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wee Pa a GEE IO

HARVARD UNIVERSITY.

LIBRARY

OF THE

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY

50,935

Lechande
fomuony-y, 1920— Maw ry. Gat

“Phd
SUNS

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Jacob C. Caer

915 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pa

Manufacturer o7

AQUARIUMS

Aquarium Ornaments

Floral Terra Cotta, Etc.

Goldfish Fish Globes
and all aquarium requisites.

Send for Catalog.

Fish Food

Aquatic Life

Vol. V. January, 1920 No. 1

An international monthly. magazine devoted ta
the study, care and breeding of fishes and other
animals and plants’in the ‘home aquarium and

terrarium.

WA -POWSER . 3 S53... Retains Stes anna EDITOR
JOSEPH E. BAUSMAN .......... PUBLISHER
542 East Girard Avenue .......... Philadelphia

Entered as second-class matter, BT STR 2d,
1915, at the Post Office, Philadelphia, Pa., under
Act of March 3d, 1879.

Popular and scientific artic’es and notes on sub-
jects pertaining to the aquarium and terrarium,
and to the habits of fishes in general, are always
wanted for ‘‘Aquatie Life.’’ Readers are invited
to join in making it a medium of mutual help by
eontributing to it the results of their studies. The
pages are always open to anyone having informa-
tion of interest to the aquarist and student of
aquatic biology. Manuscripts, books for review
and general correspondence should be addressed
to the editor.

“Aquatic Life’? has the largest circulation of
any magazine in the world devoted to aquatic
nature-study. It offers to advertisers a market
that can be reached through no other medium.
Rates made known on application.

YEARLY SUBSCRIPTION................ $1.25
FOREIGN SUBSCRIPTIONS............... 1.50 -
BENGE COOP Yas ctititlalcsals ciclo pile epplatars urs ion 15

Payments should be made by money order, draft
or registered letter. If local checks are sent. ten
cents should be added for collection charges. For-
pete remittances should be by international money
order,

A
=

IOOOCOOO000CO Goo,

*»=

T. P. LOVERING

AQUARIST
WILMINGTON, NORTH CAROLINA

New Varieties Aquatic Plants
Choice and Rare Specimens
Snakes and Reptiles

Tropical Fishes

Fundulus nottii, $1.50 per pair.

8 Elassoma evergladei, $1.75 per pair.
Heterandria formosa, $1.75 per pair.
M. chaetodon, 50c each
Small turtles, $1.25 per dozen.
Newts, $1.00 pér dozen.
Wholesale to dealers.

$1.00 SPECIAL
Attractive assortment
of Plants

Sufficient stock for
private aquarium,

[amun [eo alee ole 0 cle 0 ele. le 0 cle 0 cle 2 clove cle e ole 0 alec clam!

Water Gardening

Your water garden is now a memory. Than the

cold winter evenings there is no better time
to plan new effects for 1920, whether your ef-
forts will be with a tub or a pond measured in
acres.

THE BOOK OF WATER GARDENING

a picture that will never-
(by your neighbors) ‘‘a durn old

will help
more he

you create
called

stagnant pool."

The book contains 140 illustrations, more than
enough to give you a comprehensive idea of the
decorative possibilities of water plants. The
price is $2.65.

THE BOOK DEPARTMENT AQUATIC LIFE

Philadelphia
hie gS Se

Leading Fishfood over all others. Try it. Watch them grow

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Feed fish, food that is as
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Dealers, write for prices
15¢ Box Baby Food 20c Box By Mail 2c Extra
WM. G. SARBACHER, 1318 N. Dover St,, Phila., Pa

fF Nenana |

arene |

bik

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| Betta rubra
l Cys HEE DE

There seems to be considerable doubt
as to the status of the red fighting fish,
Betta rubra, as a valid species. Aquarists
who have compared it with authentic
specimens of Betta splendens consider it
little more than a color variety. Even
Betta splendens was at one time con-
fused with B. pugnax and again with B.
trifasciata.

Few fishes present greater contrast be-
tween normal coloration and that as-
sumed during breeding periods. Through-
out the cooler parts of the year both sexes
are dingy brown. But when the tem-
perature is raised artificially, or summer
approaches, sexual activity is aroused and
the male dons gorgeous colors to dazzle
his prospective mate. His body then be-
comes a rich reddish-brown, passing to a
velvety black with a greenish-blue cast,
the dark lengthwise stripes becoming
more pronounced. The dorsal fin is blue,
with dark spots, while the rays of the
caudal and anal fins are blood-red, with
the membrane greenish-blue. The fe-
male remains a rather plain brown, with
perhaps a touch of red.

The red fighting fish is not difficult to
breed if maintained under the proper
conditions, and lends itself well to ob-
servation. If an adequate minimum de-
gree of warmth has been provided, breed-
ing will commence when the tempera-
ture rises to 80 or above. ‘Then the male
engages in the construction of the float-
ing nest of bubbles, rising to the surface
for air and discharging it in the selected
location in bubbles formed with the
mucus secreted in its mouth. If tiny
floating or filamentous plants, such as

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Riccia and Duckweed, are present, they
may be used to give strength to the struc-
ture. The eggs are extruded just under

the nest, the female being assisted by the
male, who winds his body about her,
head nearly touching tail, with a gentle
pressure. ‘The eggs are fertilized as dis-
charged, and fall to the bottom, but are

Betta rubra

immediately recovered by the male and
carried in his mouth, to be placed in the
nest.

The eggs develop rapidly and, at a high
temperature, the fry may appear in 20
hours. The nest is carefully guarded and
kept in repair by the male alone, the addi-
tional bubbles added from time to time
actually forcing the youngsters up into
the foam and above the water surface,
which insures them the maximum of air
with the required moisture. Within a
few days the yolk-sac is absorbed, and the
fry are free-swimming, and will endeavor
to leave the nest. At this time, in aqua-

2 Aguatic Lite

rium breeding, the male should be re-
moved, leaving the young to forage alone.

The young of labyrinth fishes are very
minute at the outset, needing a plentiful
supply of Infusoria. Unless the breeding
tank is of good size, its normal infusorian
fauna will speedily be exhausted, so pro-
vision must be made to furnish this food
by adding water from another tank set
aside without fishes to permit this minute
life to develop. In addition to Infusoria,
artificial food as fine as flour, the inside
of mealworms and the yolk of hard-boiled
eggs, squezed sparingly into the water,
may be tried. When the larval stage has
been passed they may be given rotifers
and the tiniest Daphne, to be followed
later by large Daphne, enchytraeid worms
and scraped raw beef.

————

Lucania ommata

Lucania ommata, which was described
and illustrated by Mr. W. W. Welsh in
Aguatic Lire for March, 1919, had up
to that time been reported only from
Florida. ‘Two months later its range was
considerably extended when it was dis-
covered in Southern Georgia by Dr.
Hugh M. Smith, United States Commis-
sioner of Fisheries, who writes the editor
as follows:

“\Vhen I was in southern Georgia, in
May, 1919, I visited a large artificial lake
near Milltown that had been formed by
the damming of a swamp about 75 years
ago. ‘This swamp was one of the head
waters of the Suwanee River. The lake,
which is seven miles long, 1s generally
known as Banks’ Mill Pond.
a rank growth of all kinds of vegetation
life.

Lucama ommata to be quite common, and

It contains

and teems with animal I found
dipped a number of specimens while pass-
ing among the lilies in a canoe, the fish
being under the leaves of the lilies. ‘The

extension of the range of Lucania was

brought to the attention of the Biological
Society of Washington at a meeting held

last spring.”
————

Because of the deadlock between the
employing printers, supported by the pub-
lishers, and the printers in New York,
more than 200 periodicals, including mag-
azines and trade journals, have suspended
publication until the labor troubles can
be straightened out. For the same rea-
son the publication of many books has
been delayed. Among the periodicals
that have ceased publication temporarily
are Collier’s, the Cosmopolitan, Harper’s
Bazaar, Home and Garden, McCall’s, the
Metropolitan, the Pictorial Review, Van-
ity Fair, Today’s Housewife, the Wom-
an’s World, the Christian Herald, Good
Housekeeping, Hearst’s Magazine, the
Independent, McClure’s Magazine, the
Outlook, the Theatre, the People’s Home
Journal, Vogue, the Delineator, Every-
body’s Magazine, the Home Sector, the
Designer, and the many _ publications
issued by the Frank A. Munsey Com-
pany. ‘Trade papers to the number of
119 have also suspended publication. The
leading New York book publishers have
decided to stand with the periodical pub-
lishers in the fight. One result of the
trouble is that some of the periodical pub-
lishers will remove from New York to
other cities. The November issue of Mc-
Clure’s is being printed in Cincinnati, and
the announcement has been made that the
Cosmopolitan, Good Housekeeping and
Hearst’s Magazine will hereafter be pub-
lished in Chicago.—The Writer.

palliae vee il

The way to kill competition is to create
something too good for competition to
imitate.

se Seas

With everybody striking for more pay,
the wages of sin still plug along under
the same old schedule.

is
mmm

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ie Pass : 5
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Observations on the Chelonians |
of North America. VI. |
j

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(
| Young of the Wood Tortoise

Some time during the early part of
October, 1919, the well-known Washing-
ton aquariculturist, Mr. Edward 5S.
Schmid, received a consignment of a
large number of very young pond turtles
of several species, all of which had been
taken by collectors in the District of Co-
lumbia. Among these interesting speci-
mens occurred one, the like of which he
had never seen before of all the thou-
sands of young turtles he has possessed
in his time; neither was it known to me,
for I had never seen one like it, either
in life or literature. With his usual gen-
erosity, Mr. Schmid duly presented me
with this curious little chelonian, and it
is now in my possession, alive, and in
excellent condition. A few hours after
receiving it, | handed it to Dr. Leonard
SiemmesenmCiietCiutatom on the Us s:
National Museum, for identification. He
found that it had never been figured in
any work known to him, and, turning to

SS OB 6 Oa 6 FR 5 OS PR 6 Fs Fs PS PS Bs a FS Oa 5 Pa 0 6 Os 6 Os Ps Ps Os Fs Fs

Chelopus insculptus

cs SP Ps st

the great chelonian collection of that in-
stitution, it was found to be, upon com-
parison, the very young of the Wood
Tortoise (Chelopus insculptus), which
Doctor Stejneger surmised before any
comparisons were made. It was found
that the National Museum possessed but
three young specimens of this species,
and the smallest one of them was fully
three times the size of my specimen, and

quite differently marked. Later on I
made photographs of it, natural size,
while it was under water in a shallow,

white-lined pan, and these give it from
above and below. It is shown here in
Figure 1, while the figures of the young
of our common Snapping Turtle (C. ser-
pentina) are presented in Figure 2 for
comparison. These latter I also photo-
graphed from life from specimens kindly
placed at my disposal by Mr. Schmid;
the upper and lower views are of different
individuals.

4 Aquatic Lite =

Aquatic Lite 5

Coming back to our young Wood Tur-
tle, which is strictly aquatic in its habits
in contradistinction to the adults of this
species, it is to be noted, in the specimen
here being considered, that the upper sur-
face of the carapace, the head, limbs and
tail, are all of a somewhat palish earth
brown, and present no markings of any
kind. The scalation of the legs and tail
is extremely fine and delicate, the head
being smooth, somewhat darker in color,
and the irides of the eyes a rich brown
color.

Beneath, the plastron presents a ground
color of a pinkish shade, sometimes re-
ferred to as flesh color; a large area, cen-
trally carried almost to the periphery, is
of a blackish brown; while a restricted,
medio-longitudinal part, centrally situ-
ated, is of a whitish shade. This plastron
is of a sub-elliptical outline, a conspicuous
notch being formed by the two distal or
anal | cutes, while the gular ones, anter-
iorly, form neither a process nor a notch.

In form the carapace above is of a
subcircular outline; and, while scarcely
domed at all, it forms, medio-longitudi-
nally, a low, broad and rounded elevation,
hardly entitled to the name of crest. The
margin scutes are nearly square in out-
line, and very conspicuous. Omitting the
nuchal and pygal ones, they number ten
upon either side, the nuchal scute being
very small.

The head may be withdrawn well
within the shell, and the strikingly long
tail, when curved around to one side, its
tip comes slightly beyond the base of the
fore limb opposite. ‘The animal seems to
have no choice as to which side it brings
its tail against the shell; while in swim-
ming, this appendage projects backwards
in the median line, with a length of a lit-
tle over three centimeters, the length of
the carapace being about three and a half
centimeters.

This little turtle walks very well indeed

on land, and is an excellent swimmer.
Except in the matter of general outline,
it bears no resemblance at all to the
young of any of our ordinary pond tur-
tles; while upon the other hand, it re-
minds one very much of the young of our
common snapping turtles, here shown
upon three views in Figure 2. The
marked length of the tail in the two is
largely responsible for this, and the gen-
eral circularity of form. In the young
snapper, however, the posterior margin
of the shell presents a series of strongly
pronounced notches, a feature entirely
absent in the carapace of the young wood
tortoise.
eee Se
South Australian Society

The South Australian Aquarium So-
ciety met on Tuesday, September 11th, in
Mr. Hosking’s rooms, Norwood. The
president, Mr. Edgar R. Waite, was in
the chair.

Mr. Herbert M.-Hale delivered an ad-
dress, illustrated by lantern slides, on the
photography of aquatic life. The first
series of slides dealt with the various
methods of obtaining such photographs.
Illustrations of the apparatus used by
Messrs. Williamson, well-known in con-
nection with undersea cinematography,
were given. The aquarist may install an
arrangement similar in principle. A con-
crete pond with a window let in the side
has an underground observation cham-
ber. The fishes are photographed through
the window, and as the observation cham-
ber is kept quite dark, the operator is in-
visible to the fishes, the window acting
as a mirror to them. Inhabitants of the
pond are lighted from above as in nature,
and, being under natural conditions, are
likely to retain characteristic attitudes.

In an aquarium, or when removed
from the water, many fishes appear sil-
very, and one wonders how they escape

detection by enemies. This appearance

6 Aquatic Lite

is due solely to reflected light, and if such
a fish is placed upon some black bars,
these are reflected on the sides of the fish,
a condition admirably illustrated. In a
pond or river the surroundings are simi-
larly reflected and the fish is afforded a
measure of protection. The back, which
is exposed to light from above, is almost
invariably dark-colored.

Excellent pictures of fishes may be ob-
tained by using a narrow glass aquarium.

BAZZAA ==

—a

‘““Maw, oh, maw! Can we come in?’’

(Donahey in Cleveland Plain Dealer).
The subject cannot then vary its position

in regard to the camera, and consequently
remains in focus. Other methods of pho-
tographing marine life in rock pools were
demonstrated, and the use of various
tanks, cells and lenses for smaller aquatic
The lecturer

then exhibited a series of his own photo-

animals was explained.

graphs, including photomicrographs of

some of the minute inhabitants of our
ponds and streams.

Fundulus nottii

The star-headed minnow, Fundulus
nottii, is particularly attractive little killi-
fish that for some reason or other has not
attained the popularity it deserves. Did
it come from India, or some other far-off
land, it would no doubt be highly valued
and bred with the same zeal as the species
of Haplochilus, which it resembles in
habits and spawning. But though “a
beautiful and = strikingly colored little
fish” (Jordan and Evermann), we pass
it by because it is a native species.

Nott’s Fundulus does not appear to
have been bred in the aquarium, but its
spawning habits are indicated by the fact
that several times aquarists have secured
it from eggs attached to water hyacinths
and other aquatic plants shipped from
the South. In one instance it appeared
from hyacinths that had been merely
raked from the water, dumped into a
barrel and shipped. It is quite hardy in
the aquarium, and, unlike the exotic
fishes, finds ordinary house temperature
to its liking during the winter.

The body is silvery, with six black
stripes running from head to tail, and ten
to thirteen fainter vertical bars. These
vary in intensity. A broad black bar cov-
ers the eye and extends down over the
cheek ; lower jaw and upper part of gill-
cover red; breast and lower part of gill-
cover reddish yellow. (Named for Dr.
Nott, its discoverer. )

Thomas Edison says its easier to im-
prove machinery than to improve men.

eee

Nature seldom makes a _ fool; she
simply furnishes the raw material, and
lets the fellow finish the job to suit him-
self.—Josh Billings.

SL de es Ps Fs

Beef Heart and Beef Liver
for Young Fishes

a a a ee

In connection with the short article on
the result of feeding beef liver and heart
to young trout, published in the United
States Fisheries Bulletin for March,
1910, the following details of the method
of preparation and feeding is given for
those who may be interested in using it
for other fish. The Bureau has not used
this food for goldfish, but has no doubt
that it would make excellent food for
them, although it is believed that less
expensive foods for such fish can be
found in various commercial prepara-
tions and in cream of wheat and rolled
oats, mush, etc.

If the fish to which it is desired to feed

Observation Breeding and Rearing Tanks Used by
Albert Gale, Esq.

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the heart and liver are very young it is
necessary to remove all gristle or con-
nective tissue and pass the meat through
a food chopper seven or eight times, using
the plate with the finest perforations. It
is then mixed with a sufficient amount of
water to reduce it to such consistency as
will permit its being spread evenly on the
surface of the water. The use of an egg-
beater has been found advantageous in
removing from the feed at this stage any
remaining portions of the connective tis-
sue, the stringy portions becoming at-
tached to the movable parts of the egg-
beater as they are revolved in the mix-
ture. In the first feeding stages a feather

8 Aquatic Lite

is used for spreading the food, but as the
fish develop and take food more readily,
it can be spread with a spoon. As the
fish increase in size the meat may be re-
duced to suitable size for feeding by pass-
ing it through the meat chopper only once
or twice, or by using a plate with coarser
perforations.

Beef heart is more difficult to prepare
than liver, for the reason that it has a
somewhat greater amount of connective
tissue or gristle, and where only young
fish are on hand, this is a waste; if older
fish are being held, the portions unsuit-
able for feeding the young fish can be
used advantageously for fingerlings or
adults.

The meat used by the Bureau of Fish-
eries in its experiments at Wytheville is
what is known to the trade as “frozen.”
Under this designation meat is shipped
from the packing house frozen, and so
received; this to distinguish it from the
so-called “fresh” meat, or meat that has
been frozen, but from which the frost
is extracted before shipping. It is fed
raw.

The gland sold under the trade name
of “spleen,” which is cheaper than either
beef heart or beef liver, has also been
found more or less satisfactory food for
young fish. It is prepared in the same
manner as the other meats, but unless
fingerlings or adult fishes are being fed,
there will be a considerable amount of
waste, as the percentage of gristle men-
tioned previously in this paper is greater
than in either heart or liver. ‘This food
is used by the Bureau principally at its
Pacific Coast stations for various species
of salmon which are propagated in that
section.

This method of feeding fish in aquaria
necessitates frequent change of water, as
the particles of meat are too fine to be
removed from the aquarium except by

drawing off the water.

In feeding beef liver prepared as de-
scribed, its introduction into the water
produces a milky discoloration, sometimes
known to fish-culturists as “smoke.” This
is more or less objectionable, especially in
aquariums, where there is no circulation.
This objectionable feature may be over-
come by “washing” the liver before feed-
ing. This is done by adding a consider-
able amount of water to the prepared
food and then pouring the milky water
from the surface of the mixture, or it
may be removed by the use of a short
piece of rubber tubing used in the manner
of a syphon.

Experiments conducted with this
washed liver would indicate that some of
its nutritive value is lost by the washing
process. Prepared by the Bureau of
Fisheries, in response to a request for in-
formation from a reader of AouatTic

Lire. Published by permission.
<>

Heterandria formosa

With Lucania ommata and the pigmy
sunfishes, Heterandria formosa ranks
among the least of fishes in point of size,
but this is an advantage in the eyes of
the aquarist, for the little fellow adapts
itself readily to the smallest of tanks, even
breeding in a quart jar.

The specific name formosa
comely, and Professor Agassiz did not
unwisely choose the name. It 1s some-
what straw-brown in color, with a dark
lengthwise stripe, some vertical dark
streaks and a black spot on anal and

means

dorsal fins.

It breeds readily in small aquaria, bear-
ing a few young in a litter, however,
which would be expected from its small
size. No particular provision need be
made for breeding other than to place the
female alone in a small tank with several
bunches of Myriophyllum and Anacharis,
removing her when the young have been

expelled.

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1. The Larval Mosquito.

Photomicrographs by the Author.

Mosquitoes occur nearly all over the
world, though they may not everywhere
be recognized as such. Aquarists are
familiar with the tiny aquatic larva of
the insect, perhaps better known as the
“mosquito wriggler.” This name is ac-
counted for by the peculiar method of
swimming. The larva appears to “wrig-
gle” through the water, progression being
accomplished by quick sideways move-
ments of the body. As a fish food it is
almost unrivaled, being appreciated by
nearly all fishes; youngsters thrive and
grow rapidly when liberally fed with
The number eaten is enor-
is recorded of a

small larvae.

mous. An instance

Notes on Mosquito Larvae

HERBERT M. HALE
South Australian Museum

2. Head of Larva, Showing Tracheae, etc. 3.
Breathing Tube and Tracheal Gills of Larva.
face Film. 5. Termination of Abdomen of Pupa, Showing the Paddles.

of
/
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:

4. Pupae Floating Below Sur-

cashes
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5 Fs i 6 ss Fg Set

female Gambusia affinis which, although
regularly fed on other foods, consumed
about 140 large wrigglers within an hour
and a half. In the Hawaiian Islands,
where mosquitoes are prevalent, this fish
has been successfully acclimated, and
materially reduced the pest. The in-
sects, if unchecked, increase very rapidly
and require only a month in which to
complete their metamorphoses, being then
ready to bring forth a new generation.
The aquarist may insure a supply by in-
stalling a tub in a quiet corner of the
garden; water containing straw or any
decaying matter will furnish suitable
breeding conditions. Before long numer-

10 Aquatic Lite

ous tiny, boat-like masses appear on the
surface of the water, each mass consist-
ing of 200 to 400 eggs. These soon hatch,
and as the larvae breathe at the surface,
they may be collected with a small net,
one “scoop” of which often yields the
equivalent of an egg-cup full of wrig-
glers. Some species deposit their eggs
singly ; others lay in damp places, where
water will later collect and the eggs re-
main dry for some time.

The larvae of different sorts of mos-
quitoes sometimes exhibit considerable
variation. The accompanying illustra-
tions, from photographs by the author,
show a quite common type. Apart from
its capacity as a fish food, this wriggler
is well worth careful examination. It is
protected with numerous tufts of hair,
and some of the hairs are branched or
feathered. Unlike the condition in the
adult, the two brown eyes are of simple
construction. There are two crescent-
shaped brushes of hair round the mouth
in place of the biting mandibles of other
insects. If the larva is viewed alive
through a magnifying glass, these brushes
will be seen in rapid motion. Their
function is to create a current whereby
small animalcules or particles of vege-
table matter are carried to the mouth
Predaceous and cannibal larvae
have stronger the feeding
brushes, these then being used to seize

organs.

nairS iho)

the prey.

Respiration is effected through a
breathing tube at the posterior end of the
body. ‘This is the longer of the caudal
tubes in the illustrations, but it varies in
length in the different species. One au-
thority observed that examples with a
short tube are mostly found in temporary
pools, whilst those with a long one occur
in permanent waters. ‘The orifice is only
opened when the insect comes to the sur-
face to breathe. It is closed at will with

five or six little leaves, an ingenious

mechanism by means of which water is
prevented from finding its way into the
air passages. When closed the tube 1s
sharp and pointed, and is thus easily
pushed through the surface film, which
would otherwise offer considerable re-
sistance to so tiny a creature. Once the
film is pierced, the flaps open out in the
form of a cup, which floats and enables
the larva to remain suspended head
downward.

In a certain group some members of
which convey malaria, the larva has

respiratory openings, but no external
breathing tube, and clings to the surface

film by means of broad hairs.

Air is conveyed to the various parts
through numerous tracheae, or air pipes,
which ramify through the body in all
directions ; some of these tracheae may be
seen in the photo-micrograph of the head.
The shorter and thicker tube is the last
abdominal segment, and the exterior ter-
mination of the digestive canal. The
vent is protected by long hairs, and has
a pair of thin, finlike tracheal gills on
each side.

The larval form is maintained for a
fortnight or thereabouts, the time some-
times being longer, owing to cold weather
or paucity of food. During this period
the skin is shed three times; at the fourth
moult the pupal stage is assumed. ‘The
insect does not now at all resemble its
previous state; it 1s still active and swim-
ming is accomplished by strong jerks of
the abdomen, at the termination of which
two paddles are attached. Digestive ap-
paratus is absent and the organs of res-
piration are greatly changed. The caudal
tube is lost in casting the skin, and the
pupa breathes through two little funnels
situated on the near the head.
When not in motion it floats at the sur-
face and the openings of these funnels
The in-

back,

are held just above the water.
sect, which, as development proceeds, can

Aquatte Lite ib

be distinguished just under the transpar-
ent skin, does not remain long in this con-
dition. In a few days the perfect mos-
quito emerges, ready in turn to propagate
its species.

Linseed Meal Cause of
Disease Among Trout

Some time ago a peculiar disease ap-
peared at a commercial trout hatchery in
Rhode Island among yearling and two-
year-old trout. The fish turned black,
many because blind, and large numbers
died. Just previous to death an affected
fish would dart rapidly about, sometimes
jumping entirely out of the water. After
swimming nervously in this way for a
few seconds, the fish would usually turn
partly on its side, remain quiescent for an
instant, and then resume its former un-
naturally sluggish swimming. In most
cases the fish would repeat this perform-
ance several times before finally suc-
cumbing.

Dr. L. H. Almy, then fish pathologist
in this Bureau, was detailed to an investi-
gation of the trouble. It was learned
that the disease had manifested itself a
few weeks after the superintendent had
begun feeding with a mixture of linseed
meal, wheat middlings, and meat scraps,
the linseed meal having been substituted
for cottonseed meal previously used.
When the meat scrap, with flour and salt,
was used without the linseed meal, the
disease was definitely checked in both
adult fish and fry. Experiments planned
by the fish pathologist were then under-
taken at the same hatchery to ascertain
which, if either, of the two meals had
brought on the disease. The results
served to establish the following points:

(1) Of the two vegetable meals, linseed
and cottonseed, the linseed meal alone is
responsible for causing the pigment
change, blindness, and death. (2) The
causative agent is contained in the non-

oil constituents of the linseed meal. (3)
Linsed oil in the food of trout has a
slightly injurious effect upon the fish. (4)
Fish affected with linseed-meal poisoning
can be brought back to a healthy condi-
tion, except for the pigment change and
blindness, by a diet of some fresh-meat
product. (5) Yearling trout on a diet of
hog lungs gained in weight three times as
fast during three months as those receiv-
ing the wheat-meat-meal mixtures; how-
ever, a three times greater gross weight
of food was consumed in the former case
than in the latter.

Further experiments were then under-
taken at the White Sulphur Springs (W.
Va.) hatchery of the Bureau, with the
co-operation of Superintendent R. K.
Robinson, to determine more definitely
the nature of the toxic non-oil constituent
of the linseed meal. These experiments
afforded clear evidence that the outward
manifestations of the disease brought
about in trout by the ingestion of linseed
meal—viz., pigment change, excitability,
and weakened eyesight or blindness—are
due primarily to the prussic-acid constit-
uent of linseed meal. The experiments
indicated also that a food mixture con-
sisting of wheat middlings and meatmeal,
although not injurious and apparently an
acceptable food for the fish, does not
compare with fresh hog lungs as a food
for yearling trout.—Fisheries Service
Bulletin.

erties 2 atte

At the recent Philadelphia exhibition
of aquarium fishes an urchin was listen-
ing in amazement to the remarks of a by-
stander who seemed to know “all about
‘em,’ and was accordingly credited in the
mind of the youngster with a great and
varied collection. The boy wanted some
fishes for an unused aquarium at home,
but even a ten-cent goldfish was beyond
his little purse, so finally he engaged the
gentleman in conversation and asked if

12 Aguatic Lite

he didn’t have ‘“‘a few old fishes he didn’t
want any more.”

“T have no fishes,” the man replied,
“but I'll be glad to tell you how to keep
and breed them, my boy.” A grin of con-
tempt and disappointment flitted over the
face of the boy. “Well, if yer ain’t got
no fishes,” he said, “yer information can’t
be much good.”

The Redfield Theory

Casper L. Redfield, of Chicago, has
repeatedly called the attention of scien-
tists to a theory advanced by him which
purports to account for the improvement
noted in various animals and man by the
effect of age on protoplasm. In the trot-
ting horse, for instance, he finds that
young animals are not the record-makers,
but that powers of such animals increase
up to a considerable age. He finds, also,
that the progeny of such sires appear to
be influenced by age in the same way, the
older the animal at the time of breeding,
the likelier the colt will be to show im-
proved speed. Redfield asserts that such
relationships exist elsewhere, and even
concludes that the difference between
genius and mediocrity in man is a matter
of age only. He finds that no really great
men of the caliber of Darwin, Edison or
Galileo have been sons of young parents.
According to his theory, the male parents
for at least three generations must have
been more than 32 years old when their
children were born. In three generations
a man has seven male ancestors, and if
the total of their ages when their children
were born does not total at least 234
years, the third generation will not be
eminent. Since all great men are obi-
ously related to many mediocre persons,
some explanation for their superiority
must exist, and this theory seems to be
Whether it
is the right explanation or not depends

a step in solving the riddle.

upon further investigation, but we may

here call attention to something similar
that exists in the protoplasm of plants.
Growers of melons and certain other
vegetables are aware that old seeds pro-
duce more fruitful plants than do young
ones. A certain age or maturity of the
protoplasm seems to be necessary. It is
well known, too, that seedling peonies do
not show their capabilities the first time
they blossom. ‘The flowers may be nearly
single the first season and steadily in-
crease in size and number of petals for
several successive years. The double
pink daisy (Pyrethrum hybridum), often
requires four or five years to show the
double feature. At the first blooming the
flower heads may exhibit the “single”
condition, and the novice finding no dou-
ble flowers among them, may hastily con-
clude that his is inferior stock, but in a
few years doubling may begin. All this
shows that some change in the protoplasm
must take place with age. As a matter
of fact, growing old may be assumed to
be due to changes in the protoplasm of
the individual. Seekers for an elixir of
life might find these facts worth investi-
gation.— The American Botanist.

( Aquarists have an exceptional oppor-
tunity to test this theory in its application
to fishes.—Ed.)

Passaic Society

The Passaic County Aquarium Society
was organized by Charles Pietzsch, Paul
Findeisen, Julius Hutermeier, Fred
Baumgarten, J. S. Roass, K. Blanken-
nagel and Max Ronath, on October 7th,
1919. Regular meeting will be held on the
first and third Tuesdays of each month,
at Max Donath’s hotel, Clifton, N. J.
Aquarists who may desire to become
secure information from
the secretary, addressing him at 168
Hamilton avenue, Passaic, N. J—Kuwno
3LANKENAGEL, Secretary.

members can

Statement of the Ownership, Management,
Circulation, Etc., Required by the Act of
Congress of August 24, 1912, of Aquatic
Life, published monthly at Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, for October 1, 1919.

Before me, a notary public in and for the
State and County aforesaid, personally ap-
peared W. A. Poyser, who, having been duly
sworn according to law, deposes and says that
he is the editor of Aquatic Lire, and that the
following is, to the best of his knowledge and
belief, a true statement of the ownership,
management (and if a daily paper, the circu-
lation), etc., of the aforesaid publication for
the date shown in the above caption, required
by the Act of August 24, 1912, embodied in
Section 443, Postal Laws and Regulations, to
wit:

That the names and addresses of the pub-
lisher, editor, managing editor, and business
managers are:

Publisher—Joseph E. Bausman, East
Girard Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.

Editor—W. A. Poyser, 207 South Thirty-
seventh street, Philadelphia, Pa.

Managing Editor—None.

Business Managers—None.

That the owners are: (Give names and ad-
dresses of individual owners, or, if a corpora-
tion, give its name and the names and ad-
dresses of stockholders owning or holding 1
per cent. or more of the total amount of
stock. )

—Owners—Joseph E. Bausman, 542 East
Girard Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.; W. A.
Poyser, 207 South Thirty-seventh _ street,
Philadelphia, Pa.

That the known bondholders, mortgagees
and other security holders owning or holding
1 per cent. or more of the total amount of
bonds, mortgages, or other securities are:
None.

State of Pennsylvania,
County of Philadelphia.

542

W. A.” POYSER, Editor.

Sworn to and subscribed before me this 1st
day of October, 1919.
(Seal) JOSEPHINE V. YEAGER.
My commission expires April first, 1923.

Little Arthur—“I say, father, is it true
that nature never wastes anything?”

Father—‘‘Yes, Arthur; quite true.”

“Then what’s the use of the Mexican
swordtail having a sword when it can’t
use it?”

soe

The primary class had been studying

physiology, and in response to a question
concerning the human skeleton a pupil

replied: “The skeleton is if you sat down
without it you couldn’t get up.”

Aquatic Life
1918—1919

SEPTEMBER, 1918. The Blood-fin (Heede) ;
Breeding Haplochilus cameronensis (elles) ;

Tie) Spotted Gourami (Kearns); Japanese
Snail (Boyd); Aquarium Water and _ Its
Restoration (Dormeier); Aquarium Heater

(Hale) ; Fish Foods (Heede); Happy Fam-
ilies, Breeding Habits of Mud-minnow, notes
and news.

Ocroper. Aquarium Heating (Breder) ;
Hemiramphus fluviatilis (Brind); Mollienisia
latipinna (Heede); Blue-tailed Skink (Deck-
ert); Factors Controlling the Development of
Tropical Aquarium Fishes (Webber); Snails
in Aquaria (Gale) ; Habits of Black Bass, The
Pipe-fish, notes, etc.

NovemBzr. American Live-bearing Tooth-
carps (Bade); Aquarium Notes (Leitholf) ;

Notes on Krefftius adspersus (Freund) ; The
Anatomy of the Fish (Clark) ; Breeding Habits
of Burmese Fel (Finckh); A Bloated Axolotl
(Waite) ; The Name “Water Flea,” notes and
news.

DECEMBER... Cynolebias_ bellottii (Brind) ;
Tillaea recurva and Other Notes (Finckh) ;
Another Tank Heater (Kuhn); Aquarist vs.
Aquarian (Mellen); Emotions of Fishes
(Gale); A Cigar Box Aquarium (Modesto) ;
Florida Notes (Carlton) ; Photosynthesis, Mis-
ce.laneous notes, news, etc.

JANUARY, 1919. Ljimia caudofasciata (Leit-
holf) ; Classification of Fishes (Stead); Color
Changes of the Chub-sucker (Hubbs) ; Neetro-
plus carpintis (Brind); A Simple Heated
Aquarium (Finckh); Notes on the Breeding
Habits of the Pigmy Sunfish (Poyser) ; Gold-
fish Farm of Kichigoro Akiyama, notes and
news.

FEBRUARY. Polycentropsis abbreviata(Brind) ;
Chologaster cornutus, the Fish of the Dismal
Swamp (Welsh); A Wood Aquarium (Pil-
kington) ; Danio malabaricus (Leitholf) ;
Notes on Native Fishes (Pray); Managing
the Aquarium (/nnes) ; Reactions of Fishes to
Habit-forming Drugs, The Boston Show, A
True Fish Story, notes and news.

MarcH. Breeding the Goldfish (Hanna) ;
Observations on the Chelonians of North
America, Part I (Shufeldt) ; Lucania ommata
(Welsh); Apistogramma agassizi (Heede) ;
The Water-fleas (Tompkins); Viviparous
Fishes-in-general (Stead); Breeding the
Striped Gourami (Simpson) ; Notes and news.

Aprin. The Surinam Toad (Deckert);
Cichtasoma nigrofasciatum (Brind); Keeping
Living Food Alive (Jnnes); Beware the
Dragonfly (Gordon); An Electrolytic Aerator
(Putnam): Water Lilies, Some Cultural and
Historical Notes (Pring) ; Beef vs. Liver, notes
and news.

May. Nanostomus eques (Brind); The
Water Horse-tail (Wobler) ; Observations on
the Chelonians of North America, Part IT.

(Shufeldt); I Became a Fancier (Proctor) ;
A Peculiar Planorbis (Breder); Association
and Color Discrimination in Mudminnows and
Sticklebacks (White); The Hay Infusion
Microcosm (Woodruff); The Bladderworts,
notes and news.

June. Observations on the Chelonians of
North America, Part III (Shufeldt) ; Gam-
busia episcopi (Brind); The Wheel Animal-
cules (Bade); Sonnet to a Goldfish (Burditt) ;
A Study of the Diamond Bass (Trell) ; The
Brook Stickleback (Barker); Goldfish in
China, Red-colored Water, Crappie Spawn in
Washington Aquarium, and Society News.

Jury. A Big-headed Gurnard (Fowler) ; The
Nesting Habits of Certain Sunfishes as Ob-
served in a Park Lagoon in Chicago (Hubbs) ;
Badis badis (Brind) ; The Paradise Fish (Bal-
leisen); The Garden a Terrarium (Brcder) ;
Philadelphia Aquarium, A Fish Elevator,
Akiyama Goldfish Farm, notes and news.

Observations on the Chelonians of
North America, Part IV (Shufeldt); The
Steinhart Aquarium, with portrait of Ignatz
Steinhart; Lebias sophie (Brind) ; The Senses
of Fishes (Herrick); Marine Aquaria, An
Epidemic Among Fishes, Manufacture of
Pearl Buttons, etc.

AUGUST.

SEPTEMBER. Platypoecilus maculatus
(Brind); Observations on the Chelonians of
North America, Part V (Shufeldi) ; Notes on
the Life-history of Planorbis corneus and
Other Freshwater Mollusks (Webster) ; Phil-
adelphia Exhibition, Naples Aquarium,
Aquaria in the Conservatory of the Missouri
Botanical Garden, Xiphophorus montezumae,
Freshwater Shrimp, notes and news.

Announcement
Since the initial appearance of Aquatic Life,
in 1915, the publishing world has been passing
era of difficulties which have
delays, effecting even the largest
It is a custom under such condi-

through an
caused may
periodicals.
tion to drop numbers, publishing the following
number with the designation of the month
during which or before which it is mailed to
readers. To the present time Aquatic Life
has not availed itself of this privilege, hoping
that it would be possible to issue numbers
sufficiently close together to eventually make
This would now seem to be
impossible. It has, therefore, decided
to eliminate the numbers for October, Novem-

up the lost time.
been

ber and December, 1919, thus concluding
Volume IV with the September, 1919, num-
ber. All subscriptions affected will be ex-
tended. Those expiring with the December
number, or beyond, will be extended three
months; with November, two months; with

October, month. Each subscriber will

accordingly

one

receive the actual number of

copies for which payment has been made.

O00 C7000

ae Anacharis

We can supply this desirable aquar-
ium plant in any quantity during De-
cember and January. Capacity, 50,000
bunches. Sample bunch will be mailed
on receipt of ten cents. Wholesale
prices on application.

JOHN W. PALMER

337 W. SECOND STREET
MEDIA, PA.

If you wish to give your fish live food
during winter, just sprinkle a pinch of
agic in your aquarium 2 or 3 times a
week. Also a little of the breeders’ choice
“*Yogi’’ for a daily ration.
Yogi 15c box.
Yogi 75c Pound
Magic (Infusoria)
Robert J.
1818 Frankford Avenue

By mail 17c

Add Postage

50c Postpaid
Schaeffer
Phila., Pa

FI iS H FOOD

janufactured only by
ROBT J. SCHAEFFER
PRICE, 10e.

Sticansta Aquarium Cement

At its name implies, it sticks and stays where
it is put. Has the adhesiveness of glue and
the pliancy of rubber. Contains no oil, lead
or glycerine, and does not harden or corrade

with age.
S. A. SCRIMSHAW
1431 N. Clark Street, Chicago, Illinois.

4A CARR

938 Fountain Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Guppies (Lebistes reticulatus), 4 pairs for a
dollar. Platypoecilus rubra and large gold-
fish cheap. Telephone, Cypress 3973.

LIVE FOOD IS THE BEST

and grow on Enchytraeids, the
Generous box by mail, 50
given for propagating

Fishes thrive
little white worms.
cents. Full directions
them.

S. W. BURGESS, 3424 Hurley Street
PHILADELPHIA

FRANCIS K. CHRIS TINE

Manufacturer of “Shield of Quality” Fishfood
15c and 20c a box. For Tropicals, 25c

Creation (the New Infusoria) 50c Box
Use Without Sheep Manure

| Broadtail Telescopes and 25 Varieties of Trop-

All Aquarium Requisites. Special Dwarf
Mail Orders and Inquiries Prompt-

icals.
Gouramies.

| ly Attended To.

518 BELGRADE STREET
PHILADELPHIA

2 tp PP tn a
.

Fred. G. Schaefer
Breeder of Fancy Goldfish

Show stock of Veiltail Calico and Black Tele-

scopes always on hand. AIl species of tropical

fishes and plants. Wholesale and retail,

Cheap.

1610 North Second Street

Eight Pairs of Fine, Large Pterophyllum Scalare |
Philadelphia |

AQUARIUMS

We make durable, artistic aquariums suit-
able for home or conservatory; beautiful
wherever placed. Fishes, plants, foods and
all supplies for the aquarist. Cabomba, large,
strong and healthy, $5.00 per hundred bunches ;
none better.
Pioneer Aquarium Works. Racine, Wisconsin

Read Next Issue

He Is Coming Back
Who?

The Original

White Worm Breeder

Fine Broad-tail Telescopes
BLACK and CALICO

Correspondence Solicited

CEORGE, Wil 15107 N: ‘o2d- Street,
PHILADELPHIA :

Please Mention

POU A TIC ELE”

When Writing Advertisers

A a a a TD
Jqior Excellent Conformation

I
3

n Color Cannot Be Beat

how Their Quality in Finnage

ave Blues, Blacks and Calicos

very Fancier Should Look Them Over

ee Them at C. C. VOWINKEL
Philadelphia, Pa

[walfers}fec] wel)

5109 Catherine Street

oC 0 D6 Fi 6 Oa 6 6 Fs 6 Os Fs
a eT es Ps 5

i
|
|
|
!
|
|
|
!
|
|
|
|
|

AP 6 Ps Fs Fs Os Fs Fs FS Fe

Several thousand

Young Broadtail Telescopes
and Japs

in all the desirable colors, with deep
bodies and from two to four inches
long. Per dozen, $10 and up.

Gneiding’s Goldfish Hatchery
Ridgefield Park : :

Phone, Hackensack 2599W

New Jersey

<4 Ss Sd St Ps Ps Fs Fs bs Pe
es es Ps Ps 6 Ps Ps Ps ach

HUGO C. NELLES

Dealer and Breeder of Tropical Fish

10440 115th Street, Richmond Hill
L.I., N.Y.
SEE MY MODERN CONSERVATORY.

/ Prices reasonable. Two silver cups, 23 first
] prizes awarded at the last exhibition of the
»
%

Ridgewood Aquarium Society.
DIRECTIONS—Take Fulton Street Elevator, B.

Te Mhoe use Walnut street
exit.

to Lefferts avenue;
Walk back one block.

5 SP 6 6 8 6 SR 5 BR 6 9 6 Fs Ss Fs Ps $s ss

% a ets

SCRIMSHAW’S
FISH HATCHERY

1431 N. Clark Street, Chicago, III.

Superior 4415.

Delivery.

Telephone,
Auto

Importer and Breeder of a Large
Variety of Gold and Tropical Fishes

no oil or glycerine. Complete line of aquariums

kept in stock; special sizes made to order,

Large stock of tropical fishes always on hand (36
species). Shipments made to all parts of the
United States and Canada. Plants, snails and

general supplies for the aquarist.

I will} pay cash for your surplus fishes, if first-
class stock.

sirds, Kennels. Dogs
bought and sold on commission. Talking parrots,
Can furnish any sort of
What do you want?

cages and bird-houses.

a PS Fs Ps Fe BS FF SF FS FR SB FF Bg Os

warbling canaries, etc.
live stock.

Out-of-Town Customers name County When

Ordering.

(
|
|
| Non-hardening aquarium cement that contains
:
|
|
|
»

a a ee
\

le a

| Something New!

a fine, large stock of Danio malabaricus
and other species of Danio. (The most
sprightly aquarium fishes) Haplochilus,
Barbus, Mouth-breeders and many other
beautiful fishes.

August Obermuller

Breeder and Fancier of Telescopes and Tropicals
96 Columbia Avenue, Jersey City Heights, N. J.

visitors welcome at conservatory any
Saturday afternoon and on Sunday.

eo ao 9 S000 C5000 Ca

AQUATIC MICROSCOPY
BY DR. ALFRED C. STOKES

»
!

SPLENDID, not too technical hand-
book of the lower organisms for the
:
|

inquiring aquarist who dislikes to be
nonplused by scientific verbiage. 324
pages, with 198 illustrations.

$2.50 Plus Postage on 2 Pounds

Address Aquatic Life

Po S000 SMD ODO SCH IIH

)

If Your Fish Are Not Doing Well—Try |
ENCHYTRAEIDS - White Worms

The natural and best food for goldfishes, barring
none. Package, 50c¢. (cash or check), with in-
structions for raising a constant supply.

PAUL MARQUARDT, 829 Teutonia Avenue, Milwaukee, Wis

a enn uae aioe

GOLDEIsi

1,500,000
PLAIN & FANCY

Ready for market at rock-bottom prices. Ship- 8

ped anywhere in United States or Canada. Write
for our illustrated catalogue.

$1.50 - Brind’s New Book - $1.50
‘“‘The Practical Fish Fancier’’

Was $3.00—has paid for itself, so you get the

Oriental Goldfish and Supply Co

3757 - 3761 Cottege Grove Avenue

DOOCOOCDOCCOGCO CON CO0CC0 C00:

benefit. This work shows Fish, Plants, etc., in Chicago, Illinois !
natural colors and half-tone. DD00DCDDGDDDNO0D0RD0000000000000:
Illustrates 138 Fish—Tropical, Gold and Do-

mestic; 21 Plants and 4o Insects, Parasites, Sale or Exchange
Infusoria, etc. ‘
Pees Surplus Stock of Rare and Fancy Fish
0 Di ; state P g

rder Direct TO-DAY as only a limited number of copies left Plants of All Kinds

W. L. BRIND, 449 W. 206th Street 6. Germann, 0. D. 3823 N. Richmond St. Chicago
NEW YORK Phone: Monticello 6864.

Ck oie of er

Mollienisia latipinna (or Velifera)

Some scientists assert that Velifera is but a perfectly developed latipinna—the only sort we
ship. Per dozen, $4.00,
Cyprinodon variegatus (Sheepshead Minnow), $3.00 per dozen.
Notropis metallicus, Fundulus heteroclitus, Gambusia holbrooki, Goldfish—all varieties.
Shubunkins (Spotted Goldfish), $4.00 per dozen.
Japanese Snails, $2.00 and $2.50 per dozen.
Plants. Vallisneria (narrow leaf), 30 cents per dozen; Vallisneria (wide leaf), 60 cents per
dozen: Sagittaria (broad leaf), 75 cents per dozen; Water Poppy, $1.00 per dozen; Cabomba,
8 Giant Anacharis, Potomogeton and Myriophyllum spicatum (milfoil), 75 cents per dozen
bunches. Egyptian Lotus (dormant tubers—best time to plant), 50 cents each. Red,
White and Yellow Water Lilies (dormant tubers), 50 cents each; (seeds, 15 cents per pack-
age). All plants postpaid.
Freshwater Shrimp, sun dried, shelled and shredded. The best fish food. Contains no
8 other substances. Coarse, medium or fine, $1.10 per pound, postpaid. White Worms (Wn-
chytraeus), per portion, 50 cents, with instructions how to breed a continuous supply. The
best live food. <A collection of twelve varieties of aquarium plants, $1.00, postpaid. When
remitting for fishes please include 50 cents for shipping can.

CRESCENT FISH FARM, 1624 Mandeville Street, New Orleans, La,

o. | i i i ML ga ee

SSS 0 00 SCO SCS]

ce
| Lincoln Park Pet Shop

EVERYTHING IS FISH THAT COMES
TO THE NET OF A NATURALIST

Don't paddle in the water with’ one hand and
be blind with both eyes. In other words,
“keep your eyes open’’ for all nature,

Our Magazine

be Guive to Mature
Will Help You

It is edited by EDWARD F. BIGELOW, who
fishes in the heavens ane earth, as well as the
waters under the earth

Four months’ trial, 25e. one _year, $1.00.

THE AGASSIZ ASSOCIATION

ArcAdiA
- Sound Beach Connecticut i
S. SILVER

Fancier and Breeder of ‘Tropical Fishes
Splendid healthy stock at reasonable

prices. Haplochilus cameronensis, Betta
‘rubra, etc. All kinds of live-bearing
fishes.

235 East 11th Street NEW YORK CITY

(Between 2d and 3d avenues)

HENRY KISSEL, JR.

Breeder & Fancier of Broadtail Telescopes

Tropical Fishes, Plants and Snails.
Fishes, Plants, etc., Sold at Conservatory Telephone 461 Cliffside
241 Walker Street, Cliffside, N. J.

Goldfishes
Blues and Vari-hues

None for sale at present! =~

42000

fo oe]

GEORGE A. SCHENK
Mount Vernon, N. Y.

lo oe}

MADAM TUZEE, Manager.
‘TROPICAL FISHES
OUR SPECIALTY

BIRDS & SMALL PETS OF ALL KINDS

Aquaria, Bird Cages and all Supplies. Dogs

1509 North Clark Street
CHICAGO

/ | Displayed and Sold on Commission.

- nearly 300 tropicals ; how to breed

Thousands of Young Veiltail
Telescopes from the Finest |

Stock in America

$2.50 per Dozen
$ 15.00. per Hundred

Mixed Colors, Blues, Blacks
Calicos, Etc.

Franklin Barrett
- Wyoming Avenue & C. Street, Phila., Pa

35c Extra for Shipping Can
Cash With Order

THE BEST BOOK
THE AQUARIUM & SUBJECTS

is ‘Goldfish Varieties & Tropical
Aquarium Fishes’’, byWm.T. Innes,
former President of the Aquarium
Society of Phila.; 250 pages, 195
illustrations. Tells all about the SY}
fancy varieties of the Goldfish and

them, etc., etc. For the beginner
or the advanced expert.

A complete, practical, handsome
heck sent postpaid anywhere for
$4.00 Enlarged edition now ready.

INNES & SONS - 133 N. 12th St. - Phila., Pa.

Diatoms
Strewn slides of diatoms offered in ex-
change for similar slides, diatomaceous
material, or slides of any character.

Editor, Aquatic Life

fT aQUARIA FISH”

A practical work on care and breeding of fish
in the aquarium, greenhouse and outdoor ponds.
Finely illustrated.
Everyone interested in keeping fish should send
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Tappan’s Natural Fish Food. Three boxes, post-
paid, 25c.

Guinea Pigs and Thoroughbred Collie Pups, beau-
tifully marked. Write for prices.

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) Route 2, Hopkins, Minn.

Aquatic Life

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$2.25 each, postage paid

Volumes average 165 pages and as
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binding, with title page and complete

index. (Stock of Volume IT is small.)
WANTED: One hundred copies of
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ee single issues. Address publisher.

JAPANESE GOLDFISH
By DR. HUGH M. SMITH

A guide to the methods of breeding
fancy goldfish practiced in Japan. The
result of the personal investigations
of the author. Ten breeds are illus-

lo © 0.0 0 0.0 0 ol amms aman! am |

trated in color, with numerous text
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HERMAN RABENAU, Aauarist
PERMANENT DISPLAY OF
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BREEDER AND IMPORTER
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Plants of every variety, Snails and

Aquarium Supplies of all kinds at all
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MANUFACTURER OF

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A GOOD FISH FOOD is one of the
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keep fish in good health. After -the
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GOLDFISH PLANTS SNAILS
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Aquatic Life

Vol. V. February, 1920 No. 2

An international monthly magazine devoted ta
the study, care and breeding of fishes and other
animals and plants in the home aquarium and

terrarium.

W. A. POYSER.......... doBooueoO DORE EDITOR
JOSEPH E. BAUSMAN .......... PUBLISHER
542 East Girard Avenue .......... Philadelphia

Entered as second-class matter, September 2d,
1915, at the Post Office, Philadelphia, Pa., under
Act of March 3d, 1879.

Popular and scientific articles and notes on sub-
jects pertaining to the aquarium and terrarium,
and to the habits of fishes in general, are always
wanted for ‘‘Aquatic Life.’’ Readers are invited
to join in making it a:‘medium of mutual help by
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pages are always open to anyone having informa-
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aquatic biology. Manuscripts, books for review
and general correspondence should be addressed
to the editor.

“‘Aquatie Life”’ has the largest circulation of
any magazine in the world devoted to aquatic
nature-study. It offers to advertisers a market
that can be reached through no other medium.
Rates made known on application.

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SINGER COR Yar e oc raisin'c'n ce cle le'ee winivivicis oin)si= 6 15

Payments should be made by money order, draft
or registered letter. If local checks are sent, ten
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eign remittances should be by international money
order,
Copyright, E. Bausman.

1920, by Joseph

COO 000000000 CD COO 000000 000 000 GS CSC TS5000 000000000

CO00COC00000000 CSCS CD OCOOOCOOOC O00 C00,

T. P. LOVERING

AQUARIST
WILMINGTON, NORTH.CAROLINA

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New Varieties Aquatic Plants
Choice and Rare Specimens
Snakes and Reptiles

Tropical Fishes

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Fundulus nottii, $1.50 per pair. 3
8 Elassoma everegladei, $1.75 per pair.
8 Heterandria formosa, $1.00 per pair.
8 M. chaetodon, 50c each :
8 Small turtles, $1.25 per dozen.
Newts, $1.00 per dozen.

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Wholesale to dealers.

$1.00 SPECIAL

Attractive assortment

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Sufficient stock for
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will help you create a picture that will never-
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The book contains 140 illustrations, more than
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decorative possibilities of water plants. The
Price is $2.75.
THE BOOK DEPARTMENT AQUATIC LIFE

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Feed fish, food that is fish-
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15c Box Baby | Food 20c Box By Mail 2c Extra
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The purpose of this paper is to present
an outline of the substances used as foods
for goldfish by the breeders of Japan.
Foods naturally fall into two classes,
animal and vegetable. Though the gold-
fish is often classed as omnivorous it is
a fact that to produce the most vigorous
specimens it is necessary that animal sub-
stances dominate in the food supplied.
First in importance are the entomostra-
cans—Daphnia, Cyclops, Cypris and
allied forms. Following close in point
of value come larval mosquitoes, tubifex
worms, the dried and ground chrysalis
of the silkwork, ground shrimp, dried
bonito, boiled eggs of domestic fowl,
dregs of meat and similar substances.
The foods of vegetable origin are usually
used as ingredients in prepared mixtures,
viz., worm-eaten wheat flour, wheat bran,
buckwheat flour, worm-eaten rice flour,
rice brain, corn meal, etc. :

The advance of the science of sanita-
tion, in Japan as elsewhere, has made
for the stamping out of the stagnant and
often filthy ponds in which the much-
to-be-desired entomostracans—Daphnia,
Cyclops, ete.—reach their greatest devel-
opment in numbers. The Japanese were
thus early led to put aside ponds and
study conditions favoring their develop-
ment under control. A small, muddy
pond about fifty feet square is now much
favored. ‘The pond may have a bottom
of sand or mud, but a mixture of the
two is preferable. The water should first
be drawn off, and the bottom then thor-
oughly worked with a large wooden rake,
after which manure should be spread

| Goldfish Foods and Feeding

as Practiced in Japan
EIICHIRO, NaKASHIMA

a 9 8s

eer er ch

evenly over the soil; about a medium-
sized bucketful to each five square feet
of surface. The manure may be human
feces, from domestic animals, artificial or
rice bran, etc. Any may be used alone
or several sorts mixed. ‘To promote de-
composition water is withheld for sev-
eral days to expose the bed to the sun’s
rays. Then it is permitted to fill to a
depth of six inches and a quantity of
adult Daphnia introduced. At intervals
more water is added until a depth of two
to three feet is reached. After a lapse of
ten to fifteen days plenty of Daphnia will
be found.

The quantity produced by such a pond
will depend upon the climate, nature of
the water, soil temperature, initial treat-
ment of the pond, etc. Water plants
should have been removed in preparing
the bottom, as it is considered that they
absorb certain materials needed by the
Dahpnia, their presence, therefore, being
detrimental. When animal manures are
used the Daphnia appear most quickly
and in great abundance, but do not long
persist. On the other hand, with manure
of vegetable origin, they seem to develop
more slowly but the supply is of longer

duration. It is better in consequence to
use a mixture of the two classes of
manure.

Larval mosquitoes are found in almost
all bodies of freshwater and at times
may be collected in quantity, affording
valuable food for adult fishes. In a past
number of Aquatic Life, H. E. Finckh,
E'sq., of Australia, describes an admir-
able scheme for maintaining a supply at

14 Aquatic Lite

home, whereby the eggs are collected and
hatched in jars, being thus small enough
for very young fishes. This plan, while
entirely suitable where the output 1s
small, would not be practicable for an
establishment rearing many thousands of
goldfish.

Tubifex worms, which will be found
described in most zoological textbooks,
occur in sand and mud, especially in
dirty drains and ditches. They are con-
sidered indispensable in rearing lion-
heads. When they are collected, much
mud will be taken. This may be placed
in a pan of water and stirred several
times, when they will assemble in masses
and may be removed. Otherwise, put
the catch into a sieve with a wire-cloth
bottom, or in a bamboo basket, finely
woven, through the meshes of which they
will eventfully find their way into the
water below. For young fishes it may
be necessary to cut them into small
pieces. At other times care should be
taken not to use too many, as they may
be injured in handling and quickly die
and pollute the water.

The silkworm is very abundant in
Japan and the chrysalids are very cheap.
These are dried and ground and mixed
with vegetable ingredients, such as wheat
flour, bran and corn meal. It is consid-
ered very nourishing, and is used by most
Japanese breeders. If fed alone, it is apt
to kill the fish, as it is rich in fats and
decomposes readily.

Dried, ground shrimp is a very nour-
ishing food and may be used alone, but
it is rather expensive and for that reason
is usually added to mixtures of the vege-
table substances.

The bonito is a fish of the mackerel
family and is widely distributed over the
world. In method of using and in effect
it does not differ much from shrimp, but
is at times used for fishes while being

transported great distances.

“Yolk water” is made by filtering,
through cheese-cloth, the yolks of hard-
boiled chicken’s eggs. This is for larval
fish not yet large enough to take
Daphnia, and may be used as a substi-
tute in the absence of the latter. Some-
times the yolk, broken in small pieces,
rather than mashed and filtered, is fed to
adult fish in advance of the spawning
season.

Dregs of meat or lean meat scraps are
used as an ingredient in mixtures.

Worm-eaten wheat flour, flour that
has been infested with weevils, is consid-
ered valuable, and has the added advan-
tage of being cheap, an important fea-
ture considering the quantities used by
the large fish farms. In connection with
the other vegetable materials it forms
the basis of many food mixtures.

An artificial food for young fish may
be composed of “just a trifle” of ground
shrimp or chrysalis, 10 parts corn meal,
25 parts rice bran and 65 parts wheat
dust. These should be thoroughly mixed
while dry and then stirred into a pot of
boiling water, blending well and making
a mixture harder than mash. For older
fish the ingredients may be a trifle of
shrimp, 20 parts corn meal and 8o parts
wheat. Before and during breeding activ-
ities there is need for a more non-nitro-
genous food, so the mixture should be
changed to 20 parts shrimp and 80 parts
corn meal.

Due to the increasing difficulties of
securing sufficient
foods, the Breeders’
Tokyo has been experimenting with a

live
Association of

quantities of

view of making prepared food simulate
more closely in calories and bulk the live
rT . .
he materials available

foods. are

grains and flesh. The grains should be
powdered and the flesh boiled, all bones

(Concluded on page 20.)

Se se

Fm mr mec

Observations on the Chelonians
of North America. VII.

Dee Wer cl se a Gin Zam

os Pa FA Fs Fe FS Fs FF PY FF SF FF EF TE

Pe 6 es

55 8 SF 8 SP FS SF fF SSF 8 SF Ff SF SSF SF Se

6 8 SF SS PFS FSS SS 28 Ps Fs Fs Fd 9 OE

Common Snapping Turtle

be ee a 9 dS 8 6 es

In Part VI of the present series there
was presented three different views of
the young of our common Snapping
Turtle (Chelydra serpentina), and in the
present contribution it is my intention to
offer some notes on the adult of this
interesting and widely known species.
One of the handsomest examples of this
species of the family Chelydridae I cap-
tured near E,dgemoor, in Maryland, early
in the summer of 1910, later presenting
it to the National Zoological Park, at
Washington, D. C., where it was duly
placed in the alligator tank, and where
it was devoured next day by one of those
voracious reptiles. It was an unusually
fine individual, its dark parts being of a
deep, leaden black, and the usual mark-

Chelydra serpentina

oO BR OR SP th Ph Ph A A fe

9 6 9S Os TS BS Rs 0 BE 6 BS Ps sd Os Ps ae

ings of yellowish white, the contrast
making a very attractive combination,
especially when the animal was just being
lifted out of the water. This specimen
had a length of some thirty centimeters,
and was taken in a little stream that
passed through a marshy place where
cattails and other aquatic plants flour-
ished.

I made but one photograph of this
capture; this is here reproduced, and it
gives a very excellent idea of the appear-
ance of one of this species. In American
Forestry and elsewhere I have published
some of my photographs of other snap-
ping turtles, and they show direct views
of upper and lower parts of the shell as
presented by examples of this species.

16 Aquatic Lite

There is another species of snapping
turtle which is confined to Mexico and
Guatemala, while our United States spe-
cies is found as far south as Ecuador
in South America. ‘These, however, are
the merest pygmies when we come to
compare them with our giant, the Alli-
gator Snapping Turtle (Macrochelys
lacertina), which may come to weigh as
much as 160 pounds, and which inhabits
the main rivers that empty into the Gulf
of Mexico from western Texas to sim-
ilar streams emptying into the Gulf of
Mexico in western Florida. It 1s
nowhere especially abundant, and 1 do
not recall having seen a single specimen
of it during the year and a half I spent
in the city of New Orleans. From per-
sonal observation, then, I can add noth-
ing to the history of this great reptile
beyond what has already been published.

I have, however, from time to time,
owned specimens of our common snap-
ping turtle during the past fifty-five years
or more, and kept them in captivity for
study. ‘These I have usually captured
myself, having come across them in their
the muddy
southwestern Connecticut,

haunts in slow-running,
streams of
and in the marshy tracts of the southern
States.

Specimens of this reptile may come to
weigh from 31 to 33 pounds, and have
a length of nearly 30 inches. A bite from
a big one is no trifling matter, for cases
are on record where a finger or a toe
has been bitten off by a large specimen,
while the Alligator Snapper has been
hand or a_ foot.
Marvelous, indeed, is the power of the

known to bite off a
sharp, cutting jaws of either of these
species; and one in good health has the
habit, when irritated, of striking at its
enemy much as an angry snake does.
They capture the fish they feed upon in

the same manner, and a snapping turtle

will conceal itself in the soft mud at the
bottom of the pond or stream where it
lives, thus taking hapless minnows and
other species that chance to swim over
it within striking distance. As given,
this chelonian stroke is of lightning rapid-
ity, so like a flash indeed that the eye
appreciates it with great difficulty. Snap-
pers invariably feed under water, and
many a young duck has been dragged
beneath that element, to be devoured by
one of these voracious reptiles. As a
matter of fact, a snapper will starve to
death should opportunity to feed under
water be denied it. This may be easily
demonstrated through experiment, but it
is a cruel thing to do. Through gentle-
ness and kindness, some good-tempered
specimens of our snapping turtle have
come to be very harmless pets, and will
feed out of the hand of the one accus-
tomed to giving them food beneath the
surface of the water in the tank where
they are kept.

Years ago I often kept tiny little snap-
pers in one of my aquaria, and well do |
remember a specimen | had that was
not more than an inch in length, from the
back of which grew a long tassel of ele-
gant, green moss, fully twice the length
of the turtle. This moss streamed out
from behind it in a very attractive fash-
ion, as it swam the length of the aqua-
rium, wherein it lived at peace with other
young turtles of various species.

Eggs of this turtle are spherical in
form, with tough, roughish, white shells,
the female laying some dozen of them to
the clutch. She often lays these at some
distance from the pond or stream in
which she lives, and she will plod over
the ground until she comes to a place of
her liking, when she will proceed to
worry a sizable excavation, into which
she settles down, depositing egg after

egg until the clutch is complete. ‘Then

out she crawls again and begins to push
the earth over her treasures through any
movement of which she is capable, some-
times crowding it in front of her until it
tumbles into the cavity, or working it in
through a sidelong motion. After the
eggs are all safely covered, she will pass
again and again over the place until she
appears to feel quite satisfied that she
has made it appear as natural as pos-
sible. Beyond this fact, however, we
stand much in need of a whole lot more
information on this subject, especially
as to the time of incubation, how the
tiny young find their way to water, and
many other points.
ae oe
February Pointers

Nature knows no fiscal year, but the
aquarist must know the “fishal year.”
During this month of short and dull
days we are aware that the oxygen
released by the plants is almost nil. It is
beneficial, therefore, to occasionally add
fresh water to the self-sustaining aqua-
rium. In thus proceeding, syphon the
water from the bottom, taking with it the
accumulation of sediment, and replace
with water of the same temperattire
drawn several hours before.

If fishes incline to mate,
rate the sexes or lower the temperature.
Vitality to produce strong, healthy off-

either sepa-

spring is lacking at this
breeding should ordinarily be discour-
aged until later when it is possible to pro-
vide abundant live foods.

Food-rings eliminate guess work and
over-feeding. The rings may be of glass,
cork or paraffin. One of the latter ma-
terial may be made by pouring it while
hot into a tin-box cover. When cool
remove the centre of the disc with a
pointed knife. Surplus food produces
noxious gases and otherwise fouls the

water. (Guard against it. If you can

season and.

Aquatic Lite il

secure daphne, or have propagating
boxes of enchytraeids and angle worms,
they may be fed to great advantage.
Scraped raw beef is a good substitute.
Roots of plants should not be disturbed
this month. Growth

not

is slow and the

plants do readily lost
energy incidental to bruised roots and
leaves which will speedily decay.
Specimens brought from outdoors
must be gradually acclimated to the
greater warmth of the house and quar-

antined.

overcome

At no other time of the year
are parasites introduced on the new arri-
vals so apt to make their presence known.

The greatest danger of the winter
months is in the often rapid changes of
temperature, affecting small aquaria
more so than larger ones. The vitality
of the fishes is comparatively low, mak-
ing them very susceptible to disease and
parasites. While the “white pest,’ Jch-
thyopthirius multifilius, may infest fishes
at any time, we know it best from its
ravages during the cold months. Many
schemes to combat this pest have been
devised, but the best general plan is to
gradually raise the temperature of the
aquarium and feed live food as much
as possible. If convenient, mechanical
aeration may be used. Two or three
times daily syphon a little water from
the bottom of the tank, replacing with
fresh, warm water. Make a solution of
sheep manure and warm water and add
a little twice daily to the aquarium, con-
tinuing until the water in the aquarium
takes on a darker color.—Chicago Aqua-
rium Society.

eee eae

A lot of problems solve themselves if

let alone.
as See Bar

A man never finds the ideal woman
until he locates one who believes every-
thing he tells her.

hm mt a tt I IA TAF PF A 48 Ff 9

In the last number of Aquatic Life the
larva and pupa of the mosquito were
described; the present article deals with
the adult insect.

The active little pupa contains the de-
veloping imago or perfect insect, the
head and thorax being enclosed in the
larger part, whilst the curved tail is the
abdomen. In a short time the mosquito
is ready to leave the chrysalis case, and
commence the final period of its life his-
tory; the photographs show the manner
in which this change is effected. The
mosquito illustrated is Culex fatigans, a
widely distributed species, pictures of the
immature stages of which appeared in
the previous paper. :

When fully developed the pupa is very
dark in color; if disturbed it is reluctant
to dive. By now placing it in a small
aquarium the completion of the meta-
morphosis may be admirably observed.

Just prior to emergence the pupa un-
bends its abdomen and floats at the sur-
face in a horizontal position. The en-
closed mosquito pushes upwards against
the skin, which slowly bulges until the
portion between the breathing-tubes pro-
trudes above the surface. This is then
burst open and the thorax immediately
appears through the slit—emerging first
because the head is bent downwards be-
neath it in the chrysalis. The insect rises
up out of the case with a very steady and
regular motion, and excepting for an oc-
casional wriggle of the abdomen, without
visible effort. In the third picture the
antennae are released, and it is apparent
from the feathery appearance of these

1 es jim gy 5 69 ey 6p bs hb Ep FF HF OL

‘The MOSQUITO

HERBERT M. HALE, South Australian Museum

organs that the emerging mosquito is a
male. ‘The body is now almost upright
and is supported by the floating pupal
skin; the legs are held stiffly along the
sides and are still partially enclosed. The
slightest breeze will cause the mosquito
to career over the surface as 1f in a min-
iature boat, and a sudden gust may
upset it. Even when capsized the with-
drawal is frequently completed, but the
insect is entangled in the surface film
from which it cannot extricate itself.
Individuals which have thus perished will
often be seen on the surface of a pond.
If fishes or predaceous aquatic insects
are present there is the additional danger
of an attack from below.

The wings are extracted before the
legs are entirely withdrawn from their
sheaths. The front pair is freed first
and greater stability is attained by rest-
ing them on the surface. film, the latter
being indented but not pierced by the
infinitesimal pressure of these delicate
members. The middle pair soon follows
and finally the ends of the long hind
legs are drawn out.

Our mosquito is now free and after
resting until the wings are dry, would
in the usual course of events, flutter
away in search of a mate. Being im-
prisoned in a glass cell, however, it set-
tles on the side of this and we may
examine it at leisure. “The head is much
smaller proportionately than in the larva,
in which the eyes were represented by
mere blotches of pigment, whereas each
now number of

consists of a great

lenses. ‘Tiny, variously colored scales

Aquatic

Lite 19

The Birth of a Mosquito
Photographs by the author

clothe the insect, giving it a beautiful
iridescent appearance. The female which
has smaller and less ornate antennae than
the male, sucks blood, and is provided
with a sheathed set of lancets for punc-
turing the skin. The male, not being so
equipped, is comparatively inoffensive,
feeding on plant and other juices as does
the common house fly; in a few species
both sexes are said to bite, but usually
the female only is the offender. The
peculiar buzzing note of the female at-

Enlarged three and one-half diameters

tracts the male, he being enabled to rec-
ognize her call by means of the vibra-
tions of the hairs on his plumose an-
these acting as
sound. After impregnation the eggs are
deposited on the water, often in several
batches. To accomplish this the female
stands on the surface film, steadying

tennae, recorders of

herself by grasping with the fore legs
some floating particle such as duck-
As the eggs are laid they are
waterproof

weed.
fastened together with a

20 Aquatic Lite

secretion and arranged in a boat-shaped
mass with the aid of the hind legs; her
duty being now fulfilled she soon dies.
Each egg has a trap-door arrange-
ment at the bottom, through which the
little wriggler drops out into the water;
thus again commences the life cycle of

the insect.
———__>__—_-

Goldfish Foods

(Concluded from page 14.)
and fats being carefully removed. ‘The
resultant food should not only be prop-
erly compounded but it should contain
some sort of a binder, chicken egg or
agar agar, to prevent it dissolving or
breaking up and polluting the water.

To secure a food as a substitute for
larval mosquitoes, this insect was ana-
lysed by a chemist. With this informa-
tion it was possible to make a mixture
the elements of which approximate those
of the mosquito, viz., two pints of wheat
flour boiled like mash, one chicken egg,
one and one-half scruples of sugar and
one-fifth of a pint of lean, boiled pork.
These ingredients are thoroughly mixed
and then dried, keeping perfectly for a
long time.

Food mixtures, regardless of how pre-
pared, will if used without discrimina-
tion, pollute the water. For this reason
Japanese breeders invariably use feed-
ing pans. ‘These are unglazed porcelain
dishes, very shallow, and about eighteen
inches in diameter. The dishes are sus-
pended by three strong strings from poles
thrust into the banks of the pond, and
extend about two feet from the shore.
Into these the foods are placed with
dippers. For larval fish the pans are
suspended about two inches below the
of the water,
grown young and adults the depth may

surface while for well-

be five inches.
———

A business succeeds only as it serves.

Luciocephalus pulcher
C. J. HEEDE

Along the eastern coast of Sumatra,
six to ten miles inland, in swamp waters
and ditches, is found that peculiar laby-
rinth fish, Luciocephalus pulcher. Later-
ally translated the name means pretty
pike-head, and in appearance it does re-
semble that voracious game fish.

The general color is attractive reddish-
brown, with a dark lateral band bordered

Luciocephalus pulcher

with black and white; abdomen light
gray, with a tint of rose. As with other
labyrinth fishes the coloration is apt to
vary considerably. Full grown individ-
uals may reach a length of four inches.

Authentic information on its breeding
habits seems to be lacking, though an
opinion has been held that it is live-bear-
ing, which is unlikely. It 1s known to
aquarists only from a number of speci-
‘mens taken to Europe in 1905, whic*
did not long survive.

eee

About six hundred species of fishes
are found in the rivers of the United
States.

Sos

The Greeks played an instrument called
a lyre. The instrument is still used, but
now it’s a mouth-organ.—Harvard Lam-
Poon.

te ar Ree one

| Maintaining an Aquarium |
! MAX TRELL |
oe tt tt yer

Too many people are inclined to be-
lieve that the maintenance of an aqua-
rium is a divine gift bestowed upon a
lucky minority much in the same fashion
as the gift of music, poetry and the
other arts. Fortunately they are wrong.
Few things are so easy, give so little
trouble; im fact, so nearly take care of
themselves, as the aquarium. All that
is required is a short, enjoyable appren-
ticeship and a great deal of interest. I
am ready to guarantee that, given‘a
person with a willingness to learn and
an interest in the subject (provided he is
neither immature in intellect or years), I
will put him in a position to keep alive as
many finny pets as he has room for, and
in a shorter time than he perhaps thinks
possible.

Aquarium, from my pen, immediately
excludes bowls, flat dishes, jars, hanging
contrivances and a vast army of glass
receptacles that are veritable torture
chambers for the inhabitants. The normal
affair is a rectangular box from a foot to
sixty inches long, with a depth of not
more than twenty inches in the largest
size, the bottom preferably of slate,
though glass may be used in small sizes.
Aquaria are occasionally manufactured
with metal bottoms. Unless these have
been so treated as to be rust-proof, it is
walking into unnecessary danger to buy

them.
A two-inch layer of small, white peb-
bles or sand should, after thorough

washing, be spread over the bottom and
a quantity of water-plants (which any
dealer can supply) placed in position.

The quantity of plants needed will de-
pend both on the size of the aquarium
and the species of the plants. The plants
have a two-fold use. The first is to
supply oxygen to the air-breathing ani-
mals in the water, and the second is to
beautify the tank. Without plants the
aquarium would be devoid of interest no
matter how many fishes it contained.
Fishes at the surface is an ominous
sign. It signifies that either the water is
dank and foul or that the amount of
oxygen in the water is insufficient to
support the animal life contained therein.
The fishes may do one of two things.
They may remain at the bottom and
drown or swim at the top and live a few
days longer. Unless other conditions are
factors they will be found at the top
taking advantage of the oxygen absorbed
by the water from the air. The remedy
in the case of foul water is a speedy
change, and in the second, the installa-
tion of more oxygen-giving plants or the
removal of some of the fishes to another
tank. Excessively hot weather, or a pro-
tracted period of dull days, reduces the
activity of the plants and brings the
fishes to the surface.
indication of too many fishes, and re-
futes that “balanced
aquarium.”
Either the plants are giving off more
oxygen than is actually being consumed,

But even this is an
ill-chosen term
No aquarium is balanced.

the excess being given off into the atmos-
phere, or there is an insufficient supply
and the fishes are at the

The proper term is

surface in

agony.

“self-sus-
taining aquarium,’ i-

the plants being su

22 Aquatic Lite

ficient in number to liberate at all times
and under all conditions more oxygen
than is needed.

Novices aiming at odd effects place
fairy casties and tunnels in the tank.
Nothing is more ridiculous, save perhaps
celluloid ducks, geese and alligators!
Space, even in the largest of tanks, is
never excessive and should not be delib-
erately wasted. To do so merely for
the transient pleasure of seeing a fish
squeeze through a window and emerge
from the roof is as lamentable as it is
laughable.

An important consideration is the loca-
tion of the tank. No one would think
of keeping a rubber-plant or a geranium
in a dark corner. A place in the sunlight
is necessary; do not confuse sunlight
with sunshine. Water plants will inva-
riably cease to function and decay unless
they are given sufficient light to perform
the process of photosynthesis, in which
the needed oxygen is liberated for the
fishes. But while it is absolutely neces-
sary that they have light, on the other
hand too much light will have another
consequence. Doubtless everyone has
seen the green slime peculiar to swamps
and pools, commonly mis-termed malaria
water. A similar condition will soon pre-
vail in the aquarium if it is allowed to
stand in the direct rays of the sun. This
is caused by an excessive growth of algae,
a group of one-celled plants. So well do
they thrive with warmth and sunshine
that in a few weeks they may dominate
the tank, covering and choking the higher
plants, in some instances even rendering
movement on the part of the fishes dif-
ficult. A large sheet of tissue paper ap-
plied to the side of the aquarium nearest
the window serves to prevent such an
excessive growth. Snails and tadpoles,
both of which feed on algae, may well be

introduced.

It is nothing short of idiocy to place
too many fishes in an aquarium. A single
hot day will work hayoe in an over-
stocked tank. Three or four fish will live
indefinitely in an aquarium of adequate
size if they are fed once a day and kept
out of reach of inquisitive boys with
long fingers and kind-hearted neighbors
who like to see the fish eat.

Many kinds of fish-foods are on the
market. Dried shrimp, ground to the
proper size, is a good winter food. In
the spring and summer small earth-
worms, white worms, mosquito larvae
and daphne are not to be excelled. The
fish should be fed sparingly, especially
when using dried foods. As soon as a
hit of food travels through the water and
lodges on the bottom unnoticed it is time
to stop. More if added will only remain
on the bottom to decompose. It may be
mentioned that the least desirable food
is the white rice-wafer so commonly sold.
The fishes should preferably be fed in the
morning.

lie they tank wholds inores thant ten
gallons the water need never be changed.
The water will evaporate, however, so
fresh water of the same temperature
should be added from time to time to
keep the level constant. With small
tanks half the water should be removed
by syphoning at intervals of two months

and refilled with fresh water.

The selection of fishes rests with the
owner. My advice is to start with hardy,
inexpensive fishes, such as those brought
from our southern States, or captured
in nearby ponds. Later, with mcreased
knowledge, the more expensive exotics
may be acquired. Hishes are apt to
perish at the beginning for no apparent
reason, and it is less discouraging to lose
a native fish easily replaced than it is a

costly tropical one. But in a short while,

Aquatic Lite 23

if the budding aquarist does not become
discouraged, dead fishes will be the excep-
tion. Interest will then become more
eclectic and tropical as well as cold-water
species will be studied and enjoyed. No
matter how burning the desire and how
GatholWwes the taste, let the motto be:
“Quality always before quantity.”

An Easily Constructed
Heated Aquarium
H. E. FINCKH

It was mid-winter and my ten perma-
nent heated tanks were fully populated.
The unexpected arrival of some forty
fine exotic fishes made necessary the
immediate construction of some sort of
heated accommodations. My eye rested
on an empty, rectangular kerosense can,
and within two hours the problem was
solved. |

The kerosene can I cut in two, length-
wise, thus making two deep trays of
equal size. The edges of the trays were
bent outward at right angles, forming a
flange on all sides an inch wide. From
one-inch lumber a frame was constructed
of such length and width that the flange
rested on the top, to which it was tacked
to prevent slipping. Through one side of
the frame an opening was cut to permit
the placing of a lamp below the pan, ven-
tilation being provided by several holes
drilled through the opposite side. The
lamp opening was closed by a piece of
glass held in place by two studs in such
a way that it may be pushed aside when
necessary.

The bottom of the tin tray was cov-
ered with a thick piece of felt, an estab-
lished all-glass tank placed thereon, and
the tin tray then filled with water . The
insertion of the lamp below placed the
heater in operation. The apparatus will
be understood by reference to the ap-
pended sketches.

—

On the morning following the making
of the heater the glass in my den stood
at 50 degrees, whereas the water in the
all-glass aquarium was just 70. This box,
and another constructed since, have now
been in operation for more than two
months, giving such satisfaction that |
venture the description to aid others who
may sometime be landed in a similar pre-

dicament.
see ee

Roosevelt Wild Life
Forest Experiment Station

The selection of one of America’s best
known authorities on fish life as Ichthy-
ologist at the Roosevelt Wild Life Forest
Experiment Station was announced by
the New York State College of Forestry
at Syracuse, when it became known that
Prof. T. L. Hankinson had accepted the
position. This is the first appointment
made to the technical staff of the station
since Dr. Charles C. Adams was made
director.

The selection is of particular import-

24 Aquatic Lite

ance, because it marks the continuation
by the Roosevelt station of years of
work in progress under the supervision
of the college. Professor Hankinson has
for five summers been engaged in the
study of the fish of Oneida Lake and in
the Palisades Interstate Park region, in
co-operation with Dr. Adams.

The selection of Professor Hankinson
for the Roosevelt Wild Life Forest Ex-
periment Station is the beginning of a
definite program of important work. So
far the work has been devoted to fish,
owing to limited funds, but now will be
extended to big game, game birds, fur-
bearing animals, game vermin and sim-
ilar forest problems.

“Tt is significant to know that the Roose-
velt Wild Life Forest Experiment Sta-
tion at the New York State College of
Forestry at Syracuse is the direct out-
growth of plans, presented to Mr. Roose-
velt in December, 1916, for the study of
the natural history of forest wild life.
He greeted the suggestions with instant
enthusiastic approval, and urged that
they should be taken up ‘in a big way.’”

This was the preliminary explanation
made by Dr. Charles C. Adams, Director
of the Station, when before the New
York Fish, Game and Forest League
convention he told for the first time the
latest plans for development of the sta-
tion and of the work already well under
way.

“The station is new in name,” Dr.
Adams said, “but its work is already
well under way. For the last five years
the New York State College of Forestry
has been making a study of the fish life
of the State, giving special attention to
the Oneida Lake and to the Palisades
Interstate Park. This survey work is in
the main to be continued by the Roose-
L. Hank-

inson, who has been associated with me

velt Station and Professor T.

in the fish survey for the College of For-
estry, now comes as the first full-time
member of the technical staff of the
Roosevelt Station.
under way.

It is now actually

“Such a station is unique, as no other
similar station or institution is known to
exist. It opens up a vast field for the
‘field naturalist.’ memorial to
Theodore Roosevelt the plan has already
received hearty support from many lead-
ing naturalists and sportsmen.

“The field is so large that I can only
give typical phases of the work as laid
out. There has, for instance, never been
made an exhaustive scientific study of a
trout stream in America. This will, it is
hoped, be made one of the specialties of
the Roosevelt Station. The relation of
fur-bearing animals to game vermin is
another subject
study.

“Upon a foundation of fact and infer-
ence such as can only be built up by
investigations on the ecology, life his-
tories, physiology, disease and heredity
of wild life we may hope to build up such
principles of management or policies for
wild life as will fit them into the texture
of modern social and economic life. It
is only when this is done in a scientific
manner that forest wild life will be intel-
ligently and sympathetically appreciated
and can be used by man to the best ad-
vantage. ‘This is in fact the largest wild
life problem.”

eee SS

ING a)

demanding detailed

The man in jail doesn’t have to dodge

automobiles.
Pasa SY

“Oh, Oswald is my darling boy,” sang
the maiden before the row; then she saw
him with another and she isn’t singing
now.
never seen a jealous goldfish.

Which reminds us that we have
Have
you?

To I I i a a AIC

Des Plaines Fish Farm

867 N. Dearborn Street Chicago, Illinois
(Hatchery at Des Plaines, III.)

Importers and Breeders of Gold and Tropical Fishes. Orders should be placed
now for the following fishes to be shipped after May 15th, when weather con-
ditions will permit safe transportation:

PITCH SOCUS a eae esis nce oie ovtralslsl siete'e.s1 olen eye's isle c 's,6) oe lteteleeye per pair, $2.00

(mottled—verysi rate) vec ierce oe carec< eiciernn sence: 4.00
ne UsMeOOdelaee eietrba tes co -ini siete sre eh caviass aclsa se there a aed sh ever alae 5 «< 2.00
Cy rintlOdOnenViaTle oe AtUSias aaj. eric cies cise clase crass sled cow sees dbeplere + € “« 2.00
Onyziaswlatipes: (Medaka. cers ciiecy) syed ciency chets ages hee mes persis wie 3 S se 50
Fete rand ria ekOLIMOSAl me.ce sitesicie cies ea oe cece Sis aus eilerelle vo eine wre oralerote e 50
Miphophocus heller= (young). os ss... eee eles nels sineke eee a > 1100
Macropodus viridi-auratus (young) ........................-0.. ss lOO
Gann busta lb COOK pcireis aceite nk oe eran ues sol cizsclarsh a ogMORh eine ols = fs 75
liondanellag florida ew yt seer sess aneieieiete oie cuche, «ltiele > slam ootonasheit oe ee “2.00
iPlatyposcilus pulchramsrereaenoe ce orien Lene per pair, $1.00 to 2.

NATURE’S FISHFOOD

For Goldfish For Tropical Fishes For Native Fish

A goed food is absolutely necessary if one would keep his fishes in good con-
dition. Nature’s Fish Food is the result of years of study and experiment. If
your dealer does not have it we will gladly send you a sample package for 20

cents.

cans cost 35 to 50 cents extra.

300 500 — > 300 C5 300 M5 300 C960 G9 000 CH 9090 M5 000 T5900 C5 000000

-
|

Aquatic Life
1918 — 1919 — 1920

OctoBErR. Aquarium Heating (Breder) ;
Hemiramphus fluviatilis (Brind); Mollienisia
latipinna (Heede); Blue-tailed Skink (Deck-
ert); Factors Controlling the Development of
Tropical Aquarium Fishes (Webber); Snails
in Aquaria (Gale) ; Habits of Black Bass, The
Pipe-fish, notes, etc.

NovemsBer. American Live-bearing Tooth-
carps (Bade); Aquarium Notes (Leitholf) ;

Notes on Krefftius adspersus (Freund) ; The
Anatomy of the Fish (Clark) ; Breeding Habits
of Burmese Fel (Finckh); A Bloated Axolotl
(Waite); The Name “Water Flea,” notes and

news.

DECEMBER. Cynolebias bellottii (Brind) ;
Tillaea recurva and Other Notes (Finckh) ;
Another Tank Heater (Kuhn); Aquarist vs.
Aquarian (Mellen); Emotions of Fishes
(Gale); A Cigar Box Aquarium (Modesto) ;
Florida Notes (Carlton) ; Photosynthesis, Mis-
ce:‘laneous notes, news, etc.

JAaNuary, 1919. Limia caudofasciata (Leit-
holf) ; Classification of Fishes (Stead); Color
Changes of the Chub-sucker (Hubbs) ; Neetro-
plus carpintis (Brind); A Simple Heated
Aquarium (Finckh); Notes on the Breeding
Habits of the Pigmy Sunfish (Poyser) ; Gold-
fish Farm of Kichigoro Akiyama, notes and
news.

Orders for fishes amounting to less than $5.00 cannot be filled. Shipping

| Stennis ike Canes? OPS ete Ne ea

FEBRUARY. Polycentropsis abbreviata(Brind) ;
Chologaster cornutus, the Fish of the Dismal
Swamp (Welsh); A Wood Aquarium (Pil-
kington); Danio malabaricus (Leitholf) ;
Notes on Native Fishes (Pray); Managing
the Aquarium (/nnes); Reactions of Fishes to
Habit-forming Drugs, The Boston Show, A
True Fish Story, notes and news.

Marcu. Breeding the Goldfish (Hanna) ;
Observations on the Chelonians of North
America, Part I (Shufeldt) ; Lucania ommata
(Welsh); Apistogramma agassizi (Heede) ;
The Water-fleas (Tompkins); Viviparous
Fishes-in-general (Stead); Breeding the
Striped Gourami (Simpson) ; Notes and news.

Arrit. The Surinam Toad (Deckert) ;
Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum (Brind); Keeping
Living Food Alive (Jnunes); Beware the
Dragonfly (Gordon); An Electrolytic Aerator
(Putnam); Water Lilies, Some Cultural and
Historical Notes (Pring) ; Beef vs. Liver, notes
and news.

May. Nanostomus eques (Brind); The
Water Horse-tail (Wobler) ; Observations on
the Chelonians of North America, Part II.
(Shufeldt); 1 Became a Fancier (Proctor) ;
A Peculiar Planorbis (Breder); Association
and Color Discrimination in Mudminnows and
Sticklebacks (White); The Hay Infusion
Microcosm (Woodruff); The Bladderworts,
notes and news.

June. Observations on the Chelonians of
North America, Part III (Shwfeldt) ; Gam-
busia episcopi (Brind); The Wheel Animal-
cules (Bade); Sonnet to a Goldfish (Burditt) ;
A Study of the Diamond Bass (Trell) ; The
Brook Stickleback (Barker); Goldfish in
China, Red-colored Water, Crappie Spawn in
Washington Aquarium, and Society News.

Juty. A Big-headed Gurnard (Fowler) ; The
Nesting Habits of Certain Sunfishes as Ob-
served in a Park Lagoon in Chicago (Hubbs) ;
Badis badis (Brind) ; The Paradise Fish (Bal-
leisen); The Garden a Terrarium (Brcder) ;
Philadelphia Aquarium, A Fish Elevator,
Akiyama Goldfish Farm, notes and news.

Aucust. Observations on the Chelonians of
North America, Part IV (Shufeldt); The
Steinhart Aquarium, with portrait of Ignatz
Steinhart; Lebias sophie (Brind) ; The Senses
of Fishes (Herrick); Marine Aquaria, An

Epidemic Among Fishes, Manufacture of
Pearl Buttons, etc.
SEPTEMBER. Platypoecilus maculatus

(Brind); Observations on the Chelonians of
North America, Part V (Shufeldt) ; Notes on
the Life-history of Planorbis corneus and
Other Freshwater Mollusks (Webster) ; Phil-
adelphia Exhibition, Naples Aquarium,
Aquaria in the Conservatory of the Missouri
Botanical Garden, Xiphophorus montezumae,
Freshwater Shrimp, notes and news.

January, 1920. Betta rubra (Heede) ; Ob-
servations on the Chelonians of North Amer-
ica, Part VI (Shufeldt); Beef Heart and
Beef Liver for Young Fishes; Notes on Mos-
quito Larvae (Hale); Lucania ommata (ex-
tension of range); Habits of Fundulus nottu
and Heterandria formosa; Linseed meal cause
of disease among trout; South Australian
Aquarium Society, Passaic Aquarium Society,
the Redfield Theory, etc.

Aquarium Specialty Co

414 East Tremont ave.,

New York City.
Dear Mr. Taubles:

Because we were unavoidably compelled to
swillow all kinds of substitute fishfoods for
the past three years, our health and happiness
were sore’y impaired.

We owe you our undying gratitude for feeding

us again on our old favorite:

Dried Flies and Insects

whereby we feel assured of fully recuperating.
Our flabby skins are already starting to round

out, and our appetites are really wonderful.
Your
POOR FISH W. M.
Why not earn a similar testimonial from your
own. fishes?
10¢. per ounce. $1.25 per pound, postpaid.

Aquarium Specialty Co

$14 Bast Tremont ave

New York City.

hh Fe EP Fe EO Fe EF FS BE Fs ES Fe

bs li niet et es es eG Ps es
mm ee ee me ees

*» SE FS FS FS PS FS PS PS FS PG Fh Bg BG BG 6 Ba 6 Fg PP Gs Ps Bi 9 Fs PR Pt Bs Os Pd FS PS BE 6 PE Ps Bs PS sft

Wear a Handsome Solid Gold
Pin of Your Favorite Fish

1919,

We have produced a_ beautiful

watch-fob for the gentlemen, and

ladies. These fishes are made of

and are of excellent workmanship. An odd

and attractive piece of jewelry now being worn

by many aquarists. Your choice of Telescope,

Lionhead or Sealare. Same size as illustrations.

Prices, Including War Tax:

Scalare, $7.25, postpaid.

Lionhead, $7.25, postpaid.

Telescope, with ruby eye, $7.75, postpaid.

Telescope, with diamond eye, $9.25, postpaid.
We are in a position to supply pins of your

favorite pet. Price quoted on application.

A Choice Diet for Your Fish

Stil-B-Nu Fishfood is a_ scientifically prepared
food, containing the most nutritious ingredients;
a proved and tested food for all aquarium fishes.
A trial, and your food problem is solved. Coarse
and fine. We recommend fine for Tropicals.
Price 20c. box; 3 boxes 50c., postpaid.

Stil-B-Nu Dried Shrimp. This food contains
nothing but shrimp, which is dried and properly
prepared to make a choice morsel for all kinds

Stil-B-Nu

Co.

searfpin and
a brooch for
solid gold,

of fishes. Coarse or fine. We recommend fine
for Tropicals. Price 20c. box; 38 boxes 50c.,
postpaid.

Stil-B-Nu Infusoria Culture is essential to the

aquarists who desire to raise Gold and Tropical
fishes. This culture is a result-producer. Full
directions with each box. Price 50c., postpaid.

Stil-B-Nu
bination

Fish Remedy—a
for the treatment
ete., of tropical and fancy
fail to have a box or two on hand for the
first sign of trouble. Full directions in each
box. Price: 6 tablets in a box, 25c., postpaid.

Stil-B-Nu Aauarium Salts will
toward keeping your fishes in
replacing the lime and

non-poisonous
of fungus,
goldfishes.

com-
tail-rot,
Don’t

go a long
good health by
salts as they are ab-
Price: 6 tablets

way

sorbed by the fishes and snails.
postpaid.

in a box, 2&c.,

Stil-B-Nu Square Nets,
55c., postpaid.

Made in two
34% and 5 inches.

sizes,

of excel-
tip’ are
aecess

is manufactured by us, and is made
lent material. The frame and ferule
brass, made square shape, allowing easy
to the corners. <A real net.

Stil-B-Nu Aquarium Scrapers—something entirely

new. setter order one today and avoid placing
the hand in the aquarium when you clean it.
Price 35c., postpaid.

Easy-Reading Aquarium Thermometers, espe-
cially made for us. These instruments are
accurate and tell at a gance the temperature
of your water. No aquarium is comp'ete with-
out a thermometer. Price $1.00, postpaid.

good magnifying

Pocket Magnifying Glass. <A

glass is offen needed by the aquarist, especially
when collecting insects and raising infusoria.
We have an excellent glass, priced very reason-

ably at $1.75,

Get our prices on Go'd and Tropical Fishes,
Snai's, Plants, Aquariums, Acuarium Stands,
Castles, Books and Japanese Art Novelties.

STIL-B-NU SUPPLY CO

427 East Girard Avenue Philadelphia

postpaid.

Ss ts Ps PS Pe Pe SF SO SS OP

5 5 8 ss ss

et ee ees
oS ‘ 6 8 FS ES FS FS BS os BG PS Fs Bs BB fF ff PF S| Ps FS FG BS BG Pe PS PS OS Ps PS BR FS PS PS BA Sn BS SPO 9 BSE 6 PSS

pom co 6 Ot Os a ss Of

Fred. G. Schaefer |
Breeder of Fancy Goldfish

Show stock of Veiltail Calico and Black Tele-
scopes always on hand. All species of tropical

fishes and plants. Wholesale and retail,

1610 North Second Street

Eight Pairs of Fine, Large Pterophyllum Scalare !
Philadelphia |
oe

/ Cheap.
(
Sh»

a 6 Pa Pi 6 Ot 6 Fs PS OS 8 Ps 8

AQUARIUMS

HENRY KISSEL, JR.

Breeder & Fancier of Broadtail Telescopes

Racine, Wisconsin

Tropical Fishes, Plants and Snails.
Fishes, Plants, etc., Sold at Conservatory Telephone 461 Cliffside
241 Walker Street, Cliffside, N. J.

Fine Broad-tail Telescopes
BLACK and CALICO

Correspondence Solicited

GEORGE WILT, 1519 N. 62d Street,
PHILADELPHIA

The Original Enchytraeid Breeder

Feed your fishes white worms, which can be
raised indoors throughout the year. Generous
portion, 60 cents, with full instructions for
raising them.
CHARLES E. JENNE
230 5th Street Union Hill, N. J.

i a eT

or Excellent Conformation
n Color Cannot Be Beat
how Their Quality in Finnage

ave Blues, Blacks and Calicos

foro

very Fancier Should Look Them Over

ee Them at C. C. VOWINKEL
Philadelphia, Pa

goe—m—mes PS Ps PS OS Os Fs Fs es es Os

j 5109 Catherine Street

|
(
(
(
te

| Several thousand

Young Broadtail Telescopes
and Japs

in all the desirable colors, with deep
bodies and from two to four inches
long. Per dozen, $10 and up.

Gneiding’s Goldfish Hatchery
Ridgefield Park
Phone, Hackensack 2599W

New Jersey

a Fs ss es es ee |
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| Aquatic Life
/ When

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Advertisers

oa SSS Oa 6 5 6 9 6 Bs 9 6 Bd Fl 6 Fs Pd Fs es s,

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SCRIMSHAW’S
FISH HATCHERY

1431 N. Clark Street, Chicago, III.

Telephone, Superior 4415.

Auto Delivery.

(

Importer and Breeder of a Large
! Nanereant Ghldhandelcanicalerches
|
l
|
l
l
PS

Non-hardening aquarium cement that contains
no oil or glycerine. Complete line of aquariums
kept in stock; special sizes made to order.

Large stock of tropical fishes always on hand (36
species). Shipments made to all parts of the
United States and Canada. Plants,
general supplies for the aquarist.

snails and

I will pay cash for your surplus fishes, if first-
elass stock.

Birds, eages and _ bird-houses. Kennels. Dogs
bought and sold on commission. Talking parrots,
warbling canaries, ete. Can furnish any sort of
What do you want?

SP Ps |
OP Pe Fe 4 8 PP Fs FH ly a ee ee ee el

live stock.

Out-of-Town Customers name County When

Ordering. |
oe

9 6 P55 6 Ps Os Ps Os

Daa Oo So SSa000 SCS CSF

ba)
AQUATIC MICROSCOPY
( BY DR. ALFRED C. STOKES
SPLENDID, not too technical hand
book of the lower organisms for the
8 inquiring aquarist who dislikes to be

nonplused by scientific verbiage. 324

pages, with 198 illustrations.
$2.50 Plus Postage on 2 Pounds

Address Aquatic Life

oS ae Caan

> Comm!

If Your Fish Are Not Doing Well—Try
ENCHYTRAEIDS - White Worms

The natural and best food for goldfishes, barring
none. Package, 50c. (cash or check), with in-
structions for raising a constant supply.

PAUL MARQUARDT, 829 Teutonia Avenue, Milwaukee, Wis

$1.50 - Brind’s New Book - $1.50
‘“‘The Practical Fish Fancier’’

Was $3.00—has paid for itself, so you get the
benefit. This work shows Fish, Plants, etc., in
natural colors and half-tone.

Illustrates 138 Fish—Tropical, Gold and Do- |

mestic; 210 Plants and 4o Insects, Parasites,
Infusoria, etc.

W. L. BRIND, 449 W. 206th Street
NEW YORK

coo > Co CO

GOLDFISH

1,500,000
PLAIN & FANCY

Ready for market at rock-bottom prices.
ped anywhere in United States or Canada.
for our illustrated catalogue.

Oriental Goldfish and Supply Co
3757 - 3761 Cottage Grove Avenue
Chicago, Illinois

Ship-
Write

COCCOOCOOOCOCCOCC0 C00 000000
IODODOO 000000 COOC000C00

OOO000G0D 000000 000000000000 000000

TROPICALS vs. GOLDFISH

The quality of a fishfood is proven when
the majority of leading breeders use it:

thats YOGI. Ask your dealer or druggist
or send for it by mail.
By mail 17c

Yogi 15c box.

Yogi 75c Pound Add Postage
Magic (Infusoria) 50c Postpaid
Robert J. Schaeffer
1818 Frankford Avenue Phila., Pa

FISH FOOD
Manofactured only by
ROBT. } SCHAEFFER
PRICE, 160.

Sticansta Aquarium Cement

At its name implies, it sticks and stays where
it is put. Has the adhesiveness of glue and
the pliancy of rubber. Contains no oil, lead
or glycerine, and does not harden or corrade
with age. S. A. SCRIMSHAW

1431 N. Clark Street, Chicago, Illinois.

Sale or Exchange

; Surplus Stock of Rare and Fancy Fish
Order Direct TO-DAY as only a limited number of copies left |

Plants of All Kinds
G. Germann, 0. D. 3823 N. Richmond St. Chicago

Phone: Monticello 6864.

Mollienisia latipinna (or velifera)

Some scientists assert that Velifera is but a perfectly developed latipinna—the only sort we

ship. Per dozen, $4.00.

Cyprinodon variegatus (Sheepshead Minnow),
Notropis metallicus, Fundulus heteroclitus, Gambusia holbrooki, Goldfish—all varieties.

Shubunkins (Spotted Goldfish), $4.00 per dozen.

Japanese Snails, $2.00 and $2.50 per dozen.
Vallisneria (narrow leaf), 30 cents per dozen; Vallisneria (wide leaf), 60 cents per
dozen; Sagittaria (broad leaf), 75 cents per dozen; Water Poppy, $1.00 per dozen; Cabomba,
and Myriophyllum

Plants.

Giant Anacharis,

bunches,

Potomogeton
Egyptian Lotus (dormant tubers

Ae).

All plants postpaid.

Freshwater Shrimp, sun dried, shelled and shredded.

Coarse,

best live food.

CRESCENT FISH FARM, 1624 Mandeville Street, New Orleans, La,

)

8 other substances.
|

O00 C000 C006 G9 000 000 000 C009 000 000 a O00)

best time
White and Yellow Water Lilies (dormant tubers), 50 cents each; (seeds, 15 cents per pack-

medium or fine, $1.10 per pound,
chytraeus), per portion, 50 cents, with instructions how to breed a continuous supply.
A collection of twelve varieties of aquarium plants, $1.00, postpaid.
remitting for fishes please include 50 cents for shipping can.

$3.00 per dozen.

dozen
Red,

spicatum (milfoil), 75 cents per

to plant), 50 cents each.

The best fish food. Contains no
postpaid. White Worms (En-

The
When

[Let ee ee

000 C000 C

EVERYTHING IS FISH THAT COMES
TO THE NET OF A NATURALIST

Don’t paddle in the water with one hand and
be blind with both eyes. In other words,
“keep your eves open’’ for all nature.

Our Magazine

he Guide to ature
Will Help You

It is edited by EDWARD F. BIGELOW, who
fishes in the heavens and earth, as well as the
waters under the earth.

—>000 C000 S000

Four months’ trial, 25c. One year, $1.00.
THE AGASSIZ ASSOCIATION
ArcAdiA
Sound Beach Connecticut

<—Sc°c°c—Dc

ree a a a,

Red Helleri

Winner of first prizes—silver cup and gold medal. |
A new fish for aquarists. The most attractive
live-bearing fish. We now have them for. sale.

rtubrostigma, Hybrids—pulchras and rubras—

A fine stock of Haplochilus cameronensis, H. :
and 35 other species of fishes. ll

S. SILVER
235 East llth street, New York city, N. Y.
(Between 2d and 38d avenues.)

(SS | a 0 0 0 a (SSS)

3900C——>000cC——DSo000co000-+¥

Goldfishes
;

Blacks Blues and Vari-hues

None for sale at present! oes

GEORGE A. SCHENK
Mount Vernon, N. Vic 2

aor eee

C5000 C9000 Cc >cc7oc>:

-Veiltail
TELESCOPES

Beautiful’ Breeders
Prize Winning Stock
$12.00 Per Pair

g
Franklin Barrett ket
=

OOO 000 TM S000000 C=] o00

401 to 417 East Wyoming Avenue
eis iam as

& AQUARIUM S.aiz82
is “‘ Goldfish Varieties & Tropical
Aquarium Fishes’’, byWm.T.Innes,
former President of the Aquarium |
Society of Phila.; 250 pages, 195 baie
illueteationsenabells all about the < Ewin
fancy varieties of the Goldfish and ‘Q:E\hi
nearly 300 tropicals ; how to breed
them, etc., etc. For the beginner
or the advanced expert.

A complete, practical, handsome

book. sent postpaid anywhere for -
$4.00 Enlarged edition now ready.

INNES & SONS - 133 N. 12th St. - Phila., Pa.

Diatoms
Strewn slides of diatoms offered in ex-
change for similar slides, diatomaceous
material, or slides of any character.

Editor, Aquatic Life

C00 000000000 Sa T5000000000000

FRANCIS K.CHRISTINE

Manufacturer of ‘‘Shield of Quality’’ Fishfood,

15c. and 20c. a box. For Tropicals, 25c.

|
|
|

Creation (the New Infusoria),
Use Without Sheep Manure.

Broadtail Telescopes and 25 varieties of Trop-

icals. <All aquarium requisites. Special Dwarf
Gouramies. Mail orders and inquiries promptly
attended to.

518 BELGRADE STREET

PHILADELPHIA

ear Oe eer

i” “AQUARIA FISH” ih

A practical work on care and breeding of fish
in the aquarium,, greenhouse and outdoor ponds.
Finely illustrated.

Everyone interested in keeping fish should send
for a copy of this book. Price $1.00.

| Tappan’s Natural Fish Food.

Three boxes, post-
paid, 25c.

Guinea Pigs and Thoroughbred Collie Pups, beau-
tifully marked. Write for prices.

F. L. TAPPAN

Route 2, Hopkins, Minn. j

Aquatic Lite
Vol. II sae Vol. IIl

$2.25 each, postage paid 8
“Volumes average 165 pages and as

many - illustrations. Substantial cloth
binding, with title page and complete
index. (Stock of Volume II is small.)
WANTED: One hundred copies of
Volume -I, loose or bound. Can use
single issues. Address publisher. _}

iOOOQ30000:

JAPANESE GOLDFISH |

By DR. HUGH M. SMITH

A guide to the methods of breeding
fancy goldfish practiced in Japan. The
result of the personal investigations
of the author. Ten breeds are illus-
trated in color, with numerous text
cuts; 112 pages.

$2.00, plus postage on 2 pounds.

Address Aquatic Life

HERMAN RABENAU, Aquarist
PERMANENT DISPLAY OF
Aquatic Life & Terraria

must be seen to be appreciated

Visitors Welcome
Plants and Tropical Fish a Specialty
Importations of New Varieties received
regularly
11683 Myrtle Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Near Broadway.

BREEDER AND IMPORTER
Rare and Fancy Fish

Plants of every variety, Snails and
Aquarium Supplies of all kinds at all
times.

MANUFACTURER OF

Green River Fish Food
15c Box

Green River Baby Fish Food
20c Box

A GOOD FISH FOOD is one of the
most essential things necessary to
keep fish in good health. After the
test of years Green River stands out
as the best food on the market. It
keeps the fish in good color by pro-
moting a healthy, robust growth. It

will not sour or cloud the water. Ask
your dealer or send for it today.
, S000 C5600 Cao

O00!

Breeders

Large assortment of Splendid Telescopes
and Jap Goldfish at Reasonable Prices

Large Assortment of fine
LIONHEADS

Shipping Cans 50 cents

HARRY P. PETERS
1210 NORTH WARNOCK STREET

PHILADELPHIA
Pee ai a ee

GOLDFISH, FOODS, PLANTS, DIP NETS

Combination Natural Fish Food - Sample Box 10c
Japanese Shrimp Fish Food - Sample Can 15c
Baby Fish Food Sample Box 15c
Glass Feeding Rings 15c, 25c¢ 35c Each
Mail Orders Promptly Attended to

Special Prices on Quantity Lots.
Cash With Order.

Catalogue Sent Upon Request.

AQUARIUM STOCK CO
273 Greenwich Street New York City

COOOCOOGOOC— 000!

c ippon Goldfish Co

T, MURATA, Proprietor.
1919-21 Bush Street, San Francisco, Cal
Importers and Dealers

GOLDFISH PLANTS SNAILS
Dried Shrimp, Birds, Cages and All
Supplies

NEW STOCKS ARE COMING!

Price List Sent on Request

a
—-

Jacob C. Cassel

915 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pa

Manufacturer of

AQUARIUMS

Aquarium Ornaments
Floral Terra Cotta, Etc.

Fish Globes Fish Food
and all aquarium requisites.

Send-for Catalog.

Goldfish

$2000 COD 000 00S 000 GS GS GSI GDOGOOOO COO OGO COO:

Aquatic Life

Vol. V. March, 1920 No. 3

An international monthly magazine devoted ta
the study, care and breeding of fishes and other
animals and plants in the home aquarium and

terrarium.

Wi Ave POMSEIR. ociisieree aia levete/aovoetetete ee EDITOR
JOSEPH E. BAUSMAN .......:.. PUBLISHER
542 East Girard Avenue .......... Philadelphia

Entered as second-class matter, September 2d,
1915, at the Post Office, Philadelphia, Pa., under
Act of March 3d, 1879.

Popular and scientific artic’es and notes on sub-
jects pertaining to the aquarium and terrarium,
and to the habits of fishes in general, are always
wanted for ‘‘Aquatic Life.’’ Readers are invited
to join in making it a medium of mutual help by
contributing to it the results of their studies. The
pages are always open to anyone having informa-
tion of interest to the aquarist and student of
aquatie biology. Manuscripts, books for review
and general correspondence should be addressed
to the editor.

“‘Aquatie Life’? has the largest circulation of
any magazine in the world devoted to aquatic
nature-study. It offers to advertisers a market
that can be reached through no other medium.
Rates made known on application.

YEARLY SUBSCRIPTION................ $1.25
FOREIGN SUBSCRIPTIONS............... 1.50
SENG TE COR Ney eo aieialnslelel«'o\eleleye =e /eivie)e o/a/\ele 15

Payments should be made by money order, draft
or registered letter. If local checks are sent, ten
cents should be added for collection charges. Tor-
eign remittances should be by international money
order,
Copyright,

1920, by Joseph E. Bausman.

COO00O000 000 000 CD CCC 000000000 C00 C00 CC CO C000 00S O0C 000000
COO COCO COO 000 CD CCCI 000 O00 000000000 C DCI C000 000000000!

$2000000000 000000 SS G5=5000000000000000e%,

hapiiiicinietimmemiccanea cae |

T. P. LOVERING §

AQUARIST
WILMINGTON, NORTH CAROLINA

New Varieties Aquatic Plants
Choice and Rare Specimens
Snakes and Reptiles

Tropical Fishes

8
8
8
:
:
3
| Fundulus nottii, $1.50 per pair.
Elassoma evergladei, $1.75 per pair.
Heterandria formosa, $1.00 per pair.
M. chaetodon, 50c each

Small turtles, $1.25 per dozen.
Newts, $1.00 per dozen.
8
:
:
:
8

Wholesale to dealers.

$1.00 SPECIAL

Attractive assortment

of Plants

Sufficient stock for
private aquarium.

SOOO COO COS O00 000 000000000000 060 O00 000 COCO COO COO O00 S00 000000000000 Cc

50000000000000000000000000000000000003-3,

poe oo Seen ree ee

| Water Gasdenine |

gives the fullest measure of beauty and pleasure
to those who intelligently make the most of the
individual situation. For guidance the best book
on the subject should be in your library.

THE BOOK OF WATER GARDENING

will help you create a picture that will never-
more be ealled (by your neighbors) ‘‘a durn old
stagnant pool.’’

The book contains 140 illustrations, more than
enough to give you a comprehensive idea of the

decorative possibilities of water plants. The
Price is $2.75
THE BOOK DEPARTMENT AQUATIC LIFE

Philadelphia

#2000 CDN CI G9 000 C59 C9 9D:

-COOCS C3 90000009 5 SOOO

2c) 000000000000 HDC 000000 S00 000 Cor ¥

SPECIAL! 6 Articles for $1.00 Mailed to You Postpaid

EON CAMA
ERCURMESE Et eoon

5
For GOLD ann TROPICAL FISH
8
|
od

Fishfood 15c Box
Babyfood 20c Box
‘| Dried Shrimp 20c Box

' Aquarium Scrapers 35c
Aquarium Cement 35c lb

Feeding Cork 10c
Send Bs this Special $). 35
o-day ;

WM. G. SARBACHER, 1318 N. Dover St,, Phila., Pa

0000000005003 —3 000000000000}

2 300 000 M4000 C4000 000

FF FS FS FS PFS PS Fs FS A FS BS FS BB FS FG Ff Fs FG Fs Fg Fg fg —

i
| (The Australian Congolly

HERBERT M. HALE, South Australian Museum

ee Fa SP SF 6 BG BF SR AS BS PS HS BB Fs fg fg

| nee Sea

te a ee te sc
LA J

5 6 6 FS CFG Fe 6 Os Ps Os Fe

The Congolly

Photograph by the author

foo memes Da 6 Pa 6 OR 6 FS Os FS Os Fs 6 PB Fs B90 9g OS 6 9g Sg Se 6

The “Congolly,” known to fishermen
as the “Sandy Whiting,” is popular with
Australian aquarists. Living in most of
our estuarine rivers, it thrives equally
well in fresh, brackish or sea water. Full-
grown specimens measure nearly twelve
inches in length, but smaller examples
are more suitable for aquaria. A wild
fish makes itself at home at once and in
a few days becomes quite tame. Although
a “bottom” fish it is in no way incon-
spicuous and a movement at the front
of the glass will always bring ‘t to the
fore. As regards food it is equally accom-
modating, but appears to prefer earth
worms to anything else.

Towards the close of last summer a
friend and I obtained some fishes from
the coast, at a spot where fresh water
from a river mixes with the sea water
from Pt. Adelaide. Here we found that
the normally brackish creek was but a

Pseudaphritis urvillii

$ Pe A * A SO GP SF i A 6

series of large disconnected pools, in
which the water, owing to months of
evaporation, had become much salter than
the sea. The increase of salinity having
been very gradual, Gobies, Atherines and
Congollies had accustomed themselves to
the new conditions and were present in
great numbers. We collected dozens of the
last-named fish, and°on reaching home
placed several direct from the salt into
fresh water. At first the movements of
the gill-covers were abnormally rapid,
but otherwise the fishes showed no dis-
comfort at the abrupt change. Ina few
minutes they were busily feeding on mos-
quito larvae and now, six months later,
are still quite healthy. After this long
sojourn in fresh water, I recently put
one of them into a marine aquarium; the
result of the sudden transference was
as before, the fish immediately accepting

food.

DO
(op)

Aquatic Lite

These Congollies were taken from a
pool with a white sand bottom and when
first obtained were practically colorless.
After installing them in a well-planted
aquarium with a dark gravel bottom a
totally different appearance was assumed.
The characteristic chequered pattern
soon became apparent, rendering the
fishes less easy of detection in their new

surroundings. To obtain a photograph

Portion of skin of Congolly
Showing color-cells

Photomicrograph by the author

the example whose picture is here repro-
duced was placed in a small aquarium
standing near a window. In this bright
situation the fish at once commenced to
pale, the color markings eventually
almost disappearing.

Many fishes alter the intensity of their
coloring in protective resemblance of
their surroundings, or when influenced
by various emotions; even the individual
markings sometimes change to a consid-
erable extent. Incorporated in the skin
are numerous pigment cells which are
capable of great contraction; when so
reduced the colors become pale or indis-
tinct. Differently colored cells are pres-
ent, and when those containing one par-

ticular pigment are expanded and the
others contracted to tiny dots, the pre-
dominating color of the fish is that of
the relaxed cells. In the same way dif-
ferent markings appear and disappear on
the skin. Aquarists are familiar with the
color changes of the Paradise Fish dur-
ing the breeding season.

The Congolly (Pseudaphritis urvillii)
was originally described and figured by
Cuvier and Valenciennes in their “His-
toire Naturelle des Poissons” in 1831;
since then no illustration of the fish has

been published.
see

The Cleveland Society

The Cleveland Aquarium Society was
founded at a meeting held on January
12 at the Cleveland Chamber of Indus-
try. Rev. Frederick R. Webber pre-
sided. ;

A committee was appointed to draft
a constitution and arrange other details
for discussion and adoption at the next
meeting.

The chairman read a very interesting
paper on the care of aquaria and fishes.
This was followed by a general discus-
sion, and everyone became well ac-
quainted. It is hoped that the activities
of the Society will result in the establish-
ment of a public aquarium.—Ralph Ff.
Whipple.

ah ea

“Delia,” said Mrs. Barrows sternly,
“T met that policeman today who sat in
the kitchen with you so long last night,
I took advantage of the opportunity to
speak to him.”

“Oh, go on now,” replied Delia, with
a smile. “Ye needn’t think that'll make
me wan bit jealous, mum, o1 have got
him safe enough.”—New York Globe.

Somehow the majority of our habits
seem to be bad.

= |
|
(

a 63 6 $a 5 $s Ss |

BB hb Bo Fk Bh 6 Bo Bh BB i Fh i SB Od Fs a 8 a i tT hme me ees

+ 5 6 6 6 8 gg Fs Ph PS Fs PS Ps Ps Bs FS PSPS SS EB FS

Soft-shelled turtles of the family
Amydidae constitute a very conspicuous
and rather numerous group of fresh
water chelonians, of which we have but
four or five species, out of nearly thirty,
in this country. Southern Asia, Africa
and the East Indies are the regions where
the majority are found, and they belong
in several genera. On the other hand,
the North American species all fall in

the same genus—the genus danyda—of

Ge (A RR | a a

Observations on the Chelonians
of North America. VIII.

DR em Wwe iSite P ELD, Gravee. s

a
FL se se fy

Young of the Southern Soft-shelled Turtle

Ce i > A

0 6 PS OG 8 SP 6 8 6 OS OS PR 6 PS PS BG OR Pd Pe Ps 1 Fh Fs FS Fs PF os

ee Re 6 hf PS PG Fh OS Ps Pe SS OG Od Fe Os PS As Ps |

which we have four quite distinct species.
These are the Southern Soft-shelled
Turtle (A. ferox), the Spiny Soft-shelled
Turtle (A. spinifer), the Brown Soft-
shelled Turtle (A. mutica), and Emory’s
Soft-shelled Turtle (A. emoryi). The
first-named is found from Georgia to
Florida and westward as far as Louisi-
ana; the Spiny occurs in the central part
of the United States; the Brown has the
same range as the Spiny; and, finally,

28 Aquatic Lite

Emory’s Soft-shell occurs in the tribu-
taries of the Rio Grande in Texas and
elsewhere.

Any one of these species is entirely dif-
ferent, both in appearance and in struc-
ture, from any of our other fresh-water
species ; upon the other hand, they exhibit
some very striking differences among
themselves, with respect to their external
characters.

Recently I have been engaged upon
the anatomy of A. fero.x, fine specimens

As a group, all of these soft-shelled
turtles are entirely different in structure
and appearance from all other species
inhabiting our inland waters. In any one
of them, the entire shell is plable and
leathery, especially in front and_ pos-
teriorly. When we take a medium-sized
Amyda ferox out of the water, we may
note that its shell is so flexible in front
that it droops over the orifice into which
the head has been withdrawn. More-

over, the entire animal is much com-

Head of the Southern Soft-shelled Turtle; dorsal view

of which have been sent me from the
South by Mr. Fred. W. Walker, of Or-
lando, Florida. Mr. Walker is a very
energetic collector, and a good natural-
ist; he has promised other southern spe-
cies of turtles in the near future, and
I trust to figure and describe them in this
series of articles as they come to hand.

It also gives me pleasure to once more
thank Mr. Edward $. Schmid, of Wash-
ington, D. C., for several beautiful speci-
mens of the young of Amyda fero.x, as
well as for the young of other turtles,
which will be figured later on in

AQUATIC LIFE.

pressed in the vertical direction. Its
snout is run out proboscis-fashion, and
it possesses a very long and flexible neck.
Being a species of ferocious temper, with
wonderful control over the projecting
capacity of this lengthy neck, it can
thrust it out with almost incredible celer-
ity and seize one by the finger or hand,
inflicting a wound often of very decided
severity. The edges of its jaws are of
razor-like sharpness, and as weapons
they are concealed beneath the thin, over-
laying skin. After a thrust and a strike,
it can, with marked rapidity, draw its
(Continued on page 35)

a Re

i me et ee

Every aquarist knows I[chthyopthirius
multifilius, the parasitic infusorian which
destroys many tropical aquarium fishes,
as well as trout, brook trout,
and even carp, shad, pike and whitefish.
It exists both in the aquarium and in the
native haunts of fishes. The infested
fish hangs listlessly in the water, with
drooping fins. Now and then it “shakes”
violently from side to side.
gling movement is almost constant dur-
ing the later stages. After a few days
the fish appears to be covered with small
white spots, like fine salt sprinkled over
its body. If examined closely, small pits
are discovered where the grains have
The fins are also affected. The

rainbow

This wrig-

been.

Ichthyophthirius multifilius

REV. FREDERICK R. WEBBER, Cleveland Aquarium Society

Aquarium with Cover Glass

Parasite dividing

te ef

6S 6 6 ss ks roe

SF 6 Fh Fd Ps FF SF SF FF FS SF 43 4 FF FF

Swarm -s pores

6 Fe A Bs Fs FS Ft Fe ct PF Ff FP FP

.
FP FS 6 8 Yk Sd 5 6 6 6 SF SP SB S36 PS 9 SS cP

cause is a small ciliated protozoan, from
one-half to less than one millimeter in
size. \When examined under a micro-
scope, we find that the parasite is round,
of protoplasmic structure, and completcly
covered with cilia. The contained pro-
toplasm is filled with round, somewha
opaque granules, making the crescent-
shaped nucleus difficult to distinguish.
In some pustules two animals are found.

The young parasite is a free-swimming
creature, which moves rapidly through
the water, often in an irregular course,
turning rapidly on its own axis. If no
host is found the animal may perish,
although some have been known to live

in water for a long time. When a fish-

30 . Aquatic Lite

host is found, the young parasite attaches-

himself thereto, boring into the epidermis.
An otherwise diseased fish is particularly
in danger, as it is usually covered with a
layer of slime which is favorable to the
purposes of the pest. It bores into the
membrane and, rotating within the cyst,
proceeds to feed upon the vital fluids of
the unfortunate host.

A knowledge of the life-history of the
parasite is necessary that it may intelli-
gently be combatted. As we have said
before, the pest begins its life as a free-
swimming, microscopic creature. Hav-
ing fastened to the host, it feeds for a
period varying from a few days to a
week or two, depending on the tempera-
ture of the water. The warmer the water
the more rapid is the development. Then
the parasite leaves the host, dropping to
the bottom of the aquarium in a Jjelly-
like cyst.

At this stage of its progress, authori-
ties differ. Some writers, such as Hofer,
in his “Fischkrankeiten,”’ state with as-
surance that the only method of propa-
gation is by division. The parasite, they
say, divides into two, these two into four,
the four into eight, and the eight into
sixteen, up to certain limits, which some
observers have placed as high as several
hundred. Others who have made a
minute study, such as Harvey A. Van
Cott, declare with equal conviction that
it multiplies in two ways: by division as
we have already described, and also by
the formation of spores, even while still
on the body of the host. Hofer denies
this. He says: “The previously dissem-
inated view that the multiplication of the
Ichthyopthirius parasite takes place
within the pustule and that the escaping
young immediately seek a host in their
vicinity has been shown to be false by
recent investigation, a circumstance that
is important in the treatment of the dis.

ease.

Whether the pest multiplies only when
quiescent on the bottom of the tank, or
whether it also forms spores while on
the body of the fish, remains a disputed
feature. We believe that we are safe
in saying that it multiplies in both ways;
on the bottom of the tank by division,
and also by the formation of spores.
Further, it seems that some investigators
have found these to take place both on
the fish and also in the water. When
spores are formed, the crescent-shaped
nucleus seems to widen out within the
cell, and then break up into many minute
granules. Then the cell wall breaks, and
these “granules” swim out, each one a
voracious pest.

If the German theory is true, that the
adult parasite drops from the fish to the
bottom of the tank, lies there in a qui-
escent state for some hours, and then
multiplies, the remedy would be simple.
It would be necessary only to change the
water three times a day, say at 6 A. M.,
2 P. M. and 10 P. M.- In so doing the
pests that fall to the bottom will be
washed away gradually, until within a
week or two none are left. We have
known this treatment to be attempted in
several instances with good results. One
man reported two years ago that he had
saved a tank of Haplochilus chaperi in
this manner. In the same way another
saved a number of Xiphophorus helleri
and Lebistes reticulatus. But we know
of other repeated attempts where this
treatment either failed, or in case the
parasites seemed to be washed away, the
fishes later refused to eat and apparently
died of starvation.

ne aquarist states that the surest way

is to place the fish in swiftly flowing

water, of the proper temperature, of

He argues that whatever may

be the correct method of propagation, the
(Concluded on page 32)

course.

mt mt ef
.

|
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Soe ich

Rivulus strigatus was introduced to
me by Mr. John Lowel, of The Aqua-
rium Society, in 1913. He had one or
two pairs at that time, having received
them from Germany through an engi-
neer on one of the German steamships
then plying between Cuxhaven or
Bremen and.New York City. The male
fish showed such brilliant colors and
well-defined markings that they made a
lasting impression on my mind. I was
naturally anxious to secure a pair for
study, but my persuasive powers were
not equal to the task, and so I left my
friend’s house without them. Since then
I have owned a number of pairs, and the
intimate association did not serve to dull
the glamour of that first meeting.

The male of the species has a con-
spicuous black collar around the outline
of the gill-covers and extending forward

The back

is warm chestnut-brown, merging . into

through the eyes to the snout.

the turquoise blue of the sides, on which
scarlet dots are arranged symmetrically
in “herring-bone” fashion as shown by
the illustrations; abdomen and _ throat,
creamy yellow. ‘The fins, save the pec-
torals which are transparent, are mot-

tled with brown and purple.

The female, as is often the case among
fishes, is much more somber. The back
is chestnut, passing to cream on the
throat and abdomen, with dark purplish-
brown dots arranged in the herring-bone
design on the sides.

As far as my knowledge goes, Mr.
Lowel did not succeed in breeding the

species. Later, however, specimens were

Rivulus strigatus

WALTER LANNOY BRIND, F. Z. S.

ca Sal EN cree See me

ts a 6 6 6 ee lo

es et ee

imported direct from Brazil by gentle-
men connected with the New York
Zoological Society, and they were suc-
cessful in having them spawn in an aqua-
rium holding about five gallons. The

eggs were deposited singly on the fila-
ments of Myriophyllum after the manner
of other species of the genus. Develop-
ment is comparatively slow, ten or more
days passing before the fry emerge.

Rivulus strigatus

With Infusoria abundant in the tank,
the young will thrive and grow apace.
In an emergency one may use finely pow-
dered nutritious dry food. When the fry
are large enough they may be given
small Daphne and Cyclops, after which
the growth will be more rapid and they
will soon be able to master young and
tender enchrytraeid worms.

While Rivulus strigatus is a native of
Brazil, it does not seem to demand a par-
ticularly high temperature, 73 degrees,
Fahrenheit, being sufficient except while
breeding, when it should be a few de-
grees higher. The largest specimens I

have seen measured two inches.
ae
When half a dozen women get together

they all talk at once. If they didn’t they
would never get through.

32 Aquatic Lite

Ichthyopthirius
(Concluded from page 30)

parasites will all be washed away within
two weeks.

Contact poisons or chemicals are use-
less to destroy the parasite. A chemical
strong enough to eat through the cyst
would likewise destroy the fish. The par-
asites within the water, or on the bottom,
may be destroyed in several way. A I
per cent. solution of lime is said to be
effective. A 10 per cent. to 20 per cent.
solution of common salt is also recom-
mended. One writer prefers a weak
But of
course these methods are only employed
to eliminate the parasite from the water
The

fishes should be removed before intro-

solution of the salts of copper.

and the bottom of the aquarium.

ducing the substance employed.
> 2

In order to rid the fish of the parasite,
Mr. Van Cott advises the use of a large
This

tank is provided with a heater, made by

aquarium, filled with clean water.

fitting an electric light bulb inside a fruit
Sev-
eral clean glass jars are also necessary.
One of these jars is filled two-thirds full

jar, and anchoring it in the water.

of clean, old water of the same temper-
ature as that from which the sick fish
is taken. A teaspoonful of sea salt is

added.

floated in the big aquarium, and the tem-

This jar, with the fish in it, is

perature slowly raised to 100 F. and
maintained there. ‘To retain the heat the

tank is well covered at night with a thick

blanket. In the morning, fill a second jar
with water of the same temperature,

change the fish to it and place in the
large aquarium as before. Discard the
water in the first jar, and sterilize thor-
cughly with hot water. Do this at least
twice daily for several days.

A method employed with success by

several members of the Chicago Aqua-

rium Society is both simple and seem-
ingly effective. As soon as the first symp-
toms of infection appear, a sack made of
cheesecloth is filled with sheep manure
and suspended in the tank, the tempera-
ture of the water being slowly raised and
thereafter maintained at an even degree.
The only objection to this method is the
unsightly color of the water and an inci-
dental rapid growth of filamentous algae,
but its frequent effectiveness and its stim-
ulation of plant-life within the aquarium
makes it well worthy of atrial. It is the
least bothersome of all the methods.

When the pest occurs, the treatment
should be prompt, painstaking and car-
ried out faithfully until the parasite is
eliminated. If the tank is not a valued
one, it is best to remove all plants, boil
the sand thoroughly and carefully clean
the tank, using new plants when reset-
ting. If the tank is a prized one, change
the water a number of times by syphon-

ing, taking care to remove all water and
sediment, and the top layer of sand. It

should be allowed to stand a
before stocking with fishes.

month

A wise aquarist will spare no pains to
maintain his tanks at a temperature suf-
ficient to keep the fishes in comfort and
health. Fluctuating temperature, and
especially chill, will reduce the vitality of
a fish and frequently lead to this disease.
A single infested fish will communicate
the parasite to others, and within a few
days a large tank of fine fishes may be
reduced to a sorry state.

——— ———

While some men practice what they
preach, the majority would be ashamed
to preach half they practice.

arnot ents

According to Professor Agassiz the
jaws of the young snapping turtle snap
while the animal is still within the egg.

br a Ly

| An Odd Trunkfish

CARL L. HUBBS
| Field Museum of Natural History and Chicago Aquarium Society

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moms Pah PR 6 PS Os BS Bs BB Bs BS FB Bs BG FG BG Bh Sg SS GB Sg Fg Sg

Lactophrys tricornis

es aS a 6 Es Bs 9 FG BB Os Bg Fs Sg Sg Os SS,

Among the myriads of peculiar trop-
ical marine fishes, few are as little like
our conventional conception of a fish as
are the species of the Ostraciontidae, the
trunkfishes. In these odd creatures the
body is almost entirely closed in a hard
bony carapace, made up of hexagonal
plates (which are modified scales). Only
the mouth and eyes, and the fins and
their bases are free, and of the fins the
pelvic or ventral pair is wholly lacking.
Many of-the species are brightly colored,

Photograph from life by P. H. Pope

Horned Trunkfish

SP OF A A A | Ff GB A A Fg he ! Sea —

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and conspicuously spotted.

Four species of trunkfishes, referred
to the genus Lactophrys, inhabit tropical
American waters between the United
States and Brazil. Perhaps the best
known species is Lactophrys tricornis
(the horned trunkfish, cowfish or cuck-
old). Most of the names applied to this
fish refer to the horns which are devel-
oped on the carapace, the two most
prominent extending forward from above

(Concluded on page 36)

RE:

Aquatic Lile

THE AVIARY AND AQUARIUM

Photograph by Parker A. Stacy

Aquatic Lite 35

North Carolina Notes
S. D. CARLTON

I fully agree with the article on Fun-
dulus nottu (January number). ‘They
are very pretty, hardy, eat dry foods
readily, and should have a place in every
collection.

The Black-banded Sunfish is the
daintiest aquarium fish of America. The
opinion has been held in the past that
they would starve rather than eat dry
foods, and that therefore to keep them
in aquaria it was necessary to provide
such living foods as Daphne and mos-
quito larvae. This is in direct opposition
to my experience, as they take dry foods
with avidity. ;

Next in point of beauty comes Ennea-
canthus gloriosus. ‘This is a very active
species, and while not so hardy as the
others it will thrive on ordinary food.

The hardiest of all is Centrarchus
macropterus. ‘These are yellowish-green,
looking like burnished brass as they glide
through the water. ‘There is a charac-
teristic black spot, surrounded by an
orange ring, on the soft dorsal. It takes
dry food readily and soon becomes tame
enough to snap at a finger.

The Pirate Perch, Aphredoderus say-
anus, seem to be night prowlers and are
always in hiding. I have never seen them
eat, but have missed several small min-
nows! However, I like them. The gen-
eral color is rich warm brown, with
purple reflections.

When I move to a new locality, my
first stunt is to make a tank, and then
“go fishing.”’ Hence the present twenty-
gallon aquarium, with its native plants
and the fishes mentioned; all collected
near Camp Bragg.

The Aviary and Aquarium
The photograph on the opposite page
shows a happy combination of aquarium
and aviary designed and constructed by

Mr. Parker A. Stacy. The woodwork
is mahogany, measuring seven feet from
peak to floor. The aquarium has a cast
iron base, with steel corners and top
frame, and holds twenty-five gallons. All
metal work, the bars of the aviary and
the frame of the aquarium, is finished
in gilt; an excellent contrast with the
dark mahogany.
Sees
The Chelonians
(Continued from page 28)

head back into the shell so as to be almost
entirely out of sight.

Its feet bespeak its thoroughly aquatic
habits, for they are like four rounded
paddles, and capable of rendering a max-
imum service in swimming. Indeed, our
soft-shelled turtles are the most aquatic
of all the members of the chelonian
group of fresh-water species in the
United States. They rarely leave the
water; and if they are forced to crawl
over any rough or rocky place, they are
sure to scratch or even lacerate the soft,
smooth and tender skin-covering to the
outer surface of the plastron.

The young are very beautiful little
creatures, and have a great habit of ex-
tending their necks when investigating
anything. Sometimes one of them will
shoot like lightning to the bottom of the
aquarium, shuffle under the sand or vege-
tation, and in a few moments you will
see it protrude its long little black and
whitish neck to the limit, which gives
the animal a most ludicrous appearance.

The Southern soft-shelled turtle may
as 30 pounds,
of nearly 20
corresponding

come to weigh as much
and possess a carapace
inches in length, with a
width of nearly 16 inches.

All of the species are eaten in the parts
where they occur, and one may often see
them in the markets for sale. The young
of all of them are prettily marked and
colored.

36 Aquatic Lite

An adult Southern Soft-shelled turtle
has the carapace of a dull brown with-
out any markings. Its head is of the
same color, with brown, indistinct bands
running forwards to join anterior to the
eye. Its plastron is of a delicate creamy
white and thoroughly immaculate, while
it sometimes exhibits scratches or other
adventitious lines and blotches.

Ditmars, who has had the opportunity
to examine a great many of this species
of Amyda, says that “specimens not fully
grown have an olive or pale brown cara-
pace, marked with dull, black spots, or
dots, disposed in rings. On each side of
the head and neck is a yellowish band;
this extends forward through the eye and
unites with its fellow on the top of the
head, a short distance in front of the
eyes. The character evinced by these
bands is important in distinguishing the
species from the Spiny Soft-shelled
Turtle, on the top of the head of which
the bands unite way forwards—at the
base of the proboscis.”

In many localities these turtles are
known as “flap-jacks” on account of their
flattened form and the pliable margins to
their carapaces.

Houle Ss
An Odd Trunkfish
(Concluded from page 33)

the eye. These
straight or very nearly so, but in the

horns are normally
specimen figured, one of the horns was
sharply bent inward. The photograph
was taken from life by P. H. Pope, and
the unusual specimen was collected at
the Bermuda Biological Station in July,
i916, ‘by Drs Waa): then
Director of the station.

Crozier,

Society News

The first annual meeting of the London
Aquarium Society was held on January
2. W.'T. Webster was elected president ;
J. R. Shattock and W. R. Temple, vice-

presidents. | Seventeen members
were admitted.

The president read the annual address
and dealt with the conception of the
Society and its objectives. He appealed
to the Society to establish a reputation
and to live up to it, and to dispel any
idea that the body should be considered
as a few people enraptured with a “gold-
fish in a globe.”

Mr. B. T. Child sent for exhibition a
fine specimen of a Dutch tench. The
meeting expressed its opinion that the
importation of such fishes for breeding
purposes would lead to an improvement
of our stock, and this particular speci-
men was promptly secured by one of our
members for that purpose. Mounted
diatoms, and living Daphnia and rotifers
were exhibited under microscopes by the
president and Mr. Sheldrick—Hon. Sec.

— :

The annual meeting of the Brooklyn
Aquarium Society was held on January
20, in the Auditorium of the Pacific
Branch of the Brooklyn Public Library.
The following were elected to office for
the ensuing year: President, Dr. Freder-
ick Schneider; wice-president, John C.
Donovan; secretary, J. H. Shenk; treas-
urer, A. L. Wright; member of Board of
Directors, Dr. J. H. Finney; auditing
committee, C. J. Heede, H. A. Van Cott
and R. D. Bright—J. H. SuHEeNnk, Secre-
tary.

new

At the annual meeting of the Essex
County Aquarium Society, the following
officers were elected: President, Rev. B.
J. Coltorti; vice-president, K. C. George;
treasurer, Dr. William Bachmann; sec-
retary, Dr. J. S. Voegtlen.

The society holds its meetings on the
first and third Fridays at the Newark
Turn Verein, 186 William street, New-
ark, N. J. Members of other societies
and those who are interested in aquarium
nature-study are invited to attend.—J. 5.
VORGTLEN, Secretary.

Aquatic Life
1919 — 1920

June. Observations on the Chelonians of
North America, Part III (Shufeldt) ; Gam-
busia episcopi (Brind); The Wheel Animal-
cules (Bade); Sonnet to a Goldfish (Burditt) ;
A Study of the Diamond Bass (Tyrell) ; The
Brook Stickleback (Barker); Goldfish in
China, Red-colored Water, Crappie Spawn in
Washington Aquarium, and Society News.

Juty. A Big-headed Gurnard (Fowler); The
Nesting Habits of Certain Sunfishes as Ob-
served in a Park Lagoon in Chicago (Hubbs) ;
Badis badis (Brind) ; The Paradise Fish (Bal-
leisen); The Garden a Terrarium (Brcder) ;
Philadelphia Aquarium, A Fish Elevator,
Akiyama Goldfish Farm, notes and news.

Aucust. Observations on the Chelonians of
North America, Part IV (Shufeldt); The
Steinhart Aquarium, with portrait of Ignatz
Steinhart; Lebias sophie (Brind); The Senses
of Fishes (Herrick); Marine Aquaria, An
Epidemic Among Fishes, Manufacture of
Pearl Buttons, etc.

SEPTEMBER. Platypoecilus maculatus
(Brind); Observations on the Chelonians of
North America, Part V (Shufeldt) ; Notes on
the Life-history of Planorbis corneus and
Other Freshwater Mollusks (Webster) ; Phil-
adelphia Exhibition, Naples Aquarium,
Aquaria in the Conservatory of the Missouri
Botanical Garden, Xiphophorus montezumae,
I'reshwater Shrimp, notes and news.

January, 1920. Betta rubra (Heedec) ; Ob-
servations on the Chelonians of North Amer-
ica, Part VI (Shufeldt); Beef Heart and
Beef Liver for Young Fishes; Notes on Mos-
quito Larvae (Hale); Lucania ommata (ex-
tension of range); Habits of Fundulus nottii
and Heterandria formosa; Linseed meal cause
of disease among trout; South Australian
Aquarium Society, Passaic Aquarium Society,
the Redfield Theory, etc.

Frpruary. Goldfish Foods and Feeding as
Practiced in Japan (Nakashima) ; Observations
on the Chelonians of North America, Part VII
(Shufeldt); The Mosquito (Hale); Lucio-
cephalus pulcher (/feede); Maintaining ap
Aquarium (Trell); An Easily Constructed
Heated Aquarium (Finckh); Roosevelt Wild
Life Forest Experiment Station, February
Pointers, ete. :

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1919,

and brooches for ladies. Made of solid gold and
of very best workmanship. An odd and attract-
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Prices (including War Tax):

Scalare, $7.25. Lionhead,
Telescope (with ruby eye), $7.75,
Telescope (with diamond eye), $9.25.

We are in a position to supply pins of
favorite pet. Price on application,

A Choice Diet for Your Fish

Stil-B-Nu Fishfood. Scientifically prepared. Con-
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your food problem is solved. Fine and coarse.
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3 boxes, 50c., postpaid,

Stil-B-Nu Dried Shrimp. Contains shrimp only,
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a choice mersel for all kinds of fishes. Coarse
or fine. Use fine for Tropicals. Price 20c. box;
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Stil-B-Nu Infusoria Culture is essential to all
aquarists who desire to raise Gold and Tropical
fishes. This culture is a result-producer. Full
directions with each box. Price 50c., postpaid.

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bination for the treatment
ete., of Tropical and fancy
fail to have a box or two on hand for the
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Stil-B-Nu Aquarium Salts will go a long way
toward keeping your fishes in good health by
replacing the lime and salts as they are ab-
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sorbed by the fishes and snails.
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Stil-B-Nu Nets 55¢
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manufactured by us from the very best materials.
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Stil-B-Nu Aquarium Scrapers—something new:
order one today and avoid pacing hand in the
aquarium when cleaning it. Price 35c., postpaid.
Easy-Reading Aquarium Thermometer. Tells at
a glance the temperature of your water. No
aquarium is complete without one. Price $1.00,
postpaid.

Pocket Magnifying Glass.

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Every aquarist needs

a good glass. especially when collecting insects
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$1.75, postpaid.
Stil-B-Nu Aquarium Cement comes ready for use.

glass is priced very low.

50c. pound, postpaid.
Aouarium Labels—a neat label, with the scien-
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427 E. Girard Avenue, Philadelphia

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|
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Des Plaines Fish Farm

867 N. Dearborn Street Chicago, Illinois
(Hatchery at Des Plaines, III.)
Importers and Breeders of Gold and Tropical Fishes. Orders should be placed

now for the following fishes to be shipped after May 15th, when weather con-
ditions will permit safe transportation:

Atorevoheit Cima scagoocaamanubmmangasunododcoUddd0oODdODDNC per pair, $2.00

ss s (mottled—very rare) .....--....-...------.- oa “4.00
Mundulusmcood ele pre Cee ici ei tae ir e “2.00
€yprinodony vaviesatusm yl: cic oie ei trier s na 2-00
Oryzias latipes (Medaka) ...........-..---- 2s sete eee eee x me 50
EIGaSreaGbaY HOMMOREL sahooscocedcuoob MoCo DaDOSODONEDADDDOCD0NDO 2 Me .50
XMiphophorus helleri (young) .............----...25..s2-5-+- 20 S “1.00
Macropodus viridi-auratus (young) ...........----+-.e+eee eee 4 Lo)
Gambusiasholbrooki creerert tse ia tec de shire cnepeeeen tenes re € 5
ordanellamionidae eeercre i eile elke s PMY)
Platyposcilus: pulchtrayerertreroe ariel oie cloner cieey ei ton= per pair, $1.00 to 2.00

NATURE’S FISHFOOD

For Goldfish For Tropical Fishes For Native Fish

A good food is absolutely necessary if one would keep his fishes in good con-
dition. Nature’s Fish Food is the result of years of study and experiment. If
your dealer does not have it we will gladly send you a sample package for 20
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Orders for fishes amounting to less than $5.00 cannot be filled. Shipping
cans cost 35 to 50 cents extra.

loog oe eee, Oe a ee ee

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SS 000 59 90009 C9900 C0 00 SO SS00 Sa

ERESH WATER BIOLOGY

By HENRY B. WARD AND GEORGE C. WHIPPLE

WITH THE COLLABORATION OF 25 DISTINGUISHED SPECIALISTS

All interested in aquatic biology will find here answers to their
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inter-relations of the organisms that inhabit our fresh-water bodies,
together with data on their life histories, habits and range.

This work is the first complete and accurate record of North Amer-
ican aquatic life, especially the micro-organisms; among both plants
and animals excluding the vertebrates, higher plants and _ bacteria,
every form is described that has been reported from a fresh-water body
on this continent.

A comprehensive general discussion of each group precedes the
description of individual forms, which are arranged under a key to
permit of rapid and accurate determination of the genera and species.
Nearly every form is illustrated, and its diagnostic features are pointed
out. Biological data on its habits, frequence and distribution are also
eciven.

Fresh-Water Biology is a big book of 1111 pages, with 1547 illus-
trations. Price, $6.00, plus postage on four pounds.

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AQUATIC LIFE, 542 E. Girard Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa

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a fine, large stock of Danio malabaricus and |
other species of Danio. (The most sprightly

aquarium fishes) Haplochilus, Barbus, Mouth- j
breeders and many other beautiful fishes. l

August Obermuller

Breeder and Fancier of Telescopes and Tropicals

96 Columbia Avenue, Jersey City Heights, N. J.

visitors welcome at conseryatory Saturday |

afternoon and on Sunday.

any

as BS Fs Fo 6 SS 6 Se Fs bt

pm cm cm ses sa me cy

¥
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Several thousand

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and Japs

in all the desirable colors, with deep
bodies and from two to four inches
long. Per dozen, $10 and up.

Gneiding’s Goldfish Hatchery
Ridgefield Park New Jersey

Phone, Hackensack 2599\W

Ba mmm ms mm ms mm es
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Information 50c

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On Care and Breeding of

Goldfish, Tropical and Domestic Fish

is contained in my 50c Booklet. TIllustrat- /
ed from life. Entitled, “Domesticated Fish’
or with my New, Best Book entitled ‘‘The (
Practical Fishfancier” $2.00. (See other ad. /
in this number.) Two Books for $2.00 Only
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HENRY KISSEL, JR.

Breeder & Fancier of Broadtail Telescopes

Times 6 5 6 Os Fs fs 6 i es |

Tropical Fishes, Plants and Snails.
Fishes, Plants, etc., Sold at Conservatory Telephone 461 Cliffside

241 Walker Street, Cliffside, N. J.

The Englewood Fancy Goldfish Hatchery

Japanese Toy Breeds in a variety of colors—
“mouse” bodies and “claw” tails. Must be seen
to be appreciated. Visitors welcome any Sat-
urday afternoon, Sunday or holiday. Nothing
for sale until June. Spawn in season. Tele-
phone Wentworth 1118.

ANTHONY A. MAINA, 6711 Parnell Avenue, Chicago, Ill.

Dee ey
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3

or Excellent Conformation
n Color Cannot Be Beat
how Their Quality in Finnage

ave Blues, Blacks and Calicos

=o}

Lavery Fancier Should Look Them Over

Felee Them at C. C. VOWINKEL
Philadelphia, Pa

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j 5109 Catherine Street

JULIUS RIEWE
BREEDER AND FANCIER OF TROPICAL FISHES
3919 Costello Avenue, Chicago, Ill.

Fine stock of Danio malabaricus, D. alboline-
atus, D. rerio, Barbus conchonius, B. semifas-
ciolatus, B. ticto and many other kinds of
tropical fishes. None shipped. Telephone Bel-
mont 5092.

The Original Bnchytracid Breeder

Feed your fishes white worms, which can be
raised indoors throughout the year. Generous
portion, 60 cents, with full instructions for
raising them.
CHARLES E. JENNE
230 5th Street Union Hill, N. J.

Please Mention

Aquatic Life
When Writing Advertisers

Bp mes oc a ns ss ems

Aquarium Specialty Co

414 East Tremont ave.,
New York City.
Taubles:
we were unavoidably compelled to
all kinds of substitute fishfoods for
our health and happiness

Dear Mr.
Because
swallow
the past three years,
were sore’y impaired.
We owe you our undying gratitude for feeding
us again on our old favorite:

Dried Flies and Insects

whereby we feel assured of fully recuperating.
Our flabby skins are already starting to round
out, and our appetites are really wonderful.
Your
POOR FISH W. M.
Why not earn a similar testimonial from your
own fishes?
10¢. per ounce.

$1.25 per pound, postpaid.

Aquarium Specialty Co

414 East Tremont ave.,

New York City.

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£2

(9999 G9 000 G9 000 G9 SSG

AQUATIC MICROSCOPY
BY DR. ALFRED C. STOKES

SPLENDID, not too technical hand

book of the lower organisms for the
inquiring aquarist who dislikes to be
nonplused by scientific verbiage. 324
pages, with 198 illustrations.

$2.50 Plus Postage on 2 Pounds

Address Aquatic Life

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If Your Fish Are Not Doing Well—Try
ENCHYTRAEIDS - White Worms

The natural-and best food for goldfishes, barring
none. Package, 50c. (cash or check), with in-
structions for raising a constant supply.

PAUL MARQUARDT, 829 Teutonia Avenue, Milwaukee, Wis
2 BOOKS FOR $2.00 ONLY

RIND’S Best Book $1.50—‘“The Practical
Fishfancier.”’ Brind’s First Book 50c —“‘Do-
mesticated Fish” Manual. (See my other ad.

this number.\ Color pictures of fish. Half-
tone and line cuts. These books cover the field

TROPICAL FISH - Fine and Cheap

Cameronensis, Red rivulus, Chaperi
Albolineatus, Vittatus, Semifasciolatus
Bettas, Trichogaster fasciatus and
Lalius, Live-bearers. etc.

W. L. BRIND, 449 W. 206th Street
NEW YORK

Sern een |

GOLDEITsi

1,500,000
PLAIN & FANCY

Ready for market at rock-bottom prices.
ped anywhere in United States or Canada.
for our illustrated catalogue.

Oriental Goldfish and Supply Co

3757 - 3761 Cottage Grove Avenue

COOCOOOCOCOCO COO COO C00 000C0O

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:

Chicago, Illinois

eee ce a |

TRO PICALS vs. GOLDF ISH

Te apriltyy Re a Pinel is proven when
the majority of leading breeders use it:
thats YOGI. Ask your dealer or druggist
or send for it by mail. :
Yogi |5c box. By mail 17c
Yogi 75c Pound Add Postage
Magic (Infusoria) 50c Postpaid

Robert J. Schaeffer
1818 Frankford Avenue Phila., Pa

FISH FOOD
Manufactured oaly by
ROBT. J. SCHAEFFER
PRICE. 10c.

AQUARIUMS

Pioneer Aquarium Works. Racine, Wisconsin

Sale or Exchange

Surplus Stock of Rare and Fancy Fish
Plants of All Kinds

G. Germann, 0. D. 3823 N. Richmond St. Chicago

Phone: Monticello 6864.

RE Ueife ea aria aa rae 300 C000 CS 7000 CS) 000 C000:

Some
ship. Per dozen, $4.00.
Cyprinodon yarieg
Notropis metallicus, Fundulus heteroclitus,

Shubunkins (Spotted Goldfish),

Japanese Snails, $2.00
Plants. Vallisneria (narrow Jeaf),
dozen; Sagittaria (broad leaf), 75
Giant Anacharis, Potomogeton
bunches. Weyptian Lotus
White and Yellow Water
age). All plants postpaid.

Freshwater Shrimp, sun dried,
other substances. Coarse, medium or fine,
chytraeus), per portion, 50 cents,
best live food. A collection of twelve
remitting for fishes please include

and

shelled

eee eee Ce gras

Mollienisia latipinna (or velifera)
scientists assert that Velifera is but a perfectly developed latipinna—the only sort we

atus (Sheepshead Minnow),
Gambusia holbrooki,
$4.00 per dozen.
and $2.50 per dozen.

530 cents per dozen;
75 cents per dozen;
Myriophylum
(dormant tubers—best
Lilies (dormant tubers),

and shredded,
$1.10 per
with instructions how to breed
varieties of
50 cents for shipping

CRESCENT FISH FARM, 1624 Mandeville Street, New Orleans, La,

$3.00 per dozen.
Goldfish—all varieties.

60 cents per
Cabomba,

Vallisneria (wide leaf),
Water Poppy, $1.00 per dozen;
spicatum (milfoil), 75 cents per dozen
time to plant), 50 cents each. Red,
50 cents each; (seeds, 15 cents per pack-

Contains no
Worms (Hn-

The
W hen

The
pound,

best fish food.
postpaid. White
a continuous supply.
aquarium plants, $1.00, postpaid.
ean.

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EVERYTHING IS FISH THAT COMES

TO THE NET OF A NATURALIST

Don’t paddle in the water with one hand and
be blind with both eyes. In other words,
“keep your eyes open’’ for all nature.

Our Magazine

Che Guide to ature
Will Help You
It is edited by EDWARD F. BIGELOW, who
fishes in the heavens and earth, as well as the
waters under the earth.
Four months’ trial, 25ce. One year, $1.00.
THE AGASSIZ ASSOCIATION
ArcAdiA

Connecticut | |
[100 0 S|

Sound Beach

—S[>000c—=S70c0 Saco —

ead elle |
Winner of first prizes—silyer cup and gold medal.

A new fish for aquarists. The most attractive
live-bearing fish. We now have them for sale.

A fine stock of Haplochilus cameronensis, H.
rubrostigma, Hybrids—pulchras and = rubras—

and 35 other species of fishes. lel

S. SILVER

235 East llth street, New York city, N. Y.
(Between 2d and 3d avenues.)

[SA 3] 0 0 SS

_ = ee

OOO 000 C00 MSC S000 000000000!

| March Special!

50c Postpaid

Made in two shapes, 5 inches, round and
Made of finest Marquesette on

square.
Will not rust or rot 8

1. inch brass wire.

Creation! the New Infusoria
50c Box Postpaid 8
3

Use without sheep manure.
sample free.

me
Shield of Quality Fishfood

15c Box, 4 Boxes 50c Postpaid

Send for a

Until further notice, on account of weath- (
er, no orders taken for tropicals. Special
prices on dozen lots of nets, fishfood and 8
Creation, Orders taken now for 1920 8
breed of Broad-tail Telescopes.

Bean 8
FRANCIS K.CHRISTINE

518 BELGRADE STREET

DODOCOOODOD0COO 000 000 000000 000 C4000 000 900 CK COC COO 000 OOO G00

PHILADELPHIA

8
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8
8
rhe New E-Z Z to Catch Net
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8

Beautiful Breeders
Prize Winning Stock
$12.00 Per Pair

Franklin Barrett

401 to 417 East Wyoming Avenue
Philadelphia

FISH, PLANTS, SNAILS, ETC |
Wholesale and Retail

THE BEST BOOK
ft AQUARIUM Susie

SUBJECTS
is “Goldfish Varieties & Tropical
Aquarium Fishes’’, byWm.T.Innes,
former President of the Aquarium
Society of Phila.; 250 pages, 195 7 U8
illustrations. Tells all about the SY)2 MN)
fancy varieties of the Goldfish and
nearly 300 tropicals; how to breed
them, etc., etc. For the beginner
or the advanced expert.

A complete, practical, handsome
book, sent postpaid anywhere for
$4.00 Enlarged edition now ready.

INNES & SONS - 133 N. 12th St. - Phila.,

Pa.

JOSEPH J. HAEGELMEIER
IMPORTER AND BREEDER
FANCY GOLDFISH

1916 PROVENCHERE PLACE, ST. LOUIS, MO

Large Assortment of Fancy Fish at All Times
Kinloch: Victor 2656 L

c——S)c00C S000:

“AQUARIA FISH”

A practical work on care and breeding of fish
in the aquarium, greenhouse and outdoor ponds.
Finely illustrated.

Everyone interested in keeping fish should send
for a copy of this book. Price $1.00.

Tappan’s Natural Fish Food. Three boxes, post-
paid, 25c.

Guinea Pigs and Thoroughbred Collie Pups, beau-
tifully marked. Write for prices.

F. L. TAPPAN

| Route 2, Hopkins, Minn.

aie meh aS

Aquatic Lite

Vol. II +2 Vol. IIl

$2.25 each, postage paid

Volumes average 165 pages and as
many illustrations. Substantial cloth
binding, with title page and complete
index. (Stock of Volume II is small.)
WANTED: One hundred copies of

Volume I, loose or bound. Can use
single issues. Address publisher.

coo

JAPANESE GOLDFISH
By DR. HUGH M. SMITH

$2.00, plus postage on 2 pounds.

Address Aquatic Life

HERMAN RABENAU, Aquarist
PERMANENT DISPLAY OF
Aquatic Life & Terraria

must be seen to be appreciated

Visitors Welcome
Plants and Tropical Fish a Specialty
Importations of New Varieties received
regularly
1163 Myrtle Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Near Broadway.

Combination Natural Fish Food - Sample Box 10c
Japanese Shrimp Fish Food - - Sample Can 15c
Baby Fish Food Sample Box 15c
Glass Feeding Rings 15c, 25c 35c Each
Mail Orders Promptly Attended to

Special Prices on Quantity Lots.
Cash With Order,

Catalogue Sent Upon Request.

AQUARIUM STOCK CO
273 Greenwich Street New York City

GOLDFISH, FOODS, PLANTS, DIP NETS

2° GED © © 6 amED © © © au © © © Gum GE=D ec 6 © GumD © © © au ee 4 am s-

HARRY P. PETERS
1210 N. Warnock Street, Philadelphia, Pa
BREEDER AND IMPORTER
Rare and Fancy Fish

Plants of every variety, Snails and
Aquarium Supplies of all kinds at all

MANUFACTURER OF

Green River Fish Food
15c Box

Green River Baby Fish Food
20c Box
A GOOD FISH FOOD is one of the
most essential things necessary to
keep fish in good health. After the
test of years Green River stands out
as the best food on the market. It
keeps the fish in good color by pro-
moting a healthy, robust growth. It
will not sour ot cloud the water. Ask

your dealer or send for it today.
eee |

Breedce

Large assortment of Splendid Telescopes
and Jap Goldfish at Reasonable Prices

Large Assortment of fine

LIONHEADS q
Shipping Cans 50 cents 4

HARRY P. PETERS _ . :
1210 NORTH WARNOCK STREET 3

) PHILADELPHIA
Nines Goldfish Co

T. MURATA, Proprietor.
1919-21 Bush Street, San Francisco, Cal
Importers and Dealers

GOLDFISH PLANTS SNAILS
Dried Shrimp, Birds, Cages and All
Supplies

NEW STOCKS ARE COMING!
Price List Sent on Request

CO00000C5000000000 C300

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Sie el

+ Vol. ah April, 1920 No.4

An international SuaTeae apa devoted to the study, care and breeding of fishes and —

other animals and plants in the home aquarium and terrarium.

Re
WAS POVSER 2 cies oa tae We Gein Mise ee seein ati aenraee Tine ee RRS EDITOR —
JOSEPH FE. BAUSMAN’(c.03205 cde wteitoa cet ee wns abs oltcfewenia a ct ones .. PUBLISHER ~
R42 East Girard Avenue ........... cece cere ccc recor cre rec teecerccssees Philadelphia

Entered as second-class matter, September 2d, 1915, at the Post Enaee Philadelphia, Pa. ae
under Act of March 34d, 1879. :

Popular and scientific articles and ‘notes on sanieeets pertaining to the aquarium and

terrarium, and to the habits of fishes in general, are always wanted for “Aquatic Life.”
Readers are invited to join in making it a medium of mutual help by contributing to it
the results of their studies. The pages are always open to any one having information
.of interest to the aquarist and student of aquatic blology. Manuscripts, books Zon review
and general correspondence should be addressed to \the editor.

“Aquatic Life’ has the largest circulation of any magazine in the world devoted to aquatic
nature-study. It offers to advertisers a market: that can be reached through no other
medium. Rates made known on application. : ‘

YEARLY SUBSCRIPTION ...........-.+- ee tee ce eee rete tte t te eee eee ee BL ZS
FOREIGN SUBSCRIPTIONS ........:.-: nea eee ees Tore kereie ‘aiehe : seer b a eee eee 1.50 |
SINGLE COPY .....-- cece ccee rece ee Seis aean couseoracecas aiideonn } a lorena EAs Hetrians To ean AS

Payments should be made by money order. draft or registered letter. If local checks are

sent, ten cents shovld be added for ‘collection charges. orgie remittances should be by

/ y
- . ey % * ‘ “ae

“ey

Oe EE es | a a a RR

international money order.

a Copyright, 1920, by Joseph EH. Bausman, pao

H _——= a ae eee a eee ea I

a ss sg sR PS 8 Pe 6 Pa 9 PP 8 a

£:

) Water Gardenin g

By BISSET

The best and most “readable” book on

the care and propagation of aquatic

plants in general. It gives in full de-
tail all the practical information neces-
sary to the selection, grouping and
successful cultivation of aquatic, and
other plants required in the making of
a water garden and its surroundings.
Covers all conditions from that of the
amateur with a few plants in tubs to
the large estate or park.

Directions for constructing concrete
pools; propagation of hardy and tender
lilies and other aquatics; best lilies for
small pools and tubs; the aquatic plant
greenhouse; various aquarium plants;
enemies and diseases of aquatic plants;
gold and other fishes for the water
garden.

Profusely illustrated with 120 half-
tones, 17 diagrams and 2 double page
plates. 199 pages, coated paper, orna-
mented cloth binding—de luxe edition.
Price, $3.00, postpaid.

THE BOOK DEPARTMENT AQUATIC LIFE
Philadelphia

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IT. P. LOVERING i

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. WILMINGTON, NORTH CAROLINA
Collector and Breeder of Tropical Fish
Snakes and Other Reptiles
Pine a
New Varieties Aquatic Plants 1 a
Choice and Rare Specimens : oe
Snakes and Reptiles. re

Tropical Fishes

l Flassoma evergladei, $1.75 per pair.

] Heterandria formosa, $1.00 per pair.
M. chaetodon, 50c “each
Small turtles, $1.25 per dozen.

i Newts, $1.00 per dozen.

| Wholesale to dealers.

The Venus Flytrap (Dionaea muscipula )
The plant that feeds on insects
$1.00 Dozen

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| Mastacembelus pancalus
| PEYTON MacMORRIS, M. D.

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Mastacembelus pancalus

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The species of the family to which
our subject belongs inhabit Southern
Asia, extending from Syria to the Malay
Archipelago. All the species of Masta-
cembelus are characterized by the long,
fleshy appendage to the snout, and in
some the dorsal and anal fins are conflu-
ent with the caudal instead of distinct
as in the species illustrated.

Panealus, specimens of which were
secured by European aquarists about fif-
teen years ago, inhabits the deltas of the
rivers of India, and may be inferred as
common, inasmuch as it has attracted
sufficient attention to be known to the
natives by sundry names—Pangkal,
Gochi, Gangr-gonti and others equally
jargon-like to the Anglo-Saxon. Though
small, about seven inches in length, it is

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India

ere Vinca Ce Re ee eet —*

held in esteem as a food fish, not only
by the natives, but by others to whom
fishes of snake-like form are not repul-
Sive.

The general color of this species is
greenish-olive above, becoming yellowish
beneath, with many yellowish-white spots
distributed over the sides. The lateral
line is pronounced, but technical descrip-
tions of the species do not indicate a lat-
eral color stripe as prominent as illus-
trated. Secondary sexual characters do
not seem to be developed.

References may be found in aquarium
literature to Mastacembelus argus
Guenther, of Siam. In the aquarium the
eggs are said to adhere to the glass sides,
plants or stones, hatching in a few days,
the young gathering in a school about

38 Aquatic Lite

the parents after the manner of the cich-
lids. The latter habit is scarcely what
one would expect in a fish of this sort.

The favored foods seem to be Daphne,
white worms, tubifex worms and similar
small forms of life. An average water
temperature of 75 degrees, Fahrenheit,
should be maintained.

The London Society

A meeting of the London Aquarium
Society was held on Friday evening,
February 6, the president in the chair.
Nineteen new members, ordinary, asso-
ciate, honorary, and ex-officio, were
elected. One of our members, Mr. D.
F. Leney, of Oxford University, exhibit-
ed a pair of Amblystoma tigrinum which
had completed their metamorphosis by
special feeding from the axolotl state
and become land animals; also an axolotl
in process of turning by the evaporation
method ; and salamander and newt larvae
in process of metamorphosis by iodine
treatment. Probably such a varied dis-
play has never before’ been witnessed,
and Mr. Leney’s exhibits attracted con-
siderable attention and discussion.

Mr. Cura showed nine varieties of
tropical fishes, including two species of

eurami, and the Siamese fighting-fish.

Mr. B. T. Child exhibited the lamprey.
Mr. P. W. Horn exhibited winter buds
of various aquatic plants, and the con-
tents of the stomach of a heron showing
remains of rats, water-beetles, and their
larvae. The president had on view un-
der a microscope a specimen of Trombi-
dium (the harvest-mite) so troublesome
to anglers.

The meeting considered the generous
proposal of the British Sea Anglers So-
ciety offering them their room as a meet-
ing place. This was much appreciated,
and it was unanimously agreed that it
be accepted.—Hon. Sec.

A New Treatment

To Eliminate Ichthyophthirius
C.L. HAUTHAWAY

In the collection of the writer is a fifty-
gallon tropical community tank contain-
ing twenty-one species of fishes. In this
was unwittingly placed eight or ten pairs
of new fishes immediately they arrived,
which almost at once gave evidence cf
being infested with IJchthyophthirins,
whereupon they were removed.

The fishes were then placed in two-
quart jars, partially filled with pure
water, which were floated in the large
aquarium.
were filled likewise with pure water and
also floated. To those containing the
fishes a generous portion of Daphne was
added, and more from time to time as if
was consumed. Night and morning,
until cured, the fishes were transferred
to the reserve jars of pure water, and
Daphne supplied as before, the used jars
being sterilized and then replaced in
readiness.

The purpose of the Daphne is two-
fold. My theory is that the parasite is
devoured by the Daphne when it leaves
the host, and others eliminated when the
fishes are transferred. On the other hand
there is no better nor more invigorating
food for fishes than Daphne, and being
consumed during the treatment, enable
the patients to maintain strength to re-
sist the enervating influence of the para-
site. I may wrongfully state the “why”
of the method, but fishes so treated, both
my own and those belonging to friends,
have invariably been cured. ‘The large
tank mentioned is heated by electricity
and maintained at a uniform warm tem-
perature by means of a thermostat. Un-
der these conditions Daphne will not
live long, dying and polluting the water
to the detriment of the patients if trans-
fers are not made as often or more often

A similar number of jars

than stated.

as ee et, bs

Southern Soft-shelled Turtle

mm ms os 0 ss ss 6 5 Os 6 6 Os es Pt Se Pes

It is not a difficult matter to distinguish
a Spiny Soft-shelled turtle from the
Florida species, for the former has an
olive instead of a brown head, on each
side of which we may note, including the
neck, a yellow, black-edged line running
through the eye, and joining the one
from the opposite side at the root of the
nose. Then, on the anterior edge of the
carapace in this species we find a con-
spicuous row of little cone-shaped tu-
bercles, which are entirely lacking in the
other species.

This Spiny Soft-shell rarely exceed 15
inches in length of carapace; and, like
its congeners, it causes no end of annoy-

Observations on the Chelonians |
of North America. IX. |
!

DRRS Wa SmuURELD IT Ghia Ss:

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DorsalView

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|!
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oe

ance to anglers in streams and ponds
where it may occur in numbers, and for
the reason that it will take the worm or
minnow on the hook as quickly as any
fish that ever lived—and if hooked, it will
put up the stiffest kind of a fight to get
away.

Our Spiny Soft-shell is an abundant
species in all the area inhabited by it;
it even extends its excursions into the
big canals in New York State, and by
so doing finds its way into the Hudson
River, where a few specimens are taken
every season.

Of all the North American species of
these turtles, the “brown” is the small-

40 Aquatic Lite

est; it has no spines on the carapace as
in the last species, while its head is pro-
portionately narrower. Dull blotches
may be detected on its olive or brown
carapace; but they are in some instances
very obscure and not readily seen. A
big specimen of this species may pos-
sess a Carapace measuring some 7 inches
in length, but it would be the exception.

Emory’s Soft-shell turtle also lacks the

be
E
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he

ee.

ONG TTT

Southern Soft-shelled Turtle
Ventral View

spines on the front edge of the carapace,
and its proboscis is proportionately short-
er. Its olive-tinted carapace is thickly
Aver-

age specimens run about a foot in length.

dotted over with black dottings.

In pools, or muddy, sluggish streams
in those parts of the country where any
of these soft-shelled turtles are abundant,

one may occasionally see them out of the
water, though this is by no means their
custom. They present a curious sight,
and one not easily forgotten. A slimy,
old, water-soaked log, out in the full
glare of the sun and flush with the sur-
face of the water of the pool, will some-
times, in the warm season, tempt several
of them, of various sizes, to climb out for
a good sun-bath. As a rule, when com-
fortably settled on the log, they will pull
in their legs and stretch out their necks,
until they resemble so many brown water
snakes rearing aloft. This feat led D:t-
mars to say that they, when so basking,
impart “the idea of as many snakes
emerging from under flat stones.” Should
anything alarm them, the entire bunch is
into the water in a twinkling, when they
dart to places of hiding, at the bottom
or along the banks, with the swiftness
of the best fish that ever lived.

In some parts of the South, these rep-
tiles are known as the “soft-shelled snap-
pers or snapping turtles,’ and for the
best of reasons. As already stated, its
bite is a most dangerous one, and cases
are known where a large Florida soft-
shell has bitten off a man’s finger. So
quick is its attacking stroke that one
is thrown quite off one’s guard, and the
first thing realized is that the vicious rep-
tile has the part seized in its powerful
keen-edged jaws.

The small specimens of these interest-
ing turtles make very interesting aquar-
ium pets; but they must be constantly
supplied with food,
worms, tiny fish, and so on, regularly,
nature the
adults feed upon many things, chiefly on

such as angling

or they will soon die. In

the various species of fresh-water mol-
lusca. In addition they capture and eat
no end of small fish, aquatic batrachians,
finally, the

(Concluded on Page 48)

as frogs and newts, and,

fag Sg i tee a
I
! Notes on Haplochilus lineatus |
| CHARLES J. SAWYER I
. |

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Haplochilus lineatus India
a a a ee a a a eS

There are aquarists who “go into rap-
tures’ when Hapflochilus cameronensis
is mentioned, proclaiming it as the most
beautiful member of the genus. But
then to decide, the state of mind of the
individual must be considered. I pre-
fer H. lineatus. Its beauty is of a differ-
ent sort, sparkling and sharp, like a fine-
ly cut_gem. Besides it has “pep.” I
think none the less of it because a big
fellow cnce gobbled a batch of young
guppies, whereby I gained a bit of ex-
perience.

When lineatus was first secured by

aquarists it was identified as Haplo-
chilus rubrostigma, and this apparently
erroneous name has stuck like a postage
stamp ever since. The differences be-
tween the two are not great, the formu-
lae of fins and scales being much alike.
If lmeatus and rubrostigma are distinct
from one another, the question concerns
identification ; 1f the two names refer to
the same fish we must accept lineatus
as correct, it being the older. Both
species, conceding them as distinct, are
found in the same general localities tin
India.

42 Aquatic Lite

The coloration varies with age, sex
and temperature. Each scale has a
golden green spot in the centre, making
this the dominant color, contrasting well
with the red “trimmings.” The female
is usually lighter, with the green spots
not so pronounced, and further dis-
tinguished by a lengthwise black stripe,
somewhat broken, and eight to ten verii-
cal bands passing down the sides to the
abdomen; these bands are present in
the young of both sexes, the males los-
ing them with approaching maturity.

For the propagation of this Haplo-
chilus, preference should be given to a
broad and shallow, rather than a small,
deep aquarium. Rooted vegetation is
not a matter of much moment, but plenty
of loose Myriophyllum, Anacharis, etc.,
should be thrown in and allowed to float
near the surface. On these plants the
eggs will be deposited. At least once
every day, and more often if possible,
the plants should be examined for eggs
If found, either the mass of plants, or
the adult fish, should be removed to an-
other aquarium.

The eggs will hatch in about two weeks
at ordinary summer temperature, but
more quickly if very warm. From this
time on, success will depend upon foods
and temperature. Keep the babies warm
and see that they have plenty of minute
forms of life. Eventually they will be
large enough to master small Daphne and
growth will be quickened. Continue us-
ing Daphne as long as it is obtainable,
later passing to white worms, and chop-
ped earthworms, with prepared foods as
an emergency ration. White worms are
greatly relished, the fish often leaping
from the water to pick them from one’s
fingers.

While lineatus will thrive in a compar-
viively small tank, it should be given as
l.rge a one as possible, especially if it is

desired to raise fine specimens. In na-
ture it reaches a length of four inches,
but if aquarium-bred is seldom more
thanethnree) mchess) whlcatmicuamractormem
growth, so not less than 70 degrees
should be provided during the cold
months, while for propagation it should
be ten degrees higher.
re Se, Se

The Aquatic Association of Maryland
has become affiliated with the Maryland
Academy of Sciences, which has been
well known in scientific circles for a great
many years. While linking its destinies
with those of the academy and thus ad-
ding an aquatic section to that body, the
association preserves its identity and wil
operate under its own constitution and
by-laws.

At the recent annual meeting the fol-
lowing officers were elected for the en-
suing year: President, J. Shelton Hill;
vice-president, P. C. Chambliss; secre-
tary, William Jay Smith; treasurer,

Louis Hens.
SE ened

ANE WKS AyobeNl ienscoine Oe wae Si
Louis Aquarium Society, held on March
3d, officers were elected as follows:
President, Paul Hohenstein; vice-presi-
dent, Frank Gutweiler; treasurer, Frank
Moran; secretary, John Wetzel.

PLIERS

Carleton E. Davis, Chief of the Bu-
reau of Water, of Philadelphia, gave a
lecture on “Water Conditions” at a re-
cent meeting of the Philadelphia Gold-
fish Fanciers’ Society. Other societies
should find it to their advantage to ar-
range for similar talks by local sanitary

engineers.
eee cee

Crisp lettuce, chopped very fine, has
been found to be relished by both gold-
fish and wild native and exotic fishes,
ven those of decided carnivorous char-
acteristics will take it with avidity.

I ct PP PP Ps Fs FF Fd Fd fg 4 gs gs gs

Amblystoma tigrinum

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It is within common experience that
Axolotls kept in captivity are apt to pro-
duce colorless offspring; the fact has
been mentioned in Aquatic Life (Volt,
p. 130), as has also the record of an
aiimlostoe (Vol: 11, p. 132).

The South Australian summer of 1910-
20 was characterized by a rapid succes-
sion of extremes of temperature, and to
this circumstance is attributed our com-
parative failure in breeding axolotls dur-
ing this season. Several pairs produced
eggs, but in nearly all cases they failed
to develop. One female laid about thirty
eggs of which only two hatched, all the
others dying in various stages within the
eggs.

The two survivors are both colorless,
the only indication of color being minute
dots distributed over the body ; the pupils

PS FS FS Pe

EDGAR R. WAITE, F. L. S.

Director of the South Australian Museum

i
| (The Artificial Production of Albinism |

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Larval form or Axolotl

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of the eyes appear to be pink, but are
each surrounded with a dark ring, for
which appearance the hard fibrous
sclerotic coat may be responsible. The
beating of the heart and the course of the
blood and food systems can be easily
traced, while the difference in the color
of the blood in the efferent and afferent
vessels of the gills conveying respectively
venous and arterial fluid furnishes an in-
teresting object lesson.

It is not, however, to describe the ap-
pearance of a colorless axolotl that I now
write, but rather to vaguely indicate a
possible reason for the peculiar condition
in these batrachians. The term “albin-
ism” should denote an entire absence of
color, either locally or generally. The
little dots above referred to would sug-
gest, not an absence of pigment, but

44 Aquatic Lite

rather an absence of the power to expand
the chromatophores or color cells.

On mentioning the condition and later
showing specimens to my friend, Pro-
fessor Ll. Brailstord)) Robertson, he
kindly referred me to a series of papers
recently published by Dr. P. E. Smith,
of the University of California. This
author had experimented with frog tad-
poles and discovered that if the Hypo-
physis cerebri or pituitary bodies were
removed, the tadpoles assumed an al-
bino condition ; growth was retarded and
the larvae were unable to undergo the
usual metamorphosis, that is, they were
incapable of becoming frogs. It may be
said that the experiments were not con-
ducted with the aim of producing albin-
ism; this was an unexpected result, but
was a condition regarded as of inestt-
mable value, as it became an invariable
index to the success of the operation of
removing the pituitary body.

The albino tadpoles were next fed
with gland substances (pituitary, ad-
renal, etc.), and growth was resumed
and even exceeded that attained under
normal conditions. Another surprising
result was the development of pigmented
skin, due to the expansion of the chroma-
tophores which, though evidently pres-
ent, were incapable of action in the ab-
sence of the necessary glandular ma-
terial.

It is well known that the absence or
derangement of certain bodies, such as
the thyroid and pituitary glands, pro-
duces strange conditions in the human
subject, and the interesting experiments
conducted by Dr. Smith fairly conclu-
sively prove that albinism in frogs and
axolotls is due to some abnormal condi-
tion of those apparently insignificant or-
gans, of which medical science has much
to learn.

Many animals from man to fishes,
down to starfishes at least, are known to
produce albinos or color variations, and

an interesting and valuable field of re-
search is thus revealed to students of
nature.

A Metal Net for Larval Fishes
HARRY W. BALLEISEN
There are often times when it is advis-
able to move recently hatched fishes from
one tank to another. When we use a

spoon, ladle or cup the fry manage to
escape when the implement is raised to
the surface, being washed out by the dis-
At this age the fish are very

turbance.

tender and are apt to be injured if
handled in a cloth net. Hence the metal
net as illustrated.

Take a baking powder can and with
tinners’ shears cut it down to the depth
shown. Select a piece of brass wire-
cloth twice the depth of the can in width,
and long enough to reach around and
slightly over-lap within the can. Before
bending the wire-cloth to insert in the
can, turn over one long edge, the upper:
one when completed, then bend the strip
(the turned edge outside), and insert in
the can and solder; the screen should ex-
tend to the bottom. On the outside of
the can solder a short piece of brass

tubing, and in it insert a_ snug-fitting
wooden handle.
The purpose of the wire-cloth is to

prevent the fry floating out while the im-
plement is being drawn out of the water,
while the can retains ample water to
insure them against injury.

i a a a a ee

by a Ss FH SB FB FT FB Es FF Sk Sd Fg SS ts ss

» ST 6 Fe 6 Os Fs Fe 6 Ss Ss Se

To the aquarist the theory of the bal-
anced aquarium is well nigh sacred. To
question it is like questioning the trinity
among theologians. Yet much in the writ-
er’s experience has shown that it is not
a dogma which can be trusted or applied
with confidence.

Besides, as no doubt the readers of
Aquatic Life know, it has even its theo-
retical limitations. The animal absorbs
oxygen and gives off carbonic acid; the
plant absorbs carbonic acid and gives off
oxygen. So runs the formula. But not
always by any means. For the animal the
formula holds good. But for the plant
only in the sunlight. Only by means of
the energy of the sun, acting in conjunc-
tion with the green coloring matter of
the plant and its living protoplasm, can

A Well Arranged Aquarium in the Collection of H. E. Finckh

SF 6 FF SS SS FF Fo Fs FB SB 6 8 SB SB 6 BS SB gO 6 BG Fg Ss Bs Fg Ss

Fe ee ee ees ae Fs Fs Ps

photosynthesis take place, that process
which builds up the plant’s food sub-
stances, employing carbon dioxide and
incidentally giving off oxygen.

But place the growing plant in the
dark, and its nature is at once reversed.
It becomes an animal so far as its gaseous
exchanges are concerned. It needs and
uses oxygen and it excretes
acid.

carbonic

This now being the case, the practical
question arises for the aquarist: what
is the actual condition of the balanced
aquarium during the night? The animal
population is of course deoxygenating
the water while supplying it with the ex-
cretory compound of carbon. The veg-
etable population of the aquarium is
doing exactly the same thing. But in

46 Aquatic Lite

what degree? Does the balance estab-
lished during the day essentially last
over through the night? Do the plants
give off so much oxygen in the light and
themselves utilize so little during the
night that their influence is after all es-
sentially the one ascribed to them in
the accepted theory of the balanced
aquarium ?

This question is at once of practical
and theoretical interest. The writer has
asked a number of botanists for infor-
mation. What is the condition of the
water, say of an aquarium in which there
is no animal life, but in which the maxi-
mum bulk of a given plant is growing,
for instance, after so many hours of
sunlight, followed by so many hours of
darkness? Is the period of oxygeniza-
tion actually followed by one of deoxy-
genation, or, as indicated above, is the
deoxygenating influence slight as com:
pared with the other? So far, the bot-
anists to which the writer has appealed
have been unable to give answers to these
questions, or to point to any literature
touching upon them. The writer would
be greatly pleased if some reader of
Aquatic Life might do better.

Now for the experiment. Several
years ago the writer was engaged in a
series of experiments in regard to the
metamorphosis of the Tiger Salamander.
This animal, of course, lives in the water
in its early or tadpole stage. During this
period it has a fine system of external
gills. It has lungs also, however, even
before it hatches from the egg, and at
some period in its life its gills are usual-
ly absorbed and the animal becomes
chiefly an air breather and chiefly a land
animal.

The points at issue, which lead to the

Could

the larval salamander really develop for

experiment, were the following.

a long period by the use of its gills alone,

and at what time would it begin to rise
to the surface and breathe by means of
its lungs?

Two young salamanders were chosen
for the experiment. They were about
three centimeters long and had hatched
from eggs in a large battery jar used as
an aquarium. It was situated in an east
window and contained a fairly copious
growth of several algae. There were
small worms and crustaceans also pres-
ent which served as food for the two
larva. These little animals throve ex-
ceedingly, growing as fast as did others
in an adjacent pond. They were the pic-
ture of contentment, striding about the
bottom of the jar with slow searching
movements, now and then jabbing and
munch, munch, munching if the jab
proved successful in approved young
salamandrine fashion. heir gills were
finely developed. Blood could plainly be
seen circulating in them.

These animals were watched for hours
during several days to ascertain wheth-
er they rose to the surface for air. But
no suggestion of a rising movement was
observed. They were plainly living un-
der ideal conditions of a balanced aquar-
ium. The oxygen that they were absorb-
ing through skin and gills was sufficient
for their respiratory needs.

The next question, however,
what of the conduct of these animals
during the might? Observed by lamp
light during the evening they were as
quiet as usual. It really seemed to the
writer that they were living an exclusive-
ly under water life. To prove this, how-
ever, a screen of mosquito netting was

Wds,

stretched across the jar about two centi-
meters below the surface and held there
The
placing of it was done without exciting
They seemed as content
Yet, to the writ-

by means of a light elastic spring.
», D oO

the animals.

afterwards as before.

er’s great surprise, the following morn-
ing, there were two holes bored through
the netting and both animals were in the
shallow water above it.

Replaced by the removal of the net,
they soon became quiet and resumed
their ordinary contented daylight life.
Toward evening, two films of netting
were stretched across the jar. But the
next morning both animals had again
penetrated the impediment and reached
the surface. At the third trial, three lay-
ers of mosquito netting spanned the
opening of the jar. It seemed utterly
impossible that a creature so delicate as
were these tiny larvae could ever press
aside the strands of this triple net and
reach the surface. And was it really
necessary that they do so? Would they
not finally make a virtue of necessity and
remain content with the conditions of
respiration which their balanced aquar-
ium furnished them beneath the surface?
But no. The third morning, one animal
had penetrated the triple net; while its
companion had failed to do so, and was
dead at the bottom of the jar. The con-
ditions in the jar looked quite normal
meanwhile. The vegetable growth was
healthy as ever.

In this instance it is plain that the
respiratory conditions furnished by a
balanced aquarium during the day and
during the night were markedly dissim-
ilar. The writer has never made further
experiments on the subject. He is in-
deed not an aquarist in the ordinary sense
of the term, having little to do with fish,
or with the larger aquatic animals. But
in year-long work with minute forms of
animal life, his attention has repeatedly
been called to the fact that the balanced
aquarium is in no wise so valuable a
means of promoting life as is ordinarily
supposed. Many minor forms of life
live longer, grow and multiply faster,

Aquatic Lile

withstand changes of temperature bet-
ter, when reared in aquaria without
plants rather than with. Definite paral-
lel experiments have shown this to be
the case again and again.

Undoubtedly this is not true of fish
and typical aquarium animals. It would
be absurd for the writer to deem that all
the practical aquarists in the world were
wrong in their view of the matter. But
can we not have more and better knowI-
edge than that which is embodied in the
mere dogma as it is usually advanced?

It seems to the writer that it would
be very interesting if some readers of
Aquatic Life, who have splendid aquaria
at their disposal, would make careful ob-
servations of the conduct of animals, fish
and otherwise, after periods of light and
darkness; after a long stretch of sun-
light, for instance, blanket an aquarium
for twelve hours and note by some care-
ful means the conduct of its inmates.
The writer at least would feel his knowl-
edge of animal life greatly extended by
the results of such careful investigation.

ene ine
Venus’s Fly Trap

Venus’s Fly Trap is a bit of “bog life”
for the conservatory that never fails to
arouse interest; even those who squint
at your fishes and ask “what good are
they” will be impressed.

The plant can be briefly described as a
rosette of leaves, the latter on broadly
From the centre of the
proper season, usually
native haunts,

winged stems.
rosette, at the
April and May in its
springs the tall flower stalk, with its ter-
minal cluster of eight to ten white blos-
But the flower is the least inter-

soms.
esting feature. The leaves catch in-
sects! Sharp, rigid projections, like

diminutive spikes, stand out from the

leaf-margins, and on the surface are

48 Aquatic Lite

glands that both secrete and absorb. Let
an unfortunate insect alight upon a leaf
and the lobes close, the projections inter-
locking like the teeth of a steel trap, the
centre of the movement being the mid-rib
and is more rapid than might be expect-
ed. The glands secrete a fluid which acts
like the gastric juice of animals and re-
duces the victim to the proper state to
permit the absorption of its nitrogenous
matter.

The Fly Trap may be potted in soil,
but it is more interesting to grow in
damp moss like an epiphytic orchid,
which will demonstrate that the roots
probably serve solely for the absorption

of water.
———<_>__—_-

The Chelonians
(Concluded from Page 40)
young of ducks, coots, divers, and other

water fowl.

The females of any of the species
come ashore in the summer time to lay
These may number several doz-
en to the single clutch, are perfectly
round, and as white as snow. She al-
ways selects a place where no shade can
ever be. Once satisfied with the select-
ed site, she works her way down into
the sand until all is covered save the tip
of her proboscis. Often it requires a
week or ten days, sometimes ionger, be-
fore her entire complement is deposited.
Each egg possesses a very thin, brittle
shell, averages something over an inch
in diameter, and looks like a big, white

eggs.

marble.

3y closely imitating their habitats in
nature, these turtles may easily be kept
in zoological gardens or on private prem-
ises; and there is no trouble in feeding
them beyond securing what they so read-
ily devour. Even good-sized fish, recent-
‘'y dead, will be enjoyed by them—that
‘s, by the larger specimens; while ang-

ling worms constitute, in my experience,
the best food for the very young speci-
mens.

In perfectly clear water it is a most
interesting experience to study their
various motions and graceful swimming.
The extreme suppleness of their limbs
admit of their darting either forwards or
backwards with extraordinary rapidity.
When frightened, one will scurry to the
bottom and hide much quicker than it
takes to tell it. Here it will conceal it-
self among the vegetation, or even work
its way down into the sand or mud.
When it believes that the danger is over,
we next see its long, snake-like neck
protruding to admit of its seeing about
in all directions. Cautiously it will come
out into the open; and should it desire
to breathe the air, it will, with a single
sweep of its powerful anterior limbs,
shoot to the surface like a rocket.

Soft-shelled turtles thriven in
captivity, if regularly fed in comfort-
able places, for many years at a time,
especially if the trial be made with spect-
mens of the proper ages, particularly the

have

young and subadult specimens. Old ones
do not do so well for some reason, hav-
ing probably been too long in their na-

tive waters.
——_+>__—_

The South Side Aquarium Club, of
Chicago, will have a public exhibition of
aquarium fishes April r1ith to 18th, in-
clusive, in the Washington Park Conser-
vatory, Fifty-seventh and Cottage Grove
avenue. ‘Thirty-five to forty tanks, with

as many species of fishes, will be shown.

————
A bird in the hand is vulgar. Use a
knife and fork.
ee
Ignorance may be bliss, but one’s

knowledge of one’s ignorance is whai
blisters.

Aquatic Life
1919 — 1920

May. Nanostomus eques (Brind); The
Water Horse-tail (Wobler); Observations on
the Chelonians of North America, Part II.
(Shufeldt); 1 Became a Fancier (Proctor) ;
A Peculiar Planorbis (Breder); Association
and Color Discrimination in Mudminnows and
Sticklebacks (White); The Hay Infusion
Microcosm (Woodruff); The Bladderworts,
notes and news.

June. Observations on the Chelonians of
North America, Part III (Shufeldt) ; Gam-

busia episcopi (Brind); The Wheel Animal-
cules (Bade) ; Sonnet to a Goldfish (Burditt) ;
A Study of the Diamond Bass (Trell) ; The
Brook Stickleback (Barker); Goldfish in
China, Red-colored Water, Crappie Spawn in
Washington Aquarium, and Society News.

Jury. A Big-headed Gurnard (Fowler) ; The
Nesting Habits of Certain Sunfishes as Ob-
served in a Park Lagoon in Chicago (Hubbs) ;
Badis badis (Brind) ; The Paradise Fish (Bal-
leisen); The Garden a Terrarium (Brcder) ;
Philadelphia Aquarium, A’ Fish Elevator,
Akiyama Goldfish Farm, notes and news.

Aucust. Observations on the Chelonians of
North America, Part IV (Shufeldt); The
Steinhart Aquarium. with portrait of Ignatz
Steinhart; Lebias sophie (Brind) ; The Senses
of Fishes (Herrick); Marine Aquaria, An
Epidemic Among Fishes, Manufacture of
Pearl Buttons, etc.

SEPTEMBER. Platypoecilus maculatus
(Brind) ; Observations on the Chelonians of
North America, Part V (Shufeldt) ; Notes on
the Life-history of Planorbis corneus and
Other Freshwater Mollusks (Webster) ; Phil-
adelphia Exhibition, Naples Aquarium,
Aquaria in the Conservatory of the Missouri
Botanical Garden, Xiphophorus montezumae,
Freshwater Shrimp, notes and news.

January, 1920. Betta rubra (Heede); Ob-
servations on the Chelonians of North Amer-
ica, Part VI (Shufeldt); Beef Heart and
Beef Liver for Young Fishes; Notes on Mos-
quito Larvae (Hale); Lucania ommata (ex-
tension of range); Habits of Fundulus nottii
and Heterandria formosa; Linseed meal cause
of disease among trout; South Australian
Aquarium Society, Passaic Aquarium Society,
the Redfield Theory, etc.

Frepruary. Goldfish Foods and Feeding as
Practiced in Japan (Nakashima) ; Observations
on the Chelonians of North America, Part VII

(Shufeldt); The Mosquito (Hale); Lucio-
cephalus pulcher (Heede); Maintaining an
Aquarium (Tyrell); An _ Easily Constructed

Heated Aquarium (Finckh) ; Roosevelt Wild
Life Forest Experiment Station, February
Pointers, etc.

Marcu. The Australian Congolly (Hale) ;
Observations on the Chelonians of North

America, Part VIII (Shufeldt) ; Ichthyopthir-
ius multifilius (Webber): Rivulus — strieatus
(Brind): An Odd Trunkfish (Hubbs) : North
Carolina Notes (Carlton) ; Society news.

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1919,

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Every aquarist needs
when collecting insects

PS PE Fs Fe th Fs Fe PbS Bf BB PB GB Ff A Pd tb A fff ff) Pb 96 6 PG PS PG FS Ps Be BSP EP GF SP Ss PS Pe PS Ps

[oe.e} ee ee amen

“Ti

Des Plaines Fish Farm

867 N. Dearborn Street Chicago, Illinois
(Hatchery at Des Plaines, II.)

Importers and Breeders of Gold and Tropical Fishes. Orders should be placed
now for the following fishes to be shipped after May 15th, when weather con-
ditions will permit safe transportation:

HundulasmchnySOtusmead ace re sce ireke ier -roltacic farrier per pair, $2.00

$6 * Gnottled—verya rare) ener cei tr Ss “4.00
TD ra BOVIS sssococcsocccar eum aoccasonudsouGcbuSodgoegnU0S Bo PALO)
(Ohporminoreloyel- VEo(SEKIEY So 55aueos00590006G9000000000005000600000 2.00
Oryziaselatipes «(Niedaka) see ace erica einer ict S se 50
FiGi@eimGhae TOMMOSA ssoccococcnc po ddmMmGovodo00Dod0d00000000000 os Bs .50
Kiphophorusmhellerit(youngy)) eer jeer ket irri s «1.00
Macropodus) viridi-auratus (young) ee cee ee citi te ss “1.00
Gambusiawholbrookdevsces jcc os eMC IS ae arenas ceaauseereermeael tere weue be re 75
Jjondanellagiioridacmere sce er reo eee tei ee errr st 2.00
Platyposcilusspulchtass meraer etait ocr er ers ir per pair, $1.00 to 2.00

NATURE’S FISHFOOD
For Goldfish For Tropical Fishes For Native Fish

Orders for fishes amounting to less than $5.00 cannot be filled. Shipping
cans cost 35 to 50 cents extra.

COO000 C000 > 000 > 000 D000 —) 000 D000C— C00 CD O0e CS 00c 000

SS" 000 a 000 SS 000 GS 0000 GS 000 0000 GS

FRESH WATER BIOLOGY

By HENRY B. WARD AND GEORGE C. WHIPPLE

WITH THE COLLABORATION OF 25 DISTINGUISHED SPECIALISTS

This work is the first complete and accurate record of North Amer-
ican aquatic life, especially the micro-organisms; among both plants
and animals excluding the vertebrates, higher plants and bacteria,
every form is described that has been reported from a fresh-water body
on this continent. ;

Fresh-Water Biology is a big book of 1111 pages, with 1547 illus-
trations. Price, $6.00, plus postage on four pounds.

ve
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be

NE ES re ee

AQUATIC LIFE, 542 E. Girard Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa

eae mene al SAR Tela C5606 0000 SS 00 SS SS)

thes

9 6 Pgs Pg Ps PP Ps
ical Fishes !
ropica isnes .
a fine, large stock of Danio malabaricus and
other species of Danio. (The most sprightly

j aquarium fishes) Haplochilus, Barbus, Mouth-

August Obermuller

Breeder and Fancier of Telescopes and Tropicals
96 Columbia Avenue, Jersey City Heights, N. J.

Saturday

breeders and many other beautiful fishes, |

visitors welcome at conservatory any
/ afternoon and on Sunday.

ste ss es 6 es es mets of

Own Your Own
Fish Photo Album

GOMPIEETE COLLECTION

Real Photos of Over 100 Tropical, Gold
and Domestic Fish. All your favorites on
separate cards.

Price, Only $3.60 Postpaid
W. L. BRIND, 449 W. 206 Street
NEW YORK

a 6 PS Ba 6 Os FS BS Bs 6 BS FS Bf Be 6 Pi Pg

Mp a ss
et me rs es es

mROPICAL FISHES
Write for Price List
Oscar Leitholf, 281 Southern Avenue

Pittsburgh, Pa.

Coral fr Aquariums

Loose Pieces or Groups on Base
Lowest Prices

ERNEST H. SHORT, Rochester, N.Y.
BOX 173

HENRY KISSEL, JR.

Breeder & Fancier of Broadtail Telescopes

Plants and Snails.
Telephone 461 Cliffside
241 Walker Street, Cliffside, N. J.

Tropical Fishes,

Fishes, Plants, etc., Sold at Conservatory

The Englewood Fancy Goldfish Hatchery

Japanese Toy Breeds in a variety of colors—
“mouse” bodies and “claw” tails. Must be seen
to be appreciated. Visitors welcome any Sat-
urday afternoon, Sunday or hotiday. Nothing
for sale until June. Spawn in season. ‘Tele-
phone Wentworth 1118.

ANTHONY A. MAINA, 6711 Parnell Avenue, Chicago, III.

JULIUS RIEWE

BREEDER AND FANCIER OF TROPICAL FISHES

3519 Costello Avenue, Chicago, Ill.
Fine stock of Danio malabaricus, D.
atus, D. rerio, Barbus conchontus,
ciolatus, B. ticto and many
tropical fishes. None
mont 5092.

alboline-
B. semifas-
other kinds of
shipped. Telephone Bel-

The Original Enchytraeid Breeder

Feed your fishes white worms, which can be
raised indoors throughout the year. Generous
portion, 60 cents, with full instructions for
raising them.

CHARLES E. JENNE
230 5th Street Union Hill, N. J.

“AQUARIA FISH”’

A practical work on care and breeding of
fish in the aquarium, greenhouse and out-
door ponds. Finely illustrated.

Everyone interested in keeping fish should
send for a copy of this book. Price, $1.00.
F. L. TAPPAN, Route 2, Hopkins, Minn

WANTED: Will buy

Thorichthys helleri meeki (Scarlet Chanchito)
—Brind’s importation; Pterophyllum scalare;
corydoras paleatus (Brazilian Catfish or Pan-
zerwel) ; and various species of Tetragonopter-
us and the rarer aquarium fishes. Must be in
good condition. Send full details and prices to
Mrs. B. Russ, 3848 Wentworth Ave., Chicagr

i erareccare seg

Jwior Excellent Conformation

n Color Cannot Be Beat

=a)

how Their Quality in Finnage
ave Blues, Blacks and Calicos
very Fancier Should Look Them Over

S ee Them at C. C. VOWINKEL
5109 Catherine Street

wer]

Philadelphia, Pa

6 0s Ps Fs 0 9s es i mes Os

|
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£

bi i Ss Os Ss Os Ss Ps —c¥

Fishfood That is Fishfood for Fish i

ROR TAMA
PROANESE e a Egon

For GOLD ann TROPICAL F/SH

_ Shipped Anywhere
'in United States
$1.00 Pound. Add
Postage

6 a 6 Os Bs |

Ef hed
Sample Box 15c
By Mail 17c

WM. G. SARBACHER, 1318 N. Dover St., Phila., Pa

ot ss ss ete

6 PS Pe Oe OS i

O00 T3300 = 300T— 5000 000 T5000 CM S000 T5006

Several thousand

i000 Gee eo

| LS )

AQUATIC MICROSCOPY
BY DR. ALFRED C. STOKES

SPLENDID, not too technical hand
book of the lower organisms for the
inquiring aquarist who dislikes to be

Young Broadtail Telescopes
nonplused by scientific verbiage. 324

and Japs

bodies and from two to four inches

pages, with 198 illustrations. long. Per dozen, $10 and up.

Gneiding’s Goldfish Hatchery
Ridgefield Park : : New Jersey

Phone, Hackensack 2599W 8

in all the desirable colors, with deep

$2.50 Plus Postage on 2 Pounds

Address Aquatic Life

P29 HHO SSO TC CC

es) G9 SS SS 908 SS Sea Sa

8
|
3
8
|
8
8
8
:
|
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»

42000 —>000C>000C> 000 000 000-¥

Hardy Breeders is what you want.
Start your Baby fish with Magic In-
fusoria and then feed Yogi Fishfood.
You cannot get any thing better, Ask
your dealer or druggist, or send for it
direct

Yogi I5c box. By mail 17c
Yogi 75c Pound Add Postage _
Magic (Infusoria) 50c Postpaid

Robert J. Schaeffer
1818 Frankford Avenue Phila., Pa

2 BOOKS FOR $2.00 ONLY AQUARIUMS

RIND’S Best Book $1.50—“The Practical
Fishfancier.” Brind’s First Book 50c —“Do-
mesticated Fish” Manual. (See my other ad.
this number.\ Color pictures of fish. Half-
tone and line cuts. These books cover the field

A COMBINATION

OF INGREDIENTS WHICH WILL

PRODUCE: A VARIETY. OF HARMLESS,
~ NOM SHELL INFUSORIA,

MAGIC

ORIGINATED AND MANUFACTURED BY

ROBERT J. SCHAEFFER
1818 FRANKFORD AVE.
PHILA: PA.

If Your Fish Are Not Doing Well—Try
ENCHYTRAEIDS - White Worms

The natural and best food for goldfishes, barring
none. Package, 50c. (cash or check), with in-
structions for raising a constant supply.

PAUL MARQUARDT, 829 Teutonia Avenue, Milwaukee, Wis |

We make durable, artistic aquariums suit-
able for home or conservatory; beautiful
wherever placed. Fishes, plants, foods and
| all supplies for the aquarist.

Pioneer Aquarium Works. Racine, Wisconsin

TROPICAL FISH - Fine and Cheap

Cameronensis, Red rivulus, Chaperi | Sale or Exchange
Albolineatus, Vittatus, Semifasciolatus | ;
Bettas, drichoeasie! fasciatus and Surplus Stock of Rare and Fancy Fish
Lalius, Live-bearers. etc. | ‘
Plants of All Kinds
W. L. BRIND, 449 W. 206th Street G. Germann, 0. D. 3823 N. Richmond St. Chicago
NEW YORK | Phone: Monticello 6864.

COOc—D 000 —<——S000C——D000 D000 C000 C000 GS 000 CS 000 C000,

Mollienisia latipinna (or velifera)

Some scientists assert that Velifera is but a perfectly developed latipinna—the only sort we
ship. Per dozen, $4.00.

Cyprinodon variegatus (Sheepshead Minnow), $3.00 per dozen.

Notropis metallicus, Fundulus heteroclitus, Gambusia holbrooki, Goldfish—all varieties.

Shubunkins (Spotted Goldfish), $4.00 per dozen.

Japanese Snails, $2.00 and $2.50 per dozen.

Plants. Vallisneria (narrow leaf), 30 cents per dozen; Vallisneria (wide leaf), 60 cents per
dozen; Sagittaria (broad leaf), 75 cents per dozen; Water Poppy, $1.00 per dozen; Cabomba,
Giant Anacharis, Potomogeton and Myriophyllum spicatum (milfoil), 75 cents per dozen
bunches, dgyptian Lotus (dormant tubers—best time to plant), 50 cents each. Red,
White and Yellow Water Lilies (dormant tubers), 50 cents each; (seeds, 15 cents per pack-
age). All plants postpaid.

Freshwater Shrimp, sun dried, shelled and shredded. The best fish food. Contains no
other substances. Coarse, medium or fine, $1.10 per pound, postpaid. White Worms (Wn-
chytraeus), per portion, 50 cents, with instructions how to breed a continuous supply. The
best live food A collection of twelve varieties of aquarium plants, $1.00, postpaid. When
remitting for fishes please include 50 cents for shipping ean,

CRESCENT FISH FARM, 1624 Mandeville Street, New Orleans, La,

ire CCU age ese 3,
Gee ae ee eee

[
|
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t eee ia the water. “with one hand and
blind Ae “both eyes. In othee words,

Our Magazine.

Tbe Guide to Mature
ip fe ‘Will Help You

edited by “EDWARD F. BIGELOW, who

es in the heavens ae a as well as the

One- Year, $7.50

oe AGASSIZ” ASSOCIATION

“ArcAdiA
Connecticut

of first pare Seer cup and gold medan.
fish for aquarists. ‘The | most attractive

ng fish. We now have them for sale.
; ! ;

OR DSS and rubras—_

's. ‘SILVER

35 mat ‘ith street, New Sau city: N.Y.
_ (Between 2a and 3d avenues.) — .

cg ||
me stock of Hap! geusids eameronensis, mgs g

0 pe cee ee

co)
if

fecal
tof
CD Oo
op

pak

pa)

_—

1 feat alae Breeding 1 Tubs

Ww fitted with aluminum strainers to
ish and gaphae going down drain

m0
ce
6
Oo
ae
es
a°))
Oo
ib
!

Boge hs

CREATION! The New infusoris ites

Jsec ithout sheep manure. Just the thing to
tau peut young fish right. Send for free wale.

i 50 Box Postpaid _

oS a to Catch Net

S wire. Five and half inches
g. Made of est Bens
r rust. ;

ate]

tS for Cichtosoma Nigrotac.
2etse up Breed of

mae) neon oe ae

K. CHRISTINE

He i

fancy varieties of the Goldfish and

or the advanced. expert.

INNES & SONS: - 133 N. 12th St. - Phila., Pa.

Veiltail
TELESCOPES

Beautiful Breeders
8 Prize Winning Stock
. $12.00 Per Pair

Franklin Barrett

401 to 417 East Wyoming Avenue
Philadelphia

(FISH, PLANTS, SNAILS, ETC
Wholesale and: Retail ~

ik HE BES r B O O K
THE AQUARIUM & SUBJECTS

is ‘Goldfish Varieties & Tropical fy ',
Aquarium Fishes’’, byWm.T. Innes, ff} HA
former President of the Aquarium _// /
Society of Phila.; 250 pages, 195 wie.
illustrations. Tells all about the re ew

nearly 300 tropicals; how to breed
them, etc., etc, For the beginner —

Ey
aed

fm 5

A complete, practical, handsome
book, sent postpaid anywhere for
$4.00 Enlarged edition now ready.

JOSEPH J. HAEGELMEIER
IMPORTER AND BREEDER ©

FANCY GOLDFISH

‘| 1916 PROVENCHERE PLACE, ST. LOUIS, MO

eee Assortment of Fancy Fish at All Times
Kinloch: Victor Ae 153 !

ig ae i Seman sas,

(GoLprisH]

~ 1,500,000° == 78

PLAIN & FANCY © (
Ready for market at Sage -bottom — prices

x ra 8
ped anywhere in United States or Canada. Write: -
for our illustrated se avett eat

Oriental Goldfish and Suppl) Co. 8
3757 - 3761 Cottages Grove’ ‘Avenue =) |
~ Chicago, Illinois ~

IGDODOOOOOG09000000009969600800 980660 C

Aquatic Lite

Vol. II ss Vol. Ill |
|
J

$2.25 each, postage ‘paid

Volumes average 165 pages and‘ as
many illustrations. Substantial cloth
binding, with title page and complete
index. (Stock of Volume II is small.)
WANTED: One hundred copies of
Volume I, loose or bound. Can use
single issues. Address publisher.

eae
7 Sort
5 x 5 Z
\

JAPANESE GOLDFISH
By DR. HUGH M. SMITH

A guide to the methods of breeding
fancy goldfish practiced in Japan. The 9
result of the personal investigations
-of the author. Ten breeds: are illus-
trated in color, with numerous text °
cuts; 112 pages.

$2.00, plus postage on 2 pounds.

f Address Aquatic Life 4 =u
HERMAN RABENAU, Aquarist ‘id

PERMANENT DISPLAY OF
Aquatic Life & Terraria
must be seen to be appreciated
Visitors Welcome _
Plants and Tropical Fish a Specialty
Importations of New Varieties received

regularly
1163 Myrtle Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y.

- Near Broadway.

GOLDFISH, FOODS, PLANTS, DIP NETS . in

Combination Natural Fish Food - Sample Box 10c
Japanese Shrimp Fish Food - - Sample Can 15c
Baby Fish Food . Sample Box 15¢
Glass Feeding Rings 15c, 25c 35c Each
Mail Orders Promptly Attended to

Special Prices on Quantity Lots.
Cash With Order.

Catalogue Sent

Upon Request,

AQUARIUM STOCK CO
New York City

273 Greenwich Street ::

ee = = i ; 7
00000000000 000000 000 000.000 0000000

~ HARRY P. PETERS
|

A SOSODIDOOSOIOT P0000 000.000

“HARRY P. PETERS | |
1210 N. Warnock Street, Philadelphia, Pa

BREEDER AND. IMPORTER. se
Rare and Fancy F ish —

Plants of every variety, Snails se
Aquarium Supelics = call kinds at all
times.

MANUFACTURER OF are

Green River Fish Food, Ue
15c Box ee ewe

Green River Baby Fish ]
ae BOS Box : Sesees
A GOOD FISH FOOD i is one 0} of the

most essential. things necessary OF
keep fish in good health. ‘After

~ test of years” Green River stands «
as the best ‘food-on the market.
keeps the fish in good color by pro-
moting a healthy, robust growth. “te
will not sour ot cloud the water.
your dealer or send for it today.

i A Bee z 2

and Jap Goldfish at Reacpuane Prices _
Large Assortment of -
LIONHEADS

Shipping Cans 50 cents =e

1210 NORTH WARNOCK STREET
_ PHILADELPHIA

| Nippon Gold fish Co

eared Ys MURATA, Proprietor. oS si
1919-21 Bush Street, San Franco, al
T mporters and Dealers —

_ GOLDFISH ‘PLANTS SNAILS ¥
Dried Shrimp, Birds, Cages and All 5
Supplies _ ae:

aie

NEW STOCKS ARE COMING
Price List Sent on Request —

vet

4 2 e
WOR | Be
sk a ae a

Wie

‘Miars

bs i
tg
Y J i) \ :
{ \ ; ais
5

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An international monthly magazine devoted to the study, care and breedin

¢ y g of fishes and
other animals and plants in the home aquarium and terrarium. ae

Ww. A. POYSER .....- se oe en Pee ge eee are .... EDITOR —

JOSEPH E. BAUSMAN ....-----+--++++:: ZT TS oie tase ees Sesesesse.. PUBLISHER _
_ 542 East Girard Avenue ..----+.-++eeesss2++> fies ove tees te dteeteees vee. Philadelphia —

Entered as second-class matter, September 2d, 1915, at the Post Office, Philadelphia, Pa.,
under Act of March 3d, 1879. — ae oe ; 5: eae 2
Popular and scientific articles and notes on subjects pertaining to the aquarium and
terrarium, and to the habits of fishes in general, are always wanted for “Aquatic Life.”
Readers are invited to join in making it a medium of mutual help by- contributing to it -

i “ ‘ ;
, Bs i ”
a8) Jay BENS. 5 : bee re

9 6 6 6 6 9 PP a 9 8 PO 94S S$ 9 Fi A PP 9“ FF Bn a Cf

the results of their studies. The pages are always open-to any one having information :
of interest to the aquarist and student of aquatic biology. Manuscripts, books for review — Be
and general correspondence should be addressed to the editor: 2 is 5 am
“aquatic Life’ has the largest circulation of any magazine in the world devoted to aquatic =
nature-study. It offers to advertisers a market that can be reached through no other - Bee
medium. Rates made known on application. 4 Rao ; mek S Gag
“YEARLY SUBSCRIPTION ........--. sooner od, fee eiee pene oe et De gen
FOREIGN SUBSCRIPTIONS ........ Apso nae Cee SH Oh we ea ne eee 1.50 5 ee
SINGLE COPY ..;...-+--- Se ee See eon beeen eee teeter eee ees eee ae ] = ge
Payments should be made by money order, draft or registered letter. If local checks are Bone
sent, ten cents should be added for collection charges. Foreign remittances should be by i :
international money order. : NG. ete ea : Ss ) |
rae Copyright, 1920, by: Joseph E. Bausman. : SS Sg Ws :
| Water Gadenines | T. P. LOVERING | _
By BISSET. |) AQUARISE © |
} g ] > : pe
‘ The best and most “readable” book on ] WILMINGTON, NORTH CAROLINA }: 4
Ee nie and ee ee o dee | Collector and Breeder of Tropical Fish | q
plants in general. It gi = er ; = ae ie 3
! tail all the practical information neces- / Snakes and Other Reptiles | | j 2
/ sary to the. selection, erouping any ] esis Sete gree | ] ; 3
t successful cultivation of aquatic an oP as See EN =
{ other plants required in the making of l New Varieties Aquatic Plants. i Se
} a water garden and its surroundings. } Choice and Rare Specimens ag
; Covers all conditions from that of the Snakes and Reptiles _~ : ae
{ amateur with a few plants in tubs to l Tropical Fishes _ ee
! the large estate or park. _ } : ~
Directions for constructing concrete Raa :
pools; propagation of hardy and tender Fundulus nottii, $1.50 per pair. Peas 3 a
] lilies and other aquatics; best lilies for } 1) saa a ERIN Rove aes ae
small pools and tubs; the aquatic plant ge fons 8 bah ich pain j a
greenhouse; various aquarium plants; eterandria formosa, $1.00 per pair. a
j enemies and diseases of aquatic plants; M. chaetodon, 50e each ‘i a
pee and other fishes for the water / ‘Small turtles, $1.25 per dozen. oa
garden. ‘s : ae
Profusely illustrated with 120 half- | Newts, $1.00 per dozen. ae
tones, 17 diagrams and 2 double page Wholesale_to dealers.
| plates. 199 pages, coated paper, orna- Se ENTG 4g
mented cloth binding—de luxe edition. ; sy
] Price, $3.00, postpaid. The Venus Flytrap (Dionaea muscipula)
i THE BOOK DEPARTMENT AQUATIC LIFE The plant that feeds on insects.
Philadelphia $1.00 Dozen

a
|
|

2 ee ee ee es Fs FF

me ee eee ee ees PF FSF SF

me me, PR 6 SS FS Fs FS OS FS Os Fs Fs Ss es Fs OS

The aquarist has more than one rea-
son to wish to be the owner of a micro-
scope. The miniature life-community,
confined within the limits of his glass
tank, again and again presents to him—
not infrequently contrary to his desired
aim—revelations of the microscopic
world, be it in the form of a green cov-
ering on the sides of his aquarium
threatening its transparency, a mass of
fine green algae weaving a_ network
among his Vallisneria, Sagittaria and
other plants, or in the dark green or
brownish colored covering of the sand
of his old tanks, which may suggest to
him a cleaning and a _ rearrangement.
But apart from this disturbing interfer-
ence, the influence of the invisible “mi-
crocosmos” is apparent in many other

Aquarium Microscopy

PROFESSOR R. FRANCE

ParapIs—E FrsH, MACROPODUS VIRIDI-AURATUS, THREE Days Orp
Photomicrographs by Carl L. Hartshorn

> Fa 6 5 6 SS FS SS SB GS 6 FS 6 FR 6B BS BA 6 BB 6 8 SPS Ba 6 PS PS 8 FS Ff Pg Fs Sg Sg Ss,

a a a i te
.

ies! re | eee |

Fe ee en et

ways. In feeding his fishes with Daph-
ma and Cyclops, in hunting for Hydra,
or in caring for his aquatic plants, a
microscope is a valuable aid and teach-
er, increasing the enjoyment in his pas-
time a hundredfold.

Every aquarium is an inexhaustible
source of microscopic life and always
harbors a rich microscopic fauna and
flora. One never fails to find the dia-
toms, which have been called the “jew-
els of the plant world,” as well as some
of the graceful desmids, unicellular
bright-green algae, of which Closterium,
Cosmarium and Muicrasterias are fre-
quent kinds; also the tiny and beautiful
Scenedesmus and Pediastrum, the latter
a relative of the peculiar water-net,
Hydrodictyon, will seldom be missing,

50 Aquatic Life

nor some representatives of the Oscilla-
toriaceae, whose peculiar wavy motion
has not yet been satisfactorily explained.
The latter, generally massed into skin-
like layers, may be seen even with a
magnification as low as 80 to 100 diame-
ters, and with the diatoms and desmids

gether anywhere in nature. One will
never look in vain, for instance, for
Paramecium and Chilodon, and it is an
interesting fact that the largest of all
infusorians, Spirostomum ambiguum,

which is even visible to the naked eye as
a “white worm” of a length of about one

1. Actinoptychus heliopelta, a marine diatom.

aquarium (Carl L. Hartshorn). 3.
in conjugation (Charles M. Breder, Jr.).
a marine diatom.

from an aquarium.
crocladia Coulteri, a seaweed.
noted.

they form, as “crawling plants,’’ some
of the most interesting forms of micro-
scopic life.

One will fail to find in an
aquarium many of the lively infusorians ;
many an old aquarium will furnish a
larger variety than may be found to-

never

2. Closterium, a desmid, from the side of an

Micrasterias, a desmid. 4. Spirogyra, a filamentous algae,
5. Pediastrum pertusum.
7. A portion of the radula or tongue of a snail.
breeder, Haplochromis strigigena (Charles M. Breder, Jr.).
10. Filamentous desmids and diatoms.

6. Triceratium favus,
8. A scale of the mouth-

9. Bacteria, Bacillus. subtilis,
11. Diatoms, Isthmia sp., on Mi-

Photomicrographs by Charles P. Titus except as otherwise

millimeter, is most easily obtainable from
almost any permanent aquarium. ‘Then
there are almost always present during
the summer months, appearing like a
white fungous growth on plants, the
charming Vorticella, showing under the
microscope one of the wonders of life—

Aquatic Lite 51

the reaction of the living cell in response
to stimuli, in the contraction of the
spiral “muscle” in the thread-like stalk
or pedicle by which the animal is fasten-
ed to plants, etc. Amoeba are frequent
inhabitants of the surface of the mud
covering the bottom, and through a study
of them the fundamental facts of life
will be better understood. These min-
ute forms are not difficult to remove
from an aquarium for examination with
a long pipette, without otherwise disturb-
ing the whole. It is not so easy, how-
Eyegeto. catch the larger rotifers or
wheel animalcules, or the small crusta-
ceans, which requires the aid of a small
net of silk gauze.

It will certainly excite interest to
watch under the microscope living ro-
tifers (say Branchionus) or cladocerans
(Daphmia, etc.). They afford views of
the living workings of the inner organs,
as the stomach, brain, heart, and even
of a living embryo in the process of seg-
mentation, and so on. Not less enter-
taining and educational is the observa-
tion of a Hydra catching infusoria and
other foods, or of mosquito larvae, which
are also wonderfully transparent.

The observation of the higher plant
life also offers a source of no less enjoy-
ment, as aquatic plants afford particu-
larly fine opportunities in many ways to
examine, without further preparation,
the inner structure of the plant and plant
cell, besides for instance the methods of
plants for protection against attacks by
snails, and many other interesting adap-
tions of submerged plants. Let us take
as an example the formation of air-
cells, enabling plants to float, for the
study of which the different kinds of
Lemna and the leaf-stalks of Myriophyl-
lum are very fine objects. The structure
of the leaf may also be seen without
preparation in Fontinalis and Anacharis,

while one of the most interesting phe-
nomena, the flow or circulation of pro-
toplasm within the cell, can easily be ob-
served in Chara, Nitella, Vallisneria,
etc. All root ends of plants are provided
with a sort of protective cap (calyptra),
which is nowhere more plainly to be seen
than on the rootlets of Lemna. And by
the way, those not informed often er-
roneously regard the roots of Lemna as
stalks of the floating leaf, which is really
not a leaf. As a matter of fact Lemna
have no leaves, but the apparent floating
leaf is a stalk contracted into leaf-shape,
from which, as in other the
roots descend.

plants,

These few examples prove to what
degree the use of a microscope may en-
rich the knowledge of an aquarist, and
the better enable him to rationally care
for his pets, the fishes and plants. But
this is not the main profit derived. It
is the deepening of his knowledge of the
complicated interdependence of life and
its hidden laws, as between animal and
plant aquatic life. Only he who is also
acquainted with the microscopic aquatic
life will be able to fully understand the
law of “biocenosis,” the relation of or-
ganisms to other organisms with which
they live. It must have been actually
seen how each is interwoven with the
other, how the bacteria in the sediment
and sand, the rhizopods and the algae
contribute to the aeration and are, there-
fore, necessary for the well-being of the
whole aquarium. From the manner which
the aquarium is inhabited by these beings
invisible to the naked eye, the aquarist is
enabled to arrive at conclusions as to the
dangers threatening or as to the safety
and stability of his little world or com-
munity. The occurrence of sulphur-bac-
teria, principally Beggiatoa, indicates
imperfect aeration as these forms can
only exist in the presence of sulphuret-

52 Aquatic Lite

ted hydrogen. On the other hand, an
abundance of green algae, like Scenedes-
mus, Closterium and so on, is a guar-
antee for good health of the fishes, secur-
ing aeration of the aquarium through-
Oil

The aquarist, who is at the same time
a microscopist, may have the opportunity
of seeing unrolled before his view a

growth on the glass; the whole com-
munity of minute beings plays its part in
relation to the health of the fishes; the
larger plants, discharging oxygen in the
process of photosynthesis, create the con-
ditions necessary for the existence of the
microscopically small inhabitants of the
aquarium, which again will dispose in
smaller or greater degree of the refuse

DistaL Enps oF Mopiriep ANAL Fins oF MALE VuivipArous PokctILims

The structure of the so-called intromittant organ in these fishes is a stable diagnostic char-

acter and has played an important part in recent studies of the group.
3. Cnesterodon decemmaculatus.
Photomicrographs by Dr. E. Bade.

nops. 2. Gambusia holbrooki.

Phalloceros caudomaculatus.

regular world-history in miniature, whole
nations of infinitesimal animalcules com-
ing and going, one preying on the other,
one holding the other in check or bal-
ance, and each having its own particular
task. The infusoria prey on the bac-
teria, they themselves being devoured by
other “carnivorous” infusoria; the ro-
tifers hunt both kinds of infusoria; the
crustaceans live on algae as well as roti-

fers; the snails check the excessive

1. Mollienisia sphe-
4, Mollienisia formosa. 5.

matter of the larger inhabitants. Most
assuredly a fascinating cycle of life. And
this constant automatic purification pro-
cess not only reveals to the careful ob-
server natural law after law in the small
cosmos of his aquarium, but also will
permit him to draw more general con-
clusions as to the greater laws of the
universe, and even as to how human
life and his own existence are dependent
on natural laws, teaching him that these

may not be broken with impunity.

Thus aquariculture from a mere pas-
time may be elevated to an educational
medium of the first magnitude. For this
reason no public school should be with-
out an aquarium. It will prove an in-
valuable aid to ins¥ruction in natural
history, and obviously the more so in
connection with the use of the micro-
scope.

Now, in conclusion, we will not omit
to point out the advantages every pro-
fessional microscopist would derive from
keeping a_ self-sustaining aquarium.
Every scientist and microscopist should
become a practical aquarist and keep his
own “home pond.” It will enable him to
keep and cultivate for an indefinite time
at least some of the material collected,
having it at hand not only in season, but
also out of season; and explorations in
his home tank may be made to yield more
surprises than many an excursion for
collecting purposes in the open, often
thus saving much valuable time. The
habits and life-history of many subjects,
such as Daphnia, Cyclops, Cypris,
Plumatella and all kinds of algae could
not be studied better and more conven-
iently than in a real self-sustaimmeg
aquarium. A microscopist, after owning
an aquarium, will have no more cause
for the old complaint: “Of all the in-
teresting things described in books I can
find little or nothing myself.’ He will
enjoy the same pleasures as the aquarist
who adopted the use of the microscope
in connection with aquariculture ; he will
always be able to make observations at
first hand, thus enlarging his practical
knowledge, and soon both will become
convinced that microscopy and aquarian
nature-study go hand in hand and are but
two ways leading to the same goal.

a a

A noise like ready money will wake a

man when an alarm clock fails.

Aquatic Lite 53

A “Tin Can”? Aquarium
HARRY W. BALLEISEN

Modesto, in a past number of Aquatic
Life, tells us how we may make a very
attractive aquarium from a cigar box.
Now some aquarists criticize wood as
material for a tank, and for them we
present an improvisation that has surely
greater strength and durability, even
though it may not lend itself to a finish
equal to wood. We refer to a tank made
from a square or rectangular can such as

that in which varnish is sold. In the
tank illustrated in course of construction,
the top of the can, showing the handle
and spout, has not been removed in that
the idea may be better grasped.

The first step is to punch four holes,
about an eighth of an inch in diameter, in
the corners of the five sides of the can,
from which panels are to be removed.
With a scratch-awl and rule draw lines
connecting the holes, thus indicating the
panels. The position of the holes will, of
course, dictate the width of the frame.

Take a sharp can-opener, and it is es-
sential that it be sharp to make a smooth
edge, and cut out carefully the largest
panel—that which will be the front or top
of the aquarium, then the two narrower
ones, the top and bottom of the can,
which will form the ends of the tank, be-
ing left to the last. In so proceeding

54 Aquatic Lite

the smaller sides act as supports, while
the larger are being cut; for much the
same reason all the holes should be
punched before proceeding to remove
the panels. The handle of the can and
the spout should be removed with a sol-
dering iron. Should the spout encroach
on the part reserved as the frame, a piece
of tin may be soldered on the inside.

We have now a frame for an aquar-
ium, but the edges of the angles are
sharp. If one has the facilities, and pro-
vision has been made in laying out the
width of the angles, the edges may be
turned over and crimped on the inside.
The same effect can be secured by cut-
ting strips of tin a quarter inch wide and
of the proper lengths. Each strip is then
bent lengthwise along a line drawn down
the middle, which can be done in a vise
if the worker does not have access to a
sheet metal brake. The bent strips are
then crimped over the sharp edges and
finally soldered. It will be noted that
we have not removed that side of the
can which will become the bottom of the
aquarium.

For a base select a piece of good wood
one inch thick, and one and one-half
inches wider and longer than the bot-
tom of the frame, which will allow an
extension of three-quarters of an inch
on all sides. Fasten the frame to the
wood base with four nails, one in each
corner; more may be used if the frame
has warped or it otherwise seems desir-
able.

In setting the glass, insert the bottom
first, placing the piece on a bed of ce-
ment laid around the edge in sufficient
quantity to insure adequate support on
all sides; then insert the long sides and
the ends last. When the cement has set
the tank may be painted as desired and
placed in service when dry.

Aquaria of this sort are entirely suit-

able for the breeding of many small trop-
ical fishes and for photographing, though
for the latter use the glass on the side
exposed to the camera should be white
and of the best quality.

May Pointers

Spring is well advanced and plants,
both in the home aquarium and outdoors,
are growing rapidly. In the ponds round
about we find many pretty plants that are
seasonably desirable, but before adding
them to our collection they should be
carefully washed and also sterilized in
a solution of permanganate of potash.
To force growth, plants may be set in
shallow pots in rich loamy soil topped
with gravel or sand, and then submerged
in the aquarium.

If a few days after an aquarium has
been set a scum appears on the surface
of the water (bacteria), it may be taken
as evidence of the decay of vegetable
matter, perhaps the plants or portions of
them that have been injured in handling.
The roots may be found blackened and
giving off an offensive odor. If these
plants are allowed to float loose at the
surface, in a sunny situation, new roots
will be produced, when the plants may
then be safely placed in position at the
bottom.

Daphnia and kindred crustaceans are
now quite plentiful. The catch should be
poured into an aquarium reserved for
the purpose, that enemies of fishes may
be removed and none but the desired
“fleas” transferred to the aquaria con-
If an aerating
device is in use, it may well be extended
to the Daphnia tank.
ed from permanent tanks will contain
much that is desirable as food for the
Aquarium So-

taining fishes and fry.

Sediment syphon-

crustaceans.—Chicago
ciety.

6 PS Os PS

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6 6 en pa Sg a 2mm me me mes

Diamond-back Terrapin

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Various classifiers of our terrapins
have associated in the genus Mala-
coclemmys a number of species to be
found in this country, which structur-
ally, in several instances, have very little
to do with each other. In the present
series of articles, Lesueur’s Terrapin
(M. lesueurii) has already been figured
and briefly described. In habits, distri-
bution, and in its anatomy, this species
is entirely different from the subject of
the present account, which is the widely
known Diamond-back Terrapin (MM.
palustris). ‘This is likewise more or less
true of the other representatives of the
genus, as the Geographic Terrapin (.

of th Fh EF SS FF Ft Fs OL
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Observations on the Chelonians |
of North America. X. l

IDR. IRE OMe Se OWe eH Db (Oe Ye 7 IS
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Malacoclemmys palustris

tts ss ss et es Pe ss Os Ps

geographica); the Kohn’s_ Terrapin
(M. kohnu); Baur’s Terrapin (MM.
pulchra), and the Ocellated Terrapin
(M. oculifera).

It is not my intention to present any
of these differences in this article, apart
from the fact that the Diamond-back is
the species which, in its morphology, dis-
tribution and habits, departs more widely
from what various herpetologists have
given as the generic distinctions with
respect to other groups of terrapins.

It would seem that the Diamond-back
has been so named for the reason that it
has nothing on its back that in any way

resembles a diamond. The usual thir-

56 Aquatic Lite

teen dorsal scutes of the carapace are
rough, each composed of several-sided
shields formed like low pyramids, ris-
ing step-fashion, the steps defined by
grooves (see figure). These scutes are
hexagonal for the medium row, and ir-
regularly pentagonal for the surround-
ing ones. The center of each shield in
the median row develops a blunt-pointed
tubercle, the whole line of them forming
the so-called “keel,’’ which, on side view,
has the appearance of a serrated ridge.
These serrations vary greatly in different
individuals, being very low in some and
conspicuous in others. Age may have
something to do with this, they becoming
more or less rubbed down in very old
specimens.

In the matter of coloration, this terra-
pin, as in the case of other terrapins,
varies considerably. Very young speci-
mens are extremely beautiful, being of a
pale whitish gray, with dark concentric
markings. An old female at hand as |
write, has the carapace above of a dark
olive brown, while the plastron is of a
yellowish olive, with the central portion
and heavy radiations from it, of an earth
brown. The limbs are black, the hinder
pair being webbed and very large. The
head is of a beautiful olive gray, dotted
over with black spots. There is a broad,
black maxillary stripe below either eye,
and a similar median one on the top of
the head. A peculiar character is seen in
the curling-up of the free margin of the

carapace, especially posteriorly (see
hgure ).
Female Diamond-backs are consid-

erably larger than the males, and have
proportionately much larger heads and
longer tails. A big one may have a total
length of 20 centimeters, and weigh a
couple of pounds.

This species ranges from Texas to the
coasts of New England, as far north as

Massachusetts, being a __ salt-water
species, inhabiting the marshes along the
coast, sometimes migrating up the larger
rivers. They have been taken up the
Hudson as far as Newburgh; but this
does not happen very often.

One of the fullest accounts of this
species, giving descriptions, distribution,
habits, economic value, and many other
particulars, is the work of Dr. R. E.
Coker, entitled ‘“The Cultivation of the
Diamond-back Terrapin.” (Bull. No.
14, the North Carolina Geol. Surv.,
1906; illustrated. )

This terrapin in nature subsists prin-
cipally upon the leaves of certain aquatic
plants, small crustaceans, snails. Occa-
sionally it may capture small fishes, while
in a captive state we may add to its diet
chopped meat, oysters and clams. The
cut of the Diamond-back here shown is
a reproduction of one of the writer’s
own photographs of a specimen obtained
in Center Market in Washington, D. C.
The stand where it was borrowed had
some one hundred of these reptiles in a
big barrel, and they were selling at from
$3 to $5 apiece, the market men purchas-
ing them for $2 per head. ‘They were in
excellent condition, and apparently none
the worse for being kept as described.

Like other terrapins, this species feeds
under water, and lays white eggs. Doctor
Coker well describes their nests and
breeding habits. The young of the Dia-
mond-back terrapin would probably
thrive in aquaria, if kept under proper
conditions of temperature, food, and sa-
linity of the water, for they will very
soon die in fresh water. Common table
salt will answer to produce the correct
saline condition.

ly Sate
Rainbow chasers get at least a run for

their money. Gladness is appreciated

only by those who know what sadness 1s.

~
‘p
Fundulus catenatus

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More than once I have heard aquar-
ists growling about changes in the scien-
tific names of fishes, and it has been
amusing to listen to the arguments. Male-
dictions have been heaped on the heads
of ichthyologists who have dared rele-
gate well established names to the back-
ground. The object of a change is to
place a fish with other species believed to
be its nearest of kin, or to bring into
usage a name found to antedate the one
by which it may be commonly known,
the latter becoming a synonym. ‘There
are other reasons why a name must go,
such as preoccupation in the new genus,
and mere appropriateness never saves it,

tt sh FF Fe fF dF Ss Fh Fs Pt Bt Fe Ft FO A FE EF tidied te >

(The Stud Fishes

GHARIES |. SAWYER

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Stud Fish

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but all such changes follow definite rules
agreed to by zoologists and no one is a
law unto himself as some seem to think.
But among systematists 1t must be ad-
mitted that we have radicals and con-
servatives. The two groups are not in
accord as to what constitutes a species,
nor do they agree as to the limits of a
genus, that is, how far a form may de-
part in characteristics from the type and
still be retained. The radical will split
the genus and set up the divergent
species in a new one. It is in such inter-
pretations that the zoologist is guided by
the results of his researches, or influenc-
ed by personal opinion, rather than by a

58 Aquatic Lite

law, but even then he must retain the
oldest specific name. Not all splits and
transfers, however, can be termed radical
and assigned as the work of those who
cannot let well enough alone.

Going back over a period of a cen-
tury we may find many divergent species
placed at one time or another in a single
genus that are obviously not sufficiently
related to be so intimately associated.
The genus Poecilia may be cited as an
example. It was described in 1801 by
Bloch and Schneider for the species
vivipara, which we thus know as the
“type” of the genus. Others described
fishes and placed them here. Then at var-
ious times more careful study, made pos-
sible perhaps by additional specimens,
depleted the genus and today it is com-
paratively small. Poecilia olivacea we
now know as “Fundulus notatus; Poe-
cilia sphenops is Molhiemsia sphenops;
Poecilia catenata is Fundulus catenatus,
and so on. The rambling of a species
from one position to another is just as
exasperating to the systematist as to the
aquarist, perhaps more so, but so long as
species are described and assigned to
genera wherein their status is question-
able, whatever the opinion of their spon-
sors, just so long will there be others to
switch them elsewhere. It will ever be
thus. I believe it was Professor Cope
who rightly transferred Storer’s catenata
from Poecilia to Fundulus, but it
wouldn’t surprise me if someone restor-
ed Jordan’s Xemisma for it and stellifer.

Leaving nomenclature and its tangles,
why haven’t aquarists acquired the stud
fishes? Both should be highly desirable.
ight or nine years ago the enterprising
Fundulus catenatus, but
It’s a
The male is greenish

had
apparently did nothing with it.

Germans

handsome fellow.
or bluish, with an orange spot on each

scale forming somewhat chain-like lines ;
hence the name, catenatus, meaning

chained. The female is not quite as at-
tractive, the spots being brown instead of
orange. It is found in the Tennessee and
Cumberland rivers, and in streams in the
Ozarks.

Even more desirable is the smaller F.
stellifer. ‘This is a brilliant species. The
body is blue above and silvery below, the
male having orange spots irregularly dis-
tributed over the body. On the female
the spots are olive-brown and smaller.
This species comes from Georgia.

Do you remember the slogan of a few

years ago: “See America First?’ Why
not, then, “Study American Fishes
First?”

——$@___

The Microscopical Society

During the past winter a group of
microscopists have met at intervals for
the discussion of matters of interest, es-
pecially with regard to technique. Talks
have been given on the principles of mi-
croscopy (Frank J. Keeley) ; methods of
illumination, demonstrated with twenty-
five microscopes and objects mounted in
various media (Mr. Keeley) ; photomi-
crography (Dr. Thomas S$. Stewart) ;
mounting methods, with demonstration
of slide microtome (Dr. Stewart) = cell
making and mounting objects dry (W.
iN, IAD).

The group has now formally organiz-
ed as The Philadelphia Microscopical So-
ciety. Meetings will be held, except dur-
ing July and August, on the fourth

Thursday of the month, at 8 P. M., in
laboratory of the Wagner Institute of

Science, Seventeenth and Montgomery
The meetings are open to the
Microscopists desiring to become

avenue.
public.
members may obtain further information
by addressing the secretary, W. A. Poy-
207 South Thirty-seventh street.
The necessary qualification is an interest
in microscopy ; the dues are purely nomi-

SEL

nal.

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(The Guide-Book |
| To “The New York Aquarium
DR. R. W. SHUFELDT
pemreeitee a

as Fs PS Sd Os Pe

Epinephelus striatus

— ee

It will be good news to many who are
familiar with the present status and the
remarkable growth of The New York
Aquarium, that it has at last been enabled
to issue the desideratum of all such in-
stitutions, an illustrated “Guide Book.”
This has come about as one of the many
achievements of Dr. Charles H. Town-
send, the present director of this most in-
teresting centre of instruction for ali
who love to observe and study aquatic
life as it is here exhibited in the Old
Castle Garden at the foot of Broadway
in the world’s most populous city.

Those who now visit the aquarium can
do so with the assurance that their
studies of the many forms on exhibition
in the great tanks and pools there can be
more advantageously undertaken
through the aid of the above referred to
Guide Book—not only this, for the little
volume may be taken home for future

em me SP 6 6 FR 6 FF 8 sd sd a SE
.

bb Ff hh fF GF A

reference to revive the memory as to
what the visitor observed there. This
treatise—for it falls short of nothing
else, is a small octavo hand book bound
in boards, and having nearly 200 pages
of text matter, and many illustrations of
fish and other denizens of the ocean and
our inland waters. There are also ex-
cellent figures of inside and outside views
of the building itself.

It is truly wonderful what a host of
living forms of a great variety of species
have been brought together in this build-
ing under the skillful management and
foresight of Dr. Townsend, not to men-
tion the admirable methods that have
been inaugurated to properly exhibit
them.

In a brief notice like the present one
it will be quite out of the question to set
forth even a small part of the mass of in-

formation that this modest appearing

60 Aquatic Lite

Guide Book contains,—for its index
alone occupies upwards of six pages of
fine print. As a preface we have an ac-
count of the “Equipment and Methods”
of the aquarium, followed by an elabor-
ate series of descriptions devoted pri-
marily to “The Collection,” and follow-
ed by brief histories of the fishes and
other forms to be seen in the tanks, pools
and small aquaria there found to contain
them.

The reproductions or cuts are all from
photographs from life, the latter having
been made by some of our most dis-
tinguished photographers of living forms
in nature and in captivity.

How well some of the fish have been
taken may be judged from the cut of
the Nassau Grouper, illustrating this
brief notice, it having been furnished the
writer by Dr. Townsend to illustrate
what is here set forth, which will have
fully attained its object should it bring
such information as the writer trust it
will, to many a student of our aquatic
forms, a large proportion of which can
be studied in no other way.

Notes and News

At the 610th regular meeting of the
Biological Society of Washington, held
in the assembly hall of the Cosmos Club,
on Saturday evening, April 3d, Dr. R.
W. Shufeldt presented a paper entitled,
“Observations on the Cervical Region of
the Spine in Chelonians,” which was 1il-
lustrated by lantern slides.

aed

The Hudson County Aquarium So-
ciety, founded less than two years ago,
has a membership of one hundred. Meet-
ings are held on the fourth Thursday in
the Jersey City Public Library, Jersey
City, N. J. The officers: President,
Harvey A. Van Cott; vice-president,

James H. McConnell; treasurer, Frank

W. Hedden; recording secretary, Wil-
liam A. Whitten; financial secretary,
Mrs. F. W. Hedden; corresponding sec-
retary, Mrs. M. Kiekert, 107 Linden ave-
more, jersey Cray, IN. JJ

The largest aquarium south of Phila-
delphia has been established at Miami,
Florida. Fifty large exhibition tanks
have been installed, one being the largest
in America and the second largest in the
world. ‘There are said to be about five
hundred species of fishes about Miami,
and investigations will be started to as-
certain the food values of each, not to
mention life-history and habitat studies.
Apparently the work will in the main

be confined to saltwater species.
——— :

It is always encouraging when a busi-
ness house finds it necessary to move to
larger quarters. Success in business
usually follows a strict application of the
golden rule. So it is not surprising to
now find The Aquarium Stock Com-
pany in a finer store at 174 Chambers
street, better able than ever to supply
the needs of the aquarist. We note that
they can now supply imported dried
daphne for which many have inquired
during the past few years.

Dr. Albert Hazen Wright, of Cornell
University, informs the editor that he
collected specimens of Lucania
ommata in Okefinokee Swamp Georgia,
shal. WOVE AR,

many

ROLES

“The verra best music I effer heard
whateffer was doun at Jamie McLaugh-
“There wass fif-
teen of us pipers in the wee back parlour,
all playin’ different chunes. I thocht I
was floatin’ in heevin.”—7it Bits.

AS cr

A man is worth what his ideas are

worth.

lan’s,” said the piper.

Statement of the Ownership, Management,
Circulation, Etc., Required by the Act of
Congress of August 24, 1912, of Aquatic
Life, published monthly at Philadelphia,
Penmsylvamia, for April 1, 1920.

State of Pennsylvania,

County of Philadelphia. pe

Before me, a notary public in and for the
State and County aforesaid, personally ap-
peared W. A. Poyser, who, having been duly
sworn according to law, deposes and says that
he is the editor of Aquatic Lirs, and that the
following is, to the best of his knowledge and
belief, a true statement of the ownership,
management, etc., of the aforesaid publication
for the date shown in the above caption, re-
quired by the Act of August 24, 1912, embodied
in Section 443, Postal Laws and Regulations,
to wit:

That the names and addresses of the pub-
lisher, editor, managing editor and business
managers are:

Publisher—Joseph FE. Bausman,
Girard Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.

Editor—W. A. Poyser, 207 South Thirty-
seventh Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

Managing Editor—None.

Business Managers—None.

That the owners are: (Give names and ad-
dresses of individual owners, or, if a corpora-
tion, give its name and the names and ad-
dresses of stockholders owning or holding 1
or more of the total amount of

542 East

per cent.
stock.)

Owners—Joseph FE. Bausman, 542 East
Girard Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.; W. A.
South Thirty-seventh Street,

Poyser, 207
Philadelphia, Pa.
That the known bondholders, mortgagees

and other security holders, owning or holding
1 per cent. or more of the total amount of
bonds, mortgages, or other securities are:
None.

W. A. POYSER, Editor.

Sworn to and subscribed before me this 30th
day of March, 1920.

(Seal) A. D. DEweEEs.
My commission expires February 19, 1921.

Tete PLSHL POND

Lionhead Spwan. Also Young from the

finest stock in tbe country

SHAW, 1941 Norh 5th Street
Philadelphia

b A) 8 6 YP 1S Pi 8 OS SS PPG 9S PB Og PS Pg PP PS 9 FS PB 6 i Sd SS FS 6 gs Fs Ps

Wear a Handsome Solid Gold
Pin of Your Favorite Fish

Supply Co. >

and brooches for ladies. Made of solid gold and

of very best workmanship. An odd and attract-
ive piece of jewelry now being worn by aqua-
rists. Size of illustrations.

Prices (including War Tax):
Scalare, $7.25, Lionhead, $7.25
Telescope (with ruby eye), $7.75.
Telescope (with diamond eye), $9.25.
We are in a position to supply pins
favorite pet. Price on application.

The Breeding Season is Here

Start Your Young Fish on Stil-B-Nu
Infusoria Culture. Then Feed Them
Our Foods and Watch Them Grow

Stil-B-Nu Infusoria Culture is essential to all
aquarists who desire to raise Gold and Tropical
fishes. This culture is a_result-producer. Full
directions with each box. Price 50c., postpaid.

of your

Stil-B-Nu Fishfood. Scientifically prepared. Con-
tains most nutritious ingredients. A proved and

tested food for all aquarium fishes. A trial and
your food problem is solved. Fine and coarse.
Fine recommended for Tropicals. Price 20c. box;
3 boxes, 50c., postpaid.

Stil-B-Nu Dried Shrimp. Contains shrimp only.
which is dried and properly prepared to make
a choice morsel for all kinds of fishes. Coarse
or fine. Use fine for Tropicals. Price, 25c. box,
postpaid,

Stil-B-Nu Fish Remedy—a
bination for the treatment of fungus,
ete., of Tropical and fancy Goldfishes. Don’t
fail to have a box or two on hand for the
first sign of trouble. Full directions in each box.
Price: 6 tablets in a box, 25c., postpaid.

Stil-B-Nu Aquarium Salts will go
toward keeping your fishes in
replacing the lime and

non-poisonous com-

tail-rot,

a long
good health by
salts as they are ab-
Price: 6 tablets

way

sorbed by the fishes and snails.
25c.,

in a box, postpaid.

Stil-B-Nu Nets 55c
The Best Net Made

Made in two sizes,
3144 and 5 inches.

manufactured by us from the very best materials.

Stil-B-Nu Feeding Rings. Keep the food from
spreading. Price, 15c, postpaid.

Stil-B-Nu Aquarium Scrapers—something new;
order one today and ayoid placing hand in the
aquarium when cleaning it. Price, 50c
Easy-Reading Aquarium Thermometer. Tells at
a glance the temperature of your water. No
aquarium is complete without one. Price $1.00,

postpaid.

Pocket Magnifying Glass. Every aquarist needs
a good glass, especially when collecting insects
and raising infusoria. Considering quality, this

glass is priced very low. $1.75, postpaid.

Stil-B-Nu Aquarium Cement comes ready for use.
50c. pound, postpaid.

Fishes, Plants, Aquariums, Books, Castles, Stands
Wholesale and Retail

STIL-B-NU SUPPLY CO
427 E. Girard Avenue, Philadelphia

6 Os Fs Fs a es

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FRESH WATER BIOLOGY

By HENRY B. WARD AND GEORGE C. WHIPPLE

WITH THE COLLABORATION OF 25 DISTINGUISHED SPECIALISTS
ee gn eS Sea eo ee Se eed Se EE

This work is the first complete and accurate record of North Amer-
ican aquatic life, especially the micro-organisms; among both plants
and animals excluding the vertebrates, higher plants and bacteria,
every form is described that has been reported from a fresh-water body
on this continent.

given.

i Soe ee a ae

Aquatic Life, 1920

January, 1920. Betta rubra (Heede) ; Ob-
servations on the Chelonians of North Amer-
ica, Part VI (Shufeldt); Beef Heart and
2eef Liver for Young Fishes; Notes on Mos-
quito Larvae (Hale); Lucania ommata (ex-
tension of range); Habits of Fundulus nottit
and Heterandria formosa; Linseed meal cause
of disease among trout; South Australian
Aquarium Society, Passaic Aquarium Society,
the Redfield Theory, etc.

Frepruary. Goldfish Foods and Feeding as
Practiced in Japan (Nakashima) ; Observations
on the Chelonians of North America, Part VII

(Shufeldt); The Mosquito (Hale); Lucio-
cephalus pulcher (Heede); Maintaining an
Aquarium (Trell); An Easily Constructed
Heated Aquarium (Finckh) ; Roosevelt Wild
Life Forest Experiment Station, February
Pointers, etc.

Marcu. The Australian Congolly (Hale) ;

Observations on the Chelonians of North
America, Part VIII (Shufeldt) ; Ichthyopthir-
ius multifilius (Webber); Rivulus strigatus
(Brind); An Odd Trunkfish (Hubbs) ; North
Caro'tina Notes (Carlton) ; Society news.
Apri. Mastacembelus pancalus (MacMor-
ris); A New Treatment to Eliminate Ichthy-
ophthirius (Hauthaway); Observations on the
Chelonians of North America, Part IX (Shu-
feldt); Notes on Haplochilus lineatus (,Saw-
yer); The Artificial Production of Albinism

(Waite) - A Metal Net for Larval Fishes
(Balleisen) ; The “Balanced” Aquarium—A
Question and an Experiment (Powers) ;

Venus’s Fly Trap, Notes and News.

Fresh-Water Biology is a big book of 1111 pages, with 1547 illus-
trations. Price, $6.00, plus postage on four pounds.

AQUATIC LIFE, 542 E. Girard Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa

5 0090 59 59 990 999 C9009 C9999 CS 000 or

—————— ene a

Choice Tropical Fishes

BREEDERS AND YOUNG REASONABLE
H. E. GREEN, 5022 Chestnut Street
Philadelphia

FOR RS AEE

Ten tanks, exotic fish, plants, red snails
and sundries. C. L. Hagen, 209 West
42d Street, New York

»® a IY) YH) OOO GD DON CD CI CO

AQUATIC MICROSCOPY
BY DR. ALFRED C. STOKES

SPLENDID, not too technical hand

i
book of the lower organisms for the ]
inquiring aquarist who dislikes to be 8
nonplused by scientific verbiage. 324
pages, with 198 illustrations.

$2.50 Plus Postage on 2 Pounds

Address Aquatic Life

occa SC 000 SDD 000 DCO Cea

2.5 000 GGG SG

9 6 FA DP Ph PR Fh BP BF
| ical Fishes !
ropica ISIVES” .
large stock of Danio malabaricus and

other species of Danio. (The most sprightly

7
aquarium fishes) Haplochilus, Barbus, Mouth- /
breeders and many other beautiful fishes, |

a fine,

August Obermuller

Breeder and Fancier of Telescopes and Tropicals
96 Columbia Avenue, Jersey City Heights, N. J.

visitors welcome at conseryatory any Saturday
l afternoon and on Sunday.

em — 5 os ee Do

meee Sg dt OE
.

Own Your Own
Fish Photo Album

GOMPLETE- COLLECTION

Real Photos of Over 100 Tropical, Gold
} and Domestic Fish. All your favorites on
/ separate cards. Price, Only $3.60 Postpaid; or
$1.04 per sheet of over 30 fishes.

W. L. BRIND, 449 W. 206 Street
NEW YORK

ss Ps Pe

Pa 6 Pt 6 Ps |

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PROPICAL FISHES
Write for Price List
Oscar Leitholf, 281 Southern Avenue
Pittsburgh, Pa.

Tm Pa 6 PG BS

Henry Kissel, Jr.

Breeder & Fancier of Broad-tail Telescopes
Good Type and Color

Plants

Some beautiful Hybrids in which I specialize.

Tropical Fish Snails

None shipped; sales at conservatory only.

241 Walker Street, Cliffside, N. J.

6 6 6 6 SS

Telephone, 461, Cliffside.

9 ey

a
a

JULIUS RIEWE

BREEDER AND FANCIER OF TROPICAL FISHES
3519 Costello Avenue, Chicago, Ill.

Fine stock of Danio malabaricus, D. alboline-
atus, D. rerio, Barbus conchonius, B. semifas-
ciolatus, B. ticto and many other kinds of
tropical fishes. None shipped. Telephone Bel-
mont 5092.

If Your Fish Are Not Doing Well—Try
ENCHYTRAEIDS - White Worms

The natural and best food for goldfishes, barring
none. Package, 50c. (cash or check), with in-
structions for raising a constant supply.

PAUL MARQUARDT, 829 Teutonia Avenue, Milwaukee, Wis

“AQUARIA FISH”’

A practical work on care and breeding of
fish in the aquarium, greenhouse and out-
door ponds. Finely illustrated.

Everyone interested in keeping fish should
send for a copy of this book. Price, $1.00.
F. L. TAPPAN, Route 2, Hopkins, Minn

The Englewood Fancy Goldfish Hatchery

ANTHONY A. MAINA, 6711 Parnell Avenue, Chicago, III.

Sp — memes

ae es ee
or Excellent Conformation

(Ii Color Cannot Be Beat

now Their Quality in Finnage
[Paljave Blues, Blacks and Calicos
Lavery Fancier Should Look Them Over

Fedlee Them at C. C. VOWINKEL

5109 Catherine Street Philadelphia, Pa

i 6 6 a 6 ds Ps
pS a 6 2 Be 6 OE 6

Tes i i

WANTED: Will buy
Thorichthys helleri meeki (Scarlet Chanchito)

| —Brind’s importation; Pterophyllum scalare;

corydoras paleatus (Brazilian Catfish or Pan-
zerwel) ; and various species of Tetragonopter-
us and the rarer aquarium fishes. Must be in
good condition. Send full details and prices to
Mrs. B. Russ, 3848 Wentworth Ave., Chicagr

a — Ps Fa pe

] Fishfood That is Fishfood for Fish

KOGA TAMA
PRBANESE a Soon

For GOLD ann TROPICAL FISH
Shipped Anywhere
'in United States

$1.00 Pound. Add
Postage

Fourerlaton 15¢
By Mail 17c
WM. G. SARBACHER, 1318 N. Dover St., Phila., Pa

gs 6 BS Ps Fs FE SF SP Et

ts a pp og Pi

ny
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An Opportunity Charles E. Jenne

I want an elderly or middle-aged man to take
charge of my fish hatchery. Prefer one who
knows something about the care of a greenhouse
and flowers. Haye the most complete hatchery
for the breeding of tropical and goldfish in the
country. A rare chance for the man who likes
fish as a hobby to go into game commercially.

“Ww, KEEDY.
867 North Dearborn Street
Chicago

O00 > 360C—D 000 HD 000000 M000 C5000C— 000

The Original Enchytraeid Breeder has disposed
of his white worm plant to

W. J. Wright

:
!
:
Breeder of Plants, Snails G Fishes
p
;

Bergen Avenue & Mercer Street, Jersey City N. J.

Mr. Wright will continue to supply generous
portions of properly reared white worms, and
will be glad to hear from the customers of Mr.
Jenne, who are assured of prompt and courteous
attention.

*,000c > 000 > 000 > 000 000000
le.ere)

*»000C > 000M 0000000005000
PS Coo > 000c > 000C000c > 000c—

:
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| A new food intended for baby goldfish and Tropi-
| S eal Fish. Sprinkle lightly on surface with pep-

per shaker. It will float indefinitely and gradu-
ally sink, giving your fish food in all parts of
[0] the aquarium. The unconsumed food developing

Tropical Fish
Must have REAL FOOD. WELKE’S
Fishfood (never equalled by any domes-
tic or imported fishfood) is back again
as good as ever. Send l5c for samples
to-day to original sole U. S. Agent

A BRIND,449 West 206th St New York

into infusoria,
Yoel, be box by mail, Lie:

Yogi, by lb., 75c.; add postage.
Magic, 50c., postpaid.
S. O. S., 35c. box; by mail, 38c.

ee 1818 Frank
Robert J. Schaeffer :: [2s Hr¢nitord Avenue

2 BOOKS FOR $2.00 ONLY For Sale

[S)

[Blears Best Book $1.50—‘“The Practical An aquarium manufacturing works, with fu'ly
: P a8 i ‘ 5 in equipped goldfish and supply outfit. Has been
Fishfancier.” Brind’s First Book 50c —“Do- cao eaeccesralle for eighteen years. No
mesticated Fish” Manual (See my other ad better or finer aquariums made. Must be sold
tii y - z ‘ at once to permit the owner to give entire
this number.‘ Color pictures of fish. Half- attention to other important business. Write
tone and line cuts. These books cover the field fore Ul DaAEUCulars:
Pioneer Aquarium Works. Racine, Wisconsin
TROPICAL FISH - Fine and Cheap
Smrorenss, Red rivulus, Chaperi | Sale or Exchange
Ibolineatus, Vittatus, Semifasciolatus | :
Bettas, Trichogaster fasciatus and Surplus Stock of Rare and Fancy Fish
Lalius, Live-bearers. etc. 7
Plants of All Kinds
W. L. BRIND, 449 W. 206th Street 4G. Germann, 0. D. 3823 N. Richmond St. Chicago
NEW YORK Phone: Monticello 6864.

ie Semin ecuE a |

Tropical Fishes Food and Snails
Plants

MEXICAN SWORDTAILS (Xiphophorus helleri), 4 males and 8 females, the dozen, $7.00;
Ruby Moonfish (Platypoecilus rubra), 4 males and 8 females, the dozen, $7.00; Gambusia
holbrooki. per dozen, in pairs, $4.00; Paradise fish and Notropis metallicus, per dozen, $4.00;
Danio rerio, per dozen, $8.00. (Shipping cans, 50c.)

PLANTS PER DOZEN: Vallisneria (wide leaf), 60¢.; Vallisneria (narrow leaf, 530¢c.; Frog
Bit, 50¢c.; Hyacinths, 60¢.; Water Poppy, $1.00; Anacharis and Cabomba, 75c. per dozen
bunches. Twelve kinds of aquarium plants, a fine assortment, $1.00.

water lilies, $1.25 each. (All plants sent postpaid.)

GROUND SHRIMP, the best dry fish food $1.10 per pound. Large Japanese snails, $2.00
per dozen; smaller, $1.00 per dozen.

SS — 500 SSS 000 DS Coo D000

CRESCENT FISH FARM, 1624 Mandeville Street, New Orleans, La,

Penne PEO ee et

| AFTER JUNE 1ST: Red, white and yellow water lilies, blooming plants, 75c. each; blue

Don’t paddle in- the Pitted with one hand and
Jind with - both exes In athee words,

Our Magazine

be Guide to ature
Will Help You

It is edited by EDWARD F. BIGELOW, who

‘}} fishes in the heavens and earth, as well as. the
waters under the earth

_ Three Months’ Trial 25c One Year, $7.50

~ THE AGASSIZ ASSOCIATION
eh. ~ “AreAdiA
-Sound Beach =~ -

Connecticut | = |

Veiltail
TELESCOPES

Beautiful Breeders

Prize Winning Stock -
$12.00 Per Pair

Franklin Barrett

401 to 417 East Wyoming Avenue

i000 COO0 35000 250

Red Helleri

hh. Winner of-first prizes—silver. cup and gold miedatl
ff) A new fish for aquarists. The most attractive
cre Bes pearing fish. We now -have them for-sale.

x ee fine stock _of Haplochilug ‘eameronensis, H.
9 rubrostigma, Hybrids—pulchras and rubras—
g ane 35 other apetios of fishes.

Ss. ‘SILVER

285 East 11th eieet

New York city, N.

Ce (Between 2a and 3d eS p |

May Special! |

~ panera tee pene 0% OSI BIBL A ELST LAL

ta 18 Gallon ‘Round. Cedar Breeding Tubs

Brass oyerflow fitted with aluminum strainers to
: eer small = and daphnia going down drain.

Price $3.50 ©

- CREATION! The New. ahora

Used ‘without. sheep manure. Just the pine t to
- BEES your young fish right. Send for free sample

a Box Postpaid ;

“The Square of: ie to Catch Net

Bight of an inch brass-wjre. Five and half Gebes
Square. 23 inches long. _Made of finest Marque-
‘Sette. Will not rot, nor tust. :

~ Shield of Quality Fishfood-
2 Boxes. 25c Postpaid

: Fae fio few dee for €ichiosoma’ Nigrofas-
Ciata and Dwarf Gourami. _Also 1920 Breed of
: erence Telescopes: = ;

Sone fomaam

F RANCIS K. CHRISTINE

518 ‘BELGRADE STREET
! "PHILADELPHIA

Philadelphia

FISH, PLANTS, SNAILS, ETC
Wholesale and Retail

SUBJECTS
| ‘is ‘‘ Goldfish Varieties & Tropical

ale THE ‘AQUARIUM Suslects ff

«| Aquarium Fishes’’, byWm.T. Innes, y/ i

former President of the Aquarium AY
Society of Phila.; 250 pages, 195
“illustrations. Tells all about the rf 4
fancy varieties of the Goldfish and '
~ nearly 300 tropicals; how to breed
them, etc., etc.. For the beginner
or the advanced expert.

A complete, practical, Gindione™
“book, sent postpaid anywhere for
$4.00 Enlarged edition now ready:

INNES & SONS - 133-N. 12th St. - Phila., Pa.

JOSEPH J. HAEGELMEIER

IMPORTER AND BREEDER

»_ FANCY GOLDFISH
1916 PROVENCHERE PLACE, ST. LOUIS, MO

Large Assortment of Fancy Fish at All Times
: Hoatuee Victor 2656 L

‘GOLDFISH!

1,500,000
“PLAIN & FANCY

‘Ready for market at° rock-bottom prices,
ped anywhere in United States or Canada.
for ‘our illustrated euraeeve

Oxiertal Goldfish and Sint) Co

3757 - 3761 Cottage Grove Avenue

SSR aoe ts Chicago, Illinois Z
SS aa

Ship-
Write

OOO O00C—I 000 C= 3000000000;

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Aquatic Life

oa Vol TV

Vol. Il

Volumes average 165 pages and as
many illustrations. Substantial cloth
binding, with title page and complete
index.

$2.50 -Each, Postage _

JAPANESE GOLDFISH
By DR. HUGH M. SMITH

$2.75 Postage Paid
Address Aquatic Life

HERMAN RABENAU, Aquarist
PERMANENT DISPLAY OF
Aquatic Life & Terraria

must be seen to be appreciated
Visitors Welcome
Plants and Tropical Fish a Specialty
Importations of New Varieties received
regularly
1163 Myrtle Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Near Broadway.

GOLDFISH, FOODS, PLANTS, DIP NETS

Combination Natural Fish Food - Sample Box 10c
Japanese Shrimp Fish Food - ~ Sample Can 15c
Baby Fish Food Sample Box 15c
Imported Dried Daphnia Sample Jar 35c

Mail Orders Promptly Attended to

Special Prices on Quantity Lots,
Cash With Order.

Catalogue Sent Upon Request.

AQUARIUM STOCK CO
174 Chambers Street :: New York City

l PHILADELPHIA

6° == SOOT D090 S909 I FSO CHO IOIOO

HARRY P. PETERS
1210 N. Warnock Street, Philadelphia, Pa
BREEDER AND IMPORTER

Rare and Fancy Fish |

Plants of every variety, Snails and
cues Supplies of all sa at all

MANUFACTURER OF

Green River Fish Food
15c Box —

Green. River Baby. Fish Food
20c Box —

A GOOD FISH FOOD is one of the
most essential things necessary to
keep: fish in good health. After the
test of years Green River stands out
as the best food on the market. It
_keeps the fish in good color by pro-
moting a healthy, robust growth. It
will not sour ot cloud the water. Ask’
your dealer or send for it today.

Breeders |
Large assortment of Splendid Telescopes
and Jap Goldfish at Reasonable Prices

Large Assortment of fine
LIONHEADS
Shipping Cans 50 cents

HARRY P. PETERS
1210 NORTH WARNOCK STREET

Nippon Goldfish Co! :

T, MURATA, Proprietor.
1919-21 Bush Street, San Francisco, Cal
Importers and Dealers ;
SNAILS

GOLDFISH PLANTS
Dried Shrimp, Birds, Cages and All
Supplies

NEW STOCKS ARE COMING!
Price List Sent on Request

OO00OCO0000C. 000000000 C200

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Ps fen eras
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FYE.

Bh ent ee as 9S 6 ad 06 is 5 8 is 8 ed Fs 6 Oh Ot |

®
uadic [if
| Voll 'V' June, 1920 No.6 Cc

An international monthly magazine devoted to the study, care and breeding of fishes and
other animals and plants in the home aquarium and terrarium.

WwW. A. POYSER ...... eee eect cere cece eee ewe eee e eee eeee rere etre ceccces EDITOR
JOSEPH FE. BAUSMAN ..-.-++--sseeesees Gas tMoms tac ae 354 see eee --. PUBLISHER
542 East Girard Avenue .....-----ccccccccercscesecccooeces cece cceevce Philadelphia

Entered as second-class matter, September 2d, 1915, at the Post Office, Philadelphia, Pa.,
i under Act of March 3d, 1879.
/ Popular and scientific articles and notes on subjects pertaining to the aquarium and
terrarium, and to the habits of fishes in general, are always wanted for “Aquatic Life.”
Readers are invited to join jn making it a medium of mutual help by contributing to it
the results of their studies. The pages are always open to any one having information
of interest to the aquarist and student of aquatic biology. Manuscripts, books for review
| and general correspondence should -be addressed to the editor.

“Aquatic Life’ has the largest circulation of any magazine in the world devoted to aquatic
nature-study. It offers to advertisers a market that can be reached through no other
medium. Rates made known on application.

YEARLY SUBSCRIPTION ...---2e2s2ecrcrces OU CD OIG ONO OEE DG. BIOS ope age $1.25
FOREIGN SUBSCRIPTIONS ...-.-ccccesrecccerccr err eeessrecsceessscercenne 1.50
SINGLE COPY ....cc cece e cece eee cece ee ret ree erecta tence eter ener ee renee AS

Payments should be made by money order, draft or registered letter. If local checks are
sent, ten cents should be added for collection charges. Foreign remittances should be by
international money order. j

9G OG PS 9 6 OS PS Od Od Pd Pd Ps Pe 6 Ss PS
+

pm ms pm 9 6 5 PS PS PSP PP PS PS SP SP $9 S99 PS FS PSY SOS

Witey Gardenia | T. P. LOVERING }

By BISSET AQUARIST
WILMINGTON, NORTH CAROLINA

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Directions for constructing concrete
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Collector and Breeder of: Tropical Fish
Snakes and Other Reptiles

New Varieties Aquatic Plants
Choice and Rare Specimens
Snakes and Reptiles

Tropical Fishes

—— o

Fundulus nottii, $1.50 per pair.

|
Elassoma evergladei, $1.75 per pair.

pools; propagation of hardy and tender
lilies and other aquatics; best lilies for
small pools and tubs; the aquatic plant
greenhouse; various aquarium plants;
enemies and diseases of aquatic plants;
gold and other fishes for the water
garden.

Profusely illustrated with 120 half-
tones, 17 diagrams and 2 double page
plates. 199 pages, coated paper, orna-
mented cloth binding—de luxe edition.
Price, $3.00, postpaid.

THE BOOK DEPARTMENT AQUATIC LIFE
Philadelphia

Heterandria formosa, $1.00 per pair.
M. chaetodon, 50c each

Small turtles, $1.25 per dozen.
Newts, $1.00 per dozen.

Wholesale to dealers. —

The Venus Flytrap (Dionaea muscipula)
The plant that feeds on insects
$1.00 Dozen

oe es mm mm ms et

Macrones vittatus

The striped catfish of India, Macrones
vittatus, was brought to the United
States about fifteen years ago, but did
not seem to long persist in collections,
perhaps because in those days particular
attention was not directed toward main-
taining adequate warmth for specimens
from tropical countries.

In the aquarium it is a graceful fish,
more lively and rapid than those other
catfishes, native and foreign, with which
most of us are familiar, and decidedly
more pugnacious. Surgeon Day, who
studied it in confinement more than

Macrones Vittatus
PEYTON MacMORRIS, M. D.

aie,

a 4 Fe fh

The Fiddler

a A A H

6 PR 6 a 6 1 6 eo a 6 a 6 6 SS SS

forty years ago, says: “This fish is
termed ‘the fiddler’ in Mysore. I touch-
ed one which was on the wet ground, at
which it appeared to become very irate,
erecting its dorsal fin and making a
noise resembling the buzzing of a bee,
evidently a sign of anger. Having put
some small carp into an aquarium con-
taining one of these fishes it rushed at
a small example, seized it by the middle
of its back and shook it like a dog killing
a rat, at this time its barbels were stif-
fened out laterally like a cat’s whiskers.”
This is in direct opposition to Eggling’s

62 Aquatic Lite

remark that ‘This handsome fish is
hardy and lives well in the aquarium,
where it can be kept together with other
fishes.” So in view of conflicting opin-
ions it will be well, when next it comes
to us from India, to first experiment by
associating it with specimens we can best
afford to lose!

The fiddler is quite an attractively
marked catfish, differing much in this
respect from our native species which
can boast of little ornamentation. Dark
bands run lengthwise along each side of
the body, with intensity varying with the
individual. These alternate with golden
stripes, the central one showing a pearly
lustre. On the shoulder, just back of
the opercle, is a velvety black spot, often
quite pronounced. The fins are dusky
or grayish, with the tips somewhat dark.
If the barbels have a sensory function,
this fish is well provided, having eight,
the longest pair reaching the anal fin.

Though Day’s experience would seem
to indicate this fish as carnivorous,
others have found it to eat dry prepared
foods and such substances as are com-
monly given aquarium fishes of like size.
It reaches a length of eight inches.

Appropriate Names

Dr. Lucas says, “Time was, long ago,
to be sure, when the names of people
were descriptive; but Black, White,
Strong, Smith and Carpenter have ceased
to mean anything,” etc.

I was therefore much interested, in
going through our aquarium library re-
cently, to find at least a dozen instances
where there seemed to be a correlation
between the name of a writer and the
subject of his interest.

The names of some of the students of
aquatic life seem singularly appropriate.
Dr. Theodore Gill was one of the most
noted ichthyologists. Others who have

added to the knowledge of fishes are M.
C. Marsh, William P. Seal, and Alvin
Seale, while W. H. Fry discourses on
“WP reeucal lien Isecadhine.” Whe, IR, Jal
Pond has written about aquatic plants.
Dr. H. G. Barnacle describes shells, and
Captain Barnacle writes on whales.
Walter K. Fisher is interested in star-
fishes and sea birds. P. A. Fish studied
the walrus, and H. A. Smeltz made ob-
servations on the oysters. Mr. Pope and
Mr. Lord each contributed to the biology
of Devil’s Lake (North Dakota.)—Ipa
M. Metien, The New York Aquarium.

South Australian Society

On Saturday, February 28th, the
members of the South Australian Aquar-
ium Society visited the neighborhood of
Aldgate, under the leadership of Dr.
Robert Pulleine. The afternoon was de-
voted to collecting specimens for the ex-
hibit of the society at the All-Australian
Peace Exhibition. Dr. Pulleine conduct-
ed the party to a large pool, which was
found to contain a great variety of
aquatic life. Many of the so-called na-
tive trout (Galaxias olibus) were obtain-
ed, as well as a considerable number of
aquatic insects. Among the last-named
two kinds of “fish killers,’ Nepa and
Ranatra, were of particular interest.
These insects grasp their prey with the
strong forelegs, plunging the formidable
beak into the victim to suck the juices
from its body.

The president, Mr. Edgar R. Waite,
F. L. S., recently recorded a curious fact
concerning the Mexican Axolotl. These
batrachians sometimes develop a disease
causing them to become bloated, infect-
ed individuals floating at the surface of
the water until death. Some of the frog
tadpoles in the pool were found to be
suffering from a similar condition in a
marked degree.—H. M. Hair, Honorary
Secretary.

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The abnormal has always been inter-
esting. Normal structure, although in-
teresting from a purely scientific stand-
point, fails to attract the attention of the
average man. It 1s too commonplace.
The abnormal on the contrary is made
conspicuous by its noticeable dissimilar-
ity to the normal. People since the be-
ginning of time have preserved and ex-
hibited every variety of unnatural forms.
“Freaks of Nature,” as they are called,
and have wondered at their origin and
development. During the early periods
of civilization there was a great deal of
superstition connected with many of
these malformations. Many forms were
feared and great reverence was extended
to them, because they were thought to be
the work of spirits, others were used as
charms for luck and for medicinal pur-
poses, but most of them were kept mere-
ly because they were different. As civ-
ilization advanced, most of these super-
stitious views were discredited and men
began to examine them scientifically as to
origin and development; but to this day
people of many classes still believe in
the supernatural powers of some of the

Yellow Perch, Perca flavesens, Showing Two Ani
Photograph by A. S. Pearse

Ls es

Fe ee ee

types and everybody is more or less in-
terested in any striking malformation
that is put on exhibition. Scientific in-
vestigations have shown that these forms
are the result of unnatural embryological
development or the product of patho-
logical changes in the growth of parts of
the body in respect to size, shape, posi-
tion, or number.

An example of one of these “Freaks
of Nature” is found in a yellow perch,
Perca flavesens (Mitchill) : the presence
of two ani situated exactly on the me-
dian line. The fish was caught on No-
vember 23, 1917, in Lake Mendota near
Madison, Wisconsin. It was normal in
size, measuring 16.1 centimeters in
length, and apparently in good condition.
The presence of two ani came to the no-
tice of Professor A. S. Pearse while he
was preparing to dissect the fish in order
to determine what it had eaten, and he
took the accompanying photograph.

The presence of two ani in the Class
Pisces is not a very rare thing by any
means, but such openings are usually
paired; one to the right and one to the
left of the median line, usually at right

64 Aquatic Life

angles to it and usually at a relatively
short distance apart. ‘The present speci-
men on the contrary does not possess
this arrangement. Both anr are on the
median line and are 48 millimeters apart.
The posterior anus is located at the place
where the normal anus should perforate
the body wall, but it is peculiar in that
it is the non-functional one of the two.
The anterior anus, although 48 milli-
meters out of its normal position, is the
functional one. The posterior anus has
a strip of intestine leading inward which
ends blindly about 4 centimeters within
the body cavity. It is smaller in diameter
than the functional intestine and practi-
cally without a lumen. The functional
intestine, leading to the anterior anus, is
somewhat shorter than that in a normal
perch.

No attempt will be made to explain
how this peculiar structure developed, as
a competent pathologist and an embry-
ologist declined to commit themselves.

— >

The Diatomaceae of Philadelphia and
Vicimty, by Charles S. Boyer, is a de-
scription of the diatoms of the region
within a radius of one hundred miles,
including the forms found in the blue
clay of the ancient Delaware River bed,
which underlies a portion of the city.
The work is profusely illustrated with
forty plates, containing more than seven
hundred drawings by the author. All the
species recorded from the region, includ-
freshwater, brackish and marine
forms, are shown.

Mr. Boyer’s work removes the multi-
tude of difficulties that have heretofore
beset the microscopist who would study
the forms of the Middle Atlantic States.
The literature of the subject is scattered
through the journals of science
many years; major works are rare and

ing

over

expensive and none so satisfactorily il-

lustrated. The characters distinguishing
species of diatoms are often so subtle
that no amount of word painting can
convey the proper conception, and it is
only when a description is supplemented
by an adequate drawing that a form can
be identified with certainty. And if this
Opinion is correct, Mr. Boyer has left
little to be desired.

The microscopist who passes the dia-
toms neglects the plants that play a not
often sufficiently emphasized part in the
economy of nature. Before the warmth
of spring has awakened the higher
plants, the diatoms are abroad, multiply-
ing, liberating oxygen in the process of
photosynthesis, and preparing the waters
for the coming wave of animal life. How
great a factor they have been in past
ages is evidenced by vast fossil deposits
in all parts of the world. Nor is their
role in the aquarium to be overlooked.
The brown film on the glass is macro-
scopic proof of the presence of untold
numbers. In the absence of the higher
plants the burden of breaking up car-
bonic acid is thrust upon them. The
“practical man’’ may be interested in the
theory, scarcely tenable, however, that
this minute plant is responsible for cer-
tain oil fields. Each individual at a stage
in its life contains a minute globule of
oil, and deaths in great numbers as indi-
cated by the extent of the deposits, per-
mitted it to accumulate. The theory does
not seem to hold for several reasons.
When the bed was being formed, water
covered: the area. Ihe valves of the
diatom, when death overtakes it, sep-
arate. It seems reasonable that the
globule of oil would rise to the surface
and be dispersed, and as such beds are
formed very slowly, the quantity would

not be marked.
_— >

It is easier to see through some fat peo-
ple than through some thin ones.

6 Pe 6 FS 8 6 BS 6 PG OG BSG BS 6 PS Bn BSG BS BS SP 6 PG PS BF DG PS Pg 6 9 6 Fs Fg eh
ili tel

The Blue-spotted Sunfish

CHARLES J, SAWYER

Ps Oe 6 es es ee ee

a i a ee ee ee

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Blue-spotted Sunfish

Sh ete me, Sh Ba 6 SF 6 iS Fk i 6 Fi 6 Pe 6 ss Bs Es PS

The most beautiful aquarium I ever
saw was in Chicago, ten years ago, and
contained naught but a collection of sun-
fishes. The tank was so situated that
the light came over the shoulder of the
observer, giving an impression of the
iridescent colors of the fishes to be ob-
tained in no other way. It is in this par-
ticular that most aquaria fail, being
usually situated close to a window, the
near side of the fishes being shown al-
most solely by reflected light. Only by
direct light is the full play of colors evi-
dent.

Prominent in the collection was the
little Blue-spot, a sunfish that is quite

Apomotis cyanellus

Pe Ff SB Fh hf Ff Ft gt ff fe

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common in the Middle West. Forbes and
Richardson (Fishes of Illinois), remark
that “this beautiful little sunfish is much
the commonest of its family in our small-
er streams, and is, indeed, often almost
the sole sunfish product of the net in
prairie creeks.” It lends itself well to
life in the home aquarium and lives long.
It is not a_ particularly pugnacious
species, but nevertheless it will “run the
show” if large enough to awe the more
docile kinds, so in a sunfish tank it is
well to associate specimens similar in
size. But if the Blue-spot does bully the
others it will not do them unto death
as is so characteristic of the cichlids.

op)
(op)

Aquatic Lite

Throughout the summer the owner
of the collection mentioned fed his
pets on flies, which he caught by placing
wire-net traps in likely situations. These
were taken with avidity. The lack of
fear shown as they snapped them from
the fingers made one think that at least
the first step had been taken in making
them tame. Sometimes the earthworm
was on the bill-of-fare, and during the
winter dry foods and scraped raw beef
kept them in the pink of condition. The
owner considered this tank the most in-
teresting of a number in his conservatory,
and from my experiences with the sun-
fishes I can understand his preference.

The general body-color of the Blue-
spot is olivaceous, darkest above and
becoming yellowish or coppery below.
Each scale has a blue spot and a golden
edge, giving an impression of stripes;
cheeks with blue markings, the opercular
small and dark with yellowish edging.
The fins are dusky, with green and blue
marking; dorsal usually with a dark
spot; anal edged with yellow or orange.
Considerable variation may be found in
the intensity of the colors, and at times
the vertical fins of highly colored indi-
viduals may have a strong suggestion of

yellow.
——

On and after July 1, the American
Railway Express Co. will keep a dupli-
cate copy of every receipt it issues when
receiving business from shippers. The
duplicates will be retained by the ex-
press company for the purposes of record
and reference, and will be held at the
shipping office.

Shippers who have been accustomed
to prepare their own receipts or who
have their own forms, have been request-
ed to make provision for supplying dupli-
cates of such receipts to the express
driver or receiving clerk who signs them.

As a matter of convenience to ship-

pers, the regular receipt forms of the ex-
press carrier will be revised to permit
their use in duplicate form.

In cases where prepaid receipts are
now being issued in duplicate, the extra
copy being used as a record of charges
paid, a third copy will be required under
the new system, and in such instances
prepaid receipts will be issued in tripli-
cate.

One of the objects of the new system
is to bring about better protection for
and methods of recording the movement
of express packages in transit, a matter
of great interest to aquarists.

pS Bi

At the regular meeting of The Natur-
alists’ Society of New South Wales,
Sydney, held on April 6th, in the as-
sembly room of the Department of Edu-
cation, Mr. H. E. Finckh delivered a lec-
ture on “The Aquarium, Its History and
Management,” which was illustrated by
lantern slides. On April 1oth the mem-
bers spent “An Afternoon Among the
Fishes,’ with Mr. Finckh, who has been
exceptionally successful in breeding na-
tive and exotic fishes under natural con-
ditions in his many picturesque ponds.
An illustrated article describing “The
Ponds of Hermes,” as the estate of Mr.
Finckh is called, is in hand for publica-
tion in an early number of Aquatic Life.

eae Ean

The regular meeting of The Philadel-
phia Microscopical Society was held on
May 27th. The constitution was adopt-
ed and the following officers elected:
President, Hugh F. Munro; vice-presi-
dents, L.. M. Dorsey and Louis H. Koch;
secretary and treasurer, W. A. Poyser;
Trustees, Dr. Thomas S. Stewart and E.
L. Gayhart.

Mr. Koch talked on the application of
the microscope in mineralogy, exhibiting
specimens from his collection and ex-
plaining the methods of preparation and
study.

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Breeding Viviparous Poeciliids

HARRY W. BALLEISEN

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Thm mms FE FS FS FS PS FS SS FS FG FS Fs BS Ff FS Ff Fe SF Ss Fe SF Sf gS

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The prevalent method in breeding live-
bearing fishes is to place the female in
a smali, thickly planted aquarium. At
birth the young drop to the bottom and
later rise to the surface seeking con-
cealment among the plants about the
surface. The disposition of the parent
fish seems to differ with the species.
Some give little attention to the fry if
well fed, permitting them to grow up in
the same tank without danger, while
others have been noted to devour the
new-born fry as fast as expelled. Prob-
ably in all cases a number are lost, de-
pending upon whether the female has

6 BR 6 Ss Fa 6 Ss FS i Fs 6 Fs Fs Fs i 8 Os

oo eee ae UE metay oo ees lg | | [ey

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been well fed during confinement
Losses are apt to be greater in a small
aquarium than in a large one.

During the past ten or fifteen years
several styles of “breeding compart-
ments” have been proposed and have
possessed merit. The best seems to be
the all-glass slot-in-the-bottom cage,
which is designed to hang in the water
from the side of the tank. Its disad-
vantage lay in its small size, but as it is

not new obtainable we need not go
further. On the same principle is the
compartment about to be describe l,

which has the great advantage of being

68 Aquatic Lite

“home made” from materials easily
secured. It is apparent that its size can
be varied to meet individual preference.

tor the one illustrated we need two
pieces of poplar, or other good wood,
4 thick by 5% wide, and 6% inches
long; four pieces of ordinary window
glass, 4 by 7 inches; four brass rods,
diameter 3-16 inches, length 8% inches,
threaded three-fourths of an inch o%
each end, and furnished with washers
and ns.

The first step is to lay out the wood
ends. With a saw cut off the two low-
er corners of the block. To determine
the position of the cut, measure two
inches from the corner both ways, and
draw a line connecting the two points.
Next, with a rule, define the positions to
be occupied by the grooves for the glass.
These as illustrated are half an inch from
the edges. Proceeding carefully, cut the
grooves with your saw to a depth of
about an eighth inch; then finish with a
chisel or knife. Note that it is essen-
tial that both ends be alike. Clamp or
hold the two ends one upon the other,
and bore the holes for the bolts. Use a
drill a trifle larger than the rod. The
upper pair of holes are one-fourth inch
in from the top and side, the lower ones
one inch from the bottom. Give the ends
a coat of wood filler and follow with
three coats of best waterproof varnish.
Allow twenty-four hours for each coat
to harden.

The next and final step is to assemble
the contraption. Try the pieces of glass,
one after the other, in the grooves. They
should fit nicely. Under no circum-
stances should they be forced; enlarge
the groove if necessary. Put washers
and nuts on one end of the rods and in-
sert through the block; lay it on a table,
rods projecting upward. Assistance will
now be needed to hold the glasses in place

while other wood end is being inserted.
Draw up the nuts using the fingers only
and the compartment is ready for trial.
If the nuts are drawn up too tight, as
with a wrench, the glass is very apt to
crack.

When in use the compartment should
project about half an inch above the
surface of the water in the aquarium,
and several means may be used to this
end. Two hooks may be used, some-
what S-shaped, and the cage suspended
from the edge of the tank, the hooks run-
ning under the upper brass rod. Or it
may be hung from two rods_ placed
across the top of the tank and running
through two screw-eyes inserted in the
wooden ends. If it seems preferable to
float the compartment, buoyancy can be
added by fastening strips of wood across
each end, or by tying corks to the lower
rods, the length of the strings or wire
attached to the corks, as well as their
size, determining the height in the

water.
The use of the cage or compartment

necessitates an aquarium from which
all fishes have been removed, otherwise
its very object would be defeated. If
one has a large tank available, and a
number of females approaching delivery,
all could be placed in separate compart-
ments in the same aquarium. A few days’
difference in the dates of the arrivals
from the several females would not be a
matter of moment, and the fry could be
reared together. Various species could
be associated. For average small species
the two pieces of glass forming the V-
shaped bottom of the compartment
should be adjusted to leave a slot about
an eighth-inch wide. If it seems desir-
able the width of the slot can be in-
creased by changing the position of the

glass.
Wi Bc ala

It’s the hard jobs that make us.

a at A te ett tae a

| Bufo halophilus

| PAUL D. R. RUTHLING

mmm me mm mmm mom. ee 0 i es

California Toad

96 SE 6 9s PS

After the winter rains and cold and
frosty nights, the spring sunshine
breaks forth in Southern California, and
warms the days and tempers the nights
with a mildness that is agreeable both
to man and other animals. Thus it is
that as the day draws to a close after a
refreshing collecting trip on foot in the
mountains, one is attracted by the hoarse,
rasping squawk of Bufo halophilus, as
this toad-philosopher sits at the shore of
a little pond emitting his plaintive mel-
ody and allowing his thoughts to turn.
as thoughts in springtime often will, to
love.

Although one approaches quietly the
source of noises heard in the distance,

Bufo halophilus

.
tt ee rN oy

the littl. intermittent pond of water, left
over from the rainy season, takes on an
air of quietude when one reaches its
shores. By sitting down and watching
noiselessly one soon sees ripples here
and there. In the centers of many of
them, chubby old toads may be dis-
tinguished quietly floating after having
pushed themselves upwards from their
hiding places on the bottom. Soon they
kick their way to some floating log or
clump of weeds to which they cling as
they give voice to throaty notes of love.
Intermingled with the lower hoarseness
of the toads’ voices may be distinguished
the shriller rolling peep of tree-toads
Concluded on page 72.

Aquatic Lite

Sy.
eee
o

ee.

Fossil Diatoms of New Jersey

Photomicrographs by Dr. D. B. Ward

oP Ss Ph Ps PS Bs BR Pe PE a SP Ps PS Ba a a sf A ¥

(The Diatomaceae !

H. C. WHEELER text

me ee ms ts es
SPS FS FS FS Ft Se

To how many readers does the word
“Diatoms” convey any meaning? I
think it is safe to assert that for every
person who is familiar with these aquatic
plants, there are thousands, perhaps
more, who have never heard of them, yet
everyone who drinks water (a beverage
destined to become more commonly
used) has very likely swallowed many.

The diatoms make up an order of Al-
gae called Diatomaceae and inhabit both
marine and fresh waters. They are re-
markable for the formation of a silt-
ceous skeleton, which is often beautifully
sculptured. So small are the individuals
that they appear to the naked eye as so
much dust. The tiny AChnanthes ex-
igua, frequent in aquaria, measures but
about 12 microns long, while a large
species, such as Pinnularia nobilis, may
reach 350 microns. A micron, the unit
of measurement, is a thousandth of a
millimetre.

On the death of the organism, the
siliceous frame is not readily decom-
posed, but sinks to the bottom of the
body of water in which it lived. In the
course of eons of time sufficient are
gathered together to form what is known
to the geologists as deposits of “diato-
maceous earth.” When one contemplates
the minuteness of the individual diatom,
it seems difficult to realize that some of
the deposits in various parts of the
United States are hundreds of feet thick.
The area occupied by the City of Rich-
nond, Virginia, consists almost entirely
of such a deposit ranging up to seventy-
five feet or more thick. Vast deposits

occur in California, in Canada, England,
Germany, Hungary, Russia and in fact
in every country in the world.

What is their function? When living
they assist in purifying the water by
liberating oxygen, further, they form an
important item in the food of fishes,
oysters and other forms of aquatic life.
After death their flinty coating is used
for such diverse purposes as the manu-
facture of tooth powder, metal polish,
boiler coverings and dynamite.

To the student of natural history they
furnish a very inviting field and the
beauty of their design makes the subject
doubly interesting. It was largely due
to the efforts of the microscopists of the
last century to see their fine structure
that the optical perfection of the micro-
scope was attained, so it may be safely
said that the humble, microscopic diatom
has contributed its share to the progress
of the world. They are exceedingly com-
mon and a student need never be with-
out an ample supply of subjects on which
to work. I have found upwards of
thirty species in our drinking water sup-
ply by merely attaching a cheap filter to
the faucet in the kitchen.

Owing to their very small size, and
their transparency, the production of
photographs suitable for purposes of 1l-
lustration is not always easy. It may be
possible, however, to make illustrations
of a few of these interesting forms at a
future date, and also give concise direc-
tions for collecting and preparing them

for stucy.

72 Aquatic Lite

Explanation of Plate

1. Navicula yarrensis De Wéittiana
(Kain & Schultze) Cleve (Navi-
cula De Wéittiana, Kain &
Schultze).

Navicula longa Greg.

Navicula Schultzei Kain.

Frustulia Lewisiana (Grev.) De
Toni.

5. Navicula irrorata Grev.

6. Pleurosigma Norman

Grun. (Pleurosigma
cum, H. L. Smith).

7. Actinocyclus Ralfsi (W. Smith),

Ralfs var.?
8: Actinodiscus atlanticus
Schultze.

9g. Anaulus mediterraneus Grun.

10. Actinocyclus sp.?

11. Eupodiscus inconspicuus Rattray.

y= S\058

1s See

14. Triceratium arcticum. Brightw.

ts. Triceratium condecorum Brightw.

16. Hvyalodiscus stelliger Bailey?

17. Asteromphalus flabellatus (Breb.)

Grev. var.?

18. Tetracyclus ellipticus (Ehrenb.)
Grun. (Biddulphia Woolmanu,
Kain & Schultze).

19. Triceratium indentatum Kain &
Schultze.

20. Actinocyclus sp.?

21. Triceratium Kainu Schultze.

(The plate, page 70, is from a photo-
graph, by Dr. D. B. Ward, presented to
the editor by Professor D. E. Owen, of
the University of Pennsylvania. It 1s
one of a series and lacks a list of the
species shown. ‘This has been supplied
as accurately as possible by a well-known
diatomist. The magnification indicated
on the original, five hundred diameters,
has been reduced approximately one-
sixth in the photo-engraving. )

fossilis
virginia-

Kain &

SEE ee
Bufo halophilus
Concluded from page 60.

(Hyla regilla) as nature’s vocalists join

in discordant chorus.
Southern California’s common toad,
Bufo halophilus, ventures forth to breed,

sometimes early in March and some-
times later, usually in April. This toad
is found throughout the valleys and foot
hills of the coastal regions and, where
the conditions are favorable, in isolated
desert places. It is not common in the
mountains near Los Angeles.

The eggs are laid in great strings,
many yards in length, in pools of can-
yon washes, in irrigating ditches or in
large puddles left by the rains. In most
cases, the breeding places are dry in
the summertime. The young hatch in a
short time, as is the case with our eastern
toad, and the tadpoles necessarily de-
velop rapidly before their aquatic en-
vironment is changed to one of dry land.

During the winter the adults are com-
mon under boards, logs, under stones
and in other such places, where they hi-
bernate. These hibernating places are
not usually very far from the spring-
time breeding pools or streams. In the
hot summer days the toads retire to
these hiding places, where it 1s damp and
protected from the heat of the sun, or
find their way into the deep, damp bur-
row of some mammal. In the evening,
as the fierce southwest sun hides itselt
behind the mountains, our little toad
friends venture forth in search of even-
ing meals, which consist of insects of
various kinds, worms, isopods and many
other animals that crawl or fly.

Bufo halophilus is an excellent pet for
the terrarium and will feed readily,
even from one’s fingers. Kept in a ter-
rarium he should be provided with some
bark under which he can find a damp
nlace to hide. Earth and grass add te
his comforts, and water should alwuys
be accessible. One has little difficulty in
feeding him if one can only get enough,
because our little toad is a firm believer
in the philosophy that to be happy one
must eat, whether in captivity or at large
in the rolling hills of young toad-hoad
days.

000 —> 000 —> 000000000 000 000 000-#

Imported Helleri

j
We have received direct from Central 8
America 200 Swordtails (Xiphophorus

(| helleri). The collector, unfamiliar

8 with the sexes, sent all males. This
circumstance affords aquarists an ex-

ceptional opportunity to inject new

8 blood into their inbred stock. Sturdy

( specimens, three-fourths grown, 6 for

: i

$5,

Shipping can, 50 cents additional.
CRESCENT FISH FARM
1624 Mandeville Street, New Orleans, La.

#2000000 500M 000000 > 000000000

Sticansta Aquarium Cement

As its name implies, it sticks and stays
where it is put. Has the adhesiveness of
glue and the pliancy of rubber. Contains
no oil, lead or glycerine, and does not harden
or corrode with age.

S. A. SCRIMSHAW
1431 N. Clark Street, Chicago, Illinois.

WANTED!

Names of collectors and breeders of tropi-
cal, native and goldfishes. Wish to buy in
large and small lots. All letters held strictly
confidential. Address

GOOD-WELD AQUARIUM Co.
1111 Third Street,

Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Mesogonisteus chaetodon—The
Black-banded Sunfish. $6 and $12

per dozen.
If you mean business, send check with order

GEORGE W. PRICE
2145 South Lee Street, Philadelphia

Say you saw it in

Aquatic Life

when answering an advertisement

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AQUATIC MICROSCOPY
BY DR. ALFRED C. STOKES

IN SPLENDID, not too technical hand
book of the lower organisms for the
inquiring aquarist who dislikes to be
nonplused by scientific verbiage. 324
pages, with 198 illustrations.

$2.50 Plus Postage on 2 Pounds

Address Aquatic Life

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Wear a Handsome Solid Gold
Pin of Your Favorite Fish

1919, Stil-B-Nu

A beautiful scarfpin and watch-fob for gentlemen

Supply

and brooches for ladies. Made of solid gold and
of very best workmanship. An odd and attract-
ive piece of jewelry now being worn by aqua-
rists. Size of illustrations.

Prices (including War Tax):

Scalare, $7.25. Lionhead, $7.25
Telescope (with ruby eye), $7.75.
Telescope (with diamond eye), $9.25.
We are in a position to supply pins
favorite pet. Price on application.

The Breeding Season is Here

Start Your Young Fish on Stil-B-Nu
Infusoria Culture. Then Feed Them
Our Foods and Watch Them Grow

Stil-B-Nu Infusoria Culture is essential to all
aquarists who desire to raise Gold and Tropical
fishes. This culture is a_result-producer. Full
directions with each box. Price 50c., postpaid.

Stil-B-Nu Dried Shrimp. Contains shrimp only,
which is dried and properly prepared to make
a choice morsel for all kinds of fishes. Coarse
or fine. Use fine for Tropicals. Price, 25c, box,
postpaid.

Stil-B-Nu
bination

of your

Fish Remedy—a _ non-poisonous

for the treatment of fungus,
etc., of Tropical and faney Goldfishes. Don’t
fail to have a-box or two on hand for the
first sign of trouble. Full directions in each box.
Price: 6 tablets in a box, 25c., postpaid.

Stil-B-Nu Aquarium Salts will
toward keeping your fishes in
replacing the lime and

com-
tail-rot,

a long
good health by
salts as they are ab-
Price: 6 tablets

so way

sorbed by the fishes and snails.
postpaid.

in a box, 25c.,

Stil-B-Nu Nets 55c
The Best Net Made

Made in two sizes,
3% and 5 inches.

manufactured by us from the very best materials.

Stil-B-Nu
spreading.

Stil-B-Nu

Feeding Rings. Keep the food from
Price, 15c., postpaid.

Aquarium Scrapers—something new;
order one today and avoid placing hand in the
‘aquarium when cleaning it. Price, 50c.
Easy-Reading Aquarium Thermometer. Tells at
a glance the .temperature of your water. No
aquarium is complete without one. Price $1.00,
postpaid.

Pocket Magnifying Glass.
a good glass, especially e g 3
and raising infusoria. Considering quality,
glass is priced very low. $1.75, postpaid.
Stil-B-Nu Aquarium Cement comes ready for use.
50c. pound, postpaid.

Fishes, Plants, Aquariums, Books, Castles, Stands
Wholesale and Retail

STIL-B-NU SUPPLY CO
427 E. Girard Avenue, Philadelphia

Every aquarist needs
when collecting insects
this

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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
Bureau of Fisheries

Washington
March 6, 1920.

Mr. F. K. Christine,
518 Belgrade Street,
Philadelphia, Pa.
Dear Sir:

I wish to advise that the Bureau purchased six boxes of your creative infusoria
for the purpose of making some laboratory tests and tests at some of our stations
for the purpose of determining its value in the creation of minute aquatic life. Very
favorable reports have been received, and the experiments made at Washington have
demonstrated that it is very excellent material for the production of infusoria. It 1s
believed, however, that the amount you suggest to use to fifty gallons should be
doubled. If the temperature of the water is in the neighborhood of 60 or 65 degrees
F., much better results may be expected. If this is followed up by the production of
daphne and other aquatic insects it is believed that the aquarist can have a very good
range of aquatic life and at a very reasonable cost. It was found preferable to
infusoria produced by hay in that it did not discolor the water, and the infusoria
appeared in greater numbers than the culture produced by hay. It was thought that
you might be interested in receiving this information.

Very truly yours,

C ©, IDZAC sl.

In Charge Division Fish Culture
Nuff said! See my other ad.—Francis K. Christine.

Ra a ah
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Live Foo d is Nature’ Ss Food “ ‘DEDEDE De De De Doe Do De De De DD De Do Do De De De De DD DD oe De Do Doe ae oe Da oe De De a De Do oe Do Oe ae De Oo De Oe OO Oe Oe eT
Give your fishes white worms, which can
The

be raised indoors throughout the year.
Generous portion, 60 cents, with full instruc- Microscopy of Drinking
Water

tions for propagation. (Successor to C. E.
By GEORGE CHANDLER WHIPPLE

Jenne.)
W. J. WRIGHT

Bergen Avenue and Mercer Street,
Jersey City, N. J.

Red-bellied Dace

$5.00 per dozen, including can, or will ex-
change for other fishes. Our price list is
sent on request.

The Aquarium Fish Hatchery

838 Humboldt Avenue, Milwaukee, Wis.

Professor of Sanitary Engineering in
Harvard University. A book having
a direct bearing on the work of the
aquarist. Even without a microscope
it will enable him to comprehend the
factors controlling the character of
the water used in his tanks. It de-
scribes the methods of examination
assisting in the identification of com-

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Fishfood That is Fishfood for Fish

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ERURMESE FFatt FOOR

For GOLD ann TROPICAL F/SH

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(55 a in United States
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Postage

mon organisms found in city water,
and interprets the results.

The third edition, rewritten and en-
larged, contains 409 pages, with 74
figures, 6 full-page plates in the text,
and 19 plates giving 235 illustrations
of organisms in color. Price, post-
paid, $4.50.

The Book Department
Aquatic Life

—— 1 mmc

Sample Box 15c
By Mail 17c

WM. G. SARBACHER, 1318 N. Dover St., Phila., Pa !
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Tropical Fishes !

i
a fine, large stock of Danio malabaricus and j
other species of Danio.
aquarium fishes) Haplochilus, Barbus,

breeders and many other beautiful fishes.

(The most sprightly
Mouth-

August Obermuller

Breeder and Fancier of Telescopes and Tropicals
96 Columbia Avenue, Jersey City Heights, N. J.

visitors welcome at conservatory any Saturday
afternoon and on Sunday. /

TROPICAL FISHES
Write for Price List

Oscar Leitholf, 281 Southern Avenue
Pittsburgh, Pa.

mm ee mm mm me mm mes

Henry Kissel, Jr.

(

Breeder & Fancier of Broad-tail Telescopes
Good Type and Color )

Plants Snails |
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(

Some beautiful Hybrids in which I specialize.

Tropical Fish

None shipped; sales at conservatory only.

241 Walker Street, Cliffside, N. J.

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Cliffside.

/ Telephone, 461,

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The Englewood Fancy Goldfish Hatchery

Japanese Toy Breeds in. a variety of colors—
“mouse” bodies and “claw” tails. Must be seen
to be appreciated. Visitors welcome any Sat-
urday afternoon, Sunday or holiday. Nothing
for sale. until June. Spawn in season. ‘Tele-
phone Wentworth 1118.

ANTHONY A. MAINA, 6711 Parnell Avenue, Chicago, Ill.

1
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This is The GENUINE
WELKE’S FISHFOOD

Pronounced the very best GENUINE
GERMAN FISHFOOD. Price 35
cents postpaid. (Fine or medium.)
Send for a box of each size today.

IEIESEDEASEEDE OG U0 IF 20088242428

“The Practical Fishfancier’’

and
“‘Domesticated Fish”’
are THE TWO BOOKS which every
fancier needs. Both for $2.04. Post-
paid. Why pay more?

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Fish Photos - Life Size!
Big collection. 150 Species. Only
$3.60. Send for FREE Sample and
illustrated circulars of my complete
line.

Tropical Fish - All Kinds

Prize-winning Stock

SEEDED DEDEDE 09 @ DDE D6 30838

W. L. BRIND, 449 W. 206th Street
NEW YORK

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The Freshwater Aquarium
By Eggling and Ehrenberg

A practical, interesting book of

aquarian nature-study. Covers the

plants, reptiles and amphibians, gold-

fish, tropical and native fishes, and the

general subject.

Art cloth binding, 352 pages, with
128 illustrations. Price, postpaid,
$3.00.

The Book Department : Aquatic Life

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Lior Excellent Conformation

ban Color Cannot Be Beat

Ejhow Their Quality in Finnage
Leljave Blues, Blacks and Calicos
[avery Fancier Should Look Them Over

Rellee Them at C. C. VOWINKEL
Philadelphia, Pa

5109 Catherine Street

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FL

adequately supplement the text.

vellum cloth, $5.00.

*%000C 000000000 >000c—> 000

005 C3006 5000 C000 HS) 000C 500 M5000 M3000 000 MH S000T S000

The Diatomaceae of Philadelphia and Vicinity

By CHAREST SB OER ACeMe re Row Viens:

The most recent book of the diatoms, and one that is serviceable over a far greater
area than is indicated by the title. A fascinating subject properly treated. More
than 700 illustrations, enlarged 800 diameters, from original drawings by the author,
Methods of collecting, preparing, mounting and
examining diatomaceous material are given.
inches, not including the full-page plates,

The Book Department :;

iC 000M 5000 Sc00c

The work contains 143 pages, 9 by 12
with complete index. Price, bound in art

Aquatic Life

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JULIUS RIEWE
BREEDER AND FANCIER OF TROPICAL FISHES
3519 Costello Avenue, Chicago, Ill.

Fine stock of Danio malabaricus, D. alboline-
atus, D. rerio, Barbus conchonius, B. semifas-
ciolatus, B. ticto and many other kinds of
tropical fishes. None shipped. Te‘ephone Bel-
mont 5092.

WSUS Je Siet 2 OND,

Lionhead Spawn. Also Young from the

finest stock in the country

SHAW, 1941 North 5th Street
Philadelphia

“AQUARIA FISH”’

A practical work on care and breeding of
fish in the aquarium, greenhouse and out-
door ponds. Finely illustrated.

Everyone interested in keeping fish should
send for a copy of this book. Price, $1.00.

F. L. TAPPAN, Route 2, Hopkins, Minn

A new food intended for baby goldfish and Tropi-
eal Fish. Sprinkle lightly on surface with pep-
per shaker. It will float indefinitely and gradu-
| ally sink, giving your fish food in all parts of
the aquarium. The unconsumed food developing
into infusoria.
| Yogi, 15¢. box; by mail, 17e.
- Yogi, by lb., 75c.; add postage.
Magic, 50c¢., postpaid.
S. O. S., 35c¢. box; by mail, 38e.

1818 Frankford Avenue
Philadelphia

| Robert J. Schaeffer ::

| For Sale

| An
| equipped
operated suecessfully
| better or finer

at once to

manufacturing works,
and supply outfit. Has been
for eighteen years. No
aquariums made. Must be sold
permit the owner to give entire

aquarium with fully

goldfish

| attention to other important business. Write
| for full particulars.
Pioneer Aquarium Works. Racine, Wisconsin

Sale or Exchange

_ Surplus Stock of Rare and Fancy Fish
Plants of All Kinds

_G. Germann, 0. D. 3823 N. Richmond St. Chicago

Phone: Monticello 6864.

Toei de ace

Tropical Fishes

Plants

MEXICAN SWORDTAILS (Xiphophorus helleri), 6 males and 6 females, the dozen, $7.00;
(Platypoecilus rubra), 4 males and 8 females, the dozen, $7.00; Gambusia
holbrooki, per dozen, in pairs, $4.00; Paradise fish and Notropis metallicus, per dozen, $4.00;

Ruby Moonfish

Danio rerio, per dozen, $8.00.
PLANTS
Bit,
bunches.

PER DOZEN:

50c.; Hyacinths, 60c¢.; Water Poppy,

AFTER JUNE IST:
water lilies, $1.25 each.

per dozen; smaller, $1.00 per dozen.

|
|
=

(Shipping cans, 50c.)

Vallisneria (wide leaf), 60¢.; Vallisneria (narrow leaf, 30c.; Frog
$1.00;
Twelve kinds of aquarium plants, a fine assortment, $1.00.

ted, white and yellow water lilies, blooming plants, 7T5c. each; blue
(All plants sent postpaid.)

GROUND SHRIMP, the best dry fish food $1.10 per pound.

CRESCENT FISH FARM, 1624 Mandeville Street, New Orleans, La,

000 C000 C000 000 S700 SS 7000 —SS 000

Food and Snails

Anacharis and Cabomba, 75c¢c. per dozen

Large Japanese snails, $2.00

pera

Isc >500 —SD000—S 000 —D 000

EVERYTHING IS FISH THAT COMES
TO THE NET OF A NATURALIST

Don’t paddle in the water with one hand and
be blind with both eyes. In other words,
“keep your eyes open’ for all nature.

Our Magazine

Abe Guide to ature
Will Help You

It is edited by EDWARD F. BIGELOW, who
fishes in the heavens and earth, as well as the
waters under the earth.

Three Months’ Trial 25¢

One Year, $1.50

: | Red Heller

| Winner of first prizes—silver cup and gold medal. |
A new fish for aquarists. The most attractive
live-bearing fish. We now have them for sale.

A fine stock of Haplochilus cameronensis, H. 8

rubrostigma, Hybrids—pulchras and rubras—
- and 35 other species of fishes. Via
New York city, N. Y.

i [. S. SILVER

235 East llth street,

4 : - ! (Between 2d ‘and 3d avenues.)
: June Special!

Tar ee ENTE OL OL HLA ATOLL

Combination Offer $1.00

Postage 15c Extra ae

1 Pound Aquarium Cement 50c
1 Square E-Z Net 50c
1 Box of Creation 50c

All 3 for $1.00

See my other ad about Creation, the new
Infusoria. Send for a free sample

18 uo Round Cedar Breeding Tats
Price $3.50
Orders taken for 1920 breed of Broadtail

Telescopes. When in Philadelphia call
me on the Bell Phone.

eye Du ra De De ee 04 yg ME DE DDE Te TE 2

FRANCIS K. CHRISTINE

518 BELGRADE STREET

PHILADELPHIA }

f/ ‘THE AGASSIZ ASSOCIATION ;
Forty 4 ArcAdiA ; !
oa Sound Beach Connecticut

Veiltail
TELESCOPES

Beautiful Breeders
Prize Winning Stock
$12.00 Per Pair

Franklin Barrett

401 to 417 East Wyoming Avenue
Philadelphia

FISH, PLANTS, SNAILS, ETC
Wholesale and Retail

tit AQUARIUM sustecrs *

is ‘Goldfish Varieties & Tropical
Aquarium Fishes’’, byWm.T.Innes, _
former President of the Aquarium /
Society of Phila.; 250 pages, 195
illustrations. Tells all about the 4
fancy varieties of the Goldfish and
nearly 300 tropicals ; how to breed
them, etc., etc. For the beginner
or the advanced expert.

A complete, practical, handsome
book, sent postpaid anywhere for
$4.00 Bale edition now ready.

INNES & SONS - 133 N. 12th St. - Phila., Pa.

JOSEPH J. HAEGELMEIER

IMPORTER AND BREEDER
FANCY GOLDFISH

Tieeetns

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—

1916 PROVENCHERE PLACE, ST. LOUIS, MO

Large Assortment of Fancy Fish at All Times
Kinloch: Victor 2656 L

|GOLDFISH

1,500,000
PLAIN & FANCY

Ready for market at rock-bottom prices.
ped anywhere in United States or Canada.
for our illustrated catalogue.

Write

oe
Ship- 8
8

Oriental Goldfish and Supply Co

3757 - 3761 Cottage Grove Avenue
Chicago, Illinois J
oecloeocee)

CO eS eee,

Wolo. 2) ss Vol. IV

Volumes average 165 pages and as
many illustrations. Substantial cloth
binding, with title page and complete
index.

$2.50 Each, Postage

eo eee
Aquattc Life :

JAPANESE GOLDFISH
By DR. HUGH M. SMITH

$2.75 Postage Paid

Address Aquatic Life

HERMAN RABENAU, Aquarist

PERMANENT DISPLAY OF
Aquatic Life & Terraria

must be seen to be appreciated
Visitors Welcome
Plants and Tropical Fish a Specialty
Importations of New Varieties received
regularly
1168 Myrtle Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Near Broadway.

GOLDFISH, FOODS, PLANTS, DIP ners |

Combination Natural Fish Food - Sample Box 10c
Japanese Shrimp Fish Food - - Sample Can 15c
Baby Fish Food Sample Box 15c
Imported Dried Daphnia Sample Jar 35¢
Mail Orders Promptly Attended to

Special Prices on Quantity Lots.
Cash With Order.

Catalogue Sent Upon Request.

AQUARIUM STOCK CO
174 Chambers Street :: New York City

6oc 5000500 OSS OSO CIC 000 000 S009 0g

BREEDER AND IMPORTER.
Rare and Fancy Fish

Plants of every variety, Snails and
Aquarium Supplies of all kinds at all

MANUFACTURER OF

Green River Fish Food
15c Box

20c Box
A GOOD FISH FOOD is one of the

most essential things necessary to
keep fish in good health. . After the
-test of years Green River stands out
as the best food on the market. It
keeps the fish in good color by pro-
moting a healthy, robust growth. It
will‘not sour ot cloud the water. Ask

! your dealer or send for it today. Fé
i S000C— 5000 C50

Breeders

Large assortment of Splendid Telescopes
and Jap Goldfish at Reasonable Prices

Large Assortment of fine
LIONHEADS

Shipping Cans 50 cents

HARRY P. PETERS -
1210 NORTH WARNOCK STREET
PHILADELPHIA

Nippon Goldfish Co

T. MURATA, Proprietor.
1919-21 Bush Street, San Francisco, Cal
Importers and Dealers

GOLDFISH PLANTS SNAILS
Dried Shrimp, Birds, Cages and All
Supplies
NEW STOCKS ARE COMING!
Price List Sent} on Request

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An international monthly magazine devoted to the study, care and breeding of fishes and
other animals and plants in the home aquarium and terrarium. j

WW. A POWSEDR 25 505 5050s 8 ikl Bike, le es) wea te se heise) oa sefoyocale siewecye/e esha eqatiniene -tare
JOSEPH E. BAUSMAN .... rec te ccc eee cette renee teen et teers essees PUBLISHER
632 East Girard Avenue ......:.-..+- PARE RS Bip Pe on enn a esr, Mami a atp Ree cht. SE Philadelphia

Entered as second-class matter, September 2d, 1915, at the Post Office, Philadelphia, Pa.,
under Act of March 3d, 1879.

Popular and scientific articles and notes on subjects pertaining to the aquarium and
terrarium, and to the habits of fishes in general, are always wanted for “Aquatic Life.”
Readers are invited to join in making it a medium of mutual help by contributing to it
the results of their studies. The pages are always open to any one having information
of interest te the aquarist and student of aquatic biology. Manuscripts, books for review

} ‘

Paes Oe so :
4 % %
x
ie Bye

atic Lif,

and general correspondence should be addressed to the editor.
“Aquatic Life’ has the largest circulation of any magazine in the world devoted to aquatic

nature-study.

It offers to advertisers a market that can be reached through no other
medium. Rates made known on application.

WEARLY SUBSCRIPTION 2... 2c ccc cece eee ee cette rete e eee eee e eee ee $1.25
FOREIGN SUBSCRIPTIONS 2... . ccc cc ccc cette ee tee eee te ee eet ee ee na es 1.50
SINGLE COPY on ccec ccc ccc ee cet eee eee er eer ee eee ete eee ee nee eee ene 15

Payments should be made by money order, draft or registered letter. If local checks are

sent, ten cents should be added for collection charges.

international money order.

Foreign remittances should be by

Water Gardening

By BISSET

The best and most “readable” book on ,

the care and propagation of aquatic
plants in general. It gives in full de-
tail all the practical information neces-
sary to the selection, grouping and
successful cultivation of aquatic and
other plants required in the making of
a water garden and its surroundings.
Covers all conditions from that of the
amateur with a few plants in tubs to
the large estate or park.

Profusely illustrated with 120 half-
tones, 17 diagrams and 2 double page
plates. 199 pages, coated paper, orna-
mented cloth binding—de luxe edition.
Price, $3.00, postpaid.

THE BOOK DEPARTMENT

AQUATIC LIFE
Philadelphia ‘

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2
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AQUARIST |

WILMINGTON, NORTH CAROLINA

Collector and Breeder of Tropical Fish

Snakes and Other Reptiles

New Varieties Aquatic Plants
Choice and Rare Specimens
Snakes and Reptiles

Tropical Fishes

Fundulus nottii, $1.50 per pair.
Elassoma evergladei, $1.75 per pair.
Heterandria formosa, $1.00 per pair.
M. chaetodon, 50c each

Small turtles, $1.25 per dozen.
Newts, $1.00 per dozen.

Wholesale to dealers.

The Venus Flytrap (Dionaea muscipula)

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:

The plant that feeds on insects
$1.00 Dozen

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On a Deformed

Specimen of Muhlenberg’s Turtle
ewe SUFELD Th. View:

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Melanemys muhlenbergi

In Nature-Study Review for 1914, I
published an article with four figures,
entitled “Rare Deformity in a Painted
Turtle (Chrysemys picta), with Notes
on the Species” (pp. 218-222). One of
the illustrations showed that this young
turtle—for it was a small specimen—
possessed a peculiar and conspicuous
hump in the median line on top of the
carapace. Upon dissection, the cavitv
within this remarkable elevation con-
tained no anatomical structures—in fact,
it was practically empty. Having seen
thousands of young turtles in my life-
time, representing nearly all the known
species of eastern North America, and
never having noted any such peculiarity
before, I naturally thought that a sec-

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Muhlenberg’s Turtle

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ond example of it would never come to
hand; in this, however, I was mistaken.
During the spring of 1920, Dr. Raymond
L,. Ditmars, of the New York Zoological
Gardens, kindly presented me with a
rather young specimen of a female Muh-
lenberg’s turtle, which possessed identi-
cally the same kind of a hump on its
back as did the specimen of the Painted
turtle referred to above, and which oc-
cupied the same part of the carapace in
the median line. This is well shown in
the accompanying photograph, made by
me shortly after the specimen was re-
ceived.

This turtle was kept in a small aquar-
ium and fed with angling worms, which
it greatly relished, but I soon discovered

74 Aquatic Lite

that the specimen was rather sickly, and
that it doubtless would not live long.
When placed in deep water it was totally
unable to swim to the bottom, in order
to secure the pieces of worms fed to it.
This inability was evidently caused by
the hollow hump on its back acting as a
float, and preventing the animal from
diving. There was no trouble in this
way for the anterior half of its body ; but
when the hump came to the level of the
surface, all its efforts to get below it
failed. Such a disability would surely
act as a serious handicap in nature, and
it certainly did not conduce to its comfort
Whether it
had anything to do with its death, which
occurred in due course, it would be hard
As I desired a complete osteo-

or happiness in captivity.

to say.
logical specimen of this species, | made
no dissection or post-mortem to discover
the conditions present. I feel quite sure,
however, that it was but a second ex-
ample of the state of things I had de-
scribed in the young Painted Turtle, re-
ferred to above.

This Muhlenberg’s turtle
another curious thing, never before no-
ticed by me in any turtle. Its plastron,
on its outer surface, was of a pale, deep
yellow, with an irregular central figure,
and surrounded externally by a jet black
pattern. Now after the demise of the
specimen, it was left for ten days or
more on a window-sill, which was paint-

presented

ed white. As there was no occasion to
disturb it, it remained in one place for
several days. Upon oho), Il
found that the black figure on the surface
deep

picking it
of the plastron was printed in
black on the white sill of the window,
and no amount of ordinary scrubbing
would remove it. ‘Three more times the
dead turtle was pushed to another place
on the sill, and each time another print
was left on the white paint, though each

new one was several shades lighter than
the preceding one. Nothing like this has
ever been noticed by me previously ; and
I believe that it will require a very ef-
ficient scourer to eventually remove these
remarkable stains.

————_—___
Phalloptychus januarius
GEORGE S. MYERS

The spotted tooth-carp, Phalloptychus
januarius, formerly called Girardinus re-
ticulatus by aquarists, is a native of
Brazil. It seems to be the least offensive
of the live-bearing fishes, which with its
distinctive coloring has made it a popu-
lar aquarium fish.

The ground color is yellowish, over
which is distributed many black spots
and blotches which may extend to the
fins. In common with most of the fishes
of the group to which it belongs the fe-
male is largest, reaching a length of one
and three-quarter inches, half an inch
longer than the male.

Consistent with its size, the number of
young produced in a litter is not great,
but a goodly proportion will survive as
the female is not particularly cannibalis-
tic and will often permit the young
to grow up in the same tank unmolested.
To conserve food for the youngsters,
however, it is well to remove the parent.

The best dry food is shrimp ground to
a suitable size, while Daphne ranks first
among live foods. In my experience the
fish does not seem to care for the white
worm, Enchytraeus albidus.

~~».

walkie who make the best hus-
bands,” says a writer, “are those who
possess the knotty type of foot with
square toes.” But a young friend of
ours, addicted to stopping late, says they
make the worst kind of prospective

fathers-in-law.—London Opinion.

men

er me mime FE

Notes on Fundulus luciae

D. R. CRAWFORD
United States Bureau of Fisheries

Os Os Os OS FR 6 Os Ps FO Od OO Ss Od Pl OS OO Oe Os sera,

Pe Ps fk Ps es

mmm memes OS BA 6 OR Ps BS PS 9s Ba Bs BR 6 FS BG Fh BR i fF BN SS SB ft tee y

ct ct te em a rf

Fundulus luciae

ba] OR 6 Bi 6 6 BF 6 Bi 6 es Si Fs 8 Ss is i ee ee

This attractive little minnow was first
described by Professor S. F. Baird un-
der the name of Hydrargyra luciae from
a few specimens which he colllected at
Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey. His de-
scription may be found in the Smithson-
ian Report for 1854, but evidently his
specimens have disappeared, and nothing
further was known of this minnow until
Dr. H. M. Smith, Commissioner of Fish-
eries, in the summer of 1890, collected
two specimens on St. George Island
which is near the mouth of the Potomac
River. He has described it under the
name of Zygonectes luciae in the Bulle-
tin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol-

Baird’s Killifish

5 Oh 1 A oe SP PP PS Ps Ps Ps Pe PO Pe CPS Pe EPS

|
|
|
(
|
(
(
|
|

ume X, for 1890, and pictures it in a
drawing on Plate XVIII, which accom-
panies his article. Since 1890, nothing
further has been added to our knowl-
edge, Jordan and Evermann merely
changing the name to Fundulus luciae,
and using Dr. Smith’s description which
is sufficient and need not be repeated
here.

The writer had occasion to collect ten
specimens of Fundulus luciae while vis-
iting Lewisetta, Virginia, across the
river from St. George Island, for the
purpose of collecting other fishes, and,
since very little seems to be known of
the habits of this minnow, no excuse

76 Aquatic Life

seems necessary for the following notes.

Fundulus luciae. was found rather
abundantly in a number of small tidal
ponds near Lewisetta in company with
other species of Fundulus, Gambusia,
Cyprinodon and Lucania. ‘These ponds
have a soft, muddy bottom from which

aquatic weeds grow abundantly in
clumps, leaving small areas free of
growth. When such a place was ap-

proached cautiously, numerous minnows
could be seen feeding, but upon the
slightest movement, they would dart into
the clumps of weeds and bury them-
selves in the mud. If the eye was quick
enough to follow them, they could be
taken very easily with a small dip-net.

It was observed that Fundulus luciae
prefers to feed on the bottom, evidently
catching the numerous animalcules which
are found in such places. When these
minnows remain undisturbed for a
while, they rise to the surface and lie
motionless for long periods of time with
the posterior half of the body hanging
somewhat limply downward. Except for
their darting movements, they swim
slowly and only for short distances be-
tween resting periods.

Seven specimens were brought back
to Washington alive, and these were
placed in a small aquarium with some of
the original brackish water and native
plants. In a short time, they became
accustomed to their confinement and
further observations were made. The
habit of feeding on the bottom which was
observed in the field was again noted.
Floating food was not touched, but when
particles sank to the bottom they were
quickly seized. A number of small crus-
taceans were placed in the aquarium, but
they were not eaten until after they had
settled to the bottom.

On June 15, about a week after the
fish had been placed in the aquarium, the
water became very foul and a small para-
site attacked the tail of one of the fish.
The fish were removed to clean, fresh
water and the aquarium thoroughly

washed out, after which tap water was
used to replace the original brackish
water. Further growth of the parasite
seems to have been checked. The min-
nows remained on the bottom and lay
very still for several days. It was noted
that this habit is usually displayed in
bright sunlight, but when the light is
diffused, the fish swim upward from the
bottom.

The colors have faded somewhat in
captivity, and they become even dimmer
if the aquarium is shaded with a black
cloth, but they are very bright at times
when the sunlight strikes through the
water. The yellow tints of the fins and
lower parts of the body are brightest
when the water is warm. The black spot
on the dorsal fin, which does not show in
the illustration, is sometimes scarcely vis-
ible in strong light.

While at the surface, two or more of
the minnows usually lie near each other,
sometimes one above the other. They
frequently come into contact while swim-
ming about, but they are not quarrelsome
and seldom molest each other.

WMG, (©, Mle 1ieeclere, OF Wee UW. S, IBwe
reau of Fisheries, deserves much credit
for taking the photograph which accom-
panies this article, for it was only after
four hours of painstaking effort that a
suitable one was obtained.

ee Site

A joint meeting of the Executive and
Annual Exhibition Committees of the
Brooklyn Aquarium Society was held on
Friday evening, June 4th. Subject to the
approval of the Board of Directors of
the Brooklyn Museum, September 23,
24, 25 and 26 were decided as tentative
dates for the next annual exhibit. The
secretary was instructed to communi-
cate with nearby societies to ascertain if
the designated days conflicted with any
arrangements they may have made. The
committee is composed of Dr. Freder-
ick Schneider, chairman; C. FE. Visel, C.
J. Heede, George W. Post, John Debus,
By leh Wfrolarosaree, ON. IL, Wireline, Js tal.
Shenk, secretary, 500 Eastern Parkway,
3rooklyn.

AY de

wi
|
l |
Ell
|

Haplochilus panchax

WALTER LANNOY BRIND, F. Z. S.

~
(
(
(
{
|

SE Es Es ee

(
|
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hs
af oF ak gs
ied 7

Haplochilus panchax

tA) ES Bh 6 Os Fs Pt 9s PS Bs FS FS Ps Oa 6 Be 6 6 Pg OR 9 Og Bs Os FS 6 Sg fs

Haplochilus panchax is one of the East
Indian tooth-carps which has been some-
what neglected by American aquarists,
so that even the typical form—the red
phase—has become quite rare in our col-
lections. Compared with its cousin,
Hlaplochilus lineatus, it is not a voracious
species, and I keep it in harmony in hap-
py family aquaria with docile species of
its own size or larger. It seeks to avoid
rather than encourage clashes with its

Peta,
re

ee A Be A Ph 9 Fe BR OR gf ff) Pg RT PT ff @ 8“ ff Gf gs

India

6 Ps Fa SS 0s Fs Ss Fd ss 26 8 SP SS SP SPS 8 SO SS SS FE

fellow denizens. Whether others secur-
ed this species prior to 1910, when I
brought specimens from Germany, I do
not know. A few years ago it was col-
lected for me in Java by an officer on the
Radja, one of the vessels of the Nether-
lands Steamship Company, and brought
to New York with other interesting
fishes. At the time of the end of the
World War my collector was transfer-
red to another ship and ceased to make

78 Aquatic Lite

the port of New York, which brought to
a close my importations from the Dutch
East Indies.

A large specimen will be three inches
in length, but when reared in the aquar-
ium few individuals grow to more than
two inches. The ground color of the
body is olive on the back or dorsal re-
gion, bluish gray on the sides and whit-
ish on the abdomen. Vertical, indistinct

Haplochilus panchax blockii

bars of golden scales are peculiar to the
male, but are seldom visible. The tip of
the dorsal fin and the margin of the tail
are black outside and red within, the two
colors forming a narrow border. A char-
acteristic black blotch appears on the dor-
sal as shown in illustration. The sexual
distinctions are the acute extremity of
the anal fin and the color border of the
caudal fin in the male. The female has a
rounded anal and the tail fin is almost
colorless, as are the other fins in both
sexes. The general shape of the fish is
that characteristic of the genus.
Several color phases have been noticed
and called blockiu, matte1, lutescens and
so on. A yellow form and a blue-white
form occur in Java, particularly in the
vicinity of Soerabaia, in each of which
yellow and white replace the red of the

typical species. The forms interbreed in-
discriminately and the females cannot be
distinguished from one another. By
crossing the red with the yellow some
of the resulting males will show orange
instead of yellow or red and are very
beautiful.

It is quite easy to breed panchax. -One
merely needs a small globe, some fila-
mentous algae, Nitella or small bladder-
wort, soft (old) aquarium water and
sunshine. Keep the fish apart until eggs
can be seen within the female when her
container is held up to the light. Then
introduce the male and place the globe in
the sunshine. They may begin spawn-
ing within a few minutes, swimming side
by side and fluttering fins and_ tails
against each other whenever they happen
to meet the bushy plants. The eggs are
large—almost the size of the head of an
average pin, and are attached singly by a
filament to the plants. The eggs should
be removed with the plants to which they
adhere, and placed in a separate con-
tainer in the sunshine, a mason jar an-
swering well. At a temperature of 75
degrees, Fahrenheit, the eggs will hatch
in about ten days. The fry should first
be fed with Jnfusoria, and later with
screened Daphnia and Cyclops, though
failing these they will eat finely powder-
ed prepared food. ‘Tanks containing this
fish should be kept covered by a sheet of
glass.

Many a man who imagines he is a

born leader isn’t even a successful fol-

lower.
————>_—

Observer—‘“I noticed you got up and
gave that lady your seat in the street car
the other day.” Observed—‘“Since child-
hood I have respected a woman with a
strap in her hand.”—Pennsylvama Punch
Bowl.

0 8 OS EP LS A oe HE
| |
(The Red Rivulus

GEORGE S. MYERS |
forces tro
a

tA) 6 i 6 is 6 8s Ps 6 i 8 i 6 9 es Ps Os Pi 8 Os i 6 is Os Fs as

The golden Rivulus, perhaps more
commonly called the red Rivulus, is a na-
tive of Brazil, from whence it was taken
to Germany in 1911. There seems to be
some doubt as to the species of which it
is a color variety. References may be
found to it as Rivulus poeyi flava, and it
has been called R. harti. Stansch dis-
poses of it as a yellow-red form of R.
urophthalmus, which is probably correct.
The fish called R. poeyi by aquarists
when first imported, was later found to
be R. urophthalmus, which arouses a
doubt as to whether true poeyi has yet
been secured.

Leaving aside the question of identifi-

The Xanthic Form of Rivulus urophthalmus

SS BG Ps PFs PSP Ps BR BS Ba SP 6 SB Ss Fe 6 6 ss Se Ss

(a xanthic) form.

Pe] 5h Pe PS PE PE CA ES PR FA TS Pt PS PS PES Oe Po

cation, the fish seems to be an albinotic
It does not seem to
have been determined whether it con-
tains more than the normal amount of
yellow pigment which in the presumed
normal species is masked by the melanin
or black coloring matter. The prevailing
color of the form is light orange-yellow,
with lengthwise rows of small vermillion
spots, the latter being more noticeable in
the male. The fins and eyes have a
greenish tinge. It reaches a length of
two and one-half to three inches.

It breeds in a manner similar to other
such as Hap-
The eggs

oo”

egg-laying cypfinodonts,
lochilus, Fundulus and so on.

80 Aquatic Rite

are deposited on the leaves of float-
plants like Myriophyllum, Riccia and the
smallest bladderwort. The male and fe-
male should be separated for a time and
then placed together for several days in
a suitably planted tank. When eggs are
observed the parents should be removed.
About two weeks later they may spawn
again. The fry should be provided with
an abundance of microscopic life (/n-
fusoria and rotifers) and gradually in-
troduced to the tiniest Daphne as growth
proceeds. During breeding it is well to
maintain a temperature of 80 degrees,
Fahrenheit, while throughout the winter
75 degrees will be sufficient, possibly
lower, but it is scarcely advisable to flirt
with a minimum about which may lurk
danger.

The red Rivulus is far from being an
active fish and will “sit” for hours in a
clump of plants, rarely changing its posi-
tion, but if tempted with a scrap of raw
beef, or a worm, it will leap high out of
the water to secure the coveted morsel,
and for this reason the tank should be
provided with a tight covering of glass
lest it leap forth unobserved and “dry
up.” The story has been told that one
was placed in an uncovered tank at the
end of a long row. It soon disappeared.
Days later the owner discovered it in the
tank at the other end of the shelf, con-
cluding that “by leaps and bounds and
good luck” it had managed in the inter-
val of its seeming disappearance to ex-
plore the intervening tanks! It would
thus seem that its sense of direction is
good, which is only one of the reasons
for considering it an intelligent and in-
teresting member of an aquarian col-

lection.
—— is

If you only care enough for a result,
you will almost certainly attain it.—
William James.

The Ideal Fish Food
F. W. HEIDELBERGER

The aquarist who does not give his
fishes the proper food loses much of the
pleasure that would otherwise be his.
There is no better food, in the experience
of the writer, than the white earthworm,
Enchytraeus albidus. ‘To demonstrate
this it is only necessary to equip two
tanks of like size, with the same number
and kinds of fishes and plants. ‘To the
fishes in one give white worms exclusive-
ly, and to the others prepared food, oat-
meal, chopped fish, scraped beef, etc. At
the end of a month compare results.
Those fed on worms will have grown
and be in superior condition. Reverse the
method and the fishes heretofore given
worm will barely touch dry food, while
those in the control tank will ravenously
devour them.

Feeding worms is easy if the aquarium
is arranged with a space on the bottom
free from sand. Just drop a bit of earth
full of worms over the clear place. The
fishes will take keen delight in pulling
the worms from the earth. If after sev-
eral feedings there remains some sedi-
ment, merely syphon it out.

During the three years the writer has
used worms his goldfish have spawned a
number of times in the aquarium, and he
has some beautiful telescopes which were
reared on them. If chopped fine the
worms will be taken eagerly by fry.

ronan eis

Pennsylvania now has a law prohibit-
ing the sale of any but fresh eggs.
What’s worrying everybody, including
those called upon to enforce the measure,
is how to tell fresh eggs. We all know
that a fresh egg is one that doesn’t retal-
iate in its own “odorous” way when you
smash it. The question is how to tell
one without giving it the Christopher
Columbus,

a PS Oa SPS Ps

a
|

Pa 6 Ps Pas Pe

a oi er

Simm os 0-6 B-

It is quite evident to most aquarists
that the feeding of prepared foods once,
or possibly twice, daily is not the best
method attainable for promoting growth
and general vigor in fishes. Live food in
quantities, no doubt, is the most nearly
ideal, but it is denied to all except those
having considerable time to devote to
their hobby.

It is often asserted that in a state of
nature fishes in general tend to gorge
themselves with whatever food is avail-
able and rest while the process of diges-
tion is operative, repeating fhe cycle con-
tinually, thus dividing their daily food
into fairly well defined “meals.” This,

An Automatic Feeding Device

CHARLES M. BREDER, Jr
United States Bureau of Fisheries

he te ee ee es es mes

SS PS PY Pe SOS PG Fa ES |

for Aquaria

he me tre et ee mes

YS YR Fa SR A Sa Ss Ft Ft |

EP PG PP FB FY AS A PR Gf PF § Pe 9:

|
:
:
|
:
:
|
|
!
:
!

no doubt, is true but under the artificial
conditions imposed by the close confine-
ment of home aquaria, the writer has
found a quite continuous feeding or nib-
bling to take place throughout long per-
iods of observation. If, for example,
large quantities of Daphnia be intro-
duced, the feeding will take on a sudden
activity (usually with a visible distention
of the abdomen), and will then proceed
as formerly with the constant and inces-
sent pickings as the digestion of the
previously ingulfed matter proceeds. It
would seem to follow that a gradual
feeding would be more beneficial than
the methods usually employed. Work-

82 Aguatte Rile

ing with this point of view in mind, a
scheme for feeding continuously was de-
veloped, and as most species confined in
aquaria have been observed to rest at
night, feeding during the daylight hours
need only be considered. It might be
said to be the general practice in com-
mercial hatcheries devoted to the rearing
of the Salmonoids, etc., to detail attend-
ants to the feeding of the fry by hand at
definite intervals. This in moderately
large establishments amounts to a con-
tinuous process, it being time to feed the
first trough full of young by the time the
last has been finished. Automatic de-
vices have been experimented with to
eliminate this expenditure of energy,
usually depending on water power, but
so far as the writer’s information goes
have been unsatisfactory. Of course a
point enters here that does not concern
the aquarist as the food usually used by
these establishments is wet and mushy,
not being dessicated as 1s the customary
aquaria fish food.

The accompanying sketch and photo-
graphs explain in general the arrange-
ment of the device. The clock which
controls the mechanism is seen to be
simply a switch of which the minute
hand forms the lever with a small piece
of phosopher-bronze wire at its tip, mak-
ing contact with the stationary points at
Vi and XII. The closing of the circuit
at these periods causes a certain quantity
of food to be dropped into the aquarium
below. This period can be lengthened or
shortened at will by decreasing or in-
creasing the number of contact points.

The food hopper is simply a_ small
metal container to which the working
door bell have

elements of a common

been attached. The gong and clapper
have been removed, the rod for support-
ing the clapper being passed through the

hole in a strip of rather heavy copper

that forms the valve, so allowing only a
certain predetermined amount of food to
escape at the proper time. The two dia-
grams “A” and “B” show this action.
While at rest “A” a hole in the bottom of
the reservoir is directly above the large
opening in the moving valve piece, which
allows the opening to fill with food.
When an electrical impulse is sent
through the magnets causing them to
attract the armature, it 1s evident that
the strip will assume position “B”’ and
block the hole in the reservoir and <al-
low the food that was previously in the
valve strip opening to fall below, as it
passes beyond the strap-like piece that
formerly held it in place. Of course a
single stroke bell should be used, or the
vibrator shunted around if the bell is of
the vibrating type. The amount of food
ejected at a time is determined by the
size of the opening made in the moving
strip and the thickness of the metal em-
ployed. A number of interchangeable
strips might be employed for experimen-
tal work.

A battery of three dry cells will suf-
fice to operate this device, although a
much more positive action can be obtain-
ed by using 4 or 6 in series, or any other
available source of suitable current may
be used. A switch introduced in the cir-
cuit (below the clock), was used to stop
the action in the evening and start it
again in the morning. This was not such
a hardship as one might imagine, as the
writer naturally made it a_ practice to
visit the aquaria before leaving home in
the morning and again in the evening be-
fore retiring. ‘Thus the act of throwing
the switch in the proper direction at the
appropriate time soon became as habitual
as winding one’s watch. However, a re-
finement could easily be introduced do-
ing away with this switch, by engaging
an idle gear (on the reverse side of the

Aquatic Lite 83

dial) with another, half its diameter,
mounted on the hour hand spindle. This
idle gear should carry a disc one-half of
which should be composed of brass,
while the other should be of ebonite or
other insulating substance. A brush
bearing on the periphery of this disc
connected to one side of the circuit and
the other connected to the stationary con-

tacts would cause every revolution of the
hour hand (once in 12 hours), and con-
sequently one-half a revolution of the
disc to alternate twelve hours of closed
circuit with twelve open, approximating
the day light hours close enough for most
purposes. In this manner if an eight
day clock is used, the device need be
thought of but once a week.

A complete and positive test of the

WIRING DIAGRAM

BATTERY

SECTION Snowing
OPERATION

worth of this method was unfortunately
not possible owing to unexpected neces-
sity for dismanteling the room used in
the experiment. It was in progress on
about 100 young Barbus conchonius and
vitatus in a 4-foot tank. A control tank
like the first in all respects and contain-
ing similar fish, but feed by hand, failed
to show the same growth although the

priod in which the device was in use
lasted little over a month. It was found
that the amount consumed was consid-
erably greater in the machine-fed tank,
which is the most significant fact to be
noted. About four times as much was
taken with by thus giving a little at a
time all through the day, instead of a
comparatively large quantity once a day.
The writer believes that it would pay an

84. Aquatic Lite

aquarist with facilities to experiment
with such an apparatus with a view to
positively establishing or destroying the
worth of the scheme. Any granular food
could be used with the same proportional
chances of success, depending on the
value of its ingredients, that it would al-
low by hand feeding.

‘‘Electric’’ Fishes

Certain fishes exhibit peculiar elec-
trical phenomena of muscles, nerves and
heart, which have given them the name
of electric fishes. These have the power
of giving electrical shocks from specially
constructed and living electrical bat-
teries. Our knowledge of their prop-
erties has been increased by measure-
ments made with a very sensitive galvan-

ometer.
There are in all about fifty species of

these fishes, but electrical properties of
only five or six have been studied in de-
tail. The best known are various species
of torpedo, belonging to the skate family,
found in the Mediterranean and Adriatic
seas; the gymnotus, an eel found in the
region of the Orinoco in South America ;
the malapterurus, the raash or thunderer
fish, of the Arabs, a native of the Nile,
the Niger, Senegal and other African
rivers, and various species of skate found
in the seas around Great Britain.

The electrical fishes do not belong to
any one class or group—some are found
in fresh water, while others inhabit the
They possess two distinct types of
One closely relates in

sea.
electrical organs.
structure to muscle, as found in the tor-
pedo, gymnotus and skate, while the
other presents more of the characters of
the structure of the secreting gland as il-
lustrated by the electric organ of the
thunderer fish. Both types are built upon
a vast number of microscopical elements,
each of which is supplied with a nerve
fibre.

These nerve fibres come from large
nerves that originate in the nerve centres
brain or spinal cord, and in these centres
are found special large nerve cells, with
which the nerve fibres of the electric or-
gans are connected and from which they
spring. Yet the electricity is not gener-
ated in the electric centres and conveyed
by the electric nerves to the electric or-
gan itself. It is only produced, however,
so_as to give a shock when set in action
by nervous impulses transmitted to it
from the electric centres by the electric
nerves.

There are few departments of physiol-
ogical science in which can be found a
more striking example of organic adap-
tiveness than in the construction of the
electric fishes. In these animals there are
specialized organs for the production of
electricity on an economical basis far
surpassing anything yet contrived by
man. The organs are either modified
muscles or modified glands, structures
which in all animals manifest electrical
properties.—E xchange.

—————

Oceans are the earth’s great storehouse
of water. They cover some eight-elev-
enths of the surface of the earth to an
average depth of about two miles. They
receive the off-flow from all the ccnti-
nents and send it back by way of the
atmosphere.

The fresh waters of the earth descend
in the first instance out of the atmosphere.
They rise in a vapor from the whole sur-
face of the earth, but chiefly from the
ocean. Evaporation frees them from the
ocean’s salts, these being non-volatile.
They drift about with the currents of the
atmosphere, gathering its gases to satura-
tion, together with small quantities of
drifting solids; they descend impartially
upon water and land, chiefly as rain, snow

and hail—Needham and Lloyd.

Aquatic Life, 1920

JANvuARY, 1920. Betta rubra (Heedc) ; Ob-
servations on the Chelonians of North Amer-
ica, Part VI (Shufeldt); Beef Heart and
Beef Liver for Young Fishes; Notes on Mos-
quito Larvae (Hale); Lucania ommata (ex-
tension of range); Habits of Fundulus nottii
and Heterandria formosa; Linseed meal cause
of disease among trout; South Australian
Aquarium Society, Passaic Aquarium Society,
the Redfield Theory, etc.

Frespruary. Goldfish Foods and Feeding as
Practiced in Japan (Nakashima); Observa-
tions on the Chelonians of North America,
Part VII (Shufeldt) ; The Mosquito (Hale) ;
Luciocephalus pulcher (Heede); Maintaining
an Aquarium (T7rell); An Easily Constructed
Heated Aquarium (Finckh); Roosevelt Wild

Life Forest Experiment Station, February
Pointers, etc.

MarcH. The Australian Congolly (Hale) ;
Observations on the Chelonians of North

America, Part VIII (Shufeldt) ; Ichthyopthir-
ius multifilius (Webber); Rivulus strigatus
(Brind); An Odd Trunkfish (Hubbs) ; North
Carolina Notes (Carlton) ; Society news.

Aprit. Mastacembelus pancalus (MacMor-
ris); A New Treatment to Eliminate Ichthy-
ophthirius (Hauthaway) ; Observations on the
Chelonians of North America, Part IX (Shu-
feldt) ; Notes on Haplochilus lineatus (Saw-
yer); The Artificial Production of Albinism
(Waite); A Metal Net for Larval Fishes
(Balleisen); The “Balanced Aquarium—A
Question and an Experiment (Powers);
Venus’s Fly Trap, Notes and News.

May. Aquarium Microscopy (France); A
“Tin Can’ Aquarium (Balleisen) ; Observa-
tions on the Chelonians of North America,
Part X (Shufeldt); The Stud Fishes (Saw-
yer); The Guide Book to The New York
Aquarium © (Shufeldt); May Pointers, The
Microscopical Society, Notes and News.

June. Macrones vittatus (MacMorris);
An Interesting Abnormality (Tasche) ; Blue-
spotted Sunfish (Sawyer); Breeding Vivipa-
rous Poeciliids (Balleisen) ; Bufo halophilus
(Ruthling); The Diatomaceae (Whecler) ;
Appropriate Names (Mellen); Boyer’s “The
Diatomaceae of Philadelphia’ and_ society
news.

WANTED!

Names of collectors and breeders of tropi-
cal, native and goldfishes. Wish to buy in
large and small lots. All letters held strictly
confidential. Address

GOOD-WELD AQUARIUM CO.
1111 Third Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Mesogonisteus chaetodon— The
Black-banded Sunfish. $6 and $12

per dozen.
If you mean business, send check with order

GEORGE W. PRICE
2145 South Lee Street, Philadelphia

Wear a Handsome Solid Gold
Pin of Your Favorite Fish

1919,

A beautiful secarfpin and watch-fob for gentlemen

Stil-B-Nu Supply

Made of solid gold and
An odd and attract-
worn by aqua-

and brooches for ladies.
of very best workmanship.
lve piece of jewelry now being
rists. Size of illustrations.
Prices (including War Tax):

Scalare, $7.25, Lionhead, $7.25
Telescope (with ruby eye), $7.75.
Telescope (with diamond eye), $9.25,
We are in a position to supply pins
favorite pet. Price on application.

The Breeding Season is Here

Start Your Young Fish on Stil-B-Nu
Infusoria Culture. Then Feed Them
Our Foods and Watch Them Grow

Stil-B-Nu Infusoria Culture is essential to all
aquarists who desire to raise Gold and Tropical
fishes. This culture is a result-producer. Full
directions with each box. Price 50c., postpaid.

Stil-B-Nu Dried Shrimp. Contains shrimp only.
which is dried and properly prepared to make
a choice morsel for all kinds of fishes. Coarse
or fine. Use fine for Tropicals. Price, 25c. box,
postpaid.

Stil-B-Nu Fish Remedy—a
bination

of your

non-poisonous com-
for the treatment of fungus, tail-rot,
ete., of Tropical and fancy Goldfishes. Don’t
fail to have a box or two on hand for the
first sign of trouble. Full directions in each box.
Price: 6 tablets in a box, 25c., postpaid.

Stil-B-Nu Aquarium Salts will go a long way
toward keeping your fishes in good health by

replacing the lime and salts as they are ab-

Price: 6 tablets

sorbed by the fishes and snails.
25c.,

in a box, postpaid.

Stil-B-Nu Nets 55¢
The Best Net Made

Made in two sizes,
3% and 5 inches.

manufactured by us from the very best materials.

Stil-B-Nu Feeding Rings. Keep the food from
spreading. Price, 15c., postpaid.

Stil-B-Nu Aquarium Scrapers—something new;
order one today and avoid placing hand in the
aquarium when cleaning it. Price, 50c.

Easy-Reading Aquarium Thermometer, Tells at
a glance the temperature of your water. No
aquarium is complete without one. Price $1.00,

postpaid.

Pocket Magnifying Glass.
a good glass, especially
and raising infusoria. Considering quality, this
glass is priced very low. $1.75, postpaid.

Stil-B-Nu Aquarium Cement comes ready for use.
50c. pound, postpaid.

Fishes, Plants, Aquariums, Books, Castles, Stands
Wholesale and Retail

STIL-B-NU SUPPLY CO
427 E. Girard Avenue, Philadelphia

Every aquarist needs
when collecting insects

|
Pd aes i he a a ea a i EE eee Ps es

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
Bureau of Fisheries

Washington
March 6, 1920.

Mr. F. K. Christine,

518 Belgrade Street,

Philadelphia, Pa. :
Dear Sir:

I wish to advise that the Bureau purchased six boxes of your creative infusoria
for the purpose of making some laboratory tests and tests at some of our stations
for the purpose of determining its value in the creation of minute aquatic life. Very
favorable reports have been received, and the experiments made at Washington have
demonstrated that it is very excellent material for the production of infusoria. It iS
believed, however, that the amount you suggest to use to fifty gallons should be
doubled. If the temperature of the water is in the neighborhood of 60 or 65 degrees
F., much better results may be expected. If this is followed up by the production of
daphne and other aquatic insects it is believed that the aquarist can have a very good
range of aquatic life and at a very reasonable cost. It was found preferable to
infusoria produced by hay in that it did not discolor the water, and the infusoria
appeared in greater numbers than the culture produced by hay. It was thought that

SJ S000 3900 GSS E000 CES 009 999009 GS 9908 a =i

Nuff said!

— oo | ee oe eo ee

| ee SG Se eee —000 S000 Sa SO aS

Live Food is Nature’s Food
Give your fishes white worms, which can
be raised indoors throughout the year.
Generous portion, 60 cents, with full instruc-
tions for propagation. (Successor to (CS, 1B

Jenne.)
W. J. WRIGHT

Bergen Avenue and Mercer Street,
Jersey City, N. J.

Red-bellied Dace

$5.00 per dozen, including can, or will ex-
change for other fishes. Our price list is
sent on request.

The Aquarium Fish Hatchery

838 Humboldt Avenue, Milwaukee, Wis.

%000C > 00c 5900000000000 000 000

Imported Helleri

We have received direct from Central
America 200 Swordtails (Xiphophorus
helleri). The collector, unfamiliar ll
with the sexes, sent all males. This
circumstance affords aquarists an ex-
ceptional opportunity to inject new
blood into their inbred stock. Sturdy 8
specimens, three-fourths grown, 6 for
$5. Shipping can, 50 cents additional.
i

C0OC— 000 C000 M000 M5000!

CRESCENT FISH FARM
1624 Mandeville Street, New Orleans, La.

000 300 000000 CH 000 M5000 M5005

you might be interested in receiving this information.

See my other ad.—Francis K. Christine.

Very truly yours,

G. C. LEACH.
In Charge Division Fish Culture

ig ale l S00 SSDs. SSS 0053 500—S—

D> > 3-9-3 D 9-3 DD) DD DD] a0 50 DPB D858 39 D8 50 DP 8-09 D388 DD Db be ee ee ee De nee Des OS®

The
Microscopy of Drinking
Water

By GEORGE CHANDLER WHIPPLE

Professor of Sanitary Engineering in
Harvard University. A book having
a direct bearing on the work of the
aquarist. Even without a microscope
it will enable him to comprehend the
factors controlling the character of
the water used in his tanks, It de-
scribes the methods of examination
assisting in the identification of com-
mon organisms found in city water,

Cyto 6-6-6 6-0-6 ¢ ee cot 6-88-88 teed ee ee ee te eee ete 6 oe eo oe te

and interprets the results.

The third edition, rewritten and en-
larged, contains 409 pages, with 74
figures, 6 full-page plates in the text,
and 19 plates giving 235 illustrations
of organisms in color. Price, post-

paid, $4.50.

The Book Department
Aquatic Life

b> DD: D:D: >: >. D- >: D- D- D- >. D- >- B- >- >- D- 9-9. 3-9-3 DD: D- D-D- D-DD 9-3. D-DD 3-3. To DADE DE DE D4 14 O96 nD SDB DEDEDE DESE24 258 D8 043434 D4 8 54040629 De 1814 D ED DDD 14D G2
KRACK ALL CAA KAK AMARA MMMM

"LL LO Le WL LL A A A eececerer ered Oo

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Tropical Fishes !

a fine, of Danio malabaricus and
other species of Danio. (The most sprightly

i
| aquarium fishes) Haplochilus, Barbus, Mouth-

large stock

breeders and many other beautiful fishes.

August Obermuller

Breeder and Fancier of Telescopes and Tropicals
96 Columbia Avenue, Jersey City Heights, N. J.

visitors welcome at conseryatory any Saturday
i afternoon and on Sunday.

a SP 5 FF 6 Os Fs Fs

Seemann eee ane ee

TROPICAL FISHES
Write for Price List
Oscar Leitholf, 281 Southern Avenue
Pittsburgh, Pa.

Pe of

Henry Kissel, Jr.

Breeder & Fancier of Broad-tail Telescopes
Good Type and Color

Plants

Some beautiful Hybrids in which I specialize.

Tropical Fish Snails

None shipped; sales at conservatory only.
241 Walker Street, Cliffside, N. J.

Telephone, 461, Cliffside.

9 6 Fd Fe 6 i i 6 Fd 6 fl 6 td i sf
BR 6 a 6 FG BB 6 Bs

om em mms

The Englewood Fancy Goldfish Hatchery

Japanese Toy Breeds in a variety of colors.
Sales at hatchery only—none shipped. Visitors
welcome Saturday afternoon, Sunday and
Holidays. Phone, Wentworth 1118.

ANTHONY A. MAINA, 6711 Parnell Avenue, Chicago, Ill.

me me me mm ms me

Something New!

soe

Heated Closet for Aquariums!
An excellent arrangement in which to
keep and breed tropical fishes through l
winter and summer ]
(

Plants Fishes

Aquariums

MAX NIEMAND

743 Eleventh Avenue, Long Island City
New York

Sir—stes as Os Fs i es pd 6 ed ed

9 me os es rh

Ps ets

A REAL FOOD

Imported from Germany
100 Per Cent. Nourishment

Same as I sold in bulk and boxes before
the war. I am sole U. S. Agent now as
then. Pound, $500; box 35c. Samples of
both grains, 15c

Once Tried - Always Used!

6 6 Pe 6 Oa PR 6 Pt es Ps Pg Pe PS PS Pe SS

Two Best Books

Both for $2 Only

The
“Practical Fish Fancier”
and
“Domesticated Fish”

Fish Photos, 120 for $3 60
Fish Post-cards. New! 15c each; $1.50 doz
Everything above sent post free

W.L. BRIND, F. Z. S.
449 W. 206th Street, New York

SS SS Os F< SP 6 0 Bg BR Ps Rs Bs Bs Ps Fs ss a hs Bs 8 Bs Ps Fs Ph 8 es Ps Fe ee ee

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!

Temes Pt BF Fs Fs

Alf

or Excellent Conformation

Tit Color Cannot Be Beat

[Sit Their Quality in Finnage
Peljave Blues, Blacks and Calicos
Lavery Fancier Should Look Them Over

elle Them at C. C. VOWINKEL
5109 Catherine Street Philadelphia, Pa

eB 6 PS FS 5 Ps 6 Ps Os Fe

Times ah 6 es ss
a 6 PH Mf fA tH i fh te ht A (fh

C00 D000 GD000 C5000 3000 4000 C3000 C3900 000 M5000 T5000 M3000 T3000 TM 5000C3000CMS00u

The Diatomaceae of Philadelphia and Vicinity
By CHARLES S. BOYER, A. M,, F. R. M. S.

The most recent book of the diatoms, and one that is serviceable over a far greater
area than is indicated by the title. A fascinating subject properly treated. More
than 700 illustrations, enlarged 800 diameters, from original drawings by the author,
adequately supplement the text. Methods of collecting, preparing, mounting and
examining diatomaceous material are given. The work contains 143 pages, 9 by 12
inches, not including the full-page plates, with complete index. Price, bound in art

vellum cloth, $5.00.

8
:
|
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|
*”

The Book Department :;

Aquatic Life

200000000000 D000 D000,

000 50005 300 —5000 —3000 AD 000 H5000 HD000000 C5990 C5900 000C 5 000C 000 000000

JULIUS RIEWE
BREEDER AND FANCIER OF TROPICAL FISHES |
3519 Costello Avenue, Chicago, Ill.

Fine stock of Danio malabaricus, D. alboline-
atus, D. rerio, Barbus conchonius, B. semifas-
ciolatus, B. ticto and many other kinds of
tropical fishes. None shipped. Telephone Bel-
mont 5092.

ine Fish POND

Lionhead Spawn. Also Young from the

finest stock in the country

SHAW, 1941 North 5th Street
Philadelphia

“AQUARIA FISH”’

A practical work on care and breeding of
fish in the aquarium, greenhouse and out-
door ponds. Finely illustrated.

Kveryone interested in keeping fish should
send for a copy of this book. Price, $1.00.

F. L. TAPPAN, Route 2, Hopkins, Minn

For best results use Yogi Fishfood
Thats what breeders say. Yogi
15c Box; by mail 17c

Magic Infusoria 50c Postpaid

S. O. S. New Fishfood. The un-
consumed food developing infu-
soria. 35c; by mail 38c
Ask your dealer or send for
them direct

1818 Frankford Avenue
Philadelphia

FISH FOOD
Manufactured only by
ROBT. J. SCHAEFFER
PRICE, 10c.

Robert J. Schaeffer

For Sale

An
equipped
operated
better or finer
at once to permit
attention to other
for full particulars.

aquarium manufacturing works, with fully
goldfish and supply outfit. Has been
successfully for eighteen years. No
aquariums made. Must be sold
the owner to give entire
important business. Write
Wisconsin

Pioneer Aquarium Works. Racine,

Sale or Exchange

Surplus Stock of Rare and Fancy Fish
Plants of All Kinds

G. Germann, 0. D. 3823 N. Richmond St. Chicago

Phone: Monticello 6864.

(ie a ea mnie (or

Tropical Fishes

Ruby Moonfish

holbrooki, per dozen, in pairs, $4.00; Paradise fish and Notropis metallicus, per dozen, $4.00;

Danio rerio, per dozen, $8.00. (Shipping cans, 50c.)

PLANTS PER DOZEN: Vallisneria (wide leaf), 60¢.; Vallisneria (narrow leaf, 30¢c.; Frog

Git, 50¢.; Hyacinths, 60¢c.; Water Poppy, $1.00; Anacharis and Cabomba, 75c. per dozen

bunches. Twelve kinds of aquarium plants, a fine assortment, $1.00.

AFTER JUNE 1ST: Red, white and yellow water lilies, blooming plants, 75c. each; blue
$1.25 each. (All plants sent postpaid.)

GROUND SHRIMP, the best dry fish food $1.10 per pound. $2.00

per dozen; smaller, $1.00 per dozen.

;

8 water lilies,
|

Plants

MEXICAN SWORDTAILS (Xiphophorus helleri),
(Platypoecilus rubra), 4 males

CRESCENT FISH FARM, 1624 Mandeville Street, New Orleans, La,

Food and Snails

the dozen,
$7.00;

$7.00;
Gambusia

and 6 females,
the dozen,

6 males
and S females,

Large Japanese snails,

SS SS] 500 SS 900 SS 9005000

2,9 2) | ee

TO THE NET OF A NATURALIST

' Don’t paddle in the water with one hand and
be blind with both eyes. In other words,
mre your eyes open’’ for all nature.

Our Magazine

be Guide to ature
Will Help You

‘It 1s edited by EDWARD F. BIGELOW, who
fishes in the heavens and earth, as well as the
* waters under the earth.

Q Three Months’ Trial 25¢ One Year, $7.50
THE AGASSIZ ASSOCIATION

} ArcAdiA
Sound Beach. Connecticut

Red Helleri |

_ Winner of first prizes—silver cup and gold medal. |
A new fish for aquarists. The most attractive ae

- live-bearing fish. We now have them for sale.

A fine stock of Haplochilus cameronensis, H. {
Tubrostigma. Hybrids—pulehras and _ rubras—
and 35 other species of fishes.

-§. SILVER

235 East 11th street, New York city, N. Y.

= Pas (Between 2d and 3d avenues.) !
ae : =

Ratatat. Meeeeriitd

FG mabidation Offer $1.00

Postage 15c Extra ee

OGOO00 COOGOO0CO:

“Ge Pound Aquarium Cement 50c
we Square E-Z Net 50c
1 Box of Creation 50c

All 3 for $1. 00

‘See my other ad. about Creation, the new
Infusoria. Send for a free sample

18 selon Round. Cedar Breeding Tubs

Price $3. 50

: triers taken for 1920 breed of Broadtail
_ Telescopes. When in Philadelphia call
me on | the Bell Phone.

‘Dee Te DE DE DEE EO aletalabad stated

FRANCIS. K.CHRISTINE

518 BELGRADE STREET

eee es _ PHILADELPHIA . i

Veiltail
TELESCOPES

Beautiful Breeders
Prize Winning Stock
$12.00 Per Pair

Franklin Barrett

401 to 417 East Wyoming Avenue
Philadelphia

FISH, PLANTS, SN AILS, ETC
Wholesale and Retail

THE AQUARIU SUBJECTS

is ‘Goldfish Varieties & Tropical
Aquarium Fishes’’, byWm.T.Innes,
former President of the Aquanum /
Society of Phila.; 250 pages, 195
illustrations. Tells all about the 4
fancy varieties of the Goldfish and
nearly 300 tropicals; how to breed
them, etc., etc. For the beginner
orihe advanced expert.

~A complete, practical, handsome
book, sent borpeid: anywhere for
$4.00 Enlarged edition now ready.

INNES & SONS - 133 N. 12th St. - Phila., Pa.

JOSEPH J. HAEGELMEIER

IMPORTER AND BREEDER

FANCY GOLDFISH
1916 PROVENCHERE PLACE, ST. LOUIS, MO
Large Assortment of Fancy Fish at All Times

[GOLDFISH |

1,500,000 :
PLAIN & FANCY (}
8

eee pee

Ship-
Write

Ready for market at rock-bottom prices.
ped anywhere in United States or Canada.
for our illustrated catalogue.

Oriental ‘Goldfish and Supply C
3757 - 3761 Cottage Grove Avenue

Chicago, Illinois i
Ree Sane

Sig ins,

Aquattc Lite

Vol. fil Vol. IV

Volumes average 165 pages and as
many illustrations. Substantial cloth 8
binding, with title page and complete
index.

$2.50 Each, Postage

O00

JAPANESE GOLDFISH
By DR. HUGH M. SMITH

A guide to the methods of breeding
fancy goldfish practiced in Japan. The :

result of the personal investigations
of the author. Ten breeds are illus-
trated in color, with numerous text
cuts; 112 pages.

$2.75 Postage Paid

‘Address Aquatic Life

HERMAN RABENAU, Aquarist
PERMANENT DISPLAY OF
Aquatic Life & Terraria

must be seen to be appreciated
Visitors Welcome
Plants and Tropical Fish a Specialty
Importations of New Varieties received
regularly
1168 Myrtle Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Near Broadway.

GOLDFISH, FOODS, PLANTS, DIP NETS

Combination Natural Fish Food - Sample Box 10c
Japanese Shrimp Fish Food - - Sample Can 15c
Baby Fish Food Sample Box 15c
Imported Dried Daphnia Sample Jar 35c

Mail Orders Promptly Attended to

Special Prices on Quantity Lots.
Cash With Order.

Catalogue Sent

Upon Request.

AQUARIUM STOCK CO
174 Chambers Street New York City

HARRY P. PETERS

Rare and Fancy Fish

Plants of every variety, Snails and
-Aquarium Supplies of all kinds at all
times.

MANUFACTURER OF

Green River Fish Food
15c Box

Green River Baby Fish Food g |

20c Box

A GOOD FISH FOOD is one of the
most essentiai things necessary to
keep fish in good kealth. After the —
test of years Green River stands out
as the best food on the market. Jt
‘keeps the fish in good color by pro-
moting a healthy, robust growth. It
will not sour ot cloud the water. Ask
vour dealer or send for it today.

OOO CT 000CT—000 C500

All Colors $5.00 Dozen Up

Large assortment of Splendid Telescopes

Shipping Cans 50 cents

HARRY P. PETERS
1210 NORTH WARNOCK STREET
PHILADELPHIA

ee ee
Nippon Goldfish Co
_T. MURATA, Proprietor.
1919-21 Bush Street, San Francisco, Cal -
Importers and Dealers

GOLDFISH PLANTS SNAILS
Dried Shrimp, Birds, Cages and All
Supplies

NEW STOCKS ARE COMING!

! Price List Sent on Request vi

1210 N. Warnock Street, Philadelphia, Pa |
BREEDER AND IMPORTER 8

ee = ce ere

Young Veiltails | :

and Jap Goldfish at Reasonable Prices ¢

pPo2
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ayaa

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An international monthly magazine devoted to the study, care and breeding. of fishes and —
other animals a plants in the home aquarium and terrarium.

W. A. POYSER ..... alata po Tol atsaxis (oh pita ole oy eliesiolatatw BP Ct aT AISNE +.......- EDITOR
JOSEPH E. BAUSMAN ... SHARE Sis a es Cte t te cas vets selves pace ss PUBLISHER
632 East Girard Avenue ..... 2... cee eee eee ee ees ue neh aacens eheeeu A trans MU enen ners Philadelphia

Entered as second-class matter, September 2d, 1915, at the Post Office, Philadelphia, Pa., 5
under Act of March 3d, 1879.

Popular and scientific articles and notes on subjects pertaining to the aquarium and ~
terrarium, and to the habits of fishes in general, are-always wanted for “Aquatic Life.”
Readers are invited to join in making it a medium of mutual help by contributing to it
the results of their studies. The pages are always open to any one having information
of interest to the aquarist and student of aquatic biology. Manuscripts, books for review
and general correspondence should be addressed to the editor.

“Aquatic Life’’ has the largest circulation of any magazine in the world devoted to aquatic
nature-study. It offers to advertisers a market that can be reached through no-other
medium. Rates made known on application.

'
aS aS Fn OR 8 6 BS PS Os i Sd ORs Ps Ps
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>

WEARLY SUBSCRIPTION .... 0.6.0 e ee eee CS Sasa cecle seheplel eareyieirenies a eet ee eet ee BLZ5
FOREIGN SUBSCRIPTIONS ......6 0-2 sees eee eeeeees safe a atdeohe Peer ole ouneob o te ose 1.50
SINGLE COPY 2 vec ecet re ec eeteeee eee Aidan Geter HOM ace Reco byeo So win 15

Payments should be made by money order, draft or registered letter: If local checks are
sent, ten cents should be added for collection charges. Foreign remittances should be by
international money order.

a ss

pm rte

||
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|
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| Water Gardening

By BISSET

Directions for constructing concrete
pools; propagation of hardy and tender
lilies and other aquatics; best lilies for
small pools and tubs; the aquatic plant |

Cn Siemens

cE. LOVERING

AQUARIST
WILMINGTON, NORTH CAROLINA

Collector and Bresise of Tropical Fish
Snakes and Other Reptiles

New Varieties Aquatic Plants
Choice and Rare Specimens
Snakes and Reptiles

Tropical Fishes

Elassoma evergladei, $1.75 per pair.
Heterandria formosa, $1.00 per pair.
M. chaetodon, 50c each

Small turtles, $1.25 per dozen.
Newts, $1.00 per dozen.

Wholesale to dealers.

greenhousé; various aquarium plants;
enemies and diseases of aquatic plants;
gold and other fishes for the water
garden.

Profusely illustrated with 120 half-
tones, 17 diagrams and 2 double page
plates. 199 pages, coated paper, orna-
mented cloth binding—de luxe edition.

Price, $3.75 Postpaid

THE BOOK DEPARTMENT AQUATIC LIFE
Philadelphia

The Venus Flytrap Chisiaet muscipula)
The plant that feeds on insects
$1.00 Dozen

13
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Fitzroyia lineata

WALTER LANNOY BRIND, F. Z. S.

pe ee ee es Pa 6 6 es cP SF 5 Ps FS Fs Fe Fh Fs

Fitzroyia lineata

(
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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+

There seems to be an interesting bit
of history concerning the subject of
the present paper. It was originally de-
scribed by Jenyns, in 1842, as Lebias
lineata. On the next page of his work
he describes a species which he calls
Lebias multidentata. Both descrip-
tions. refer to the same fish, the multi-
ple naming being probably due to fail-
ure to associate the sexes. Note that
lineata is the oldest name, though only

DR Ps FR Bg a PS BR 6 BS Ff BB Bs Gs BB Ss 8 8 8 ee et

Argentina

mc ta ss Pg Ps

by the length of time it took the composi-
tor to set about a page of type! Now
the fish was not a Lebias, and, when Gun-
ther was working on his catalogue of
the fishes of the British Museum (pub-
lished 1866), he found that it could not
be properly assigned to any genus then
known. He thereupon created the genus
Fitzroyia for L. multidentata and Jenyn-
sia for L. lineata. Fitzroyia precedes Jen-
ynsia by a few pages and is older by a

86 Aguatic Lite

scratch. In assembling, therefore, the
proper name of the fish, the oldest genus
is Fitzroyia, and the oldest specific name
is that of the original author, so the
proper name according to the law of pri-
ority is Fitsroyia lineata. ‘This has been
recognized by Berg (Annals of the Na-
tional Museum, Argentina) and by our
American ichthyologists Eigenmann and
Henn. English systematists—Regan and
Boulenger—seem to prefer Jenynsia.

So far as I know this species has never
been brought to the United States. The
Germans secured it in 1905 but allowed
it to die out within a few years. A writer
of an interesting article, in one of their
magazines in 1910 expresses great regret
at its disappearance. It has the distinc-
tion of being the “farthest south” vivip-
arous fish, ranging from the La Plata
to the Rio Grande do Sul, Argentina Re-
public. It is not, however, the only mem-
ber of the geus occurring in southern
South America.

It is said that the streams it inhabits
are reasonably cool, which would make
it a desirable fish for those not having
facilities for providing the extreme and
constant heat demanded by some exotic
fishes. It seems to be quite a large spec-
ies. German authors giving the length of
a female as 12 centimeters (about four
and three-fourth inches), but Henn notes
that the largest female in the collection
of the Indiana University Museum meas-
(less than three
In the male, writers agree in

ures 69 millimeters
inches ).
giving its length as up to 45 millimeters
(less than two inches). Fitzroyia is
unique among viviparous fishes studied
in aquaria in that the anal fin is modified
into an actual tube for the transmission
of sperm. The one other genus in which
the anal is tubular, Anableps, has not
been studied in aquaria, and its decribed
habits indicate it as entirely unsuitable.

Our subject has another peculiarity, tie
tip of the anal being bent either to the
right or to the left, males thus bemeg
rights or lefts. This male dextrality and
sinistrality seems to have no significance
(in this genus) as the genital orifice of
the female is symmetrical. In certain
other fishes the females are also rights
and lefts, the orifice being protected hy
a process making it necessary for a meht
female to mate with a left male and vice
versa.

The coloration is quite suggestive of
Molhenisia latipinna. The back is
brownish olive, passing to silvery gray on
the sides, with the lower parts white.
The sides have a decided light blue lustre
and four or five horizontal rows of black
dashes The dorsal region of the male in-
clines to blue-green, while the female is
rather brownish.

In common with more familiar fishes
that bring forth living young, in the pres-
ent species the period of gestation has
been determined as lasting from four
to six weeks, temperature being appar-
ently the determining factor. The young
are few in number, considering the size
of the parent, a female bred in Germany
giving from twelve to thirty young in a
litter, which, however, were quite large
at birth, some measuring nearly three-
fourths of an inch in length. It 1s amus-
ing to note that the confusion in the
names has been carried down practically
to the present day. An aquarium book
mentions both but not as synonyms, one
being given as viviparous or live-bearing
while the other is disposed of as ovipar-
ous or egg-laying!

While the fish is unknown in our col-
lections, it seems to the writer that it
should not be hard to secure if the proper
efforts were put forth when steamship
service with South America becomes bet-

(Concluded on page 90)

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Leafy Sea-dragon

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oa 6 Ps $e 6 Po Pa

In Aquatic Life, Volume I, page I1,
mention is made of an Australian sea-
horse as a remarkable instance of pro-
tective imitation. The photograph ac-
companying this note shows a particu-
larly large and perfect example of the
Leafy Sea-dragon, Phyllopteryx eques, a

(The Leafy Sea-dragon

HERBERT M. HALE
South Australian Museum

Photograph by the author; two-fifths natural size

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South Australian member of the group.
The foliaceous apendages greatly re-
semble the weeds amongst which the fish
lives. Gunther, in describing this species
(Proceedings of the Zoological Society,
1865, page 327), remarks: “Its form
is still more extraordinary than that of

88 Aguattc Lite

the preceding species (P. foliatus), the
spines, crest and cutaneous appendages
being much more developed... .. ihere
is no doubt that these fish attach them-
selves with the prehensile end of their
tail to stems of seaweed or other objects;
and when they are in the vicinity of sea-
weed of a similar colour, their resetiu-
blance to it must be so great that they
would easily escape being observed by

their enemies.”
—

The Red-bellied Newt

HARRY W. BALLEISEN
The red-bellied newt of Asia and Ja-
pan is a mighty interesting pet for the
It soon becomes friendly and

aquarist.

and small snails are desirable as food,
but as the newt grows it prefers earth-
worms and mealworms. During the win-
ter months when worms are unobtainable
we may substitute shredded raw meat,
but it is necessary to use a pair of for-
ceps, wiggling the meat scraps to simu-
late a worm. The newts should not be
tempted with too large worms or scraps.
They gulp their food, and if too large a
piece is taken they may later disgorge it.

In 1918, when the newts were added to
my collection, they measured two inches
long. During the summer of the first
year the skin was cast off three times,
but has not been observed to take place
since. The specimens now measure four

Red-bellied Newt

Diemyctylus pyrrogaster

Photographs by author

learns to take food from the hand. Any
sort of a small aquarium, with a few
rocks, will be an adequate home. ‘The
rocks may be arranged that the upper-
most projects above the water surface,
and a newt will sometimes evidence his
appreciation by perching on the summit,
but usually they will be hiding in the
crevices, coming out at intervals to search
for food. The aquarium should be cov-
ered with a piece of glass, as otherwise
some may manage to escape and—dry up!

When quite small I find that Daphne

inches, having grown two inches in two
years.

The eggs of this newt, according to
the breeder from whom I secured them,
are deposited on a leaf of Sagittaria, the
tip of the leaf then being bent over to
form a pocket protecting the egg until

hatched.
—__<>_—_—_

If you want knowledge, you must toil
for it; if food, you must toil for it, and
‘f pleasure, you must toil for it; toil is
the law.—Ruskin.

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Melanotaenia nigrans

ee ees es me me sm mes

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The atherine, Melanotaema nigrans, 1s
a beautiful aqurium fish inhabiting the
western river system of New South
Wales and the northern coastal rivers of
Queensland. My examples measure four
inches long and are rather shy. I have
not succeeded in breeding it, either in
pond or aquarium, and so far as I am
aware its spawning habits. are yet un-
known.

The color of the body above is light
brown and the lower part of a pinkish
gray. Every scale gleams with iridescent

Melanotaenia nigrans |

H. E.. FINCKH
Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales |

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Photograph by Author

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Fe nn et

color, showing alternately red, green,
blue and yellow, giving an effect scarcely
equalled by such showy fish as the Mexi-
can swordtail, Xiphophorus helleri. The
two dorsal fins, and the anal and caudal,
emerge from the body bright yellow and
pass into red with a narrow black band.
The gill-covers scintillate with bright red,
yellow and green, making a suitable set-
ting for the large and prominent white
eye, with iris circled by a yellow band.
The atherine is a fish that once seen will
be long remembered.

90 Aquatic Rile

Fitzroyia lineata
(Concluded from page 86)
ter organized or, rather, back to normal
I find no references that would indicate
Fitzroyia to be other than frequent or
common in suitable situations in its na-
tive country. American aquarists seem

to be woefully lacking in the sort of en-
terprise that secured for the Germans so
many fishes, from all parts of the world,
before the war interrupted their endeav-

ies well adapted to aquarian conditions.
If collections are made at the seaboard
he is apt to take the young of large spec-
ies or those of brackish and salt water
which are less desirable. But the extent
of his tramps, and the possibility of fur-
ther collections on subsequent trips, is
apt to be governed by your liberality
when the “consideration” for his trouble
is arranged. Be generous. Among the
fishes may be some that will be saleable

Aquarists Collecting Daphnia in Philadelphia

Photograph by Harry W. Balleisen.

ors. It is only necessary to become ac-
quainted with the steward or other under-
officer of the ship making the desired
port and a direct return trip, and provide
him with cans and a net. Give him brief
instructions as to the care of the fishes
and the chances are that anything he
brings you will be worth while. It is
well to tell him to go a bit inland and ex-
In such
situations he is most likely to find spec-

plore slow streams and ponds.

at many times the amount of his honor-

arium.
ind

The other fellow’s fad is always silly.
sore anaes

“Somebody should stand up for the
street railways,” exclaimed the man who
believes in fair play. “Sir,” exclaimed
the protesting citizen, “as a passenger |
have stood up for them twice a day for
years.’—Washington Post.

Aquatte Lite 91

Fundulus diaphanus
GEORGE S. MYERS

The common killifish, Fundulus dia-
phanus, is one of our native cyprinodonts
that deserves closer acquaintance. It is as
attractive as the several relatives which
are common to aquarian collections, and
it has the added advantage of being ex-
ceptionally hardy under the conditions
imposed by confinement in home aquaria.
As an experiment, I once placed a female

This killy is olive-green in color, with
many vertical brown or black bars which
at times may not be apparent. ‘The sides
are silvery and overlaid with iridescent
purple, a feature which the female lacks.
It reaches a length of five inches, but such
large specimens are scarcely suitable for
a tank of average size. Like its relations,
native and exotic, it deposits its eggs on
the leaves of floating plants. The pre-
ferred food is Daphnia, but it will take

Fundulus diaphanus

killy in a quart jar without plants, keep-
ing her there, without change of water,
for six months. She was fed once a
week. At the end of the period she was
just as robust and healthy as on the day
I captured her in a nearby stream. Such
treatment is not to be commended, nor is
its mention intended to induce others
to follow. To see the killy at its best one
should provide a properly equipped tank
of suitable size.

Photograph by Dr. R. W. Shufeldt

any sort of prepared food.

For capturing wild killifish a twelve-
inch net, with a handle at least six feet
long, is necessary. When the fish are
seen, a quick overhead sweep of the
net should be made; scooping up nearly
always results in failure.

Wise is the woman who gives as much
thought to feathering her own nest as to
feathering her hat.

Aquarian Diatoms
CHARLES S. BOYER, A. M., F. R. M.S.

ba] Se 6

The moderate temperature of aquaria
facilitates the growth of diatoms through-
out the year. The thin yellow film, be-
coming darker when dry, clinging to the
glass sides below the surface of the water
and gradually creeping above the sur-
face on the parts more exposed to the
light, will be found, on examination by
the microscope, to be composed entirely
of the frustles of small diatoms. Al-
though the deposit is frequently removed
as an obstruction to the view, it must
not be considered detrimental to the life
of the aquatic fauna. On the contrary
the mucus surrounding the diatoms is a
source of food not only to the snails
employed in cleaning the walls but also
to the fish and the continued growth of
the frustules is an indication of the puri-
fication of the water as they are constant-
ly throwing off bubbles of oxygen.

It is well known that the size of aquatic
animals is, to.a certain degree, deter-
mined by the extent of the habitat and
that some snails which live in small ponds
do not essentially differ, except in size,
from larger forms occurring in lakes.
It will be found, therefore, that all dia-
toms in aquaria are of the most minute
dimensions, except, possibly, a few larger
forms which may occasionally appear in
the water supply but which do not persist
in growth. There are several diatoms
which, in this neighborhood at least, are
of constant occurrence, growing on the
walls of aquaria at all seasons. The fol-
lowing list is the result of numerous col-
lections made at different times in several
aquaria.

PS Fs Fo 6 Bs bs Bi 8 i i 6 6 6 Ss 6 6 6 ss a |

yom Sa 6 tt

Navicula minima. This form while
not quite the smallest as its name would
imply is only about two-thousandth of an
inch in length. It is linear in outline and
rounded at the ends, with fine lines radi-
ating from a longitudinal line in the mid-
dle, and may be recognized by the bright,
somewhat quadrangular space in the cen-
tre. The zone view is oblong. (Fig. 1.)

Eunotia pectinalis minor. ‘The smaller
Comb Eunotia, so-called because it looks
like a comb with a curved back, being
convex on one side and concave on the
other, with quite visible transverse lines.
Its length is at least twice that of the
Navicula although the ordinary form of
Eunotia pectinalis is often five or six
times longer. When seen in another view
it is, like most diatoms, quadrangular in
outline. (Fig. 2.)

Achnanthes exigua. ‘This little form
always occurs, frequently in great abund-
ance, in any gathering made from aquaria
and has been kept living in a small two
ounce bottle for several years. The two
valves are unlike except in outline which
is rhombic-elliptical or sometimes quad-
rate with beaked ends. One valve is
crossed transversely by a blank line while
the other valve has only the usual longi-
tudinal line in the middle. The length is

about the same as that of Navicula mini-
ma. A quadrate form, constricted in

the middle, is frequently found with the
(Big35)

Achnanthes linearis curta. ‘This form
is elliptical, with a distinct longitudinal
line and a small blank space in the centre

others.

in one valve and merely an indistinct

Aquatic Lite 93

longitudinal line in the other. In a view
at right angles it is narrow, quadrangu-
lar, and slightly bent in the middle as is
the case with Achnanthes exigua. It is
sometimes more abundant than any other
form. (Fig. 4.)

1. Navicula minima.
Achnanthes linearis curta.
7. Nitzschia amphibia.

Gomphonema angustatum. The out-
line of this form is lanceolate but one end
is broader and shorter than the other,
with a blank space in the middle nearer
the broad end. In the other view it is
slightly cuneate. The length is three
times that of the Navicula. (Fig. 5.)

2. Eunotia pectinalis minor.
5. Gomphonema angustatum. 6. Cocconeis placentula.
Drawings by author.

Cocconets placentula. ‘This form is
broadly elliptical and flat, like a little cake,
as its name implies, and the two valves
are not alike, one having a distinct longi-
tudinal line and a well marked central
space, while the other is without the cen-

3. Achnanthes exigua. 4.

tral space. Sometimes a rim surrounds
one of the valves divided into minute
cells. (Fig. 6.)

Nitzschia amphibia. Nitzschiae differ
from other diatoms in that one edge is
much more definite in marking than the
other and in this little form, one of the

94. Aquatic Lite

smallest of the genus, a row of dots is
noticed on one side but not on the other,
except when the two valves are seen to-
gether. (Fig. 7.)

In all_of the above forms there are
more or less distinctly marked transverse
lines, but they are scarcely noticed except
under high magnification.

Certain other diatoms will probably
be found in aquaria at different times but
the above species appear to be constant.
I have repeatedly transferred other spec-
ies from streams or ponds to an aquar-
ium but they all disappear except these
minute forms.

It is to be understood, of course, that
in the collection of material only that
which occurs or has occurred as a living
film on the walls of the aquarium should
be gathered as the valves which lie on
the surface of the sand will, in many
cases, include dead forms from the water
supply which will vary in different locali-
ties.

If this article should receive the at-
tention of distant observers it might be
possible to determine whether there is
a diatomaceous flora. constant to aquar-
ian habitat.

Result of Feeding Trout
on Dried Flies

The use of imported dried flies in feed-
ing young trout has been experimentally
undertaken at several hatcheries of the
U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. Reports of
the comparative tests recently made at
the Green Lake (Me.) station indicate
no better results than earlier trials else-
where gave.

Superintendent Race at Green Lake
set aside four troughs, each 12 feet long,
1 foot wide, and 8 inches deep, and into
each trough counted 930 brook-trout fry
that had not previously taken food. ‘This
number was selected instead of 1000 be-

cause 930 fish were found to weigh 3
ounces. The fish in two troughs were
fed exclusively on dried flies, and those
in two troughs exclusively on beef liver.
Feeding began on May 20 and the experi-
ment was discontinued on June 18, when
the fishes were planted. The results were
as follows:

Mie Jets: of ish) tediione dried! silies
gained sixty-six and two-thirds per cent.
in weight in the month and sustained a
mortality of forty-one and three-fourths
per cent. The liver-fed fish gained 800
per cent. in weight and showed a death
rate of eight and one-third per cent.

For the coming season the Chicago
Aquarium Society has arranged a pro-
gram that promises lively and interest-
ing meetings. Dr. H. C. Champlin has
succeeded Fred G. Orsinger as presiding
officer. The meetings are held at the
Keedy Studio, 367 North Dearborn
street WV. P. O.

The tadpoles of frogs and toads are
rather remarkable for their ability to re-
place lost parts, and continue to grow
after serious injuries. Eight and ten-leg-
ged frogs, two-tailed tadpoles, and other
monstrosities have been produced by
splitting embryonic structures. It is also
possible to form composite tadpoles by
grafting parts of different individuals to-
gether.—General Zoology (Pearse).

pia oe

The people who are hard to get along
with are those who object to our having

our Own way.
<< ——

“Never hear much about malaria out
this way any more?’ “No,” answered
Uncle Bill Bottletop. “Malaria gets ter-
rible unpopular when there is nothing to
cure if with except quinine.’”—Kansas
City Star.

a eee eee ee a eee

1 ltl

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Diplonchus sp., an Australian Water-bug, Carrying Eggs.
Photographs by H. M. Hale.

A, natural size; B, enlarged 3% diameters.

‘The Economy of |

the Freshwater Aquarium

19s,
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At a meeting of the South Australian
Aquarium Society held on May 4, Mr.
A. G. Edquist delivered an interesting
address on “The Economy of the Fresh
water Aquarium.”

The lecturer dealt largely with aquatic
plants and the elimination of undesirable
elements from the aquarium. Mention
was made of many species or aquatic
plants available and the method by which
each is propagated was clearly described.
To ensure the best growth it is necessary
that the plants be exposed to good light,
but strong diffused light is preferable

to direct sunlight. The soil in which they
are rooted must contain either humus or
a colloid suchas alumina. Infact
aquatic plants flourish in a soil containing
the same mineral content as is suited to
terrestrial vegetation. They must be fed
and if the soil does not contain enough
nourishment, this can be supplied by add-
ing weak nutrient solutions—such as of
superphosphate—to the water. Although
the roots of aquatic plants are not adap-
ted for the absorption of nutriment, the
necessary nourishing constitutents dis-
solved in the water are assimilated

96 Aguattc Zile

through the leaves. The plant may al-
most be said to sweat, throwing off an
acid secretion which may turn the water
sour. If for this or any other reason the
water becomes acid, the growth wil! be
sickly and the inhabitants of the aquar-
ium will not thrive. To counteract acid-
ity the soil must contain calcium carbon-
ate, or a small quantity of lime water or
ammonia can be added to the water.

Lack of food in the soil, the presence
of bacteria, wrong lighting, and the use
of bad water, all result in weak or sickly
plants. Water from wells sometimes con-
tains salts deleterious to aquatic vegeta-
tion, whilst rainwater lacks nourishing
substances and needs to be fortified with
nutrient solutions.

With a view to counteracting the too
rapid growth of confervae and of pre-
venting the development of diatoms aiid
undesirable vegetation in aquaria, Mr.
Edquist suggests and superintends a vari-
ety of experiments by his students at the
High Schools throughout the State. An
effective means of destroying the pests
is to add small quantities of weak solu-
tions of ammonia, copper sulphate or iron
sulphate to the aquarium affected. Flow-
ers of sulphur sprinkled on the surface
of the water will materially assist in keep-
ing the vessels free from confervae.

Mr. Edquist also insisted that, unless
artificially stimulated aquatic plants un-
dergo a resting or winter period in con-
sonance with terrestrial vegetation, and
reminded his hearers that some lowly ani-
mal forms provided against drought con-
ditions by producing an abundance of
eggs as the water receded or evaporated,
which living through long periods of
dry weather, ensured the continuance of
the species and the appearance of new
generations when the water once more
soaked the thirsty earth—Herbert M.
Hale, Hon. Secretary.

(The photographs of the Australian
water-bug, Diplonchus, sp., were made
by Mr. Hale from local specimens and
exhibited at the annual meeting of the
society. Some American species have a
similar habit. Professor Comstock states
that “A striking feature in the life history
of many of the giant water bugs is that
the female fastens her eggs on the top
of her own back with a thin layer of
waterproof glue, which she secretes for
this purpose.” He illustrates a female
of Serphus sp., with the eggs so attached.
In commenting on the giant water-bugs,
Needham and Lloyd say “The eggs of a
smaller, related water-bug, Zaitha or Be-
lostoma, are attached by the female to
the broad back of the male, and are car-
ried by him during their incubation. The
nymphs of this family, on escaping from
the egg suddenly unroll and expand their
flat bodies, and attain at once proportions
that would seem impossible on looking
at the egg.” —Editor. )

Se se i

One of the members of the Ridgewood
Aquarium Society, who has been keep-
ing tropical fishes for several years, de-
cided to add a few goldfish to his ccl-
lection. He built a large aquarium,
equipped it with running water, and se-
cured six nice goldfish. When the land-
lord called for the rent on the first of
the following month he noticed the new
tank and, pointing to it, said to our friend
the aquarist: “See here, Mr. Blank, I
don’t care how many of those small
(tropical) fish you keep, but you must
get rid of those large ones. They drink
’ This is a fact and not
It happened last

too much water.’
AeemMere wisi Stone
month.—Brooklynite.
Souk
It takes a hustler to distinguish the dif-
ference between an obstacle and a hin-
drance in his path.

Aquatic Life, 1920

Marcu. The Australian Congolly (fale) ;
Observations on the Chelonians of North
America, Part VIII (Shufeldt) ; Ichthyopthir-
ius multifilius (Webber); Rivulus strigatus
(Brind) ; An Odd Trunkfish (Hubbs) ; North
Carolina Notes (Carlton) ; Society news.

Aprtt. Mastacembelus pancalus (MacMor-
ris); A New Treatment to Eliminate Ichthy-
ophthirius (Hauthaway) ; Observations on the
Chelonians of North America, Part IX (Shu-
feldt) ; Notes on Haplochilus lineatus (Saw-
yer); The Artificial Production of Albinism
(Waite); A Metal Net for Larval Fishes
(Balleisen); The “Balanced Aquarium—A
Question and an Experiment (Powers);
Venus’s Fly Trap, Notes and News.

May. Aquarium Microscopy (France); A
“Tin Can” Aquarium (Balleisen) ; Observa-
tions on the Chelonians of North America,
Part X (Shufeldt); The Stud Fishes (Saw-
yer); The Guide Book to The New York
Aquarium (Shufeldt); May Pointers, The
Microscopical Society, Notes and News.

Junet. Macrones vittatus (MacMorris) ;
An Interesting Abnormality (Tasche); Blue-
spotted Sunfish (Sawyer); Breeding Vivipa-
rous Poeciliids (Balleisen); Bufo halophilus
(Ruthling); The Diatomaceae (Wheeler) ;
Appropriate Names (Mellen); Boyer’s “The

Diatomaceae of Philadelphia” .and_ society
news.
Jury. On a Deformed Specimen of Muhlen-

berg’s Turtle (Shufeldt) ; Phalloptychus janu-
arius (Myers); Notes on Fundulus luciae
(Crawford); Haplochilus panchax (Brind) ;
The Red Rivulus (Myers); The Ideal Fish
Food (Heidelberger) ; An Automatic Feeding
Device for Aquaria (Breder) ; Electric Fishes,
notes and news.

Trichogaster lalius
The Dwarf Gourami
Pair $4.00 Shipping can 50 cents

Crescent Fish Farm 1624 Mandeville Street
New Orleans, La.

So SY SS 7 PSS Ps Ps 9ST OE

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One of the prettiest presents you can make your-
self or aquarist friends is one of our handsome
gold Scarf Pins, Watch Fob or Brooche. Don’t
let your order go teo long, as the demand is
large for these truly wonderful pins. Made of
solid gold. They are all quality.

Stil-B-Nu Supply Co. —

Sealare (scarf pin or brooche).........-. $7.25
Lion-head (scarf pin or brooche)........ $7.25
Telescope (reconstructed ruby eye)........ $7.75
Telescope (Diamond eye)............-+.-. $9.75

Silk Fob Gold Attachments for above $2.50 extra.
JAPANESE NOVELTIES.

Jap Incense Burners ...........scesereeeees 60¢
Jap Casties Incense Burners ..............- 85e¢
Uj IONCORES IONE oodaoboccoooononoccannDoadS 85e

OMEDTGS TAOS chboasdoounscocnooceccaaqces 50¢
Japanese Hand-painted Scene, nicely framed.$1.50

FISH, PLANTS, SNAILS.
Swordtails (full grown)....... $1.75 to $2.25 pair
Paradise (square tail)........ $1.75 to $2.50 pair
Paradise (round tail).......... $1.75 to $2.50 pair
Dwarf Gourami ..............$4.00 to $5.00 pair
EEN y UNMASK NES coosogoododoguDCbS $7.50 per 100
A Few Telescope Breeders........... $12.50 each

Add 50c for shipping can.
JAPANeSeMES Nall SmeroteasicieeeLeerelekereyerstets 25¢ each
Red Rams Horn Snails ................. 25c¢ each

If your dealer does not carry the Stil-B-Nu
Line, send to us direct. We give your order
prompt attention or refund your money promptly.

All our goods are shipped Postpaid, with the
exception of fish.

STIL-B-NU SUPPLY CO
427 E. Girard Avenue, Philadelphia

oem mr em em we memes

8 ss 2g 8 Od 8 PS 6 Og PS Pb PS PS BS PSP SB SF OG BR SP PP Ps PE Ps Ps SE

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A Fine Healthy Lot of Young

Cichlasoma nigrofasciatus
If You Want Them I Have Them

OTHER TROPICALS
Broad-tail Telescopes

When In Philadelphia Look Them Over

2115 HUNTING PARK AVENUE
PHILADELPHIA

at Fs os

|
|
ID, W. REHBBIN

Wms toms

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All Colors
Young Finest Strain
Telescopes

in America
Fair Size $6.50 Dozen
Larger Ones $12.00 Dozen

Don’t Fail to Get Some of These ]
Send Today l
(

Stil-B-Nu Supply Co
Philadelphia

a 6 6 8 is es Oe 6 es i ee ee

427 E. Girard Avenue,

ots 6 6 Oe Se 6

SS 9 0900 9000 HS 000 S000

FRESH WATER BIOLOGY

By HENRY B. WARD AND GEORGE C. WHIPPLE

nnn
WITH THE COLLABORATION OF 25 DISTINGUISHED SPECIALISTS
ee

This work is the first complete and accurate record of North Amer-
ican aquatic life, especially the micro-organisms; among both plants
and animals excluding the vertebrates, higher plants and bacteria,
every form is described that has been reported from a fresh-water body
on this continent.

een eo. ||

given.

trations.

Price, $7.50 Postage Paid

ee, oe es eee

Live Food is Nature’s Food

Give your fishes white worms, which can
be raised indoors throughout the year.
Generous portion, 60 cents, with full instruc-
tions for propagation. (Successor to C. E.

Jenne.)
W. J. WRIGHT
Bergen Avenue and Mercer Street,
Jersey City, N. J.

Mesogonisteus chaetodon—The

Black-banded Sunfish. $6 and $12

per dozen.

If you mean business, send check with order
GEORGE W. PRICE

2145 South Lee Street, Philadelphia

; Wish to Barchase

about six pairs each of Betta rubra, Haplochilus
cameronensis and Danio albolineatus. Will ex-
change for other tropical fishes.

LOUIS MANNING,
1500 St. Roch Ave., New Orleans, La.

New evepeespreeren Fish 3

Channa fasciata, from Southern Asia. Same
general shape as Climbing Perch, but hand-
somely marked with blotches of green, thickly
dotted with silver. Very unusual. Young ones,
about 2 inches, 4 for $10

WM. T. INNES, 1824 N. Park Avenue,

Philadelphia, Pa

Fresh-Water Biology is a big book of 1111 pages, with 1547 illus-

AQUATIC LIFE, 632 E. Girard Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa

ss SB =2900 Gs 59 990 9990, C900 C9 000 CS 006 CS

[a ee eee

\7
o¢ B-3: 9-0-3. D- 3-3: 9-9-9: >.> 9-9-3. 9-9: 9. >: 9.3.9: B.D: 5-3-3: D:D. Db 9- 0:3. 3-39: D: DD: D:D 3-3. D. D:D. D-DD. D-DD Od

The
Microscopy of Drinking
Water
By GEORGE CHANDLER WHIPPLE

Professor of Sanitary Engineering in
Harvard University. A book having
a direct bearing .on the work of the
aquarist. Even without a microscope
it will enable him to comprehend the
factors controlling the character of
the water used in his tanks. It de-
scribes the methods of examination
assisting in the identification of com-

CEG 6-6-6 0-6-8 a6 6-6-6 0-8-8 ee 36 8 30 oo de 8 ee 8 ee 88 ee 8 oe 6 Oe ek 86 8 8 8 8g

C2222 2 22D DD 3-3-9: 9-393. 9-3-3. 9-9-9.) 3-3-9: 3-9: 9-9-9: 3-9-3: 3-9-3: 3- 3: 3-33: 0- 9-9-3: 3: I
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mon organisms found in city water,
and interprets the results.

The third edition, rewritten and en-
larged, 409 pages, with 74
figures, 6 full-page plates in the text,
illustrations
Price, post-

contains

and 19 plates giving 235
of organisms in color.
paid, $4.50.

The Book Department
Aquatic Life

AR SAA PA A

Ch-5-3-3-5-9-5- 5-3-5: 9-5-5- 3-3-5: B- 9-3-5. 5.5.5. 5-3-5: 5-5-9: 9- 5-9. 5-3-3: 9-5-9. 9- 9: 3-3-9. 3-3-3. 9-9-1)
eo

*ecumanan Ae a I t$

Ff
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fe

Epica! Fishes 1)

large stock of Danio malabaricus and
other species of Danio. (The most sprightly
aquarium fishes) Haplochilus, Barbus, Mouth-
breeders and many other beautiful fishes.

August Obermuller

Breeder and Fancier of Telescopes and Tropicals
96 Columbia Avenue, Jersey City Hiights, N. J.

visitors welcome at conservatory any Saturday
/ afternoon and on Sunday.

a fine,

6 rs Ps Ps Ps Fs Sg

6 Os et es

a 6 oS Ts Os Bs Fa 6 FS BF 6 Fo Bs Fe Ps PS srk

TROPICAL FISHES
Write for Price List
Oscar Leitholf, 281 Southern Avenue
Pittsburgh, Pa.

i SO mmf
Henry Kissel, Jr.
| Breeder & Fancier of Broad-tail Telescopes |
) Good Type and Color
} Tropical Fish Plants Snails |
l Some beautiful Hybrids in which I specialize. (
/ None shipped; sales at conservatory only. !
| 541 Walker Street, Cliffside, N. J.
! Telephone, 461, Cliffside.

ees. 9 6 8 6 SS 0 ss oe

The Englewood Fancy Goldfish Hee

Japanese Toy Breeds in a variety of colors.
Sales at hatchery only—none shipped. Visitors
welcome Saturday afternoon, Sunday and
Holidays. Phone, Wentworth 1118.

ANTHONY A. MAINA, 6711 Parnell Avenue, Chicago, Ill.

a Tt Ps PS FR SP FE Ss YE

A REAL FOOD

Imported from Germany
100 Per Cent. Nourishment

Same as I sold in bulk and boxes before
the war. I am sole U. S. Agent now as
then. Pound, $500; box 35c. Samples of
both grains, 15c

Once Tried - Alvays Used!

Two Best Boots

Both for $2 Only

The
“Practical Fish Fancier”
and
“Domesticated Fish”

Fish Photos, 120 for $3 60

Fish Post-cards. 60 Subjects.
list. Sample 15c.
Everything above sent post free

W. L. BRIND, F. Z. S.

Temporary Address: Care of F. S. Young

524 W. Marquette Road
Chicago, Ill.

Write for

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|
ets a Ps Bh Bs Ps PS es PS Ps Ps Os PS PS Ps Ps Pe 6 PR Fs Ps PS Ps Pe Ps Ps Pe Ps he

sc eo a es

mm me me me me me mm me me se
.

Something New!

Heated Closet for Aquariums!

An excellent arrangement in which to
keep and breed tropical fishes through

winter and summer

Fishes

Aquariums

MAX NIEMAND

743 Eleventh Avenue, Long Island City
New York

9 CPS 8 6 Bd OE 6

poms ss 8 6 ed

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( Plants
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*

Teme mms

Padjor Excellent Conformation

Bahn Color Cannot Be Beat

how Their Quality in Finnage

j; ave Blues, Blacks and Calicos
avery Fancier Should Look Them Over

Redlee Them at C. C. VOWINKEL
Philadelphia, Pa

6 Fs Ss ss ¥

6 8 es
Ph Pe OP Be Pe Og — P

] 5109 Catherine Street

|
|

The Diatomaceae of Philadelphia and Vicinity
By CHARLES S. BOYER, A, M,, F. R. M. S.

i
l The most recent book of the diatoms, and one that is serviceable over a far greater
8 area than is indicated by the title. A fascinating subject properly treated. More
than 700 illustrations, enlarged 800 diameters, from original drawings by the author,
8 adequately supplement the text. Methods of collecting, preparing, mounting and
(] examining diatomaceous material are given. The work contains 143 pages, 9 by 12
inches, not including the full-page plates, with complete index. Price, bound in art
vellum cloth, $5.00.
&

The Book Department :; Aquatic Life

30050005000 900 C000 C000:

300 5000 200 = 200 =3000 =D 300 => 300 —=5D5300000 D999 CD 500 000 D000 D000 D000 GD000&

JULIUS RIEWE |
BREEDER AND FANCIER OF TROPICAL FISHES |
3519 Costello Avenue, Chicago, Ill.

Fine stock of Danio malabaricus, D. alboline-
atus, D. rerio, Barbus conchonius, B. semifas-
ciolatus, B. ticto and many other kinds of
tropical fishes. None shipped. Te‘ephone Bel-
mont 5092.

ibe rk hol ee OND

For best results use Yogi Fishfood
Thats what breeders say. Yogi
15c Box; by mail 17c

FEED DAILY

YOGI

FISH FOOD
Manufactured only by
ROBT. J. SCHAEFFER
PRICE, 10c

Magic Infusoria 50c Postpaid

S. O. S. New Fishfood. The un-
consumed food developing infu-
soria. 35c; by mail 38c

Ask your dealer or send for
them direct

| 50 esis}, JE ‘ford
lshobernta le Schaehtetmss pce eee

For Sale

Lionhead Spawn. Also Young from the An aquarium manufacturing works, with fu'y
qi IE 5 h equipped goldfish and supply outfit. Has been
finest stock 1n the country operated successfully for eighteen years. No
better or finer aquariums made. Must be sold

W at once to permit the owner to give entre

SIU ’ 1941 North Sth Street attention to other important business. Write

Philadelphia for full particulars.

Pioneer Aquarium Works. Racine, Wisconsin

“AQUARIA FISH’’ Sale or Exchange

A practical work on care and breeding of x /
fish in the aquarium, greenhouse and out- Surplus Stock of Rare and Fancy Fish

door ponds. Finely illustrated. Plants of All Kinds
Everyone interested in keeping fish should ? z
send for a copy of this book. Price, $1.00. G. Germann, 0. D. 3823 N. Richmond St. Chicago

F. L. TAPPAN, Route 2, Hopkins, Minn Phone: Monticello 6864.

in tae cma Gk a

Tropical Fishes Food and Snails
Piants

MEXICAN SWORDTAILS (Xiphophorus helleri), 6 males and 6 females. the dozen, $7.00;
Ruby Moonfish (Platypoecilus rubra), 4 males and 8 females, the dozen, $7.00; Gambusia

holbrooki, per dozen, in pairs, $4.00; Paradise fish and Notropis metallicus, per dozen, $4.00;
Danio rerio, per dozen, $8.00. (Shipping cans, 50c.)

Git, 50¢.; Hyacinths, 60¢.; Water Poppy, $1.00; Anacharis and Cabomba, 75e. per dozen
bunches. Twelve kinds of aquarium plants, a fine assortment, $1.00.

water lilies, $1.25 each. (All plants sent postpaid.)

GROUND SHRIMP, the best dry fish food $1.10 per pound. Large Japanese snails, $2.00
per dozen; smaller, $1.00 per dozen.

PLANTS PER DOZEN: YVallisneria (wide leaf), 60c¢.; Vallisneria (narrow leaf, 30c.; Frog 8

| AFTER JUNE 1ST: Red, white and yellow water lilies, blooming plants, 75c. each; blue

CRESCENT FISH FARM, 1624 Mandeville Street, New Orleans, La, J

000 C500 000 C900 S000 GS 000SS5000SS5000C SS 0005000

Re ee nans tomes U EVERYTHING IS FISH THAT COMES
~ 9 TO THE NET OF A NATURALIST

Don’t paddle in. the water with one hand and
be blind with both eyes. In other words,
“keep your eves open’’. for all nature.

Our Magazine

Abe Guide to Mature

ae Will Help You

RK s he.

‘ It {s edited by EDWARD ¥. BIGELOW, who
% fishes in the heavens and earth, as well as the
iy _ waters under the earth.

Three. Months’ Trial 25¢ One Year, $r |
* THE AGASSIZ ASSOCIATION

ry f ArcAdiA

Sam i Sound Beach con |
+

; —<—— OOO

Red Helleri

‘Winner of first “prizes—silver cup and gold medat?
A new fish for aquarists. The most attractive
live-bearing fish. We now have them for sale.

_ ees ‘
fe :

A fine stock of Haplochilus cameronensis, H.
rubrostigma, Hybrids—pulehras and AROS
Jand.35 other species. of fishes.
pes

| - §, SILVER

235 East I1th street,
(Between 2d~and 3d avenues.)

New York city, N. Y.

eres

aE Te Ae

| August Special!

ere ane De 34864 Mercere”

United States Desaroticut of Commerce
Bureau of Fisheries

‘Official Government Indorsement

CREATION,

Used without sheep manure aus box

‘The New Infusoria —

“E. Z. to Catch Net 50c
Hybrids, the finest in Philadelphia, $4.00
$2.00.and $3.00 Pair

Tails guaranteed

Orange-tail Helleri

‘Dwarf Gouramies
-Do not send stamps

DEDEDE D878 418 OL0 18 SPIE DETETE

3 FRANCIS K. CHRISTINE

518 BELGRADE STREET
PHILADELPHIA

, Write to me for details of Philadelphia Annual
So October 24, sd and 4th

mothe

| Society of Phila.; 250 pages, 195

- or the advanced expert.

fe es eae

Veiltail |
TELESCOPES

Beautiful Niresdere

Prize Winning Stock
$12.00 Per Pair

Franklin Barrett

401 to 417 East Wyoming Avenue
Philadelphia

FISH, PLANTS, SNAILS, ETC
yy bolesale and Retail

Peder CooTm>c000 cS

T HE BEST B O O K
THE AQUARIUM § SUBJECTS

is ‘‘ Goldfish Varieties & Tropical /
Aquarium Fishes’’,byWm.T.Innes, fi)
former President of the Aquarium Mh Ui

illustrations. Tells all about the $
fancy varieties of the Goldfish and
nearly 300 tropicals; how to breed
them, etc., etc. For the beginner

A complete, practical, handsome
book, sent postpaid anywhere for
$4.00 Enlarged edition now ready.

INNES & SONS - 133 N. 12th St. - Phila., Pa.

‘JOSEPH J. HAEGELMEIER

-IMPORTER AND BREEDER
FANCY GOLDFISH
1916 PROVENCHERE PLACE, ST. LOUIS, MO

Large Assortment of Fancy Fish at All Times
Kinloch: Victor 2656 L

ee ee ee ee

|GOLDFISH

1,500,000
PLAIN & FANCY

8 Ready for market at rock-bottom prices.

Ship-

ped anywhere in United States or Canada. Write

for our illustrated catalogue.

Oriental Goldfish and Supply Co
3757 --3761 Cottage Grove Avenue
Chicago, Illinois

O00 000 000 C—3 000000600

bes

~ Aquatic Lite

Vol. Iv

Vol. Il ot.

‘Volunies average 165 pages and as.

many. illustrations. Substantial - cloth

binding, with title page and complete
index,

$2.50 Each: Postage — =
Paid

JAPANESE GOLDFISH
By DR. HUGH M. SMITH

A guide to the: methods of breeding
fancy goldfish practiced in Japan. The
result. of the personal investigations.
Ten breeds are illus-
trated in color, with = text _

of. the author.

cuts; 112 pages.
~ $2.75 Postage Paid

Address ‘Aquatic Life

COOOCO 006C=000000000000E0

Les

HERMAN RABENAU, Aquarist
PERMANENT DISPLAY OF
_ Aquatic Life & Terraria
must be seen to be appreciated
Visitors Welcome

Plants and Tropical Fish‘a Specialty

Importations. of New Varieties received ||:

regularly
1168 Myrtle Avenue, Brooklyn,
Near Broadway,

N. ¥.

GOLDFISH, FOODS, PLANTS, DIP. NETS

Combination Natural Fish Food - Sample Box 10c
Japanese Shrimp Fish Food - - Sample Can 15c
Baby Fish Food Sample Box 15c
Imported Dried Daphnia Sample Jar 35c

Mail Orders Promptly Attended to

Special Prices on Quantity Lots.
Cash With Order.

Catalogue Sent Upon Request.

AQUARIUM STOCK CO
174 Chambers Street New York City

: and: Jap. Goldfish at Reasonable: Prices.

00OC— 0 COCoc S000

1210.N. Warnock sired, P Philadelphia, Pa § j

BREEDER AND oe
Rare and Fancy Fish

Plants of very variety, Snails nd
Aquarium Sapper. oF ne kinds at ae
times.

MANUFACTURER OF :

Green River Fish F ood Wy
15c Box —- O:

Green River Baby Fish Food
_.20¢ Box

A GOOD. FISH FOOD is one oe the See
most essentiai — things - necessary to-
keep fish in. good health. - After the
test of years Green River stands out ~
“as the best food on the market. It.
“keeps the fish in good color by pro=
moting a healthy, robust growth. It
~ will not sour ot cloud the water. Ask
_your dealer or send for it today. 5

Young Veiltails
All Colors $5.00. Dozen Up

Large assortment of Splendid Telescopes

ee Cans 50:cents =. <s=

HARRY P. PETERS
1210 NORTH WARNOCK STREET. § —
PHILADELPHIA

Nippon Goldfish Co :

T. MURATA, Proprietor, _
1919-21 Bush Street, San Francisco, Cal

Importers and Dealers

GOLDFISH PLANTS. SNAILS §
Dried Shrimp, Birds, Cages and All 9.
Supplies

NEW STOCKS ARE COMING?
Price List Sent on Request -

Re CP 6 ON Os Fe GF od PS ON Oe Ite Po OP

, Ms

G Soe i

Wai

pak”

Vol. V Sept,'1920 No. 9 | a

: 5 me

An international monthly magazine devoted to the study, care and breeding of fishes and { sees

other animals and plants in the home aquarium and terrarium. | Mage

W. A. POYSER .........-. CARREY nee ACD SOS VONtnean Cae EDITOR ee ;

JOSEPH E. BAUSMAN .....-cecsecccssore i atiave Ne harocenet eis! elavareherepokeneke y atsire ee PUBLISHER : Bees

632 East Girard Avenue ....... VR Ne aria at Nis er EON ER AML IR Data cs Ran Serer gee Philadelphia _—- 2

c a

Entered as second-class matter, September 2d, 1915, at the Post Office, eager Pa., .

< under Act of March 3d, 1879. Z 3,

Popular and scientific articles and notes on subjects pertaining to the Seiden saved i | “le

terrarium, and to the habits of fishes in general, are always wanted for “Aquatic Life.” BRN ay

Readers are invited to join in making it a medium of mutual help by contributing to it : i {

the results of their studies. The pages are always open to any one having information Ss

of interest to the aquarist and student of aquatic biology. Manuscripts, books for review } ; as

and general correspondence should be. addressed to the editor. f / : di

’ “Aquatic Life’ has the largest circulation of any magazine in the world devoted to aquatic ‘ ae

nature-study. It offers to advertisers a market that can be reached eanoue no other | i }

medium. Rates made known on application.

YEARLY SUBSCRIPTION ..........00c cece cece cece ete e se etees Pi AO SH Se $1.25 ;

WOREIGN SUBSCRIPTIONS ...cccsccccccerccrcrrssscevsceerees SOP ORR OE ae ce ONS 1.50 } ) i
BINGLE ‘COB occ veces cowie censc ee cee REMC sete We tome sets ou btel Lichate oer ore evehal eeencracteee 15 - te i i
Payments should be made by money order, draft or registered letter, If local checks are iad

sent, ten cents should be added for collection charges. Foreign remittances should be by 1 ‘

international money order. /
Copyright, 1920, by Joseph E. Bausman. — j

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Directions for constructing concrete
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TEP: LOVERING | :

-. AQUARIST
WILMINGTON, NORTH CAROLINA

Water Gardening

By BISSET

oa 60s
; ~

_ Collector and Breeder of Tropical Fish
Snakes ‘and Other Reptiles

New, Varieties Aquatic Plants
Choice and Rare Shara
Snakes and Reptiles

' Tropical Fishes

Profusely illustrated with 120 Half-
tones, 17 diagrams and 2 double page
plates. 199 pages, coated paper, orna-
mented cloth binding—de luxe edition.

Price, $3.75 Postpaid

Fundulus nottii, $1.50 per pair.
Elassoma evergladei, $1.75 per pair.
Heterandria formosa, $1.00 per pair.

fs
!
=
l
1a
4
wits
l
M. chaetodon, 50c eacl te ’
|
Ber
tg
l
a

Small turtles, $1.25 per dozen.
Newts, $1.00 per dozen.
Wholesale to dealers.

Se ae

———

The Venus Flytrap (Dionaea muscipula)
The plant that feeds on insects
$1.00 Dozen

iat Sm

THE BOOK DEPARTMENT AQUATIC LIFE.
Philadelphia

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North American Fishes
| I. “The Yellow Grunt
l
l

RaW SHIUIEEEDT, Mi-D:, C. M. Z. S.

(Haemulon sciurus)

6 ee

a a a

The Yellow Grunt

:
:
:
!
:

Grunters are contained in the family
Haemulidae, and some seven or eight
species of them occur in our South At-
lantic waters. The form here to be not-
ed is also known by the names Ronco
Amarillo and Boar Grunt. Its generic
name is derived from two Greek words
signifying “bloody gums,” which refers
to the bright red color of the mouth-
parts, while its specific name, sciurus,
has reference to the grunting noise the
fish makes upon being captured, which
sounds not a little like the grunting of
a gray squirrel.

This species occurs in the South At-
lantic, from the Florida Keys to Brazil.
My cut of the fish is reproduced from a
photograph direct from a specimen, and
it shows the external parts so well that a

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Haemulon sciurus

{
he

detailed description of them is obviated.

This grunt, in life, has been described
by Doctor Jordan as being “‘deep brassy
yellow, scarcely paler below or darker
above; head and body with about 12 con-
spicuous, slightly wavy,
stripes of sky-blue, deepest on the snout,
each with a very narrow edge of dusky
olive, these stripes on the head curving

longitudinal

upward below the eye, the first stripe be-
low the eye forking near the posterior
margin of preopercle, and inclosing an
oblong area of the ground color; iris gilt,
a dark spot under the angle of preop-
ercle; spinous dorsal edged and shaded
with yellowish, its membrane mostly
bluish; soft dorsal yellowish ; caudal yel-
lowish, broadly dusky at base, the degree
of this duskiness being variable; mouth

98 Aquatic Lite

deep orange within; pectorals pale yel-
lowish; anals and ventrals deeper yellow-
ish; the young have more yellow on the
fins and less on the body, with traces of
a dark caudal spot.”

Yellow grunts, many of which I have
caught in the harbor of Key West, Flor-
ida, as well as in the Bahamas, run about
ten or eleven inches in length, and are
readily taken with hook and line, baiting
with conch. Specimens up to 18 or 20
inches have been caught, and the one
here figured came from the New York
Aquarium.

Tumor in a Brook Trout
HAROLD L. BABCOCK, M. D.

About one year ago an adult brook
trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), weighing
234 pounds, which had been in the
Marine Park Aquarium at Boston for
three years, developed a tumor on the
left side in the region of the lateral line
two inches posterior to the opercle. It
steadily increased in size and the fish
was finally removed from the exhibition
tank. While the growth seemed in no
way to inconvenience the trout, its ap-
pearance as an exhibition specimen was
ruined, and it was decided to operate in
the hope of determining the nature of
the disease. With the assistance of the
Aquarium Director, Mr. W. H. Chute,
the fish was taken from the tank and
held fast to a board by burlap drawn
tightly across its body and tacked down
above and below. A window was then
cut in the burlap over the tumor. The
board was held so that the fish’s head
was The
smooth, soft and fluctuating, about the

under water. growth was

size of an English walnut. Upon dis-
section it was found to be a hydrocyle
directly under the skin, filled with a thin
fluid.

The fish was returned to the tank, but

straw-colored

died at the end of twelve hours. It

president, Mr. W. T. Webster.

seemed unable to maintain its normal
position. This may have been due to a
disturbance in the organ of equilibrium
which is associated with the sense or-
gans of the lateral line, and which may
have been injured in operating, or to an
injury to the swimming bladder during
the struggle in preparing the fish for
operation. Microscopic examination of
the tissue by the State Biologist, Dr. D.
L,. Belding, showed nothing of an infec-
tious or malignant nature. It probably

originated as the result of an injury.
—- —~<>——_—_

British Aquarium Society

The monthly meeting of the British
Aquarium Society took place on Friday,
September 10, at 7.30 P. M., at 4, Fetter-
lane, when the chair was taken by the
There
was a large attendance, which was very
remarkable, considering so many of the
members are on holiday bent. There
aquatic life,
both plant and Mr. Webster
showed two very fine specimens from his

were many specimens of
animal.

famous collections of axolotl which ex-
cited great admiration. Mr. Lawson,
the secretary, had a fine plant of Poto-
mergeton natans. Mr. Horn, the cura-
tor of Bethnel Green Museum, also
brought plants which were undoubtedly
grown under favorable circumstances,
and many other members had exhibits—
namely, the cyclops, etc. The great fea-
ture of the evening was a lecture by the
chairman on the Mollusca, dealing prin-
cipally with Planorbis corneus—its
breeding and general habits, which was
most interesting and instructive, and
much appreciated. After the lecture there
was a very animated discussion on a
point that the chairman could not decide
from observation, namely, has the P.
corneus the power to make good any mis-
fortune that may happen to the shell?
The meeting closed with a hearty vote
of thanks to the popular chairman.

Channa fasciata

WILLIAM T.

INNES

i — ee a FB OS Bd OR SO SS i Ft OO Os a OS Se Sd at

Se tt my

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Channa fasciata

6 BS YS OS SS OR 6 Fi 6 OS FS i Bi 6 os i sO 6 Fs es Se 8

~ 6 PS BR BS OOS BB SS Bo SB 6 Ss Oo Bh FS ts Ba 6 Bs ss es

A single adult pair and a few young
of Channa fasciata were recently
ported from Southern Asia. During the
early part of the late summer, my friend
Locke, of San Francisco, made a pil-
erimage to the Eastern States in search
of rare tropicals, bringing to me the
breeding pair. He thought them a new
species of “‘snakehead” (Ophiocephalus)
this opinion having been ventured by a
prominent ichthyologist of California.
The fish has, however, been since deter-
mined unquestionably as Channa fasciata
by Mr. Henry W. Fowler, of the Acad-
emy of Natural Sciences of Philadel-
phia. The original description, by an

1m-

Photo. by Author

a hs as Sn PS

early writer, is complete and convincing.

The snakeheads are provided with an
accessory superbranchial cavity, and are
able to breathe atmospheric air. All are
inhabitants of fresh water. Of the two
genera making up the family, the snake-
heads proper are most numerous, about
twenty-five species being known from
Asia and three from Africa. Channa,
which is distinguished by the absence of
ventrals fins, boasts of but three species
from Ceylon and China. The group
seems to be more closely related to the
climbing perches (Anabantidae) than to
the more familiar labyrinth fishes of the
family Osphromenidae, many of which

100

Aquatic Lite

have been bred and studied by the

aquarist.

My adult fish are about six inches in
length. The back is a dark bottle green,
ending in broad points on the sides, these
being outlined clearly by conspicuous
silver dots, which are also otherwise dis-
tributed over the head, abdomen and fins.
The body is long and flexible but not
eel-like.

I have not been able to observe the de-
position of eggs, but three times have
discovered them floating free at the sur-
face of the water. It would seem that
they are deposited during the night. The
eggs are larger than those of the gold-
fish, but are more difficult to see on ac-
count of their transparency. Each batch
was made noticeable by the milky, infer-
tile ones, which averaged rather high—
fifty per cent. Incubation takes about
four days at temperatures from 80 to
8s degrees, Fahrenheit. The larvae ap-
pear as minute, helpless, black tadpoles
for several days. For the first two weeks
they were given Daphnia, and then plac-
ed on a diet of scrambled eggs, which has
been the principal food of all my fishes
and reptiles this year. The young grew
rapidly and at the end of four months
had attained a length of about three
inches. If kept in small aquaria and not
fed heavily I believe they can be matured
at this size.

For food for the adults I was advised
to use live fish, but this was quite an un-
dertaking, so I decided to first try earth-
These they took greedily. I
soon discovered they would relish any

wornis.

animal food or prepared foods in which
there was a flavoring of animal matter.
Their mouths are capacious and they like
large chunks.

While rearing the young many disap-
peared, and I was led to suspect cannibal-
ism, but I later found their dried remains

on the floor, which was tangible proof
that they had been leaping out of the
shallow tray. While I do not consider
them at all quarrelsome or vicious, I do
not doubt they would swallow a mich
smaller fish 1f afforded tbe opportunity.
With one lot I raised young goldfish
which were not molested. The aduits pry
no attention to eggs and fry.

(The photograph of Channa fasciata,
showing an adult and a youngster, which
appears on the preceding page, was taken
by Mr. Innes for the forticeming edition
of his “Goldfish Varieties and ‘Tropical
Aquarium Fishes.” This ‘s the first pho-
tograph of the species, which has appar-
ently not been figured since if was first
described.——Ed. )

Christian J. Heede

Too late for mention in the August
number came the sad news that our old
friend and contributor, Christian Julius
Heede, of Brooklyn, had passed away
after a long and useful life. Mr. Heede
was well known through his frequent
contributions to aquarian literature, hav-
ing had many papers published in The
Aquarium Magazine, The Aquarium
Bulletin and in Aquatic Life. His inter-
est in biology began many years ago, per-
haps almost half a century, while still in
Denmark, the land of his birth, and his
studies were pursued with added vigor
when he became a resident of the United
States. He combined the characteristics
of the naturalist with those of the
fancier, and his original research work
coupled with an extensive first-hand
knowledge of the literature of the sub-
ject in several languages, placed him in
the front rank among aquarists. He will
be remembered as a lovable and generous
man, ever ready to share his great store
and fishes and plants—

of knowledge
with his friends.

Notes on Hybrid Sunfishes

|
CARL L. HUBBS
l Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan

me a eee eee ee ~—%

The hybridization of fishes in nature
is a subject of interest to aquarists, as
well as to systematic ichthyologists and
geneticists. It has even been suggested
that hybridization plays a part in that
complex process known as “the origin of
species,” but there has been too much
suggesting, and too little actual study, in
such discussions. Definite knowledge is
yet too meager, in the case of fishes at
least, to permit of a discussion of the
general aspects of natural hybridization.
First, we should determine the fre-
quency, indeed the very existence, of hy-
bridization in nature between fish species.

David Starr Jordan has stated that al-
though thousands of American salmon
and trout had passed under his examina-
t'on, he has never yet seen an individual
which he had the slightest reason to re-
gard as a “hybrid:” “It is certainly il-
logical to conclude that every specimen
which does not correspond to our closet-
formed definition of its species must
therefore be a ‘hybrid’ with some other.
There is no evidence worth mentioning,
known to me, of extensive hybridization
in a state of nature in any group of
fishes. This matter is much in need of
further study.” Granting the wisdom and
critical value of these remarks, it must
be observed that they require some modi-
fication. In Europe, a number of hy-
brids between distinct species, and in
some cases between distinct genera, of
the carp family (Cyprinidae), have not
only been recorded but also described
and studied, and occasionally found not

rare locally. ‘Trout variously interme-
diate between supposed species, and sim-
ilar to hybrids produced in the hatcher-
ies, have been taken in the streains of
both Europe and America.

fishes

Poeciliod
obtained in Central
America, which resemble hybrids readily
produced in aquaria between the genera
Platypoecilus and Xiphophorus. ‘To
mention but one other case, sunfishes in-
termediate between the warmouth bass
(Chaenobryttus gulosus)
species of Lepomis, occurring in the Po-
tomac basin, have lately been interpreted
as hybrids (by Radcliffe and by Mc-
Atee and Weed).

the

have been

and _ several

Among hundreds of sunfishes
(Centrarchidae) readily referrible to the
ten very distinct and abundant species
of the region, which the writer has col-
lected in waters tributary to Lake Michi-
gan and Lake Erie, there were obtained
nine individuals which cannot be refer-
red to any known species. Six of these
were seized in the lagoon of Jackson
Park, in the city of Chicago, in which
body of water the following species of
typical sunfishes (the genus Lepomis), in
addition to the warmouth bass (Chaeno-
bryttus gulosus), occur and breed (as
the present writer has observed in the
number of Aquatic Life for July, 1919) ;
the blue-gill (ZL. imcisor), the most abun-
dant species; the pumpkin-seed (LL. gib-
bosus), abundant, but less so than the
blue-gill, and the blue-green sunfish (L.
cyanellus), not rare, but probably never
abundant.

102

Aquatic Lite

Five of the six of these strange sun-
fishes possessed characteristics either of
the warmouth or of the blue-gill, or in-
termediate between those of these two
very distinct species. Detailed compar-
isons follow:

In all five specimens the jaws were
shorter than in the warmouth, yet longer
than in the blue-gill; the lower jaw pro-
jected, as in the warmouth, but the teeth
on the tongue, as in the blue-gill, were
lacking. The black opercular flap, or
“ear,” was not as stiff and bony as in
the warmouth, yet possessed more or less
definitely the bluish and reddish margin
characteristic of that species. In all, the
cheeks were marked with dark mottlings,
absent in the blue-gill, but even more dis-
tinctly developed in the warmouth. Wine
lower margin of the head was marked,
either faintly, or definitely, with the
broad blue band diagnostic of the bue-
gill. The colors of the body varied
greatly, both between individuals and in
the same individual (observed in an
aquarium) ; in all the rich colors of the
warmouth were variously developed, but
the dark vertical bars in most of the
specimens were more like those of the
blue-gill ; the lower sides in proper lights,
showed more or less distinctly the
silvery-purple sheen of the blue-gill. The
single large dark blotch always present
on the soft dorsal fin of the blue-gill,
was replaced by a variable number of
spots, usually fewer, however, than in
the warmouth. The iris of the eye in
some was entirely brown, as in the blue-
gill, but in others was marked with red
as in the warmouth. These five sun-
fishes appeared to be hybrids between
Chaenobryttus gulosus and Lepomis in-
C1ISOY.

The sixth unidentifiable sunfish seined
in the Chicago park lagoon mentioned
above, similarly combined characters of

two of the other resident species, the
blue-green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus)
and the pumpkin-seed (Lepomis gib-
bosus).

The mouth, as in the other hybrids de-
scribed above, was intermediate in size
between those of the supposed parent-
species, and also intermediate in obli-
quity ; the lower jaw projected as in the
blue-green sunfish, but the maxillary
lacked the supplementary bone developed
in that species; the opercular spot was
colored as in cyanellus, but the cheeks
were mottled with olive-green and bright
bue as in gibbosus; the gill-rakers and
the pharyngeal bone and its teeth, were
intermediate. ‘The body was beautifully
marked with vertical mottlings of olive-
green and bright blue. The dorsal fin was
intermediate in color, but the pelvic
(ventral) fins were margined with white,
and the anal fin bordered with
orange-vermillion, as in brightly colored
examples of the blue-green sunfishes.
Should this apparent hybrid have inher-
ited the docile habits of the blue-green
sunfish rather than the fighting spirit of
the pumpkin-seed, it would have been

Was

attractive as an aquarium fish.

The three other supposedly hybrid
sunfishes collected by the writer were
seined singly last summer in the Huron
River of Southern Michigan, in each
case in company with both of the appar-
ent parent-species—the blue-gill (Lepo-
mis incisor) and the pumpkin-seed (Le-
pomis gibbosus). Fach of the three dif-
fered more notably from each of the
other two than would be expected if they
distinct species. In all
characters each was either intermediate

represented a

between, or like either one or the other of
the parent-species. How varied and ir-
regular this resemblance was, further-
more, may be seen from the following

detailed comparison (in which the speci-

Aquatic Life

103

mens are for brevity termed A, B and
Gy,

In all three specimens the pharyngeal
bones (which form an accessory jaw in
the throat behind the gills), were wider
than in incisor, and many of the pharyn-
geal teeth were molars rather than ca-
nines, yet neither the bone nor the teeth
it bears were nearly as havy as in gib-
The gill-rakers in all were like-
wise intermediate. The structure and
colo1ation of the opercular flap in speci-
men A was intermediate, but more like
that of mcisor; in B also intermediate,
yet not so unlike that of gibbosus,; in C,
indistinguishable from that of gibbosus.
In none of the specimens was the blue
margin of the gill-covers (a character of
mcisor) distinctly developed; the blue
cheek markings of gibbosus were evident
in A, barely apparent in B, fully devel-
oped in C, in all the bronzy blotches on
the cheeks (another gibbosus character)
were developed; in none, except faintly
in A, were the streaks of color behind
the mouth, and in line with it (a feature
of imcisor), developed. In the outlines
and form of the head and body all were
variously intermediate. Specimens A
and B possessed, while C lacked, the biue
metallic luster of incisor; all had the cof-
fee-colored flecks on the body and the
numerous dark spots on the vertical fins,
both of which are features of gibbosus,
never evident in incisor. It seems legiti-
mate to regard these three individuals
as hybrids between Lepomis incisor and
Lepomis gibbosus.

Of the three presumed type of hybrid
sunfishes here discussed, namely Chaen-
obryttus gulosus « Lepomis incisor; Le-
ponus cyanellus x Lepomis gibbosus, and
Lepomis incisor and Lepomis gibbosus,
it should be noted with emphasis, that
for each of the three pairs of supposed
parent-species the breeding seasons, the

bosus.

breeding habits and the breeding areas
actually overlap. Furthermore, the writ-
er has observed a male pumpkin-seed (J.
gibbosus) and a female blue-gill (L. in-
C1SOr ) characteristic
gyrating spawning movements, over a
nest at the very edge of the Jackson
Park lagoon in Chicago.

engaged in their

Significantly,
also, the largest specimen (here called Cy
of the presumed hybrids between these
two species secured in Michigan, was a
male taken in the breeding season of
both parent species; yet the tests were
not enlarged, and the characters were
those of the females or immature, rather
than of the males of each species.

In conclusion we must not overlook
(as others have done), the fact that spec-
imens similar to the supposed hybrids
described above have long been known,
yet referred to as distinct species. It is
certainly probable, however, in some
cases indeed almost certain, that some or
all of these specimens are also hybrids,
and that consequently the so-called spe-
cies based on them should no longer re-
tain a place in the system. The nominal
species referred to are murinus, ischyrus,
phenax; possibly macrochirus, albulus
and gilli, and almost certainly Lepomis
euryorus. ‘Two specimens
typical of the last named “species,”’ which
has been recorded as such, on the basis
of a few individuals in each case, from
Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and
Minnesota, are found on careful examin-
ation to be intermediate between Lepo-
mis cyanellus and L. gibbosus in all
characters of form; structure and posi-
tion of mouth; pharyngeal arch and
teeth, and at least in some of the color
characters; they can scarcely be other

Michigan

than hybrids.
nen

If a man’s in debt it proves that he once
had credit.

Aquatic Lite

104

|
|

Timms a a a 8 6 a a 6 a

a 6B 5 FG BS OS OS Fa i Fe 6 FG BS 6 Ps Ps Bs Ba 6 Bs Ps FS Bs Ba a 8 Pl i 6 Os as Fs Fl 6 6 fs SS 9 Fs Fs fs SS Fs Ps Fs Sg ee Ss ¥
.

Experiments on the Axolotl

Leney:

EF FE FF Es FS OS PS OS FE FS OS FS BS FG FS ON Fe BG OB Sg

» a 6 6 Fe 6 i i Os Oe 6 Os gs Od gO eg Bg Fl 6 eg Po sg Oe, a gs

Experiments on the Axolotl
| DMESLENE VE 20st

| Laboratory of Comparative Anatomy, Oxford University
as

i SOS Bt 6 BG PB SO OO OS Bs FO 6 OS OS FS FS PS Pe Be 6 SB sf Pe

The axolotl seems to attract attention
in Aquatic Life from time to time, sc
perhaps a few notes on it may not come
amiss.

It has been known for some time that
the axolotl or larval form of Ambly-
stoma tigrinum will give up its aquatic
life and take to a terrestrial one when
forced to breathe atmospheric air. This
external stimulus brings about complete
absorption of the feathery gills, and also
of the fin along the back and tail, while
the head becomes rounded and the eyes
more prominent. Figure 1 will give an
idea of the halfway stage, with gills
partly absorbed and the dorsal fin begin-
ning to be absorbed. In nature this
metamorphosis is brought about by the
gradual drying up of the pools where the
axolotl live, while in captivity the slow
evaporation of the water in which the
larvae are, will usually have the same ef-
fect (see Proc. Zool. Soc., 1913—2, p.
403).

Goodenach fed young frog tadpoles on
the thyroid gland of the ox and found
that they turned into frogs in an excep-
tionally short time. Feeding with potas-
sium iodide mixed with flour did this
as well. And keeping them in a weak so-
lution of iodine crystals had the same ef-
fect. Does this answer with axolotl?

Last winter, at the Laboratory of Com-
parative Anatomy, of Oxford Univer-
sity, a pair of mature black axolotl were
fed twice a week, for seven weeks, on
pieces of ox thyroid. At the end of this
time both had left the water and had

tiie?

~ oP 6 Os es

attained the perfect known as

Amblystoma tigrinum.

stage

Figure 2 is of
the male shortly after coming onto dry
land. The chief interest is that the axo-
lot! were sexually mature, hence the thy-
roid must have supplied the necessary
stimulant for the metamorphosis to take
place.

Kendall has found that the thyroid
gland stores and secretes iodine, in some
form or other, into the blood, so that it
may be presumed that iodine is one of
the stimulating agents at work to bring
about metamorphosis. Accordingly a
young axolotl was put in a weak solu-
tion of iodine crystals. A visible reduc-
tion of the gills and tail fin took place,
but unfortunately the patient died soon
after Figure 3 was taken, where the very
reduced gills can be seen.

Similarly the young of Salamandra
maculosa, the spotted salamander, have
been on thyroid gland and have meta-
morphosed in an abnormally short time,
but the iodine treatment appears to have
little or no effect on them, whereas when
small larvae of Triton vulgaris, the
smooth newt, are kept in weak solutions
of iodine, they rapidly metamorphose.

Quite recently, in May, a white adult
axolotl, in a large aquarium, was observ-
ed to become covered with pink spots on
either side of its body; a disease of some
kind. After this it was noticed to be
generally near the top of the water.
Three weeks later it was found to have
lost most of the filaments on its gills and
to be respiring with its lungs almost en-

106

Aquatic Lite

tirely. When placed in water shallow
enough to enable it to keep its head in
the air, if desired, and to which a little
sea salt had been added to cure the dis-
ease 1f possible, the gills continued to be
absorbed and the creature became cured
of the disease. At the time of writing,
August, the axolotl is just about to leave
the water as a perfect amblystome. This
probably means that the disease in some

if one of these might not come onto land
creature hitherto unknown to

Scarceness of living material in
England makes this almost impossible,
but in the native countries of these crea-
tures it should not be difficult. It may
be possible ; who knows until he tries?

pies one

The judge was evidently getting a bit

fed up with the jury, and at last he

AS 2
science.

Some Tip-top Broadtail Telescopes Bred in 1920

Photograph by Harry W. Balleisen

way caused metamorphosis, and not the
brackish water, which has no such effect
on a normal individual.

These experiments show the import-
ance of the thyroid gland and its secre-
tions and the need of ascertaining the
principles on which it acts. It would be

very interesting and useful if anyone
would experiment on permanently aquat-
ic salamanders, such as Amphiuma, Nec-

turus, Proteus, Siren and others, to see

announced :

“T discharge this jury!”

A tall, lean member of the twelve then
rose.

“Say, judge, you can’t discharge me.”

“Can't discharge you? Why not?”
thundered the judge.

“Waal,” replied the juryman, pointing
to the counsel for the defense, “I was
hired by that guy over there!’—Jack

Canuck.

Ayuatic Life

South Australian Society
At a meeting of the South Australian
Aquarium Society held on Tuesday, Au-
gust 3, 1920, Mr. W. J. Kimber delivered
an address on “Fresh-water Mollusca.”
The lecturer remarked that the fresh-
water mollusca fauna of Australia is
poor; in the United States of America
200 species of Unio have been named,

whilst in all Australia there are but

me SON

y/
WW
DO SN To

107

wide distribution of some species being

thus accounted for. ‘The development

dealt Mr.
Kimber spoke of the usefulness of mol-

of the shell was with and
Our small fresh-water
limpet has about 4400 teeth placed in
200 rows and with these teeth the exces-
sive growth of algae is rasped off the
glass. Although water snails are gen-
erally herbivorous they relish flesh and

luses 1n aquaria.

OSTRIGH WRIGGLER ===
EXHIBITED @Y ===
MR.O.SHUCKS, ==
CF SHARON HILL.

MISS LOTTA LUCKS
LONG BILLED, =
“STORKIE,

CAMDEN AWN.AJ.

NE UN
»s ‘Poad IANY WAS
ae Sas SOO
= YRS SA ey
ee : ) SX DOS

~ MRS: GARDEN TRUCKS
= FAMOUS PRIZE
7 ROLL AROUND,

= “RADISH”

KENSINGTON , PHILA, —

Mek. 1.8. BLOWED'S
WORLD RENOWNED

3 AERO-SPARKLER.
ERDENHEIM, PENNA.

PRICKLY FOLNADOT
PLUNGER.
EXHIBITED. BY

MR. G. WHILLIKER.

RICHARDS

A Newspaper Cartoonist’s Impressions of the Philadelphia Exhibition

three. He mentioned the extraordinary
number of eggs deposited at one time by
some species of Mollusca. The fresh-
water mussel lays about 200,000 eggs,
but this is not large as compared with
the millions laid by the oyster. Mol-
lusca’s eggs form the principal food of
some fishes and of the great quantity
deposited comparatively few survive.
The larvae have interesting habits, some
even attaching themselves to fishes, being
thus transferred for long distances. Au-
thentic records have been made of the
transportation of small bivalves on the
legs of birds and of water-beetles, the

the larger species have been known to
feed upon their brethren and even to de-
The bivalves feed by
continuously filtering the water and re-
taining the nutrient matter.

Many parasites of higher forms of
life utilize molluscs as intermediate
hosts. ‘Thus some parasites of sea-birds
live in the branchial cavities of sea-snails
in the first stages of development, and
the live fluke, which has caused the
death of over three million sheep in the
Commonwealth, uses a water-snail as its
first host. The dreaded disease Bilhart-
sia is similarly propagated——Herbert M.
Hale, Honorary Secretary.

vour small fishes.

108

Aquatic Lite

The Axolotl Again

No apology is needed in referring
again and again to this salamander. The
results of investigations have a distinct
and valuable relation to possibilities
from fishes to the human subject.

I have lately been engaged in inquiring
into the feeding of this creature in order
to ascertain the effect of certain natural
foods upon its growth. It occurred to
me that I might do a little glandular
feeding in my own way without recourse
to either extracted glands or glandular
preparations. My idea was to try and
find the quickest growing larvae—that is,
something which completes its metamor-
phosis in a very short time, and in con-
sequence likely to possess glandular mat-
ter either in abundance or the best form.

I made use of the larvae of one of our
midges—species not determined, and by
feeding the young axolotl with the best
developed larvae which they were able
to negotiate, I have produced axolot! this
year exceeding in size for age anything
I have previously been able to turn out.

I am not an entomologist, consequent-
ly am not able to suggest any particular
species. ‘This is where the entomologist
comes in with his valuable assistance—
someone who has made a special study of
the subject. The relation between the
entomologist and medical science 1s much
closer than is usually credited.

I remember when the medical faculty
first suspected, or more than suspected,
the mosquito to be responsible for the
spread of yellow fever, they, the doctors,
felt that it was improbable that all the
numerous species of mosquitos were to
be blamed ; if so, the efforts to check the
spread of the fever might be much
easier; they wanted to know how many
kinds of mosquitos were known and their
habits. ‘The entomologists supplied this
information at once —W. 7. Webster, in
The Fishing Gazette.

“That one looks old enough to be a
grandfather,” said a woman Saturday at
the pet fish exhibition in Horticultural
Hall, Fairmount Park, Philadelphia. “Ts
Ine e-

) Dhatis2a roe fish: madam; ssardaa
committeeman.

“T mean the biggest one, there, that
one with the long whiskers,” continued
the woman.

“That is a roe fish, madam,” repeated
the committeeman.

“T am not asking you what sort of a
fish it 1s, but whether it is not old enough
to be a grandfather? It certainly is big
enough.”

“Tt is big enough, madam, but it is a
roe fish,” answered the committeeman.

“Well, can’t a row fish be a grand-
father, as well as any other kind?” quer-
ied the woman, a touch of irritation
noticeable in her voice.

“No, madam, a roe fish cannot be a
grandfather,” once more said the com-
mitteeman.

“Well, I never had an aquarium,” said
the woman, “but I can’t see why the
‘kind’ it is has anything to do with its
becoming a grandfather,” that in a tone
between disgust and despair.

iwi, mance, wou will meyer ine 2
grandfather, no matter how long you
live,” said the commutteeman.

“IN@, Sine, IL not,” retorted
woman indignantly, “but I am a lady.”

“So also is the fish,” asserted the com-
mitteeman politely, but firmly.

“Well, why on earth didn’t you say so
in the first place.”—Public Ledger.

sls on

The greatest profit is where the profits
are reinvested in a business—it becomes

compound profit.
—

The pen may be mightier than the
sword, but truth doesn’t always lie at the
bottom of the inkwell.

shall the

Aquatic Life, 1920

Apri. Mastacembelus pancalus (J/acMor-
ris); A New Treatment to Eliminate Ichthy-
ophthirius (Hauthaway) ; Observations on the
Chelonians of North America, Part IX (Shu-
feldt) ; Notes on Haplochilus lineatus (Saz-
yer); The Artificial Production of Albinism
(Waite); A Metal Net for Larval Fishes
(Balleisen); The “Balanced Aquarium—A
Question and an Experiment (Powers) ;
Venus’s Fly Trap, Notes and News.

May. Aquarium Microscopy (France); A
“Tin Can’ Aquarium (Balleisen) ; Observa-
tions on the Chelonians of North America,
Part X (Shufeldt); The Stud Fishes (Saw-
yer); The Guide Book to The New York
Aquarium (Shufeldt); May Pointers, The
Microscopical Society, Notes and News.

June. Macrones vittatus (MacMorris) ;
An Interesting Abnormality (Tasche); Blue-
spotted Sunfish (Sawyer); Breeding Vivipa-
rous Poeciliids (Balleisen) ; Bufo halophilus
(Ruthling); The Diatomaceae (Wheeler) ;
Appropriate Names (Mellen); Boyer’s “The

Diatomaceae of Philadelphia’ and_ society
news.
Jury. Ona Deformed Specimen of Muhlen-

ere’s Turtle (Shufeldt) ; Phalloptychus janu-
arius (Myers); Notes on Fundulus luciae
(Crawford) ; Haplochilus panchax (Brinda) ;
The Red Rivulus (Myers); The Ideal Fish
Food (Heidelberger) ; An Automatic Feeding
Device for Aquaria (Breder) ; Electric Fishes,
notes and news.

(Brind); The
The Red-bellied

Aucus?. Fitzrovia lineata
leafy Sea-dragon (Hale) ;
Newt (Balleisen); Melanotaenia nigrans
(Finckh); Fundulus diaphanus (Myers) ;
Aquarian Diatoms (Boyer) ; Aquarists Colt‘ect-
ing Daphnia in Philadelphia, Result of Feeding
Trout on Dried Flies, The Economy of the
Fresh-water Aquarium, etc.

DIATOMS

Wish to exchange selected and strewn slides
of diatoms for similar preparations or slides
of any kind. Can use human pathological and
histological mounts.

Address Editor, Aquatic Life

Nem mm es a e

Want to Buy

Everything in My Line

Fancy Goldfish, aquariums, fancy
Shells, aquarium oranments, etc
Send list with prices to

The U.S. Bird Store

Burlington

6 6 SF Ps i
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Things You Need

Stil-B-Nu Fishfood (coarse or fine).....20¢. Box
Stil-B-Nu Pr-fk Wishfood..............25¢. Box
Stil-B-Nu Shrimp (coarse or fine) - 25 30%
SURLcddedma Snipe eee eee ee eee One
Stil-B-Nu Infusoria Culture ............/ 0e Box
Stil-B-Nu Remedy for Sick Fishes......25¢ Box
Siu-B-Nur Aquarium! Saltsi.e..sses2ee. 25¢ Box
SIE BNWenecdin eR INS eyelet eit inne 15¢
Stil-B-Nu Net (small or

i N ( IAT LC) ic as eter j
Stil-B-Nu Aquarium Seraper f

Kasy Ready Aquarium Thermometer ,

RocketeMarnitying (Glasses. se eease nee ee Ried
SHOEI WOME Gogo noncaobensonececcon dA
Tange SM cCroscope jy cam shkence parc Soc §22.50
Aquarium Cement ...................p90¢ nound
AEN (CHINE “so 5o5ccqncneasonson a ile up
Stil-B-Nu Aquarium Stand ...............$10.00
12-gallon Aluminum Frame Aquariums....$11.50

THOUGHT OF CHRISTMAS YET?
One of the prettiest presents you can make

yourself or aquarist friends is one of our hand-
some gold Scarf Pins, Watch Fob or Brooche.
Don’t let your order go too long, as the demand
is large for these truly wonderful pins. Made of
solid gold. They are all quality.

Co.

1919, Stil-B-Nu

Scalare (scarf pin or brooche)

(scarf pin or brooche)
Telescope (reconstructed ruby

Melescopemn Goi1am ondeseye)ine metre $9.75
Silk Fob Gold Attachment for above $2.50 extra.

Lion-head

JAPANESE NOVELTIES.

JED MMCENES, IBN Cocoon beouddeanoscccoss 60¢
JapeCastlesmincenses burnenssneeci eee eee 8d5e¢
Jape incense, AUEN Say cswtrtrstyer rence ees See ee De
ImCensemybowderws lypirkeiciie cree eee DOG

Japanese Hand-painted Scene, nicely framed .$1.50

FISH, PLANTS, SNAILS.
Japanese Snails) ......2..0-..--.+-s-+--20@ each
Ieol INA Isigan Swebilsesoouoqsogcscanace 25¢ each

If your dealer does not carry the Stil-B-Nu Line.
send to us direct. We give your order prompt
attention or refund your money promptly.

with the

All our goods are Postpaid,

exception of fish.

STIL-B-NU SUPPLY CO
427 E. Girard Avenue, Philadelphia

shipped

FISH SICK?

Try Stil-B-Nu Fish Remedy for congestion, tail-
rot, fungus or the white spots on all kinds of
fishes. We have some excellent recommendations
for this remedy. 25¢c Box

PR-FK FISH FOOD

We cannot speak too highly of this food. 3uy
a box today and sprinkle a little on the surface
of your aquarium (it floats) and see how your
fishes go for it. You know your fishes (especially
tropicals) like to feed from the surface. 25c¢
box, postpaid.

Stil-B-Nu Supply Co
427 E. Girard Avenue, Rhiladelphia

SS 6 6s Ps eee,

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os Fs eet fom es 6 PH Pe SP SP 6 BB Ff Pf PF Ps 7 = Pt ff Fs #4 Ps ts Pt st

Sa SS 6 OR 6 FR 6 Ss Fa 6 SS Ss Bs Fs

Ss ee ee

S99 000 G9 000 G59 59 000 900 C9000 SS 00 CS

FRESH WATER BIOLOGY

By HENRY B. WARD AND GEORGE C. WHIPPLE

WITH THE COLLABORATION OF 25 DISTINGUISHED SPECIALISTS

together with data on their life histories, habits and range.

This work is the first complete and accurate record of North Amer-
ican aquatic life, especially the micro-organisms; among both plants
and animals excluding the vertebrates, higher plants and bacteria,
every form is described that has been reported from a fresh-water body
on this continent.

out. Biological data on its habits, frequence and distribution are also
given.

Fresh-Water Biology is a big book of 1111 pages, with 1547 illus-
trations. Price, $7.50 Postage Paid

AQUATIC LIFE, 632 E. Girard Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa

Live Food is Nature’s Food
Give your fishes white worms, which can
be raised indoors throughout the year.
Generous portion, 60 cents, with full instruc-
tions for propagation. (Successor to C. E.
Jenne.) W. J. WRIGHT

Bergen Avenue and Mercer Street,

Jersey City, N. J.

Mesogonisteus chaetodon—The
Black-banded Sunfish. $6 and $12
per dozen.
If you mean business, send check with order
GEORGE W. PRICE
2145 South Lee Street, Philadelphia

000 —=- 388. CS 300 SS <3 D000 sao

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The
Microscopy of Drinking
Water
By GEORGE CHANDLER WHIPPLE

The Book Department :: Aquatic Life

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Plant Names

and their meanings are explained and
the haunts, habits and other interesting

features of the wild flowers are dis-

cussed in

The American Botanist
Joliet, Illinois

Quarterly, $1.50 a year; sample, 25

cents. Your subscription is invited.

°.
ro be ne be be bb D8 De DF DD EDD DN Ne ND NEN ee ne eee FOO

a AT a a

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£26

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A Fine Healthy Lot of Young

Cichlasoma nigrofasciatus
If You Want Them I Have Them

OTHER TROPICALS
Broad-tail Telescopes

When In Philadelphia Look Them Over

L. W. REHBEIN
2115 HUNTING PARK AVENUE
PHILADELPHIA

b3- 3-3-9 3-3-E DD DD > DD 3-9-3 3- 3 55S D5 5) 5-5-5. 5-5-5: 9- 59-953. 3-3)
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Tropical Fishes !

i
a fine, large stock of Danio malabaricus and
other species of Danio.
aquarium fishes) Haplochilus, Barbus,

breeders and many other beautiful fishes.

(The most sprightly
Mouth-

August Obermuller

Breeder and Fancier of Telescopes and Tropicals
96 Columbia Avenue, Jersey City Heights, N. J.

visitors welcome at conseryatory any Saturday
afternoon and on Sunday. /

6 6 Fs Pa OS Fs Os Ss

om me eS

WROPICAL FISHES
Write for Price List
Oscar Leitholf, 281 Southern Avenue
Pittsburgh, Pa.

Or
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Henry Kissel, Jr.

Breeder & Fancier of Broad-tail Telescopes
Good Type and Color

Plants

Some beautiful Hybrids in which I specialize.

None shipped; sales at conservatory only.

Tropical Fish Snails

241 Walker Street, Cliffside, N. J.

Telephone, 461, Cliffside.

a Pa 6 FR 6 BS
a Be 6 PR 6 BF 8 oy

* a
mo es Ce

The Englewood Fancy Goldfish Hatchery
Japanese Toy Breeds in a variety of colors.
Sales at hatchery only—none shipped. Visitors
welcome Saturday afternoon, Sunday and
Holidays. Phone, Wentworth 1118.

ANTHONY A. MAINA, 6711 Parnell Avenue, Chicago, III.

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wa

Something New!

Heated Closet for Aquariums!

An excellent arrangement in which to
keep and breed tropical fishes through

winter and summer

Plants Fishes

Aquariums

MAX NIEMAND

743 Eleventh Avenue, Long Island City
New York

SR EE Sd Fs Fs BF
P< PR BR a OS Bs BS I Bd

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$

| QUALITY
and Value

l You are entitled to both and you get
both in all I offer.

Welke’s Fish Food

is acknowledged to be the best in the
world. If you care for your fishes, try
it, and use it hereafter.

cents; dozen, $2.50.

Large box, 35

Two Best Books, $2.00

“The Practical Fish Fancier” and “Do-
mesticated Fish.” They cover the field.
Pay no more!

Wonderful Fish Photos

Hand-colored or plain.
ticulars.

W. L. BRIND, F. Z. S.

The Biltmore, 1504 East 53d Street,

Ask for par-

Oe sO OS Pe Pk PE Re SO PS FH PF

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Chicago, Illinois.

ee ch

Will Exchange
Black-banded sunfish (Mesogonisteus chaeto-
don) for Betta, H. cameronensis, T. lalius and
Mouthbreeder.

A. PAROBEK
City Hall, Trenton, N.

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Fanciers Attention!
Mack’s Superior Fish Food

is the best food for tropicals and gold-
fish. If not, we are ready to refund your
money. Send 28 cents for a trial can, an
ounce, postpaid. Price in bulk on request.

Mack’s Superior FisH Foop is better
than any imported or domestic food and
is furnished in three sizes: No. 1, for
fry or live-bearing and spawning fishes;
No. 2, for Cuppies, Danio, etc.; No. 3,
for paradise fish and goldfish in general.

We also manufacture a specially pre-
pared Turtieé Foon at 25 cents per box.
Dealers supplied.

The Peptoast Company
415 East 148th St., New York City.

*» 8 FF Fs a
pm SEP Pe A A FG i FB fh BB 1 Pt B—

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The Diatomaceae of Philadelphia and Vicinity
By CHARLES S. BOYER, A. M., F. R. M. S.

The most recent book of the diatoms, and one that is serviceable over a far greater
area than is indicated by the title. A fascinating subject properly treated. More
than 700 illustrations, enlarged 800 diameters, from original drawings by the author,
adequately supplement the text. Methods of collecting, preparing, mounting and
examining diatomaceous material are given. The work contains 143 pages, 9 by 12
inches, not including the full-page plates, with complete index. Price, bound in art
vellum cloth, $5.00.

The Book Department :; Aquatic Life

COO C000 —D000000 C000 TS000

0000005000 E3000 HK 3000 E5000 3000 K3000000 F999 45093099 TS000 C0005 0003000,

%.000C 000 > 000000 000000

S, O. S. a new food for Gold-
fish and Tropicals. The un-
consumed food developing into
infusoria.

JULIUS RIEWE
BREEDER AND FANCIER OF TROPICAL FISHES |
3519 Costello Avenue, Chicago, Ill.

Fine stock of Danio malabaricus, D. alboline-
atus, D. rerio, Barbus conchonius, B. semifas-
ciolatus, B. ticto and many other kinds of
tropical fishes. None shipped. Telephone Bel- Circular on above products

|
mont 5092. | Robert J. Schaeffer :: 72) Montour ptrect ia
New Aquarium Fish

Channa fasciata, from Southern Asia. Same 7 : ‘

3 a SRG : 5 1 An aquarium manufacturing works, with fully
general shape as “snakehead,” but handsomety | equipped goldfish and supply outfit. Has been
marked with blotches of green, thickly dotted operated successfully for eighteen years. No
=9 or 7 F | better or finer aquariums made. Must be sold
with sily Sis Wiens; unusual. Young ones, | at once to permit the owner to give entire
about 2 inches, 4 for $10. attention to other important business. Write

WM. T. INNES, 1824 N. Park Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa ee ae a

Tropicale Sprinkle on surface
ith Pepper Shaker as thin

possible, wll float indefinitely. The
eeetumed food developing infusoria

S. O. S.

S, O. S. 35c box; by mail 38c
re user) oe postpaid
FISH FOOD ogi Fishfood 15c; by mail 17c
MANUFACTURED BY Yogi by lb 75c; ad postage
ROBERT J. SCHAEFFER Yogi 101b lots 65c; ad postage
PHILA, PA.

For Sale

Pioneer Aquarium Works. Racine, Wisconsin

“AQUARIA FISH” Sale or Exchange

A practical work on care and breeding of s
fish in the aquarium, greenhouse and out- Surplus Stock of Rare and Fancy Fish

door ponds. Finely illustrated. Plants of All Kinds
Ixveryone interested in keeping fish should

send for a copy of this book. Price, $1.00. G. Germann, 0. D. 3823 N. Richmond St. Chicago
F. L. TAPPAN, Route 2, Hopkins, Minn | Phone: Monticello 6864.

Per ane an

Mollienisia latipinna

Mollienisia latipinna—Large size (tank raised), $4.00 per dozen. Cans, 50 cents.
Jap Snails, $1.00 and $2.00 per dozen.

PLANTS—Yallisneria (narrow leaf), 30 cents per dozen; Vallisneria (wide leaf), 60
cents per dozen; Sagittaria (broad leaf), 75 cents per dozen; Water Poppy, $1.00 per dozen;
Cabomba, Giant Anacharis, Potomogeton and Myriophyllum Spicatum (milfoil), 75 cents per
dozen bunches. Egyptian Lotus (dormant tubers; best time to plant), 50 cents each. Red,
White and Yellow Water Lilies (dormant tubers), 50 cents each. All plants sent postpaid.

Twelve kinds of aquarium plants, $1.00, postpaid.

$1.10, postpaid.

CRESCENT FISH FARM, 1624 Mandeville Street, New Orleans, La.

| The best fish food, dried fresh water shrimp (contains no other substances), per pound,

ee eee eee

C00 000 000 C000 —> 000 —> 000 —> 000 ——SD 000 —S cc°~oc—S cco

JERYTHING IS FISH THAT COMES
THE NET OF A NATURALIST

{} Don't paddle in. the water with one hand and
) be bind with ‘both eyes. In other. words,
’ pekeen: your eyes open’’ for all nature.

Our Magazine

Tbe Guite to Mature
Wil Help You

ee is edited by EDWARD F. BIGELOW, who
| fishes in the heavens and earth, as well as the
waters under ee earth.

5 One Year, $1.50
‘THE AGASSIZ ASSOCIATION

ArcAdiA
Connecticut

eee

beg

ae new fish for aauvarists.- The most mitaenine
ieee fish. We now have them- for~ sale.

e A» ine. steck of Haplochitus. cameronensis, H,
rubrostigma, Hybrids—pulchras and
and 35. other ‘Species of fishes. '

as. SILVER Py

ms 2 East qth street, “New York city, N. Y.
‘(Between 2a and 3d augenmes’)
;

_ Fubras— -

: ~s !

: eee A OL OL

. Official Government Indorsement
: CREATION,

: Used without sheep m manure 50c box

The New Infusoria

. to Cat Net. 50c
; ybrids, the finest in Philadelphia, $4.00
Orange-tail Helleri $2.00 and $3.00 Pair
. ‘Tails guaranteed

*Dwart Gouramies
Do not send stamps

Seem ee Qa bh Da

: RANCIS K. CHRISTINE

518 BELGRADE ‘STREET
_ PHILADELPHIA

oo + os =m a APC SHC SOCSSSSS AD

‘Bureau of Fish cries =

INNES & SONS - 133 N. 12th St. - Phila., Pa.

900900500 500000000000

Veiltail
TELESCOPES

Beautiful Breeders
Prize Winning Stock
$12.00 Per Pair

Franklin Barrett

401 to 417 East Wyoming Avenue
Nat nemauae

‘O00

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Loe

Mees

FISH, PLANTS, SNAILS, ETC
Wholesale and Retail

THE BEST BOOK

tHe AQUARIUM Susi&8
is ‘‘Goldfish Varieties & Tropical
Aquarium Fishes’’, byWm.T.Innes, 4/0
former President of the Aquarium A ii
Society of Phila.; 250 pages, 195
illustrations. Tells: all about the r(
fancy varieties of the Goldfish and
nearly 300 tropicals ; how to breed
them, etc., etc. For the beginner
onthe advanced expert.

A complete, practical, handsome

book, sent postpaid anywhere for
$4.00 Enlarged edition now ready.

HENRY L. WAGNER
BREEDER OF TROPICAL FISHES

Fine stock of Barbus conchonius, B. Semi-
fasciolatus, Danio rerio, D. Albolineatus, D.
Malabaricus and. euy other species.
312 West 134th Street, New York City.
(Between 8th and St. Nicholas. Avenues. )

/'GOLDFISH,

1,500,000
PLAIN & FANCY

Ready for market at rock-bottom prices.
ped anywhere in United States or Canada.
for our illustrated catalogue.

Oriental Goldfish and Supply Co
3757 - 3761 Cottage Grove Avenue

Chicago, Illinois :
Pe ere Se ele

Ship-
Write

Aquatic Lite

8
‘Vol. IV ;
oy

Volk

Volumes average 165 pages and as
many illustrations. Substantial cloth
binding, with, title page and complete
index.
$3.00 Each, Postage

Paid

OOO 00070000:
JAPANESE GOLDFISH
By DR. HUGH M. SMITH

$3.50 Postage Paid

Address Aquatic Life |

HERMAN RABENAU, Aauarist

PERMANENT DISPLAY OF

Aquatic Life & Terraria

must be seen to be appreciated
Visitors Welcome

Plants and Tropical Fish a Specialty |
Importations of New Varieties received
regularly
1168 Myrtle Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Near Broadway.

GOLDFISH, FOODS, PLANTS, DIP NETS

Combination Natural Fish Food - Sample Box 10c
Japanese Shrimp Fish Food - - Sample Can 15c
Baby Fish Food Sample Box 15c
Imported Dried Daphnia Sample Jar 35c

Mail Orders Promptly Attended to

Bpecial Prices on Quantity Lots.
Cash With Order.

Catalogue Sent Upon Request.

AQUARIUM STOCK CO
174 Chambers Street New York City

i
)
ES MANUFACTURER OF

BREEDER AND IMPORTER |
Rare and Fancy Fish

Plants of every variety, Snails and ‘
Aquarium Supplies of all kinds at all
times.

Green. River Fish Food
15c Box

Green River Baby Fish Food -
20c Box

A GOOD FISH FOOD is one of the
most essential things necessary to
keep fish in good health. After the
test of years Green River stands out
as the best food on the market. It —
keeps the fish in good color by pro-
moting a healthy, robust growth... It [|]
_will not sour ot cloud the water. Ask
your dealer or send for it today.

Young Veiltails
All Colors $5.00 Dozen Up

Large assortment of Splendid Telescopes
and Jap Goldfish at Reasonable Prices

Shipping Cans 50 cents

HARRY P. PETERS
1210 NORTH WARNOCK STREET

PHILADELPHIA
a 00000

SE SNR

OCOO000DOC—>000000

Nippon Goldfish Co |

T. MURATA, Proprietor.
1919-21 Bush Street, San Francisco, Cal

Importers and Dealers

GOLDFISH PLANTS SNAILS
Dried Shrimp, Birds, Cages and All
Supplies

NEW STOCKS ARE COMING!
Price List Sent on Request

el |

TCO at

30,035

Rei

vitals

Ss cohen:
A ESAS rae

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ch ks PP 4 PP Og Pe 8 6 PsP 6 sO OS cS FP Pf PN PS Pt PS 9 9

—

atic

-(.Vol. V' Oct, 1920 No.10 ~

CE bres POTD R EY Sa :
An international monthly magazine devoted to the study, care’and breeding of fishes and —

other animals and plants in the home aquarium and terrarium.

W. A. POYSER .cccvccccccccccvcccovssee SEVIS SG eS aE Coe :
JOSEPH E. BAUSMAN .cocc cece cece eset cere tceencs sitsiavatsia Reema ataes ee PUBLISHER
632 East Girard Aventle 2.2.2. 6c ce recent tec e ts ces Reece ret eters eneece Philadelphia

- Entered as second-class matter, September 2d, 1915, at the Post Office, Philadelphia, Pa.,

under Act of March 3d, 1879. : ee : oh
Popular and scientific articles and notes on subjects pertaining. to the aquarium and

terrarium, and to the habits of fishes in general, are always wanted for “Aquatic Life.” ~

Readers are invited to join jn making it a medium of mutual help by contributing to it

= - R = ‘Gr fase aS Pome Se ets * - et te Ne fe

sbetceecessss EDITOR

the results of their studies.

“Aquatic-Life”’
nature-study.

international money. order. Fes rie

a SPs |

a pm 9 Rs i 5 9 ss 9 6 7s co %

Wiiter Gardening i

By BISSET

The best and most “readable” book on
the care and propagation of aquatic
plants in general. It gives in full de-
tail all the practical information neces-
sary to the selection, grouping and
successful cultivation of aquatic and
other plants required in the making of
a water garden and its surroundings.
Covers all conditions from that of the
amateur with a few plants in tubs to
the large estate or park.
Directions for constructing concrete
pools; propagation of hardy and tender
lilies and other aquatics; best lilies for
small pools and tubs; the aquatic plant
greenhouse; various aquarium plants;
enemies and diseases of aquatic plants;
gold and other fishes for the water
garden.

Profusely illustrated with 120 half-
tones, 17 diagrams and 2 double page
plates. 199 pages, coated paper, orna-
mented cloth binding—de luxe edition.
Price, $3.75 Postpaid

THE BOOK DEPARTMENT AQUATIC LIFE
Philadelphia :

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The pages are always open to any one having information
of interest to the aquarist and student of aquatic biology. Manuscripts, books for review
and> general correspondence should be addressed to the editor. < basa ie

hus the largest circulation of any magazine in the world devoted to aquatic
It offers to advertisers a market that can be reached through no other
medium. Rates made known on application. : : gered

YEARLY SUBSCRIPTION ..........050--00% aces 5 Spies waral oS ONE $1.25
FOREIGN SUBSCRIPTIONS ..... BS oe ee ee Ee: laa nope Racor < 1.50)
SINGLE COPY ........ Bly a eg a eisS= See Sessa Rees aR oa ae ce et 15

Payments should be made by money order. draft or registered letter. If local. checks are.
sent, ten cents should be added for collection charges.

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Foreign. remittances should be by

AQUARIST |

WILMINGTON, NORTH CAROLINA |
Collector and Breeder of Tropical Fish

Snakes and Other Reptiles

Fundulus nottii, $1.50 per pair.
Elassoma evergladei, $1.75 per pair.
Heterandria formosa, $1.00 per pair.
M. chaetodon, 50c each

Small turtles, $1.25 per dozen.
Newts, $1.00 per dozen.

Wholesale to dealers. |

The Venus Flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) —

The plant that feeds on insects
$1.00 Dozen

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(The Larger River Mussels in

| CHARLES M. BREDER, J:
l United States Bureau of Fisheries
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Through the kindness of Dr. R. E.
Coker, of the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries,
the writer has been able to secure a few
of the larger Mississippi River mussels
for observation in small aquaria. These
were all of species of considerable eco-
nomic importance, the shells being used
in great numbers for the manufacture of
the common pearl buttons, which form a
real necessity in our daily life.

The only species which survived in
the confinement of small aquaria for
any length of time was. the “Three
Ridge” Quadrula undulata, although the
shipping may have had more to do with

Three-ridge Mussel, Qaadrula undulata (Barnes) from South Dakota

Photograph by courtesy of Bureau of Fisheries

Aquaria

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the death of the others than the actual
confinement in small bodies of still water.
Three specimens of this species have
been kept in various sinall aquaria for
over nine months, at the end of which
period one succumbed, for an unknown
reason, and another met with an accident.
The remaining individual, at this writing,
is apparently in perfect health at the writ-
er’s home, living in a small tank, 18x12x
12 inches, after having spent various per-
iods of time in small jars ranging from
one 12 inches high by 8 inches in dia-
meter up to size of the present container.
A year has now elapsed since it left its

Aquatic Lite

110

Aquari

The Larger River Mussels

Breder

Aquatic Life

native waters. These three shells all
measured about 11 cm. in greatest length.
The writer strongly recommends these to
aquarists as at no time have they been
known to indulge in “plowing” up the
bottom of the aquarium, being content to
remain in practically any position. They
have been only rarely noted to shift
their position and then usually not more
than half the length of the shell. At no
time have they been in aquaria containing
sand in sufficient quantity to completely
cover their shells. No particular care
has been bestowed upon them at all,
simply being placed in the aquarium and
forgotten. The amount of food that they
have been able to draw from the sus-
pended material in the crystal clear water
of the aquarium has evidently been suf-
ficient to maintain life. It is generally
believed that their presence aids in keep-
ing the water in such a condition, al-
though they are apparently by no means
essential.

Shortly after arriving at Washington,
several individuals of other species emit-
ted glochidia, the larval form in which
these organisms start their life. These
are little bivalved creatures that normally
have the valves widely spread, but on
slight stimulation of the ligament con-
necting the two, they are brought to-
gether with considerable vigor. In this
manner they are able to attach them-
selves to fish, different species of mussels
requiring different hosts for their pur-
pose, which is one of parasitism. ‘This
attachment occurs usually on the gill fila-
ments or on the fins. In a short time
the injured tissue grows over and around
the animal, completely encysting it. En-
closed in this cyst the young mussel
further develops and finally breaks out
of it to lead its sedentary existence on
the river bottom, apparently leaving the
fish none the worse for its experience.

It is evident that as well as protecting
and nourishing the mussel in its early
and most precarious time of life the dis-
tribution of the species is much more ef-
fectively accomplished by this parasitic
habit, as the host may carry it much
farther than its sluggish adult movements
could ever hope to.

Two periods are thus brought into the
life of every mussel when its existence
hangs by a very slender thread, depend-
ent solely on external circumstances:
first when it is emitted as glochidium,
here depending on the passing of a luck-
less fish of proper species, in the absence
of which it perishes in a short time; and
second when it leaves the fish and faces
the possibility of falling onto an unsuit-
able bottom, such as one covered with
flocculent mud, which would smother it,
or into water too deep to allow its exist-
ence. It is almost needless to add that
for every one which survives, thousands
fail at either of these vital times. ‘To
counteract this and insure the perpetua-
tion of the species countless numbers of
glochidia are discharged from the brood
chamber of the parent mussel, where they
have been incubated, to the time when
they are ready to take their chances in
the outside world. Aquarists need have
no fear of infecting their various fishes
as the possibility of any of the usual
aquarium fish being suitable hosts for
these species is very remote.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE

1. Living glochidia of Lampsilis liga-
mentina, as seen through the microscope,
one hour after expulsion. Magnification,
40 diameters.

2. Lampsilis
11.5 centimeters.

3. Lampsilis anodontiodes. Length, 10
centimeters. ‘This species has the great-
est commercial value. The shell exter-
nally is a rather pleasing shade of yellow.

4. Lampsilis anodontiodes with syphon
extended. (Photographs by the author. )

hgamentina. Length,

one eb eae pe ay eee Re. Layee ee ee es
| Notes on the Hybrid |
Xiphophorus helleri x Platypoecilus maculatus
| F. S. CURTIS, San Francisco Aquarium Society
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PCS Ad Pee epee UR Le LER gM Rae eG I

From time to time articles have ap-
peared in aquarium periodicals giving
rather brief and general descriptions of
this most beautiful and interesting hy-
brid. The writers, however, seem to have
confined their remarks to examples that
were strongly marked as hybrids, saying
little of those reverting to the original
forms and not showing composite char-
acteristics. It occurs to me, therefore,
that my experience in breeding these hy-
brids, and that of Mr. F. S. Locke, may

The Poecilid Hybrid, Xiphophorus helleri x Platypoecilus maculatus

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be of general interest.

Aquarists are well aware that both the
paternal Platypoecilus maculatus and
the maternal Xiphophorus helleri belong
to the viviparous branch of the family
There are two
helleri, one

Poeciliidae or killifishes.
very distinct forms of X.
which is of a general bluish cast with
little or no orange or yellow in the lateral
and tail, and another which is

more brightly colored, having a

stripe
much
deep orange-red lateral stripe with a clear

Aquatic Life

lemon-yellow stripe above and _ below. it
and with bright yellow or orange in the

tail.
In 1915 I mated a particularly large

and highly colored male of X. helleri to
a correspondingly well developed female
of the same species belonging to the
phase called “rachovii.” From their
progeny I paired the best female, with
strong rachovii characteristics, to an un-
related male of the bright red type. From
this union I selected what promised to
be a fine “rachovii” female and bred her
to a deep red male of Platypoecilus mac-
ulatus (rubra).

In November, 1918, I was rewarded
with two litters of hybrids, 98 in all. Six
of the fry were “throw-backs,”’ and were
to all appearances straight females of
P. maculatus, of a pale sandy color; of
the 92 composite individuals there were
but twenty females, but all, both sexes,
were darkly mottled over the entire body
from birth. Let us digress for a moment
for a comment on the preponderance of
males. With X. helleri, its form “racho-
vii, and Platypoecilus maculatus, pure
litters usually contain more females than
males, generally in the ratio of 8 or Io
to 1; in the hybrids, you will note, this
tendency is reversed, but not in quite the
same ratio.

The hybrids, both male and female,
rather favor the maternal parent in
shape, and both sexes are practically of
the same size and color, although the red-
dish hues in the male hybrid are straw
color in the female. In this connection
note the departure from the parental
forms wherein the females are much
larger than the males and are almost
entirely lacking in any of the brilliant

colors so characteristic of males. In
-many of the hybrids the scales are over-
cast with dark blue, like blued steel,
similar to that seen in a well colored male
of the “nigra” form of P. maculatus. A

114

peculiarity of the color scheme is that
black predominates and is confined al-
most entirely to the posterior portion of
the body, forward of the dorsal being
red speckled with black.

By a careful study of the colors in both
parent species we see the reason for the
excess of black, and why it is naturally
confined to the tail rather than the head.
In typical X. helleri there is a black bor-

Platypoecilus maculatus

Upper, male of red’phase (rubra); lower, female of black
phase (nigra)

der, both edges, to the sword-like exten-
sion of the tail-fin; in the form rachovit
there is in addition to the black border a
large crescent-shaped black spot at the
base of the tail; in P. maculatus, red
form or “rubra,” appears this same black
spot and males have small black dots
more or less over the entire body. It is
asserted, and we believe correctly, that
the forms of P. maculata called rubra,
nigra and pulchra are color variants de-
veloped by aquarists, and this species in
nature, as well as X. helleri, is much
given to color variation. Typical P. ma-
culatus is olivaceous in color shading to
pearly white on the belly. The dark
crescent or half-moon shaped spot at the
base of the tail is in evidence and in most
specimens a dark spot appears on each
side of the body. Occasionally, particu-

115

Aquatic Lite

larly in males, we find a metallic blue
spot on the sides.

I have gone minutely into the charac-
teristics of the hybrids in order to bring
out clearly the dominant colors and to
show that it is not at all strange that
black should prevail. In well colored
specimens of the black (nigra) form of
P. maculatus the body is all black except
the back and belly, the sides overlaid
with bright metallic blue. If so intense
a black is found in this variant relative,
it is small wonder that the hybrids, with
black showing in both parental species,
should be thus darkly marked.

Males of the cross have well developed
but short spikes to the tails, showing the
helleri blood. Many of the spikes are
orange, while the entire tail may be sim-
ilarly tinted. The other fins are generally
clear. In size the hybrids are about mid-
way between the parents. They are in-
clined to be shy, resembling X. Helleri
in this respect. In this hybrid we have a
form which in all respects is a composite,
showing some of the characteristics of
each parent, but differing from both in
that both sexes are of the same size and
general coloration, with the sex ratio
reversed.

It is well to note that in the hybrids
there is little or no change in color from
birth to maturity as there is in both par-
ents, for in pure bred types the young at
birth are all olivaceous in color, putting
on the more brilliant hues only when
mature.

On account of lack of tank space I
was unable to segregate any particular
pairs of this first generation of hybrids
to breed from, but was obliged to keep
all the composite types in one large tank.
[I am unable, consequently, to say what
effect line breeding would have had on
the next generation. Early in September,
1919, I noticed the first young of the sec-

ond hybrid generation. They were ex-
pelled a few at a time, usually not more
than 8 or 10, which is rather at variance
with the parental species which may pro-
duce large litters within a few hours—8o
for heller1 and 40 to 50 for maculatus be-
ing not uncommon.

Out of a total of 310 young of this
second generation, 29.4 per cent., or, to
be exact, 91 individuals, reverted back
to the original types. Three were macu-
latus rubra (2 males, 1 female), and of
the 88, 40 per cent. were helleri rachovii
and 60 per cent. typical helleri. All ap-
peared to be dwarfs, not reaching half
the size of those of the composite group,
but small as they were the females show-
ed a tendency to be larger than the males,
and as close as could be determined there
were four times as many females as
males; thus in these throw-backs we see
the characteristics of the original species.

In the 219 composite fish we find for
the most part the intense black predomi-
nating, but on the other hand the red,
when it appears, 1s much more intense,
not an orange or sandy red as in the first
hybrid generation. There were also more
speckled fish than in the first generation,
which were blotched rather than speckled.
Many are solid bright red forward from
the dorsal fin with the remainder of the
body intense black, including dorsal and
tail, and reminding one very much of a
black male of Gambusia affinis; some
are light red with vertical markings of
black, and the general color scheme is
much more diverse than in the previous
generation. Thus far the sexes are about
equal in size and color, except, that the
red is lighter in the females, often sandy.
These fish are developing much more
rapidly than the first generation under
exactly the same conditions. It 1s not yet
possible to determine the ratio of the
sexes.

(Concluded on page 117)

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The Pork Fish

meme met mes

In the first of these brief fish sketches
of North American Fishes there was de-
scribed and figured a specimen of the
Yellow Grunt (Haemulon sciurus),
while the present article will be devoted
to a similar account of the Pork Fish
(Anisotremus virginicus).

This Pork Fish belongs in the same
family with the Yellow Grunt, that 1s,
in the family Haemulidae or Grunters,
which contains several other genera,
some of which will be described and fig-
ured later on in the present series. There
are about a dozen different species, per-
haps more, in the genus Anisotremus, in
so far as our fish fauna goes, while

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North American Fishes
II. “The Pork Fish (Anisotremus virginicus )

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Anisotremus virginicus

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others occur in waters south of the
American limits. The Pork Fish is not
entitled to its specific name of wirginicus,
given it by Linnaeus, as it is not found as
far north as Virginia, its range being
from Florida to Brazil. It is one of the
most abundant fishes in West Indian
waters, and constantly displayed for
sale in the fish markets of Haina, Cuba,
where I have frequently seen it among
many other interesting forms.

‘The specimen shown in my cut is from
a photograph I made of one that lived in
a tank at the New York Aquarium, and
was kindly supplied by Dr. Chas. H.
Townsend, the director of that famous

Aquatic Life

institution.

With respect to the external characters
of the Pork Fish, they are all well shown
in the cut, thus obviating the necessity of
any detailed description of them. Spe-
cial note, however, should be made of the
two anterior dark bands, one—a vertical
from the

one—extending downwards
first dorsal ray of the pectoral fin, and
the other—an oblique one—passing

downwards from the top of the head
through the eye to a point back of the
angle of the mouth. The bands are very
black and distinct in the living fish. In
front of the anterior bar, the color is of
a deep orange yellow, while between the
two bars it shades to a pearly gray, spot-
ted over with yellow, these latter merg-
ing into a yellow area above. The entire
fish is of a gray color having pearly
lustre, the body exhibiting some eight
longitudinal stripes, which are of a rich
yellow color. Fins deep yellow; iris
gray. Young specimens are very differ-
ently colored as compared with adult
ones, the principal color being a bright
yellow, while they show, as Dr. Jordan
points out, “a large round jet-black spot
at base of caudal,” with various stripes
anteriorly. (p. 1323.)

Some species of Anisotremus occur in
Pacific along our western coasts,
others along both Orem Centhall
America: of Mexico, and in the Atlantic
and Pacific Oceans off the more north-
erly coast of South America; so it will

the
coasts

be seen that the species of this genus are
of wide distribution.
OSS Se
(Concluded from page 115)

[ hope to be able to give further re-
ports in the future, as I have paired
brother and sister in the “throw-backs :”
Brother and sister by color and also un-
related individuals by color in the com-
was able to secure un-

Mr.

posite class. |

related individuals from Locke

whose hybrids are from typical helleri.

His experience has been quite similar to

mine as to color, size, “throw-backs” and

preponderance of males over females.
aie Cae

Your readers who have tried aerating
pails of fishes on long journeys will ap-
preciate the following joke, which is too
good to keep to ourselves:

A messenger from the aquarium was
conveying a collection of freshwater
fishes from the New Jersey State Hatch-
ery to the New York Aquarium, and
was, of course, kept busy aerating the
water by lifting out a dipperful now and
then and letting it fall slowly back into
the cans.

An old lady, alighting at one of the
stations, noticed him with apparent in-
terest and sympathy as she passed. On
reaching the door, she inquired solicitous-
ly of the guard, “Is that poor man in-
sane ?’—Ipa M. MELLEN, Secretary, The
New York Aquarium.

ph te Ne
Don’t slam a door within your mind;

open the door, so that ideas may go in

and out.
eG

A member of a national medical asso-
ciation tells the following story at the
expense of a physician:

“Are you sure,” an anxious patient
once asked—‘‘are you sure that I shall
recover? I have heard that doctors have
sometimes given wrong diagnoses and
treated a patient for penumonia who
afterwards died of typhoid fever.”

“You have been woefully misinform-
ed,” replied the physician indignantly. “If
I treat a man for pneumonia, he dies of

pneumonia.” —Harpers.
nll Sa Dc
Do not blow your own trumpet; nor,
which is the same thing, ask other people
te blow it. No trumpeter ever rose to
be a general—Edward Everett Hale.

Aquatic Life, 1920

Aquarium Microscopy (/*rance); A
“Tin Can’ Aquarium (Balleisen) ; Observa-
tions on the Chelonians of North America,
Part X (Shufeldt); The Stud Fishes (Saw-
yer); The Guide Book to The New York
Aquarium (Shufeldt); May Pointers, The
Microscopical Society, Notes and News.

June. Macrones vittatus (MJacd/orris) ;
An Interesting Abnormality (Tasche); Blue-
spotted Sunfish (Sawyer); Breeding Vivipa-
rous Poeciliids (Balleisen) ; Bufo halophilus
(Ruthling); The Diatomaceae (Wheeler) ;
Appropriate Names (Mellen); Boyer’s “The
Diatomaceae of Philadelphia” and_ society
news.

May.

Jury. On a Deformed Specimen of Muhlen-
berg’s Turtle (Shufeldt) ; Phalloptychus janu-
arius (Myers); Notes on Fundulus luciae
(Crawford) ; Haplochilus panchax (Brind) ;
The Red Rivulus (Myers); The Ideal Fish
Food (Heidelberger) ; An Automatic Feeding
Device for Aquaria (Breder) ; Electric Fishes,
notes and news.

Aucust. Fitzroyia lineata (Brind); The
Leafy Sea-dragon (Hale); The Red-bellied
Newt (Balleisen); Melanotaenia nigrans
(Finckh); Fundulus diaphanus (Myers) ;
Aquarian Diatoms (Boyer) ; Aquarists Col‘ect-
ing Daphnia in Philadelphia, Result of Feeding
Trout on Dried Flies, The Economy of the
Fresh-water Aquarium, etc.

SeprempBrr. North American Fishes—I. Hae-
mulon sciurus (Schufeldt) ; Tumor in a Brook
Trout (Babcock); Channa fasciata (Jnnes) ;
Notes on Hybrid Sunfishes (Hubbs) ; Experi-
ments on the Axolotl (Leney); Christian J.
Heede, The British Aquarium Society, The
South Australian Aquarium Society, Photo-
graphs of Broadtail Telescopes, cartoon, etc.

HENRY L. WAGNER
BREEDER OF TROPICAL FISHES

Fine stock of Barbus conchonius, B. Semi-
fasciolatus, Danio rerio, D. Albolineatus, D.
Malabaricus and many other species.
312 West 134th Street, New York City.
(Between 8th and St. Nicholas Avenues.)

mm me me me mm mm mm mf

Henry Kissel, Jr.

Breeder & Fancier of Broad-tail Telescopes
Good Type and Color

Plants

Some beautiful Hybrids in

Tropical Fish Snails

which I specialize.

None shipped; sales at conservatory only.

241 Walker Street, Cliffside, N. J.

Telephone, 461, Cliffside.

eb Ft 6 FS St Ps 1 6 Ss
forms 6 be 6 ts hd Pd ss

Fm em em mes a 6 Ps ee

r— me hs 6 os ss of » 9 6 BS Ps 6 Bs Rs Os i 6 Os 8 6 ig Fi 5 FS 8 8 ss Bg 6 Os i gs 5 Po ss ss,

Oc eg ss Fs

Things You Need

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Sti-B-Nw Preftk Wishfoods...0......+... 25c. Box
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Stil-B-Nu Aquarium Salts .............-. 25¢ Lox
Stil-B-Nua Needing!) Rings ....+....sseseeeeee. 15¢
Stil-B-Nu Net (small or Jarge).............- 60¢
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Kasy Ready Aquarium Thermometer........ $1.25
Rocket Magnifying (Glass... «ese eclecuc ce $1.75

Small Microscope

Large Microscope

Aquarium Cement. ...................90¢ pound
AXotAEtTN (ChIWS oooecaoconposnoenornn ae up
One of the prettiest presents you can muake

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some gold Scarf Pins, Watch Fob or Brooche,

Co. .

Scalare (scarf pin or brooche).............$7.25
Lion-head (scarf pin or brooche)...........$7.25
Telescope (reconstructed ruby eye)........$7.75
Telescope (Diamond eye).................$9.t0

Silk Fob Gold Attachment for above $2.50 extra.

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If your dealer does not carry the Stil-B-Nu Line,
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All goods are Postpaid,
exception of fish.

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427 E. Girard Avenue, Philadelphia

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our shipped with the

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PP 6 OS Ps Bs FR 6 Ps

FISH SICK?

Try Stil-B-Nu Fish Remedy for congestion. tail-
rot, fungus or the white spots on all kinds of
fishes. We have some excellent recommenda-
tions for this remedy. 25c. Box Postpaid.

PR-FK FISH FOOD

We cannot speak too highly of this food. Buy
a box today and sprinkle a little on the surface
of your aquarium (if floats) and see how your
tishes go for it. Fishes (especially tropicals) like
to feed from the surface. 25¢c. box, postpaid.

Stil-B-Nu Supply Co
427 E. Girard Avenue, Philadelphia

9 6 8 6 9 SS Os Ft is Ps ee

po Ob te ho Ff toe

Statement of the Ownership, Management,
Circulation, Etc., Required by the Act of
Congress. of August 24, 1912, of Aquatic
Life, published monthly at Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, for October 1, 1920.

State of Pennsylvania, ] ate
County of Philadelphia. ( :

Before me, a notary public in and for the

State and County aforesaid, personally ap- |

peared W. A. Poyser, who, ‘having been duly
sworn according to law, deposes and says that

he is the editor of Aquatic Lire, and that the |

following is, to the best of his knowledge and
belief, a true statement of the ownership,
management, etc., of the aforesaid publication
for the date shown in the above caption, re-
quired by the Act of August 24, 1912, embodied
in Section 443, Postal Laws and Regulations,
to wit:

That the names and addresses of the pub-
lisher, editor, managing editor and business
managers are:

Publisher—Joseph E. Bausman, 632
Girard Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.

East

Editor—W. A. Poyser, 207 South Thirty-

seventh Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

Managing Editor—None.
Business Managers—None.

That the owners are: (Give names and ad-
dresses of individual owners, or, if a corpora-
tion, give its mame and the names and ad-
dresses of stockholders owning or holding 1
per cent. or more of the total amount of
stock. )

Owners—Joseph FE. Bausman, 632 East
Girard Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa. W. A.
Poyser, 207 South Thirty-seventh Street,
Philadelphia, Pa.

That the known bondholders, mortgagees
and other security holders, owning or holding
1 per cent. or more of the total amount of
bonds, mortgages, or other securities are:
None.

W. A. POYSER, Editor.

Sworn to and subscribed before me this 21st
day of September, 1920.

(Seal) A. D. DEWEES.

My commission expires February 19, 1 21.

Wish to exchange sclected and strewn slides
of diatoms for similar preparations or slides

of any kind. Can use human pathological and

histological mounts.

Address Editor, Aquatic Life

Francis K. Christine

wishes to announce that he has fully recovered
his usual good health and pep, and is busily
engaged making up for lost time. A severe
case of blood-poisoning, which affected the
right hand, for several months prevented atten-
tion to business. Orders and correspondence
are now receiving prompt attention.

00 nom boo 00 3 0 DD hoe De Be BD De De Wb De DS BSD DB DD SB DB D3 3 3 28%

A Fine Healthy Lot of Young

Cichlasoma nigrofasciatus
If You Want Them I Have Them

OTHER TROPICALS
Broad-tail Telescopes

When In Philadelphia Look Them Over

L. W. REHBEIN
2115 HUNTING PARK AVENUE
PHILADELPHIA

LB A A A LT Ta A A TT CHa e ame, 6

BS Da Bab Lah DS Deb Dah DD BB HD BD Hed He) BA Deb Det aD De Dt De Da Hab Dah Dat aD ett DBD DD

Qeuwnne ees ‘Te DS Be DS TS BE LE DS WD LD LPAD DD NORD BS BD HD WD HD HS BS BO wD BO Be DS De DS De De We WS De eS

©,

Mesogonisteus chaetodon— The
Black-banded Sunfish. $6 and $12
per dozen.
If you mean business, send check with order
GEORGE W. PRICE
2145 South Lee Street, Philadelphia

Plant Names

and their meanings are explained and
the haunts, habits and other interesting
features of the wild flowers are dis-
cussed in

The American Botanist
Joliet, Illinois

Quarterly, $1.50 a year; sample, 25
cents. Your subscription is invited.

8 ec a 0 eT

ee CAMARA MARAE ESE PSPS SSS SHEERS PRESSED ww ee ee eee

Live Food is Nature’s Food
Give your fishes white worms, which can
be raised indoors throughout the year.
Generous portion, 60 cents, with full insttuc-
tions for propagation. (Successor to C. E.
Jenne.) W. J. WRIGHT

Bergen Avenue and Mercer Street,

Jersey City, N. J.

OPP P DDD DDD) DD DDD DD DDR DDD DD) mum RED Oe

e
Everything
for the fish fancier. A fine stock now of tropical
and goldfish, with new importations expected
daily. Manufacturers of the ‘‘Faultless Fish
Food,’’ 30 cents per box, $3.50 per pound. Sole
distributors of my new inyention, “The Faultless
Aquarium Heater.’’?’ A blue flame gas heater that
costs little to operate and keeps the air in the
room fresh. Easily installed; full instructions
with each heater. 18 inches, $3.00; 24

Price,

cee eeeae 00 De De We 2 ee We De De WS eH DW DD DT OS
RAMA MMAe CAM CRAM Mae Maa

inches, $3.50. Sent prepaid anywhere in the
U. S. and Canada. Cash with order. The Long
Island Aquarium Fish Hatchery
HUGO C. NELLES
proprietor, 167 East 32nd street, New York
City. :
(62,00 mp np 008 0 0D DDD 2 WD HH HW OL

Be sn ss

Tropical Fishes !

a fine, large stock of Danio malabaricus
other species of Danio. (The most sprightly
aquarium fishes) Haplochilus, Parbus, Mouth-
breeders and many other beautiful fishes. /

and

August Obermuller

Breeder and Fancier of Telescopes and Tropicals
96 Columbia Avenue, Jersey City Heights, N. J.

visitors welcome at conseryatory
afternoon and on Sunday.

5 6 6 Ps Ss Ps Ss ts

any Saturday

26 Os Os Os eS

TROPICAL FISHES
Write for Price List

Oscar Leitholf, 281 Southern Avenue

Pittsburgh, Pa.

pc so ac ee es

Mack’s Superior
Fishfood

has proven itself to be the best Fish Food on
the market for goldfish as well as tropical fish.
Put up as fvllows:

No 1—lor all Fry or Newly-born Baby. Fish.

No. 2—I"or Guppies, Danios, ete.
No. 3—For laradise, Goldfish. ete.
October 238, 1918.
The Peptoast Co., New York City.
My dear. Mr. Mack: Enclosed please find

cheek, for which send me eight boxes of ‘‘Mack’s
Superior Fish Food’’ No. 8, one box of No. 2,
and one box No. 1. If there is any extra charge
fur postage, kindly let me know.
Yours very truly.

(Og) Wile) 1B65

South Orange, N. J.
Santurece, Porto Rico, July 28, 1920.
The Peptoast Co., 415 East 148th St., N. Y.

to the amount of $5.00, for which piease send
me $500 worth of Mack’s Superior Fish Food
Nos. 1, 2) 33

Very truly yours,

MRS. W. A. McK.

Santuree, Porto Rico, Aug. 26. 1920.

The Peptoast Co... 415 East 148th St., N. Y.

Gentlemen: Enclosed please find money order
for $5.00. for which please send me your Su-
perior Fish Food, also two cans of Baby Fish
Food.
truly yours,

MRS. W. A.

Very
McK.

Price 25 cents, by mail, 30 cents
Sold in bulk to breeders

The Peptoast Company
415 East 148th St. New York City.

9 8 6 OS a 6 BR 6 6 5 0 6

|!
(
(
|
(
|
|
Gentlemen: Enclosed please find money order
|!
(
!
(
|
&&%

6 Sa 6 BR 6 BG Os 8 sO 6 Ps PE Os BF Ss Bs & |

pm pg es ss Ps

<a 6 8 6 as Ps Bo Ps Bs Fs 8s Rs Fs 6 Bs Bs Os Ps Bs Fs Ss ss ee ees

Make $10
With $5

I guarantee you can do this easily
with
Welke’s
Fishfood

at 20 cents a box

I also guarantee you can make 50

per cent on the dollar on my
book

The Practical Fish
Fancier

retailing at $1.50

Futhermore
I will pay you well to sell my fish photos:

Eighty species, natural size, taken from
life,. plain and colored prints. I want

W.L. Brind

1504 EAST 53RD STREET
CHICAGO

a Bf OO A A PP Fd Ph GP Of

co ss ss se

The Englewood Fancy Goldfish Hatchery

Japanese Toy Breeds in a variety of colors.

Sales at hatchery only—none shipped. Visitors
welcome Saturday afternoon, Sunday and
Holidays. Phone, Wentworth 1118.

ANTHONY A. MAINA, 6711 Parnell Avenue, Chicago, Ill.

mms 5 6B 6 FB 6 a
s

SB 6 as 9s Bs Fs

Something New!

Heated Closet for Aquariums!

An excellent arrangement in which to
keep and breed tropical fishes through
winter and summer

Plants Fishes

Aquariums

MAX NIEMAND

743 Eleventh Avenue, Long Island City
New York

ac
|
|
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(
|
|

4
& a es Fe 5S ge A A

42000 CD 900 30009003900 G900 C900 F900 000 GS000 T5900 HD900T— 000 T5000 C5000 TS 006

The Diatomaceae of Philadelphia and Vicinity
By CHARLES Ss! BOVMERWAQ ME Re Mes:

The most recent book of the diatoms, and one that is serviceable over a far greater
area than is indicated by the title. A fascinating subject properly treated. More
than 700 illustrations, enlarged 800 diameters, from original drawings by the author,
adequately supplement the text. Methods of collecting, preparing, mounting and
examining diatomaceous material are given. The work contains 143 pages, 9 by 12
inches, not including the full-page plates, with complete index. Price, bound in art
vellum cloth, $5.00.

The Book Department :; Aquatic Life

%.000C > 000C 000000 00c M000

JULIUS RIEWE
BREEDER AND FANCIER OF TROPICAL FISHES |
3519 Costello Avenue, Chicago, Ill. |

Fine stock of Danio malabaricus, D. alboline-
atus, D. rerio, Barbus conchonius, B. semifas-
ciolatus, B. ticto and many other kinds of

tropical fishes. None shipped. Telephone Bel- | Circular on above products
mont 5092.

Robert J. Schaeffer :: /21,Montour Street

S, O. S. a new food for Gold-
fish and Tropicals. The un-
consumed food developing into
infusoria.

S, O. S. 35c box; by mail 38c
Magic (Infusoria) 50c postpaid
Yogi Fishfood 15c; by mail 17c
Yogi by lb 75c; ad postage
Yogi 101b lots 65c; ad postage

S. O. S.

FISH FOOD
MANUFACTURED BY
ROBERT J. SCHAEFFER
PHILA, PA.

THREE MILLION GOLDFISH

Buy from the breeder with 107 acres of ponds.
“Bug Food’ for all fishes. Output in 1919 over
300,000 boxes. Per box, by mail, 17 cents; pint,

For Sale

An aquarium manufacturing works,
equipped goldfish and supply outfit.
operated successfully for eighteen years.

with fully
Has been
No

by mail, $2.00; quart, $3.75. Climbing Perch better or finer aquariums made. Must be sold
from India, 2 for $4.00; 4 for $7.50; 6 for $10.00. at once to permit the owner to give entire
Putnam Fisheries Office, 462 Washington attention to other important business. Write
street, Buffalo, N. Y. for full particulars.

Pioneer Aquarium Works. Racine, Wisconsin

“AQUARIA FISH”’

A practical work on care and breeding of
fish in the aquarium, greenhouse and out-
door ponds. Finely illustrated.

Everyone interested in keeping fish should
send for a copy of this book. Price, $1.00.

F. L. TAPPAN, Route 2, Hopkins, Minn

Sale or Exchange
Surplus Stock of Rare and Fancy Fish
Plants of All Kinds

G. Germann, 0. D. 3823 N. Richmond St. Chicago

Monticello 6864.

Phone:

CSCO C900 C0008 CH) 000 C000 C—— 7000 ———— 000 ——Dc000C———D000c——000c,

§§ CRESCENT FISH FARM

TROPICALS!

Mollienisia latipinna, per dozen, $4.00

Lotus tubers, 50c each

[oe OSS 0 00 1 0 0 OOO SSS

| Ema oem aL a

FOODS!

Vallisneria spiralis, wide leaf, 60c dozen; Narrow leaf 30c dozen

Japanese Snails, $1.00 and $2.00 dozen
Shrimp - pure shelled shrimp only - the best fishfood $1.10 pound

CRESCENT FISH FARM, 1624 Mandeville Street, New Orleans, La.

PLANTS!

Shipping cans 50 cents each

Se ee

SRYTHING Is FISH THAT COMES

TO. THE NET OF A NATURALIST: |

‘Don’t ‘paddle in the water with one hand and
‘blind with both eyes. In other words,
‘keep your eves opén”’ for all nature.

~ Our Magazine

Oe Guive to Mature
Will Help You

t ie eetteed by EDWARD F. BIGELOW, who
shes in the heavens and earth, as well as the
waters’ under ithe: earth.

One Year, $7.50

“THE AGASSIZ ASSOCIATION
“> AreAdiA

Connecticut

OLDFISH

1,500,000 __ |
PLAIN: o FANCY

; Ready ‘tor - market at roe Cvotlore prices, -
“ped anywhere in United States or Canada.
ioe our illustrated. oe ICs

- Ship-
Write

-3057 - +3761 Socsage Grove As ekus.
: - Chicago, Mlincis.

$15.00 Each

Pterophyllum Scalare

(ANGEL FISH)
THE HANDSOMEST FISH THAT SWIMS

We have succeeded in raising some of -these rare
and beautiful fish and can now offer them to fish
lovers at $15.00 each. About size of cut

FRANKLIN PARTS

COOT——— 000000 C000 C00 000

| 401 to 417 E. Wyoming Avenue ;, Philadelphia

“WANT ED

- Books, papers (cesehata) and copies of period-
icals containing articles on-diatoms, any lan-
/ guage, any date.

‘Quote price.

Address Editor, Aquatic Life

es nennnmne fonmeccenne

Sourest of c fisveries:

Official Government Indorsement

A CREATION, ‘The: New Infusoria

eee ~ 00

$2.00 and $3. 00 Pair
“Tails guaranteed

= peas Sy

Dwarf Gouramies lors
Do not send stamps |

Wee Se Ee s ae

i sain ore reer ee

ee eG,

. Mr: Kish Fancier:

ar As my regular business now permits me to
‘devote’ many hours to the ‘care of my fishes,
all aquarists. who have had dealings with me
in the past will be glad to know that I am
back with as fine a collection of tropical and
goldfish’ as. ‘has ever been offered for sale to
the public.

At the last exhibition of The Ridgewood
- Aquarium: Society the stock I am breeding from
won. for me the large silyer cup for the best
and largest display of tropical fishes, two silver
medals, 26 first and 15 second prizes.

Other than. fishes, I have for sale a splendid
line of Aquaria, Plants, Snails, Nets and sundry
supplies, and my .‘‘Faultless Fish Food’ at
reasonable. prices.

My conservatory will be known as The Long
Island Aquarium Fish Hatchery. For the con-
venience of my out-of-town. as well as local
friends and patrons who may care to yisit me,
T-have located it at 167 Hast 32nd street, corner
“of 3rd Avenue, New York City, which has ex-
ceptional transit facilities.

Hoping to have the pleasure of meeting you
at my new ples: in ‘the near future, I Deg to
remain :

ooo ——— 000 ——— 000 900000 ——> 000 a 006 Sa

Vers truly ‘yours,

HUGO C. NELLES.

——

JN ee

Common Diatoms
A Recent Work by Thomas K,
Mellor, F. R. A. S.

with an introduction and 400 drawings on seyen

plates; paper covers. Published in England.
Copies will be imported on order, six weeks re-
quired for delivery.

PRICE, $1.50
Aquatic Life Book Department

a :

JAPANESE GOLDFISH
By DR. HUGH M. SMITH

- A guide to the methods of breeding
fancy goldfish practiced in Japan. The
result of the personal investigations |
of the author.

trated in color, _with numerous text
cuts; 112 pages:

$|3. 50 Postage Paid
Address Aquatic Life __

| HERMAN RABENAU, Aquarist
PERMANENT DISPLAY OF
Aquatic Life & Terraria

must be seen to be appreciated
Visitors Welcome
Plants and Tropical Fish a Specialty |
Importations of New Varieties received
regularly
1163 Myrtle Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Near Broadway.

GOLDFISH, FOODS, PLANTS, DIP NETS
Combination Natural Fish Food - Sample Box 10c

Japanese Shrimp Fish Food -

Baby Fish Food Sample Box 15c

Imported Dried Daphnia Sample Jar 35c
Mail Orders Promptly Attended to

Special Prices on Quantity Lots.
Cash With Order,

Catalogue Sent Upon Request.

AQUARIUM STOCK CO
174 Chambers Street New York City

- Sample Can 15c

‘<> 0

Ten breeds are illus- 8

HARRY. P, PETERS
1210 N. Warnock Street, Philadelphia, Pa 8.
BREEDER AND IMPORTER.
Rare. and Fancy Fish —

Plants of every variety, eSrasls and
Ueen Supplies. of all- kinds at. all

MANUFACTURER OF.

_ Green River Fish Food
15¢ Box

Green River Baby Fish Food ae =
- 20c Box ~~

A GOOD FISH FOOD is one OE ‘the
most essential things necessary to =
-keep fish in good health. After ‘the
test of years Green. River stands out
as the best food on the market. Tt.
keeps the fish in good color by. pro-
-moting a healthy, robust growth. It
will not sour ot cloud the water. Ask

Ie pmpping. Cans 50 cents

q your dealer or send for it ttedey, Rep

OOO

Young = =

All Colors $5.00 Dozen Up

Large assortment of Splendid Telescopes |

and Jap Goldfish at Reasonable Pan | =
HARRY P. PETERS 5
1210 NORTH WARNOCK STREET 2
PHILADELPHIA f

CO0000 C080 CS C000 COC O00 C506 _- ee ps

Nippon Goldfish Go!
1919 Bush Street,
Tabor ters and Dealers
FANCY GOLD-FISH §.
AND ALL SUPPLIES8

Wholesale and Retail
Price List Sent on Request

San Francisco, Cal.

D000 3000000000800... 000000000 C00

. ‘ . —

_ $ ‘. . ; _ i . Y v2 ;

i: P. LOVERING

AQUARIST
WILMINGTON, NORTH CAROLINA “

Se 6 Ad st GO ego

Aquatic Wife
Vol. V Noyeinhes {|| | No. 11
An sate Ua vhs Ix ae ie a devote

the study, daré dating, af, Ashes gad ther
animals and plants in the home Be OUeeAT a: and

W. A. POYSER, F. RB. M. S., .....-0. EDITOR. Snakes and Her :

JOSEPH E. BAUSMAN ........... PUBLISHER a Repti les

632 East Girard Avenue .......... accept —————

’ re

a Tee ee New Varieties Aquatic Plants ie
Choice and Rare Specimens
Snakes and Reptiles

_ Tropical Fishes

Entered as second-class_ antter: era aoe 2d;.
1915, at the Post Cflice, Philadelphie, Pa., under
Act of March 3d, 1879.

Popular and scientific articles and notes on ees
jects perteining to the aquarium and terrarium,
und to the héebits of fishes in general, are: always
wanted for ‘‘Aquatic Life.’’* Readers are invited
to join in making it a medium of mutual help by
contributing to it the results of their studies.
Phe pages are always open to anyone haying in-
formation of interest to the aquarist and student
of aquatic biology. Mauuseripts, books for re-
view and general correspondence should be = ad-
dressed to the editor. -

“Aquatic Life’? has the largest circulation of
any magazine in the world deyoted to aquatic
nature study. It offers te :dvertisers a market
that can be recched through no other medium.
Rates\made known on application.

‘Fundulus nottii, $1.50 per pair.

_Elassoma evergladei, $1.75 per pair.
Heterandria formosa, $1.00 per pair.
M. chaetodon, 50c each | =i
Small turtles, $1.25 per dozen.
Newts, $1,00 per dozen.

YEARLY SUBSCRIPTION .............. a #1 25 Wholesale to dealers. =<
FOREIGN SUBSCRIPTION |....0......0.4 1.50 gre patatcne
SINGLE. COPY0 00.5885. & ee aaa edo

Payments should be made by money order, draft
or registered letter. If local checks are sent,’ ten
eents should be added for collection charges, For-
eign remittances. should) be by international

The Venus’ Flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) ;
The plant that feeds on insects

a . x n

money order. 9 ; ; Aaa
Copyright 1921 by Joseph E. Bausman, aint ; $1.00 Dozen — S :

Se PFS FT Ts FS Ps Fs Fe Pd es Pn 0 a Ps Ps

é Patented

The Peerless Aquarium November 9, ee

Made in 10 For Sale

a om
U. Oe A.

Larger Sizes and fe ay

to Order 7 Can ata

Manufactured by J. J. HALTERBECK CO, Inc. {
170 - 172 TWELFTH AVENUE, ASTORIA, L. Tonys :

Ot OR Ts Os Ot Oe ot Os Oi

:
:

remade 0 9teat --9 sir aem2ons

bi eal tel

4 |

Moet!

Striped Moharra

Smee ee es ame OS C6 FR 5 SS Fs Fe 6 Os Os Ss

Insofar as I am aware, the fish here to
be described has not yet been figured, nor
does it appear to have received a ver-
nacular name. This being the case, I pro-
pose to call it the Striped Moharra
(Gerres embryx), Jordan and Starks. Its
characters are presented in some detail
in the “Fishes of North and Middle
America” by Jordan and Evermann in
Part II, p. 1379, where it is described as
a “new species.” This fish sometimes
occurs in the fish markets of Washing-
ton, where it is called the ‘Silver Perch,”
and it was from a specimen obtained there
that I made the negative from which the

cut here presented was made. Its spe-

= Fa 6 Ps FS Ps Be Ps PG Bs Ss Ps Fs Bt Ps Es Ss Oe Sts Os Bs Bs Ss Ss Bs Ys Ps

BR 6 BR OS OS 8 Pe 6 BE 8 FP 8 PP 8 BB 5 Os Bs Fs ss oo Ss es

9 Sa Ss SF SS Fs FA Fs Fs Fs Fs FS FS SF Fs fs Ps Se 4S 4 Fs Sg 6 Fe ¥

North American Fishes
Ill. “The Striped Moharra (Gerres embryx)

iy WS OMURELDT; Mo D:, G: M. Z. S:

PS NT

RISC ae ee a a Re et tO AT es ole

Gerres embryx

a a | a ee ee

cific name embry. is from two Greek
words meaning in the ocean depths, and
Jordan and Evermann say of it “length
Coast of South Carolina, in
rather deep water, in company with Cal-
amus leucosteus, Centropristes philadel-
phicus, Larimus faciatus, and Stellifer
lanceolatus. Here described from a speci-
mene CNOn 440. 18-255 jreWnive Minis.) Te
inches long, taken at Charleston, by Mr.
@hanless@y Beslies A(ma013705)4" Oathese
authors the family Gerridaes (No. C L I
I L) contained the Mojarras and Mejarri-
tas, with fishes bearing several other

about a foot.

names.
The Gerridea stand between the fami-

WG)

Aquatic Life

lies Moendae and Ky phosidae of the group
Percoidea of the teleostean fishes, and
the general form of many of them is well
exemplified by the subject of the present
sketch. My photograph of Gerres em-
bry.x, here reproduced, presents the form
and
that
ren-

so accurately, with the character
shape of its fins and its scalation,
any description along these lines is
dered quite unnecessary.

In the upper jaw the teeth are mmute,
movable, and slender, there beg none
in the lower jaw; while, as Doctor Jordan
points out, the pharyngeals have ar oes ae
blunt, pebble-like teeth on the middle, and
small, sharp, conical teeth on the outer
edge.” There are from seven to four-
teen short gill-rakers, and four or five
rows of scales on the cheeks, with none
on the lower jaw.

This is a silvery fish, palest ventrad,
with a darker shade along the back. Ten
or eleven dark, narrow stripes run down
on either side; one of these covers the
lateral line, those above it being parallel
therewith ; those below are nearly straight.
There is a black spot on the tip of the
snout above, while the superior fins are
dusky in color; as a rule the ventral ones
are lacking in all color. Jordan describes
some seven other species of Gerres, and
they occur on both coasts of the Americas.

ais ea

In December, Chicago was honored
with the meeting of the American Asso-
ciation for the Advancement of Science,
and it was probably the greatest assembly
in the history of the organization. Hun-
dreds of investigators from all parts of
the
search, talk over old times and lay plans

realm met to confer on recent re-

for the future. “The membership includes
the great men of the day in science, and
the men to whom the world turned for
aid in the great war.

Believing that all good things should

not be confined to a limited circle, the
Chicago Aquarium Society invited some
of these men to its rooms in the Keedy
Studio, that they of the scientific world
might rub elbows with business men with
whom science is a hobby. And a mighty
friendly rubbing it was, our guests rep-
resenting the zoological departments of
seven universities. With us were Dr.
Henry B. Ward, Prof. Frank Smith and
Dime Wang Cleave: ofetienUimiversity,
of Illinois; Dis. (George Ra a Rue; ASI:
Ruthven, Peter Ukkelberg, Paul 5S. Welch
and Carl Hubbs, of the University of
Michigan; Dr. Raymond C. Osborn, Uni-
versity of Ohio, and Director of the Bio-
logical Station at Put-in-bay; Dr. Van
Austin, of the University of Wisconsin ;
Dr. Guberlet, of the Oklahoma Agricul-
tural Station; Dr. E. H. Brandquist, of
Northwestern University, and Prof. M.
H. Stoll, of Detroit Junior College.

We showed them our pets and swapped
fish stories. Dr. Ward, who has done
government fishing in Alaska; Dr. Os-
borne, famous for work with Great
Lakes fishes, and Dr. Ruthven, who has
seen fabulous snakes in South America,
made points for their side. The aquarists
were ably represented by Dr. George H.
Cleveland, of the Chicago Fisherman’s
Club; the well-known Chicago Guy—
Guernsey—and our president, Dr. H. G.
Champlin. After a moist intermission,
honorary memberships were presented to
Dr. Ward, Dr. La Rue, Floyd S. Young,
Guy Guernsey, Carl Hubbs, C. B. Whit-
ford and I. J. Ackerman for deeds and
activities in advancing aquarian science
and the welfare of the society.

The gathering was then transported to
the Orpheum Theatre, in the Loop, for a
private exhibition by Mr. William P.
Orsinger of five reels of aquatic life and
deep sea animals. December 29 is marked
a red letter day in the annals of the Chi-
cago Aquarium Society.

(The Red Salamander

| E. R. DUNN
l
ne
*p

Red Salamander

The red salamander, Spelerpes ruber
(Daudin), ranges throughout the eastern
half of the United States. It is, however,
local in its distribution, being very
common in certain places, and decidedly
rare in others seemingly as suitable in a
single neighborhood. It is more aquatic
than others of our eastern salamanders,
preferring cold springs to any other
habitat. Here they may sometimes be
found in great numbers. I have taken at
least 68 from a single swamp spring near
Haverford College, Pennsylvania.

In the natural state its food is small
earthworms and sowbugs. In one speci-
men I found a caterpillar of the army
worm. In captivity it will eat finely
chopped beef. Large larvae will eat very
small ones.

The identification of the adult is an

LS FS FS FS FS DSP 6 BS Bg BS BS FS Fs SF 6 Bs SS SS BS Fa 6 SS 6 is Fh Si 6 Sg 5 Ss

Spelerpes ruber

tt pe Pt

It cannot be mistaken for
any of the salamanders of the Northeast,
except Gyrinophilus porphyriticus, which
is larger, more uniform in color, and re-
stricted to the Alleghenies. The adult
ruber reaches 5% inches. The ground
The upper surface
is crowded with black spots which are

easy matter.

color is a clear red.

sharply defined in the small specimens,
but in old and large animals are out-
lined with dusky, which may obscure the
ground color on the back. In the young
the belly is unspotted, but very fine black
spots appear with age. The tail is about
two-fifths the total length.

The larvae are more difficult to iden-
tify. The ground color is white, and the
pigment is uniformly distributed over the
dorsal surface, except for a few small
spots called pigmentless areas, which are

Aquatic Lite

They
reach a large size before transforming
and probably spend two years in the
larval The breeding period is probably
in the early spring, and the transforma-
tion takes place in the late spring and

of service in identifying larvae.

early summer.

Around Philadelphia they are likely to
be confused with the larvae of the Two-
lined Salamander, Spelerpes bilineatus.
These reach 70 mm. before transforma-
tion, and adults of 48 mm. have been
found. Larvae ruber reach 110 mm.
and adults of 80 mm. have been noted.

The smallest positively identified ruber
I have are 50 mm. long. In comparison
with bilineatus larvae of the same size
they are much more uniformly dark.
Larvae of bilineatus always have two
rows of large light spots on the back. In
ruber the spots are few and very small.
In bilineatus at 50 mm. the pigment
for the lateral dark lines has begun to
sides of these light spots,
an approach to the adult

collect on the
thus showing
coloration.

At 79 mm. ruber is much more robust
than bilineatus, and its coloration is the
same as at 50 mm., while bilineatus shows
a much closer approximation to the adult,
in fact 70 mm. is an extreme length for
larval bilineatus and few reach it. Ruber
generally transforms at a length of 90
mm. External conditions, however, mod-
ify the size at transformation.

In regard to keeping ruber in the aqua-
rium, I can only say that it is very hardy
and will live indefinitely with little or no
care. ‘The larvae will live best in very
shallow water. I have never tried keep-
ing them in balanced aquaria. The adults
should have easy egress from the water.

ge Teg Ban

To convince you must believe.

A rolling stone gathers no moss, and,
on the other hand, no rust either.

British Aquarium Society

A meeting of the above Society was held
at 4, Fetter-lane, on Friday, January 21.
The chair was occupied by the president,
ME Weel) Webster hs Re Min Se eAuletter
from the editor of Country Life, in which
he related his experience in regard to fish
taking mosquito pupae as food, was read
by the President.

The principal business of the meeting
was a lecture, illustrated by lantern slides,
on “British Fresh Water Leeches,”’ by
Mr. H. Whitehead, B. Sc., of the Essex
County Museum. The natural feeling
towards leeches is one of repulsion, due,
probably, to its reputation for blood-suck-
ing. It was comforting then to hear that
the medicinal leech is the only British spe-
cies which is able to pierce the skin of
mammals. Of the fourteen species found
in Great Britain, three only are marine,
and eleven are found in fresh water. Of
the British fresh water leeches, only two
species attack fresh water fish—(Pisct-
cola geometra and Hemuclepsis margin-
ata )—a point of special interest to mem-
bers of this society. Others prey upon
worms, aquatic larvae, newts, frogs and
sickly fish. The young leeches have many
enemies, among which are moles, shrews,
ducks, storks and

voles, hedgehogs,

herons. Certain fish, and aquatic larvae
(Hydrophilus) doa great deal of damage.
Their own kind attack them, and even the
harmless snail-leeches suck them when
tender.

All

self-fertilization does not take place. The

leeches are hermaphrodite, but

eggs are carried in the clitellum which,
when deposited, forms a cocoon.

By the aid of an interesting lantern
slide, the leech was compared and con-
trasted with the earthworm. Fresh water
leeches are found in ponds and streams,
under the leaves of planks, and under
Concluded on page 123

es a gg gd FS SG BT 4 Fk 8 FB FB ho 6 Fs Ps Hs Ps Fs

a es sg se es es

The Mexican Swordtail

GEORGE S. MYERS

ss es es es

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The Mexican Swordtail, Xiphophorus
hellert, was described and named by the
naturalist Heckel in 1848. It occurs ex-
tensively Southern Mexico and
Central America to Venezuela in com-
pany with Platypoecilia, Mollienisia,
Poecilia and other members of the group
of live-bearing tooth-carps familiar to
aquarists. It was first secured by German
aquarists in 1909 and was brought to this
country about a year later. It soon be-
came popular and is now the most easily
procured exotic aquarium fish. Beautiful
coloration and interesting breeding habits
made friends for it everywhere.

from

Typical male of Xiphophorus helleri (upper ) and two variants

9S FG Os Os Og BS PS es Os Ft Ps Bs Bs 8 Ps Ps Bs i 6 i ss ee,

Pp a pe es ee

The body, in the male, is an intense
silvery-blue which in some specimens
shows a decided greenish tinge. Along
the side, ending at the tail-fin, is a red or
reddish line. The dorsal fin is large, re-
minding one of Mollienisia, and marked
with dots of claret. The gill-covers are
bright silver-blue. The

longation of the lower rays of the tail,

sword, a_ pro-
is in some individuals a metallic peacock
green, and in others yellow or bright
In all cases it is outlned with
Fish bred from stock brought

orange.
black.

from Venezuela have in addition to the
usual red lateral stripe, a wide reddish-

123

Aquatic Rite

gold band on each side of it, above and
below being metallic blue. The sword is
intense yellow-green. The general color-
ation of the female is similar but not so
vivid, and she lacks the sword-like ex-
tension of the tail. Her dorsal fin is
somewhat smaller.

Individuals vary considerably in size,
due mainly to environment and foods.
\When a litter is given plenty of room,
abundant and proper food and adequate
warmth, large and sturdy specimens will
result. On the other hand if crowded
and poorly fed they will be scrawny and
small. In nature it attains a large size
for a cyprniodout, a male (including the
sword) reaching 6% inches, the female a
trifle less. The average size for a mature
aquarium grown fish is 314 inches. This
does not mean that large ones cannot be
grown in home aquaria. The writer has
in his collection a male, grown in a 24-
inch tank, that measures 634 inches in all.

The number of young in a litter varies
with the size of the female, large ones
having families of a hundred or more. If
well fed the fry will mature in four to
five months. The best food is daphne, and
this is practically essential to rearing large
specimens in the aquarium. When ma-
ture the fish may be given dried foods,
such as dahpne, shrimp and similar sub-
stances.

The swordtail does not thrive at tem-
peratures under 65 or over 80 degrees, 70
to 75 being the happy medium at which
it will afford no end of amusement and
pleasure to its possessor.

of ean
Concluded from page 121
stones and logs. By the alternate applica-
tion of their two sucker-like discs, they
are able to travel from one solid body
to another. One species (Arhynchob-
delloe )
fashion. Of

are able to swim in an eel-like

the British fresh-water

leeches, one division possesses a tube-like,
telescopic proboscis. ‘This organ is absent
in the other division, but some of its
members possess instead a rasp-like tri-
cuspid jaw. To the former division be-
long the Fish-leech (Piscicola geometra)
and the Chequered-leech (Protoclepsis
tessellata), to the latter, the Horse-leech
(Hoemopsis sanguisuga ), which does not
attack horses, the medicinal leech (Hirudo
and Dutrochets = Weech
(Trocheta subviridis).

Leech farming does not seem to have

medicinalis )

been practiced in England, although dur-
ing the first half of the nineteenth cen-
tury, the medicinal leech was a favorite
jor blood-letting. The French,
however, specialized in leech-culture, too

agent

often at the expense of poor decrepit
horses.

Today—our lecturer informed us—
leeches are still used in the East-end of
London by the alien population in cases
of neuralgia, gumboils, ete. The non-
alien population sometimes use them for
curing “‘black-eyes.”

Leeches which attack fresh water fish
are very active. The Fish-leech attaches
itself to weeds and stones by the posterior
suckers and waves its body about until
prey comes within its reach. It can swim
well, and it attacks most species of fresh
water fish, and may remain on its host
for some days. It is fairly common in
trout fisheries.

FHemiclepsis marginata is a fairly active
leech, but is unable to swim. It is para-
sitic upon fish. It is an agent in the trans-
mission of certain trypanosomes which
infest fish.
tach themselves to the mother and leave
This leech

On hatching, the young at-

her about three weeks later.
can be distinguished from the Fish-leech
by the seven logitudinal rows of yellow
spots which run along the back. The
ventral surface 1s without spots.

Everything

for the fish fancier. A fine stock now of tropical

and goldfish, with new importations expected
daily. Manufacturers of the ‘“‘Faultless Fish
Food,’ 30 cents per box, $38.50 per pound. Sole

new invention, ‘“‘The Faultless
A blue flame gas heater that
and keeps the air in the
full instructions
inches, $3.00; 24
anywhere in the
The Long

distributors of my
Aquarium Heater.’
costs little to operate
room fresh. Easily
with each heater. Price, 18
inches, $3.50. Sent prepaid
U. S. and Canada. Cash with order.
Island Aquarium Fish Hatchery
HUGO C. NELLES
167 East 32nd _ street,

installed;

proprietor, New York

City.

a? FP SS Os 6 Fs Ss Ss

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mROPICAL FISHES
Write for Price List
Oscar Leitholf, 281 Southern Avenue
Pittsburgh, Pa.

The Englewood Fancy Goldfish Hatchery

Japanese Toy Breeds in a variety of colors.
Sales at hatchery only—none shipped. Visitors
welcome Saturday afternoon, Sunday and |
Holidays. Phone, Wentworth 1118.

ANTHONY A. MAINA, 6711 Parnell Avenue, Chicago, Ill.

Live Foods is Nature s irood

Give your fishes white worms, which can
be raised indoors throughout the year.
Generous portion, 60 cents, with full instruc-
tions for propagation. (Successor to C. E.
Jenne.) W. J. WRIGHT
Bergen Avenue and Mercer Street,
Jersey City, N. J.

Cichlasoma nigrofasciatzs
of the Cichlid Groups
Broad-tail Telescopes

L. W. REHBEIN

2115 HUNTING PARK AVENUE
PHILADELPHIA

“Jack Dempsey”
Tropicals

pm mm mm mcf

Henry Kissel, lhe.

Breeder & Fancier of Broad-tail Telescopes
Good Type and Color

Plants

Some beautiful Hybrids in

Tropical Fish Snails

which I specialize.

None shipped;

241 Walker Street, Cliffside, N. J.

sales at conservatory only.

Telephone, 461, Cliffside.

PL 6 Pa 6 Fs FF SF Ps Ss

Pe SA 6 Ft 6 Pe SF 6 be Bt

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Things You Need

Stil-B-Nu Fishfood (coarse or fine).....20¢ 30X
SUL DBINMe ert ice HABU LOOM erste ale eisiciele 25c. Box
Stil-B-Nu Shrimp (coarse or fine)......25¢. Box
Shredded=Sh rity aves cieveveteresevevevatetettereierets oo eee 25¢
Stil-B-Nu Infusoria Culture ............! 0c Box
Stil-B-Nu Remedy for Sick Fishes......25¢ Box
Stil-B-Nu Aquarium Salts .............. 25¢e Tox
SUlLB-Nusweeding: Ringsusmesisetessteiee eeieeiene 15¢
Stil-B-Nu Net (small or large)............- 60K
Stil-B-Nu Aquarium Scraper ............-...p0¢
Easy Ready Aquarium Thermometer........ $1.25
Pocket Magnitying Glass: <siaesieciene ne slnie
Small Microscope

Large Microscope

JAGILEEIIT OOMEIME Sogeasogosaueosoeool a0C nonnd
ANG WEVA, CHIE obousoodoancausuc dace a0ec. up
One of the prettiest presents you can make
yourself or aquavist friends is one of our hand-
some gold Scarf Pins, Watch Fob or Brooche.

Scalare (scarf pin or brooche).............$7.25
Lion-head (scarf pin or brooche) 25
Telescope (reconstructed ruby eye)........$7.75
Telescope (Diamond eye)...............+-$9.70

Silk Fob Gold Attachment for aboye $2.50 extra.

JAPANESE NOVELTIES.

Jap einen see bULNELSeEE er aicicrrcieieencet ioe 60¢
Jap Castles Incense Burners................. $5e
Saher Ibs? WANS Sabb ccacsocc0ooucduCaoKo OO
MXN ILO HGP So oooooguddunsoemounne douse
Japanese Hand-painted Scene, nicely framed.$1.50
FISH, PLANTS, SNAILS.

Japanese Smee ee opactocedcccoccsoc 65 25e each
Red Rams Horn Snails.................25¢ each
If your dealer does not carry the Stil-B-Nu Line,
send to us direct. We give your order prompt
attention or refund your money promptly.

All our goods are shipped Postpaid, with the

exception of fish.

STIL-B-NU SUPPLY CO
427 E. Girard Avenue, Philadelphia

6 9 PE OPS YR 6 PE SSS BS PG BS PS DS FS PS BG Ps BR BS BS BS PS OS Bd PS Be CP GOS BS Ps Pd Fs i Ss
tetas ee i eet kk) eal i, 2 ee i ee

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moms FL 6 Pa SF CF SF Ss SS 6 ¥

FISH SICK ?

Try Stil-B-Nu Fish Remedy for congestion. tail-
rot, fungus or the white spots on all kinds of
fishes. We have some excellent recommenda-
tions for this remedy. 25¢. Box Postpaid.

PR-FK FISH FOOD

We cannot speak too highly of this food. Buy
a box today and sprinkle a little on the surface
of your aquarium (it floats) and see how your
fishes go for it. Fishes (especially tropicals) like
to feed from the surface. 25¢. box, postpaid.

Stil-B-Nu Supply Co
427 E. Girard Avenue, Philadelphia

a 6 6 6 Ss Os 6 as es a me

Mme mt mses
Pt ss tt

50005000 —5 300 ACM 900 D000 000C > 0

Something New!

Heated Closet for Aquariums!

An excellent arrangement in which to
keep and breed tropical fishes through
winter and summer

Plants Fishes

Aquariums:

MAX NIEMAND

743 Eleventh Avenue, Long Island City
New York

[5000 [S500 T5 500 CCS 0090 MH 000000 CS :

JULIUS RIEWE

5000 C000 000000 000c—

\/
9

BREEDER AND FANCIER OF TROPICAL FISHES |

3519 Costello Avenue, Chicago, Ill.

Fine stock of Danio malabaricus, D. alboline-
atus, D. rerio, Barbus conchonius,
ciolatus, B. ticto and many other kinds of
tropical fishes. None shipped. Telephone Bel-

mont 5092.

THREE MILLION GOLDFISH

Buy from the breeder with 107 acres of ponds.
“Bug Food” for all fishes. Output in 1919 over
300,000 boxes. Per box, by mail, 17 cents; pint,
by mail, $2.00; quart, $3.75. Climbing Perch
from India, 2 for $4.00; 4 for $7.50; 6 for $10.00.
Putnam Fisheries, Office, 462 Washington
street, Buffalo, N. Y.

-““AQUARIA FISH”’

A practical work on care and breeding of
fish in the aquarium, greenhouse and out-
door ponds. Finely illustrated.

Everyone interested in keeping fish should
send for a copy of this book. Price, $1.00.

F. L. TAPPAN, Route 2, ee aaa Minn

000-000-000 S000 S000

B. semifas- |

0005000000 Se D000 > 000000 cS ee

l Share My Money With Me

I Mean It—Positively

Take Half My Money on Welke’s Fishfood
at 20c and 35c box 8

Take Third My Money on Fish Photographs
at 15c and 50c each

Take Third My Money on My Two Books (
The Practical Fish Fancier at $1.56
Domesticated Fish Manual 54c 8

AGENTS WANTED EVERYWHERE (
W. L. BRIND, 1504 East 53rd Street 8
Chicago, Illinois

%¢@ 000 C>000c > c000C> 000000

> Fe ee ee 8 I ees Comey o

S, O. S. a new food for Gold-
fish and Tropicals. The un-
consumed food developing into
infusoria.

S, O. S. 35c box; by mail 38c
Magic (Infusoria) 50c postpaid
Yogi Fishfood 15c; by mail 17c
Yogi by lb 75c; ad postage
Yogi 101b lots 65c; ad postage

Circular on above products

Robert J Schaeffer «» 7421 Montour Street

Burholme, Philadelphia
For Sale

An aquarium manufacturing works, with fully
equipped goldfish and supply outfit. Has been
operated successfully for eighteen years. No
better or finer. aquariums made. Must be sold
at once to permit the owner to give entire
attention to other important business. Write
for full particulars.

Pioneer Aquarium Works.

possible, w
unconsumed food dev loping infusoria

S. O. S.

FISH FOOD
MANUFACTURED BY
ROBERT J. SCHAEFFER
PHILA, PA.

Racine, Wisconsin

Sale or Exchange

Surplus Stock of Rare and Fancy Fish
Plants of All Kinds

G. Germann, 0. D. 3823 N. Richmond St. Chicago

Phone: Monticello 6864.

ae 909 C000 C000 —— 7:00 ——> 000 —— 000 ———Do00c—D 000 G——Dos0—,

CRESCENT Pils b AEN

(EROPICALS'! -

Vallisneria spiralis, wide leaf 60c dozen;

Lotus tubers, 50c each

Japanese Snails, $1 and $2 dozen
Shrimp - pure shelled shrimp only - the best fishfood $1.10 pound

|
:
Mollienisia latipinna, per dozen, $4.00
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8 CRESCENT FISH FARM, 1624 Mandeville Street, New Orleans, La.

FOODS! -

PANES:
Shipping cans 50 cents each

Narrow leaf 30c dozen

eS ee eee

Oma Wi ie!

ie THE ‘NET OF A NATURALIST

‘ Don’ t paddle in’ the water with one hand and
- be blind with. eyes. In other words,
* “keep your eyes ‘open”’ for all nature.

. Our Magazine

be Guive to sPature
Wal Help You

It ig: edited by. EDWARD F. BIGELOW, who
fishes in the heavens and earth, as well as the
_ waters under the earth. —

Selig Months’ Trial 25¢
: ; THE

AGASSIZ ASSOCIATION

ArcAdiA
Connecticut

: GOLDFISH

PLAIN & FANCY

Ship-
Write

‘ Ready for market at rock-bottom prices.
ped anywhere in United States or Canada.
for our illustrated catalogue.

| Orent Goldfish and Supply Co

ey 3757 - 3761 Cottage Grove Avenue
Neos oe Hlinois.

‘SPECIAL !

United States ‘Department of Commerce

oC ermey

Bureau of Fisberies

- Official Government Indorsement =~

= CREATION,

Used without sheep manure 50c box

The New Infusoria

ee Zz to Catch Net: 50¢
| Hybrids, the finest i in Philadelphia, $4.00
Orange- tail Helleri $2.00 and $3.00 Pair
Tails guaranteed

iH Diirart Gouramies
Do not sénd stamps

t dey sennnnnnylonnnnnn

FRANCIS K. CHRISTINE

aS 518 BELGRADE STREET
= PHILADELPHIA

os 2 2 =

One Fear, $7.50 |

$15.00 Each

Pte rophyllum Scalare

(ANGEL FISH)
THE HANDSOMEST FISH THAT SWIMS

We have succeeded in raising some of these rare
and beautiful fish and can now offer them to fish
lovers at $15.00 each. About size of cut

FRANKLIN ness:

401 to 417 E. Wyoming Avenue ee on ee

Mack’s Siberior |
Fishfood

has proven itself to be the best Fish Food on
the market for goldfish as well as tropieal fish.
Put up as follows:

No. 1—Eor all Fry or Newly-born Baby Fish.
No. 2—lI*or Guppies, Danios, ete,

No. 3—For Paradise, Goldfish,

ete.

October 20,
The Peptoast Co., New York City.

My dear Mr. Mack: — Enclosed please find
check, for which send me eight boxes of ‘‘Mack’s
Superior Fish Food’’ No. 3, one box of No. 2,
and one box No. 1. If there is any extra charge
for postage, kindly let me know.

Yours very truly.
CC. Me Ps
South Orange, N. J.

1918,

Santuree, Porto Rico, July 28, 1920.
The Peptoast Co., 415 Hast 148th St., N. ¥.
Gentlemen: Enclosed please find money order
to the amount of $35.00, for which please send
me $500: worth of Mack’s Superior Fish Food
Noa; 33 22553:
Very truly yours,
MRS. W. A.

McK.

Santurce, Porto: Rico, Aug. 26, 1920.
The Peptoast Co., 415 East 148th St., N. Y.
Gentlemen: Enclosed please find money order
for $5.00, for which please send me your Su-
perior Fish Food, also two cans of Baby Fish
Food,
Very truly yours,
MRS. W. A. McK,

Price 25 cents, by mail,.30 cents
Sold in bulk to breeders

The Peptoast Company
415 East 148th St. New York City.

000000 C= a00

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Plant Names

and their meanings are explained and
features of the wild flowers are dis-
cussed in

The American Botanist
Joliet, Illinois

Quarterly, $1.50 a year; sample, 25
cents. Your subscription is invited.

a era,
August Obermuller

Breeder and Fancier of Telescopes and Tropicals
96 Columbia Avenue, Jersey City Heights, N. J.
A large variety | ics tropicals always on
hand. s

Haplochilus and Danio Verieces

Visitors welcome at conservatory any

Saturday afternoon and on Sunday. Also

evenings after oi o'clock.

HERMAN RABENAU, Aquarist —

PERMANENT DISPLAY OF
Aquatic Life & Terraria

must be seen to be appreciated
Visitors Welcome
Plante and Tropical Fish a Specialty
Importations of New Varieties received
regularly
1168 Myrtle Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Near Broadway.

GOLDFISH, FOODS, PLANTS, DIP NETS
Combination Natural Fish Food - Sample Box 10c
Japanese Shrimp Fish Food - - Sample Can 15¢
Baby Fish Food Sample Box l5e
Imported Dried Daphnia © Sample Jar 35¢

Mas! Orders Promptly Attended to»

Special Prices on Quantity Lots.
Cash With Order.

Catalogue Sent Upon Request.

AQUARIUM STOCK CO
174 Chambers Street :: New York City

the haunts, habits and other interesting

SAR Beas. Stas Greta ty Ara etn acta tee neat ge een St acre he 5 .

BocS000c—>000c > 000 > 0000005

ee Sc 3000

HARRY Pp PETERS |
1210 N. Warnock Street, Philadelphia, P a

BREEDER AND IMPORTER
Rare and Fancy Fish :

Plants of every variety, Sails and
Aquarium Supplies oF a Hee at all 9.
, times. :

MANUFACTURER OF.

Green River Fish Food
15¢ Box

Green ive Baby Fish Food | a

ay We Obata gee
A GOOD FISH FOOD is one of 1
most essential things necessary to —
keep fish in good health. After |
test of years Green River stands ou
as the best food on the market. ie Se!
keeps the fish in good color by pro
“moting a healthy, robust growth. It
will not sour ot cloud the water. As
i your dealer or send for it today.

All Cole. /

Large assortment of. Splendid Telescopes }
and Jap Goldfish at Reasonable Prices :

shipaide cies 50 cents

HARRY P. PETERS -
1210 NORTH WARNOCK | STREET |
PHILADELPHIA

Nippon Goldfish oO
1919 Bush Street, San Francisco, Cal. :
Importers and Dealers om
FANCY GOLD- FISH
AND ALL SUPPLIES

"Wholesale and Retail
Price List Sent on Request

bahar

cata

. AAA Li

a
EB
a
2

> Ne a 6 8 6 oe

SPECIAL! .

wonenpanb ieee f { ; +
United States! Depar{zient pf (Commerc
. WBhreap pe Figgas ( pee 3 .

Official Government Indorsement
CREATION,

Used without sheep manure 50c box

The New Infusoria

E. Z. to Catch Net
Hybrids, the finest in Philadelphia, $4.00
$2.00 and $3. pe Pair
Tails guaranteed

Orange-tail Helleri

Dwarf Gouramies. .
Do not send stamps

> REET 65. Seinen

FRANCIS K. CHRISTINE
518 BELGRADE STREET
_ PHILADELPHIA

eee

Made in 10
Different
Stock Sizes

Larger Sizes
to Order

Manufactured by J. J. HALTERBECK CO,,

172 TWELFTH AVENUE, ASTORIA, L.1,,N

170 -

FEF i Ft TS Ts Fs oe

“30E =

x
a aS 9 Od Sd Pre

TTP. LOVERING |

7
ti ‘ , SeeisGae
\ <

codeine timenidaettiaeatienetinesdinen titty enitinets mete ine anette

| The Becrless ‘Aquarium

Snakes and Other Beas

_Elassoma evergladei, $1.75 per pair.

—M. chaetodon, 50c each

- Wholesale to dealers.

_ AQUARIST
WILMINGTON, NORTH CAROLINA
Collector and Breeder of Tropical Fish ie

New Varieties Aquatic Plants
Choice and Rare Specimens -_
Snakes and Reptiles
Tropical Fishes _

Fundulus nottii, $1.50 per pair.
Heterandria formosa, $1.00 per eee :

Small turtles, $1. 25 per dozen.
Newts, $1.00 per dozen. ae

.The Venus Flytrap (Dionaea ‘muscipula) : en

The plant that feeds on insects
$1.00 Dozen

. = . xy - = 2 st: Ae

‘Patented
November 9, 1915

For Sale
All Thru
U.S. AL.
and
Canada

WAT bf

Ler |

be | Sh Ps Fs FS TS Ft FO Ss Ss es oH

Terrarium Notes

On the Marbled Salamander
RUTH BERNICE BREDER

Fo mes PL SPS eS PN 6 8S BN SB BRS BG FS Ps Be BS FR BF a ts Be FN FS Ss St

(
|
(
(
(
(
:
(
(
(
!

Marbled Salamander

Sa 6 6 8 6 PS PSP SF Ss PS OS BS SG OS BS Pg Ps FS 9 FS Bg Fg Os 9 gs Ft 6 6 Sg ss

The interesting the
marbled salamander, Amblystoma opa-

specimen of

cum, on which these notes were made
was taken September 6th, 1920, midway
between the Ohio and Chesapeake Canal
and the Potomac River, about three

i Le -”

mec

Photographs by R. W. Shufeldt, M. D.

Fo—mr—mees SS SRS FS Oo FS Fs Bg PS PG BS Bs Ps BF 8 8 8g Fd 6 6 is Ps i es,

Fc a me me rm te mee cm mse ye mem es es

miles above Cabin John, Maryland. It
was from general appearances a very
healthy and sturdy specimen and beauti-
fully marked. It agrees with the speci-
men described by -Dr. Shufeldé
(Aguatic Lire, Vol. Il, pp. 113-114),

125 Aquatic Lite

Be me ce me me

Aquatic Lite
Vol. V December, 1920 No. 12

An international monthly magazine devoted to
the study, care znd breeding of fishes and other
animals and plants in the home aquarium and
terrarium.

W. A. POYSER, F. R. M. &, ........ EDITOR

JOSEPH E. BAUSMAN ........... PUBLISHER

632 East Girard Avenue .......... Philadelphia

Entered as second-class matter, September 2d,
1915, at the Post Cflice, Philadelphiz, Pa., under
Act of Mach 3d, 1879.

Popular and scientific articles and notes on sub-
jects pertéining to the aquarinm and terrarium,
and to the hzbits of fishes in general, are always
wanted for ‘‘Aquatic Life.’’ Readers are invited
to join in making it a medium of mutual help by
contributing to it the results of their studies.
The pages are always open to anyone having in-
formation of interest to the aquarist and student
of aquatic biology. Manuscripts, books for re-
view and general correspondence should be ad-
dressed to the editor.

“Aquatic Life’’ has the largest circulation of
any magazine in the world devoted to aquatic
nature-study. It offers to :dvertisers a market
that can be reeched through no other medium.
Rates made known on application.

YEARLY SUBSCRIPTION ................ $1.25
FOREIGN SUBSCRIPTION
SINGLE COPY

Be me ee a os Se 6 6 Os ss 6 Os Oe 6 Og Os
EB

6 PS Ss Fi 6 Sg Pa 6 8 as Ps ss Ps

whose excellent photograph is repro-
duced herewith.

The specimen was found in a dense
woodland at the edge of a small rain pool
about four feet in diameter, and was hid-
ing under a bit of wood scarcely large
enough to cover it. The sky was overcast
and rain had been falling for about two
hours, it bemg noon when the specimen
was taken.

On September 11th it was placed in a
cylindrical jar, 14 inches high, and 15
inches in diameter, a vivarium which
also contained two young box tortoises
inbiee — (14,

painted yy
inches), and a snake (17 inches). The

(1% aches), 2a
jar was fitted with about two inches of
leaf mold from the woods, a pan of water

about 4 inches in diameter and plants

such as spotted wintergreen and wan-

dering jew. Some red plant lice, aphids,

were offered at this time, but the writer

did not observe that any were eaten.

The salamander would sit the day long
peeping from under the pan of water,
appearing to be watching the movements
of an eel in the adjoining jar, the obser-
vation of which suggested that it might
be hungry. From September 14th to
November 18th little was seen of the
salamander, it apparently being in a state
of hibernation, but once when seen at
night still appeared to be in perfect con-
dition. On the latter date it was moved
to a smaller jar (10 inches high by 8
inches in diameter), with a small Ple-
thodon, a long-tailed species. This jar
was thought to present more favorable
conditions, containing dead leaves, pieces
of bark and twigs, smooth stones and
about half an inch of water. From this
time on both specimens have been out
and about continually, and since Novem-
ber 25th out every night, often with a
bright moon full upon them. From No-
vember 29th to January 8th, 1921, the
Amblystoma would sit sheltered under
the piece of bark with at least half of
its body exposed, and the writer took
from this that the salamander finding it-
self undisturbed by the prowlings of
other animals had no desire to hide. The
former belief that they desired to hiber-
nate would thus be unfounded.

On December tst the salamander ate
three meal worms in rapid succession.
These were almost one-third its length,
which at this time was 4% inches. At
this “stage of the game” an interesting
thing happened. The long-tailed indi-
vidual attempted to eat one of the meal
worms, but the worm was too large for
it, and the marbled salamander apparent-
ly becoming angry snapped at the Ple-
thodon, catching hold of a leg. The
“long-tail” retaliated, but then the writer
interferred and the worm was quickly
disposed of by the larger of the two.
Neither specimen had been observed to

(Concluded on page 127)

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Most authoritative writers on our
fishes associate the mackerels and _ their
nearest allies in a group, Scombroidei,
relegating the true mackerels to the fam-
ily Scombridae, in which the typical
mackerels constitute the genus Scomber.
At the time Jordan and Evermann pub-
lished their “Fishes of North America,”
there were but two species of mackerels
representing the genus Scomber; these
were the Common mackerel (Scomber
scombrus)—the subject of the present
article—and the Chub mackerel (5S.
colias). ‘This latter is a fish of wide dis-
tribution, occurring in many places in the
New as well as in the Old World. . Al-
though smaller than and inferior to our
Common mackerel, it is, nevertheless, a
fish of considerable economic importance,
and it is known by many vernacular
names.

Linnaeus gave the Common mackerel
its name of Scomber scombrus, but it is
quite possible that modern ichthyologists
have changed it since—at least the one
for the species. The cut illustrating the
present article is a reproduction from a
photograph of a market specimen by the
writer, and reduced about two-thirds.

This Common mackerel lacks an air-
bladder; possesses eleven or twelve dor-
sal spines, and is silvery below the
median line of the body. On the other
hand, the Chub mackerel has an air-blad-
der, and but nine or ten dorsal spines,
with the sides below the median line, in
the adult fish, more or less mottled.

There is no fish in the world that is
better known; more extensively used as

North American Fishes |

IV. “The Mackerel (Scomber scombrus) |
|

RaW ORUEELO I MD. Ey MnZas:

Pa 6 PG BA 6 Pe 6 BT 6 OR SO 8 Bs PTS A Fe PR 6 Pd 6 FO PP 6 OS Os BS Fs BS Ff SF SF 4s,

a food fish, or, of its class, more beauti-
ful in form and coloration than the Com-

It is not necessary to

mon mackerel.
enter into the details of its external char-
they are very clearly

acters here, as

127

Aquatic Life

shown in the accompanying cut; and, as
for its general anatomy, that is a large
subject, one much in need of treatment
and at the hands of the comparative anat-
omist. Even when- Jordan and Ever-
mann issued their great work on the
“Fishes of North America,” they were
quite at a loss to present the exact rela-
tions of some of the fishes supposed to
be related to the Scombroidei. The re-
lationships were not known, and for the
reason that the anatomy of the forms
in question was not known.

All the mackerels are carnivorous by
nature, and the few species in the genus
are of wide distribution. They are sought
for food by man in all parts of the world
where they occur; and as they generally
swim in immense schools, they are fre-
quently taken in large numbers at a time.
The word Scomber is from the Greek,
and is a very old term for a mackerel.
An adult specimen of the Common spe-
cies averages about 18 or 19 inches in
length. They are extremely abundant
on both coasts of the Atlantic, ranging
southward to Cape Hatteras on our side,
and to Spain in Kurope.

ies: Cea
Marbled Salamander
(Concluded from page 125)
eat prior to this time. The following day
was offered
On December 3rd a

the Amblystoma worms
again and refused.
housefly, half stunned, was placed in
front of this salamander and was 1m-
mediately accepted. On December 5th the
salamander was out all day, but the next
two days it remained under cover. Then
it came back to its old place of feeding
(a smooth stone) and was offered a
meal worm 134 inches long but refused
it, taking another 1% inches.

During the two weeks following it
was unavoidably neglected, but at the

end of the period it quickly disposed of

another worm. On January 8th it ate a
worm almost half as long as itself, hav-
ing a difficult task to swallow it. From
this date to the time of writing both in-
dividuals have been in a state of semi-
torpidity, due to sudden changes in tem-
perature. At no time during the day
was temperature lower than 57 degrees,
Fahrenheit, recorded in the vivarium,
but during the night it no doubt fell con-
siderably due to open windows. ‘These
salamanders have been in continuous
good health ever since they were taken.
Altogether they have made decidedly pic-
turesque as well as interesting pets and
are quite tame, coming up to the stone
upon which they are usually fed and
showing other evidences of intelligence.

—>—__

News Notes

The Reading Aquarium Society gave
its annual duck dinner in connection with
the regular meeting and exhibition in
December. Black telescopes were ex-
hibited in competition for prizes, the
first being awarded to Mr. Kershner, the
second to Mr. Hepler, and the third to
Mr. Hermansader.

At the annual meeting of the Mil-
waukee Aquarium Society the follow-
ing officers were elected for the ensuing
Wears Jeresdem, Iskeimy ©, Ixossciti 3
vice-president, W. R. White; treasurer,
Carl Bauer; recording secretary, W. O.
Bechor ; corresponding secretary, H. A.
Fechtmeyer; Custodian, L. Koszolka ;
librarian, Jacob Merget.

During the latter part of May the Chi-
cago Aquarium Society will have a pub-
lic exhibition in the Art Institute. The
exhibits will be arranged to emphasize
the nature-study idea, and in other ways
depart from the average “aquarium
show.”

Hugo C. Nelles has again been elected
president of the Ridgewood Aquarium
Society, a tribute to his efforts to advance
aquarian interests.

[al

Tandanus tandanus

»
ane
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a RS 6 5 Fs Fs Ft 8 Ss Bs 6 0 ss a a es

During a recent collecting outing of
the South Australian Aquarium Society
to the River Murray, many of the in-
digenous fishes were obtained, and al-
though the majority of the species are
much too large for aquaria when adult,
the young of some of them proved of
sufficient interest to warrant their main-
tenance in captivity. Tiny fresh-water
catfishes were plentiful in the irrigation
waters and numbers have been since in-
troduced into members’ aquaria with
happy results. When placed in company
with other species they appear to be quite
inoffensive and being bottom feeders act

as scavengers; during their frequent

peregrinations meat or other food lying

a Tee YY

An Australian Cathish

HERBERT M. HALE
South Australian Museum

{

a PG OS PS SP SPs BG Ps OS Od Pg Os PS Ps Bg A Fh Fh tS de

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Photo by Author

ee Fe oH FF FF oY 1 hh 1 GF Ht

on the bottom is eagerly eaten by them
and thus the floor of the aquarium is kept
free from refuse passed over by more
fastidious inmates. At intervals they
also poke about between stones and peb-
bles in search of small aquatic creatures,
often disturbing quite a cloud of sand in
the water; in the writer’s aquaria they
ate the smaller water-snails with which
the jars were stocked. Judging from the
examination of the stomach contents of
large examples the natural food consists
largely of crustaceans, aquatic insects
and molluscs.

The Murray catfish is not populer
with anglers on account of the serrated

spines with which the pectoral and first

129 Aquatic Life

dorsal fins are armed and even small ex-
amples, but an inch or two in length; can
inflict uncomfortable wounds. One
member of our society, the president, as
it happened, placed his hand in a collect-
ing tin containing several little catfishes
and straightway received a_ practical
demonstration of the efficacy of these
weapons of defense. The spines form
jagged punctures which ache painfully
for some hours; although this species
does not possess poison sacs at the bases
of its spines as do some of the American
catfishes, the mucous secreted from the
skin possibly acts as an irritant. The
spine in front of each pectoral fin fits
into a curious basal socket, so modified
that a twist of the erected member is
analogous in result to a half turn of a
screw in a thread; the fish is thus en-
abled to lock these spines at right angles
to the body, in which position they re-
main even after death. To predaceous
brethren this renders the catfish an un-
comfortable meal for the rigid spikes
pierce the stomach or throat of an agres-
sor; the wounds thus inflicted have been
known to cause the death of water birds
such as Cormorants and Pelicans.
Catfishes derive their popular name
from the presence of the barbels or “feel-
ers” around the mouth, these having a
fancied resemblance to the whiskers of
a feline. In the species illustrated they
are eight in number, four below the chin,
one at each corner of the mouth and two
After
watching a newly introduced fish wan-

on the upper surface of the snout.

dering disconsolately over the bottom of
an aquarium, it 1s obvious that these are
tactile organs, and as such must be a
great asset in the depths of the usually
murky waters of the Murray. About 1200
species of the Nematognathi (thread-
jaw) have been described, the majority
of them being confined to fresh water.

Much has been written of their breeding

habits, for in this group one of the pro-
genitors usually watches over the eggs
and young. Our catfish builds a nest,
which has been described by Mr. David
G. Stead, Naturalist to the Board of
Fisheries for New South Wales, as fol-
lows:

“This species possesses the interesting
habit of forming a mound or nest in
which to deposit its eggs. The nest is
formed either of sandy grit or pebbles
(if the latter are available) ; and is often
at least three feet in diameter. During
the process of incubation it is jealously
guarded by one or other of the parents.
In regard to the formation of the nest,
one man who had been fishing for many
years on some of the western rivers of
New South Wales, informed me that he
had seen the fishes carrying pebbles in
their mouths to the desired spot. Others
state that the mound is formed by a
simple fanning motion. of the tail; this
fanning also tends to dislodge the more
minute particles, and so leave the coarser
particles behind for the formation of
the nest.” It has also been noted that
both sexes seem to unite in the subse-
quent attendance on the nest in which
the ova are deposited.

Tandanus tandanus is called “Pamori”
by the aboriginals and was at one time
largely utilized as food by them. Full
grown examples measure about two feet
in total length. The color of the young
is olive with lighter mottlings, but adult
fishes taken from the main stream are
much darker, being a mottled reddish
brown; in both cases the abdomen is

opalescent. As is usual with most of
our fresh-water fishes the intensity of
the coloring is rapidly adjusted to har-
monize with new surroundings.
DATS UES
Good judgment is often a lucky guess.
Fool worse than wise

friends are

enemies.

a tT

Everything

A fine stock now of tropical
and goldfish, with new importations expected
daily. Manufacturers of the ‘“‘Faultless Fish
Food,’’ 30 cents per box, $3.50 per pound. Sole
distributors of my new inyention, “The Faultless

for the fish fancier.

Aquarium Heater.’”’ A blue flame gas heater that
costs little to operate and keeps the air in the

room fresh. Easily installed; full instructions
with each heater. Price, 18 inches, $3.00; 24 |
inches, $3.50. Sent prepaid anywhere in the

U. S. and Canada. Cash with order. The Long
Island Aquarium Fish Hatchery
HUGO C. NELLES

proprietor, 167 East 32nd _ street, New York

PS Ps os Fe 6 Fs Fs |

City.

a Powe aes

TROPICAL FISHES

Write for Price List
Oscar Leitholf, 281 Southern Avenue
Pittsburgh, Pa.

The Englewood Fancy Goldfish Hatchery

Japanese Toy Breeds in a variety of colors.
Sales at hatchery only—none shipped. Visitors
welcome Saturday afternoon, Sunday and
Holidays. Phone, Wentworth 1118.

ANTHONY A. MAINA, 6711 Parnell Avenue, Chicago, III

Live Food: is Nature Ss Food.

Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum
of the Cichlid Groups
Broad-tail Telescopes

L. W. REHBEIN

2115 HUNTING PARK AVENUE
PHILADELPHIA

“Jack Dempsey”
Tropicals

Te Vo Nt

Things You Need

Stil-B-Nu Fishfood (coarse or fine)..... 20c. Box
Stil-B-Nu Pr-fk Fishfood............. 25c. Box
Stil-B-Nu Shrimp (coarse or fine) 30%
SSUMECCCCUENS TITTY octerentiele preter eretereeteierene rane aren 25¢
Stil-B-Nu Infusoria Culture ............ 0c Box
Stil-B-Nu Remedy for Sick Fishes......25¢ Box
Stil-B-Nu Aquarium Salts ............. .25¢ Tox
Stil-B-NiulMeeding Rings) sssyedeeeue een neon 15e
Stil-B-Nu Net (small or large)............. H0e
Stil-B-Nu Aquarium Scraper ................50¢
Easy Ready Aquarium Thermometer........$1.25
Pocket Magnifying Glass ..........+c-+e+«--$1.75
Sia PMicCroscopem ss. cieeciseeecee eee nee DU
LAE CeeNULCLOSCOPEI ee eee ee $22.50
AGUEYO I CNG 55 5o5beocenonnaasadt a0¢ pound
AAG (LEYMANN “CHEBES sooanonoouncsoconconnc) 0c. up
One of the prettiest presents you can make
yourself or aguarist friends is one of our hand-

some Watch Fob or Brooche.

gold Scarf Pins,

Scalare (scarf pin or brooche)............. $7.25
Lion-head (searf pin or brooche):..........$7-28
Telescope (reconstructed ruby eye)........$7.75
Telescope (Diamond eye)................-.$9.75

Silk Fob Gold Attachment for aboye $2.50 extra.

JAPANESE NOVELTIES.
JapwlncenseeeBurnersiee- eee eee nee eeer 60c
Jap Castles Incense Burners................. 85¢e
Jap INcenses (OLN elmer ateeiie eee ae
In Census POWdere iit eee EOL EEE DOS
Japanese Hand-painted Scene, nicely framed.$1.50

FISH, PLANTS, SNAILS.
PAUPANESSM SNAUS eepereri cles cteichersekeelelereieie ee
RedeRamsPEOrne snail Seer aC
If your dealer does not carry the Stil-B-Nu Line,
send to us direct. We give your order prompt
attention or refund your money promptly.
All our goods are shipped Postpaid, with the

exception of fish.

STIL-B-NU SUPPLY CO
427 E. Girard Avenue, Philadelphia

6 9 6 PS 8 6 Os a ee es i

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od OS is eee eee ee ee er et ee a ae

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Henry Kissel, Jr.

Breeder & Fancier of Broad-tail Telescopes
Good Type and Color

Plants

Some beautiful Hybrids in

None shipped; sales at conservatory only.

Tropical Fish Snails

which

241 Walker Street, Cliffside, N. J.

Telephone, 461, Cliffside.

9 6 Fa PS bd BS Fe GS 6 Pd 8 Bd

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FISH SICK ?

Stil-B-Nu Fish
rot, fungus or the white
fishes. We have some
tions for this remedy.

Remedy for congestion, tail-

spots on all kinds of
excellent recommenda-
25e. Box Postpaid.

Try

PR-FK FISH FOOD

Stil-B-Nu Supply Co
427 E. Girard Avenue, Rhiladelphia

oem memes 6 is Os ee ee ee

68 9 8s SH og gos of b a]

foe FA et th GF i ft

8% 000 C5900 E3900 ESD 000E 3000 D000 Seo col Wee Rene ene

Something New! Share My Money With Me

I Mean It—Positively
Heated Closet for Aquariums!
An

Take Half My Money on Welke’s Fishfood
at 20c and 35c box

Take Third My Money on Fish Photographs
at 15c and 50c each

Take Third My Money on My Two Books
The Practical Fish Fancier at $1.56
Domesticated Fish Manual 54c

AGENTS WANTED EVERYWHERE
W. L. BRIND, 1504 East 53rd Street
Chicago, Illinois

excellent arrangement in which to
keep and breed tropical fishes through
winter and summer

Plants : Aquariums : Fishes
MAX NIEMAND

743 Eleventh Avenue, Long Island City
New York

33500 M5000 C500 CDC 000 TM S000 C2000

— 000 000C 0003000000
&— 0005000 000 > 000c > c00c >:
S000 C600 CD 000 C5 000 CHS 000 CM

ee ee ee IS Od

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S, O. S. a new food for Gold-
fish and Tropicals. The un-
consumed food developing into
infusoria.

S, O. S. 35c box; by mail 38c
Magic (Infusoria) 50c postpaid
Yogi Fishfood 15c; by mail 17c
Yogi by lb 75c; ad postage
Yogi 101b lots 65c; ad postage

JULIUS RIEWE
BREEDER AND FANCIER OF TROPICAL FISHES
3519 Costello Avenue, Chicago, Ill.

Fine stock of Danio malabaricus, D. alboline- |
atus, D. rerio, Barbus conchonius, B. semifas- |
ciolatus, B. ticto and many other kinds of |
tropical fishes. None shipped. Telephone Bel- |
mont 5092. :

“Ss. “0. ‘s.

FISH FOOD
MANUFACTURED BY
ROBERT J. SCHAEFFER
PHILA, PA.

Circular on above products

Robert J. Schaeffer 3: G2) veoe uaciphia

THREE MILLION GOLDFISH

Buy from the breeder with 107 acres of ponds.

Fungus and Tail-rot Cure

“Bug Food” for all fishes. Output in 1919 over | A practical, quick, simple system for cure
300,000 boxes. Per box, by mail, 17 cents; pint, of fungus and other ailments of fishes. This
by mail, $2.00; quart, $3.75. Climbing Perch system has been under careful observation
from India, 2 for $4.00; 4 for $7.50; 6 for $10.00. | for three years with wonderful SUCCESS. Im-
PETE BE eeentes, _Oulites, 462 Washington provement is rapid. Important in feeding
sLiccupeeutalo Naga sick fishes. Full directions, $5.00.

Pioneer Aquarium Co., Racine, Wisconsin

Red Bellied Dace

“AQUARIA FISH”’

A practical work on care and breeding of

fish in the aquarium, greenhouse and out- Per dozen, $4.00; per hundred, $20.00. One
door ponds. Finely illustrated. dollar must be deposited for can, or you may
I:veryone interested in keeping fish should send your own.

send for a copy of this book. Price, $1.00. LEONARD KASZOLKA

F. L. TAPPAN, Route 2, Hopkins, Minn 838 Humboldt Ave., Milwaukee, Wis.

C00 900 M900 C0090 C000 C000 C000 <<! 000 C—J 000 CS 000c,

CRESCENT FISH FARM

TROPICALS! - FOODS! - PLANTS!

SEL EL

Danio rerio, $1.00; Haplochilus chaperi, $1.50; Fundulus chrysotus, $150; Notropis
metallicus, 75¢.; Paradise fish, $1.00; Spotted Gourami, $2.00; Dwarf Gourami (ready in
June); Betta rubra (June); Swordtails, $1.25; Platypoecilus rubra, $125; Heterandria for-
mosa, 75¢.; Guppy, 79¢.; Gambusia holbrooki, 75¢.; Mollienisia latipinna, 75¢.; Mouth-breeders,
$1.50; Climbing Perch, $2.00; Helleri and rubra hybrids, $2.00; Also Pigmy Sunfish, Danio
Inalabaricus, Fundulus heteroclitus, Cyprinodon yariegatus, DBlack-banded sunfish and red
snails. (Prices quoted are per pair.)

Plants: Cabomba, 75¢. per doz. Bunches; Vallisneria. narrow and wide leaf, 30¢. and
60c. per doz. plants; Red, white and yellow water lilies, 50¢. each; blue lilies, 75c.; Egyptian
Lotus, 50c¢, each.

Fresh water shrimp—best fish food—$1.10 per pound, postpaid; Japanese snails. $1.00
and $2.00 per dozen.

CRESCENT FISH FARM, 1624 Mandeville Street, New Orleans, La.

O00 S000 COU Ge OOO GS COO)
eee

,
:
:

for 60 cents.

g ‘i book, sent pos

EVERYTHING IS FISH THAT COMES
| TO THE NET OF A NATURALIST

/ Don’t paddle in the water with one hand and
fi be blind with both eyes. Im other words,
“keep your eyes open’’ for all. nature,

Our Magazine

be Guire to Mature
Will Help You

It is edited by BDWARD F. BIGELOW, who,
\ fishes in the heavens and earth, as well ag the
waters under the. earth.

Phree Months’ Trial 25¢ One Year, $1.50
‘THE AGASSIZ ASSOOIATION
AreAdiA

' Sound Beach

Conkadtiont !

“HENRY L. WAGNER
“BREEDER OF TROPICAL FISHES
- Fine stock of Barbus conchonius, B. Semi-
fasciolatus, Danio rerio, D. Afbolineatus, D.
Malabaricus and many other species.

$12 West 134th Street, New York City
(Between 8th and St. Nicholas Avenues)

| Something New! Water Chestnut - Trapa natans

A beautiful new aquarium plant originally
imported from Germany and very rare here.
i ic dozen by mail, postpaid, 55 cents.

- OTTO EGGLING, Fieh Importer

a cs East 125th Street, New York City, N.Y.

- Live Food.-is the Best

Hekes. thrive and grow on enchytraeids, the
little white worms. Generous box, by mail,
Full directions ° given for
propagating a supply.

SVE BURGESS

3025 Howell St, Wissinoming, Phila., Bae

~ “Safety Buoy” Aquarium Thermometers

To get the best results and to enjoy~the full
pleasure of the art, keep’ a thermometer in
each aquarium. They float. Fahrenheit and
Centigrade scales; Sample, 60c., postpaid.
Special rates on quantity orders. Joseph
. hae 44 State street, East Orange,

S THE BEST BOOK
~ #. AQUARIUM $4382

SUBJECTS

is **Goldfish Varieties & Tropical MM
Aquarium Fishes’’, byWm.T. Innes, fy
__ former President of the Aquarium Aik t
Society of Phila.; 250 pages, 195
illustrations. Tells all about the ¢
fancy varieties of the Goldfish and _
~ nearly 300 tropicals ; how to breed
them, etc., etc. “For the beginner
_or the advanced expert.
A complete, practical, handsome

aid anywhere for
$4.00 Enlarg | edition now ready.

/_ INNES & SONS - 133 N. 12th St. - Phila, Po

$15.00 Each
Pterophyllum xlire

(ANGEL FISH)
THE HANDSOMEST FISH THAT SWIMS

We have succeeded in raising some of these rare
and beautiful fish and can now offer them to fish
lovers at $15. 00 each. About size of cut

FRANKLIN BARRETT

401 to 417 E. oe ee Avenue Philadelphia

|
|
i
|

I Mack’s Superior! Superior
Fishfood

ee proven itself to be the best Fish Food on
the market for goldfish as well as tropical fish.
coe up as follows:

. 1—For all Fry or Newly-born Baby Fish.

. 2—For Guppies, Danios, ete.
No. 3—For Paradise, Goldfish, ete.

October 23, 1918.
The Peptoast Co., New York City.

My dear Mr. Mack: WJHnclosed please find
eheck, for which send me eight boxes of ‘‘Mack’s
Superior Fish Food’’ No. 3, one box of No. 2,
and one box No. 1. If there is any extra charge
for postage, kindly let me know.

Yours very truly,

Orange,

P.,

South No 3s

Santurce, -Porto Rico, July 28, 1920.
The Peptoast .Co., 415 East. 148th St., N. Y¥.
Gentlemen: Enclosed please find money order
to the amount of $5.00, for which please send
me - pe worth of Mack’s Superior Fish Food
Nos. 1, 3.
Very truly yours,

MRS. W. A. McK.
Santuree, Porto Rico, Aug. 26. 1920.
The Peptoast Co., 415 Bast 148th St., N. ¥.

Gentlemen: Enclosed please find money order
for $5.00, for which please send me your Su-
perior Fish Food, also two cans of Baby Fish
Food.
truly yours,

MRS. W.

Very :
A, McK

Price 25 cents, by mail, 30 cents
Sold i in bulk to breeders
The Peptoast Company
415 East 148th St., New. York City.

|
|

0S COO 000600C3 0000000000000

GOLDFISH |

1,500,000
PLAIN & FANCY

Ship-
Write

Ready for market at rock-bottom prices.
ped anywhere in United States or Canada,
for our illustrated catalogue,

Oriental Goldfish and Suppl;) Co
“8757 - 3761 Cottage Grove Avenue _~
Chicago, Illinois —

evenings after 6 o’clock.

August Obermuller

Breeder and Fancier of Telescopes and Tropicals
96 Columbia Avenue, Jersey City Heights, N. J.

A large variety of tropicals always on

hand.
Haplochilus sa Danio Varieties

Visitors welcome at conservatory any
Saturday afternoon and on Sunday. Also

} HERMAN RABENAU, Aguarist

PERMANENT DISPLAY OF
Aquatic Life & Terraria

must be seen to be appreciated
Visitors Welcome
Plants and Tropical Fish a Specialty
Importations of New Varieties received
regularly
1168 Myrtle Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y.
“Near Broadway.

GOLDFISH, FOODS, PLANTS, DIP NETS

Combination Natural Fish Food - Sample Box 10c
Japanese Shrimp Fish Food - ~- Sample Can 15c
Baby Fish Food Sample Box 15¢
Imported Dried Daphnia Sample Jar 35c

Mail Orders Promptly Attended to

Special Prices on Quantity Lots,
Cash With Order.

Catalogue Sent Upon Request.

AQUARIUM STOCK CO
174 Chambers Street ::

New York City _

O02 000C 000 C5 000C 20000003000 30007300073000D000C > 000

doc 000c—>000c—> 000 > 009 090900650 *

‘will not sour ot cloud the water.

Young Veiltails

| HARRY P. PETERS |

1210 N. Warnock Street, Philadelphia, Pa

BREEDER AND IMPORTER
Rare and Fancy Fish

Plants of every variety, Snails and
Aquarium SHerres of all wee at all
times.

MANUFACTURER OF

- Green River Fish Food
; 15¢ Box.

Green River Baby Fish Food -
20c Box

A GOOD FISH FOOD is one of the
most _essential things necessary to
keep fish in good health. After the
test of years Green River stands out
as the best food on the market. It
keeps the fish in good color by pro-
moting a healthy, robust growth. It’
Ask
your dealer or send for it ‘today.

All Colors

Large assortment of Splendid Telescopes
and Jap Goldfish at Reasonable Prices 6

Mae

Shipping Ce 50 cents

_ HARRY P. PETERS
1210 NORTH WARNOCK STREET -
PHILADELPHIA

1919 Bush Street, San Francisco, Cal.

Importers and Dealers

FANCY GOLD- FISH
AND ALL SUPPLIES”

‘Wholesale and Retail

Price List Sent on Request

Nippon Goldfish Co =

i
£
%

hs
i

ash Ath ta ee

Tete ne geo:

NY Cah Nn) ND Toca nee :
a ae . rs
si 3 ade is

AAU NNLNN

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