been grafted a
kindred idea of saving for a future cut. From economy in the
mill has come economy in the woods. The first step has almost
always been the enforcement of a specific diameter limit, below
which no trees shall be taken, and that limit has saved many
areas to forest land that otherwise would have been depleted.

The head woodsman for a large land owning company pointed
with pride to a distinctly marked line of growth which was
visible from the lake. On one side of the line were the light
tops of hard woods, on the other were black masses and clus-
ters of spruce spotting the hardwood background. "That's the
way with all our towns," said the woodsman. In that locality
a specific diameter limit has been enforced for soft woods, with
the penalty of increased stumpage price on undersized trees,
and the result has been the careful sparing of young trees of
the more valuable kind.

Forest
customs

First steps in
conservation

Science now

entering

the woods

Moving camp in the South. It requires experience to cope with the widely
varied conditions we are called upon to meet.

With the diameter limit idea came also the rules for economy
in cutting: low stumps, small tops, sparing of the smaller
individuals of valuable species when making bridges, skidways
and camps; careful scaling, clean picking up on penalty of
payment for cut lumber left. Even without technical aid
there has been this tendency among thoughtful owners and
operators to develop and conserve the forests along lines in
which scientific forestry effects its greatest results.

Until a few years ago lumbering was almost the only large
semi-engineering industry into which the services of specially
trained and educated men had not been called.

Now, the application of science to lumbering is being worked
out, and under systematic management the forest is being
cut with the idea of both continuing and improving the tree
holdings operated upon. Specially trained men give exact
advice on handling, and that advice is being followed with
profit. The engineer is aiding the lumberman just as he aids
the miner. Under his guidance an exact science of lumbering
may be discerned as a future possibility. Such lumbering will
get the greatest real profit from each piece of land. Land that
is unfit for agriculture will be kept under timber, and the wood
crops on such lands will be harvested at proper intervals and in
the proper way. Land that is particularly fit for agriculture
will be cleared and devoted to it, and in this way the country
will approach maximum production, a condition which today
is only a dream of the future.

Forestry as a science is new in America, and like all new
professions has proceeded from theory to practice, and mistakes
have been made in the effort to fit the theory to the practice. Men
with proper technical training, but without experience, have
come in contact with practical woodsmen, and have been literally
laughed out of the woods for recommendations which even a
little experience would have prevented them from making.
One young forester strongly objected to a main hauling road
following the valley of a stream where there was much soft-
wood growth. He advised shifting it to the ridge top. His
technical education told him to save the young growth of the
more valuable species, but common sense and experience were
wanting or he would have known that it was not profitable
to yard logs up hill, and that heights of land are not good places
for main roads!

In the efforts of such men to get their bearings, and modify
their theoretical training with the wisdom of practical experi-
ence, much harm has been done by creating in the minds of
practical men the idea that technical training hits wide of the
mark. There has perhaps been more pleasure in circulating
anecdotes to illustrate the mistakes of the newcomers than
in telling how technical knowledge was able to teach old dogs
new tricks. Human nature is not different in this respect
than in all other departments of life where innovations of any
kind are met with misunderstanding and consequent opposition.
But science has triumphed too frequently over the prejudices
of human nature to be retarded in its advance by a few mistakes
and the misunderstanding of their import.

Although forestry is as yet but a new profession in America,
and the first generation of trained foresters is still young, these
men are quickly absorbing the wisdom of experience and mixing
it with their technical knowledge, and are demonstrating the
definite commercial value of the science of the woods.

The future of forestry as a profession is a matter of which
no one can speak with assurance, and yet it is but reasonable
to say that greater and greater reliance must continue to be
placed on more scientific methods, and that efficient adminis-
tration of forests must naturally take the place of guess work
and rule of thumb methods, and that the present wasteful
tendencies will eventually be turned to practical and scientific
conservation.

Technical
men mis-
understood

In years
to come

It is a far cry from the explorer of fifty years ago measuring
his lumber visually from a mountain tree top to the trained
man of the present day measuring individual trees with cali-
pers. The change which has brought about this contrast in
measuring forest values has brought many new standards and
methods, and will continue to evolve towards the maximum
of intelligent effort in forestry.

f

Heavy Burn in Northern Forest.

OUR FORESTRY SERVICE. EXPLAINED

The owner of forest property, desiring to obtain definite
knowledge of his forest values, and to know if his operations
are in line with conservation both for himself and the nation,
will wish to know something of the services he may be able to
obtain from experienced foresters.

The operator or the mill man will also desire to know how to
arrive at an accurate knowledge of the forest values of a given
territory.

To such we offer our services as foresters. Our wide ex-
perience in forestry work, together with the obviously logical
methods of our procedure, will commend themselves to the
judgment of men experienced in the broader aspects of busi-
ness, appreciating the value of technical knowledge, but being
obliged to depend upon others for its application.

Our service is as varied as the needs of the problem to be
considered, and but a general idea of these methods can be
given, leaving it to the individual owner or operator to see what
portion thereof can be applied with profit to his own business.

The consideration of a typical case will serve to illustrate.

There is a tract of wild land, about which little is known.
It was surveyed and the outer lines run forty or fifty years ago,
and it has been cut on more or less ever since. An examination
of it had been made by several local cruisers, and rough plans
turned in.

It is desired to know something definite about this property.
There may be an offer from a prospective buyer, or the owners
may desire to log it in such a manner that the lumber will last
and bring in a continuous income. Parts of it may be burnt
and it is desired to know how much. We may think the taxes
are too high. Perhaps it is desired to borrow money on the
timber value, and erect a mill to get the profit that has hitherto
gone to others. Or a buyer may wish to know what he is
getting, or what price to pay in order to receive proper interest
on his capital.

Such are some of the conditions which usually call for our
services. After agreeing on general ideas, the procedure is as
follows, according to the work necessary to be done:

A varied
service

A specimen
of applied
forestry

'7

Fording in the South.

If the land requires surveying we first do that. Records and
data of the original survey will be obtained, and the old indis-
tinct lines plainly marked on the ground. Lost corners will be
found or relocated, and properly set. Careful measurements
will be made to ascertain the true acreage, and posts set or
trees marked at intervals, usually every quarter mile or half
mile, for future reference. Lines of sub-division, according to
the wishes of the owner, will be run through the tract, blocking
it up into small units of area, as for example the square mile.
These lines also will be well and accurately made and marked.

Wading in the North.
18

No nails or rope in this raft.

The instruments used in wood surveying are usually the
magnetic compass and the Gunter's chain. Transit lines are
sometimes run, and the solar compass is sometimes employed,
but the element of cost must be considered, and the ordinary
compass is recommended as being accurate enough for all
practical purposes. An error of one rod to a mile, 1:320, is
considered allowable in forest surveys. The compass is the
only instrument with which lines can be run in the woods at a
reasonable rate.

The usual method of marking lines is by well defined blazes
on the trees which the line intersects, and of quarter-spot blazes
on trees standing near the line. Posts set at the corners are
surrounded with stones, when practicable, and witnessed by
trees being blazed down about them.

The posts are properly marked for the corner with the timber
scribe or marking iron, and both posts and witness trees bear
the date and the surveyor's mark. Where lines cross important
roads and waters, the usual method is to plainly indicate them
by witnessings or posts so that they may readily be picked up.

A stadia attachment to the compass is a convenient chain
supplement, avoiding the necessity of triangulation of inac-
cessible distances, such as water or gorges.

The cost of well made compass lines in ordinary country
varies between $12 and $25 per mile. Such lines need not be
renewed for a period of twenty to twenty-five years.

Methods
used in
surveying

As an adjunct to surveying, dependent on the desired degree
of accuracy, and the desired results called for, instrumental
traverses are made of the principal waters and roads on the
tract. The transit, with stadia attachment, is the instrument
most generally employed on this part of the work. The cost
approximates $6 per mile.

The After the necessary surveys are made, and in actual work,
exploration while they are in progress, exploring parties gridiron the tract
at stated intervals, usually from one-sixteenth to one-half mile
apart. These parties keep exact records of all the natural and
artificial features they meet with — roads, streams, heights
of land, growth, conditions of growth, burns, bogs, etc. These
are all located on their lines of travel.

If a topographical plan of the tract is desired, and such a
plan is usually to be recommended except in very flat country,

aneroid barometers
are carried by these
explorers, and read
at numerous inter-
vals. From this baro-
metric work eleva-
tions of various points
are obtained, and a
rough contour system
can be drawn.

As the exploration
party travels it also
takes a record of the
diameters and kinds
of trees, by measur-
ing with calipers those
on specified areas.
For instance, a strip
66 feet wide is meas-
ured right along the
line of progress; or
measured acres, half-
acres, or quarter-acres
are taken at regular

Spotted line in a Canadian forest. Note the intervals along the

heavy, well-defined spots. party route. Where

work

timber is very valuable this method may be varied to an
actual count of every tree. Usually in such latter instances the
subdivisions are smaller than the square mile, the forty acre
tract being perhaps the standard. As in any other expendi-
ture for knowledge the degree of expense must vary with
the value of the principal about which information is sought,
and the higher the intrinsic value of that principal the
more refined can be the methods of determining facts about it.

These results are tabulated on specially prepared sheets.
Calipering work is done in order to obtain a sample acre of tree
facts for the tract or one of its subdivisions.

There are many ways of doing this field work. One way which Methods
has been found especially satisfactory in fairly dense growth is to of field
measure the trees in quarter-acre circles, a radius of 59 feet. An
assistant does the calipering, runs out the tape to check distance,
and sometimes tallies
the diameters called off.
But each tract of land
will call for certain
methods, and no general
rule can be laid down as
to what the best method
may be. The method
chosen is influenced, not
only by the land itself,
but by the results that
are desired, the need of
quick work, and other
incidental things. But
accurate measurements
must be insisted upon in
all methods used if the
work is to be correct.

The information ob-
tained by the survey
and the exploration
usually covers the fol-
lowing points:

Tract lines are marked

on the ground and The bark wou]d not strip from this dry
tract areas are known. cedar post.

21

A sample
report

A heavy improvement cutting

Record of interior details for mapping is had.

Trees, the kind, diameter, and number per acre.

The slope of the land.

The rock and soil characteristics.

The species reproducing.

The quality and condition of the growth.

The merchantable condition of the tree-crop.

Logging chances and conditions.

Any damage caused by fire or other extrinsic happenings.

The data so obtained are tabulated on special forms. Tables
are prepared showing the size in board feet or cords of the
individual trees, and by applying these tables to the recorded
acres, a sample acre of quantity in feet or cords is obtained.
This sample acre multiplied by the whole number of forested
acres under consideration will give the total amount of lumber
on the tract, proper discounts being made for faults.

From the tabulation of the data the report is worked up.
An outline of an ordinary report follows. In actual practice
of course this outline is modified by omission or increase of
detail according to the nature of the tract, but this serves to
show the basis for a usual procedure.

22

REPORT

Name of Tract.

Forest area in acres.

Waste area in acres. I. Water.

2. Burn.

3. Bog, etc.

Total area.

Total Estimates and Valuation.

Species.

Board feet or cords. Value per M or cord. Total Timber Value.

$ $

Value per acre for timber $

Land value per acre, stripped of timber $

Total value per acre
Value of tract $

THE. TRACT

(1) Owners, with fractions (if any) and addresses.

(2) General location

Reference to (a) topographical plan.

(b) timber plan.

(c) field notes of survey.

(3) General topography

(a) Water systems.

(1) Outlets.

(2) Relation to each other.

(3) Relation to present or pro-

and elevation. posed railroads.

(b) Elevations; extremes and aver-
ages.
[(c) Slopes; steepness, regularity, etc.

(4) Geological features (a) rock.

(b) sub soil.

(c) soil.

(a) Temperature; Yearly and monthly extremes
and means.

(5) Climate (i) Length of growing season.

(b) Precipitation; Yearly and monthly means and
influence on forest growth, stream flow, etc.

(6) Transportation (a) Drivable waters.

(b) Railways.

(c) Roads.

(d) Cable ways, flumes, tramways, etc.

(7) Market (a) Mills: present location, kind, capacity and

efficiency.

THE. FORL5T

(1) The species (a) Names and characteristics.

(b) Range and altitudinal limits.

(c) Tolerance, moisture requirements, soil

requirements.

(d) General size, quality and thrift in

different situations.

(2) Forest Types (a) Percent of each species in each type-

(b) Where found and characteristics.

(i) Elevation, soil and moisture.

(c) Relative predominance and value in the

forest.

(3) Present forest (a) Thrift.

conditions, (b) Quality.

(c) Tolerance.

(d) Prediction of yield.

(e) Argument for and against different sys-

tems of management, such as clean
cuttings, thinnings, plantings, etc.

(f) Damage and its prevention.

(4) Merchantable condition, (a) Size and for what used.

(b) Quality.

(5) Estimates, (a) Species.

(b) Diameter or sizes taken.

24

(6) Lumbering, (a) Logs, pulp, etc.

(b) Cost on landing.

(c) Length and cost of drive or haul.

(d) Present waste in lumbering and methods

of elimination.

(e) Suggested improvements in present cutting

and transportation.

(7) General operation or "working" plan.

SUBDIVISION REPORTS

Forest area.

Waste area (i) Water.

(2) Burn.

(3) Bog, etc.

Total

area.

Species.

ESTIMATES

acres.

acres.

Board feet or cords.

Topography, (i) Valleys and heights.

(2) Drivable streams or railways.

Soils. (i) Forest and agricultural land.

(2) Quality and types of soil.

Growth. (i) Present types.

(a) Occurrence.

(b) Condition.

(c) Damage.

Lumbering. (i) Footing for horses.

(2) Swamping and yarding conditions.

(3) Length of haul.

(4) Camp locations.

(5) Avoidable waste.

Details of working plan and definite recommendations.
(i) When, how and where to operate.

Future

yield

determined

Would not such a report be valuable to you in the general
handling of your lands, or in the buying, selling or borrowing of
money thereon ?

In scientific handling of forest properties it is possible to go
still further. By analyzing carefully the different trees there
may be determined the yield which may be cut from the forest
at stated periods without depletion of principal.

This knowledge is of especial value to land owners and to
mills owning their own timber lands. For lack of this knowledge
in the past many serious mistakes have been made and losses
incurred. By cutting more frequently or more thoroughly than
the increase would permit some lands have become seriously
depleted without the owner's knowledge until it was too

late to save them.
One method of ar-
riving at a knowl-
edge of future
yields, in a forest
containing many
ages of growth, is
as follows:

*-

Light mountain transit used for traverse work.

Sample acres are
measured through-
out the tract, and
the trees within
these acres meas-
ured as in obtaining
a present estimate.
This work may
be done in the same
manner as in esti-
mating, but smaller
diameters will be
taken into account
than if the estimate
is being made for
present growth only.
Even the seedlings
will be counted on
a few acres. A rec-
ord Will also DC

Running levels to control barometric work.

kept of what trees will probably die out through crowding
and shading.

As large a number of felled trees of different diameters as
practicable are measured. If logging is going on this can be
done in the works. Besides the diameter at breast height, the
measurement of growth at breast height or on the stump is
made by counting rings back for ten years more or less. Differ-
ent types of trees are classified by height as well as diameter.
This adds to the accuracy of the figures but is not always neces-
sary. The best and cheapest way can be decided on the ground
by the forester.

The rate of height growth is also determined, and the volume
of the trees at different ages is computed. This is often a long
and somewhat expensive process, but for practical purposes it is
possible to shorten it greatly by certain slurring methods which
give the desired results for local areas.

From the volume so obtained for trees of different diameters
and growth between different ages, the future growth and yield
can be predicted.

The forest owner may fix the most profitable size at which
to cut, and may know the yields of merchantable lumber at
future dates after such cutting. He can definitely plan what
his forest is going to be worth, as well as what it is worth, and
can figure whether he will get good interest on his money if it
is left invested in certain tracts of land.

27

When

planting is

profitable

Especially in estimating fire damage to young growth is this
acquisition of data valuable, allowing future as well as present
loss to be accounted for.

Planting is as yet impracticable in most wooded territories
but the day is fast approaching when it will become profit-
able. Even today there are many areas that would pay to
plant. On vast wastes left by fire and by devastating logging
planting can be carried on with profit by the State or by cor-
porations, especially where large mills expect a permanent
supply of timber from given areas. Here and there are cases
where individuals should artificially restock their holdings.

In planting it is the work of the forester to know what
species is best adapted to the soil, climate, and market. He
knows how trees affect each other, and how soil, climate and
species are inter-related. He will not plant a tree calling for
rich soil in land that has poor soil. He will not plant a tree of a
valuable species in mixture with one less valuable but stronger

which will crowd
°ut' over-shade
and kill its
better neighbor.
He knows that
preliminary stud-
ies, even elabo-
rate ones, a re
often the cheap-
est in the end.
It will pay the
owner to be sure
he is planting the
correct species in
the right way,
and this cannot
always be readily
determined
without careful
examination.

The manage-
ment of lands is
greatly simplified
by applied fores-
A spotted line through old growth. try. 1 he facts

2S

Efficient management avoids this kind of \\aste.

once definitely known afford a basis for all future decisions, and
make unnecessary the continual consideration and reconsider-
ation of the essentials involved. The owner or manager has at
his command accurate plans showing growth and topography;
a report giving present and perhaps future yields in timber; and
definite plans for efficient handling. He also has complete sur-
vey records by which his acreage is known, and on which he can
execute definite deeds in case of partial or total sale. More-
over, his land is marked to correspond with his records.

Proper management, however, is an elastic term. It varies
from year to year, and with each locality. What was proper
management fifty years ago is not proper management today.

But the manager who lives up to the name makes it his
business to know all that is necessary to be known about his
property. How he will get his knowledge will vary with dif-
ferent men and conditions. On a small tract of land with
limited business he may often obtain his knowledge at first
hand. He .will tramp through the woods himself, decide on
his plans for cutting, do his own timber estimating, mapping
and surveying. But this is possible only on a small tract

The efficient

forest

manager

When
manage-
ment
changes

and with a manager who is not only capable of doing it, but
who has plenty of time at his disposal.

In ordinary practice, especially in larger tracts of forest
property, the manager is obliged to get his knowledge at second
hand. The accuracy of that knowledge will largely determine
the efficiency of his management, since no amount of wise
management will rectify mistakes in the plans upon which
operations are based.

If the manager is one who works toward the higher standards
of his calling he will desire accurate knowledge, and he will
employ surveyors and explorers to define his boundaries, estimate
his timber, and recommend scientific ways of handling. He
will require them to provide him with intelligible and permanent
records, which can be understood by other minds than his own.
The records which are held in the heads of a few woodsmen will

not be deemed sufficient.
Granting that such knowl-
edge is correct it loses
much of its value by not
being always accessible
to the manager himself,
as is possible only when
records and reports
are on paper. One of the
great weaknesses of the
older estimators and
woodsmen is their lack
of ability to put their
ideas on paper, so that
the information con-
tained therein will be
available to other minds
than their own.

By intelligible records
and reports a knowledge
of property is preserved.
When management
changes the new mana-
ger has already at hand
the essential facts of
Corner post. his business, and can

An experiment in white pine planting.

intelligently and economically carry on the policies best suited
to the case.

If the manager has at his hand the requisite information
regarding his tracts he can have a proper check on taxation, can
treat intelligently and advantageously with prospective buyers,
and can know what to count on in the way of timber estimates.

Having the boundaries properly delineated on the ground,
by plain and correctly measured lines, will prevent trespass,
allow better mapping control, and furnish needed data when
considering exact area.

The efficient manager finds that there is an advantage in Value of
having the land cut up into as many subdivisions as is consistent subdivisions
with practical economy. Such subdivisions may be had by
running regular spotted lines or by using natural features of
division, such as heights of land. Square artificial divisions are
generally recommended as being more definite and more evident
on the ground to the logger. In making logging permits territory
can be granted by watersheds within these divisions if desired.
Subdivisions allow control of cutting, prevent waste in left
timber, make inspection easier, and provide a basis for more
intensive operations. Estimates are concentrated to easily
checked quantities, and the employment of finer methods of
mapping and selling are also made possible.

Detailed estimates of timber on each subdivision, and definite
informatory reports as to handling will also prove invaluable to the

Cost of
forestry
service

Forest
maps

manager. With these he can avoid over-valuation for taxation,
can buy or sell with correct bargaining, and can place his logging
contracts in the right locality and under right restrictions.
He can also avoid leaving over-mature or diseased timber to
become total losses. At every point increased knowledge adds
to the profit and increases the efficiency of operations. There
is never a premium on not knowing the exact conditions with
which one has to deal.

The cost of obtaining definite knowledge, based on adequate
field work, varies in price from 4 cents to 20 cents per acre,
according to the fineness of the work, number of subdivisions,
speed in carrying out contracts, accessibility of tract, size of
area, character of topography, character of timber, etc. This
means from ^4% to 3% of the value of ordinary woodland.
Considering that the work once done will furnish accurate
information for a lifetime it will be seen that the cost is com-
paratively small.

As a record of this work the manager or owner will have
before him maps of his property, showing boundary lines and

interior division
lines, lakes, impor-
tant streams, roads,
burnt areas, bogs,
and clearings, with
camps, dams and
other definite feat-
ures accurately de-
lineated; barometric
contour lines at the
necessary interval to
give topography;
colored and de-
scribed growth
types. At a glance
the manager can see
his whole territory
far better than by
a casual examina-
tion in the field
Have you slow-growing, shallow-rooted areas like Qf tne property
this, which should not be thinned

but cut clean? Itself.

A Southern forest. One of our men estimated the timber on this tract.

These plans and other records may be kept up-to-date, with
little yearly expense, additions of information being made by
the regular field force of the concern, so that the initial ex-
pense of preparation is the only one necessary to consider.
In this way the manager is able at any time to furnish himself
or his directors with a birdseye view of the holdings and opera-
tions, and is able to look for years in advance on the location
and result of cuttings. Directors are able intelligently to
apprehend what is being done, and the manager intelligently to
explain it.

Besides making surveys, estimates of timber, working plans,
yield predictions and plantings, our services may be obtained
for inspection of logging operations, planning of fire patrol
systems, oversight and planning of logging railroad construction,
and estimates of water power. Estates will also be managed
for those who have not the desire nor the opportunity to act as
their own agents.

If the regulations of the land owner or the recommendations
of the forester are to amount to anything logging operations
must be inspected. This work should be carried out at first
by trained practical men, who will know what should be done,
and compel it. A profitable system is to have a technical
forester introduce systematic methods of procedure, and arrange
the work so it can be carried on by cheaper men.

Other

forestry

services

Necessary
inspections

33

Protection Fire is the great natural enemy of the forest, and the best

against insurance against it is the protection offered by patrolling or

by establishment of fire stations. We plan this work, laying

out necessary lines of communication, such as telephones, roads,

or lines of protection, and overseeing their construction.

We are also prepared to oversee the building of logging
railways, making the surveys, and estimating the cost, making
sure that the right of way becomes as much as possible a source
of safety from fire rather than one of danger.

Many tracts of woodland depend for their value on the
presence of water power adequate to carry on a mill. We will
give estimates of this power, and location for mills at proper
points. We do not, however, construct the mills, but leave that
to the engineer.

Will it The question of applying or not applying scientific forestry
methods resolves itself into the question, "Will it pay?" The
statement of cost per acre has been made. Now consider the
cost per thousand feet board measure in ordinary lands. It
will cost on an average about two cents per thousand to obtain
definite, concise and permanent knowledge of the conditions
underlying the operations. Stated this way the question an-
swers itself. Few people could or would bring forth an argument
to prove that definite knowledge is not worth that amount.
The only remaining question is whether an owner or manager
is sufficiently profit-loving to avail himself of knowledge which
will prove of value far beyond the cost.

The end.

FORESTERS AND SURVLYORS

INVITE. CORRESPONDENCE, FROM LAND OWNERS AND
MANAGERS OF FOREST PROPERTIES

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NEW YORK

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