, 353^52-
mi
PLEASE RETURN
AQUATIC EVALUATION
AND INSTREAM FLOW RECOMMENDATIONS
FOR SELECTED REACHES OF GERMAN GULCH CREEK
SILVER BOW COUNTY, MONTANA
STATE DOCUMENTS COLLECTION
OCT 1 5 1985
MONTANA STATE LIBRARY
1515 E. 6th AVE.
Prepared by HELENA, MONTANA 59620
MONTANA DEPARTMENT OF FISH, WILDLIFE AND PARKS
8695 Huffine Lane, Bozeman, MT 59715
Prepared for
MONTANA DEPARTMENT OF STATE LANDS
Helena, MT 59601
December 1984
MONTANA STATE LIBRARY
S 333.952 F2aei 19B4C.1
Aquatic evaluation and instream flow rec
3 0864 00051568 7
JO 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Able assistance in the collection and compilation of field data was
provided by Bruce Rehwinkel, Jim Brammer, Dick Oswald, and Fred Nelson. The
figures in this report were prepared by Sharon Tiller. The University of
Montana Genetics Laboratory performed electrophoretic analysis of westslope
cutthroat trout. Bruce Rehwinkel and Dick Vincent conducted the fish
population analysis. Fred Nelson performed the computer analysis of the
cross-sectional data for the instream flow analysis. Dick Oswald conducted
and wrote the aquatic invertebrate portion of the evaluation. Glen Phillips
conducted and wrote the water quality portion of the evaluation with the
assistance of Kurt Hill. Duane Klarich of Systems Technology, Inc. conducted
and wrote the periphyton portion of the evaluation. The manuscript was
compiled by Jerry Wells and Fred Nelson and prepared by EXECUTEC documentation
service and Wanda Myers.
•i-
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES ill
INTRODUCTION 1
FISH POPULATIONS 2
Methods 2
Results 4
Durant Section 4
Below Beefstraight Creek Section 4
Below Edward Creek Section 5
Discussion 5
INSTREAM FLOW RECOMMENDATIONS 7
German Gulch-Below Beefstraight Creek 8
German Gulch-Below Edward Creek 9
Discussion of Flow Recommendations 10
WATER QUALITY 12
Water Quality Methods 12
Water Quality Results 12
Chlorophyll Methods 13
Chlorophyll Results 14
PERIPHYTON 15
Periphyton Methods 15
Periphyton Results 17
AQUATIC MACROINVERTEBRATES 24
Study Area 24
Methods 24
Results 25
Species Richness and Community Composition 25
Macroinvertebrate Abundance 26
REFERENCES 28
TABLES AND FIGURES 31
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX B
APPENDIX C
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LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
Table Page
1 Summary of electrof ishing survey data collected for the
1000-ft Durant Section of German Gulch Creek (T3N, R10W,
SI 2, 13) on July 26 and August 7, 1984. 31
2 Estimated standing crop of trout in the 1000-ft Durant
Section of German Gulch Creek (T3N, R10W, S12.13) on
July 26, 1984 (80% confidence intervals in parentheses). 31
3 Average length and weight of cutthroat and brook trout
by age class in the Durant Section of German Gulch Creek
(T3N, R10W, S12.13). 32
4 Summary of electrof ishing survey data collected for the
1000-ft Below Beefstraight Creek Section of German Gulch
Creek (T3N, R10W, S26) on July 26 and August 6, 1984. 32
5 Estimated standing crop of trout in the 1000-ft Below
Beefstraight Creek Section of German Gulch Creek (T3N,
R10W, S26) on July 26, 1984 (80% confidence intervals in
parentheses). 33
6 Average lengths and weights of westslope cutthroat and
brook trout by age class in the Below Beefstraight Creek
Section of German Gulch Creek (T3N, R10W, S26) . 33
7 Summary of electrof ishing survey data collected for the
1000-ft Below Edward Creek Section of German Gulch Creek
(T3N, R10W, S34) on July 26 and August 6, 1984. 34
8 Estimated standing crop of trout in the 1000-ft Below Edward
Creek Section of German Gulch Creek (T3N, R10W, S34) on
July 26, 1984 (80% confidence intervals in parentheses). 34
9 Average lengths and weights of westslope cutthroat and
brook trout by age class in the Below Edward Creek Section
of German Gulch Creek (T3N, R10W, S34) . 35
10 Estimated standing crops of trout in 1000-ft study sections
of streams in the German Gulch vicinity (P denotes presence
in numbers too low to make reliable estimates) (Data from
Oswald 1981) 36
11 High flow recommendations based on the dominant discharge/
channel morphology concept (USGS flow gage record data) . 37
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LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES (continued)
Table Page
12 Instreatn flow recommendations (cfs) for German Gulch at the
Below Beef straight Creek study site compared to the 10th,
50th and 90th percentile monthly flows (cfs). 38
13 Means, ranges, and standard deviations of chemical and
physical parameters for German Gulch Creek, Montana (samples
collected on July 18, August 6, and September 4, 1984). 39
14 Concentrations of chlorophyll a, b, and c (ug/cm~) for
three locations in German Gulch Creek, July 18, 1984. 40
15 Floral richness and Shannon-Wiener diatom diversity
characteristics of natural substrate periphyton scrapings
from three locations on German Gulch Creek, July 18, 1984. 41
16 Analysis of macroinvertebrate species richness (numbers of
separable taxa) observed at the Upper, Middle and Lower
sample sites on German Gulch Creek in May and August, 1984. 42
17 Analysis of aquatic macroinvertebrate abundance in square
foot samples collected at the Upper, Middle and Lower
sample sites on German Gulch Creek in May and August, 1984. 42
18 Systematic checklist and distribution among sample sites
(Upper, Middle and Lower) of aquatic macroinvertebrates
collected from German Gulch Creek in May and August, 1984. 43
19 Numbers of macroinvertebrates collected per square foot
Surber sample from the Upper Site on German Gulch Creek
in May and August, 1984. 46
20 Numbers of macroinvertebrates collected per square foot
Surber sample from the Middle Site on German Gulch Creek
in May and August, 1984. 48
21 Numbers of macroinvertebrates collected per square foot
Surber sample from the Lower Site on German Gulch Creek
in May and August, 1984. 50
Figures
1 Map of German Gulch. 52
2 The relationship between wetted perimeter and flow for a
composite of five riffle cross-sections in Cerman Gulch
below the confluence of Beefstraight Creek. 53
3 The relationship between wetted perimeter and flow for a
composite of five riffle cross-sections in German Gulch
below the confluence of Edward Creek. 54
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INTRODUCTION
This study was initiated to provide the State of Montana with baseline
aquatic resource data on German Gulch Creek and to provide recommended minimum
instream flow to protect this resource. The study was funded by the Montoro
Gold Company via the Montana Department of State Lands utilizing funds
collected under MEPA.
German Gulch Creek is a tributary of Silver Bow Creek, which in turn
flows into the Clark Fork River. This study was initiated in response to a
proposed surface mine, ore processing plant, and tailings disposal facility in
the German Gulch drainage by the Montoro Gold Company of Reno, Nevada.
Information provided in this report includes quantification of fish
populations, quantification of instream flows necessary for maintaining the
existing fishery resource, and baseline water quality, periphyton and
macroinvertebrate data.
-1-
FISH POPULATIONS
Methods
Fish populations in the study sections were sampled using a bank electro-
fishing unit basically consisting of a 110-v Kawasaki gas generator, a Fisher
shocker box, a 500-ft cord, a stationary negative electrode, and a hand-held
mobile positive electrode. A mild electric shock temporarily immobilizes the
fish located in the immediate vicinity of the positive electrode, allowing
them to be dip netted. The fish capturing efficiency of the unit is highly
variable, since efficiency rates are influenced by stream size, the magnitude
of the flow, water clarity, specific conductance, water temperature, cover
types, and the species and size of the fish.
The fish population was estimated using a mark-recapture method which
allows for the estimation of the total numbers and pounds (the standing crop)
of fish within a stream section. For German Gulch, standing crop estimates
were obtained for three 1000-f t study sections (Figure 1) .
The standing crop estimates require at least two electrof ishing runs
through each study section. During the first (marking) run, all captured fish
are anesthetized, marked with a partial caudal fin clip so they can be later
identified, and released after individual lengths and weights are recorded.
It is desirable to make the second (recapture) run at least two weeks after
the marking run. This two-week period allows the marked fish to randomly
redistribute themselves throughout the population. During the recapture run,
all captured fish are again anesthetized and released after the lengths and
weights of all new (unmarked) fish, and the length only of all marked fish,
-2-
are recorded. The population estimate is basically obtained using the formula
*■¥
where P = estimated number of fish,
M = number of initially marked individuals,
C = number of marked and unmarked fish collected during the recapture
run, and
R = number of marked fish collected during the recapture run.
This formula, although somewhat modified in its final form for statistical
reasons, is the basis of the mark-recapture technique.
The numbers of fish were estimated by length groups. Those 0.5-inch
length intervals having similar or equal recapture efficiencies comprise a
length group. This grouping is necessary because recapture efficiencies are
dependent on fish size. Generally, electrof ishing is more effective for
capturing larger fish due to their greater surface area and higher visibility
when in the electrical field. Because recapture efficiencies are length-
related, the number of fish must be estimated by length groups, then added to
obtain the total estimate. Generally, at least seven recaptures are needed
per length group in order to obtain a statistically valid estimate.
Pounds of fish are obtained by multiplying the average weight of the
fish within each length group by the estimated number, then adding to obtain
the total pounds. Estimates can also be obtained for different age groups of
fish. This mark-recapture technique, which is thoroughly discussed by Vincent
(1971 and 1974), has been adapted for computer analysis by the Montana
Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks (MDFWP) .
-3-
Results
Durant Section
A 1000-ft section of German Gulch Creek near the confluence with Silver
Bow Creek was electrof ished on July 26 and August 7, 1984. Game fish captured
were westslope cutthroat trout, brook trout and brown trout. No non-game fish
were captured. Table 1 summarizes the electrof ishing survey data for the
Durant Section.
The standing crop of trout in this section was estimated using a mark-
recapture method (Table 2). This section supports about 346 trout weighing 42
pounds. Westslope cutthroat trout accounted for 67% of the total trout
numbers and 76% of the total biomass; brook trout accounted for 33% of the
trout numbers and 24% of the biomass.
Average lengths and weights of westslope cutthroat and brook trout by age
class are shown in Table 3.
Below Beefstraight Creek Section
A 1000-ft section of German Gulch Creek below the confluence of Beef-
straight Creek was electrof ished on July 26 and August 6, 1984. Game fish
captured were westslope cutthroat trout and brook trout. No non-game fish
were captured. Table 4 summarizes the electrof ishing survey data for this
section.
The standing crop of trout in this section was estimated using a mark-
recapture method (Table 5). This section supports about 301 trout weighing 33
pounds. Westslope cutthroat trout accounted for 43% of the total trout
numbers and 64% of the total trout biomass; brook trout accounted for 57% of
the trout numbers and 36% of the biomass.
-4-
Average lengths and weights of wcstslope cutthroat and brook trout bv age
class are shown in Table 6.
Below Edward Creek Section
A 1000-ft section of German Gulch Creek below the confluence of Edward
Creek was electrof ished on July 26 and August 6, 1984. Game fish captured
were westslope cutthroat trout and brook trout. No non-game fish were
captured. Table 7 summarizes the electrof ishing survey data for the Below
Edward Creek Section.
The standing crop of trout in this section was estimated using a mark-
recapture method (Table 8). This section supports about 209 trout weighing
16 pounds. Westslope cutthroat trout accounted for 80% of the total trout
numbers and 88% of the biomass; brook trout accounted for 20% of the trout
numbers and 12% of the biomass.
Average lengths and weights of westslope cutthroat and brook trout by age
class are shown in Table 9.
Discussion
German Gulch Creek supports a unique and productive fishery. Of primary
significance is the presence of a healthy population of genetically-pure
westslope cutthroat trout. Tests conducted by the University of Montana
Genetics Laboratory confirmed both the purity of this population and genetic
distinctions from other populations of westslope cutthroat trout that have
been examined (see Appendix A) .
Westslope cutthroat trout arc classified as a species of special concern
by the State of Montana due to declining numbers, loss of habitat and inter-
breeding with other species. Pure westslope populations have been documented
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for only 25 Montana streams, representing 1.1% of the historic range (Liknes
1984) . Liknes speculates that approximately 4% of the historic Montana range
may still be occupied by pure westslope populations. A perusal of the popu-
lation densities of pure-strain westslope cutthroat described by Liknes
suggests German Gulch Creek supports one of the highest biomasses per stream
of any of the pure westslope streams in Montana.
The trout population of German Gulch Creek is compared with those of
13 streams found on the adjoining Mount Haggin Wildlife Management Area in
Table 10. German Gulch supports the second highest biomass of all of these
streams, and the sixth highest numbers of trout. While German Gulch and
Willow Creek are the only two streams in the area supporting cutthroat
populations, the cutthroat population of Willow Creek has been determined to
be of the Yellowstone strain (Oswald 1981).
The numbers, biomass and genetic purity of the westslope cutthroat
population indicate a valuable fishery resource. Given the rarity of pure-
strain westslope cutthroat trout populations and the presence of a biological
barrier downstream (Silver Bow Creek) to prevent upstream migration and
potential introgression of rainbow trout, every effort should be made to
protect and enhance this population.
-6-
INSTREAM FLOW RECOMMENDATIONS
The instream flows needed to maintain the fish populations of German
Gulch at their current level were quantified using the wetted perimeter/
inflection point method (Nelson 1984) (see Appendix B) . Basically, the method
provides a range of flows from which a single recommendation is selected. The
flow at the high end of the range (the flow at the uppermost inflection point
on the wetted perimeter-flow curve) is intended to maintain the high level of
aquatic habitat potential. High level aquatic habitat potential is that flow
regime which will consistently produce abundant, healthy and thriving aquatic
populations. In the case of game fish species, these flows would produce
abundant game fish populations capable of sustaining a good to excellent sport
fishery for the size of stream involved. For rare, threatened or endangered
species, flows to accomplish the high level of aquatic habitat maintenance
would: I) provide the high population levels needed to ensure the continued
existence of that specie, or 2) provide the flow levels above those which
would adversely affect the specie.
The flow at the low end of the range (the flow at the lowermost
inflection point on the wetted perimeter-flow curve) provides for a low level
of aquatic habitat potential. Flows to accomplish a low level of aquatic
habitat maintenance would provide for only a low population of the species
present. In the case of game fish species, a poor sport fishery could still
be provided. For rare, threatened or endangered species, populations would
exist at low or marginal levels. In some cases, this flow level would not be
sufficient to maintain certain species.
-7-
The final recommendation is selected from this range of flows on the
basis of the stream resource rating. The critical component of this rating is
the fish population data. A marginal or poor fishery would likely justify a
flow recommendation at or near the lower inflection point unless other
considerations, such as the presence of species of special concern, warrant a
higher flow. In general, only streams with exceptional resident fish popu-
lations or those providing crucial spawning and/or rearing habitats for
migratory populations would be considered for a recommendation at or near the
upper inflection point.
Because German Gulch supports exceptionally high numbers of genetically
pure westslope cutthroat trout, a species of special concern in Montana, the
flow at the uppermost inflection point on the wetted perimeter-flow curve is
recommended for the period of June 16 through May 15.
For the high flow or snow runoff period of May 16 through June 15, the
dominant discharge/channel morphology concept (Montana Department of Fish and
Game 1979) was used to derive instream flow recommendations. The high flow
recommendations are intended to flush the annual accumulation of bottom
sediments and to maintain the existing channel morphology.
Recommendations were derived for two sites on German Gulch as described
in the following sections.
German Gulch - Below Beefstraight Creek.
Cross-sectional measurements for use in the wetted perimeter/inflection
point method were made in a 96-ft section of German Gulch (SW, NW, NE, Sec.
26, T3N, R10W) located downstream from the confluence of Beefstraight Creek
(Figure 1). Five riffle cross-sections were established in this section.
-8-
The wetted perimeter (WETP) computer program was calibrated to field data
collected at flows of 13.3, 34.2 and 72.6 cfs.
The relationship between wetted perimeter and flow for the composite of
five riffle cross-sections is shown in Figure 2. A prominent upper inflection
point occurs at an approximate flow of 12 cfs. A flow of 12 cfs is therefore
recommended for the low flow period of June 16 through May 15.
For the high flow or snow runoff period of May 16 through June 15, the
dominant discharge/channel morphology concept was applied using USGS flow
records for the gage on German Gulch (No. 12323500) located 0.5 miles upstream
from the mouth. These high flow recommendations are shown in Table 11.
German Gulch - Below Edward Creek.
Cross-sectional measurements for use in the wetted perimeter/inflection
point method were made in an approximate 30-ft section of German Gulch (SW,
NW, SE, Sec. 34, T3N, R10W) located downstream from the confluence of Edward
Creek (Figure 1). Five riffle cross-sections were established in this
section. The WETP computer program was calibrated to field data collected at
flows of 2.7, 9.4 and 25.3 cfs.
The relationship between wetted perimeter and flow for the composite of
five riffle cross-sections is shown in Figure 3. A prominent upper inflection
point occurs at an approximate flow of 2.5 cfs. A flow of 2.5 cfs is there-
fore recommended for the low flow period of June 16 through May 15.
Flow recommendations for the higli flow period cannot be derived due to
the absence of long-term USGS gage records for this site.
-9-
Discussion of Flow Recommendations
A policy of the MDFWP when deriving flow recommendations for unregulated
mountain streams supporting fish is to prohibit flow depletions in winter.
The justification for protecting winter flows is primarily based on the fact
that winter is the period most detrimental to trout survival in mountain
streams exposed to icing and other severe weather conditions. For these
streams, the harsh winter environment ultimately limits the numbers and pounds
of trout that can be maintained indefinitely by the aquatic habitat. Winter
flow depletions would only serve to aggravate an already stressful situation,
leading to even greater winter losses and the possible devastation of fish
populations.
The fact that the flows in Montana's mountain streams are lowest in the
winter further justifies the policy of protecting winter flows. The assump-
tion that more water provides space for more fish has led to the well-accepted
conclusion that the period of lowest stream flows is most limiting to fish.
The coupling of the low flow period with harsh winter weather conditions, as
occurs in Montana, greatly increases the severity of the stream environment in
winter.
The recommended instream flows for German Gulch will preclude all water
depletions in winter (November through March) and some other periods as well.
This is demonstrated in Table 12, which compares the flow recommendations for
the Below Beefstraight Greek study site to the 10th, 50th and 90th percentile
monthly flows at the USGS gage located 0.5 miles upstream from the mouth. The
10th, 50th and 90th percentile flows provide a measure of stream flows during
a very wet, typical and drought year, respectively.
-10-
During a very wet year (10th percentile flows), the recommendations equal
or exceed the available flows for the months of October through March.
Therefore, water would be unavailable for consumptive uses during these six
months. During a typical or normal water year (50th percentile flows), the
recommendations equal or exceed the available flows for the months of August
through March, making water unavailable for consumptive uses during these
eight months. During a drought year (90th percentile flows), the recommen-
dations exceed the available flows for all months, thus preventing depletions
year-round .
Given the extremely high aquatic resource value of German Gulch and the
Department's policy of recommending flows that will maintain the fisheries
resource at its present level, lesser recommendations cannot be justified for
German Gulch.
-11-
WATER QUALITY
Water Quality Methods
Water quality of German Gulch Creek was monitored on July 18, August 6,
and September 4, 1984. Locations sampled were downstream from the confluence
with Edward Creek, downstream from the confluence with Beefstraight Creek, and
near the mouth.
Water temperature and electrical conductivity were measured in the field.
Surface grab samples were also taken and were later analyzed for calcium,
magnesium, bicarbonate, sulfate, nitrate and nitrite (as N) , hardness (as
CaCO ) , zinc, iron, and copper. Finally, a depth integrated sample was taken
and total suspended solids concentration was later determined.
Metals samples were acidified in the field with concentrated nitric acid;
nutrient samples were preserved with sulfuric acid. Standard procedures were
used for all analytical measurements (APHA 1975). The Laboratory Division of
the Montana Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, an EPA-certif ied
laboratory, performed the laboratory analyses.
Water Quality Results
The quality of water in German Gulch Creek is presently excellent (Table
13). Calcium is the predominant cation and bicarbonate is the predominant
anion. The upper reaches in the vicinity of Edward Creek are relatively low
in hardness and alkalinity. Below Beefstraight Creek, both the alkalinity and
hardness more than doubled in concentration. Because of the above, pH
increased from an average of 7.80 below Edward Creek to 8.30 near the mouth.
-12-
All analyzed metals were present at low concentrations. Zinc and copper
concentrations were near or below detection limits on all three sampling
dates; iron concentrations were also low. Concentrations of all three metals
were well below established criteria for protection of aquatic life (EPA
1976). Similarly, concentrations of nitrate and nitrite (as nitrogen) were
near or below detection.
Water quality concerns raised in association with the proposed mine
include acid mine drainage, metals pollution, and increased nutrient
additions. The relatively low buffering capacity and hardness of the upper
reaches of German Gulch Creek render it vulnerable to acid mine drainage and
metals pollution if they were to occur. Usage of nitrogenous blasting
compounds at the mine could also significantly increase nutrient loading in
the drainage.
Chlorophyll Methods
Natural stream substrates (small rocks having dimensions on the order of
3 to 9 cm length, 2 to 5.5 cm width, and 1 to A cm height) with attached
periphyton were collected on July 18, 1984 from German Gulch Creek near Butte.
Samples were collected from the same three locations chosen for water monitor-
ing. Rocks were randomly removed from the stream bottom and were placed in
pint canning jars; typically, five rocks were placed in each jar. The jars
were then capped, labeled, and wrapped in aluminum foil to prevent light from
entering. Jars were transferred in ice to the laboratory where the samples
were frozen to prevent breakdown of chlorophyll.
Jars were later removed from the freezer and a known volume of 90% v/v
acetone was added to each. The jars were then recapped and stored for 21 to
22.5 hours under refrigerated conditions (occasional agitation was provided)
-13-
to provide time for the chlorophyll and other pigments to leach into the
acetone. Previous work has shown that 90% of the periphytic pigments are
leached into solution after 20 to 24 hours (Weber et al 1980). Next, an
aliquot of the acetone was transferred to a curette and absorbance was
measured using a Bausch and Lomb Spectronic 70 Spectrophotometer. Finally,
surface area of the rocks was estimated by the method of Kaiser et al (1977),
and periphyton standing crop was estimated via the chlorophyll levels accord-
ing to the chromatic equations that are presented in Weber et al (1980).
Chlorophyll Results
In general, there was good agreement between replicates from all three
locations (Table 14). The stream reach below Beef straight Creek appears to be
less productive than either of the other two sampling locations. Greatest
production of periphytic biomass occurred near the mouth.
Periphyton productivity of German Gulch Creek is relatively high compared
to other Montana streams (Ingman et al 1979, Bahls et al 1981), and was in a
range similar to that reported for the Yellowstone River near Billings
(Klarich 1976). Estimated average standing crop of chlorophyll for Montana
2
waters (assuming an asymptote at 35 days) is 1 . 7 ug Chi a/cm . Periphyton
2
standing crops in German Gulch below Edward Creek (3.19 ug CHI a/cm ) and near
2
the mouth (4.16 ug Chi a/cm ) were well above this average. Nitrogen
compounds measured during the water monitoring were present at very low
concentrations. Perhaps German Gulch Creek is nitrogen limited.
-14-
PERIPHYTON
Periphyton Methods
Periphyton samples were collected from each of the three German Gulch
Inventory sites by scraping natural stream bottom materials (primarily gravel
and larger rock substrates) with a sharp utensil. The scrapings were then
immediately transferred on site to small, labelled vials, and they were
preserved with Lugol's solution for transport and storage until laboratory
analyses could be undertaken of the gulch's periphyton communities.
The laboratory evaluations of the natural substrate scrapings from the
German Gulch stations were separately initiated by first removing the
obviously non-diatomaceous plant matter from the vials for a microscopic
taxonomic examination and generic identification. As an added step, temporary
wet mounts of a small portion of the less well-defined part of the same
collections were prepared to further check for the presence of any soft-bodied
algal filaments and cells. This accessory manipulation led to the initiation
of supplemental generic identifications, and qualitative abundance estimates
were also made for each of the soft-bodied algal forms that were encountered
in the three project samples. Subsequently, permanent mounts were prepared
from the scrapings from each of the sites for use in conducting the diatom
species and variety taxonomic assessments and for use in completing the diatom
percent relative abundance (PRA) tabulations.
To prepare the permanent slides for each of the project's periphyton
collections, aliquots of the collected periphytic materials from the three
sites were separately oxidized and treated in accord with the procedures that
-15-
are presented in Standard Methods (American Public Health Association et al
1975). This was done to clean the diatom frustules for the purpose of facili-
tating the essential taxonomic work, and the cleansing technique resulted in
the production of three randomly strewn mounts that are directly amenable to a
microscopic evaluation. These slides were then surveyed microscopically in a
preliminary fashion in order to develop taxa listings of the stations' diatom
assemblages. This particular analytical step required the application of a
taxonomic keying effort by referencing the appropriate literature sources
(e.g., Patrick and Reimer 1966), and the diatoms were identified to the
generic, specific, and varietal systematic levels as this proved to be
feasible in any particular case.
Following such preliminary applications, the diatoms on each of the
slides were partially and randomly counted by taxa in a formal manner until a
total of about 415 frustules had been tabulated for each of the preparations.
The modified short-count approach that was used has been described by Weber
(1973), and PRA values were ultimately calculated for each of the diatom taxa
that had been formally counted from any one of the permanent slides. However,
a "trace" designation had to be assigned to those diatoms of a mount that were
spotted in the various preliminary scans but then not actually tabulated
during the formal counts.
The raw data of the inventory's periphyton community analyses therefore
consist of the diatom and non-diatom taxa listings plus the diatom's PRA
values and the qualitative abundance estimates of the soft-bodied forms.
These raw data can be obtained from the collecting agency. But as a final
analytical step, the project's diatom count data were later reduced and
refined for the interpretive and descriptive needs of this report by calcu-
lating Shannon-Wiener diversity and index values for each of the station's
-16-
periphyton collections. The mathematical manipulations that are involved in
producing such indices are extensively described in Weber (1973).
Periphyton Results
Four soft-bodied algal genera (the blue-green Nostoc and Oscillatoria,
and the green algae Closterium and Ulothrix) and a minimum of 82 species and
varieties of diatoms were identified through the three German Gulch samples.
A list of periphyton species and calculations of percent relative abundance
for the German Gulch study sites are included in Appendix C. A breakdown of
the taxa numbers by site and the diversity and equitability characteristics of
the stations are presented in Table 15. The number of different taxa that
were recognized in the scrapings from a site provides a general indication of
the stations' floral richness, while the diversity and equitability expres-
sions function to illustrate the overall structure of a periphyton community.
Of the non-diatomaceous algae, Oscillatoria and Closterium were found to
be relatively rare through all three of the project sites, while Nostoc was
seen to be fairly abundant at the upper and middle locations on the gulch but
non-abundant in its lower reach. In opposition, Ulothrix was observed to be
quite common at the gulch's downstream station but rare at its upstream
locales. However, the low or high abundances of these particular soft-bodied
forms do not necessarily point to the existence of any distinct environmental
problems; rather, Nostoc, as one example, is oftentimes prevalent in waters
that can be described as having a largely pristine nature (Ingman et al 1979).
Of the many diatom taxa, a significant proportion (82%) proved to be
relatively uncommon components of the gulch's periphytic associations with
mean PRA's across the stations at less than 2.0%. But the low abundances of
this particular group of diatoms are again not necessarily suggestive of
-17-
environmental perturbations since a large coterie of miscellaneous species is
almost always typical of a healthy ecological system. At the same time, the
occurrence of a small selection of abundant forms is also descriptive of most
periphyton communities. In keeping with this theme, fifteen of the German
Gulch diatom taxa with mean PRA values in excess of 2.0% can be classified as
being conspicuous and common periphytic representatives of the project water-
way by demonstrating high abundances at one or more of the sites.
The more common of the German Gulch diatoms can be listed as follows in
the order of their relative abundance levels and their mean PRA values:
Fragilaria vaucheriae (11.1%), Gomphonema olivaceum (9.1%), Cocconeis
placentula (9.1%), Achnanthes lanceolata (9.0%), Nitzschia dissipata (6.9%),
Navicula cryptocephala variety veneta (5.4%) , Hannaea arcus (3.8%) , Fragilaria
pinnata (3.1%), Rhoicosphenia curvata (3.1%), Achnanthes minutissima (2.8%),
Synedra ulna (2.5%), Nitzscia kutzingiana (2.5%), Cymbella affinis (2.3%),
Diatoma hiemale variety mesodon (2. 1%) , and Navicula tripunctata (2. 1%) .
Ten examples of the 67 less common German Gulch diatoms with some
recorded in trace (t) amounts can be listed as follows: Amphipleura pellucida
(0.07%), Cymbella sinuata (1.3%), Didymosphenia geminata (t) , Eunotia perpu-
silla (0.17%), Meridian circulare (0.7%), Navicula lanceolata (t) , Nitzschia
palea (1.5%), Pinnularia borealis (0.1%), Stauroneis smithii (t) , and Suri-
rella ovata (1.0%). Furthermore, extremely large numbers of diatom species
and varieties (and genera) were not observed in the German Gulch samples
(e.g., Biddulphia laevis, Epithemia sorex, and Gyrosigma acuminatum) .
However, such broad-ranging absences can be judged as commonplace through all
of the earth's biological assemblages, and the occurrence of missing taxa
thereby is certainly not unique to the German Gulch periphyton communities.
-18-
The fifteen common German Gulch diatoms accounted for about 72% of the
study's total frustule counts, and the remaining tabulations were thinly
spread among the 67 remaining, less common forms. Such a dominance by a
disproportionately small assortment of species is in agreement with the
community structures that can be recognized in most of the natural biological
systems. In the case of extensively polluted streams, this dominance would be
more thickly spread across a much smaller set of periphytic organisms with a
much reduced level of floral richness, i.e., with a much narrower selection of
the rarer diatom species, and such pollutive restrictions do not appear to be
evident in the German Gulch collections.
The environmental status of German Gulch was additionally judged by
reviewing the Shannon-Wiener diversity numbers of the three periphyton
samples. To set the stage for making such evaluations, the refined data of
this kind that are now on hand for numerous Montana streams as available in
Tngman et al (1979), Bahls et al (1979), and Bahls et al (1981) were first
assessed for comparative purposes. As revealed by these reports, a statewide
average of 42.7 diatom taxa was secured for the summer season with an average
Shannon-Wiener diversity value for this same period of 3.99. These mean
values can then be used as a reference point for judging the biological
aspects and the structures of the German Gulch periphyton scrapings.
In conjunction with such statewide means, Montana's streams also produced
a typically high taxa count of 63.6 species with a maximum of 67, and 12% of
the collections produced taxa numbers in excess of 60 species. The streams
further produced a typically high diversity of A. 87 with a maximum of 5.00,
and 12% of the samples provided diversities in excess of 4.77 units.
Contrariwise, these same Montana waters produced typically low taxa numbers
and diversity levels of 25.1 and 2.85 respectively with minimums of 22 and
-19-
2.55, and 12% of the statewide collections demonstrated taxa numbers and
diversities below 30 and 3.20 units during the warm weather season.
In terms of interpretation as outlined by Ingman et al (1979) and Weber
(1973), stream periphyton samples with diatom species numbers and Shannon-
Wiener diversities around or in excess of the statewide means (i.e., greater
than about 40 taxa to a maximum near 67 with a diversity greater than 4.00 to
a maximum of about 5.00 units) would tend to be indicative of an excellent
biological health with the absence of any marked pollutive stress or other
perturbations. In general, periphyton collections with somewhat lower taxa
numbers between 25 and 40 and with somewhat lower diversities between 3.00 and
4.00 units are also indicative of fairly good environmental conditions. How-
ever, values in these latter ranges could be suggestive of the occurrence of
comparatively mild instream problems, and the likelihood and severity of such
a potential stress would be expected to be enhanced to some small degree as
the taxa numbers and diversities fall to the 25 and 3.00 level respectively.
But as a more consistent and accurate reference guideline, periphytic
taxa numbers and diversities that lie below the 25 and 3.00 levels respective-
ly have been found to be more definitely suggestive of a pollutive problem.
Furthermore, a progressively greater severity of instream stress might be
anticipated with the lower diversity values in those instances where diver-
sities are found to reside in the 3.00 to zero range. Periphytic diversities
below 2.00, in turn, are particularly demonstrative of an extreme perturbation
with the zero value representative of the diagnostic limit.
Periphytic evidence of somewhat marked environmental difficulties has
been uncovered for a small number of Montana's streams as revealed by the
minimum statewide taxa number and diversity readings that were listed
previously. However, the below 2.00 diversity extreme was not uncovered while
-20-
conducting the statewide biological inventories, and this fact points to the
overall good environmental health that is evident in most of the State's
waters. As will be described below, German Gulch would appear to fall into
this same "good-health" category.
With regard to the German Gulch periphyton collections, diatom taxa
numbers and diversities as summarized in Table 15 were found to be typically
above or near the state averages, and they were observed to be well above the
diagnostically critical 25 and 2.00 or 3.00 levels. These juxtapositions
thereby are indicative of a generally good biological health along the gulch
with absence of any significant environmental degradations. In relation to
the lower German Gulch site near its mouth, taxa numbers and diversities were
calculated to be somewhat lower than those upstream, but they remain adequate-
ly high so as to be also suggestive of a fairly good biological condition.
For the most part, therefore, German Gulch can be readily distinguished from
those few Montana streams that demonstrated relatively low diversity values
and that demonstrated the potential for facing adverse environmental stress.
Nevertheless, the fact that the taxa numbers and diversities of the lower
gulch site fell into the 25 to 40 and 3.00 to 4.00 ranges points to the
possible occurrence of some very mild environmental problems in the bottom
section of the waterway. Thus, another statistical evaluation was performed
leading to the calculation of equitability indices in order to shed additional
light on the environmental status of the lower gulch station.
Along with diversity, equitability is another community index that can
be used as a check to further assess the ecological shape of a periphyton
collection. This equitability index (e) basically compares the number of taxa
that were actually retrieved from a sampling site with a theoretical taxa
number that should have been obtained in response to the sample's diversity on
-21-
the basis of a mathematical model (Weber 1973). Values for e that are near
one show a close correspondence of the field data to the theoretical model
with a highly equitable distribution of abundances among the collected taxa.
Values of e near zero show the opposite trend and a distinctively inequitable
distribution of abundances among the collected organisms. In the main,
healthy and unpolluted ecosystems tend to demonstrate a highly equitable
abundance distribution with index values above 0.50, while degraded and
disturbed ecosystems tend to show a poor equitability with index values below
0.50 and approaching zero.
Most commonly, equitability numbers between 0.60 and 0.80 are obtained
from nondegraded streams, and higher e values near 1.00 are rarely found in
the real world. As a result, periphytic samples exhibiting e readings between
0.60 and 0.80 are definitely indicative of good environmental conditions and a
lack of severe pollution. In a few rare occasions, e values above 0.80 can be
obtained; such high indices are also suggestive of non-polluting situations,
although they typically refer to a natural physical stress as might be
subjected in a torrential stream.
At the other end of the scale, low e numbers between 0.00 and 0.30 are
fairly accurately diagnostic of some types of instream disturbance that causes
an inequitable distribution of abundance among the taxa, and even fairly
slight degradations can depress a community's equitability rating to such a
low level (Weber 1973). In response, periphyton collections that produce poor
equitabilities and index values in this lower 0.00 and 0.30 range are
suggestive of environmental perturbations in the associated stream reach.
Equitabilities in the 0.30 to 0.60 range, which affords an intermediate
condition, are representative of borderline or marginal situations as follows:
values of e above 0.50 but less than 0.60 would tend to delineate the somewhat
-22-
low probability of a very small impact, while e values below 0.50 but above
0.30 would tend to delineate the greater likelihood of some adverse but
largely mild environmental effect.
With reference to the German Gulch equitability calculations, both the
species and the varietal equitabilities in Table 15 were observed to lie in
the 0.60 to 0.80 range for all three of the German Gulch stations, and these
observations point to a good environmental health with the absence of any
significant pollutive stress. Equitabilities were seen to decline to a small
extent to the lower gulch site in parallel with this station's reduced
Shannon-Wiener diversities, and this downstream drop in diversity was inter-
preted to illustrate the development of a very mild perturbation in the lower
reach of the gulch. But the fact that the bottom station's periphyton equit-
ability was greater than 0.60 acts to confirm the mildness of the potential
effect, if such an effect actually exists.
Based on these diversity and equitability index assessments, German Gulch
appears to be in an excellent to good environmental and biological condition
at the present time. Therefore, the prediction of the absence of any marked
pollutive inputs into the waters of the gulch would seem to be a valid
judgment that can now be put forth for the project's waterway.
•23-
AQUATIC MACROINVERTEBRATES
Study Area
Aquatic macroinvertebrate sample sites were located at three stations
(Upper, Middle and Lower), which correspond to the same stations at which fish
population data were collected. The Upper, Middle and Lower stations corre-
spond to the Below Edward Creek, Below Beef straight Creek and Durant Sections,
respectively, described in the Fisheries section.
Methods
Aquatic macroinvertebrates were collected with a modified Surber sampler
which had a one square foot sample surface area. Three square foot samples
were collected from each of the three sample sites on May 21, 1984 and
August 6, 1984. The sampler was placed in riffle habitats which had cobble
substrates (3" to 6") and depths of approximately 6 inches. Invertebrates
were collected by scrubbing the larger cobble with a brush and disturbing the
finer substrate with a three-pronged garden claw. Samples were concentrated
in a series 30 sieve, transferred to labelled containers and preserved in 10%
formalin. The samples were returned to the laboratory where macroinverte-
brates were separated from the gravel and detritus by order and transferred to
labelled vials containing 70% ethanol.
Macroinvertebrates were identified to the lowest practicable taxon,
usually genus or species, and enumerated. Identifications were made by using
keys written by Allen and Edmunds (1962 and 1963), Bauman et al (1977),
Brinkhurst and Jamieson (1971), Brown (1972), Edmunds et al (1976), Hamilton
-24-
and Saether (1970), Jensen (1966), Johannsen (1934 and 1935) and Wiggins
(1977). Chironomid larvae and microdrile oligochaetes were mounted on glass
microscope slides in Hydramount. Microdrile oligochaetes were cleared in
Amman's lactophenol prior to mounting.
Results
Species Richness and Community Composition
A total of 70 taxa were identified from the German Gulch samples.
Samples collected at the Upper, Middle and Lower Sites yielded 41, 51 and 52
taxa, respectively. Twenty-eight taxa were common to all three sites while
each of the three stations yielded taxa unique to the site (7 at the Upper, 6
at the Middle and 10 at the Lower) . Summer samples exhibited an increase in
species richness over spring samples at all three sample sites (Table 16).
Mean numbers of taxa collected per sample are presented by sample site
and by sample site and season in Table 17. Mean numbers of taxa per square
foot sample are related to species distribution and species diversity in the
sample habitat. The highest mean numbers of taxa per sample occurred at the
Middle Site while the lowest means occurred at the Upper Site. Mean numbers
of taxa per sample showed an increase in the summer samples over the spring
samples at all three stations. Spring numbers of taxa per sample at the Lower
Site were nearly identical to those observed at the Upper Site, while numbers
observed at the Lower Site approximated the mean for the Middle Site.
A checklist of the taxa collected from German Gulch Creek and their
distributions among the three sample sites is presented in Table 18. The
fauna of German Gulch Creek was dominated by rheophilous forms typical of
small montane tributaries. The rheophile community is extremely constant and
-25-
enjoys a worldwide uniformity. The rheophile habitat is marked by steep
gradient, swift current velocity, boulder-rubble-cobble substrates, cold
thermal regime and a periphyton-detritus production base. Examples of rheo-
philous organisms collected in German Gulch Creek included: Cinygmula, Epeorus
spp., I), doddsi, D^. spinif era, C_. hystrix, R.. robusta, Amphinemura, Zapada,
P_. expansa, Parapsyche, Rhyacophila, Glossosoma, Apatania, Heterlimnius
Diamesa , Stempel line 11a, C_. nostocicola, etc. The fauna observed at the Upper
and Lower Sites was generally limited to rheophile forms; however, the fauna
of the Lower Site included facultative forms collected only at that station.
Such facultative forms are common inhabitants of larger rivers and lowland
streams of the region and are tolerant of a wider range of substrate type,
current velocity, dissolved oxygen and water temperature than the rheophile
community. Facultative forms collected only at the Lower Site included:
Pseudocloeon sp., P_. badia, Hydropsyche sp., Narpus sp., Brillia sp., Cardio-
cladius sp., Cricotopus (Cricotopus) sp., Eiseniella sp. and Haplotaxis sp.
Macroinvertebrate Abundance
A total of 3,847 aquatic macroinvertebrates were collected in the German
Gulch samples of which 30% were collected from the Upper Site, 52% from the
Middle Site and 18% from the Lower Site. Summer samples from the Upper and
Lower Sites exhibited marked increases in abundance over the spring samples
(Table 17); however, spring and summer abundance was equal at the Middle Site.
Mean numbers of macroinvertebrates per square foot are presented by
sample site and by sample site and season in Table 17. Macroinvertebrate
2
abundance was lowest at the Lower Site (115/ft ), intermediate at the Upper
Site (191 /ft2) and highest at the Middle Site (335/ft2). The Middle Site
represented a relatively productive habitat characterized by a dense growth of
•26-
filamentous algae on the cobble substrate, while substrates at the Upper and
Lower Sites were colonized by diatoms.
Summer numbers of macroinvertebrates per square foot averaged 213% higher
at the Lower Site and 220% higher at the Upper Site than spring numbers at
either station, while spring and summer abundance was equal at the Middle
Site. This, in conjunction with the suggested increased productivity of the
Middle Site, was probably related to the presence of a large beaver dam
located immediately upstream from the Middle Site. The dam may have afforded
protection from harsh winter ice conditions, thus maintaining high spring
numbers of macroinvertebrates, while providing some nutrient enrichment to
stimulate production.
Macroinvertebrate numbers per sample by individual taxon are given in
Tables 19, 20 and 21 for the Upper, Middle and Lower Sites. Macroinvertebrate
numbers were dominated by Diptera and Ephemeroptera at all three stations.
While numbers of Ephemeroptera were relatively evenly distributed among the
species, numbers of Diptera were markedly dominated by the chironomid,
Cricotopus c.f. nostocicola. This dominance occurred only at the Upper and
Middle Sites. Cricotopus c.f. nostocicola is a midge larva which lives
symbiotically in colonies of the blue-green alga Nostoc and is characteristic
of rheophile habitats.
-27-
REFERENCES
Allen, R.K. and G.F. Edmunds Jr. 1962. A revision of the genus Ephemerella
(Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae) . V The subgenus Prunella in North
America. Misc. Pub. Ent. Soc. Amer. 3:147-179.
1963. A revision of the genus Ephemerella (Ephemeroptera: Ephemer-
ellidae). VI The subgenus Seratella in North America. Ann. Ent. Soc,
Amer. 56:583-600.
American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water
Pollution Control Federation. 1975. Standard methods for the examina-
tion of water and wastewater. 14th Edition, American Public Health
Assoc, Washington, D.C. 1193 pp.
Bahls, L. , M. Fillinger, R. Greene, A. Horpestad, G. Ingman, and E. Weber.
1981. Biological water quality monitoring, eastern Montana, 1979. WQB
Report No. 81-3, Water Quality Bureau, Montana Department of Health and
Environmental Sciences, Helena, Montana. 93 pp.
Bahls, L.L., G.L. Ingman and A. A. Horpestad. 1979. Biological water quality
monitoring, southwest Montana, 1977-78. Water Quality Bureau, Montana
Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Helena, Montana.
60 pp.
Bauman, R.W., A.R. Gaufin, and R.F. Surdick. 1977. The stoneflies (Plecoptera)
of the Rocky Mountains. Mem. Amer. Ent. Soc. 31:1-208.
Brinkhurst, R.O. and B.G.M. Jamieson. 1971. Aquatic Oligochaeta of the world.
Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh. 860 pp.
Brown, H.P. 1972. Aquatic Dryopoid beetles (Coleoptera) of the United States.
Biota of freshwater ecosystems, Ident. Manual No. 6, Water Poll. Con.
Res. Series 18050 ELD, USEPA. 81 pp.
Edmunds, G.F. Jr., S.L. Jensen, and L. Berner. 1976. The mayflies of North and
Central America. U. of Minn. Press, Minneapolis. 330 pp.
Environmental Protection Agency. 1976. Quality criteria for water. Office of
Water and Hazardous Materials, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, D.C. 256 pp.
Hamilton, A.L. and O.A. Saether. 1970. Key to the genera of midge larvae.
(Unpub.) Freshwater Inst., FRBC, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
Hart, D.S. and M.A. Brusven, 1976. Comparison of benthic insect communities in
six small Idaho Batholith streams. Melanderia 23:1-18.
•28-
Hurlbert, S.H. 1971. The non-concept of species diversity: a critique and
alternative parameters. Ecology 52:577-586.
Hynes, H.B.N. 1970a. The ecology of running waters. U. of Toronto Press,
Toronto. 555 pp.
. 1970b. The ecology of stream insects. Ann. Rev. of Ent. 15:25-42
Ingman, G.L., L.L. Bahls, and A. A. Horpestad. 1979. Biological water quality
monitoring, northcentral Montana, 1977-1978. Water Quality Bureau,
Montana Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Helena,
Montana. 64 pp.
Jensen, S.L. 1966. The mayflies of Idaho. (Unpub.) M.S. Thesis, U. of Utah,
Salt Lake City. 367 pp.
Johannsen, O.A. 1934. Aquatic Diptera part 1. Nemocera exclusive of Chiro-
nomidae and Ceratopogonidae. Mem. Cornell U. Ag. Exp. Sta. 164:1-71.
. 1935. Aquatic Diptera part 2. Orthorrapha-Brachycera and Cyclor-
rapha. Mem. Cornell U. Ag. Exp. Sta. 177:1-62.
Kaiser, G.L., D.A. Klarich, and J.L. Thomas. 1977. Agricultural non-point
source water quality monitoring and sampling. Middle Yellowstone
Areawide Planning Organization FWPCAA Section 208 Final Report,
Independent Consultants, Billings, Montana. 115 pp.
Klarich, D.A. 1976. Estimates of primary production and periphyton community
structure in the Yellowstone River (Laurel to Huntley, Montana) . Water
Quality Bureau, Montana Department of Health and Environmental
Sciences, Billings, Montana.
Liknes, G.A. 1984. The present status and distribution of the westslope
cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki lewisi) east and west of the Continental
Divide in Montana. Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks,
Helena, Montana. Draft. 163 pp.
Lowe, R.L. 1974. Environmental requirements and pollution tolerance of fresh-
water diatoms. EPA-670/4-74-005, Environmental Monitoring Series,
Office of Research and Development, National Environmental Research
Center, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 333 pp.
Montana Department of Fish and Game. 1979. Instream flow evaluation for
selected streams in the upper Missouri River Basin. Montana Department
of Fish, Wildlife and Parks, Helena, Montana. 254 pp.
Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. 1981. Instream flow evaluation
for selected waterways in western Montana. Montana Department of Fish,
Wildlife and Parks, Helena, Montana. 340 pp.
Nelson, F.A. 1984. Guidelines for using the wetted perimeter (WETP) computer
program of the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Montana
Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks, Helena, Montana. 55 pp.
-29-
Oswald, R.A. 1981. Aquatic resources inventory of the Mount Haggin Area.
Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks, Helena, Montana. 89 pp.
Patrick, R. and C.W. Reimer. 1966. The diatoms of the United States. Volume 1.
Monograph No. 13, The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 688 pp.
Vincent, E.R. 1971. River electrof ishing and fish population estimates. Prog.
Fish Cult. 33(3): 163-169.
1974. Addendum to river electrof ishing and fish population
estimates. Prog. Fish Cult. 36(3): 182.
Weber, C.I., L.A. Fay, G.B. Collins, D. Rathke, and J. Towbin. 1980. The
status of methods for the analysis of chlorophyll in periphyton and
plankton. Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio. 87 pp.
Weber, C.I., Ed. 1973. Biological field and laboratory methods for measuring
the quality of surface waters and effluents. EPA-670/4-73-001 , Environ-
mental Monitoring Series, Office of Research and Development, National
Environmental Research Center, Environmental Protection Agency,
Cincinnati, Ohio.
Wiggins, G.B. 1977. Larvae of the North American caddisfly genera (Trichop-
tera) . U. of Toronto Press, Toronto. 401 pp.
-30-
Table 1. Summary of electrof ishing survey data collected for the 1000-ft
Durant Section of German Gulch Creek (T3N, R10W, S12.13) on July
26 and August 7, 1984.
Species
Westslope cutthroat
Brook trout
Brown trout
No. Captured
201
79
1
Length Range (inches)
2.5 - 11.3
2.3 - 8.6
8.3
Table 2. Estimated standing crop of trout in the 1000-ft Durant Section of
German Gulch Creek (T3N, R10W, S12.13) on July 26, 1984 (80% con-
fidence intervals in parentheses).
Species
Length Group
(inches)
Per 1000 Feet
Number Pounds
Westslope cutthroat 4.0 - 5.9
6.0 -11.3
Brook trout
4.0 - 5.9
6.0 - 8.6
84
149
233 (+ 34)
67
46
113 (+ 29)
4
28
32 (+4)
3
_7
10 (+4)
Total Trout
346 (+ 45)
42 (+ 4)
-31-
Table 3. Average length and weight of cutthroat and brook trout by age class in
the Durant Section of German Gulch Creek (T3N, R10W, S12.13).
Species
Westslope cutthroat
Brook trout
Average Average
Age Class
Leng
th (inches)
We:
Lght (pounds)
I
5.0
0.05
II
7.0
0.13
III
8.2
0.21
IV+
9.2
0.30
I
4.6
0.04
II
6.3
0.09
III+
7.8
0.19
Table 4. Summary of electrof ishing survey data collected for the 1000-ft Below
Beefstraight Creek Section of German Gulch Creek (T3N, R10W, S26) on
July 26 and August 6, 1984.
Species No. Captured Length Range (inches)
Westslope cutthroat 112 2.3 - 10.5
Brook trout 125 1.9 - 9.6
-32-
Table 5. Estimated standing crop of trout in the 1000-ft Below Beefstraight Creek
Section of German Gulch Creek (T3N, R10W, S26) on July 26, 1984
(80% confidence intervals in parentheses).
Species Length Group (inches)
Westslope cutthroat 4.0 - 5.9
6.0 -10.5
Brook trout
4.0 - 5.9
6.0 - 9.6
Per 1000 Feet
Number Pounds
30
101
131 (+ 25)
109
61
170 (+ 42)
1
20
21 < + 4)
4
_8
12 (+2)
Total Trout
301 (+ 42)
33 (+ 4)
Table 6. Average lengths and weights of Westslope cutthroat and brook trout by
age class in the Below Beefstraight Creek Section of German Gulch Creek
(T3N, R10W, S26).
Species
Westslope cutthroat
Brook trout
Average
Average
Age CI
ass
Length (inches)
We
ight (pounds)
I
4.8
0.04
II
6.9
0.13
III
8.3
0.22
IV+
9.7
0.35
I
6.4
0.10
II
8.3
0.21
III
9.4
0.32
33-
Table 7. Summary of electrof ishing survey data collected for the 1000-ft below
Edward Creek Section of German Gulch Creek (T3N, R10W, S34) on July
26 and August 6, 1984.
Species
Westslope cutthroat
Brook trout
No. Captured
147
43
Length Range (Inches)
2.8 - 10.6
2.0 - 8.1
Table 8. Estimated standing crop of trout in the 1000-ft Below Edward Creek
Section of German Gulch Creek (T3N, R10W, S34) on July 26, 1984
(80% confidence intervals in parentheses) .
Species
Length Group (inches)
Per 1000 Feet
Number Pounds
Westslope cutthroat
Brook trout
4.0 - 5.9
6.0 -10.6
3.2 - 5.9
6.0 - 8.1
123 6
45 _8
168 (+ 23) 14 (+ 1)
30 1
11 1
41 (+ 10) 2 (+ 0)
Total Trout
209 (+ 25) 16 (+ 1)
•34-
Table 9. Average lengths and weights of westslope cutthroat and brook trout by
age class in the Below Edward Creek Section of German Gulch Creek (T3N,
R10W, S34).
Species
Westslope cutthroat
Brook trout
Average
Average
Age Class
Length
(inches)
We:
Lght (pounds)
I
5.1
0.05
II
7.1
0.14
III
8.6
0.22
IV+
9.3
0.30
I
4.0
0.03
II
6.2
0.10
III+
7.1
0.15
-35-
Table 10. Estimated standing crops of trout in 1000-ft study sections of streams
in the German Gulch vicinity (P denotes presence in numbers too low
to make reliable estimates) (Data from Oswald 1981).
Location
Brook Trout
No. Lbs.
Rainbows
No. Lbs.
Cutthroat
No . Lbs .
Total Trout
No . Lbs .
Seymour
519
41
Sullivan
602
29
Twelve-mile
314
27
Slaughterhouse
182
19
Ten-mile
353
31
Seven-mile
183
13
Deep
166
18
Six-mile
392
13
Oregon
265
24
American
160
12
California
130
16
French1
P
—
Willow
677
37
German Gulch
113
10
(Durant)
P
P
P
18
20
P
8
30
P
3
1
1
3
63
233
8
32
519
41
602
29
314
27
182
19
353
31
183
13
184
21
412
14
265
24
168
13
160
19
740
346
45
42
Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks (1981)
-36-
Table 11. High flow recommendations based on the dominant discharge/channel
morphology concept (USGS flow gage record data).
Time Period Flow Recommendations (cfs)l
May 16 - 31 53
June 1-15 58
1 Plus the dominant discharge of approximately 139 cfs, which should be main-
tained for one 24-hour period during May 16 - June 15.
-37-
Table 12. Instream flow recommendations (cfs) for German Gulch at the Below
Beef straight Creek study site compared to the 10th, 50th and 90th
percentile monthly flows (cfs) .
Percentile Flow (cfs)
Time Period
January
February
March
April
May 1-15
May 16 - 31
June 1 - 15
June 16-30
July
August
September
October
November
December
Recommendations (cfs)
12
12
12
12
122
532
58
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
I
10th 50th 90th
(Wet Year) (Typical Year) (Dry Year)
8.0
6.0
5.0
9.0
6.5
4.3
11.7
7.5
5.0
25.7
15.5
9.3
109. A
150.1
64.0
70.5
41.3
43.3
48.8
26.5
10.6
17.4
12.0
6.3
13.4
9.0
8.0
12.0
9.0
7.0
10.0
8.0
5.3
10.0
7.0
5.0
Derived using the wetted perimeter/inflection point method and the dominant
discharge/channel morphology concept.
Plus the dominant discharge of approximately 139 cfs, which should be main-
tained for one 24-hour period during May 16 - June 15.
Derived by the USGS using recorded and reconstituted flows at the gage site
on German Gulch located 0.5 miles upstream from the mouth (No. 12323500),
1951 - 1982.
The 10th percentile is the flow that is exceeded in 1 of 10 years; in other
terms, in 1 year out of 10 there is more water than the 10th percentile
flowing in the stream.
The 50th percentile is the flow that is exceeded in 5 of 10 years; in other
terms, in 5 years out of 10 there is more water than the 50th percentile
flowing in the stream.
The 90th percentile is the flow that is exceeded in 9 of 10 years; in other
terms, in 9 years out of 10 there is more water than the 90th percentile
flowing in the stream.
38-
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•39-
Table 14. Concentrations of chlorophyll a, b, and c (ug/cm^) for three loca-
tions in German Gulch Creek, July 18, 1984.
Chlorophyll ug/cm^
Location
Below Edward Creek
Replicate 1
Replicate 2
Mean
3.06
3.31
3.19
0.216
0.175
0.196
0.550
0.687
0.619
Below Beefstraight Creek
Replicate 1
Replicate 2
Mean
Near Mouth
Replicate 1
Replicate 2
Mean
0.98
1.45
1.21
0.007
0.012
0.010
0.103
0.129
0.116
3.54
4.77
0.329
0.271
0.419
0.636
4.16
0.300
0.528
-40-
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-41-
Table 16. Analysis of species richness (numbers of seperable taxa) observed
at the Upper, Middle and Lower sample sites on German Gulch Creek
in May and August, 1984.
Upper Middle Lower
Total No. Taxa Per Site 4U Ert 52
Total No. Taxa Per Season SP SU SP SU SP SU
By Sample Site 27 32 37 41 27 49
Mean No. Taxa Per Sample
By Sample Site 20.5 29.3 24.8
Mean No. Taxa Per Sample SP SU S£ SU SP SU
By Sample Site and Season 17.0 24.0 25.3 33.3 17.7 32.0
Table 17. Analysis of aquatic macroinvertebrate abundance in square foot
samples collected at the Upper, Middle and Lower sample sites
on German Gulch Creek in May and August, 1984.
Upper
1145
Middle
2010
Lower
Total Numbers Per Site
692
Total Numbers Per Season
SP SU
SP SU
SP SU
By Sample Site
273 872
1005 1005
167 525
Mean Numbers Per Square Ft
By Sample Site
191
335
115
Mean Numbers Per Square Ft
SP SU
SP SU
SP SU
By Sample Site and Season
91 291
335 335
56 175
-42-
Table 13. Systematic checklist and distribution among sample sites (Upper, Middle
and Lower) of aquatic macroinvertebrates collected from German Gulch
Creek in May and August, 1984.
SPRING
SUMMER
TAXA
Upp Mid Low Upp Mid Low
EPHEMEROPTERA
Siphlonuridae
Ameletus sp.
Baetidae
Baetis bicaudatus
Baetis sop.
Pseudocloeon sp.
Heptaqeniidae
Cinygmula spp.
Epeorus deceptivus
Epeorus grandis
Epeorus lonqimanus
Tfliithrogena robusta
Rhithrogena sp.
Leptophlebiidae
Paraleptophlebia sp.
Ephemerell idae
Caudatella hystrix
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
:
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
-
X
X
X
-
-
-
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
-
-
X
Drunella
coloradensis
Prunella
Prunella
Ephemere
doddsi
spinifera
lla infrequens
Seratelli
i tibialis
PLECOPTERA
Nemouridae
Amphinemura so.
Nemoura sp.
Zapada sp.
Taeniopteryqidae
Taenionema sp.
Capniidae
Capnia group*
Eucapnopsis brevicauda
Pel toper! idae
Yoraperla brevis
Pteronarcydae
Pteronarcella badia
Perlodidae
Cultus sp.
Kogotus sp.
Meqarcys sp.
Pictetiella expansa
Perl idae
Poroneuria theodora
Chloroperlidae
Chloroperl inae**
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X X X
X
X
-43-
Table 18. Continued,
TAXA
SPRING
Upp Mid Low
corpulentus
TRICHOPTERA
Philopotamidae
Pol ophi lodes sp.
Hydropsychidae
Arctopsyche sp.
Hydropsyche sp.
Parapsyche sp.
Rhyacophilidae
Rhyacophila^sppv i
Glossosomatidae
Glossosoma sp.
Hydroptilidae
Aqraylea sp.
Ochrotrichia sp.
Brachycentridae
Brachycentrus sp.
Micrasema so.
Limnephilidae
Apatania sp.
Ecclisomyia sp.
COLEOPTERA
Elmidae
Heterlimnius _
Narpus sp.
Hal iplidae
Brychius sp.
DIPTERA
Tipulidae
Antocha sp.
Hexatoma sp.
Limnophila sp.
Chironomidae
Diamesa sp.
Pseudokiefferiella sp.
Micropsectra sp.
Stempell inel la sp.
Bril 1 ia sp.
Cardiocladius sp.
Cricotopus (C.) sp.
Cricotopus c.f. nostocicola
Cricotopus (C.) / Orthocla'dius (0.)
Eukiefferiella spp.
Orthocladius (Eudactylocladius) spp.
Orthocladius (Euorthocladius) spp.
Parametriocnemus sp.
Paraphaenocladius sp.
X
X
spp,
Simul iidae
Pros i mu liuin
Simul ium so.
SUMMER
Upp
Mid
Low
X
X
—
X
X
-
-
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
-
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
.
X
X
-
-
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
-
™
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
-
-
-
X
X
-
X
X
X
-
-
-
X
so.
-44-
Table 18. Continued
SPRING
SUMMER
TAXA
Upp Mid
Low
Upp Mid
Low
NEMATODA
TURBELLAR1A
OLIGOCHAETA
Lumbricidae
Eiseniella sp.
Haplotaxidae
Haplotaxis sp.
Naididae
c.f. Homochaeta naidina
X
X
X
X
X
X
Total Number of Taxa Collected
27
37
27
32
41
49
* Capnia group = Capnia, Mesocapnia and Utacapnia unseperable in larval staqe.
** Subfamily Chloroperl inae = Alloperla, Suwallia, Sweltsa and Triznaka unseperable
in larval stage.
*** Most species of Cricotopus (Cricotopus) and Orthocladius (Orthocladius) are
unseperable in larval staqe.
-45-
Table 19. Numbers of macroinvertebrates collected per square foot Surber sample from
the Upper Site on German Gulch Creek in May and August, 1984.
Spri
ng Sampl
e
Summer SamD
le
TAXA
A
B
C
TOTAL
A
B
C
TOTAL
EPHEMEROPTERA
Baetis bicaudatus
1
3
2
6
4
20
29
53
Cinyqmula spp.
6
8
11
25
11
1
11
23
Epeorus deceptivus
-
-
-
-
13
6
26
45
E. grandis
-
-
-
-
-
-
15
15
E. longimanus
-
-
1
1
6
1
5
12
Rhithrogena robusta
2
1
2
5
6
2
18
26
Drunella coloradensis
-
10
2
12
2
3
1
6
D. doddsi
-
1
-
1
4
3
2
9
D. spinifera
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
2
Seratella tibialis
-
-
-
-
4
3
7
14
Total Ephemeroptera
9
23
18
50
50
41
114
205
PLECOPTERA
Zapada sp.
1
-
-
1
5
6
19
30
Taenionema sp.
1
3
2
6
-
-
-
-
Capnia group
-
-
-
-
1
1
-
2
Eucapnopsis brevicauda
2
2
1
5
-
-
-
-
Yoraperla brevis
1
-
1
2
-
-
-
-
Meqarcys sp.
-
1
-
1
1
5
2
8
Chloroperlinae
1
1
-
2
1
-
1
2
Total Plecoptera
6
7
4
17
8
12
22
42
TRICHOPTERA
Paraosyche sp.
-
2
-
2
-
3
1
4
Rhyacophila spp.
1
5
1
7
6
6
5
17
Glossosoma sp.
8
7
1
16
2
1
8
11
Agraylea sp.
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
Brachycentrus sp.
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
Micrasema sp.
-
1
-
1
1
-
1
2
Apatania sp.
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
1
Ecclisomyia sp.
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
Total Trichoptera
11
16
2
29
9
11
15
35
COLEOPTERA
Heterlimnius corpulentus
-
-
-
-
3
4
3
10
Total Coleoptera
-
-
-
-
3
4
3
10
DIPTERA
Antocha sp.
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
1
Hexatoma sp.
-
-
1
1
1
-
1
2
Limnophila sp.
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
1
Diamesa sp.
-
-
-
-
1
1
-
2
Pseudokiefferiella sp.
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
1
Micropsectra sp.
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
Stempel linella sp.
1
-
-
1
-
1
-
1
Cricotpus c.f. nostocicola
13
56
64
133
118
351
43
512
Cricotopus / Orthocladius spp.
-
1
-
1
10
-
2
12
Eukiefferiella spp.
1
2
1
4
4
3
1
8
-46-
Table 19. Continued.
Spring Sample
Summer Sample
TAXA
A
B
C TOTAL
A
B
C TOTAL
DIPTERA (Continued)
Orthocladius (Eudact.) sp.
Parametriocnemus sp.
Paraphaenocladius sp.
1
1
1
1
8
4
2 14
Total Diptera
17
60
66 143
144
361
49 554
TURBELLARIA
1
-
1
2
-
2
Total Turbellaria
1
-
I
2
-
2
OLIGOCHAETA
c.f. Homochaeta naidina
5
22
6 33
13
7
4 24
Total Oligochaeta
5
22
6 33
13
7
4 24
TOTAL TAXA
18
19
14
25
24
23
TOTAL NUMBERS MACROINVERTS.
49
128
96 273
229
436
207 872
-47-
Table 20. Numbers of macroinvertebrates collected per square foot Surber sample from
the Middle Site on German Gulch Creek in May and August, 1984.
Spr
ing Sampl
e
Summer Sampl
e
TAXA
A
B
C
TOTAL
A
B
C
TOTAL
EPHEMEROPTERA
Ameletus sp.
2
-
-
2
-
-
-
_
Baetis bicaudatus
20
12
13
45
23
4
14
41
Baetis spp.
7
7
5
19
9
3
9
21
Cinygmula spp.
10
19
12
41
8
4
8
20
Epeorus decent ivus
-
-
-
-
6
10
12
28
E. qrandis
-
-
-
-
1
-
2
3
E. longimanus
6
31
9
46
-
-
1
1
Rhithrogena robusta
2
-
-
2
3
1
1
5
Rhithrogena sp.
1
3
4
8
-
-
-
-
ParaleDtophlebia sp.
1
1
-
2
3
-
1
4
Caudatella hystrix
4
1
1
6
33
7
11
51
Drunella coloradensis
37
33
43
113
3
2
2
7
D. doddsi
2
1
3
6
12
24
36
72
D. spinifera
-
-
2
2
25
7
7
39
Ephemerella infrequens
51
21
25
97
2
-
-
2
Seratella tibialis
-
-
-
-
22
5
9
36
Total Ephemeroptera
143
129
117
389
150
67
113
330
PLECOPTERA
Amphinemura sp.
-
-
-
-
2
-
4
6
Nemoura sp.
-
2
-
2
-
-
-
-
Zapada sp.
-
-
-
-
2
-
1
3
Taenionema sp.
4
2
2
8
-
-
-
-
Capnia group
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
3
Cultus sp.
2
-
1
3
-
-
1
1
Kogotus sp.
-
1
2
3
-
-
-
-
Megarcys sp.
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
1
Pictetiella expansa
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
Doroneuria theodora
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
Chloroperl inae
-
-
-
-
13
1
1
15
Total Plecoptera
6
7
5
18
18
1
10
29
TRICHOPTERA
Dolophilodes sp.
-
-
-
-
1
1
1
3
Arctopsyche sp.
7
-
4
11
13
4
16
33
Parapsyche sp.
5
-
3
8
4
5
5
14
Rhyacophila spp.
9
2
9
20
7
6
12
25
Glossosoma sp.
1
4
1
6
1
1
-
2
Ochrotrichia sp.
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
Brachycentrus sp.
3
7
-
10
-
6
2
8
Micrasema sp.
4
-
1
5
22
3
15
40
Apatania sp.
-
-
-
-
1
1
1
3
Total Trichoptera
29
13
18
60
49
27
53
129
C0LE0PTERA
Heterlimnius corpulentus
5
5
14
24
54
16
11
81
Brychius sp.
-
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
Total Coleoptera
5
5
15
25
54
16
11
81
-48-
Table 20. Continued
Spring Sampl
e
Summer Sampl
e
TAXA
A
B
C
TOTAL
A
B
C
TOTAL
DIPTERA
Antocha sp.
-
1
3
4
-
-
-
-
Hexatoma sp.
-
-
1
1
-
1
-
1
Pseudokiefferiella sp.
-
-
-
-
4
8
3
15
Micropsectra sp.
2
-
-
2
11
-
6
17
Cricotopus c.f. nostocicola
144
247
96
487
77
110
66
253
Cricotopus / Orthocladius spp
. 8
3
1
12
9
2
3
14
Eukiefferiella spp.
1
-
-
1
56
24
24
104
Orthocladius (Eudact.) sp.
-
-
-
-
1
2
2
5
Orthocladius (Euorth.) spp.
-
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
Simul ium sp.
-
-
-
-
-
6
2
8
Total Diptera
155
251
102
508
158
153
106
417
NEMATODA
-
1
-
1
2
-
2
4
Total Nematoda
-
1
-
I
2
-
2
4
TUBELLARIA
2
-
-
2
5
1
3
9
Total Turbellaria
2
-
-
2
5
1
3
9
OLIGOCHAETA
c.f. Homochaeta naidina
1
1
-
2
3
1
2
6
Total Oligochaeta
1
1
-
2
3
1
2
6
TOTAL TAXA
27
24
25
34
29
37
TOTAL NUMBERS MACROINVERTS.
341
407
257
1005
439
266
300
1005
-49-
Table 21. Numbers of macroinvertebrates collected per square foot Surber sample from
the Lower Site on German Gulch Creek in May and August, 1984.
Spri
ng Sampl
e
Summer Sample
TAXA
A
B
C
TOTAL
A
B
C TOTAL
EPHEMEROPTERA
Ameletus sp.
-
-
-
-
2
-
2
Baetis bicaudatus
2
4
3
9
-
-
2 2
Baetis spp.
1
4
4
9
6
4
1 11
Pseudocloeon sp.
-
-
-
-
-
2
2
Cinygmula spp.
31
16
19
66
-
4
2 6
Epeorus deceptivus
-
-
-
-
10
2
6 18
E. longimanus
1
4
7
12
1
-
1
Rhithrogena robusta
1
1
2
4
-
3
7 10
Rhithrogena sp.
-
-
2
2
4
6
6 16
Paraleptophlebia sp.
-
-
-
-
-
-
1 1
Caudatella hystrix
-
1
-
1
5
2
2 9
Drunella coloradensis
3
3
1
7
2
11
2 15
D. doddsi
-
-
-
-
9
6
7 22
D. spinifera
-
-
-
-
1
-
1 2
Ephemerella infrequens
3
3
1
7
1
-
1
Seratella tibialis
-
-
-
-
1
-
1
Total Ephemeroptera
42
36
39
w
42
40
37 119
PLECOPTERA
Amphinemura sp.
-
-
-
-
9
7
14 30
Capnia qroup
-
-
-
-
-
-
1 1
Pteronarcella badia
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
Megarcys sp.
-
-
-
-
2
6
3 11
Taenionema sp.
-
-
1
1
-
-
-
Doroneuria theodora
2
1
1
4
1
1
2
Chloroperlinae
-
4
-
4
1
2
6 9
Total Plecoptera
2
5
2
9
13
17
24 54
TRICHOPTERA
Dolophilodes sp.
-
-
-
-
14
1
15
Arctopsyche sp.
-
1
-
1
15
11
11 37
Hydropsyche sp.
-
-
-
-
-
-
1 1
Rhyacophila spp.
-
-
-
-
9
3
2 14
Glossosoma sp.
2
1
3
6
2
-
2
Brachycentrus sp.
-
-
-
-
1
2
3
Micrasema sp.
-
1
-
1
-
1
1 2
Apatania sp.
-
1
-
1
-
1
1
Total Trichoptera
2
4
3
9
41
19
15 75
COLEOPTERA
Heterlimnius corpulentus
2
-
2
4
12
89
13 114
Narpus sp.
-
-
-
-
-
2
2
Total Coleoptera
2
-
2
4
12
91
13 116
DIPTERA
Antocha sp.
2
-
-
2
-
3
3
Hexatoma sp.
1
1
-
2
-
1
1
-50-
Table 21. Continued
Spri
nq Sample
Summer Sample
TAXA
A
B
C TOTAL
A
B
C TOTAL
DIPTERA (Continued)
Diamesa sp.
3
2
1 6
-
-
-
Pseudokiefferlella sd.
-
-
-
-
2
2
Micropsectra sp.
-
1
1
-
2
2 4
Brill ia sp.
-
-
-
-
1
1
Cardiocladius sp.
-
-
-
-
6
6
Cricotopus (CRIC.) sp.
-
-
-
2
1
1 4
Cricotopus c.f. nostocicola
-
-
1 1
1
12
3 16
CricotoDus / Orthocladius spp.
-
-
-
-
13
2 15
Eukiefferiella spp.
-
-
-
7
11
8 26
Orthocladius (Euorth.) spp.
-
-
-
-
8
1 9
Simul ium sp.
-
1
1
15
6
7 28
Total Diptera
6
5
2 13
25
66
24 115
NEMATODA
1
-
1
1
1
2
Total Nematoda
I
-
I
1
1
2
TUBELLARIA
-
3
3
1
6
3 10
Total Turbellaria
-
3
3
I
6
3 10
OLIGOCHAETA
Eiseniella sp.
0
L.
3
3 8
-
-
1 1
Haplotaxis sp.
-
-
-
-
2
2
c.f. Homochaeta naidina
1
1
1 3
6
22
3 31
Total Oliqochaeta
3
4
4 11
6
24
4 34
TOTAL TAXA
16
21
16
28
38
30
TOTAL NUMBERS MACROINVERTS.
58
§1
52 167
141
264
120 525
-51-
sv^
tp bow
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f30
ss
o
M
H
U
w
W
H
CO
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CO
c
P5
H
g
w
*M
W
H
CO
i3
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l-l
w
CO
O
g
o
<*
CO
E3
H
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l-l
U
LJ
.J
W
§
&
hJ
S3
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CO
o
3
55
O
w
o
l-l
H
■J
1
H
3
H
W
PQ
p4
1
CO
1
H
o
CO
Pi
o
CO
e
o
o
>
rxj
^
.H
u
l-l
eow
M*o
c*'
*«■*
UJ
UJ
K
O
z
<
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HI
CD
I'X
Figure 1. Map of German Gulch,
-52-
FLOW (CFS)
Figure 2. The relationship between wetted perimeter and flow for a
composite of five riffle cross-sections in German Gulch
below the confluence of Beef straight Creek.
-53-
Ui
I-
tr
UJ
Q.
Q
UJ
t-
H
Ul
Figure 3. The relationship between wetted perimeter and flow for a
composite of five riffle cross-sections in German Gulch
below the confluence of Edward Creek.
-54-
ATPKNDIX A
„o->MVi
University
of Montana
Department <ii /.oolo}-.> • Missoula, Montana >')XI2 • (4(td) 2-13-5122
August 27, 1984
Mr. Bruce Rehwinkel
Box 251
Whitehall, MT 59759
Dear Bruce:
We have completed the electrophoretic analysis of the Salmo sample you
collected from German Gulch Creek (N=39, S 26, T 3N, R 10W) on 27 July 1984.
We examined the protein products of 45 loci in all the fish (Table 1). Thirteen of
these loci can be used to differentiate westslope cutthroat (S. clarki lewisi),
Yellowstone cutthroat (S. c. bouvieri), and rainbow trout (S. gairdneri )
(Table 2). There is no evidence of rainbow or Yellowstone cutthroat trout
genetic material in the sample at any of these loci. With this sample size,
we would detect even as little as one percent rainbow or Yellowstone genes
in the population over 99 percent of the time. Thus, this is almost certainly
a genetically 'pure' population of westslope cutthroat trout.
There is evidence of genetic variation at seven of the loci examined
(Table 3). We have detected the Idh3(71) allele only at low frequencies
(i.e. less than 0.10) in a few other populations of westslope cutthroat trout.
This allele, however, is present in the German Gulch Creek westslope cutthroat
trout at a very high frequency (0.974). This indicates that this population
is genetically distinct from the other populations that we have examined, and
thus, represents an extremely valuable resource.
We have not detected many pure populations of westslope cutthroat trout
among the numerous samples that we have analyzed from western Montana. Most
populations suspected to be pure westslope cutthroat trout also contain
rainbow or Yellowstone cutthroat trout genetic material. The available data
indicate that the westslope cutthroat is in danger of extinction. In order
to ensure the continued existence of this native species, it is important
to preserve all pure populations that are identified.
Sincerely,
r
X4& f rjUu
Robb F. Leary
Genetics Laboratory
/
(JW.ft
Fred W. Allendorf
Professor
H
RFL/pkf
Enclosures
Equal Opportunity in Education and Employment
Enzyme
TABLE 1
Loci and enzymes examined (E=eye, L=liver, M=muscle)
Loci
Tissue
Adenylate kinase (AK)
Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)
Aspartate aminotransferase (AAT)
Creatine kinase (CK)
Glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI)
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAP)
Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3P)
Glycyl-leucine Peptidase (GL)
Isocitrate dehydrogenase ( I OH )
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
Leucyl-glycyl-glycine peptidase ( LGG )
Malate dehydrogenase (MDH)
Malic enzyme (ME)
Phosphoglucomutase (PGM)
6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PG)
Sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH)
Superoxide dismutase (SOD)
Xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH)
Note: The protein products of the pairs of loci in ( ) are electrophoretically
indistinguishable. Thus, they are considered to be single tetrasomic
loci in all analyses.
Akl,2
M
Adh
L
Aatl,2
L
Aat(3,4)
M
Ckl,2
M
Ck3,CkCl,2
E
Gpil,2,3
M
Gap3,4
E
G3pl,2
L
Gil, 2
E
Idhl,2
M
Idh3,4
L
Ldhl,2
M
Ldh3,4,5
E
Lgg
Mdh(l,2)
L
Mdh(3,4)
M
Mel, 2, 3
M
Me4
L
Pgml,2
M
6Pg
M
Sdh
L
Sod
L
Xdh
L
TABLE 2
Loci that can be used to differentiate rainbow, westslope cutthroat, and
Yellowstone cutthroat trout. Alleles are designated as the proportional
migration distance in the gel relative to the distance traveled by the
common allele in rainbow trout which is given a mobility of 100.
Alleles
Loci Rainbow Westslope Yellowstone
Aatl 100 200,250 165
Ck2 100 84 84
CkCl 100,38 100,38 38
Gil 100,115,90 100 101
Gpi3 100 92 100
Idhl 100 100 -75
Idh3,4 100,114,71,40 100 , 86 , 71 , 40 , Null 100,71
Lgg 100,135 100 135
Mel 100,55 88 100
Me3 100,75 100,75 90
Me4 100 100 110
Pgml 100, Null 100, Null Null
Sdh 100,200,40 40,100 100
TABLE 3
Allele frequencies at the variable loci in the
German Gulch Creek population of westslope
cutthroat trout.
Locus Alleles Frequencies
CkCl 100 0.885
38 0.115
Gap4 100 0.974
Null 0.026
Idh3 71 0.974
Null 0.026
Idh4 100 0.321
40 0.679
Ldh4 100 0.974
112 0.026
Mdhl,2 100 0.942
125 0.013
40 0.045
Proportion Polymorphic Loci 0.143
Average Heterozygosity 0.024
APPENDIX B
GUIDELINES FOR USING THE WETTED PERIMETER
(WETP) COMPUTER PROGRAM
OF THE
MONTANA DEPARTMENT OF FISH, WILDLIFE AND PARKS
By
Frederick A. Nelson
Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks
8695 Huffine Lane
Bozeman, Montana 59715
Rovi sod
luly, 1984
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 1-1
DERIVING RECOMMENDATIONS USING WETTED PERIMETER 2-1
DESCRIPTION OF THE WETP PROGRAM 3-1
FIELD DATA REQUIREMENTS 4-1
FIELD METHODS 5-1
Equipment 5-1
Selecting Study Areas and Placing Cross-sections 5-3
Establishing Bench Marks 5-3
Surveying Techniques 5-3
Measuring Water Surface Elevations 5-4
Measuring Stream Discharges 5-4
Measuring Cross-sectional Profiles 5-5
OFFICE METHODS 6-1
WETP Data Format 6-1
Selecting Flows of Interest 6-1
WETP Data Output 6-2
OTHER USES FOR THE WETP OUTPUT 7-1
FINAL CONSIDERATIONS 8-1
LITERATURE CITED 9-1
APPENDICES
A. Calculation of stage height at zero flow (zf) from Rantz (1982)
IS. Example of WETP input format
C. Example of WETP data output
INTRODUCTION
The vetted perimeter and discharge relationships for selected channel
cross-sections are a useful tool for deriving instream flow recommendations
for the rivers and streams of Montana. Wetted perimeter is the distance along
the bottom and sides of a channel cross-section in contact with water (Figure
1). As the discharge in a stream channel decreases, the wetted perimeter also
decreases, but the rate of loss of wetted perimeter is not constant throughout
the entire range of discharges. Starting at zero discharge, wetted perimeter
increases rapidly for small increases in discharge up to the point where the
stream channel nears its maximum width. Beyond this break or inflection
point, the increase of wetted perimeter is less rapid as discharge increases.
An example of a wetted perimeter-discharge relationship showing a well-defined
inflection point is given in Figure 2. The instream flow recommendation is
selected at or near this inflection point.
The MDFWP developed in 1980 a relatively simple wetted perimeter predictive
fWKTP) computer model for use in its instream flow program. This model
eliminates the relatively complex data collecting and calibrating procedures
associated with the hydraulic simulation computer models in current use while
providing more accurate and reliable wetted perimeter predictions.
The WKTP computer program was written by Dr. Dalton Burkhalter, aquatic
consultant. 1429 S. 5th Ave., Bozeman, Montana 59715. The program is written
in FORTRAN IV and Is located at the computer center, Montana State University,
Bozeman. Direct all correspondence concerning the program to Fred Nelson'
Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks, 8695 lluffine Lane, Bozeman,
Montana 59715.
1-1
c:
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o
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co
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o
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CD
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CD
E
•I —
CD
Q-
TD
CD
CD
5
CD
i-
en
1-2
220-
210
200-
LiJ
\-
a:
txJ
a
a
UJ
h-
i-
IxJ
190-
180-
170-
160-
150-
200 400 600 800 1000
FLOW (cfs)
1200
1400
1600
Figure 2. An example of a relationship between wetted perimeter and fl
for a riffle cross-section.
1-3
ow
DERIVING REG0MMENDAT10NS USING WETTED PERTMETER
When formulating flow recommendations for a waterway, the annual flow cycle Is
divided into two separate periods. They consist of a relatively brief runoff
or high flow period, when a large percentage of the annual water yield is
passed through the system, and a nonrunoff or low flow period, which is
characterized hy relatively stable base flows maintained primarily by
groundwater outflow. For headwater rivers and streams, the high flow period
generally includes the months of May, June and July while the remaining months
encompass the low flow period.
Separate instream flow methods are applied to each period. Further, it is
necessary to classify a waterway as a stream or river and to use a somewhat
different approach when deriving low flow recommendations for each. A
waterway is considered a stream if the mean annual flow is less than
approximately 200 cfs.
Method for the Low Flow Period - Streams
The wetted perimeter/inflection point method is presently the primary method
being used by the MDFWP for deriving low flow recommendations for streams.
This method is primarily based on the assumption that the food supply is a
major factor influencing a stream's carrying capacity (the numbers and pounds
ot fish that can be maintained indefinitely by the aquatic habitat). The
principal food of many of the juvenile and adult game fish inhabiting the
streams of Montana is aquatic invertebrates, which are primarily produced in
stream riffle areas. The method assumes that the game fish carrying capacity
is proportional to food production, which in turn is proportional to the
wetted perimeter in riffle areas. This method is a slightly modified version
of the Washington Method (Collings, 1972 and 1974), which is based on the
premise that the rearing of juvenile salmon is proportional to food production
and in turn is proportional to the wetted perimeter in riffle areas. The
Idaho Method (White and Gochnauer, 1975 and White, 1976) is also based on a
similar premise.
The plot of wetted perimeter versus flow for stream riffle cross-sections
generally shows two inflection points, the uppermost being the more prominant .
In the example (Figure 3) , these inflection points occur at approximate flows
of 8 and 12 cfs. Beyond the upper inflection point, large changes in flow
cause only very small changes in wetted perimeter. The area available for
food production is considered near optimal beyond this point. At flows below
the upper inflection point, the stream begins to pull away from the riffle
bottom until, at the lower inflection point, the rate of loss of wetted
perimeter begins to rapidly accelerate. Once flows are reduced below the
2-1
10 15
FLOW (CFS)
20
25
30
Figure 3. An example of a relationship between wetted perimeter and flow
for a stream riffle cross-section.
2-2
lower Inflection point, the riffle bottom is being exposed at an accelerated
rate and the area available for food production greatly diminishes.
The wetted perimeter-f low relationship may also provide an index of other
limiting factors that influence a stream's carrying capacity. One such factor
is cover. Cover, or shelter, has long been recognized as one of the basic and
essential components of fish habitat. Cover serves as a means for avoiding
predators and provides areas of moderate current speed used as resting and
holding areas by fish. It is fairly well documented that cover improvements
will normally increase the carrying capacity of streams, especially for larger
size fish. Cover can be significantly influenced by streamflow.
Tn the headwater streams of Montana, overhanging and submerged bank vegetation
are important components of cover. The wetted perimeter-flow relationship for
a stream channel may bear some similarity to the relationship between bank
cover and flow. At the upper inflection point, the water begins to pull away
from the banks, bank cover diminishes and the stream's carrying capacity
declines. Flows exceeding the upper inflection point are considered to
provide near optimal bank cover. At flows below the lower inflection point,
the water 1s sufficiently removed from the bank cover to severely reduce its
value .is fish shelter.
It has been demonstrated that riffles are also critical areas for spawning
sites of brown trout and shallow inshore areas are required for the rearing of
brown and rainbow trout fry (Sando, 1981). It is therefore assumed that, in
addition to maximizing bank cover and food production, the flows exceeding the
upper inflection point would also provide the most favorable spawning and
rearing conditions.
Riffles are the area of a stream most affected by flow reductions (Bovee, 1974
and Nelson, 1977). Consequently, the flows that maintain suitable riffle
conditions will also maintain suitable conditions in pools and runs, areas
normally inhabited by adult fish. Because riffles are the habitat most
affected by flow reductions and are essential for the well-being of both
resident and migratory fish populations, they should receive the highest
priority for instream protection.
The wetted perimeter/inflection point method provides a range of flows
(between the lower and tipper inflection points) from which a single instream
flow recommendation can be selected. Flows below the lower inflection point
are judged undesirable based on their probable impacts on food production,
hank cover and spawning and rearing habitat, while flows exceeding the upper
inflection point are considered to provide a near optimal habitat for fish.
The lower and upper inflection points are believed to bracket those flows
needed to maintain the low and high levels of aquatic habitat potential.
These flow levels are defined as follows:
2-3
1. High Level of Aquatic Habitat Potential - That flow regime which will
consistently produce abundant, healthy and thriving aquatic populations.
In the case of game fish species, these flows would produce abundant game
fish populations capable of sustaining a good to excellent sport fishery
for the size of stream involved. For rare, threatened or endangered
species, flows to accomplish the high level of aquatic habitat
maintenance would: ]) provide the high population levels needed to
ensure the continued existence of that species, or 2) provide the flow
levels above those which would adversely affect the species.
2. Low Level of Aquatic Habitat Potential - Flows to accomplish a low level
of aquatic habitat maintenance would provide for only a low population of
the species present. In the case of game fish species, a poor sport
fishery could still be provided. For rare, threatened or endangered
species, their populations would exist at low or marginal levels. Tn
some cases, this flow level would not be sufficient to maintain certain
species.
The final flow recommendation is selected from this range of flows by the
fishery biologist who collected, summarized and analyzed all relevant field
data for the streams of interest. The biologist's rating of the stream
resource forms the basis of the flow selection process. Factors considered In
the evaluation include the level of recreational use, the existing level of
environmental degradation, water availability and the magnitude and
composition of existing fish populations. The fish population information,
which is essential for all streams, is a major consideration. A marginal or
poor fishery would likely justify a flow recommendation at or near the lower
inflection point unless other considerations, such as the presence of species
of special concern (arctic grayling and cutthroat trout, for example), warrant
a higher flow. Tn general, only streams with exceptional resident fish
populations or those providing crucial spawning and/or rearing habitats for
migratory populations would be considered for a recommendation at or near the
upper inflection point. The process of deriving the flow recommendation for
the low flow period thus combines a field method (wetted perimeter/inflection
point method) with a thorough evaluation by a field biologist of the existing
stream resource.
It is recommended that at least three and preferably five riffle
cross-sections are used In the analysis. The final flow recommendation is
derived by averaging the recommendations for each cross-section, or the
computed wetted perimeters for all riffle cross-sections at each flow of
interest averaged and the recommendation selected from the wetted
perimeter-flow relationship for the composite of all cross-sections. The
latter method is preferred.
A study evaluating the wetted perimeter/inflection point method for small
trout streams was completed at the Cooperative Fisheries Research Unit,
Montana State University, as a thesis project (Randolph and White, 1984). An
2-k
Innovative approach in which stream sections were isolated with weirs and wild
rainhow trout added during the high flow period, saturating the habitat, was
used. Changes in trout carrying capacity, as determined by the movement of
trout out of the sections, were measured as the flow decreased. The derived
relationships between flow and trout carrying capacity were then compared to
the relationships between flow and various habitat parameters, including the
riffle wotted perimeter. The authors reported that in the pool-riffle
habitats of their study stream the wetted perimeter/inflection point method
worked well, while in run-riffle habitats the method underestimated the flow
that was needed to maintain rainbow trout at a reasonable level. In no case
did the method overestimate the summer instream flow needs.
Method for the Low Flow Period - Rivers
The Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks completed a study in 1980
that validated the wetted perimeter method as applied to the trout rivers of
southwest Montana (Nelson, 1980a, 1980b and 1980c). In this study, the actual
trout standing crop and flow relationship were derived from long-term data
collected for five reaches of the Madison, Gallatin, Big Hole and Beaverhead
Rivers, all nationally acclaimed wild trout fisheries. These relationships
provided a range of flow recommendations for each reach. Flows less that the
lower limit were judged undesirable since they led to substantial reductions
of the standing crops of adult trout or the standing crops of a particular
group of adults, such as trophy-size trout. Flows greater than the upper
limit supported the highest adult standing crops during the study period.
Flows hetween the lower and upper limits are broadly defined as those flows
supporting intermediate standing crops or those standing crops that normally
occur within each reach. The final recommendation was selected from this
range of flows.
The range of flows derived from the trout-flow relationships for the five
river reaches were compared to those derived from the wotted perimeter method
as applied to riffle areas. The study results showed that the inflection
point flows had a somewhat different impact on the trout standing crops of
rivers than previously assumed for streams. For rivers, the flow at the upper
inflection point is a fairly reliable estimate of the lower limit of the range
of flows derived from the trout-flow relationships or, in other terms, flows
loss than the upper inflection point are undesirable as recommendations since
they appear to lead to substantial reductions of the standing crops of adult
trout .
The flow at the upper inflection point is not necessarily the preferred
recommendation for all trout rivers. The "Blue Ribbon" rivers may require a
higher flow in order to maintain the sport fishery resource at the existing
level. In general, flows less than the upper inflection point are undesirable
as tlow recommendations regardless of the rating of the river resource.
2-5
DF.SCRTPTTON OF THE WETP PROGRAM
The WKT1' program uses ? to 10 sets of stage (water surface elevation)
measurements taken .it different known discharges (flows) to establish a rating
curve. Tliis curve has the equation, 0 = p(S - zf)n where:
0 = discharge
S = stage height
zf = stage height at zero flow
p = a constant
n = a constant exponent.
The relationship of measured points, if perfect, would plot as a straight line
on log - log paper with r equal to the slope of the line and p equal to the
discharge when (S - zf) 1. The actual line is determined by least squares
regression using the measured points. Once the stage-discharge rating curve
for each cross-section is determined, the stage at a flow of interest can be
predicted. This rating curve, when coupled with the cross-sectional profile,
is all that is needed to predict the wetted perimeter at most flows of
interest .
The stage height at y.oro Flow (zf) may be taken as the lowest elevation on the
cross-sectional prolile for riffles but is more diffic.lt to determine for
non-ntflesi, particularly pools, in which case the procedures of Rantz (1982)
should be consulted. The applicable portions of that paper are included in
Appendix A.
The zf value for a non-riffle cross-section can also be measured in the field
II is the highest elevation of the thalweg (as referenced to the bench mark
elevation) at the downstream control, which is typically the head of a riffle
The control is a channel feature which causes water to backup in an upstream
di reel ion.
The value of zf is controlled by use of an option record (OPTS) in the input
uata. M the option is set to one, zf is either set to a value supplied bv
the us,., or in the absence of a supplied value, zf is automatically set to
the lowest elevation in the cross-sectional profile. If the user does not want
zf to equal the lowest elevation in the cross-sectional profile, the values
t"< zf are entered on the XSEC records. The option record must be the first
entry in the data file and is illustrated in Appendices B and C.
rhe option of setting zf to zero by setting the option record to zero is also
available. Prior to this program revision, all results were obtained with zf
automatically set to zero. Option zero is included solely for the purpose of
comparing results. Because the program now incorporates zf into the
calculations, the accuracy of the hydraulic predictions for those flows of
3-1
interest tliat are less tlian the lowest measured calibration flow should
improve over calculations previously made with zf = 0.
The program should be run using three sets of stage-di scharge data collected
at a high, intermediate and low flow. Additional data sets are desirable, but
not necessary. The three measurements are made when runoff is receding (high
flow), near the end of runoff (intermediate flow) and during late summer-early
fall (low flow). The high flow should be considerably less than the bankfull
flow, while the low flow should approximate the lowest flow that normally
occurs during the summer-fall field season. Sufficient spread between the
highest and lowest calibration flows is needed in order for the program to
compute a linear, sloping rating curve.
The WETP program will run using only two sets of stage-discharge data. This
practice is not reconmended since substantial "two-point" error can result.
In addition to wetted perimeter (WETP), the program also predicts other
hvdraullc characteristics that can be used in deriving flow recommendations
for selected time periods and life I unctions. These are the moan depth (DRAT)
in ft, mean velocity CVHAP.) in ft/sec, top width (WDTH) in ft, cross-sectional
area (AREA) in ft', stage (STCE) in ft, and maximum depth (DMAX) in ft.
A useful program option, termed the width-at-given-depth (WAGD) option, will
calculate for up to 10 given depths the width (in ft) and percentage of the
top width having depths greater than or equal to the given values. The width
and percentage of the longest, continuous segment having the required depths
is also listed for each flow of interest. This option is illustrated in
Appendices B and C.
FIELD DATA REQUIREMENTS
The required inputs to the WETP program for each cross-section are:
1. Three sets of stage-discharge data measured at a high, intermediate and
low flow. The stage height at zero flow (zf) is mandatory only when the
program is applied to non-riffle areas.
2. The cross-sectional profile which consists of channel elevations
(vertical distances) and the horizontal distance of each elevation
measurement from the headstake Czero point). Up to 150 sets of
measurements per cross-section are accepted hy the program.
The following are needed to document field work:
1 . Slides or photographs of the study area and cross-sections at the time
field data are collected.
7. Field notebooks containing all surveying data, notes and calculations,
recorded in a neat, consistent manner.
4-1
FIELD METHODS
Equipment
I. Level (a self-leveling or automatic level such as a Wild NAK1 is
preferred).
?. 25-ft, telescoping, fiberglas level rod.
3- c°Hb0"«eV°oT, 'ft! " """ SUl"ble "MS"rI"8 "■»• ■*<"" Sh™" »*
4. Rebar cut in 30-incl, pieces (stakes). Two stakes are needed per
cross-section. F
5. Tv/o clamps (modified vise grips with flat jaws).
6. Engineers field notebook.
7. Pencils.
K,
Current meter and rod, stopwatch and beeper box. Gurley or Price AA
current meters are preferred. A Marsh-McBirney instantaneous readout
IZlTl a "X*"* Can ^ US6d ^ Pl3Ce °f 3 Gurle^ or Prlce ^ "eter,
provided the instantaneous meter is correctly calibrated.
9. Small sledge hammer.
10. Camera.
11
12
Fluorescent spray paint and flagging.
Forms for recording stream discharges and cross-sectional profiles.
13. A rod fitted with a porcelain, enameled, iron gage (Part No. 15405
Leupold and Stevens, Inc., P.O. Box 688, Beaverton, Oregon 97075) for
measuring water depths. A current meter rod can be substituted
Selecting Study Areas and Placing Cross-sections
Follow these guidelines when selecting study areas and placing cross-sections.
I- It is best to locate study areas and stake cross-sections durinc low
water prior to the onset of runoff. It will be difficult to .pW ^
sites during the high water period when data collection begins ^ theSG
2. Place the cross-sections in riffle area.; If n,„ .. j
""-"'"""-'»» P°'»' -** »"> be"-, " derive'rece^pdat^
5-1
5.
8.
"eCtlr0nS Ca" bE Placed ln a sJn*le riff le or a number of different
rif es Cross-sections should describe the typical riffle habitats
within the stream reach being studied. Other critical habitat tv
also be used, depending on your chosen method. ™
?h^bt%eastrl3ffied USlfng LV0 Cr°SS-SeC t±0nS- IC is -contended
that at least 3 and preferably 5 riffle cross-sections are used The
program accepts 1 to 10 cross-sections per study area.
Ihe WETP model assumes that the water surface elevations at the water's
edge on the left bank (WEL) and right bank (WER) of a cros -section ar^
always equal at a given flow. This is a valid assumption since the water
surface elevations at WEL and WFF. generally remain within 0. If t of each
other as the flow changes, provided the water surface eleva ions at WEL
and WER were matched when the cross-section was established Avoid
pacing cross-sections in areas where this assumption is like y to be
Isl n ^ ' TfCh T SharP bendS ? rlVPrS ^ mu]tiP^ channels con'tainin:
Place the headstake marking each cross-section well up on the bank
addition t M6 alm°St flUSh Wlth the gr°Und and m-k -11 In
addttion to marking the cross-section, the headstake is also your zero
reference point for measuring horizontal distances across the
cross-section. Headstakes for all the cross-sections within a study area
should be located on the same bank. V
Another stake is driven directly across from the headstake on the
opposite bank Place this stake so that the water surface elevations at
withTn o"' ft °fTMC 'V'"18^ —-section are equal or SiUr
(w thin 0.0J it). Ibis will require the use of a level and level rod
1 stake is used to mark the cross-section on the bank opposite the
headstake and also to attach the measuring tape when the channel prof le
is measured, so should not be driven to ground level. Cross-section'
when established, should be roughly perpendicular to the banks! SeCti°tU"
6. Number the cross-sections consecutively from downstream to upstream (the
downstream-most cross-section is #1). upstream (the
Measure the distances between cross-sections. This is an optional
measurement that might be useful in locating cross-sections during're^n
Remember, the WETP model is invalidated if channel changes occur in the
study area during the data collecting process. For this reason the
collection of all field data should be completed during S per
beginning when runoff is receding and ending with the onset of runorf the
5-2
following year. The stream channel is expected to he stable during this
period .
Establishing Bench Marks
Establish a bench mark at or near your study area. The bench mark is a point
that will not be disturbed or moved. A nail driven into the base of a tree, a
fixed spot on a bridge abutment and a survey stake driven into the ground are
examples of bench marks. Designating one of the cross-sectional headstakes
within a study area as the bench mark is an acceptable practice. Bench marks
should be well marked and described in your field notebook so they can be
easily located during return trips. All channel and water surface elevations
are established relative to the bench mark, which is assigned an elevation of
100.0(1 or 10.00 ft. Use 10.00 ft whenever possible.
For streams having "heavy" vegetative cover, the use of a single bench mark
may not be practical. In this case, the individual headstakes can be used as
bench marks. For example, the headstake for cross-section #1 could serve as
the bench mark for cross-sections #1 and 2, while the headstake for
cross-section #3 could serve as the bench mark for cross-sections #3, 4 and 5.
F.ach headstake could also serve as the bench mark for that individual
cross-section. While this is not the best surveying technique, certain stream
reaches may require its use. Be sure to carefully record in your notebook
which headstakes are used as bench marks to avoid confusion and errors on
return trips.
Remember, channel and water surface elevations for all cross-sections within a
study area do not have to be tied to a single bench mark for the WETP program
to run properly. However, the use of a single bench mark enhances your field
technique.
Surveying Techniques
The reader is referred to Spence (1075) and Bovee and Milhous (1978) for a
discussion of the surveying techniques used to measure cross-sectional
profiles and water surface elevations. Both papers should be read by those
unfamiliar with the mechanics of surveying. All investigators must receive
field training before attempting any measurements.
It is Important to be consistent and to use good technique when collecting and
recording data. Record all data in your notebook and complete all
calculations while in the field, so that any surveying errors can be detected
and corrected. Remember, your field notebooks may be examined in court or
hearing proceedings. Good quality equipment such as an automatic level is
also an asset.
5-3
Measuring Water Surface Elevations (Stages)
Water surface elevations should be measured for each cross-section at three
different flows. If cross-sections are established prior to runoff, then you
must return to the study area at least three more times, when runoff is
receding (high flow), near the end of runoff (intermediate flow) and during
late summer or early fall (low flow).
It should be noted that it is unnecessary to collect surface elevation
measurements for all of the cross-sections within a study area at the same
flows. For example, if another cross-section is added to the study area at a
later date, the calibration flows for this new cross-section do not have to
match those for the remaining cross-sections. It is also unnecessary to have
the same number of calibration flows for all of the cross-sections within a
study area.
Water surface elevations are measured at the water's edge directly opposite
the stake marking the cross-section on each bank. The stretching of a tape
across the cross-section is unnecesary, since the horizontal distances from
the headstake to the WEL and WER are not needed. Measure water surface
elevations to the nearest 0.01 ft. The mechanics of this measurement are
discussed in Bovee and Milhous (1978). Once water surface elevations are
calculated, repeat the measurements and check for surveying errors. If a
single bench mark is used, then water surface elevations should increase with
the upstream progression of cross-sections.
As previously discussed, the WETP model assumes that the water surface
elevations at WEL and WER are always equal at a selected flow of interest. In
a stream channel, the surface elevations at the WEL and WER of a cross-section
should remain fairly equal as the flow varies, provided the elevations at WEL
and WER were matched when the cross-section was established. Consequently, it
is necessary to measure the water surface elevations at both WEL and WER
during all return trips to verify this assumption. These two measurements
should always be within approximately 0.1 ft of one another. For the larger
waterways, a greater difference is allowable. Average these two measurements
to obtain the water surface elevation that Is entered on the coding sheets.
Measuring Stream Discharges
The flow through the study area must be measured each time water surface
elevations are determined. On the larger waterways, it is best to locate
study areas near USCS gage stations to eliminate a discharge measurement.
Use standard USGS methods when measuring discharges. Publications of Bovee
and Milhous (1978), Buchanan and Somers (1969), and Smoot and Novak (196R)
describe these methods and provide information on the maintenance of current
meters. Read these publications before attempting any discharge measurements.
Field training is also mandatory.
5-4
Measuring Cross-sectional Profiles
The channel profile has to be determined for each cross-section. Unlike the
measuroinent of water surface elevations, this has to be done only once. It is
best to measure profiles at the lowest calibration flow when_wading is
easiest. For the unwadable, larger waterways that require the use of a boat,
profiles are best measured at an intermediate calibration flow.
For wadable streams, a measuring tape is stretched across the cross-section
with the zero point set on top of the headstake. Setting the headstake at
zero, while not mandatory, is a good practice that provides consistency in
your field technique. Never attach the tape directly to the headstake. The
tape is attached with a vise grip to a stake that is driven behind the
headstake. A vise grip can be attached directly to the stake on the opposite
bank to stretch and hold the tape in place.
Elevations are now measured betweeen the headstake and water's edge using the
level rod. Elevations are measured at major breaks in the contour. The
horizonatal distance of each elevation measurement from the headstake (zero
point) is also recorded. Elevations are also measured between the water's
edge at the opposite bank and the opposite stake and the horizontal distance
from the headstake recorded for each measurement. Elevations of the exposed
portions of instream rocks and boulders are also measured in this manner.
Measure elevations to the nearest 0.01 ft and horizontal distances to the
nearest 0.1 ft.
Be sure to collect profile measurements for points well above the water's
edge. It is a good practice, although not mandatory, to begin at the
headstake (0.0 distance) and end at the stake on the opposite bank. Remember,
the highest elevations on both banks of the cross-sectional profile must be
substantially higher than the stage at the highest calibration flow, if
predictions are to be made for flows of interest that exceed the highest
calibration flow.
For the segment of the cross-section containing water, a different approach
involving the measurement of water depth is used. Water depth is measured
using a current meter rod or a rod fitted with a porcelain, enameled, iron
Rage. Do not use your level rod. Measure depths at all major breaks in the
bottom contour. Generally, 10-30 depth measurements are needed for streams
and creeks. Measure depths to the nearest 0.05 ft (current meter rod) or 0.01
it (rod fitted with gage). For each depth measurement, record the horizontal
distance from the headstake (zero point). The bottom elevation at each
distance from the headstake is determined by subtracting the water depth from
the water surface elevation (average for WEL and WER) . For example, if the
average water surface elevation is 9.26 ft and at 10.2 ft from the headstake
the water depth is 0.90 ft, then the bottom elevation at this distance is 8.36
ft (9.26 ft minus 0.90 ft). The elevations for all points covered by water
are calculated in this manner.
5-5
using'" boItdabd:n,t,'arRerHWaterWfyS' —-Clonal profiles arc .ensured
describe ^\eZVe *" *"» "^ G™h™ "nd ^ ^978)
The WETP program will handle vertical hanks. When recording these data the
ve°r ic°" 'will heTH6 ^ T ^^ t0 b°th ^ *°P and bottom of' h
vertical will be the same, but the elevations will be different.
The program will not handle undercut banks. These data have to be adiusted
before being entered on the coding sheets. The best method is to treat
distance to the ton of H °„ ""^^ 1S substitut^ for the horizontal
distance to the top of the undercut, creating a vertical bank.
The program will handle islands, bars and multiple channels, provided the
these areas should be avoided when establishing cross-sections. "nlikely«
5-6
OFFICE METHODS
WETP Data Format
An example describing the WETP format is given in Appendix B. Much of the
form.it is self-explanatory. Carefully examine this example and the
explanatory notations before attempting to code your data on the coding
sheets.
The five cross-sections in the example were located in riffles. The stage
height at zero flow (zf) was therefore set to the lowest elevation in the
cross-sectional profile for each.
All elevations in the example were established relative to a single bench
mark, which was assigned an elevation of 100.00 ft for illustration only. A
bench mark elevation of 10.00 ft would be more appropriate and should be used
whenever possible.
Enter the WETP data on the coding sheets in the following manner:
1. Flows of interest (up to 100 flows are accepted by the program)
Integers in cfs or with decimal points (not to exceed six
characters, including decimal point, if used)
2. Cross-sectional profile data (up to 150 sets of measurements are
accepted)
Distances from headstake - nearest 0.1 ft
Channel elevations - nearest 0.01 ft
3. Stage-discharge data (2 to 10 sets of measurements are accepted)
Stages (water surface elevations) - nearest 0.01 ft
Discharges (flows) - nearest 0.1 cfs
4. Stage height at zero flow (zf) data (1 for each cross-section if desired)
zf - nearest 0.01 ft
If the cross-sectional profile, stage-discharge and zf data are entered in the
above manner, decimal points are not needed. However, decimal points can be
used if desired.
Selecting Flows of Interest
You will be extrapolating data for flows of interest that are less than the
lowest measured calibration flow for a particular cross-section. The
6-1
extrapolation of data beyond the highest calibration flow is a less desirable
option since our main interest is to derive minimum flow recommendations.
Remember, the stage-discharge rating curve generally flattens out at extremely
high (above bankfull) and extremely low flows. At these flows, the predicted
stages from the measured rating curve are inaccurate and will lead to
inaccurate hydraulic predictions.
Use the following guidelines when selecting flows of interest (Bovee and
M: lhous, ] 978) :
1. Two point stage-discharge rating curve
Hydraulic predictions should not be made for flows which are less than
0.77 times the minimum measured flow, nor for flows higher than 1.3 times
the maximum measured flow.
2- Three point (or greater) stage-discharge rating curve
Hydraulic predictions should not be made for flows which are less than
0.4 times the minimum measured flow, nor for flows higher than 2.5 times
the maximum measured flow.
WETP Data Output
The output for the input example in Appendix B is given in Appendix C
Carefully examine this output.
When reviewing your outputs, consider the following:
1 . Errors
Carefully check the profile and stage-discharge data on the printouts for
errors. The keypunch operators occasionally make errors, even though
they carefully proof the data files. The vast maloritv of errors,
however, are the result of format and recording errors on the coding
sheets. If corrections are needed, mark all changes on the coding sheets
in red ink or pencil and return to Fred Nelson so the file can be
corrected and your data rerun.
2. Error messages
The vast majority of error messages that occasionally appear on the
printouts are a result of undetected format errors on the coding sheets
These are easily corrected and the file rerun before the printout is sent
to the cooperator.
An error message will appear when predictions are requested for flows of
Interest having stages higher than the highest elevations in the
6-2
cross-sectional profile. Additional profile measurements collected
higher up on the banks will correct this problem, if deemed necessary.
r2 values
If the r2 value for a stage-discharge rating curve is less than
approximately 0.90, the cross-section should be eliminated from the
analysis. Low r2 values may be due to errors, so recheck the stage and
discharge measurements before eliminating these cross-sections. For
those cross-sections having only two sets of stage-discharge
measurements (remember, this practice is not recommended), r2 values are
automatically 1.000 and consequently of no use in assessing the
reliability of the hydraulic predictions.
6-3
OTHER USES FOR THE WETP OUTPUT
The wetted perimeter/inflection point method, as previously described, is the
primary method the MDFWP is presently using to derive instream f
recommendations for the waterways of Montana. The WETP program and output can
also be used in other ways for deriving recommendations. Some of these uses
are discussed in the following examples.
Passage of Migratory Trout
Many streams, particularly those in northwest Montana, provide important
spawning and rearing habitats for migratory salmonids. Efficient stream
ows are needed not only to maintain the spawning and rearing habitats but
.lso to pass adults through shallow riffle areas and other natural barriers
while moving to their upstream spawning areas. carriers
Trout passage criteria relating to stream depth have been developed in Oregon
and Colorado (Table 1). These criteria, when used in conjunction with the
nows° C exUl rifflG areaS' C3n ^ USGd t0 derlve -lnl»™ P-
W IHli'f/f eX.ample' 0PftaSfSa8e "iterla developed by the Colorado Division of
W lid fe for streams 70 ft and wider indicate that the minimum average depth
needed to pass trout through riffles is 0 5-0 6 fr Tfca „ , -7 u
Tobacco River (Table 2) shows that the^-ver.^Vpth f« sTf iJWf It
cross-sections exceeds 0.5 ft, the approximate minimum average depth required
for pass age, at a flow of approximately 120 cfs. A flow of at lest
is therefore recommended during the spawning period to facilitate the Passage
of adult trout to upstream spawning areas. Passage
Table 1. Trout passage criteria (from Wesche and Rechard, 1980).
Species
Large Trout
20 inches
Source
Thompson
1972
Minimum
Depth (ft)
0.6
Average
Depth (ft)
Where
Developed
Oregon
Other Trout
20 inches
Thompson
1972
0.4
Oregon
Trout
(on streams
20 ft or
greater)
Colo. Div.
of Wild.
1976
0.5-0.6
across
riffles
Colorado
Trout
(on streams
10-20 ft
wide)
Colo. Div.
of Wild.
1976
0.2-0.4
across
riffles
Colorado
7-1
44
.65
.79
.68
.47
49
.69
.85
.72
.52
54
.73
.91
.75
.57
Table 2. Average depths for five riffle cross-sections in the Tobacco River,
Montana, at selected flows of interest. Average depths were derived
using the WETP computer program.
Average Depth (ft)
Flow (cfs) Riffle Riffle Riffle Riffle Riffle
cs #1 cs #2 cs //3 cs #4 cs #5
Too
110
120 i
The minimum depth criteria developed in Oregon could also be used in
conjunction with the WAGD option of the WETP program to derive passage
recommendations. For this evaluation, criteria are developed requiring at
least a certain percentage of the top width of a cross-section to have water
depths greater than or equal to the minimum needed for fish passage. In
Oregon, at least 25% of the top width and a continuous portion equaling at
least 10% of the top width are used (Thompson, 1972). The flow that satisfies
these criteria for all cross-sections is recommended.
Coose Nesting Requirement
The maintenance of adequate flows around islands selected by Canada geese for
nesting is necessary to insure that the nests are protected from mammalian
predators. Under low flow conditions, these predators have easy access to the
islands and can significantly reduce goose production. The security of the
islands is a primary factor in their selection as nest sites by geese. This
security is provided by adequate side channel flows, which are a function of
depth, width, and velocity. Since wetted perimeter is a function of both
width and depth, its relationship to discharge is believed to be the best
Indicator of the minimum flows that are needed to maintain secure nesting
islands.
The wetted perimeter/inflection point method is applied to the shallowest area
of the side channel bordering each nesting island. A wetted perimeter-side
channel discharge curve is generated for each cross-section and the inflection
point determined. A curve correlating the side channel flow to the total
river flow is also derived during the field season. From these curves, the
total river discharge that would provide the inflection point flow in each
side channel is determined. The final recommendation is derived by averaging
the recommendations for each island or choosing the river flow that would
maintain at least the inflection point flow around all the islands being
sampled in the study area. The latter method is preferred.
7-2
Depth and width criteria could also be developed and used in conjunction with
the WACD option of the WETP program to formulate flow recommendations for
nesting.
Maintenance of Spawning and Rearing Habitats in Side Channels
Side channels provide important and sometimes critical spawning and rearing
habitats for many cold and warm water fish species. The maintenance of tbese
habitats is dependent on adequate side channel flows.
The wetted perimeter/inflection point method, when applied to the riffle areas
of critical side channels, will provide a measure of the side channel flow
that is needed to maintain the spawning and rearing habitats at acceptable
levels. When this side channel recommendation is used in conjunction with a
rurve correlating the side channel flow to the total river flow, the total
river flow that would maintain adequate side channel flow can be determined.
This method is applied to a series of side channels and the final
recommendation derived by averaging the recommendations for each or choosing
the river flow that would maintain at least the inflection point flow in all
the sampled side channels. The latter method is again preferred.
Recreational Floating Requirement
Minimum depth and width criteria have been developed for various types of
boating craft by the Cooperative Instream Flow Service Group of the U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service (Hyra, 1978). These are listed in Table 3.
Table 3. Required stream width and depth for various recreation craft.
Recreation Craft Required Depth (ft) Required Width (ft)
Canoe-kayak 0.5 A
Drift boat, row boat-raft 1.0 6
Tube 1.0 4
Power boat 3.0 6
Sail boat 3.0 25
These criteria are minimal and would not provide a satisfactory experience if
the entire river was at this level. However, if the required depths and
widths are maintained in riffles and other shallow areas, then these minimum
conditions will only be encountered a short time during the float and the
remainder of the trip will be over water of greater depths.
Cross-sections are placed in the shallowest area along the waterway. The WACD
option of the WETP program is used to determine the flow that will satisfy the
minimum criteria for the craft of interest. For example, if deriving a
recommendation for power boats, the flow providing depths ° 3.0 ft for at
7-3
least a 6.0 ft, continuous length of top width is recommended. When a series
of cross-sections are used, the results for each cross-section are analyzed
IT" ! IL ^ the f l0W "tisfying the criteria for all cross-sections" if
recommended.
2£?H 7 X CT e*Panded "»ing additional criteria. For example, in
addition to the above criteria for power boats, it can also be required that a
certain percentage of the top width, such as 25%, has depths > 3.0 ft.
Remember, you will have to justify all criteria used in your analysis
7-4
FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
Re sure to compare your instream flow recommend a t i oris to the water
availability. For Raged streams, many summary flow statistics, such as the
mean and median monthly flow of record, are available for comparison. For
ungaged streams, instantaneous flow measurements collected by various state
and federal agencies and simulated data are useful. The primary purpose is to
determine if the recommendation is reasonable based on water availability. It
is also desirable, for future planning, to define the period in which water in
excess of the recommendation is available for consumptive uses and to quantify
this excess.
It is common for the low flow recommendations for many of the headwater rivers
and streams to equal or exceed the normal water availability for the months of
November through March. This is the winter period when the natural flows are
lowest for the year. These naturally occurring low flows, when coupled with
the adverse effects of surface and anchor ice formation and the resulting
scouring of the channel at ice-out, can impact the fishery. Consequently,
water depletions during the winter have the potential to he extremely harmful
to the ,-ilready stressed fish populations. For headwater rivers and streams,
it is generally accepted that little or no water should be removed during the
critical winter period if fish populations are to be maintained at existing
levels.
The recommendations derived from the wetted perimeter/inflection point method
only apply to the low flow or nonrunoff months. For the high flow or runoff
period, flow recommendations should be based on those flows judged necessary
for flushing bottom sediments and maintaining the existing channel morphology.
This method, termed the dominant discharge/channel morphology concept (Montana
Department of Fish and Came, 1979), requires at least ten years of continuous
USCS gage records for deriving high flow recommendations, so cannot he applied
to most streams.
8-1
LITERATURE CITED
Bovee, K. D. 1974. The determination, assessment and design of "instream
value" studies for the Northern Great Plains region. Univ. of Montana
Final Report. Contract No. 68-01-2413, Envir. Protection Agency. 204 pp.
Bovee, K. D. and R. Milhous. 1978. Hydraulic simulation in instream flow
studies: theory and techniques. Cooperative Instream Flow Service
Group, 2625 Redwing Rd . , Fort Collings, CO 80526. 131pp.
Buchanan, T. J. and W. P. Somers. 1969. Discharge measurements at gaging
stations. Techniques of Water Resources Investigations of the United
States Geological Survey, Book 3, Chapter A8.
Collings, Mike. 1972. A methodology for determining instream flow
recommendations for fish. In Proceedings of Instream Flow Methodology
Workshop. Washington Dept. of Ecology, Olympia, WA. pp. 72-86.
— . 1974. Generalization of spawning and rearing discharges
for several Pacific salmon species in western Washington. USGS, Open
File Report. 39pp.
Colorado Division of Wildlife. 1976. Required instream flows Crystal River
AnJn n8 The Creek* °P6n Flle Letter' Colo«do Division of Wildlife,
6060 Broadway, Denver, CO 80216. 33pp.
Graham, P. J. and R. F. Penkal. 1978. Aquatic environmental analysis in the
lower Yellowstone River. Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks
Helena, MT 59620. 102pp. '
Hyra, R. 1978. Methods of assessing instream flows for recreation. Instream
Flow Information Paper: No. 6. FWS/OBS - 78/34. 44pp.
Montana Department of Fish and Game, 1979. Instream flow evaluation for
Tf IT! tuZTl ^ ,the ?Per Mlssouri River basin. Montana Department
offish, Wildlife and Parks, 1420 East Sixth Avenue, Helena, MT 59620.
Nelson F. A ,977. Beaverhead River and Clark Canyon Reservoir fishery
study. Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. 118pp.
1980a.
Evaluation of four instream flow methods applied
u 1^7/ ^ , VGr ln Bouthwes' Montana. Montana Dept. of Fish,
Wildlife and Parks, 8695 Huffine Lane, Bozeman, MT. 105PP.
9-1
. 1980b. Supplement to evaluation of four instream flow
methods applied to four trout river in southwest Montana. Montana Dept
of Fish, Wildlife and Parks, 8695 Huffine Lane, Bozeman, MT. 55pp.
_ . 1980c. Evaluation of selected instream flow methods in
Montana. In Western Proceedings 60th Annual Conference of the Western
Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies. Western Division, American
Fisheries Society. pp. 412-432.
Randolph C. L. and R. G. White. 1984. Validity of the wetted perimeter
method for recommending instream flows for salmonids in small streams
Research Project Technical Completion Report, Montana Water Resources
Research Center, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana. 103pp.
Rantz, S. E. (and others). 1982. Measurement and computation of streamflow
Volume 2. Computation of discharge. Geological Survey Water-Supply
Paper 2175. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.
Sando, S. K. 1981. The spawning and rearing habitats of rainbow trout and
brown trout In two rivers in Montana. M.S. Thesis, Montana State
University, Bozeman. 67pp.
Smoot, G. F. and C. E. Novak. 1968. Calibration and maintenance of
vertical-axis type current meters. Techniques of Water Resources
Investigations of the United States Geological Survey, Book 8, Chapter
B2 .
Spence, L. E. 1975. Guidelines for using Water Surface Profile program to
determine instream flow needs for aquatic life. Montana Dept. of Fish,
Wildlife and Parks, Helena, MT 59620. Prelim. Draft. 22pp.
Thompson, K. E. 1972. Determining streamflows for fish life. In Proc.
Instream Flow Requirement Workshop, Pacific NW River Basins"" Coram "
Portland, OR. pp. 31-50.
Wesche, T. A. and P. A. Rechard. 1980. A summary of instream flow methods
for fisheries and related research needs. Eisenhower Consortium Bulletin
9. Water Res. Research Inst., Univ. of Wyoming, Laramie, WY. 122
pp.
White, Robert G. 1976. A methodology for recommending stream resource
maintenance flows for large rivers. In Proceedings of the Symp. and
Spec. Conf. on Instream Flow Needs, ed. J. F. Orsborn and C. H. Allman.
Vol. II, pp. 367-386. Amer. Fish. Soc, Bethesda, MD.
White, Robert and Tim Cochnauer. 1975. Stream resource maintenance flow
studies. Idaho Dept. of Fish and Game and Idaho Coop. Fishery Research
Unit Report. 136 pp.
305/os6. i9
9-2
APPENDIX A
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APPENDIX C
APPENDIX C
Green and Bluegreen Algae
German Gulch Creek
Station 1 (Below Beefstraight Creek)
Nostoc abundant
Oscillatorla rare
Closterium rare
Station 2 (Below Edward Creek)
Nostoc abundant
Oscillatoria rare
Closterium rare
Ulothrix rare
Station 3 (Mouth)
Nostoc sparse
Closterium rare
Ulothrix abundant
DIATOM COUNT DATA
German Gulch Below Beefstraight Creek
Taxon
Relative
Count Abundance
Achnanthes
lanceolata Breb. ex Kutz. 56 ^*^f
lanceolata var exlgua Grun. 8
minutissima Kutz.
11 2.7%
Araphipleura
pelluclda (Kutz.) Kutz. 1
Amphora
ovalis var pedlculus (Kutz.) V.H. ex DeT. T
perpusilla (Grun.) Grun. 1
2%
2%
44
10.6%
1
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11
2.7%
T
1
.2%
10
2.4%
Caloneis
bacillum (Grun.) CI. 2 .5%
Cocconels
placentula Ehr.
placentula var euglypta (Ehr.) CI.
Cymbella
af finis Kutz.
cistula var. gibbosa Brun.
minuta Hilse
sinuata Greg.
Cyclotella
meneghiniana Kutz. 1 «2*
Diatoma
hiemale (Roth.) Heib. 4 1.0%
hiemale var. mesodon (Ehr.) Grun. 9 2.2%
Didymosphenia
geminata (Lyngb.) M.Schmidt. T
Diploneis
smithii var. pumila (Grun.) Hust. T
Fragilaria
construens var venter (Ehr.) Grun. 12 2.9%
leptostauron (Ehr.) Hust. 12 2.9%
pinnata Ehr. 11 1.1 A,
vaucheria (Kutz.) Peters. 41 9.9%
Frustulia
vulgaris (Thwaites) DeT. T
German Gulch Below Beef straight Creek (Continued)
Taxon
Gomphonema
angustatum (Kutz.) Rabh.
angustatura var intermedia Grun.
angustatum var productum Grun.
dichotomum Kutz.
Count
Relative
Abundance
4
3
5
1
1.0%
.7%
1.2%
.2%
Gotnphoneis
herculeana (Ehr.) CI.
Hannea
arcus (Ehr.) Patr.
1.9%
Hantzschia
amphioxys (Ehr.) Grun.
.2%
Melosira
varians
granulata
Meridian
circulare (Grev.) Ag.
circulare var constrictum (Ralfs) V.H.
Navicula
bacillum Ehr.
capitata Ehr.
dementis Grun.
cryptocephala var veneta (Kutz.) Rabh.
elginensis (Greg.) Ralfs
lanceolata (Ag.) Kutz.
pupula Kutz.
tripunctata (O.F. Mull.) Bory
viridula (Kutz.) Kutz. emend. V.H.
viridula var avenacea (Breb. ex Grun.) V.H.
sp.
Neidium
kozlowii var parvum Mereschk.
1
2
32
19
1
2
1
.5%
.5%
.5%
.5%
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.5%
T
7.7%
T
T
T
4.6%
.2%
.5%
.2%
Nitzschia
amphibia
dissipata (Kutz.) Grun.
fonticola (Grun.) Grun.
f rustulum
kutzingiana
linearis (Ag. ex W.Sm.) W.Sm.
palea
sp.
3
7
5
4
4
8
7
.7%
1.7%
T
1.2%
1.0%
1.0%
1.9%
1.7%
German Gulch Below Beefstraight Creek (Continued)
Taxon
Pinnularia
biceps Greg,
borealis Ehr.
burkii Patr.
maior (Kutz.) Rabh.
Rhoicosphenia
curvata (Kutz.) Grun. ex Rabh. 24 5.8%
Relative
Count
Abundance
2
.5%
T
1
.2%
T
Surirella
angu
ovata Kutz. 5 1.0%
angustata • 2a
Synedra
ulna (Nitz.) Ehr. 17 4.1%
ulna var contracta Ostr. 1_ .2%
TOTAL 413
DIATOM COUNT DATA
German Gulch Below Edward Creek
Taxon
Achnanthes
lanceolata Breb. ex Kutz.
lanceolata var dubla Grun.
minutissima Kutz.
Amphora
ovalis var pediculus (Kutz.) V.H. ex DeT.
Caloneis
bacillum (Grun.) CI.
Cocconeis
placentula Ehr.
placentula var euglypta (Ehr.) CI.
Cyirbella
minuta Hilse
muelleri Hust.
sinuata Greg.
Dlatoma
anceps (Ehr.) Kirchn.
hiemale (Roth.) Heib.
hlemale var. mesodon (Ehr.) Grun.
Diatomella
balfouriana Grev.
Fragilarla
leptostauron (Ehr.) Hust.
pinnata Ehr.
pinnata var capitellata (Grun.) Patr.
vaucheria (Kutz.) Peters.
Frustulia
vulgaris (Thwaites) DeT.
Gomphonema
angustatum (Kutz.) Rabh.
dichotomum Kutz.
parvulum Kutz.
sp.
Gomphoneis
herculeana (Ehr.) CI.
Count
48
8
22
62
2
11
4
2
1
17
4
19
5
58
2
14
2
2
Relative
Abundance
11.2%
1.9%
5.1%
,2%
,2%
14.4%
.5%
2.6%
T
.9%
.5%
.2%
4.0%
9%
.9%
4.4%
1.2%
13.6%
,2%
.5%
,2%
.5%
,5%
1.9%
German Gulch Below Edward Creek (Continued)
Taxon
Count
Relative
Abundance
Hannea
arcus (Ehr.) Patr.
,9%
Meridian
circulare (Grev.) Ag.
Navicula
arvensis Hust.
cryptocephala var veneta (Kutz.) Rabh.
pupula Kutz.
viridula (Kutz.) Kutz. emend. V.H.
sp.
Nitzschia
dissipata (Kutz.) Grun.
fonticola (Grun.) Grun.
kutzingiana Hilse
linearis (Ag. ex W.Sm.) W.Sm.
palea (Kutz.) W.Smith
romana
sp.
Pinnularia
biceps Greg,
borealis Ehr.
stomophora (Grun.) CI
Rhoicosphenia
curvata (Kutz.) Grun. ex Rabh.
Synedra
ulna (Nitz.) Ehr.
TOTAL
7
14
3
1
1
23
2
17
3
10
3
8
13
_±
428
1.6%
1.6%
3.2%
.7%
.2%
.2%
5.4%
.5%
4.0%
.7%
2.3%
.7%
1.9%
2%
3.0%
2%
DIATOM COUNT DATA
Mouth of German Gulch
Taxon
Achnanthes
lanceolata Breb. ex Kutz.
minutissima Kutz.
Cocconeis
placentula Ehr.
placentula var euglypta (Ehr.) CI.
Cymbella
affinis Kutz.
cistula (Ehr.) Kirchn.
minuta Hilse
prostrata (Berk.) CI
sinuata Greg.
Diatoma
hiemale (Roth.) Heib.
hiemale var. mesodon (Ehr.) Grun.
Fragilaria
leptostauron (Ehr.) Hust.
pinnata Ehr.
vaucheria (Kutz.) Peters.
Frustulia
vulgaris (Thwaites) DeT.
Goraphonema
angustatum (Kutz.) Rabh.
olivaceum
parvulum Kutz.
Comphoneis
herculeana (Ehr.) CI.
Hannea
arcus (Ehr.) Patr.
Hantzschia
amphioxys (Ehr.) Grun.
Relative
Count
Abundance
9
2.2%
2
.5%
9
2.2%
1
.2%
17
4.1%
T
T
T
2
.5%
1
.2%
1
.2%
3
.7%
9
2.2%
41
9.8%
2
.5%
114
27.3%
11
2.6%
36
11
8.6%
2%
Mouth of German Gulch (Continued)
Taxon
Navicula
arvensis Hust.
capitata Ehr.
cryptocephala var veneta (Kutz.) Rabh,
salinarum Grun.
tripunctata (O.F. Mull.) Bory
Nitzschia
dissipata (Kutz.) Grun.
fonticola (Grun.) Grun.
kutzingiana Hilse
linearis (Ag. ex W.Sm.) W.Sm.
palea (Kutz.) W. Smith
Pinnularia
borealis Ehr.
sp.
Relative
Count
Abundance
3
.7%
1
.2%
22
5.3%
2
.5%
7
1.7%
57
13.7%
4
1.0%
11
2.6%
2
.5%
1
.2%
T
T
Rhoicosphenia
curvata (Kutz.) Grun. ex Rabh.
.5%
Rhopalodia
gibba var ventricosa (Kutz.) H and M. Peraq
Stauroneis
smithii Pant.
Surirella
ovata Kutz.
ovata var Pinnata W. Sm.
1.9%
T
Synedra
ulna (Nitz.) Ehr.
ulna var contracta Ostr.
14
21
3.3%
5.0%
TOTAL
417
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