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HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 


LIBRARY 


OF THE 


MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY 


50,438 
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Deon, giv. 


—Aquattce Life 


Volume II, 1916 - 1917 


W. A. POYSER 
EDITOR 


PUBLISHED BY 


JOSEPH E. BAUSMAN 
PHILADELPHIA 


Copyrighted 1916 - 1917 
By JOSEPH E. BAUSMAN 
All Rights Reserved 


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INDEX 


fe 


Albinism, 132. 

Alfaro amazonum, 124. 

Algae, Four Species of, 50. 

Ambassis lala, 3. 

Amblystoma: Food for, 100; opacum, 113; 
punctatum, 61. 

Amoeba, 51. 

Anacharis, 13, 83. 

Anolis carolinensis, 72. 

Aquarist Avoids, The, 18. 

Aquarium: “Aquarium,” The Word, 65; As- 
sortment of fishes for, 16; Bunsen 
burner, 14; Care and management, 81; 
Changing water, 28; Cleaning bottom, 
80, 131, 144: Dip-nets, 52, 95; Dip-tube, 
80, 131; Diseases, 86, 100; Evaporation, 

28: Fishes at surface, 71; Food rings, 

135; Food sieve, 95; Heating, 9, 14, 77; 

Heating by electricity, 77; Heat regula- 

TOTEM Mise do Sie lay digakee 3 yn (O2h. O44: 

Iilustrations’ of aquaria, 19) 22, 29, 59; 

Pi, Si, 82, NOS, WS? Ibe Comirol: Oss, 


135: Location of, 28, 135; Mahogany 
aquarium, 105; Minute inhab‘tants of, 
35, 50, 63, 91; Museum aquaria, 151; 


Notes, 60; Ornamentation, 30; Over- 
stocking, 71; Plants, 7, 113, 23,25, 30) 37, 
59, 60, 61, 81, 88, 99, 142, 159; Pleasure 
Ol, BOs (see also 
“Snails”); Bis Soult, 
gravel, sand, 13; Stands or supports, 12; 
Swamp aquaria, 58; Thermostat, 11; 
Unwise management, 18; 
cleamenwaisik 

Bass, Indian Golden, 3. 

Beetle, Life-history of, 126. 

Belonesox belizanus, 143. 

Betta: pugnax, 119; species, 117. 

Bitterling, The, 15. 

Boleosoma nigrum, 55. 

Butterfly Fish, 112. 

Carp: Culture of, 158; Mirror, 21. 

Catfish, Brazilian, 73. 

Chameleon, American, 72. 

Chanchito or Shoat, 57. 

Cichlasoma facetum, 57. 

Cobitis or Weatherfish, 86. 

Community Aquaria, 16. 

Conservatory Thermostat, 23. 

Corydoras, Breeding a, 73. 

Ctenops vittatus, 118. 

Dace, Black-nosed, 382. 


Scavengers, 86 


Sheep manure, 


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Danio: analipunctatus, 161; Giant, 125; mala- 
baricus, 125; Spawning tank for, 162. 
Daphne (Daphnia): Collecting net for, 95; 
in Lake Mendota, 102; Propagating, 19, 

93; Sieve, 4, 95. 

Darter, Johnny, 55. 

Diatoms, Notes on, 155. 

Diemyctylus: pyrrhogaster, 1; 
44, 45, 126. 

Earthworms: A Fish 

Enchytrae, 28, 43. 

Fish Culture, A History of, 145. 

Fishes and Reptiles in Winter, 21. 

Fishes: Brain of, 106; Hearing of, 13; 
Hybridizing, 66, 134; Inbreeding, 123; 
Lateral line, 112; Respiration of, 70; 
Scales of, 112; Transportation of, 14, 30. 

Foods, Fish: Amoeba, 51; Ant eggs, 136; 
Corethra, 118; Cyclops, 92, 117; Cypris, 
92; Daphne (Daphnia), 19, 54, 91, 93, 
117; Diatoms, 155; Dry prepared, 100; 
Earthworms, 5; Enchytrae, 28, 43; 
Grading of, 95; Infusoria, 90, 117; Mi- 
croscopic, 35, 50, 90, 92, 117; Mosquito 
larvae, 144; Oyster, 58; Paramecium, 51; 
Rings, 135; Rotifers, 92; Steve, 95; 
Shrimp, 56; White-worms, 28, 43. 

Frog: An Albino, 132; Florida Gopher, 153: 
Java Flying, 34; Leopard, 133; Peeper, 
103. 

Fundulus and Notropis, Notes on, 67. 

Fundulus: chrysotus, 141; 
Golden, 141; gularis, 47. 

Gambusia affinis holbrooki, 40, 99. 

Gambusia, Morphology of, 6. 

Gasteropelecus species, 107. 


viridescens, 


Food, 5. 


diaphanus, 68; 


, 


Geophagus jurupari, 162. 

Goldfish: Bag-tail, 28; Black Telescope, 27 
115; Blue Calico Telescope, 123; Breed- 
ing and rearing, 87 (see also “Aquar- 

Calico Telescope Broadtail, 5, 

65, 70, 87, 145: Common, 82; Conserva- 

tory for, 109; Daphnia, Daphne, 19, 54, 

91 (see also “Foods”); Diseases, 86, 

100; Egg congestion, 96; Excrement of, 

13; Growth of,. 40; Hydra, 13, 62, 64; 

Inbreeding, 123; Infusoria, 90; Jap 

Broadtail, 84; Lionhead, 31; Low-priced, 

8: Moor Telescope, 27, 115; Opaque- 

scaled Telescope, 101; Queen Lil, 70; 

Roe-bound female, 96; Sex identifica- 

tion, 87, 93; Scurvy, 101; Shubunkin, 13, 


ium’’); 


INDEX 


49: Spawning, 87; Spawning net, 95; 
Taubles’ Pond, 39; Temperature, 96. 

Gourami: Dwarf, 118; Purring, 118. 

Guppy (Lebistes), 96. 

Haplochilus: calliurus, 48, 130; -cameronen- 
sis, 129; fasciolatus, 130. 

Haplochromis strigigena, 120. 

Haplomi, Notes on Order, 137. 

Hatchery, Unity Commercial, 79. 

Heat Regulation, 11, 22. 

Heating the Aquarium, 9. 

Heros facetum, 57. 

Hibernation of Fishes, 21. 

Hybridizing Fishes, 66, 134. 

Hydra (Polyp), 13, 62, 64. 

Hyla pickeringil, 103. 

Isoetes, 7. 

Jordanella floridae, 121. 

Kitefish, The, 89. 

Labyrinthine Fishes, Breeding, 117. 

Lace Plant, Madagascar, 37. 

each, Phe, 52: 

Lebistes reticulatus, 96. 

Macropodus: opercularis, 149; species, 117. 

Marsilia, 62. 

Minnow: Fiery-black, 102; 
78: Mud. 137; Steel-colored, 78. 

Mosquitoes, Life-history of, 144. 

Mouth-breeder, Cichlid, 120. 

Mud Minnows, With Notes on the Order 
Haplomi, 137. (Describes a new sub- 
species of Umbra pygmaea.) 


Tron-colored, 


Mussels, Freshwater, 17, 149. 
Newt: Common, 45, 127; Japanese Red- 
bellied, 1. 


Nitella: flexilis, 100; gracilis, 100, 112. 

Notropis and Fundulus, Notes on, 67. 

Notropis: chalybaeus, 78; hudsonius amarus. 
68; pyrrhomelas, 102. 

Osphromenus: species, 117; striatus, 118. 

Ouvirandra fenestralis, 37. 

Pantodon buchholzi, 112. 

Panzerwel, 73. 

Paradise Fish, 60, 117, 149. 

Paramecium, 51. 


kins, ANC beicition, 7, 13, 28, O53 BO, By, Re) 
60, 61, 81, 88, 99, 142, 159. 
Polycentrus schomburgki, 157. 
Pseudocorynopoma doriae, 89. 
Pterophyllum scalare, 163. 
Puffer Fish, 69. 
Pyrrhulina filamentosa, 33. 
Quillwort in Aquaria, 7. 
Rana oesopus, 153. 
Respiration of Fishes, 70; Physics of, 115. 
Rhodeus amarus, 15. 
Raicerae tiumitamts.eleli a1) 
Sagittaria: natans, 83; sinensis, 100; species, 
US 
Salamander: Food for, 100; Gray, 127, 128; 
Mythology of, 128; Notes on the, 127: 
Opaque, 113; Purple, 128. 
Schlammbeisser, 86. 
Shark, The Nurse, 25. 
Snails: African, 148; Ampullaria, 88: Bubble- 
shell, 13; Copenhagen Red, 13, 148: 
Coral, 13, 148; Eared, 148; Four-horned, 
88; Japanese, 13, 148; Lymnaea auricu- 
laria, 149; Lymnaea stagnalis, 149; 
Niagara, 148; Paludina contecta, 149: 
Physa_  heterostropha, 3; Planorbis 
corneus rubra, 148; Planorbis trivolvis, 
148; Potomac, 148; Ramshorn, 148; Red, 
13, 148; Viviparus malleatus, 148. 
oy Lees, 28. 
Spring Peeper, 103. 
Sunfish, Black-banded, 85. 
Swordtails, Mexican, 97. 
Tadpoles, Value of, in Aquaria, 14. 
Thermostat, Aquarium, 11. 
Trichogaster: lalius, 118; species, 117. 
Umbra: limi, 138; pygmaea bilineata, 147: 
umbra, 139. 
Unio complanatus, 17. 
Vallisneria: Cells of, 26; Cultivation of, 
159; spiralis, 25; Tortuous Form of, 159. 
Water Hyacinths a Pest, 2. 
Water, Surface layer of, 13. 
Weatherfish or Schlammbeisser, 86. 
Worms, White, 28, 43. 
Xiphophorus species, 97. 


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WAGES 


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aes Jacob C. Cassel 
ee | 915 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pa 


Manufacturer of 


AQUARIUMS 


Aquarium Ornaments 
Floral Terra Cotta, Etc. 


Fa 


Goldfish Fish Globes Fish Food 
and all aquarium requisites. 
Send for Catalog. 


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Aquarium Specialty Co. 


1873 WASHINGTON AVENUE 20 New YorK CITY 


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Special Offer 


Acclimated Imported Stock of Large Size | 
Jordanella floridae  Gambusia holbrooki | 
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Single Pair $1.50 

Lots of 5 Pair of Each at $6.25 

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YOUNG LIONHEADS (Perfect Form) “AT 40c EACH 
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Reduction in Quantities 


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OR OR a 8 SO 6 6 6 a Ss Fe a 6 i 6 6 a 6 Oa i Fe et 9 


Please mention AQUATIC LIFE when writing advertisers. 


ooo ooo ones 


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Red-bellied Newt 


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During the latter part of March of this 
year (1916) Mr. Edward S. Schmid, the 
well-known pet fancier, of Washington, 
D. C., obtained from a Japanese dealer 
in San Francisco, a lot of over one hun- 
dred specimens of that most beautiful 
salamander of Japan, the Red-bellied 
Newt (Diemyctylus pyrrhogaster). This 
elegant form belongs in the same genus 
with our common little spotted water 
newt (D. wiridescens), though, in my 
opinion, it is not very closely related to 
it—at least, each may be at the extreme 
limit of the generic confines of that 
group. 

Mr. Schmid very generously loaned 
me half a dozen specimens from this fine 
collection, and these I picked out for the 
ereat differences to be seen in the color 
distribution on their under parts. Five 


Seooeoo oo ose ooeov> 990 OI 90 0 00 0 0 0 00 0 00 0 Jo 0 I IAS 


(The Red -Bellied Newt 


DR. R. W. SHUFELDT 


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Diemyctylus pyrrhogaster 


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Photographed by the Author 


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of them formed the subject for a colored 
wall chart which I prepared, giving the 
animals a size of some six times that of 
life (linear). Employing this chart as 
a means of demonstration, with the aid 
of the living specimens in a small fish 
globe, I presented a brief account of 
these very interesting batrachians at the 
meeting of the Biological Society of 
Washington, which was held on the 8th 
of April, 1916. Subsequently I copied 
my chart with the camera, reducing the 
five figures to the natural size of the liv- 
ing animals, and these I colored as in 
life. This illustration is here reproduced 
to supplement the short description given 
below. 

Superiorly, the skin of this batrachian 
is rather rough, due to the presence of a 
fine, warty growth upon it. When seen 


2 Aquatic Lite 


directly from above, this dark or black- 
ish-brown skin is in no way relieved by 
any brighter color, and the observer 
would never suspect the brilliant orange 
vermilion of the markings of the under 
parts. No two specimens have these two 
highly-tinted patterns alike ; but by study- 
ing the series it will be observed that in 
some individuals the colored area is 
nearly entire, as shown in Figs. 1 and 2, 
more or less of the inferior border of 
the tail being always red. Still, where 
this area is nearly entire, either one or 
both of its outer margins are more or 
less broken and jagged, with a few off- 
lying islets of red spots. 

From this stage the pattern appears 
to take on two or three different styles. 
It may tend to become broadly zigzag 
between the throat and the vent, as in 
Fig. 3; or it may form a median line 
with crooked lateral branches and a few 
scattered spots, as in Fig. 5; finally, it 
may break up into irregularly formed 
islands and spots of color, as exhibited 
in Fig. 4. Rarely are the color spots to 
be found on the under side of the limbs. 
Again, the color area frequently seems 
to persist about the genital fissure or the 
vent, as the case may be, and in many 
specimens the chin area is unbroken. I 
am strongly inclined to believe that these 
color patterns are quite independent of 
the sex of the individual, and possibly 
of age. 

This seems to be a hardy species, and 
is certainly a very beautiful creature in 
an aquarium. They are very fond of 
small frog tadpoles and angling worms ; 
and as some of the females appear to be 
heavy with spawn, [ am in hopes that 
later on I may have the opportunity to 
try to rear the young from eggs. They 
seem to like pretty deep water, and have 
no apparent inclination to come up on 
the mossy bank or flat stones that rise out 
of it. This newt is probably quite as 


harmless as any other species of Diemy- 
ctylus—indeed, I must believe they de- 
stroy the larve of many undesirable 
aquatic insects, perhaps mosquito larve, 
in which case it would be a beautiful 
addition to introduce into our ponds, in 
that it might, in time, become a part of 
the aquatic fauna of the country, in such 
localities as it would be likely to thrive. 
ir certainly makes a very interesting and 
strikingly addition to the 
aquarium. 


handsome 


Water Hyacinths a Pest 


Experiments on water hyacinth have 
been carried on in French Indo-China for 
the purpose of turning to some profit the 
growth encumbers the lower 
Mekong and other waters of Cochin 
China and Cambodia to such a degree 
that it has become a positive menace to 
navigation. The fibre produced by this 
plant, according to the “London Engi- 
neer,” has been used in the manufacture 
of rope, twine, matting, paddy sacks, 


which 


boxes and chairs, cradles and other arti- 
cles of furniture. It has been mixed 
with silk to form a somewhat stiff but 
durable cloth. Water hyacinth has now 
entered the commercial field as a rival 
of rattan, rather than jute. It is stated 
that since April, 1911, the plant has been 
dried, compressed into briquettes, and 
used as fuel at Khartum and other points 
on the Upper Nile. These briquettes can 
be put on the market at $5.75 per ton, 
and it is said that tests made on a steamer 
on the White Nile have demonstrated 
that their efficiency as a fuel equals that 
of the same amount of the best coal. 


Torn—‘Why is the frog the most 
economical animal °” 

Dorn—"‘Because, after casting off its 
skin, it rolls it into a neat ball and eats 
iE 


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| 

From the “Land of Mysteries,” India, 
that densely populated country inhabited 
by more than forty million people, and 
boasting of as many as forty different 
languages, comes to us one of the most 
spiritual and elfin-like of the fishes that 
grace and lend an air of mystery to our 
aquaria—the tiny Golden Bass, Ambassis 
lala. ‘This little bass, for such it unmis- 
takably is, averages little over an inch 
in length, with a depth of body of a 
third as much, and a thickness at the 
thickest part of the thorax of—nothing. 
Well, if not “nothing,” then so close to 
it that a sheet of paper seems thicker and 
Herein les the mystery 
He never, if 


more visible. 
of this dainty little fellow. 
he can help it, permits a broadside view 
of his glittering though transparent body, 
for he is ever heading straight at you, 
or else in the opposite direction, so that 
it is almost necessary for two people to 
approach the aquarium from opposite 
sides in order to steal a glimpse of him 
as he (or she) rushes to cover among 
the leaves of the plants which afford 
shelter and surroundings most congenial 
to him. In his home waters there is 
elways an admixture of sea salt, such as 
is found in the haunts of our own Mol- 
licnisia latipinna. Ambassis lala will live 
contentedly in quite fresh water, though 
I always add sea salt to the proportion 
of a tablespoonful to five gallons of 
water, using old aquarium water in pref- 
erence. 

To those desirous of breeding this 
dainty fish I would advise a large 
aquarium—two or three feet long by 
eighteen inches to two feet wide; water 


6 OS i Oo ah a a i a a a 


OS ES 8 5 SS FO FSO 5 i S Ps 6 5 9 ns 9s ss, 
er 


The Indian Golden Bass | 


WALTER LANNOY BRIND, F. Z. S. 


et 


tc a depth of six to eight inches: clean 
silver sand on the bottom, planted with 
thickets of Vallisneria in the corners and 
along three sides, open in front and cen- 
tre. A bunch of Nitella in at least one 
corner will afford shelter for the female 
should an argument arise. A tempera- 
ture of about 75 degrees Fahrenheit, for 
breeding, and 65 to 72 degrees at other 


Ambassis lala 


times, suits it to perfection. The eggs 
are deposited among the plants wherever 
they are dense and free from waste mat- 
ter and excreta. They are tiny, clear as 
crystal, and are deposited in lots of five 
or six at a time to a total of thirty to 
fifty. The parent fish in the act of laying 
the eggs swim side by side, the function 
being performed with so swift a move- 
ment through the plants that it can hardly 
be witnessed. The period of incubation 
is from ten to fifteen hours. After 
hatching, the fry cling to the glass and 
plants for three or four days. 

The aquarium should be placed less 
than a yard distant from an east window 
where there is abundant morning sun- 


4 Aquatic Lite 


shine, the narrow end should be nearest 
te light. As with other species, the 
frst food of the little fish is Infusoria, 
ater they prefer tiny Daphnia and 
Cyclops. The greatest care must be ex- 
creised to strain the Daphnia and Cyclops 
through a very fine brass wire screen or 
«oth, so that no large ones pass through. 


‘he young are very voracious as they 


crow up and often choke themselves on 
l:rge mouthfuls of live food. Prepared 


Daphne Sieve 


dry foods, and indeed anything but live 
ood, is out of the question for Ambassis 
lala. There is no reason why any one 
who is fortunate enough to possess this 
most desirable fish should not do as I do 
throughout the winter when Daphnia 1s 
scarce, namely, keep a constant supply in 
mason jars set in an east window, with 
dirt on the bottom of each, and water 
plants thrown in at random. As the sun- 
ight encourages the growth of alge on 
the inside of the jars the Daphmia 
thrive. Of course, only a few, say the 
equivalent of a large pea in bulk, can be 
maintained in each jar—the cooler the 
100m the more you can keep, within cer- 
tain limits. With twenty-four jars a 
<ood supply can be maintained for such 
{sh as absolutely require them. 

No more beautiful sight has ever 
ereeted my eyes than a series of four 
successive broods of Ambassis lala which 
saw vat) the @residence of Mi) Carl 
Schmidt, of Freidrichshagen, near Ber- 
lin, Germany. ‘This gentleman devoted 
himself at that time, 1910, exclusively to 


breeding such rare and interesting fishes 
with which other fanciers had not suc- 
ceeded, and his efforts were crowned 
with great success. The young Ambassis 
swam, or rather sailed, around their 
spacious homes like fleets of cutter 
yachts, all in the same direction, and all 
with dorsal and anal fins erect and tails 
spread wide. 

The male Ambassis is like a thin slip 
of amber glass with golden gleams as 
the light strikes it at an angle. The dor- 
sal, anal and tail fins are marked with 
Indian red, and have light blue edges. 
There are a few indistinct vertical, 
broken black bars on the sides. The fe- 
male is more greenish, and clear, glassy 
and transparent, the red of the male 
being absent. During the summer the 
ovaries are visible through the abdominal 
walls. The Golden Bass is a shy little 
fish, and great care must be exercised 
not to frighten it. 


Don’t Be Hasty 


Though time onward speedily flies, 
and summer's sun is setting, not for 
some time will it be wise to shake ye 
‘skeeter netting. 

An enthusiastic fisherman was telling 
some friends about a proposed fishing 
trip to a lake in Colorado he had in con- 
templation. 

“Are there any trout out there?” asked 
one friend. 

“Thousands of ‘em.” 

“Will they bite easily?” 

“Will they? Why, they're absolutely 
vicious. A man has to hide behind a tree 
to bait a hook.”—Country Gentleman. 


“We behold all round about us one 
vast union, in which no man can labor 
for himself, without laboring at the same 
time for all others.’—Hvyperion. 


8 8 0 0 0 5 0 Bo 0 So Bo So Se Bi So Soo Sao 


0000s 


e<t5o E 


Owned by John Mc Ginnis 
YOUNG CALICO TELESCOPE BROAD. TAIL GOLDFISH 


The type you are proud to possess at the close of the outdoor season 


Fe a 


° 


lf one asked “What is an earthworm?” 
the probable answer would be “food for 
fishes.” True, and fine food, but there 
the question would likely rest. Its skin 
is soft and naked, and protected with a 
coating of slime. The body consists of 
from one hundred to two hundred rings, 
each provided with minute bristles. It is 
these bristles that enable the worm to 
so successfully resist being pulled from 
its hole, even though it be rent apart 
The muscular system is well developed, 
and the animals can crawl backward and 
forward. ‘The internal organs are rather 
simple, though to describe them thor- 
oughly would require many pages. In 
brief, it has a pharynx, which is pushed 
forward when it eats. This conducts to 
the cesophagus, which is enlarged into a 
crop in front of the gizzard. The latter 
organ into the intestine, 


opens which 


The Earthworn: A Fish Food 


JOHN R. BASCOTT 


Boot 1 foo foocBoe PoacfoocfoocPoocfoaHoocPoofoocfoofooHocfooctoo ofoofoaBoo oocfoocboo focfoocbouctoocB5e 


Ml 


Owned by W. H. Heimbach 


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i cBoacfoocfoo fo Boocfoofoacoo Boo Soo foacfoo Soo too foo foo Poo too Sooo Poo foocfoocto foo Sooo Poo Poo Sof 


runs in a straight line to the vent. Tiny 
grains of sand are found in the gizzard 
and intestine, and probably serve to grind 
the food. Respiration is carried on 
through the whole surface of the body. 
Fyes and ears are not present, but the 
animal is sensitive to light and sound. 
Fach individual unites the two sexes in 
its body, but two worms pair together. 
The eggs are contained in a sort of 
cocoon formed of mucus, which hardens 
when exposed to the air. 

The earthworm feeds on vegetable sub- 
stances contained in the soil, so that it is 
constantly swallowing earth to obtain nu- 
triment. It plays a most important part 
in the economy of Nature, as, by break- 
ing up and mixing the soil and by drag- 
ging leaves into its burrow, it has tilled 
and manured the earth for ages. ‘They 
are found throughout the world. Though 


6 Aquatic Lite 


few in species, they make up in numbers. 
It has been estimated that they average 
about one hundred thousand to the acre. 

The earthworm forms an excellent and 
easily obtained food for many aquarium 
fishes. It is customary to select small, 
tender ones—not lorge “night crawlers” 
—and to cut each into small pieces suit- 
able in size to the particular fishes to be 
fed. When tiny particles are desired for 
fry, place a tablespoonful of coarse sand 
in a round-bottom china bowl, add a few 
worms killed by scalding, then proceed 
to grind with a smooth, water-worn peb- 
ble the size of a hen’s egg, just as a chem- 
ist would use a mortar and pestle; add 
water, stir rapidly for a moment, pause 
to allow sand to settle, then pour off into 
another vessel. The tiny particles of 
worm will be held in suspension in the 
water longer than the heavier sand. By 
thus decanting several times if necessary, 
the ground worm will be separated from 
the sand and may then be fed. 

For a winter supply of worms, secure 
a wooden box from the grocer, or several 
if a large supply is desired. Be certain 
that the box is securely nailed. Put ina 
{wo-inch layer of garden soil and leat 
mould, and over it distribute a good layer 
of worms. Add two more layers of earth 
and worms, with an inch layer of soil 
on top. Cover with three boards an inch 
thick, leaving an inch space all around, 
with a brick on each board. Place the 
box in a moderately col cellar, and 
sprinkle occasionally to keep moist. 
Every sixty days mash a cold boiled 
potato and mix with the top layer of soil. 
When worms are desired, lift off the 
beards and they will be found on the 
surface. Do not disturb the soil any 
more than is necessary. 


When you can’t remove an obstacle, 
plow around it.—Lincoln. 


On Morphology of Gambusia 
W. S. HILPERT 


One of the most interesting studies 
carried out at the Laboratory of the 
Bureau of Fisheries, at Beaufort, N. C., 
is that reported by Dr. Albert Kunz, of 
the University of Iowa, in “Science.” 

Dr. Kunz’s studies were devoted to 
the morphology of the reproductive or- 
gans of Gambusia affinis, which abounds 
in the vicinity of Beaufort, in all the 
fresh water streams entering the harbor. 
His efforts were especially directed to 
the structure of the apparatus control- 
ling the modified anal fin in the male 
Gambusia. ‘This fin,” the report tells us, 
“functions as an intromittent organ and 
is controlled by a powerful muscle, 
which has its origin on a boney process 
projecting ventrally from the fourth to 
the last abdominal vertebrze, and the 
modified anal spines of the proximal end 
of the anal fin rays. The third, fourth 
and fifth rays of the fin are enlarged, 
ereatly elongated and variously curved, 
bearing short spines on their distal por- 
tions. ‘The interhemal which articulates 
with the third ray is enlarged and suf- 
ficiently elongated to articulate with the 
two anterior processes, on which the 
muscle controlling the anal fin has its 
origin. The fifth ray may be drawn for- 
ward at one side of the fourth and 
brought into proximity with the third. 
In this manner a groove or tube is form- 
ed, through which the milt is transferred 
from the male to the female.” 


The study of Nature is an intercourse 
with the highest mind. You shoul! 
never trifle with Nature. At the lowest 
her works are the works of the highest 
powers, the highest something in what- 
ever way we may look at it—Lowmis 
Agassiz. 


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Even to botanists, the ISoRTACEAE, re- 
gardless of its interesting characteristics, 
is a comparatively little known group of 
plants, comprising about fifty species. 
The generic name /soetes is said to be 
derived from two Greek words meaning 
“equal” and “year,” and was applied be- 
cause of the perennial character of the 
leaves. While the purpose of this article, 
primarily, to direct attention to their in- 
terest as aquarium plants, inasmuch as 
they are usually ignored or given scant 
attention in works on the aquarium, it 
may not be amiss to give a brief descrip- 
tion which should aid in identification. 

The systematic botanist regards this 
group as a difficult one. Students of 
plant life are not by any means agreed 
as to what constitutes a distinct species 
of this genus, nor its relationship to other 
classes of plants. It belongs in that di- 
vision of the vegetable kingdom called 
PTERIDOPHYTA, which includes the ferns 
and some other spore-bearing or flower- 
less plants called the fern allies. In the 
scale of plant development the pterido- 
phytes are above the mosses and below 
flowering plants. Some botanists consider 
the Quillwort to be related to the Moon- 
wort and Adders-tongue ferns, around 
which so much superstition clustered in 
ancient times, while others aver that its 
structure indicates a connection with the 
pines and related plants which are the 
more primitive forms of flowering plants. 

The quillwort is essentially an upright 
or spreading rosette of hollow, cylin- 
crical, pointed leaves of a grasslike or 
rush-like aspect. The leaves vary in 
length in the various species from a few 
inches to two feet, and in number from 


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ten to two hundred, or even more, spring- 
ing from a flat bi-lobed or tri-lobed tuber- 
like rootstock. The new leaves are pro- 
duced from the centre of the rosette. 
The plant reproduces from spores, which 
are born in a hol!owed-out portion of the 
base of the outer leaves. The quillwort 


The Quillwort 


is heterosporous, that is, bears spores of 
the two sexes on the same plant, but in 
different leaves. The female spores are 
about one-fourth the size of a pinhead 
and few in number, while the male spores 
are about one-thousandth of an inch in 
diameter and very numerous. The spores 
have an cuter coating of silicon, that of 
the male spore being beautifully sculp- 


tured. A microscope is, of course, re- 


8 Aquatic Lite 


cuired to see the marking. Much stress 
is laid on this characteristic in distin- 
euishing the various species. 

The quill wort occurs growing in sand, 
mud and gravel on the bottoms and banks 
of lakes and streams. A great many 
species are always submerged, while 
others are only partially so, or are terres- 
trial. It is rather rare and local, but 1s 
apt to be abundant when found. Being 
inconspicuous, it is probably often over- 
looked. 

While the adaptability of the quillwort 
is not as broad as some other aquarium 
plants, it is entitled to consideration on 
account of its interesting characteristics 
and position in the vegetable world. In 
the aquarium it increases in size and 
luxuriance, but can’t be propogated, ex- 
cept possibly by dividing the rootstock. 
Snails are very fond of it, hence if one 
would have quillwort, out must they go. 
It is remarkably tenacious of life. Throw 
a plant into a tank with snails, where it 
will float at the surface, and it will send 
forth leaf after leaf in spite of their on- 
slaughts until finally it is overcome and 
nothing remains but the rootstock. Re- 
gardless of this, it should be in every 
tank that is without snails, and those 
fishes that will attack plants. 


“Say, bub,” remarked a woul !-be fish- 
Geman, ene WHS “Bia © IIa shal dans 
stream?” 

aVieSh is 

“Will they bite?” 

“None of them ever bit me, mister ; but 
you don’t need to go into the water to 


fish if you don’t like.” 


We frequently read about cats mother- 
ing chickens, but up to the present time 
no correspondent has had the nerve to 
tell us that a goldfish is trying to bring 
up a brood of parrots, 


Low Priced Goldfish 


Goldfish enthusiasts remote from the 
centres of the greatest activity in breed- 
ing the fancy varieties, are apt to be dis- 
couraged by the rumors of the prices 
commanded by fine specimens. It is not 
the purpose of this note to enter into a 
discussion of how much can be spent, but 
how little will suffice to stock an attrac- 
tive home aquarium. The novice should 
neither be attracted nor repelled by the 
fascination of value. The maximum 
prices for very fine specimens are usually 
paid by experienced breeders who desire 
te improve their stud, or to win in com- 
petition. It seems that the more perfect 
a fish the harder it will be to keep in 
condition. This is not a matter of much 
moment to the experienced aquarist, but 
to the novice the loss of such a specimen 
will be a severe shock, and very discour- 
aging. 

During the late summer and autumn 
months it is possible to buy vety attrac- 
tive fish at little prices—twenty-five cents 
These will not be show fish, but will 
Ihe nn 
occasional one dies the loss will not be 
great. Given the proper food and a 
fair-sized tank, they will grow in beauty 
and ultimately breed just like their more 
perfect relatives. Much will be learned 
from them, and the desire created for 
better ones. And not the least, these 
fishes will increase in value. Pet shops 
should encourage the sale of fancy varie- 
ties in preference to the common, if only 
for this reason. The common kind, cost- 
ing a dime, increases little in value, in 


up. 
make handsome aquarium pets. 


fact, pond fish twelve inches long sell for 
but a dollar. 


I am the wiser in respect to all knowl- 
edge, and the better qualified for all for- 
tunes for knowing that there is a minnow 
in that brook.—Thoreau. 


1 


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HEATING THE AQUARIUM 


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The question of heating aquaria con- 
fronted me at the commencement of win- 
ter, and no doubt other lovers of tropical 
fishes have been perplexed by the same 
problem. To those old at the game, or 
more fortunate in having a room heated 
to and kept at a given temperature, this 
will not make interesting reading, but to 
those not so fortunate my experiments 
may be of value and possibly lead to an 
even better method. . 

When I recalled my previous experi- 
ences in heating the room in which I 
have my fishes, I felt no little concern 
for them. However, as it was the only 
room in the house affording the proper 


light, it was up to me to furnish the neces-. 


Frame of “storm windown’”’ 


Radiator between aquarium and glass B. 
Heating coil 

Heat-retaining cone placed around coil 
Expansion tan 

Bottle inverted in tank to regulate expansion 


: 
| 
: 
: 
: 
: 
: 
: 


| 


me, 


sary heat for my tenants. I inquired of 
the older members of the society and had 
shown and explained to me all the known 
and tried systems of tank heating. | 
selected one that seemed best suited to 
my conditions. It was the hot water 
system that enters at the top of the tank 
and drops to the bottom, then returns 
over the top again to drop to the heating 
coil. I constructed one and tried it out 
before putting it into the tank. It worked 
so beautifully that I began to figure how 
tc keep the fishes from burning them- 
selves as I pictured them gathered around 
to keep warm. Alas! All my hopes and 
schemes were shattered, for as soon as | 
placed the radiator in the tank, and it 


10 Aquatic Lite 


Aquatic Life 


A monthly magazine devoted to the study, 
care and breeding of native, tropical, gold and 
fancy fishes, other animals and plants in the 
household aquarium. 


W. A. POYSER .. . 5 Editor 
JOSEPH E. BAUSMAN... . . Publisher 
542 E. Girard Avenue, Philadelphia 


Entered as second-class matter September 2d, 
1915, at the Postoffice, Philadelphia, Pa., under 
Act of March 3d, 1879 
Weavahy Qulosemineven ocbcccocccd do cooodne $1.00 
Foreign Subscriptions 
Single Copy 
Payments may be made by express money or- 
der, draft, postoffce order or registered letter. 
Foreign remittances should be by international 
money order. 
Advertising rates made known on application. 
Aquatic Life is the only magazine in America 
devoted exclusively to aquatic life, and its 
value as an advertising medium in this field of 
nature study is unequaled. 
Patrons will confer a favor by sending us the 
names of responsible Pet Stock Stores who 
do not keep Aquatic Life on sale. 
Copyright, 1916, by Joseph E. Bausman. 


No 1 


von D SEPTEMBER, 1916 


sank below the surface of the water, it 
became chilled, circulation stopped, and 
I saw at once that it would not work. 
Out it came, and was relegated to the 
junk heap. 

I went to a friend with my problem, to 


Rev. Paul W. Roth, and, much as I 
would like to take it myself, | must give 
him credit for the “storm window” 


heater, contenting myself with the credit 
ef constructing it with a slight improve- 
ment over his idea. It has at least one 
advantage over other hot water systems 
in that no metal—pipe or anything else— 
is placed in the aquarium. The heater 
consists of what we will term a “storm 
window,’ enclosing a hot water radiator, 
and placed on the outside of the tank 
and out of sight from the room. ‘The 
‘apparatus consists of a frame or shallow 
box the size of the tank, and one and 


one-half inches deep, with a light of glass 
set in it. It in no way obstructs the light, 
and, if it did no more, it would keep a lot 
of cold air away from the window side 
of the aquarium. ‘The frame is placed 
against that of the tank, and in the re- 
sulting space of one and one-half inches 
between the two pieces of glass is placed 
the hot water radiator, for which any 
suitable small tubing may be used. I 
chose small lead pipe having an internal 
diameter of one-quarter inch, such as is 
used in the construction of pipe organs. 
The portion that is outside of the frame 
is made of copper tubing, a part of which 
is bent to form the heating coil. Around 
this coil is placed a heat-retaining cone 
of tin. After the system has been filled 
with water a bottle of water is inverted 
and placed in the brass expansion funnel. 
By this means the system 1s supplied con- 
stantly, evaporation is slight, and con- 
stant watching of the water level is obvi- 
atedenadihey heater sss iaeld: closeout 
aquarium by means of clamps made from 
strips of sheet metal. 

I have intimated that the room in 
which I keep my fishes is not easily 
heated in cold weather, but with the 
heater I have had no cifficulty in main- 
taining a temperature of 72 to 74 degrees 
Fahrenheit, in the tank with a tempera- 
ture at times in the room of about 60 
degrees, and have been unable to detect 
a variation of the water temperature, 
showing that the radiation through the 
tank is very good. The aquarium has a 
capacity of about twenty-five gallons, 
measuring thirty by fourteen by fourteen 
inches. 

Just a word in regard to the source 
of heat and its appucation. J have no 
doubt but that good results could be se- 
cured by using a small oil lamp, but I 
find that a Welsbach burner from an up- 
right light, with the mantle removed but 
retaining the screen cap, will do all that 


Aquatic Lite 11 


is recuired. It has a regulator, so that 
the size of the flame can be adjusted to 
the requirements. The flame is placed 
about even with the heating coil. In 
ordinary winter weather I use a flame 
one-fourth inch high; if very cold a half- 
I keep the tank cov- 
ered with a piece of glass, which con- 
serves the heat. 

In making the necessary joints of the 
radiator I used, as a flux, zine cut up in 
cilute hydrochloric acid. While I did 
rot do so, it will be well to fill the pipes 
with cry sand before making the various 
bends. Otherwise, unless great care is 
exercised, the pipe may buckle at the 
curves and cause impeded circulation. To 
use sand, fill the length and then close 
each end with a pair of flat-nosed pliers, 
or hammer shut; bend slowly in a wide 
circle, then snip off the ends and pour 
out the sand. Be sure the pipe is clear 
before proceding with the soldering— 
blow through it. 


ich or even more. 


Heat Regulation 


When gas is used to heat an aquarium 
the regulation of the heat becomes a 
simple matter if a thermostat is used. It 
may be secured from any dealer in labor- 
atory equipment, and can readily be ad- 
ested 1 Woe iaceds, Or Wns isrojorcall 
aquarium. tock patterns usually pro- 
vide for a greater supply of gas than is 
needed, but can be changed as desired. 
The form illustrated herewith was de- 
scribed several years ago by Mr. L. M. 
Dorsey. The regulator is submerged in 


a corner of the aquarium, and the gas 


conducted to it from a fixture in the 
room, then from the outlet to the burner 
used. A few experiments will serve to 
determine the proper height for the mer- 
cury and the position of the gas intake 
pipe. It will be noted that the intake 


pipe is cut at an angle, so that the rising 
mercury cuts off the gas gradually and 
not suddenly, as it would if the pipe was 
cut square. Of course, the tiny hole in 
the tube just below the cork acts as a 
by-pass and permits the passage of suffi- 
cient gas to keep the burner alive. 

Mr. Dorsey has used this regulator in 
an aquarium placed before a window dur- 


S> “AE ‘_ SJ 
GAS INTAKE GAS OUTLET . TOFLAME 
ZHQLE CORK. 


SMALL HOLE I TUBE 
TO ALLOW ESCAPE OF 
GAS TO KFEP FLAME 
ALIVE 


ARROW POINTS SHOW 
GAS FLow 


LEVEL OF PIERCURY VARIES 

WITH CHANGING TEMPERATORE 

; INCREASING OR DECREASING 
A FLOW OF GAS. 


THIS PORTION SUB- 
MERGED (iV WATER 


Aquarium Thermostat 


ing the winter months, when the room 
temperature frequently dropped thirty 
degrees, yet the aquarium thermometer 
constantly registered the 70 degrees the 
thermostat was set to maintain. 


Jiggs—‘I lent that geologist $5, and he 
said he’d repay it in a very short time!” 

Briggs—*He was doubtless speaking 
stratariferously! From pterodactyls to 
flying machines is a very short time, to 
a geologist!” 

Agassiz taught his pupils to kill fish by 
a blow on the back of the head as soon as 
they were caught, that they might not 
suffer before dying. 


What if the good things people intend 
to do tomorrow were only done today ? 


AQUARIUM STAND OF IRON PIPE 


It is not difficult to find a suitable sup- 
port for a small aquarium, any smail 
table of proper size will do, but with 
large sizes, the great weight requires a 
stand at once strong and durable. One 
of wood, while desirable because of its 
adaptability to various finishes, is apt to 
be, by reason of stout construction, cum- 
bersome in appearance. The stand of 
iron pipe possesses every requirement ex- 
cept that of finish to conform to ordinary 
home furnishing, though, of course, it 
will be painted or enameled. If the 
aquarium frame is brass, a very hand- 
some stand can be made of polished and 
lacquered brass pipe. One-half inch pipe 
will be sufficient for a stand for a twenty- 
gallon tank; three-quarter inch for fifty 
gallons. 


The Philadelphia Goldfish Fanciers’ 
Society will hold the first autumn meet- 


NOTES & NEWS 


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COURTESY OF JACOB C. CASSEL 


ing in Saull’s Hall, 802 Girard avenue, on 
September 20th. Annual auction of 
fishes and general discussion of the out- 
Imes of the work for the winter—Fred 
Richardson, Secretary. 


Otto Ruess, of Chicago, has a lot of 
young Polyacanthus, which he has named 
as follows: Polymurial, Pollyanna, Poly- 
phemus, Political, Napoli, Appolinaris, 
etc. He has exhausted the dictionary 
under “Pol,” and still has several hun- 
dreds of nameless babies on hand.—fev. 
Paul W. Roth. 


Mayor Preston, of Baltimore, has ex- 
pressed a desire to have a public aqua- 
rium located in Fort McHenry Park. 
The fort, it will be remembered, figured 
in the battle which inspired Francis Scott 
Key to write “The Star Spangled Ban- 


Aquatic Lite 13 


ner.” Comments by the president of the 
Park Board, Mr. George Weems Wil- 
liams, and prominent aquarists of the 
city, indicate that the project is not likely 
to be dropped. The movement is a fur- 
ther indication of the growing recogni- 
tion of the value of an aquarium as an 
educational factor. 


Potatoes Ala Daphne 


Braunfoxit is a little wooded isle in 
the Housatonic River, Connecticut, a 
region rich in Indian lore. There the 
Reverend Arthur Boxer Creichton main- 
tains his summer camp, and with him 
recently, as guests, were Mr. and Mrs. 
G. Frederick Wood and Mrs. W. A. 
Poyser. They discovered that the river 
water used for camp purposes was alive 
with Daphne. This luscious crustacean, 
Lcdloved of our aquarium fishes, seemed 
tc impart flavor to the camp cookery and 
vest to the appetite—perhaps it was the 
Like 
loyal fish lovers no attempt was made to 
strain the water. With the constantly 
increasing cost of high living, why not 
Daphne salad instead of lobster? 


ufluerce of the forest primeval. 


Where is the organ of hearing in fish 
locaied a se tach scale sot: thie 
lateral lines of a fish is perforated by a 
tube leading to a duct connected with a 
sac in the head, their function being the 
secretion of mucus, which covers the 
body to lessen the friction of scales and 
water, and make it impervious. This 
mucilaginous system is also provided 
with nerves and is the seat of a peculiar 
sense which corresponds to the organs 
of touch and hearing.—From “Goldfish 
Iipeeels, ° tos Jal, I, WV Olli. 

The Bubble-shell Snail is Physa heter- 
astropha, a common native species of 
ponds and slow streams. 


The name polyp (Greek polupous, 
many-footed) was originally given to the 
octopus in allusion to its many foot-like 
tentacles, and thence extended to the 
fresh water Hydra. 


The extremely thin surface layer of 
water in contact with the air acquires 
physical properties comparable to those 
of an extremely fine membrane. 


Goldfish fanciers who have bred the 
shunkunkin have found that a very few 
equal the parents in coloration. ‘The ma- 
jority of the young are plain colored, 
some are scaled, and a few of both will 
have double tails. 


Large Jap and red snails should be 
watched closely and removed from the 
tank when they die, otherwise serious 
pollution of the water may result. 


Aquarists are divided on the use of 
soil for aquarium plants. Sagittaria and 
Anacharis seem to grow just as well in 
sand or gravel. Under these conditions 
it is said that the roots serve mainly to 
anchor the plants and consume the 
humus, the leaves assuming a more at- 
tractive bright green color. 


The excrement of a goldfish, when the 
fish is in good condition, usually appends 
for some time as a long worm-like thread. 
Its texture and freedom from mucous 
and gas bubbles rather than color indi- 
cates health. The color will depend 
upon the food, few other than daphne 
cause black-brown excreta. 


Some men’s religion is all located in 
their Sunday suit of clothes, and hung 
up in the closet during the week. 


14 Aquatic Lite 


Tadpoles are very interesting “critters” 
in the aquarium, but have an unfortunate 
habit of stirring up the humus. If you 
would have them be clean, remove any 
accumulation of sediment at frequent in- 
tervals. In general, their value in an 
aquarium has been greatly over-esti- 
mated. 


Don't look for flaws as you go through 
life, and even if you find them, be wise 
and kind and somewhat blind, and look 
for the virtues behind them. 


For the transportation of the smaller 
tropical fishes, and particularly young- 
sters, a glass coal oil can holding a gal- 
lon, and protected by a jacket of tin or 
woven wire can be used to an advantage. 
In such.a container a little Daphne can 
be placed to keep up the strength of the 
fishes. 


“The utility of the study in natural 
history will be recognized by any one 
possessing even rudimentary ideas of the 
science.” —Milne-Edwards. 


The eggs of the smelt are so minute 
that about 500,000 are required to fill a 
quart measure. 


For aquarium heating a very satisfac- 
tory small bunsen burner can be obtained 
from dealers in dental supplies. 


Among the bereavements suffered by 
the Zoo last year was the death of a 
crocodile from tuberculosis. ‘The report 
states that this is the first recorded of its 
kind. Reliable statistics of mortality 
trom pulmonary diseases among croco- 
diles must be difficult to obtain; but it is 
highly probable that the disease is un- 
known on the banks of the Niger and 
Nile. The majority of the deaths among 


the animals at Regent’s Park are either 
from the maladies of civilized life or 
from over-eating. Medicine is useless 
where wild animals are concerned, and 
the only possible treatment in illness is 
careful dieting—London Chronicle. 


There is only one way by which we 
can reach our desired goal, and that is to 
get up and go. 


Received by a land syndicate: 

Sir: Your letter says if I don’t pay 
the June installment on that 10 acres of 
Florida land you will start the machinery 
of the law moving in my direction. Well, 
I’m not going to pay it, or the July, or the 
August, nor any of the rest. I’ve quit, 
se start your machinery of the law, and 
Ill put a monkey-wrench into it that'll 
knock out more cogs than Mr. Black- 
stone could replace working nights and 
Sundays for the next three years. 

Say, when that slick-tongued salesman 
ef yours sold me those ten acres for $50 
down and S1o a month as long as | live, 
he had the Indian sign on me, with his 
“back to the land” and “be your own 
boss” stuff. I used to sit out on the 
porch after supper smoking my pipe and 
dreaming about that Southern home, the 
bungalow among the palm trees, the 
evening breeze laden with perfume of 
crange blossoms, my orange blossoms. 
And now a friend of mine who went to 
Florida on other business sends me back 
a kodak picture of my farm that shows 
a fellow sitting in the middle of it, in a 
boat, fishing. It would be a grand place 
for a fishing lodge if there was a chunk 
of ground big enough to build a shack 
on, sticking out of the water anywhere. 
Did you think I could live in water just 
because I’m a sucker, or does a diving 
suit go with that ten acres? I didn’t get 
mine. 


Slowly the morning had passed into 
afternoon; then the afternoon had also 
evaporated; and now, as the poet said, 
“the shades of night were falling fast.” 
But still the angler went on angie: 

“Caught any fish, guv’nor?” asked a 
cheery and cheeky lad, as he paused be- 
side the weary wielder of the rod. 

The latter deigned no answer. 

“Any luck, sir?’ asked the boy per- 
sistently, as he loitered near. 

“Go away!” 
angrily. 

“No offense, sir,’ replied the lad, as 
he sauntered on. “I only wanted to sav 
as my father kept the best fish shop in 
the village—down the second turning or 
the right from the church.” 


snorted the fisherman 


Gets rather cold at times in Minne- | 


apolis, but you can't cool the ardor of a 
fish fancier. When Mr. Peri-Cook builds 
a city at the North Pole, the first local 
organization will be an aquarium society. 


John Pigg, of St. Louis, is about to be 


matched against the champion pancake | 
eater of the country, and perhaps you | 


will notice that there is a reason why we 
are willing to put all our moe ¢ on Joka. 


SAMUEL GRAFE 
Breeder of Broad-tail Calico Telescopes 
2.00 up 
5013 Hawthorne Street, Frankford 
Philadelphia 


FOOD FOR THOUGHT AND FOOD 
FOR FISH 


Why are some of the most successful 
breeders using YOGI since it was put on 
the Market and still using it to day. The 
above is food for thought if you want food 
for fish its YOGI. Sample 12c 

Robert J. Schaeffer 


1818 Frankford Avenue, 


FISH FOOD 
Manufactured only by 
ROBT. J. SCHAEFFER 
PRICE, 10c. 


DRIED SHRIMP—Whole and Ground | 


Chameleons, Southern Fish (Mollienisia Etc. ) 
Send for Prices 
W.C. FocKELMANN, 749 Baronne Street 
New Orleans, La. 


Please mention AQUATIC 


Philadelphia | 


The Nature Study Review 


OFFICIAL JOURNAL 
AMERICAN NATURE-STUDY 
SOCIETY 


The numbers for the coming school year 
will be filled with special articles from prac- 
tical teachers dealing with actual works, 
methods and suggestions for school garden- 
ing, elementary agriculture and nature- 
study. 


DO NOT MISS ANY OF THEM 


$1.00 per year. 15e per copy. 


SUBSCRIBE NOW 


| Add for Canadian Postage, 10c. Foreign 
| Postage, 20c. With Aquatic Life One 
Year, $1.50. 
Address All Orders to 


| The Nature Study Review 


ITHACA, N. Y. 


Announcement! 


Rare Tropical Fishes at Popular Prices 


35c each 
60c each 


Trichogaster facetus 34 grown 
|| Trichogaster lalius 3¢ grown 


EXTRA LARGE SPECIMENS OF 


Poeciliopsis peteri (new) $2.50 pair 
Alfaro cultratum $2.00 pair 
Gambusia holbrooki (ponds grown) $2.00 pair 


Aquarium Specialty Co. 
1873 Washington Ave., New York City 


Aquariums of Artistic Designs 


Strongly Built, Suitable for the Home, 
Conservatory, College or Store 


Also all aquarium supplies. We make any 
size aquarium to order, slate or iron-bottom. 
Write your wants. Dealers with card write 
for lowest wholesale prices on globes, food 
and plants. 


WE HAVE FOR SALE 


Used little wonder pump, 25 gallon tank, 
gauge, and regulation valve. Price $15.00 


Address PPONEER AQUARIUM CO. 
Racine, Wisconsin 


LIFE when writing advertisers. 


AQUARIUM STOCK CO. 
150 Chambers Street, New York City 
Aquarium Specialists 
Goldfish, Foods, Plants, Snails, Etc. 


Combination Natural Fish Food, - Sample Can 10c 
Imported Shrimp Fish Food, - - - Sample Can loc 
Imported Wafer Fish Food, - Large Sample Box 10c 


Special Prices on Quantity Lots Cash With Order 


Sole Agents: for Floyd’s Unexcelled Bird Food for 
Birds to Restore Their Song - - - Sample Bottle 25c 


ORDERS AMOUNTING $2 DELIVERED POSTPAID 
Mail Orders Promptly Attended To 


THE BRUCE FISHERIES 


Breeder, Importer, Wholesale & Retail Dealer in | 


All Kinds of Goldfish 
Comets a Specialty 
ELGIN K. BRUCE, THORNBURG, IA. 


CALICO TELESCOPE YOUNG 


$5.00 per Dozen 


Try I. X. L. Baby Fish Food 


WILLIAM E. WALP 
1309 North 55th Street, Philadelphia 


ONCE YOU TRY, YOU ALWAYS BUY 
Gnadt’s Perfect Fish Food, 10c a Box 
Pulverized or Whole Shrimp, 75c Ib. 
BREEDER OF FANCY GOLD AND TROPICAL FISHES 


Manufacturer of all kinds of aquariums 
Fish nets made of finest netting, 15c. 
Great reduction by dozen or gross. 


BROADWAY BIRD STORE 
P. F. GNADT, Prop. 
1632 Broadway Greenhouse 1630 Broadway 
BROOKLYN, N. Y. 


Aug. C. Freitag & Son 


Aquatists 


Mollienisia latipinna; Domesticated 
(Not Sold in Wild State) 


Chamelions, Turtles, Alligators, Etc. 
PRICES QUOTED CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED 
223 - 225 BOURBON STREET 


NEW ORLEANS 


Red & African Snails 50c per Dozen | 


“AQUARIA FISH” 


A Practical work on care and breeding of 
fish in the Aquarium, Greenhouse and out-door 
Ponds. IT inely illustrated. 


Everyone interested in keeping fish should 
send for a copy of this book, price, $1. 


FOR SALE—A limited number of Red 
Squirrels, Chipmunks or Striped Ground 
Squirrels, Cotton-tail Rabbits and White 
Bellied Deer Mouse. 


F. L. TAPPAN 


92 S. 7th Street, Minneapolis, Minn. 


EDWARD S. SCHMID 
Emporium of Pets 


ALL KINDS OF GOLDFISHES AND AQUATIC PLANTS AND 
WATER LILIES 

712 Twelfth Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. 

Taxidermy Send for Catalog 


THE BOOK OF WATER GARDENING—By Peter Bisset 
200 pages, illustrated. Contains all the 
practical information necessary to the selec- 
tion, grouping and successful cultivation of 
aquatic and other plants required in the mak- 
ing of a water garden and its surroundings. 
A book that should be in the library of every 
fish breeder. Price, $2.50. Postage paid. 


Address Aquatic Life, 542 E. Girard Avenue, Phila. Pa. 


DRIED SHRIMP (Ground 75c per Ib.) 


Postpaid Special Price on Quantity Lots 


| My Natural Fish Food, Sample can 15c Per Pound $1.00 


| 2139 W. Van Buren Street 


CANADIAN BIRD STORE 
Chicago, Ill. 


WALTER BELL 
Breeder of Broad-tail Celescopes 
BLUES BLACKS CALICOS 


| 4324 WYALUSING AVENUE, PHILADELPHIA 


Prices Reasonable 


Books for Aquarists 


Tut Home Aguaritum and How to Care 
for It. A guide to its fishes, other animals 
and plans. By Eugene Smith. 213 pages 
137 illustrations, cloth binding. 
$1.20. Add parcel postage on two pounds 
Tue FresHwaterR AQUARIUM and Its In- 
hab‘tants. A practical work for the aquarist. 
By Eggling and Ehrenberg. Freely illus- 
trated, 352 pages, art cloth binding. 
$2.00. Add parcel postage on two pounds. 
Address Aquatic Life 
(Book Department) 
542 E. Girard Avenue, Philade|phia 


Please mention AQUATIC LIKE when writing advertisers. 


PRINCELY RECOGNITION 
15 West 67th Street, New York, N. Y. 


Dear Mr. Brind: June 2, 1916. 

I have read with much interest and I 
am glad to have your -books on “DO- 
MESTICATED FISH” with the very 
valuable information they contain, for I 
have been interested in Aquaria for a 
long time, affording as they do the ob- 
servation of a corner of Nature so little 
known as to be mysterious and so full of 
fascinating beauty. 

Sincerely yours, 
(Sd.) Prince Pierre Troubetzkoy. 


NOTE!—Only a limited number of 
copies of above work remain and may be 
had by sending $2.60 direct to the author 
and publisher 

W. L. BRIND, F. Z. S. 

(who has now MOVED from Bergen- 
feld) to 449 West 206th Street, New 
York City, where old friends and new 
customers wili be welcomed (evenings 
only!) By appointment: Phone, 8418 St. 
Nicholas. 

Direct Importations of Fish, Reptiles, Plants, &c 


MOTION PICTURE FILMS OF FISH, 
ETC., MADE AND SOLD 
$10 to $100 each. 


VIOLET RAY FISH REMEDY 


Relieves Constipation, Fungus, Tail Rot, Con- | 


gestion. Safe and effective. Box of six pow- | 
ders 25c. For sale at Pet Stock Stores, or 
address 


REGENIA CHEMICAL CO., Sta. K, Philadelphia 


THE TERMINAL PET SHOP 
PETS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION AND KIND 
Manufacturing and Maintenance ofAquariums a Specialty 
All Kinds of Cat and Dog Foods and Medicines 


Hudson Terminal! Building 
Concourse, NEW YORK 


Broad-tail Telescopes 
Correspondence Solicited | 
GEORGE WILT, 1519 N. 62d Street 


PHILADELPHIA | 
| 


TEN VARIETIES OF BEAUTIFUL | 
AQUARIUM PLANTS 

for $1.00 Postage Prepaid | 

J. Henrt Wacner, 1909 North Capitol | 

Washington, D. C. | 


Aquatic Life 


Volume One 


[Wika BE READY for distribution 
about October Ist, bound in cloth 
and Price 


with title page index. 


$2.00 postpaid. 


Address Aquatic Lite 
(Book Department) 


542 E. Girard Avenue Philadelphia 


MILWAUKEE TRIPOD CO. 
437 Eleventh Street Milwaukee, Wis. 
W. C. EVANS, Manager. 
Manufacturer and repairer of aquariums. 
Dealer in all kinds of aquarium fishes and 
plants. Imported Japanese and Chinese gold- 

fishes. 


FRANKLIN BARRETT 


EVERYTHING COMPLETE FOR THE 
AQUARIUM, POND AND LAKE & 


Wyoming Avenue, & C Street, Phila., Pa. 
SEND HORS RCE estes 


“Everything is Fish 
that comes to the 
Net of a Naturalist’’ 


Don’t paddle in the water with one 
hand and be biind with both eyes. 


In other words, “keep your eyes open”’ 
for all nature. 


OUR MAGAZINE 


The Guide to Nature 


WIEL HELP YOu 


It is edited by Edward F. Bigelow, 
who fishes in the heavens and earth, as 
well as the waters under the earth. 


Single copy, 10c. 
Four months’ trial, 25c. 
One year, $1.00. 
THE AGASSIZ ASSOCIATION 
ArcAdiA 


Sound Beach Connecticut 


Please mention AQUATIC LIFE when writing advertisers. 


IF YOU 


Are Looking for Something Extra 

Fine in Broad - Tail Telescopes 
Don’t Forget W.H. HEIMBACH 
Breeder and Importer of FINE FISH 


Snails Plants 
FISH FOR SALE AT ALL TIMES 
413 NortuH 10TH STREET 


ALLENTOWN Pa. 


HERMAN RABENAU, Aquarist 
PERMANENT DISPLAY OF 


Aquatic Life and Terraria 
must be seen to be appreciated 
Visitors Welcome 
Plants and Tropical Fish a Specialty 
Importations of New Varieties received 
regularly 


1163 Myrtle Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y. 


Near Broadway. 


Nippon Goldfish Co.) 


1749 Buchanan St., San Francisco, Cal. 
Importers and Dealers 
JAPANESE GOLDFISH 


DirECT FROM BREEDERS IN JAPAN 


AWARDED GOLD & SILVER MEDALS 
Panama-Pacific International Exposition 
San Francisco, 1915 


All Kinds of AQUARIA & SUPPLIES 


Price Lists Furnished to the Trade Only 


Harry P. Peters 


1210 N. Warnock Street, Phila., Pa 
BREEDER AND IMPORTER. 


Rare and Fancy Fish 


Plants, Snails and Aquarium Supplies 
of All Kinds at All Times. 


MANUFACTURER OF 


Green River Fish Food 
10c a Box 


Green River Baby Fish Food 
lic a Box 


A GOOD FISH FOOD is one of the 
most essential things necessary to keep 
fish in good health. After the test of 
years Green River stands out as the best 
food on the market. It keeps the fish in 
good color by promoting a healthy, ro- 
bust growth. It will not sour or clotd 
the water. Ask your dealer or send for 
it today 


Young Blue, Black and Calico 
Telescopes and Japs $1.00 per 
dozen Up. 


| Also Veil-tails, $5 per Dozen Up 
| Shipping Can, 25c Extra 


HARRY P. PETERS 
1210 NORTH WARNOCK STREET 
PHILADELPHIA 


Otto W alter 


86 Suydam Street Brooklyn, N. Y. 


Near Evergreen Avenue L Station 
| Breeder and. Importer of 


TROPICAL AND GOLDFISHES 


Telescopes Calicos Japs Fan-tails 
| Dealer in All Varieties of Aquatic Plants 
Water Violets My Specialty 
| All Kinds of Fish Foods 
| Fresh and Dried Daphnia 


AQUARIA, UTENSILS AND SUPPLIES 


ee 


ne 
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na 


RRO ORE 


cece LONE 
BSENGSS, 


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LIAO RL LAER RAIS ENR IEEE 


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HL seekersersd eT! 


Jacob C. Cassel 


915 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pa 


Manufacturer of 


AQUARIUMS 


Aquarium Ornaments 
Floral Terra Cotta, Etc. 


Fish Globes Fish Food 
and all aquarium requisites. 
Send for Catalog. 


Goldfish 


1873 WASHINGTON AVENUE 
Aq uarium Specialty Co. New york city 
St ueniaen: OF AQUARIA, FOUNTAINS, TERRARIA, VIVARIA 
BREEDERS OF DOMESTICATED FISHES 
IMPORTERS OF FOREIGN FISHES 
AQUATIC PLANTS, SNAILS AND SUPPLIES 


STOCK 

Galvanized Metal Frame, Enameled 
and Gold-Striped, Bottom Slate or 
Ribbed Glass. Blain On legs 


INOS claro nora $1.2 $1.50 
cca Once xO cox. 0 pean 1150 2.00 
Soe anal iaexalinlueexal il Gane eno 2.75 
seineAcera 2 Onpxall Sugexeallo ke 3.00 Ba) 
Acocks xen Aad 4.75 5.50 

20% additional for oxidizing. 
Solid Brass Frame, on Projecting 
Slate Bottom or on Legs. 

No.1. 12% 6”x 8” high, 2% gal. $2.50 
Sel OMiaL AMosam ux Oi i 5 3.20. 
eee enallGiexall Owexeledie ce 9 M 4.75 
Seer pall Sudo Gxalta 7 “14 ss WO) 
20% additional for nickel-plating or 

oxidizing. 

FISH 
Per Tin box. Per lb. 

Natural Fish Food..... 3 10 $ .50 

Universal Fish Food... .15 2.00 

Ground Dried Shrimp... .10 1.00 

Ground Dried Flies and 
ISTASCHS" isis oweuoo oon bos 20 3.00 


Correspondence Solicited. 


©00GOS OOOOH OOHOHOHHHOL SD OOOHHOOHHHHH8HHHHOOHHHH000088880 00000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000 00000 


JOSEPH TAUBLES, Manager. 


LI CO hie ie ee ae MERCI OOOO OOOOOOOOOOOGHOHHHHHHHHHHHOHHHHHHHO8SOOH888H8O88 00000 


AQUARIA 

Steel Angle Frame, Heavy Plate 
Glass, Slate Bottom, Flush or Pro- 
jecting. 

No. 3%. 24”x14"x14”, 22 gal. 
~ dp. BO SA67x110%, BO ™ 
~ BY, BO SIGS S”, | de 
“ec 6Y. 42"x 20" x20”, 80 oe 
66 Ty. 48""x22"x22", 110 6“ 
pee Open Auexe) 4 ox) Aue tA) 
“9%. 60" x26"x26”, 180 


All our aquaria are so constructed 
that water cannot come into contact 
with the metal. 


All sizes and shapes made to order. 


We charge only actual cost for nack- 
ing and cases. 
FOODS 
Per Tin box. Per lb. 
Ground Dried Daphnia.$ .20 $3.00 
Whole Ants’ Eggs..... .10 1.00 
Ground Hulled Ants’ 
SHEN ae esate ce oN GR ipo 125 4.00 
Infusoria Creating Food .15 2.00 


No Catalogues 


IF YOU 


Are Looking for Something Extra 
Fine in Broad - Tail Telescopes 
Don’t Forget W. H. HEIMBACH 
Breeder and Importer of FINE FISH 
Plants 


Snails 


FISH FOR SALE AT ALL TIMES 


413 NortuH 10TH STREET 
ALLENTOWN Pa. 


Here is a chance 
® to make money 


. Write for Proposition 
Give References 


— ADDRESS — 


COVINGTON, 
KENTUCKY 


: ! els 


| 


oem mms OS a a 6 Fa 6 Oa 6 Fi 6 Fa a 5 a 0 a 6 a 0 a 6 a a 6 a a 9 as 0 0 Ss es 


| Rhodeus amarus 

L 

The Bitterling or Bluefish, Rhodeus 
amarus, is a native of Central and West- 
ern Europe and some parts of Asia. 
This carp-like fish is a very interesting 
inmate of the aquarium, and, though but 
little known in the United States, is much 
admired by European fanciers. It 1 
bright silvery in color, with a bluish- 
green stripe running from the head te 
the tail. The fins are pinkish. During 
the breeding season, which occurs fron: 
April to July a great change occurs in the 
coloration of the male. He is now 
adorned with beautiful markings of steel- 
blue, violet, green and yellow—the colors 
of the rainbow. The dorsal and anal fins 
become bright red with black linings; 
tubercles develop on the pectoral fins and 
gill covers. The female retains her usual 
color and protrudes the long, worm-like 


nm 


6 6 aS a a 8 a 6 6 Fa 6 a sO ss 


BITTERLING 


C. J. HEEDE 


Photo by Dr. E. Bade 


| 
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| 


eh 


A mature fish will measure 
from two to two and one-half inches in 
length. 

The aquarium in which it is proposed 
to breed the Bitterling should be pro- 
vided with a sand or gravel bottom. One 
or two freshwater mussels must be intro- 
duced, either the pond mussel, Anadonta 
mutabilis, or the river mussel, Unio pic- 
torum. lather small ones will be best as 
large mussels might be able to eject the 
spawn. By means of her long tube or 
ovipositor the female inserts the eggs, 
two at a time, in the gill opening or aper- 
ture of the mussel. The milt of the male 
discharged immediately, just above the 
mussel, finds its way to the eggs and fer- 
tilizes them. The fry leave the foster 
mother, the mussel, within a period of 
ten to fifteen days after the spawn has 


ovipositor. 


16 Aquatic Lite 


been inserted. In the meantime the 
young have absorbed the yolk-sac and are 
now searching for infusoria. Later they 
will need Daphne, Cyclops, raw scraped 
beef, crushed earthworms or artificial 
foods. The Bitterling will not breed ex- 
cept in the manner described. 

After the spawn has been deposited in 
the mussel, the safest plan is to remove 
the parent fish to another tank containing 
They will soon 
To remove the 


a new mussel or two. 
start spawning again. 
mussel may enable it to throw out the 
spawn or fry, though nature has provided 
the little bitterlings with appendages on 
each side of the back of the head which 
enable them to a certain degree to hold 
fast. 

In its native haunts the Bitterling lives 
in cool, clear, running water. A single 
pair may be kept in a well-balanced 
aquarium of good size, and will thrive, 
but if many pairs are desired, some run- 
ning water or a working fountain is 
necessary. ‘This species requires a good 
supply of oxygen, and if the tank is de- 
ficient, will try to leap out at every op- 
vortunity. The temperature of the water 
should be from 60 to 65 degrees, Fahren- 
heit, which is high enough for breeding. 

The interesting method of reproduc- 
tion, fine nuptial dress of the male, hardi- 
ness and low cost have served to place 
the Bitterling in nearly every home 
aquarium in Europe. They can well be 
compared with many a costly tropica! 


fish. 


Community Aquaria 
JOSEPH _TAUBLES 


In the opinion of the writer the most 
interesting aquarium is one that contains 
a variety of fish life. That this is gener- 
ally entertained is attested by the numer- 
ous inquiries relative to the species that 
can be associated in a tank and live peace- 


fully together. Out of many attempts by 
my friends three stand out prominently: 

Mr. William H. Heimbach, in a tank 
measuring 48 by 20 by 20 inches, having 
a dense growth of rooted plants and 
plenty of Utricularia ( Bladderwort), has 
successfully kept nearly every kind of 
exotic aquarium fishes—live-bearers, egg 
layers and nest builders. Many fishes 
may be kept in such a large tank that one 
would not wisely associate in a small one. 
This aquarium was maintained at an 
average temperature of 75 degrees, Fah- 
renheit. 

Another aquarium, measuring 36 by 
20 by 18 inches, contains seventeen gold- 
fish of the fancy breeds, no two alike, to- 
gether with Xiphophorus helleri, Osphro- 
menus koelreuternt, Callichthys marmora- 
tus, Rosy-sided and Red-bellied Dace. 
Temperature, 64 to 75 degrees, Fahr. 
The owner of this tank has a hybrid de- 
rived from Girardinus guppyi and Xipho- 
fhorus. The fish is about twice the size 
of a male guppyt, similar in shape, but 
having a helleri-like tail, the spear of 
the caudal outlined with black. Colora- 
tion, yellow, green, blue and red—the 
yellow and green more intense than with 
the parents. It is a wonderful fish, and 
I have been promised some young. 

The third community tank, owned by 
a man fond of colors above all else, meas- 
ures 24 by 12 by 14 inches, and con- 
tains males only of the following species 
where sex is distinguishable: Girardinus 
guppy, Xiphophorus helleri, X. brevis, 
X, ranchovu, Platypoecilia maculata, P. 
pulchra, P. rubra, Haplochilus rubro- 
stigma, H. chaperi, Gasteropelecus stei- 
latus, Danio rerio, D. analipunctatus, L’. 
albolineatus, D. malabaricus, Barbu con- 
chomus and B. semifasciclatus, 


Tom (writing to Ted)—‘“‘As for the 
perch, they bit with their usual veracity.” 


+ 


be 


FR 68 6 Ft 6 BR 6 Ps os Fs Fe 


Unio complanatus 


* 


The Bivalves, to which belong the 
fresh water mussels, comprise a large di- 
vision of the Mottusca, the majority of 
which are marine. ‘The fresh water spe- 
cies may be found in most rivers, lakes 
and large ponds, where they plow their 
way through the mud, feeding on minute 
unicellular plants and animalcules. Their 
blood is aerated by means of large gills, 
through which the water is drawn by 
clia or hairs. Sensory papillae are placed 
around the inhalent aperture—the large 
opening at the hinder part of the animal. 
Another small, round opening, the ex- 
halent aperture, through which the water 
is returned and refuse expelled, is 
placed just above the inhalent aperture. 
Respiration consists in taking the water 
through the inhaling aperture or syphon 
and passing it over and between the gills, 
and thence out of the body through the 
These water cur- 
rents reach the other organs, aerate the 
blood, convey food to the stomach and 


exhaling opening. 


ESP 6 OS 6 PS Ps FS PS Ps Po Ps Ps Bs Ps Bs Bs Bs Os Os Bs Ps es Ft 


LS SO 6 FCS OS SSS PS 8 Fd FOSS FA Ps 9 Os PS PS 9 ns Sg 6 Ss ns cf 


Gl FRESHWATER MUSSELS ! 


L. R. JOHNSTONE 
$ 


SO PSP 6 OPS BR SP 6 Ps BR 6 Ps Os as FS Bs 0 6 Fs 5 Ps PS 9 ns FS ws Ps 


Drawing by Frank L. Tappan 


: 
: 
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: 


carry off the waste materials of the sys- 
tem. 

The reproduction of the freshwater 
mussels 1s especially interesting, and illus- 
trates in a remarkable way the interde- 
pendence of organisms. The sexes are 
separate. The eggs are produced in 
spring and pass into the water-tubes of 
the gills in such numbers as to distend 
them like cushions. Here they remain 
for the first stages of development to take 
place, which may be completed in two 
months. The embryos now become qui- 
escent and pass the winter in the brood 
pouch. In the following spring they 
leave the brood pouch and pass out 
through the upper or exhalant opening 
into the water. 

The young, which are now known as 
Glochidia, are small creatures with a bi- 
valve shell, having a hook on each valve 
opposite to the hinge, a single muscle to 
close the valves, and a silk-like thread 
just behind it. They swim by flapping 
their valves rapidly, and eventually close 


18 Aquatic Lite 


them on the gills or fin of a fish, where 
they are firmly attached by hooks. ‘They 
remain attached as parasites on the fish 
for some weeks (in some cases, months ) 
and undergo further development. After 
leaving the fish they are still not fully 
formed, as they take about three years to 
obtain all their gills, and another two 
years before they are sexually mature, 
erowth continuing all the while. Usually 
the various species of mussels have par- 
ticular fish, or families of fishes, as hosts, 
only upon which the glochidia will grow. 
They will attach themselves to most any 
fish that touches them, but will fall off 
from all but their proper hosts. Profes- 
sers Needham and Lloyd, in the “Life 
of Inland Waters,’ say that “The part 
taken by the fish in the association is 
truly remarkable. The fish is not a mere 
passive agent of mussel distribution. Its 
tissues respond to the stimulus of the 
glochidia in a way that parallels the re- 
sponse of a plant to the stimulus of a 
gall insect. As the plant develops a gall 
by new growth of tissue about the attack- 
ing insect, and shuts it in and both shel- 
ters and feeds it, so the fish develops a 
cyst about the glochidium and _ protects 
and feeds it. The tissues injured by the 
valves of the glochidium produce new 
cells by proliferation. They rise up about 
the larva and shut it in. They supply 
food to it until the metamorphosis 1s com- 
plete, and then, when it is a complete 
mussel in form, equipped with a foot for 
burrowing and with a good system of 
nutritive organs, they break away from it 
and allow it to fall to the bottom. Since 
this period lasts for some weeks, or even 
in a few cases, months, the fishes by 
wandering from place to place aid in the 
distribution of the mussels.” The glo- 
chidia seem to do little or no harm to the 
fish. The cysts are eventually cast off 
and leave no scar. 

In conclusion it must be stated that not 


all mussels have a life-history agreeing 
with the foregoing outline. A few spe- 
cies are not parasitic and develop to the 
adult form in the brood chamber of the 
parent. 

Unio complanatus, a drawing of a 
ralve of which is reproduced by permis- 
sion from Frank L. Tappan’s “Aquaria 
Fish,” is a very common species which 
occurs in almost every stream and river 
on the Atlantic slope. The shell is usually 
a yellowish-green in young specimens and 
brownish-green when mature. A_ full 
individual will measure three 
inches long, two inches broad, and one 
inch thick near the hinge. This Unio is 
an active mussel, often moving several 
inches in a day. It is an interesting scav- 
enger and if placed with compatible fishes 
will live in the aquarium for years. 


grown 


The Aquarist Avoids 


Changing the temperature of the water, 
carrying about a fitted aquarium, placing 
beetles or water spiders in the aquarium 
with fishes, putting sea shells, corals or 
marine specimens in a fresh water aquar- 
ium, using soap or chemicals to clean the 
tank (use whiting and salt), throwing a 
fish into the water, introducing a doubt- 
ful specimen without quarantining, leav- 
ing uneaten food to dissolve and pollute 
the water, tapping on the glass, using a 
deep, funnel-shaped net, putting the hand 
in the water unnecessarily, allowing any 
tobacco from the hand to go into the 
water, many persons taking care of one 
aquarium; small, round glass globes, ex- 
cept for small tropical fishes, strong sun- 
light, keeping diseased fishes with healthy 
cnes, needless disturbance of aquarium 
and contents. 


Now that the hot wave’s put to rout, 
we soon will get together, and kick and 
cuss as hard about the cold autumnal 
weather. 


| 
& 


When the subject of raising Daphne 1s 
broached, the goldfish breeder smiles 
merrily. From his viewpoint, it can’t be 
done, he uses too vast a quantity. Now 
Daphne can be propagated, and in quan- 
tity, but not with the facilities possessed 
by the average city goldfish fancier. It 
is entirely a matter of adequate pond 
space and food. The Japanese do it, but 
they devote, in some cases, as much space 
as to the fish. ‘This is considerable, be- 
cause a fish pond in Japan will sometimes 
have a surface area of more than 150 
square yards! 

The food of Daphne is mainly the 
smaller green alge and diatoms. If 
these can be supplied we can breed it. 
In nature they reproduce rapidly, very 
rapidly, in fact, it has been calculated 
that the progeny of a single female 
Dahpma pulex, in a period of sixty days, 
might number 13,000,0c0,000. ‘This be- 
cause the young develop rapidly and are 
themselves soon producing eggs. 

Barring the Japanese, most articles 


AN ATTRACTIVE HOUSEHOLD AQUARIUM 
Photograph by George H. Seip 


ma 9 9g PB Ps 5 5 0 5 8 8 6 PS PSs Ps PS 9s PS Ps PP 


PROPAGATING DAPHNIA 


JOHN L. BENNINGTON 


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dealing with Daphne breeding have been 
written by fanciers of exotic fishes. I 
know of ne successful experiments that 
have yielded sufficient water-fleas to feed 
a thousand, yes, even a hundred, goldfish 
te an age of six months. It could be 
dene, but not without large pond space. 

Various writers have in the past out- 
lined their methods of culture. Myers, 
starting in September, raised sufficient 
throughout the winter to supply a dozen 
goldfish with a liberal feed once a week. 
Te used a twelve-gallon aquarium, in 
which he placed about a quart of Spiro- 
gyra and Cladophora (filamentous alge 
commonly called “frog-spit.” These or 
allied species are usually abundant in 
swamp waters). These alge grew and 
furnished the young and old Daphne with 
abundant food. Brind advises the use of 
Guart preserving jars, having a bottom 
of soil and containing bits of plants. A 
large number of jars are prepared, and 
the “bugs” used from them in rotation. 
Gage uses a porcelain-lined kitchen sink, 


20 Aquatic Lite 


the outlet of which has been carefully 
plugged. In it is placed an inch and one- 
half layer of rich loam, then a light 
sprinkling of dried sheep manure, cover- 
ing this with a half-inch of earth con- 
taining a fairly high percentage of clay. 
Ripe or old aquarium water is then 
added. The sink is filled liberally with 


(Vs 
‘ N 4 
ANTENNAE, i 
INFERIOR AS A 


ANTENNAE, 


INTESTI 


ARROWS SHOW DIRECTION OF 
‘FOOD CURRENTS 


Daphnia pulex (greatly enlarged) 
Original Drawing by Frank J. Myers 


any of the recognized aquarium plants. 
Several heads of lettuce, sun-dried and 
powdered, is sprinkled over the surface 
of the water. Then, after a few days, 
some Daphne is introduced and _ their 
multiplication commences. From time to 
time decayed plants such as will be re- 
moved from aquaria should be thrown in. 

Compared with goldfish, the tropical 
fishes are rather small, and in conse- 
quence consume less. Any of the fore- 


going plans should provide enough for 
feeding tropicals, but only a tithe for a 
goldfish. The average breeder of the 
latter fish, if he has a fair number, will 
consider a Daphne-collecting trip a fail- 
ure unless he carries home a bulk equiva- 
lent to a teacup filled solid. To propa- 
gate enough to feed such a quantity daily 
would require a pond exceeding in area 
his home grounds. While this amount 
seems large, it must be remembered that 
the first rule of breeding is to keep the 
young “filled,” and, further, that a gold- 
fish in early life is capable of consuming 
daily a quantity of Daphne equal to its 
own bulk. The Japs, to propagate 
Daphne, will take a pond with an area of 
150 yards or more. If the pool is over 
ten years old, five bushels of rice bran, 
soy lees or the excrement of man or 
horse are spread upon the bottom after it 
drained. This is exposed to 
rays for about a week, and 
If the pond 


has been 
the sun’s 
then the water is replaced. 
is less than two years old double the 
quantity of fertilizer used. This metho 
would seem to be quite malodorous, and 
one to be avoided by the fancier who 
lives, as most do, in close proximity to 
fellow-men. In short, it would seem that 
the breeder of goldfish will do well to 
continue gathering Daphne in the ponds 
of the city “dumps,” leaving its propa- 
gation to the tropical fish lover, whose de- 
mands are more easily met. 


Natural objects are being threatened 
with extinction in Italy, as elsewhere. A 
league has been formed, therefore, for 
the protection of the fauna and flor, of 
the country, and of such geological and 
geographical features as are of scientific 
or esthetic interest. A zoologist, a botan- 
ist, a geologist, a geographer and an 
agriculturist are included on the execu- 
tive council. 


mn cm er cr mt mm se 


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Fishes and Reptiles in Winter 


ANNA K. BEWLEY 


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Much has been written on the hiber- 
nation of mammals, fishes and reptiles, 
and it has ever been a fascinating subject 
te those interested in the study of natural 
history. That quaint and charming 
writer and observer, Reverend Gilbert 
White, of Selbourne, was much interested 
in the subject. In a letter written to 
Thomas Pennant, in 1774, he refers to 
the hibernation of the carp as follows: 
“In the garden of the Black Bear Inn, 
in the town of Reading, is a stream or 
canal running under the stables and out 
into the fields on the other side of the 
road ; in this water are many carps, which 
lie rolling about in sight, being fed by 
travelers, who amuse themselves by toss- 
ing them hread; but as soon as the 
weather grows at all severe these fishes 
are no longer seen, because they retire 
under the stables, where they remain till 


YOUNG MIRROR CARP 
The Carps are Hardy and Excellent Fishes for the Beginner 
Ccurtesy of the New York Zoological Society 


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the return of spring. Do they le in a 
torpid state? If they do not, how are 
they supported?” He also suggests the 
possibility of the hibernation of the swai- 
lows, and we have not learned—even to 
this day—where they do pass the winter, 
although we are pretty sure they do not 


hibernate. 

All of the reptiles and many of the 
fishes of the cold zones become torpid 
and pass the winter in a state of hiberna- 
tion when their food 1s scarce or unob- 
tainable. They are said to be ina state of 
coma, in which all the functions of life 
are suspended for the time, and no food 
is taken. While it has been asserted that 
they die very easily if exposed to too low 
a temperature, Mr. Sanford Omensetter, 
writing in the “Proceedings of the Dela- 
ware County Institute of Science,’ makes 
the statement that “reptiles have been 


22 Aquatic Lite 


kept in a torpid state for three years and 
a half, and have at the end of this time 
been readily revived.” Frogs of certain 
kinds are known to pass the winter in 
the mud under water, while others find 
refuge only a few inches under the dead 
leaves in the woods. Salamanders and 
lizards when found in winter under logs 
or stones do not appear to be in a dor- 
mant state, but scurry away as lively as 
ever. The common Wood Tortoise bur- 
rows in the leaves, while the aquatic spe- 
cies go to the deeper water or bury them- 
selves in the mud, where they remain 
until the coming of spring. They, like 
all other creatures that hibernate, prepare 
for this long fast by getting “extra fat” 
in the fall, and are considered at this 
time very good food. Some varieties oi 
serpents hibernate intertwined together 
in large numbers. The common Garter 
Snake is an example. 

The carps, as well as many other 
fishes, are known to pass the winter in 
hibernation, and, although they are not 
entirely torpid, they are said to live with- 
out food, except in warm climates. The 
bass may not take food during the winter 
even in an aquarium, and does not grow. 
Although in these cases, and with the 
turtles and frogs, much depends upon the 
particular species, since different habits 
characterize the various kinds. Eels will 
migrate to the sea when they can, but 
have been found in the mud during the 
winter when migration was not possible. 


The Gilt Edge Aquarium 


With the caption, “An Attractive 
Household Aquarium” is shown, on page 
19, a tank of more than passing interest. 
The burnished frame hangs upon that 
of the aquarium and conceals it, so that 
one views an actual living picture. On 
first thought one might consider that the 
frame defeats its purpose, detracting at- 


tention from the contents, but in reality 
the seeming weight is more that counter- 
balanced by the quantity of plants. Par- 
ticularly noteworthy is the beautiful mass 
of Potomogeton on the right. Its size 
can be best appreciated by comparison 
with that of the tank—four feet long 
by twenty inches deep. In the back- 
ground appears Sagittaria sinensis; cen- 
tre, Cabomba caroliniana; right, Ouviran- 
dra fenestralis, the Madagascar Lace 
Plant, thrusts its latticed leaves above a 
dense growth of Italian Vallisneria spir- 
alis, Heteranthera zosteraefolia, Lud- 
wigia mullertti and several other species. 
At night the tank is illuminated by a 
number of miniature electric lights, dis- 
tributed over the cover-glass and under 
an opaque roof. These cast a soft glow on 
the life below, and complete a picture 
that is hard to describe adequately. It 
has received a number of high awards, 
including a_ silver household 
aquarium contests. 

To photograph an aquarium a rather 
long time exposure is usually productive 
of the best results, hence the fishes must 
be removed: in fact, it 1s well to do so 
the day previous, to allow all sediment 
to settle. The aquarium shown had been 
established several months before the 
photograph was made. 


CHD, am 


One of the largest recorded specimens 
of the ray or devil-fish was found some 
time ago in Delaware Bay. The monster 
measured seventeen and one-half by 
eighteen feet, and weighed five tons— 
eleven thousand two hundred pounds. 
An elephant weighs between three and 
four tons. 


Heard some one say the Quaker City 
was slow! Suggest you attend the com- 
ing meetings of the two societies. Wager 
you change your mind! 


AL Sh 8 8 8 FPS Fh PS Ps PS Ps PS PS Es FS 


| Conservatory Heat Regulation 
E. J. WILCOX 


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Heating the conservatory for tropical 
fishes is a serious problem, because, un- 
like houses in which plants are grown, it 
is absolutely essential that it be kept 
warm at all times. A sudden drop in the 
temperature will work damage that can- 
not be repaired. Some conservatories are 
neated by gas, some by coal fires, others 
by steam, but the most satisfactory re- 
sults are obtained with a hot water sys- 
tem. ‘The operation of any of these sys- 
tems is so well known as to remove all 
necessity for description. Heating dur- 
ing the day is a simple matter, but for 
the night it is the custom to “bank the 
fire’ and trust to luck. Without doubt 
you recall the many times when, arriving 
nome late at night, your first thought was 
of the conservatory. If the temperature 
out of doors does not fluctuate very 
much, that within the house may not 
reach low danger mark. However, by 
the use of a very simple apparatus, the 
temperature can be automatically main- 
tained at any predetermined degree, both 


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Fig. 2 


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night and day, provided the fire is occa- 
sionally fed and cleaned. ‘This is accom- 
plished by a comparatively inexpensive 
thermostatic regulator. 

The source of heat supply may be at 
any point distant from the conservatory, 
but the thermostat must be installed in 
the room or building to be heated. This 
instrument, which is illustrated as Fig- 
ure 2, is attached to the wall. It should 
be placed at a neutral point—not near a 
radiator, a window or on an outside wall 
—and about four or five feet from the 
floor. ‘The regulator is small, hand- 
somely finished, measuring about eight 
inches high. It contains a blade composed 
of two metals, which moves between two 
eiectrical contacts as the heat or cold 
causes it to contract or expand, thereby 
permitting the transmission of the cur- 
rent from two dry batteries through a 
fine cable to the motor, which is placed 
near the furnace or heater. The motor, 
upon receiving this current, will open or 
close the drafts. Protecting the blade of 


24 Aquatic Lite 


the thermostat will be observed a case 
on the face of which is set a dependable 
thermometer. The small pointer at the 
bottom is a lever which enables one to 
set the instrument for any desired tem- 
perature, from 55 degrees to 85 degrees 
I‘ahrenheit. 

The clock, in addition to being an ac- 
curate timepiece, has an added function. 
It may be desirable at times to maintain 
a slightly lower temperature, especially 


during the night. This can be accom- 


Fig. 4 
plished by setting the lever at the bottom 
to the desired degree, then setting the 
ciock to a determined hour, say 6 A. M., 
at which time the clock will automatically 
throw the lever to 70 degrees, and by the 
time we are ready to come to the con- 
servatory the fire will be burning brightly, 
may be fixed for the day, and the place 
is warm. A type is manufactured with 
an eight-day clock which will not only 
throw the lever forward in the morning 
at any desired hour, but at might will 
reverse the operation and set it back 
again. The thermostat may also be had 
without the clock. 

The thermostat, as previously stated, is 
connected with the motor by a cable of 
three fine wires, the electric current being 
furnished by two dry cells. The gravity 
type of motor is illustrated by Figure 4. 


With this type it 1s necessary to pull up 
the weight each day. Spring motors 
operating for a week, and electrical mo- 
tors which require no attention, can also 
be procured. 

Assuming that a temperature of 75 de- 
grees is desired, the apparatus will keep 
the drafts on until this is reached, and 
then without human aid, automatically 
check the fire until the temperature drops 
to 74 degrees, when the drafts will again 
be opened. ‘To say nothing of its almost 
human intelligence and convenience, the 
saving in fuel is a big item. It can be 
readily seen that the fire is not allowed 
to burn, perhaps for hours, after the 
place has been sufficiently heated. Nor 
will it allow the fire to go down and per- 
haps out on a cold night. A sudden drep 
in the temperature at any hour is cared 
for without any torethought on the part 
of the owner. 


Figure 3 illustrates in detail the appli- 
cation of the apparatus to a hot-water 
heater, while the same connections ex- 
actly would be made for a_ hot-air 
furnace. Figure 1 shows its application 
to a rather elaborate gas connection, but 
it can be equally well arranged to operate 
with a single gas burner. 

The motor is so equipped in the spring 
and gravity types that it cannot run down 
and leave the fire on should one forget 
to wind the spring or pull up the weight, 
as the case may be. The last act of the 
motor, before automatically cutting off 
the electric current, would be to shut off 
the fire. Wunding the motor, or pulling 
up the weight, will reconnect the current, 
and the operation of the regulator will 
proceed as before. 

The installation of this simple outfit 
renders the possibility of temperature 
changes very remote indeed. It is an 
almost indispensable accessory of the 
conservatory for fishes. While many 
makes are obtainable, that manufactured 


Aquatic Lite 25 


by the Honeywell Specialties Company, 
of Wabash, Indiana, through whose 
ccurtesy | am enabled to present the ac- 
companying illustrations, is known by 
the writer, after several years’ experi- 
ence, to be unusually efficient for opera- 
tion in connection with tropical fish main- 
tenance. 


The Nurse Shark 


The curious, pig-like habit of the nurse 
sharks of Florida have been brought to 
the notice of the North Carolina Acad- 
Einygrolmocience bya VVenGudger As 
third of the circumference of Boca 
Grande Cay, a small coral sand island 
twenty miles west of Key West, is 
bounded by a gently sloping rock bottom, 
on which the water half a mile from 
shore is not more than four or five feet 
deep, and on this bottom great numbers 
of the sharks gather to bask in the sun, 
play, breed and possibly feed. With sel- 
com less than a dozen visible, as many 
as thirty-three have been in view at one 
time. They are broad, sluggish, so little 
afraid that a boat may touch their fins 
before they will move, and they le piled 
together 1n a confused herd, like well-fed 
Sometimes three of 
about. 


pigs in a barnyard. 
tour together 
They are harmless, with small mouths 
filled with small, pointed teeth, and 
though omnivorous, their food seems to 
be chiefly crustaceans. 


swim aimlessly 


Educating the Goldfish 


He found his own front porch with 
wonderful accuracy, navigated the steps 
with precision, and discovered the key- 
hole by instinct. Once in the dimly- 
lighted hall there was an ominous silence, 
followed by a tremendous crash. 

“Why, what has happened, Henry >” 
came a voice from above. 

“It’s all right, Mary, but I’lI—I'll learn 
these goldfish to snap at me!”—Every- 
body's. 


Vallisneria Spiralis 
J. CHAS. WOBLER 


There are just a few aquarium plants 
that rank in efficiency with Vallisneria 
Spiralis, the Eel-grass, ‘Tape-grass or 
Wild Celery. Given a little sunshine, or 
even without, it grows remarkably fast, 
producing new plants from its creeping 


Vallisneria Spiralis 
From Wolf’s ‘‘Goldfish Breeds’’ 


stems or stolons, and rapidly forming 
thickets of bright green; sometimes half 
a dozen plants will be found strung to- 
gcther. It suffers somewhat when com- 
pared with Sagittaria, because its leaves 
are more tender and easily broken in 
transplanting, otherwise it is equally 
good. In general it seems to prefer more 
sunlight than Sagittaria, and a shallower 


26 Aquatic Lite 


Aquatic Life 


A monthly magazine devoted to the study, 
care and breeding of native, tropical, gold and 
fancy fishes, other animals and plants in the 
household aquarium. 


W. A. POYSER Editor 
JOSEPH E. BAUSMAN Publisher 
542 E. Girard Avenue, Philadelphia 


Entered as second-class matter September 2d, 
1915, at the Postoffice, Philadelphia, Pa., under 
Act of March 3d, 1879 


Yearly Subscription ..........-.++-+-++: $1.00 
Foreign Subscriptions 
Single Copy 
Payments may be made by express money or- 
der, draft, postoffice order or registered letter. 
Foreign remittances should be by international 
money order. 
Advertising rates made known on application. 
Aquatic Life is the only magazine in America 
devoted exclusively to aquatic life, and its 
value as an advertising medium in this field of 
nature study is unequaled. 
Patrons will confer a favor by sending us the 
names of responsible Pet Stock Stores who 
do not keep Aquatic Life on sale. 

Copyright, 1916, by Joseph E. Bausman. 


ODODODDO OO OOD OCOD ODO00000 


You, 2 a Gerais, 1916 No. 2 


tank. It can be readily distinguished by 
its bright green leaves, which are equal 
in breadth throughout their length, and 
biunt-pointed. Sagittaria is darker and 
thicker, the leaves somewhat pointed, 
and, though it is related, the flowers bear 
little or no resemblance to those of Vallis- 
neria. 

The sexual reproduction of Vallisneria 
is quite remarkable. Almost invariably 
submerged plants raise their flowers 
above water. When pollen-grains (the 
maie element) come into contact with the 
water, with a few exceptions (as in Cera- 
tophyllum and Zostera), they absorb soa 
much as to cause them to burst, or to 
occasion the escape of their contents from 
one of their pores so quickly that they 


perish. Jallisneria overcomes the con- 
tingency in an interesting manner. This 
species is dioecious, that is, the sexes 


are separate, a plant being either male 


or female. The male flowers are seated 
on very short pedicels or stems at the 
hase of the leaves; the female flowers, on 
the contrary, on very long stems, which 
at a particular time become greatly elon- 
gated and raise the flowers to the surface 
of the water. The male flowers then 
become detached from their pedicels, rise 
to the surface, are floated among the 
female flowers, and fertilize them. After 
this has been accomplished the pedicel 
of the female flowers coils up spirally. 
and the fruit ripens beneath the water. 
Three forms of Vallisneria are recog- 
11zed. The most desirable is that known 
as “Dwarf Italian.” The leaves may 
reach a length of eighten inches. <A hor- 
ticuultural variety, Gigantea, has a leaf 


NUCLEUS SSE 


Cells from leaf of Vallisneria spiralis (greatly 
enlarged) showing chloroplasts—the 
Green coloring matter 


half an inch broad, with a miximum 
length of about three feet, but it is re- 
ported to grow much longer. Both are 
much to be preferred to the common wild 
form. This latter, the typical species, in 
its natural state dies down in winter, but 
in the aquarium will grow throughout the 
year. It is widely distributed throughout 
the world. 

Vallisneria spiralis, there is but one 
species in the genus, was first described 
and named by Linnaeus in his “Species 
Plantarum,’ published in 1753. The 
name was conferred in honor of Antonio 
Vallisneri, an Italian botanist: spiralis 
refers to the habit of the stem of the 
female flower. 

The jeaf-cells of Vallisneria are favor- 
ite objects among microscopists to illus- 
trate the circulation of the protoplasm 
(life-fluid), and the chloroplasts which 
function in food-making. 


PLB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 09 9 3 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 00 Cov vo 0H 


NOTES & NEWS 


05050505 0 SoS SoBe oe 0h s9 SoS GoJo 0s SSF ove oesooesooeooeso0eo 45 


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Owned by Geo. E. Wilt 


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A YOUNG MOOR OR BLACK TELESCOPE GOLDFISH 


050s BoB ooo oF 


Photo by H. W. Schmid 


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Bh otooo0ta0 a ovo0etoov ooo otoveto0t oo 0eto0ooedoveto0ooooeo0ooovets0etootoooeo0ooeo 


The first autumn meeting of the Phila- 
delphia Goldfish Fanciers’ Society was 
held on September 20th. Interest cen- 
tered in the auction of fishes donated by 
members. ‘The receipts from the sale, 
together with membership fees and dues, 
made a sum larger than any received at 
any former meeting. 

The following were elected to member- 
ship: Mrs. Elizabeth C. Murphy, Messrs. 
Benjamin Funk, Stanley S. Anders, M. 
Nichols, Rudolph Pukall, Harry J. Mack- 
rell, B. McQuaid, William Raroba, John 
Dove, M. Williams, Samuel W. Burgess, 
Thomas T. Mayne, George McGrath. 

The next meeting will be held at 
Saull’s Hall, 802 Girard avenue, on Oc- 
teber 18th. The competition will be for 
Tsroad-tail Telescopes, scaled and trans- 


parently scaled, over one year old. One 
cup and three ribbons will be awarded 
in each class. 

Entries for the annual Household 
Aquarium Contest must be made at this 
meeting. 

Mr. Charles E. Visel, of Brooklyn, one 
of our members, has presented a silver 
cup, to be awarded by the society to the 
inember showing the best Calico Teles 
scope. ‘The date for this competition will 
be announced later—Fred Richardson, 
Secretary. 


The first part of a paper entitled 
“Minute Inhabitants of Aquaria,’ from 
thes penvot Mie Pe Clank. Sanek Tan 
cisco Aquarium Society, will be published 
in Aquatic Life for November. The 


28 Aquatic Lite 


articles will be illustrated by numerous 
drawings by the author. 


Replying to an inquiry regarding the 
identity of soy lees, which is used by the 
Japanese in the propagation of Daphne, 
Dr. Hugh M. Smith, U. S. Commissionér 
of Fisheries, answered “that soy is a 
very palatable sauce made from a bean. 
The thick part remaining in the bottom 
of the vessel is the lees, which correspond 
entirely with the lees of wine, beer, and 
various other liquids, and is synonymous 
with dregs.” 


Enchytrae, commonly known as white 
worms, form a valuable live food for all 
aquarium fishes during the winter 
months, when other items on the fish bill- 
of-fare, such as Daphne, are not to be 
had. It can readily be propagated in a 
small wooden box filled with soil. If a 
large supply is needed, several stich boxes 
should be used, drawing upon the supply 
in each in turn. Every aquarist should 
maintain a “white worm farm.” 


A vandal recently threw a cigarette 
stump into an aquarium containing a 
number of fine fishes. Every one died. 
Ee watchful of strangers. 


Place the aquarium on a steady table 
or shelf opposite a northern exposure if 
possible, and if not, near the window hav- 
ing the least direct sunlight. Under a 
skylight will do, the main point being to 
cbtain sufficient light to stimulate the 
growth of the aquatic plants without 
allowing the sun to shine directly on the 
water.—Mark Samuels. 


A healthy fish exhibits a plump, sym- 
metrical body, clean-looking fins, close- 
fitting gill-covers, complete erect dorsal 
fin, clear eyes, and no missing scales. 


After the aquarium has been planted 
and filled with water it should be al- 
lowed to stand several days before add- 
ing the fishes; snails may be introduced 
at once. 


Some native plants are good oxygena- 
tors; others are almost useless and soon 
become slimy, especially if they have been 
ccllected in cool, swift brooks. Unfa- 
miliar plants should be watched. 


The bag-tail is a type of fin develop- 
ment that apparently has not yet been 
found among American-bred_ goldfish. 
In this “sport” the upper and lower edges 
of the two tail fins are joined, forming a 
bag shaped like a cone. 


The water in an aquarium will evap- 
orate according to the temperature, more 
rapidly in a warm than in a cold room. 
When half an inch has evaporated, add 
an equal amount of fresh water. This 
water should stand in the room with the 
aquarium all night, so that it will attain 
the same temperature. A sudden change 
is bad for fishes, particularly in winter, 
and consequently care must be exercised 
to see that the waters are alike; this ap- 
plies also when changing fishes from one 
tank to another. 


The Lorquin Natural History Club, 
Los Angeles, has commenced publication 
of a monthly bulletin which has been 
called Lorquima. Paul Ruthling is edi- 
Wor 9 Ihe 1S GSae 1S TO someones Or Wave 
organization. 


A Philadelphia aquarist reports a red. 
transparently-scaled goldfish, that con- 
tracted a disturbance causing half of its 
body to become inflamed and blood-red 
in color. No attempt was made to treat 
the fish, and within a week the inflam- 
mation disappeared. 


Se 


v 
f Books for Aquarists 


The Home Aquarium and How to 
Care for It. A guide to its fishes, 
other animals and plants. By Eu- 
gene Smith. 213 pages, 137 illustra- 
tions, cloth binding. $1.20. Add par- 
cel postage on two pounds. 


Goldfish and Its Culture. Practicai 
instructions for pond breeding, ship- 
ping, care of the aquarium, and the 
general subject. By Hugo Mullertt. 
155 pages, 15 illustrations, cloth bind- 
ing. $2.00. Add parcel postage on 
two pounds. 


Fish Culture in Ponds and Inland 
Waters. The most recent book cover- 
ing the propagation of goldfish, food 
and game fishes, and aquarium man- 
agement. By William E. Meehan, 
Director of the Fairmount Park Pub- 
lic Aquarium, Philadelphia, and for- 
mer Pennsylvania State Fish Com- 
missioner. 287 pages, 22 illustrations, 
cloth binding. $1.00. Add_ parcel 
postage on one pound. 


Japanese Goldfish. A guide to the 
Japanese methods of culture. By Dr. 
Hugh M. Smith, U. S. Commissioner 
of Fisheries. 10 full-page colored 
plates, numerous text cuts, 112 pages, 
cloth binding. $2.00. Add_ parcel 
postage on two pounds. 


Life of Inland Waters. Needham and 
Lloyd. A big book containing 438 
pages and 244 splendid illustrations. 
It presents a survey of the whole 
realm of freshwater aquatic life. The 
only American publication on the sub- 
ject, and one that will materially as- 
sist the aquarist in solving the many 
problems encountered. $3.00. Add 
parcel postage on three pounds. 


The Freshwater Aquarium and Its In- 
habitants. A practical work for the 
aquarist. By Eggling and Ehrenberg. 
Freely illustrated, 352 pages, art cloth 
binding. $2.00. Add parcel postage 
on two pounds. 


Address AQUATIC LIFE 


(Book Department) 


leis) eXGHIN BabysEiehtRood 


The Nature Study Review 


OFFICIAL JOURNAL 
AMERICAN NATURE-STUDY 
SOCIETY 


The numbers for the coming school year 
will be filled with special articles from prac- 
tical teachers dealing with actual works, 
methods and suggestions for school garden- 
ing, elementary agriculture and nature- 
study. 


DO NOT MISS ANY OF THEM 


$1.00 per year. 15¢e per copy. 


SUBSCRIBE NOW 


Add for Canadian Postage, 10c. Foreign 
Postage, 20c. With Aquatic Life One 
Year, $1.50. 


Address All Orders to 


| The Nature Study Review 


ITHACA, N. Y. 


THE BRUCE FISHERIES 


| Breeder, Importer, Wholesale & Retail Dealer in 


All Kinds of Goldfish 
Comets a Specialty 
ELGIN K. BRUCE, THORNBURG, IA. 


CALICO TELESCOPE YOUNG 
$5.00 per Dozen 


Red & African Snails 50c per Dozen 


WILLIAM E. WALP 
1309 North 55th Street, Philadelphia 


AQUARIUM STOCK Co. 
150 Chambers Street, New York City 
Aquarium Specialists 
Goldfish, Foods, Plants, Snails, Etc. 


Combination Natural Fish Food, - Sample Can 10c 
Imported Shrimp Fish Food, - - - Sample Can 15c 
Imported Wafer Fish Food, - Large Sample Box 10c 


Cash With Order 


Sole Agents: for Floyd’s Unexcelled Bird Food for 
Birds to Restore Their Song - - - Sample Bottle 25c 


Special Prices on Quantity Lots 


OO OOOO OO 9 99 UI OG 00 0 0s 0s oo 00 Hoo ooovso0o0socovoooo 


ORDERS AMOUNTING $2 DELIVERED PostTpaIp 


Mail Orders Promptly Attended To 
———— EE eee 


I 


542 East Girard Avenue, Philadelphia 
Goer Ga ooo nor Sosovoeorovonofy | 


o 


Bless 


ce 


Soo Povo Fs 0 00 00> 
Aquatic Life 


Aquatic Life. Volume One. 
ica’s aquarian naturalists have col- 
laborated to make “Aquatic Life” a 
practical cyclopaedia for the aquarist. 
The first volume, 166 pages, 1s com- 
plete. Every essential phase of this 
fascinating branch of nature-study is 
treated; special articles, splendidly il- 
lustrated, cover goldfish breeding, 
native and exotic species; the care of 
the aquarium, and the general sub- 
ject. The illustrations, more than one 
hundred, some in color, include the 
finest that have ever been published 
of the various goldfish breeds. 
“Aquatic Life” is conceded the best 
illustrated aquarists’ magazine in the 
world. The volume costs two dollars, 
postage prepaid. 
Address Aquatic Lite 
(Book Department) 

542 East Girard Avenue, Philadelphia 


Amer- 


oSoaorhorSorSo ooh 


oso aveso0es © 0 0 0 00 0 eo 0 0 0S Se Sos 
oe oxo ovo 0 von oooooovSovootonoes 


9 


° 


Photo octet o0 0000 0 0H 


XA 


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| 109 22nd Street 


“AQUARIA FISH” 


A Practical work on care and breeding of 
fish in the Aquarium, Greenhouse and out-door 
Ponds. Finely illustrated. 


Kveryone interested in keeping fish should 
send for a copy of this book, price, $1. 


FOR SALE—A limited number of Red 
Squirrels, Chipmunks or Striped Ground 
Squirrels, Cotton-tail Rabbits and White 
Bellied Deer Mouse. 


F. L. TAPPAN 


92 S. 7th Street, Minneapolis, Minn. 


R. PEGLOW 


Dealer and Breeder of Fancy Golotish 
Broad-tail Telescopes My Specialty 
All Kinds of Aquaria and Supplies 


| 557 WOODWARD, AVE., BROOKLYN, N. Y. 


ENCHYTRAE 
The Secret of Successful Breeding of Tropical 
Fishes and the Ideal Live Fish Food. 


| Per Portion, 50 Cents, With Instructions How to Breed Them 


CHARLES E. JENNE 
West New York, N. J. 


EDWARD S. SCHMID 
Emporium of Pets 


ALL KINDS OF GOLDFISHES AND AQUATIC PLANTS AND | 


WATER LILIES 
712 Twelfth Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. 


Taxidermy Send for Catalog 


DRIED SHRIMP (Ground 7Z5c per I|b.) 


Special Price on Quantity Lots 


Postpaid 
My Natural Fish Food, Sample can 15c Per Pound $1.00 
CANADIAN BIRD STORE 
2139 W. Van Buren Street Chicago, Ill. 


It is not the ingredients you use that 
makes a food nutritious but what nutriment 
is retained in its ingredients that makes a 
food valuable. Dried beef contains as much 
nourishment as fresh beef; fresh liver con- 
tains 16 per cent protein; when boiled it is 
bulk, no nourishment whatever. You see 
its in the making, not what you put in it. 


Robert J. Schaeffer 
1818 Frankford Ave., Phila. Sample 12c 


FISH FOOD 
Manufactured only by 
ROBT. J. SCHAEFFER 
PRICE, 10c. 


USE REGENIA AQUARIUM SALTS 
To replace natural salts in waters 


as absorbed by fish and snails 
6 POWDERS IN BOX, 25 CENTS 


Regenia Chemical Co., Sta. K, Philadelphia 


Aug. C. Freitag & Son 
Aquarists 


Mollienisia latipinna; Domesticated 
(Not Sold in Wild State) 


Chamelions, Turtles, Alligators, Ete. 


CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED 


PRICES QUOTED 
223 - 225 BOURBON STREET 
NEW ORLEANS 


ONCE YOU TRY, YOU ALWAYS BUY 
Gnadt’s Perfect Fish Food, 10c a Box 
Pulverized or Whole Shrimp, 75c Ib. 
BREEDER OF FANCY GOLD AND TROPICAL FISHES 


Manufacturer of all kinds of aquariums 
Fish nets made of finest netting, 15c. 
Great reduction by dozen or gross. 


BROADWAY BIRD STORE 
Pa GNADR Prop: 
1632 Broadway Greenhouse 1630 Broadway 
BROOKLYN, N. Y. 


PRINCELY RECOGNITION 
15 West 67th Street, New York, N. Y. 


Dear Mr. Brind: Jome g, USM. 

I have read with much interest and I 
am glad to have your books on “DO- 
MESTICATED FISH” with the very 
valuable information they contain, for I 
have been interested in Aquaria for a 
long time, affording as they do the ob- 
servation of a corner of Nature so little 
known as to be mysterious and so full of 
fascinating beauty. 

Sincerely yours, 
(Sd.) Prince Pierre Troubetzkoy. 


NOTE!—Only a limited number of 
copies of above work remain and may be 
had by sending $2.60 direct to the author 
and publisher 

W. L. BRIND, F. Z. S. 

(who has now MOVED from Bergen- 
field) to 449 West 206th Street, New 
York City, where old friends and new 
customers will be welcomed (evenings 
only!) By appointment: Phone, 8418 St. 
Nicholas. 

Direct Importations of Fish, Reptiles, Plants, &c 


MOTION PICTURE FILMS OF FISH, 
ETC., MADE AND SOLD 
$10 to $100 each. 


THE TERMINAL PET SHOP 
PETS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION AND KIND 
Manufacturing and Maintenance of Aquariums a Specialty 
All Kinds of Cat and Dog Foods and Medicines 


Hudson Terminal Building 
Concourse, NEW YORK 


Broad-tail “Telescopes 
Correspondence Solicited 
GEORGE WILT, 1519 N. 62d Street 
PHILADELPHIA 


SAMUEL GRAFF 


Breeder of Broad-tail Calico Telescopes 
$2.00 up 


5013 Hawthorne Street, Frankford 
Philadelphia 


VIOLET RAY FISH REMEDY 


Relieves Constipation, Fungus, Tail Rot, Con- 


gestion. Safe and effective. Box of six pow- 
ders 25c. For sale at Pet Stock Stores, or 
address 


REGENIA CHEMICAL CO., Sta. K, Philadelphia 


TEN VARIETIES OF BEAUTIFUL 
AQUARIUM PLANTS 
for $1.00 Postage Prepaid 
J. HEnrt Wacner, 1909 North Capitol 
Washington, D. C. 


MILWAUKEE TRIPOD CO. 


457 Eleventh Street Milwaukee, Wis. 
W. C. EVANS, Manager. 


Dealer in all kinds of aquarium fishes and 
Manufacturer and repairer of aquariums. 
plants. Imported Japanese and Chinese gold- 
fishes. 


FRANKLIN BARRETT 


EVERYTHING COMPLETE FOR THE 
AQUARIUM, POND AND LAKE & 


Wyoming Avenue, & C Street, Phila., Pa. 
SEND FOR PRICE LISTS 


WALTER BELL 


Breeder of ®road-tail Celescopes 
BLUES BLACKS CALICOS 
4324 WYALUSING AVENUE, PHILADELPHIA 


Prices Reasonable 


“Everything is Fish 
that comes to the 
Net of a Naturalist’’ 


Don’t paddle in the water with one 
hand and he blind with both eyes. 


In other words, “keep your eyes open”’ 
for all nature. 


OUR MAGAZINE 


The Guide to Nature 


WILL HELP YOU 


It is edited by Edward F. Bigelow, 
who fishes in the heavens and earth, as 
well as the waters under the earth. 


Single copy, 10c. 
Four months’ trial, 25c. 
One year, $1.00. 


THE AGASSIZ ASSOCIATION 
ArcAdiA 


Sound Beach Connecticut 


Aquariums of Artistic Designs 


Strongly Built, Suitable for the Home, 
Conservatory, College or Store 


Also all aquarium supplies. We make any 
size aquarium to order, slate or iron-bottom. 
Write your wants. Dealers with card write 
for lowest wholesale prices on globes, food 
and plants. 

WE HAVE FOR SALE 


Used little wonder pump, 25 gallon tank, 
gauge, and regulation valve. Price $15.00 


Address PPONEER AQUARIUM CO. 
Racine, Wisconsin 


HERMAN RABENAU, Aquarist 
PERMANENT DISPLAY OF 


Aquatic Life and Terraria 
must be seen to be appreciated 
Visitors Welcome 
Plants and Tropical Fish a Specialty 


Importations of New Varieties received 
regularly 
1163 Myrtle Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Near Broadway. 


Nippon Goldfish Co. 


1749 Buchanan St., San Francisco, Cal. 
Importers and Dealers 
JAPANESE GOLDFISH 


DIRECT FROM BREEDERS IN JAPAN 


AWARDED GOLD & SILVER MEDALS 
Panama-Pacific International Exposition 
San Francisco, 1915 


All Kinds of AQUARIA & SUPPLIES 


Price ! ists Far ‘shed to the Trade Only 


_— 
$e | 
—————— 


Harry P. Peters 


1210 N. Warnock Street, Phila., Pa 
BREEDER AND IMPORTER. 


Rare and Fancy Fish 


Plants, Snails and Aquarium Supplies 
of All Kinds at All Times. 


MANUFACTURER OF 


Green River Fish Food 
10c a Box 


Green River Baby Fish Food 
lic a Box 


A GOOD FISH FOOD is one of the 
most essential things necessary to keep 
fish in good health. After the test of 
years Green River stands out as the best 
food on the market. It keeps the fish in 
good color by promoting a healthy, ro- 
bust growth. It will not sour or cloud 
the water. Ask your dealer or send for 
it today. 


Young Blue, Black and Calico 


Telescopes and Japs $1.00 per 
dozen Up. 


Also Veil-tails, 85 per Dozen Up 
Shipping Can, 25c Extra 


9s 


HARRY P. PETERS 
1210 NORTH WARNOCK STREET 
PHILADELPHIA 


Otto Walter 


86 Suydam Street Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Near Evergreen Avenue L Station 
Breeder and Importer of 


TROPICAL AND GOLDFISHES 


Telescopes Calicos Japs Fan-tails 


Dealer in All Varieties of Aquatic Plants 
Water Violets My Specialty 

All Kinds of Fish Foods 

Fresh and Dried Daphnia ; 


AQUARIA, UTENSILS AND SUPPLIES 


LRM OOM EINER BIO ENE 


Sees 


OT 


Dosis Kes 
a nos 


4 
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i 
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3 
' 
i 
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nee BRasnemens 


TI 
HWA 


UM 


IAT 
lt 


IAAT 


eee=sa Jacob C. Cassel 


915 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pa 


Manufacturer of 


AQUARIUMS 


Hil Aquarium Ornaments 
| Floral Terra Cotta, Etc. 


Goldfish Fish Globes Fish Food 
and all aquarium requisites. 
Send for Catalog. 


[ 


Cs CS a a SS SS SSS SS SSS St SSS 089 


Aquarium Specialty Co. 


MANUFACTURERS OF AQUARIA, FOUNTAINS, TERRARIA, VIVARIA 


1873 WASHINGTON AVENUE 


NEW YORK CITY 


BREEDERS OF DOMESTICATED FISHES 
IMPORTERS OF FOREIGN FISHES 
AQUATIC PLANTS, SNAILS AND SUPPLIES 


oxidizing. 


Per Tin box. Per lb. 


Natural Fish Food..... $ .10 $ .50 
Universal Fish Food... .15 2.00 
Ground Dried Shrimp... .10 1.00 
Ground Dried Flies and 

MMS eCiS 2 Stew cect .20 3.00 


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Correspondence Solicited. 


STOCK AQUARIA 

Galvanized Metal Frame, Enameled Steel Angle Frame, Heavy Plate 
and Gold-Striped, Bottom Slate or Glass, Slate Bottom, Flush or Pro- 
Ribbed Glass. Plain. Cn legs jecting. 

No. 1, 11"x7"x7" .... $1.25 $1.50 No. 3%. 24”x14"x14”, 22 gal.. $8.00 
i Op 14”x9”"x9”" 60000 1.50 2.00 “ Ai 30)"x16"x16". 26 She os 19.50 
Son ie meal eee xalleae xa alle 2.20 Be) ““ 5. 36"x18"x18” 5A relay 90.00 
a 4, 20”x13"x13” 3.00 Bio) «“ 6Y4 49"x90"x20"", 80 6c ye 35.00 
Cee een OA dexal Oexalt Aug 5 ATS 5.50 « Tt, 48"x29"%22” 110 “ .. 60.00 
20% additional for oxidizing. ae « gif. 54"x24"x24"" 145 “ .. 95.00 

Solid Brass Frame, on Projecting OW GO X20 o20%, ISO 5.18500 

Slate Bottom or on Legs. All : eae, 
y a S / our aquaria are so constructe 
ol" Wee ” : 

No. Ae eee Sine high, eee ae 2 that water cannot come into contact 
6 3. 16’x10"x12” 3 : 66 475 with the metal. 

AR Sool ees on a Belts All sizes and shapes made to order. 
20% additional for nickel-plating or We charge only actual cost for nack- 


FISH FOODS 


JOSEPH TAUBLES, Manager. 


ing and cases. 


Per Tin box. Per lb. 


OOS Ca S59 SS S559 SS Sa SSS SS SS S559 SSS 0080) 


Ground Dried Daphnia.$ .20 $3.00 
Whole Ants’ Eggs..... 10 1.00 
Ground Hulled Ants’ 
| Doone rpeeata A ety a cilin the 28 4.00 
| Infusoria Creating Food .15 2.00 


No Catalogues 


000 G9 S999 S599 99 GS DS SSH EES SSS —SSe— SNe 


IF YOU 


Are Looking for Something Extra 

Fine in Broad - Tail Telescopes 
Don’t Forget W.H. HEIMBACH 
Breeder and Importer of FINE FISH 


Snails Plants 


FISH FOR SALE AT ALL TIMES 


413 NortH 10TH STREET 
ALLENTOWN Pa. 


_ Here is a chancel 
» to make money 


\. Write for Proposition 


Give References 
— ADDRESS — 
M. E Corrugating Co. 


COVINGTON, 
KENTUCKY 


{emo os 


a O89 St FE Ss 9 9s Ps ss OF 


What My Aquarium Means 


! DAVID H. CUYLER 
§ 


OS OS OOS 9 OS 9 SS 6 Ps PS Ps Ps Os Os Fi 5 OS 9 at 6 9s 6 9s es 


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On a sunny morning, when I enter our 
living room, there in the bay window 
is a beautiful bit of nature, gleaming in 
the sunshine, and just shimmering with 
activity and life. It arrests the eye with 
a sense of its usefulness in that it 
pleases, and pleases plentifully. It speaks 
to me in a language far more lovely than 
the human, of everything that is worth 
while in life. ‘here are the little finny 
inhabitants seeming to plead for their 
morning meal; thrusting their snouts 
above the surface of the water; acting 
in all ways as if my intention was fully 
known to them. I find here as simple a 
demonstration of intelligence as one could 
wish for. I carry out my part of the 
arrangement by giving them their daily 
portion, and then begins the squabble for 
the minute tidbits and such a flying 


RS 6 6 6 FO 5 8 Pa Ps 1 a s Ps 


oC 8 i 60 00 SO 90 SP 4 PF PS FOP PS fis Pa Pd 


An Artistic Aquarium Owned by Ernest A. Gill 


a So 8s $s 


te 


about, each one to obtain his rightful 
share, and maybe a little more; here we 
have ambition and wholesome rivalry, 
both very healthful qualities if not abnor- 
mally developed as is frequently the case 
with that specimen of so-called super- 
intelligence, man. 

When the feeding is over and the hun- 
ger appeased, comes the seeming endless 
activity of looking about their limited 
world to see what is needed ; what is new 
or what requires attention. I do not 
understand it all, and do not try to. I 
only know it is good, and that the con- 
stant golden flittering adds to its charm. 
I am satisfied to allow my little friends 
to keep secret their reason for doing what 
I have full faith is useful to them. That 
I can keep these beautiful little golden 
friends of mine, and make them happy 


30 Aquatic Life 


and at least nearly natural, is reward 
enough for any seeming trouble they may 
prove to be. Just to study to make their 
little lives as natural as possible is a 
never-ending delight, and abundantly in- 
teresting. 

In this work-a-day world, where all of 
us are prone to make of life an all too 
serious problem, it behooves every one of 
us to climb atop of some healthy hobby 
and ride it for all it is worth. The keep- 
ing of aquaria has brightened many a 
weary hour for me, and countless others ; 
it has pulled me out of the dumps and 
put me back in balance many a time, just 
from its simple inspiration and the un- 
ending interest it creates in ‘‘something 
different,” and, brother, believe me, it is 
that ‘something different” that is far the 
best tonic you can take for all that ails 
you. And that is why my aquarium 
means so much to me. I study it pro- 
foundly at times ; the fishes, the plant life 
and tall of it) .and just sto) see. the com- 
pleteness of it is enough. I say to my- 
self, they are happy because they are 
natural; they are not trying to be some- 
thing they are not; they are real and true 
and thus all good. 

To get out into the woods and fields 
midst the birds and flowers, and to join 
them in their songs of praise to God; to 
be simple and true to yourself in nature's 
own way; that is Life, and Life abun- 
dant. 


Aquarium Ornamentation 


It is unfortunate that in arranging 
aquaria for public exhibition a recent ten- 
dency has been to place therein objects 
of an entirely foreign nature. Japanese 
tea gardens perched on broad, flat rocks 
at the bottom of the tank, and polished 
sea shells are entirely out of place. They 
remind one of the china filigree plaques 
that a few years since we were wont to 


“decorate” with mutilated postage stamps 
and beribbon in gaudy hues. One can’t 
be criticised for liking a tiny tea garden 
a la Japanese, but use it as that art-loving 
nation intends—on a tray with sprouted 
horse radish for foliage. Place it on the 
shelf under the aquarium, around it, or 
on a tabourette ; don't place it im the tank, 
the Japs don’t drink tea under water, ex- 
cept in their submarines. If you admire 
polished sea shells arranged in geometri- 
cal designs, buy a curio cabinet for the 
purpose. 

Placing in an aquarium a foliage plant 
that 1s not aquatic, and will neither thrive 
nor even exist submerged is “nature fak- 
ig” pure and undiluted. It gives the 
uninitiated an erroneous impression as to 
what can be done with an aquarium. Of 
ccurse, all aquaria as maintained in the 
licusehold are fakes to a certain degree, 
showing, as they do, an association of 
animals and plants never found together 
in nature. This, however, is due to neces- 
sity, and not to deliberation. The geo- 
graphic aquarium is the only type that 
follows nature in the sense that all the 
plants and animals therein are from one 
and the same locality. If we would in- 
terest the general public, let us do so in 
simple ways as we would teach the child; 
let us not create wrong impressions of 
which they must later be disabused. 


To oxygenate the water in cans o1 
fishes during shipment, Mr. S. C. Lloyd, 
of St. Louis Society, advises the use of 
clean sponges strung across or around 
the inside of the can above the water- 
line. The almost constant movement of 
the conveyance splashes the water upon 
the sponges, from which it constantly 
Crips, causing continuous aeration. This 
would seem to be an excellent scheme, 
but care should Le exercised to use clean 
sponges. 


b 4) 6 es OS 5 Ss RS Oe 4 OS PE EE ES PE PE SE EI 


FRANK J. MYERS 


| (The Use of Sheep Manure 
| 
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me cu es ss ss OS 6 OS Ps Os 9s 8 ss Fi 6 9s 


| 


Lionhead Goldfish 


Op me ces mt es mm moms 


Having read of the advantages of 
using sheep manure as a cultivator for 
aquatic plants in the household aquarium, 
I decided to do some investigating along 
this line, as I had always had poor suc- 
cess with Sagittaria under certain condi- 
tions of light. Some years ago I had an 
eighty-gallon aquarium built to fit into a 
square space containing three windows 
with western exposure. The dimensions 
of this aquarium were not what they 
should have been, the depth being too 
great in proportion to the width; besides, 
it was subjected to the full glare of the 
afternoon sun. Plants, with the single 
exception of Anacharis, never grew well 
in this tank. I tried Sagittaria many 
times with the same result; they never 
shot off runners, and gradually died out 
each time. 3 

Accordingly IT set up two twelve-gal- 


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Owned and Photographed by F. Schaefer 


8 8 SS SS OS Oh 5 Os 0 


jon aquaria in the following manner: In 
number one I placed a layer of sand 
about one-half inch thick; then over this 
I sprinkled a thin layer of pulverized 
sheep manure, just enough to cover the 
sand well, then about an inch and one- 
half of clean sand over all. I planted 
this aquarium with Sagittaria and placed 
it in a strong west light, exposed to the 
afternoon sun, a position identical with 
that of the unsuccessful large aquarium. 

In aquarium number two, I placed two 
inches of clean sand, planted Sagittaria 
without adding the sheep manure, decid- 
mg to feed these plants directly by in- 
jecting a saturated solution of the 
manure among the roots by means of a 
special syringe consisting of a thin glass 
tube about fifteen inches long, with a 
rubber bulb on one end. I filled both 
aquaria with water at the same time, and 


32 Aquatic Lite 


injected the aqueous solution among the 
roots of plants in number two, three 
times a week. About the third day, in 
aquarium number one, I noticed clouds 
of pulverant, nebulous organizations 
ascending in thin columns from the sand 
up to the surface of the water, and there 
spreading out into cloudlike masses. A 
microscopical examination proved this to 
be composed of countless myriads of 
spores of a certain fungus -belonging to 
the PHycomycrrrs. Let us now digress 
a bit for a few words about fungi. The 
Puycomyceres (Algae-fungi) are so 
called because they resemble certain 
Algae more closely than other fungi, and 
are supposed to have been derived from 
the Algae, having lost their chlorophyll 
(sap-green) and power of independent 
living. 

Saprolognia, « genus to 
spores in aquarium number one belong, 
resemble certain Algae (laucheria and 
Cladophora) so closely that connection 
seems plain. The mycelium (working 
body) is composed of coenocytic hyphe 
(small thread-like filaments which have 
30 partition wails dividing them inte 


which our 


cells), the tips of which become swollen 
and are cut off by septa (partitions). 
Within these chambers numerous buicili- 
ate zoospores (spores 
which swim abcut 


with two cilia, 
THM MeO yyalere)) - auee 
formed, which, after being motile for a 
short time, settle down and rapidly form 
new mycelia. This all strongly suggests 
laucheria and Cladophora. Now the 
species of Saprolognia which appeared in 
aquarium number one seems to be per- 
fectly harmless to goldfish in good con- 
dition. After a few days these countless 
spores settled down and formed mycelia 
en the darker portions of the substratum. 

In about ten days all the fungus began 
to disappear very rapidly, the water 
cleared beautifully, and I noticed young 
shoots of Sagittaria beginning to show 


up. They increased with surprising rap- 
idity—the water did not turn green and 
conditions seemed eminently satisfactory. 
Then I introduced the fish, which did 
well from the first. Now, after seven 
months, in spite of poor conditions, the 
plants are thriving and multiplying in my 
eighty-gallon tank. Aquarium number 
two gave me exactly similar results, only 
much slower and with more work, as the 
plants had to be fed continually. I do 
not hesitate in recommending the sheep 
manure method to anybody who 1s trou- 
bled with a poor growth of plants, pro- 
vided the aquarium is set up as I have 
suggested. 


Philadelphia Show 


Acting in conjunction, The Aquarium 
Society of Philadelphia, the Philadelphia 
Goldfish Fanciers’ Society and the Phila- 
delphia Goldfish Exhibitors, held in Hor- 
ticultural Hall, Fairmount Park, October 
7th, 8th and goth, quite the best exhibit 
of aquaria and fishes that has ever been 
shown the local public, which, it must be 
added, expressed appreciation by attend- 
ing in crowds. ‘ihe committee which su- 
pervised the staging of the show deserves 
great credit, and no less the individual 
exhibitors of which there were too many 
to mention. 


The Black-nosed Dace can with im- 
punity be kept in the same aquarium with 
fancy goldfish. If the tank is large and 
well planted there will be little dange: 
of annoyance to the goldfish. ‘There are 
many fishes of divergent temperament 
that may be placed together in a large 
tank that one would not think of assoct- 
ating in a small one. A well fed fish ts 
usually better disposed toward unrelated 
species than if it is kept hungry. Shun- 
bunkins have been noticed to annoy anc 
nip the fins of broadtail goldfish. but 
ceased to do it when placed in a larger 
tank. 


a OO GO a 6 OR SO 8 Oi 6 Oa SS 8 6 OS Fa 6 On a 6 Pe SP 8 Fs a ss Oy A Le 


PS a is as 6 as 6 6 FS Fs Ps i 6 Ps os es 6 Ps FS fs Ps i 9 6 a Fs 


The dainty, active, little Splashing 
Salmlet, Pyrrhulina filamentosa, was first 
introduced as an aquarium fish by the 
famous Rossmaessler Aquarium Society, 
of Hamburg, late in 1905, having been 
unported by them direct from Para, Bra- 
zil. ‘The scientific name “red- 
finned” and “‘thread-bearing,” and refers 
to the color and the elongated fins. A 
remarkable feature is the absence of an 
adipose or fat-fin (a small rayless fin 
situated betwen the dorsal and caudal), 
which is usually present on fishes of the 
Characin group, of which our subject is 
a member. The slender appearance cf 
the fish is very much accentuated by the 
fins, 


means 


The color of the body is silvery, 


rm 56 6 5 ss 9 6 9 PS PS 8 Pb PS PR Ps BS fs PO 8 SP SP PP 


The Splashing Salmlet 


WALTER LANNOY BRIND, F. Z. S. | 
& 


<a 8 6 Fe 6 PS PS i PS OPS Fs PS PS PS PS PS SS BS PSO nS a 6 Ps FS 6 FS BS 6 Os BS 6 Ps Fes 


clive on the back and white beneath. The 
colors are very delicate and pearly—al- 
most translucent. A horizontal black 
stripe runs from the edge of the gill- 
cover forward through the eye to the tip 
of the snout. ‘The dorsal and caudal fins 
are flame-colored, the inner margin yel- 
lewish, the outer fiery red, which gives 
the fish its attractive appearance. A wild 
male fish will reach a length of three 
inches; the female, two and one-half 
inches. Aquarium-bred specimens sel- 
dom attain more than two-thirds the size 
ot the wild fish. 

The Salmlet is very active, and espe- 
cially so during breeding time, which 
brings us to the most striking character- 


34 Aquatic Lite 


istic of the species—its remarkabie 
method of reproduction, and from which 
it derives the name of Splashing Salmlet. 
Spawning time having arrived in the 
aquarium, the male and female, swim- 
ming close together, spring out of the 
water and adhere to the cover-glass or to 
the side of the tank. Here they stick for 
as long a period as ten seconds, during 
which about a dozen eggs are deposited 
and fertilized, which remain on the glass 
covered with a drop of water. The 
operation is repeated ten or twelve times, 
and after an hour or so about a hundred 
eggs will have been extruded. A second 
spawning may occur within a week, but 
should be discouraged, as it has a weak- 
ening effect on the fish. 

The male watches the eggs 
splashes them with water at intervals of 
twenty minutes to half an hour, thus 
keeping them moist. They hatch in 
thirty-six to forty-eight hours, provided 
a temperature of about 77 degrees. 
lahrenheit, has been maintained during 
incubation. The young hang lke coma 
marks in the drop of water in which 
they have hatched, and are soon washed 
down into the aquarium water by the 
splashing of the male, whereupon they 
take refuge among the floating plants. 
Here they feed upon infusoria, of which 
they must have an abundance, and later 
devour small Daphne 


and 


will and 
Cyclops. 

The proper temperature for adult fish, 
other than during the breeding period, 
ranges from 65 degrees to 75 degrees, 
Iahrenheit. An average temperature of 
75 degrees, which experienced aquarists 
favor for most tropical fishes, is about 
the best to keep them in good condition. 
Kegarding food, Pyrrhulina is carnivor- 
ous, and particularly fond of Daphne, 
which should be liberally supplied. Its 
home should be a sunny, three-gallon, 
thickly planted and balanced aquarium. 


they 


‘more than a tremendous leap. 


The Salmlet is a native of South 
America, and has been recorded from 
Brazil, Surinam, Guiana and the islands 
off the northeast coast. 


Flying Frogs of Java 

So many strange stories have been told 
oi the flying frogs of Java that the curi- 
ous animals have come to be regarded as 
mythical. However, according to a re- 
port of Professor Siedlecki, quoted in 
the Journal des Voyages, these little crea- 
tures do exist in actual life. 

Professor Siedlecki, who has spent 
some time at the zoological laboratory at 
Buitenzorg, Java, has been able to study 
the flying frogs closely. One of the first 
conclusions that he reaches is that the 
name “flying frogs” is inaccurate; for 
the supposed flight, from which the pop- 
ular name is derived, is really nothing 
“Jump- 
ing frog” would describe the animal much 
inore accurately. 

The frog has membranes stretched be- 
tween its fingers and toes. As it jumps, 
it stretches wide its webs, and with the 
ald of these parachute-like supports, 
glides gently to earth again. It is no 
rare thing for one of these little animals 
to jump a distance of over six feet. It 
can readily be imagined how a succession 
ot these gliding ieaps creates the impres- 
sion of sustained flight. The deception 
is even greater when the frog is jumping 
from branch to branch or from tree to 
tree. 

Essentially an animal of nocturnal 
habits, the flying frog spends its days 
clinging to the leaves of trees. During 
this time it is torpid and flabby, and 
breathes with remarkable slowness. Its 
bluish-green color, blending almost per- 
fectly with the leaves on which it rests, 
serves as an effective protection against 
enemies. ‘The flying frog is a striking 


Concluded on Page 41 


One of the most interesting phases of 
the aquarium and its maintenance, to my 
mind, is that which embraces the obser- 
vation and study of its minute inhabi- 
tants. Any one who possesses an aquat- 
ium, an old one used for the propagation 
of plants is best, or a small amount oi 
stagnant water, will have sufficient ma- 
terial to pursue this study. A good hand 
lens will suffice for the larger animals, 
such as the crustaceans, but a low-power 
microscope is necessary for the observa- 
tion of the smaller forms. I would sug- 
gest that any aquarium society interested 
in this subject purchase a microscope, 
and then lend it out to the different mem- 
bers, as I have so doubt that almost all 
fish and aquarium fanciers will find the 
observation of these tiny animals a very 
fascinating pastime. 

‘Yo approach this subject properly we 
must begin with the most simple forms 
of life, and gradually work up to the 
higher forms. 
the single cell. 


The simple form of life is 

This is a small mass of 
living matter which is able to multiply 
and form new cells of the same kind. 
The main bulk of a cell is made up of a 
viscid, liquid substance called protoplasm, 
this is very complex, and is composed 
chiefly of water, in which is dissolved 
different salts, and in which is also sus- 
pended fine particles of organic matter, 
such as is taken in for food, waste prod- 
ucts of digestion, and other substances 
which take part in the life activity of the 
cell. The skin of the cell or cell mem- 
brane is formed by a hardening of the 
protoplasm on the outside of the cell. 
In the protoplasm is suspended a small 
body called the nucleus, which contains 


Minute Inhabitants of Aquaria 
PERRY BRUCE CLARK 


San Francisco Aquarium Society 


the sexual elements, and is the centre of 
life of the cell. When a cell has reached 
the maximum of its development a 
changes begins in the nucleus, the minute 
chromatin threads or sexual elements 
(each cell contains both male and female 
chromatin threads) divide in two parts, 


Diagram of a Cell 


Centrosome 
Contractile vacuole 
Cell membrane 
Protoplasm 
Nuclear membrane 
Chromatin threads 
Nucleolus 

. Nuclear plasm 
Types of bacteria 


ALOE S 


a half of each male thread then combines 
with a corresponding half of a female 
thread and an equal number of these 
combined threads place themselves at 
opposite sides of the nucleus. The nu- 
cleus now divides, a half going to each 
end of the cell, which then becomes con- 
stricted in the centre and finally breaks 


36 Aquatic Lite 


apart to form two new cells. This is 
called reproduction by division. This 
ferm of reproduction gradually weakens 
the reproductive powers of the subse- 
quent generations, therefore 
form is sometimes resorted to, which is 
reproduction by conjugation. In this 
process two cells come together to form 
one, and after an exchange of sexual ele- 
ments reproduction goes on as before. 
This is on the same principle as breed- 
ing stock, where new blood must be intro- 
duced occasionally, for if it 1s not done 
degeneration of the stock takes place. 
The complete process of cell reproduction 
has never been completely worked out. 
The bacteria, or germs as they are 
scemetimes called, are the simplest form 
of living cells, as it has not yet been dem- 
onstrated that they contain a definite 
nucleus, as do most cells. 
that the 
throughout the protoplasm. 
for bacteria having such a simple organ- 
ization is that they are all more or less 


It is supposed 
scattered 
yy 

The reason 


nuclear material is 


parasitic in nature, and therefore depend 
largely on other organisms for their sup- 
ply of nourishment. 
illustrated by the behavior of the bac- 


This parasitism ts 


teria which prey upon the human body, 
such as the bacillus of tuberculosis, which 
lives by eating up the tissue in which it 
is imbedded. Here the nourishment is 
already prepared for the germ, and it 
has merely to absorb it. All parasitic 
forms of life are found to be in a more 
or less degenerate state, as the disuse of 
a function generally always leads to de- 
cay, this is well illustrated by the fact 
that people who do little or no manual 
work have poorly developed muscles. 
The bacteria are so low in form that it 
has not been finally decided whether they 
are plants or animals. Botanists claim 
them for plants and zoologists hold that 
they belong to the Animal Kingdom, as 
they exhibit some of the characteristics 


another. 


of both plants and animals, although they 
favor the plant group a little more than 
the animal group. In either event they 
may be taken for the starting point of 
both the plants and the animals. 


To be. Continued 


The Brooklyn Exhibit 


We note with great pleasure that at 
the big show of the Brooklyn Aquarium 
Society, September 21st to 24th, Mr. 
Harry P. Peters, of Philadelphia, was 
awarded the diploma for the “Six Best 
Young Goldfish Bred by Exhibitor in 
1916, Residing Outside of Greater New 
York.” Long since, Harry accumulated 
such a store of awards that he ceased 
to find it interesting to paper rooms with 
the ribbons;.hence he has during recent 
years seldom exhibited for prizes, but 
when he does he usually “brings home 
the bacon.” Congratulations. 

Mr. Franklin Barrett, who takes great 
pride in his great collection of goldfish 
and other species, was awarded the 
diploma for the “Best Display Shown by 
an Exhibitor Residing 
Greater New York.” 


Outside of 
Many of Mr. Bar- 
rett’s fine goldfish have been illustrated in 
AQUATIC LIFE. 

The diploma for the “Best Display of 
Tropical Fishes” was secured by Mr. 
Isaac Buchanan. Other diplomas: Miss 
C, M. Hoppe for “Balanced Aquarium 

Five evra IB. 
Johonnot. “Balanced Aquarium Over 
Five Gallons ;” Charles EF. Visel, “Larg- 
est and Best Exhibit ;’ William Tricker, 
“Best Display of Aquatic and Semi- 
Aquginie leikins> Crees 19, Wisell, “Sis 
Best Young Goldfish Bred by Local Ex- 
hibitor.”. 


Less than Gallons ;” 


A few copies of the title page and 
index to volume one are still available for 
distribution. A postal card request is 
sufficient. 


cs 9 os sms 


J. LAMBERT, University of Pennsylvania Botanical Garden 


! The Madagascar Lace Plant 
| 


: 
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SHA <q Wye 


The Lace Plant 


| 
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| 
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| 
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! 
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: 


The Lace-leai Plant, Ouvirandra fen- 
estralis, was introduced into cultivation 
from Madagascar, in 1855, and belongs 
to the NATADACEAE, or pondweed family. 
it is closely related to Aponogeton, but 
differs in haying skeletonized leaves. It 
has been noted that the spaces between 
the veins sometimes become filled with 
tissue, causing a partially solid leaf. This 
feature induced some authors to place it 
in the genus Aponogeton. Such a growth 
very rarely occurs, and so may be termed 
a “sport.” The plant is a perennial im- 
mersed aquatic. The foliage is produced 
immediately from the crown and forms 
a rosette of broad, oblong, rich green 
leaves, which are composed of nerves 
and cross veins that give it the delicate 


Sa 
ON See — 


vie 
Sta] 


sh PS BS 6 PS Bs Pg Bs PR 6 Bf Ps Ss 6 Od 9 OP 9 Fs PS Pd 


Ouvirandra fenestralis 


a TL LY 


which the 
These 
veins consist chiefly of air-cells that give 


from 
fuant obtains its common name. 


lace-like appearance 


the leaf its buoyancy; similar in charac- 
ter to the inflated petiole of Eichhormnia, 
and the air-pads found on the under sur- 
face of the leaves of Trianea, Limnathe- 
mum, etc. 

In well-grown specimens the léaves 
attain a length of eighteen inches, and 
The 
numerous small white flowers are borne 


trom two to three inches broad. 


on two spikes, each about two inches 
leng, united at the base and supported by 
a stem about twelve inches long, and pro- 
jected about six inches above the surface 
of the water. Strong, healthy plants will 
lower continually throughout the sum- 


38 Aquatic Lite 


Aquatic Life 


A monthly magazine devoted to the study, 
care and breeding of native, tropical, gold and 
fancy fishes, other animals and plants in the 
household aquarium. 


W. A. POYSER .. . Editor 
JOSEPH E. BAUSMAN Publisher 
542 E. Girard Avenue, Philadelphia 


Entered as second-class matter September 2d, 
1915, at the Postoffice, Philadelphia, Pa., under 
Act of March 3d, 1879 


Weary SmMscmipoON .ccodaoosdcdaooc0b0s $1.00 
Roreigne Subscriptions sree ee eS 
SingleniCopy wine cherie oon oben ees 10 cents 


Payments may be made by express money or- 
der, draft, postoffice order or registered letter. 
Foreign remittances should be by international 
money order. 


Advertising rates made known on application. 


Aquatic Life is the only magazine in America 
devoted exclusively to aquatic life, and its 
value as an advertising medium in this field of 
nature study is unequaled. 


Copyright, 1916, by Joseph E. Bausman. 


\WOlbo 2 NovEMBER, 1916 No. 3 
mer months. The tubers are edible, and 
are used as an article of food by the 
natives of Madagascar. During the dry 
season the streams in which they grow 
often become dry, the foliage is killed off, 
and the tubers alone remain. At the 
approach of rain the tubers begin to send 
out new leaves, and in a short time the 
plant is in full leafage again. Under cul- 
tivation they do not need this rest; with 
the lowering temperature, the absence of 
the summer sun is all that is necessary 
during winter. 

The Lace Plant is one of the most in- 
teresting members of the Vegetable King- 
dom, and with the following cultural 
treatment, it 1s, as a decorative plant, a 
real acquisition to the aquarium. In the 
glass aquarium, ior some unaccountable 
reason, it does not produce large leaves, 
but sends out small ones of a lighter 
color that give a charm that no other 
plant possesses, and as equally effective 
as large leaves among the other plants 


ime the, aquarium) elowsproduce: lance. 
robust specimens a cedar tank is essen- 
tial. Planted in pots in a mixture of 
three parts fibrous loam to one part silver 
sand, and plunged in water six, or not 
more than nine inches below the surface, 
they grow to perfection. The tempera- 
ture of the water should be 65 to 75 de- 
erees Fahrenheit. A light shade is need- 
ed; this can be given by placing a tall 
pot plant by the side of the tank. Care 
nust also be taken to remove from the 
surface of the soil and leaves the green 
alge that collects, otherwise failure is 
sure to ensue. Potting should be done 
as soon as the new leaves are about two 
inches long, and never when the plant is 
in a dormant condition. Propagation is 
also effected by seeds sown an eighth inch 
deep in small pots of soil and placed in 
water. ‘The temperature should be about 
75 degrees Fahrenheit. They are more 
readily propagated by dividing the 
crowns. 

There is another species of Ouwiran- 
dra with pink flowers, but O. fenestralis 
is considered the best as a decorative sub- 
ject—eprinted from Aquarium Notes 
and News.. 


see ria Tinese ee a | 
Wm. E. Walp 


The fraternity of goldfish fanciers has 
sustained a severe loss in the death of 
the well-known Philadelphia fancier, 
William E. Walp, who died after a short 
iliness on October Ist. Gifted with a 
sunny disposition, he was exceedingly 
popular. Beginning many years ago with 
gcldfish breeding as a hobby, he devel- 
oped it into a remunerative vocation and 
soon became known from coast to coast 
as a breeder of fine fishes. 

Mrs. Walp, who has been equally 
active and interested in the fish, will con- 
tinue to maintain the hatchery, and will 
welcome the patronage of the fancy. 


ee 


NOTES & NEWS : 


a 
: 
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: 


Old Mother Hubbard had so 
children she didn’t know what to do— 
so the jingle tells us. Mr. and Mrs. 
Taubles had so many water hyacinths— 
but they know what to do! Captions for 
iilustrations are sometimes inspired, but 


many 


tor the above our “gray matter’ has 
failed to respond, so we let it go with- 
out, knowing that the many aquarists 
who have not met these well-known fan- 
ciers will be glad to greet them through 
the medium of the camera, regardless of 
what we may say about the photograph. 
The pond shown is interesting in several 
particulars. It ‘s large, but not to a point 
Of inconvenience; further, it is shallow, 
making inspection of its contents easy. 
Those who are considering the construc- 
tion of a concrete pool will do well to 
give thought to these details. 


SO GS OF 6 OS 8 Ps Ft 6 6 Os Pt 6 PS Ps 9 Ss 9 gs 9 0 


5 9 6.8 OS Os Oa 5 Os 9 5 0 5 FS 8 a 0 0 a 1 as 9 a 1 a S 1 a St 1 Se 


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: 
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The regular meeting of the Philadel- 
phia Goldfish Fanciers’ Society was held 
in Saull’s Hall, 802-4 West Girard ave- 
nue, Wednesday evening, October 18th. 
Broadtail Telescopes, scaled and trans- 
parently scaled, competed for two silver 
cups and ribbons. Messrs. R. L. Hard- 
ing, James Kerr and William H. Norton. 
acting as judges, made awards as fol- 
lows: 

Scaled Class—Cup to Mr. William 
Jartman; blue ribbon, Charles Hinkle; 
red ribbon, William J. Christy; yellow 
ribbon, Howard E. Demuth. 

Transparently Scaled Class—Cup to 
Fred Schaefer; blue ribbon, Joseph F. 
Bausman; red ribbon, Fred Schaefer; 
yellow ribbon, Joseph EF. Bausman. 

The tollowing fanciers were proposed 
and elected to membership; Dr. Louis 
\W. Rehbein, Messrs. John Heffener, 


40 Aquatic Lite 


Harry H. Mills, William D. Sargent, 
Edgar §. Colden, William J. Hodges, 
James Boyd, George Jann and Louis J. 
Staunton. 

The next meeting, Wednesday even- 
ing, November i5th, will be devoted to 
a competition for broadtail Japs, scaled 
and transparently scaled, more than one 
year old. A cup and three ribbons will 
be awarded in each class.—Fred Richard- 
son, Secretary. 


Mr. James E. Benedict, Jr., has be- 
come secretary of the Washington 
Aquarium Society, succeeding Mr. J. 
Henri Wagner, who resigned. Mr. Bene- 
ake, Wao 18 @ som or Die, |, 18. eneahiet, 
of the Smithsonian Institution, is thor- 
oughly familiar with the local vertebrate 
fauna, and as secretary should be an ex- 
ceptionally helpful worker. 


Los Angeles News 


When a member of the Chicago Fish 
Fanciers’ Club I had quite a collection of 
domestic and exotic fishes, a number of 
tenks, and some of them very well bal- 
anced. Out here it is very difficult to 
get anything whatsoever, and I have a 
hard time to get an aquarium even fairly 
established, The water contains so much 
lime and other mineral substances that 
the plants fail to thrive. It seems diff- 
cult to place the tanks in the proper situ- 
ation, as the light here is so intense. 
Direct sunlight, even for but a couple 
of hours during early morning or after- 
neon, promotes a tremendous growth of 
algae, which in a week or so will com- 
pletely fill the aquarium and make the 
water resemble a mass of green jelly. 
Some of this algae not only grows on the 
glass, but attacks the plants, retards their 
growth, and causes decay. 

To get fish here is well-nigh impossible, 
that is, other than goldfish, in which I am 


iitle interested. About four months ago 


I was able to secure a pair of Gambusta 
holbrooki, and now have about fifteen 
youngsters of various ages living hap- 
pily in an all-glass aquarium. I wish I 
could get a few pairs of Hemichromis 
bimaculata and Cichlasoma nigrofascia- 
tum. 1am especially fond of Hemichro- 
mis. I think it is the most beautiful and 
interesting of our aquarium fishes, and 
very easily bred in captivity. 

Several of the moving picture stars out 
here are fish fanciers, including Bill Far- 


Gambusia affinis holbrooki 
(From ‘Domesticated Fish’’ by courtesy of Author, W. L. Brind) 


num, Francis X. Bushman and Carter 
De Haven. They talk fish every time 
we meet._-G. P. von Harleman in a let- 


ter to the editor. 


Young fishes vary in rapidity of 
growth; some will be vigorous and grow 
quickly, while others will be puny. Judg- 
ment must be used in caring for the tardy 
ones. They naturally suffer in competi- 
tion in the same tank with their more 
eusky brethren. It is advisable to sep- 
atate the fishes according to size as 
closely as available tanks will permit. 
Perhaps it will be just as well to do away 
with the weaklings. 


AS one of the steps im a local) cam-= 
paign to insure the humane treatment 
and proper care of goldfish and other 


aquatic animals, Mr. J. Henri Wagner. 


Aquatic Lite 41 


of Washington, D. C., recently gave a 
lecture on “The Balanced Aquarium or 
House Pond,” before the teachers and 
pupils of the Seaton School. He illus- 
trated his talk with an aquarium which 
was complete, and with another which he 
equipped before his audience. 


It is to be regretted that political influ- 
ence in St. Louis is being exerted in op- 
position to the establishment of a public 
aquarium. ‘The big business house of 
Messrs. Salomon and Schuchat, however, 
announces that it will equip and main- 
tain in its store an extensive permanent 
exhibition that will cost some thousands 
of dollars to maintain. Let us hope that 
the generosity of this firm will serve to 
impress upon the politicians that the peo- 
ple cannot always be led, and that the 


time is approaching when an adequate 
public and permanent exhibtion will be 
demanded in no uncertain terms. [n edu- 
cational value a public and permanent 
exhibition of aquatic life follows close 


after the school house. 


No Time Lost 


Under his feet no tall grass grew, some 
speed was Willie's scoot; right out of 
swimming togs into his rah! rah! foot- 
ball suit. 


SHELLS OF LAND AND WATER. By 
Frank Collins, of the Chicago Academy 
ei Natural Science. What is the life- 
history of a snail? From this interesting 
velume you will learn how they live, 
where they live, and how to collect them. 
Written in a popular style, the chapters 
take one on numerous outings with a 
college professor and his class. Eight 
full-page plates, showing 82 species in 
their natural colors, and numerous half- 
tone and line engravings, adequately sup- 
piement the text. Octavo. cloth binding, 


price $2.50. Add parcel postage on three 
pounds. 


The crayfish is said to live 20 years; 
the sea anemone 50 years; the pike and 
carp 100 years. 


fFeu3sat® 


Ull just wait till the tide goes out— 
London Opinion. 


Concluded from Page 34 


example of protective coloration, for its 
hues vary with the time and the bright- 
ness of the day. In the sunshine of the 
early morning the frog is a bright blue- 
Seem wlater masmtieday: agvamces ats 
color becomes a deeper and darker green, 
and toward night almost black. 

It is not till the sun has set that the 
flying frog begins to shake off its torpor. 
Then it rouses to the business of the day 
—or of the night—and sallies forth on its 
hunt for insects. It shows a great pref- 
erence for large butterflies, and, aided by 
its remarkable leaping powers, is very 
successful in capturing them. 

The strange little animals do not con- 
fine their activities to the earth and trees, 
but are equally at home in the water. 
There the webs that serve them as wings 
on land become useful as cars. 


Aquarium Societies 


Brooklyn Socicty President—JOSEPH FROEHLICH ........--.- eee eee e eens 11 St. Francis Place 
Sncorporated Corresponding Secretary—CARLTON H. CHAPIN ........... 39 Kenilworth Place 
Meets second and _ fourth — Recording Secretary—WILLIAM D. SARGENT ..........--- 129 Columbia Heights 
"Brooklyn pablie Library. Treasurer—GEORGE W. POST 222.2... ccecencceccecersss ses 52 Herkimer Street 
American Jfederation of President—-MATTHEW BOWMAN ........ Bh belie AEs 427 Forty-fourth Street 
Golnfish JFanciers Vice-President—JAMES J. HOARE .....2..0.see eee eee teens 752 Monroe Street 
Meets second and_ fourth Treasurer—JOHN WDEBUS  ..... 2... cece cee eter eee ewees 313 South Fourth Street 
Brook in Johnston Building. Secretary—MRS. M. BOMAN: .....i sie e see cee eee ee tne 427 Forty-fourth Street 
rooklyn. 
Aquarium Society of President—H. R. LIPPINCOTT .........5 sees ee cece eee eees Collingswood, N. J. 
Philadelphia Vice-President—H. S. FULLERTON ............. ....135- West Wyoming Avenue 
er ede wednesday, Secretary—WALTER LER SOS BAIA RCI reyelaveicvene ere P. O. Box 66, Philadelphia 
14d Arch street. “2 ‘Treasuren—R. Wu. HARDING aac seine cio ciston se eae 2 eeloere sieeyeirn le 6008: Master Street 
IPbilanelpbia Golvtish President—GEORGH B. SMITH -..........0.-2...-. 2013 Hast’ Cumberland Street 
Ffanciers Vice-Presidenc—HARRY P.:PETERS ...............004.. 1210 N. Warnock Street 
Creat enna Wednesday Secretary—F RED. RICHARDSON ...........+---+e++--> 3841 N. Marshall Street 
Seul’s Hall. oe Cee avenue. Treasurer—GEORGE W. PRICE 2..3.....0 2.2.0.2 22. e ee eet 2145 South Lee Street 
Gbhe Aquarium Society President RICHARD DORN .2.......0000..0ceeeceee ates Upper Montclair, N. J. 
Meets second See meet Vice-President—DR.| BE. BA DED ia; 2. ceric. ce eee eee cele eee Glenhead, L. I., N. Y¥. 
mans pmetican Se City: Sccretary—HOWLAND WOOD .........00ccee eee eres 156th Street and Broadway 
fourth Friday. American Muse- Assistant Secretary—CLARENCE B. RUCH .............. 615 West 155th Street 
um few Work City. PrEdSU CaP ae OWE lire ee 146 Grace Street, Jersey City, N. 7 
Chicago Aquarium Society [RVI SY. Ju, WAMNIDYNISDU Ugussbatosdcodasncnersade ons 6733 Ridgland Avenue 
Jncorporated Wice=President—H. WW IGHBDING caes oY tierecib oie ee ele elelever viens 19 East Cedar Street 
Meets second and. fourth Secretary--FRED. G. ORSINGER ............++---200-- 123 South Oakley Blvd. 
snopes es ua Sey Studio. 19 Treasurer—G. J. BORGSTROM, JR. .................. 1408 North Kedzie Avenue 
. Cedar stree 
Presudent—UIBORTWS SHMMIAINN . co cee cleus oe oe 752%, Thirty-eighth Street 
Milwaukee Society Vice-President—B. F. KIECKHEIFER ..................... 99 Seventeenth Street 
Meets _ first Tuesday at 8 Corresponding Secretary—REV. G. KELLER RUBRECHT ..... 999 Island Avenue 
Ee a eBle crus ees room of Recording Secretary—REV. PAUL ROTH .............-.000--- 2602 Prairie Street 
Se 0 i Treasurer—GHORGEH J. C. STERRENS © eee eee eee ee ees 950 Wirst Street 
Reading Society President—JOHN KIERSHNER ........... eee eels Southaenhind Street 
Meets first and third Tues- Vice-President-W. H. HIMMERSHITZ |... . 00... eee eee 220 Pier Street 
day, 104 N. Ninth street. Secretary and Treasurer—S. O. MELLERT .............-. 120 West Windsor Street 
Lancaster Society President——-EULR ANT -EE ORIGE Sileyeiolerdeleisieieisveheiiereleletelevelrelletetsieioh New Providence Pa. 
Meets at Wheatland Otel: Vac Ga residerit-—Elew elon NINGH EUS vercteteyedeeioleietielenstalchersieheter seleneke 431 West Orange Street 
Ue Pa.. first Wednes- Secretary and Treasurer—W. M. UAWMAN ....2....-.0.5..-. 250 East Ross Street 
ay. 
IPOS USAGI, IVAN RIDIN cnlo hoon aDOnonoaoomd AC odG COaae 92 South Seventh Street 
Minneapolis Society RAUF aa Wo IDIRAUISVADIN™ coocoogondo bob odUDosoaoK sO Museum, Publie Library 
Seceretury—MRS. ANNA ESSENE ).................8421 South Longfellow Avenne 
p President—DR. ‘O. T.. CRUICKSHANK .:...................8148 Jenkins’ Arcade 
Pittsburgh Society Vice-President—A.? A. ALLEN ............-...........-.-221 Belthoover Avenue 
Meets second Wednesday, Treasurer—C. J. MERTEN ....... 24 Chalfont Stre 
eeu SEC \MGUINESEE S00 LLGUSUTET = On idle V MUBIEAM SIN) Go cpap obese Geo on npn ODS Sb -hse ko g et 
8148 Jenkins’ Arcade. ROTI ES ean ioe Js UU RIO anne pomoobesiaseeoetcoeondods eco te 424 Jaconda Street 
jQational Society President—S, CHICHESDIER LLOYD ....................-. 4442 Morganford Road 
‘ Wee! BRAG OUS IN Jeg AMEROARSIBNG iG GocculicocnoccceobcaDadodudGbOE 05 Osag 
St. Louis be 3005 Osage Street 
Meets second and fourth ineasunetnG: H. FOX nosadegesdooosabeoopotacsosoeN ss 5041-A Alabama Avenue 
Monday. 502 Commercial Bldg. Secretary—CHARLES A. KLOEPPER .................. 4412 Natural Bridge Road 
Honorary President—DR. HUGH M. SMITH ............... Roe S. Fisheries Lae 
Active President—DR. R. W. SHUFELDT ........3356 Wighteenth Street, N. W. 
. : Wiee-President—LOUIS W. BAUER ...........-0.06ceuceeee 722 IX Street, N. E. 
Wlasbhington Society TAO ROIG MURR Wy ISOSPIN) INOW Lodeccomosccnaoue Kenilworth, D. ©. 
Secrétary—JAMES E: BENEDICT ................6.... 945 Pennsylvania Avenue 
Treasurer—EDWARD S. SCHMID ..................... 712 Twelfth Street, N. W. 
‘ " eacuon a. S. CURTIS Sweden asotoGouRD eu obh doce gue Telos. 760 Church Street 
San Francisco Society TEOIDRAU AWS dy IRUGIEUNRIDS) “Gobooeooobosscsoudoocsoode 449 O'Farrell Street 
Secretary and Treasurer—HARRY A. WNIGHT .............. 60 California Street 
GEsser County Society President—LOTHAIR mane! ees Deena OSES oconnnn East Orange, N. J. 
Meets first and third Friday Vice-President—DR. WiILELANG BACHALANN |S Scena. - oper 247 Littleton Avenue 
AM ane Kineok, NeTAnE. oa Secretary—GEORGE HOERNIG ...............e cece ee eee tenes 465 Clinton Avenue 
NETS Treasurer—MAX G@. HAMMIERSOMLAG 0. .......000....0.0000 ees 35 Nelson Place 


STATEMENT OF THE OWNERSHIP, MAN- 
AGEMENT, CIRCULATION, Evc., RE- 
QUIRED BY THE ACT OF CONGRESS OF 
AUGUST 24, 1912, oF Aguatic LIFE, 
PUBLISHED MONTHLY AT PHILADEL- 
PHIA, PENNSYLVANIA, FOR OCTOBER 
IES OMOK 


State of Pennsylvania, 
County of Philadelphia, ss: 


Before me, a notary public in and for 
the State and County aforesaid, person- 
ally appeared W. A. Poyser, who, hav- 
ing been duly sworn according to law, 
deposes and says that he is the editor 
of Aguatic LiFe, and that the following 
is, to the best of his knowledge and be- 
lief, a true statement of the ownership, 
management (and if a daily paper, the 
circulation), etc., of the aforesaid pub- 
lication for the date shown in the above 
caption. require! by the Act of August 
re mor. embodied: tim. Section!) 4425 
Postal Laws and Regulations, to wit: 


That the names and addresses of the 
publisher, editor, managing editor, and 
business managers are: 


Publisher—Joseph E. Bausman, 542 
East Girard avenue, Philadelphia, Pa. 


Editor—W. A. Poyser, Wood Lynne, 
New Jersey. 


Managing Editor—None. 


Business Managers—N one. 


That the owners are: (Give names 
and addresses of individual owners, or, 
1f a corporation, give its name and tie 
tames and addresses of stockholders 
cwning or holding 1 per cent. or more 
of the total amount of stock.) 

Owner—Joseph E. Bausman, 542 East 
Girard avenue, Philadelphia, Pa. 

That the known bondholders, n.ort- 
gagees, and other security holders own- 
ing or holding 1 per cent. or more of the 
total amount of bonds, mortgages or 
other securities are: None. 


W. A. Poyser, Editor. 
Sworn to and subscribed before me 
this 2d day of October, 1916. 
(Seal ) A. D. D&weEEs. 
(My commission expires at the end of 
the next session of the Legislature. ) 


The Nature Study Review 


OFFICIAL JOURNAL 
AMERICAN NATURE-STUDY 
SOCIETY 


The numbers for the coming school year 
will be filled with special articles from prac- 
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ing, elementary agriculture and _ nature- 
study. 


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Address All Orders to 


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ITHACA, N. Y. 


CALICO TELESCOPE YOUNG 
$5.00 per Dozen 
TRY I. X. L. BABY FISH FOOD 


WILLIAM E. WALP 
1309 North 55th Street, Philadelphia 


Thomas Ayling 


FINE BROAD.-TAIL TELESCOPES 


Some Nice Young and Breeders at Reasonable Prices 
845 East Ontario Street Philadelphia 


AQUARIUM STOCK CO. 
150 Chambers Street, New York City 
Aquarium Specialists 
GOLDFISH, FOODS, PLANTS, SNAILS, ETC. 


Combination Natural Fish Food - - Sample Can 10c 
Imported Shrimp Fish Food - - - Sample Can 15c 
Imported Wafer Fish Food Large Sample Box 10c 
Special Prices on Quantity Lots Cash With Order 
Catalogue Sent Upon Request 
OrpDERSs AMOUNTING $2 DELIVERED PostpaipD 


Mail Orders Promptly Attended To 


ooo ooo toe s0 ooo ovo av a0o0 GoM 


Aquatic Life 


Aquatic Life. Volume One. 
ica’s aquarian naturalists have col- 
laborated to make “Aquatic Life” a 
practical cyclopaedia for the aquarist. 
The first volume, 166 pages, is com- 
plete. Every essential phase of this 
fascinating branch of nature-study is 
treated; special articles, splendidly 1il- 
lustrated, cover goldfish breeding, 
native and exotic species; the care of 
the aquarium, and the general sub- 
ject. The illustrations, more than one 
hundred, some in color, include the 
finest that have ever been published 
of the various’ goldfish breeds. 
“Aquatic Life” is conceded the best 
illustrated aquarists’ magazine in the 
world. The volume costs two dollars, 
postage prepaid. 
Address Aquatic Life 

(Book Department) 

East Girard Avenue, Philadelphia 
—e pce esr ose Se ee Seer 


EDWARD S. SCHMID 


Emporium of Pets 


ALL KINDS OF GOLDFISHES AND AQUATIC PLANTS AND 
WATER LILIES 


Amer- 


© 5 0 05 095 045 0 6 0 09 04 0 0 0G SS FSIS KIS IS 0 0s 


oc 


Boo ecodo0GaoGoo ovo eons Sono ooo ooo 


CS) 


i 
vs 


| 
| 


Taxidermy Send for Catalog 


DRIED SHRIMP - (Ground 75c per Pound) 

Special Price on Quantity Lots 

My Natural Fish Food Sample can 15c Per Pound $1.00 
CANADIAN BIRD STORE 

2139 W. Van Buren Street pues: Il. 


Postpaid 


oe C. Freitag G Son 
Aquatists 


Mollienisia latipinna; Domesticated 
(Not Sold in Wild State) 
Chamelions, Turtles, Alligators, Etc. 
PRICES QUOTED CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED 

223 - 225 BOURBON STREET 


NEW ORLEANS 


“AQUARIA FISH” 


A Practical work on care and breeding of 
fish in the Aquarium, Greenhouse and out-door 
Ponds. Finely illustrated. 


Everyone interested in keeping fish should 
send for a copy of this book, price, $1 


FOR SALE—A limited number of Red 
Squirrels, Chipmunks or Striped Ground 
Squirrels, Cotton-tail Rabbits and White 
Bellied Deer Mouse. 


F. L. TAPPAN - 


92 S. 7th Street, Minneapolis, Minn. 


R. PEGLOW 
Dealer and Breeder of Fancy Goldfish 
Broad-tail Telescopes My Specialty 
All Kinds of Aquaria and Supplies 
557 WOODWARD, AVE., BROOKLYN, N. Y. 


USE /-REGENIA AQUARIUM SALTS 


To replace natural salts in waters 


as absorbed by fish and snails 
6 POWDERS IN BOX, 25 CENTS 


| Regenia Chemical GorsStanks Philadelphia 


ENCHYTRAE. 
The Secret of Successful Breeding of Tropical 
Fishes and the Ideal Live Fish Food. 


| Portion, 50c (cash or money order) with Instructions how to breed them 


712 Twelfth Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. | 
| 109 


CHARLES E. JENNE 
22nd Street West New York, N. J. 


Analysis from Washington show that sun- 
dried foods contain a larger percentage of 
nourishment than cooked foods. 

is sun-dried and every grain is all nounsh- 


ing food. __If you want the best for your 
money feed YOGI. You'll say its the best 
you ve had. 


FISH FOOD 
Manufactured only by 
ROBT. J. SCHAEFFER 
PRICE, 16 


Robert J. Schaeffer 


1818 Frankford Ave., Phila. Sample |2c 


ONCE YOU TRY, YOU ALWAYS BUY 
Gnadt’s Perfect Fish Food, 10c a Box 
75c Ib. 

BREEDER OF FANCY GOLD AND TROPICAL FISHES 


Manufacturer of all kinds of aquariums 
lish nets made of finest netting, 15c. 
Great reduction by dozen or gross. 


BROADWAY BIRD STORE 
P. F. GNADT. Prop. 
1632 Broadway Greenhouse 1630 Broadway 
BROOKLYN, N. Y. 


Pulverized or Whole Shrimp, 


FRANKLIN BARRETT 


EVERYTHING COMPLETE FOR THE 
AQUARIUM, POND AND LAKE & 


Wyoming Avenue, & C Street, Phila., Pa. 
SEND FOR PRICE LISTS 


WALTER BELL 
Breeder of ®road-tail Celescopes 
BLUES BLACKS CALICOS 


4324 WYALUSING AVENUE, PHILADELPHIA 
Prices Reasonable 


TEN VARIETIES OF BEAUTIFUL 
AQUARIUM PLANTS 
for $1.00 Postage Prepaid 


J. Henrt Wacner, 1909 North Capitol 
Washington, D. C. 


MILWAUKEE TRIPOD CO. 


457 Eleventh Street Milwaukee, Wis. 
W. C. EVANS, Manager. 


Dealer in all kinds of aquarium fishes and 
Manufacturer and repairer of aquariums. 
plants. Imported Japanese and Chinese gold- 
fishes. 


“Everything is Fish 
that comes to the 
Net of a Naturalist’’ 


Don’t paddle in the water with one 
hand and be biind with both eyes. 


In other words, “keep your eyes open” 
for all nature. 


OUR MAGAZINE 


The Guide to Nature 


WHANEIL, Isa ILI? SZ 


It is edited by Edward F. Bigelow, 
who fishes in the heavens and earth, as 
well as the waters under the earth. 


Single copy, 10c. 
Four months’ trial, 25c. 
One year, $1.00. 


THE AGASSIZ ASSOCIATION 
ArcAdiA 


Sound Beach Connecticut 


Boone oo Sooo oo ooo ooo ooo | 


| PHENOMENAL SUCCESS 5 


Has Crowned My Efforts in 
BREEDING TROPICAL FISHES 
This Season 


This means that the most desirable 
fishes will be available to Fanciers in 
the Spring, for which orders may now 
be booked. Now is the time to read 
up and get reliably posted on this sub- 
ject. 

SDONE SCAG Dei Sictamte lls 
you in plain simple English just how 
to succeed with your fish as I have 
done. 

Price is $2.60, postpaid, obtainable 
direct from myself, the Author and 
Publisher. Order today! 

DIRECT IMPORTATIONS from 
Venezuela, Java, Celebes, India, etc., 
are shortly expected by me and will 
introduce many QUITE NEW 
SIP EKCIUIES. 

Progressive Aquarists, come to me 
for your stock. 


W. L. BRIND, F. Z. S. 
449 W. 206th Street New York City 
ooooeSoe on oo on noo0 ooo oe ooo SX 


PLoS 05 0 $0 oo 0 0 So 0 Jo 0 0 0 0 0 0S SS 0050 
00S 0S Boo 03505 09a Soo s0eso0eooeso0eso0eso0eso0eJo0Jovey> ——) 


Broad-tail Telescopes 
Correspondence Solicited 
GEORGE WILT, 1519 N. 62d Street 
PHILADELPHIA 


THE BRUCE FISHERIES 
Breeder, Importer, Wholesale & Retail Dealer in 
All Kinds of Goldfish 
Comets a Specialty 
ELGIN K. BRUCE, THORNBURG, IA. 


THE TERMINAL PET SHOP 
PETS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION AND KIND 
Manufacturing and Maintenance of Aquariums a Specialty 
All Kinds of Cat and Dog Foods and Medicines 


HUDSON TERMINAL BUILDING 
Concourse, New York 


VIOLET RAY FISH REMEDY 


Relieves Constipation, Fungus, Tail Rot, Con- 


gestion. Safe and effective. Box of six pow- 
ders 25c. For sale at Pet Stock Stores, or 
address 


REGENIA CHEMICAL CO., Sta. K, Philadelphia 


Aquariums of Artistic Designs 


Strongly Built, Suitable for the Home, 
Conservatory, College or Store 


Also all aquarium supplies. We make any 
size aquarium to order, slate or iron-bottom 
Write your wants. Dealers with card write 
for lowest wholesale prices on globes, food 
and plants. 


WE HAVE FOR SALE 


Used little wonder pump, 25 gallon tank, 
gauge, and regulation valve. Price $15.00 


Address PIONEER AQUARIUM CO. 
Racine, Wisconsin 


HERMAN RABENAU, Aquarist 
PERMANENT DISPLAY OF 


Aquatic Life and Terraria 
must be seen to be appreciated 
Visitors Welcome 
Plants aad Tropical Fish a Specialty 


Importations of New Varieties received 
regularly 
1163 Myrtle Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Near Broadway. 


Nippon Goldfish Co. 


1749 Buchanan Street, San Francisco, Cal. 
Importers ; and ; Dealers 
JAPANESE GOLDFISH 


DirecT FROM BREEDERS IN JAPAN 


AWARDED GOLD & SILVER MEDALS 
Panama-Pacific International Exposition 
San Francisco, 1915 


ALL KINDS OF AQUARIA AND SUPPLIES 
Price Lists Furnished to the Trade Only 


COOT D000 TD C00 MSC S000 M000 C000: 


s HARRY P. PETERS 
1210 N. Warnock Street, Philadelphia, Pa 


BREEDER AND IMPORTER 
Rare and Fancy Fish 


= 


Plants of every variety, Snails and 
Aquarium Supplies of all kinds at all 
times. 


MANUFACTURER OF 


Green River Fish Food 
10c a Box 


Green River Baby Fish Food 
15c a Box 


A GOOD FISH FOOD is one of the 
most essential things necessary to 
keep fish in good health. After the 
test of years Green River stands out 
as the best food on the market. It 
keeps the fish in good color by pro- 
moting a healthy, robust growth. It 
8 will not sour of cloud the water. Ask 
vour dealer or send for it today. 


000 T0000 CT D000 TSD000C—D000C D000 CD 000000 000C>' 
OCOT D000 TD000 TS 000 CS 000C— D000 C000 D000C DCD 000 D000cC' 


O00 TM D000 TM DO000 TDC S000 MS 000 T5000 


Young Blue, Black and Calico 
Telescopes and Japs $1.00 per 
dozen Up. 


Also Veil-tails, $5 per Dozen Up 
Shipping Can, 25c Extra 


— es 


HARRY P. PETERS 
1210 NORTH WARNOCK STREET 
PHILADELPHIA 


Otto Walter 


86 Suydam Street Brooklyn, N. Y. 


Near Evergreen Avenue L Station 
Breeder and Importer of 


TROPICAL AND GOLDFISHES 


Calicos Japs Fan-tails 


Dealer in All Varieties of Aquatic Plants 
All Kinds of Fish Foods 
Fresh and Dried Daphnia 


AQUARIA, UTENSILS AND SUPPLIES 


Telescopes 


i 


at 


~ 


vi 


915 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pa 


Manufacturer of 


AQUARIUMS 


Aquarium Ornaments 
Floral Terra Cotta, Etc. 


ooo 
it iS 
[ i —— I a | a C O e a S S e 
| il my | 


ae Z| 
i ae ace Ht qe Goldfish Fish Globes Fish Food 
y~ TTT and all aquarium requisites. 


Send for eettleg: 


COO SS a) YN) a) eee 


1873 WASHINGTON AVENUE 


Aquarium iE Co. New Yorn city 


MANUFACTURERS OF AQUARIA, FOUNTAINS, TERRARIA, VIVARIA 
BREEDERS OF DOMESTICATED FISHES 
IMPORTERS OF FOREIGN FISHES 
AQUATIC PLANTS, SNAILS AND SUPPLIES 
STOCK AQUARIA 


Galvanized Metal Frame, Enameled Steel Angle Frame, Heavy Plate | 
(| and Gold-Striped, Bottom Slate or Glass, Slate Bottom, Flush or Pro- | 

Ribbed Glass. Plain. Cnlegs | jecting. 
No. 1. a ie Sdloo 4 oe sae No. 314. 94" x14" x14" 29 gal.. $8.00 | 
aia ON ne FDA REOO Cah, AAG AG", 86 © 5. 12.50 

Shy DG palit Sn be Gea 2 SA, SOSA sO”, BA & ., RO.O0 

4 OO mbxalhSeexale 3 soo BAO) oO | 6c 6 42"x20"x20" 80 (73 25.00 

BS CAPD Ae Bo Aes 0 epee TEE ca OAT ht YG Re NS 
20%, dake ie hoe (72. 48° x22 x22), 1110 .. 60.00 
(| 20% additional for oxidizing. ae “  8tf 54”x24"x24" 145 “ .. 95.00 
Solid Brass Frame, on Projecting D197 6026126. 18 Ones s100 
Slate Bottom or on Legs. ; 
All our aquaria are so constructed 
that water cannot come into contact 
with the metal. | 


hull uexenl OWexe Seam linean mye gal. $2.50 
1G) TA BS” a 5 Be) 
35 1G sO sae" ~ @ AGS 
Gas NSS SDMA A Sh is All sizes and shapes made to order. 
20% additional for nickel-plating or | We charge only actual cost for nack- 
oxidizing. ing and cases. 
FISH FOODS 
Per Tin box. Per lb. Per Tin box. Per lb. 
Natural Fish Food..... $ .10 $50 | Ground Dried Daphnia.$ .20 $3.00 
Universal Fish Food... .15 2.00 Whole Ants’ Eggs..... 10 1.00 
Ground Dried Shrimp.. .10 1.00 Ground Hulled Ants’ 
Ground Dried Flies -and 3) EEL COG rele apy ai lr wate Moen eg 25 4.00 
INSECHSH ES ne Cee 20 300 | Infusoria Creating Food .15 2.00 


Correspondence Solicited. JOSEPH TAUBLES, Manager. No Catalogues 


IF YOU 


Are Looking for Something Extra 


F} Cre 


Fine in Broad - Tail Telescopes Lp A : 7. . a Here is a chance : 
Don't Forget W.H. HEIMBACH 2 Steere to make money 
Breeder and Importer of FINE FISH ee Jjjrea \ Write for Proposition 

Snails Plants a fe HUI Give References 

FISH FOR SALE AT ALL TIMES | ¥¥ | cane 

413 NortTH 10TH STREET | SSSSSSSth i S 5) PR covineron, 


ENTUCKY 
ALLENTOWN Pa. 2 


vt 


The small, white worms called “En- 
chytrae,’ are related to the common 
earthworm, which was described in the 
September number of AQUATIC 
LIFE, but, unlike it, obtain their food 
in concentrated form. The name is 
from the Greek and means “in pots,” 
these worms occasionally appearing in 
flower pots. They are now much used 
as a food for aquarium fishes, especially 
during the months of winter, when 
Daphne is scarce or unobtainable. They 
make an ideal ration, and fortunately 
This is best ac- 
six to 


are very easily raised. 
complished in a wooden box, 
eight inches deep, filled with well-mixed 
Jeaf-mold and sawdust (not from resin- 
ous wood), Grounds from the coffee 
pot may be added to make the mixture 
more porous. The compost thus made 
should be a little moist, not wet, and 
the box provided with a cover to pre- 
vent it becoming dry. If it is too wet 
or too dry the worms will perish. They 
breathe through their skin, hence 
reasonable moisture and ventilation is 
necessary, the latter being afforded by 
boring a few holes through the sides of 
the box above the earth. Light is not 
necessary, but the box should be plac- 
ed where it will have an average tem- 
perature of about 60 degrees, Fahren- 
heit. 

A supply of the worms should now 
be placed in the box, and will be found 
to multiply rapidly. They are double- 
sexed and produce their eggs in co- 
coons, which, however, are fertilized by 
the sperm of another worm inserted or 
placed on the one now bearing the co- 


iy prom oom 


! | Enchytrae: A Fish Food } 


C. J. HEEDE | 


OLS oS POs FPS PS 9 Ss Ps 


The cocoon is formed around 
the body, moves forward, and on the 
way absorbs: the fertilizing sperms. 
After it passes over the head both ends 
close. The eggs hatch within the co- 
coon, the young remaining therein for 


coon. 


a short time feeding upon the inner 
parts, after which they creep out and 
shift for themselves. 

The food of .the worms, which con- 
sists of boiled potatoes or white bread 
moistened with milk, boiled oatmeal, or 
remnants from the pantry, such as pan- 
cakes or liver pudding, is placed in 
grooves or holes in the earth one inch 
deep. With this method the food sup- 
ply can be examined at any time, and 
only replenished when exhausted. ’T'oo 
much food will sour and contaminate 
the soil and cause failure. 
desired for the 
fishes a slice of white bread, moistened 
with milk, should be 
earth. 


When worms are 


laid 
after the 


upon the 
worms will 
usually be found beneath it in clumps. 
When dropped into the aquarium they 
may live for days if they manage to 
escape the fishes. Some aquarists have 
asserted that it is safer to cut the worms 
into pieces, especially the larger ones, 
as they may otherwise find lodging in 
the gills of the fishes with sad results. 
Such an occurrence is rather exception- 
al, and rarely will any harm result from 
feeding them whole, 


Soon 


When collecting a supply from the 
breeding box the minute cocoons should 
not be disturbed, as it is upon these that 
the future supply depends. 


Fig. 1. Male Water Newt (Diemyctylus viridescens) Nearly Natural Size 


Fig. 2. Male and Female Water Newts. Male Clutching Female About the Neck With Hind Limbs 


Photographs From Life by the Author 


mem et meme 


At different times for many 
past I have kept in aquaria specimens 
of our common Water Newt (Diemy- 
ctylus viridescens of Rafinesque, Figs. 1 
and 2), and closely studied their habits 
under such conditions. Upon comparing 
my notes with various accounts | have 
POAC Or tons Iekeraclaein, I sual were Il 
have observed not a few habits not 
usually, if ever, recorded in the books; 


years 


these will be briefly set forth in the 
present article. 
This beautiful little newt makes a 


very interesting aquarium pet, and if 
regularly fed soon comes to recognize 
you as you approach the aquarium at 
It will come close to the 
elass and exhibit considerable excite- 


ment if hungry, swimming to and fro 


feeding time. 


as you move from side to side in front 
@f it, i there be several in the recep- 
tacle, and only one thus behaves, the 
others soon swim up and join it; in a 
moment or so you have them all en- 
deavoring to attract your attention to 
their desires to be fed. Every once in 
a while one fellow will swim vertically 
up to the surface of the water, and, 
sticking his head out, will gulp in a 
mouthful of air; then, assuming a hort- 
zontal poise, slowly sink down again, 
sometimes to the bottom, or perhaps to 
rest on some plant growing on it. They 
are very fond of small bits of angling- 


worms, and if fed at all times with 


these, they do not seem to change much 


in the matter of their coloration; but if 
the diet be changed to raw meat, it will 
be noticed that, in a little while, all the 
colors of the body become of a much 


DR RawW-a SrilUlPEL Di GaNityZ.s: | 


oes sn 9 co 8 0 8 0 ss Oy 


As a rule the 
back becomes a rich olive brown; the 
red spots of the sides a deep vermilion ; 
the black spotting more intense, and the 
pale yellow of all the wunder-parts a 
strong orange. When these changes are 
at their height, the animal is certainly 
a very beautiful creature. 

It need not concern us here about 
these newts being transformed into the 
Red Ejits or “Mountain Lizards;”’ for 
I believe this never happens during the 
aquarium life of this extraordinary in- 
habitant of our ponds and 
streams. 

It is interesting to watch these little 
fellows at feeding-time. ] have often 
fed them direct from my fingers with 
bits of raw meat, and if several pieces 
of this be thrown into the water among 
them, some curious things happen. 
Every four or five minutes one of them 
may give vent to a peculiar kind of 
short grunt or croak, which may with 
ease be heard across the room. As the 
bits of meat fall among them, they all 
become very much excited, especially 
if they chance to be pretty hungry. They 
move about with considerable agility, 
and snap at everything within reach. As 
they huddle together, snapping in this 
manner, they often bite each other, 
especially the limbs and end of the tail. 
On one occasion a big female took 
nearly the entire head of a small male 
in her mouth, and | was obliged to dis- 
engage him from his very uncomfort- 
able predicament. One can easily dis- 
tinguish the males from the females of 
as the former have their 


richer and deeper shade. 


sluggish 


this species, 


46 Aquatic Lite 


hind pair of limbs fully three or four 
times bigger and thicker than the an- 
terior pair, as will be appreciated by 
examining the two reproductions of my 
photographs illustrating the present ar- 
ticle. These were taken under water in 
a small naturalists’ aquarium, made es- 
pecially for the purpose. It is a most 
useful little affair for that kind of work. 

Figure 2 shows a very peculiar habit 
of this newt. which, in so far as | am 
aware, has not been thus shown before. 
From time to time,- when a male be- 
comes excited from any cause, either 
from being fed or during the breeding 
season, he will seize a female around the 
neck with his hind pair of limbs, almost 
choking her to death with the vigor of 
his grasp. With his forelimbs he man- 
ages to steady himself in one way or 
another, and then comes the strangest 
part of this performance. He curves 
his tail forwards and vigorously fans 
the side of the face of the female be- 
neath him, first upon one side and then 
upon the other. At first she seems to 
‘resent this sort of treatment, and makes 
strong efforts to escape the curious way 
her admirer adopts to express his ap- 
preciation of her attractions; but after 
a bit she remains quietly on the bottom 
or rests on some plant growth until he 
has thoroughly convinced her that she 
is the most lovable creature known to 
him, when he relaxes his grasp and re- 
luctantly swims away. I know of no 
other salamander that practices this 
rather extraordinary procedure, and it 
is very well shown here in Figure 2, as 
I have already stated. 

My water newts are kept with sev- 
eral specimens of the red-bellied Newt 
of Japan, an account of which | gave 
in VNOUATICN WIDE ion september, O16 
(page 1), where five of the latter species 
are figured in color. 


The New York Show 


The annual autumn exhibition of The 
Aquarium Society, New York City, was 
nslal Qetolose ida CO usin, oa Ine 
American Museum of Natural History. 
It was a marked success, and an excep- 
tionally fine collection of 
fishes was shown, 

Mr. A. A. Phillips, Jr., of .Brooklyn, 
entered a splendid lot of goldfish which 
aroused great admiration, winning two 
fine silver cups. A cup for goldfish 
raised during the present year was 
awarded to Mr. A. Obermiller. 

The tropical fishes were well repre- 
sented by all the favorites, and some 
very rare species. The silver cup ior 
the best display of adult tropical fishes 
went to Mr. Isaac Buchanan; that for 
young tropical fishes, those bred this 
year, was awarded to Mr. J. Packer. 

For the best “balanced aquarium,” a 
silver cup was won by Mr. N. Jasper. 

In addition to the beautiful 
gold and tropical fishes, many species 
of aquatic plants, 
daphne and enchytrae were shown, The 


aquarium 


many 


reptiles, lizards, 
display of aquarists’ accessories by the 
Aquarium Stock Company, and the 
“sanitary aquaria and plant containers” 
shown by Mr. William S. Smith, were 
of great interest. Mr. Smith was award- 
ed a special ribbon. 

The fishes were judged and the 
awards made by Mr. William H. Heim- 
bach, Mr. Fred H. Geyer and Dr. E. 
Bade.—C. J. Heede. 


Why it pays to advertise in AQUATIC 
tire Slt may bexotimterest tolyouste 
know that Mr. Isaac Buchanan, of New 
York City, who advertised recently in 
AouATIC Lire, told 
flooded with answers from 
California. His fishes were all sold be- 
fore I reached lhim:.——Lesten E. Wanes. 


me that he was 


Maine to 


me 0 6 8 Pg PS 6 PS 6 Fs 9 SS 


FUNDULUS GULARIS 


WALTER LANNOY BRIND, F. Z. S. 


fs ome mes 


é $ a i Os ih 6 a ah a ab a ah a Os 9s 6 9 a a a a 1 St a Ss eh 


Oa mm 6 ss 6 ms 8 6s Fs PP SP 6 Os Pe 9 Fs Ps Ps Ps Ps 


The interesting and peculiar Fundu- 
lus gularis is a fish little known to most 
aquarists, and particularly among those 
of the United States, who have accom- 
plished little in the direct importation of 
exotic fishes from their native countries. 
In Germany, however, “der blaue fun- 
dulus” is by no means an exceptional 
denizen of the home aquarium of the 
advanced aquarist. This Fundulus is 
distinctly a fish that appeals to the ex- 
pert rather than the beginner. ‘This is 
doubtless due to the peculiarities of the 
species, but few aquarists have met with 
success in its care and propagation. 
There are two well-pronounced varieties 
of the species, one blue, the other yel- 
low; the last named the rarest. It is 
not the purpose of this article to do 


a6 8 0 0 Ss 0d 9S 0 8 P59 


; 


SO 6 ad FS 6 Pg Fs Fd 4 6 Pn 6 9 a a 9 a Pa 


Fundulus gularis (blue variety) 


te 


more than discuss the blue form, as 
there is enough to be said about each 
to warrant separate treatment. ‘The 
blue gularis is a native of West Africa, 
being found at the mouth of the Niger 
river. It is quite probable that it has 
a wider distribution, as it is a very pro- 
nounced type, too much so to have be- 
come restricted to one small locality, 

The facts in regard to its first appear- 
ance aS an aquarium fish are that in 
1905 a sailor, one Groch, brought a 
single specimen to W. Schrott, a Ham- 
burg fish fancier, by whom it was given 
to Paul Arnold for identification, Later 
Carl Siggelkow secured several speci- 
mens, and since then almost every ship- 
ment from West Africa to Germany has 
included this fish. 


In size gularis is a large aquarium 
fish, males four inches and females three 
inches in length, being not uncommon 
among imported specimens. Fish bred 
in the aquarium will be much smaller 
than those whose growth was attained 
under wild and unrestricted surround- 
ings. In coloration the male and female 
differ. ‘The female is for the most part 
warm brown, inclining to yellow below, 
darker on the back; scales on 
more or less spotted with 


and 
shoulders 


Haplochilus calliurus 


dark reddish brown, with spots of same 
color on the large dorsal fin. The fins 
in general are bluish gray, those be- 
neath and also the tail inclining to yel- 
low. The anal fin is large and elongat- 
ed; tail with three lobes instead of two 
as with most fishes. ‘This last charac- 
teristic is most pronounced in the male. 
The prevalent color of the male is blu- 
ish gray; chocolate mottling and marb- 
ling over the head and shoulders, de- 
veloping into narrow, irregular, verti- 
cal cross-bars of the same color along 
the sides. The anal fin is forked and 
equally divided horizontally by a choco- 
late line, the upper portion yellowish. 
Chocolate spots and curved streaks ap- 
pear on all fins and tail. The middle 
lobe of the tail is bright yellow—a mag- 
nificent contrast to the blue and choco- 
late of the upper and lower lobes. The 


48 Aquatic Life 


body of both sexes is quite cylindrical 
in shape, being suggestive of our more 
famihar friend, Haplochilus cameron- 
ensis, not only in form. however, but 
also in marking and coloration, except 
that blue dominates as the ground color. 
In habits too #. gularis recalls Haplo- 
chilus, particularly in its tendency to 
lurk among dense growths of plants, 
Propagation is quite difficult in the 
aquarium as far as raising a large pro- 
portion of youngsters to maturity is 
concerned. The tank must be thickly 
planted to afford the female shelter 
from the stormy onslaughts of the male. 
The larger it is the better the chances 
of success. Minimum size, 10 gallons ; 
twenty-five gallons if possible. It should 
be so located that plenty of sunlight will 
penetrate it, though for but a short time 
daily. The eggs adhere to threads of 
algea or lay upon the sandy bottom. 
Those that float upon the surface of the 
water invariably become infested with 
fungus and perish. They hatch in from 
three to four weeks at a temperature of 
75 to 80 degrees, Fahrenheit, and at no 
time should the parent fish be subjected 
to a temperature less than 70 degrees. 
The spawning operation lasts five or 
six days, after which the parent fish 
Spawning may oc- 
interval of some 
Some aquarists re- 


must be removed. 
cur again after an 
weeks’ inactivity. 
move the eggs and float them in saucers 
on the surface of the water in the aquar- 
ium, shielding them from too much di- 
rect light. 

The care of the young and their feed- 
ing is like most other aquarium fishes. 
They first require infusoria, and as soon 
as they are able to overcome them, 
small cyclops and daphne should be 
given, The addition of sea-water, 1 part 
to 40 parts fresh water, or table or sea 
salt in the same proportion is neces- 


Concluded on page 54 


D4) SS OS Oh ah a at De 6 1 Ot a a a of 


| THE JAPANESE SHUBUNKIN 


a Sos Pa oS 


em memes 6 a 6 i OS 1 a 8 a 5 et 


Before me as |] write is an aquarium, 
and disporting within its confines of 
glass are a number of goldfish, a pan- 
zerwel or two, and some other fishes. 
But the ones of which J am most proud 
are Shubunkins, because, forsooth, | 
bred them myself. In this, as a mere 
statement of fact, there is nothing note- 
worthy. Many other aquarists have 
bred them, and it is probably the most 
easily reared of all the fancy breeds of 
goldfish. What interests me 
varied forms of the youngsters. 

The parent’ fish were long of body, 
as should be in this breed, and many- 
colored, being dappled with black and 
brown on a background of yellow, red, 
blue and perhaps a little purple. With 
this fine dress ] had high hopes of gor- 
geous youngsters, hopes, however, that 
were not entirely realized. The babies, 


is the 


| 
| 
: 
: 
: 
: 
: 
| 
: 
: 
: 
: 


F. BAMFORD HANNA, B. Se. 
Original Water Color by Frank H. Goodby 


0 6 a a 6 a 1 a 


as 


of which there were several hundred, 
were as varied a lot of goldfish as I had 
ever seen. Quite a few were opaque- 
scaled like the common goldfish, the 
majority were transparently-scaled, but 
plain in color, only a few, a very few, ap- 
proached the colors for which I had 
hoped. Some of each had double tails, 
and several with quite deep bodies 
would pass for fair nymphs. In view of 
these variations it is remarkable that. 
none had pronounced telescope eyes, 
though some did have just a tendency 
in that direction. 

The results were really what one 
should expect from the shubunkin. It 
is our most recent man-made form of 
the goldfish, having been originated by 
a Japanese breeder about fifteen years 
ago, by crossing the calico telescope 
with the common goldfish. 


o0° o,0 4 
% 0 0000000000000 00000000000000000000000008% 


The first step up on the plant side is 
the group “Algae,” the most simple 
forms of it being single cells. It is this 
form which is generally found in the 
aquarium, being seen as a thin green 
film on the sides (this film is composed 
of countless numbers of these minute 
cells). Another sometimes seen is com- 
posed of fine, long, green threads. The 
Algae obtain a part of their nourish- 
ment, as do all other green plants, by a 


Four Species of Algae 


process known as_ photo-synthesis. 
Through the action of light and the 
chlorophyll or green coloring matter 
they are able to form synthetically 
starch and cellulose from carbon diox- 
ide and water. 

Another group of simple plants is the 
Fungi, ‘This group contains no chloro- 
phyll, and is almost always parasitic. 
They either live on another organism or 
upon some organic matter. 

The next group is where the Algae 
and the Fungi have combined and grow 
together, being of equal benefit to each 
other; the Algae furnishing the nour- 


Minute Inhabitants of Aquaria 


PERRY BRUCE CLARK 


San Francisco Aquarium Society 


ishment and the Fungi protecting them 
with their long threads. These plants 
are called lichens. This is as far as we 
will go with the plants, returning now 
to the Bacteria and starting up on the 
animal side, beginning with the Pro- 
tozoa or single celled animals. 

The first cell which shows the funda- 
mental characteristics of an animal, is 
the Amoeba or proteus animalcule. This 
small animal cell is usually found in the 
slimy coating on submerged leaves and 
stems in standing water. It is a small 
speck of clear, colorless, jelly-like sub- 
stance called protoplasm, with a distinct 
though delicate outline. This cell con- 
tains the nucleus, contractile vacuole 
and food yacuoles. Amoebae move by 
throwing out part of the cell into what 
is called a pseudopod, which may be ex- 
tended or contracted without changing 
the place of the amoeba, but if it wishes 
to move the whole body simply flows 
into the extended pseudopod, another is 
extended and the protoplasm flows into 
the new one, etc. When an amoeba 
comes in contact with a bit of food ma- 
terial, such as a bacterium or fragment 
of animal or vegetable cell, it flows 
around the food, thereby ingesting it. 
When the bit of food is ingested a small 
amount of water is also taken in, and 
this forms what is called a food vacuole. 
Usually a number of these food vacuoles 
may be seen in an amoeba in different 
stages of digestion. Ifa grain of sand 
or other indigestable matter is taken 1n, 
it is soon passed out of the body, being 
left behind as the amoeba moves along. 
There is no mouth, food being taken in 


Aquatic Lite 51 


at any part of the surface, which is most 
There is no stomach; the 
ingested food 


convenient. 
space occupied by the 
serving as an improvised one. There is 
no anus; the residual matter being pass- 
ed out at the point most convenient. 
Oxygen is absorbed by the surface of 
the body, the contents oxidized, and 
carbon dioxide given off. This shows 
respiration in its most simple form. 
Amoeba multiplies by division, that is, 


WATER ,VACUOL E 
/ 


NUCLEUS 


reels ‘ 
i ‘FOOD VACUOLE 
CONTRACTILE VACUOLE 


Amoeba 


VENTRAL VIEW 


CONTRACTILE VACUOLE 
MACRO- 000 
NUCLEUS pat 


Mf] bi 


ANTERIOR PICRO- 


Ti/]] POSTERIOR 
= Vw. TT Ty 
END UCLEUS HTT 


ENO 


RANI 


Wt 


! a iin eek 
SOE yeu TTS 


Paramecium 


it grows larger, becomes elongated and 
the nucleus divides in half, a half going 
to each end of the cell. Finally it be- 
comes constricted in the centre and 
breaks into two halves, each half be- 
coming a complete new amoeba. ‘This 
simple as it 
seems, for there are numerous minute 


process is not nearly as 


changes going on among the finer par- 
ticles of the protoplasm, and in the nu- 
cleus. 


The next protozoan that we shall dis- 
cuss belongs to the Infusoria, this is 
Paramecium, the slipper animalcule, a 
very good food for fry of egg-laying 
fishes. Paramecium is slipper-shaped as 
its name implies, and more pointed at 
one end than at the other. Its whole 
surface is covered with cilia or hair-like 
projections, which wave actively back 
and forth, and serve the purpose of pad- 
dles, by means of which Paramecium 
swims. At the more pointed end, 
usually kept in the rear, is a group of 
longer cilia, which seem to serve the 
purpose of a rudder. Some times the 
animal reverses its. position and pro- 
ceeds with thé pointed end foremost, 
but ordinarily for a short time only, 
generally to back out of a tight place, 
or when it comes in contact with some 
obstruction, and desires a new start in 
another direction. Along the flat sur- 
face is a groove which at one end forms 
a blind passageway, dipping into the 
body. Both the groove and the tube, 
which is the gullet, are lined with cilia. 
By their vibrations these cilia collect 
small one-celled plants, animals or other 
particles of organic matter, which accu- 
mulate at the inner end of the gullet. 
From time to time this inner end is cut 
off by constriction, and the collection of 
food particles with some water is push- 
ed into the soft protoplasm of the body. 
It then becomes a food vacuole or im- 
provised stomach. ‘These food vacuoles 
then slowly rotate around the body, and 
when they reach a point opposite the 
gullet, any undigested residue is ex- 
pelled through a weak place in the wall, 
there being no permanent anal opening. 
In the outer portion, which corresponds 
to the skin of the higher animals, are 
numerous small sacs, each containing a 
tiny thread. When the Paramecium is 
irritated, it discharges these thread or 


52 Aquatic Lite 


Aquatic Life 


A monthly magazine devoted to the study, 
care and breeding of native, tropical, gold 
and fancy fishes, other animals and plants 
in the household aquarium. 


Wi AGPOYSER aie. aie eke es Editor 
JOSEPH E. BAUSMAN. . . .- Publisher 
542 E. Girard Avenue, Philadelphia 


Entered as second-class matter, September 
2, 1915, at the Post Office, Philadelphia, Pa., 
under Act of March 3, 1879. 


Yearly Subscription ...............--- $1.00 
Foreign Subscriptions ...........----- 1.35 
Siimelle (Comy sacctooocccnvsscgee0s 10 cents 


Payments may be made by express money 
order, draft, post office order or reg-stered 
letter. Foreign remittances should be by 
international money order. 


Advertising rates made known on application. 


“Aquatic Life’ is the only magazine in 
America devoted exclusively to aquatic lite, 
and its value as an advertising med'um in 
this field of nature study, is unequaled. 


Copyright, 1916, by Joseph E. Bausman. 


December, 1916 No. 4 


Vol. I 


stinging cells, which appear to produce 
a stinging or benumbing effect upon 
small animals. They resemble those 
found in the Hydra, which is a higher 
form of animal life. Paramecium mul- 
tiplies by transverse division, the macro-~ 
nucleus and micro-nucleus dividing in 
alias part coimemto eachisideotmtiie 
cell, which then becomes constricted in 
the centre and separates, forming two 
new individuals. 


The Leach 


The mention of a leech will recall to 
most of us the “ole swimmin’ hole” of 
boyhood days. ‘To an aquarist it also 
means the black, wriggling worm that, 
with haste and with difficulty, was evict- 
ed from the breeding tank. ‘There are 
quite a number of species of leeches, 


ranging in size, when mature, from half 
an inch to a foot or more in length, the 
latter the horse-leeches. Some are quite 
beautifully marked with soft tints of 
green and yellow. The smaller species 
and the young of larger forms are quite 
serious pests as parasites of fishes. The 
young leeches infect the gills and soft 
parts of the fishes, gorge themselves 
with blood, and cause the death of the 
host. The tiny species are quite hard to 
combat and sometimes cause epidemics 
among young goldfish. Lyttle can be 
done other than to burn the plants and 
thoroughly disinfect the tank. The 
trouble is usually caused by eggs intro- 
duced with daphne. 

Though we may regard them as a 
whole to be pests, they have, of course, 


The Improved Dip Net Made by the 
Aquarium Stock Company 


a place in nature’s processes, and as 
such are of value. One _ species, the 
medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis), 
was formerly much used for blood-let- 
ting, and still finds a demand far greater 
than one would imagine. It will sur- 
prise most aquarists to learn that the 
Aquarium Stock Company handles a 
quarter of a million medicinal leeches 
annually. Due to the present upheaval 
in Europe they are rather hard to ob- 
tain, and to overcome the difficulty this 
company has dispatched a man to Fu- 
rope to collect them. 

The mouth of the medicinal leech is 
peculiarly adapted for blood-letting. 
The three horny jaws are provided with 
minute teeth and work backwards and 
forwards, the mouth being held firmly 
to the spot by the powerful sucker. The 


Aquatic Lite 53 


leech retains its hold until gorged with 
blood, 

The eggs of the leech are placed in 
cocoons, each containing about twenty 
surrounded by albumen, and laid in the 
damp soil above the water-edge. The 
young, when hatched, float in the albu- 
men and feed upon it for several weeks. 
They are mature when five years old, 
but may live to be twenty. 

The Aquarium Stock Company must 
have quite an exciting time handling 
thousands of these squirming animals. 
We suspect that for other than financial 
reasons they would prefer to have 
Aouatic. Lire readers told of their 
many aquarium fishes, and their plants, 
snails and lizards for aqua-terraria. 
They take pardonable pride in their fish 
foods, and particularly in their improv- 
ed dip net, which with its straight edge 
is efficient in catching active fishes in 
the home aquarium. 


Philadelphia Goldfish Fanciers 


The regular meeting of the Philadel- 
phia Goldfish Fanciers’ Society was held 
in Saul’s Hall, 802 Girard avenue, on 
November 15th. 

Scaled and transparently-scaled 
Broad-tail Jap Goldfish were shown in 
competition. Messrs. George FE. Wilt, 
Ceornge We Prcetand Dr F© Pett- 
man, judges, made awards as follows: 

Transparently - Scaled  Japs.—Silver 
cup, Joseph FE. Bausman; blue ribbon, 
Joseph E. Bausman; red ribbon, John 
Whitaker; yellow ribbon, Howard E. 
Demuth. 

Scaled Japs.—Silver cup, William J. 
Christy; blue ribbon, George B. Smith; 
red ribbon, Joseph FE. Tyler; yellow 
ribbon, Gecrge B. Smith. 

Mr. C. G. B. Schenk, honorary presi- 
dent of the Milwaukee Aquarium So- 
ciety, was present and gave an interest- 


’ 


ing talk on the present trend of the 
goldfish fancy, : 

Interest in the competition for the 
diamond scarf pin, to be presented by 
Mr. George W. Price to the member 
securing the greatest number of new 
members before the next banquet, con- 
tinues without abatement. At this meet- 
ing, | Messrs Andtew 9.0) Elaaey ire 
James A. McDevitt, Nils Nilsson, Al- 
bert P. Miller, John Langan and John 
F. Ahlers became members. 

At the next meeting, December 2oth, 
the competition will be for Lionheads, 
Orandas and Celestial Telescopes. 
Prizes: Lionheads, silver cup and three 
ribbons; Orandas, silver cup and three 
ribbons; Celestial Telescopes, three rib- 
bons.—Fred Richardson, secretary. 


The Boston Society 


Following a preliminary gathering in 
October, the Boston Aquarium Society 
held its first regular meeting at Hold- 
en’s bird store, Friday evening, Novem- 
ber 17th. Officers were elected as fol- 
lows: President, Walter M. Copeland; 
vice-president, Franklin A. Packard; 
secretary, Walter H. Chute; treasurer, 
Charles W. Alden. 

The society starts with a membership 
of nineteen, and at least ten aquarists 
have signified their intention of becom- 
We 
hope to co-operate with the other so- 
cieties throughout the country to en- 
courage the development and study of 


ing members at the next meeting. 


aquaria and terraria and their inhabi- 
tants by means of informal meetings, 
exhibitions and the distribution of liter- 
ature. 

The society is fortunate in having the 
indorsement of the Massachusetts Fish 
and Game Commission, and sends to 
its brother societies the following from 


iplom, = Williekm (Ce 


a message from 


54 Aquatic Life 


Adams, chairman of the Commission: 
“We cannot see how anything but good 
can result from the activities of your 
society, and we hope it will have a long 
life and a large membership. There 
should be no effort to narrow the field 
of study and investigation, as it relates 
to our wild life. The farther we can 
reach out the more we are bound to 
learn, and to appreciate how complete- 
ly one form of life is linked with other 
forms. ‘The objects of your society 
should not only _promote a great deal 
of pleasant recreation for the young and 
old of the country, but very easily can 
be made the foundation for much intel- 
ligent research and study.” 

Until further notice the regular meet- 
ings of the society will be held on the 
Oi WAS  soarorna he us 
Aquarists of other 


second Friday 
Broomfield street. 
cities who may be in Boston at any 
time, are cordially invited to attend the 
meetings. The secretary will be pleas- 
ed to correspond with the officers of 
the other societies relative to the work. 
—_Walter H. Chute, secretary. 


Propagating Daphnia 


Mr. Bennington, in his article on the 
propagation of daphne which appeared 
in the October number, rather discour- 
aged thoughts of the possibility of this 
being done on a scale sufficient for gold- 
fish breeding. He made it plain, how- 
ever, that the proposition was dependent 
upon large pond area, and that it could 
be done if such was available. It is a 
pleasure to announce that the desired end 
has been accomplished by a goldfish fan- 
cier, Mr. Otto Gneiding, who, in an early 
issue, will describe the method he has foi- 
lowed to propagate sufficient for thou- 
sands of goldfish, and to supply the needs 
of some friends and customers. 


Regema Salts is the name of a com- 
pound that is offered to aquarists by 
the manufacturers of the well-known 
Violet Ray remedy. Added to the water 
of the aquarium at intervals, it is in- 
tended to replace the solids absorbed by 
the fishes and snails. While new it is 
becoming quite popular and enjoying 
a great demand. 


In the list of awards and classifica- 
tion of entries in the annual exhibition 
of the St. Louis Aquarium Society, 
held November 20th to 25th, we note 
classes for “Philadelphia style’ scaled 
and scaleless_ veiltail goldfish. This 
recognition should be flattering to 
Philadelphia goldfish fanciers. 


The collie is a beautiful dog, a docile 
pet, and a mighty useful means of keep- 
ing the cats away from your goldfish 
tank while you have them outside. Why 
not give yourself a Christmas present? 
Tappan has a fine lot of puppies that 
he wishes to sell. 


Brind advertises “Cut-price fishes.” 
Ever see an advertisement that offered 
fishes cut in half? We have! 


Who is wise? He that learns from 


everyone! 


Concluded from Page 48 


sary to obtain best results. Taking 
everything consideration, Fundu- 
lus gularis, both varieties, is a fish for 
expert equarists. 

The name Fundulus is derived from 
fundus, meaning bottom; gularis refers 
to the relatively large head and throat, 
a characteristic particularly noticeable 
in poor emaciated specimens which are 
more often seen than healthy well-fed 


ones. 


into 


Aquarium Socteties 


President— JOSH HROBHTICH Mes alee beeen. 11 St. Francis Place 
Brooklyn Society Corresponding Secretary—CARLTON H. CHAPIN ........... 39 Kenilworth Place 
Recording Secretary—WILLIAM D. SARGENT ............. 129 Columbia Heights 

neorporated es = 
) P dM RAO UREP—EN SOLED) \WNio LEXORMY GocooucnocuccadoouundodobG0d0S 52 Herkimer Street 
American jrederation of President MATTHEW BOWMAN ........50..0.0:0:e20s ss 427 Forty-fourth Street 
Golntish Ff F Vice-President—JANMES J. HOARE (2.0.2.0... ceccedeecceccces 752 Monroe Street 
w 18 ANCters Mreqdsuner— JONG DH EU Smee atric cisco 313 South Fourth Street 
Brooklyn SCCTELUTPO-SNURS), Wi, 1XOMUNISS o5o6cc0ou0ccb0dGbDU GG EOOa0CO 427 Forty-fourth Street 
IPROSKAC UNS, “1845 JUIDPIP MINICOM SoG onlodaodusooadubuoocoouuue™ Collingswood, N. J. 
Aquarium Society of Vice-President—H. S. FULLERTON ................. 185 West Wyoming Avenue 
Philadelphia Secretary—WALTER LEFE ROSENBERGER .......... PR. O. Box 66, Philadelphia 
i IN FAUSROP AS, hs BUN DIONG<GoboaboGuododecoupooubuuodobubbde 6008 Master Street 
President—GHORGE B. SMITH ................<0-2 2013 East Cumberland Street 
[Pbiladelphia Goldfish Vice-Presidenc—HARRY P. PETERS ............+.------ 1210 N. Warnock Street 
Fanciers Secretary—YY RED. RICHARDSON ................-.2020- 3841 N. Marshall Street 
Treasurer—GHORGEHE W. PRICE .............. 0. sees eee eees 2145 South Lee Street 
President—Rl CHAR DD ORING seis seen eee Upper Montelair, N. J. 
. r VACGIZ- RANG QUSS Dts JB, IVNDID “Soedacuucanudsancooueuuscune Glenhead, L. I., N. Y. 
Lhe aquarium Society Secretary—HOWLAND WOOD .............0....+-.. 156th Street and Broadway 
j2ew Work Assistant Secretary—CLARENCE B. RUCH .............. 615 West 155th Street 
LMSC, 125 NBO MARIO secescoenucuadGeeen 146 Grace Street, Jersey City, N. J 
IPPERKUGHUS=S\, sl, IGUNIOVNIEN agooccuoccdccodsooucooonUdosobE 6733 Ridgland Avenue 
@bicago Aquarium Society Weal 2resiikir— a MiYo MIMO cocooasgdoa0ssbneGbendKO40G 19 East Cedar Street 
Secretary-—KRED. 1G. ORSINGER) 5..--cc sacisciee sees 123 South Oakley Blvd. 
Incorporated Tredsuner—Ga Je, BORGSLRROMAIRs eee eee oe 1408 North Kedzie Avenue 
President—LIBORIUS SEMMANN .................... 752% Thirty-eighth Street 
Vice-President—B. WF. KIECKHEIFER ..................... 99 Seventeenth Street 
Milwaukee Society Corresponding Secretary—REV. G. KELLER RUBRECHT ..... 999 Island Avenue 
Recording Secretary—REV. PAUL ROTH ..................... 2602 Prairie Street 
Dredsuner—GHORGE J. C= STBEHRENS of oa...-.ssess se eke scone 950 First Street 
Enesident—J OEING ICSE RS EUNE Reiner enero 225 South Third Street 
Reading Society Vice-President—W. H. HIMMERSHITZ ...............-.-.-.:.. 220 Pier Street 
Secretary and Treasurer—S. O: MBLLERT 2..-....-2..... 120 West Windsor Street 
President— EUR AM se 12) O) PIGS iiactecieicittatorisiicerencae anne New Providence Pa. 
Lancaster Society WCQ ROM Cpu— Bly IsiSo NDAMRS Gooosgeodseddeoooogoao sous 431 West Orange Street 
Secretary and Treasurer—W. M. WAWMAN .................. 250 East Ross Street 
iF Pr CSident—Lywele. eA RYAN Nee pee rn papaia Aer ieiei ince Le 92 South Seventh Street 
Minneapolis Soctetp INPECSOTCT Uo \Wo, INRVIUNVABIN: sooacdoososodscogoubdeusucune Museum, Publie Library 
Secretury—MRS. ANNA ESSENE .................3421 South Longfellow Avenne 
President—DR. ©. T. CRUICKSHANK ..................... 8148 Jenkins’ Arcade 
i Q Vice-President—A. A. ALLEN ...........................221 Belthoover Avenue 
Pittsburgh Society PrEdSUner== OMT MIS RUINE Nie oe el ea a naling 24 Chalfont Street 
SACRCIOT S15 Wo IBUNIRUPIBIRY 5 eaococcossocoddooscbbboooUNeoauguS 424 Jaconda Street 
President—S. CHICHESTER LLOYD .................2.... 4442 Morganford Road 
jeational Society VACCIPROSITIC HIN. BI; IMBROIRISIENC Sosgosococosnoocdsuceooouudun + ets Osage Street 
F DURCAUSURET— Gree Elsa A ORG Mere Accu wen ae ee ry iste «apa een eae 5041-A Alabama Avenue 
St. Louis Secietary—CHARLES A. KLOBRPPDR 200.2002 05--.... 4412 Natural Bridge Road 
Honorary President—DR. HUGH M. SMITH ............... U. S. Fisheries Bureau 
Active President—DR. R. W. SHUFELDT ........3356 Wighteenth Street, N. W. 
fi r UU@CSIP RES UMICUSILOACTUS) Wo IBAMIDIDNRS Gob oaaeveoucdoucsououbdas 722 KK Street, N. EB. 
Ulashington Society Vice-President—MRS. L. HELEN FOWLER ................. Kenilworth, D. ¢. 
Secretary — AWE Sabie) BENE DC ecient 945 Pennsylvania Avenue 
Treasurer—HDWARD S. SCHMID ..................... 712 Twelfth Street, N. W. 
f IP REMC — Is So, CUIRINIS G5 nooo oncobo nos oedooodb ouacdenbouods 760 Church Street 
San Francisco Society Vice=President—W. J. RICHARDS .................2..-4-.:- 449 O'Farrell Street 
Secretary -and - Treasurer—HARRY -A. KNIGHT ..........,1;..- 60.California Street 
President—LOTHAIR oI Gd BS Gnseectetcecum ch ctinier orotic ercare chats ie conte Siac ole East Orange, N. J. 
Esser Count Socict Vice-President—DR. WILLIAM BACHMANN .............. 247 Littleton Avenue 
4 p SACRO Y EN BOUKENS, JEIOIDIRINIE! oadccaccacgcdccccodsaccbKnbboc 465 Clinton Avenue 


Treasurer—MAX G. HAMMERSCHLAG .........................35 Nelson Place 


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Sem ht cea Sh ioe accent septa aeneeys Magazine to 


FP 008 OO OOO OOOO 0086 OOH OOHOOO9HHOHH OOOO LS OHOOHOOHDOOHHOOOS 0OOHOOHOOHODOOOO OOOOH HHOHOOO OOOOH OHOHOHHGOHOS OOOOOHHHHHOIHOOS OHO HOGOOHOODODHOOHOHHHHHHHHDHELHHHHOHHHOS DH 0808H90888888000%, 


Blo Goe Sooo noo Foo Soo one ooo oooooeeo 


4 
Books for Aquarists 
Us 


The Home Aquarium and How to Care 


for It. A guide to its fishes, other ani- 
mals and plants. By Eugene Smith. 213 
pages, 137 illustrations, cloth binding, 


$1.20. Add parcel postage on two pounds. 


a 


Goldfish and Its Culture. Practical instruc- 
tions for pond breeding, shipping, care of 
the aquarium, and the general subject. By 
Hugo Mullertt. 155 pages, 15 illustrations, 
cloth binding. $2.00. Add parcel postage 
on two pounds. 
Ud 

Fish Culture in Ponds and Inland Waters. 
The most recent beok, covering the propa- 
gation of goldfish, food and game fishes, 
and aquarium management. By William FE. 
Meehan, Director of the Fairmount Park 
Public Aquarium, Philadelphia, and former 
Pennsylvania State Fish Commissioner. 287 
pages, 22 illustrations, cloth binding. $1.00. 
Add parcel postage on one pound. 


OS 
Japanese Goldfish. A guide to the Japan- 
ese methods of culture. By Dr. Hugh M. 
Smith, U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries. 
10 full-page colored plates, numerous text 
cuts, 112 pages, cloth binding. $2.00. Add 
parcel postage on two pounds. 


ay 


Life of Inland Waters. Needham and 
Lloyd. A Lig book containing 488 pages 
and 244 splendid illustrations. It presents 
a survey of the whole realm of freshwater 
aquatic life. The only American publica- 
tion on the subject, and one that will ma- 
terially assist the aquarist in solving the 
many problems encountered. $3.00. Add 
pareel postage on three pounds. 


UE 


TS 
The Freshwater Aquarium and Its Inhabi- 
tants. A practical work for the aquarist. 
By Eggling and Ehrenberg. Freely illus- 
trated, 352 pages, art cloth binding. $2.00. 
Add parcel postage on two pounds. 


Ud 


Address AQUATIC LIFE 


Book Department 


542 East Girard Avenue, Philadelphia 
Wor >eGoogoo dav Go0 Sav Sov Sed ooo oooo oo 


Betooto oor ooo ovo ooo ooo Goods P00 ooo ooo 00 0 oo no ooo 0h 0s 000 nooo oe ooo ooo ooo oeooovs 


OC OO OO OOO 9 OOO 00 00 0 00 0 0 SS 000s 0S oes 0500s 0ePo0ePo0o0eBs0ctoos5050e450 


The Nature Study Review 


OFFICIAL JOURNAL 
AMERICAN NATURE-STUDY 
SOCIETY 


The numbers for the coming school year 
will be filled with special articles from prac- 
tical teachers dealing with actual works, 
methods and suggestions for school garden- 
ing, elementary agriculture and _ nature- 
study. 


DO NOT MISS ANY OF THEM 


$1.00 per year. 15c per copy. 


SUBSCRIBE NOW 


Add for Canadian Postage, 10c. 


20c, 


Foreign 
With Aquatic Life One 
~Year, $1.50. 


Postage, 


Address All Orders to 


The Nature Study Review 


ITHACA, N. Y. 


CARL LAZER 
Dealer and Breeder of Tropical Fishes 


AQUARIUM PLANTS RED SNAILS 
ALL KINDS OF AQUARIA & SUPPLIES 
Open Evenings Only, or by Appointment 


228 East 18th Street, New York City, N. Y. 


CASH FOR MANUSCRIPTS 


Of Interest To Aquarists 
Write Me Fully in First Letter 
ADDRESS, ALBERT G. GEIGER 


142 N. Collington Ave., Baltimore, Md. 


AQUARIUM STOCK CO. 
150 Chambers Street, New York City 
Aquarium Specialists 


GOLDFISH, FOODS, PLANTS, SNAILS, ETC. 


Combination Natural Fish Food - - Sample Can 10c 
Imported Shrimp Fish Food - - - Sample Can 15c 
Imported Wafer Fish Food - Large Sample Box 10c 
Special Prices on Quantity Lots Cash With Order 
Catalogue Sent Upon Request 
OrDERS AMOUNTING $2 DELIVERED PostTpaIpD 
Mail Orders Promptly Attended To 


Ie Goo oo oo ootoe0Sooov oe oo ooo 


Aquatic Lite 


Aquatic Life. Volume One. Amer- 
ica’s aquarian naturalists have col- 
laborated to make ‘Aquatic Life” a 
practical cyclopaedia for the aquarist. 
The first volume, 166 pages, is com- 
plete. Every essential phase of this 
fascinating branch of nature-study is 
treated; special articles, splendidly il- 
lustrated, cover goldfish breeding, 
native and exotic species; the care of 
the aquarium, and the general sub- 
ject. The illustrations, more than one 
hundred, some in color, include the 
finest that have ever been published 
of the various. goldfish breeds. 
“Aquatic Life’ is conceded the best 
illustrated aquarists’ magazine in the 
world. The volume costs two dollars, 
postage prepaid. 


Address Aquatic Lite 
(Book Department) 
542 East Girard Avenue, Philadelphia 


= ceo See Se ee area 


<0 


oc >o 


00 0S 0 0S SSC 


Roe 06450 


0 
° 


Moctoutoe Boo GoecooGonoo Govan oeese rR 


EDWARD S. SCHMID 


Emporium of Pets 


ALL KINDS OF GOLDFISHES AND AQUATIC PLANTS AND 
WATER LILIES 


712 Twelfth Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. 
Send for Catalog 


Taxidermy 


DRIED SHRIMP - 
Postpaid 


(Ground 75c per Pound) 

Special Price on Quantity Lots 

My Natural Fish Food Sample can 15c Per Pound $1.00 
CANADIAN BIRD STORE 


2139 W. Van Buren Street Chicago, Ill. 


© 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 055 05 0S $503 SSF SSSA SSS 0450 3S rey 


lecclecclocclocclocclecclce cle cclee cloc coe cloce) 


HALLER’S 
Harz Mountain Wird Store 


Wholesale and Retail Importer and Dealer in 


Genuine Harz Mountain & St.Andreasburg 


CANARIES 
Gold Fish, Globes, Pigeons, Pet Dogs, Dog 
Medicine, Poultry Supplies 
Full Line of Best Imported German Bird Seeds Always on Hand 
1108 VINE STREET 
CINCINNATI, OHIO 


leecleeclececlecclocclooceccloccoe cle cclec coe) 


R. PEGLOW 


Dealer and Breeder of Fancp Goldfish 


Broad-tail Telescopes My Specialty 
All Kinds of Aquaria and Supplies 


lec cle cele ccleccloc cle cclee elec cleo ec! 
IDOO DOO DOO OOO DOO OOO S00 000000: 


| 557 WOODWARD, AVE., BROOKLYN, N. Y. 


USE REGENIA AQUARIUM SALTS 


To replace natural salts in waters 


as absorbed by fish and snails 
6 POWDERS IN BOX, 25 CENTS 


Regenia Chemical Co., Sta. Ke Philadelphia 


EN CHYTRAE 


The Secret of Successful Breeding of Tropical 
Fishes and the Ideal Live Fish Food. 


Portion, 50c (cash or money order) with Instructions how to breed them 


CHARLES E. JENNE 
109 22nd Street West New York, N. J. 


You could not live on bread alone. Have 
you ever thoug t of what a miserable exist- 
ence you would have to live on bread alone. 
You must have a variety of food to enjoy 
life and keep in good health. emember 
your fishes require the same. Yogi ingredi- 

ents are changed continously and your fis 

get a variety of nourishing food. 


Robert J. Schaeffer 
1818 Frankford Ave., Phila. 


FOOD CONTAINING THE 


esirt FOO” 
janufactured o} 

ROBT. J. SCHAEFFER 

PRICE, 10c. 


Sample |2c 


ONCE YOU TRY, YOU ALWAYS BUY 
Gnadt’s Perfect Fish Food, 10c a Box 
Pulverized or Whole Shrimp, 75c Ib. 
BREEDER OF FANCY GOLD AND TROPICAL FISHES 


Manufacturer of all kinds of aquariums 
Fish nets made of finest netting, 15c. 
Great reduction by dozen or gross. 


BROADWAY BIRD STORE 
P. F. GNADT, Prop. 
1632 Broadway Greenhouse 1630 Broadway 
BROOKE YINGNE Ne 


“AQUARIA FISH” 


A prac tical work on care and breeding of 
fish in the Aquarium, Greenhouse and out- 
door Ponds. Finely illustrated. Every one 
interested in keeping fish should send for 
a copy of this hook. Price, $1. 
Four-Horned Snails (Ampullaria Gigas) de- 
pesit a mass of large coral red eggs out of 
the water, the little snails drop into the 
water as they hatch. These snails are in- 
valuable for destroying Hydra in the aqua- 
rium. 


Thoroughbred Collie beautifully 


marked, 
F. L. TAPPAN 


92 S. 7th Street, Minneapolis, Minn. 


Pups, 


WALTER BELL 


Breeder of Broad-tail Celescopes 
BLUES BLACKS CALICOS 
4324 WYALUSING AVENUE, PHILADELPHIA 


Prices Reasonable 


THE TERMINAL PET SHOP 


PETS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION AND KIND 


Manufacturing and Maintenance of Aquariums a Specialty | 


All Kinds of Cat and Dog Foods and Medicines 
HUDSON TERMINAL BUILDING 


Concourse, New York 
TEN VARIETIES OF BEAUTIFUL 
AQUARIUM PLANTS 
for $1.00 Postage Postpaid 


J. Henrt Wacner, 1909 North Capitol 
Washington, D. C. 


VIOLET RAY FISH REMEDY | 


Relieves Constipation, 
Congestion. 


Fungus, Tail Rot, 
Box of six 


For sale at Pet Stock Stores, 


Safe and effective. 
powders 25c. 


or address 


REGENIA CHEMICAL CO., Sta. K, Philadelphia 


“Everything is Fish 
that comes to the 
Net of a Naturalist’’ 


Don’t paddle in the water with one 
hand and he biind with both eyes. 


In other words, “keep your eyes open” 
for all nature. 


OUR MAGAZINE 


The Guide to Nature 


WWE I, IsNeIble SOU 


It is edited by Edward F. Bigelow, 
who fishes in the heavens and earth, as 
well as the waters under the earth. 


Single copy, 10c. 
Four months’ trial, 25c. 
One year, $1.00. 


THE AGASSIZ ASSOCIATION 
ArcAdiA 


Sound Beach Connecticut 


0d 0500500000050 0€Jo 00 Jo Jo 00 OU o> 


NoSoeoooo ooo oo Rov a0 oon ooo 


4 Cut Price Fishes ! : 


Danio Albolineatus ............... $1.00 pair 


Danio Rerio i5e pair 


Barbus Semifasciolatus 75e pair 


Lebistes Reticulatus .............. 50c pair 


(While they last!) 


Send empty can prepaid or add 15c. My 
reason for above prices is to make room for 
big importation of new species and because 
I need the money, having just come out of 
the hospital! 


SPECIAL! 1 Pr. Danio Rerio Free! To 
all new subscribers ordering my book, 
“Domesticated Fish’’—price $2.60 postpaid 
—before January 1, 1917. Mention this ad. 
or no fish sent! 


IMPORTANT! If you can use 10 Prs. of 
Import. Holbrooki, Notropis Metallicus 
Mollienisia Velifera or Southern Sunfish, 
let me hear from you. Can save you big 


money! Here’s your chance to make big 
money ! 
W. L. BRIND, IMPORTING AQUARIST, 


449 West 206th St., New York City. 
’Phone, St. Nicholas 8418, If Calling. 


Beso ootoetoe ooo Sve Sonoo ove oe oes 


05050 s0et soso 0s0esoaonooesooo0Jooo 0 wJovovoegq> 


© 


y 
is 


Broad-tail Telescopes 
Correspondence Solicited 
GEORGE WILT, 1519 N. 62d Street 
REE AD Rie Pees 


THE BRUCE FISHERIES ~ 


| Breeder, Importer, Wholesale & Retail Dealer in 


All Kinds of Goldfish 
Comets a Specialty 


ELGIN K. BRUCE, THORNBURG, IA. 


CALICO TELESCOPE YOUNG 


$5.00 per Dozen 
TRY I. X. L. BABY FISH FOOD 


WILLIAM E. WALP 
1309 North 55th Street, Philadelphia 


FRANKLIN BARRETT 


EVERYTHING COMPLETE FOR THE 
AQUARIUM, POND AND LAKE & 
Wyoming Avenue, & C Street, Phila., Pa. 
SEND FOR PRICE LISTS 


ir ec 


quariums of Artistic Designs 


Strongly Built, Suitable for the Home, Con- 
servatory, College or Store 

Also all aquarium supplies. .We make any 

size aquarium to order, slate or iron-bot- 8 

tom. Write your wants. Dealers with card 

write for lowest wholesale prices on globes, 2 

food and plants. 8 


WE HAVE FOR SALE 


Used Little Wonder pump, 25-gallon tank, 


gauge and regulation valve. Price $15.00. 
Address PIONEER AQUARIUM CO. : 


le O00 © 0.0. 0010 0010 00.0 00.00 0/00 ce 00) 


Racine, Wisconsin. 


[e000 0010 0010 000 Cele Clee cleo cece! 


HERMAN RABENAU, Aquarist 
PERMANENT DISPLAY OF 


Aquatic Life and Terraria 
must be seen to be appreciated 
Visitors Welcome 
Plants and Tropical Fish a Specialty 


Importations of New Varieties received 
regularly 
1163 Myrtle Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Near Broadway. 


Nippon Goldfish Co. 


1749 Buchanan Street, San Francisco, Cal. 
Importers and : Dealers 
JAPANESE GOLDFISH 


Direct FROM BREEDERS IN JAPAN 


AWARDED GOLD & SILVER MEDALS 
Panama-Pacific International Exposition 
San Francisco, 1915 


ALL KINDS OF AQUARIA AND SUPPLIES 
Price Lists Furnished to the Trade Only 


10c a Box 
: Green River Baby FishFood 


Bo SoeSoeootoedsooeGoeSoeooorgs 


° 


OOO C000 HS C08 MS C600 M000 S000 


HARRY P. PETERS | 
1210 N. Warnock Street, Philadelphia, Pa 


BREEDER 
Rare and Fancy Fish 


AND IMPORTER 


Plants of every variety, Snails and 
Aquarium Supplies of all kinds at all 
times. 


MANUFACTURER OF 
Green River Fish Food 


lic a Box 
A GOOD FISH FOOD is one of the 


most essential things necessary to 
keep fish in good health. After the 
test of years Green River stands out 
as the best food on the market. It 
keeps the fish in good color by pro- 
moting a healthy, robust growth. It 
Ask 


S000 M000 TS 000 TS 000 HS 000 C5000 HSCS 000 C000: 


will not sour ot cloud the water. 
l your dealer or send for it today. 


OOO C000 CS 000 TSC 000 C000 TM S]000: 


Otto Walter 


86 Suydam Street Brooklyn, N. Y. 


Near Evergreen Avenue L Station 
Breeder and Importer of 


TROPICAL AND GOLDFISHES 


Telescopes Calicos Japs Fan-tails 


Dealer in All Varieties of Aquatic Plants 
All Kinds of Fish Foods 
Fresh and Dried Daphnia 


AQUARIA, UTENSILS AND SUPPLIES 


Beootooto0ovooPoves0 ooo 0ets0ts0eF reo 


GENUINE IMPORTED i 

Japanese Fantail Goldfish - 50 or 75¢ Each i 
Black Telescopes - - - $1.50 Each 4 
Pails Extra. Aquatic Plants 25c Postpaid di 
Above Fish Are Genuine Imported Stock With d 


Short Egg-shaped Bodies and Brilliant Colors 
MAX GEISLER BIRD CO. 
OMAHA, NEBR. 

BIRDS AND PET ANIMALS 


28 Years in Business 


ooePooooGouctse 


vat 


a 


Se eg Ni 


sis pa mares 


ai Arad ite aereasirentnnisias 


vii TIT 


Lc TA 
Ie 


Jacob C. Cassel 


915 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pa 


Manufacturer of 


AQUARIUMS 


Aquarium Ornaments 


Goldfish 


Fish Globes 
and all aquarium requisites. 
Send for Catalog. 


Floral Terra Cotta, Etc. 
Fish Food 


a 


a CO ee I OOO 


Aquarium Specialty (Co, 823 WASHINGTON) AVENUE 


NEW YORK CITY 
MANUFACTURERS OF AQUARIA, FOUNTAINS, TERRARIA, VIVARIA 


BREEDERS OF DOMESTICATED FISHES 
IMPORTERS OF FOREIGN FISHES 
AQUATIC PLANTS, SNAILS AND SUPPLIES 


STOCK AQUARIA 


Galvanized Metal Frame, Enameled Steel Angle Frame, Heavy Plate 
and Gold-Striped, Bottom Slate or Glass, Slate Bottom, Flush or Pro- 
Ribbed Glass. Plain. On legs jecting. 

” rtd edd m4 OF D4 oF 

Ne, Je Tee at es ae oe No. 344. 24”x14"x14", 22 gal.. $8.00 
se oenere boos 4:90 as 7 2, BW SAlOoadlG", 8G)  o. 18 SU 
eSB arta Rae isi 560 SS HA. SO sage, Be 8 5. DOMO 
es Seen AO ee ae BBA (AVON, LD @ .. 35.00 

Bs Reco a : SB EXIST 5. EHO0 
20% additional for oxidizing. “  8t, 54"x94"x904" 145 “ .. 95.00 


Brass Frame, on Projecting 
Slate Bottom or on Legs. 


No. 1. 12”x 6”x 8” high, 2% gal. $2.50 
He OY MAM Se BM xO” be 5 i BSE) 
meee peal Gyepxall eexalboe 2 9 st 4.75 
BD NS eA ad TBS 
20% additional for nickel-plating or 


oxidizing, 


Per Tin box. Per lb. 


Natural Fish Food..... $ .10 $ .50 
Universal Fish Food... .15 2.00 
Ground Dried Shrimp... .10 1.00 


CO0 Gass > GSS SS SSS SS SSS SSS eSS SSS) 
wn 0 
o) 
= 
= 
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Correspondence Solicited. 


|. 


FISH FOODS 


JOSEPH TAUBLES, Manager. 


—— SI Cee Oe SSS 8 SS 9 OCS. 


GO S26 328, 180 ~ 5.13 


QI, 


All our aquaria are so constructed 
that water cannot come into contact 
with the metal. 


5.00 


All sizes and shapes made to order. 
We charge only actual cost for nack- 
ing and cases. 


Per Tin box. Per lb. 

Ground Dried Flies and 
Insects 3.00 
Ground Dried Daphnia.$ .20 $3.00 
Infusoria Creating Food .15 2.00 


No Catalogues 


IF YOU 


Are Looking for Something Extra 
Fine in Broad -tail Telescopes 
Don’t Forget W. H. HEIMBACH 
Breeder and Importer of FINE FISH 
Plants 
AT ALL TIMES! 
NortH TENTH STREET 
ALLENTOWN, Pa. 


Snails 
FISH FOR SALE 
413 


Agel G 


Here is a chance 
™® to make money 


__ Write for Proposition 


Give References 
— ADDRESS — 
eh E. Corrugating Co. 
Y COVINGTON, 
KENTUCKY 


{hh —om moms SL OS PO PS SOS PSs PE 


JOHNNY DARTER 


HELEN A. LOOMIS 


Johnny Darter 


2 crm 6 cs 0s 9 cs os es ss 


The admirers of Johnny Darter do 
not present him as a rival of small trop- 
ical aristocrats, but just a fascinating lit- 
tle plebian migrating from the mountain 
streams. He has neither remarkable 
beauty of form nor color, but he cer- 
tainly has “pep.” In fact, he is a splen- 
did illustration of the keenness and 
adaptability with which Nature equips 
the winners in her own aquaria, where 
mouths are many and meat is scarce. 

Seining along the shallows of our 
colder lakes or better still, swift brooks 
and creeks, will procure a quantity of 
small fishes, consisting of various min- 
nows; babies of our larger food fish, 
such as perch, bass, suckers, etc.; and 
almost without fail some of the darters. 
The latter may be distinguished from 
their small associates by placing the 
catch in a shallow pan of water, with a 
sand layer and observing their activities. 
They will immediately sink to the bot- 
tom and, if disturbed, instead of swim- 


SR 8 aS a Os 6 a sO ts Oh ah a a as Fd a es 


Boleosoma nigrum 


age 
SE 6 9 6 8 8 PS 9 OS PS 9 SS PS Od 9 6 POs YS OS 


6 6 8 8 8 Pa 8 a 8 Os Fs Fs Os Os Bs Ps: Ps Ss Fs Ss ee: & 


ming suspended in the water, will dash 
across the sand running on the elongate 
pectoral fins—hence the name darter. 
Johnny may now be personally identi- 
fied as follows: Length, two and one- 
half inches; color, pale straw, with a 
tinge of olive; markings, the back spot- 
ted with dark to resemble the sand, and 
very distinct M, N or W marks along 
the side over the lateral line; the two 
dorsals and caudal fin spotted with 
brown, forming transverse bands; the 
eye very large and prominent, with a 
golden iris. 

At home in an aquarium, provided 
with a plentiful scattering of large peb- 
bles, as well as the sand, he will enter- 
tain the observer with some of the fol- 
lowing capers. He may go for a ride, 
suspended on the under side of a float- 
ing board if provided, or again he will 
rest with his body supported by the 
stones and his head turned at an angle, 


as 1f posing. This feat and the ability 


56 Aquatic Life 


to roll his eyes are among his proudest 
accomplishments. Suddenly he will 
dance sideways across the tank, much 
like a kitten after a paper ball, the un- 
suspecting target being a peaceful snail. 
One snap of his jaws and the victim is 
headless, for his teeth are very sharp 
and his appetite most carnivorous. At 
other times he appears bashful, and with 
a few vigorous twists of his tail buries 
all but his eyes in the sand. But, no 
matter in what he is engaged his charm 
is largely his ever evident spirit of mis- 
chief. 

His seeming preference for the bot- 
tom may be explained by the very poor, 
if any development of his air bladder, 
which being usually well developed en- 
ables other fishes to rise in the water. 
In his native habitat his food consists 
of Chironomus larve and those of 
gnats and small may-flies, which he 
hunts assiduously under the stones. In 
captivity he will thrive nicely on the 
food used for our small aquaria fish, 
seemingly quite content with an easy life. 
The spawning season is from the last of 
Np tO) aS nese OH  eime, Vinnie 
spawning the male rides on the back of 
the female, keeping the pectorals and 
ventrals in rapid vibration. The eggs 
are emitted at intervals, the female 
occasionally raising a cloud of sand, 
probably to protect them. 

The darters stand very high in the 
flesh scale, belonging to the perch fam- 
ily, and are therefore close relatives of 
the much larger and better known yel- 
low perch and wall-eyed pike. The lit- 
tle fellows have been aptly described as 
not dwarfs but concentrated fish. Among 
the darters we have some really beauti- 
ful species, such as the rainbow and 
Iowa darters. But if Johnny does re- 
semble only a piece of used sand paper, 
he is always up to scratch. 


~ om eae : 
GRine accompanying portrait of 


Johnny is reproduced from “The Fishes 
of Illinois,” Forbes and Richardson, by 
permission of the Illinois State Labora- 
tory of Natural History—Ed.) 


Canned Shrimp a Fish Food 


Among aquarists I suppose I am not 
alone in a fondness for shrimp salad. 
It is not an infrequent dish upon our 
table and more often than not the 
canned article is used. I usually manage 
to purloin one from the kitchen, wash 
it carefully, then tie it to a piece of white 
twine and suspend in the squarium a 
few inches below the water surface. 
The tank contains a happy family of 
many species of exotic fishes that soon 
prove to love shrimp far better than 
their custodian, at least if one can judge 
from their persistency in picking tiny 
shred after shred from the morsel. This 
is no small task, and in several hours 
not more than half a shrimp will be con- 
sumed by the hundred or more fishes. 
When the carcass has been so “trimmed” 
that there 1s danger of it breaking into 
pieces and becoming detached from the 
twine, | remove it. [| commend the prac- 
tice to my fellow aquarian naturalists.— 
John Lee Bennington. 


Nature-Study 


Nature study is a pursuit which calls 
all our faculties into action; it makes us 
observe, remember, reason and_ think; 
it takes us out of stuffy rooms into the 
open air; it makes us walk, wade, row 
and even swim; it develops inventive 
genius, gives us eyes to see interesting 
things everywhere; it appeals to the 
sense of beauty, form and color, and, 
above all, makes us reverent by leading 
us to look up from Nature to Nature’s 
God.—Rev. C. A. Hall. 


6 6 6 SS FS FS PG sd Ps PS ee 


(The Chanchito or Shoat 


ERNEST LEITHOLF 


mes en ms om ms rs ss os i gS ss se es ems 


The Chanchito 


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From the waters of Brazil and the 
Argentine comes to us Heros faceiwm 
or Cichlasoma facetum, call it what you 
will, a species well-known to us as an 
aquarium fish for more than twenty 
years, one that has “worn well,” and in 
which we have never lost interest by 
reason of its familiarity. The 
Brazilians call it the Chanchito, mean- 
ing the shoat or pig, perhaps it may 
resemble it in a tendency to root up the 
plants, or because of a fancied similarity 
to the contour of the “porker.” 

While the Chanchito may not compete 
with some of the other cichlidons in the 
matter of attractive colors, still it is a 
. fascinating fish. Its coat is very change- 


native 


Yr mm mms 


Heros facetum 


6 6 Os a Fs Os 6 Fi 6 Os Oa 8 8 Ps Pi 6 Fg Os Os Ps Bs os Bs is 


8 8 6 OS FS FS 8 6 9 6 9 8 Pe 9 ng Ps Ps PR 8 PR Ps Ps Bs Ot Peo Cf 


able, varying from the usual brownish 
yellow or gray to one with perpendicular 
bars of bluish-black. The chameleon- 


like habit of changing the intensity of 


the coloration, the blunt head and gen- 
erous fins, make it a conspicuous mem- 
ber of any collection of fishes. In intelli- 
gence it ranks second to none. I have 
bred them many times, and find the ob- 
servation of the faithful care of the eggs 
and fry a never-ending delight. 

Give a pair a good-sized aquarium not 
less than twenty by twelve inches, a tem- 
pPeratuine of laboutw7o to, 75) decrees 
Fahrenheit, proper foods, preferably 
worms and raw scraped beef, and soon 
male and female will begin to dig, scout 


58 Aquatic Lite 


and skirmish about for a suitable place 
in which to deposit the eggs. When sat- 
isfied with the selected location for the 
nest—generally on the top or side of a 
stone, which they industriously clean— 
the female deposits the eggs while the 
male fertilizes them. 

It is now that the wonderful activity 
is displayed, in which, in my experience, 
no other fish excels. Never for a mo- 
ment is the nest left unguarded, alter- 
nately male and female take up a posi- 
tion above the eggs, ceaselessly working 
their fins to keep fresh water constantly 
circulating about the treasures, and to 
prevent any accumulation of sediment 
finding lodging among them. After 
from four to six days of “watchful wait- 
ing” the little pellet-like eggs are trans- 
formed into a quivering living mass, the 
individuals unable to swim, but wrig- 
gling vigorously to and fro. At times, 
during this period, the parents find it 
necessary to transfer their family to 
other places. The reason, I-assume, is 
to give the babies a new field in which 
to forage for passing Infusoria. While 
these transfers take place both parents 
are busy as bees, each taking a mouthful 
of the youngsters, but not at the same 
time; while one is on the way to the 
new location, the other 1s on the way 
back for more; never for an instant are 
the youngsters out of the range of a pair 
of watchful parental eyes. After sev- 
eral days the flock begins to swarm 
about, the proud parents guarding their 
issue at all times. 

One day when showing such a family, 
a friend while glancing toward another 
tank, placed his hand near the surface 
of the water of the Chanchito aquarium. 
Mistaking his intentions, one of the par- 
ents made a powerful leap to meet the 
fancied enemy, cleared the rim of the 
aquarium fully six inches above the 
water line, and landed five feet below on 


the cement floor of the conservatory, 
fortunately without suffering injury. 
This acrobatic feat was repeated on sev- 
eral other occasions, each time with the 
intention of some object 
deemed hostile to their offspring, show- 
ing their intense determination to defend 
them at all costs. Finally, for their own 
safety, we covered the aquarium. 

I have kept the old and young together 
six or eight weeks without noting any 
cannibalistic desires on the part of the 
old ones, only removing the young to 
give them larger quarters for better 
development. At times, however, | have 
had to remove one of the parents within 
a week or two after the hatching of the 
eggs because of the development of a 
family row. The Chanchito is interest- 
ing and temperamental, and well worth 
study. 


charging 


Sidelights 


The Danio malabaricus shown at the 
Pittsburgh Exhibition by  Leitholf 
Brothers were “home raised.’ Mr. R: 
J. Macrory won first on Danio rerio, his 
being the largest specimens. Mr. 
Ernest Leitholf was fortunate in hav- 
ing an egg of the American “Chame- 
leon” hatch in his terrarium during the 
show. The breeding of his lizard in cap- 
tivity is most unusual. Mr. Leitholf has 
prepared an interesting paper on the oc- 
currence, one of the many “good things” 
in store for future numbers of AQUATIC 


LIFE. 


During the winter months both gold- 
fish and the tropical and native species 
of fishes will appreciate an occasional 
oyster. Select a small one, a stewing 
oyster, run a piece of twine through the 
hard centre and suspend in the aqua- 
rium. When badly torn, or if the fishes 
cease to nibble, remove it. An oyster 
a week will be sufficient. 


The swamp-plant aquarium, one with 
plants growing above the water, should 
find a more general place in the home of 
the aquarist. It is particularly orna- 
mental, and can be maintained success- 
fully with comparatively little 
While perhaps primarily a tank for 
plants, it will make a suitable home for 
fishes and other forms of water life. It 
would be an ideal home for the paradise 
fish, or it could be used for sticklebacks ; 
for fry of many fishes; for crustaceans ; 
for insects which pass the early portion 
of their lives in the water, and later 
transform to winged inhabitants of the 
air. Of crustaceans a collection of 
fresh water shrimp would be interesting 
indeed. Even Hydra would lend itself 
to observation to an advantage, espe- 
cially with regard to its foods and habits 
of feeding. Some of the newts or sala- 
manders, and diverse species of snails, 
could profitably be given a home. Of 
course, all the forms mentioned could 
not be wisely associated in the same 
tank; judgment based on the habits 
would have to be used. Much original 
research work could be pursued in such 
an aquarium, particularly among the i1n- 
sects; the life-histories of many are still 
imperfectly understood. 

To arrange a tank for swamp plants, 
a six-inch layer of leaf-mould, loam and 
sand, mixed with some fertilizer, such 
as dried and powdered blood, or sheep 
manure, is necessary, as these plants 
are gross feeders. ‘To prevent the dis- 
coloration of the water by the agitation 
of the bottom by the moving life of the 


Care. 


Swamp-Plant Aquaria 


Ge) iEE DE 


% e° 
Seecceeeceooeedseoecvecsoeen® 


tank, an inch layer of gravel and sand 
should be laid on top of it. ‘The water 
should be twelve inches deep if sub- 
merged plants, as well as those with 
erial leaves are to be used. 

Plants should be selected from among 


UE 1 
CHT EN 


i 


A a 
Vy (haa 


A Swamp Aquarium 
From ‘‘Stuekulturer’’ 


those that will grow and thrive through- 
out the year—tropical species, or those 
that do not require the winter rest of 
those of the temperate zone. An attract- 
ive collection can be selected from the 
following list: Sagittaria montevidensis, 
white flowers, brown spotted; S. lanci- 
folia, lance-shaped leaves, white flowers; 
S. graminae, grass-leaved, white flow- 
ers; S. japonica, white flowers; Sauru- 
rus  lucidus, bush-like, heart-shaped 
leaves; Cyperus gracilis, low growth; 


60 Aquatic Lite 


Cyperus papyrus, tall; Swamp iris, sun- 
dry kinds and colors. Plants growing 
above the water but decumbent—trail- 
ing over the sides of the tank: Myrio- 
phyllum — preserpinacoides, __ Parrot’s 
Feather, beautiful greenish-blue spruce- 
like foliage, which closes at night and 
reopens in the morning; Lysimachia 
nummularia, common moneywort; Lud- 


Male Paradise Fish Building Nest 


wigia mullertti, too well-known to need 
comment. Submerged plants: Sagittaria, 
fine-leaved species; Vallisneria spiralis; 
Feteranthera zosteraefolia, lilac colored 
flowers born above water; /soetes, vari- 
ous species; Cryptocoryne griffiti, red 
flowers above water; Fontinalis gracilis. 
Plants to float upon the water; Kiccia 
fluitans, floating liverwort; Salvinia na- 
tans, a fernwort; Pistia stratiotes, water 
lettuce; Ceratopteris thalictroides, the 
water-fern. 

The over-water plants, those thrusting 
their leaves above the water, should be 
sprinkled frequently to remove the dust. 


A rubber sprinkler should be used hold- 
ing the stems together to prevent the 
water falling beyond the limits of the 
tank. In this way, too, water lost by 
evaporation is replaced. Swamp plants 
take up great quantities of water, espe- 
cially when accorded the abundant sun- 
shine which they need to flourish. 

I am well aware that many swamp 
plant aquaria have been established, and 
have been failures. Usually this is due 
to poor, shallow soil, lack of abundant 
sunshine, and neglect to sprinkle the 
plants. Plants other than those which 
grow submerged breathe through sto- 
mata or pores usually to be found most 
abundantly on the under sides of the 
leaves, but also on the upper. If these 
pores are clogged with dust the plant 
cannot flourish. 

The appropriateness of the swamp 
plant aquarium in the living room has 
been questioned, but if arranged and 
maintained properly, it will be as sanit- 
tary as tthat with only submerged 
plants and fishes, and will be much more 
beautiful and interesting. 


As the high honor in contests of 
aquaria and fishes it has become the cus- 
tom to award a silver cup. It makes 
quite a pretentious prize at a slight ex- 
pense; a good-sized cup can be bought 
for a few dollars. Having no utilitarian 
value, the novelty of exhibiting the prize 
sooner or later wears off, and it goes 
into the discard. Would it not be better 
if articles of serviceable kind were used 
instead of the cup? Among many other 
things a silver bread tray suggests itself, . 
and has the advantage of a large surface 
on which to engrave a suitable inscrip- 
tion. This would make a very desirable 
prize, and could be used on the table of 
the winner every day in the year. It 
will not be hard to compile a lengthy 
list of articles, all of them of a more 
practical nature to the winner than the 
hackneyed silver-plated cup.—dAqua-Pet. 


a Se TT 


The Spotted Salamander 


nad 


a 6 a 6 a 6 as 


Among the little used plants which 
thrive in aquaria, especially if well an- 
chored, are the native species of arrow- 
head, Sagittaria (lakes and ponds), and 
the somewhat water fernwort 
Marsilia, having a four-leaf clover 
aspect. The latter is best secured from 
conservatories. ‘The closely related Sal- 
vimia, similarly obtained, rarely thrives 
in the small aquarium, and gradually 
dies out unless accorded warmth and 
sunlight. Elodea or Anacharis, the com- 
mon water weed, and a widely used plant 
in aquaria, has been known to cause the 
death of snails living in water in which 
it grows, although in the writer’s ex- 
perience it is apparently harmless to 
other forms of animal hfe. Lemna, 
known as “Duckmeat,”’ will thrive best 
under fairly sunny conditions, and is 
interesting in that it frequently bears on 
its under surface the siliceous cases of 
certain minute worms, which may often 
be seen to emerge from their home and 
seize animalcules. 

The larger species of Algae as a rule 
will only flourish when so entangled with 


Tare 


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AQUARIUM NOTES 


N. M. GRIER 


OS 6 8 FS RS PS Ss 8 Oe 6 OS OS 5 a a 8 Ps Pa 5 Os 9s 9 es 


Amblystoma punctatum 


—s! 


Photograph from Life by Dr. R. W. Shufeldt 


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SO ae mse, 


the stems of other plants that the fish 
find it difficult to penetrate. Of this 
class of plants, the use of two in aquaria, 
the stoneworts Nitella and Chara, should 
be more generally known. These plants 
consist of a stem-like body with leaf- 
like divisions in whorls at regular inter- 
vals, and have a decidedly rough feeling 
when drawn through the hand.  AI- 
though they are found in streams con- 
taining a good deal of li e, they grow 
well upon a sandy bottom. Jsoetes, a 
botanical curiosity, found in lakes and 
rivers, will live in the aquarium with a 
gravel bottom, as well as the common 
water-moss, fontinalis, found 
brooks. 

An animal little known to aquaria, and 


along 


which will at least exist for some time 
therein, is Spongilla, the fresh water 
sponge. It is, however, an aquatic deli- 
cacy, and should be protected by massing 
the plants around it. It is found in 
clear running brooks in circular, con- 
cave, slightly rough masses of a greenish 
tinge attached to stones or water plants. 
Certain forms of colonial Prorozoa 


62 Aquatic Lite 


(Opercularia), when introduced on 
water plants will live indefinitely in 
aquaria, appearing as many thread-like 
masses covering the vegetation. Their 
points of interest, however, are best dis- 
covered with a microscope. 
Hydra, the water polyp, a tube-like 
animal with tentacles, in structure allied 
to the sea anemones, when it has been 
introduced will grow widely over the 


Marsilia or Water Clover 


entire aquarium for a great length of 
time, and when it does disappear may 
be looked for later. Its movements dur- 
ing the capture and digestion of small 
animalcules are interesting. Mature 
goldfish seldom harm them, due to their 
stinging properties, and to the fact that 
they may contract into small jelly-like 
masses, difficult to remove from the 
walls of the aquarium. In a tank con- 
taining fry of goldfish they are as a 
scourge, killing all that come in contact 
with the tentacles. Both the freshwater 
sponge and Hydra grow well on Elodea. 
For those who teach zoology a hydra 
aquarium is of great value. 

An excellent natural food for fishes 


is found in the small Crustacea which 
rapidly appear in stagnating water, or 
water to which decaying plant remains 
are added, and then covered. They may 
thus be grown as desired, and later given 
to the fishes. Most of the fresh water 
snails, Physa and Lymnaea, and particu- 
larly the latter, while doing well in the 
aquarium, will, if their numbers are un- 
checked, consume the vegetation. 

Forms of animal life which have not 
received much attention, and which are 
well worth a trial in aquaria are the 
freshwater mussels, which are found in 
a great many gravel-bottomed, unpol- 
luted streams. Among the species best 
adapted to aquarium life are the Big 
Blue Point (Amblema_ rariplicata), 
Monkey Face (Quadrula), and Heel- 
splitter (Lastena suborbiculata). They 
will survive only when the size of the 
aquarium is such that extensive eration 
takes place. Their movements will in- 
terest all—the protrusion of the curious 
foot from the shell for locomation, and 
of the tube-like syphon for the purpose 
of drawing in the food and air-bearing 
water. 

An animal holding its own in aquaria, 
and of interest on account of its out- 
side gills while in the immature stage, is 
the salamander (Amblystoma), secured 
along brooks and in ponds. It is, how- 
ever, apt to depopulate the aquarium of 
its smaller inhabitants. 


The extremely thin surface layer of 
water in contact with the air acquires 
physical properties comparable to those 
of a fine membrane. This is demon- 
strated when a quantity of Daphne is 
placed in an aquarium. Unless the water 
is agitated some will be entangled in the 
film, and, unable to descend, will perish. 
If one from below should swim too close 
to the surface, 1t too will become entan- 
gled, oat above water, and meet a like 
fate. It is this film that enables one to 
float a needle. 


eoeee Oe 000000000000000000000000000000000000009, 
ee oe, ° 2 'e@ 
See § Pee? 


An infusorian of interest is the Vorti- 
cella, or bell animalcule. This little ani- 
mal is found attached to aquatic plants, 
generally in old water, sometimes ap- 
pearing like a fine white fringe. As the 
name implies, it is bell-shaped, and it 
attaches itself to a solid object by a long, 
slender, flexible stalk. This stalk con- 
tains a long muscle fiber, and when the 
Vorticella becomes disturbed, the stalk, 
by means of the fiber, is coiled with a 


Vorticella 


jerk, the movement pulling the animal 
close to the object to which it 1s attached. 
When everything is quiet again the stalk 
gradually relaxes and the little animal- 
cule once more reaches out in search 
of food. ‘The bell-shaped body is not 
hollow, but is composed of protoplasm. 
Across the mouth of the bell is a disk, 
which is slightly smaller than the mouth, 
leaving a space for the opening of the 
gullet. Both around the mouth and the 
disk are placed a row of cilia, which con- 
stantly vibrate to and fro, setting up cur- 
rents in the surrounding water, which 
bring small particles of food to the gul- 
let. ‘This food, which is composed of 
minute plants and animals and frag- 
ments of larger forms, collects at the 
bottom of the gullet, forming a food ball 


Minute Inhabitants of Aquaria i: 
PERRY BRUCE CLARK 


2 San Francisco Aquarium Society 0 


in the same manner as in Paramecium. 
At the outer end of the gullet is a space 
called the vestibule, and into this is 
passed any undigested residue, which is 
swept out by the outgoing currents of 
water maintained by the cilia. There 
is also a contractile vacuole near the ves- 
tibule, which empties into it. It has a 
C-shaped nucleus. Vorticella multiplies 
by longitudinal division. Sometimes a 
number of these infusoria are found in 
a group where they have multiplied and 
stayed together, but generally after mul- 
tiplication has occurred the different in- 


dividuals separate and move to other 


places, where they may have a_ better 
chance to obtain their food. 

We will now proceed to the Mrrozoa, 
or many-celled animals, one of the low- 
est of these which is of interest to us 
is the fresh-water polyp, or Hydra. 
These little animals, which are generally 
found attached to aquatic plants, have 
a cylindric body about half an inch long, 
and the thickness of a pin, and are gen- 
erally colorless, but sometimes brown or 
green. At the free end are a number of 
fine, thread-like tentacles, which gently 
sway to and fro. If the Hydra is dis- 
trubed these tentacles are quickly drawn 
in and the whole body contracts until it 
is nothing more than a small ball. The 
mouth is at the free end in the centre of 
the tentacles. The body is hollow and 
is composed of two layers of cells, the 
outer layer serving as a protective cover- 
ing and the inner layer digesting the 
food that,is taken in. In the process of 
evolution this is one of the first exam- 
ples of the division of labor among cells. 


Aquatic Life 
A monthly magazine devoted to the study, 
care and breeding of native, tropical, gold 


and fancy fishes, other animals and plants 
in the household aquarium. 


Werk SPOVSERG sie) chet oe ease, editor. 
JOSEPH E. BAUSMAN. .. . Publisher 
542 E. Girard Avenue, Philadelphia 


Entered as second-class matter, September 
2, 1915, at the Post Office, Philadelphia, Pa., 
under Act of March 3, 1879. 


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Copyright 1917 by Joseph E. Bausman 


1917 No. 5 


Vol. Il 


January, 


Among the cells of the outer layer, both 
on the body and the tentacles, are numer- 
ous stinging or thread cells; these resem- 
ble somewhat those of Paramecium, but 
are of a more highly organized nature. 
The threads are discharged whenever 
the animal is irritated, and are also used 
for obtaining food, for when a cyclops 
or other small animal comes in contact 
with the Hydra it is paralyzed by the 
discharge of one of these stinging cells, 
and is then drawn into the mouth by 
the tentacles. The Hydra attaches itself 
to an object by secreting a sticky sub- 
Stance, nom the cells Jom its bases) lit 
rarely moves about, but may do so by 
holding on with the tentacles and moving 
the base. 

It multiplies either by budding, which 
is simply a process of a new hydra 


64 Aquatic Lite 


growing out of the side of the old one, 
or by the production and fertilization of 
eggs, the body containing both an ovary 
and a spermary. 

The planarian worm is another form 
of life generally found in old standing 
water, especially that into which plants 


have been introduced from outside 
sources. It resembles a leech in gen- 
eral appearance, but is very much 


smaller, rarely exceeding an eighth of 


RGA BRIEN 


PEP TEPTETE TEs 


Hydra 


1. Lengthwise section of body, showing: 
A, mouth; B, tentacle; C, reproductive bud; 
D, spermary; E, ovary; F, body cavity; G, 
ectoderm (outer layer of cells); H, entoderm 
(inner layer of cells); J, stinging cell. 2. 
Section across body. 3. Mature Hydra con- 
tracted. 4. Same extended. (Figures 1 and 
2 greatly magnified; 3 and 4 slightly en- 
larged). 


an inch in length. It is soft and jelly- 
like, of a grayish color, and changes its 
shape very readily. The most striking 
characteristic is that it is extremely 
cross-eyed, presenting a very queer ap- 
pearance when viewed under the micro- 
scope. It is sometimes found attached 
to fishes and the tenacity with which it 


holds on is surprising. 


Aquatic Lite 65 


Knickerbocker News 


A number of members of the Aqua- 
rium Society, New York City, who con- 
verse in the German language, have or- 
ganized a section that will hold monthly 
meetings on the first Tuesday at The 
American Museum of Natural History. 
Dr. FE. Bade is presiding officer. 

It should be patent to every one that 
the step taken by these aquarists was in 
every way preferable to the organization 
of a distinct society. It 1s customary in 
all institutions to organize subsidiary 
sections, branches or departments, each 
caring for the interests of those special- 
izing in a particular study. Such sec- 
tions enjoy the resources of the parent 
organization and unite in actions for 
common welfare, yet maintaining ind1- 
viduality necessary for specialization. 
Organization along these lines 1s espe- 
cially adaptable to aquarium societies, 
some members of which may devote 
themselves entirely to exotic and native 
fishes, and others to goldfish breeding, 
one class having no interest in the other. 
Rather than split such a society into two 
weaker ones, sections for each class 
should be formed. The meetings would 
be devoted to the object of the individual 
section, and programs arranged accord- 
ingly, but members of other classes 
could attend. 


The Word “Aquarium” 


Years ago when the principles of the 
aquarium first became known, and its 
popularity began to grow, there were 
grand etymological discourses in the 
learned papers respecting the correct 
name which ought to be given to it. 
Some called it vivarium, but were met 
by objectors who said the zoological gar- 
den was equally a vivarium, and so was 
a dog kennel or a stable. In order to 
meet the difficulty, they proposed the 


word aqua-vivarium—a word which cer- 
tainly had the advantage of being cor- 
rect, but the disadvantage of being com- 
plicated. Then came others who pre- 
ferred the name aquarium, and straight- 
way this name was adopted by common 
consent. It is true that exact linguists 
rejected the word, citing the Latin dic- 
tionary, which stated that Aquarius was 
either a water-bailiff or a water-man, or 
“the man who carries the water pot” 
in the Zodiac. Still aquarium is a sim- 
ple and easy word, and entirely super- 
seded aqua-vivarium, just as in a later 
year the word telegram superseded 
telegrapheme.—Rev. J. G. Wood. 


Wagner on Light Control 


In the November number of “Aquatic 
Life” I note that a Los Angeles reader 


A German Conception of the Broad-tail 
Calico Telescope Goldfish 


is having difficulty with his aquarium 
because of the intense heat and light. 
If he will remove the clear glass from 
the lower portion of the window sash, 
replacing it with ground glass, he will 
get wonderful results. Or, if he will 
fasten a piece of ground glass against 
the window pane, sufficient to diffuse 
all the light coming through the window 
to the aquarium, he will get the same 


66 Aquatic Lite 


results. I do not advocate placing the 
ground glass against the aquarium, 
which will not give as good results as 
placing it against the window pane. I 
have experimented with this plan for a 
long time, and have found: it to give 
wonderful results, even in this climate 
(Washington, D. C.), as it cuts off the 
direct rays of the sun, which promote 
the growth of Alge. It passes enough 
light for the plants to grow and main- 
tain their natural brilliant green color, 
instead of turning yellow, transparent 
or brown, as too much hght has a ten- 
dency to cause—J. Henri Wagner. 


My “Faulty Techniques” 
JACOB MERGET 

lim tne Jcme,  iLOTo, 
“Aquatic Life” appears an article by the 
present writer concerning the hybridiza- 
tion of fishes, in which was explained the 
method followed to accomplish the cross. 
Subsequent to this I began to lose in- 
terest in further experiments. I had 
seven hybrids—two males and five fe- 
males. Of those a friend in Chicago re- 
ceived four, and for myself, in spite of 
my waning interest, I reserved one male 
and two females. ‘The mother of these 
fish, a female Xiphophorus helleri, 1 lost, 
together with a female Guirardinus 
guppyi, which I had bred to a male of 
X. helleri, receiving from it a lot of 
weaklings that did not survive a week. 
More than once I had been told that 
these hybrids would be sterile and in- 
capable of reproduction. It was this 
opinion, more than anything else, that 
denuded the hybrids of their earlier 
charm. My surprise can be imagined 
when, on day in August, I discovered 
that one of the hybrid females was preg- 
nant. | promptly made. arrangements 
for the delivery. Ten days later the 
young were expelled, seventeen of them, 
and not a bad beginning. Twelve of 


number of 


these survived and are strong and 
healthy; five died, being so weak at 
birth that they did not rise from the bot- 
tom of the aquarium. In the meantime 
the male made love to the other female, 
and at the present writing she shows 
signs of pregnancy. The coloration of 
the young is the same as that of the 
hybrid parents; lower portion of the 
body black, upper portion red with black 
spots. Whether they will have the 
sword-like extension of the caudal fin 
is problematical. 

In view of the unanimous doubt that 
was cast upon the possibility of the fer- 
tility of the original hybrids, I have 
named the youngsters “Faulty Tech- 
niques.” 


Philadelphia Goldfish Fanciers 


The December meeting was held Wed- 
nesday evening, the 21st, in Saull’s 
Hall, 804 West Girard avenue. 

Exnipition : Lionheads, Orandas and 
Celestial Telescopes. 

wemens? joscon 18, Vam Stave, 
George W. Price and R. L. Harding. 

Awarps: Orandas, silver cup and blue 
ribbon, A. A. Phillips, Jr.; red and yel- 
low ribbons, J. Martin Wacker. Celes- 
tial Telescopes, blue, red and yellow rib- 
OMS, wa, ws JAmlitns, Ii  Laonlheadls, 
silver cup and blue ribbon, Fred Schae- 
fer; red ribbon, Mrs. Elizabeth Ahlers; 
yellow ribbon, Joseph E. Tyler. 

Messrs. Edwin R. Keck, Joseph 
Wheatcroft and Edward R. Stembach 
were elected to membership. 

The next regular meeting will be held 
January 17th. The regular competition 
will be for nymphs and single-tail tele- 
scopes, scaled and scaleless, three rib- 
bons to be awarded in each class. At 
this meeting there will also be a com- 
petition for scaleless telescopes bred in 
1916, to the winner of which will be 
awarded the cup presented by Charles 
E. Visel—Fred Richardson, Secretary. 


Aquatic Life 


‘Reading Public Exhibition 
G. S. BRENEISER 


The members of the Reading Aqua- 
rium Society are congratulating them- 
selves upon the success, and no less the 
appreciation of the general public, that 
attended their aquarium exhibition given 
in conjunction with the Flower Show. 
The aquaria seemed to attract more at- 
tention ‘than the beautiful flowers, and 
many times difficulty was experienced to 
keep the crowd moving that all might 
have an opportunity to view the tanks. 

The following members exhibited 
aquaria and fishes: Mr. William H. 
Heimbach, of Allentown; Messrs. John 
Kershner, Wiliam Himmerschitz, Irvin 
Yeager, Ralph Wilson, Philip Weiler, 
Ore Eee) Mellertt el heodores Abeling: 
George Becker and George S. Breneiser, 
all of Reading. 


The Pittsburgh Show 
E. W. HARPER 


The exhibition of the Pittsburgh 
Aquarium Society was held in Phipps 
Conservatory, November 11th to 19th, 
inclusive. The average Sunday attend- 
ance was 15,000. Nearly one hundred 
and fifty aquaria were shown (not bad 
for a first exhibition), containing fishes, 
both gold, exotic and native species, too 
numerous to count. Dr. Cruickshank 
was General Superintendent’ and 
worked hard to make it the success it 
was. ‘The exhibition was competitive. 
Messrs. Leitholf and Winters, judges, 
made awards as follows: 

GoLpFISH Breeps: Scaleless Tele- 
scope, A. Stucky; Fantail, D. Winter; 
Comet, G. W. Sanders; Common Gold- 
fish, Phipps Conservatory. 

Exotic Fisues: Awards, all firsts, to 
entholiasnothers: Ral VMacronyass)) 
Winter, Dr. L. M. Kearns, FE. W. Har- 
per, Al A ANIIGO, (G. WW. Sarmcers, Jnl, 
DoldevandiGayAes Sinica 

Native Wiip Fisnes: First to Dr. O. 
T: Cruickshank. 

SPECIAL Prizes: Muimature Aqua- 
rum, G. W. Sanders; Most Artistic 
Aquarium, D. Winter; Aquarium Op- 


quedo) Isihenrie ICaolik, Ire, WW, INL 
Kearns; Aquarium Showing Breeding 
Mosquitoes, Dr. O. T. Cruickshank; 
Terrarium, Ernest Leitholf. 


Special Goldfish Number 


Following the precedent established 
by the March, 1916, number of “Aquatic 
Life,” the March number of the present 
year will be devoted almost entirely to 
the breeding of goldfish and kindred 
subjects. Last year the “Goldfish Spe- 
cial” was exhausted within a week after 
its publication, and many were unable 
to secure a copy. Those who purchase | 
from the local pet shop should place 
their order early, and the dealer should 
anticipate the demand, requesting the 
needed additional copies from the pub- 
lisher well in advance of publication. 

The value of this special number from 
an advertising standpoint will be excep- 
tional, not only to the breeder of gold- 
fish, but also to the tropical fish fancier, 
due to its larger circulation among those 
who do not ordinarily read the magazine. 
If only for pure publicity, it should con- 
tain the advertisement of every breeder 
who will have fishes and supplies for 
sale during the succeeding months of 
spring and summer. It is quite possible 
that this number will contain a greater 
number of pages and more illustrations 
than usual. Space should be reserved 
and copy for advertisements sent at 


once. 


Boston News 


The December meeting of the Boston 
Aquarium Society was held Friday 
evening, the &th, at the Boston Museum 
of Natural History. 

It was decided to hold the first public 
exhibition in conjunction with the Bos- 
ton Poultry Show, January toth to 13th, 
inclusive. No awards will be made. 
The object of the exhibition is purely to 
attract new members. Messrs. Blodgett, 
Packard, Jones and Coffin were elected 
a “Show Commiittee”’ —Walter H. 
Chute, Secretary. 


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The Home Aquarium and How to Care 
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pages, 1387 illustrations, cloth binding, 
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ay 


Goldfish and Its Culture. Practical instruc- 
tions for pond breeding, shipping, care of 
the aquarium, and the general subject. By 
Hugo Mullertt. 155 pages, 15 illustrations, 
cloth binding. $2.00. Add parcel postage 
on two pounds. 

(aa) 


Ake 


Fish Culture in Ponds and Inland Waters. 
The most recent book, covering the propa- 
gation of goldfish, food and game fishes, 
and aquarium management. By William E. 
Meehnn, Director of the Fairmount Park 
Public Aquarium, Philadelphia, and former 
Pennsylvania State Fish Commissioner. 287 | 
pages, 22 illustrations, cloth binding. $1.00. 
Add parcel postage on one pound. 


ay 


Japanese Goldfish. A guide to the Japan- 
ese methods of culture. By Dr. Hugh M. 
Smith, U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries. 
10 full-page colored plates, numerous text 
cuts, 112 pages, cloth binding. $2.00. Add 
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Life of Inland Waters. Needham and 
Lloyd. A lig book containing 488 pages 
and 244 splendid illustrations. It presents 
a survey of the whole realm of freshwater 
aquatie life. The only American publiea- 
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terially assist the aquarist in solving the 
many problems encountered. $3.00. Add 
pareel postage on three pounds. 

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The Freshwater Aquarium and Its Inhali- 
tants. A practical work for the aquarist. 
By Eggling and Ehrenberg. Freely illus- 


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Ax 


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Fish 
From South America 
MANY SPECIES QUITE NEW 
Address 
GENERAL SCIENTIFIC COMPANY 


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New York City 


N, 18  COLMDFISED KANCIERS 
LOOK! Get your names on our list 
for very special announcement. 


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OF INTEREST TO AQUARISTS 
Write Me Fully in First Letter 
ADDRESS, ALBERT G. GEIGER 


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Ts a Section of “THE Pet Stock WorLp”’ 


It’s Slogan “FOR MORE PUBLICITY TO 
THE AQUARIUM WORLD’S INHABITANTS” 
ial, 3 Months 10c 6 Months 25c 


AQUARIUM STOCK CO. 
150 Chambers Street :: New York City 
Aquarium Specialists 


GOLDFISH, FOODS, PLANTS, SNAILS, ETC. 
Combination Natural Fish Food - Sample Can 10c 
Imported Shrimp Fish Food - - Sample Can 15c 
Imported Wafer Fish Food Large Sample Box 10c 
Special Prices on Quantity Lots © Cash With Order 
Catalogue Sent Upon Request 
OrvERS AMOUNTING $2 DELIVERED PosTPAID 


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Aquatic Life 


Aquatic Life. Volume One. Amer- 
ica’s aquarian naturalists have col- 
laborated to make “Aquatic Life” a 
practical cyclopaedia for the aquarist. 
The first volume, 166 pages, is com- 
plete. Every essential phase of this 
fascinating branch of nature-study is 
treated; special articles, splendidly il- 
lustrated, cover goldfish breeding, 
native and exotic species; the care of 
the aquarium, and the general sub- 
ject. The illustrations, more than one 
hundred, some in color, include the 
finest that have ever been published 
of the various. goldfish breeds. 
“Aquatic Life” is conceded the best 
illustrated aquarists’ magazine in the 
world. The volume costs two dollars, 
postage prepaid. 


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(Book Department) 
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Fle oe SSE EES Seek 


EDWARD S. SCHMID 
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= 


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Genuine Hartz Mountain & St.Andreasburg 


CANARIES 


Gold Fish, Globes, Pigeons, Pet Dogs, Dog 
Medicine, Poultry Supplies 
Full Line of Best Imported German Bird Seeds Always on Hand 
1108 VINE STREET 
CINCINNATI, OHIO 


IDDOD DOO OOO OOO COO OOO OOO COOCOOCOOCCO C0: 
R. PEGLOW 
Dealer and Breeder of Fancy Goldtish 


Broad-tail Telescopes My Specialty 
All Kinds of Aquaria and Supplies 


557 WOODWARD, AVE., BROOKLYN, N. Y. 


pee ae 


To Piven Many Fish ‘Die 


_USE REGENIA AQUARIUM SALTS 


To replace natural salts in waters 


as absorbed by fish and snails 
6 POWDERS IN BOX, 25 CENTS 


Regenia Chemical Co., Sta. K, Philadelphia 


ENCHYTRAE 


| The Secret of Successful Breeding of Tropical 


ALL KINDS OF GOLDFISHES AND AQUATIC PLANTS AND | 


| Portion, 50c (cash or money order) with Instructions how to breed them 


WATER LILIES 
712 Twelfth Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. 


Taxidermy Send for Galo 


DRIED SHRIMP - 
Postpaid 


(Ground 75c per Pound) 


My Natural Fish Food Sample can 15c 
CANADIAN BIRD STORE 
2139 W. Van Buren Street Chicago, Ill. 


| 109 22nd Street 


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Fishes and the Ideal Live Fish Food. 


CHARLES E. JENNE 
West New York, N. J. 


Raw beef contains 16 per cent Protein. 
Boil it and you will see a white scum form 
on top of the water. This scum is the 
Protein escaping from the beef and is the 
real nourishment which is lost. There are 
no nutritious elements lost in making Yogi 
its all food made by a new method. 


Robert J. Schaeffer 
1818 Frankford Ave., Phila. 


PRE) La FOO) 
janufactured o1 
ROBT. J. SCHAEFFER 
PRICE, 10c. 


Sample 10c 


ONCE YOU TRY, YOU ALWAYS BUY 
Gnadt’s Perfect Fish Food, 10c box 


Pulverized or Whole Shrimp, 7 c. lb. 
BREEDER OF FANCY GOLD AND TROPICAL FISHES 


Manufacturer of all kinds of aquariums 
Fish nets made of finest netting, 15c. 
Great reduction by dozen or gross. 


BROADWAY BIRD STORE 
P. F. GNADT, Proprietor 
1632 Broadway Greenhouse, 1630 Broadway 
BROOKLYN, N. Y. 


“AQUARIA FISH” 


A practical work on care and breeding of 
fish in the Aquarium, Greenhouse and out- 
door Ponds. Finely illustrated. Every one 
interested in keeping fish should send for 
a copy of this hook. Price. $1. 
Four-Horned Snails (Ampullaria Gigas) de- 
posit a mass of large coral red eggs out of 
the water. the little snails drop into the 
water as they hatch. These snails are in- 
valuable for destroying Hydra in the aqua- . 
rium. 


Thoroughbred Collie Pups, beautifully 


marked. 
F. L. TAPPAN 


92 S. 7th Street, Minneapolis, Minn. 


WALTER BELL 


Breeder of ®roavn-tail Celescopes 
BLUES BLACKS CALICOS 
4324 WYALUSING AVENUE, PHILADELPHIA 


Prices Reasonable 


THE TERMINAL PET SHOP 
PETS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION AND KIND 
Manufacturing and Maintenance of Aquariums a Specialty 
All Kinds of Cat and Dog Foods and Medicines 
HUDSON TERMINAL BUILDING 


Concourse, New York 
TEN VARIETIES OF BEAUTIFUL 
AQUARIUM PLANTS 
for $1.00 Postage Postpaid 


J. HeEnrt Wacner, 1909 North Capitol 
Washington, D. C. 


VIOLET RAY FISH REMEDY 


Relieves Constipation, Fungus, Tail Rot, 
Congestion. Safe and effective. Box of six 
Tor sale at Pet Stock Stores, 


powders 25c. 
address 


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or 


“Everything is Fish 
that comes to the 
Net of a Naturalist’’ 


Don’t paddle in the water with 
hand and be blind with both eyes. 


one 


In 


other words, “keep your eyes open” fo- 
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In commenting on the genus Notropis 
in their “Fishes of North America,” 
Jordan and Evermann tell us that “As 
here understood, Notropis contains 
about 100 species of small Cyprinoids, all 
of them confined to the streams of North 
America east of the Rocky Mountains. 
They are in some respects a degenerate 
type—probably of comparatively recent 
origin and perhaps descended from such 
forms as the European Alburnus and 
Leuciscus. They are feeble fishes of 
small size, none of them of value as food 
for man, but of great importance as food 
for the larger predatory fishes, particu- 
larly the Centrarchidae. ‘The species are 
highly variable, readily affected by sur- 
rounding conditions, while the really dis- 
tinctive characters are few. ‘The identi- 
fication of species is very difficult, and 
in the case of young specimens often 1m- 
possible” (Part I, p. 255). 

Even the excellent Key to the many 
species of Notropis given by these au- 
thors must be used with caution, as the 
individual variations are sometimes so 
great. There is a large literature upon 
them, as any one will appreciate who 
undertakes to study our “Shiners,” the 
common name given to the species of the 
genus Notropis. ‘There may be as many 
as 125 or 130 species and sub-species of 
the genus Notropis in our fish fauna, but 
personally I have examined very few of 
them. 

Last summer | obtained from the Po- 
tomac River, near Washington, about 
thirty living specimens of a sub-species 
of Notropis, which seemed to agree with 
N. hudsonius amarus of Girard (Proc. 


8 6 A a ss a | 


| Notes on the Genera 
! Notropis and Fundulus 


DR. R. W. SHUFELDT 


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moms of 


fom 


Ac, Nat. Sct. Phila, 1866, Potomac 
River at Washington) ; but I am not quite 
positive of this, and for reasons given 
further on. I succeeded in making a 
photograph from life of an’average-sized 
specimen, and a reproduction of my pho- 
Logtaph is Were seiven | sinushiietinemn: 
Notropis hudsonius is a species known 
in the vernacular as the “Spawn-eater,” 
the “Spot-tailed Minnow,’ and_ the 
“Shiner.” Doubtless these names are 
also applied to N. h. amarus. Washing- 
ton fishermen use large numbers of them 
during the black bass season, fishing in 
the Potomac. 

This sub-species doubtless intergrades 
with typical specimens of N. hudsonius ; 
while the latter always exhibits a black 
caudal spot, and this may be altogether 
absent in N. h. amarus. Doctor Abbott 
contended that the last-named fish was a 
distinct species; and I am inclined to 
believe it is—the intergrading notwith- 
standing. 

They are extremely active and nervous 
little fishes, and upon these accounts they 
are very difficult to photograph when liy- 
ing and in the best possible condition. I 
am sure it has not been done very often. 
Indeed, I have not seen a photograph of 
this fish published heretofore anywhere. 
It will be observed that the “caudal spot” 
in my photograph is entirely absent. 
This group stands in need of much fur- 
ther study and investigation. 

My attempts to keep this species of 
shiner in a small aquarium failed, al- 
though I took considerable pains with 
them; they became too nervous and ex- 
cited to eat any sort of food, and soon 


Fig. 1 Shiner (Notropis hudsonius amarus) Male: Natural Size 


Fig. 2 Common Killifish (Fundulus diaphanus) Natural Size 
Photographs from Life by the Author 


Aquatic Lite 


die. This does not apply to the “Killi- 
fishes,’ however—that the fresh- 
water species; for any of these soon 
adapt themselves to aquarium life and 
conditions. This constitutes another very 
large genus of wide distribution—the 


1S, 


genus Fundulus. 

Jordan and Evermann have said of 
them in their “Fishes of North Amer- 
ica”: “Species very numerous, mostly 
American,* inhabiting fresh waters and 
arms of the sea. They are the largest 
in size of the Cyprinodonts, and some of 
them are very brightly colored. They are 
oviparous and feed chiefly on animals. 
Some of them are bottom fishes, burying 
themselves in the mud 
others swim freely in river channels and 
bays; still others are “top minnows,” 
surface swimmers, feeding on floating 


of estuaries; 


insects in swamps and streams” (p. 633). 
These authors united Fundulus with the 
genus Zygonectes; and while the ex- 
tremes of the two genera are very dif- 
ferent in form and general appearance, 
they are certainly closely allied, as they 
approach each other in common charac- 
WETS: 

Personally, I have taken a number of 
different species of these cyprinodonts 
at various times in my life; and at this 
writing | have two specimens of Fundu- 
lus diaphanus living in one of my aqua- 
riums. They were taken by me in a 
small branch of the Potomac 
near Washington, where the species is 
This species I have suc- 
number of 


River, 


very abundant. 
cessfully photographed a 
times, and one of my best results is here 
reproduced in Figure 2. It is a male of 
F. diaphanus, or Banded minnow, or 


Kaillifish. A subspecies of this form has 


“The few European species referred to 
Fundulus seemed allied to the sub-genus 
Nenisma. The Asiatic and African forms 
are allied to or belong to the group Zygo- 
nectes. In some of them the anal fin is much 
larger than in the American species. 


been described—F. d. menona—from the 
fact that it was first taken in Lake 
Menona, near Madison, Wisconsin. Its 
range is from Ohio westward to the 
Mississippi River, and to a limited extent 
perhaps a few hundred miles south of 
Chicago. 

The coloration and markings of some 
of the species of these Killifishes are 
very beautiful, and none is more so 
than the males of the Common Kallifish, 
I. heteroclitus, which, when I was a boy, 
was very abundant in the salt-water 
ditches in the marshes at the foot of 
South Street, in Stamford, Connecticut. 
They also swarmed in the bay at certain 
states of the tide. ‘wo or three sub- 


species of F. heteroclitus have been de- 
scribed. 


The Puffer Fish 


It is true that there are no mermaids in 
the sea, but the species of life that do 
exist there are in many ways equally as 
interesting as the mythological folk. 
Take the little puffer fish, for example, 
which has attracted the attention of sci- 
entists from earliest times on account of 
its shrewd habit of defending itself by 
inflation. The moment it scents danger 
in the form of a larger fish searching for 
a dinner, it instantly distends itself with 
water until it becomes almost spherical 
in shape, so that no ordinary fish could 
swallow it. Director C. H. Townsend, 
of the New York Aquarium, placed a 
few good-sized scup, or porgies, in a 
tank which contained a dozen young 
putters, about two inches in length, which 
the hungry scup attacked at once. In- 
stantly the baby puffers inflated them- 
selves and became almost globular in 
form, so that the larger fish were unable 
to do more than knock them about like 
toy balloons, too large to be swallowed, 
and on which they could get no hold, no 
matter how hard they tried.—Popular 
Science Monthly. 


| 
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Queen Lil 


Se ome mr es es os 


In the higher beings, the oxygen which 
is contained in the atmosphere is brought 
in contact with the blood in a very beau- 
tiful manner, and in the act of breathing 
a very difficult problem is solved. 

How 1s it possible to allow the atmos- 
phere to come in contact with the blood 
without permitting it to escape from the 
vessels through which it flows? 

This difficulty is surmounted in a very 
simple manner. <A portion of the circu- 
lating apparatus 1s so contrived that the 
vessels are diminished to the minutest 
possible size; so small, indeed, that there 
is only just room for the globules of the 


OS Bi 6 a 8 Os 6 i a a 6 a as Os 8 6 es 6 6 a a 9 a I ee eet 


Owned by Franklin Barrett 


OO 8 Ph Oa 8 Os Fs 8 Os a Ps 


a5 9 6 i 5 Sd 6 6 Sd 6S ee es 9 6 0 a sO 6 9 Ss PF 6 PS 4 9d OS OSs 


(The Respiration of Fishes 


REV. J. G. WOOD 


a 6 Oa Ps Fe 6 a es Pe es ee mn me ee mrs mons £m ms 


Photo by Geo. H. Seip 


ose 


blood to pass singly. ‘The walls of the 
vessels are extremely thin and delicate, 
and are made of a substance which 
allows the passage of air while it retains 
the blood. In the larger vessels, such a 
structure would be impossible, on account 
of the pressure to which the walls are 
subjected by the volume of blood that 
rushes through them; but in those parts 
which are exposed to the air, the cur- 
rents are so minute that they exercise 
comparatively little force, and are easily 
contained within their delicate walls. 

It is, of course, an important point 
that a veny lanee surface should) be ex= 


posed to *he air, and it is hardly possible 
to find a better example than the gills 
of a fish. At first sight they look like a 
series of comb-like organs, scarlet with 
the blood that is seen through their deli- 
cate coverings; but if they are closely 
examined, they will be found to possess 
a most beautiful form, exposing a very 
large surface, and at the same time occu- 
pying a very little space. Each tooth of 
the comb is composed of innumerable 
plates of membrane, traversed by the 
blood vessels, and admitting the air on 
both sides. In fact the gills remind the 
observer of the leaves of a slightly closed 
book, in which a very large amount of 
surface is compressed into a very little 
space. 

I have been particular in describing 
these gills because they demonstrate the 
real action of respiration better than any 
structure that can be found. Moreover, 
they can easily be obtained, and an ordi- 
nary magnifying glass is sufficient to ex- 
hibit their wonderful mechanism. 

The manner in which a fish breathes is 
simple enough. It opens its mouth and 
admits a certain quantity of water, just 
It then 
closes its mouth and drives the water out 


as we admit air into our lungs. 


at the gill-covers, causing it to wash over 
the gills in its passage. The oxygen con- 
tained in the water thus comes in con- 
tac. with the blood, and so the fish man- 
ages to breathe. 


When the fishes in the aquarium re- 
main persistently at the surface, “‘suck- 
ing air” in common parlance, it is an indi- 
cation of a lack of oxygen in the water, 
which may be due to pollution or over- 
stocking—more fishes than the plant life 
of the tank can support. When a tank 
approaches this condition, we are told 
by aquarists more enthusiastic than accu- 
rate, that the fishes are taking the air and 
passing it over the gill capillaries, and 


Aquatic Lite ai 


that in the procedure the delicate organs 
are “burned” by the raw air. On the 
contrary, the fishes are merely gurgling 
the air and water in the mouth, thus 
charging the water with oxygen; the air 
is regurgitated (passed out through the 
mouth), while the charged water passes 
back over the gills in the normal way. 
In other words, the fish is endeavoring 
to oxygenate the water in the same 
fashion as when the aquarist dips a cup- 
ful from a tank and pours it back for the 
same purpose. 

Overstocking is a fault almost con- 
fined to the beginner. The experienced 
aquarist realizes that the welfare of his 
fishes is as dependent upon ample water- 
volume per fish as it is upon the proper 
foods. Rather than try to keep as many 
fish as possible in a given tank, he en- 
deavors to give each fish as much water 
as his equipment permits. An aquarium 
should never be so thickly populated that 
a rise of temperature will cause discom- 
fort due to the rapid diffusion of oxygen 
into the atmosphere. Water will hold 
more oxygen when cool than when warm. 
A rise of temperature of 16 degrees in 
a tank will result in a loss of half of the 
oxygen it was able to retain at the lower 
point. Thus the capacity of an aquarium 
should be based upon the highest tem- 
perature to which it is apt to be sub- 
jected, and rapid fluctuations may be ex- 
pected if the vessel be small. Safety first 
among aquarists means too few rather 
than too many fishes. 


The American Federation of Goldfish 
Fanciers has merged with the Brooklyn 
Aquarium Society, the members having 
been elected to the latter organization in 
a body. 


He that would catch fish, must ven- 
ture his bait. 


On Anolis Carolinensis 
ERNEST LEITHOLF 

Late in the summer of 1916 I secured 
three specimens of the so-called chame- 
leon, Anolis carolinensis. ‘These found 
a home in a moss-bottomed terrarium, 1n 
which some shrubs had taken root. A 
miniature pool was arranged to supply 
the needed moisture and Anolis seemed 
contented. 

A short time later, while making an 
examination of the case, my son discov- 
ered an egg. Having not the slightest 
idea as to how it might be regarded by 
the adults, and particularly while in con- 
finement, we removed it to a small jar, 
placing it on top of some moss. Time 
passed and we about gave up hope of 
having it hatch. Finally, seven weeks 
later, while removing the cover to show 
the egg to Dr. Cruickshank, president of 
the Pittsburgh Aquarium Society, out of 
the jar leaped a lively little chameleon 
about an inch and a half long. ‘To recap- 
ture it as it scampered about the con- 
servatory was quite a task. We were 
considerably elated, because, but a few 
days before, we had read that an egg had 
hatched in the London Zoological Gar- 
den, which was considered to be the first 
time the species had been propagated in 
confinement. 

Then followed scveral weeks during 
which the baby was kept isolated, as we 
feared it might be attacked if placed in 
the terrarium with the old ones. How- 
ever, one day it was permitted to join 
them. It entered timid and scared, the 
old ones looking upon it with apparent 
mmebnrcineance, Avner A ley CeayS Une 
mother became interested, and was ob- 
served to take a position near the baby, 
as 1f to defend and protect it. One even- 
ing my son, greatly excited, called me to 
the terrarium. There was baby atop a 
small evergreen, the mother caressing 
and licking its body, while its tail wagged 


"2 Aquatic Lite 


and twisted in seeming appreciation! It 
was truly a delightful “family reunion.” 

I have been unable to secure any in- 
formation relative to the breeding habits 
of the species, but my observations lead 
me to believe that the mother at least 
evinces some interest in the welfare of 
her offspring. 

(Anolis carolinensis 1s a not uncom- 
mon lizard in Louisiana, and probably 
elsewhere in the Gulf States. I have 
seen great numbers in the old cemeteries 
of New Orleans. It is quite docile and 
tame, and will soon take flies from the 
fingers. During the warmer months of 
the year it is often sold in northern pet 
shops, and is the unfortunate species that 
a few years back was sold by fakers on 
the streets, a ring about its neck, attach- 
ed to a chain and pin, and designed to 
ornament milady’s person. As applied 
to this species the name chameleon is a 
misnomer, as it bears no direct relation- 
ship to the true chameleons. Incidentally, 
the color changes have no connection 
with the color of the object on which the 
individual may be resting. Vivid green 
ones may be seen on a brown fence rail, 
Or on a white marble tombstone, as [| 
have personally observed. A _ writer, 
whose name I do not now recall, consid- 
ers temperature to be the controlling fac- 
tor, the green phase being induced by 
low and brown by a high temperature. 
Be this as it may, the green stage has 
been observed on the warmest days, when 
the thermometer registered beyond the 
hundred mark.—Editor. ) 


The Optimistic Thought 


Though futile now seems the wishing, 
though hard the chill wind blows, soon 
once more we'll all be fishing out where 
the wild weed grows. 


Blame-all and praise-all two 


blockheads, 


are 


BREEDING A 


Corydoras paleatus 


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When I first saw a Brazilian catfish, 
the panzerwel, as our German friends 
call it, | was rather fascinated, and this 
regardless of its somewhat somber color 
scheme of browns. Interest in a species, 
especially among aquarists, usually pro- 
motes a desire to breed it, more so if its 
labits be little known, and in this respect 
I am not an exception. My friends could 
tell me little of the panzerwel, other than 
that it was an inoffensive and rather shy 
little fellow, and that it might be kept 
with goldfish. I was obliged, therefore, 
to proceed along lines that in my estima- 
tion were favorable to the desired end— 
propagation. 

Specimens gradually were added at in- 
tervals to my collection, and I now have 
three males and two females. The spe- 
cies seems to be corydoras paleatus, and 
agrees with the first illustration, with the 
addition of several dark blotches on the 
sides. These markings are shown in the 
second illustration. My fish combine the 
markings of the two forms. The color- 
ation can be briefly described as yellow- 


FRANK DUNGAN 


CORYDORAS 


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© 


Brazilian Catfish or Panzerwel 


ish-brown, with derk or blackish mark- 
ings, the ins speckled or spotted. The 
sexes may be distinguished by the rela- 
tive shapes of the fore-dorsal. The first 
ray of that of the female is noticeably 
shorter than the next, whereas, in the 
male the first ray is nearly as long as the 
next. The males are more slender than 
the females. 

The panzerwel is a bottom fish, prowl- 
ing timidly on the sand among the plants, 
and seldom rising. The tank in which 
mine find a congenial home contains a 
considerable accumulation of humus or 
sediment, the value of which will become 
evident later, and is sparsely planted with 
Sagittaria. It is in a rather sunny part 
of my conservatory, which promotes the 
development of alge upon the glass and 
plants—to the detriment of the latter. 

Spawning occurred on November 8th, 
the day following the Presidential elec- 
tion, at 5 A. M., and continued for about 
three hours. The pair proceeded like 
goldfish, but the male “drove” the female 
much more rapidly, the spawn being 


74 Aquatic Lite 


scattered about promiscuously in a like 
manner. ‘he eggs were pearly white, 
remarkably adhesive, and stuck tena- 
ciously to the glass; none seemed to be- 
come attached to the plants. I counted 
112 On tne trom wkass allone, Wine 
aquarium was maintained at an average 
temperature of 70 degrees Fahrenheit, 
and in five days the eggs hatched; the 
fry dropped to the bottom and were lost 
to view in the feathery humus. Where 


Corydoras species 


each egg was attached to the glass a tiny 
white circle remained, and now, after two 
months, some may still be seen. 

The value of the deposit of sediment 
upon the bottom of the tank will now 
become evident, because, after the yolk- 
sac was absorbed, the youngsters found 
amongst it the much-needed infusoria. 
At this time they may be said to resemble 
tadpoles. I made no microscopical ex- 
aminations, but as soon as they were 
large enough to be easily seen, they re- 
sembled closely the parents in shape and 
markings. Other than the minute ani- 
mal and vegetable life naturally present 
in the aquarium, I have fed nothing but 
daphne and the cyclops that were col- 
lected with it. I have not been able to 
observe them eat the live water-fleas, 
and it may be that the dead ones falling 
to the bottom are more acceptable. In 
any event they spend most of the time 
wiggling and wriggling about, sometimes 
standing on their heads with tails aloft, 
At 1n- 
tervals one may wriggle up the side of 


rooting vigorously in the humus. 


the tank and nibble algae, but mostly they 
are upon the bottom. 

The youngsters seem to be quite adapt- 
able to changes in temperature, as at 
time the thermometer in their tank has 
registered as low as 58 degrees, yet they 
semed as lively as when much warmer. 

I do not know just how many eggs 
were expelled, but surely more than the 
112 counted. After the spawning the 
parents remained in the tank for two 
days, and during this time they possibly 
ate such as had fallen to the bottom, but 
they did not molest those attached to the 
glass. The heaviest mortality occurred 
during the third and fourth weeks. How 
many are still alive is problematical ; pos- 
sibly twenty-five, or even fifty. 


Notes on the Panzerwels 


It is now more than a year since Mr. 
Dungan expressed to the editor his in- 
terest in the Brazilian catfishes and a 
desire to breed the particular species he 
then had in his collection. While Cory- 
doras paleatus has been bred in Europe, 
Mr. Dungan is the first American aquar- 
ist who has met with success ; if there are 
others who have bred it, and they have 
not published the fact, let them now 
hold their peace. Mr. Dungan is to be 
congratulated. Those who assert that 
American accomplish — little 
original research will do well to recall 
that George W. Price first dispelled all 
doubts as to the breeding habits of the 
Black-banded Sunfish, 
chaetodon, William L,. Paullin bred and 
reared Pterophyllum scalare (the sur- 
viving young are now as large as the 
parents); Leitholf’s study of Anolis 
carolinensis; and most recently, Dungan 
and the Brazilian catfish. 

Quite a number of fishes of the fam- 
(catfishes), natives of 
America, Asia and 


aquarists 


Mesogonisteus 


ily SILURIDAE 


North and South 


Africa, are known to aquarists. Those 
from South America have probably at- 
tracted the most attention because thus 
far they have been most readily obtained. 
The breeding habits vary with the spe- 
cies; relationship in fishes does not neces- 
sarily indicate a similarity in the meth- 
ods employed to protect eggs and young. 
With one exception the labyrinth fishes 
build foamy nests of bubbles at the sur- 
face, in which the eggs incubate; Betia 
pugnax mouth-breeder after the 
manner of Haplochromis  stringigena. 
This latter species belongs to the family 
CicHLpak, the which 
usually deposit the eggs on a rock or 
other object to which they adhere while 
developing. 

The European papers describe the 
habits of Corydoras paleatus substan- 
tially as does Mr. Dungan, but state that 
the eggs adhere to the plants, giving the 
number as about one hundred. When 
the editor saw Mr. Dungan’s youngsters, 
about six weeks after hatching, the rings 
he describes as remaining on the glass 
after eggs hatch still persisted. Cory- 
doras paleatus was formerly called Cal- 
lychthys punctatus and C. fasciatus. 
C. macropterus and C. undulatus have 
similar habits. Callychthys callychthys, 
a nomenclatorial curiosity inasmuch as 
the systematists have not contrived a 
valid excuse to place it in another genus, 
still bearing the name given by Linneaus 
many years ago, is said to build a foamy 


18° 3) 


members of 


nest in which the eggs and young are 
accorded care by the male. 

Some years paper on the 
“Spawning and Development of Panzer- 
wels,” not stated, by Wittig 
Brannschneig, appeared in a German 
periodical, and from which the following 
excerpts (translation by Ellen Kk. Innes) 
are taken: 

“Towards midnight I noticed a furious 
driving. Both the males touched the 


ago a 


species 


Aquatic Lite 15) 


female with their mouths, whereat she 
made a chewing or sucking motion. ‘This 
tasting or licking, as I would like to call 
it, always took place on the back in front 
of the dorsal fins, and on the head, rarely 
on the sides. During the whole of the 
spawning the males were of a bright yel- 
lowish color. The fins were dotted. The 
mottling had entirely disappeared. Im- 
mediately the female begin to spit. With 
a quick motion she seized the male on 
the side and fastened herself with strong 
sucking onto the male in the neighbor- 
hood of the ventral fins near the anus, 
where there is the opening for the flow 
of the sperm. With a trembling move- 
ment they remained for a while—ten to 
twenty seconds—the male lying some- 
what on the side, turning the belly 
towards the female. During the fore- 
going three to four eggs have fallen into 
a pocket, which the female has formed 
by laying together the ventral fin. * * * 
After this act followed a short condition 
of weakness, especially for the female, 
who, during a renewed teasing by the 
male, remained quiet. After she had 
revived, she swam around among the 
plants searching for a special leaf of 
Ludungia, which she touched on the 
under side with a spitting motion of the 
mouth, whereby a pasty substance was 
exuded and fastened to the leaf. Then, 
with an agility that so plump a land ani- 
mal would not have trusted herself to 
she turned on her back and quickly 
pressed the eggs on the leaf, where she 
stuck them so tightly that I have never 
noticed any fall to the ground. * * * 
“When fertilization takes place I could 
not definitely say. Either it takes place 
in the pocket (formed by the ventral 
fin) or when the eggs are fastened on 
the leaves. The latter is more probable. 
The opinion that the sperm is admitted 
into the fin-pocket 1s, on account of the 
position of the fish, completely barred 


76 Aquatic Lite 


out. On the other hand, it is possible 
that through the sucking operation of 
the female the thread of sperm was 
drawn through the gills and thrown back 
on the ventral fins and here the eggs 
were fertilized. Against this speaks the 
fact of the tightly-closed edges of the 
fin-pocket. There is little probability 
that the sucking alone is a stimulation for 
the ejection of the sperm, for at that time 
the eggs are farthest away from the 
sexual organ and placed where they 
would have the least chance of being fer- 
tilized. So the theory only remains that 
the female sucks out the sperm and spits 
it against the leaf, where the eggs are 
fastened, and here fertilization takes 
DCE, 

“By 2.45 A. M. the spawning was over. 
The female looked around for food, and 
at the same time the mottling appeared 
beautifully dark. ‘The male, on the con- 
trary, retained his fawn coloring for a 
omer? nang, 

“As already mentioned, the eggs were 
fastened to the leaves by means of a 
pasty substance. So tightly were they 
fastened there that if any part of an egg 
was torn off, the upper part of the leaf 
came away with it. The eggs are exactly 
2 mm. (two twenty-fifths of an inch) im 
diameter, and somewhat opaque. In the 
first days there is little change in the 
eggs to be noticed. In about three days 
one sees distinctly, deep inside of the 
egg, the fish embryo in the form of a ring 
lying around the light spot, and if one 
observes more carefully, the proportion- 
ately large heart beating at intervals of 
a few seconds. The picture is much 
clearer in about five days, when the fish 
has a well-developed tail. ‘This tail is 
three times as long as the egg and pro- 
jects out from the egg skin. In the egg 
sees a longish body with the 

The eyes are also formed 
Soon the 


one now 
yollx-sack. 


and appear like dark spots. 


circulation of the blood begins and as the 
tail is glass-clear, this is a most interest- 
ing study of which one never tires. Dur- 
ing this interval the egg sheath cracks 
more and more, and through a clapping 
motion the fish can free itself. Super- 
ficially observed, the animal at this time 
resembles a tadpole. By and by the fins 
begin to appear and the fish more and 
INOS TESOMoIES Tne Olel @Mmes, = Ao” 

(Mr. Brannschneig’s observations of 
the development of the embryo were, of 
course, made through a compound micro- 
scope.—Ed. ) 


A Tank Heated by Electricity 


In these progressive times it is un- 
usual to find a whole community op- 
posed to electric light. It is more un- 
usual to find such a community within 
the well-cultivated province of The New 
York Edison Company. Sad and true as 
it undoubtedly is, the fact continues at 
124 East Nineteenth street, under the 
very eaves of the electrical sanctuary. 
The reactionaries in question are of Jap- 
anese origin and so little acclimated as 
to demand an element identical to a de- 
gree with that of their equable and more 
temperate Nippon. Hereupon rests their 
mention in these modern and enlightened 
pages. 

Some time since, when the artist, Rob- 
ert W. Chanler, took up the principles 
of Japanese design, the question of mod- 
els and idea-promoters at once presented 
itself. Leat and bird forms, alive and 
flourishing, were soon imported and 
housed in a cozy garden at the rear of 
the hallway. There were still wanting 
the sinuous fish forms that glide in and 
out of most well-regulated Nipponese 


conceptions. 
Accordingly nymphs, fantails, and 
gorgeous “telescopes” were introduced 


to disport at will among plants, snails, 


and polywogs in a very special tank as 
big as a packing case. Then came cold 
weather, with cold water, and a melan- 
choly company of goldfish found them- 
selves far from home with the mercury 
falling. 

It was then that Mr. Chanler sought 
out the good offices of the Edison man. 
This ingenious functionary, though on 
better terms with calories than with fan- 
tails, bethought himself of combining the 


Aquatic Lite aa 


itself ungratefully conservative. Not 
only do these electrically preserved fish 
huddle in corners when the lights are on, 
but at intervals they come gasping to the 
surface as if unconscious of the fact that 
electricity uses up less oxygen than light 
in any other form. 

Happily, the parrots, the pheasants, 
the yellow Amazon bolbas, the finches, 
with their companions of many names 
and voices and colors, are more ad- 


SVEN ENN EN NEN NNN NZ SENNZ NNN NNN NEN NEN 


EAS ARIAS NS SASS SS 


two, with the result that an ordinary 
Simplex water heater was attached to 
the pipe immediately beneath the tank. 
Whatever the winter-bound inmates 
thought does not matter. What they did 
in recognition of this abrupt return of 
vernal conditions is still the delight of 
the Japanese in attendance. 

Flowever, at the time of the innova- 
tion, current was further solicited.in the 
form of light bulbs inserted under the 
cover. It is in this connection that the 
privileged community below has shown 


Mr. Chanler’s Electrically Heated Aquairum 


UU NEOUS UU VER UE SUURV NEUE U NCVER 


RS SI eS Se 


RS 


vanced. Indeed, they seem never more 
themselves than when of an evening or 
a dull afternoon the garden is alight 
froma host of lamps shining through the 
roof and the green glass making up the 
side walls. At this the fish proceed to 
hide themselves among the shaded plants 
at the back of the tank. But then too 
MIACh Oust MOL mtO. WemMexpected:—Ne- 
printed by permission, with courtesy of 
use of illustration, from The Edison 
Monthly. 


78 Aquatic Lite 


Aquatic Life 
A monthly magazine devoted to the study, 
care and breeding of native, tropical, gold 
and fancy fishes, other animals and plants 
in the household aquarium. 


W. A. POYSER Editor 
JOSEPH E. BAUSMAN Publisher 
542 E. Girard Avenue, Philadelphia 


Entered as second-class matter, September 
2, 1915, at the Post Office, Philadelphia, Pa., 
under Act of March 3, 1879. 


Yearly Subscription Bi sete nt rey ani en hele () 0) 
Foreign Subscriptions ...........----- 1.35 
Simelesa Copy acin cae cen ensasy ee eisias eee stere i0 cents 


Payments may be made by express money 
order, draft, post office order or registered 
letter. Foreign remittances should be by 
international money order. 


Advertising rates made known on application. 


“Aquatic Life’ is the only magazine in 

America devoted exclusively to aquatic life, 

and its value as an advertising medium in 

this field of nature study is unequaled. 
Copyright 1917 by Joseph E. Bausman 


‘Vol. Il February, 1917 No. 6 


The Iron-colored Minnow 

Back in 1866 Professor Cope described 
a minnow from the Schuylkill River, 
calling it Hybopsis chalybaeus. Later we 
find it referred to as Lurilus chalybaeus, 
and nowadays the books tell us that the 
name is Notropis chalybaeus. So be it. 
We will accept the position accorded it 
by the ichthyologists, inasmuch as in the 
classification of animals the position of a 
species is based upon its relationship as 
indicated by anatomical details ; aquarists 
are more interested in the habits of a 
species. 

The iron-colored or steel-colored min- 
now is an attractive little fellow in both 
coloration and actions. It inhabits the 
lowland streams and swamps from Penn- 
sylvania to Georgia, and will usually be 
found in schools. ‘The members of a 
school hzve the peculiar habit of heading 
in the same direction, and while a pass- 
ing fish of an alien species, an enemy 


perhaps, will cause them to “break rank”’ 
they soon return to the characteristic 
formation. Even in an aquarium the 
habit is noticeable though they be per- 
plexed by the presence of other fishes, 
and that they are gregarious will be 
noticed when a dozen or so are kept in 
a tank with other species, as they herd 
together and keep aloof. This minnow is 
dark above; pale yellow below; a broad, 
lustrous black band running from the 
snout to the base of the tail; fins plain. 
During the breeding season, springtime, 
the abdomen of the male becomes bright 
orange. 

Nothing seems tu be known definitely 
regarding the breeding habits. Mr. L. 
M. Dorsey, of Philadelphia, in whose 
aquarium we recently saw the species, 
and in which it was apparently thriving 
in company with goldfish and_ black- 
banded sunfish, will make an effort to 
propagate it. 


At the last annual exhibition of The 
Aquarium Society, New York, Mr. Otto 
Gneiding was awarded six first, five sec- 
ond and four third-prize ribbons on gold- 
fish breeds, his entry including ribbon- 
tails, broadtails and young lonheads. 


———> 


The Aquarium Society, New York 
City, 1s arranging to appropriately cele- 
brate its twenty-fifth anniversary during 
the month of April. 


When I lived in Chicago I had quite a 
number of fishes and experimented with 
1 found that live 
small 


many kinds of foods. 
crayfish, cut into 
greatly relished by all the fishes, some of 
which would never touch beef. I kept 
two Rainbow Darters or Soldier-fish 
(Etheostoma coeruleum) for almost a 
year on this food, and this species is very 
difficult to keep in an aquarium for any 
considerable length of time.—G. P. von 
Harleman. 


pieces, was 


The Unity Hatchery 

The average city breeder of goldfish or 
the tropical species aptly terms his estab- 
lishment a “hatchery,” inasmuch as there 
seems to be no diminutive of the name. 
These little laboratories of aquatic biol- 
ogy, measureable in square feet, form 
quite a contrast to the vast commercial 
hatcheries specializing in food and game 
fishes. A view is shown of a pond of 
the Unity Hatchery, New York. This 


Aquatic Lite 79 


people the ponds. From them came the 
pickerel shown in the New York Aqua- 
rium. Of smaller kinds, those we may 
call “aquarium fishes,’ may be noted 
Fundulus diaphanus (killifish), Rhinich- 
thys atronasus (black-nosed dace), R. 
cataractae (long-nosed dace), Notropia 
cornutus (shiner), Abramis crysoleucas 
(roach), and Evoglossum mazvillingua. 
These little fishes are used primarily as 
food for game fishes placed in waters 


RNS EN ENE NE NN NENE NNN NNN NNN NNN NEN ENN 


RS AS AS AS SS ASRS ASS 


enterprise covers a water area of nearly 
two hundred acres, and has a production 
quite in proportion to this great exy* nse. 
Last spring between sixty and seventy 
million yellow perch and two hundred 
and fifty to three hundred thousand 
small-mouth black bass were hatched. 
More than thirteen million fishes and 
eggs have been shipped away during a 
single month. 

Bass and perch are not by any means 
the only fishes of Unity waters; more 
than twenty-two species are known to 


A Vista— Unity Hatchery 


SUSU SESE NEN: NESSUS NU ERS UUN VU RUE 


(ee a ee en a wa eiemen ee wanna we evn iee 


lacking such forage. At Unity sunfishes 
and eels are persona non grata, it being 
the opinion that they enter into hard 
competition with the more valuable fishes 
and destroy more than they are worth. 

Mr. Ernest Clive Brown, manager of 
the Unity Hatchery, is not only inter- 
ested in food and game fishes, but in 
“aquarium fishes,” too. Incidentally he 
is an enthusiastic admirer of AQuATIC 
Lirr, and declares that it should be 
brought to the attention of all persons 
interested in aquaria. 


80 Aquatic Lite 


Philadelphia Goldfish Fanciers 


The regular meeting of the Philadel- 
phia Goldfish Fanciers’ Society was held 
in Saull’s Hall, 802 West Girard avenue, 
Wednesday evening, January 17th. 

The regular competition for the meet- 
ing was among single-tailed goldfishes. 

Awarps: Scaled Single-tailed Tele- 
scopes; blue ribbon, Gustav Armbruster ; 
red ribbon, Joseph E. Tyler; yellow rib- 
bon, Charles Hinkle. Scaleless Single- 
tailed Telescopes; blue, Mrs. Elizabeth 
Ahlers; red, Francis X. Garcia; yellow, 
Charles Hinkle. Scaled Nymphs, blue 
ribbon, William J. Christy. Scaleless 
Nymphs, blue, Mrs. Elizabeth Ahlers; 
red, Charles Hinkle; yellow, William J. 
Christy. 

A special competition was held for 
the silver cup presented by Mr. Charles 
E. Visel for the best calico broadtail tele- 
scope—the winning fish was entered and 
bred by Joseph E. Bausman. 

The judges in both competitions were 
Messrs. Thomas Ayling, R. L. Harding 
and James Fleming. 

New members elected: Messrs. Sidney 
Skillman, Charles H. English, Charles 
C. Hampel, Robert F. Sheppard and Wil- 
litatany Jee nile sae) te 

The proposed amendment to the by- 
laws changing the method of judging 
fish from the point system to that of 
comparison was defeated. 

The next regular meeting will be held 
on Wednesday evening, February 21st. 
The competition will be for ribbon-tailed 
telescopes and Japs. Three ribbons will 
be awarded in each class.—Fred Rich- 
ardson, Secretary. 


The first public exhibition of the Bos- 


ton Aquarium Society was held in the 
Mechanics’ Building, January 9th to 13th 
inclusive, in conjunction with the Bos- 
ton Poultry and Pet Stock Show. The 
goldfish predominated in the thirty tanks 
of various sizes, and some very good 
fringetail and veiltail black and calico 
telescopes and other breeds were shown 
ny Bs Se Bilocleent, IDie, vA. 18, Conn, 


W. M. Copeland, F. G. Jones, William 
ibeacls, lel; 1, 185 Walosie amacl 18, vA, Pack 
ard. Tropical fishes were shown by 
Walter H. Chute on an electrically illu- 
minated table. 

The exhibition was crowded on all 
days, and the members kept busy explain- 
ing the principles of the self-sustaining 
aquarium and the points of interest of 
the various fishes. As a result of the 
exhibition the society enrolled fifteen 
new members, making a total of forty- 
four to date. 

Inasmuch as the show conflicted with 
the January meeting of the society, the 
meeting was held on the 19th, one week 
later than usual. The use of the main 
hall of the Museum of Natural History 
has been secured for future meetings, 
which will be held on the second Friday 
of each month—Walter H. Chute, Sec- 
retary. 


A dip-tub for the removal of humus or 
sediment from the bottom of the aqua- 
rium is an essential tool to the fish fan- 
cier. It may consist of a straight glass 


———S] 


COMPOUND DIP-TUBE 
Courtesy Aquarium Stock Co. 


tube or be a compound “mud-lever,” such 
as is illustrated. Both are used in the 
same manner. Held between the thumb 
and second finger, the index finger over 
the upper end, the lower opening is 
placed close to the bottom of the aqua- 
rium over the matter to be removed, then 
by removing the index finger the sedi- 
ment is carried into the reservoir by the 
upward rush of the water. The reser- 
voir is emptied by inverting the tube into 
a convenient receptable, and the proced- 
ure repeated until all the humus has been 
removed. 

The dip-tube, floating thermometer and 
handling net are absolutely essential ac- 
cessories for the care of the aquarium. 


If you don’t know the value of 


money, go and borrow some, 


oe oeBoe So otootooooootso ae 


| Books for Aquarists | 
Ld 


The Home Aquarium and How to Care 
for It. A guide to its fishes, other ani- 
mals and plants. By Eugene Smith. 213 
pages, 137 illustrations, cloth binding, 
$1.20. Add parcel postage on two pounds. 


Ue 


Goldfish and Its Culture. Practical instruc- 
tions for pond breeding, shipping, care of 
the aquarium, and the general subject. By 
Hugo Mullertt. 155 pages, 15 illustrations, 


re oocdoorotoeoosoaeco0cs octaves 


cloth binding. $2.00. Add parcel postage 
on two pounds. 
Ud 


Fish Culture in Ponds and Inland Waters. 
The most recent beok, covering the propa- 
gation of goldfish, food and game fishes, 
and aquarium management. By William F. 
Meehan, Director of the Fairmount Park 
Public Aquarium, Philadelphia, and former 
Pennsylvania State Fish Commissioner. 287 
pages, 22 illustrations, cloth binding. $1.00. 
Add parcel postage on one pound. 


Ue 


Japanese Goldfish. A guide to the Japan- 
ese methods of culture. By Dr. Hugh M. 
Smith, U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries. 
10 full-page colored plates, numerous text 
cuts, 112 pages, cloth binding. $2.00. Add 
parcel postage on two pounds. 


UE 


AS 


ee er a — 


Life of Inland Waters. Needham and 
Lloyd. A lig book containing 488 pages 
and 244 splendid illustrations. It presents 
a survey of the whole realm of freshwater 
aquatie life. The only American publica- 
tion on the subject, and one that will ma- 
terially assist the aquarist in solving the 
many problems encountered. $3.00. Add 
pareel postage on three pounds. 


na) 


FG 


The Freshwater Aquarium and Its Inhabi- 
tants. A practical work for the aquarist. 
By Eggling and Ehrenberg. Freely illus- 
trated, 852 pages, art cloth binding. $2.00. 
Add parcel postage on two pounds. 


Ue 


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GOLDFISH, FOODS, PLANTS, SNAILS, ETC. 


Combination Natural Fish Food - Sample Can 10c 
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oe East Ontario Street 


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My Natural Fish Food Sample can 15c 

CANADIAN BIRD STORE 
2139 W. Van Buren Street 


ONCE YOU TRY, YOU ALWAYS BUY 
Gnadt’s Perfect Fish Food, 10c box 


Pulverized or Whole Shrimp, 75c. Ib. 
BREEDER OF FANCY GOLD AND TROPICAL FISHES 
Manufacturer of all kinds of aquariums 
Fish nets made of finest netting, 15c. 
Great reduction by dozen or gross. 


BROADWAY BIRD STORE 
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1632 Broadway Greenhouse, 1630 Broadway 
BROOKLYN, N. Y. 


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eo ot Bo ooo ooo ooo vee oe 


Red Missouri Granite ,Chips. The 
aquarium ornament de luxe and artis- 
tic. 25c. per lb.. Add postage to your 
zone. 


Japanese Dojos. Scavengers for your 
aquarium. ‘The weather fish. Eats like 
a cow; looks like a walrus. Will not 
harm goldfish. Safe arrival guaranteed. 
Small, 50c. each; large, 75c. Add 10c. 
for shipping can. 


S. CHICHESTER LLOYD 
SUITE, 407 HOLLAND BUILDING, ST. LOUIS, MO. 


Hoctondoece Gono o Sonor on one ere 
THE AQUARIUM WORLD 


00 0 SB 0BoooeooesorA5jX 


_ Is a Section of “THe Pet Stock WorLbD”’ 


It’s Slogan “FOR MORE PUBLICITY TO 
THE AQUARIUM WORLD’S INHABITANTS” 


6 Months 25c Yearly 50c 
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To pee Wine Fich Dee 
USE REGENIA AQUARIUM SALTS 


To replace natural salts in waters 


as absorbed by fish and snails 
6 POWDERS IN BOX, 25 CENTS 


Regenia Chemical Co., Sta. K, Philadelphia 
Nevotntinne feendine 


or a binder that will hold twenty-four numbers of 

Aquatic Life. Description and price will be given in 

advance of publication if requested. 
AQUATIC LIFE 

542 E. Girard avenue, atlectelola 


STARVATION ys. POISON 


Keeping fish in an unhealthy aquarium 1s 
poisoning them, to give unnourishing foo 


FOOD CONTAINING THE 
NECESSARY INGREDIENTS TO 


is starving diam, Yon eeo you have two 
chances of killing your fish instead of one. 
If you manage your aquarium, I'll tend to 
the food—then you take no chances. 


Robert J. Schaeffer 
1818 Frankford Ave., Phila. 


US a OO) 
janufactured only 


ROBT. J. SCHAEFFER 
PRICE, 


Sample 10c 


“AQUARIA FISH” 


A practical work on care and breeding of 
fish in the Aquarium, Greenhouse and out- 
door Ponds. Finely illustrated. Every one 
interested in keeping fish should send for 
a copy of this hook. Price, $1. 
Four-Horned Snails (Ampullaria Gigas) de- 
posit a mass of large coral red eggs out of 
the water. the little snails drop into the 
water as thev hatch. These snails are in- 
valuable for destroying Hydra in the aqua- 
rium. 


Thoroughbred Collie 


marked. 
F. L. TAPPAN 


92 S. 7th Street, Minneapolis, Minn. 


Pups, beautifully 


WALTER BELL 
Breeder of Broad: tail Celescopes 
BLUES BLACKS CALICOS 
4324 WYALUSING AVENUE, PHILADELPHIA 
Prices Reasonable 


THE TERMINAL PET SHOP 
PETS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION AND KIND 
Manufacturing and Maintenance of Aquariums a Specialty 
All Kinds of Cat and Dog Foods and Medicines 


HUDSON TERMINAL BUILDING 
Concourse, New York 


TEN VARIETIES OF BEAUTIFUL 
AQUARIUM PLANTS 
for $1.00 Postage Postpaid 


J. HENRt Wacner, 1909 North Capitol | 


Washington, D. & 


VIOLET RAY FISH REMEDY 


Tail Rot, 
Box of six 


Relieves Constipation, Fungus, 
Congestion. Safe and effective. 
powders 25c. For sale at Pet Stock Stores, 


or address 


REGENIA CHEMICAL CO., Sta. K, Philadelphia | 


“Everything is Fish 
that comes to the 
Net of a Naturalist’’ 


Don’t paddle in the water wiih one 
hand and be blind with both eyes. In 
other words, “keep your eyes open” fo: 


all nature. 


OUR MAGAZINE 


The Guide to Nature 


WILE Jel ILIP SONG) 


It is edited by Epwarp F. BicrLow, who 
fishes in the heavens and earth, as well 
as the waters under the earth. 


Single copy, 10c. 
Four months’ trial, 25c 


One year, $1.00. 
THE AGASSIZ ASSOCIATION 
ArcAdiA 


Sound Beach Connecticut 


eBooBootootoo soto ooo 0tors ooo voodoo ooo ooo oo oe> 1K 


i) 


So Soe Sooo Poo 0 0 ooo 0 So0 0 Y 


I THANK YOU! v 
Gs eC Be wouldisay eto: tire y 
hearty response to my “Cut-Price 
Fish” ad. in a recent issue of “Aquatic 4 
Life.” 4 


A Few Choice Young Fish Left 

at prices ranging from 15c. apiece to 
50c.—while they last! Send me a list 
of what you have and see what I can 
do for you. 

NOW FOR SOMETHING STARTLING ! 
A REAL FISH FOOD 


NOT indigestible matter which poi- 
sons your fish and fouls your aquar- 
ium, causing gill fever, dropsy, consti- 
pation and endless troubles—but truly 
a “Food for all Aquarium Fish has 
just seen the light of day, as the out- 
come of twenty years’ practical re- 
search and experience. 


“BEST - YET’ FISH FOOD 


(Reg’d Trade Mark) made by Brind— 
from Imported Ingredients. No nasty 
meat of warm-blooded animals, noth- 
ing but nutrition. Sample box post- 
paid, 12c.. Try it! At the same time, 
send $2.60 for my Book on Care and 
Culture of Tropical Fish and Gold- 
fish. Everybody needs it! 

W. L. BRIND, F. Z. S., 449 W. 206th St., New York 

Telephone, St. Nicholas 8418. 


efoeoe ae Goe ooo ooo ntovono0 oi 


foo eo ooo oootooctovtono0toooo ooo oc oooe ono 


Broad-tail Teleacones 
Correspondence Solicited 
GEORGE WILT, 1519 N. 62d Street 
PHILADELPHIA 


THE BRUCE FISHERIES 


| Breeder, Importer, Wholesale & Retail Dealer in 


All Kinds of Goldfish 
Comets a Specialty 
ELGIN K. BRUCE, THORNBURG, 1A. 


FRANKLIN BARRETT 


EVERYTHING COMPLETE FOR THE 
AQUARIUM, POND AND LAKE 


Wyoming Avenue, & C Street, Phila., Pa. 
SEND FOR PRICE LISTS 


EN CHYTRAE 


The Secret of Successful Breeding of Tropical 


Fishes and the Ideal Live Fish Food. 
Portion, 50c (cash or money order) with Instructions how to breed them 
CHARLES E. JENNE 
109 22nd Street West New York, N. J. 


HALLER’S 


7 DOOCOCOOCOCOOCOOOOO SSO SGOS CSO G00 CoO 00 


Darts Mountain Bitd Store 


Wholesale and Retail Importer and Dealer in : 
8 Genuine Hartz Mountain & St.Andreasburg 
: CANARIES ; 
8 Gold Fish, Globes, Pigeons, Pet Dogs, Dog 8 
Medicine, Poultry Supplies 8 
Full Line of Best Imported German Bird Seeds Always on Hand 8 
1108 VINE STREET 
CINCINNATI, OHIO 


lo,o.e] 


HERMAN RABENAU, Aquarist 
PERMANENT DISPLAY OF 


Aquatic Life and Terraria 
must be seen to be appreciated 
Visitors Welcome 
Plants aud Tropical Fish a Specialty 


Importations of New Varieties received 
regularly 
1163 Myrtle Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Near Broadway. 


Avenue, 


Nippon Goldfish Co.| 


1749 Buchanan Street, San Francisco, Cal. 
Importers and : Dealers | 
JAPANESE GOLDFISH 


Direct FROM BREEDERS IN JAPAN 


AWARDED GOLD & SILVER MEDALS 
Panama-Pacific International Exposition 
\ San Francisco, 1915 


ALL KINDS OF AQUARIA AND SUPPLIES 


Price Lists Furnished to the Trade Only 


Bloom ooo 


foe cn ein Tre ee 


: HARRY P. PETERS 
1210 N. Warnock Street, Philadelphia, Pa 


BREEDER AND IMPORTER 
Rare and Fancy Fish 


Plants of every variety, Snails and 
Aquarium Supplies of all kinds at all 
times. ‘ 


MANUFACTURER OF 


Green River Fish Food 
10c a Box 


Green River Baby Fish Food 
lic a Box 


A GOOD FISH FOOD is one of the 
most essential things necessary to 
keep fish in good health. After the 
test of years Green River stands out 
as the best food on the market. It 
keeps the fish in good color by pro- 
moting a healthy, robust growth. It 
will not sour ot cloud the water. Ask 
your dealer or send for it today. 


COOC S000 MS 000 M000 CH S000 C000 C000 C000 CSC 000Co00 


OOO M000 C000 TSC 000 C000 CS00c: 


Mme 
4 Young Veil-tail Goldfish 4, 


Y $3.00 per Dozen and Up ¢ 
A Splendid Assortment of Breeders : 
$1.75 Each and Upwards 4 
SHIPPING CAN, 25¢ EXTRA % 
——. Y 

HARRY P. PETERS, 1210 N. Warnock St. ¢ 
Philadelphia H 

tS 


oro Bon s0B seo ooo ooo ov av av 


Otto Walter 


86 Suydam Street Brooklyn, N. Y. 


Near Evergreen Avenue L Station 
Breeder and Importer of 


TROPICAL AND GOLDFISHES 


Telescopes Calicos Japs 


Dealer in All Varieties of Aquatic Plants 
All Kinds of Fish Foods 
Fresh and Dried Daphnia 


AQUARIA, UTENSILS AND SUPPLIES 


Fan-tails 


ELYSEES LOE LIER DT LIN 


ey 


» 


Le Acc i 
ee 

[ Tae i 
Ty 


Jacob C. Cassel 


915 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pa 


Manufacturer of 


AQUARIUMS 


Aquarium Ornaments 
Floral Terra Cotta, Etc. 
Fish Globes Fish Food 


and all aquarium requisites. 
Send for Catalog. 


Goldfish 


LA 


° ° 1873 WASHINGTON 
quarium opecia ty Co. new york city 
MANUFACTURERS OF AQUARIA, FOUNTAINS, TERRARIA, VIVARIA 


BREEDERS OF DOMESTICATED FISHES 
IMPORTERS OF FOREIGN FISHES 
AQUATIC PLANTS, SNAILS AND SUPPLIES 


STOCK AQUARIA 


Galvanized Metal Frame, Enameled Steel Angle Frame, Heavy Plate 
and Gold-Striped, Bottom Slate or Glass, Slate Bottom, Flush or Pro- 


AVENUE 


Ribbed Glass. Plain. Gn legs jecting. 
omy Gm B=) fe 

No: x ome pia ee eae No. 8%. 24”x14"x14", 22 gal.. $8.00 
Deal eee ise ie ee Soe | ee Be aIGAIGE, 90) 5, 1.50 
es Bae toe Soe | eA! SOFIE, BA. B00 
6 rd) Xlo Xlo oon. WW, ibid) 3 6YA. 42”x20"x20" 80 “ 35.00 
“ oe AMEN wexal Au 4.75 5.50 | 6 1, 48"x99"x99"", 110 6 60.00 
20% additional for oxidizing. Lhe ane BA" x24" x24!" 145 95.00 
Solid Brass Frame, on Projecting «914. 60”x26’x267, 180 “* ...135,00 


Slate Bottom or on Legs. i 
All our aquaria are so constructed 


ON a2 ” oye 914 9. : 
Ne. ‘ ae eos ae ig 272 Be $ og that water cannot come into contact 
2. 14x 8 x10 5 3.25 : ie 
“ 9 46"x10"x19" “ 9 “ 45 with the metal. 
eA MRSS Oo e SOND) All sizes and shapes made to order. 


20% additional for nickel-plating or We charge only actual cost for nack- 


oxidizing. 


FISH FO 


ing and cases. 


ODS 
Per Tin box. Per lb. Per Tin box. Per lb. 
Naturale Hishe ood sane $ .10 $ .50 Ground Dried Flies and 
Universal Fish Food... .15 2.00 IMGECES Mest eee cea .20 3.00 
Ground Dried Shrimp.. .10 1.00 Ground Dried Daphnia.$ .20 $3.00 
Infusoria Creating Food .15 2.00 
Correspondence Solicited. JOSEPH TAUBLES, Manager. No Catalogues 


GOLDFISH 


We Will Book Orders and Ship as Quickly as Obtainable in Tin-containers 


Imported Japanese Fringetails 


Black Telescopes Broadtails 
Lionheads and Orandas - - 


Calico Scaleless Japs & Telescopes - 


SPAW 


$2.50 for 100 Eggs 
$5.00 for 100 Eggs 
$5.00 for 100 Eggs 
2 $10.00 for 100 Eggs 


We cannot fill orders for less than $2.50, unless called for at our establishment 


Large Stock of Fancy Breeders and 1916 Young for Immediate Delivery 


AQUARIUM SPECIALTY C0O., 1873 Washington Avenue, New York City 


mmc ss 8 Pt gs Ps PS pe 


r 


a SS Ps 0 aS Os 


The success of a self-sustaining aqua- 
‘rium (a better term than ‘‘balanced’’) 
depends upon the luxuriance of its 
plants. It is many years, more than fifty, 
since the discovery was made that plants 
under the influence of light give off oxy- 
gen. It is this process that makes the 
aquarium possible. Like the land ani- 
mals, fishes breathe. The impure blood, 
heavily laden with the waste products of 
the body, is pumped to the minute veins 
of the gills, there coming in contact with 
the oxygen in the water, the waste being 
oxydized and cast off as carbin dioxide. 
The plants then take hold of this com- 
pound, break it up, retain the carbon 
which they need for building new tissue, 
and pass the oxygen back into the water ; 
thus the oxygen practically acts as a car- 
rier of carbon from the fishes to the 
plants. Plants breathe, too, of course, 
but the amount of oxygen they consume 
is comparatively small in relation to the 


quantity given off in tissue-building. 


PLANTS DOMINATE THIS SPLENDID AQUARIUM 
Photograph by George H. Seip 


a SPS OS Pa SP 6 Oe SO 6 Oe 6 OS ns 8 a Fe at 


(The Aquarium and Its Care 


JOHN LEE BENNINGTON 


a SS 0 6 Oe Si 0 9 8 a SO 6 Pa a a a a we mom 


a 


From the foregoing it will be understood 
that an aquarium will be self-sustaining 
just as long as the supply of oxygen from 
the plants is sufficient to meet the needs 
of the animal inmates. The old term 
“balanced aquarium” was wrong, in that 
it inferred that a state of equilibrium ex- 
isted between the plants and fishes; if 
such was really the case the balance 
would be continually hovering between 
success and failure. This close correla- 
tion of the needs of the two forms of life 
cannot pertain. The plants must domui- 
nate in the tank, and must at all times 
be liberating more oxygen than the fishes 
will consume. If more than the water is 
able to retain, and the power varies with 
the temperature, it will be passed off into 
the atmosphere. Not so, however, the 
carbon dioxide. This is a heavier gas 
than oxygen, and more easily retained by 
the water. 

As has already been explained, the real 
the little water 


foundation on which 


82 Aquatic Lite 


world rests is the luxuriant growth of 
plants. Therefore, when considering a 
location for the aquarium, and by loca- 
tion is meant its permanent position with 
relation to the light, the demands of the 
plants must decide the question. Intense 
light will promote a strong growth of 
algze, which will form upon the plants 


A Practical Small Aquarium 
Photo by Wm. Mack 


and retard their growth with a resultant 
decrease in the supply of oxygen. If the 
tank contains alge-loving exotic fishes, 
they may keep the plants fairly clean, 
but the goldfish will not touch it. Aquar- 
ists usually show a preference for a north 
window, with an eastern exposure as the 
next best; south and west are least desir- 
able. If, however, the sunny windows 
are shaded by trees, and much of the 
direct rays cut off, or at least just allowed 
to filter through the leaves, then the south 
and west may become suitable. To re- 
capitulate, place the aquarium where it 
will have good light, but not intense light, 
and little, if any, direct sunlight. 

The most satisfactory tank is one hay- 
ing a metal frame, glass sides and a bot- 
tom of slate; the thickness of the glass 
and slate being in proportion to the size. 
If one intends to have but a single aqua- 
rium, a size holding fifteen to twenty gal- 
lons should be selected. Little need be 
said about the proportions, as the metal- 
frame tanks now made by the aquarists’ 
supply houses are nearly all satisfactory 
in this respect. 


When the tank has been placed in posi- 
tion, a few inches of water should be 
poured into it. ‘Then a paste made of 
equal parts of whiting and table salt, 
slightly moistened with water, should be 
rubbed over the glass with the fingers; 
this polishes and cleans the glass. All 
traces should be removed by repeated 
rinsing. 

Make certain that the table or stand 
selected for the aquarium is very strong 
—not shaky. The weight of even a small 
tank is considerable as a gallon of water 
weighs eight and one-third pounds. 

A difference of opinion exists as to 
whether sand, grit or pebbles, or a mix- 
ture of all, is preferable for the bottom. 
The writer prefers coarse, white sand. 
This as purchased is rather dirty, and 
often will contain traces of mud and 


other soluble matter deposited in the 
Careful 


bank from which it was dug. 


aN Wi NSN are 


The Common Goldfish 


washing in repeated changes of water is 
necessary if the water in the aquarium 
is to be crystal-clear. If the dry sand is 
sifted through a common tea 
strainer much undesirable matter will be 
removed; pebbles if wanted can be re- 
placed. Now put the sand, a quart at 
a time, in a skillet or pan, place under a 
faucet and stir until the water runs off 
perfectly clear. 
process it will be well to scald the sand 
as an extra precaution. Spread the clean 
sand in the aquarium, arranging it an 
inch deep at the room-side, and two to 
three inches deep at the ends and win- 


wire 


During this cleaning 


Aquatic Lite 83 


dow side. About six inches of water may 
now be added. ‘The temperature of this 
water should be the same as that in the 


Sagittaria natans 


Drawing by Frank L. Tappan 


receptable from which the fish will be 
taken; regulate the degree of heat by 
adding hot water to that in the pitcher 
or bucket, and not by pouring direct into 
the tank—the hot water would be apt to 
crack the glass. 


We now have reached the stage 
wherein lies success or failure—the 
plants. The fault most general with be- 


ginners equipping their first tank is that 
they are niggardly when it comes to in- 
vesting in plants. They will buy quite a 
nice tank, spend perhaps several dollars 
for fishes, but only a few cents for plants. 
In other words, they propose to build 
their water world on a very insecure 
foundation. ‘The plants, the very essen- 
tial to its success, they economize on; the 
greatest mistake it is possible to make in 
fitting an aquarium. It would be far 


better if they regarded the aquarium as 
first an aquatic garden, and then, second- 
ly, as a home for fishes. 

There are just a few species of sub- 
merged plants that may be regarded as 
“foundation” plants. The first in this 
class is Sagittaria (several species or 
varieties), with /allisneria a close sec- 
ond. The latter will thrive with consid- 
erably more sunlight than the former 
will find agreeable, but neither will thrive 
without sufficient light. Both are dom1- 
nant plants in the tanks of experienced 
aquarists and propagate readily by means 
of runners from the roots. These spe- 
cies cost from ten to twenty-five cent- 
per plant. ‘The cost, considering the size 
of the individual plant, seems high, but 
as they increase in number more or less 
rapidly throughout the year, and are the 
best oxygenators 1n consequence, they are 


Anacharis or Elodea 
Photo by Henry A. Dreer 


the cheapest plants in the long run. For 
the beginner’s tank I advise about a 
dozen plants of Jallisneria or small Sag- 
ittaria to each square foot of bottom 


84 Aquatic Life 


area; if giant Sagittaria is chosen, then 
half this number, but the tank will do 
well if the kinds are assorted. In addi- 
tion to these, to help while they are be- 
coming established, use several bunches 
of Anacharis. ‘The latter is an equally 
good oxygenator, and grows rapidly by a 
lengthening of the stem, but seldom 
branches—its only detrimental character- 
istic. It is necessary from time to time 
to cut off the tops of the stems and re- 
plant them, discarding the lower parts. 
I have had Anacharis reach a length of 
eight feet in a twenty-gallon tank, wind- 
ing and rewinding about. To plant these 
species it is only necessary to thrust the 
roots or ends in the sand. The Anacharis 
may be tied loosely in bunches and placed 
in the corners; the other species along 
the window side and at the ends, leaving 
the front free for the observation of the 
fishes. 

There are a number of other plants 
that may be selected, but they are “sea- 
sonable” and do not flourish at all times. 
Potomogeton, Cabomba, Myriophyllum 
and Ceratophyllum fall in this category. 
Other all-year plants, such as Lugwigia, 
Bacopa and some of the mosses are dif- 
ficult to grow at times, and are kinds to 
be considered after the tank has become 
well grown with the “foundation” plants. 


The tank may now be filled with water 
to within an inch or two from the top; 
bury anywhere in the sand a block of 
plaster of paris an inch square, which 
will furnish shell-building material for 
the snails, or use the well-known “Re- 
genia Salts,’ a preparation which re- 
places the solids absorbed from the water 
by the snails and fishes. Disentangle the 
plants with a slender stick of wood, 
arranging the stems and leaves in a free 
and natural way. 

Much has been written as to the num- 
ber of fishes that may be maintained in 


a given quantity of water. Some writers 


have asserted that every inch of fish body 
requires a certain quantity of water. 
Such a statement may be either right or 
wrong—usually wrong. ‘The number of 
fishes that may be kept in a given bulk 
of water hinges upon the foundation— 
the plants. With a dense growth of 
flourishing plants more may be main- 
tained than if the plants are sparse and 
poor. 


The greatest mistake of the beginner 


Jap Broad-tail Goldfish Nine Months Old When 
Photographed by H. W. Schmid 
Bred by George E. Wilt 


is overstocking, and this is simply a way 
of expressing under-planting in a manner 
The tyro is 1m- 
patient to see his aquarium teeming with 
fish life. The proper way is to begin 
with a few specimens, adding others 
from time to time until a safe maximum 
has been reached. 


more easily understood. 


This is a pleasurable 
way, and gives one time to become 
acquainted with each individual fish. The 
maximum capacity will be best deter- 
mined by studying the actions of the 
fishes. When all is well they will be 
swimming in all parts of the tank, and 
doing almost anything but remaining per- 
sistently at the top, taking the surface 
water. We are, of course, considering 
over-crowding symptoms, and not actions 


Aquatic Lite 85 


that may indicate disease. Regardless of 
the size of the aquarium, begin with just 
a few fishes; if it holds twenty gallons, 
get half a dozen with bodies two inches 
long, a dozen or even two dozen if half 
this length. Thereafter, the plants having 
increased in size and number, others may 
be added, but at all times bear in mind 
that the fewer the fishes at all times the 
more rapid will be their growth individ- 
ually, and inversely, the more the fishes 
the slower they will grow, if indeed they 
grow at all. 

I keep snails, lots of them, in my tanks, 
not because I believe them to be impor- 
tant scavengers, as is usually claimed, but 
because I find them an interesting study. 
In a twenty-gallon tank one may have a 
dozen red snails (Planorbis corneus 
rubra), a dozen African snails (Lym- 
naea auricularia), half a dozen Japanese 
snails (Viviparus malleatus) and a few 
of the small, native wild species. As to 
tadpoles, I absolutely will not have them 
as scavengers. The little good they work 
is more than counterbalanced by their 
delight in squirming about the bottom 
and stirring up the sediment that is sure 
to accumulate. 

If it has not already been understood, 
this article concerns the aquarium con- 
taining goldfish ; for tropical fishes modi- 
fication would be necessary in several 
places. 

The mainstay of our pets is the so- 
called prepared food; many brands, and 
good ones, too, are offered by “Aquatic 
Life” advertisers. It is my plan, in com- 
mon with others, to scure a number of 
kinds and mix together. Again, I may 
keep them separate and fed in rota- 
tion. Either way is good. Now, 
even fishes like variety, and find it in 
nature, so it 1s necessary at intervals to 
depart from the staple. The most pleas- 
ing tidbit will be daphne—you need never 
worry about other foods if you have it, 


and you may gather it yourself or buy 
it from the nearest fancier. Occasion- 
ally feed each fish a particle of earth- 
worm; impale on a broom straw and 
feed individually, that each may get its 
share. Do likewise with maggots, tiny 
scraps of lean, raw beef, bits of oyster in 
winter and clam or mussel in summer, 
using the soft parts. ‘To summarize, use 
good prepared foods as the staple, then 
every other day treat the fishes with one 
of the delicacies mentioned. Regarding 


The Black- banded Sunfish 
May Be Kept With Goldfish 


quantity, feed as much, and only as 
much, as will be consumed immediately 
or within a period of ten minutes. ‘This 
applies to all foods except daphne, which, 
being alive and active, may not all be con- 
sumed for hours. 

The most important suggestion that 
can be made in connection with the man- 
agement of the aquarium is to let it 
alone; don’t “monkey” and “fuss” with 
it wnnecessarily. With the exception of 
feeding it can run along for considerable 
intervals without assistance. Occasion- 
ally it will be necessary to remove the 
sediment from the bottom with a dip- 
tube, and to remove with a clean piece 
of muslin the alge that will form upon 
the glass. You may remove a decayed 
plant or leaf, or replace one that has been 
uprooted, and, as happened to the most 
experienced aquarist, you will segregate 
a fish that shows signs of illness; and 


86 ; Aquatic Lite 


such should be taken out pronto, lest the 
infection be contagious. Once a month, 
with a rubber hose, syphon out a bucket 
of water and replace with new water of 
the same temperature. Through the 
winter endeavor to keep the tank at a 
temperature between 55 and 60 degrees 
Fahrenheit ; in summer take what comes, 
though you must avoid, as before recom- 
mended, the direct sunlight that will dur- 
ing the day raise the temperature to a 


point causing discomfort if the tank be 
small. 

Few exceptions will be found to my 
remarks, and, in general, let the aqua- 
rium “mind its own business,” and only 
offer assistance when it seems to need 
help to preserve peace and health; even 
neglect cleaning and all else but feeding, 
unless the tank is becoming unsightly and 
needs “brushing up.” 


fe ee 
The fish is a complex organism and is 


subject to a wide array of diseases, para- 
sitic and non-parasitic, internal and ex- 


ternal. Some are curable and others not. 
A few have obvious symptoms that are 
readily recognized, while internal afflic- 
tions cannot be diagnosed except by a 
post-mortem examination by an experi- 
enced anatomist and bacteriologist. 
Most investigations of fish diseases 
have concerned the food and game spe- 
cies, their economic value justifying the 
great expenditure of time and money. 
Much has been accomplished, but much 


S 
534 


TIATED: 


OQ 


(Y27 
BOLO RTO 


18 


(as) 
re 

0, 
Bs 


still remains to be done. ‘The efforts of 
the laboratory of the Regenia Chemical 
Company, however, have been exerted in 
the interest of the aquarium fish, with the 
result that “Violet Ray” is now the stand- 
ard remedy of the aquarist, having super- 
ceded the salt bath and other simple nos- 


trums. 
EAR dt. 


As a pure breed the Fantail goldfish 
has long been extinct, having been merged 
by cross-breeding into the fringetail form. 

fantail is the popular lay term for dou- 
ble-tailed fish generally, and as such is 
used in dealers’ price lists. 


The goldfish is oyiparous; that is, the 
eggs are expelled by the female before 
fertilization, which takes place immedi- 
ately after delivery. Unlike some other 
fishes, all the eggs do not develop to- 
gether, but in lots so to speak. A female 
may spawn several times during a season, 
the frequency of the operation varying 
with her fertility and vigor. The pre- 
ferred breeding season, which means that 
the ensuing months will be most favor- 
able in weather conditions and natural 
food supply, extends from March to 
July. Earlier and later spawns will meet 
conditions unfavorable to rearing. 

The first indication of the approach 
of a spawning operation will be the action 
of the male in driving a gravid female. 
Then it will be noted that she is swollen 
with eggs, and that he exhibits the char- 
acteristic tubercles or tiny spots on his 
pectoral fins and gill-covers. Fancy gold- 
fish are not usually bred in pairs. If the 
fish are alike in size two males, or three 
if the males are smaller, are used with 
one female. This insures against.unfertile 
eggs should one of the males become 
exhausted before the female stops 
spawning. ‘The selected trio should be 
placed in a small tub or a large enamel 
dishpan, with three or four loose bunches 
of Myriophyllum or an equal number of 
water hyacinths with long, bushy roots. 
Spawning may then be expected, and 
usually occurs during the early morning 
hours. ‘The males drive the female per- 
sistently through the plants, and with a 
sinuous side-to-side movement they assist 
in the expulsion of the eggs and fertilize 
them. The eggs resemble tiny golden 


Breeding and Rearing Goldfish i 


JOSEPH E. VAN STAVERN 
Photograph by H. W. Schmid 


oe 


spheres, about the side of the head of an 
ordinary pin. ‘The fish should be re- 
moved when they cease to drive. 

The eggs will hatch in a period vary- 
ing from three to eight days, according 
to the temperature of the water, which 


Calico Telescope Goldfish 
A female about to spawn 
Owned by George Wilt 


should be not less than 60 degrees. When 
the fry appear they seem to be all head 
and eyes, carrying a large ball on the 
under side. ‘This protuberance, seem- 
ingly so disproportionate to the size of 
the tiny creature, is the yolk-sac from 
which the young fish absorbs its first 
nourishment. ‘This disappears in a few 
days, and the youngster seeks the animal- 
cules or infusorians now necessary. At 
this stage of its career growth is rapid 


88 Aquatic Lite 


and it is soon able to eat the tiniest 
daphne, and from this time on it should 
never be without this succulent morsel. 
However, before the daphne is used some 
breeders feed the yolk of a thirty-minute 
boiled egg, mixing it with a little water 
and straining it through fine lawn or 
cheese-cloth. It must be used cautiously 
lest the water be polluted. As the fish 
grow they may be occasionally fed a little 
boiled oatmeal, to which a little shrimp 
or shredded codfish has been added ; mos- 
quita larva if available will be equally 
as good as daphne. 

The growth of the fish will not be de- 
upon the foods, but 


pendent solely 


Myriophyllum 


equally upon the water space. The more 
room they are given the quicker and 
more vigorously they will grow. To this 
end they should be sorted frequently, 
according to size and individual perfec-- 
tion, and the least desirable ones dis- 
carded. ‘Those who breed in great num- 
bers use oblong tanks of wood, but the 
beginner will do well to get a battery of 
ordinary wooden wash tubs of the larg- 
est size, that hold about twenty gal- 
lons. These may be placed in a row 
and supplied with water from a pipe 
having a pet cock for each tub. A length 
of small rubber tubing should lead from 
each cock to a tub, and a mere trickle of 
water allow to run at all times. If it 1s 
not possible to run the water constantly, 
then at least some new water should be 
added to each tub daily. 

When the youngsters have reached a 
length of an inch not more than twenty 
should be in a tub; half this number 


when two inches long—body length. Any 
attempt to crowd will surely reduce the 


rate of growth. 
i 


Dr. Tarleton H. Bean died at his home 
inp elbanya Ne Yer on Decembeny2 opin, 
after an illness of six weeks, following 
an automobile accident. Dr. Bean be- 
came connected with the United States 
Fish Commission on January Ist, 1875, 
and served for many years as scientific 
assistant and ichthyologist. In 1892 he 
became chief of the division of fish cul- 
ture, which position he held until 1895, 
when he resigned to become director of 
the New York Aquarium. Since 1906 
he has been fish culturist of the State of 
New York. 


ie Eee 

Mr. A. Volmer, of the Chicago Aqua- 
rium Society, reports having eggs of the 
four-horned snail, Ampullaria gigas, 
hatch in eleven days. ‘This is somewhat 
shorter than the minimum period of in- 
cubation usually mentioned. 


ae 


The comment of Mr. N. M. Grier, in 
his “Aquarium Notes,” January number, 
that Anacharis has been known to cause 
the death of snails, is most unusual, and 
surely is based on faulty observation. 1 
raise large numbers of snails in cement 
tanks and aquaria that are filled with this 
plant, and with little or no loss—Oscar 


Leitholf. 


= > — 


When a friend deals with a friend, let 
the bargain be clear, that they may 
continue friends to the end. 


— 


The heart of a fish lies just under the 
throat and is composed of but two cavi- 
ties, whereas that of the higher animals 


has four. 
ae 


Nature ever yields reward to him who 
seeks, and loves her best.—Cornwall. 


as eet 


: 
: 
! 
| 
; 
| 
; 
! 


Pseudocorynopoma doriae 


| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 


as a 


Among our many aquarium fishes 
none is sO appropriately named as the 
Kitefish, Pseudocorynopoma  doriae. 
This member of the Characin family is a 
native of the Amazon, La Plata and 
tributary waters of South America. It 
first became known to aquarists about 
ten years ago. 

The general coloration of the species, 
when viewed in bright, direct light, is 
iridescent bluish green; upper portion of 
body, olive to brownish on the back; 
abdominal region rich silver; silvery blue 
or violet line runs from behind head 
backward to a dark spot at the tail; dor- 


sal and anal with dark spots; outer area 


I a 6 a a a 1 1 a 


C6 CS OO OS OS OOS 9S SS PI OS FR FS PES SS PSs OOS 


Tine NIEEPIOn 


G2]; FEEDE 


a SOS 8 68 6 Oe 8 OE as OS, 1 Se ws ee es es me me nes fy rs Ps Ps 


The Kitefish 


oc 90g 7 6 8 9 Se SS SP 9 SP POS PE SSS OOS OO as OE Ss (fe, 


of tail fin is cream color; adipose fin 
pinkish. ‘The female lacks the fin devel- 
opment of the male. The male is lively, 
graceful in movement, and will dance the 
“tango” and “fox trot’ to win the favor 
of his spouse. 

The breeding habits are much like 
those of Danio and Tetragonopteris. 
The eggs, to the number of 800, are ex- 
pelled in one day. They are non-adhesive 
and lodge among the plants or fall to the 
bottom. The period of incubation ranges 
from twelve to forty-eight hours. Fora 
few days after hatching the fry are at- 
tached to plants by a slimy thread con- 
nected to the back of the head. When 


90 Aquatic Lite 


three to four months old the youngsters 
are able to breed, the males being distin- 
guished by the fins, though they are not 
fully developed until after the individual 
has bred. The maximum size is two and 
one-half to three inches. 

After the extrusion of the eggs the 
adults should be removed to another 
tank, as otherwise they will devour the 
spawn. It is well to protect the eggs, 
using the methods followed when breed- 
ing Danio. The young require abundant 
Infusoria, and later Daphne and _ the 
other live foods. 

The Kitefish demands clear, 
water, which should be frequently re- 
newed, and a good-sized aquarium. It 
should not be closely planted, or at least 
a portion left free of vegetation. The 
tank should be maintained at a tempera- 
ture of 65°to 75 degrees . Falhrenheit— 
above or below is detrimental to their 
welfare. The temperature of the aver- 
age living room is about right. During 
ihe summer months it can be kept in out- 
door ponds in localities where the proper 
temperature pertains. 


clean 


a 


Infusoria Culture 


The first food taken after the absorp- 
tion of the yolk-sac by fry of egg-laying 
fishes is termed, by the fish breeder, infu- 
soria, his collective name for the proto- 
zoans, which are the most primitive 
forms of animal life and the smallest, all 
being microscopic, and even the largest 
scarcely discernable by the unaided eye. 
Members of the group may be found in 
any puddle of water, even in a transient 
pool in the city gutter. How they have 
appeared in such pools explains why it 
is possible to produce them at will for 
fish food. 

When a pond becomes dry the animal- 
cules form resting bodies or spores, in 
which condition they may be wafted 


year. 


about by the wind, and finally find a suit- 
able environment for development in an- 
other body of water. ‘This character- 
istic, called anabiosis, or state of lifeless- 
ness, has been known for two hundred 
years, and still awaits a satisfactory ex- 
planation. The fish breeder takes ad- 
vantage of the phenomenon when he 
gathers submerged aquatic plants, dries 
them in the sun, and stores them away to 
produce the animalcules at will by merely 
placing the powdered plant remains in 
water. The resting bodies become active 
and reproduce, meanwhile feeding upon 
the vegetable matter. In view of the 
slight cost of the prepared material, 
which may be had from The Aquarium 
Specialty Company, it scarcely pays the 
average fancier to collect the plants and 


make it himself. 
Sede 


Just a Thought 


A gentleman fish fancier is a man who 
is clean both inside and outside, who 
neither looks up to the rich nor down to 
the poor; who can lose without squealing 
and win. without bragging; who is con- 
siderate of fellow fanciers; who is too 
brave to he, too generous to cheat, and 
who takes his share of the cups and rib- 
bons awarded at the show, and lets other 
people have theirs.—A qua-pet. 

se BC eatlt 

From the Land of the Dells, the state 
made famous by its many products— 
malted milk and the malt without the 
milk—comes the gladsome tidings of the 
launching of the Platteville Aquarium 
Society, of Platteville, in Wisconsin. 
Alfred B. Krog is president ; F. R. Web- 
ber, secretary ; Frank K. Burg, treasurer. 
The society will meet in Platte-poecilia 
Villa, and much will accrue to the advan- 
tage of those who attend. 

Bertie 

Please send Aquatic Lire for another 

It is fine.—C. C. Gross. 


a mc 0 8 Ss PSs Os OF 


| Minute Inhabitants of Aquaria 
| PERRY BRUCE CLARK, San Francisco Aquarium Society 
& 


6 as ah 8 a a a at 


The rotifers, or wheel animalcules, are 
very interesting animals, very transpar- 
ent, and their structure is easily seen 
with a microscope. They are small, 
measuring one-thirtieth of an inch, but 
are highly organized. Circular discs at 
the anterior or mouth end, from which 
project a row of cilia which are in con- 
stant motion, greatly resemble revolving 
wheels. These cilia or hairs sweep the 
food into the mouth, and also serve as 
propellers for swimming. It may also 
move after the manner of the so-called 
measuring worm by loping, that is, at- 
taching the head and then moving the tail 
up to it. The rotifers multiply by means 
of eggs. It has been stated that these 
eggs are very resistant, and may under 
favorable conditions develop after hav- 
ing been in the dry state for a number 
of years. At times rotifers may be col- 
lected in quantity and form a valuable 
food fer fish just out of the egg. 

Nearly all the live foods used for 
young fishes belong to the class Crust, 
acea, which contains some very small ani- 
mals, as well as some large ones. As the 
name implies, they are shell-bearing ani- 
mals. ‘The bady is segmented, though in 
some of the smaller species it 1s very in- 
distinct. in this class belong the lobster, 
crab, shrimp, crayfish, and smaller form 
such as Gamarus, Daphma, Cyclops and 
Cyrpris. Of these the best for fish food 
is Daphnia, the body of which 1s flat- 
tened, indistinctly segmented, and en- 
closed in a bivalve carapace or shell. The 
prominent antenne give it a bizarre ap- 
pearance as it jerks its way through the 
water; they look like abnormally long 
arms waved above its head. It multi- 


| 
| 


6 Ps Ps Ps 8 


Se 


plies rapidly in a very curious manner. 
During the summer the female produces 
eggs, which, without fertilization by the 
male, mature in the brood pouch into 


perfect animals in about four days. A 


aN! 
Vr x 
NI A 
WY WY 
ANTENNAE, J 
INFERIOR N A 


ANTENNAE, 
SUPERIOR 


wn 

his 

sf 
a 


) 


J 10 
VEEL Wey 25 
. \\ 
N 


ARROWS SHOW DIRECTION OF 
FOOD CURRENTS 

Daphnia pulex (greatly enlarged) 

Original Drawing by Frank J. Myers 


few days after leaving the mother they, 
too, reproduce in like manner. In the 
fall of the year the much smaller males 
appear, and then sexual reproduction 
takes place. ‘The female now lays winter 
eggs, having a thick covering, which pro- 
tects them through the cold months until 
they hatch. Daphnia live upon decaying 


92 Aquatic Lite 


vegetable matter and small infusorians. 
It has been stated that very young fish 
will follow a female to catch the young 
as they are liberated. 

Another food crustacean is Cypris, 
though it is not as desirable as Daphmia. 
It has a hard bivalve shell and in conse- 
quence is sometimes called the hard-shell 
water flea. Its movements are slow, and 
even either in swimming or crawling over 
the bottom. ‘The young are developed 


CYPRIS 


ROTIFER —> 


Drawings by Author 


ina brood pouch, but, unlike the Daphnia 
are not fully mature when expelled. It 
multiplies even more rapidly — than 
Daphnia. 

Every aquarist knows Cyclops. It will 
appear in most any aquarium that has 
been standing for a time without fishes. 
It has a long, tapering body, ending in 
two thin, sharp appendages; a single eye 
in the centre of the head ; two long anten- 
nz used for propulsion. ‘The female 
bears two egg-sacs, each containing about 
twelve eggs. The young mature in 
about fifteen days, and themselves bear 
eggs. The female will develop egg-sacs 
every few days. 


The fairy shrimp, Gamarus, rarely ex- 
ceeds half an inch in length. In struc- 
ture it resembles the ordinary shrimp, 
being a more highly organized crustacean 
than the others discussed. It has two 
ways of moving through the water, swim- 
ming and hopping, although it usually 
swims. The large ones are very destruc- 
tive to young fishes, but the young 
shrimps serve as good fish food. 

It is regretted that space does not per- 
mit a discussion of more of these inter- 
esting little animals. There are so many 
that it would take a large book to describe 
and illustrate them. It is to be hoped 
that these articles will arouse interest in 
the many minute forms of aquatic life 
that heretofore the aquarist has only re- 
garded as food for fishes, neglecting to 
study them from other than an economic 


standpoint. 
aa 


The Essex County Aquarium Society, 
Newark, has elected the following officers 
for the year: President, Max G. Ham- 
merschlag ; vice president, G. W. Ludolf ; 
treasurer, Dr. William Bachmann; secre- 
tary, William Feldman, 214 Runyon 
street, Newark, N. J. 

The society celebrated its first anni- 
versary on February 3d with a smoker- 
entertainment. new members 
were initiated. The meetings are held 
on the first and third Friday of each 
month, at the Newark Turn Verein Hall, 
186 William street, Newark, N. J. 


Twenty 


oe 


At the January meeting of the Boston 
Aquarium Society, Chief Deputy Game 
Warden Orrin C. Boume delivered a lec- 
ture on the work of the Fish Commission 
of Massachusetts. The talk was illus- 
trated by lantern slides of the various 
fishes of the State, and scenes showing 
methods of culture and distribution.— 
Walter H. Chute, Secretary. 


Aquatic Lite 93 


Sex Identification of Goldfish 
F. BAMFORD HANNA 


Quite the first question to be asked by 
one desiring to breed the goldfish is how 
the sexes may be distinguished. It has 
been shown that a slight difference in 
contour exists in the region about the 
anus, but it is exceedingly hard to dis- 
cern, and not a few experienced fanciers 
will refuse to guarantee the sex of a fish 
based on this feature alone. This varia- 
tion between the two sexes is clearly 
shown in the accompanying illustration, 
but is not nearly so plain on the fish as 
on paper: 

When in condition to breed the distin- 


The 


guishing points are very evident. 
male develops tubercles or “salt spots” 
on the gill plates and along the first ray 
of the pectoral fins. These marks may 
be absent from the fins, and but few in 
number on the gill plates. The tubercles 
are usually considered an infallible dis- 
tinction, but are not absolutely so. Once 
in a lifetime a fancier may find a female 
with tubercles! George W. Price and 
William L,. Paullin have reported in- 
stances. 

The female, except about the anal, ex- 
hibits no sexual distinction until the de- 
velopment of the roes cause a distention 
of the body, which is more evident from 
a top view than from the side. Other 
than this, it possesses no characters to 
distinguish it from the male. If both 
sexes are in the same tank, precocious 
males may “drive” barren females, and 


in that manner aid in identification, but 
a doubt may be cast on the certainty of 
it by the fact that males will sometimes 
drive other males. 


——— 


Pond Culture of Daphne 
OTTO GNIEDING 


Inasmuch as I rear from ten to fifteen 
thousand fancy goldfish in ponds having 
an aggregate area of about ten thousand 
feet, it can be realized that in past years 
it has been quite a task to provide my 
fish with the necessary Daphne in abund- 
ance. This has meant frequent and dis- 
tant excursions, not to mention the great 
amount of time consumed. Last year I 
determined to have my own Daphne 
pond, and to this end, having ample 
ground at my disposal, I set aside a space 
measuring thirty by forty-five feet, and 
excavated to a depth of two and one- 
naliieneets 

About the middle of February I 
bought a quart of soy beans, giving them 
to a farmer to plant in his hot-beds. By 
April 15th, the plants having grown rap- 
idly, were fifteen inches high. I pulled 
up about a fourth of them as being suf- 
ficient for my purpose, and took them 
home. Meanwhile I had been to see a 
Japanese merchant who imports bric-a- 
brac, which comes from Japan packed 
in rice-bran—the very material I was 
searching for. I secured several bags of 
it without cost. I was now ready for the 
real work. 

My pond was perfectly dry at this 
time. In the centre, covering an area 
three by six feet, I laid horse manure to 
a depth of about three inches; over this 
I distributed my soy-bean plants; then 
a quantity of lean meat secured at little 
cost, being only fit for dogs; next the 
rice-bran six inches deep; finally all was 
covered with fresh horse manure. On 


94 Aquatic Lite 


Aquatic Life 
A monthly magazine devoted to the study, 
care and breeding of native, tropical, gold 


and fancy fishes, other animals and plants 
in the household aquarium. 


Wi AG OMNIS IRE igins oc arts nal va Editor 


JOSEPH E. BAUSMAN ....... Publisher 


542 E. Girard Avenue, Philadelphia. 


Entered as second-class matter, September 
21915, at the Post Office, Philadelphia, Pa, 
under Act of March 3, 1879. 


Yearly Subscription .............-.--- $1.00 
Foreign Subscriptions ..............-- 1.35 
Simalle (COmsy cocedsesasavvc0eGadce 10 cents 


Payments may be made by express money 
order, draft, post office order or registered 
letter. Foreign remittances should be by 
international money order. 


Advertising rates made known on application. 


“Aquatic Life’ is the only magazine in 
America devoted exclusively to aquatic life, 
and its value as an advertising medium in 
this field of nature study is unequaled. 


Copyright 1917 by Joseph E. Bausman 


“March, 1917 No.7 


the mound thus formed I spread a piece 
of poultry wire netting, pinning it down 
with large stones. It was my intention 
to leave it thus for about two weeks, but 
on the eighth day it rained, and the pond 
filled to a depth of eighteen inches. 

The first sign of life appeared twelve 
to fifteen days later, and within four 
weeks I had, to my great satisfaction, an 
abundance of the much-to-be-desired 
Daphne. I had plenty of them during the 
entire season, not only for my large stock 
of growing fish, but also for my many 
customers. 

sows Laue 

The regular meeting of the Philadel- 
phia Goldfish Fanciers’ Society was held 
in Saull’s Hall, 802 Girard avenue, on 
February 21st. 

Ribbon-tail Japs and telescopes were 
shown in competition. The following 
decisions were given by the judges, 


Messrs. Elmer C. Hazlett, Charles Hin- 
kle and James Fleming: 

Scaleless Japs—Blue and red ribbons, 
Gustav Armbruster; yellow, Francis X. 
Garcia. 

Scaled Japs—Blue, William Hartman ; 
red, Albert P. Miller; yellow, Joseph E. 
Tyler. 

Scaleless Telescopes—Blue, Wallam 
Raroha; red, Dr. F. C. Leffman; yellow, 
Joseph E. Tyler. 

Scaled Telescopes—Blue, Howard E. 
Demuth; red, Gustay Armbruster. 

New members elected—John Kersh- 
ner, William Himmershitz and F. Cas- 
sechy, Ji. 

The next meeting will be held March 
21st. Competition for telescopes bred in 
1916. The “Board of Directors cup” and 
six ribbons to be awarded. 

Fred Richardson, Secretary. 


———_ = 


A few of us here are much interested 
in the aquarium, and think we have some 
fine stock—mostly purchased from fan- 
eiers who advertise in “Aquatic Life.” 
Every one admires my office aquarium 
and comments upon the fishes, which 


most people here had never seen before. 
—Russell T. Neville. 


= — 


I have had a very successful season 
breeding goldfish, paradise fish, and six 
species of exotic fishes, having started to 
collect my fishes and build the equip- 
ment a year ago. Helps and hints taken 
from Aguatic Lire from month to 
month in the greatest measure were re- 
sponsible for my success.—Carl Braun, 
ite 

abs ele 

The Union of South Africa, China and 
Australia have recently been added to the 
constantly growing list of foreign coun- 
tries in which Aguatic LiFe finds read- 
ers. 


Aquatic Lite 95 


Nets and Sieves 


Spawning Net.—Designed for the 
goldfish breeder having limited tank 
space. The cheese-cloth bag, weighted 
with lead “‘sinkers’”’ in the lower corners, 
is tied to a frame of wood, which rests 
on the edges of the aquarium or tank. 
When spawning seems imminent the 
males and female goldfish, together with 


the loop may be eight inches in diameter, 
with a bag twelve to fifteen inches deep. 
For removing daphne from the home 
storage tank a net with a four-inch loop 
and a twelve-inch handle will be found 


convenient. 

Food and Daphne Sieves.—lt is almost 
impossible at times to gather daphne 
without catching obnoxious insects or 
their larve. 


Several frames six to eight 


Food and Daphne Sieve 


Spawning Net 


a quantity of plants, are placed in the net. 
When the operation is completed the fish 
are returned to the aquarium and the 
plants placed in a pan and not removed 
until the eggs have hatched. ‘The net 


Daphne Net 


measures twelve by twelve by eighteen 
inches. 

Daphne Net—A_ heavy spring-brass 
wire loop inserted into the end of a six- 
foot bamboo rod, protect the end oi the 
rod with a brass ferrule to prevert spiit- 
Make the bag from a square yard 
of cheesecloth or fine lawn, cut along the 
lines of the pattern shown. For general 
collecting in open water free from debris 


ting. 


inches square should be made from wood 
one inch thick by three inches wide, and 
brass wire cloth closed tacked to the bot- 
tom. Cloth of coarse mesh, twelve to 
an inch, will pass nearly all daphne and 


Aquarium Nets 


retain the insects; twenty-mesh will pass 
small daphne desirable for very tiny fish 
and retain the larger, which may be fed 
to the adults. A still closer mesh will at 
times be useful. These sieves may be 
used to grade dry ground fish food into 
sizes suitable for fish of differing ages. 
Aquarium Nets——A\l with loop of 


96 Aquatic Lite 


spring-brass wire and wooden handles of 
convenient length—twelve to fifteen 
inches. Goldfish should be handled im 
the broad, shallow type A; tropical and 
natives species in B; form C is similar, 
but has a triangular loop. The deep fun- 
nel D should be avoided. Fine bobbin- 
ette is the best material for the bag. 


Egs Congestion 
J. LOUIS TROEMNER 


Last autumn I lost a very good Calico 
Telescope goldfish, death having been 
caused by egg congestion; she was egg- 
‘bound, in common parlance. ‘The fish 
was hatched in May, 1915. Before she 
was a year old she began to “fill out” 
with eggs, and in June, 1916, her roes 
were so heavy that she began to pitch 
slightly to one side, as is so often the 
case. Although I tried all the tricks 
usually resorted to in such cases, I could 
not induce the fish to spawn. I was 
afraid to attempt stripping her, for, 
although I have seen it done, I have 
never undertaken it myself, and I rather 
feared that the fish might be injured. I 
consulted one of our local aquarists, 
thinking there might be some method of 
relief that I had overlooked, but he as- 
sured me that little could be done to 
relieve the condition, and that it would 
be safer to let nature take its course and 
me my chances. ‘That was about July. 
The fish lived throughout the summer, 
but did not spawn, and in November | 
found her dead, almost in a normal posi- 
tion, but still slightly pitched to one side. 

I opened the fish and carefully re- 
moved the roe. The body, without the 
roe, weighed 13 grams and 650 milli- 
grams; the roe alone weighed 10 grams 
and 850 milligrams. Note the compari- 
son. ‘The eggs were almost half of the 
total weight of the fish, and this develop- 
ment was at its height in July, the fish 


then being just a few months over one 
year old. 


Se ee 


The favorite “Guppy,” Lebistes reticu- 
latus, was exhibited in competition at a 
recent meeting of the Chicago Aquarium 
Society. ‘The championship and blue rib- 
bon was won by Fred G. Orsinger; red . 


Lebistes reticulatus 
The Rainbow Fish or Guppy 


ribbon, Wilham Hitchcock; white rib- 
bon, Fred Buchholz, Jr. Judges, Floyd 
S. Young and St. Elmo Linton. 


a 


While goldfish and some others can 
adapt themselves to water 100 degrees F. 
on one hand and to 33 degrees F. on the 
other, only asking that the change be 
gradual, it should not be overlooked that 
the high temperature is apt to caus¢ 
grave complications resulting from putre- 
factive conditions within the intestines of 
the fishes and in the water. Cold water 
has a greater power to retain oxygen. 


= oo 


The woman who constantly carries 
around a magazine is not always a great 
reader. Sometimes the magazine—un- 
less it happens to be Aguatic Lirr— 
contains her embroidery silk. 


e 
0° e 00000000 00000000 000000000 000000 0 0000000080000 008 0080800000000008 000000000000 00000000000008000000 0° % 
ace Seo ) 


THE AQUARIUM AND 
TERRARIUM LIBRARY 


The progressive aquarist and nature lover should have in the home library 


all books pertinent to his interests. 


We suggest the following and will be 


glad to quote price on any book in print 


The Home Aquarium and How to Care for 
It. A guide to its fishes, other animals and 
plants. By Eugene Smith. 213 pages, 137 
illustrations, cloth binding, $1.20. Add 
parcel postage on two pounds. 


Japanese Goldfish. A guide to the Japan- 
ese methods of culture. By Dr. Hugh M. 
Smith, U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries. 10 
full-page colored plates, numerous text 
euts, 112 pages, cloth binding. $2.00. Add 
parcel postage on two pounds. 


The Freshwater Aquarium and Its Inhabi- 
tants. A practical work for the aquarist. 
By Eggling and Ehrenberg. Freely illus- 


trated, 332 pages. art cloth binding. $2.00. 


Add pareel postage on two pounds. 


How to Know the Mosses. EF. M. Dunham. 
A popular guide to the mosses with de- 
scriptions of 105 species of the northeast- 
ern U. S. Will answer many a question 
which a walk in the woods suggests to the 
nature lover. Profusely illustrated, 274 
pages, cloth. $1.25. Add parcel postage 
on two pounds. 


Turtles, Snakes, Frogs, other Reptiles and 
Amphibians of New England and the 
North. Edward Knobel. 50 illustrations, 
48 pages, paper cover. 50 cents. Add par- 
cel postage on one pound. 


The Reptiles. taymond LL. Ditmars. A 
popular work on the turtles, tortoises, croc- 
odilians, lizards and snakes of U. S. and 


Mitsines NS aaa ono ld cult Mexico. A book for those interested in the 
WEBRING NCR ENE) MOUSE RONG SIMOS terrarium. 472 pages. 8 colored plates and 


scribes for a number of magazines. We are 
prepared to quote on any combination of 
periodicals, regardless of class, and to meet 
or beat the offers made by any subscrip- 
tion agency. Subscriptions may be new 
or renewals, and may date from the current 
or future number with which your present 
subseription expires. Combinations may 
include Aquatic Life if desired. 


Aquatie Life Binder. We now furnish an 
attractive, substantial, full cloth binder 
that holds 24 numbers of Aquatic Life 
the issues of two years. One copy is held 
as securely as a dozen, and all are together 
for ready reference at any time. When a 
volume is complete it can be removed for 
permanent binding, and the use of the 
binder continued for current numbers. 
The binder costs $1.35, postpaid; with 
yearly subscription, new or renewal, $2.00. 
Renewals may be made at any time in ad- 
vance of expiration. 


Making a Water Garden. William Tricker. 
Water gardens are gaining in popularity. 
This book tells how to make and care for 


over 400 photographs from life. 
Add parcel postage on four pounds. 


$4.00. 


Goldfish and Its Culture. Practical instruc- 
tions for pond breeding, shipping, care of 
the aquarium, and the general subject. By 
Hugo Mullertt. 155 pages, 15 illu.trations, 
eloth binding. $2.00. Add parcel postage 
on two pounds. 


Food and Game Fishes. Jordan and Ever- 
mann. An account of the food and game 
fishes, habits and methods of capture, ete. 
531 illustrations, 572 pages, cloth. $4.00. 
Add parcel postage on five pounds. 


Fish Culture in Pends ard Inland Waters. 
The most recent book, covering the propa- 
gation of goldfish, food and game fishes, 
and aquarium management. By William FE. 


‘Meehan, Director of the Fairmount Park 


Public Aquarium, Philadelphia, and former 
Pennsylvania State Fish Commissioner. 287 
pages, 22 illustrations, cloth binding. $1.00. 
Add parcel postage on one pound. 


them. 52 large pages, 10 _ illustrations, 2 s Tees 
cloth. 50 cents. Add parcel postage on one Life of Inland Waters. Needham and 
pound. Lloyd. <A big book containing 458 pages 


The Frogs. M. C. Dickerson. The North 
American Toads and Frogs, with the habits 
and life-histories of those of the north- 
eastern States. 253 pages, 16 colored 
plates and 300 photographs from life. A 
companion volume to the book of Reptiles. 
$4.00. Add pareel postage on four pounds. 


Shells of Land and Water. Frank Collins 
Baker. Irom this interesting volume you 
will learn how the snails and other mol- 
lusks live, and where to collect them. 182 


and 244 splendid illustrations. It presents 
a survey of the whole realm of freshwater 
aquatic life. The only American publica- 
tion on the subject, and one that will ma- 
terially assist the aquarist in solving the 
many problems encountered. $3.00. Add 
parcel postage on three pounds. 


Everyman Encyclopaedia. Edited by <An- 
drew Boyle. A work serviceable to every 
man or woman who wishes up-to-date ac- 
curate information in compact form. Par- 
ticular attention has been given to scien- 


pages, illustrations of S2 species in natural tific,. historical and literary data. 12 vol- 
colors and numerous half-tone and line en- umes, 7680 pages, 1200 illustrations, cloth. 
eravings, cloth binding. $2.50. Add _ par- $8.00. Add parcel postage on twelve 
cel postage on three pounds. pounds. 
AQUATIC LIFE BOOK DEPARTMENT 
ins Publications on the Sciences, Arts and Trades oe 
@ 


542 E. Girard Awenue 
Philadelphia 


OSCAR LEITHOLF 


433 Fourth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa. 


TROPICAL FISHES 
PLANTS SNAILS 


Planorbis corneus Var. rubra 
Paludina vivipara 
Write for Price List. 


Aquarium: 281 Southern Avenue. 


Goldfish Spawn | 
From Choice Telescopes and Japs | 
$2.00 per 100 Eggs 


I. X. L. Regular and Baby Fishfood, 


10c. 


W. E. WALP 


SsoTH STREET, 


Box. 


13809 NORTH 


PHILADELPHIA. 


Dealer 
Jewelry, 
for catalogues of rubber stamps, 
fumes and fine handcraft jewelry. 


Ww. M. STUART 


Relics, Stamps, 
Send 25 cents 
sample per- 


in Curios, Indian 
Genuine Gems, etc. 


Marshall, pCbg an 


55 7 Woodward Avenue 


ie Deslen 


Breeder of FANCY GOLDFISH 
All Kinds of Aquaria and Supplies 


Brooklyn, N. Y. 


“AQUARIA FISH” 


A practical work on care and breeding of 
fish in the Aquarium, Greenhouse and out- 


door Ponds. Finely illustrated. E very one 
interested in keeping fish should send for 
a copy of this heok. Price. $1. 


Four-Horned Snails (Ampullaria Gigas) de- 
posit a mass of large coral red eggs out of 
the water, the little snails drop into the 
water as they hatch. These snails are in- 
valuable for destroying Hydra in the aqua- 
rium. 


Thoroughbred Collie Pups, beautifully 


marked, 
F. L. TAPPAN 


92 S. 7th Street, Minneapolis, Minn. | 


(ee 
Cheaper Than Ever! 


(While they last.) 


| TROPICAL FISH. 

: Acanthophacelus reticulatus, each $. .25 
Xiphophorus strigatus, each 50¢. and .25 
Platypoecilia rubra, each Soe. ‘and > .25 
Danio rerio, each 50c. and . .35 
Paradise Fish, each T5c. and .50 

| Sagittaria plants, each 05 

8 Real Italian Vallisneria Plants 10 
Very rare Flowering Cayptocoryne, 

Griffithsi and C. Willisia, each 1.00 
Water Ferns, each 05 
Salvinia bogotensis, portion 10 
Brind’s “‘Best-Yet” fish food, BS atone | Se 


DOMESTICATED FISH—An_ exhaustive 
illustrated work on Tropical Fish and Gold 
Fish. Price, $2.08, or with supplement 
(payable in advance), $2.60. Supplement 
alone will cost $1.00 after publication. 


W. L. BRIND, F. Z. S., 
449 W. 206th St., 


New York City. 


O00 GS 000 GS 000 GSS GS OOO GS 000 GS 000 GF 0060 


3 
| 
: 


St. 
ee ACR Sem oe 


Phone before calling! Nicholas S418. 


The Pearl Products Co. 


Collectors, Acclimators and Breeders of 
THINGS AQUAT C 
For Aquarium and Scientific Purposes. 


Spotted Water Newts 
Dried Flies 

Fresh Water Mussels 
Frogs 

Live Angle Worms 
Ants’ Eggs 

Gravel and Sand 

Large and Small Pebbles 


ORDERS FOR SEASON 
OF 1917. 
Write for Price List. 


236 Park Street, Benton Harbor, Mich. 


Nice Broad-tails 


IN 


Snails 
Tadpoles 

Wild Fish 
Miniature Rafts 
Fish Foods 
Variegated Rocks 
Turtles 
Water 


NOW 


Insects 
BOOKING 


_ SS 


—— SE 


ALL COLORS. 


If you want something good, write me. 


All correspondence answered. 


Chas. J. Hannig 


>» NORTH RANDOLPH STREET, 


122 


PHILADELPHIA. 


$20 per 100, or 25c Each 


We make a specialty of Jap Fringetails 
and Telescopes. 


Fringetails, 35¢., 50¢, 75e., $1.25 and 
$1.50 each. Black Telescopes, 75c., $1.00, 
$1.25, $1.50 and $2 each. Japanese Snails, 
each. Evans’ Fish Food, 
best on market, 75¢. dozen. One box, 12 
cents, postpaid. Cash must accompany all 
We sell wholesale and retail. 


25¢., and 35e. 


orders. 
Milwaukee Tripod & Aquarium Company 


457 Bleventh street, Milwaukee, Wis 


RED-BELLIED DACE 


My Broad-tail Telescope Goldfish were 
awarded firsts and three special prizes at 
the last annual exhibition of the Aquarium 
Society held in the American Museum of 
Natural History, New York. Young stock 
from these fine fish for sale during the 


coming season. Watch my future ads. 


Otto Gneiding’s Goldfish Hatchery 


31—37 Depot Ave., Ridgefield Park, N. J. 


FRANKLIN BARRETT 
EVERYTHING COMPLETE FOR THE 
AQUARIUM, POND AND LAKE 


Wyoming Avenue, & C Street, Phila., Pa. 
SEND FOR PRICE LISTS 


THE TERMINAL PET SHOP 
PETS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION AND KIND 
Manufacturing and Maintenance of Aquariums a Specialty 
All Kinds of Cat and Dog Foods and Medicines 
HUDSON TERMINAL BUILDING 


Concourse, New York 


ONCE YOU TRY, YOU ALWAYS BUY 
Gnadt’s Perfect Fish Food, 10c box 


Pulverized or Whole Shrimp, 75c. Ib. 
BREEDER OF FANCY GOLD AND TROPICAL FISHES 
Manufacturer of all kinds of aquariums 
Fish nets made of finest netting, 15c. 
Great reduction by dozen or gross. 


BROADWAY BIRD STORE 
P. F. GNADT, Proprietor 
1632 Broadway Greenhouse, 1630 Broadway 
BROOKLYN, N. Y. 


| Otto Walter 


Winners 


| HAR-MI Imported Dried Japanese Freshwater Shrimp 


| Guaranteed all 


| LORQUIN 


86 Suydam Street :: Brooklyn, N. Y. 


Near Evergreen Avenue L Station 
Breeder and Importer of 


TROPICAL & GOLDFISHES 


Telescopes Calicos Japs 


Dealer in All Varieties of Aquatic Plants 
All Kinds of Fish Foods 
Fresh and Dried Daphnia 


AQUARIA, UTENSILS AND SUPPLIES 


Fan-tails 


(Thomas Ayling 


Fine Broad -tail Telescopes 


Some Nice Young and 
Breeders at Reasonable 
Prices 


845 E. Ontario Street, Philadelphia 


PLANTS AND SNAILS 


safely give your fishes. 
shrimp—not adulterated. 
Twenty cents per oz., $1 per lb., postpaid. 
P. J. MUELLER, Importer 
2817 Meramec Street St. Louis, Mo. 


Member, St. Louis and National Aquarium Societies 


The kind you can 


LORQUINIA—The Naturalist’s Monthly of the Southwest 


| Is published monthly by the Lorquin Natural 
| History Club, and contains original observa- 


tions of naturalists, particularly of the West. 


Associate Membership, including subscription, 


$1.50 a year. 
NATURAL HISTORY 
1051 West 23 Street, Los Angeles, Cal. 


IF YOU 


Are Looking for Something Extra 
Fine in Broad -tail Telescopes 
Don’t Forget W. H. HEIMBACH 


Breeder and Importer of FINE FISH 
Snails Plants 


FISH FOR SALE AT ALL TIMES! 


413 NortH TENTH STREET 


CILUN, 


ALLENTOWN, Pa. 


To Keep Your Fish Well 


Use Regenia Aquarium Salts 


To replace the natural salts in your aquar- 


OTVCDAINO 
RNAI 


ium as absorbed by the fishes and snails. 


Wi 


Excellent for plants. Help the snails form 
shell. Benefits the fish. Box of Six Pow- 


ders, 25e. For sale at Pet Stock stores or 


address Regenia Chemical Co. 


To Make Your Fish Well 
Use Violet-Ray Fish Remedy 


Rot, 


Box of Six 


Relieves Constipation, Fungus, Tail 


Congestion. Safe and effective. 


Powders, 25c. For sale at Pet Stock Stores, 


or address 


Regenia Chemical Co. 


STATION K. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 


Blowing your own horn 
is not good policy, but 


FOOD CONTAINING THE 
NECESSARY INGREDIENTS TO 
KEEP YOUR FISH IN GOOD HEALTH. 
FEED DAILY 


YOGI 


FISH FOOD 
Manufactured only by 
ROBT. J. SCHAEFFER 
PRICE, 10c. 


a little at times stimulates the sale of a 
good article. While not exactly ““blow- 
ing”’ about it, YOGI, in a short time, 
has become a good seller all over the 
country. It is used by more breeders 
than any other food. Why? It gives 
results! They order two or three pounds at atime. Give YOGI Fish 


Food a trail andI think you will become a regular user. Sample 
by mail, 10 cents. 

ROBERT J. SCHAEFFER 
1818 Frankford Avenue 


Philadelphia 
EDWARD S. SCHMID 
Emporium of Pets 
All Kinds of Goldfishes and Aquatic Plants 
Water Lilies 
712 Twelfth Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. 
Send for Catalog 


Taxidermy 


WALTER BELL 

Breeder of ®road-tail Celescopes 
BLUES BLACKS 
4324 WYALUSING AVENUE, PHILADELPHIA 


Prices Reasonable 


CALICOS 


AQUARIUM STOCK CO 
150 Chambers Street :: New York City 
Aquarium Specialists 


GOLDFISH, FOODS, PLANTS, SNAILS, ETC. 


Combination Natural Fish Food - Sample Can 10c 
Imported Shrimp Fish Food - - Sample Can 15c 
Imported Wafer Fish Food Large Sample Box 10c 
Special Prices on Quantity Lots © Cash With Order 
Catalogue Sent Upon Request 


Orders amounting $2 delivered postpaid. 
Mail orders promptly attended to. 


AQUARIUMS OF ARTISTIC DESIGNS 


Beautiful 
Any size made to order. 


For home, conservatory and lawn. 
and durable. 


FISHES PLANTS ALL SUPPLIES 


We go anywhere to construct aquatic gardens 
Write for illustrated price list. 


PIONEER AQUARIUM CO., Racine, Wisconsin 


DRIED SHRIMP 
The General Utility Food for Fishes. 
Per pound, coarse, 75c.; fine ground, $1. 


St. George’s Natural Fish Food, $1.50 Ib. 
Sample can, 15¢ Add postage to your zone 


CANADIAN BIRD STORE, 
2139 West Van Buren Street, 


Chicago, Hl. 


New Aquarium Book 


This richly illustrated volume is of highly 
practical value to every aquarist, no matter 
what his specialty. Goldfish culture in all 
its branches; magnificent photographs of 
prize-winning specimens, ete., ete. 

Gives the only comprehensive list of 300 
tropical fishes, their breeding habits, re- 
quired temperature, food and general care 
in detail. 

The book is now in press, and is expected 
for Mareh delivery. It will be entitled 


AND 


PX? 
te 


wees 


GOLDFISH VARIETIES 
TROPICAL AQUARIUM FISHES 
By Wm. T. Innes 


Sent anywhere upon receipt of price, $3.00, 
by the publishers. 


INNES & SONS 
129-135 N. 12th Street 


elescopes 


Black and Calico 


RIN? 7 
SOOTY 


~y 
ERD 


Correspondence Solicited 


GEORGE WILT, 1519 N. 62nd St 
Philadelphia 


COTE 


ENO Pad’ 
SOE OLY 


SSCKKRANILAD 


CARL LAZER 
Dealer and Breeder of Tropical Fishes 


Aquarium Plants Red Snails 

All Kinds of Aquaria and Supplies 

Open Evenings Only, or by Appointment 
228 East 18th Street New York City, N. Y. 


TEN VARIETIES OF BEAUTIFUL 
AQUARIUM PLANTS 
for $1.00 Postage Postpaid 
J. Henrt Wacner, 1909 North Capitol 
Washington, D. C. 


OPPLEPL 140 O05 5049240 Ip 0S, 
Wravstaceaveteisealseanegeaeunenecuntoeerse 


*“Everything is Fish 
that comes to the 
Net of a Naturalist’’ 


Don’t paddle in the water wiih one 
hand and be blind with both eyes. In 


other words, “keep your eyes open” fo: 
all nature. 


OUR MAGAZINE 


The Guide to Nature 


WHEE, IeUSIEI? SCO) 


It is edited by Epwarp F. Bicriow, who 
fishes in the heavens and earth, as well 
as the waters under the earth. 


Single copy, 10c. 


Four months’ trial, 25c. 
One year, $1.00. 
THE AGASSIZ ASSOCIATION 
ArcAdiA 


Sound Beach 


Connecticut 


(Not Inc. ) 
123 S. Oakley Blyd., Chicago, Illinois 


ro! 


SY 


Look for our 
number ! 


advertisement in the next 


We will offer a collection of beautiful and 
interesting live-bearing tropical fishes: 


XIPHOPHORUS HELLERI 
PHALLOPTYCHUS JANUARIUS 
LEBISTES RETICULATUS 
MOLLIENISIA LATIPINNA 
Sufficient Valliineria and Anacharis (to 
start you right), will be included without 
charge. Shipments will begin in May or 

as soon as the weather permits. 
We specialize in exotie fishes of selected 


stock and aquarium-raised plants. 


Correspondence a pleasure. 


THE BRUCE FISHERIES 


Breeder, Importer, Wholesale & Retail Dealer in 


All Kinds of Goldfish 
Comets a Specialty 
ELGIN K. BRUCE, THORNBURG, IA. 


ENCHYTRAE 
The Secret of Successful Breeding of Tropical 
Fishes and the Ideal Live Fish Food. 
Portion, 50c (cash or money order) with Instructions how to breed them 
CHARLES E. JENNE 
109 22nd Street West New York, N. J. 


HALLER’S 
Darts Mountain Bird Store | 


Wholesale and Retail Importer and Dealer in 


Genuine Hartz Mountain & St.Andreasburg 


CANARIES 


Gold Fish, Globes, Pigeons, Pet Dogs, Dog & 
Medicine, Poultry Supplies 
Full Line of Best Imported German Bird Seeds Always on Hand 
1108 VINE STREET 
CINCINNATI, OHIO 


Te 


Michaelsen Bros 


GOLDFISH 
BREEDERS 


FLORISTS 


58th and Walnut Streets 
110 South 52nd Street 
Philadelphia 


Aquarium Fishes 


All Kinds of Aquatic Plants 


> 


quaria & Supplies 


OOO GSS 000 GSS 000 GSS COO S| O00 GSS 000 GS) O00 GS) 


Wholesale and Retail 


O00 GS 000 G5 000 GS 000 SS! 


ie 


ai 


Nippon Goldfish Co 


1749 Buchanan Street, San Francisco, Cal 
Importers : and : Dealers 
JAPANESE GOLDFISH 


DrrEcCT_FROM BREEDERS IN JAPAN 


Awarded Gold and Silver Medals 
Panama-Pacific International Exposition 
San Francisco, 1915 


ALL KINDS OF AQUARIA AND SUPPLIES 
Price Lists Furnished to the Trade Only 


CODCOD COO COCO COO COO CD COO COO GS 000 COOTDOOOOCOCOO C—DO0OCO0CCO! 


Pee Se as 


A ae ee ee 


ei Cea a enn 


cpt Nica an Tet se 


§ HARRY P. PETERS 
1210 N. Warnock Street, Philadelphia, Pa 


BREEDER AND IMPORTER 
Rare and Fancy Fish 


Plants of every variety, Snails and 
Aquarium Supplies of all kinds at all 
times. 


MANUFACTURER OF 


Green River Fish Food 
10c Box 


Green River Baby Fish Food 
15c Box 


A GOOD FISH FOOD is one of the 
most essential things necessary to 
keep fish in good health. After the 
test of years Green River stands out 
as the best food on the market. It 
keeps the fish in good color by pro- 
moting a healthy, robust growth. It 
will not sour ot cloud the water. Ask 


l rour dealer or send for it today. 
000 CT D000 TDC D000 TD 000 CS 000: 


COCO TM D000 TD 000 CT D000T D000 C000 C 000000000000 


Breeders 


A large assortment of splendid Telescope 
and Jap goldfish at reasonable prices. 
Shipping Cans, 35 Cents. 


HARRY P. PETERS 
1210 N. WARNOCK STREET 
PHILADELPHIA 


j 
| 
| 


i 


COOCOCOOCOOT—DOCOOCO0S0000 TM D000000C00' 


= 


PERMANENT DISPLAY OF 
Aquatic Life & Terraria 


must be seen to be appreciated 
Visitors Welcome 
Plants and Tropical Fish a Specialty 


Importations of New Varieties received 


OOOCCO CM DCOO0C0 000 T0000! 
OOOCCCOCOO C000 000C000Co: 


= 


regularly 


1163 Myrtle Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y. 


Near Broadway. 


OOO COO OCOD OOOOOCO OOO COO TD O00000G00: 


ay 


OCC 000 CS 00e C——D00000c 


peel e 


Ls 


od 


OC0 MD 000 C000 T0000 TMD 000 CM 000 MS 000 CS 000 CDC S000 000C 


HERMAN RABENAU, Aquarist g 


OOOCCOTDO00000000: 


LTA AEE EAs ENT OHO 


Me 


OMA cia cb RA SRAE Dace BN AYE AS ASSL REAM A RE a EDEL BSB EE LONE Eine SAI RES Bt 


gs 


UTA 
cc 


TTI | 
ines 


Jacob @y Gassel 


915 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pa 


Manufacturer of 


AQUARIUMS 


Aquarium Ornaments 
Floral Terra Cotta, Etc. 


Fish Globes Fish Food 
and all aquarium requisites. 


Mn 


iin 


Se al 


Goldfish 


Co. NEW YORK CITY 
MANUFACTURERS OF AQUARIA, FOUNTAINS, TERRARIA, VIVARIA 


BREEDERS OF DOMESTICATED FISHES 
IMPORTERS OF FOREIGN FISHES 
AQUATIC PLANTS, SNAILS AND SUPPLIES 


STOCK AQUARIA 


Galvanized Metal Frame, Enameled 
and Gold-Striped, Bottom Slate or 
Ribbed Glass. Plain. On legs 


IN@; Tg. “Wa sere sg oS 0 $1.25 $1.50 
CO OMNIA EGOS OMsun ie ence 1.50 2.00 
Coe Seen rimesoll inex nn aenaien nee eT) 
BOA SKN oc 36 6) B00) 3.705 
O &  OL Salsa” 75 5.50 


20% additional for oxidizing. 

Brass Frame, on Projecting 

Slate Bottom or on Legs. 

1. 12”x 6”x 8” high, 2% gal. $ 

OMA Nem Sexe Os viii m sian Msc) o 

8, IG sey ey Y) 
oT Sox exe Augean onl 4: i 


, | 

g 66 ) 
28} 5 
Ue 
20% additional for nickel-plating or 


cc 


2.50 
3.25 
4.7: 

5.75 


at 2 Wo Or 


oxidizing. 


FISH FOODS 


Per Tin box. Per lb. 
Natural ish Hooda... -. 3 1@ $ .50 
UWiniversal” Bish” Hoods 2. 15 


Ground Dried Shrimp... .10 


Correspondence Solicited. 


2.00 IISGISYEXC LECT nuh oequetate ecole eG 20 3.00 
1.00 Ground Dried Daphnia.$ .20 $3.00 
Infusoria Creating Food .15 2.00 

JOSEPH TAUBLES, Manager. No Catalogues 


Steel Angle Frame, Heavy Plate 
Glass, Slate Bottom, Flush or Pro- 


jecting. 

IN@, BA, BE Salsa Pail, SOO) 
AE. BOSE IG”, BO go 4. 19.50 
S BBs BOSS, Bb os BOMO 
2 BA, 22020", 80 9 5. BROOD 
eR AY SBR IO 55 COMO 
"BB, BA Sn 1S ss OB.OO 
OA, (KOS SB", 180 oo IBS00) 


All our aquaria are so constructed 
that water cannot come into contact 
with the metal. 


All sizes and shapes made to order. 
We charge only actual cost for nack- 
ing and cases. 


Per Tin box. Per lb. 
Ground Dried I*lies and 


oO O 


IF YOU 


Are Looking for Something Extra 
Fine in Broad-tail Telescopes 


Dont Forget W. H. HEIMBACH 
Breeder and Importer of FINE FISH 
Snails Plants 
FISH FOR SALE AT ALL TIMES! 
413 NortH TENTH STREET 
ALLENTOWN, PA. 


OSCAR LEITHOLF 


433 Fourth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa. 


TROPICAL FISHES 
PLANTS SNAILS 


Planorbis corneus Var. rubra 
Paludina vivipara 
281 Southern Avenue. 


Aquarium: 


Write for Price List. 


Mexican Swordtail 


Xiphophorus helleri 


} 
} 
! 
! 
} 
} 
} 
} 
| 


Probably no “tropical fish,” as we use 
the term, is better known to all of us 
than the Mexican Swordtail, otherwise 
Xiphophorus helleri. Under this name 
the fish with the markings and coloration 
of the illustration above was introduced 
into Germany in the spring of 1g09Q—a 
single specimen. A little later more were 
received and bred in large quantities, the 
price of a pair dropping rapidly from 
$12.50 to $1.50, a price approximately its 
present value in the United States today. 
This fish made a bigger “hit” in Germany 
than any other aquarium fish before or 
since. Its beautiful colors and the ease 
with which it could be propagated by the 
veriest amateur attracted attention at 
once. During my stay in Berlin in 1910 
I secured a pair, paying, 1f | remember 
right, about six marks. At that time no 
other species or variety of swordtail was 
known in Germany. 

Heckel described Niphophorus helleri, 
but, according to Professor Regan, of the 
British Museum, to whom the Germans 
formerly sent all new fishes for identifi- 
cation, the fish introduced was not X. 
helleri, but X. Guentheri. The differ- 


aS A a ee a ee OS 8 8S OS 8 9 6 OO OL 6 9 Os Ps POLE 


| The Mexican Swordtails ! 


WALTER LANNOY BRIND, F. Z. S. 
WATER COLOR BY A. DESCHERMEIER 


LOS IS TS FS OS OS FS FS FS PS POS Sy 


| 
| 
| 
| 
| 


Courtesy of the Chicago Aquarium Society 


A 8 Oe 8 Oa SP Oa OO SSS OOS FS Ss POS 9 OS OE OS POS 9 OS OOS PS Ol 


ence between these two varieties lies in 
such fine points as the number of scales 
in the lateral line, rays of the fins, and 
so on. ‘These distinctions, while neces- 
sary to the work of the systematic ichthy- 
ologist, need not concern us aquarists; 
we are more interested in studying the 
habits of the fishes. The late Seth Eu- 
gene Meek, of the Field Museum, Chi- 
cago, who had abundant opportunities to 
study and observe this fish in its native 
Mexico, considered helleri and guentheri 
as merely varieties, and not distinct spe- 
cies as we accept the term. I hold this 
view—local climatic, geological and wa- 
ter conditions influence to a pronounced 
degree the coloration, markings and other 
characteristics of many fishes. The 
American brook trout taken from a num- 
ber of streams will differ considerably, 
but no sane scientist considers the varia- 
tions sufficient to warrant making new 
species. The student is already bothered 
sufficiently with names better left uncon- 
ferred. Anyway, the old name of helleri 
will probably stand, having been the first 
adopted, as far as we aquarists are con- 
cerned. 


98 Aquatic Lite 


Since 1912 we have received—always 
from Germany, and never direct from the 
native country—sundry other varieties or 
forms of Xiphophorus: X. jalapae, recog- 
nized by the rich orange-red single lateral 
stripe on the male, and paler yellowish- 
orange stripe on the female (the single 
stripe of helleri is more a brownish-red) ; 
X. rachovi, a form from Guatemala with 
a double red stripe on the sides of both 
sexes, several narrow blackish vertical 


UXT 
ROY 


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stripes, and a blacixish double spot or 
“half moon” mark at the base of the tail ; 
X. strigatus with a blackish lateral line 
from the eye to the tail (this form is but 
little known to aquarists); X. brevis 
suggests hybridization with Platypoe- 
cilus, as it has a number of blackish 
blotches on the sides, an almost total ab- 
sence of the lateral stripes so conspicu- 
ous in the others, a yellowish “sword” of 
noticeable shortness in the male fish; 
X.: montesumae comes from the basin 
of the Rio Panuco, Mexico, and resem- 


bles brevis, but has a blackish blotch at 
the base of the tail, as in rachovu. Only 
the male swordtails, with very few ex- 
ceptions, possess the extension of the 
lower rays of the tail-fin, from which 
they derive the common name. So much 
for the outward markings and colora- 
tions of the forms with which we are 
familiar. The distinctions I have given 
will serve to identify the ones apt to be 
met. 


REESE 

Any of the aforesaid forms can be 
easily crossed with another, and indeed 
with the various forms of Platypoecilus, 
as has already been done by many of us, 
so I think that we can rest assured that 
they are not distinct and valid species. 
The differences are not specific, and are 
probably due to environment. Any 
aquarist can make interesting studies of 
hybridization in his aquaria, and should 


report results, with photographs if pos- 


sible, to the editor of this magazine. All 
are easily bred and reared in well-planted 


Aquatic Lite 99 


aquaria, having a temperature of 75 de- 
grees Fahrenheit. Breeding is extremely 
easy. It is merely necessary to place th: 
female, when she seems about to drop 
the young, in a tank full of a dense 
growth of plants. The species is, of 
course, live-bearing, and when the young 
have been expelled the female should be 
removed at once, otherwise she will 
promptly devour her offspring. Every 
aquarist should have a few swordtails in 
his tanks, if only one or two forms. 


ee 


Holbrook’s Gambusia 
G. P. VON HARLEMAN 


In the opinion of the writer Gambusia 
affins var. holbrooki, a member of the 
tooth carp family, is one of the most de- 
sirable and interes:ing of our aquarium 
fishes. Experienced fanciers have kept 
and bred the species for years, but all 
novices are not acquainted with it, and 
for them this article is written. It in- 
habits our Southern States, and pariicu- 
larly the fresh waters of Louisiana and 
Florida. 

A full-grown male measures one inch 
long, rarely will it be one and one-half 
inches. Average specimens are silvery 
white, or yellowish white, with regular 
black spots. Those with the silvery white 
ground color are preferred, the blackest 
specimens being held in the highest 
esteem. All-black ones have been pro- 
duced by selecting as breeders males ou 
which it was the dominant color. These 
little jet black fellows, with glistening 
white eyes, are exceptionall:. handsome 
fish. 

A casual observer would probably mis- 
take the female of the species for an 
entirely different fish, so different is she 
from her mate in color, and so much 
larger—o.ie and one-half to two and one- 
fourth inches in length. Her back is 
gray-brown; sides light olive, with a 


metallic lustre; dorsal and caudal fns 
beautifuliy rounded and evenly marked 
with small dark dots; belly is white, with 
a black spot on the sides. I don’t agree 
with those writers who consider this spot 
an indication of pregnancy as far as this 
species is concerned. I have had a fe- 
male alone in a small tank for several 
months, and at the end of the period the 
spot was just as prominent, no young 
having been expelled. 

The Holbrooki is a prolific fish, and 
will expell a batch of youngsters at in- 
tervals of four to six weeks during the 


— 


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Gambusia affinis holbrooki 
From “Domesticated Fish’’ by W. L. Brind 


spring and summer. From ten to thirty 
will be born at a time, the number de- 
pending to a large extent upon the size 
of the mviher. A female once delivered 
seven, but I have a suspicion that she 
devoured quite a few before I removed 
them to another tank. For a successful 
delivery I advise placing the female when 
her greatly distended body when viewed 
from above indicates that she is “ripe,” 
in a tank holding about four gallons, 
which should be densely planted with 
Sagittaria, Myriophyllum and Nitella. 
The tank should have been standing sev- 
eral months and have a good growth of 
alge. The dense vegetation, especially 
Nitella and Myriophyllum, will serve as 
an effective shelter for the young. An- 
other good plan is to place the female in 
a spawning box. In any event the young 


100 


Aquatic Lite 


must be separated from the parent as 
soon as possible otherwise they will 
surely be devoured. ‘Their first food will 
be the larger infusoria possibly, and I 
have found that they incessantly nibble 
the alge that grows in profusion on the 
glass. When larger they should get 
Daphne and Cyclops. Live food, how- 
ever, I don’t believe to be absolutely 


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Nitella flexilis 


Courtesy of Innes and Sons 


necessary. I have raised three consecu- 
tive broods on finely ground dry shrimp, 
but I think they would have grown 
faster on live food. In nature Holbrooki 
feeds on mosquitoes and other insects, at 
times mosquito wrigglers will be its prin- 
cipal food. It also eats vegetable matter, 
such as diatoms, desmids and filament- 
ous alge. 

I use quite a good deal of dried shrimp 
for all my fishes, sifting it into several 


sizes, using the coarsest for the large 
ones and the finest for the babies. | 
find it extremely satisfactory, and my 
fishes seem to like it. All get a little of 
it every day, and scraped lean raw beef 
every other day. 

In concluding my little story of Hol- 
brooki I suggest keeping its aquarium at 
a moderate temperature, 65 to 70 de- 
grees Fahrenheit, being most acceptable 
to this hardy and attractive aquarium 
fish. 

The generic name Gambusia is derived 
from the Cuban word “gambusino,” 
which means “nothing ;” affinis means re- 
lated; holbrooki, in honor of Holbrook. 


ae eee 


I have now in flower for the first time a 
large plant of Sagittaria sinensis, which 
has been growing in my 50-gallon aqua- 
rium for the past three years. This is 
one of the tanks that has been doing so 
nicely by reflected light, about which I 
wrote you some time ago. The water 
has been maintained at about 60 degrees, 
Fahrenheit, since last fall. Many have 
admired the delicate little blossom. 
Another item of interest. Aquarists 
and lovers of the terrarium are often 
puzzled to find a food for salamanders. 
Since early fall I have fed a dozen on a 
ration made from equal parts of Peter’s 
and Walp’s fish foods. After they 
learned to eat it they took it as raven- 
ously as the fishes——/. Henit V/agner. 


ee eS 


Several species of European snails 
have been introduced into this country, 
apparently as eggs in straw used for 
packing imported objects. It certainly 
speaks for the creatures’ resistance that 
an egg caught on a growing stalk should 
survive the conversion of the plant into 
straw, the accidents of warehouse and 
voyage, and finally hatch out on the waste 
pile—Guide to Nature. 


SCuk ye IN GORDESH 


DR. WILLIAM L. PYLE 


@ POO OOOOH OOOE OOOOH OHOG HOOD HOODOO! OOH HGS 989888888 OSH8HO8 O88 8808O888 088800888800 0000 %o, 
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Physicians have long noted that when 
babies are fed on condensed milk, or any 
form of dead or sterilized food, many of 
them develop scurvy. Some of their 
symptoms are restlessness, stomach trou- 
ble, loose bowels, even dysentery and 
skin hemorrhages (Petechia). Finally, 
if not given some live food, such as 
orange jttice or raw milk, it grows stead- 
ily worse, until some intercurrent affec- 
tion like pneumonia or measles carries it 
off, because of its previously weakened 
condition from the scuryy. When a 
proud mother shows me her exclusively 
condensed milk-fed baby I can only con- 
gratulate her on her good luck, and at the 
same time remember that the graveyards 
are full of just that kind—hbut this arti- 


RED OPAQUE-SCALED TELESCOPE GOLDFISH 


The body is long, but the eyes and fins are splendidly developed 
Owned by Fred Schaefer 


cle is on scurvy of goldfish. 

When daphne is plentiful no fancier 
thinks of losing a fish, because it is a 
live food and a typical one. You may fou! 
the tank by feeding too much of it, but 
the fish will not only survive, but thrive. 
During the months of winter, however, 
daphne is scarce or unobtainable, and the 
dried form of it is only on a par with 
the many prepared foods on the market. 
They may all be good, but should not be 
fed to the exclusion of some form of live 
food. 

The common American goldfish is very 
tenacious of life, and may survive a 
whole winter in a foul tank and fed on 
the common rice wafer, but place a gen- 
tle moor or a dainty blue telescope in 


102 


Aquatic Lite 


the same tank, and in ten days it is dead. 
Let us analyze its symptoms before it 
leaves us: restless swimming about the 
aquarium; vigorous taking of food only 
to reject it; bowel trouble; hemorrhagic 
streaks of blood in tail or the other fins, 
etc. Is this scurvy? Most decidedly, for 
the cause and symptoms are too similar 
to those of the infant to be mistaken. 
Yet I have never seen it described as 
such in any book touching upon the dis- 
eases of goldfish. The little sufferer now 
becomes the victim of parasites, other 
complex symptoms arise which need not 
be mentioned here, and if not promptly 
removed to salt water it soon becomes but 
a memory of its former beauty. 

The remedy is prevention, and preven- 
tion means the use of some sort of live 
Ground earth- 
worms have advocates. Some claim suc- 
cess by feeding a live oyster. A few of 
the little white worms, Enchytre, fed 
daily, is a typical ration. It is easy to 
raise them. Other food may not be stop- 
ped, but do feed them a few of the white 
worms daily as a relish. They will give 
that ‘‘something’” to your little finny 
friends which causes them to grow with 
health and vigor. 

The feeding of some live food will not 
save all the young goldfish, but it will 
prevent this scurvy which is the cause 
of the heavy mortality. Moreover, I con- 
sider that the breeders of goldfish shou'd 
instruct their customers in the use of live 
food and thereby stop this everlasting: 
“Yes, I have had goldfish, but they all 
soon died.” 


The Fiery-Black Minnow 


If there is anything in names, then that 
of Notropis pyrrhomelas should attract 
the aquarist. Thus far it seems to have 
escaped, at least we find no mention of 
it in aquarium literature. ‘This minnow 
from the Catawba and Yadkin 


food during the winter. 


comes 


basins of North Carolina, and is said to 
be quite abundant. Dr. Hugh M. Smith, 
in his “Fishes of North Carolina,” de- 
scribes the coloration as follows: Males, 
steel blue above, the scales darker-edged, 
belly abruptly milky white; head, pale 
reddish; muzzle, upper lip and iris, ver- 
million; dorsal fin, vermillion anteriorly, 
a black spot posteriorly, with a milk- 
white tip; caudal with broad black pos- 
terior margin, next to which is a wide 
vermillion crescent, base of tail, pale; 
anal and ventral fins with white pigment ; 
females duller. 

It would seem from the description 
that the fiery-black minnow would be a 
very desirable addition to the growing 
number of American fishes now used by 
aquarists. It is comparatively small, 
hence desirable in that respect, reaching 
a length of three and one-half inches. 
Dr. Smith says that “it is probably the 
most beautiful of the minnows, the bril- 
liant red, black and white making a sharp 
contrast. The males retain their colors 
until autumn, and possibly throughout 
the year.” Aquarists who are in a posi- 
tion to secure fishes from the Carolinas 
would do well to endeavor to obtain this 
very attractive species. 


ee 


Daphnia in Lake Mendota 


The Daphnias occurred in patches of 
irregular extent and shape, perhaps 10 
by 50 meters, and these patches extended 
in a long belt parallel to the shore. ‘The 
surface waters were crowded by the 
Daphnias, and great numbers of perch 
were feeding on them. ‘The swarm was 
watched for more than an hour. ‘The 
water could be seen disturbed by the 
perch as far as the eye could reach. 
* * * On this occasion the number was 
shown to be 1,170,000 per cubic meter 
Of water vin! the (densest e party oie the 
swarm.—Birge. 


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Spring in the country, as pictured by 
most of us, robins, bluebirds, 
blackbirds and pussy willows. One little 
messenger of spring, however, remains a 
mystery, although heard before the 
cheerful feathered songsters, and often 
before the willows show their gleaming 
silvery catkins. 

This is a tiny creature of the tree-toad 
family, known under the scientific name 
of Hyla pickeringu, and commonly called 
“Spire Pesner, 

Sometimes in icy February, after sev- 
eral days cf thawing, followed by a 
heavy, warm rain, his song is heard. It 
comes frem brook and pond-margin, 
from meadows inundated by melting ice 
and snow, and from dark woodland 
pools. It is the shrill, penetrating note, 
heard every spring all over the Eastern 
United States and Southern Canada. The 
first singers tune up in early afternoon, 
but the full chorus does not perform 


means 


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RICHARD DECKERT | 
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The Voice of the Peeper comes from Brook and Pond Margin 


dO 0 Fs 0 Os SO 6 Oa a 6 Os BS OS 0 SO 6 9 OSS Os Os Oe Ps: PS 


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until about sundown. 

As we approach the pond, one after 
another of the “Peepers” drops out until, 
when we have reached the water’s edge, 
the song ceases entirely. After a few 
minutes of quiet waiting, there comes a 
faint “peep, peep” from across the pond, 
answered by another one nearer, and so 
on until the chorus has again assumed its 
ear-splitting fullness. Try and isolate the 
nearest one from the rest. As you bend 
down in search among the grass and 
debris in the icy water, he ceases his song. 
Great patience 1s necessary in order to 
capture the Peeper. He sings from con- 
cealment only, and may be entirely under 
water among a clump of grass or moss, 
only his nose and eyes protruding. Upon 
the shghtest disturbance he will slowly 
draw back and creep way down among 
the roots. The writer has often captured 
Peepers by whistling in imitation of their 
calls, locating one particular voice and, 


104 


Aquatic Lite 


trusting to luck, plunging his hand into 
the water and tearing up a handful of 
debris and mud. After carefully poking 
this apart, often a little dark brown frog 
would be found in its midst, yellow un- 
dersides uppermost, arms and legs tucked 
close to his body. Slowly the little mu- 
sician turned right side up, sitting among 
grass roots, moss, dead leaves, sticks and 
mud, too chilled to take advantage of the 
opportunity to escape. His bright golden 
eyes seemed to blink in wonder at this 


Hyla Pickeringii 
Photograph from life by D. Franklin 


sudden disturbance. By the time he has 
made up his mind to jump, he has been 
transferred to the collecting jar, in future 
to mystify with his song the visitors to 
the Reptile House in the Bronx Zoo, 
New York. 

All Peepers captured in the early 
spring are dark brown, almost black, in 
color above. Most of the specimens are 
males, who far outnumber the females. 
The male has a dark brown or deep yel- 
low throat, which can be distended into 
a round vocal sac of one-half the size of 
the Peeper himself, which explains the 
carrying power of his song. ‘This is tre- 
mendous for so small a creature, and on 
still nights one can hear the Peepers 
from ponds half a mile and more dis- 
tant. 


The female’s throat is white or pale 
cream color, often spotted with tiny 


brown specks. 


After being in captivity for a few days 
the Peeper’s dress assumes paler hues, 
some turning yellowish, others reddish 
brown. In this dress the dark cross on 
the back and bars on the limbs show up 
prominently. Although the Peepers be- 
gin their singing in February, they are 
often interrupted by cold spells, some- 
times lasting for weeks. The eggs are 
therefore seldom laid before the first 
week in April. They are deposited singly, 
dropping to the bottom of the pond 
among the fine grass and debris. 

Between 600 and 1coo eggs are depos- 
ited by one female. The eggs are hatched 
in from four to fifteen days, depending 
upon the temperature of the water. The 
tadpole takes from 9o to 100 days to 
turn into a baby Peeper. The freshly 
metamorphosed Peeper is large when the 
size of the adult is considered. Peepers 
leave the water before the last vestige 
of the tail is absorbed, and these curious 
little tailed froglets can often be seen in 
midsummer, climbing around on the cat- 
tails and weeds adjacent to the pond 
where they spend their infancy. This 
shows that already their hunt for small 
spiders, flies, gnats, plant lice and mos- 
quitoes has begun. The adults are sel- 
dom seen during the hot summer months, 
silently hunting among weeds, bushes and 
tree tops. 

Beginning about the last week in Au- 
gust, and continuing throughout autumn, 
their calls will again be heard in mead- 
ows and woodlands. They will now be 
found on golden rod, purple aster, 
marshmallow and other flowering weeds, 
also on low bushes. During early No- 
vember I have captured many among 
dead leaves on rising ground near a 
dried-out pond. They were no doubt 


Concluded on Page 107 


he 


me ces cs co as 9s Fs Ps 


Contrary to the oft-expressed opinion 
I have found that it is in every way pos- 
sible to build durable aquaria with frames 
of wood instead of metal. I have made 
a number of large capacity—thirty to 
fifty gallons—and they have withstood 
the test of years. The wood frame pre- 
sents a marked advantage over the usual 
one of metal in that it can be made to 
conform in style, wood and finish to the 
furnishings of the room in which it 1s to 
be placed. 

The aquarium illustrated is made of 
Cuban mahogany, open cabinet style, and 
is 48 inches high, 39 inches long and 22 
inches wide, outside measurements. The 
corner posts are two by two inches, and 


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i 
| An Aquarium of Mahogany 
JOSEPH F. HEILMAN 


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a OS a 6 Pa a SP OS Ps Fs FS Oa a 8 Fa OS Ps Os OS & 


mortised on the two inner sides to re- 
ceive the top, middle and bottom rails; 
top rails 2 by 2 inches to correspond with 
the posts; middle rails 5 inches wide and 
14 bottom rails (shelf 
support) 234 inches wide by 7% thick. 
The rails are tenoned and fit into the 
mortises cut in the posts, being fastened 
with French glue and brass screws in- 
serted from the inside. ‘This style of 
construction makes a very staunch frame 
with all joints flush on the outer side. 
The details are well shown in the accom- 
panying drawing, and require but brief 
explanation. The upper portion of the 
corner posts, and the top rails, are rab- 
beted out as shown by figure A, to receive 


inches thick; 


106 


Aquatic Lite 


the glass; B shows the glass in relation 
to the middle rail, slate bottom and 
sleeper frame; C the manner of joining 
the corner posts and rails by mortise and 
tenon; shelf D rests on the bottom rails, 
as in E, and is fitted around the posts, 
but is 4% inch narrower than the support- 
ing rails, being brought flush with the 
posts by using 44-inch moulding (M), 
which is also used around the middle 
mail, aS ta Je}, 

The portion of the structure that re- 


Section of 


C=) 


Mo ulding 


Construction Details 


quires the greatest consideration is the 
frame placed snugly within and fastened 
to the middle rails, which carries the 
slate and bears the entire weight of the 
contents of the tank when filled. Every 
precaution is necessary to guard against 
spreading the outer frame. The sup- 
porting frame is made of oak, 1% inches 
thick and 4 inches wide, the corners 
dove-tailed into the sides, as at Br. This 
frame is screwed from all sides into the 
mahogany middle rail, using No. 14 brass 
screws 134 inches long. 

On the frame and sleepers I spread a 
cement of the consistency of soft putty, 
composed of 10 parts fine white sand, 
such as is used for a fine grade of sand- 
paper, 10 parts plaster of paris, 10 parts 
litharge and 1 part of finely powdered 
resin, all carefully mixed in boiled lin- 
seed oil. The slab of slate, 14 inch thick, 


9 f= 


was then firmly pressed in place. Ce- 
ment mixed according to this formula 
becomes as hard as a rock, and adheres 
to both slate and wood. Ordinary 
aquarium cement was used to set the 
glass sides. 

The lower portion of the structure 
can be enclosed by paneled doors, and a 
place afforded in which to store foods 
and tools incidental to the care of the 
aquarium. I preferred to leave mine 
open, and at one time used the shelf for 
a miniature Japanese garden. I had a 
pan made of aluminum, slightly smaller 
than the shelf, three inches deep, with a 
turned edge. In this was placed a smaller 
pan, which formed a lake. Rocks of 
curious shape were suitably arranged. 
and the crevices filled with leaf mould, 
the landscape grading down to the lake 
level. Dwarfed Japanese plants of vari- 
ous kinds, about thirty species of native 
mosses, and some miniature Jap houses 
and pagodas completed the picture. 


—— 


Lay the head of a fish quite open and 
look for the brain. You will be quite 
surprised when you see it. It 1s singu- 
larly small in proportion to the size of 
the fish. I have just opened the head 
of a Whiting, and find that the brain is 
not larger in proportion to the volume of 
the body than a walnut would be to an 
ordinary-sized man. In the specimen 
mentioned the brain is scarcely one-third 
as large as one of the eyes.—Kev. J. G. 
Wood. 

eas 

Of all inorganic substances, acting in 
their own proper nature, and without 
assistance or combination, water is the 
most wonderful.—Ruskin. 


oe 

Empty seat where Willie sits, sufficient 
is the reason; kids can’t study when the 
weather flits toward the fishing season. 


Aquatic Lite 


107 


On Gasteropelecus 
C. J. HEEDE 


About two years ago the Aquarium 
Specialty Company introduced to the 
aquarists of America two interesting spe- 
cies of Gasteropelecus, natives of the 
Amazon River, of South America. These 
odd fishes, G. stellatus and G. fasciatus, 
have a peculiarly shaped body, very thin 
and very deep in proportion to the length 
—one and one-half inches. The pectoral 
fins are held high and look not a little 
like wings; dorsal placed near the tail; 
ventrals unusually small; anal long and 


G. fasciatus 


G. stellatus 


extending from middle of the body to 
the tail. 

The general ground color of the spe- 
cies 1s silvery below, becoming greenish 
on the upper portion of the body. In 
fasciatus irregular dark bands run from 
the lateral line downward and forward. 
These markings are absent in stellatus 
which has a dark lateral stripe that 
widens toward the tail. A line follows 
the contour of the abdomen of fasciatus, 
but is not so distinct in stellatus. 

These fishes, though seemingly not 
built for speed, are really quick swim- 
mers, and make attractive aquarium in- 
mates. The preferred foods are Daphne, 
Enchytree, worms, scraped beef and rich 
artificial foods. A temperature not less 
than 75 degrees Fahrenheit should be 
maintained. 


The Spring Peeper 
Concluded from Page 104 


wandering up the hill to seek hibernating 
quarters among stones, fern roots and 
under the many mossy stumps. ‘The 
Peeper has many enemies. Larger frogs 
eat him at the pond, crows, grackles, 
starlings and ducks hunt him by day, 
owls, herons and bitterns by night. Gar- 
ter, Ribbon and Watersnakes also do 
their best to exterminate this bright little 
messenger of spring. In spite of this 
constant persecution, his numbers are 
legion, and it is to be hoped that they will 
rmain so. Every creature has his place 
in nature, and this tiny frog is of great 
value for its aid in keeping the smaller 
insects within reasonable bounds. 


ee 


The Chicago Aquarium Society, with 
characteristic progressiveness, illustrates 
the monthly lectures with pertinent moy- 
ing pictures. The “movies” are occa- 
sionally interrupted to flash a “Chicago 
live wireless” message such as: 

“Fishes your hobby? Look out for 
the psychologist.” 

“I love my wife, but oh! you aqua- 
rium.” 

“Roses are red, violets blue. 
C. A. S. fish. What are you?” 

“Aquatic Life, the magazine for us! 
One dollar per year.” 


Ian 2) 


= = 


Passenger—“Er—how | far 
from land, Cap?” 
Captain—* About a mile.”’ 
Passenger— A mile! Why, I can’t 
Seen itens 


Captain—“No; the water’s too deep.” 


are we 


—~<+___ 


“T hope you have found ‘Aquatic Life’ 
instructive and interesting.” Mr. E. T. 
Nugent, St. Louis, answers, “Yes, sir. 
Don’t let me miss a number.” 


108 Aquatic Lite 


Aquatic Life 
A monthly magazine devoted to the study, 
care and breeding of native, tropical, gold 


and fancy fishes, other animals and plants 
in the household aquarium. 


WETAROP @Y(S BR Gye se ya ae ae as Editor 
JOSEPH E. BAUSMAN ....... Publisher 
542 E. Girard Avenue, Philadelphia. 


Entered as second-class matter, September 
2, 1915, at the Post Office, Philadelphia, Pa., 
under Act of March 3, 1879. 


Yearly Subscription B Sire. chesnut el of a a AT $1.00 
ROreiein GDSeryEOMS cosccoodsoconoene 1.35 
Simeon Go py wee eset een 10 cents 


Payments may be made by express money 
order, draft, post office order or registered 
letter. Foreign remittances should be by 
international money order. 


Advertising rates made known on application. 


“Aquatic Life” is the only magazine in 
America devoted exclusively to aquatic life, 
and its value as an advertising medium in 
this field of nature study is unequaled. 


Copyright 1917 by Joseph E. Bausman 


Vol. II 


April, 1917 No. 8 


A Story With a Warning 
F. R. WEBBER 

Never discuss tropical fishes with a 
book agent. The other day one called in 
my absence. He looked like a college stu- 
dent. His clothes were of the rah-rah 
type and his hat was decorated with a 
ribbon the color of a fried egg. We were 
expecting a friend of mine whom Mrs. 
W. had never seen. When the book 
agent asked for me by name, Mrs. W. 
asked him inside. She gave him an easy 
chair in the front room. On the table 
were several tanks of fishes. The agent 
at once had an idea. Calling in Mrs. W., 
he began to ply her with questions. He 
stated that he had once had a round 
globe, in which he kept a castle, a lot of 
shells and two Woolworth goldfish. One 
day they floated to the top and died. 

Mrs. W. explained to him the balanced 
tank, and several other things, to which 


he listened with eagerness. Then began 
a rapid cross-fire of questions. When I 
returned the nomadic book dealer greeted 
me like a long-lost brother. He eagerly 
asked me whether I had any fishes to sell. 
I told him no. He asked about the 


price of the Helleri, the Guppy, the Platy 


and the Retic. He told about a fish down 
in Chicago which bore a name that he 
thought was something like “Balona-six,” 
and which took delight in shaking the 
life out of poor minnows. He asked 
about temperature control, breeding 
tanks, and requested my opinion as to 
the value of Vallisneria spiralis and 
Sagittaria natans as oxygenators. He 
even spoke in familiar terms about 
Lemna polyrrhiza and Riccia fluitans. 

Of course I warmed up to him at once. 
Who wouldn’t in a remote Wisconsin 
town, where the members of the family 
of the fish-verrueckt are rare? He soon 
had me worked up to a friendly pitch, 
but I don’t think I told him the story of 
a Chicago man who had a jar of rare 
tropical fishes wrapped in paper, which 
he left in care of a heavy-jowled friend 
with a white apron. Next day the Chi- 
cago man returned. He found that the 
heavy-jowled person had kept the mys- 
terious package carefully, as he had 
promised to do. He had kept it in the 
ice-box ! 

When my visitor had me in a friendly 
mood he suddenly paused, reached under 
his coat and pulled from an enlarged 
pocket a sample copy of a new book on 
modern Biblical criticism, written for the 
common people, and from the standpoint 
of the negative critic. He did not make 
a sale. 

Later I learned that every scrap of 
knowledge had been gained from my wife 
ten minutes before. ‘The book agent be- 
longed to the class of people who feed 
crackers to scabby goldfish imprisoned 
in globes set in the south window, and 


LOORT 


SSK RANI 


then wonder what burns holes in their 
new Serobuck rug, and why the fish mis- 
erably perish without warning. Beware 
Cilimen miele may, callon syoul at amy, 
moment. It’s dangerous to be safe these 
days! 


pee oN SS 


“The home of the luckiest fishes” 
would be a good legend for the photo- 
graph of the conservatory of Mr. A. A. 
Phillips, Jr. It is quite consistent that 
the finest collection of goldfishes in 
Brooklyn should disport in the best ap- 
pointed conservatory in the country. 
They show their appreciation by being 
among <he winners when Mr. Phillips 
enters them in a competitive exhibition. 


a eee 


The March meeting of the Philadel- 
phia Goldfish Fanciers’ Society was held 
on the 21st at 802 Girard avenue. 

The competition was for Telescope 
Goldfish, scaled and __ transparently 
scaled, bred during 1916. Messrs. Wal- 
ter G. Beeler, Howard E. Demuth and 
Claude W. Ramspacher were appointed 
judges and made the following awards: 

SCALELESS TELESCOPES: Board of Di- 
rectors silver cup.to George E. Wilt; 


blue ribbon, Joseph EF. Van Stavern; 
red, Thomas Ayling; yellow, George FE. 
Wilt. 

ScaLED TELESCOPE: Blue ribbon, 
George EK. Wilt; red, Thomas Ayling; 
yellow, James Fleming. 

The annual election of officers will be 
held at the April meeting, and in accord- 
ance with the constitution the candidates 
were nominated at this meeting as fol- 
lows: President, Harry P. Peters; vice 
president, Charles J. Hannig; secretary, 
Fred Richardson; treasurer, Thomas 
Ayling; Board of Directors, five to be 
elected, George B. Smith, George W. 
ricemGeoree JE Walt Dike Calle t= 
mam, Isis OS Carca, Clade Ww, 
Ramspacher, William J. Christy, Joseph 
E,. Tyler, Harry J. Mackrell. 

The third annual banquet and dance 
will be given on Wednesday evening, 
May 9th, at Mosebach’s Casino, hir- 
teenth and Girard avenue. 

The competition at the April meeting, 
to be held Wednesday evening, the 18th, 
will be for Jap goldfish, scaled and scale- 
less, bred in 1916. ‘The Charles J. Han- 
nig cup and six ribbons will be awarded. 
—Fred Richardson, Secretary. 


Aquartum Societies 


PRESUME tL ELAR ID) 2) OR Nisin eietierey teteteltelieieleiotevelcaefelets Upper Montclair, N. J. 


: H Vice-President—DR. E. BADE ............-.2-----++0--0-- Glenhead, L. I., N. Y. 

The Aquarium Society Sccrelary = HOWLAND, WOOD: Jas) .6 4.6. .-seee see: 156th Street and Broadway 
New) York Assistant Secretary—CLARENCE B. RUCH .............. 615 West 155th Street 
Treasurer—J. P. LOWELL .........-+-+-+---- 146 Grace Street, Jersey City. N. J 

iPyesidertt— He eRe OLE PUN CO MUD erereiaveloretetaleieraleieiet- ABABATIO OM DDG Collingswood, N. J. 

Aquarium Society of Vice-President—H. S. FULLERTON ................. 135 West Wyoming Avenue 
Philadelphia Secretary—WALTER LEE ROSENBERGER .......... Pe. O. Box 66, Philadelphia 
Treasurer—R. L. HARDING .....--.-2.-+--eeeee dougaoDd00006 6008 Master Street 

PFESiAent—EVARRYe) PA EB DEES iieretelerehenereteleiedelerel elelerelleil= 1210 North Warnock Street 

Philadelphia Goldfish Vice-President—CHARLES J. HANNIG ............... 1225 North Randolph Street 
Fanciers Secretary—F RED RICHARDSON ................-255 3841 North Marshall Street 
Treasurer—THOMAS AYLING ..............+.+0-+s-s 845 East Ontario Street 

President—JOSBEPE) WROBHLICHS iris cies © ejeiele cie)s)« siels)e viel) oleic) 11St. Francis Place 

Brooklyn Society Vice-President—GEORGE W. POST .......--... ccc eee cence 52 Herkimer Street 
Incorporated Corresponding Secretary—A. BE. SCHIERBAUM ...,173 Wiemer Street, Elmhurst. 
Treasurer—C. H. CHAPIN ......-.-2.--- secrete erences 39 Kenilworth Place 

IP REGKIG DU No EI, > IDM BYUMSNL) oe oododboodbodcanodu0b00K0000 67383 Ridgland Avenue 

Chicago Aquarium Society Vice-President—H.. W. KEHDY ............--0+-+n6 Rovooae 19 East Cedar Street 
Incorporated Secretary--—FRED. G. ORSINGER ................-..0.- 123 South Oakley Blvd. 
Treasurer—Gy Jc BORGSDTROM, VRE oe ceo eee eie 1408 North Kedzie Avenue 

President—S. CHICHESTENER BLOND) ~~. 22. ac. e ce oc cee vl 4442 Morganford Road 

National Society WCRI ORONO IEINS Slo AMSQOIISIEDG Soooacococoung0u50000000000000 3005 Osage Street 
St. Louis IOC, 18) UNOS -poapoodoucgoocusu0D00bDDDGGHOGODD 5041-A Alabama Avenue 
Secretary—CHARLES A. KLOEPPER ............-.-..- 4412 Natural Bridge Road 

President—MAX G. HAMMERSCHLAG ...................-65. 35 Nelson Place 

Essex County Society Viee-President—Gv Wi. UD OH ie arerevenetenccshe sels ele chet ellerelsis 85 Springfield Avenue 
Newark, N. J. Treasurer—DR. WM. BACHMANN ..............--.--.-- 247 Littleton Avenue 
SAGA Wiis | NI ILIDINUUN| soo ooaodaupond0dDOODODbOODOdOOOG 214 Runyon Street 

President— ALM RED Ee) QGRO Gay eyyeecicsieiere ereseieieletelelele)-fenetehs 319 Bayley Avenue 

Platteville Society SOROS, Ws \WABIBIBIBIR, syogoco00ngoosc0nb0b0bbeOODDCDODOS 325 Bayley Avenue 
Wisconsin DY CQSUGET— HRV AN Ke Ke ES WIE Gree lenskercnotionreierercielciersierererciereielstats 503 West Main Street 
President—W LB ORT Ss is HALMUAINING scrcielsiclcietsielciereisicie eyenelere 752% Thirty-eighth Street 

Vace-President—) 9 ISUE CIGEIB INH R) ie. )-) tevesn ie ere) sieveleeels) 99 Seventeenth Street 

Milwaukee Society Corresponding Secretary—REV. G. KELLER RUBRECHT ..... 999 Island Avenue 
TECOTOANG SE CHE TCT Y— EN Vieg PAU sie OUT rico cehooveliclatolebetcielelatstsiars 2602 Prairie Street 

Treasujenr—GHUOR GH ede Cr SLE LH ENS mieeyactteatchelstsicieieneneicieteleretetoreone 950 Wirst Street 

JRA ALISO OY TOI DIRSIEMNIDIES Soo oeboouccdendoobsonoaaca 223 South Third Street 

Reading Society Vice-President—W. HH. HIMMERSHIDTZ -.. 0... 02. cee ec ee nee 220 Pier Street 
Secretary and Treasurer—S. O. MELLERT ............... 120 West Windsor Street 

Presidvent— HUA Mir PH ORGS S trsreersoielshereycietstei-tersielelerel cielchele inks New Providence Pa. 

Lancaster Society Vicesbresident——He WE \iVinR Su ersten citric eerie 431 West Orange Street 
Secretary and Treasurer—W. M. UAWMAN .................. 250 East Ross Street 

IPRASICK USS So CUIRIMES) soocusdccnscosc0ooccdccuouODUGEuOUCCGS 760 Church Street 


San Francisco Society 


WaiGGs PRASI CHU s do JRUGISUURIDES: cooocgcconed0g000000ub0d00 449 O’Farrell Street 


Secretary and Treasurer—HARRY A. KNIGHT .............. 60 Califernia Street 
Honorary President—DR. HUGH M. SMITH ............... U. S. Fisheries Bureau 
Active President--DR. R. W. SHUFELDT ........ 3356 Wighteenth Street, N. W. 
ae Societ Vace-President—LOULS) Wy. sBAWIEIR, esc cccke cme cicece cei 722 IX Street, N. B. 
Wieshine Lone Octo ey) Vice-President_MRS. L. HELEN FOWLER ................. Kenilworth, D. ©. 
Secretary—J AMES E: BENEDICT «....:.:.............. 945 Pennsylvania Avenue 
Treasurer —EDWARD S] SCHIMMD) 25555 25 a. see oe eee oie 712 Twelfth Street, N. W. 
IPRASNG Di) AUR MUAY DIRUNIN: 5% on oooadGuococonboedon “oados 92 South Seventh Street 
Minneapolis Society URANO =e Wo JDRAWNVADIN soo5050000coo0dnoeuccndsbdKS Museum, Publie Library 
Secretary—MRS. ANNA ESSENE .........-......- 3421 South Longfellow Avenne 
President—DR. ©. IT. CRUICISSHANK ...........5.......... 8148 Jenkins’ Arcade 
c Vice-President—A. A. ALLEN ....................2+.++..251 Belthoover Avenue 

ittsburgh Societ: 
BiereUre y IMRUSURCTF—Og Vo WODRMUBIN clbisopoodgogcaxd0p0gD00D0D Goods odo 24 Chalfont Street 
SGRRR UF S105 We TEU PIB SoG bodccobcoendooD obo OO OUDGUOOUS 424 Jaconda Street 
President—WALTER M. COPELAND ..........-... 0 cree reece eens Medford, Mass. 
Boston Aquarium Society Vice-President—F RANKLIN As ET MONMC AED Go oossoe oo oos con Watertown, Mass. 
SAORI VNC NES TSl (CVENOMMD) oo ocencandcobocod0G00dK0C 110 Chandler ‘Street 
Treasurer—CHARLEHS W. AMDEN <2 0 2055s c ewe eee ee ne 15 Broomfield Street 


AQUARIUM STOCK CO 
150 Chambers Street :: New York City 
Aquarium Specialists 


GOLDFISH, FOODS, PLANTS, SNAILS, ETC. 


Combination Natural Fish Food - Sample Can 10c 
Imported Shrimp Fish Food - - Sample Can 15c 
Imported Wafer Fish Food Large Sample Box 10c 


Special Prices on Quantity Lots | Cash With Order 
Catalogue Sent Upon Request 


Orders amounting 


$2 delivered postpaid. 


Mail orders promptly attended to. 


Nice al 


IN ALL COLORS. 


If you want something good, write me. 


All correspondence answered. 


Chas. J. Hannig 


1225 


NORTH RANDOLPH STREET, 
PHILADELPHIA. 


ea ee 


Cheaper Than Ever! 


(While they last.) 
TROPICAL FISH. 


nlone will cost $1.00 after publication. 


W. L. BRIND, F. Z. S.. 
449 W. 206th St., 


New York City. 


: Acanthophacelus reticulatus, each § .25 
Xiphophorus strigatus, each 50c. and 25 
Platypoecilia rubra, each soc. and = .25 
Danio rerio, each 50¢e. and iY) 

8 Paradise Fish, each 75e. and  .50 

Sagittaria plants, each 05 

8 Real Italian Vallisneria Plants 10 
Very rare Flowering Cayptocoryne, 

Griffithsi and C. Willisia, each 1.00 
Water Ferns, each O05 
Salvinia bogotensis, portion 10 

Brind’s “Best-Yet” fish food, 2 for .25 

8 DOMESTICATED FISH—An_ exhaustive 
illustrated work on Tropical Fish and Gold 
Fish. Price, $2.08, or with supplement 
(payable in advance), $2.60. Supplement 


Phone before calling! St. Nicholas S418 


000 CG C000 C000 MSC S000, 


COCO C SCS 000 C000 CSCS 000 


New Aquarium Book 


This richly illustrated volume is of highly 
practical value to every aquarist, no matter 8 


what his specialty. Goldfish culture in all 
its branches; magnificent photographs of 
prize-winning specimens, ete., ete. 
Gives the only 


tropical fishes, 


comprehensive list of 300 


their breeding habits, re- 
quired temperature, food and general care 


in detail. 


It will be entitled 


: 
| 
: 
| 
: 
| 
=| GOLDFISH VARIETIES AND 
8 
| 
| 
: 
| 
: 


By Wm. T. Innes 


Sent anywhere upon receipt of price, $3.00, 
by the publishers. 


| 
TROPICAL AQUARIUM FISHES = 


INNES & SONS 


8 
129-135 N. 12th Street 
8 


Philadelphia 


OO GS 000 a O00 SS 00G) 


Che Jlature Studp Webiew 


OFFICIAL JOURNAL 
AMERICAN NATURE-STUDY 
SOCIETY 
The numbers for the coming school year 
will be filled with special articles from prac- 
tical teachers dealing with actual works, 
methods and suggest'ons for school garden- 
ing. elementary agriculture and _ nature- 

study. 

$1.00 per year. 15e per copy. 
l0e. Foreign 
Life One 


Add for Canadian 
20c¢, 


Postage, 


Postage. With Aquatic 


Year, $1.50. 
ITHACA, N. Y. 


BETTER CUTS AT | 
|. BETTER PRICES: 


|| PROMPT SERVICE GUARANTEED 


GOULD-WILHELM CO“ 


ARTISTS: * ENGRAVERS = PHOTOGRAPHERS 
44N.4 STREET PHILA. 
| SEND FOR SAMPLES#2PRICES THEY WILL INTEREST YOU}! 


COO C—> 000 —— 000 SD ——D OOO D000 C000 C000 


IA FISH” 


fe <A practical work on care and breeding of 
fish in the Aquarium, Greenhouse and out- 
door Ponds. Finely illustrated. Every one 
interested in keeping fish should send for 
a copy of this book. Price, $1. 
Four-Horned Snails (Ampullaria Gigas) de- 
posit a mass of large coral red eggs out of 
the water, the little snails drop into the 
water as they hatch. These snails are in- 
valuable for destroying Hydra in the aqua- 
rium. 

Thoroughbred Collie 


marked, F. L. TAPPAN 


92 S. 7th Street, Minneapolis, Minn. 


Pups, beautifully 


‘2 
© 


Y? 
SOON 


9 
0%: 


f HALLER’S 
& Dartz Mountain Bird Store 


Wholesale and Retail Importer and Dealer in 
Genuine Hartz Mountain & St.Andreasburg 


CANARIES 


Gold Fish, Globes, Pigeons, Pet Dogs, Dog 
Medicine, Poultry Supplies 
Full Line of Best Imported German Bird Seeds Always on Hand 


Ty 


eae, 


> 
SO. 


ee 1108 VINE STREET 
i CINCINNATI, OHIO 


QT? 
ae a9 
or 


TEN VARIETIES OF BEAUTIFUL 
AQUARIUM PLANTS 


for $1.00 Postage Postpaid 


J. Henrt WacneEr, 1909 North Capitol 
Washington, D. C. 


(Thomas Ayling 
FINE BROAD.-TAIL TELESCOPES 


Some Nice Young and Breeders at Reasonable Prices 


845 East Ontario Street Philadelphia 


THE BRUCE FISHERIES 

Breeder, Importer, Wholesale & Retail Dealer in 

All Kinds of Goldfish 
Comets a Specialty 

ELGIN K. BRUCE, THORNBURG, IA. 


THE TERMINAL PET SHOP 


PETS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION AND KIND 
Manufacturing and Maintenance of Aquariums a Specialty 
All Kinds of Cat and Dog Foods and Medicines 
HUDSON TERMINAL BUILDING 
Concourse, New York 


CARL LAZER 
Dealer and Breeder of Tropical Fishes 
Aquarium Plants Red Snails 


All Kinds of Aquaria and Supplies 
Open Evenings Only, or by Appointment 


647 West 184th Street New York City, N. Y 


DRIED SHRIMP 


The General Utility Food for Fishes. 

Per pound, coarse, 75c.; fine ground, $1. 

St. George’s Natural Fish Food, $1.50 Ib. 

Sample can, 15¢ Add postage to your zone 
CANADIAN BIRD STORE, 


2139 West Van Buren Street, Chicago, IIl. 


: Otto Wales 


86 Suydam Street :: Brooklyn, INENe 


Near Evergreen Avenue L Station 
Breeder and Importer of 


TROPICAL & GOLDFISHES 


Telescopes Calicos Japs Fan-tails 


Dealer in All Varieties of Aquatic Plants 
All Kinds of Fish Foods 
Fresh and Dried Daphnia 


AQUARIA, UTENSILS AND SUPPLIES § 


CROSSE OAS 


FRANKLIN BARRETT 


EVERYTHING COMPLETE FOR THE 
AQUARIUM, POND AND LAKE 


Wyoming Avenue, & C Street, Phila., Pa. 
SEND FOR PRICE LISTS 


AQUARIUMS OF ARTISTIC DESIGNS 

For home, conservatory and lawn. 

and durable. Any size made to order. 
FISHES PLANTS ALL SUPPLIES 


We go anywhere to construct aquatic gardens. 
Write for illustrated pricelist. 


PIONEER AQUARIUM CO., Racine, Wisconsin 


Beautiful 


EVERYTHING IS FISH THAT COMES 
TO THE NET OF A NATURALIST 


Don’t paddle in the water with one hand and be blind with both 
eyes. In other words “keep your eyes open” for all nature. 


Our Magazine 
Che Guide to ature 
Will Help You 
It is edited by EDWARD F. BIGELOW, who fishes in the 


heavens and earth, as well as the waters under the earth. 
Four months’ trial, 25c. One year, $1.00 


THE AGASSIZ ASSOCIATION 
ArcAdiA 


Sound Beach Connecticut 


OMS. Go. 


(Not Inc. ) 
123 S. Oakley Blvd., Chicago, Illinois 


Look for advertisement in the next 


number! 


our 


We will offer a collection of beautiful and 
interesting live-bearing tropical fishes: 


XIPHOPHORUS HELLERI 
PHALLOPTYCHUS JANUARIUS 
_ LEBISTES RETICULATUS 

MOLLIENISIA LATIPINNA 


Sufficient Valliineria and Anacharis (to 
start you right), will be included without 
charge. Shipments will begin in May or 
as soon as the weather permits. 


exotic fishes of selected 
aquarium-raised plants. 


We specialize in 
stock and 


Correspondence a pleasure. 


GOLDFISH SPAWN 
From Choice Telecopes & Japs, $2 per 100 Eggs 


I. X. L. Regular and Baby Fishfood, 10c. Box 
W. E. WALP 
1309 NORTH 55TH STREET PHILADELPHIA 


LORQUINIA—The Naturalist’s Monthly of the Southwest 
Is published monthly by the Lorquin Natural 
History Club, and contains original observa- 
tions of naturalists, particularly of the West. 
Associate Membership, including subscription, 
$1.50 a year. 
LORQUIN NATURAL HISTORY CLUB, 
1051 West 23 Street, Los Angeles, Cal. 


My Broad-tail Telescope Goldfish were 
awarded firsts and three special prizes at 
the last annual exhibition of the Aquarium 
Society held in the American Museum of 
Natural History, New York. Young stock 
from these fine fish for sale during the 
coming season. Watch my future ads. 


Otto Gneiding’s Goldfish Hatchery 


31—37 Depot Ave., Ridgefield Park, N. J. 


WALTER BELL 


Breeder of ®road-tail Celescopes 

BLUES BLACKS CALICOS 

4324 WYALUSING AVENUE, PHILADELPHIA 
Spawn For Sale Now 


GEORGE'S GOLDFISH SHOP 
Golotish of All Varieties 


10c Postpaid 


George’s Imperial Fish Food 
Dried Shrimp Box 10c, per pound 60c 


Plants Aquaria All Supplies 
N. W. 60th and De Lancey Street, Philadelphia 
EDWARD S. SCHMID 
Emporium of Pets 
All Kinds of Goldfishes and Aquatic Plants 
Water Lilies 


712 Twelfth Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. 
Taxidermy Send for Catalog 


BLACK & CALICO 


Correspondence Solicited 


GEORGE WILT, 1519 N. 62nd Street 
PHILADELPHIA 


ONCE YOU TRY, YOU ALWAYS BUY 
Gnadt’s Perfect Fish Food, 10c box 
Pulverized or Whole Shrimp, 7 c. Ib. 
BREEDER OF FANCY GOLD AND TROPICAL FISHES 
Manufacturer of all kinds of aquariums 
Fish nets made of finest netting, 15c. 
Great reduction by dozen or gross. 


BROADWAY BIRD STORE 
P. F. GNADT, Proprietor 
1632 Broadway Greenhouse, 1630 Broadway 
BROOKLYN, -N. Y. 


>> MDODL VOTS NY 
3 LEEELEL SER Se 


OSD 


Use Regenia Aquarium Salts 


To replace the natural salts in your aquar- 
ium as absorbed by the fishes and snails. 
Excellent for plants. Help the snails form 
shell. Benefits the fish. Box of Six Pow- 
ders, 25ce. For sale at Pet Stock stores 


Violet-Ray Fish Remedy 


Constipation, Fungus, Tail Rot, 
Safe and effective. Box of Six 
For sale at Pet Stock Stores, 


Relieves 
Congestion. 
Powders. 25¢. 
or address 


REGENIA CHEMICAL CO. 
Philadelphia 


Station K. 


| atichacleen Bros 


GOLDFISH 
BREEDERS 


FLORISTS 


| 

| 

: 

58th and Walnut Streets 
110 South 52nd Street 
| Philadelphia 

| 

| 

: 


Aquarium Fishes 


All Kinds of Aquatic Plants 


Aquaria & Supplies 
Wholesale and Retail 


ne 


COOODODOCO D000 C——J000 T—DOO0009 


1749 Buchanan Street, San Francisco, Cal 
Importers : and : Dealers 
JAPANESE GOLDFISH 


DirECT FROM BREEDERS IN JAPAN 


Awarded Gold and Silver Medals 
Panama-Pacific International Exposition 
San Francisco, 1915 


ALL KINDS OF AQUARIA AND SUPPLIES 
Price Lists Furnished to the Trade Only 


8 
8 
8 
| 
8 
: 
: 
| 
8 
| 
8 
8 
| 
8 
8 
: 
8 
8 
3 


een Sou 


i 
3 


 Nigpon Goldfish Co | 


ts 


ICO TD 900 MSD 000 TDC D000 TM SHO00 CS 000 


HARRY P. PETERS 
1210 N. Warnock Street, Philadelphia, Pa 


BREEDER AND IMPORTER 
Rare and Fancy. Fish 


a 


Plants of every variety, Snails and 
Aquarium Supphes of all kinds at all 
times. 


MANUFACTURER OF 


Green River Fish Food 
10c Box 


Green River Baby Fish Food 
15c Box 


A GOOD FISH FOOD is one of the 
most essential things necessary to 
keep fish in good health. After the 
test of years Green River stands out 
as the best food on the market. It 
keeps the fish in good color by pro- 
moting a healthy, robust growth. It 
will not sour ot cloud the water. Ask 
vour dealer or send for it today. 


COOC 000 C000 C D000 CT D000C D000 C000 D000 D000 D000C D000! 
IOO0 D000 —D000=—D000 C4000 TD 000 HD 000 D000 FDC D000 TMS 000M 


ae as a Sa) Oe 


MI | 


Breeders 


splendid Telescope 


A large assortment of 


and Jap goldfish at reasonable prices. 


Shipping Cans, 35 Cents. 


HARRY P. PETERS 
1210 N. WARNOCK STREET 
PHILADELPHIA 


OO000C 000 D000 COC 


a ae 


IOCOO00000 C000 TM NCS 00000C COC etd 


HERMAN RABENAU, Aquarist : 
PERMANENT DISPLAY OF 
Aquatic Life & Terraria 


must be seen to be appreciated 


al he 


Visitors Welcome 
Plants and Tropical Fish a Specialty 


Importations of New Varieties received 


OOO COO MOCO OCCCCO000O: 
OOO COO TD O00 C00 C00 


regularly 


IPOD DOO 000 MOCO OOO 000 MDH OOO 000 CS OOO OOO TC DOOOOCOOCOO CL —DOOOCOOCOCO! 


1163 Myrtle Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y. 


Near Broadway. 


po 
Las 


IODO COO COO CD OOOOOOOOOCOO GD OOOOCOCCO: 


CSU ME 


a“ 
A BN ALERT TOOMH: 


SS rao 


See RE rine ees 


Sa rari OER RS 


ve ee 


eS 


ese Jacob C. Cassel 
i 1 915 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pa 


Manufacturer of 


AQUARIUMS 


Aquarium Ornaments 
Floral Terra Cotta, Etc. 


Goldfish Fish Globes Fish Food 
‘and all aquarium requisites. 


SEESEAISERTS SPAS ADORE 
1873 WASHINGTON 


Aquarium Specialty Co. New york city 
MANUFACTURERS OF AQUARIA, FOUNTAINS, TERRARIA, VIVARIA 


BREEDERS OF. DOMESTICATED FISHES 
IMPORTERS OF FOREIGN FISHES 
AQUATIC PLANTS, SNAILS AND SUPPLIES 


STOCK AQUARIA 


AVENUE 


Galvanized Metal Frame, Enameled , Steel Angle Frame, Heavy Plate 
and Gold-Striped, Bottom Slate or | Glass, Slate Bottom, Flush or Pro- 
Ribbed Glass. Plain. Onlegs | jecting. 

Noy ls UNSW Ve oc $1.25 $1.50 | No, 314. 24”x14"x14”, 22 gal.. $8.00 
TIVO NAWCUB OY Oe rca 1.50 2.00 OWA BUSING IG, 83° 4, IED 
GE By aie srcra Morell 0 go) Bos 2.19 | BVA 36’ x1e x18) 54 8s 20100 
a 4, 20” x13" x13” soo BlXO) Bo U8) | “6 6YA. 42”x20"x20”, 80 6 25200 
Te Res oto al SEND NO pA. A ey Sop TO. P< GOOD 
20% additional for oxidizing. | «© Bt, 54"x94"~24" 145 “ .. 95.00 

Solid Brass Frame, on Projecting | “ 914. 60”x26”x26",180 “ ..135.00 


Slate Bottom or on Legs. f 
All our aquaria are so constructed 


Bae No Qn o OL Or ; 

No. s ce Be ee 5 2 Bal. Re | that water cannot come into contact 
“ 3 16"x10"x12" “ 9 CAs | with the metal. 

SO NG USO Ae ee ot Meron Mes All sizes and shapes made to order. 


20% additional for nickel-plating or We charge only actual cost for nack- 


oxidizing. | ing and cases. 
FISH FOODS 
Per Tin box. Per lb. Per Tin box. Per lb. 
Natural Fish Food..... SealO $ .50 Ground Dried Flies and 
Universal Fish Food... .15 2.00 IWSKSCHS  cocodocanous soo ae) 3.00 
Ground Dried Shrimp.. .10 1.00 Ground Dried Daphnia.$ .20 $3.00 
Infusoria Creating Food .15 2.00 


Correspondence Solicited. JOSEPH TAUBLES, Manager. No Catalogues 


Are Looking for Something Extra 
Fine in Broad -tail Telescopes 


Don’t Forget W. H. HEIMBACH 
Breeder and Importer of FINE FISH 
Snails Plants 
FISH FOR SALE AT ALL TIMES! 
413 NortH TENTH STREET 
ALLENTOWN, PA. 


Here is a chance 
» to make money 
\. Write for Proposition 
Give References 


— ADDRESS — 


COVINGTON, 
KENTUCKY 


b 49 


as 


buch- 
most 


The butterfly fish, Pantodon 
holzi, is not as well known as 
aquarium fishes to aquarists, because it 
has not yet been bred in captivity. Back 
in 1914 I had one spawn, but the eggs 
all turned white, presumably because not 
fertilized. 

This odd fish is the only true fresh- 
water “flying fish,’ though its flights 
consist more of leaps—volplaning, to use 
a term of the aviator—of twenty or 
more feet above the surface of .Lake 
Veoad sin, Wes Avncica, inl jobnrsbihe Ox 
flying insects upon which it feeds. It 
also occurs elsewhere throughout equa- 
torial West Africa—Niger, Congo, Ga- 
boon, Cameroon and probably other sec- 
tions. At the present time | am the for- 
tunate possessor of a fine pair, the fe- 
male of which is the largest and came 
to me from a friend who had kept her 
in solitary confinement in a small aqua- 
rium for about a year. ‘The male was 
one of five owned by the New York 
Aquarium, and I was lucky enough to 
secure him in an exchange deal. 

My pair do not “scrap,” as have most 
other specimens I have had. On the 
contrary, they preserve an attitude of 
“watchful waiting’ for any juicy meal- 
worms, flies or cockroaches which I may 
pass to them, and as long as the female 
gets first pick all goes well. They will 
not eat, and apparently cannot see, any 
live food unless it floats on the surface, 
and then it must move to interest them. 
The prey being <cceceptable, the fish 
glides under the surface by means of 
a gentle movement of its tail, causes not 
a ripple that might warn an insect of 


DO TT ERE Elsi 


WALTER LANNOY BRIND, F. Zs 


OO 6 Pa 8 Fa 6 Od Ps 9 ss Fa as Fe es 


2 PS 9 SS PS 8 8 SO 8 9 8 9 Sf 9 SO BS 0 Os PSs OE 


Tee 
| 
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danger, seizes it, and with two or three 
gulps, swallows it whole. 

I breed meal-worms for my butterfly 
fish, and, as is well known, they have 
biting jaws which might cause discom- 
fort to the insides of a fish if swallowed 


Pantodon buchholzi 


whole. The fish seem to know all about 
this. When a worm is seized, if it be 
a large and husky one, it is held sub- 
merged until drowned, and then swal- 
lowed. Again it may take the worm 
tail first, crunching the head as it passes 
between the powerful jaws. The end 
of the lower jaw is hooked and fits into 
a corresponding notch in the upper one, 
affording a vice-like grip. 

In color the species is like an owl— 


112 


Aquatic Lite 


brown, black and white, with large sil- 
very scales on the sides. The pectoral 
or breast fins are shaped somewhat like 
the wings of a butterfly, which gives the 
fish its common name. ‘The ventral fins 
have five extended rays, which, I have 
observed, are used to crawl through 
thick, floating or surface vegetation after 
prey without disturbing the surface of 
the water or attracting attention. The 
central rays of the caudal or tail fin are 
also considerably prolongated, contrib- 
uting much to the graceful appearance 
of the fish. The anal fin, which is the 
feature by which the sexes can be dis- 
tinguished, is single on the female and 
double on the male, consisting of a few 
short rays in front, immediately behind 
which is a _ semi-circular soft-rayed 
shorter portion. | have also observed 
another distinction not as yet, to the best 
of my knowledge, referred to elsewhere. 
All the males I have ever seen, and I 


have carefully examined the five at the, 


New York Aquarium at one time, have 
an intermittent organ protruding side- 
wise on the right-hand side, and imme- 
diately above and beside the first ray 
of the anal fin. This organ is formed 
like a curved tube, about one-eighth of 
an inch in length. When spawning I 
saw the male consistently keeping on the 
left side of the female, both swimming 
actively at the top, the eggs floating on 
the surface, white in color and about the 
size of the head of an ordinary pin. The 
spawning took place at midnight, so | 
am inclined to consider the species noc- 
turnal. It seems to prefer water as warm 
as 99 degrees Fahrenheit, but can stand 


65 degrees. 
BEI E sl 


One may wonder how the scales grow 
in exact proportion to the size of the 
fish. If he will examine one of them 
with a magnifying glass he will see that 
they increase by adding new matter at 


the edges; so that each scale increases 
exactly in proportion to the growth of 
its owner. ‘The numerous concentric 
lines on the scales mark the growths of 
successive seasons, just like the rings in 
timber. 

There is one point in the scales to 
which particular attention should be di- 
rected. If you lay the fish on its side, 
you will see that there is a conspicuous 
narrow line which runs from the gill- 
covers to the tail, and which, in the 
perch, nearly follows the arch of the 
back. This is called the “lateral line,” 
and its shape is of great use in distin- 
guishing one fish from another. It is 
formed in a rather curious manner. Each 
scale of this line is pierced near its base 
with a little hole, which corresponds to 
an aperture in the body of the fish. 
Through this aperture is poured that 
shmy substance with which the scales 
of the fish are covered, and which serves 
as a defence against the water—RKev. J. 
G. Wood. 

pau Si At 

Among the pests apt to despoil the 
ponds of the fish culturist, especially if 
large and located tn the suburbs or open 
country, is the Kingfisher, a bird of great 
beauty. Seldom is the breeder of fancy 
goldfish bothered, but last year this bird 
managed to catch a number of goldfish, 
valued at $75, from the ponds of the 
Reva). He dloughtons or Denver Colo: 


ee 


The [nland Printer gives the following 
definition of competitor: “A rascal and 
a sneak. Not very much is really known 
about him. Said to have horns and a 
tail. Generally perniciously active be- 
tween the hours of 8A. M.and8 A. M.” 


———<>__—__ 
CorRECTION. On page 100, April 


number, for Nitella flevilis read Nitella 
gracilis. 


mc cS 8 8 8 5 9 SS PS 6 PR SP 5 9 SPs PSP PSPs 


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This very beautiful species of our sal- 
amanders I have had alive but once. 
Last summer (1916) one came into my 
possession from a boy who, apparently, 
had collected it somewhere in the Dis- 
trict of Columbia. It was-a male in 
magnificent condition, with the peculiar 
markings and color very pronounced. As 
we know, this is the Marbled Salaman- 


MARBLED SALAMANDER 


Re RaW. SHUEELDIN Give. 


sO 6 Os a i Ss PS 6 Pd FS Ps Ps Ps Pn 6 6 Ss es, 


Ss Os 6 SO 6 OS 6 9 8 Oa SPS Oa SPS Oa EPS PSPS OS PS 9 SPS FSP Oa SPS 


f 


The 


me mem mm cme mc es ss 0 9 so os op ss ss 


der of our batrachian fauna, and in sci- 
ence it has long been called Amblystoma 
opacum, the name 
stowed upon it by Gravenhorst. 


having been be- 
tie as 
a somewhat thickset, clumsy species, 
well shown in the two reproductions 
ef my 


photographs illustrating the 


rresent article. They are natural size, 


from life, and show the markings well. 


114 


Aquatic Lite 


The ground color is a dull, slaty black, 
being shiny only when the animal is 
wet. It is elegantly marked with vari- 
ous curious designs in pale, grayish- 
white, the forms of which, and their 
distribution, are well shown in my pic- 
tures. Of these, the upper illustration 
gives the specimen as seen directly 
from above, while the one below pre- 
sents a good side view. I am told that 
the markings of the Marbled Salaman- 
der are inclined to vary considerably, 
when we come to compare a good 
series of specimens selected to demon- 
strate this feature. On its under side 
the skin is lighter in color, being rather 
of a bluish black than slaty. Big ex- 
amples of this species may attain a 
length of nearly five inches, of which 
two inches belong to the tail; this latter 
is stout, and rounded at the base, being 
more flattened transversely, as we pro- 
ceed toward its distal extremity. 

As to its range, it is found over the 
central and eastern parts of North 
America, but it is not common in any 
locality. This is the only specimen ever 
examined by me in life; and I am sure 
the many readers of Aguatic Lire will 
be glad to note what the Marbled Sal- 
amander looks like. It will eat bits of 
raw meat and common earth worms; 
but, unless kept in a very large aqua- 
rium, with a good area of terra firma 
exposed for it to live upon, it 1s hkely 
to get into deep water; and, as it is a 
poor swimmer, it will surely come to 
srief and promptly drown. For the 
vivarium, however, it is a splendid pet, 
and a very striking one thus kept with 
other salamanders. 

Mr. Ditmars says of this species: 
“The larvee of the Marbled salamander 
may be found in shallow ponds in the 
openings of woods. They grow rap- 
idly, and leave the water late in June 
or early in July. While developing, 


they present a dull, grayish appear- 
ance, thickly dotted with white, which 
latter gives way to the markings of 
the adult a short time prior to their 
leaving the water. In the adult form 
this salamander selects dry situations, 
and may be found under stone in sandy, 
or dry and hilly country, where it bur- 
rows to some depth.” It is, in its adult 
form, not likely to be mistaken for any 
other species, as it never has any 
yellow markings upon it, like the 
Spetted Salamander or the Tiger Sala- 


mander. 
— 


Messrs. Orsinger and Keedy, the O. 
K. twins of the Chicago Aquarium 
Society, a short time since made a fly- 
ing visit to Pittsburgh and (in smaller 
type) to Philadelphia. We are not just 
sure what they thought of Philadel- 
phia, because they persisted in talking 
Pittsburgh until the atmosphere was 
figuratively and literally “smoky.” O. 
and K. surely put their O. K. on Pitts- 
burgh. We Quakers are just a wee bit 
jealous! We console ourselves with 
the thought that at least our fishes like 
us and get homesick when away. When 
O. and K. packed up their catch at the 
home of the editor they incidentally, 
or rather, accidentally, “copped” a red 
female Moon-fish that was in a “con- 
finement” tank. On the train between 
Altoona and Pittsburgh, Mrs. Moon 
gave birth to a litter, but, becoming 
homesick, the whole family passed to 
the. Great Beyond: ere Om andeke 
arrived at the windy city. 

cation AY 

Harry Peters (at the daph pond) .-— 
“Well, George, where are they today?” 

George Wilt (siapping vigorously ).— 
“On the legs and neck mostly.” 

Yea, “tis a nature hard to match, a 
ereat heart that’s sublime, when mos- 
quito bites one can scratch and joke at 
the same sad time. 


¥ 


696 5s 9 8 0 as 


8 6 os 6s as as Yo oa ga a os as 


a 5 9 5 Fs Os Os os Os 


Pa S96 9 SP 6 Pn 8 Fa 19 nt 8 1 a Sn 1 a St 


The Physics of Respiration 


CHARLES M. BREDER, JR. 


MOOR OR BLACK TELESCOPE BROADTAIL GOLDFISH 


= 
: 
: 


es P85 9 5 PS 9s PS 5 PS 5 Ps Ps PS Ps Pg PS Pg 9 PRs PG BS Pg PS 9 5 PS Py 


5s a 6 PS es Os Fg 9 BS Ps OS es Fd Ot fh 


Owned by Hartman of Philadelphia 


8 rms cs 0s 0 0 5 5 6 Ps Ps Pg PS 9s Ps 8 PS 


I read with interest the article in the 
February number on the respiration of 
fishes, and believe others did likewise. 
Carrying the idea a step further the 
following experiment to demonstrate 
osmosis may appeal because of its sim- 
plicity and ease of operation. It shows 
one of the fundamental facts of life in 
an accurate and scientific manner. 

In order to understand just how the 
oxygen passes in and the waste gases 
out through the delicate gill membrane 
of fishes it is necessary to go to a scien- 
tific laboratory for a satisfactory expla- 
nation. Under the most powerful mi- 
croscope yet devised no pores in the 
membranes are discernible. It is a 
question to which no real answer has 
yet been given as to just how the gases 
penetrate the membrane. However, it 
is known that this does take place, 


and scientists have named the process 
osmosis. 

It can be shown by experiment that 
if two gases, or liquids, be separated 
by an animal membrane a transfer of 
the two will take place through the 
membrane. It will be found that the 
transfusion takes place in both direc- 
tions but the greater flow will be in the 
direction of the denser of the two. The 
experiment with the gases is difficult 
to work outside of a laboratory, but 
the quiet of their own 
kitchen, if the “Madam” is out, may 
demonstrate phenomenon with 
liquids. 

A tube is required, an old test tube 
with the bottom broken off will do. 
Over the smooth end of it the thin skin 
found next to the inside of an egg shell 
must be stretched and sealed around 


anyone in 


this 


116 


Aquatic Lite 


the edge with paraffin. If a thin sheet 
of coloidion is available it may be used 
in place of the egg membrane. This 
may be obtained by allowing some col- 
loidion to dry on a glass plate and then 
carefully removing it. It may be sealed 
to the tube with some of the same ma- 
terial. The tube thus prepared is partly 
filled with a strong sugar solution, and 


1—Glass containing pure water. 

2—Tube conta‘ning sugar solution. 

3—Strips of wood supporting the tube. 

4—String marking height of liquid at start of 
experiment. 

5—Membranous covering closing end of tube 
completely. 


a string or rubber band passed around 
it at the level of the fluid. The lower 
end of the tube is submerged in a glass 
of plain water. The tube may be sus- 
pended by being clamped between two 
pieces of wood projecting beyond both 
sides of the glass and held together 


with rubber bands. After the apparatus 
has stood for a few hours, or over night, 
it will be found that the liquid in the 
tube has risen some. Just how much 
may be told by the height of the liquid 
in relation to the string tied around the 
tube at the start of the experiment. 
The extent of the rise will be governed 
by the strength of the solution, the 
thickness of the membrane and various 
other factors. If the water in the glass 
be measured it will be found that it 
has lost just as much as the tube has 
gained. If it is tested for sugar it will 
be found to contain some, showing that 
the passage of the fluids was in both 
directions. If the sugar solution be 
placed in the glass and the plain water 
in the tube, the level of the water in 
the tube will lower, proving that ca>- 
larity has nothing to do with it, and 
the greater flow is always in the direc- 
tion of the denser medium. All pos- 
sible effects due to capilarity may be 
removed by simply using a tube of suf- 
ficient diameter. 
be varied by using one colored liquid 


The experiment may 


such as staining the plain water with 
red ink or some other soluble color. 


eee 


The recently organized Kensington 
Goldfish Society, of Philadelphia, gave 
its first exhibition for Broadtail Tele- 
scopes on April 4th. Judges Ayling, 
Wiggins and Hazlett made following 
awards: 

Opaque-scaled—Ist, J. Tyler; 2d and 
3d, H. Mackrell. 

‘Transparent-scaled—Ist, H. 
rell; 2d, Wilson; 3d, Harris. 

Mr. Mackrell is president of the so- 
Gletye elie Garman, vice-president; 
Mr. Harris, secretary; Mr. Hagensich, 


Mack- 


financial secretary; Mr. Tyler, treas- 
urer; Mr. Puckall, exhibit manager. 


f 


a Pa 6 9 8 $8 PS Pn 8 6 PO SP 8 OS PS Pg SS PA Bd 7 9 Ps PSPS PP 


Polyacanthus cupanus Var. Dayi 


prom ome 


Among the most interesting of the 
many fishes that may be bred in the 
home aquarium are those of the genera 
Macropodus, Betta, Trichogaster, Os- 
phromenus and Polyacanthus of the 
group LaAByRINTHICI—the — labyrinth- 
gilled fishes. More so than with many 
other fishes it is necessary to understand 
the conditions that favor the successful 
rearing of the young. We all know that 
they build a foamy nest of bubbles; that 
the eggs are placed in this nest; that they 
and later the fry are guarded by the 
male; that the female must be removed 
immediately after the eggs are expelled, 
and the male when the fry begin to leave 
the nest. That is all. More than this is 
not generally known, and these bare 
facts are not sufficient to insure suc- 
cessful propagation. 

The first essential requirement is a 


Ps 6 OS OS Os Fa Pd PS Fs 8 Pn nh a ns Sd Sd 


pom fl 


Breeding Labyrinthine Fishes | 


DEAN LIBORIUS SEMMANN 


0 6 6 Ss FS Ss Bs Ps PS PS PS PS PS Ps PS 9 9 ss sy 


Original Painting by Francis H. Goodby 


a SP 6 Fs 6 Fs PE 6 Fs Fe 6 Pe 6 PS 0 Ps Fs Fs On Sn 6 Ps oP oP oa SPs 


5 6 6S ES 9 6 2 SS SP SP 8 SP 6 PSPs 9S PL 9S Pi 9S PSPs 


large tank, as these fishes cannot be bred 
in a small one. An aquarium not less 
than 30x15x12 inches should be allowed 
to stand over winter without fishes and 
containing a good growth of plants, alge 
covering a part of the glass, plenty of 
Riccia or other floating plants, and but 
four inches of water. When spring ar- 
rives give the tank plenty of sun, but 
do not introduce the pair of fish until 
May or the beginning of June. With 
abundant sunlight it will develop suf- 
ficient Jnfusoria for 300 to 500 baby fish 
until they are large enough to devour 
the smallest Cyclops and Daphnia. ‘The 
tank can easily be kept in condition by 
occasionally throwing a little dried and 
powdered lettuce into it. As soon as 
the fry are large enough to take small 
live food, sifted Daphnia and Cyclops 


‘are to be given, later large Daphnia, 


118 


Aquatic Lite 


mashed rain-worm, Corethra larva, the 
inside of meal-worms, scraped meat, and 
at intervals a little dry fish food of stand- 
ard brands. Tvrichogaster and Osphro- 
menus must also have vegetable foods 
such as fine alge and tender leaves of 
water plants and lettuce. 

To breed the labyrinths it is abso- 


THE PURRING GOURAMI 
(Ctenops vittatus) 


osphromenus striatus 


lutely necessary to keep them warm, 
warm, and again warm. ‘The temper- 
ature should never fall below 80 de- 
grees, Fahrenheit. Success is impos- 
sible of attainment unless they are 
maintained between 80 and 86 degrees. 
A sudden change, even though it be 
only a few degrees, may kill all the 
young fish. A draft, or cold air, strik- 
ing the surface of the water, always 
proves fatal to the eggs and to the 
fry swimming immediately below; the 
foam nests are very sensitive to drafts. 
If the cover of the tank is carelessly 
raised while a draft passes, or when the 
air in the room is cool, the bubble nest 
will dissolve and the fry die. ‘The 
temperature, when the young begin to 
swim, should be raised one to one and 
one-half degrees and kept so for two 
Then as the young grow it 1s 
gradually lowered, but must never drop 


weeks. 


below 73 degrees. 


The aquarist lacking experience with 
these fishes usually attempts to breed 
them in too small a receptacle or in 
recently re-set and containing 
clean, fresh water. Consequently, as 
the water in the small recently-filled 
tank is deficient in Infusoria, the young 
soon starve to death. It is of little use 
to pour “infusorta water’ into such a 
tank, because to feed all the young so 
much would be required that the water 
would be fouled, and more harm than 
good result. Some writers have as- 
serted that fresh water is better for 
promoting the propagation of infuso- 
rians than old water. This would be 
true if fresh water contained the foods 
of Infusoria, but it does not. When- 
ever fresh water is used to raise In- 
fusoria we find that these fishes do not 
thrive and gradually die. The water in 


one 


natural pools contains foods for the 


THE DWARF GOURAMI 
( Trichogaster. lalius) 


infusorians such as decaying plants and 
animal excrement of all kinds, so only 
old water should be used. 


—— 


I wouldn’t miss one issue of Aquatic 
Life for the price of the twelve. I wish 
it was published twice a month instead 
of once—H A. Knight. 


b 9) 


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a 6 Ps Oe es 


a & 


From the Far East, Singapore, to be 
exact, was brought to the aquarist, in 
1905, Betta pugnar, one of the many 
labyrinth fishes. The species is brown- 
ish in color with greenish spotted scales ; 
fins with a greenish sheen; dorsal and 
anal with reddish spots. When mature 
it measures about three and one-half 
inches. 

This species presents a splendid ex- 
ample of the way 1n which Nature adapts 
the habits of her children to their envi- 
ronment. Other labyrinth fishes build a 
nest of bubbles at the surface of water, 
in which the eggs are placed to incubate, 
and in which the young are kept for a 
few days under the care of a parent. 
From this method the procedure of B. 
pugnax differs radically. In its native 
land it inhabits swift running water, in 
which a bubble nest could not be built; 
pugnax conforms to the conditions by 
becoming a mouth-breeder. 

The initial operation of expelling the 
eggs and their fertilization is much the 
same as with the other members of the 
family. It is in the subsequent proce- 
dure that the differing habit becomes evi- 
dent. The male ccllects the eggs in his 
anal fin, which bends at this time, then 
they are transferred to his mouth by 
the female. Here they hatch after the 
manner of the Mouth-breeder, Haplo- 
chromis strigigena, whose habits and 
care have already been described by the 
present writer in a past number of 
Aguatic Lirr. The eggs hatch in a few 
days, and as soon after as possible the 
parents should be removed, otherwise, 
as they are very cannibalistic, they would 


a SOS OS Ps Os Os 9 a as 


BETTA PUGNAX : 


6 a at 


ea 


The Mouth-breeding Labyrinth Fish 


(Ei, Inlsede 


8 Os 9s Ps 9s PO, 


devour the young. 

The food requirements are the same 
as for the other labyrinth fishes— 
daphne, enchytre worms, raw scraped 
beef and chopped earthworms being pref- 
erable. For the newly hatched fry an 
abundant supply of infusoria is neces- 
sary. Later, as they grow, the yolk of 
a hard boiled egg should be mixed with 


Betta pugnax 


a little water, strained through fine 
fabric, such as thin muslin, and dropped 
into the tank. When large enough to 
take them, feed the smallest daphne, 
then finely scraped beef and, eventually, 
the same-sized particles as the parents. 

Betta pugnax is a splendidly shaped 
fish, quick in action, and due to its size 
should be placed in a roomy aquarium. 
Under ordinary conditions a tempera- 
ture of 65 degrees, Fahrenheit, will be 
sufficient, but while breeding and for the 
young 70 to 75 degrees will be better. 

The related B. splendens and B. rubra 
are the fishes used for fighting in the 
Fast and not B. pugnax, which was for- 
merly confused as such, and probably on 
account of its specific name. 


120 


Aquatic Lite 


An Aquaruim Unquie 


One of my friends, who lives in one 
of the densest parts of London, takes 
his guests into a little back room where, 
to all appearance, the inmates are partly 
under water, as if in a diving bell. There 
is only one window to the room, and that 
window is apparently the only means of 
keeping the water out. Through the 
‘panes are seen fishes swimming about at 


ot 
TR 
8 

xy 
Ra 
ti 
KR 


The Mouth Cichlid Breeder 


OAROCEPL 
BEE ELE 


their ease, sometimes sailing steadily 
along, and sometimes putting their noses 
against the window, as if trying to enter 
the room; aquatic plants are waving 
their flexible leafage in the water, while 
many other inhabitants of the river are 
flitting about as if in their native haunts. 
In the middle is a fountain, which throws 
jets of water high into the air, while, as 
the spectator directs his gaze upwards, 
he seems to be looking into a nymph’s 
cavern, rich with stalactites, and glitter- 


Haplochromis strigigena 


MPACORITEIPCNA RY 
FLO ARERR 


ing crystals, and lighted from above by 
the blue sky. 

How this curious and beautiful effect 
can be produced is not easily seen until 
the inventor throws up the window. As 
he lays his hand on the sash, the spec- 
tator is rather startled, because, to all 
appearance, the giass panes form the 
barriers against the water. However, 
the sash glides up easily, and the water 
does not come in. A closer view betrays 


Original Water Color by E. S. Young 


WTI 
SNe 


the deception, which is really an ingeni- 
ous as well as a pretty one. The aqua- 
rium is built just outside the window, 
and is about eighteen inches wider on 
either side. Both sides and the back are 
made of brick and slate, well cemented, 
while the front is of a single sheet of 
plate glass, which is close behind the 
window panes, and is not seen when the 
sash is down. ‘The tank is, of course a 
very large one, and the back being about 
Concluded on Page 122 


Led 


Last summer, after reading of Jordan- 
ella, a Florida tooth-carp, and becoming 
interested in its reported breeding habits, 
we concluded to add a pair to our collec- 
tion. 

We found it to be an attractive fish, 
rather shy, but less so during the breed- 
ing periods. When half grown it re- 
sembles Platypoecilia in shape, though 
the head is more biunt. The full-grown 
decidedly broader. Running 
along the back of a young male is a faint 
row of greenish-gray spots on a lighter 
ground of the same color; a second row 
extends from the lateral centre to the 
tail; large bluish-black blotch on side; 
along back parallel lines of iridescent 
green alternate with dull greenish-gray 
changing to coral-red on the sides. The 
dorsal fin is faintly spotted with reddish- 
brown; anal with narrow band of coral 
at base followed by bands of pale green 
edged with faint brownish spots; pec- 
torals with suggestion of red; caudal and 
ventrals colorless. 

The female is much duller, having a 
background of greenish-gray mottled 
with a darker shade. This mottling is 
changeable and at times seems to suggest 
upright bars. In addition to the perma- 
nent marking at the lateral centre two 
or three others show at times. On the 
sides are broken lines of glistening pale 
green spots. The fins are colorless, ex- 
cept the dorsal, which has a black spot 
with a green band at its base. 

The pair were placed in an aquarium 
containing a large bunch of WNitella. 
After several weeks the female became 
noticeably distended with roe and the 


male is 


| | JORDANELLA FLORIDAE | 


ERNEST LEITHOLF 


I I hn 


ON | 


male began to chase her about. Each 
dash usually ended in the clump of 
Nitella. We awaited developments with 
interest, expecting the male to live up 
to his reputation as a guardian of the 
spawn and fry. We were doomed to 
disappointment. After several weeks of 
maneuvering the temale became thinner 
and the pair settled down to ordinary 


Lower, Male 


Jordanella Floridae (fer, Female 


routine. Later attempts were likewise 
negative. ‘The fish seemed to be gastro- 
nomically inclined toward the eggs and 
not a single youngster appeared. We 
then decided to change our tactics. After 
the next spawning operation the Nitella 
was removed and the eggs discovered 
upon it. They were yellow, adhesive and 
about the size of those of Danio rerio. 
The plants were then placed in another 
receptacle to permit the incubation of the 
eggs without disturbance. Between four 
and six days later the fry began to ap- 
pear. Three or four weeks later we had 
forty youngsters, ten of which reached 
maturity. 

This spring the old pair are confirm- 
ing our observations of last year, and 


22 


Aquatic Lite 


Aquatic Life 


A monthly magazine devoted to the study, 
care and breeding of native, tropical, gold 
and fancy fishes, other animals and plants 
in the household aquarium. 


Wer A ePOY:SE IR tase cisciners erste 
JOSEPH E. BAUSMAN 
542 E. Girard Avenue, Philadelphia. 


Entered as second-class matter, September 
2, 1915, at the Post Office, Philadelphia, Pa., 
under Act of March 3, 1879. 


Yearly Subscription .-.--.....-.--...- $1.00 
Foreign Subscriptions ................ Bes 
Simalle (COM soossoagaescoo000000¢ 10 cents 


Payments may be made by express money 
order, draft, post office order or registered 
letter. Foreign remittances should be by 
international money order. 


Advertising rates made known on application. 


“Aquatic Life’ is the only magazine in 
America devoted exclusively to aquatic life, 
and its value as an advertising medium in 
this field of nature study is unequaled. 


Copyright 1917 by Joseph E. Bausman 


Vol. II 


May, 1917 No. 9 


have torn several bunches of Nitella to 
shreds. I have arrived at the conclusion 
that Jordanella evinces no interest in the 
care of the spawn and young unless our 
pair is an exception. Previous accounts 
have stated that the male zealously 
guards the eggs and the resulting fry 
until they are able to forage alone. 

The generic name Jordanella was con- 
ferred in honor of Jordan; floridae, of 
Florida. 


—___»—___ 


The Maryland Society 


Maryland has fallen into the aquarium 
with a  splash—figuratively speaking. 
The Aquatic Association of Maryland 
was organized April 18, 1917, in Balti- 
more. 

The “father” of the association, Mr. 
W. H. Cassell, was promptly elected 
president; Ernest A. Gill, vice-president ; 
Louis Hens, treasurer; P. C. Chambliss, 


“the littlest one in the bunch,’ was 
picked for secretary. Mr. Chambliss 
does not seem to understand why he was 
selected, but concludes that it is natural 
to “pick on the little feller.” 

A committee, composed of Messrs. 
Arnold, Marrian and Fishach, was ap- 
pointed to draft the constitution and by- 
laws. 

The society has been organized to 
stimulate interest in the animal and plant 
life of fresh water, especially of the 
home aquarium, and for mutual educa- 
tion and pleasure. The scientific study 
of fish culture will be pursued as in the 
other societies. 

A campaign for members is well under 
way. To be eligible one has only to be 
interested in aquatic life or have a de- 
sire to learn. The bars have been ban- 
ished and women will be welcome. Ap- 
plications may be made through any 
member or to Mr. P. C. Chambliss, sec- 
tetary, 731 Reservoir street, Baltimore. 


oS 


The San Francisco Aquarium Society 
was an exhibitor at the recent Chil- 
Pet Show, held in the Civic 
Centre Auditorium. A number of splen- 
didly arranged aquaria were shown. 
Two fully equipped tanks were awarded 
by the society to the boy and girl enter- 
ing the best terraium and aquarium. The 
fishes attracted great attention and lit- 
erature on the care of an aquarium was 
distributed. 


dren's 


ee ee 


Concluded from Page 120 


six feet high, and skillfully modeled into 
the semblance of a rocky cavern flooded 
with water, and the whole arrangement 
gives the room a most unique appear- 
ance, because the inmates seem to be 


inhabitants of the cavern, and to be 
looking through the water at the sky.— 


Kev. J. G. Wood: 


Philadelphia Goldfish Fanciers 


The regular meeting of the Philadel- 
phia Goldfish Fanciers’ Society was held 
on Wednesday evening, April 18, in 
Saull’s Hall, 802 Girard avenue. Annual 
competition for broadtail Japs. Messrs. 
William L. Paullin, Thomas Ayling and 
Dr. J. J. Fralinger, judges, made follow- 
ing awards: 

TRANSPARENT-SCALED JAPS.—Charles 
J. Hanmg Silver Cup to Dr. F. C. Leff- 
man; blue ribbon, Frank Merges; red 
ribbon, George E. Wilt; yellow ribbon, 
Charles Hinkle. 

OPAQUE-SCALED JAPS.—Red_ ribbon, 
Mrs. Elizabeth Ahlers; yellow ribbon, 
Thomas J. Schubert. 

Officers for the ensuing year were 
elected as follows: President, Harry P. 
Peters; Vice-President, Charles J. Han- 
nig; Secretary, Fred. Richardson ; Treas- 
urer, Thomas Ayling; Board of Gov- 
ernors, George B. Smith, George W. 
Price, George E. Wilt, Francis X. Garcia 
aingl IDye, 18, C, Ieisinem. 

Messrs. William A. Barber, 
Crane and Charles F. Mazdon 
elected to membership. 

The next meeting will be held on 
Wednesday evening, May 16th. Com- 
petition for Shubunkins and Comets. 
Six ribbons will be awarded. 

FRED RICHARDSON, 
Secretary. 


Be AR 


were 


oo 


““Where ignorance is bliss,” said 
James Young, the motion picture direc- 
tor, repeating the words after a fellow- 
member of the Lambs Club, “exactly! 
Precisely like the Detroit girl who visited 
the country on May Day. 

“She came to a pond whose shallows 
were full of tadpeles—thousands and 
thousands of little black fellows flopping 
about in an inch of mud and water. 

“*Oh, she said, ‘look at the tadpoles! 
And to think that some day every one of 
the horrid wiggling things will be a beau- 
tiful butterfly’ ” 


The most wonderful things in nature 
are the smallest. A flea leaps 200 times 
its own length. A six-foot man would 
have to jump 1200 feet to parallel the 
event. One species of fly takes 440 steps 
in traveling three inches and does it in 
half a second—corresponding to a man 
running 20 miles a minute. 


ee een 


Statement of the Ownership, Management, 
Circulation, Etc., Required by the Act of 
Congress of August 24, 1912, of Aquatic 
Life, published monthly at Philadelphia, 
Pennsylvania, for April 1st, 1917. 


Ve 


Beiore me, a notary public in and for the 
State and County aforesaid, personally ap- 
peared W. A. Poyser, who, having been duly 
sworn according to law, deposes and says that 
he is the editor of Aquatic Lifer, and that the 
following is, to the best of his knowledge 
and belief, a true statement of the ownership, 
management (and if a daily paper, the circu- 
lation), ete, of the aforesaid publication for 
the date shown in the above caption, required 
by the Act of August 24, 1912, embodied in 
Section 443, Postal Laws and Regulations, 
to wit: 


State of Pennsylvania 
County of Philadelphia 


That the names and addresses of the pub- 
lisher, editor, managing editor, and business 
managers are: 


Publisher—Joseph FE. Bausman, 542 East 
Girard Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa. 
Editor—W. A. Poyser, 207 South 37th 


Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 


Managing Editor—None. 
Business Managers—None. 


That the owners are: (Give names and ad- 
dresses of individual owners, or, if a cor- 
poration, give its name and the names and 
addresses of stockholders owning or holding 
1 per cent. or more of the total amount of 
stock. ) 


Owners—Joseph E. Bausman, 542 East 
Girard Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.; W. A. 
Poyser, 207 South 37th Street, Philadelphia, 
24, 


That the known bondholders, mortgagees, 
and other security holders owning or holding 
1 per cent. or more of the total amount of 
bonds, mortgages, or other securities are: 
None. 


W. A. POYSER, Editor. 
Sworn to and subscribed before me this 23rd 
day of March, 1917. 
(Seal) A. D. DEWEEs. 
(My commission expires February 19, 1921.) 


D think Uncle Sam could have built the Panama Canal using a pickand shovel? 
Oo think your aquarium can be a success with poor tools? 
Y use a tedious dip-tube or an ancient mud-lever? 
OU iusea sloppy siphon and a dozen tin pails? 
Are your fish sick? Is your wife sck of your aquarium and you? 
WHY?. BECAUSE YOUR METHODS ARE OUT-OF-DATE. 


Wake up! Spring is here! Find out why my AQUARIUM WATER PUMP 
is the greatest gift to aquarists of the day. Get my Aquarium Water Pump 
and relegate your playthings to the attic. It will keep your aquarium clean and 
perfectly aerate the water any day in the year. Send me the depth in inches of 
the water and the price, $1.50, in cash or stamps, for postpaid shipment. 


WALTER M. COPELAND, 179 Riverside Avenue, Medford, Mass. 
Member of the Boston Aquarium Society and the New York Aquarium Society. 


@ & 0000000008 800808 000 OO OO OOOOGODS OOOHHOHHOHHOHOGOOS OOOOH HHHOHHHGHODS DHOOHHHHHHSHOHOOS HHHHHHSHHHOS OHHHLHHHOHHSSOSO eeeceee, 


“BEST YET” 
TROPICAL AQUARIUM 


(Patent applied for) 


Enables You to Raise Tropical Fishes 
Under Tropical Conditions 
Insures real success. Four hundred Danio 


‘ rerio raised out of 404 eggs, and all froma 
Rin Se eee Pear ee single spawning. 


“‘BEST YET’? FISHFOOD is the Best Yet 
(Registered Trade Mark) 


Made by BRIND from imported ingredients only. Far excels all dry 
toods for all fishes, large or small, eoldfish or tropical species. Send 25c for 
two boxes, medium and fine, ARE 


DOMESTICATED FISH 


An exhaustive, richly illustrated work on Tee Fishes and Goldfish. 
Price, $2.08, or with supplement (payable in advance), $2.60. The supplement 
alone will cost $1.00 after publication. Order now and save money! 


Forty-six varieties of tropical fishes. Cheap! F fteen species of water 
plants, aquarium grown. Enchytra, liberal portion, 25c postpaid. Preserved 
Daphnia, better than dry, portion, 25c postpaid. 


W.L. BRIND, F. Z. S., 449 W. 206th Street, New York 
Phone before calling. St. Nicholas 8418. 
Always at home Sunday morning. 


@ FS OOOOG OOH OGHG OHOHGHDHHHHHHHOH DGG 9OHHHHHHOHHHHHGHTHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHDHHOHSOOHH8OO88808 ee 
e* 
© © 000000000000 COOS 00000000000 OOOO 0 0O00 088800000888 000005 0000000088800000 0000000000000000 ee 


150 Chambers Street :: New York City 
Aquarium Specialists 


GOLDFISH, FOODS, PLANTS, SNAILS, ETC. 


Combination Natural Fish Food - Sample Can 10c 
Imported Shrimp Fish Food - - Sample Can 15c 
Imported Wafer Fish Food Large Sample Box 10c 


Special Prices on Quantity Lots Cash With Order 
Catalogue Sent Upon Request 


Orders amounting $2 delivered postpaid. 


The Home Aquarium and How to Care for 
It. A guide to its fishes, other animals and 
plants. By Eugene Smith. 213 pages, 137 
illustrations, cloth binding, $1.20. Add 
parcel postage on two pounds. 


Book. of Water Gardening. P Bisset. 
Practical information on the selection and 
eultivation of the plants of the water gar- 
den for amateur and professional. 140 il- 
lustrations, 200 pages, eloth. $2.65. Add 
parcel postage on two pounds. 


Address Aquatic Lite 


(Book Department) 


542 East Girard Avenue, Phi Bee ae | 


Mail orders promptly attended to. 


AQUARIUM STOCK CO se Backs fem enone for Aquarist 


000 CS] 000 C000 Ca C000 


k 


This richly illustrated volume is of highly 
practical value to every aquarist, no matter 
what his specialty. Goldfish culture in all 
its branches; magnificent photographs of 
prize-winning specimens, ete., ete. 

Gives the only comprehensive list of 300 
tropical fishes, their breeding habits, re- 
quired temperature, food and general care 
in detail. 


ie 


New Aquarium Boo 


It will be entitled 


GOLDFISH VARIETIES AND 
TROPICAL AQUARIUM FISHES 
By Wm. T. Innes 


KEEP YOUR 
AQUARIUMS CLEAN 


With Acton Aquarium 
Vacuum Cleaners 


People are learning 
that sanitary methods 
are postively essential 
to breed good fish. 
Our cleaners have been 
a big success amongst 
the dealers. 


Sample by Parcel 
Post, 50c,75c, $1.00 


We make an automatic 
syphon which works 


Sent anywhere upon receipt of price, $3.00, 
by the publishers. 


INNES & SONS 
129-135 N. 12th Street . 
Philadelphia 


S000 C000 Cac 000 


| 


| 
| 
: 
| 
| 
3 
| 
8 


—— 


Che Mature Study Rebiew 


OFFICIAL JOURNAL 
AMERICAN NATURE-STUDY 
SOCIETY 


The numbers for the coming school year 
will be filled with special articles from prac- 
tical teachers dealing with actual works, 
methods and suggestions for school garden- 
ing, elementary agriculture and _ nature- 
study. 


$1.00 per year. 15c per copy. 
Add for Canadian Postage, 10c. Foreign 
Postage, 20c. With Aquatic Life One 
Year, $1.50. 


ITHACA, N. Y. 


BETTER CUTS AT | 


x 


« BETTER PRICES 


as soon as placed in 
Aquariums. 


Mfg. by 
Acton Electric Co.,Inc. 


1133 BROADWAY 
NEW YORK 


OSCAR LEITHOLF 


433 Fourth Avenue, 


Pittsburgh, Pa. 


TROPICAL FISHES 
PLANTS SNAILS 
Planorbis corneus Var. rubra 
Paludina vivipara 

281 Southern Avenue. 


Aquarium: 


Write for Price List. 


Calter Well 
Breeder of 
Broad -tail Telescopes 


PROMPT SERVICE GUARANTEED 


GOULD WILHELM CO™ 


ARTISTS « ENGRAVERS = PHOTOGRAPHERS 
44N.4™ STREET PHILA. 
|| SEND FOR SAMPLES PRICES THEY WILL INTEREST YOU|| 


BLUES BLACKS CALICOS 
4324 Wyalusing Avenue 
Philadelphia 


Spawn For Sale Now 


“AQUARIA FISH” 


A practical work on care and breeding of 
fish in the Aquarium, Greenhouse and out- 
door Ponds. Finely illustrated. Every one 
interested in keeping fish should send for 
a copy of this book. Price, $1. 


Four-Horned Snails (Ampullaria Gigas) de- 
posit a mass of large coral red eggs out of 


the water, the little snails drop into the 
water as they hatch. ‘These snails are in- 
valuable for destroying Hydra in the aqua- 
rium. 

Thoroughbred Collie 


marked, F. L. TAPPAN 


92 S. 7th Street, Minneapolis, Minn. 


Pups, beautifully 


HALLER’S 
Harts Mountain Bird Store 


Wholesale and Retail Importer and Dealer in 
Genuine Hartz Mountain & St.Andreasburg 


CANARIES 


Gold Fish, Globes, Pigeons, Pet Dogs, Dog 
Medicine, Poultry Supplies 

Full Line of Best Imported German Bird Seeds Always on Hand 

1108 VINE STREET 

CINCINNATI, OHIO 


TEN VARIETIES OF BEAUTIFUL | 


AQUARIUM PLANTS 
for $1.00 Postpaid 
J. Henrt Wacner, 1909 North Capitol 
Washington, D. C. 


THE BRUCE FISHERIES 
Breeder, Importer, Wholesale & Retail Dealer in 
All Kinds of Goldfish 
Comets a Specialty 
ELGIN K. BRUCE, THORNBURG, IA. 


(Thomas Aline 


FINE BROAD.TAIL TELESCOPES 


Some Nice Young and Breeders at Reasonable Prices | 


845 East Ontario Street Philadelphia 


THE TERMINAL PET SHOP 
PETS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION AND KIND 
Manufacturing and Maintenance of Aquariums a Specialty 
All Kinds of Cat and Dog Foods and Medicines 
HUDSON TERMINAL BUILDING 
Concourse, New York 


CARL LAZER 
Dealer and Breeder of Tropical Fishes 
Aquarium Plants Red Snails 


All Kinds of Aquaria and Supplies 
Open Evenings Only, or by Appointment 


647 West 184th Street New York City, N.Y. 


FRANKLIN BARRETT 


EVERYTHING COMPLETE FOR THE 
AQUARIUM, POND AND LAKE & 


Wyoming Avenue, & C Street, Phila., Pa. 
SEND FOR PRICE LISTS 


DRIED SHRIMP 
The General Utility Food for Fishes. 
Per pound, coarse, 75c.; fine ground, $1. 
St. George’s Natural Fish Food, $1.50 lb. 
Sample can, 15¢ Add postage to your zone 
CANADIAN BIRD STORE, 
2139 West Van Buren Street, Chicago, Ill. 


Otto alter 
86 Suydam Street :: Brooklyn, INS XC, 


Near Evergreen Avenue L Station 
Breeder and Importer of 


TROPICAL & GOLDFISHES 


Telescopes Calicos Japs Fan-tails 


Dealer in All Varieties of Aquatic Plants 
All Kinds of Fish Foods 
Fresh and Dried Daphnia 


AQUARIA, UTENSILS AND SUPPLIES ; 


AQUARIUMS OF ARTISTIC DESIGNS 


For home, conservatory and lawn. Beautiful 
and durable. Any size made to order. 


FISHES PLANTS ALL SUPPLIES 


We go anywhere to construct aquatic gardens. 
Write for illustrated price list. 


PIONEER AQUARIUM CO., Racine, Wisconsin 


EVERYTHING IS FISH THAT COMES 
TO THE NET OF A NATURALIST 


Don’t paddle in the water with one hand and be blind with both 
eyes. In other words ‘‘keep your eyes open”’ for all nature. 


Our Magazine 
Che Guide to ature 
Will Help You 
It is edited by EDWARD F. BIGELOW, who fishes in the 


heavens and earth, as well as the waters under the earth. 
Four months’ trial, 25c. One year, $1.00 


THE AGASSIZ ASSOCIATION 
ArcAdiA 


Sound Beach Connecticut 


(Not Inc. ) 
123 S. Oakley Bivd., Chicago, Illinois 


Look for advertisement in the next 


number! 


our 


We will offer a collection of beautiful and 
interesting live-bearing tropical fishes: 


XIPHOPHORUS HELLERI 
PHALLOPTYCHUS JANUARIUS 
LEBISTES RETICULATUS 
MOLLIENISIA LATIPINNA 


Sufficient Valliineria and Anacharis (to 
start you right), will be included without 
charge. Shipments will begin in May or 
as soon as the weather permits. 


We specialize in exotic fishes of selected 
stock and aquarium-raised plants. 


Correspondence a pleasure. 


From Choice Telecopes & Japs, $2 per 100 Eggs 
I. X. L. Regular and Baby Fishfood, 10c. 
WwW. E. WALP 


ooTH STREET PHILADELPHIA 


Box 


1309 NORTH 


LORQUINIA—The Naturalist’s Monthly of the Southwest 


Is published monthly by the Lorquin Natural History 


Club. and contains original observations of naturalists, 
particularly of the West. Associate membership, in- 
eluding subseription, $1.50 per year. 


LOIRQWION, INAMMOIRUNIL, IEOTSIPORAY (CIE OB, 


1051 West 23rd Street, Los Angeles, Cal. 


inners 


My Broad-tail Telescope Goldfish were 
awarded firsts and three special prizes at 
the last annual exhibition of the Aquarium 
Society held in the American Museum of 
Natural History, New York. Young stock 
from these fine fish for sale during the 
coming season. Watch my future ads. 


Otto Gneiding’s Goldfish Hatchery 


31—37 Depot Ave., Ridgefield Park, N. J. 


BREEDING PAIRS OF 
Barbus vittatus 
$1.50 per Pair Add 25c for shipping can 


JOHN P. LOWEL 
146 Grace Street, Jersey City Hts., N. J. 


Danio rerio 


GEORGE'S GOLDFISH SHOP 
Golotish of All Parieties 


George’s Imperial Fish Food 10c Postpaid 


Dried Shrimp Box 10c, per pound 60c 
Plants Aquaria All Supplies 
N. W. 60th and De Lancey Street, Philadelphia 


EDWARD S. SCHMID 
Emporium of Pets 


All Kinds of Goldfishes and Aquatic Plants 
Water Lilies 
712 Twelfth Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. 
Taxidermy Send for Catalog 


Fine Broad-tail “Telescopes 
BLACK & CALICO 


Correspondence Solicited 


GEORGE WILT, 1519 N. 62nd Street 
PHILADELPHIA 


ONCE YOU TRY, YOU ALWAYS BUY 
Gnadt’s Perfect Fish Food, 10c box 
Pulverized or Whole Shrimp, 75c. lb. 
BREEDER OF FANCY GOLD AND TROPICAL FISHES 
Manufacturer of all kinds of aquariums 
Fish nets made of finest netting, 15c. 
Great reduction by dozen or gross. 


BROADWAY BIRD STORE 
P. F. GNADT, Proprietor 
1632 Broadway Greenhouse, 1630 Broadway 
BROOKLYN, N. Y. 


Use Regenia Aquarium Salts 


To replace the natural salts in your aquar- 
ium as absorbed by the fishes and snails. 
Hxeellent for plants. Help the snails form 
shell. Benefits the fish. Box of Six Pow- 
ders, 25c. For sale at Pet Stock stores 


Violet-Ray Fish Remedy 


Relieves Constipation, Fungus, Tail Rot, 
Congestion. Safe and effective. Box of Six 
Powders. 25ec. For sale at Pet Stock Stores, 


or address 
REGENIA CHEMICAL CO. 
Station K. Philadelphia 


ig Ge oe 


cen 
Michaels Bros 


GOLDFISH 
BREEDERS 


: : 
| | 
: : 
| FLORISTS | 
| 58th and Walnut Streets | 
| 110 South 52nd Street 
| Philadelphia — | 
| | 
: | 
: 


Aquarium Fishes 


All Kinds of Aquatic Plants 


Aquaria & Supplies | 


Wholesale and Retail 


eee 


OOO C000 D000 C—D000 TC D000 C000 TMD 000 TM D000 CM D000 TD 000 TD000: 


iit ne eae 


HARRY P. PETERS 
1210 N. Warnock Street, Philadelphia, Pa 


BREEDER AND IMPORTER 
Rare and Fancy Fish 


Plants of every variety, Snails and 
Aquarium Supplies of all kinds at all 
times. 


MANUFACTURER OF 


Green River Fish Food 
10c Box 


Green River Baby Fish Food 
15c Box 


A GOOD FISH FOOD is one of the 
most essential things necessary to 
keep fish in good health. After the 
test of years Green River stands out 
as the best food on the market. It 
keeps the fish in good color by pro- 
moting a healthy, robust growth. It 
will not sour ot cloud the water. Ask 
our dealer or send for it today. 


O00 —J 000 —DOCO—DOCO CL DOOO C000 — D000 D000 CDC D000 S000 TM 


IOSCO M000 MD O00 TDC SOOO S000 CT S000 


OCOOCCOC0O D000 G——D O09 TDOOOOSO 


None Goldfish Co § 


8 

: 1749 Buchanan Street, San Francisco, Cal 

: Importers : and : Dealers 
JAPANESE GOLDFISH 


DrirRECT FROM BREEDERS IN JAPAN 


Awarded Gold and Silver Medals 
Panama-Pacific International Exposition 
San Francisco, 1915 


ALL KINDS OF AQUARIA AND SUPPLIES 
Price Lists Furnished to the Trade Only 


COOOOOKCOO CM DO00000000C 000000 C= 000000 


es 


ey es aes 


IODC COCCCO CD OCOOOCOCCOC—DO00 GOO CD O00000TDOOCOOOCOCOO TD OG000CO0S: 


| | A large assortment of splendid Telescope 


as 


8 : 
8 : ve : 


Co 


loee! 


Breeders 


and Jap goldfish at reasonable prices. 


Shipping Cans, 35 Cents. 


HARRY P. PETERS 
1210 N. WARNOCK STREET 
PHILADELPHIA 


OOCC00 > Coo G————DJO0C 00d: 


soho ae 


_proremencoromonnoconse 


HERMAN RABENAU, Aquarist : 
PERMANENT DISPLAY OF 


Visitors Welcome 


8 
| Aquatic Life & Terraria 
8 
} 
8 


must be seen to be appreciated 8 
: 


Plants and Tropical Fish a Specialty 


8 Importations of New Varieties received 8 
regularly 
1163 Myrtle Avenue, 


Brooklyn, N. Y. 


Near Broadway 


BSE 


ATA TO Ls 
Tn eee 


ALATA mil 


Jacob C. Cassel 


o 


Manufacturer of 


AQUARIUMS 


Aquarium Ornaments 


Goldfish Fish Globes 


and all aquarium requisites. 


anh 
Ee 


Ai 


“ar 


Send for Catalog. 


1873 WASHINGTON 


Aquarium Specialty Co. New york city 
MANUFACTURERS OF AQUARIA, FOUNTAINS, TERRARIA, VIVARIA 


BREEDERS OF DOMESTICATED FISHES 

IMPORTERS OF FOREIGN FISHES 

AQUATIC PLANTS, SNAILS AND SUPPLIES 
STOCK AQUARIA 


Galvanized Metal Frame, Enameled | 


915 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pa 


Floral Terra Cotta, Etc. 
Fish Food 


and Gold-Striped, Bottom Slate or 
Ribbed Glass. Plain. On leg 


INGO lea wl elas Tease erase $1.25 $1.50 
SO ASO Lis Oy eats 1.50 2.00 
Ee HaY ere alr srr bore) a ke shat ln eae) Ths 
CA BOP SAB’ IB’ 3.00 3.75 
Oh) DAM salsa . 4.75 5.50 


20% additional for oxidizing. 


« Solid Brass Frame, on Projecting 

2 Slate Bottom or on Legs. 

% No.1. 12”’x 6”x 8” high, 2% gal. $2.50 

ee Soy lise (Moen VO in Oe BO 

SS OB GAO? SO es 

EATON SOLO KALA a ee ese TA aie tk eRO 
20% additional for nickel-plating or 

oxidizing. 


Per Tin box. Per lb. 


Natural Fish Food.....$ .10 $ .50 
Universal Fish Tood... .15 2.00 
Ground Dried Shrimp... .10 1.00 


Correspondence Solicited. 


JOSEPH TAUBLES, Manager. 


Steel Angle Frame, Heavy Plate 
Glass, Slate Bottom, Flush or Pro- 
jecting. 

No. 3%. 24”x14”x14", 22 gal.. $8.00 
SO BY, BOYS", BO. 65 12.BU 
ms BY. 36”x18”"x18”", 54 “ .. 20.00 
~ BA, EQ 20 520", 80 8% oo SR.00 
: TY. 48”x22”x22” 110 “ .. 60.00 
eS Au x02 Avex AIA ine O50) 
s 9. 60”x26”x26”",180 “ ..135.00 


All our aquaria are so constructed 
that water cannot come into contact 
with the metal. 


All sizes and shapes made to order. 
We charge only actual cost for nack- 
ing and cases. 


FISH FOODS 


Per Tin box. Per lb. 
Ground Dried I‘lies and 


lnSectsiean nae sere 20 3.00 
Ground Dried Daphnia.$ .20 $3.00 
Infusoria Creating Food .15 2.00 

No Catalogues 


Are Looking for Something Extra 
Fine in. Broad -tail Telescopes 


Don’t Forget W. H. HEIMBACH 
Breeder and Importer of FINE FISH 
Snails Plants 
FISH FOR SALE AT ALL TIMES! 


413 NortH TENTH STREET 
ALLENTOWN, Pa. 


Here is a chance 
™ to make money 
\ _ Write for Proposition 


Give References 
— ADDRESS — 
M.E. Corrugating Co. 

ye COVINGTON, 


a 


oa SS 7 as 


Le) 


Blue Calico Telescope Goldfish. 


fe rem eee mm 


Everywhere in nature are evidences 
of a pronounced antipathy to self-fertili- 
zation and inbreeding. While it is true 
that desirable characteristics can be de- 
veloped and perpetuated by inbreeding, 
it is always at the expense of vigor, and 
degeneration, and even sterility may re- 
sult. Cross-breeding within the species, 
in contrast, with the resulting infusion 
of new blood into any ‘strain, be it fish, 
bird or beast, means the preservation of 
strength, vigor, fertility and rate of 
growth. The mere intercrossing of dif- 
ferent lines of species (unrelated indi- 
viduals), without considering other 1n- 
volved points, will not necessarily work 
good. The desired result will be depend- 
ent upon the selection of individuals em- 
bodying the desired characteristics and 


On the Inbreeding of Fishes 


JOHN LEE BENNINGTON 


2 cs os 6 9 cs ns Pt spe ge mms 


5 Ps SS 9 SP 6 On 69s Pn Ps Ps | 


SPs OS | 


7s Ps om Of 


8 8 1 IS 5 PS 8 es of 9 7 gs 9s 


Owned by A. A. Phillips, Jr 


oe <2, 
stamina. 
The plants have developed various 
means to insure cross fertilization. 


Many species bear the male and female 
flowers on separate individuals, or, when 
a species produces flowers of both sexes 
on the same plant, or bears hermaphro- 
dite (combination) flowers, the male 
and female elements do not mature sim- 
ultaneously ; thus fertilization by another 
plant of the species is necessary. The 
pollen (male element), is carried from 
flower to flower by the wind or by in- 
sects. 

Animals in nature, having the power 
of locomotion, and free to move about 
from place to place, mingling with their 
kind, have not been provided with means 
to prevent inbreeding. Movement, re- 


Aquatic Lite 


stricted only by the climatic and food re- 
quirements of the species, renders the 
possibility of consanguinity very slight. 
When these animals are brought into 
domestication, with its incidental con- 
finement, it’ becomes necessary to add 
new blood from time to time after the 
second generation has attained maturity. 

Goldfish fanciers, working as they are 
with the very concentrated product of 
selective inbreeding, should make every 
effort to outbreed without losing the 
characteristics they aim to retain in their 
stock with increased development. With 
the methods of the average breeder, it is 
almost an impossibility not to imbreed, 
this because the young fish are assorted 
in the rearing tanks according to size, 
without regard to parentage. [Every 
fancier sooner or later, by fortunate se- 
lection of breeding fish, hits upon a corm- 
bination that produces a number of 
young of excellent form. With his de- 
sire for perfection, when these speci- 
mens reach maturity, he will be very apt 
to mate brother and sister together as it 
will not be possible to positively deter- 
mine their relationship. Few breeders 
have a sufficient number of rearing tanks 
to keep every lot of spawn distinct from 
‘he me of hatching to that when the fu- 
ture breeding fish are segregated, and 
for this reason line-breeding 1s 1mpos- 
sible. The remedy is the yearly acquisi- 
tion of a few good specimens from other 
fanciers. 

The subject of inbreeding is equally 
important to the fancier of the exotic 
fishes. Such species are usually purchas- 
ed in pairs, and, if not imported wild 
stock, are apt to be related. This is par- 
ticularly liable to pertain if the fish be 
ay rane one oT aspecies seldom) brede aN 
fancier who succeeds with a “shy Dreed- 
er” has no other course but to dispose of 
brother and ‘sister asi a spain. Its a 
wise plan, when buying a species not al- 


ready represented in your collection, to 
secure two pairs fron: different sources, 
breaking them and mating the male of 
Onestonthe: temalevor the other aliiathie 
species 1s not new to the collection, then 
each male and female should be mated 
to a home-bred fish. In thus proceeding, 
nothing will be lost, but much may be 
gained in vigor, fertility and size, other 
conditions being favorable. 


—>___ 


Alfaro Amazonum 
C. J. HEEDE 


This live-bearing tooth carp super- 
ficially resembles the young of our com- 
though it attains 


mon _ shiner, but a 


length of about two inches, the female 
being slightly larger than the male. The 
body is light bluish-green ; upper part of 
head with some black punctation ; blacix 
line on side of body from middle to base 
of caudal fin; fins very light yellow; co- 
pulation organ of male golden yellow. 

This fish is a rather shy inhabitant of 
the aquarium, and at the slightest noise 
or disturbance will hide among the 
plants. Its remarkable ability to pene- 
trate dense growths quickly, and its vo- 
raciousness, make it difficult to save the 
young. A temperature of 70 to 85 de- 
grees Fahrenheit, should be maintained. 

Alfaro is a South American fish from 
the Amazon river and its tributaries; 
hence the name amagonum. Alfaro is 
based on a local name. 


| | 
| 


a ££ 


bh—. 


as Os 


The truly magnificent Giant Danio 1s 
a native of the Malabar coast of India 
one glance at its gorgeous coloration is 
sufficient to make one think of its home 
—the land of the Rajahs. The ground 
color of the sides is superb metallic tur- 
quoise blue; shining emerald green in 
certain lights. Along the sides are three 
horizontal golden stripes extending from 
the tail to a point above the ventral fins, 
becoming at this place vertical and zig- 
zag bars, and broken blotches of gold. 
These vertical markings are 
more numerous on the female. The 
centre of the tail of the male is dusky- 
blackish, with reddish golden stripes 
above and below the dark central streak ; 
1est of tail and anal, reddish salmon: 
ventrals similar in color, but lghter; 
pectorals clear greyish-white; dorsal 
dusky transparent grevish-white with an 
indistinct white upper edge divided off 
by a dusky streak. The female has the 
dusky central portion of the tail running 
upwards towards the tip of the upper 
lobe, and the golden stripes above and 
below it are not so pronounced. ‘The 
warm salmon-red diffusion on the tail, 
other fins and belly of the male during 
breeding time is hardly apparent on the 
female, which is more of a pale greyish 
color on the fins. The females have a 
deeper abdomen and a higher back, and 
on this account the golden stripes seem 
more separated. The line of the back of 
the female from the head to the dorsal 
fin is curved, whereas that of the male 
is almost straight. The sexes of this 
species are rather hard to distinguish, 
hence I have gone into considerable de- 
tail to point out the charaeteristics of 


Zigzag 


SPS OS OP 6 Pa SP 6 Oa 8 Pe 6 Ps Os 9 at 


| tide GANT DANI© 


6 OS 6 a 8 Oe 6 Oa 6s ns 9s 
= SPs os 


WALTER LANNOY BRIND, F. Z. S. 


| oa 626 9 6 Od Oe 
wt SP as Pos Oe: 


a 6s 


% 


each. In point of size the largest I have 
seen measure four inches over all. I 
have five of this size at the present writ- 
ing, all imported specimens. 

Damo malabaricus has been bred by 
aquarists of my acquaintance, but I can- 
not so far lay claim to that distinction. 
The main requirements for successful 
propagation are plentiful sunshine, a 
large aquarium, high temperature (86 to 


Danio malabaricus ( Male) 


95 degrees, Fahrenheit), abundant live 
food and clear, pure water. In a large 
well-planted aquarium, with the men- 
tioned conditions present, a well-mated 
and ripe pair of fish, the chances are that 
a spawning will occur, and if one, then 
more later under the same conditions. 
The eggs fall to the bottom and are not 
adhesive, hatching in a period of twen- 
ty-four hours to several days according 
to the water-temperature. The young 
attach themselves to the glass sides of 
the tank or to the plants, hanging from 
them like coma marks, but soon are able 
to swim and may be seen darting about 
near the surface. As soon as the eggs 
are extruded, or if the operation escapes 
attention, then as soon as the young are 
discovered, the parents must be remov- 
ed to another tank. In the latter case, 
it may be expected that quite a number 


126 


Aquatic Lite 


of the eggs will have been devoured by 
the adults. 

The youngsters, after the yolk-sac has 
been absorbed, must be furnished with 
abundant Infusoria water—plenty of it. 
After a week or so, as they grow larger, 
they can be given the finest powdered 
insect food, followed gradually with 
tiny screened Daphne and Cyclops. If 
the temperature is maintained high 
enough the little fellows can be almost 
seen to jump in size. 

‘The Giant Danio, Danio malabaricus, 
the largest of the genus known to the 
aquarist, is undoubtedly the handsomest 
of all our tropical aquarium fishes. 


—— 


A Chapter in the 


Life- History of a Beetle 
ERNEST LEITHOLF 


Last summer, while collecting in the 
vicinity of Pittsburgh, I secured two 
small aquatic beetles, a male and a fe- 
male, of the family Hydrophilidae. I 
was unable to determine the species. 
The specimens were elliptical in ‘shape, 
the back olivaceous brown, and measur- 
ed about three-eighths of an inch long. 
While under water, and in the sunshine 
their abdomens, covered with a thin film 
of adhering air, sparkled and glistened 
like silver. 

I placed the pair in an aquarium 
containing a yellow-bellied terrapin, a 
Cumberland Painted Turtle and a com- 
mon. newt, Diemyctylus  viridescens, 
knowing that in this mixed company the 
new arrivals could at least work no 
harm. At first the beetles were kept busy 
dodging the charges of the older in- 
mates, but these soon ceased. 

Shortly after I discovered a white 
needle-like spire which projected about 
an inch and a quarter above the water 
and had its origin in a pouch resting in 
a cluster of Salvinia roots. Twenty-four 
hours later another spire appeared close 


by. I was now quite interested and, for- 
tunately, did not have long to wait ere 
their origin was explained. The build- 
ers were the beetles. I discovered them 
at work on a third spire in the position 
shown by my sketch. The male, head 


downward, was partly submerged, while 
immediately above him the female, also 
head down, was discharging a continu- 
ous and scarcely discernable stream. The 
fluid, which seemed to be gelatinous in 
consistency, unerringly found its mari 


at the summit of the structure and con- 
gealed. In an hour the spire was as tall 
as the others, then both beetles slipped 
back into the water. 

Unfortunately my observations come 
to a close at this point. The nest was 
destroyed soon after, and one of the 
beetles disappeared. In examining the 
wreck I discovered that the spires were 
hollow ; hence probably served as shafts 
to supply air to the eggs in the cocoon 
below the water surface from which 
they rose. 

(The color of the beetle as well as the 
type of egg-sac would seem to place it 
in the genus Helophorus. ‘The spire is 
for the purpose of admitting air to the 
The shape of the tube differs 
in the different genera. This year Mr. 
Leitholf hopes to again collect this 
beetle and complete his study of its life- 
history.—EpiTor). 


egg mass. 


The salamanders, frogs and toads rep- 
resent the class of vertebrate animals 
holding a position between the fishes 
and the reptiles. Formerly we called 
them amphibians, which implies that 
they may be found on land and in water, 
but now it is customary to refer to them 
as batrachians. 

Twenty or more species of salaman- 
ders are found in Pennsylvania, being 
distinguished by their differing  struc- 
ture, color and mode of living. They 
are much more numerous than the liz- 
ards, since but five species of these rep- 
tiles are known to occur in the State. 

The Common Newt, Diemyctilus vir- 
idescens, is probably the most abundant, 
and is often sold in the pet shops. For 
such an inconspicuous creature it has the 
astonishing number of eighteen common 
names, among them Red Eft, Spotted 
Triton, Water Newt and Mountain Liz- 
ard. Briefly described, this salamander 
is olive green or reddish above; lemon 
yellow below; a row of scarlet dots sur- 
rounded by black rings along each side; 
belly with small black spots, skin rough, 
length of adult, three and one-half 
inches. It seems to prefer an aquatic 
existence, but should the pond become 
dry it will seek temporary shelter under 
stones or amongst decaying plant re- 
mains. Here it awaits the filling of the 
pond by autumn rains. 
journ on land it may become red in 
color. The eggs are deposited in the 
water and attached by the gelatinous en- 
velope to submerged plants. The larva 
is provided with external gills, which are 
retained until it reaches a length of two 
inches. 


During its so- 


Notes on the Salamanders 
ANNA K. BEWLEY 


The Red Triton, Spelerpes ruber, 
which may sometimes be confused with 
the red phase of the common newt, is 
not so abundant in the vicinity of the 


The Spotted Salamander 
Photograph from life by Dr. R. W. Shufeldt 


(Amblystoma punctatum ) 


writer’s home. It may be looked for in 
damp situations, under the bark of fal- 
len trees, beneath stones, or in springs. 
The most frequent species in this locality 
is the Gray or Red-backed Salamander, 
Plethodon cinereus. It can be found at 


128 


Aquatic Life 


almost any time of the year, under logs 
and stones in damp places in the woods. 
The eggs are deposited among moss or 
under the bark of fallen trees. While 
this is a strictly terrestrial species, the 
young are provided with external gills, 
though they have no use for them. 
These, however, are absorbed within a 
few days, and the young are then ex- 
actly like the parents. 


doctors as the salamander has spots! 
This creature was also thought to be 
able to withstand fire. Aristotle men- 
tions this myth on hearsay, but Pliny ac- 
tually tried the experiment and put a sal- 
amander into a fire. He remarks with 
evident surprise that it was burnt to a 
powder! Even in our own enlightened 
country the salamander is thought pois- 
onous by the illiterate. It seems need- 


Characteristic Attitudes of the Gray Salamander, Plethodon cinereus 


Photograph from life by Dr. R. W. Shufeldt 


Like. their relatives, the frogs and 
toads, and the fishes and reptiles, the sal- 
amanders hibernate during the winter. 

In Europe during medieval times the 
salamanders bore an undeserved sinister 
reputation. Many strange powers were 
ascribed to the inoffensive little animals. 
One of the old writers advises anyone 
bitten by a salamander to betake him- 
self to the “coffin and winding-sheet,” 
and adds that the victim needs as many 


less to add that all our eastern species 
are entirely harmless. Only one makes 
any attempt at self defense. The Purple 
Salamander, says Cope, snaps fiercely 
but harmlessly and throws its body into 
contortions in terror. 

We are not prepared to credit the Ban- 
ecr man who says that fishes talk, but 
we are willing to believe that there are 
tumes when they laugh at aquarists. 


My Experience With Cameronensis | 


ab 


CHARLES H. ROHRBACH 


Pas 


ap SOS OS 5 Oe 


Haplochilus cameronensis. What a 
big name for such a little fish. It is 
really amusing to me to show my beau- 
ties to friends and pronounce the name 
for their benefit. They never try to re- 
peat it after me. Friend Wife, however, 
has invented a nickname, and now my 
pets are known as the “Happy” family— 
Daddy Happy, Mamma Happy and the 
little Happies, and so long as this name 
distinguishes this family from the others 
it serves its purpose well. 

Among the exotic fishes which have 
afforded me pleasure to breed, this Hap- 
lochilus is undoubtedly the most beauti- 
ful. The brilliant colors, unusual shapes 
of fins and supple body must make it a 
favorite with anyone. Without giving a 
lengthy description of colors and the 
formule of fins and scales, the features 
that attract attention are the lyre-shaped 
tail with stripes of orange, purple, red 
and blue; the dark blue body spotted 
with red; the orange-like pectorals, in- 
cessantly waving, and the blue eyes 
always alert to see every movement 
within and without the aquarium. These 
brilliant colors and the lyre tail are char- 
acteristics of the male. The female, 
while of the same general shape, has a 
simple fan-shaped tail and fins of a very 
ordinary greenish hue. 

In its manner of swimming by quick 
darts with scarcely perceptible fin move- 
ment, again stopping still and merely 
waving the pectorals, or turning with 
head and body in a graceful curve, 
cameronensis recalls like habits of our 
other favorite, the Paradise Fish, which, 
however, is much broader and larger. 

The ichthyologist tells us that this spe- 


ee 
a 


SP 6 6 Oe es | 


oa cose 


cies is a native of West Africa, in the 
French Kongo and Kamerun (Came- 
roon) ; hence the specific name cameron- 
ensis, meaning of Cameroon. The spe- 


cies will breed in the aquarium during the 
late spring and summer, when the water 
may be maintained at a uniform tem- 
perature of about 75 degrees Fahrenheit. 
The adhesive eggs stick to the plants 
with which the tank should be abun- 


Haplochilus cameronensis 
Photograph by Lee S. Crandall 
dantly supplied. Period of incubation, 
ten days to two weeks. They do not 
seem to be difficult to propagate or my 
efforts would not have culminated suc- 
cessfully. 

My tanks, two of three gallons each, 
were well planted with Sagittaria subu- 
lata and Anacharis, and placed in a 
sunny situation so that alge formed 
quickly and gave the water a light green 
tinge, but not sufficient to render them 
unsightly. From a distance of six or 
eight feet I have watched them court- 
ing, for they are shy in their love-mak- 


Aquatic Lite 


Olmthat inst appley somtimid: are. they, 
when they find themselves under close 
observation. In courting, the male will 
dart to and fro caressing the sides of 
his mate, sometimes facing in the same 
direction and again head to tail. Nor 
is the lady unresponsive. Swimming 
more quietly than is her usual wont, she 


Haplochilus fasciolatus 


seemed to enter into the very spirit of 
This | have observed with 
he actual spawning it 


the play. 
great interest. 
was not my privilege to see. 

During the late spring and summer | 
changed my pair every fortnight to 
alternate tanks, hoping by this pro- 
cedure to save eggs that might be ex- 
pelled unnoticed. During the first week 
of August I discovered fry in one of the 
tanks, and as they were swimming freely 
they must have hatched several days be- 
fore. From then on their growth was 
really quite rapid. During the following 
week a cup of “green water’ was fed 
daily, then followed tiny Daphne, and 
by the first of September the little fel- 
lows were taking small Enchytre worms. 
The eagerness and zest with which the 
babies enjoyed their meals was indeed 
a pleasure to behoid. Frequently a long 
worm would be taken by one end while 
the other vainly twisted and squirmed 


about the snout of my prize until finally 
it disappeared within—to help make one: 
of the little beauties now disporting in 
my tanks. 

Enchytre is probably the best food. 
Daphne is, of course, excellent, but un- 
less one is favorably situated to collect 
it, the simple alternative of keeping a 
box of Euchytrae is preferable. The 
Happies will take dry foods composed 
of ground shrimp, flies, Daphne, etc., 
but really will not thrive upon them. 


eee 


On page 123 is shown in natural col- 
ors, as accurately as is possible by 
mechano-photography, a splendid blue 
calico telescope goldfish from the col- 
lection of Mr. A. A. Phillips, Jr. This 
specimen leaves little to be desired in 


Haplochilus calliurus 


development of body, color, eyes and 
fins. Mr. Phillips values the fish at one 
hundred dollars. 
pa as 

During the summer months “thin out” 
goldfish—keep fewer fish in each aqur- 
ium. The water is warm and in con- 
sequence will not support as many as 
in winter. Under no circumstances 
should ice be placed in the tank to reduce 
the temperature, as is sometimes advised. 


ie 


It is the hard jobs that make us. 


Aquatic Lite 


ISL 


The Aquarium Vacuum Cleaner 


The Acton Electric Company, manu- 
facturers of a fainous tungsten lamp, 
has placed on the market an ingenious 
invention that will fill a long-felt want 
of the aquarist. The euphonious name, 
“Aquarium Vacuum Cleaner,” in itself 
explains the purpose of the device, which 
retails at fifty cents to 
one dollar, according to 


S1Z2. 
Several members of 
the firm, themselves 


practical aquarists, came 
to the conclusion that 
the old-fashioned 
method of syphoning 
SSCiiMEine Keonn WHE 
aquarium with a hose, 
or its tedious removal 
with a single dip tube, 
was an aggravation and 
could be improved; 
hence the vacuum clean- 
er. With it but a few 
minutes will be con- 
sumed in cleaning the 
bottom of the largest 
aquaria. It is merely 
necessary to close the 
end of the tube with a 
finger, then insert the 
other in the aquarium with the orifice 
close to the bottom. Releasing the finger 
will cause a rush of water, carrying the 
dirt into the reservoir. The operation 
may be checked at any time by replacing 
the finger. To empty the cleaner it is 
only necessary to turn it upside down. 
We have no hesitancy in commending 
this invention. Every reader should have 
one. 

The Acton Company informs the edi- 
tor that they have applied for patents 
on an automatic syphon, and although 
it has not yet been examined, if it 1s as 


thorough in its work as the aquarium 

vacuum cleaner its success is already 

assured. Aquarists should hail with de- 

light any device that makes labor light. 
qa OE 

Pets: THEIR History AND CARE. By 
ee S: Crandally 372 pages, 138 illus- 
trations from life. 

Every normal person has an innate 
love of wild things and a desire to have 
them about him. Few individuals have 
not at one time or another had a pet, 
and the term pet is an exceedingly broad 
expression, usually though not always 
given to forms of life evincing some de- 
gree of intelligence in their actions. In 
this admirable volume the author con- 
ducts one through the whole gamut of 
pet life, from the lowest to the highest. 
Truly it is “everyman’s’ book. In it 
one finds the history, care and habits of 
the dogs, cats, monkeys, cavies, rabbits, 
rats and mice; the hirds—pheasants, pea- 
fowl, pigeons, bantams, cranes, ducks, 


geese, swans, hawks, owls, parrots, 
tanaries and other small cage birds 
galore. Not the least interesting are the 


splendid chapters on reptiles, batrach- 
ians, goldfish, native and exotic fishes, 
and the care and management of the 
aquarium. Every illustration is from a 
photograph. The author evidently rec- 
ognized the fact that even the most 
accurate drawing falls far short of a 
photograph in fidelity to nature. The 
historical accounts of the various species 
are of such interest that many readers, 
whether they have pets or not, will read 
the book as a source of rare entertain- 
ment. The work is at once authoritative 
and comprehensive, though the author 
has wisely omitted mention of such 
forms as are beyond possession by an 
individual. 

Pets: THErR History AND CARE, 
costs $2.00, plus postage on three pounds, 
and may be obtained from Aquatic Life 
Book Department. 


OS ere ge, °° 
@ @ 


a AN ALBINO FROG c 


ce RICHARD DECKERT ee 


Albinos, or animals lacking color pig- 
ment in their structure, are not rare. 
Animals like the sabbit, guinea pig, rat 
and mouse have been deliberately bred 
to albinism for hundreds of years. Oc- 
casionally an albino horse, dog, raccoon 
or opossum is met with, and among 
birds, geese, ducks, pea-fowl, guinea- 
fowl, crows and sparrows there often are 
true albinos. 

Among reptiles, albino specimens of 
the milk snake, garter snake and alliga- 
tor have been exhibited in the Zoological 
Park Reptile House. This year we are 
able to exhibit, for the first time in the 
United States, an albino frog. This in- 
teresting rarity, for such it surely is, was 
captured by Henry Snyder, the son of 
our Head Keeper of Reptiles, at Scars- 
dale, Westchester County, New York, 
and by him was presented to the Zoo- 
logical Park. 

When this specimen first was seen 
with some normally colored green frogs, 
it was thought to be a diseased speci- 
men, but the young collector wisely 
considered it worth while to take home 
the specimen and show it to his father. 
Mr. Snyder immediately realized the 
rarity and importance of the find. Out 
of the thousands of frogs that during 
the past fifteen years have been caught 
for our reptile collection, no one who 
has caught and otherwise handled many 
thousands of frogs for quite a number of 
years ever previously has secured an 
albino specimen. The writer has re- 
cently examined all available records, 
and has failed to find any mention of an 
albino frog having been caught in the 
United States. Europe can show records 


of several species of frogs and toads in 
which albinism occurs from time to time, 
but this is the first specimen recorded for 
America. 

The specimen referred to is a common 
pond frog (Rana clamitans), such as 
may be found in almost any brook, ditch, 
pool or freshwater swamp. Its color 
is a 


waxy yellow white on all upper 


Albino Frog 

Photographed with common color phase to show the marked difference 
surfaces, and milky-white beneath; the 
eyes are brilliant red, with a narrow gold 
rim around the pupil. Our specimen is 
a female about two and three-quarter 
inches in length of head and body, and 
therefore not quite adult. At first it 
was very timid, darting around its cage 
with nervous agility, bruising its head 
against the screen top and glass sides 
whenever anyone came near it. After 
nearly three months of captivity, how- 
ever, it has lost its nervous fear, and 
will come from its hiding place under 
the moss provided for it and hunt the 
roaches, mealworms and _ earthworms 
which form its food. It will also sit 
for hours on a large flat stone in the 


Aquatic Lite 


133 


centre of its cage, apparently quite con- 
tent with its surroundings. 

Of course, this frog is enjoying special 
care, and we look forward to keeping it 
for a reasonably long time. 

(Reprinted by permission, with cour- 
tesy of use of illustration, from the Zoo- 
LOGICAL Society BuLLETIN, New York.) 


An Earlier Record 


At the end of September a young stu- 
dent of the Packer Institute, of this city, 
told us of a curiously colored frog which 
she had caught a day or two before 
near her country heme at Orient, Long 
Island. When the specimen was brought 
to us afterwards for identification, we 
recognized it at once as an albino leopard 
frog (Rana halecina). 

The upper part of the body of the 
common leopard frog is green or brown 
in color, in both cases with a brilliant 
bronze lustre; the two folds along its 
back are bronze colored, standing well 
out from their darker base; upon its 
back are dark, round spots arranged in 
two lines, while the upper parts of the 
hind legs are ornamented with dark bars. 

The specimen in question is a fully 
developed male, about three years old. 
‘he color of all parts of its body, seen 
from above, is a brilliant cream; whiie 
the underside of the specimen is pure 
white; along its back and on the hind 
legs the markings, characteristic to the 
species, appear indistinctly also in cream 
color, just a trifle deeper in shade; they 
can be made out by close inspection. The 
eyes are of a beautiful pink. Owing to 
the absence of dark colors in the skin, 
the animal has a very delicate appear- 
ance; it looks as if it was carved of 
ivory. 

We have seen albino deer, fox, squir- 
rels, ferrets, cats, raven, eel and years 
ago had an albino catfish (Amiurus mar- 


moratus) in our collection, not to men- 
tion the more frequent albino rabbits, 
rats and mice, but for nearly half a 
century during which we collected and 
handled large numbers of every known 
species of batrachians, we have never 
before seen an albino frog, nor have we 
read or heard that anyone else ever has 
noticed such a freak in frogdom. It 
may, however, be safely said that this 
albino frog is the first one on record. 

The specimen enjoys good health in 
one of the smaller aquariums of the 
Institute, where it is admired by the 
students at their leisure moments. 

(The foregoing appears in the long 
since defunct magazine, THE AQuAR- 
IUM, in the issue of January, 1897, and 
was presumably written by the editor 
and publisher, Hugo Mulertt. While it 
invalidates Mr. Deckert’s assertion of 
priority, it in no way detracts from the 
value of the record, and America may 
now lay claim to albinism in two frogs, 
each the first record for the species. The 
specimen described by Mr. Deckert is 
the Green Frog, Rana clamitans, which, 
by the uninitiated, is sometimes apt to 
be confused with the Bullfrog, Rana 
catesbiana, though the latter is a larger 
species. Mr. Mulertt’s specimen is the 
common Leopard Frog, which he calls 
Rana halecina, a name that has _ since 
fallen into disuse, and in more recent 
works it will be found referred to as 
R. Virescens or R. pipiens. In his brief 
description of the normal colors it will 
be noticed that he places emphasis on 
the fact that the spots, two rows between 
the lateral folds, are round. “They are 
not, however, always round, and are 
better described as “rounded” when con- 
sidering a normal specimen, though vart- 
ants occasionally exhibit round spots. 
However, it was evidently Mulertt’s de- 
sire in this connection to make it clear 
that he had not confused the specimen 


134 


Aquatic Lite 


Aquatic Life 


An international monthly magazine devoted to 
the study, care and breeding of native, exotic, 
gold and domesticated fishes, other animals 
and plants in the home aquarium and ter- 
rarium. 


eceee ee 


2, 1915, at the Post Office, Philadelphia, Pa., 
under Act of March 3, 1879. 


Practical articles and notes on topics pertain- 
ing to the aquarium and terrarium are al- 
ways wanted for Aguatic Lire. Readers of 
the magazine are invited to join in making it 
a medium of mutual help, and to contribute 
to it any ideas that may occur to them. The 
pages are always open for anyone who has 
anything helpful and practical to say. Manu- 
scripts, books. for review and general corres- 
pondence should be addressed to the editor. 


Aguatic Lire has the largest circulation of 
any magazine in the world devoted to this 
branch of nature-study. It presents to ad- 
vertisers a market that can be reached 
through no other medium. Rates made known 
on application. 


Weary SUbSCoptlOnmnsn eine ene $1.00 
MOGEione SUDSCEIPiMOMSH nie eon ae 1.35 
Singles iCo pier ireay sates salen sey eee 10 


Payments may be made by money order, draft 
or registered letter. Foreign remittances 
should be by international money order. If 
local checks are sent, ten cents should be 
added for collection charges. 

Copyright 1917 by Joseph E. Bausman 


No. 10 


Vol. II "June, 1917 


with the somewhat similar  Pickerel 
Frog, Rana palustris, which has “squar- 
ish” spots on the back. That both speci- 
mens were collected in New York is 
interesting.—E ditor. ) 

eK 


Philadelphia Goldfish Fanciers 


The regular meeting of the Philadel- 
phia Goldfish Fanciers’ Society was held 
on May 16th, at 8o2 West Girard avenue. 
Annual competition for Shubunkins and 
Comets. Judges, George E. Wilt, George 
B. Smith and William Hartman. 

Awarps: Shubunkins, blue, red and 


yellow ribbons to Joseph E. Tyler; Com- 
ets, blue, red and yellow ribbons to 
Charles Ehrmann. 

New Members: George Merkle and 
Addison T. MeCarrick. 

The competition at the next meeting, 
June 20th, will be for novices. Any fish 
or any member having previously won 
a ribbon in any scciety will be barred. 
The Joseph E. Tyler Cup and ribbons 
will be awarded-—Frrep RICHARDSON, 


Secretary. 
if ——>—_— 


Notes on Hybridization 


Cy. = Crompton, of) )Duckabushy 
Wash., has reported interesting observa- 
tions regarding the results of crossing 
the female chum salmon: Oncorhynchus- 
keta with the male humpback O. gor- 
buscha. 

The development was normal with 
small percentage of loss, and the fry 
were very vigorous, smaller than chums, 
yet larger than humpbacks of the same 
age. In early development certain color 
changes were noted and the parr marks 
were retarded as compared with chum 
fry. An interesting fact was that two 
distinct color types became apparent at 
an age of about 25 days. About one- 
third of the number strongly resembled 
the humpbacks in their beautiful green 
coloring and absence of Parr marks, 
while the remainder developed irregular 
markings on the hack and parr marks 
on the sides, the general color deepening 
with age to a dusky green similar to that 
of the chums. Serious abnormalities 
occurred in later stages and many fish 
died, but the majority survived in good 


condition. A few hundred are retained 
for further observation. — Fisheries 
Service Bulletin. 

iis ARE 


At the annual meeting of The Aquar- 
ium Society of Washington, Commander 
D. W. Todd, U.S. N., was elected treas- 


urer. 


\ 


Aquatic Lite 


LSS) 


Food Rings 

In a thickly planted aquarium food 
spreads over the surface of the water, 
sinks between the plants, and may es- 
cape immediate consumption. ‘To over- 
come this difficulty aquarists use a food 
ring, several styles of which may be had 
from dealers. Two forms made of bent 
glass tubing are usually to be had, and 
occasionally a deep round type of blown 


S04 


Glass Food Rings. Courtesy Aquarium Stock Company 


glass, the most desirable of all. With 
a ring the food can be confined to the 
front of the tank, falls in one spot on 
the bottom, and is not apt to escape the 
fishes. The surplus can be removed 
with an Aquarium Vacuum Cleaner 
when it seems advisable. 


Light by Reflection 


For several years I had considerable 
trouble with my aquaria due to insuf- 
ficient light. I decided to remove the 
tanks to my front basement, where | 
could conduct experiments without fam- 
ily criticism. Here the light was admit- 
ted by a single window forty inches 
square. I had one fifty-gallon aquarium 
and six smaller ones, ranging from six 
to thirty gallons capacity. The first year 
only the large tank thrived and it was 
directly under the window. The next 
season I moved it back five feet, put a 
thirty-gallon concrete tank under the 
window, and arranged the other five be- 
hind the large aquarium—seven feet 
from the light. I then covered the joists 
of the ceiling for a distance of ten feet 
from the window and across the entire 
basement with bleached muslin sheeting, 
hanging curtains of the same material 
where the ceiling covering stopped. 1 


late SAvieMEese a Guiitaing =a coateron 
“Muresco,” with a very little pink tint. 
The result was remarkable. The five 
small aquaria wer2 entirely out of the 
line of direct light, yet with the intense 
reflection brought about by the curtains 
the plants thrived and retained the rich 
natural color usual under ideal condi- 
tions. The Sagittaria was rich velvety 
which is seldom evident when . 
strong light prevails. This scheme may 
appeal to aquarium lovers who may have 
tanks so situated that abundant light is 
not possible—]J. HENrr WAGNER. 


green, 


The 


these 


Shopper— Are 
goldfish ?” 

The Sales Person—‘No’m, not at that 
These are only rolled plate.” 


genuine 


price. 
ced NE 

The Essex County Aquarium Society, 
of Newark, New Jersey, held its second 
annual exhibition, lecture and auction, 
on April 25th. The attendance was re- 
markably large and gave every evidence 
of appreciation of the addresses by Prof. 
Lothair Smith, of Newark, and Mr. 
Harvery A. Van Cott, of Brooklyn. 

Beautiful specimens of exotic fishes 
were shown by Messrs. Breeder, Ball, 
Storsberg, Kniep, Thomas, Ludolff and 
Hoernig; Lionhead goldfish by William 
Feldman; splendid Black and Calico 
Broadtail Telescones by Dr. Bachmann, 


136 


Aquatic Lite 


— ———— == = ¥ 


Dr. Coltorti, Messrs. Stief, Ludolff and 
Springer. 

The auction was exceptionally success- 
ful and added considerably to the treas- 
ury. The society contemplates holding 
an exhibition during the latter part of 
September in the Newark Public Library 
Building to last a week. It will be open 
to sister societies and prizes will be 
offered in all classes. As “Newark 
knows how,” the awards will be well 
worth while—Max G. HAMMERSCHLAG, 
President. 


b) 


Ants Eggs Not Ants Eggs 


For a long time the pupz of ants have 
been a favorite food for certain cage 
birds, and to a degree for aquarium 
fishes. The material may be crushed and 
fed to the fishes dry or mixed with other 
ingredients of a prepared food. In the 
vernacular of the aquarist and bird fan- 
cier these objects are erroneously called 
ants’ eggs. Before giving a brief out- 
line of the life-cycle of an ant, and to 
understand it clearly, it may be men- 
tioned that a typical insect passes 
through four distinct phases in its de- 
velopment from the egg to the aature 


form. The life-cycle begins with the 
egg, and then follows the larval stage 


(maggot, caterpillar, grub, etc., as vari- 
ously applied to different classes). When 
the larva has reached full development 
it becomes quiescent, in some species 
forming a cocoon, during which period 
it transforms to the mature insect. Not 
all insects pass through the complete 
metamorphosis, and some, the dragon- 
fly, for example, remain active during 
the pupal state. 

There are numerous species of ants, 
each of which has some peculiar habit, 
but all are social insects and live in well- 
regulated communities or nests. Each 
nest contains one or more queens, nu- 
merous workers or undeveloped females, 


who never have wings, and occasionally 
males. 

The queen lays the eggs, and the work- 
ers tend them and care for the grubs 
or larve as they hatch. These grubs 
are kept in groups or nurseries assorted 
according to age. Other groups will be 
found composed of cocoons, and these 
are the miscalled “‘ants’ eggs.” From 
these cocoons, wiih the assistance of the 
workers, the perfect ants will emerge. 
The time taken by the grub before turn- 
ing into the pupa or cocoon varies ac- 
cording to the species. 

In summer great numbers of winged 
males and females are hatched. These 
swarm out of the nest and take a short 
nuptial flight. The fertilized females 
become queens and strip off their wings. 
They either return to the nest or start a 
new colony. The males soon die. 

picatod Ye 

The proposed public aquaria for Bal- 
timore and St. Louis are still hanging 
fire. Chicago is forging ahead with its 
plans, and will be satisfied with nothing 
short of “the best in the world.” <A 
quarter-million is in sight for the build- 
ing and equipment, while the mainte- 
nance has been assured. 

San Francisco has been saying little, 
but doing much. A public-spirited citi- 
zen has donated sufficient money for the 
building, which will be located in Golden 
Gate Park. A bill providing for the 
maintenance of the acquarium was ap- 
proved at the last municipal election. 
Frisco has stolen a march. 

Sst ees 

Some aquarists ride all through the 
journey of life with their backs to the 
horses’ heads. They are always looking 
into the past. They are forever talking 
about the good old times, and how much 
better the goldfish were years ago. There 
are no great goldfish now, and no real 
breeders. The very winters and sum- 
mers are nothing to what they used to 
be. Do you know this man? 


“AQUARIA FISH” 


A practical work on care and breeding of 
fish in the Aquarium, Greenhouse and out- 
door Ponds. Tinely illustrated. Every one 
interested in keeping fish should send for 
a copy of this book. Price. $1. 
Four-Horned Snails (Ampullaria Gigas) de- 
posit a mass of large coral red eggs out of 
the water. the little snails drop into the 
water as they hateh. ‘These snails are in- 
valuable for destroying Hydra in the aqua- 
rium. 
Thoroughbred 
marked, 


Collie 


F. L. TAPPAN 


92 S. 7th Street, Minneapolis, Minn. 


Pups, 


beautifully 


GOLDFISH SPAWN 
From Choice Telescopes & Japs, $2 per 100 Eggs 
I. X. L. Regular and Baby Fishfood, 10c. 
WwW. E. WALP 


1309 NORTH 55TH STREET 


Box 


PHILADELPHIA 


LORQUINIA—The Naturalist’s Monthly of the Southwest 


Is published monthly by the Lorquin Natural History 


Club. and contains original observations of naturalists, 
purticulerly of the West. membership, 
cluding subscription, $1.50 per yeur. 


LOROWIN NATURAL Sl sd ORY Ter UR: 


1051 West 


GEORGE'S GOLDFISH SHOP 
Goloatish of All Varieties 


George’s Imperial Fish Food 9 10c Postpaid 
Dried Shrimp : 8 Box 10c, per pound 60c 


Plants Aquaria All Supplies 
N. W. 60th and De Lancey Street, Philadelphia 


EDWARD S. SCHMID 
Emporium of Pets 


All Kinds of Goldfishes and Aquatic 
Water Lilies 
712 Twelfth Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. 
Taxidermy Send for Catalog 


| BETTER CUTS AT 
: BETTER PRICES: 


~ PROMPT SERVICE GUARANTEED 


Assc ciate in- 


23rd Street, Los Angeles, Cal. 


Plants 


GOULD-WILHELM CO 


ARTISTS » ENGRAVERS = PHOTOGRAPHERS 
44 .N.4% STREET PHILA. 
|| SEND FOR SAMPLESS2PRICES THEY WILL INTEREST YOU 


NON 


Otto Walter 


86 Suydam Street :: Brooklyn, N. Y. 


Near Evergreen Avenue L Station 


Breeder and Importer of 


TROPICAL & GOLDFISHES 


Telescopes Calicos Japs  Fan-tails 


Dealer in All Varieties of Aquatic Plants 
All Kinds of Fish Foods 
Fresh and Dried Daphnia 


AQUARIA, UTENSILS AND SUPPLIES 


Fine Broad-tail Telescopes 
BLACK & CALICO 


Correspondence Solicited 


GEORGE WILT, 1519 N. 62nd Street 
PHILADELPHIA 


DOP I 
SEER 


EVERYTHING IS FISH THAT COMES 
TO THE NET OF A NATURALIST 


Don't paddle in the water with one hand and be blind with both 
eyes. In other words “‘keep your eyes open’’ for all nature. 


Our Magazine 


Che Guide to srature 


Will Help You 
It is edited by EDWARD F. BIGELOW, who fishes in the 


heavens and earth, as well as the waters under the earth. 
Four months’ trial, 25c. One year, $1.00 


Ws INMGNSSWZ  ASSOCMNMUON 


ArcAdiA 


Sound Beach Connecticut 


LIVE DAPHNIA 


The only ideal natural food for baby goldfish and tropical 
fishes. Feed it to your young and watch them grow. 
50c and $1.00 per can. Shipped by express to any part 
of the country. Remit by stamps or money order. 


Frank Jenne, 231 Grand St., Hoboken, INA 


Cg 
Use Regenia Aquarium Salts & 


To replace the natural salts in your aquar- 
ium as absorbed by the fishes and snails. 
Excellent for plants. Help the snails form 
shell. Benefits the fish. Box of Six Pow- $& 
or address 


ders, 25c. For sale at Pet Stock stores 
————————— % 
Violet-Ray Fish Remedy : 
REGENIA CHEMICAL CO. : 
Station K. Philadelphia : 


Constipation, 
Congestion. Safe and effective. 
Powders, 25¢c. 


Relieves Fungus, Tail Rot, 
Box of Six 


For sale at Pet Stock Stores, 


oda (SIE a) Be, 
(Reg’d Trade Mark.) 


Covers EVERYTHING GOOD that 
the Aquarist needs, namely: 


ON eto 


1. “BEST-YET” HEATED AQUAR- 
IUM (the only Tropical Aquar- 
ium made). 

2 “BEST-Y ERI EFISHROOD “(the 
product of twenty years’ prac- 
tice). 

3 SBI S aN 1B IP (GILANS SS) SCIRUAUP a |e 
(keeps Aquarium Glass clear). 

4. “BEST-YET” DIRT REMOVER 
(METAL). Keeps Aquarium 
sanitary, fishes healthy and won't 
break. 

Hi, SIIB S TOA IRIE AUNID JIS) IL 
IZER AND HYDRA _  DES- 
TROYER. Nothing like it! 

Send stamp for special circular! 
Preserved Daphnia Live Enchytrae 
(See my May ad!) 

Tropical Fish in Greatest Variety 


AQUARIUM PLANTS. Best As- 
sortment! 

“Domesticated Fish’’ 

First and Best Book, covering Gold 
and Tropical Fish exhaustively. Price, 
$2.60, with Supplement or $2.08 with- 
out. Order NOW! 

N. B—The Entire “BEST-YET” 
Line is only obtainable from myself, 
the manufacturer, W. L. BRIND, 449 
West 206th Street, New York City. 
(Phone St. Nicholas 8418 before call- 
ing.) 


em 
gepenenens 


Winners 


My Broad-tail Telescope Goldfish were 
awarded firsts and three special prizes at 
the last annual exhibition of the Aquarium 
Society held in the American Museum of & 


Natural History, New York. Young stock 
from these fine fish for sale during the 
coming season. Watch my future ads. 


Otto Gneiding’s Goldfish Hatchery & 


31—37 Depot Ave., Ridgefield Park, N. J. 


LOTR ION? 


ODD 
OR ESE EERE 


SORKIN 


HERMAN RABENAU, Aquarist © 
PERMANENT DISPLAY OF s 


Aquatic Life & Terraria 


must be seen to be appreciated 


oateg 


J=ve 
RAW] 


MO 
on 


Visitors Welcome 


Plants and Tropical Fish a Specialty 


Importations of New Varieties received 


regularly 
1163 Myrtle Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y. 


Near Broadway. 


OQRDIRE 
TSR IY 


THE BRUCE FISHERIES 


_ Breeder, Importer, Wholesale & Retail Dealer in 


All Kinds of Goldfish 
Comets a Specialty 
ELGIN K. BRUCE, THORNBURG, IA. 


FRANKLIN BARRETT 


EVERYTHING COMPLETE FOR THE 
AQUARIUM, POND AND LAKE 


| Wyoming Avenue, & C Street, Phila., Pa. 


SEND FOR PRICE LISTS 


THE TERMINAL PET SHOP 


PETS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION AND KIND 


| Manufacturing and Maintenance of Aquariums a Specialty 


All Kinds of Cat and Dog Foods and Medicines 
HUDSON TERMINAL BUILDING 
Concourse, New York 


CALICO JAPS & TELESCOPES 


Young of Good Quality $2 and $3 Dozen 


Orders under $5 add 25c for shipping can 
GEORGE A. SCHENK 


29 Claremont Place Mount Vernon, N. Y. 


All aquaria fish thrive on 
RELPAW Imported Hygienic 
Natural Fish Food, 10c Box 
Ask Any First Class Dealer 


N. WAPLER, Importer 
28 Warren St., N. Y. City 


FOR SALE-Hundreds of Guppies (Lebistes 
reticulatus.) The most beautiful ones you ever 
saw. Your choice 25c each. Helleri, 75c each. 
Several varieties of Snails. 


V. VARJE, 1361 N. Clark Street, Chicago, Ill. 
Telephone, Superior 4415 


000 CH) 000 CS) 7000 CSCS 000 


New Aquarium Book 


| This richly illustrated volume is of highly 
8 practical value to every aquarist, no matter 
what his specialty. Goldfish culture in all 
its branches; magnificent photographs of 
prize-winning specimens, ete., ete. 
. Gives the only comprehensive list of 300 
tropical fishes, their breeding habits, re- 
- quired temperature, food and general care 


in detail. 


It will be entitled 


TROPICAL AQUARIUM FISHES 
By Wm. T. Innes 


Sent anywhere upon receipt of price, $3.00, 
by the publishers. 


INNES & SONS 


129 - 135 N. 12th Street 


| 
8 Piiledelohia 


TEN VARIETIES. OF BEAUTIFUL 
AQUARIUM PLANTS 
for $1.00 Postpaid 
J. Henrt WaGNER, 1909 North Capitol 
| Washington, | D. & 


ONCE TRIED YOU’LL ALWAYS BUY 


Mack’s Superior Fish Food ; 
Mack’s Special Prepared Baby Fish Food 
By Mail 12c Can Ground Shrimp 70c |b 


All Stores or H. J. MACKRELL 
2816 Jasper Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 


10c 
15c 
Wholesale to Dealers 


AQUARIUM STOCK CO 
150 Chambers Street New York City 
Aquarium Specialists 


GOLDFISH, FOODS, PLANTS, SNAILS, ETC. 


Combination Natural Fish Food - Sample Can 10c 
Imported Shrimp Fish Food - - Sample Can 15c 
Imported Wafer Fish Food Large Sample Box 10c 
Special Prices on Quantity Lots | Cash With Order 
Catalogue Sent Upon Request — 
Orders amounting $2 delivered postpaid. 


Mail orders promptly attended to. 


| 
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GOLDFISH VARIETIES AND 
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DEALERS 


Do you want a big 
seller that you can 
guarantee will give 
satisfaction and make 
friends for you? 
Our Aquarium 
Vacuum Cleaner 
Will Do the Trick 


List this article in your 
catalogues. 


Samples by Parcel 
Post, 50c, 75c, $1.00 
Liberal discounts to 


legitimate Dealers and 
Jobbers. 


Mfg’d by 
Acton Electric Co., Ine. 
1133 BROADWAY 
NEW YORK 


Patents Pending 


WALTER BELL 


Breeder of Broad: tail Celescopes 
BLUES BLACKS CALICOS 
4324 WYALUSING AVENUE, PHILADELPHIA 


Prices Reasonable 
CARL LAZER 
Dealer and Breeder of Tropical Fishes 


Aquarium Plants Red Snails 
All Kinds of Aquaria and Supplies 


Open Evenings and Sunday 
647 West 184th Street New York City, N. Y. 


COOT D000 CS 000 TDC D000 TD000 CS 000! 


CRESCENT FISH FARM 
Breeders and Collectors of ] 
Goldfish and Other Aquarium Fishes 
: 


Alligators, Turtles, Chameleons, Snails, Water Plants 


We are now booking orders for 
Fall shipments of Mollienisia 


latipinna, Gambusia holbrooki : 
and Paradise Fish 
1624 Mandeville Street, New Orleans, La. 


COO MD 000 C4000 TSC S5000 HS 000 TS 000: 


Dee 


— 
HMichaelsen Bros 


GOLDFISH 
BREEDERS 


FLORISTS 


58th and Walnut Streets 
110 South 52nd Street 


Philadelphia 
Aquarium Fishes 
All Kinds of Aquatic Plants 


| 
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Wholesale and Retail 


Aquaria & Supplies 
foes 


ny Ln a ee 


HARRY P. PETERS 
1210 N. Warnock Street, Philadelphia, Pa 


BREEDER AND IMPORTER 
Rare and Fancy Fish 


Plants of every variety, Snails and 
Aquarium Supplies of all kinds at all 
times. 


MANUFACTURER OF 


Green River Fish Food 
15c Box 


Green River Baby Fish Food 
20c Box 


A GOOD FISH FOOD is one of the 
most essential things necessary to 
keep fish in good health. After the 
test of years Green River stands out 
as the best food on the market. It 
keeps the fish in good color by pro- 
moting a healthy, robust growth. It 
will not sour ot cloud the water. Ask 
your dealer or send for it today. 


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1749 Buchanan Street, San Francisco, Cal 
Importers and : Dealers 


JAPANESE GOLDFISH 


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Panama-Pacific International Exposition 
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ALL KINDS OF AQUARIA AND SUPPLIES 
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Breeders : 


A large assortment of splendid Telescope 


and Jap goldfish at reasonable prices. 
Fine Assortment of Lionheads 
Shipping Cans, 45 Cents. 
HARRY P. PETERS 


T1210 N. WARNOCK STREET 
PHILADELPHIA 


ee | 


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ie 


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Due to the constant increase in 
costs of ingredients, boxes and print- 
ing, it has become necessary to in- 
crease the price of these foods to 15 
and 20 cents. When conditions again 
become normal the old prices will 
again prevail. 


HARRY P. PETERS, 
1210 North Warnock Street, 
Philadelphia, Pa. 


COOCOCO COO TS OOOCOOOCO OOS MS O0000C COO, a 


DOOSOOCOCO CSOT DOSONCOCCOCSO 


De 
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TO AM 
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iW 


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‘hich 


TER 


ii 
i | 


nn my 


Wl 
ee 


i 
aq Ay 


Jacob C. Cassel. 


915 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pa 


Manufacturer of 


“AQUARI 


Aquarium Ornaments 
Floral Terra Cotta, Etc. 


Goldfish 


Fish Globes 


UMS 


Fish Food 


and all aquarium requisites. 
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7 


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»—.—. — nc cr co ss a ae a ee sea mes 


We have in the North American fish 
fauna a group of pike-like fishes, which 
have been associated in an order, Hap- 
lomi, by several of our most eminent 
classiMers of this branch of the verte- 
brata. This order has been created to 
contain four very interesting families, 
namely, the Umbridae, the Lucidae, the 
Poecilidae, and the Amblyopsidae, and | 
have paid some little attention to each 


OS OS a 8 Od Fh Ps Pa ah Oa Pa a as 


| (The Mud Minnows With 
Notes on the Order Haplomi 


DROR WW. SHUFEUDT. GC MeZ Ss: 


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Upper and lower figures of the same specimen of Umbra pygmaea bilineata; natural size, from life 
Reproduction of photographs made by the author. 
how the fish rests upon its fins on the bottom 


8 0 8 os es Oa 6 | 


oy 


Re 


Note in the lower figure 


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mus mc ss SIS FP Os PS 


and all of them. They vary enormously 
with respect to the number of genera and 
species each contains, as the Umbridae 
or Mud Minnows, when Jordan and 
Evermann published their work on the 
Fishes of North America, in 1896, in 


its only genus Umbra is represented by 


*Read at a regular meeting of the Aquarium 
Society of Washington, on Thursday evening, 
the 15th of March, 1917. 


138 


but two species, namely Umbra linu and 
U. pygmaea; the Lucidae, with the sin- 
gle genus Lucius, or the pikes contained 
in some seven species; the Poecilidae or 
Killifishes includes some twenty genera, 
with an enormous number of species. 
Finally we have the Amblyopsidae, or 
blind fishes of the caves, with three gen- 
era and some five different species. 

Of all these I have paid more atten- 
tion to the pikes; that is, in so far as 
their structure is concerned, and, to tell 
the truth, while we know something of 
the anatomy and the relationships of this 
host of forms, we are, for the most part, 
woefully ignorant of nearly everything 
concerning it. Dr. David Starr Jordan, 
in touching upon this matter, has said: 
“While our knowledge of the osteology 
and embryology of most of the families 
of fishes is very incomplete, it 1s evident 
that the relationships of the groups can- 
not be shown in any linear series, or by 
any conceivable arrangement of orders 
and sub-orders. ‘The living teleost fishes 
have sprung from many lines of descent ; 
their relationships are extremely diverse, 
and their differences are of every pos- 
sible degree of value.” 

This difficulty will ever confront us, 
and we will remain in the dark as to the 
vast majority of the relationships of ex- 
tinct and living forms of teleostean fish, 
—indeed of all fishes, until we are more 
familiar with their structure or morphol- 
ogy. It has been and is now shamefully 
neglected. For many years past I have 
collected osteological materials of many 
of our best-known bony fishes, and pho- 
tographed their skeletons. In some in- 
stances descriptions have been written 
out; but all my efforts, in many direc- 
tions, failed of publication in the United 
States. At this writing there seems to 
be very considerable hope that a good 
part of it will be published in Australia, 
where the value of such information 1s 


keenly appreciated and sought after. 

The mud fishes of the genus Umbra 
are found in Austria and in this country. 
As a genus, according to Doctor Jordan, 
they are characterized by having no 
lateral line; the scales are of medium size 
and unstriated (cycloid type), with ex- 
ternal characters easily studied in my 
photographs of Umbra pygmaea, speci- 
mens of which I have kept in aquaria for 
months together, in that I might study 
the habits of the species and make photo- 
graphs of them. Two of the latter, made 
by me from life in February, 1917, are 
here reproduced to illustrate the present 
article. I know of but two species of 
Umbra that have thus far been described 
as belonging in our fish fauna, that is, 
U. limi, of the central section of the 
United States and lower Canada, with 
the form very closely related to it, the 
above mentioned U. pygmaea, which has 
been called the Eastern Mud Minnow. 
It is said to range from Long Island to 
the Neuse River, being often abundant 
locally. My specimens of Umbra are 
irom swampy holes along the Potomac 
River, near Washington, where I cap- 
tured them myself. 

Recently I have made some studies of 
Umbra lint and Umbra pygmaea, and 
carefully compared them. Most of the 
material studied by me belongs to the 
collection of fishes in the Division of 
Fishes of the United States National 
Museum, and I am greatly indebted to 
Dr. Barton A. Bean, curator of that 
division, for his kindness in placing all 
that material before me, as well as for 
inviting my attention to various pub- 
lished accounts of these different species 
of mud minnows of the genus here to be 
considered. I have also studied living 
specimens of the form of Umbra found 
in the District of Columbia, in one of the 
aquaria belonging to Mr. James E.. Bene- 
dict, Jr., of Washington, D. C., to which 


Aquatic Lite 


139 


he kindly invited my attention. There is 
also an interesting living specimen of the 
same species, from the same locality, in 
the possession of Mr. Edward S. Schmid, 
of Washington, D. C., who has kindly 
allowed me to examine it. 

While I have seen the specimens of 
the Austrian form (U. uwmbra) belong- 
ing to the United States National Mu- 
seum, I have not very critically studied 
them. It is quite nearly related to the 
species we have here in the United 
States, and it presents the common gen- 
eric characters. 

Coming first to the literature of the 
Umbridae, it is found to be more or less 
extensive, especially in view of the fact 
that the family is so very small, and the 
species contained in it have no economic 
value whatever. In some waters these 
Mud Minnows are preyed upon by 
larger fishes. In the “Zodlogy of New 
York,” by James E. De Kay (Albany, 
NOA2)) setnene: 1S) va Rehm account mor 
Umbra pygmaea (p. 214); but the plate 
is not numbered, and the colored figure 
of the fish is of no value whatever, the 
coloring being entirely incorrect; the 
fish’s form wrong, and the specimen only 
3.7 cms. long. I have examined all that 
Jordan and Evermann say in_ their 
“Fishes of North and Middle America.” 
In Part IV of that work these authors 
give a cut of Umbra pygmaea (Fig. 268) 
which is 10.9 cms. long, and which I take 
to be a typical example of that species. 
It agrees with the description given in 
Part I, page 624, to which reference will 
be made further on. 

There are good accounts of these 
Umbrids in the following works, all of 
which I have carefully read and com- 
pared : 

1. “A Remarkable Genus of. Fishes— 
the Umbras,” by Theodore Gill (Smith- 
sonian Miscel. Coll., Vol. 45, pub. April 
II, 1904). Five figures, pp. 295-305. 


This brief paper gives a good cut of the 
European Umbra (U. umbra), and three 
of U. pygmaea, of which Fig. 38 is given 
incorrectly as the Western Umbra 
(Umbra limi), it being the aforesaid cut 
from Jordan and Evermann of U. 
pygmaea. 

2. “Catalogue of the Fishes of New 
York,” by Dr. Tarleton H. Bean, Bull. 
60, Zool. 9, New York State Museum, 
Albany, 1903 (p. 287). Brief scientific 
and popular account of the American 
species of Umbra. 

3) the Fishes ot New, jierseysa. by, 
Henry W. Fowler. Ann. Rep. New Jer- 
sey State Museum, 1905, pp. 180-183, 
pl. 16. Plate 16 is of the Mud Minnow, 
Umbra pygmaea, an enlargement of Jor- 
dan and Evermann’s figure, brought up 
to 18 cms. in length (about seven inches), 
which is much larger than the fish ever 
grows to be. It gives 38 scales instead 
of 35, and 12 dorsal rays instead of 13; 
it has too many anal rays. 

As a matter of fact, none of the de- 
scriptions of the external characters of 
these Mud Minnows, as given by the 
various authors cited above, seem to 
tally. As already pointed out, Gill fig- 
ured Umbra pygmaea for Umbra limi. 
Fowler, who goes quite exhaustively into 
the external measurements, etc., in U. 
pygmaea (pp. 180-181), says, among 
Gunere Wovrayess ID) JUL, 1, AN JUUL, ©, Seales 
30 in lateral series to base of caudal and 
three more on latter,” and so on with a 
lot of measurements. This does not 
agree with Jordan and Evermann given 
aloe, | Die, Warwleron Isl, lexan calls 
Umbra pygmaea the “Striped Mud Min- 
now,” and agrees with Jordan and Ever- 
mann in the number of fin rays and 
scales. It is not unusual to find these 
particular points in agreement in U. limi 
and U. pygmaea. For example, Doctor 
Bean gives for U. lim D. 14; A. 9., and 
scales in lateral line 35. 


140 


Aquatic Lite 


The habits of these Mud Minnows, 
especially those of U. pygmaea, in na- 
ture and in aquaria, have been quite fully 
described in the articles cited above by 
Doctor Gill and Doctor Bean; they 
agree with my own observations, and 
they are surely quite remarkable.  In- 
ceed, the European Umbra (dogfish) 
was described as early as 1726 (Mar- 
sigli), and again in 1756 (Kramer), 
while a great many naturalists have re- 
ferred to these fishes since, the best 
known account having been rendered by 
Heckel and Kner (1858), C. C. Abbott 
(1884), lL. Kathariner (1899), and 
others. See also “Fishes of Illinois,” 
Forbes and Richardson, pp. 203-205. 

There is one point worthy of notice 
here that will, in part, account for the 
remarkable differences to be found in 
the descriptions of the external colora- 
tion of the Eastern Mud Minnow given 
by the authors mentioned above. In the 
first place, the fish changes its coloration 
to a wonderful degree when placed in 
aleohol and other preservative fluids. 
Then, in life, the fully adult specimens 
(4 to 4% inches long)—the young ones, 
too—change their color to such an extent 
as to appear like an entirely different 
fish; this is particularly true of Umbra 
pygmaea. The changes are due to causes 
similar to those that produce them in 
some lizards, as Anolis, or any of the 
chameleons. Sometimes it will be of a 
deep umber brown, with all the markings 
in strong relief; when, again, it will 
have a general color of a pale clay tint, 
with all the markings, or most of them, 
still more in evidence. These facts 
should be borne in mind, and I have 
failed to find them stated in any of the 
accounts I have read of the fish. 

As stated above, at the U. S. National 
Museum I examined many specimens of 
Umbra umbra, U. limi, and U. pygmaea, 
and among the last named Nos. 16,896 


(Trib. Chesapeake Bay); 72,442 (one 
large, one small, Laurel, Md.); 27,481 
(Eastern Maryland); 68,321 (Long 
islands INNe, Oo uspecimens)) 4 25-O7al Cle 
Wake Ratchoquey Wave inarcesAm tivay Ee 
67,455 (Laurel, Md., 2 specimens), and 
60,797 (pool near Chain Bridge, D. C.) 
Some of these specimens agreed, in the 
main, with the figure and description of 
Umbra pygmaea as given by Jordan and 
Evermann, while others by no means did. 
It would seem that all collectors and de- 
scribers of the Eastern Mud Minnow 
have, for more than a century, been so 
thoroughly satisfied that we find but one 
species of Umbra in the Eastern United 
States, that every one taken has been 
referred to it, whether it agreed with 
published descriptions of that species or 
not. 

Now the larger specimen of the two 
in 72,442 of the above list has a length 
of 8.2 cms.; it is marked like one living 
in one of my aquaria—that is, the longi- 
tudinal stripes are practically absent. 
There is a single, whitish stripe running 
the entire length on either side, mesially ; 
the general color is a rather pale clay 
distinctly mottled with dark 
brown on the back. There are dark 
markings on the side of the head—one 
heavy one through the eye and one be- 
ony tes Couim wermy lene, ID, tas A. ©: 
This specimen hardly agrees in a single 
particular with Jordan and Evermann’s 
description of U. pygmaea. ‘This is also 
true of No. 68,321 (the largest specimen, 
also largely so the smaller ones). It has 
a length of 7 cms., and is not markedly 
striped, while the above described whit- 
ish stripe is conspicuous; chin pale gray. 
De tite ACS INO, Coyoy, lean 1©, CaaS, 
caudal spot white, bordered with black ; 
mid-lateral longitudinal stripe white; 
Cain pale wry, ID, I Ws AA. SAN 
other specimen, or rather two specimens, 

Continued on page 147. 


brown, 


r 


— om re ee 


The Golden Fundulus is a native of 
the southeastern States, ranging from 
South Carolina to Florida. Notwith- 
standing the generic name Fundulus, 
which is derived from the Latin “fun- 
dus,” meaning bottom, this species is a 
pronounced Chrysostus 
means golden. 

The male and female are both attrac- 
tively colored, but very distinct from 


surface fish. 


each other. Were it not for the similar- 
ity in shape, one would be inclined to 
think them separate species. 
ter of history, Jordan described the fe- 
male as a new species, in the Proceedings 
of the U. S. National Museum, 1879, 
Even 


male is 


INS 2) TaoAie 


calling it Zygonectes henshall. 
authorities Wine 
speckled with reddish brown or wine- 
colored spots on a glistening ground of 
bronze green, suggesting upright parallel 
lines. The effect of the spots is very 
variable, being pronounced on some fish 
and on others entirely absent. The gill 
covers are adorned with a large shining 
green spot; dorsal, anal and caudal fins 
with reddish spots; ventrals and pec- 
torals colorless. The female upon a 
warm, mellow olive ground color dis- 
plays glistening silver spots, these in a 
certain light assuming a greenish cast. 
The cool silver in contrast with the warm 
background produces a striking effect. 
‘the gill covers, like those of the male, 
are green. Other than by coloration, the 
sexes can be distinguished by the larger 
anal and dorsal fins of the male. 
Breeding in the aquarium is not diff- 
cult, though it is well to maintain a tem- 


may err! 


oss 


FR PS Oa SOs Fs Pi 6 9 SP 8 Pa a 8 Ot 9 as a as 0 


Fundulus Chrysotus | 
| 


ERNEST LEITHOLF 


perature of 75 degrees, Fahrenheit. The 
antics of the male in courting his mate 
are interesting. At times he will swim 
directly above her, or, trembling vio- 
lently, be at her side. When ready to 
deposit an egg they will approach, swim- 
ming side by side, the place selected, 
which may be a protruding stone, the 


Fundulus chrysotus 


side of the aquarium or a group of plants. 
Generally I have found them to prefer 
the roots of floating plants, such as 
Salvinia or Water Hyacinth. During the 
orgasm the male presses closely to the 
side of the female, then with vehement 
trembling and sidelong twisting an egg is 
expelled and fertilized. This may occur 
from ten to twenty times daily for a week 
or more. My largest day’s find has not 
exceeded ten eggs, but no doubt some 
were devoured and others overlooked. 
The eggs hatch after ten to fourteen 
days’ incubation. Beautiful babies they 
are! Examine one with an ordinary 
hand magnifying glass and it appears as 


142 


Aquatic Lite 


if studded with tiny sparkling diamonds. 
After a few days these radiant spots dis- 
appear, but reappear on the females as 
they approach maturity. The males de- 
velop the reddish spots. 

Considered from all viewpoints, the 
Golden Fundulus is worthy of a place in 
every collection. It endures well—I have 
had specimens for three or more years. 


————— 


Riccia Fluitans 

JACOB MERGET 
There was a time when Ricca fluitans 
was considered of little value in the 
aquarium, but in those days little atten- 
tion was given to the exotic fishes. The 


books gave it passing mention, with the 


Riccia fluitans 


information that it was a poor oxygen- 
ator. 

Riccia is a liverwort, one of the so- 
called flowerless plants, and is related to 
the mosses. The plant consists of a 
bright green, expanded and irregularly 
forked thallus, floating at the surface of 
the water with the tips thrust above. 
Growth is by repeated branching and 
ball-like clusters are gradually formed. 
These when broken by the activities of 
the fishes, or otherwise, form nuclei for 
other balls, until finally a blanket of 
green is literally thrown over the sur- 
face of the water in the aquarium. 

The value of such a covering becomes 
evident when we breed certain fishes, 
and particularly those species which de- 
posit their eggs near the surface. To 
these it offers an ideal place for oviposi- 


tion. Not less in importance is the fact 


that it harbors countless myriads of pro- 
tozoans (infusorians, rotifers, etc.), 
which is the necessary food of the result- 
ing young fish. The oxygenating power 
of such a mass is not inconsiderable. 

The cultivation of this plant does not 
present any particular difficulties. The 
main requirement is to disturb it as little 
as possible. It will do well in a glass- 
covered aquarium in the sunlight, or with 
little sunlight. I have grown fine clumps 
in half-pint jars. Algze are its serious 
enemies, and a contest between the two 
usually results in the ultimate disappear- 
ance of Riccia. 

While the species is a native, and thus 
may be collected in ponds and ditches, 
this wild must be introduced 
with caution, as with it may come some 
of the pests that work havoc among 
young fishes. It will be better to start 
with a little fellow 
aquarist, or, if the pond plants are col- 
lected, to take them in small lots, exam- 
ine carefully, and then place in “quaran- 


material 


secured from a 


tine’ for a time. Riccia was named in 
honor of P. F. Ricci, an Italian noble- 


man, patron of the botanist Michelt. 


Not alone in color do fishes resemble 
birds. In the home life and love of off- 
spring a close resemblance obtains. 
Many are nest builders, erecting struc- 
tures quite as complicated as those of 
“some birds, and hardly less elaborate in 
design and finish—Dr. Thomas G. 
Gentry. 


It’s the easiest thing in the world for 
a man to deceive himself. 
Wis SUA 
I. am very much pleased with 
Aguatic Lire and fully enjoy every 
issue. With its assistance | have come 
to a fuller appreciation of an aquarium, 
and have been able to make the large 
one in my office more attractive and of 
greater interest—Russell T. Neville. 


Om i nn 8 ss 8 8 8 OO 8 OS Pe SS 9 EO 


Belonesox Belizanus 


WALTER LANNOY BRIND, F. Z. S. 


a 8 a et 6 Oh a as 


oso 


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This peculiar aquarium fish is a native 
of Belize, British Honduras; hence the 
specific name  belizanus;  Belonesox 
means Silver Gar-pike. Though this 
name suggests relationship to the pike 
and pickerel family, the connection is nct 
particularly close, and it is probably as 
closely akin to our favorite Gambusia 
affinis holbrooki, which 1s also live-bear- 
ing. 

In point of color Belonesox is not re- 
markable. 
back or dorsal region shades to a bluish 
leaden tint on the sides; abdominal area 
whitish; gill-covers with a shimmer of 
metallic green. All the fins are watery- 
olive or transparent, the anal fin of the 
male being modified into a conspicuous 
intromittent organ. <A black spot at the 


A dull grayish-olive on the 


base of the tail gives the species a cer- 
tain neatness and finish. Males 
a length of six inches; females, 
inches. 


attain 
seven 


The live-bearing pickerel, for such we 
may call it for sake of popularity, par- 
takes of the disposition of our native 
pickerel in its method of feeding and 
choice of foods. 
the racy tidbit it demands. 
ing place amongst the plants it will rush 
out to capture and swallow (all practi- 
cally in one movement) any small fish 
luckless enough to 
glance at the illustration is sufficient to 
give a wholesome conception of the 
power of the alligator-like jaws of this 


A tender, young fish is 
From a hid- 


near. A 


venture 


rapacious rascal. 
A temperature of 70 to 75) degrees. 


144 


Aquatic Lite : 


Fahrenheit, seems to meet the needs of 
this fish, though it is not particularly 
delicate in this respect. Sudden changes, 
especially from high to low, are injurious 
to this and all other warm water fishes, 
and must be carefully avoided. Belone- 
sox is ovoviviparous, and in breeding 
should be treated like the other live- 
bearing species. Due to its voracious- 
ness it is rather difficult to save the 
babies. 

More on account of its peculiar form 
and greedy habits does this fish appeal to 
the aquarian, and particularly to those 
having an over-abundance of young 
fishes with which to sate its appetite! 
I prefer to pass it up; such mainterance 
is too costly. 

ee eM ee 


The Mosquitoes 


The mosquitoes, family Cunicipar, do 
not form a large insect group, but are an 
important one. They are a pest, and carry 
disease. They range from the tropics to 
Alaska, Lapland and Greenland. ‘They 
are true air-breathers, but are born in 
stagnant water. They breed rapidly, and 
pass through several generations a year; 
the adults hibernating in outhouses, cel- 
lars and cold garrets. The main purpose 
of the adult seems to be propagation of 
the species; its life to be dependent only 
upon this opportunity. Females are nor- 
mally plant-feeders, their mouth-parts 
very different from the flesh-sucking 
males. 

Five genera are represented in this 
country: Anopheles, 4ides, Megarhinus, 
Psorophora and Culex. Most of our 
species belong to the genus Culex. 
Those of the genus Anopheles carry ma- 
laria. Those of the genus d4ides are very 
small; those of Megarhinus and Psoro- 
phora are large—known as gallinippers. 

ggs, numbering from 200 to 400, are 
laid in a raft-like mass, gray-brown from 


above and silvery white from below. 
Laid in the early morning, the eggs will 
hatch, on a warm day, by two in the 
afternoon. The wigglers are very active, 
breathing at the surface, descending for 
food. The wiggler moults three times, 
reaches maturity and transforms to a 
pupa in a minimum of seven days, in hot 
weather ; in cool weather this takes much 
longer. The pupa stage lasts two days, 
longer in cool weather, when the skin 
splits and the adult mosquito emerges.— 
Gayne T. K. Norton in Nature-Study 
Review. 

The larve of mosquitoes form a food 
for aquarium fishes that is equal, if not 
superior, to daphne for those large 
enough to consume them. A number of 
successful goldfish breeders ascribe the 
rapid growth of their youngsters to the 
abundant use of wigglers. They may 
often be collected in quantity in pools, or 
in bays of slow-moving streams. 


SS 


When using a rubber hose to syphon the 
sediment from the bottom of an aquarium 
it is a difficult matter to guide it about 
with precision. To overcome the diffi- 
culty take a strip of wood, a piece of an 
old box sandpapered smooth, measuring 
one inch wide and six inches longer than 
the aquarium is deep. Fasten the hose 
to the rod with three rubber bands— 
bottom, middle and at a point several 
inches from the upper end of the rod. 
After the syphon is started by a slight 
suck at the end of the hose, the other 
end, in the aquarium, may be moved 
about as desired. If plants, snails or 
stones are caught, a pressure of the fin- 
gers on the hose will stop the syphon and 
the object will drop, after which a release 
of the pressure will again start the water. 
; as 

Promises may get you friends, but non- 
performance will turn them into enemies. 


as recccccccccecocsseseecclcees se0c[[e0000000000000000000 0000000000000000 000080000000 000000000000 2000000 c0eecegs® 
e 


Owned by Geo. E. Wilt 


It is now generally accepted as a fact 
that fish life in fresh water streams and 
other bodies of fresh water can no longer 
be maintained, except in very remote 


places, by natural propagation. The 
steady growth in population, and the re- 
sultant increased demand for fish for 


food, has caused a greater drain on the 
supply than the fishes in nature can over- 
come. Hence, in order that the demand 
be met, it became necessary to assist na- 
ture by what is termed artificial propaga- 
tion. If it were not for what is being 
accomplished by the fish culturist in this 
direction, it is safe to say that many of 
our familiar and best food and game 


A History of Fish Culture 


WILLIAM E. MEEHAN, Director, Philadelphia Public Aquarium 


CALICO TELESCOPE GOLDFISH 


Photograph by H. W. Schmid 


e 
e e 
© © 90 00000000000000 000OOOLOLOLLOLLL 000000000000 0000000000000000 000000000008 000000000000000008% 


fishes would have long since been exter- 
minated. 

The fish culturist employs three meth- 
ods of propagation: in troughs with 
water running over and under wire net- 
ting trays; by keeping the eggs revolving 
in glass jars filled with water; in ponds 
in which the fishes are allowed to spawn 
naturally, both mature and young fish 
being guarded from their many enemies. 
Only very heavy eggs, like those of the 
trout and salmon, are hatched by means 
of the troughs and trays. Semi-buoyant 
eggs and those which are yielded in vast 
quantities are hatched by the jar method. 
Pond culture is reserved for those fishes 


146 


Aquatte Lite 


from which eggs cannot be taken at all, 
or from which they can only be taken 
with much trouble or possible injury to 
the culturist. In this class are placed a 
few nest-building species that take vigi- 
lant care of both eggs and young, and 
where fertilization by natural methods 1s 
even better than by artificial expression. 

Pond culture is the oldest of the three 
methods. The practice dates back to very 
ancient times. The Romans, the Greeks 
and the Egyptians all raised fish by that 
means. So did the Chinese. Indeed there 
is reason to believe they were the first. 
There are records showing that more 
than five hundred years before Christ a 
Chinese built a pond and dotted it with 
islands. ‘The avowed idea being to fool 
the fish and make them believe they were 
in their natural environments, and that 
the islands were continents. The cute 
Chinaman placed about twenty fish in 
the pond. At the end of the first year 
the pond contained several thousand fine 
fish; by the close of the second, several 
hundred thousand, and at the end of the 
third there were so many that this pio- 
neer fish culturist couldn’t count them! 
That this man did business there is no 
ceubt, but we are forced to the conclu- 
sion that he either outclassed Ananias 
or did better than any culturist since his 
time, for nowadays a man may count 
every fish he can raise by pond culture. 
In fact, pond culture produces less fish 
than any other method. 

The artificial expression of eggs from 
fishes was discovered by a Jesuit in 
France during the latter part of the fif- 
teenth century. He fertilized trout eggs 
and hatched them in a hatching box 
which he invented. His discovery made 
no stir and was forgotten after his death. 
This important feat was not learned 
until many years after, and then only by 
the accidental discovery of old records 
in the monastery in which he had lived. 


In the middle of the seventh century, 
Count Jacoby, a German nobleman, re- 
artificial fertilization and 
hatching of trout eggs. Curiously 
enough, his hatching apparatus was al- 
most identical with that of the obscure 
priest. Jacoby was a scientific man and 
published his experiments and results. 
The pamphlet was translated into several 
languages, and excited widespread scien- 
tific interest, but no one seemed to think 
there would be any practical use for it. 
It was not until after 1840 that fish 
culture by artificial expression and fer- 
tilization of eggs was put a practical use, 
and it is a curious fact it didn’t come 
through the discovery of Jacoby. His 
work, like that of the priest, had been 
forgotten. The world owes practical fish 
culture to two Breton fishermen. ‘These 
two peasants became interested 1n watch- 
ing trout spawn, and they made what to 
them was an amazing discovery, that the 
eggs of the trout were not fertilized until 
after they left the body of the female. 
Wondering if the eggs could be pressed 
from the female, they tried it with suc- 
cess. They devised a hatching appara- 
tus which proved successful, and then 
communicated their discovery to the 
French government. ‘The officials were 
profoundly impressed and appointed one 
of the men, Gehin by name, a commis- 
sioner to instruct others in the new art. 
Gehin’s partner in this work, Mons. 
Remy, was forced to drop out because of 


discovered 


illness. 

An American was among those who 
took lessons from Gehin, and he im- 
parted his knowledge to a Dr. Garland, 
of Cleveland. Dr. Garland became en- 
thusiastic, and fertilized and hatched a 
lot of salmon-trout eggs. A few years 
later, in the early sixties, William Ains- 
worth, a New Yorker, started a commer- 
cial trout hatchery. He was followed 
almost immediately by Seth Green, and 


Aquatic Lite 


147 


the commercial trout industry in the 
United States became a fact accom- 
plished. 

Seth Green was not satisfied to keep 
within one groove, and investigated other 
fishes. The outcome was the successful 
propagation of shad, whitefish and pike- 
perch, and the invention of the jar sys- 
tem, which now enables the National and 
State governments to hatch billions of 
valuable food fishes annually, and all 
irom eggs which would otherwise be ab- 
sclutely wasted. I say wasted advisedly, 
because the eggs of the whitefish, shad 
and pike-perch are from fishes taken in 
the nets for market. 

While fish culture was not discovered 
in the United States, Americans have 
given it the greatest attention and made 
the greatest advances, consequently the 
United States leads the world in fish 


culture. 
SEE coc 


The Mud Minnows 


Continued from page 140. 


No. 67,455 of the above list, are also 
marked like large living specimens taken 
in the District of Columbia, including 
those in my aquaria; larger one 8.8 cms., 
ID, Wl. SG (Cine tener.) se A. O47 SarEillor 
One 77 Cis, ID, wale A. & Isoun Ace 
mottled on the back, and have the usual 
whitish or white lateral longitudinal 
stripe. 

No. 27,481 of above list has a length of 
Iicms., 1G longitudinal stripes, seventh 
one from belly nearly white and runs 
over top of percle to the eye; chin light, 
Smouie loin, ID, wis oy cy Seales 4k 
Agrees almost exactly with Jordan and 
Evermann’s description and figure. No. 
35,971, length 1 cm., striped; chin dark- 
isis mucdile sirjne Await, ID, INS wi, 
A, & Same gnecies as wie Iasi, ING, 
16,896, length 11 cms., striped as in No. 
27,481 above (12 stripes, the usual white 
Cine presemt)) 3 Gaia jee, ID), Il, was vA. SS: 


This specimen appears to be a typical or 
nearly typical Umbra pygmaea. 

The longitudinal stripes in U. pygmaea 
seem to run from Io to 14 in number, 
with an included median white or whit- 
ish one; the number of rays in the dorsal 
and anal fins also vary, as above indi- 
cated. I have yet to find a specimen 
with a “black chin.” As the coloration 
is alike in the two sexes in this genus of 
Umbrids, the above differences cannot be 
attributed to sexual ones as an explana- 
tion for them. 

From my study of this family of 
fishes I am inclined to believe that there 
the. eastern range of Umbra 
pygmaea, another form of these Mud 
Minnows, which may easily be recog- 
nized by its characters. In 
form, structure and general habits, it 
doubtless does not depart from its near 
relative, Umbra pygmaea, while it does 
do so very markedly in its coloration. 

This form—a sub-specific one—I be- 
lieve has not been heretofore described, 
and I find it to present the following 
characters: General contour as in Umbra 
pygmaea, D. 14. A. 8. Dorsum olive 
brown, spotted and mottled with black; 
sides somewhat lighter; lower parts very 
whitish, broken 


iS, im 


external 


light yellowish-olive ; 
line extending from eye to base of tail. 
Running along immediately below this 
line is another of double the width, and 
of a deep olive or brown color. Sides 
more or less spotted with small spots of 
yellowish white; fins of a pale yellowish 
olive, without markings of any kind; an 
oblique whitish bar beneath either eye; 
chin pale yellowish white; eye black; a 
vertical white area at base of tail, bor- 
dered both in front and behind by black ; 
borders of fins rounded. Other charac- 
ters are those of the genus. 

I propose for this new sub-species the 
name of Umbra pygmaea bilineata, in 
reference to the two longitudinal stripes 


148 


Aquatic Lite 


Aquatic Life 


An international monthly magazine devoted to 
the study, care and breeding of native, exotic, 
gold and domesticated fishes, other animals 
and plants in the home aquarium and _ter- 
rarium. 


Wilt POVISE River ci dees serene Editor 
JOSEPH E. BAUSMAN 
542 E. Girard Avenue, Philadelphia. 


eccee ee 


Entered as second-class matter, September 
2, 1915, at the Post Office, Philadelphia, Pa., 


a 


under Act of March 3, 1879. 


Practical articles and notes on topics pertain- 
ing to the aquarium and terrarium are al- 
ways wanted for Aguatic Lirk. Readers of 
the magazine are invited to join in making it 
a medium of mutual help, and to contribute 
to it any ideas that may occur to them. The 
pages are always open for anyone who has 
anything helpful and practical to say. Manu- 
scripts, books for review and general corres- 
pondence should be addressed to the editor. 


Aguatic Lire has the largest circulation of 
any magazine in the world devoted to this 
branch of nature-study. It presents to ad- 
vertisers a market that can be _ reached 
through no other medium. Rates made known 
on application. 


Weaver Silaperipeaon soussceosvacscodo000 $1.00 
Porat SmiascrimTOms oooccccanacosnobos 1.35 
10 


Single Copy 
Payments may be made by money order, draft 
or registered letter. Foreign remittances 
should be by international money order. If 
local checks are sent, ten cents should be 
added for collection charges. 


No. 11 


July, 1917 


Vol. Il 
running down either side, there being 
from twelve to fourteen in U. pygmaea, 
while the lateral markings in Umbra limi 


are vertical. 
= —_——~<&—_- — 


Aquarium Snails 


The popular snail of today is the 
Copenhagen, Coral or Red Ramshorn, 
this last the better common name, prop- 
erly Planorbis corneus rubra, of Europe. 
The demand for the species is not alone 
due to its brilliant red color, but because 
it) isa good) worker, and) excells” the 
Viviparus malleatus, 


Japanese Snail, 


which was formerly the dominant gaster- 
opod in the aquarium. In activity it is 
only equaled by the American Planorbis 
trivolvis. These snails ravenously de- 
vour unconsumed fish food, vegetable 
matter, and especially the conferve that 
develops on the sides of the aquarium. 
Both species can be easily propagated in 
an aquarium or tub, fishes being ex- 
cluded, as they would devour the snails 
as hatched. The eggs, numbering 
twenty or more, are deposited in a round, 
gelatinous mass, attached to the plants or 
sides of the receptacle. The young will 
appear in about twenty to thirty days, 
according to the temperature. Food 
should be provided in the form of lettuce 
leaves or turnip tops. If the Red Snail 
and the native species are kept together 
they will interbreed, and much of the © 
red color be lost. Figure 5 answers 
equally well for both species. 

In the same family (Limnaeidae) with 
the foregoing are two other species, one 
a favorite, the other little used. The first 
is the sadly misnamed African snail, 
Lymnaea auricularia. The common name, 
African, seems to be peculiar to the 
aquarists’ world. Inasmuch as it is not 
from Africa, being a native of Europe, 
it is time to give it the proper common 
name, Ear Snail, the vernacular of the 
conchologist, and a translation of the sci- 
entific name. Why it should be called 
the Ear Snail is quite evident in the illus- 
tration, Figure 1. The spire of the shell 
is very short, while the body-whorl is 
large. The body and the shell are horn- 
color, the shell being attractively marked 
with a darker shade. This snail is quite 
an industrious feeder, but is short-lived. 
However, it is readily propagated like 
the Red Snail. The allied Niagara or 
Great Pond Snail, L. stagnalis, Figure 4, 
has an extremely long shell, which may 
reach a length of two inches, and is our 


largest fresh water species. It is com- 


Aquatic Lite 


149 


mon to both Europe and North America, 
though its range is restricted and it can- 
not always be found. In the aquarium 
it dces not confine its appetite to the 
alge, and will attack the higher plants. 
For this reason it should be provided 
with abundant food, such as the com- 
mon floating plants, and but one or two 
specimens should be placed in a tank. 
The Red Ramshorn, American Rams- 
horn, Ear and Niagara snails belong to 
the order PuLMoNnata, which includes 


iand and fresh water snails. All are pro- 
vided with a lung chamber and are with- 
out gills, so it is necessary for them to 
occasionally rise to the surface of the 
water for air. The species described are 
hermaphrodites, both sexes being present 
in an individual. 

The Potomac Snail, Paludina contecta, 
and the Japanese snail are 
In fact, they will inter- 
The sexes are 


NS 2, 
closely related. 
breed if placed together. 
separate, and the males may be dis- 
tinguished by the unequal size of the ten- 
tacles, the right one being shorter than 
the left. The eggs are hatched within 
the female, and the young retained for 
some time, being perfect snails about the 
size of a pea when expelled. For this 
reason it is possible to raise them in an 


aquarium with fishes. The full-grown 
individuals spend much of the time in 
inactivity upon the bottom, and, being 
large, are of little use in keeping the 
plants free from alge, the Ramshorns 
being particularly efficient for this work, 
due to their activity, small size and negli- 
gible weight. The Potomac and Japan- 
ese snails are provided with a gill, hence 
do not rise to the surface for air, have 
an operculum or horny plate by which 
the shell is closed when the animal re- 
tires within, and various other anatom- 
ical details which prove their affinity to 
certain marine snails. 

Every aquarium should contain a 
small mussel or two. They can do little 
harm, and may accomplish much good. 
Figure 3 shows a tiny species, with the 


.foot by which it moves and the inhalent 


and exhalent apertures extended. 
Through one aperture the water is 
drawn, the fod of the mussel extracted, 
and then it is passed out through the 
other. Raking up the mud and plants in 
a pond or slow stream will usually reveal 
a few specimens. 


ee 


Three kinds of Paradise Fishes are 
known to aquarists: the common form, a 
variety reddish body and_ rec 
stripes, and Macropodis opercularis hav- 
ing a caudal fin resembling Haplochilus 
or Belonesox—the most beautifully col- 
ored one.—C. J. Heede. 


with 


2 ee 


“He who buys had need to have a 
hundred eyes, but one is enough for 
him that the stuff.”—Benjamin 
Franklin. 


sells 


—— 


We don’t believe that an Allentown 
man saw a snake sixteen feet long. Prob- 
ably a fishworm that somebody dropped 
on their way home from a day’s angling 
in the Lehigh. 


Aquatic Lite 


Society News 

The June meeting of the Philadelphia 
Goldfish Fanciers’ Society was held on 
the 2oth, in Saull’s Hall, 802 Girard 
avenue. 

The competition was for novices— 
members who have not at any time re- 
ceived an award in competition. Judges, 
William Hartman, Dr. F. C. Leffman 
and R. L. Harding make the following 
awards: 

Scaled Telescopes—Silver cup, Sam- 
uel W. Burgess; blue ribbon, William J. 
Hodges; red ribbon, Dr. Louis W. Reh- 
bein; yellow ribbon, A. J. Hoag, Jr. 

Scaleless Telescopes—Blue — ribbon, 
James A. McDevitt; red ribbon, Samuel 
W. Burgess; yellow ribbon, Elmer E. 
Hazlett. 

Scaled Japs—Blue and red ribbons, 
Dr. Louis W. Rehbein. A yellow ribbon 
was not awarded. 

Scaleless Japs—Blue and red ribbons, 
‘Harry H. Mills; yellow ribbon, B. Me- 
Quade. 

New members—F. S. Walton, John 
Krause and Paul R. Koehler. 

A motion was passed at this meeting 
increasing the monthly dues to twenty 
cents. No meetings will be held during 
July and August. 

Frep RicHarpson, Secretary. 
eae Such 


At the recent annual meeting of the 
Chicago Aquarium Society the following 
officers were elected for the ensuing 
year: President, Dr. H. G. Champlin; 
vice president, Miss Helen A. Loomis; 
Secretary, N. G. Hitchcock; Treasurer, 
Walter C. Schroeder; Board of Gover- 
nors, W. H. Hitchcock, St. Elmo Linton, 
Austin N. Niblack and H. W. Keedy. 


ed 

The members of the Reading Aquar- 
ium Society recently journeyed to Price- 
town, some fourteen miles away, and 


attacked a chicken dinner in full force. 
The menu comprised chicken, chicken, 
and still more chicken, and while the 
members are all temperate, none refused 
the famous Princetown mince pie. 

Enthusiastic good fellowship prevailed. 
Each member wore a club button and 
“Old Glory,” and attention was divided 
between singing patriotic songs, led by 
Mr. T. R. Wilson, and talking “fish.” 
The members present included John W. 
Kershner, | ay, @yaulvashhs: ©scanag ae 
Becker, G. R. Wilson, W. Scott Slegel, 
iheomayyAbeleny. Georges Sea breneiserm 
W. H. Himmershitz, I. S$. Yeager, Mor- 
ris F. Kissinger, W. A. Barber and the 
writer. The dinner was such a success 
that it was decided to hold another at the 
same place next year.—S. O. MELLERT, 
SECRETARY. 

Las US Si 

The Milwaukee Aquarium Society 
held its annual meeting on Wednesday, 
June 6th, and elected the following off- 
cers for the coming year: President, 
Paul W. Roth; Vice-President, 
Liborius Semmann; Recording 
Secretary, George Hemsing; Corre- 
sponding Secretary, Arthur Simon; 
Treasurer, George J. C. Steffen; Libra- 
rian, Jacob Merget; Custodian, Alfred 
H. Schroeder; Directors, Ed. F. Kieck- 
hefer and Rev. G. Keller Rubrecht.— 
ARTHUR SIMON, SECRETARY. 


Rey. 
Dean 


The Kensington Goldfish Society, 
Philadelphia, is rapidly forging ahead 
Fanciers residing in this section of the 
Quaker City should get in touch with 
H. J. Mackrell, president, 2816 Jasper 
street, and become members. 

se NLS 

The Aquarium Specialty Company, 
Joseph Taubles, manager, has moved to 
more commodious quarters at 414 East 
Tremont avenue, New York City. 


“AQUARIA FISH” 


A practical work on care and breeding of 
fish in the Aquarium, Greenhouse and out- 
door Ponds. Finely illustrated. Every one 
interested in keeping fish should send for 
a copy of this book. Price, $1. 
Four-Horned Snails (Ampullaria Gigas) de- 
posit a mass of large coral red eggs out of 
the little snails drop into the 
These snails are in- 


the water, 

water as they hatch. 

valuable for destroying Hydra in the aqua- 
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Thoroughbred Collie Pups, beautifully 


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From Choice Telescopes & Japs, $2 per 100 Eggs 


I. X. L. Regular and Baby 10c. Box 


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Is published monthly by the Lorquin Natural History 
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109 - 22d Street, West New York, N. J. 


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Per pound, coarse, 75c.; fine ground, $1. 

St. George’s Natural Fish Food, $1.50 lb. 
Sample can, 15c¢ Add postage to your zone 


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PERMANENT DISPLAY OF 


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Use Regenia Aquarium Salts 


To replace the natural salts in your aquar- 
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New Importation of Brilliant Tropical Fishes 


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Phone before calling, St. Nicholas 8418 


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ELGIN K. BRUCE, THORNBURG, IA. 


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Wyoming Avenue, & C Street, Phila., Pa. 
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THE TERMINAL PET SHOP 
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GEORGE WILT, 1519 N. 62nd Street 
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GOLDFISH, FOODS, PLANTS, SNAILS, ETC. 


Combination Natural Fish Food - Sample Can 10c 
Imported Shrimp Fish Food - - Sample Can 15c 
Imported Wafer Fish Food Large Sample Box 10c 


Special Prices on Quantity Lots © Cash With Order 
Catalogue Sent Upon Request 


Orders amounting $2 delivered postpaid. 


Mail orders promptly attended to. 


COOT 000M D000 TD 000C—S000 


DEALERS 


Do you want a big 
seller that you can 
guarantee will give 
satisfaction and make 
friends for you? 


Our Aquarium 
Vacuum Cleaner 
Will Do the Trick 
List this article in your 
catalogues. 
Samples by Parcel 
Post, 50c,75c, $1.00 
Liberal discounts to 


legitimate Dealers and 
Jobbers. 


Mfg’d by 
Acton Electric Co.,Inc. 
1133 BROADWAY 
NEW YORK 


Patents Pending 


WALTER BELL 
Breeder of Broad: tail Celescopes 
BLUES BLACKS CALICOS 
4324 WYALUSING AVENUE, PHILADELPHIA 
Prices Reasonable 


CARL LAZER 
Dealer and Breeder of Tropical Fishes 
Aquarium Plants Red Snails 
All Kinds of Aquaria and Supplies 
Open Evenings and Sunday 
647 West 184th Street New York City, N.Y. 


CRESCENT FISH FARM 
Breeders and Collectors of 
Goldfish and Other Aquarium Fishes 


Alligators, Turtles, Chameleons, Snails, Water Plants 


4 


We are now booking orders for 
Fall shipments of. Mollienisia 
latipinna, Gambusia holbrooki 


and paradise Fish. 


1624 Mandeville Street, New Orleans, La. 


i eee ea) 


O0O0T 000 C000 M000 TS 00C 


re rn 


FM#ichaelsen Bros 


GOLDFISH 
BREEDERS 


FLORISTS 


58th and Walnut Streets 
110 South 52nd Street 
Philadelphia 


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Aquarium Fishes 


8 
| 
8 
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; 
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: 
! 
| 
All Kinds of Aquatic Plants | 
| Aquaria & Supplies | 
8 Wholesale and Retail 


————E 


c00000000C 000 = 5000e5000000000 


t Nippon Goldfish Co 
1749 Buchanan Street, San Francisco, Cal 
8 
3 
8 


Importers and : Dealers 
JAPANESE GOLDFISH 


DirECT FROM BREEDERS IN JAPAN 


Awarded Gold and Silver Medals 
Panama-Pacific International Exposiiion 
San Francisco, 1915 


ALL KINDS OF AQUARIA AND SUPPLIES 
Price Lists Furnished to the Trade Only 


IODOCOO CD O0OCOCO0COC—DO0OCOOC———DOOOOCOCLDOOOCOOOSO TM DOO00C0C00 


COCO T0000 D000C D000 TD 000 C000 TH D000 C000 CT S000 CT S000C— S000 


OCO C0090 CD OOO TD CS O00 TM SO00 T0000 


’ HARRY P. PETERS 
1210 N. Warnock Street, Philadelphia, Pa 


BREEDER AND IMPORTER 
Rare and Fancy Fish 


Plants of every variety, Snails and 
Aquarium Supplies of all kinds at all - 
times. 


MANUFACTURER OF 


Green River Fish Food 
15c Box 


Green River Baby Fish Food 
20c Box 


A GOOD FISH FOOD is one of the 
most essential things necessary to 
keep fish in good health. After the 
test of years Green River stands out 
as the best food on the market. It 
keeps the fish in good color by pro- 
moting a healthy, robust growth. It 
will not sour ot cloud the water. Ask 
our dealer or send for it today. 


COO D000 D000 CD 000C— 000 C000 T5000 D000 CDC 0005 000T 


COO T0090 CD 000 TDC OOO TOON S000 


O00 000 CS 000 CS C00000! 


OCOCC0 000 MS 00000C CS 000000000 


Breeders 8 


A large assortment of splendid Telescope 
and Jap goldfish at reasonable prices. 


Fine Assortment of Lionheads 
Shipping Cans, 45 Cents. 
Young Blues, Blacks & Calicos $1.50 Doz 
Young Veiltails or Broadtails $5.00 Doz 


HARRY P. PETERS 
1210 N. WARNOCK STREET 
PHILADELPHIA 


OCC 00C C000 C= C006 COO COS 


OOOCOOOO0000 CT D00000C 000000: 


1 


OCOOCOCOCOO TS OOS OOO COT OCC C= OOS COT OOO! 


GREEN RIVER FISH FOOD 


Due to the constant increase in 
costs of ingredients, boxes and print- 
ing, it has become necessary to in- 
crease the price of these foods to 15 
and 20 cents. When conditions again 
become normal the old prices will 
again prevail. 


HARRY P. PETERS, 
1210 North Warnock Street, 
Philadelphia, Pa. 


COCCOCOSOTDOOCOCCCCOCCO TM DOOOOOCO0G 


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eee 


POST 
Rom 


Ed: 
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Jacob C. Cassel 


915 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pa 


Manufacturer of 


AQUARIUMS 


Aquarium Ornaments 
Floral Terra Cotta, Etc. 
Goldfish Fish Globes Fish Food 


and all aquarium requisites. 
Send for Catalog. 


Mc 


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YP 


im ome ke a 


Aquarium Specialty Co. sy Eg TREMONT AVENUE 


Fine stock of all breeds of gold fish the year round. 

Under present conditions we_ still succeed in showing an unusual good variety of 
tropieal fishes, and imports are coming in quite frequently. 

We specialize in aquatic plantS and snails. 


REVISED STOCK LIST OF AQUARIA OF OUR MAKE. 


Correspondence Solicited. JOSEPH TAUBLES, Manager. No Catalogues 


: Galvanized Metal Frame, Enameled, Glass Steel Angle Frame, Heavy Plate Glass, 
or Slate Bottom Slate Bottom. 
Plain On Legs NO, Bh, Dasa BP el, aooccnac $8.00 
8 INOS Ue a Bs Used absec DLO Leo “4%. 30x16x16— 36 gal. 12.50 
Semon alld xc 93x49 soou0 — eth 2.15 6 Hi, SOG HA BA, shokesso 20.00 
8 SB. MPs Goccoooe ABO 3.00 i Gk. AIRS BO Ay sso ce ts 5 BROO 
( 20x TS RTS) 3.30 DU 6B, AMP —IN) gal, Sooococc 60.00 
“9, 24x12x14 2.0... 5.25 6.00 (Oo WSaey) 54x24 x45 eallee ee iiae 95.00 
8 Solid Brass Frame, Projecting Slate A. BrP LG—lSO sal, Soccooo, LSB.00 
8 Bottom, or on Legs. Any size or shape made to order. 
No. 1 WOKS OiKe S—— Don See eee elects $3.00 
cin 2t 14x 8x1l0— 5 EM. 8 Bioto'a d6010:0 4.00 
og 3. 16x10x12— 9 aU Ea Reswensnonenrccare 5.50 FISH FOODS. 
COA Sxl xa ——i Fae i eee a so erty aes 7.00 
8 Per Pkg. Per Lb. 
INGHAM IDG. Wes! socooos $0.10 $0.60 
GLASSWARE. Universal’ Kish Food ..... oll 2.00 
Dip-Tubes, Automatic Syphons, Ther- Ground Dried Shrimp.... 10 60 
8 mometers, Feeding-Rings, Dip-Nets for Ground Dried Flies, ete... 15 2.00 
all purposes, Ground Dried Daphne ... .20 3.00 
From 15e. up and $1.20 per dozen Infusoria Creating Food .. melt) 2.00 


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000000 D000 CD000 D000 CD 000 D000 TS 000 CD 000 C4000 CS 000 TDC S000 000c—— 


A B C Aquarium Nets and A B C Glass Scrapers 


These nets are scientifically designed and ’ For removing dirt and vegetable growths 
carefully constructed of the finest materials. from the glass sides of aquaria, the A. B. C. 
The netting is soft and durable and the Glass Seraper is unexcelled. It has 12-inch 
frames of non-rusting wire: handle and a well-sharpened scraping edge. 

INO. Le 1%x2% in., for baby fish. Thema eS. Cle SCLap ern Smehwellasmnace 

No. 2. 3x4 in., for tropical fish. throughout and with ordinary care will 

No. 3. 4 in., round, for gold fish, ete. last a long time. 

Sample of any by mail, 20c. Sample by mail, 25c. 


Special low prices on dozen and gross lots 


Live dealers can make splendid profits handling the A B C Line 


A B C SUPPLY CO. 1505 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York City, N. Y. 


ee 


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JSIDIGIAR Irs, MANNS. 18, [ly Se 


Director, South Australian Museum 


2 OS ec Oe 


\Vhen I came to Adelaide three years 
ago, one of my first unofficial moves was 
to take steps to inaugurate an aquarium 
in the Zoological Gardens, but the out- 
break of the war put an end to the pro- 
ject, at any rate for the time being. 

Having been an aquarist for many 
years, I therefore next turned my atten- 
tion to introducing “parlor aquaria” in 
the museum itself, and having obtained 
the necessary authority, I installed twenty 
large electric accumulator jars. Ten win- 
dows were available, and below each sill 
a neat baseboard was bolted to the wall. 
To place two jars side by side on a carpet 
of felt was a simple matter, but some- 
thing more than this is required in a 


I 8 OF 8 OP 8 Oe 8 Oa SP 8 PSPS PP 6 Ft PS PPS Os 9s Pa 


! MUSEUM AQUARIA 
! 


oa 6 oo Oe 6 PO i 2 Os Oa 


ef 


aos 


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a SP 6 OR OP 6 Fs OS SP 6 9 as OP Pa Pt Pa 0 a Pa nt a Oi moe mom ms moms 


public institution. 

In aquaria houses built for the pur- 
pose, the vessels are quite shut off from 
visitors, but in a museum, where the 
glasses are as available as at our own 
homes, some arrangement must be made 
to prevent kindly-disposed people from 
feeding the occupants with biscuit, lollies, 
matches or tobacco. <A statement as to 
how this was managed may be of service 
to others similarly situated, and perhaps 
not unwelcome to some private owners 
who find it difficult to say “please don’t 
touch.” 

A light picture frame was made long 
enough to just slip over the two vessels 
placed side by side, but three inches more 


152 


Aquatic Lite 


from back to front than either of them; 
this was glazed with opal glass to ex- 
clude excess of light, dust and fingers. 
A small cup-hook was put into the lower 
side of the frame at each end and, verti- 
cally below each hook, a 3g-inch hole 
was bored through the base board. A 
small screw-eye was next soldered into 


on fram a. 


glass 


ER eat a ee et 


Window stil. 


Spur Ting. 2 


... [ron brackeF... 


as 


one end of a %4-inch brass-cased rod, 
this was passed through the hole in the 
board, hung on the cup-hook and cut off 
34 inch below the board; it was tapped 
for I inch and fitted with a thumbscrew ; 
the end was drilled and a split ring fitted. 
Two such rods were, of course prepared 
for each set. 

As window blinds are furnished for 
the Museum, and not for the aquaria, 
it became necessary: to shield the latter 


from the light of sunny Australia. This 
was done by means of two sheets of 
glass, one opalized to diffuse the light 
and confine attention to the inmates in- 
stead of permitting inspection of the 
view outside the window, and the other 
of green color to be used when direct 
sunlight fell upon the aquaria. These 
sheets rested upon the felt on the base- 
board and were inclined backwards 
above, being caught by a fillet on the 
underside of the frame, which it will be 
remembered is three inches wider than 
the accumulator jars. Ample air space 
is thus insured between the glass sheets 
and the wall of the aquarium, a provision 
made to counteract the heating rays of 
the sun coming through the window. 
To feed the inmates or clean the ves- 
sels, the attendant gives the thumbscrews 
two or three turns and unhooks the rods 
from the frame; the rods drop to the 
baseboard, but cannot fall to the ground, 
owing to the size of the screw-eyes. As 
the frame is lifted the vertical sheets of 
glass are allowed to rest against the win- 
dow pane, and are replaced against the 
fillet when the operation is finished. 
The photograph shows the arrange- 
ment as seen from the front. Two labels 
are placed beneath each vessel, one giv- 
ing the name of the plant and the other 
that of the animal occupant. The sketch 
illustrates the fittings as seen from one 


end. 
Sn i 


Diseases are not the only thing that 
are contagious. Courage is contagious. 
Kindness is contagious. Manly integrity 
is contagious. All positive virtues with 
red blood in their veins are contagious.— 
Henry Van Dyke. 

pes ae ie 

It were happy if we studied nature 
more in natural things ; and acted accord- 
ing to nature, whose rules are few, plain 
and most reasonable —Waulliam Penn. 


na) 


v 


Figure 1. 


b ee) Ss OS Os OO 6 ON Os PS a SP 6 BS Pe 6 Os PS Fg 9 6 Pd nS 5 Oi 68s a 5s 


| 
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This curious American frog was origi- 
nally described by Professor Cope and 
named Rana oesopus, receiving its ver- 
nacular name of Gopher frog from the 
habit it has of hiding in holes of the 
gopher tortoise, after the breeding sea- 
son is over, at which time it is of solitary 
disposition. In its range it appears to be 
restricted to the peninsula of Florida, 
having, up to recent time, been collected 
only at Micanopy, Clarcona, Orlando, 
Ozona, and Lake Jessup; as a matter of 
fact it is rather rare in collections. It 


| 
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Gopher Frog (Rana oesopus). 


a ee et ea et 


The 


DRS RaW SURED A Geis Ze Ss 


| 
Florida Gopher Frog ! 
| 


OO 8 6 SPS 9 6 9 Oe Pd es as fy 


Natural size, from life 


0 0 a ss 9s Ps 


undoubtedly occurs in numerous other 
localities, however; for, during the 
month of March, 1917, Mr. Nelson R. 
Wood, of the U. S. National Museum, 
collected a fine specimen at Auburndale, 
Florida, and sent it north alive. This 
individual was in my possession for a 
few hours, during which time I made 
three or four negatives of it; three of 
these have been reproduced to illustrate 
the present account (Figures 1-3). 

One of the peculiar characters of this 
batrachian are the several dark brown 


154 


Aquatte Lite 


spots on the irides of the eyes; they are 
very striking, and at once command our 
attention. ‘The animal may grow to be 
some four inches in length, and it is a 
known fact that the female is larger than 
the male. Some of the books give other 
measurements very fully, and its topo- 
graphical anatomy has likewise been 
touched upon by authors. Individuals 


Figure 2 and 3. Dorsal and ventral views of the 
same specimen shown in Figure 1 
From Life 


vary in their general coloration, some 
being of a light, others of a dark brown. 
Beneath, it is glistening white, the throat 
and hind limbs being shaded with pale 
gray, the former beautifully speckled 
with spots of various forms; these occur 
also on the limbs, while but few are 
found elsewhere. Specimens have been 
taken having the upper parts of a yellow- 


ish shade, or even grayish or light pur- 
plish. Dorsally, the warts are yellowish, 
and the lateral folds brilliant orange, 
while much dark speckling is seen on this 
part of the body, as well as on the lips, 
the jaws being unusually massive. The 
dark tympanum upon either side has a 
light-colored spot occupying its centre. 
Limbs barred with dark brown trans- 
versely, five of these being very conspicu- 
ous on the legs. 

Taken altogether, it is a most striking 
species with respect to its appearance, 
and certainly a very peculiar one in re- 
gard to its habits. So well is this all 
shown in the figures that any further de- 
scription here would consume space to 
no end. It is readily distinguished from 
other species of our frogs, as from R. 
areolata, and still more so from RF. pip- 
tens or R. palustris. 

At either shoulder the Gopher frog has 
a large vocal pouch, capable of inflation 
to a marked degree. These pouches are 
found only in the male, and they give.a 
most unusual appearance when fully in- 
flated. 

Gopher frogs are very clever at hiding, 
and when doing so they change color at 
will, assuming a whitish tinge, or brown, 
or deep purple, to intense black. Some- 
times, when handled, the animal secrets 
from the skin a peculiar secretion, which 
has by no means a pleasant odor. 

Mary C. Dickerson, a great authority 
on our batricians, has pointed out in her 
“Frog Book” that this “frog is so wary 
and has such strong habits of hiding, that 
but few specimens have come to light. 
The wariness of this species has resulted 
in a habit of spasmodic instead of con- 
tinuous activity. Its method, like that of 
the cricket grasshopper, is ludicrous to 
observe. It remains absolutely quiet for 
minutes at a time, relying on its protec- 
tive coloration, until the danger is well- 
nigh upon it. When the movement comes, 


Aquatic Lite 


155 


it is with startling suddenness and dis- 
patch, leaving the frog statuesque again 
ana observant, but in a new place” (p. 
195). 

The specimen Mr. Wood collected ap- 
peared to be quite at home in the water, 
and when left alone in an aquarium jar 
for the night, he was seen in the morning 
to be squatting down among some dark- 
colored stones in a peculiar attitude; he 
had assumed an almost entirely deep 
black color that was quite protective. 

Gopher frogs feed upon small birds 
and insects, but most commonly upon 
toads, the last giving them no end of 
discomfort on account of the acrid secre- 
tion from their parotid glands. Indeed, 
after a meal upon a big toad, this frog 
has been observed to go through a series 
of somewhat extraordinary spasmodic 
movements, frantically trying to clear its 
mouth with its fore feet of the semi- 
poisonous juice the batracian he had en- 
deavored to swallow had squirted into it. 

So big is the mouth of this Gopher 
frog that it can manage to swallow a 
full-grown specimen of our common toad 
—a feat, however, that it in no way 
appears to enjoy. There is much to be 
learned about this species yet, and speci- 
mens will be welcome from any one liv- 
ing in those parts of Florida where it is 


found. 
pat Apis 


A stingy angler was fishing on a Scot- 
tish loch on a drenching day. He had 
been consoling himself from his flask and 
forgetting his gillie. Presently he asked 
the man 1f there was a dry place on the 
boat on which to strike a match. 

“You might try my throat,” said the 
gillie; “it’s dry enough.” 

See ees 

The rearing of carp is a very ancient 
practice; a treatise on the subject was 
written by a Chinaman during the third 
century, 


Notes on the Diatoms 
ANNA K. BEWLEY 


The diatoms are among the most inter- 
esting and fascinating subjects that may 
be studied with the compound micro- 
scope. They can well be termed ubiquit- 
ous, because they are present in all wa- 
ters, fresh and salt, from pole to pole. 
Naturalists formerly classed the diatoms 
as animals in consequence of their power 
of movement, but further study with the 
aid of improved microscopes, and con- 
firmed by chemical research, resulted in 
a transfer to the vegetable kingdom. 

The plant consists of a silicious en- 
velope in three parts joined together 
somewhat after the manner of the old- 
fashioned cardboard pillbox—top and 
bottom caps held together by a ring. They 
are of every conceivable shape, but all 
are miscroscopic in size. Their great 
beauty consists in the marking or sculp- 
ture of the envelope. Almost every 1m- 
aginable geometric design is imitated, and 
the resemblance is sometimes indicated by 
the name: Heliopelta, the sun-shield; 
Arachnoidiscus, like a spider’s web. The 
markings on the valves of some species 
are not by any means easily discerned, 
even with the highest magnification and 
careful manipulation of the microscope. 
Pleurosigma, a favorite species to test 
the power of an instrument, appears, 
when magnified 500 diameters, to be 
marked by parallel lines (90,000 would 
measure but an inch across), but when 
magnified 2800 diameters the design 1s 
found to be reticulated resembling bob- 
inette. The species of salt water are 
usually larger than those of fresh water. 

Little is known in regard to the im- 
pertance of the diatoms as food for 
young fishes, though they have been 
found in their stomachs, but they form 
the food of oysters and other molluscs, 
and have been found in the gizards of 


I, 


Aquatte Lite 


fish-eating birds and in guano. Dr. Car- 
penter considers that the diatoms are an 
important factor in maintaining the equi- 
librium of life in the South Polar Ocean, 
“since there is a marked deficiency in 
this region of the higher forms of vege- 
tation, were it not for them there would 
be neither food for aquatic animals, nor 
(if it were possible for these to maintain 
themselves by preying on one another) 
could the ocean be purified of the car- 
bonic acid which animal respiration and 
decomposition would be continually im- 
parting to it.” 


Arachnoidiscus 


Heliopelta 


Drawnings by Author 


The diatoms play a not inconsiderable 
part in the economy of mankind as they 
form a component part of metal polishes 
that are abrasive in action. Quite a num- 
ber of much-used tooth and metal pol- 
ishes contain them. I have a slide of 
freshwater forms taken from “Silver 
Suds” polishing powder, which was pre- 
pared by Mr. Frank J. Keeley. The well- 
known “‘turkey-stone,” so much used for 
sharpening edged tools, is composed of 
the remains of diatoms. Throughout the 
world there are numerous almost pure 
fossil deposits, often of considerable ex- 
tent. Richmond, Virginia, is underlaid 
by a stratum of diatoms, in some places 
lying fifty feet below the surface. Such 
deposits were formed while the locality 
was under water, and similar ones are 
being formed today. It is from such 
fossil formations that the material is 
taken for commercial purposes, provided 


it be pure and not contain other matter 
difficult to separate. 

The fresh-water species may be col- 
lected in springs and roadside ditches, 
appearing as dark amber patches. Almost 
pure collections can be made with a 
pipette, and may be seen to glisten in the 
sunlight. Tey will grow almost indefi- 
nitely in small vessels, which may be 
termed “micro-aquaria,” and will be a 
continual source of delight to those hav- 
ing a microscope with which to study 
them. 

wee eee 

In all scientific research, while special- 
ization in some one line is to be encour- 
aged, and is indeed necessary, in order 
to reach a point where one’s work is of 
real value, yet we should build on a 
broad foundation, by acquiring a good 
general knowledge of scientific subjects, 
for by so doing we are better able to 
wrestle with the problems we are sure 
to meet.—E. E. Hadley in Lorquimia. 


ae ae 


None but the well-bred man knows 
how to confess a fault, or acknowledge 
himself in error. 


SSS 


“Why does the Professor have all 
those letters tacked on to his name?” 
“That shows he got there by degrees.” 


—E xchange. 
in 


Aguatic LIFE has proven very attrac- 
tive and helpful. It would seem almost 
a sacrilege to criticise it—-ALRICH Bur- 
MEISTER, Manager, Pacific Goldfish 
Company. 

I am inclosing one dollar for renewal 
of my subscription to Aguatic LIFE. 
In your last number I found an article 
that was worth more to me than the cost 
of the year’s subscription—JoHNn C. 
Waite, Alabama. 


he 


| 


nd 


Polycentrus schomburgki, or “King 
Cascarob,” as it is called by the natives 
of Trinidad, British West Indies, is one 
of my earliest favorites among the essen- 
tially tropical fishes, as I procured a pair 
in the spring of 1910. The aquarist from 
whom I secured them gave me the most 
minute instructions on how to breed 
them. It was necessary to provide a suit- 
able home, and as a uniform temperature 
of about 80 degrees Fahrenheit was 
needed, I had my first tropical aquarium 
built. This provided the exact condi- 
tions prevalent in the tropics, namely, 
warm water and atmosphere above it, 
and deep, rich soil for the plants, which 
insured a splendid growth. 


The pair soon showed their 
nounced approval of my efforts, for they 
at once entered into possession of the 
“palace,” which was a six-inch flower pot 
laid upon its side, with the entrance fac- 
ing sidewise to the east; the aquarium 
faced south. The maneuvers of the fish 
were comical. The male began by adopt- 
ing an intense blue-black color, with 
white spots in diagonal rows on the sides. 
His eyes gleamed like live coals. The 
entire fish was a scant two inches long, 
and was full-grown. The female was 
light pinkish brown, with a _ decided 
salmon-tinted patch on the abdomen, 
indicative of ripe spawn. The male 
swam about her in a most amusing man- 
side- 
Ways, again with his body at an angle, 
but all the while watching her closely 
with fiery eyes. Finally he retired within 
the flower pot, swimming backwards un- 
til he was entirely out of sight. Soon 


pro- 


ner, sometimes backwards, then 


8 OSS FS OPS OS 8 OS 6 OP 0 a a 6 a ss 


6 an 8 & a SF 0 6 CS SF 8 SS 7 ES IS a SOS YS PS 7 SO 8 9 8 9 Sd PO Pd PO OE 


| Polycentrus Schomburgki : 


WALTER LANNOY BRIND, EF. Z. S. 


a 


after the display of the fascinations of 
the male, the female decided to investi- 
gate the pot, and followed him cautiously. 
The inspection being satisfactory, the 
eggs were deposited on the ceiling of the 
pot, to which they adhered closely. This 
accomplished, the male chased his mate 
into the farthest corner of the tank, and 


Polycentrus schomburgki 


made her “stay put.’ At this time I 
removed her to another tank, otherwise, 
unless prevented by the male, she would 
have eagerly devoured the eggs. 

From the moment the eggs were de- 
posited, and until they hatched, three 
days later, the male assiduously fanned 
them with his fins, sending a constant 
stream of soft, warm water among them. 
As soon as hatched the little fish literally 
hung to the leaves of the plants. A few 
days later, having developed sufficiently, 
they detached themselves and chased in- 
fusorians, later devouring tiny Daphne. 
As soon as they had grown sufficiently to 
resemble their parents, the male was 
moved to his mate in the other aquarium. 

(Polycentrus, many spines; schom- 
burgki, in honor of Schomburgk. ) 


Aquatic Lite 


Carp Culture in Japan 

We are pleased to submit the follow- 
ing information from the Imperial Fish- 
eries Bureau, T‘okyo, Japan, on carp cul- 
ture, which we believe will be of interest 
to the many readers of “Aquatic Life”: 

The propagation of carp, Cyprinus 
carpio, has been practiced from ancient 
times, and the business is at present 
established in nearly all parts of Japan, 
but the most important districts are the 
warmer parts of Nagano, Gifu, Aichi 
and Shizuoka. German carp was first 
introduced in 1904, and the fry have been 
distributed among the districts, but so far 
this species is not welcomed in the mar- 
ket. The fish are raised in all parts in 
freshwater bodies, ranging from large 
lakes having an area of several hundred 
thousand acres down to swamps, moats, 
marshes, ponds, open sewages and rice 
fields of even several square yards. The 
water-depth is generally three to four 
feet, and standing water and streams are 
equally suitable. In the mountainous 
regions, such as Nagano, Gifu, Yamana- 
shi and Yamagata, running water is used 
for the ponds or moats. 

Two methods of propagation are prac- 
ticed, the “natural” and the “contracted” 
plans. In the former the seed fish, or 
fry, are liberated in natural lakes. This 
is practiced in the lakes of Biwa, Kasu- 
migaura and Kitaura. Since 1908 eight 
million young carp have been freed in 
Lake Biwa. The Ibaragi Fishery Ex- 
perimental Station has a plan to here- 
after place two million fish a year in 
Lakes Kasumigaura and Kitaura. 

In the contracted or compact plan, the 
waters are of small area, such as arti- 
ficial ponds, moats and rice-field ditches. 
The system naturally divides into three 
periods, known as first, second and third- 
year growing. During the first year the 
chief objective is to raise seed-fish or fry. 
From a pond of a thousand tsubo (about 


one and one-half acres), 240,000 fish, 
weighing a momme (3.7 grams), or 5400 
or IO momme (37 grams) each, can be 
harvested. In the second year five to six 
fish are raised per tsubo (six square feet ) 
of pond, and should weigh a pound and 
a quarter at the end of the period. In 
the final period two or three fish, weigh- 
ing two and one-half pounds each, are 
yielded per tsubo. 

When rice-fields are used the fry are 
liberated in the spring, when the rice is 
planted in the watered field, and caught 
at harvest time in autumn. The fish are 
fed on silkworms, rice bran, rice flour, 
wheat flour, bean cake and various other 
vegetables —ALVIN BURMEISTER, Mana- 
ager, Pacific Goldfish Company. 


a 


The true naturalist is not limited to 
any one branch of nature-study. Though 
he may make a specialty of some partic- 
ular branch, if he follows it closely and 
persistently, he will find that he must 
inform himself on some _ other line 
closely connected with it, in order that 
he may better understand the one of his 
choice. 

Bo a 

I have received a lot of replies and 
orders for Enchytre worms and recently 
made a shipment to England, all result- 
ing from my advertisements in Aquatic 


Life-——Charles E. Jenne. 


EE 


I inclose one dollar to renew my sub- 
scription to Aguatic Lire. It sure has 
life, gives life and saves lives.—N. OL- 
GER HELGESEN. 


meee 


In the United States alone, the Carp 
fanuly numbers upwards of two hundred 


species. 
eee 


The whole scheme of things, both in 
nature and man creations is efficiency, 
and its reward is certain. 


© CPS OS Oi Pd i Oa 6 Oa ns a a 


The subject of this article, Vallisneria 
spiralis, the Tape or Eel-grass, is well 
known to most aquarists. It ranks a close 
second to the species of Sagittaria in 
popularity, though it is not inferior as an 
oxygenator, and is particularly useful in 
self-sustaining aquaria. The generic 
name, Vallisneria, was given by Carolus 
Linneaus, the father of botany, in his 
SPECIES PLANTARUM, 1753, and was in 
honor of Antonio Vallisneri, an Italian 
naturalist who wrote on plants and in- 
sects during the eighteenth century. The 
specific name, spiralis, refers to the habit 
of the stalk bearing the female flower. 

The species is dicecious, which means 
that the sexes are distinct, an individual 
bearing either male or female flowers, but 
not both. The female or pistillate flower 
has its origin in the rootstock, and is 
born to the surface on a long, slender, 
spiral stalk. Here it meets the male 
flower, which had become detached from 
its short stalk at the base of the staminate 
plant, and pollination is effected. The 
stalk of the pistillate flower recoils and 
the seeds ripen below the surface. This 
method of sexual reproduction is rather 
uncertain, and is supplemented by multi- 
plication by stolons or runners from the 
rootstock, from the terminal of which 
develops a new plant asexually. Several 
plants may often be found attached in 
this manner. The leaves are ribbon-like, 
even in width throughout their length, the 
tip abruptly rounded, and brilliant green. 
The leaf-cells have long been a favorite 
object, with microscopists to demonstrate 
the movement of the protoplasmic con- 
tents, and the tendency of the chloro- 


| Vallisneria Spiralis 


GC SREEDE 


{ 


OS SP 9 SP 6 Oi SS 9 6d a as 


plasts (the grains of green coloring mat- 
ter) to arrange themselves toward the 
strongest light. 

In the United States Vallisneria is 
widely distributed in ponds and slow 
streams from the Mississippi Valley 
eastward. Our native plants, though 
presenting no botanical distinctions, dif- 


Typical Vallisneria spiralis (female plant) and the 
Form With Tortuous Leaves 


fer in aspect and habits from the more 
desirable European form. ‘They are 
broad-leaved, coarser, and do not thrive 
throughout the year and multiply in the 
aquarium. The European, or, as it is 
sometimes called, the Italian Vallisneria, 
has been known so long to American 
aquarists that the native plant is seldom 
used. As far back as 1902, Eugene 
Smith, in his book, THe Home Agua- 
RIUM, remarks that it is to be preferred 
to the native form, and adds that it seems 
to be represented here by male plants 
only. 

A foreign publication has reported a 
form with tortuous leaves that is said 
to thrive in aquaria and maintain its char- 
acteristics. The statement is made that 


160 


Aquatte Lite 


it was collected in California, which 1s 
undoubtedly an error, as the species does 
not range west of the Mississippi Valley. 
Too make certain that this range was cor- 
rect, Mr. I EF. Brady, a California 
aquarist, ascertained from Prof. H. M. 
Hall, University of California, that the 
species was not known to occur within 
the State, nor beyond the limit Suey, 


(aa ery 8 eo ee 


CHLOROPLASTS ~ 7 


‘. 
ss 


Cells from leaf of Vallisneria spiralis (greatly enlarged) showing 
chloroplasts the green coloring matter 

To grow sturdy, bright green plants, 
the bottom of the tank should be quite 
rich. Though it will do well in sand 
alone in an old tank with the bottom en- 
riched by the droppings of the fishes, it 
is usually advisable to use some sort of 
Leaf mould mixed with the 
In changing plants 


fertilizer. 
sand is preferable. 
from one aquarium to another it is well 
to have the water in both receptacles of 
the same temperature. ‘The roots should 
be well spread and deep planting avoided. 


ee 


A study of microscopic animal hfe— 
specimens from the aquaria of members 
—was the feature of the meeting of The 
Aquatic Association of Maryland held on 
the evening of July 11, in the Lexington 
3uilding Annex, Baltimore. 

The members were “tipped off” in ad- 
vance, and when the meeting began there 
were jars and bottles in great variety on 
hand, each holding prized specimens to 
be scrutinized through the microscope. 
Daphnia, Cyclops, larve of mosquitoes, 
eggs of fishes, frogs and snails, all passed 
parade-like beneath the lens. Some of 
the embryonic snails could be seen doing 
gymnastic stunts. A glance through the 


“barrel” was sufficient to convince one 
that the time for “swearing off” had 
arrived. 

The Association, though still in its in- 
fancy, has made wonderful strides in 
membership. Five new members were 
enrolled at the meeting, and the names 
of two women fish fanciers, Mrs. H. A. 
Altpeter and Mrs. F. F. Schneider, were 
added to the list—the first women to be- 
come members. President Cassell read 
letters of acceptance from Professor Cas- 
well Grave, Department of Biology John 
Hopkins University, Dr. Hugh M. Smith, 
Commissioner, H. F. Moore, Deputy 
Commissioner and Henry O’Malley, Fish 
Culturist, United States Bureau of Fish- 
eries, all having been elected honorary 
members. ‘These gentlemen, all of whom 
occupy enviable niches in the world of 
science, expressed sincere interest and 
promised hearty co-operation.—P. C. 
CHAMBLISS, Secretary. 

he OE 


The Essex County Aquarium Society, 
Newark, N. J., will hold its second an- 
nual exhibition from September 13th to 
16th inclusive. The Newark Public Li- 
brary, Broad and Washington streets, 
has kindly consented to have the exhibi- 
tion staged in the library building, and 
has promised very desirable space. 

The show will be competitive and 1s 
open to anyone. Five silver cups are 
offered as prizes, together with the usual 
first, second and third ribbons. A large 
silver cup will be awarded to the society 
having the largest entry. Information 
and entry blanks will be furnished upon 
application by the secretary of the Exhi- 
bition Committee. 

Entries are invited from the aquarists 
of Philadelphia, Brooklyn, and from 
other points from which the transporta- 
tion expense will not be great. The first 
public exhibition given by the society 
lasted but a day, and was non-competi- 
tive, yet was exceptionally successful. A 
large number of fishes were shown and 
it was well attended —H. I. Harrsuorn, 
Secretary, Exhibition Committee, 12 
Myrtle avenue, Newark, NJ. 


> 


| Danio 


Clean cut, attractively colored, lively 
and well disposed towards other inhabi- 
tants of an aquarium, Danio analipunc- 
tatus, a native of Rangoon, India, is rap- 
idly equalling the more familiar Damo 
rerio in popularity. Both sexes are alike 
in the distribution of the colors. The 
back is olive; sides with a silvery lateral 
stripe suffused with orange and_bor- 
dered above and below with blue lines, 
the lower one somewhat broader and 
iridescent. The lines are carried faintly 
through the caudal fin. Abdomen sil- 
very, with a row of blue spots that ter- 
minate in a cluster at the base of the 
anal fin, which is spotted, and from 
which the species derives the specific 
name analipunctatus, meaning “‘spotted 
Ventral, anal and dorsal fins 
edged with grayish white, the first two 
faintly spotted; pectorals colorless. 

This species makes no particular de- 
mands as far as 
cerned. When short of space I have used 
aquaria holding less than a gallon, and 
they seemed content and proceeded to 
spawn. A large, well-planted tank is, of 
course, to be preferred. Neither are they 
exacting in the matter of foods, as they 
will readily partake of the usual prepared 


anal.” 


maintenance 1s con- 


kinds. To insure virile spawn, and when- 
even obtainable, Daphne, larve of mos- 
quitoes, and other live foods should be 
furnished. 

Spawning occurs every two or three 
days for a period of several weeks, and, 
after a rest interval of a week or two, 
will happen again and so on throughout 
the greater part of the summer. Though 
smaller than the other species of the 


ERNEST LEITHOLF 
{ 


6 OS 8 a 8 8 8 Os 9 5 Pa 6 9 sa 5s 


8 0 2 8 St St SY 8 Pt Ps 9S BS 8 PED no 9 8 PR St PR Os 9s POs OE 


Analipunctatus 


genus, its eggs are the largest, and for 
this reason it is not as prolific in so far as 
the number of eggs in a single delivery 
are concerned. While courting the fish 
are exceedingly active, and playfully 
chase each other incessantly, but do not 
indulge in fin-mauling, to which many 


fishes are addicted. While forcing her 


Danio analipunctatus 


way through the dense growth of plants, 
the female expells or “sprays” the non- 
adhesive eggs, which may number from 
several to a dozen or more. The male 
manages to “do his bit” by being near 
his mate to fertilize the eggs before they 
reach the bottom. The orgasm is re- 
peated several times during the day. The 
eggs will hatch thirty-six hours to four 
days later, according to the temperature, 
which should be about 75 degrees Fah- 
renheit. Unable to swim freely for a day 
or two, the young hang upon the plants 
and sides of the tank. From this time, 
and until large enough to eat tiny 
Daphne, they need an abundant supply 
of microsopic life. 


162 


Aquatte Lite 


= 


It is possible to raise a few youngsters 
in a densely planted aquarium with the 
parents, but if reasonable numbers are 
desired, either the parents or the eggs 
must be removed to another vessel. Or 
the eggs may be saved by using a frame 
of glass rods or tubes made to fit the tank 
snugly, the rods a sufficient distance 


Spawning Tank for Danio 


Showing Frame in Position 


apart to permit the eg 
tween. 
and the sides of the tank should exist, as 
the fish might manage to make their way 
to the “forbidden ground” below. When 
spawn is observed upon the bottom, the 
frame should be taken out and the eggs 
removed to a hatching vessel, using a dip- 
tube to gather them. 


gs to pass be- 
No crevices between the frame 


ee 


The sense of pain is very feeble among 
fishes. A trout has been known to bite 
at its own eye, placed on a hook. Similar 
insensibility has been noted in the pike 
and other fishes.—Jordan. 

Christy.— ‘The alligator 
months without eating.” 
Locks.— ‘Just the pet 


can gO SIX 
Long for a 


poet.” 
ee ee 


Keep thy shop open and advertise in 
Aquatic Life, and thy shop will keep 
thee. 


Geophagus Jurupari 
ERNEST LEITHOLF 


Like the other species of the genus 
known to the aquarian, Geophagus juru- 
part comes from South America, and is 
found in the pools and small lakes of the 
Amazon region. The fish seems to have 
been confusing to the 
Schomburgk classified it as Geophagus 
bucostictus, Gunther called it Scatono- 
perca leucosticta, while others have 
thought it identical Geophagus 
surinamensis. ‘The natives call it Juru- 
pari Pinda, meaning ““Devil’s Angle.” 

Mandee, in his Year Book for 1911, 
describes it and assumes that its habits 
are similar to those of the others of the 


ichthyologists. 


with 


Geophagus jurupari 


genus. Apparently it had not been bred 
in captivity up to that time, and indeed 
I have not been able to find any refer- 
ence to its habits in more recent works. 
That analogy is dangerous will become 
The fish 
has the 
relatives, 


apparent in my next paragraph. 
lacks attractive colors, and 
vicious 
hence is not apt to enjoy a great degree 
of popularity. Its breeding habits are 
decidedly peculiar, however, and for this 
reason it is well worth observation. 

Give this Geophagus a roomy aqua- 
rium, several inches of sand, a flat stone 
or two, and the proper warmth, about 75 
degrees Fahrenheit, and its fancy is very 
apt to turn to thoughts of love. This 
its peculiar habits 


temperament of its 


being consummated, 


Aquatic Lite 


163 


=S= = = = — 


will become apparent. A convenient 
stone will be selected, and beneath it, 
from end to end, a tunnel will be dug. 
Here the eggs will soon be deposited. 
When the young appear the parents 
guard them and lead them about the 
aquarium after the manner of the cich- 
lids. A hasty approach, or any action 
deemed hostile will cause the parents and 
brood to hastily retreat into their cov- 
ered trench, there to await the passing of 
the danger, though in the meantime one 
of the adults will appear at the opposite 
opening, apparently ready and eager to 
charge any possible foe. 

Mr. Robert J. Macrory, of the Pitts- 
burgh Aquarium Society, is the only 
aquarist, to the best of my knowledge, 
who has succeeded in spawning this spe- 
cies, and it was his pair that I observed 
as described. Unfortunately none of the 
young survived to maturity. The stone 
under which the tunnel was dug meas- 
ured fully five inches in diameter. 


ee 


Smoked Dogfish 


Experiments in smoking various spe- 
cies of fresh-water fish, begun at the 
Fairport, Mich., station of the United 
States Bureau of Fisheries about two 
years ago, have yielded interesting re- 
sults. 

The bowfin, or grindle, which usually 
is regarded as practically worthless, has 
been found to yield a very superior 
product when properly smoked. All who 
have eaten samples have spoken of the 
excellent texture and flavor of the meat, 
and some have pronounced it the best 
of smcked fish. 

Further experiments are being made 
with a view to obtaining a_ product 
which will appeal to the trade in appear- 
ance and quality. 

The bowfin is generally known 
through the Mississippi Basin as dogfish, 


and has been regarded as _ practically 
worthless. It is abundant in the Great 
Lakes and in sluggish waters from Min- 
nesota and New York to Florida and 
Texas. 


The proper utilization of this species 
will not only add another commercial 
product to the market, but also will tend 
to reduce the relative abundance of a 
species which is most predacious upon 
the other fishes that are more highly 
valued in the fresh state. 


Pterophyllum scalare 


Paullin’s Pterophyllum scalare have 
spawned again! This is not a startling 
announcement because it has happened 
a number of times, but very few aquar- 
ians have been privileged to witness the 
operation. It is doubtful if less excite- 
ment attends the function in any other 
species. Utterly oblivious to several 
pairs of eyes “glued to the glass,” the 
pair proceeded. Other than the some- 
what methodical movements of the fish, 
little out of the ordinary would have been 
apparent to the average man. A broad, 
curved leaf of Sagittaria had been se- 


b) 


Aquatte Lite 


ld fg 
Aquatic Life 
An international monthly magazine devoted to 
the study, care and breeding of native, exotic, 
gold and domesticated fishes, other animals 
and plants in the home aquarium and _ter- 
rarium. 


W. A. POYSER 
JOSEPH E. BAUSMAN 
542 E. Girard Avenue, Philadelphia. 


Entered as second-class matter, September 
2, 1915, at the Post Office, Philadelphia, Pa., 
under Act of March 3, 1879. 


Practical articles and notes on topics pertain- 
ing to the aquarium and terrarium are al- 
ways wanted for Aguatic Lire. Readers of 
the magazine are invited to join in making it 
a medium of mutual help, and to contribute 
to it any ideas that may occur to them. The 
pages are always open for anyone who has 
anything helpful and practical to say. Manu- 
scripts, books for review and general corres- 
pondence should be addressed to the editor. 


Aguatic Lire has the largest circulation of 
any magazine in the world devoted to this 
branch of nature-study. It presents to ad- 
vertisers a market that can be reached 
through no other medium. Rates made known 
on application. 


Weary Subserinnom soodousoeceboscaccnt $1.00 
WERE SrlosermnOns acesqscosocesnudse 1.35 
Singles Copia, sce sone eyes siete tele ols 10 


Payments may be made by money order, draft 
or registered letter. Foreign remittances 
should be by international money order. If 
local checks are sent, ten cents should be 
added for collection charges. 

right 1917 by Joseph E. Bausman 


Copy 


Vol. Il August, 1917 No. 12 


lected to bear the eggs. Slowly, with 
ovipositor extended, the female, with her 
body at an angle of 45 degrees, ascended 
the leaf and expelled an egg. The male 
followed leisurely, and fertilization was 
effected. The eggs normally adhere to 
the leaf, but in the present case many 
were falling to the bottom and being 
devoured. 

The eggs hatch in a warm temperature 
in about two and one-half days. For 
about a week the fry are moved from 
leaf to leaf, to which they adhere, by 
the parents, when they reach the free- 
swimming stage. Though Mr. Paullin’s 


fish have spawned a number of times 
during the past few years, but once has 
he succeeded in raising the young to 
maturity. (Pterophyllum,  fin-race; 
scalare, a ladder, to climb.) 


The Toledo Aquarium 


The temporary home of the Toledo 
Aquarium was opened to the public on 
Monday, July 2, at 223 Superior street. 

In connection with the aquarium there 
will be established The Aquarium Book 
Shop, to help pay the expenses of the 
exhibition. 

Dr. A. de Clairmont has in press a 
pamphlet for free distribution, giving the 
story of the aquarium, as far as it is now 
built, and how it is proposed to establish 
in this city one of the largest marine 
aquariums in the United States, which 
promises not only to be a source of edu- 
cational interest and pleasure, but to 
those who desire to join in the movement 
it will be a source of handsome profits 
in more ways than one. 

The present exhibition consists of food 
fishes found in the vicinity of Toledo. 
In spite of the cramped space available 
for the exhibition, the tanks present a 
very favorable appearance, equal to those 
of any other aquarium in the States. 


The Aquarists’ Vade Mecum 


During September the title page and 
index to the present volume will be pub- 
lished. Copy will be mailed to readers 
who request it upon receipt of stamp. 

Volume II, in substantial cloth bind- 
ing, with title page and comprehensive 
index, will be ready for distribution Oc- 
tober Ist. The volume contains 164 
pages, and about the same number of 
illustrations, some in color. Price, $2.25, 
postpaid. Inasmuch as the number is 
limited, orders should be placed at once. 
The cloth edition of the first volume was 
exhausted within four months. 


lo 0 olamummam> |\c © 0 amas) eum axa) loo e! 


Otto Walter 


86 Suydam Street :: Brooklyn, N. Y. 


Near Evergreen Avenue L Station 
Breeder and Importer of 


TROPICAL & GOLDFISHES 


Telescopes Calicos Japs Fan-tails 
Dealer in All Varieties of Aquatic Plants 


All Kinds of Fish Foods 
8 Fresh and Dried Daphnia 


AQUARIA, UTENSILS AND SUPPLIES | 
ete 000: | 


GOLDFISH SPAWN 

From Choice Telescopes & Japs, $2 per 100 Eggs 
I. X. L. Regular and Baby Fishfood, 10c. Box 
WwW. E. WALP 


1308 NORTH 55TH STREET 


PHILADELPHIA | 


| OSCAR LEITHOLF 


433 Fourth Avenue - Pittsburgh, Pa. 


TROPICAL FISHES 
PLANTS SNAILS 
Planorbis corneus Var. rubra 


Paludina Vivipara 


Aquarium: 281 Southern Avenue 


000 C———>vr7°°1c—S000c— 


Write for Price List 


EN CHYTRAE (White Worms) 


| The ideal live fish food which can be raised in- 


doors all year round. Portion 50c (cash or 


| money order) with instruction how to breed them 


CHARLES E. JENNE 
1577 Paterson Plank Road, Secaucus, N. J. 


LORQUINIA—The Naturalist’s Monthly of the Southwest 


Is published monthly by the Lorquin Natural History 
Club. and contains original observations of naturalists, 
particularly of the West. Associate membership, in- 
eluding subscription, $1.50 per year. 


LORQUIN NATURAL HISTORY 


1051 West 23rd Street, Los Angeles, Cal. 


| Per pound, coarse, 75c. ; 


DRIED SHRIMP 


The General Utility Food for Fishes. 
fine ground, $1. 


| St. George’s Natural Fish Food, $1.50 Ib. 


| Sample can, 15¢ 
CLUB, | 


GEORGE’ 5 GOLDFISH. SHOP 


Goldfish of All Varieties 


George’s Imperial Fish Food 10c Postpaid 
Dried Shrimp Box 10c, per pound 60c 
PLANTS AQUARIA ALL SUPPLIES 
N. W. 60th and De pence Street, Philadelphia 


EDWARD S. SCHMID 
Emporium of Pets 


All Kinds of Goldfishes and 
Water Lilies 

712 Twelfth Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. 
Taxidermy Send for Catalog 


Aquatic’ Plants 


BETTER CUTS AT| 
: BETTER PRICES: | 


PROMPT SERVICE GUARANTEED 


GOULD-WILHELM COX 


ARTISTS * ENGRAVERS = PHOTOGRAPHERS 
44 .N.47 STREET PHILA. 
|| SEND FOR SAMPLES##°PRICES THEY WILL INTEREST YOU|| 


Add postage to your zone 
CANADIAN BIRD STORE, 
2139 West Van Buren Street, ChicaEe” Il. 


FOR SALE — Hundreds of breeding Guppies 

(Lebistes reticulatus). The most beautiful ones 

you ever saw. Your choice 25c each. Large 

breeding Helleri 75c each. All kinds of Snails 

and Tropical Fishes. 

V. VARJE, 1361 N. Clark St., Chicago, IIl 
Tecoma Se 4415 


All aquaria fish thrive on 
RELPAW Imported Hygienic 
Natural Fish Food, 10c Box 
Ask Any First Class Dealer 


N. WAPLER, Importer 
28 Warren St., N. Y. City 


IF YOU 


Are Looking for Something Extra 
Fine in Broad-tail Telescopes 
Don’t Forget W. H. HEIMBACH 
Breeder and Importer of FINE FISH 
Snails Plants 
FISH FOR SALE AT ALL TIMES! 
413 NortH TENTH STREET 
ALLENTOWN, Pa. 
(= 0000000 S000 


[oo olan} 


HERMAN RABENAU, Aquarist 
PERMANENT DISPLAY OF 
Aquatic Life & Terraria 


must be seen to be appreciated 
Visitors Welcome 
Plants and Tropical Fish a Specialty 


Importations of New Varieties received 


regularly 


1163 Myrtle Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y. 


Near Broadway. 


THE BRUCE FISHERIES 
Breeder, Importer, Wholesale & Retail Dealer 


All Kinds of Goldfish 
Comets a Specialty 


in 


R 
ee. 


“AQUARIA FISH” 


A practical work on care and breeding of 
fish in the Aquarium, Greenhouse and out- 
door Ponds. Finely illustrated. [very one 
interested in keeping fish should send for 
a copy of this book. Price. $1. 
Four-Horned Snails (Ampullaria Gigas) de- 
posit a muss of large coral red eggs out of 
the water. the little snails drop into the 
water as they hatch. ‘These snails are in- 
valuable for destroying H[ydra in the aqua- 
rium. 


Thoroughbred 
marked, 


Collie Pups, beautifully 


F. L. TAPPAN 


Route 2, Hopkins, Minn. 


EVERYTHING COMPLETE FOR THE 
AQUARIUM, POND AND LAKE 


Wyoming Avenue, & C Street, Phila., Pa. 


2 
EES 


Winners 


My UJBroad-tail Telescope Goldfish were 
awarded firsts and three special prizes at 
the last annual exhibition of the Aquarium 
Society held in the American Museum of 
Natural History, New York. Young stock 
from these fine fish for sale during the 
coming season. Wateh my future ads. 


Otto Gneiding’s Goldfish Hatchery 


31—37 Depot Ave., Kidgefield Park, N. J. 


Use Regenia Aquarium Salts 


To replace the natural salts in your aquar- 
ium as absorbed by the fishes and snails. 
Help the snails form 
Box of 
For sale at Pet Stock 


Excellent for plants. 
shell. Benefits the fish. 
ders, 25c. 


Six Pow- 
stores. 


Violet-Ray Fish Remedy 


Relieves Constipation, Fungus, Tail Rot, 
Congestion in fancy fishes; also white spots 
on Tropical fishes. Box of Six Powders, 
25e. Safe and effective. 


REGENIA CHEMICAL CO. 
Station K. Philadelphia 


SOO 
SOSISEL 


THE TERMINAL PET SHOP 
PETS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION AND KIND 
Manufacturing and Maintenance of Aquariums a Specialty 
All Kinds of Cat and Dog Foods and Medicines 
HUDSON TERMINAL BUILDING 


Q 
4% 


S. A. SCRIMSHAW 


I make the strongest steel aquarium on 
the market. All in one piece, seamless 
and rust-proof. Finished in antique bronze 
or imitation of any wood. 

Rock Gardens, Ponds and Decorations for the Lawn and 


All Kinds of Tropical Fishes 
and Aquarium Supplies 


Conservatory. 


<> 
SAos 


% 
5 


Ly} mye 
PE 


For Sale—Forty Mountain Trout from Glacier National Park 


1361 N. Clark Street :: Chicago, Illinois 
Telephone, Superior 4415 


ln, 


Fine Broad-tail Telescopes 
BLACK & CALICO 


Correspondence Solicited 


GEORGE WILT, 1519 N. 62nd Street 


yet’ 
TARAS 


EVERYTHING IS FISH THAT COMES 
TO THE NET OF A NATURALIST 


Don't paddle in the water with one hand and be blind with both 
eyes. In other words “‘keep your eyes open’’ for all nature. 


Our Magazine 
Che Guide to sature 
Will Help You 
It is edited by EDWARD F. BIGELOW, who fishes in the 


heavens and earth, as well as the waters under the earth. 


Four months’ trial, 25c. One year, $1.00 


THE AGASSIZ ASSOCIATION 
ArcAdiA 


Sound Beach Connecticut 


(jee ao eee 


TROPICAL AQUARIUM FISHES 
By Wm. T. Innes 


This work is endorsed by the U. S. Bureau 
of Fisheries and leading fanciers. i 
is written so plainly that a beginner may 
easily understand every point, 170 beau- 
tiful illustrations, mostly from life, includ- 
ing prize winning Goldfishes. 19 chapters. 
Gives alphabetical list of 300 aquarium 8 
fishes, their breeding, foods, temperatures 
and care in detail. 


Sent anywhere upon receipt of Price $3.00 


Best Moor Goldfish 
Life-size, Natural, Extremely Handsome Price 50c 
We will enclose one of these prints with 
each copy of our new book, ‘Goldfish Va- 
rieties and Tropical Aquarium Fishes,” 


tail to one address. 


INNES & SONS, Publishers 
129 - 135 N. 12th Street 


COO ——— S000 CSF 000 S000 S000 S000 S000 


TEN VARIETIES OF BEAUTIFUL 
AQUARIUM PLANTS 
for $1.00 Postpaid 
J. Hlenr1 Wacner, 1909 North Capitol 


Washington, D. C. 


See you later! 


New Aquarium Book ; 


Perfect Photograph of the | | 


Philadelphia 5 
Re Na oY 


It is 
thoroughly practical in every respect, and | 


where we send two or more books at re- 8 | 


What’s the Object? 


Now is the time to 
list the Aquarium Vac- 
uum Cleaner in your 
Fall Catalogues. We 
are receiving repeat 
orders wherever it is 
placed and frequent 
inquires from private 
parties asking who our 
representatives are. 


Samples by Parcel 
Post, 50c,75c, $1.00 


Dealers Write for Discounts 
Mfg’d by 
Acton Electric Co., Inc. 


1133 BROADWAY 
NEW YORK 


Patents Pending 


Breeder of Broad: tail Celescopes 

BLUES BLACKS CALICOS 

4324 WYALUSING AVENUE, PHILADELPHIA 
Prices Reasonable 


CARL LAZER 
Dealer and Breeder of Tropical Fishes 


Aquarium Plants Red Snails 
All Kinds of Aquaria and Supplies 
Open Evenings and Sunday 
647 West 184th Street New York City, N. Y. 


® 
i 


AQUARIUM STOCK CO 
New York City 
Aquarium Specialists 


8 
(| GOLDFISH, FOODS, PLANTS, SNAILS, ETC. 
; 
| 
8 


sre Oa 


150 Chambers Street :: 


Combination Natural Fish Food - Sample Can 10c 
Imported Shrimp Fish Food - - 
Imported Wafer Fish Food 


Special Prices on Quantity Lots 


Sample Can 15c 
Large Sample Box 10c 


Cash With Order 
Catalogue Sent Upon Request — 
Orders amounting $2 delivered postpaid. 
Mail orders promptly 


OOO C000 CD 900 T—D900T—H900 


attended to. 


See Me od 


COO D000 CD 000 CDN C000 T5000 D000 


CRESCENT FISH FARM 
Breeders and Collectors of 
Goldfish and Other Aquarium Fishes 


Alligators, Turtles, Chameleons, Snails, Water Plants 


eh 


We are now booking orders for 
Fall shipments of. Mollienisia 
latipinna, Gambusia _ holbrooki 
and paradise Fish. 


1624 Mandeville Street, New Orleans, 


000000 CDC 000' 


COOC— 000 CD000CD000C— 
COOC— 000 CT —000C— 000 


La. 


Ee 


Fo ee ae 


HMichaelsen Sica 


GOLDFISH 
BREEDERS 


FLORISTS 
58th and Walnut Streets 


| 
| 
| 
110 South 52nd Street 
| 
| 
| 


Philadelphia © 
Aquarium Fishes 
All Kinds of Aquatic Plants 


Aquaria & Supplies 
Wholesale and Retail 


a 


—— 


O00 C000 TM S000T S000 S000C—000C— 000000000 D000c—5 


COO T0090 CMS 000 TSC S000 CD 000C—S5000' 


HARRY P. PETERS 
1210 N. Warnock Street, Philadelphia, Pa 


BREEDER AND IMPORTER 
Rare and Fancy Fish 


ad 


Plants of every variety, Snails and 
Aquarium Supplies of all kinds at all. 
times. 


MANUFACTURER OF 


Green River Fish Food 
15c Box 


Green River Baby Fish Food 
20c Box 


A GOOD FISH FOOD is one of the 
most essential things necessary to 
keep fish in good health. After the 
test of years Green River stands out 
as the best food on the market. It 
keeps the fish in good color by pro- 
moting a healthy, robust growth. It 
will not sour ot cloud the water. Ask 
vour dealer or send for it today. 


1000 SJD000 TM D000 TD 000 CS 000 C5000 C4000 —D000 CDC 000 TD 000C 


| dace 


1 


OCOD 000 TS 000 TDC S000 000 C000 


ICO C000 000 


[oo ele 0 elec clam! 


Nippon Goldfish Co | 


1749 Buchanan Street, San Francisco, Cal 
Importers and Dealers 


JAPANESE GOLDFISH 


DiRECT FROM BREEDERS IN JAPAN 


OO0000 C000 


Awarded Gold and Silver Medals 
Panama-Pacific International Exposition 
San Francisco, 1915 


ALL KINDS OF AQUARIA AND SUPPLIES 


8 Price Lists Furnished to the Trade Only 
IOCO COO C000 C000 TD O00000000: 


OOOCCO CS) 000 CJ 000000' 


OCC OCOD CO0 000 000000 


COOCCCOCCO TJ 000000 CG ——DO0COOC000 


Breeders 8 


A large assortment of splendid Telescope 
and Jap goldfish at reasonable prices. 


Fine Assortment of Lionheads 
Shipping Cans, 45 Cents. 
Young Blues, Blacks & Calicos $1.50 Doz 
Young Veiltails or Broadtails $5.00 Doz 
HARRY P. PETERS | 
1210 N. WARNOCK STREET 
PHILADELPHIA 


OCC C00 000 C000 C= CS] oo0c coc oec 


aie 


IOCOCOOO0O MOCO 000 00S COC CS OOC OCT OOO! 


GREEN RIVER Ma RT FOOD : 


Due to the constant increase in 
costs of ingredients, boxes and print- 
ing, it has become necessary to in- 
crease the price of these foods to 15 
and 20 cents. When conditions again 
become normal the old prices will 
again prevail. 

HARRY P. PETERS, 

1210 North Warnock Street, 
Philadelphia, Pa. 


So a eee 


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