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Ttoe
DtPoimaXi the
HARV*V[f FOREST RETURNED TO J, pj
^' MARCH, J 967.
1
',
■
i.
I -
.
1^
A PRELIMINARY WORKING PLAN FOR
THE PUBLIC FOREST TRACT OF THE
t MINDORO LUMBER AND LOG-
GING COMPANY, BONGA-
BON, MINDORO, P. I.
MELVIN L. MEREITT
Forester, in Charge of Forest District No. 5
H. N. WHITFORD, Ph. D.
Forester, Chief op the Division of Forest Products
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
BUREAU OF FORESTRY
Bulletin No. 6
Major GEORGE P. AHERN
R OF forestry
. <
\
•*
•■ 1
CONTENTS.
Page.
Letter of transmittal 3
Introduction ^ 9
Pabt I. — Statement of the facta upon which the working plan is hosed.
Greneral description of the tract 11
Situation and area . 11
Boundaries 11
Physiography 11
Geological formation and soil 12
Climate 12
Roads add trails 13
Social and economic conditions 13
Ownership of the land ^ 13
The composition and condition of the forest 14
Characteristic types '. 14
Commercial forests 14
Narra type _ 14
Hagachac type i 18
Mixed type ^ 20
Beach type 21
Unclassified commercial forest 21
Noncommercial forests 22
Guipa type ' 22
Calaanan type 22
Unclassified noncommercial forest 24
Swamp types 24
Mangrove type 24
Nipa type : 26
Buri type - 26
Other areas 26
Grass land 26
Cultivated lands 26
Stand 26
Narra type stand _ 27
Hagachac type stand 28
Mixed type stand 29
Volume tables ■. : 30
Yield - 31
Description of tree species 35
Narra 35
Hagachac : 35
Lauan 36
Guijo 36
6
I
The composition and condition of the forest — Continued. Page.
Description of tree species — Continued.
Amuguis ^ ^ 36
Apitong 37
Terminalia spp > _ 37
Dao , 37
Malaguibuyo 37
Agupanga 38
Injuries to whic^ the forest is liable. 38
Caifigins ^ « 38
Grass-land fires _ ^ 38
Natural causes 39
The utilization of the forest 39
Timber 39
History of lumbering 39
Present lumbering operations 40
Markets and transportation 42
Financial results and prospects 42
Minor products 43
Firewood 43
Tan barks and dye barks ~ 43
Bejucos ( rattans) _ _ 43
Other minor products 43
Agricultural possibilities of the land 44
Pabt II. — Future ma/nagement.
Basis of proposals 47
Relation between owner and licensee 47
Summary of stand and yield 47
Method of treatment 48
Object to be attained 48
Method of treatment adopted ~ 48
Exploitable size 48
Logging 49
Cutting areas 49
Cutting rules ~ ~ 49
Supplementary recommendations 50
General management 50
Protection 50
Revision 51
Administration 51
Summary 51
APPENDIX.
List of plants — -• 53
ILLUSTRATIONS.
PLATES.
Plate I. Interior view of the Hagachac forest. (Frontispiece.) After page
II. General view of the Narra forest type 12
III. Interior view of a Narra forest 14
rV. View of the beach forest type 18
V. Agoho growing along the Bofigabon River 20
VI. View of a young Calaanan forest 22
VII. Interior view of a Mangrove swamp 24
VIII. Narra : 26
IX. Stump of Narra 30
X. Hagachac 34
XI. A young tree of Lauan 36
XII. Reproduction of Lauan 38
XIII. A young tree of Guijo 42
XIV. Apitong 44
MAP.
Map of public forest tract between the Sucol and Uasig Rivers, Mindoro,
P. I., operated under a twenty-year license agreement by the Mindoro
Lumber and Logging Company. (Insert.)
7
A PRELIMINARY WORKING PLAN FOR THE PUBLIC FOREST
TRACT OF THE MINDORO LUMBER AND LOGGING
COMPANY. BONGABON RIVER. MINDORO. P. I.
nrrRODUcnoN.
The territory with which this report deals is held under a twenty-year
license agreement by the Mindoro Lumber and Logging Company. This
agreement, dated July 3, 1905, gives it "exclusive right to cut, collect,
and remove timber, firewood, and bejuco" from the part of the public
forest later described, on the condition that it complies with the rules
and regulations of the Bureau of Forestry in cutting, collecting, and
removing said forest products.
The work upon which this report is based was undertaken for the pur-
pose of forming a preliminary plan of management to be put into opera-
tion, pending more complete investigation. Hence the present plan
must be looked upon merely as provisional and subject to change when
more definite information is obtained.
The field work was done by a party consisting of two foresters, one
assistant forester, two native rangers, and from two to nine native
laborers, working for a period of over four months. The tract was
inspected, surveyed, and mapped, and notes were taken on the distribu-
tion of the different types of vegetation. Valuation surveys were then
made over approximately 2 per cent of the better part of the forest. The
trees were calipered and listed on strips 10 meters wide along lines 500
meters apart. Owing to the poor condition of the rest of the forest, and
to lack of time, the remainder of the tract was investigated more hur-
riedly. While engaged in this survey, an extensive botanical collection
was made which is the basis of the scientific nomenclature of this paper.
9
Part I.
STATEMENT OP THE FACTS UPON WHICH THE
WORKING PLAN IS BASED.
GENIlItAL DESCRIPTION OF THE TRACT.
SITUATION AND AREA.
The tract of land examined lies upon the east coast of the Island of
Mindoro, just north of the twelfth parallel of north latitude and east
of the one hundred and twenty-first meridian east of Greenwich. The
whole tract contains an area of about 85 square miles, while the part
surveyed and examined includes approximately 55 square miles.
BOUNDARIES.
According to the terms of the license agreement, the tract is bounded
as follows: "Erom the Sucol River south to the Uasig River, and 10
miles inland.^^ Upon ascending the Sucol River it was found that the
native name is changed to Inuman after a short distance, therefore this
river has been taken as the north boundary. A short distance inland the
Uasig River divides into two branches, a large one known as the Baroc,
and a small, nearly dry stream called the Uasig. 'No investigations were
made south of the Baroc branch.
PHYSIOGRAPHY.
As may be seen on the map, the part examined is more or less trian-
gular in shape, having its broadest side toward the coast. Starting at
sea level, the land rises slowly and evenly as a broad, flat plain until
about 7 miles (11 kilometers) inland it reaches an altitude of nearly 30
meters (100 feet). Here are found a few scattering hills, although the
country is still quite level for a short distance more, especially along the
Bongabon River. Back from this flat the foothills rise quickly into the
broad and high mountain chain which runs north and south through
Mindoro. To the south of the tract the foothills extend almost to the
coast. To the north a low and less clearly defined range of hills reach
nearly to the beach at a point about 4 miles north of the Sucol River.
The whole territory is drained mainly by the Bongabon, Dangay, and
Uasig Rivers, all of which have rapid currents. The Bongabon River is
the largest of these and flows through a grassy flood plain about half a
mile wide. During the wet season this valley is often flooded and the
river is practically impassable. At such times there is an abundance of
11
12
water for rafting, but the rapid current, which extends far out to sea,
would necessitate very strong booms at the mouth of the river to stop logs.
The Dangay and Uasig Eivers are smaller and flow through tidal swamps
which check their currents. The former could probably be utilized for
floating logs for a short distance from its mouth. The Uasig (Baroc)
River could also be used in this way a long distance into the interior
during the heavy rains, as the river bed is quite free from obstructions.
GEOLOGICAL FORMATION AND SOIL.
The entire flat is probably of delta origin, having been formed by the
action of the Bongabon River. During this formative period there were
a number of uplifts that have changed the shore line and the river course
from time to time, resulting in the origin of different physiographic
units. Corresponding to these there are distinct vegetative types which
are adapted to the physical conditions of the topographic units upon
which they are found.
The soil is, in general, a deep, fine clay, covered with a thin layer of
humus. No underlying rock was found on the flats, although examina-
tions were made in many places from 1 to 2 meters in depth. In the
valley of the Bayangan River there is a subsoil of sand or sandy gravel
at a depth of from 75 centimeters (30 inches) to 150 centimeters (59
inches) which appears to be more or less continuous. A more shallow
sandy subsoil was also found north of the Bongabon River on the grassy
and poorly wooded flats. In almost all places the soil is rich and suit-
able for agriculture.
CLIMATE.
Formerly no records either of rainfall or temperature had been taken
in Mindoro. The rainfall, however, is heavy and more or less distributed
thrQughout the year. The period of heaviest rain comes during the
months of July, August, September, and October, while the lightest is
during January, February, March, and April. Notes regarding the rain-
fall, which were kept from January 16 to March 31, show the following
number of rainy days :
Date.
Number
of days
with
heavy
rainfall.
Number
of days
with
light
rainfall.
Jannaxy 16 to 31
February 1 to 14
2
8
6
1
6
4
February 16 to 28
March 1 to 14
March 16 to 81 .
The coolest months are from September to February and the warmest
from March to June. Although the warmest months are normally the
driest, the northeast monsoon which prevails at this season brings some
rain and moderates the heat.
13
ROADS AND TRAILS.
Extending from the beach just south of the Cauayan River to the saw-
mill of the company, about 1^ miles inland, there is a logging tramway,
made with wooden rails laid upon cross-ties. Aside from this one tram-
road there are only rude trails running through the tract. Nearly all
of these are passable for horses or carabaos, although some are merely
footpaths through the woods. With the exception of a few rude struc-
tures, made only for foot passengers, there are no bridges on the tract.
None of the present trails would be of any value in lumbering except
for the passage of laborers and carabaos. All logging roads must be
built especially for that purpose. This, however, is easily done outside
of the swamps, it only being necessary to clear away the brush and small
trees. All such roads are good during the dry and many of them fairly
good in the wet season.
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS.
According to the la^t census report, the tract which includes the barrios
of Anilao, Masaguisi, and Paclasan supports a population of about 650.
In addition, the barrios of Boiigabon to the north and Uasig to the south,
which have a combined population of nearly 450, draw approximately half
of their support from tlje tract. The people livQ in or near villages,
around which they practice a rude agriculture, the crops being corn, rice,
and vegetables. The only landowners in this territory claiming more
than a few acres are a Filipino, who pastures about 300 head of cattle
near Paclasan, and an American at the sitio Cupang, who has planted
several thousand hemp and cocoanut plants. The Filipinos depend for
their forest products upon the forest adjacent to the settlements. They
gather resin for torches from Pili and Pagsahingin trees, a limited
amount of Buri palm leaves for mats, Nipa palm leaves for thatching,
and bejucos for rope. The mangrove swamps furnish the firewood, and
not much timber is used locally. For the most part these and other needs
may be supplied without affecting the virgin forest.
OWNERSHIP OF THE LAND.
Practically all of the second growth and grass lands within a distance
of about 2 miles from the coast are claimed by private persons. There
are also a number of holdings farther back. None of these have titles,
although some have Spanish titles. Practically all of the commercial and
uncut noncommercial forest and swamp lands are parts of the public
domain. Owing to the fact that no land surveys have been made, it was
deemed impracticable to attempt to separate the public from the private
lands except in this general way.
14
COMPOSITION AND CONDITION OF THE FOREST.
CHARACTERISTIC TYPES.
Several distinct natural and artificial types of vegetation are found,
due principally to —
First. The influence of salt water.
Second. The effect of drainage.
Third. The action of rivers.
Fourth. Fire.
Fifth. The clearing of forests by man.
Sixth. The sylvicultural demands of the different species.
The effect of these factors will be noted as each type is discussed, both
for the purpose of showing why that type is present and in order to
indicate its possibilities for future development.
Since the vegetation of one type merges gradually into that of another,
it has been impossible to fix the boundaries exactly and to locate the areas
definitely on the map. The following is the classification,* with the
estimated per cent, of each type for the portion of the tract surveyed :
Commercial forest areas : Per cent.
Narra type _ 10
Hagachac type ~ 16
Mixed type ^ 12
Beach type _ 1
Total commercial forest 38
Noncommercial forest areas:
Guipa type - - 8
Calaanan type 19
Unclassified 7
Total noncommercial forest _ 34
Swamp forest areas:
Mangrove and Nipa types 11
Buri type 2
Total swamp forest 13
Other areas:
Grass land 13
Cultivated land - ~ 2
Total 15
GOMMEBCIAL FORESTS.
NAKRA TYPB.
Most important of all the different types of forest is that in which
Narra {Pterocarpus indicus Willd.) grows as the characteristic tree.
This type extends from the swamp belt near the coast back over the
16
newly made and poorly drained flats until it reaches a higher and better
drained soil, where it gradually disappears. Over this tract the abun-
dance of soil moisture and the comparatively open character of the
forest furnish the conditions in which Narra reaches its best development.
The general appearance of the forest is much the same throughout.
(Pis. II and III.) Usually there are twelve to fifteen large and tall
growing trees of perhaps half as many species scattered over an acre.
These form a broken upper story to the forest. Scattered in among them
are a great many smaller and lower growing or younger trees that fill in
the ground space, making a thick under story. Of the smaller trees there
are from fifty to seventy species commonly reaching a size of over 10
centimeters (4 inches) in diameter when mature. In addition, there
are many that do not reach this size.
Mixed with this lower 'growth, though often shooting up to greater
heights, are numerous palms (PI. II), while throughout the whole is
a mass of climbing bamboo, bejuco (rattan), and other vines that
extend to the tops of the tallest trees, as well as over the growth lower
down, and often forms dense tangles on or near the ground. Herbs
and shrubs are relatively imimportant. Taken as a whole, the under-
growth of brush and vines, especially bejuco, is so thick that in walking
through the forest it is necessary to use a ^T)olo" to cut one^s way.
Principal species, — Of the trees reaching a diameter of over 40
centimeters (16 inches), Narra constitutes 7.16 per cent. Other timber
trees are Lauan (Shorea contorta Vidal), 22.23 per cent; Amuguis
(Koordersiodendron pinnatum Merrill), 7.06 per cent; Guijo (Shorea
guiso Bl.), 6.37 per cent; Apitong {Dipterocarpus sp.), 3.83 per cent;
Hagachac {Dipterocarpus lasiopodus Perk.), 0.68 per cent, and three
species of the genus Terminalia^ Calumpit {T, edulis BL), Malagabi
(T. pelliicida Presl.), and Sacat {T, nifens Presl.), 1.98 per cent. These
trees, which include practically all of the kinds that are lumbered at
present, constitute a trifie less than one-half of the whole number which
reach a size of over 40 centimeters (16 inches). Of the others, Agu-
panga (Ohisocheton sp.), 7.07 per cent, Dao (Dracontomelum mangi-
ferum Bl.), 5.10 per cent, and Malaguibuyo {Celtis sp.), 4.69 per cent,
are most numerous, while the two Canariums — Pili {G. luzonicum A.
Gray) and Pagsahingin (0. villosum BL), noteworthy because of the
fact that they yield resins — ^make up 1.57 per cent. The remaining 32.26
per cent includes a number of trees, found in small numbers, some of
which are valuable. Among these are Bolongeta (Diospyros pilosanthera
BL), Ipil {Intsia acuminata Merr.), and Bansilac (Pithecolobium loba-
turn Bth.). The first named is fairly common in many places but does
not reach any great size. Other large growing species are Antipole
(Artocarptis communis Forst.), Baslayan (Dehaasia triandra Merr.),
Punghan (sp. of Lauracece), Taloto (Pterocymhium tinctorum Merr.),
16
Palusat Saling (Endiandra coriacea Merr.), Banilad (StercvJia phUip-
pinensis Merr.), Candol-candol {Sterculia hlancoi Rolfe), Bancal {Bar-
cocephalus cordatus Miq.), Talimadon (Oonystylus hecanus Gilg.), Nato
(Pcdaquium luzotdense Vi.), Binuang (Octomeles stumatrana Miq.), Cat-
mon (Dillenia philippinensis Rolfe), and Pahutan (Mangifera (dtissima
Blanco).
Minor species, — ^Butong Manoc (Cydostemon miorophyllus Merr.),
Pntat (Barringtonia reticulata Miq. and B. racemosa BL), and several
species each of the genera Ganariv/m and Eugenia are among the com-
monest of the smaller growing trees. Near the clearings or in places
where there have formerly been clearings are found Tula-tula {Mallotus
florihundus Muell.), Alom (Mallotus moluccanus Muell.), Ylang-ylang
(Canangium odoratum Baill.), a great many trees of the genus FicuSy
and others.
Palms. — Growing among the other trees are a large number of palms
that seldom exceed 30 centimeters (12 inches) in diameter. The Anahao
(Livistona sp.) (PI. II) is widely distributed and grows to a height of
100 feet (30 meters). The Buri (Corypha umbracvlifera L.) is seldom
found except on the borders of the swamps or in very damp places.
Bongan gubat {Areca whitfordii Becc.) is confined largely to wet
places where the ground water level is very near the surface. Yroc
{Arenga saccharifera Labill) is scattered quite generally and is a low-
growing form found beneath the larger trees. The others, Sarauag
(Pinanga insignis Becc), Pugahan {Caryota sp.), and Sagasi (Hetero-
spathe elata Scheff.) are usually scattered. Table I, which shows the
stand of these species, was compiled while taking valuation surveys, and
as time was not taken to count all seedlings the number is considerably
underestimated. It is, however, approximately correct for the two larger
classes :
Table I. — Stand of palms per acre {Narva type),
[Average of 70.15 acres.]
Species.
Anahao
Yroc .
Bofigan gubat
Sagasi and Sarauag
I^gahan
Buri
Total
Seedlings
(without
stems).
9.47
8.58
5.07
1.02
.55
.77
25.46
Less than
10 meters
(38 feet)
high.
4.97
5.81
5.10
1.61
.91
.14
18.54
More than
10 meters
(38 feet)
high.
3.89
1.51
2.20
.52
.28
8.40
Total.
18.83
15.90
12.87
3.15
1.74
.91
52.40
Soil. — ^The soil of this type is fairly uniform. It consists of a clay
surface soil, more or less mixed with humus 10 to 12 centimeters (4 to
5 inches) in thickness, and a yellowish blue subsoil, which usually ex-
tends to the undergroimd water level. In a few places the subsoil is
17
mixed with sand. As far as' investigations show, the underground water
level is uniformly 1.5 to 3 meters (5 to 10 feet) below the surface during
the dry season, and much above this during the rainy season. It is
always sufficiently near the surface to be within reach of the roots of the
larger trees, and during extremely wet weather large areas are flooded.
Reproduction, — The dense growth of vines, especially bejuco 'and
bamboo, hinders reproduction. Many of the trees are tolerant and
can exist in the forest if the shade is not too heavy. Lauan seedlings
(PL XII), for instance, may be found in a shade density of 75 per cent.
Here the undergrowth is comparatively scarce and open. However, such
favorable conditions are scattered through the forest and may be tem-
porary only, for the-breaking of limbs or tree tops, due to the wind or the
constantly increasing weight of the mass of bejuco and other vines,
may bring this tangle of growth in the tree tops to the surface, forming
thickets so dense that little or no simlight can reach the ground. The
falling mass may also injure the pole and seedling growth that has
already been established. In such a manner, areas in the forest favor-
able for seedlings are destroyed and the former condition is established
only after a number of years. In some places, the leaves of young
palms, especially those of Anahao, produce a shade density of almost
100 per cent. For intolerant species, like Narra, reproduction is poor
and it is only along trails and in open places that Narra seedlings are
found at all. Table II, which shows the number of poles and yoimg
trees in the area, is a fair indication of the capacity of the forest to
reestablish itself.
Table II. — Stand of poles and smaU trees per acre on Narra type.
[Average of 70.15 acres.]
Species.
Narra
Lauan
Quljo
Amugois
Apitong
Malagabi, Sacat, Calumpit
Hagachac
Pill and Pagsahingin
Agapanga
Malaguibuyo
Dao
Others reaching 90 centimeters (12 inches) in diam
eter when mature
Trees not reaching 80 centimeters when mature
Total
49000 2
Diameter.
10-19
20-29
80-89
centi-
centi-
centi-
meters
meters
meters
Total.
(4-7
^ (8-11
(12-16
inches).
inches).
inches).
1
0.499
0.470
0.057
1.026
2.922
3.160
1.169
7.241
.956
1.211
.842
2.608
.718
.570
.427
1.710
. Wn
.698
.228
1.810
.142
.214
.042
.398
.156
.128
.071
.356
.769
.912
.285
1.966
1.553
2.809
1.098
4.960
.415
.641
.442
1.496
.171
.856
.128
.655
19.187
17.606
10.806
46.998
28.467
13.048
41.510
66.831
41.207
14.595
112.683
18
Gonditiorb, — The sylvical condition of the forest is poor. In it are
many over-mature trees that should be removed as soon as possible. This
is especially true of Narra. The dense undergrowth renders reproduction
difficult.
HAGACHAC TYPE.
On the slightly higher and better drained land adjacent to the Narra
forest is a stand of timber which apparently has taken the place of Narra
as the river delta has been extended. Contrasted with the Narra forest,
the Hagachac type is characterized by the absence of Narra, by the
presence of Hagachac {Dipterocarpus lasiopodus Perk.) (frontispiece),
by a decrease of underbrush, and by an absence of climbing bamboo.
While a consultation of the yield tables indicates that the yield is
lighter in this than in the previous type, yet virgin stands of the
Hagachac type are heavier. The lighter yield shown by the tables is due
to the fact that some of the original forest has been cleared or cut over.
Since this type includes several detached areas, it was deemed advisable
to distinguish between them for the purpose of calculating the yields
separately. The main part of this description, while generally applicable
to them all, will be based upon the part designated upon the map as
Hagachac I, which is adjacent to the Narra type.
Hagachac Division II does not differ materially from the first except
in having a smaller 'quantity of Guijo. While the average stand is poorer,
in some places it is equally as good. Division III of the Hagachac type
extends back into the low foothills, in which territory the Mangyanes,
a non-Christian tribe, are found. These people have for a long time
made their clearings in the forest unrestricted in any way, and have de-
stroyed large amoimts of timber. In some places the low hills have been
rendered practically valueless from this cause. A single line of survey
through this tract, and including a trifle over 19 acres of forest and clear-
ings, shows a yield of approximately 2,300 feet B. M. per acre, about half
of which is Hagaehac. These figures have not been placed in the tables
of stands and yields, as they represent so small a per cent of the forest.
Division IV is a small tract of forest which lies just north of the
Bongabon River. It is of about the same grade as Hagachac II, though
it has a number of minor differences, due to its proximity to the river
and to the surrounding cleared land.
Leading species. — Hagachac makes up 17.45 per cent of the stand of
timber trees over 40 centimeters (16 inches) in diameter; Lauan, 18.28
per cent; Amuguis, 6.01 per cent; Guijo, 5.54 per cent; Terminalia spp.,
1.65 per cent; Narra, 0.95 per cent, and Apitong, 0.23 per cent. In this,
as in the Narra type, Lauan is the predominant species, although nearly
19
equaled by the Hagachac. As a matter of fact, the Hagachae is usually
grouped in favorable spots, and in such places greatly outnumbers the
Lauan, which is more evenly scattered. It is not uncommon to &nA
groups where the total stand of timber would probably run as high as
20,000 to 30,000 feet B. M. per acre.
Of the other common species, the most numerous with percentages of
stand of each are Agupanga, 10.5 per cent; Dao, 6.48 per cent; Malagui-
buyo, 5.19 per cent, and Pili and Pagsahingin, 2.25 per cent. Of tiie
remaining trees over 40 centimeters (16 inches) in diameter, Malugay
{Dracontomelum sp.) and Calantas {Toona sp.) are found scattered here
and there through the forest but are not present in merchantable
quantities.
Minor species, — Putat, Bolongeta, and the many species of Eugenia,
while still found, are not so plentiful as in the Nana forest. Near the
Calaanan area there are present many kinds peculiar to that type,
especially species of FiciLS and Mallotus,
Palms. — While all the palms growing in the Nana forest are present
in this type, the total number per acre is less. Buri and Bongan gubat
are nearly absent; Anahao and especially Yxoc are still abundant, and
Sarauag, Pugahan^ and Sagasi are scattered.
Undergrowth. — Climbing bamboo has practically disappeared and be-
juco and other vines, though still common, are -not so plentiful in the
heavier stands. The smaller growing tree species still continue to form
an understory, many of these being found even in the densest places.
Shmbs and herbs occur in small numbers, and are relatively unimportant.
Soil. — The soil here is a yellowish clay, sometimes slightly sandy, and
has a small amount of humus at the surface. A sandy layer was found
at a depth of about 150 centimeters (59 inches) in a few places, but is
not universally present. The area, contrasted with the Narra type, is
better drained.
Reproduction. — Eeproduction is especially good of Hagachac, seedlings,
saplings, and poles being common in all places where seed trees are found.
No other tree seems to reproduce so well with so little light. The
reproduction of Lauan, Amuguis, and Guijo is plentiful except in the
more densely shaded places. Table III shows the stand per acre of trees
from 10 centimeters (4 inches) to 40 centimeters (16 inches) in diameter.
The number of trees in the next to the last column (those over 30 centi-
meters when mature) is below the actual number. This is due to the fact
that it is difficult to properly classify all of these species, no doubtful ones
being listed.
20
Tabus III. — Stand of poles and 9mdU trees per acre on Hagachac type,
[Average of 84.785 acres.]
Species.
Diameter.
10-19
centi-
meters
(4-7
inches).
20-29
centi-
meters
(8-11
inches).
30-39
centi-
meters
(12-16
inches).
Total.
Hagachac
Lauan
1.766
1.49>7
.345
.575
.288
.086
.460
.029
.057
2.016
.201
9.828
2.072
1.727
.489
.575
.481
.178
.874
1.180
.575
.547
.288
.067
.115
.115
.029
5.006
8.799
1.881
1.438
.776
.874
.949
.058
.143
6.475
1.264
25.939
Amuguis
Guijo
Dao L
MflJagabi, RacAt, CfLliinipit ^ ^^
PDi and Pagsahifigln...'.
Nana
Apitong
.086
2.762
.488
11.681
Agupanga
Malagulbuy o !
1.698
.575
4.980
Others which will grow to be larger than 30 centi-
meters (12 inches). _
Total
1
16.687
20.808
10.159
47.604
Density, — In a typical stand of Hagachac, the high crowns spread
over half or often all of the surface. Sometimes, however, the forest
is more open than this. In nearly all cases an understory of smaller
growing trees gives a comparatively dense ground cover.
Condition, — The silvicultural condition is poor owing to the presence
of many over-mature trees, to the unfavorable conditions for reproduc-
tion, and to the presence of many inferior species. The merchantable
condition is fair.
MIXED TYPE.
Situated along the upper waters of the Madugo, Uyao, and Bayangan
Bivers is a tract of forest characterized by ihe absence of both Narra
and Hagachac and by a predominance of less important species. The
area is flat, rich bottom land, and has a deep clay soil, with a layer of
humus at the surface.
The forest is made up of scattering groups or individuals of large
and tall growing trees, the most important of which are Lauan, Guijo,
and Amuguis. Malugay and Calantas occur in places, while Malagui-
buyo, Dao, Agupanga, and Candol-candol are very common. Growing in
between and below this upper story of trees are a large number of
smaller ones. All through the forest palms are common; especially is
this true of Yroc, which grows in fairly dense shade. An abundant
growth of vines and bejuco is universally present. The condition of
the forest is poor because of clearings, the scarcity of valuable trees,
and their poor reproduction.
21
BEACH TYPE.
Since the coastal line of the tract is open and exposed to the direct
action of the waves, a narrow beach has been formed/ separating the
swamp portion from the sea. N"ear the mouths of the rivers this beach
is broader than the average, while in some other especially open places
it is being destroyed, thus exposing small patches of the mangrove vege-
tation which normally lie behind the frontal zone of beach plants.
The forest of the beach is distinct (PI. IV). Agoho {CasuaHna
eqiiiseiifolia Forst.) and the Palo Maria de la Playa (Galophyllum ino-
phyllum L.) are. the two leading and distinctively characteristic trees.
In places, the former grows in nearly pure stands and extends inland
along the Boiagabon Eiver (PI. V) for about a mile. Besides those
mentioned, the usual beach plants of the Tropics are found. Among
the trees, Botong {Barringtonia speciosa Forst.), Dap-dap {Erythina
indica Lam.), Talisay {Terminalia catappa L.), and Balabago {Hibiscus
tiliaceous L.) are the more common. Guijo, Amuguis, Apitong, and
Ipil are among the timber trees that occur, but not in merchantable quan-
tities, on the landward side of the beach. Pandan {Pandanus tectorius
Sol.), Cycad (Cycas circinalis L.), and many other shrubby plants are
found. The Agoho reproduces well and rapidly in most places, but
reproduction of Palo Maria is more scattered and in some places entirely
absent.
UNCLASSIFIED COMMERCIAL FOREST.
This part of the forest was given very little examination, although
it was seen to be of commercial importance. Both sides of the Bongabon
River valley along its upper waters were lined with tree growth. A strip
taken to the nqjiih at a distance of 9 miles up this river showed a stand in
which were found Lauan, Amuguis, some Guijo, and many other large-
sized trees. The country here is hilly. An elevation of 260 meters
(850 feet) was reached within a mile of the river. Mangyan clearings
have destroyed large quantities of timber, and the outlook from this hill
and from others indicates that the same conditions exist over the major
part of the foothill region, which makes up the back portion of the
tract. Logging in this territory is not advisable under present conditions.
NONCOMMERCIAL FORESTS.
In addition to the types of commercial forest already named and
described, there are considerable areas covered with tree growth not suited
for lumbering under present conditions, and some of it not at all. While a
complex classification of this part might be made, the part examined has
been divided into two parts and the native names for these used.
Naturally, these grade into each other and lines of division are difficult
to fix. Fundamentally, however, the distinction between them is clear.
The first, or "Guipa^^ type, is uncut noncommercial forest, containing
22
many large, though at present noncommercial, varieties of trees. The
"Calaanan^^ type is the second growth forest on land which has been
cleared and used for agricultural purposes, and then abandoned.
GUIPA TYPE.
In most cases the Guipa forest appears to be the first high forest
growth on areas where the underground water level is very near the
surface. Such areas are usually abandoned river channels and flood
plains, and, excepting along the Boiigabon River, are very near the
coast.
Some idea of the stand and species of the larger trees may be obtained
from a rapid count made over 1.7 hectares (4.2 acres) of land in the
Guipa south and southeast of the Payang cogonal, where the following
are found: Seventeen Dao, 4 Antipolo, 1 Cupang {Parhia roxburghii
G. Don), 1 Lauan, 1 Terminalia, 1 Malaguibuyo, and 1 Bancal, as the
more promising of the larger trees. In another place, on an area of 1.6
hectares (3.95 acres) running through the central part of the narrow
strip of Guipa between the Anilao River and the barrio of Masaguisi, are
found 9 Dao, 3 Amuguis, 5 Toog (Bischofia trifoliata Hook,), 3 Bancal,
3 Pagsahingin, 1 Antipolo, 1 Calantas, 1 Narra, 1 Pili, and a few other
trees with diameters greater than 40 centimeters (16 inches). These
two places represent two of the best portions of the Guipa forest. In
both of them, as elsewhere in this type, Catmon in the most characteristic
tree, although it rarely reaches a diameter of over 40 centimeters (16
inches).
Palms, especially Anahao and Yroc, are very plentiful. The under-
growth is composed of small trees, vines, and bejuco, and is generally
quite dense. Reproduction is fair of the trees present, although in some
places the lack of desirable seed trees prevents the reproduction of the
better kin^ds. The soil is rich and varies from a loamy clay to a loamy
sand.
CAIiAANAN TYPE.
The Calaanan stands in sharp contrast to all of the forest types thus
far described (PI. VI). While the others have been fundamentally
natural divisions, this one is distinctly artificial and the direct result of
the infiueiice of man. It may be best understood by briefly describing
its origin.
A long-standing custom for those raising agricultural crops has been
to go into the forest at the commencement of the dry season, cut all of the
trees over a small area, and leave them until near the end of the dry
season. The slash is then burned, and upon the excellent seed bed left
the desired crops are planted. After growing crops for two or three
years, the lack of any kind of tools for working the land allows the en-
trance of weeds, grass, etc., so that it is easier to clear a new place than
n
23
to clean out the old. As a result of these methods, large areas have
been cut over, abandoned, grown up, and perhaps cut over again and again.
Thus they have been rendered worthless for forest purposes.
The composition of the Calaanan varies considerably in different
places. In portions bordering upon or near to the commercial forest,
saplings and small poles of adjacent timber species are common. In
other places, where the land has been worked for a longer time before
abandonment, and where the clearings are near to grass lands, cogon grass
(Imperata exaltata Brongn.)is mixed with the Calaanan. In still other
places there is almost a pure stand of typical Calaanan trees. Taken as
a whole, this type is made up of rapid-growing and quick-maturing
varieties, which seed abundantly and at an early age. The first to come
in, and one of the widest in distribution of these, is Binunga {Macaranga
tanarius Muell.) (PL VI). This seeds at an early age, grows with
wonderful rapidity, and while most of the trees die early, some reach
the size of forest trees. Commonly growing with this are a number of
species of the genera Mallotus, Macaranga, and Fictcs.
Table IV gives the number of trees upon a plot one-fortieth of a hectare
(one-sixteenth of an acre) taken in the midst of a young Calaanan forest
situated so far away from the commercial forest as to be entirely un-
affected by it. In this Calaanan there is an unusually large proportion
of Binunga and Alom, the former being much the taUer, having an
average height of 14 meters (45 feet) :
Table IV. — Number of trees on one-fortieth of a hectare {about one-sixteenth of an acre)
of young Calaanan not adja,cent to the commercial forest.
Species.
Macaran^ra tanarius Muell.
Mallotus moluccanus Muell.
Macarangra playfairil Hemsl
Picus hauili Blanco
Leea sp.
Ficus mindoriensls Merr.
All others (8 species)
Dead trees
Total live trees.
Seedlings
less than
1 meter
(3 feet)
high.
2
1
8
12
Diameter.
1-5 centi-
meters
inches).
22
22
8
4
8
9
58
68
5-10 centi-
meters
(2-4
inches).
43
1
2
8
3
1
1
21
54
10-15 cen-
timeters
(4-6
inches).
27
1
1
29
Total.
70
25
25
11
9
5
18
163
As already stated, Calaanan near the forest usually contains a large
number of forest tree seedlings, and would no doubt eventually produce
excellent forest if left undisturbed. An old Calaanan near the Narra
forest illustrates this point. Table V shows the number of trees found
upon two plots, each one-fortieth of a hectare (one-sixteenth of an acre)
in area :
24
Table V. — Number of trees on one'twenHdh of a hectare (about one-eighth of an acre) of
old CaUmnan adjacent to the commercial forest.
Species.
■
Seedlings
less than
1 meter
(8 feet)
high.
Diameter.
1-5 centi-
meters
(♦to2
inches).
5-10 cen-
timeters
(2-4
inches).
10-15 cen-
timeters
(4-6
inches).
15-20 cen-
timeters
(6-«
inches).
20-80 cen-
d'meters
(8-12
inches).
Total.
Lsuan _
SO
27
21
o
19
16
3
6
1
— -__
56
48
25
2
3
3
83
158
Guijo
Amuguis
1
Pahutan
Bancal. ^
2
1
10
55
1
Pili
2
4
71
Ficus (several species)
All others .
11
18
4
3
4
2
4
Total
157
106
36
9
6
4
818
The following is a list of trees which are typical Calaanan trees,
though they are often found in other forest types :
Ficus minahassae Miq. (Hagimit), F. hauili Blanco (Hauili), F. nota
Merr. (Tibig), F. variegata Merr. (Tangisang bayauac T.), Macaranga
tanarius Muelh (Binunga), M. bicolor MuelL, Mallotus hwrnesii Merr.,
M. playfairii Hemsl., M. florihundus Muell., M, riciniodes MuelL, M. mo-
luccanus Muell. (Alom), Stylocoryne macrophylla Bartl. (Basa), Trema
amhoinense Bl. (Knugdon), Mussaenda grandiflora Rolfe, Cl&odendfon
macrostegium Sch., Laportea meyeniana Ward. (Lipa), Voaccmga cvr
mingii Rolfe, Phaeanthus cumingii Miq., Callicarpa erioclona Schauer,
C, hlancoi Eolfe, and C. formosana Rolfe.
UNCLASSIFIBD NONCOMMEBCIAL. FOBE9TS.
Two small tracts of forest, one near the Sucol and one near the
TJasig River, appear on the map imder the above heading. These have
not been examined carefully and hence no attempt has been made to
classify them. It is believed that the part near the Sucol River contains
small areas of commercial forest, otherwise they are apparently made
up of a mixture of Guipa, Calaanan, and grass land.
SWAMP TYPES.
MANOBOVE TYPE.
Behind the narrow strip of land along the shore that is occupied by
the beach forest is a flat area, often quite wide, that is flooded at high
tide. Here an excessive amount of salt water gives rise to the so-
called mangrove vegetation (PI. VII), which is composed of a dense
stand of trees, from 15 to 30 centimeters (6 to 12 inches) in diameter,
and from 8 to 12 meters (26 to 40 feet) in height. Many of these
trees have long stilt roots, which form a very characteristic appearance,
especially noticeable since the ground is free from undergrowth.
25
Members of the family Rhizophoracece compose this type almost to the
exclusion of all others. The following species are characteristic : Rhizo-
phora mucronata Lam., R. conjugata L., Bruguiera gymnorrhiza Lam.,
B, parviflora Lam., B, eriopetala Wanda., B. caryophylliodes Blume,
Ceriops candolleana Am., and C, roxhurghiana Am. While the species
of Rhizaphora and Bruguiera have the common names of Bacao or Ba-
cauan, and those of the Ceriops, Tangal, these names are often inter-
changeable and the different species of the genera have such a variety of
individual common names that no attempt is made to collect them.
Besides the Rhizophoraceas, Pagatpat (Sonneratia pagatpat Blanco),
Apiapi {Avicennia officinalis L.), and Nilad (Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea
Gaertn.) are present. On the slightly higher areas Tabigue {Xlyocarpus
ohovatus Juss. and X. granatus Koenig) and Dungon-late {Heritiera
littoralis Dry.) are quite common.
The mangrove swamps are important commercially because they are
the principal source of firewood in the Philippines and because species of
Bacauan, Tangal, and Tabigue furnish valuable tan barks and dye barks.
While in many parts of the Philippines the mangrove swamps have
been greatly damaged by long continued cutting, those within this tract
are in excellent condition and will furnish, with proper management,
a constant supply of firewood, tan bark, and dye bark. Eeproduction in
them is good since the trees seed continuously and freely.
NIPA TYPE.
Near the upper limit of high tide and on strips along the tidal
portion of fresh-water streams the saline condition of the soil is less
pronounced. These places are occupied by the Nipa palm {Nipa fru-
ticans Wurmb.), which appears as the commonest and characteristic
growth. Nipa is often found in nearly pure stands, though occasionally
it is mixed with the mangrove species. In the upper limits of the Nipa
swamp considerable areas are occupied by the swamp fern, Lagolo
{Achrostichum aureum L.) and by Doloarin {Acanthus ilidfolius L.).
The former occurs most frequently. Evidently the Nipa would grow
and do well on the land occupied by the mangrove vegetation, but is
probably shaded out by it.
BURI TYPE.
Behind the mangrove and nipa swamp is a belt not flooded at any
time by the tide, yet containing too much water for the growth of forest
trees. Here is usually an almost pure stand of the Buri palm {Coiypha
umhraculifera L.). Toward its higher limits it is mixed with shrubs
and forest trees, and merges quickly into forest types. Eeproduction
is very plentiful, and large numbers of young plants are to be found.
The Buri palm is not necessarily confined to the area bordering on the
Nipa, but may form dense growth along the streams, especially if these
run through or border on the grass areas.
26
OTHER ABEAS.
GRASS LAND.
The broad sandy and rocky flood plain of the Bongabon River is
apparently natural grass land. In places where the action of the floods is
strongest, scattered clumps of Talahib {Saccharum spontaneum L.) are
practically the only vegetation found. Toward the outer edges of the flood
plain this grass forms a dense jungle from 2 to 3 meters (7 to 10 feet) in
height. Fires sweep through it periodically, partially burning the driest
and killing the greenest portions. In this way there has accumulated
At the base a dense mass of dead and partially burned grass that is
often 1 meter or more in depth, which is sufficient to prevent the
seeding of forest trees. In the thinner portions, where the seeding
is possible, fires are instrumental in checking forest growth. Mention
has already been made of the extension of the coastal belt of Agoho
up the Bongabon River valley. It is believed from observations made
in other parts of the Islands that the habitat occupied by the Talahib
is especially suited to Agoho, and were it not for fires this tree would
form in places pure stands. At the upper limits of the extension of
this tree an excellent advance zone of seedlings and young trees was
observed. A later visit to the same place showed a fire destroying this
stand.
A few ox-bow channels cut off from the main streams are filled with
Tagpo (Phragmites sp.), and in places there is an extension of the
grass zone as peninsulas into the forest, which evidently marked the
existence of old river channels. The Baroc River flood plain is similar
to that of the Bongabon River but on a much smaller scale. The
banks of all the other rivers are clothed with forest, except where the
clearings have allowed cogon to come in. At present these river-bottom
grass lands are practically valueless, although they furnish pasturage for
such wild game as timarau, deer, and wild carabao.
CULTIVATBD LAKDS.
Scattered in small areas along roads and trails in almost all parts
of the tract are small cultivated fields. These are more numerous
near the villages and along the river valleys. In the part of the
tract near the mountains the Mangyanes have destroyed large portions
of the forest by clearings. The portion of the tract actually under
cultivation is estimated at 2 per cent. Since the areas are small, they
are not indicated on the map.
STAND.
The stand tables given here for trees over 40 centimeters (16 inches)
in diameter were computed for each type separately. Whenever possible,
diameters have been taken at breast height, but in case of trees having
high buttresses the diameters were taken above the swell.
28
HAfiACHAC TTFE BTAHD.
Table VII was computed from surveys made over 34.73 acres (14.057
hectares) or 2.052 per cent of the territory of the part of the Hagachac
type designated as Hagachac 1, which contains 1,692 acres.
Tablk VII. — Stand per acre an Hagachac I type (l,69t ocm).
[Arenge of M.74 acreB.]
Mala-
Diameter abore
buttresaet.
Hagar
chac.
Amn-
gnia.
•
GQijo.
Sacat,
Calnm-
Plt.
PiUand
Pagsa-
hingin.
Inchet.
Centimeters.
16
40
0.748
0.460
0.230
0.086
0.115
0.173
18
45
.408
.460
.115
.201
.057
.178
20
50
.874
.675
.115
.086
.057
.029
22
65
.480
.345
.178
.250
.066
.029
24
60
.288
.632
.874
.057
.029
.057
26
65
.280
.374
.144
.066
.029
28
70
.816
.259
.057
.178
.029
80
75
.144
.845
.115
.086
81
80
.280
.178
.029
.029
.029
88
85
.144
.115
.057
.057
.029
85
90
.201
.259
.029
.029
87
95
.144
.173
.029
.029
89
41
48
45
47
49
100
105
110
115
120
125
.178
.115
.057
.057
.067
.029
.066
.086
.029
.029
.029
.029
.029
.057
.029
.029
.029
51
68
55
180
185
140
.029
.029
____—_—__
67
145
_
59
61
68
150
155
160
.029
Total:
Per acre
4.257
4.458
1.467
1.851
.402
.548
Per hectare
10.519
11.016
8.625
8.838
.994
1.854
Percent
17.45
18.28
6.01
5.54
1.65
2.25
Diameter above
buttresses.
Narra.
Apl-
tong.
Dao.
Agu-
panga.
Mala-
gui-
buyo.
All
Others.
Total.
Inchet.
Centimetert.
16
40
0.029
(
).144
0.720
0.178
2.015
4.898
18
20
22
24
45
60
55
60
.115
.057
.086
.280
.575
.408
.816
.816
.086
.874
.201
.115
.892
.949
.518
.345
8.077
8.076
2.502
2.472
0.057
.029
26
65
.057
.178
.144
.115
.845
1.697
28
80
81
88
85
87
89
41
48
45
47
49
51
68
55
57
50
61
68
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
180
185
140
145
150
155
160
.086
.029
.029
.144
.057
.029
.144
.345
.115
.280
.029
.115
.057
.057
.057
.029
1.466
.863
.807
.632
.691
.605
.431
.287
.258
.172
.230
.029
.029
.029
.058
.029
.057
.029
.029
r
.021
.178
.086
.057
.057
.086
—
--
.029
.029
-
.029
.057
.067
.029
Total:
•
•
Per acre
.280
.057
1
[.581
2.560
1.266
6.213
24.890
Per hectare
.568
.141
J
(.907
6.826
8.128
16.852
60.268
Percent
.95
.28
«
(.48
10.50
5.19
25.47
100
29
Table VIII is computed froin_ valuation surveys made over 25.11 acres
(10.16 hectares) 'or 1.254 per cent of the territory designated on the map
as Hagachac II, which contains approximately 2,000 acres. The scat-
tered and varied condition of this forest is such that the small per cent
taken in these surveys must not be accepted as an absolute statement of
the stand. It is believed, however, that the actual stand will exceed
rather than fall below this estimate.
Tablb VIII. — Stand per acre on JSdgacJiac II type (S^OOO a/yreB),
[Average of 25.11 acres.]
Diameter above
buttresses.
Haga-
chac.
Lauan.
Amu-
guis.
Guijo.
Dao.
Malagui-
buyo.
Inches:
16-19
20-28
24-27
28-80
81-84
85-88
89-42
48-46
47-50
CenHmeters.
40-49
50-59
60-69
70-79
80-80
90-99
100-109
110-119
12ft-129
0.477
.557
.868
.557
.278
.288
.818
.040
.119
0.477
.438
.796
.278
.169
.119
.040
.040
.040
0.818
.159
.667
.477
.079
.119
.079
0.079
.079
.079
.040
.040
.040
0.199
.438
.477
.398
.238
.169
.169
1.991
.677
.796
.288
.079
•
Total:
Per acre
Per hectare -
Per cent
2.942
7.270
18.60
2.887
6.898
11.08
1.788
4.418
8.26
.857
.882
1.65
2.147
5.805
9.92
3.702
9.148
17.11
Diameter above
buttresses.
Agu-
panga.
Candol-
candol.
Mala-
gabi,
Sacat,
Galum-
pit
others.
Total. ■
Inches.
16-19
20-28
24-27
28-80
81-84
86-88
89-42
48-46
47-60
OentiMCtcrs.
40-49
50-59
60-69
70-79
80-89
90-99
100-109
110-119
120-129
1.858
.886
.617
.040
.040
0.597
.517
.199
.119
r
1.283
.717
.687
.567
.278
.199
.079
.040
.040
6.724
4.497
4.416
2.828
1.191
.914
.675
.120
.278
0.079
.119
.079
.040
Total
P
P
P
•
•
eracre
er hectare-,
ercent
2.786
6.884
12.88
1.482
8.539
6.62
.817
.788
1.46
8.780
9.340
17.47
21.688
68.467
100
MIXED TYPE STAND.
Table IX is computed from valuation surveys made over 34.7 acres
(14.07 hectares) or 0.82 per cent of the total area for this type, which is
approximately 4,200 acres. The variable character of this forest is such
as to render this small per cent insufficient data for certain conclusions.
The general stand is poor and the forest more or less mixed with clearings
and Calaanan. More complete data would no doubt show a consider-
able variation from these figures.
30
Tablb IX. — Stand per acre on mixed type {4t^00 acres),
[Average of 34.7 acres.]
Diameter above
buttreflHes.
Lauan.
Amu-
guls.
Guijo.
Dao.
Mala-
gabi,
Sacat,
Cahim-
pit.
Inches.
16-19
20-23
24-27
28-30
31-34
85-38
89-42
43-46
47-50
Centimeters.
40-49
50-59
60-69
70-79
80-89
90-99
100-109
110-119
120-129
0.403
.720
.638
.259
.317
.057
.057
0.230
.259
.230
.115
.172
0.230
.201
.086
.259
.201
.057
.057
0.028
.288
.259
.816
.259
.057
.816
.086
.086
0.115
.144
.066
.028
.057
.028
.057
TotAl:
Per acre
Per hectare -_
Per cent
2.503
6.185
15.80
1.068
2.627
6.71
1.091
2.696
6.89
1.695
4.188
10.70
.401
.991
2.53
Diameter above
buttresses.
Malagui-
buyo.
Agu-
panga.
Others.
Total.
Inches.
16-19
20-23
24-27
28-30
31-34
35-88
89-42
43-46
47-50
CenUmeters.
40-49
50-59
60-69
70-79
80-89
90-99
100-109
110-119
120-129
1.555
.748
.662
.230
.086
0.748
.431
.374
.201
.028
1.296
1.123
.691
.403
.345
.028
.144
'4.606
8.770
8.079
1.869
1.436
.199
.659
.086
.143
Total:
Pe
Pe
Pe
r acre
r hectare —
r cent
3.281
8.107
20.70
1.782
4.403
11.24
4.030
9.958
25.43
15.846
39.155
100
VOLUME TABLES.
Owing to the fact that almost no cutting was going on during field
work on the tract, very few measurements of felled trees were made.
These volume tables have been computed largely from data taken by
Forester Everett in Negros, Forester Maule in Bataan, and Forester
Klemme in Tayabas, and checked with a few measurements taken upon
the tract. In every case, however, it has been the purpose to make con-
servative estimates. Three tables are given, one for Narra, a low-grow-
ing tree; one for Amuguis and species of Terminalia, which are of
medium height; and one for Dipterocarpaceoe, which includes Lauan,
Apitong, Guijo, and Hagachac. The latter trees are tall growing, and,
while they differ from each other, it was thought best to use one table for
them all. A comparison of this latter table with that given for the Yellow
Poplar^ (Liriodendron tuUpifera L.) of the United States, which very
much resembles in general form and habits of growth these Dipterocarps,
shows a marked similarity between the two.
*See Braniflf, E. A.: Grades and Amounts of Lumber Sawed from Yellow
Poplar, etc. U. 8. Dept. of AgHoulture, For. 8er., Bull 7S (1906).
31
Table X. — Volume table.
Na:
Amuguis, Malaga bi.
Lauan,
Guijo,
Diameter.
iFOf
Sacat, Calumpit.
Hagachae, Apltong.
Board
Board
Board
feet
M8
feet
M8
feet
M8
Doyle.
Doyle.
Doyle.
Inches
Cm.
16
40
140
0.500
210
0.875,
210
0.875
18
45
196
.745
285
1.160
286.
1.310
20
50
235
1.005
360
1.420
390
X.725
22
55
300
1.320
416
1.775
446
2.260
24
60
870
1.555
605
2.200
680
3.160
26
65
460
1.950
622
2.660
910
3.640
28
70
560
2.276
760
2.920
1,170
4.315
80
75
650
2.540
885
3.810
1,880
6.110
81
80
740
2.955
1,046
3.870
1,615
6.000
83
85
821
3.250
1,200
4.810
1>804
6.850
85
90
915
8.625
1,360
4.760
2,115
7.650
37
* 95
1,010
8.950
1,466
5.320
2,420
8.326
39
100
1,115
4.360
1,640
6.901
2,685
8.900
41
105
1,220
4.800
1,820
6,300
2,982
9.540
43
110
1,310
5.200
1,985
6,695
3,200
10.276
45
115
1,430
6.660
2,160
6.980
3,450
10.900
47
120
1,650
6.200
2,375
7.360
3,685
11.500
49
125
1,622
6.620
2,600
7.500
3,965
12.120
51
130
4,216
12.600
53
136
4,600
13.00
65
140
4,660
13.00
•
YIELD.
The yield tables have been computed for each type separately by ap-
plying the proper volume table to the number of trees of each diameter
class which was found upon that type. While the yields can not be
accepted as being accurate, owing to the nature of the volume tables used,
it has been thought advisable to include them as being a conservative
estimate of the yield.
Table XI. — Yidd in hoard feet on Narra type (S,447 acres).
Species.
Narra
Lauan
Guijo
Apiton^
Amuguis
Malagabi
Seujat
Calumpit
Hagacnac
Total
Per hectare
Cutting to a diameter limit
of 40 centimeters
(16 inches).
ATcrage
yield per
acre.
1
1,249
6,855
1,582
1,200
1,260
408
285
12,839
31,725
Total yield.
4,306,803
23,629,186
6,463,164
4,136,400
4,848,220
1,406,876
982,395
44,266,033
Cutting to a diameter limit
of 50 centimeters
(20 inches).
Average
yield per
acre.
1,224
6,532
1,460
1,160
1,188
385
272
12,201
80,148
Total yield.
4,219,128
22,515,804
4,998,150
3,964,060
4,095,036
1,327,095
987,584
42,056,847
32
Table XII.-Yield in cubic meters on Narra type {1,395 hectares).
Species.
Narra
Lauan
Guijo
Apiton^
Amugius
Malagabi
Sacat
Calumpit
Hagacnac
Total
Per acre
Cutting to a diameter limit
of 40 centimeteis
(16 inches).
Average
yield per
hectare.
12.50
62.56
14.90
11.03
12.08
8.75
2.89
119.20
48.24
Total yield.
17,437.50
87,257.25
20,785.50
15,386.85
16,851.60
5,231.25
3,334.05
166,284.00
Cutting to a diameter limit
of 50 centimeters
(20 inches).
Average
yield per
hectare.
12.28
59.03
13.46
10.49
11.36
3.52
2.24
112.38
45.48
Total yield.
17,180.60
82,346.85
18,776.70
14.633.55
16,847.20
4,910.40
3,124.80
156,770.10
Table XIII. — Yield in hoard feet on Hagachac I type (1,69^ a^es).
Species.
Hagachac
Lauan
Guijo
Amuguis
Malagabi
Sacat
Calumpit
Narra
Apitong
Total
Per hectare.
Cutting to a diameter limit
of 40 centimeters
(16 inches).
Average
yield per
acre.
4,815
4,526
1,497
798
198
135
22
11.991
29,629
Total yield.
8,146,980
7,657,992
2,532,924
1,360,216
336,016
228,420
37,224
20,288,772
Cutting to a diameter limit
of 50 centimeters
(20 inches.)
Average
yield per
acre.
4,643
4,298
1,421
711
168
131
22
11,284
27,882
Total yield.
7,686,766
7,272,216
2,404,332
1,203,012
267,836
221,662
87,224
19,092,628
Table XIV. — Yield in cubic meters on Hagachac I type {685 hectares).
Si>ecie6.
Hagachac
Lauan
Guijo
Amuguis
Malagabi
Sacat
Calumpit
Narra
Apitong
Total
Per acre .
Cutting to a diameter limit
0x40 centimeters
(16 inches).
Average
yield i)er
hectare.
43.28
42.42
13.71
7.89
L89
1.35
.24
110. 78
44.83
Total yield.
29,646.80
29,057.70
9,391.36
6,404.65
1,294.65
924.76
164.40
75.884.30
Cutting to a diameter limit
01 60 centimeters
(20 inches).
Average
yield per
hectare.
40.36
39.94
12.87
7.06
1.48
1.31
.24
108.26
41.79
Total yield.
27,646.60
27,868.90
8,816.95
4,836.10
1,018.80
897.36
164. 40
70,788.10
33
Table XV. — Yield in board feet on Hagachac II type (2,000 acres),
Species.
Hagachac
Lauan
Amuguis
Guijo
Halagabi
Sacat
Calumpit
. Total
Per hectare.
Cutting to a diameter limit
of 40 centimeters
(16 inches).
Avenlge
yield per
acre.
4,078
2,410
1,828
333
25«
8,405
20,768
Total yield.
8,156,000
4,820,000
2,656,000
666,000
512,000
16,810,000
Cutting to a diameter limit
of 50 centimeters
(20 inches).
Average
yield per
acre.
3,942
2,234
1,287
310
256
7,979
19,716
Total yield.
7,884,000
4,468,000
2,474,000
620,000
512,000
15,958,000
Table XVI. — Yield in cubic meters on Hagahac II type {810 hectares).
Species.
Hagachac
Lauan
Amuguls
Guijo
Malagabi
Sacat
Calumpit
Total
Per acre
Cutting to a diameter limit
of 40 centimeters
(16 inches).
Average
yield per
nectare.
36.46
22.90
12.60
3.26
2.37
77.59
3L40
Total yield.
29,532.60
18,549.00
10,206.00
2,640.60
1,919.70
62,847.90
Cutting to a.diameter limit
of 50 centimeters
(20 inches).
Average
yield per
hectare.
34.92
21.36
11.70
3.01
2.38
73.35
29.68
Total yield.
28,285.20
17,293.60
9,477.00
2,438.10
1,919.70
59,413.60
Table XVII. — Yield in board feet on mixed type {4,^00 acres).
Species.
Lauan
Guijo
Amuguls :._
Malagabi
Sacat
Calumpit
Total
Per hectare
Cutting to a diameter
limit of 40 centime-
ters (16 inches).
Average
yield per
acre.
I
2,466
1,267
721
280
4,734
11,697
Total yield.
10,357,200
5,321,400
3,028,'200
1,176,000
19,882,800
Cutting to a diameter
limit of 50 centime-
ters (20 inches).
Average
yield per
acre.
2,351
1,201
655
257
4,464
11,020
Total yield.
9,874,200
5,044,200
2,751,000
1,079,400
18,748,800
49000-
34
Tablb XVIII. — Yield in cubic meters on mixed type {1,700 hectares).
Species.
Lauan
Guijo
Amuguis
Malagabi
Sacat
Calumpit
Total
Per acre -
Cutting to a diameter
limit of 40 centime-
ten (16 Inches).
Average
yield per
hectare.
23.84
11.88
6.92
2.67
45.31
18.33
Total
yield.
40,628
20,196
11,764
4,539
77,027
Cutting to a diameter
limit of 50 centime-
ters (20 inches).
Average
yield per
hectare.
22.54
11.13
6.27
2.34
42.28
17.11
Total
yield.
88,818
18,921
10,669
8,978
71,876
Table XIX. — Total yield in board feet on Narra, HagachaCj and mixed types
(11,SS9 acres).
[Cutting to a diameter limit of 40 centimeters (16 inches).]
Species.
Narra tjrpe.
Hagacbac
I type.
Hagacbac
II type.
Mixed
type.
Total yield.
Per
cent.
Narra
Hagacbac
Lallan ^__^
4,305,303
982,895
28,629,185
4,343,220
5,453,154
4,136,400
1 1,406,376
228,420
8,146,980
7,657,992
1,360,216
2,532,924
37,224
385,016
4,533,728
17,285,376
46,464,377
11,877,636
13,973,478
4,173,624
3,429,392
4.48
17.07
46.90
11.24
13.80
4.12
8.89
8,156,000
4,820,000
2,656,000
666,000
10,857,200
3,028,200
5,321,400
Amiignls
Guijo
Apitong
Malagabi
512,000
1,176,000
Sacat
Oali"npit_,. . _ __.,
Total *
44,256,033
20,288,772
16,810,000
19,882,800
101,237,605
100
Table XX. — Total yield in hoard feel on Narra, Hagachac, and mixed types
{11.SS9 acres),
[Cutting to a diameter limit of 60 centimeters (20 inches).] -
Species.
Narra type.
Hagacbac
I type.
Hagacbac
II type. .
Mixed
type.
Total yield.
Per
cent.
Narra
4,219,128
987,584
22,515,804
4,998,150
4,096,086
8,964,050
I 1,827,095
221,652
7,686,756
7,272,216
2,404,332
1,203,012
37,224
267,336
4,440,780
16,508,340
44,130,220
13,066,682
10,623,048
4,001,274
3,185,881
4.6i
17.2
46
18. 6i
11
4.2
3.8i
Hagacbac
Lauan
7,884,000
4,468,000
620,000
2,474,000
9,874,200
6,044,200
2,761,000
Guijo
Amuguis, _
Apitong
Malagabi
612,000
1,079,400
Sacat
Calumpit
Total
42,056,847
19,092,628
16,968,000
18,748,800
95,856,176
100
35
DESCRIPTION OF TREE SPECIES.
NARRA.
(Pterocarpua indicua.)
This tree occurs throughout the forest on the lowlands back of the
large mangrove swamp near Daihagan Point. It is a tree of the newly
made flats and is seldom found in the higher and older forest farther
back. It is known on the market as Yellow Narra.
Narra is a low-branching, spreading tree, usually producing a bole
with a merchantable length of from 8 to 10 meters, or about 30 feet.
(PI. VIII.) The bole is angular and irregular in cross section. The
average diameter of trees over 40 centimeters (16 inches) is 73.86
centimeters (27.07 inches). Many of the logs of N'arra, especially of
the old trees, are defective at the center. Nana has wide, flat buttresses,
from which table tops from 5 to 6 feet in diameter are often taken.
(PL IX.) It demands considerable light and is never found in dense
clumps. Eeproduction is poor, excepting in a few open places. It
sprouts freely from the stumps, and logs lying upon the ground send
out both roots and shoots. It could probably be propagated from cut-
tings planted in the wet season.
Nana is, without question, the most valuable timber found on the
tract. The wood of Nana is moderately heavy, moderately hard, very
durable, and is seldom, if ever, attacked by the white ant. It is especially
valuable for cabinet work, and is also a valuable construction timber.
HAGACHAC.
(Dipterocarpus lasiopodua.)
Hagachac is found on the higher, better-drained portions in the older
forests, upon the flats, and the low foothills. Growing more or less in
clumps, it is usually the predominant species in places where it is found.
Hagachac produces a tall, even bole (PI. X), almost round in cross
section. A tree of average height, with a stump diameter of 70 centi-
meters (28 inches), which was felled and measured, had a clear length
of 30 meters to the first branch, at which place its diameter was 38
centimeters. Often higher trees than this are found. An average
diameter of 66.31 centimeters (26.1 inches) was found for trees over 40
centimeters (16 inches) in diameter. The tree has few exterior defects,
and is usually sound throughout. It is not usually strongly buttressed,
although on old trees there is a large root swell. Hagachac seeds plenti-
fully and reproduces as well or better in shady places than any other
timber tree. The young saplings and poles grow rapidly and soon shoot
up above the surrounding vegetation, where they receive an abundance
of light. Hagachac has been but little cut and is sold under the name of
Apitong.
36
LAUAN.
(Shorea contorta.)
This is the most widely distributed tree in the forest. It is found in
limited numbers in every type of lowland forest, except the swamps, and
is also present in the foothills.
Lauan has a tall and regular bole, reaching a height nearly equal to
that of Hagachac. (PL XI.) The average diameter of Lauan trees over
40 centimeters (16 inches) in diameter upon the Hagachac type is 64.88
centimeters (24.42 inches) and upon the Narra type 67.28 centimeters
(26.48 inches). The young trees of Lauan are little buttressed, but old
trees often have very large ones.
Lauan is tolerant, reproducing in places where there is only a small
amount of light. (PL XII.) Mature trees stand above the surrounding
vegetation, and when very large are sometimes hollow or defective at the
heart. Lauan is used in construction and inside work, but does not
stand well in contact with the soil, and is often eaten by the white ant.
GUIJO.
(Sliorea guiso.)
This tree (PL XIII) occurs over all of the low flat country and on
lower hillsides, usually as scattered individuals. It is a tall-growing tree,
having a clear^ length of 20 to 26 meters (65 to 85 feet). It reaches
a diameter of 120 centimeters (47 inches). The average diameter of
Guijo trees over 40 centimeters (16 inches) in diameter upon the
Hagachac type is 66.4 centimeters (26.26 inches) and on the N"arra
type 61.99 centimeters (24.4 inches). The tree has small or medium-
sized buttresses, though many have no more than a large root swell. In
favorable places reproduction is good. The wood of Guijo is moderately
heavy and hard, strong, brittle, fairly durable, and usually free from
defects. It is a good general-construction timber.
AMUGUIS.
(Koordersiodendron pinnatum.)
In almost all of the moist flats and hillsides Amuguis grows as scat-
tered trees throughout the forest.
Although not so tall growing as Lauan, Guijo, or Hagachac, it usually
reaches above most of the surrounding trees, having a clear length of
from 12 to 15 meters (39 to 49 feet). The bole is evenly tapered and
nearly round in cross section. The average diameter on the Narra type
for trees over 40 centimeters (16 inches) is 64.03 centimeters (25.2
inches) and on the Hagachac type 58.2 centimeters (25.16 inches).
While not so tolerant as many of its associates, it nevertheless will
grow and reproduce in partially shaded places. Eeproduction is usually
good. Broken branches are not uncommon, and hollows in the trunks
of larger trees are frequently found. Amuguis is a structural wood
of medium quality that is fairly strong, brittle, moderately heavy.
37
and hard. It is used in ordinary construction and in cabinet work.
When used for rails on the logging tramway, it gave excellent satisfac-
tion, proving to be the best of any timber tried.
APITONG.
(.Dipterocarptia sp.)
This tree is found only in the lower half of the Narra type. Apitong
has a tall, regular bole (PI. XIV) and reaches a height of 30 meters
(98 feet), with an average diameter for trees over 40 centimeters
(16 inches) of 67.8 centimeters (26.69 inches). The tree is quite
tolerant when young, and in favorable places has a good reproduction.
It is known locally as Apitong, by which name it is sold upon the
market. It very closely resembles the true Apitong (D. grandiflorus)
and apparently is as good for construction purposes.
SACAT, CALUMPIT, AND MALAGABI.
(Terminalia spp.)
The tree species Sacat (Terminalia nitens), Calumpit {T. edulis),
and Malagabi (T. pelltwida) are two widely scattered to be of any
^eat importance commercially, although they are found over almost
all parts of the tract. They are tall growing and usually of large
diameter. The average diameter of Terminalia trees over 40 centimeters
(16 inches) upon the Narra type was 66.44 centimeters (26.15 inches).
Reproduction is not plentiful and the trees are evidently quite intolerant
of shade.
DAO.
iDracontomelum mangiferum.) ^
Widely distributed over the whole tract, Dao is the predominant
tree in some of the poorer grades of forest and a common one in nearly
all. It reaches a height of from 12 to 20 meters (39 to 65 feet) to the
lowest branches and a diameter of as much as 150 centimeters (59
inches). The average diameter of trees over 40 centimeters (16 inches)
on the Hagachac type is 75 centimeters (30 inches) ; in the Narra
forest, 77.94 centimeters (30.68 inches). It has the largest buttresses
of any common tree in the forest. Eeproduction is not plentiful, for
the tree is intolerant. Although never used, the wood appears to be of
good quality. This is the most promising tree which has not been com-
monly used for lumber purposes.
MALAGUIBUYO.
iCeltis sp.)
A commonly distributed tree, having an average diameter on the
Hagachac type for trees over 40 centimeters (16 inches) of 55.23 cen-
timeters (21.74 inches) and reaching a height of 10. meters (33 feet),
this tree may possibly prove to be of value, although it has never yet
been used.
38
AOUPANOA.
(Chisocheton sp.)
This tree is one of the most widely scattered of any and seeds and
reproduces rapidly. Comparatively low growing, with a spreading top,
it nevertheless is quite tolerant of shade. It seldom reaches a large
size and probably will never make a valuable commercial wood.
INJURIES TO V^HICH THE FOREST IS LIABLE.
Of all the injuries to which the forest is subjected, by far the largest
part comes either directly or indirectly as the influence of man. Chief
among these are caingins and grass-land fires. Forest fires, in the
usual acceptance of the term, are unknown.
CAINGINS.
As already mentioned under the description of the Calaanan type,
it has long been the custom with the natives to enter the forest and to
fell all of the trees upon a certain area at the commencement of the dry
season. This area is burned over at the end of the dry season and
planted to crops. Such a clearing is called a "caingin."
In times past the damage done by these caingins has been very great.
A consultation of the map will serve to illustrate this. The Calaanan
area has been formed in this way from what was probably at one time
good forest. The stand and yield tables show the same things. With the
exception of the Narra type, which has largerly escaped because it is
less accessible and lacks an equally good running water supply, the yield
of timber has been greatly reduced by the numerous caingins made. The
loss is much greater near to and upon the foothills of the mountains,
where the primitive Mangyans have for a long time worked unrestricted.
While the damages has in recent years been largely checked, it still
continues.
Under present conditions the demand for caingins will probably
continue, for they are regarded by the people as a necessary as well
as a natural right. This demand may be met by allowing caingins to
be made upon the Calaanan, and, in exceptional cases, upon the Guipa
type. A careful patrol of the tract during the first part of the dry
season for the purposes of granting caingin permits and to punish those
making unauthorized caingins will, it is believed, greatly lessen and
eventually check this evil.
GRASS-LAND FIBES.
Practically all of the grass land upon the tract is burned over every
spring and summer. In many places this effectually keeps out all
the trees and in others does serious injury to the few that are present.
In the river bottoms, which are annually flooded by the excessive rains,
and upon the pastured grass land near the villages, fires are not so
39
•
important, since this land will probably continue to remain grass land
in any event, but, in other places unaffected by floods, fires have done
a great deal of damage. With the present force, and under the present
conditions, it will be impracticable to entirely prevent these fires.
NATURAL CAUSES.
A few trees, especially those growing in the more open places, lose
branches or tops from wind, but, as a rule, the damage done from this
source is unimportant.
Insects and fungi are destructive mainly to felled timber, and often
logs of the poorer kind that are left in the woods for any time are quite
seriously attacked by insects or fungi, or by both. To avoid this
damage, as well as to prevent the injury of the young growth which
might spring up while they were left, these logs should be removed to
some dry, open place as soon after cutting as possible.
THE UTIL.IZATION OF THE FOREST.
TIMBER.
HISTOBT OF LUMBERING.
The license agreement of the Mindoro Lumber and Logging Company
is dated June 3, 1905. Table XXI, computed from data taken from
the company^s books, shows the amount of timber that has been marketed
from that time to July 1, 1906.
Table XXI. — Timber sold by the Mindoro Lumber and Logging Company during the
year ended June SO, 1906.
Name.
Guljo
Narra
Lauan
ApitonK
Amugius
Candol-candol.
Palo Maria
Pagsahifigin...
In the log (round).
English
Cubic
cubic feet.
meters.
20,284.04
574.85
8,648.67
244.89
5,822.66
164.88
2,612.65
73.97
1,279.79
86.24
65L87
18.45
429.48
12.16
176.70
5
Name.
Pahutan
Pili
Malugay
IpU
others
Total-
In the log (round).
Bnglish
cubic feet
189.19
44.59
52.54
40.20
828.68
40,560.56
Cubic
meters.
5.86
1.26
L49
1.14
9.81
1,148.50
Timber aa^jon on tract by company's sa/iomiU,
Feet B. M.
Lauan 24,219
Amuguis ~ 10,53.5
Apitong - 5,611
Guijo : 5,503
Narra 2,112
Total ^ 47,980
40
In addition to this, a small amount of timber is still at the mill which,
with the amount that has been used for construction purposes on the tract,
is approximately equal to the quantity of sawn timber sold.
Previous to July 3, 1905, a number of individuals or companies have
from time to time held this tract, or portions of it, together with some
adjacent forest. In no case did these concessions coincide with the pres-
ent one, hence it is impossible to state the exact amount removed from it.
It is believed, however, that only a small amount of timber had been cut
from the forest south of the Bongabon River. North of the Bongabon
River a larger number of logs have been taken from the scattered timber
lands near the Tidiangan and Sucol Rivers. It is stated by the natives
that in former times a great many logs had been sold from the barrio of
Paclasan from territory now occupied by Calaanan and grass.
PRESENT LUHBEBIN6 OPEEATIONS.
A very primitive method of logging, similar to that employed by native
lumbermen, has been used by the present company. -The trees are felled
and chopped by Filipino laborers into lengths 3 to 6 meters (10 to 20 feet)
long. For this work American axes are used, although occasionally saws
are substituted. The logs are then loaded upon rude sleds similar to the
logging "dray^' of the United States, and dragged by a team of from six
to eight carabaos to .the mill or to some point along the tramway which
leads to the beach. The rough trails over which this hauling was done
are made by merely cutting away the underbrush. These roads are pas-
sable, except at the lowest places, at almost any season of the year. At
the tramway the logs are loaded upon small cars drawn by one or two
carabaos and hauled one at a time to the beach.
The cost of such operations as this can only be given approximately.
Ordinary wages and costs are about as follows : 4 -
Manager per month.... ?'150.00
Head foreman do 40.00- 60.00
Gang foreman per day.... 1.00
Choppers do 75- 1.00
Others laborers do 50- .75
Carabao, with driver do 1.50- 1.75
Carabao, value each.... 100.00-150.00
?=2=$1 U. S. currency.
Two men can fell and cut into logs from two to four medium-sized
trees per day, or from 300 to 500 English cubic feet. A team of six to
eight carabaos, with a driver for each animal, will haul from three to six
logs per day for an average distance of half a mile. Two carabaos and
their drivers will haul about four logs per day on the tram car from the
mill to the beach, a distance of 1^ miles.
Working upon this rude basis, the cost of cutting and delivering at
41
the beach by the present method will vary from W.07 to ^0.13 per
English cubic foot, depending greatly upon the length of haul, manaJge-
ment, and kind of timber cut. Counting an English cubic foot equivalent
to 7.2 feet B. M.,^ this would be a cost of from 1P9.75 to ?18 per 1,000
board feet. Contracts are sometimes made to cut and deliver logs to the
beach when the average distance is one-half mile, at the rate of ^2 per
average log of 40 or 50 cubic feet, the contractor being supplied with
carabaos by the owner. This would mean about ^6 per M feet B. M.,
in addition to the rental of the carabaos. In other cases, the contractor
supplies his own carabaos and received from ^0.08 to ^0.10 per English
cubic foot, or about ^12 per M feet B. M. for logs delivered on the beach.
The present cost of logging could be greatly reduced by more careful
organization and by providing cheaper methods of transporting the logs
from the forest to the beach, which is by far the largest single item of
expense. To do this, it is suggested that iron rails be used upon the
tramway, instead of wooden ones. This would permit the hauling of
several logs instead of one at a time, would avoid breakage of rails and
cars, and would greatly reduce the draft, thus permitting more trips per
day. It is also suggested that wide-tired, two-wheeled logging carts be
tried instead of the logging sled. These have a lighter draft, and, where
tried in other parts of the Islands, have given excellent satisfaction.
A steam logging and skidding outfit, including two donkey engines and
2 miles of cable, could be used upon the tract and would greatly reduce
the cost of logging.
A portable sawmill, having a capacity of about 10,000 feet B. M. per
day, has been placed upon the tract. Owing to difBcultues incident to
the installation of this mill, it has not yet been operated suflBciently to
allow any estimate of the cost of running.
In addition to the regular logging operations, the present company has
cut a number of table tops from the large. flat buttresses of Narra trees.
These can be removed with saws and axes and can be secured up to 6 feet
in diameter. Usually the buttresses vary from 4 to 12 inches in thickness,
and may be hewed to an even thickness of about 3 inches. One of these
tops, which measured 6 feet in diameter and 3 inches in thickness, was
removed under the direction of the field party at a cost of a little less
than ^18.00. In this case, the men were hired for this work alone.
With a regular organized force, the cost should be reduced about one-half.
* Measurementa made by the Gibson's Saw and Planing Mills Company upon
a few Narra logs that were sawn with a band saw showed the following facts:
Forty-three logs, containing 41.81 cubic meters (1,476.58 English cubic feet),
yielded 16,199 feet B. M. of lumber not edged. Allowing for a waste in edging
of 20 per cent, this would be a yield of 290.81 feet B. M. per cubic meter, or
8.24 feet B. M. per cubic foot. The above factor of 7.2 feet B. M. per cubic foot
is therefore conservative.
42
MABKBT8 AND TRAN8POBTATION.
Practically all of the logs and lumber is sent to Manila by means of
steamers or sailboats. The cost of shipment from the tract to Manila
(distance 200 miles) varies from ^P0.18 to ^PO.25 per English cubic foot,
which would be, counting an English cubic foot equal to 7.2 feet B. M.,
^25 to =^34.72 per M feet B. M. The cost of transportation is slightly less
upon sailing vessels than upon steamers. The logs are floated to the ships,
which, on account of the shallow water, are required to anchor nearly one-
quarter of a mile from shore. The regular charge for this is ^K).50 per log,
which amounts to about ^0.01 per English cubic foot, or ^1.39 per M feet
B. M. Weather conditions are an important factor to be considered in
connection with transportation. Sometimes storms delay loading, hinder
transit, or affect the shipper very seriously in a number of ways.
The following are the average prices now paid in Manila for logs and
for sawn timber :
Name.
Yellow Narra
Hagachac
Lauan
Amuguis
Guljo
ApitODg
Sacat
Per Enflrlish
cubic foot
in the log.
ro.92-n.05
.46- .48
.39- .46
.52- .98
.6&- .85
.46- .48
.52- .98
Per SpaniBh
cubic foot
in the log.
^0.70-ro.80
.85- .37
.30- .35
.40- .75
.50- .66
.35- .37
.40- .75
Per M feet
B. M., sawn
timber.
^226-^^5
90- 115
70- 90
110- 150
98- 140
90- 115
100- 150
Stompage
charges per
M feet B. M.
(United
States cur-
rency).
$5.00
1.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
2.00
2.00
FINANCIAL KESULTS AND PROSPECTS'.
Summarized, the cost, exclusive of taxes or stumpage charges of log-
ging and delivery in Manila, should not exceed the following:
Per English cubic foot.
Gutting and delivering on 'the beach ?0.07 to ^0.13
Loading upon shipboard 01 to .01
Shipping to Manila ^ 18 to ^.26
Wages of officials, breakage, etc 02 to .02
Total 28 to .41
This cost, as with the calculations throughout, is estimated regardless
of the groups to which the logs belong. As a matter of fact, it costs
slightly more to remove Narra than other kinds of timber, for the trees
are lower growing and the logs harder to handle on account of their
angular shape. With the other kinds of timber there is but little
difference in the cost of handling.
Taking into account the stumpage charges, the cost of delivery, and
the selling prices, it will be seen that there is an excellent profit to be
* These figures, obtained from shippers, are thought to be high.
« o[ GuUa ; diameter. 34 centlmi
43
made upon the higher-group timbers, and a fair one upon all, even with
the primitive methods in use. With improved methods and equipment,
the cost should be so reduced that an assured profit could be made upon
all timber taken from the forest.
MINOR PRODUCTS.
FIREWOOD.
Almost all the trees which compose the thick mangrove swamps of the
coast make an excellent firewood. Firewood is commonly cut into two
general sizes. The small sizes, called " lenas,^^ are less than 2 feet in
length and 3 inches in thickness. The other size, known as "rajas,^^
are about 5 feet in length and not over 6 inches in thickness. It costs
from ^6 to ^9 to gather 1,000 rajas, while the Manila price varies from
^20 to ^50. The market prices and cost of gathering lenas is corre-
spondingly less. The forest tax on rajas is ^1 per 1,000 feet and on
lenas 1P0.10 per cubic meter. As yet but little firewood has been cut
from this tract, although the supply is very large.
TAN BABKS AND DYE BABES.
The bark of a number of the mangrove swamp trees is valuable both
for tanning and dyeing. As previously stated, the general terms of
Bacauan (Bacao) and Tangal are applied to many species of the Rhizo-
phoracece. Another species, Tabigue, produces a good quality of dye bark
and is very common. Tan bark and dye bark are generally sold in
bundles composed of pieces 3 feet long and 3 or 4 inches wide, weighing
1 picul (139.4 English pounds). The Manila price is about IP'2 per
picul, while the local selling price is about ^0.75 per picul.
BEJUCOS.
Large quantities of bejuco, or rattan, are found in the forest. These
vary considerably in value, the smaller ones being usually the best.
These are usually cut into lengths 6 meters long and tied into bundles
of from 50 to 100 pieces each. One man with a bolo can cut and prepare
in one day about 6 bundles of 50 pieces each.
OTHER MINOB PRODUCTS.
The leaves of the Nipa palm are very commonly used locally for
roofing and thatching, but as yet little has been marketed.
The young leaves of the Buri palm are gathered just before they open,
spread out in the sun, and allowed to wilt for about two days. They are
then made into rolls, each about 1 foot in diameter and 2 inches thick,
and used for making baskets, hats, mats, etc. The market for this pro-
duct is as yet but little developed. The local selling price is ^2.50 for
100 rolls.
44
The sap of the Pili and Pagsahingin is gathered after slashing the
trees with a bolo and leaving the resin until it hardens. It is then made
into torches of convenient size, by wrapping in Anahao leaves. These
are commonly used by the natives for lights and sold locally for 1P0.02
each. The resin of Pili has the market name of Manila Elemi, and is
a commercial product from some portions of the Islands.
A number of vines, classed under the general name of Gogo, are
gathered in pieces about 1 meter long, and sold locally for ^3.50 per 100
pieces. These are pounded into a pulp and used as a soap for washing
the hair. The principal species which produces this product is Eritada
scandens Benth.
A number of vines under the general name of Diliman are gathered
and used in tying fish traps and other similar articles. The fruit of the
Bongan gubat palm (a wild betel nut) is chewed by the natives very
generally. The heart of the Yroc palm is commonly used for food and
has a taste very much like fresh cabbage. A flour called "Yuro'^ is also
made from this palm. The leaves of the Yroc palm make excellent
brooms and are much used locally. Many other less important minor
products are secured by the natives and are locally of value.
AGRICXTIiTTTRAIi POSSIBILITIES.
The soil over the larger part of the tract is well adapted to agricul-
tural purposes. Table XXII contains a summary of the analyses of
twenty-three soil samples taken from twelve widely separated places on
the flat portion of the tract :
Tablb XXII. — Chemical analym of mil.*'
Sample.
Number
of sam-
ples
taken.
Loss on
ifimi-
non.
CaO.
PaO.
N.
KgO.
NagO.
Fine
earth
through
40 mean.
Surface to 20 centi-
meters (8 inches)
Subsoil from 20 to 120
centimeters (8 to 47
inches)
9
9
5
8.08
3.79
8.73
0.50
.48
1.01
0.10
.06
.03
0.26
.06
.03
0.53
.33
.26
0.16
.25
.21
94.9
95.9
91.1
Subsoil below 120 centi-
meters (47 Inches)
* By L. A. Salinger, chemist, Bureau of Science, Manila, P. I.
While too much reliance should not be placed upon any chemical
analysis of soils as an indication of their fertility, it is to be noted that
the amount of nitrogen (N), phosphoric acid (PgO), and potash (KgO)
found here is suficient, under ordinary conditions, to supply the needs
of plant growth, and compares favorably with analyses from other
places. The vegetation, both cultivated and wild, is everywhere rank
and dense, indicating that a sufficient quantity of this plant food is in
an available form.
45
With few minor exceptions, the soil over the whole tract resembles
quite closely that of the samples taken. Usually, the surface soil is
from 5 to 25 centimeters (2 to 10 inches) in depth and contains a
considerable amount of humus. A clay or sandy clay subsoil reaches
to a depth of from 75 to 200 centimeters (28 to 78 inches). Below this
no investigations were made.
Of equal importance is the question of rainfall and drainage. As
already staited, the rainfuU in this place is well distributed throughout
the year. At no time during the dry season, while field work for this
report was being done, was the soil dry except at the surface in exposed
situations or in pure sand or gravel. There is in most places a sufficient
quantity of sand mixed with the clay to allow for drainage.
Probably the most suitable crop is Manila hemp or abaca. Consider-
able quantities of this have already been planted. In the foothills,
cacao is raised by the Mangyanes with success. Cocoanuts, rice, sugar
cane, tobacco, corn, and various vegetables are the other principal crops.
Part IL
FUTURE MANAGEMENT.
BASIS OF PROPOSAX.S.
RELATION BETWEEN OWNER AND LICENSEE.
The public forest on this tract is owned by the Philippine Govern-
ment and is in the charge of the Bureau of Forestry. It is held by the
Mindoro Lumber and Logging Company under a twenty-year license
agreement. This agreement grants them the exclusive right to cut,
collect, and remove timber, firewood, and bejuco on the condition that
they make use of their license privilege, pay the regular Government
charges on the products taken, and follow the Bureau of Forestry rules
and regulations for gathering them.
It is important to the licensee, as well as to the Bureau of Forestry,
that provision be made for a future yield from the tract.
SUMMARY OF STAND AND YIELD.
A review of Tables VI, VII, VIII, and IX shows that the heaviest
stands are upon the Narra tract, with that upon the Hagachac type
next. Of the timber trees, Lauan stands first, 46 per cent of the
total yield; Hagachac second, 17 per' cent; Guijo third, 13 per cent;
Amuguis fourth, 11 per cent; Narra and Apitong, about 4^ per cent
each, and Terminalia sp. less than 4 per cent.
It is thus noted that while the cheaper timber predominates, the
total quantity of Guijo, Amuguis, and Narra constitute 28 per cent of
the whole.
Altogether, the total yield of timber trees over 50 centimeters (20
inches) in diameter from the 11,339 acres estimated, is 95,856,175 feet
B. M. If the sawmill were run at its full capacity of 10,000 feet B. M.
per day, this amount, which includes only the seven species now being
cut, is sujflBcient to last thirty-two years of 300 working days each. In
addition to these kinds, there are a great many large trees of other species,
some of accepted commercial value, which would no doubt be utilized
by any permanently located lumber company. By the time the present
stand in removed the poles and trees under 50 centimeters (20 inches)
would in all probability supply a second crop.
47
48
METHOB OF TREATMENT.
OBJECT TO BE ATTAINED.
The object in view for the commercial forest area is (1) to regulate
the cutting of timber in such a manner that the mature trees, together
with such others as is consistent with good management, may be removed
from the forest as soon as possible, and (2) to retain in the forest the
young stock, and, if necessary, seed trees, and to assist natural reproduc-
tion so that future crops can be provided for.
The object in view for the non-commercial forest is (1) to supply the
demand for agricultural lands, either as caingins or in some other form,
and (2) to convert as much as possible of the Guipa type into commercial
forests.
METHOD OF TREATMENT ADOPTED.
Owing to the lack of definite knowledge of the age of trees and of
their rapidly and habits of growth, and to the conditions under which
this plan must be put into operation, the selection system of felling is
the one which will be used for the commercial forest. The fellings
should be so regulated as to remove all old and over-mature trees, to
protect the young growth, and to aid in every possible way natural
regeneration.
EXPLOITABLE SIZE.
Since there are a large number of mature and over-mature trees in
the commercial forest which should be cut as soon as possible, the ex-
ploitable size of the trees has been fixed at 50 centimeters (20 inches)
in diameter. Trees below that diameter should only be cut when
marked by the forester in charge, and then only when the mature trees
have been removed or when an especially heavy stand will admit of
thinning.
Table XXIII, compiled from the stand tables previously given, shows
the number of trees over 50 centimeters (20 inches) in diameter, com-
pared with the number from 10 centimeters (4 inches) to 50 centimeters
(20 inches) in diameter.
Table XXIIL — Summary of stand of principal trees per a^e,
NARRA TYPE.
Narra
Lauan
Guijo
Hagachac .
Amuguis ..
Apitong
M^agabi..
Sacat
Calumpit-.
Total..
Species.
Diameter.
10-50 centi-
meters
(4-20
inches).
1.153
8. 587
8.035
.411
1.994
2.008
.497
17.635
Over 60 cen-
timeters
(20 inches).
1.808
4.698
1.190
.126
1.619
.886
.436
10.708
Total.
2.956
18.285
4.225
.587
3.618
2.844
.983
28.848
49
Table XXIII. — Summary of stand of principal trees per cure — Continued.
HAGACHAC TYPE.
Species.
Narra
Lauan
Guijo
Hagachac-
Amuguis..
Apltonff
Malagabi..
Sacat
Galumpit—
Total
Diameter.
10-60 centi-
metera
(4-20
inches).
0.087
4.719
1.726
6.169
1.726
.143
.646
16.106
Over60cen-
timeteis
(20 inches).
0.201
8.638
1.064
8.106
1.122
.067
.230
9.318
Total.
0.288
8.267
2.789
9.266
2.848
.200
.776
24.428
LOGKJING.
GUTTING AREAS.
Cutting areas should conform as nearly as possible to the wishes of
the licensee. When, however, cuttings shall have been started from any
one base and over an area approved by the forester in charge, it shall not
be carried on outside of that area without the consent of the forester in
charge or of the Director of Forestry.
For the present, logging operations should be continued from the
present base until the north end of the Narra and adjacent parts of the
Hagachac types shall have been cut over. Operations should then be
started from the Dungay Kiver as a base and a tramway extended back
through the south end of the Narra type and the narrow strip of Haga-
chac adjoining it. The work upon this being completed, the remainder
of the Narra and of the Hagachac I forests should be logged. Next, the
tract designated on the map as Hagachac II should be cut, and, last of
all, the mixed forest. In every case, cutting on one part should be
finished before it is commenced on the next. Thus a very primitive
rotation is established, and, by the time the last area is cut over, the
large poles and younger trees left upon the first part worked should be
ready for a second crop.
CUTTING RULES.
(1) Felling of trees shall be permitted only over such areas as are
approved by the forester in charge or by the Director of Forestry. In
assigning cutting areas, the forester shall follow as nearly as possible
the plan suggested in the paragraph headed "Cutting areas."
(2) No Narra trees shall be felled except those marked by the district
forester.
(3) No timber trees shall be felled which are less than 50 centimeters
(20 inches) -in diameter at breast height or, in cases of trees having
49000 4
50
buttresses, at the lowest place above the buttress swell, unless marked
by the district forester.
(4) In cutting marked timber, the marks upon the stumps shall not
be destroyed or effaced.
(5) Trees shall not be cut higher above ground than the diameter of
the tree, except in cases of trees having buttresses which may be cut above
the highest buttress.
(6) Buttresses shall not be cut for table tops or for any other purpose
from any living tree.
(7) All merchantable timber shall be removed from the forest within
two months from time of felling, and placed upon some suitable skidway
or landing.
(8) The licensee shall be held responsible for the destruction of, or
serious injury to, young timber trees by careless felling, and for all mer-
chantable timber left in the woods.
(9) No Narra, Lauan, Amuguis, Guijo, Hagachac, Apitong, or other
trees of equal value shall be used for the construction of roads or
skidways.
(10) Minor species may be cut and used for the construction of roads,
skidways, etc., without charge.
(11) None of these special rules shall be construed to excuse the
licensee from the regular Bureau of Forestry rules and regulations or
from the terms of the license agreement.
SUPPIiBMBNTARY RECOMMENDATIONS.
GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
All timber trees marked by the district forester shall be stamped in at
least two places with the regulation marking hatchet, in addition to such
other distinctive marks as he may see fit to use. These marks shall be
placed below where the tree is to be cut in felling.
If a reasonable advantage is not taken of the privilege to gather fire-
wood and bejuco by June 30, 1907, the exclusive right to remove these
products should be taken from the company and licenses to gather said
products granted to such other party or parties as may apply for them.
PROTECTION.
Since the proper protection of the forest depends so much upon the
attitude of the local inhabitants, every legitimate effort should be made
by the forest officers to gain their confidence and corporation.
A forest officer should go over the entire tract at the beginning of the
dry season and see that all persons desiring caingin permits be granted
them if they can not be persuaded to make homestead applications. The
local inhabitants look upon the making of caingins as a natural right.
51
Hence, it is deemed preferable to attempt to regulate caingins than to
forbid them entirely. Every effort should be made to encourage the
taking of homesteads and the occupying of permanent farms. Inspection
should be made during the caingin season to locate and punish all per-
sons violating the caingin law.
At present it will be impracticable to prevent the annual fires which
bum over the grass lands, although forest officers should make every effort
to gain the cooperation of the local inhabitants in preventing damage
from this source.
REVISION.
As additional information is gained from time to time, the plan of
management should be revised whenever such a revision will add to its
effectiveness. A careful examination should be made of the tract south
of the Baroc River and west of the small Uasig River some time within
the next five years.
ADMINISTRATION.
The chief of the forest district in which the tract lies shall have charge
of the administration of this working plan. He shall be assisted by such
other forest officers who are under his direction as he shall assign to this
work.
The district chief, or a subordinate, shall make trips of inspection to
the tract whenever it is necessary to mark timber or to perform other
duties. In addition to these periodic inspections, a forest ranger shall
be placed upon the tract for such time as may be necessary during the
caingin season to grant caingin permits, to prevent illegal caiiigins, and
to perform ^uch other duties as may arise regarding the regulation of
caingins, as well as to report upon any special subject which the district
forester may direct.
In cases of violation of the Forest Act or rules and regulations of the
Bureau, either by the licensee or by any other person or persons, the
forester in charge shall take the matter up with the offending parties in
the maimer authorized by law for such cases. He shall then report the
facts to the Director of Forestry. The forester in charge shall render a
special report of work done upon the tract at the end of each fiscal year.
SUMMARY.
(1) Practically all of the commercial forest on the tract examined lies
south of the Boiigabon River.
(2) Narra is confined to a belt of forest varying from one-half to two
miles in width immediately back of the tidal swamp.
(3) The timber on the foothills at the back part of the tract has been
greatly diminished in value and in some places almost entirely destroyed
by Mangyan clearings.
52
(4) The flat land of the tract is, for the most part, suited for agricul-
tural purposes and will no doubt be eventually so used.
(5) The land south of the Bongabon River, which contains com-
mercial or Guipa types of forest, should be made to produce a second crop.
The land north of the Bongabon River will probably not be reforested,
except a part of the Guipa type, but will be used for agricultural purposes.
(6) Caingin permits should be granted only upon the Calaanan land,
after a personal inspection by a forest officer.
(7) The greatest source of expense in present lumbering operations is
transportation. This could be reduced by providing a more permanent
tramway, by installing a donkey engine and cable or by using big- wheeled
logging carts.
'■
APPENDIX.
lilST OF PLANTS.
The first of the following tables is a list of tree species found on the-
tract that reach the size of 30 centimeters or over in diameter. The
second list comprises all other species mentioned in the text and includes
some trees that are below 30 centimeters in diameter when mature. The
first li^t of 88 tree species is fairly complete. In the second list no
attempt has been made to enumerate all species under this size found in
the forest. Compared with the Dipterocarp forest of northern Negros,^
the floristic composition of this forest is very complex.
The scientific nomenclature used in this paper is based on collections-
made by the authors and deposited in the herbarium of the Bureau of
Science. They wish to thank Elmer D. Merrill for assistance in the
determinations
Tree species SO centimeters and over in diameter when mature.
Scientific name.
Actinodaphne philippinen-
sis Merr.
Alangium meyeri Merr.
Alstonla macrophylla Wall..
Artocarpus communis Foist. .
Avicennia ofiicinalis L.
Barringtonia luzonensis
Vid.
Barringtonia racemosa Bl. _.
Barringtonia reticulata Miq. .
Barringtonia speciosa Forst. .
Bischona trifoliata Hook.
Buchanania nitida Engl
Ganangium odoratum Baill .
Canarium luzonicum A.
Gray.
Cananum perkinsae Merr. _.
Canarium radlkoferi Perk. _.
Canarium villosum Bl.
Calophyllum inophyllum L. .
Carallia integerrima DC.
Casuarina equisetifolia
Forst.
Celtis sp.
Champereia cumlngiana
Merr.
Chlsochiton tetrapetalus
Harms.
Ghisocheton sp.
Family.
LauracesB.
GomacesB
Apocynaceee
Moraceee
Verbenaceee
Lecythidaceffi .
do
do
do
Euphorbiacese.
Anacardiaceee.
Anonacese
Burseraceffi
do
do
do
QuttifersB..
Rhizophoracee.
Casuarinaceee .
Ulmacese .
Opiliacese
Meliacese .
do
Local name.
Bacan
Antipolo
Apiapi
Putat
do.
do.
Botong
Toog
Alangilang .
Pili
Palsahifigin
Palomaria..
Bacauangubat-.
Agoho
Malaguibuyo .
Agupanga.
Commercial name.
Batino.
Antipolo.
Ylang ylang.
Pili.
Pagsahifigin.
Palomaria de
playa.
Agoho.
la
^ See Everett, H. D., and Whit ford, H. N. : A Preliminary Working Plan for
the Public Forest Tract of the Insular Lumber Company, Negros Occidental,
P. I. Bur. For. Bull. No. 5, 1906.
53
54
Tree species SO centimeters and over in diameter when mature — Continaed.
Scientiflc name.
Cryptocarya acuminata
Merr.
Dehaasia triandra Merr
Dillenla phillppinensis Rolf e
DicNspyros pilosanthera Bl. ..
DipterocarpuB lasiopodus
Dipterocarpiu sp.
Dracontomelum mangife-
rumBI.
Dracontomelum sp.
Elaeocarpus oblongus
Oaertn.
Endiandra ooriacea Merr
Erythrlna indica Lam.
Eugenia bordenii Merr.
Eugenia sp
Eugenia sp
Euphoria cinerea Radlk.
Fagara integrifolia Merr.
Ficus bamesii Merr
Ficus nota Merr
Ficus minahaasee Miq.
Ficus variegata Merr
Ficus sp
Gonystylus bancanus GUg. ..
Grewia stylocarpa Warb
Heritiera littoralis Dry.
Horsfleldiaardisifolia Warb. _
Horfieldia merrillii Warb. ..
Intsia acuminata Merr
Kayea paniculata Merr.
Koordersiodendron pin
natum Merr.
Lauracese indet
Litsea perrottetii F. Vill. ...
Litsea sp
Macaranga bicolor Muell.
Macaranga tanarius Muell. .
Mallotus bamesii Merr.
Mangifera altiasima Blanco. .
Myristica philippensis Lam. _
Neolitseavidalii Merr.
Octomeles sumatrana Miq. ..
Palaquium luzoniense Via. ..
Parkia roxburghii Q. Don. ..
Pisonia umbeliata Seem. ___
Pithecolobium 1 o b a t u m
Benth.
Pterocarpus indicus Willd
Pterosperumu niveum Vid. _
Pterocymbium tinctorium
Merr.
Pygeum latifolium Miq
Badermachera banaibana
Seem.
Sarcocephalus cordatus Miq.
Shorea contorta Vidal
Shorea guiso Bl.
Sonneratia pagatpat Blco
Sterculia blancoi Rolfe
Sterculia foetida L
Sterculia phillppinensis
Merr.
Stylocoryne macrophylla
Bartl.
Terminalia catappa L.
Terminalia edulis Bl
Terminalia nitens Presl
Terminalia pellucida Presl. ..
Toona sp
Trewia ambigua Merr.
Xylocarpus granatus Koenig.
Xylocarpus obovatus Juss.
Xylopia dehiscens Merr
Family.
Lauracee..
do
DilleniaceeB
Ebenacese
Dipterocarpaceee
do
' Anacardiacese
do
ElaeocarpacesB _.
Lauraceffi
Leguminosee
MyrtacesB
do
do
Sapindacese
RutacesB
Moracese
do
do
do
Moraceee ,
Gonystylacese
Tiliacese
Sterculiaceee
Myristacese
do
Leguminosae
Guttifereae
Anacardaceee
Lauraceee
do
do___.
Euphorbiaceee. .
do
. do
Anacardiacese..
Myristicaces
Lauraceee
Datisacese
SapotacesB
Leguminosse
Nyctaginacese..
Leguminosese ..
do
Sterculiacese
do
Rosacese
Bignoniacese
Rubiacees
Dipterocarpacese
do
Sonneratiacese
Sterculiacese
do
do
Rubiacese
Combreteceee
. do
do
do
Meliacese
Euphorbiacese
Meliacese
. do
Anonacese
Local name.
Malabacauan.
Baslayan _.
Gatmon
Bolongeta .
Hagachac .
Apitong
Dao
Malngay
Palusatsaling.
Dapdap
Alupay
Salay
Tibig
Haiimitllllllllllll
Tangisang bayauac
Balete
Talimadon
Dungon-late.
Duguan
do
Tindalo
Amuguis
Punghan
Bacan
Busising cahoy.
Tabong
Binunga
Pahutan
Duguan
Lanotan puti
Binuang
Nato
Cupang
Anuling
Bansilac
Narra
Bavog
Taloto
Banaibanai
Bancal
Lauan
Guijo
Pagatpat
Candol-candol.
Calumpang
Banilad
Baaa.
Talisay
Calumpit
Malaruhat..
Malagabi
Calantas
Tabigue
r
Commercial name.
Catmon. .
Bolongeta.
Apitong.
Do.
Dao.
Malugay.
Alupag.
Dungon-late.
Tindalo.
Amuguis.
Cupang.
Anagap.
Yellow Narra.
Taloto.
Bancal.
Lauan.
Guijo.
Pagatpat.
Candol-candol.
Talisay.
Calumpit.
Sacat.
Calantas.
.
55
Other species mentioned in the text
Scientiflc name.
Acanthus iliclfolius L.
Achrostichum aureum L
Areca whitfordii Becc _
Arenga saccharifera lAbill. .
Brugolera grymnorrhlza Lam.
B. caryophylliodes Bl
B. eriopetaJa W. and A.
B. parvifloraW. and A
Callicarpa blancoi Bolfe
Gallicarpa eriodona Schauer.
Callicarpa formosona Rolfe—
Garvota sp
Ceriops candoUeana Am.
Geriops roxbuTghiana Am. __
Glerodendron macrosteglum
8ch.
Gorypha umbraculifera L. —
Gycas clrcinalis L
Gyclofitemon mlcrophyllus
Men*.
Entada scandens Benth.
Ficus hauili Blanco
Flcus banesil Merr
Ficus mindorensis Merr
Heterospathe elata Scheff
Hibiscus miaceous L
Imperate exaltata Brongn...
Laportea meyeniana Ward. ._
Liyistonasp
Macaranga hispida Muell
Mallotus floribundus Muell. _
Mallotus moluccanus Muell.
Mallotus playfairii Hemsl. ._
Mallotus ricinoides Muell. -
Mussaenda grandiflora Rolf e.
Nipa fruticans Wurmb
Pandanus tectorius Sol
Phaeanthus cumingii Miq. ._
Phragmitessp
Pinanga inslgnis Becc
Rhizophora mucronata Lam.
R. conjugata L
Saccharum spontaneum L. ._
Scyphiphoranydrophyllacea
Gaertn.
Trema amboinense Bl
Voacanga cumingii Rolfe
Family.
Acanthaceee
Polypodiacese
Palmee
do
Rhizophoracese
do
.....do
do
Verbenaceee
do
do
Palmse
Rhizophoracese
do
Verbenaceae
Palmse
Gycadaceee
Euphorblacese.
Leguminosee
Moraceee
do
Palmse
Malvaceffi
Graminese
Urticaceee
Palmse
Euphorbiacese
do
!"zidoiiiiii~iiiiir"
do
Rubiaceee
PalmsB
Pandanacese
Anonaceffi
Graminese
Palmse
Rhizophoracese
do
Graminese
Rubiacese
Ulmacese
Apocynacese..
Local name.
Doloarin
Lagolo
Bongan gubat^.
Yroc
Pototan
Liray
Pototan Busian.
Jangalai
Pugahan
Tangal _.
Buri
Bitogo
Butong manoc.
Gogo -.
Hauili.
Tibig-.
Sagad
Baiabago-.-
Gogon
Lipa
Anahao
Hamindan
Tula-tula .-
Alom :.__
Nipa
Pandan _.
Lanotan..
Tagpo
Sarauag ..
Bacauan .
do
Talahib ..
Nilad _...
Commercial name.
Bacauan.
Hangaray.
Tangal.
Gogo.
Palma braya.
Nipa.
Bacauan.
Do.
O
(
i
3^
*'
« •'
f;
"1:
■1
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. i
s
A
I
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