Limnuw-rz
THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA,
INCLUDING
CEYLON AND BURMA.
Published under the authority of the Secretary of
State for India in Council.
EDITED BY W. T. BLANFORD.
ARACHNIDA,
BY
R. I. POCOCK.
LONDON:
TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
CALCUTTA :
TIIACKER, SPINK, & CO.
BOMBAY :
1 II V EBB ,* 00., LIMITED.
BERLIN:
R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, 11 CARLSTRA89E.
1900.
VRINXED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
O
PREFACE.
This volume contains descriptions of all the species of
Aracbnida of the orders Scorpiones (Scorpions), Uropygi
(Whip-Scorpions), Ainblypygi, Solifugae, and of most of
the larger and otherwise conspicuous species of Aranese
(true Spide-rs) known to occur in British India, Burma, and
Ceylon, together with diagnoses of the genera, families, and
suborders into which they fall. The only innovation intro-
duced into the usually accepted classification of these groups
is the ordinal separation of the Uropygi and Ainblypygi,
which are generally united as one order Pedipalpi.
All the described species of the first four orders are dealt
with in full. The Aranete, however, are less thoroughly
treated, only the larger forms being included in the present
work. These embrace all the Mygalomorplue, a group
comprising the species commonly known as " Mygales " and
Trap-door Spiders, all of which are of medium or large size,
and also a relatively small number of the described species of
Arachnomorpha). This latter group contains a va«t number
of species and is still very imperfectly known — so imperfectly
that no satisfactory account of it can at present be
given. All that has been attempted is to afford means of
identifying the larger, commoner, better known and more
widely distributed forms. As regards size no species which
when adult falls short of 5 mm. in total length has beeD
IV PREFACE.
included, and a preference has been given to those forms of
which specimens were available for description. It is to be
hoped that the present work, by facilitating the study of
Indian Spiders, will increase the number of observers and
collectors, so that at some future time a far more complete
account of these animals may become practicable.
I welcome this opportunity of expressing my grateful
acknowledgments to those who have rendered the work
possible by lending or collecting specimens : to Major Alcock,
I.M.S., Superintendent of the Indian Museum, Calcutta,
for the loan of typical examples of species described by
Stoliczka and Simon, and to Dr. R. Gestro for extending
to me the same kindness in connection with types of
species described by Thorell and preserved in the Museo
Civico at Genoa. The help that I have received from many
friends and strangers, too numerous to thank in detail, is
acknowledged in the following pages. Especially am I
indebted to Mr. R. C. Wroughton, of the Indian Forest
Service, and to Mr. H. M. Phipson, Honorary Secretary of
the Bombay Natural History Society, whose influence and
energy in procuring material have vastly increased our
knowledge of Indian Arachnoiogy.
R. I. POCOCK.
October 16th, 1900.
LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL WORKS QUOTED IN
THE SYNONYMY.
Abh. Ver. Hamb. Abhandlungen aus clem Gebiete tier Naturwissen-
scbaften, berausgegeben Tom naturwissensehaftliehen Verein in Hamburg.
Hamburg, 1846-1900.
Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. Actes de la Soci6t6 Linneenne de Bordeaux.
Bordeaux, 1820-1900.
A. M. N. H. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. London, 1838-
1900.
Ann. Mus. Genova. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di
Genova. Genoa, 1870-lUtHt.
Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. Annales de la Societe Eutomologique de France.
Paris. 1832-1900.
Atti Soc. Ital. Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze naturali e del Museo
Civico di Storia JS'aturale in Milano. Milan, 1859-1900.
Berl. ent. Zeits. Berliner entomologische Zeitsehrift, berausgegeben
von dem entomologischen Verein in Berlin. Berlin, 1857-74, 1881-
1900.
Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. Bulletin des seances &c. de la Societe" Eutomologique
de France. (Attached to Annales.)
Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital. Bullettino della Societa Entomologica Italiana.
Florence, lSf.U-iyoO.
Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France. Paris,
1876-1900.
Cambridge, Araneidea. Second Yarkand Exped. Scientific Results
of the Second Yarkand Mission: Araneidea. By the Rev. O. P. Cam-
bridge. Calcutta, 1885.
C. Koch, Arachn. Die Arachniden. Getreu nach der Natur abgebildet
and bescbrieben. Von Karl Ludwig Koch. 16 vols. Nuremberg,
1831-48.
De Geer, Mem. Hist. Ins. Memoires pour servir a l'Histoire des
Inseetes. Par Charles de Geer. 7 vols. Stockholm, 1752-78.
Fabr. Ent. Syst. J. <_'. Fabrioius, Entomologia Systematica. 4 vols, and
Suppl. Copenhagen, 1792-98.
Hempr. &, Ehr., Symb. Phys., Scorp. Symbolae Physica? seu Ieones et
Descriptiones corporum aaturalium novorum aul minus cognitorum qua-
ex itineribus per Libv;iin. .Egyptum, ke. Frid. Gul. Hemprich et Christ.
God. Ehrenberg. Zoologica : Seorpione9. Berlin, 182v.
Herbst, Nat. ungefl. Ins. Xatursvstein der ungefliigelten Inaekten.
J. F. W. Herbst. Berlin, 1797-1800.
J. A. S. B. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Calcutta. 1832-
19U0.
VI WORKS QUOTED.
Jb. Ilamb. wiss. Anst. Jahrbuch der Hainburgischen wissenschaftlichen
Anstalten. Hamburg, 1884-1900.
Jour. Bom, N. H. Soc. Journal of tbe Bombay Natural History Society.
Bombay, 188(i-1900.
Jour. Linn. Soc.Zool. Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology. London,
1857-1900.
Kraep. Tierr., Scorp. &-C Das Tierreicb. 8 Lieferung. Scorpiones und
Pedipalpi von Prof. Karl Kraepelin. Berlin, 1899.
Latreille, Gen. Crust. &-C. Genera Crustaceorum et Insectorum,
secundum ordinem naturalem in familias disposita, &c. 4 vols. Paris,
1806-9.
Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. Histoire natureile, generate et
particuliere des Crustaces et des Insectes ; ouvrage faisant suite aux
CEuvres de Leclerc de Buffon. 14 vols. Paris, 1802-5.
Linn. Syst. Nat. Caroli A. Linne, Systema Naturae. Stockholm. Ed. x.,
1760 ; Ed. xii., 1766-68.
MT. Munch, ent. Ver. Mittheilungen des Munchener entornologischen
Vereins. Munich, 1877-81.
Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indie. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor
Nederlandsch-Indie. Batavia, 1850-1900.
Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Natureile,
applique aux Arts, &c. 24 vols. Paris, 1803-4. New ed., 36 vols.,
1816-19.
P. Z. S. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. London, 1830-
1900.
Simon, Hist. Nat. Araign. Histoire natureile des Araignees (2e
edition). Par Eugene Simon. Paris, 1892-1900.
Thorell, Spiders of Burma. Descriptive Catalogue of tbe Spiders of
Burma. British Museum, London, 1895.
Tr. Ent. Soc. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London.
London, 1807-1900.
Verh. Nat. Vereen. Nederland. Indie. Verhandelingen der Koninklijke
Natuurkundige Vereeniging in Nederlandsch-Indie. Batavia, 1856-6(3.
Walck. Ins. Apt. Histoire natureile des Insectes : Suites a Buffon.
Apteres. Vols. 1, 2, 1837, par M. le Baron Walckenaer ; Vol. 3, 1844, par
M. Paul Gervais ; Vol. 4, 1847, par M. le Baron Walckenaer et M. Paul
Gervais. Paris.
Zeits. ges. Naturw. Zeitschrift fur die gesammten Naturwisseuscbaften.
Halle and Berlin, 1853-81.
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
ARACHNIDA.
Order SCORPION ES
Fam. 1. Buthid.e . .
Subfam. 1. Bnthince .
1. Buthus, Leach
1. australis, Linn
finitimus, Pocock
baluchicus, Pocock
2. dorise, Thorell
ndonturus, Pocock
3. macmahoni, Pocock
4. caucasius. Pitcher .
persicus, Pocock .
5. atrostriatus, Pocock
6. acute-carinatus, Simon
rugosuius, Pocock
7. alticola, Pocock . . .
penjabenaia, Birula
8. nigrifrons, Pocock
9. tarn ul us, Fabr. . ,
concanensi?, Pocock
sindicus, Pocock
gujaratensis, Pocock
gangeticus, Pocock
10. henderaoni, Pocock
11. rufri.scuti-. Pocock . .
nigritus, Pucock . .
12. pachyurue, Pocock. .
2. Butheolus, Simon ....
1. melanurus, Kessler
fuscip'>. Pocock. .
2. pallidas Pocock. . . .
■ k tlavfscens, Pocock . .
4. bicolor, Pocock ....
3. C harm as, Kartch ....
1. laneu.s, Kartell ....
4. Stenochiru.s Kartell . .
1. politus, Pocock ....
2. sarasinurura, Kartell
Page
12
12
13
15
16
10
L6
16
18
19
19
20
20
20
21
22
22
23
25
25
25
25
26
26
27
27
2*
2 s
29
30
.-in
3]
31
32
32
33
33
Page
5. Hemibuthus, Pocock .... 34
1. crassimanus, Pocock . . 34
6. Lychas, C. Koch 35
1. mucronatua, Fabr 36
2. scutilus, C. Koch 37
3. scaber, Pocock 38
4. nigristemis, Pocock . . 38
5. rugosus, Pocock 39
6. tricarinatus, Simon . . 40
7. henderaoni, Pocock . . 40
8. sboplandi, Oates 41
9. lpevifrons, Pocock .... 41
10. f'eae, Thorell 42
Subfam. 2. Centrurinee 42
1. Plesiobuthus, Pocock .... 43
1. paradoxus, Pocock. ... 44
2. lsometra9,Ilc//i/tr.^\Flirenb. 44
1. europpeus. Linn 46
2. thurstoni, Pocock .... 17
3. aaaamenaia, Oatea .... 48
4. thwaitesi, Pocock .... 48
•"i. basilicus, Karsch .... -Ill
(i. brachycentrus, Pocock. 50
7. vittatus, Pocock ~)0
8. acanthurus, Pocock . . 51
9. rigidulua, Pocock .... 52
Fam. 2. Ch;eiulidje 53
1. Clinerilu-, Simon 53
1. granosua, Pocock .... 56
2. anthracinua, Pocock . . 57
rufescens, Pocock . . 57
3. margaritatus, Pocock. . ~>*
\. insignia, Pocock ">v
5. tricostatus, Pocock . . 59
6. gemmifer, Pocock .... 60
7. pictus, Pocock 'il
8. cevlonensis, Pocock . . 62
'.». birmanicua, Thorell . . 62
10. truncatus, Kartell .... 6 •"•
Vlll
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
E
am.
3. Vkjovid-e
1. Scorpiops, Peters
1. hardwickii, Gerv. . . .
2. insculptus, Pocock . . .
3. crassimanus, Pocock .
4. leptochirus, Pocock .
5. petersii, Pocock
6. montanus, Karsch . . .
satarensis, Pocock .
tenuicauda, Pocock
7. longimanus, Pocock .
8. asthenurus, Pocock .
9. bingbamii, Pocock . . ,
10. anthracinus, Simon ,
11. lindstroemii, Thorell
12. affinis, Kraep
Page
64
, 64
, 66
. 68
. 68
. 69
. 70
. 70
. 71
. 72
. 72
. 73
. 74
. 74
. 74
. 75
Order UROPYGI.
Page
100
Fam. 4. Ischnuridje
1. Hemiscorpius, Peters
1. lepturus, Peters
2. Chiromachetes, Pocock . .
1. fergusoni, Pocock ....
3. Hormurus, Thorell
1. australasipe, Fabr
suspectus, Thorell . .
2. nigripes, Pocock
4. Iomachus, Pocock
1 . lseviceps, Pocock ....
malabarensis, Pocock
2. punctulatus, Pocock . .
3. nitidus, Pocock
Fam. 5. Scobpionid^
1, Palamnseus, Thorell ....
1. swammerdami, Simon .
lucidipes, Simon ....
flavimanus, Pocock .
2. fulvipes, C. Koch
madi'aspatensis,PococZ;
bombayensis, Pocock.
3. wrougbtoni, Pocock . .
4. latimanus, Pocock ....
5. gravimauus, Pocock . .
6. liurus, Pocock
7. xanthopua, Pocock. . . .
8. scaber, Thorell
kanareDsis, Pocock . .
9. bengalensis, C. Koch. .
10. phipsoni, Pocock ....
collinus, Pocock ....
1 1 . barbori, Pocock
12. indiis, DeGeer
13. serratus, Pocock
14. csesar, C. Koch
1 .">. longimanus, Jlcrbst . .
16. oatesiij Pocock
76
77
77
77
78
78
79
80
80
81
81
82
83
83
84
84
86
87
87
87
88
89
89
90
90
91
92
93
93
94
94
or,
95
96
97
97
97
98
108
109
110
111
Suborder Urotricha 101
Fam. 1. Thelyphonid^e . . . . 102
1. Thelypbonus, Latr 103
1. sepiaris, Butl 104
indicus, Stolicz 105
muricola, Pocock . . 105
2. cristatus, Pocock .... 105
3. sclinebagenii, Kraep.. . 105
2. Uroproctus, Pocock 106
1. assamensis, Stolicz. . . 106
3. Labocbirus, Pocock
1. proboscideus, Butl.
2. tauricornis, Pocock
3. cerviims, Pocock .
4. Ilypoctonus, Thorell .
1. oatesii, Pocock 112
2. bingbami, Oates 113
3. woodmasoni, Oates . . 113
4. saxatilis, Oates 115
5. sylvaticus, Oates .... 115
6. ranguuensis, Oates. . . . 116
7. formosus, Butl 116
insularis, Oates .... 117
8. andersoni, Oates 117
Suborder Tartaxides 118
Fam. 1. HtJBBARDIIDiE .... 119
1. Scbizomus, Cook 119
1. crassicaudatus, Camb. . 120
2. Trithyreus, Kraep 121
1. suboculatus, Pocock . . 121
2. grassii, Thorell 122
3. cambridgii, Thorell . . 122
Order AMBLYPYGI .....'. 123
Fam. 1. Phrynichidje
1. Plirvnichus, Karsch
1. lunatus, Pallas .
2. phipsoni, Pocock
3. pusillus, Pocock .
125
125
126
127
128
Fam. 2. Charontid.e 128
1. Stygophrynus, Kraep. .
1. cavernicola, Thorell .
2. Catageus, Thorell
1. pusillus, Thorell
3. Sarax, Simon . ■ . ■
1. sarawakensis, Thorell
129
L30
L30
130
131
131
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
IX
Page
Order SOLIFUGjE 132
135
1 . Galeodes, Ofir
136
1. fatalis, Liehi.$ Eerbst.
L37
l:;>
rufulus, Poeock . . . .
139
3. sabulosus, Poeock
L39
4. a<rilis, Poeock
140
5. :ifu-hanus, Poeock
140
6. macmaboni, Poeock . .
141
142
obscurior, Poeock . .
143
australis, Poeock . .
143
8. nigripalpis, Poeock . .
144
9. bacillifer, Poeock ....
144
3. vittatus, Poeock . .
4. nigriceps, Poeock . . . .
5. nigrocinctus, Bernard
<'). annulatus. Si nam
7. phipsoni, Poeock . . . .
OPIST ii o I II K i. .v:
156
Suborder Mygalomorphae 157
I'.iiu. 1. Atvimilk
1. Atypus, Latr
1. doraualis, Thorell . . .
•_'. ( !alommata, Lucca
1. truculentum, Thorell
Fun. 2. Ctkni/.iii.k
1.
Acantbodon,&ueV. . . .
1. craasua, Simon . . .
2. opit'ex, Poeock . . .
:',. constructor, Poeock
4. ibrtis, Poeock
158
158
158
I.V.I
L69
L60
L61
id
162
]«;:;
168
Fain. 2. Solpugidje 145 ■
Subfam. ] . Dcesiin<c 145 \
1. Gluviopsis, Kraep 146
1. atratus, Poeock 140
Subfam. 2. Rhagodince 147
1. Rhagodes, Poeock 147
1. semiflavus, Poeock. . . . 14'.»
2. brevipes, Gerv 14'.'
150
150
151
152
152
Order AKAXE.E 153 j
M K sot II E E ^E 155
Fain. 1. Lii'iiisxiiDiE 156
1. Lipbistius, Schio'dte .... 156
1. birmanicus, Thorell . . 156
Page
5. lessor, Poeock 1*M
6. designatus, Camb. ... 164
2. Seligmomerus, Simon .. 164
1. taprobanicus, Simon . . 164
2. prolans, Simon 165
3. Conothele, Thorell 1 1 i -~ .
I. birmanica, Thorell. . . . L65
4. Acattyma, L. Koch 166
1. cryptica, Simon 166
■">. Scalidognathus, Karsch.. 166
1 . radialis, Camb 167
2. oreophilus, Simon .... 167
6. Neinesiellua, Poeock .... 167
1 . montanus, Poeock .... 167
7. Atinetocbilus, Simon. ... 1»>V
1. foaaor, Simon, 168
2. atriceps, Poeock 169
8. Datuarcbus, Thorell 169
1. oatesii. 'Thorell 169
Fun. 3. DlPI4TJB.lD.as 170
1. [schnotbele, Ausser 170
1. dumicola, Poeock .... 17 J
2. Macrothele. Ausser 171
1. maculata, Thorell .... 171
Fain. 4. Rakychelidje .... 172
1. Sason, Simon 172
1. robustum, Camb 173
2. cinctipea, Poeock .... 17;'.
3. armatoris, Poeock .... 174
4. andamanicum, Simon . 1 74
2. Diplothele, Camb 174
1. waFlii. Camb 175
2. lialvi, Simon 17-0
•">. Plagiobotbrus, Karsch . . 175
1. semilunaris, Karsch . . 176
4. Sipalolasma, Simon 17*>
1 . greeni, Poeock 17ti
2. I'lliuti, Simon 177
5. Sasonichus, Poeock 177
1. Bullivani, Poeock .... 177
Fun. 5. Thebaphosidje . 178
Subfam. 1. Theraphosince . ... 178
1. Pblogiodes, Poeock 17'.»
1. validus, Poeock I 7ii
2. robust us, Poeock .... 180
2. Heterophrictus, Poeock .. 180
1. milleti, Poeock 180
•">. Plesiopbrjctus, Poeock .. 181
1. mill inli. Poeock 181
• 2. sericeu8, Poeock 182
•'!. colliuu8, Poeock 182
4. tenuipea, Poeock .... 182
5. fabrei, Simon L82
b
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
4. Iscbnocolus, Ausser.
1. linteatus, Simon
2. brevipes, Thorett
3. ornatus, Thorell .
Subfam. 2. Thrigmopceince
1. Haploclastus, Swiom . .
1. nilgirinus, Pocock . .
2. cervinus, Simon. . . .
2. Thrigmopoeus, Pocock
1 . iusignis, Pocock ....
2. truculentus, Pocock
Page
183
183
183
184
184
185
185
185
1st;
186
186
Subfam. 3. Selenocosmiince .. 87
1. Pcecilotberia, Simon . . .
1. r ufi lata, Pocock
2. metallica, Pocock . . .
.'!. miranda, Pocock . .. .
4. subfusca, Pocock . . .
5. regalis, Pocock
('). striata, Pocock
7. formosa, Pocock
8. vittata, Pocock
9. fasciata, Lcdr
10. ornata, Pocock
2. Chilobracbys, Karsch. . .
1. fimbriatus, Pocock. . .
2. femoralis, Pocock . . .
3. pocoekii, Thorell . . .
4. bicolor, Pocock
5. flavo-pilosus, Simm .
Ci. furaosus, Pocock . . .
7. niasoui, Pocock
8. andersoni, Pocock . . .
'.). nitelinus, Karsch . . .
10. hardwickii, Pocock .
1 1. stridulans, Wood-
Mason
I 2. thorellii, Pocock. . . .
I.",, brevipes, 'Thorell . .
1 I. sericeus, Thorell
:;. Selenocosmia, Ausser.
i. himalayana, Pocock
2. fuliginea, Thorell . .
'.',. iavanensis, Walch.
4. Phiogiellus. Pocock. . . .
1 . subarmatus, Thorell
■'). Lyrognathus, Pocock . .
1 . crotalus, Pocock. . . .
2. saltator, Pocock. . . .
:'). pugnax, Pocock ....
Subfam. I. Ornithoctonina
1 . ( iyriopagopus, >sim<»i . .
1. paganus, Simon ....
188
1 89
L89
190
190
190
191
191
192
l'.e
192
192
195
195
L95
196
196
196
197
197
L97
198
198
L99
L99
199
200
200
201
201
202
202
202
203
203
203
203
204
205
PagP
2. Melopoeus, Pocock 205
1. minax, Thorell 205
3. Ornithoctonus, Pocock . . 205
1. andersoni, Pocock .... 206
Suborder Arachnomorphae. 206
Fam. 1. Eresid.u
1. Stegodypbus, Simon . . .
1. mirandus, Pocock . . .
2. pacificus, Pocock . . .
3. sarasinoruni, Karsch .
4. socialis. Pocock
tibialis, Camh.
Fam. 2. Psechrid^:,
1. Psecbrus, Thorell
1. tonus, Camh
2. gheeuanus, Thorell ,
3. alticeps, Pocock . . . .
2. Fecenia, Simon
1. travancoria, Pocock
2. cylindrata, Thorell . .
Fam. 3. Augyoi'ip-'e ....
1 . Tetragnatba, Lair
1. gracilis, Stolicz
2. geniculata, Karsch
3. mandibulata, Walck.
2. Argyroepeira, Emert<m
1 . fasti gat a, Simon ....
2. tessellata, Thorell . .
3. eelebesiana, Walck.
4. ventralis, Thorell . .
3. Nephila, Leach
1. maculata, Fabr
2. kublii, Jhlesc
3. imperialis, Dolesc. . .
4. clavata, L. Koch . .
5. malabarensis, Walck.
4. Herennia, Thorell
1. ornatissinia, DolesC
5. Argyope, Sav
1. ardiata, Simon
2. lobata, Pallas
3. pulchella, Thorell . .
I. undulata, Thorell . .
5. anasuja, Thorell . . . .
6. taprobanica, Thorell
7. semula, Walck
8. catenulata, Dolesc. . .
6. Araneus, Clerck
1. laglaizei, Simon
2. unicolor, Dolesc. . .
3. debaanii, Dolesc. . .
I. moluccensis, Dolesc.
208
20s
209
209
209
209
210
210
210
211
211
212
212
212
212
213
214
214
215
215
215
216
216
216
216
217
217
2 is
218
218
210
219
219
220
220
221
221
222
222
222
223
223
223
221
225
225
220
3T8TBM \TIC IXDEX.
XI
5. feae, Thnrell
6. cicatrosus, Stolicz
7. citricola, Forsk
8. exaothematicus, Dolesc,
'.'. bilunifer, Pocoek
10. nauticus, i. Koch
11. rumpfi, Thorell
7. Cyrtarachne, Thorell
1. raniceps, Pocoek
2. inaequalis, Thorell . . . .
3. cingulata. Thorell
8. Ordgarius, Keyserl
1. hobsoni, Camb
2. sexspinosus, Thorell . .
9. Caerostris, Thorell
1. paradoxa, Dolesc
10. Gasteraeantba, .S'«/?<7
1. arcuate, Fabr
2. dalyi, Pocoek
3. sororna, Z>?/^/
4. remifera, Zfall
5. hasseltii, C. Koch ....
6. geminate, Fabr
7. frontata, II lack n-
8. diadestuia, Thorell. . . .
9. unguifera, Simon
10. leucomelaena, Dolesc. .
11. brevispina. Dolesc. .'. .
11. Poltys, C. AWi
1. illepidus, C. AV//
2. pannuceus, Thorell
Page
226
226
226
227
227
228
228
228
229
221 1
229
230
230
230
230
231
231
232
232
233
233
233
233
234
234
234
23-5
Fam. 4. Theridiuxe
1 . 1 .athrodectus, Walck. . . .
1 . hasseltii, Thorell . . .
iDdicus, Simon . . .
elegana, Thorell . . .
2. geometricus, C. Koch
Fam 5. Pholcidje
1. Artema, Walck
1. atlanta, Walck
2. Smeringopu.*, Simon . .
1. elongatus, Vinson . .
■ ',. Crossopriza, Simon ....
1. lyoni, Blackw
Fam. 0. Hersiliip^e 240
1. Ilirsilia, Aud
1. savignyi, Lucas . .
2. pectinate, Thorell
3. clatbrata, Thorell
2. Murricia, Simon
1. indica, Lucas
241
I'll
241
2*2
242
■1 J 2
236
236
236
237
237
237
237
238
238
238
2:38
239
239
240
240
Pag
•">. Tama. Simon 242
1. variata. Pocoek 242
Fam. 7. Fhocteii'-E 243
1. Uroctea, Duf. 243
1. indica, Pocoek 243
Fam. 8. LvrosiD^E 244
1. Eucamptopus, Pococh . . . . 244
1. coronatus, Pocoek .... 245
2. Hygropoda, Thorell 245
1. procera, Thorell 24-1
•'!. Perenethis, L. Koch .... 245
1. uuiuisciata, Dolesc. . . 240
2. indica. Svnion 240
4. Dendrolycosa, Dolesc 240
1. stauntoui, Pococh .... 247
2. robuste, Thorell 247
5. Tbalas.^ins Simon 247
1. phipaoni, F. Comb. . . 248
6. Euprosthenops, Pocoek . . 248
1. ellioti, Camb 249
7. Hippasa, Simon 24'.'
1. pantherina, Pocoek .. 250
2. lycosina, Pocoek 250
3. olivacea, Thorell .... 250
4. pisaurina, Pocoek .... 250
5. agelenoides, Simon . . 251
6. holmerae, Thorell .... 251
B. Ocyale, Aud 25]
1. atalanta, Aud 252
0. Lycosa, Latr 252
1 . phipsoni, Pococh .... 253
_. wrougbtoni, Pocoek . . 253
3. nigrotibialis, Simon . . 253
4. indagatrix, Walck. . 264
5. catula. Simon 254
0. chaperi, Simon 254
Fam. 9. Oxyopidje 2">4
1. Peucetia, Thorell 255
1. viridana, Stolicz 255
2. graminea, Pocoek .... 256
'■'•. prasina, Thorell 256
4. procera, Thorell 256
Fam. 10. Clubio.md^e 257
Subfam. 1. Sclcnopincy 267
I . Selenops, Latr 267
1 . radiatue, Latr 257
-. montigena, Anion .... 268
Xll
SYSTEMATIC INJ)i:x.
Subfam. 2. Heteropodince
1 . 1 leteropoda, Latr. . . .
J . venatoria, Linn. . . .
2. phasiua, Simon . . .
3. sexpunctata, Simon
4. fabrei, Simon
5. kandiana, Pocock .
6. prompta, Camb. . . .
7. smythiesi, Simon .
8. languida, Simon. . .
9. leprosa, Simon . . .
10. plebeia, Thorell . . .
11. lutea, Thorell
12. umbrata, Karsch .
1 3. eluta, Karsch
1 4. subtilis, Karsch . . .
2. Spariolenus, Simon . . .
1 . tigris, Simon
3. Pandercetes, L. Koch .
1 decipiens, Pocock .
2. celatus, Pocock . . .
3. inacilentus. Thorell
4. Palystes, L. Koch . . .
1 . kochi, Simon
Page
259
259
260
260
261
261
261
261
262
262
262
262
263
263
263
263
263
264
264
264
265
265
265
2(35
6.
2. flavidus, Simon
Sparassus, Walck.
1. lamarcki, Latr.
2. senilis, Simon . .
3. hirtus, Karsch . .
4. wroughtoni, Simon
5. phipsoni, Pocock
6. impudicus, Thorell
7. puuctipes, Simon
8. luteseens, Thorell
9. tener, Thorell ....
10. tarandus, Simon . .
11. stimulator, Simon
Thelcticopis, Karsch
1. nalandicus, Karsch
2. paripes, Karsch . .
3. canescens, Simon
4. birmanicus, Thorell
5. pictus, Thorell
Fain. 11. Platohida:
1. Plator, Simon . . .
1. indie us, Simon
Pair
266
266
267
267
267
268
268
268
268
269
269
269
269
270
27<)
271
271
271
271
272
272
272
CORRIGENDUM. (Pp. 206 207.)
Sections a'. &5, «';, 66 of Synopsis to be altered aa follows :--
a'. Posterior spinners absent or much shorter than
anterior.
a8. Upper lip membranous; maxillae without
crest on upper side Zodartidai.
//'■. Upper lip horny; maxilla' with crest on
upper side . .' • • ■ Valpimanida-.
If. Posterior spinners present, not perceptibly
(shorter than anterior.
ARACHNID A.
The Arachnida maybe distinguished from the llexapoda (Insects),
Chilopoda (Centipedes), and Diplopoda (.Millipedes) by the entire
absence of the pair of feeler-like appendages, known as antenna),
which are affixed to the front of the head in these three classes of
animals, and also by the fact that there is no differentiated head
furnished with two or three pairs of appendages modified so as to
act solely as jaws. In the remaining great class of Arthropoda —
the Crustacea, — which possesses numerous terrestrial species, there
are two pairs of antenniform appendages at the anterior eud of
the body and at least three pairs of appendages modified as jaws.
The Arachnida may be characterized in detail as follows * : —
Arthropodous animals in which the body in the adult is never
composed of more than eighteen segments (somites) and is divisible
into two main regions — an anterior or cephalothorax,and a posterior
or abdomen.
The cephalothorax consists of six somites, each of which is pro-
vided with a pair of appendages. The somites are usually welded
together and covered above by a dorsal shield or carapace; rarely
the posterior two somites remain distinct from the others, and are
furnished with one or two dorsal plates, separate from the main
portion of the carapace. The carapace is then said to be segmented.
The ventral surface of the cephalothorax is typically supplied with
one or more median plates (sterna) ; sometimes the sterna are
partially or wholly obliterated by the ingrowth of the basal
segments of the appendages, which meet in the median ventral
line. Sometimes the sternal plates are united, and form a single
ventral plate to the cephalothorax.
Eyes. — Except in some degenerate forms, the fore part of the
carapace, sometimes called the cephalic or head-region, is furnished
with simple eyes, which in undegenerate species are usually eight
in number, two being situated close together in the middle line
{median eyes), and three on each side (lateral eyes), set in a cluster
or separated from each other.
Mouth. — The mouth is a minute aperture placed near the lower
part of the anterior extremity of the cephalothorax. it is bordered
above by a membranous or horny upper lip (Jabrum), and usually
below by the anterior sternal plate which acts as a lower lip or
labium.
* Sonic of the degenerate Mitts and Ticks furnish exceptions to many of the
characters contained in this definition.
U
2 VltACHNIDA.
Appendages. — The appendages forming the first pair (mandibles,
chelic&rce) are situated close together beneath the front edge of the
carapace above the mouth. Each consists of two, rarely of three,
segments, and is very frequently pincer-like or chelate, the terminal
segment (movable finger or digit) closing against a prolongation of
the penultimate segment. This prolongation is called the im-
movable finger. In other cases the terminal segment closes against
the penultimate segment without the interposition of a finger-like
prolongation. The appendages forming the second pair (the
palpi or chelce) are usually large, but are very variable in function
and form, being sometimes prehensile and pincer-like, when they
are termed chela?, sometimes tactile and leg-like, when they are
termed palpi. Each typically and almost invariably consists of
six segments, which, although strictly homologous throughout
the class, have unfortunately in descriptive works received different
names in different orders, largely on account of the failure of
authors to recognize this homology. The basal segment is termed
the coxa, or, when it acts as a masticator of food, the maxilla. It
is often furnished with a process, the maxillary process, which pro-
jects forwards beneath or on one side of the mouth. The second
segment is termed the trochanter ; the third the femur or humerus;
the fourth the tibia or brachium when the limb is chelate, or patella
when it is pediform ; the fifth and sixth are termed respectively
hand and movable finger in the former case, tibia and tarsus in the
latter. To the tip of the sixth is typically affixed a claw, which
may be either freely movable or fused to the segment and scarcely
distinguishable from it. The remaining four pairs of appendages,
spoken of collectively as the legs, are generally similar or subsimilar
in form and subserve locomotion. The first of these four pairs,
however, sometimes acts as a tactile organ, and is not used for
progression but is carried raised from the ground. Typically these
limbs consist each of seven segments, named from base to apex as
follows : coxa, trochanter, femur, patella, tibia, protarsus, tarsus.
The tarsus is tipped with two or three claws, rarely with one, and
may be secondarily subdivided into two or more segments.
Abdomen. — The abdomen is generally without appendages.
When present they are of small size, are set apart for purposes of
reproduction and silk-spinning, and are never used for locomotion.
The abdomen is either distinctly segmented, being furnished above
with a series of dorsal plates (terga) and below with a correspond-
ing series of ventral plates (sterna); or no such plates are developed,
and the visible external signs of segmentation are either wanting
or obscure. At most there are twelve distinct somites in this
region, though sometimes there is a skeletal piece movably articu-
lated to the last, above the anal aperture. When this structure is
present, the last segment and two or more of those that precede it
are narrowed and form with the postanal sclerite the so-called
tail. Both terga and sterna of the abdomen are generally pitted
with a pair of scars (ttigil/a or impressions) which mark the point
of attachment of a series of internal dorso-ventral muscles.
\l( \( II M DA. 3
Infernal organs. — The generative organs open upon the ventral
side of the first or second abdominal somite, beneath either the
sternum or a movable plate, the genital operculum. The respiratory
organs also open upon the ventral side of the abdomen, communi-
cating with the exterior by means of apertures (stigmata) situated
upon or behind some of the anterior sternal plates. Barely there
is a pair of stigmata on the ventral side of the cephalothorax.
The organs themselves consist either of horny branching tubes,
the tubular trachea', or of pulmonary sacs supplied with tine leaf-
like lamella).
The Arachnida are viviparous or oviparous. The young are born
or hatched from the egg in a form substantially resembling their
parents, and, except in the case of the Acari (Mites and Ticks),
growth is not accompanied by metamorphosis, the characters of
the adult being gradually assumed with each successive moult of the
integument.
Classification. — (Setting aside the marine form Limulus, and also
the two degenerate groups Tardigrada and Pentastomida, whose
claims to be regarded as Arachnida are somewhat slender, the
members of this class may be grouped iuto the following orders : —
1. SfORPIONES; 2. UrOPYGI ; 3. A.UBLYPYGI; 4. ArANE^E ; 5.
.SoLirroK: <>. Pamugradi ; 7. Pseuboscorpiones ; 8. Opiliones;
■J). Acari *. With the exception of the Palpigradi, which, so far
as is known, are confined to Central and South Europe, all these
orders are represented by numerous species and genera in British
India. They may be briefly diagnosed as follows : —
a. Abdomen very long, consisting of twelve
distinct somites, of which the posterior
five are narrowed and compressed to
form, with the postanal sclerite or
vesicle, a distinct tail ; postanal sclerite
with two poison-glands ; a pair of comb-
like abdominal appendages SCORPIONES.
b. Abdomen typically short, usually not
'tailed,' at most the posterior three
somites narrowed to form a short mov-
able stalk to support the postanal
sclerite; the latter never provided with
poison-glands ; no comb-like abdominal
appendages.
a1. Postanal sclerite retained as a single
unsegmented piece or in the form of
a many-jointed flagellum supported
by the posterior three segments of
the abdomen, which are narrowed to
form a movable stalk UROPYGI.
. —t . ..
*»Tbe subclasses and superordina] groups under which these orders have
been rightly arranged are, for the sake of simplicity ignored in this volume.
AEACHNIDA.
/.'. Postanal sclerite absent ; posterior
abdominal somites not narrowed to
form a movable stalk or tail.
a'. A deep constriction separating the
cephalothorax and abdomen, these
regions united by a narrow waist
or pedicel ; a pair of breathing-
organs, almost invariably in the
form of lung-sacs, forming a trans-
verse line with the median genera-
tive aperture * ; sternal area of
cephalothorax large, usually sub-
circular.
a3. Appendages of 2ud pair spiny,
prehensile and subchelate, unlike
the legs ; those of 3rd pair (1st
pair of legs) very long, antenni-
form, distally many - jointed :
abdomen distinctly segmented,
without spinning mainillse ; no
poison-gland in mandible AMBLYPYGI.
bz. Appendages of 2nd pair pedi-
form, not prehensile and not
subchelate, modified in male as
reproductive organ : appendages
of 3rd pair like the following
pairs and constituting the first
pair of walking-legs : abdomen
usually unsegmented. always
furnished with appendages in the
formofspinningmamilke; poisou-
gland in mandible ANANE^J.
/>\ No deep constriction forming a
narrow waist between cephalo-
thorax and abdomen ; breathing-
organs always in the form of
tubular tracheae, the first pair on
the abdomen, never situated in a
transverse line with the generative
orifice; coxa; of cephalo-thoracic
limbs in contact or separated
by a forward prolongation of the
anterior abdominal sternite bearing
the generative orifice.
a*. Body elongate; abdomen consist-
ing of from 10-12 somites ;
generative aperture situated well
behind the coxa) of the last pai:-
* Except in the spiders of the genus Tetragnatha.
>' oBPlON'ES. •'
of cephalothoracic limbs ; coxae
of posterior four thoracic limbs
in contact.
a' . Carapace distinctly segmented;
mandible articulated to the eidee
of its anterior plate ; append-
ages of 2nd pair leg-like and
tactile. Of large size SOLIFUGM
b\ Carapace not segmented, merely
transversely grooved : man-
JO 7
dibles not articulated to the
carapace ; appendages of the
2nd pair chelate, like those of J PSEUDO-
tbe Scorpions. Of small size . \ 8C0BPI0NES.
b*. Body short ; abdomen either un-
segmented or consisting of only
five somites : generative aperture
thrust forwards between the coxae
of the cephalothoracic limbs.
a*. Abdomen segmented ; mouth-
parts not modified to form a
suctorial proboscis OPILIONES.
b*. Abdomen not segmented ;
mouth-parts usually modified
to form a suctorial proboscis. . ACAlll.
The present volume deals with the Scorpiones, Uropygi, Amblv-
pygi, Solifugae, and with the larger or otherwise conspicuous
species of Aranea? (Spiders).
The Acari (Mites and Ticks) are not likely to be mistaken for
any other order. The Opiliones (Harvest Spiders), sometimes
called Phalangidea, are, however, frequently confounded with the
true Spiders; and the Pseudoscorpiones (False or Book-Scorpions)
are often similarly regarded as diminutive Scorpions. Neverthe-
less, the key to the orders given above will enable naturalists and
collectors to refer any Indian arachnid to its proper systematic
position in the Class.
Order SCORPIONES.
Integument horny, smooth or granular, usually scantily clothed
in parts with short tactile hairs, which are generally longer on the
legs and tail than on the trunk. On the segments of the chelae
the hairs are often long and bristle-like, and emerge from circular
integumental pits with a thickeued rim. The number and posi-
tion of these pits, known as setal, setiferoue, or brietU pores, are
often of systematic importance.
Carapace uneegmented and furnished near its centre with a
b SCOKPIOKES.
pair of median eyes, and on each of its antero-lateral angles with'
two or three large eyes, and sometimes one or two small eyes as
well ; the triangular area between the eye-groups is termed the
frontal area or the anteocular triangle. The anterior border of the
carapace is often notched in the middle, forming a right and left
frontal lobe. Mandibles chelate, consisting of three segments, the
Fig. 1. — Carapace, chela, and mandible of Palamneeus svjammcrdami.
a, median eyes ; b, lateral eyes ; c, frontal lobe of carapace; d, second segment
of mandible ; e, movable, and /, immovable finger of mandible ; g, coxa ;
h, trochanter ; i, humerus ; k, brachium ; /, hand; on, movable finger,
n, immovable finger of chela ; o, lobe of hand.
basal small and concealed ; the second, larger and swollen, furnished
in front with a strong process, the immovable finger, which is
armed with an upper, and sometimes also with a lower, set of teeth ;
the third segment, the movable finger, which works in a horizontal
plane, is also furuished with one or two rows of teeth, an upper
and a lower, along its biting-edge.
The appendages of the 2nd pair (chela) are pincer-like and move
for the most part in a horizontal plane ; the segments are named
as follows from base to tip — coxa, trochanter, humerus, brachium,
hand, movable finger. The coxa is freely articulated to the mem-
brane on each side of the mouth and acts as a jaw or maxilla ; the
humerus and brachium are generally furnished with granular
crests or leeels. For descriptive purposes the humerus is regarded
as set at right angles to the long axis of the body, hence it has an
anterior and a posterior surface ; whereas the brachium and hand
are regarded as resting in a line parallel to the long axis of the
body, hence they have an outer and an inner surface. The hand
SCORPION F.S. i
is very variable in form ; the flattisk area of it that lies immedi-
ately behind the joint of the movable finger, and usually rests upon
the ground, is called the underhand. This underhand is generally
separated externally from the upper side of the hand by a strong
crest or keel, the keel of the underhand. The upper side is some-
times evenly convex ; sometimes, however, its outer portion above
the keel of the underhand is flat and vertical, and its inner portion
flat and horizontal, the two areas cutting each other at right angles
and separated by a ridge or keel, called the finger-keel, because it
runs forwards on to the immovable finger. Frequently additional
keels are developed both upon the outer and upon the inner
portion of the upper surface. The upper surface is generally
bordered internally by a sharp edge, known as the inner edge-
or border, and the area beneath this edge and between it and the
underhand is called the inner or inferior surface of the hand.
B.
A.
Fig. 2. — A, upper, and B, under
side of hand of Scorpiops orasamamis.
a, outer portion of upper surface ; ft,
finger-keel ; c, inner portion of
upper surface : d, keel of under-
hand ; e, underhand : /, inner sur-
face of hand.
.' / .->C
a:.
Fig. 3.— Movable finger of chela of
Lychas scutilus.
a, external ; ft, median; e, internal
series of teeth.
according to its position when the hand is normally at rest, anil
according to the shape of the particular hand under description.
The movable and immovable fingers are provided with teeth along
their biting-edges. The arrangement of these teeth furnishes
valuable specific and generic characters. The armature tisualh
consists of several rows of small teeth arranged longitudinally and
partly obliquely along the middle line of the finger, sometimes set
end to end, sometimes overlapping to a greater or less extent.
These constitute the median series of teeth. Moreover, the anterior
tooth of each row of the median series is often enlarged ami
separated from the rest of the row to which it belongs. This
series of anterior teeth thus enlarged and often isolated constitutes
8
SCORPIONES.
the inner series. An outer series similarly results from the enlarge-
ment of one or two of the posterior teeth of the median rows.
The four legs are practically alike in structure and act as loco-
motor organs. The coxae of both 1st and 2nd pairs are furnished
with a for\vardly-directed maxillary process, which underlies the
area immediately below the mouth. The coxae of the 2nd pair
d
A.
i k 9
Fig. 4. — A. Diagram of Scorpion's leg. a, coxa ; b, trochanter ; c, femur ;
d, patella; e, tibia; J, protarsus ; g, tarsus; h, claw-lobe ; i, superior
claw; k, tibial spur ; I, pedal spur.
B. Side view of posterior tarsus of Palamnceus swammerdami. m, lateral lobe
overlapping base of claw (?i).
A.
B.
Fig. 5.— A. Lower side of tarsus of Hetniscorpius, .showing (a) single anterior
pedal spur ; and B, of Charilus, showing (1>) anterior and {<■) posterior
pedal spur.
meet each other in the middle line. The coxsb of the 3rd and 4th
pairs are welded together ; they do not meet across the middle
line of the body, but are separated from each other by the sternum
of the cephalot borax, which has the form of a triangular or penta-
gonal plate, and anteriorly abuts against the coxae of the legs of
the 2nd pair.
SCO ItPJ ONES, i)
None of the seven segments of the legs are subdivided. The
seventh or apical segment (tarsus) is furnished on its lower side
with hairs or spines. Three claws are articulated to the membrane
at its distal end, two superior and one inferior, the latter being
often partially or wholly worn down. The upper side of the tarsus
is generally produced at its distal end into a process (the claw-
lobe) overhanging the base; of the claws, and the claws are soine-
timea overlapped laterally by a lobate expansion of the side of the
tarsus. Attached to the articular membrane which unites the base
of the tarsus to the adjacent extremity of the segment that precedes
it (the protarsus) there are one or two pale but dark-tipped claw-
like spurs (the -pedal spurs)*. In many cases there is a similar
spur (the tibial spur) between the protarsus and the tibia.
Kig. (i. — Ventral surface of cephalothorax and of anterior end ol
abdomen of Palamnteus.
/', 1st abdominal sternum ( = sternum of 3rd abdominal somite) ; k, respiratory
stigma; c, trochanter of 4th leg; d, coxa of 4th, e of 3rd, / of 2nd,
q of 1st leg; h, maxillary lobe of 2nd leg; i, maxillary lobe of 1st leg;
/. pentagonal cephalothoracie sternum: /, genital operculum: m, seg-
mented shaft of peeten ; n, fulcra ; 0, teeth of pecten.
The abdomen is anteriorly as broad as the cephalothorax. It
consists of twelve distinct somites, the last five of which are narrow,
tubular, flexibly jointed together, and constitute, with the post-
anal skeletal piece, the tail. This postanal skeletal piece consists
of two distinct parts — an enlarged, usually globular ba^al portion
(the vesicle), which contains a pair of poison-glands, and aspiniform
distal portion (the acuZeua). Beneath the latter, on the vesicle,
there is frequently a tooth-like process, the vesicular spin,. For
purposes of description and measurement, the vesicle and aculeus
are regarded as extended in the same straight line as the tail, the
* These spurs must not be confounded with the thinner blacker spines most
frequently seen in their vicinity upon the extremity of the protarsus.
10 SCORPIONES.
aculeus pointing backward. The anus is placed beneath the
vesicle, at the end of the 5th tail-segment ; the edge of the latter
adjacent to the anus is termed the anal border. All the caudal or
tail-segments are as a rule carinate, crested or keeled at the sides
and below ; the keels, when fully developed, being eight or ten in
number on the first four segments, whereas the 5th has only five
complete keels, one of which occupies the middle line of its lower
side. From above downward on each side the keels of the first
four segments bear the following names — superior, superior lateral,
median lateral, inferior lateral, inferior median. The keels of the
5th caudal segment are named superior lateral, inferior lateral, and
inferior median (see fig. 8, p. 17).
Although the tail is in reality part of the abdomen, the latter
term is, for descriptive purposes, restricted to the seven somites
that precede the tail. The last abdominal somite is narrowed
posteriorly, and is usually crested both on its tergum and sternum
after the manner of the tail-segments, each being furnished with
four keels. Each of the four sternal plates that precede the last
is provided with a pair of elongate or circular respiratory stigmata ;
on the inner side of the stigma there is a distinct groove, the
muscular impression. The sternum of the 2nd abdominal somite
is very small, but bears a pair of comb-like appendages (the peetines).
These consist of a handle or shaft and a series of movable teeth.
Between the bases of the teeth there are small rounded skeletal
pieces called the fulcra. The shaft is usually segmented. Between
the sternum that bears the peetines and that of the cephalothorax,
already described, is situated the generative orifice : this is
covered by a single or double movable lid, the genital operculum.
Measurements. — In the specific descriptions the measurements
are taken as follows :• — Total length is taken from the anterior
border of the carapace, not including mandibles, to the tip of the
aculeus when the vesicle is depressed so as to lie in the same line
as the caudal segments ; the carapace is measured from the side of
its anterior border to a corresponding spot on the posterior border,
and not along the middle line. The tail-segments are measured
laterally along the carinate portion, the measurements not includ-
ing the short un keeled cylindrical portion situated at the anterior
extremity of the segments, and frequently covered by the posterior
extremity of the segment in front. Humerus and brachium of
chela are measured along the upper surface ; the underhand along
the keel that borders it above or externally, and the movable digit
along its outer edge.
Sexual differences. — The male is, as a rule, a little smaller than
the female and has a narrower abdomen. Moreover the chela? are
frequently longer and the hand is either broader or narrower :
when broader, the fingers are, as a rule, separated at the base, the
movable being furnished with a lobe-like tooth which fits into a
corresponding notch on the immovable. The tail is generally
longer, sometimes very much longer, less commonly stouter at its
posterior end ; the vesicle may he Longer and thinner, or more
globular or otherwise modified. The pectinal teetli are either
SCOEPIOXES. 11
larger or more numerous, sometimes both. Lastly, the genital
operculum is always formed of two movable halves, whereas in the
female the two halves are frequently united.
The young are born alive.
Distribution. Scorpions are found almost all over the world to
the south of a line represented roughly by the 40th or 45th parallels
of North latitude. None, however, occur in New Zealand or
in Oceanic islands, unless artificially introduced, or in the extreme
south of South America. They are strictly carnivorous, feeding
for the most part on insects, and live under stones, fallen tree-
trunks, the bark of dead trees, in deep burrows that they dig in
the soil, or in shallow depressions excavated in the loose sand.
The Scorpions of British India are referable to five families, the
characters of which may be tabulated as follows : —
a. Legs furnished with a pair of pedal spurs, one in
front and one behind.
a1. Sternum almost invariably triangular, narrowed
in front ; 3rd and 4th legs usually furnished
with tibial spurs Buthidae.
ft1. Sternum pentagonal, parallel-sided, tibial spurs
never present.
a1. Maxillary process of 1st leg anteriorly ex-
panded, with broadly truncate border; two
lateral eyes on each side : stigmata circular;
shaft of pecten scarcely segmented Chaerilidas,
//". Maxillary process of 1st lejr anteriorly nar-
rowed, apically pointed : three lateral eyes
on each side ; stigmata narrow, elongate ;
shaft of pecten distinctly segmented Vejovidae,
h. Legs furnished with a single anterior pedal spur,
the posterior always absent ; sternum pentagonal.
a'. Distal lateral edges of tarsi not produced into a
lobate prominence overlapping the base of the
claw, but straight and forming a right angle
with the claw-lobe ; body and chelae flat ;
hand with strong finger-keel ; tail weak, com-
pressed Ischnuridae.
/>'. Distal lateral edges of tarsi produced into a
rounded lobe overlapping base of claws and
forming a very acute angle with the base
of the claw-lobe ; body and chela; not flat ;
hand without strong finger-keel ; tail strong,
not compressed Scorpionidae.
Note. — The following species, belonging to the family Chactidae.
which, with the exception of the Mediterranean genus Scorjiiu$
( = Eiiscorjrius, Thor.), \s confined to Central and South America,
were originally recorded from India, but certainly erroneously : —
Ohactas quinque-dentatus, Karsch, Zeits. Naturw. liii, p. 405, 1880.
Chactas schawnii, id. ibid. p. 40(5.
The generic position and specific validity of the first-named is
still a matter of doubt. The second, however, which is possibly
identical with it, is, according to Kraepelin, specifically the same
as a species from British Guiana which I described in 1893 as
Iladvv roclutctas sclateri.
12 BUTHIDJt.
Family BUTHIDJE.
Cephalothoracic sternum small, nearly always narrowed in front
to a point, and hence triangular in shape. In two of the genera
that occur in India, namely, Butheolus and, more especially,
Gharmus, it is more parallel-sided and pentagonal in form, as in
the rest of the families of Scorpions ; hut the true position of these
genera in the Buthida? is shown by the sum total of their cha-
racters, more especially by the presence on the legs of the 3rd and
4th pairs of the tibial spurs, which are never found outside the
limits of the Buthidae. Legs with a pair of pedal spurs, of which
the anterior is often double, being furnished with a secondary
branch. Very frequently a spine beneath the aculeus on the caudal
vesicle.
Distribution. Temperate and tropical regions of the world south
■of the 45th parallel of North latitude.
The Indian genera may be arranged under two subfamilies: —
a. 3rd and 4th legs furnished with tibial
spurs ButJiiiue, p. 12.
b. 3rd and 4th legs without tibial spurs .... Centrurince, p. 42.
Subfamily BUTHIN^.
Buthini (sensu stricto), Pocock, A. M.N.H. (0) xvii, p. 428, 1896;
Kracp. Tierr., Scorjt. etc. p. (.!, 1899 (Buthime, in part).
Characters as above.
Distribution. Confined to the Old World*.
Synojms of Indian Genera.
u. A strong triangular spine on the caudal vesicle
beneath the aculeus Lychas, p. 35.
b. No triangular spine, at most a small tubercle
beneath the aculeus on the vesicle.
a1. Frontal area of carapace sloped downwards
from the ocular tubercle to the anterior
edge; area of carapace behind the eyes
impressed with a strong transverse groove ;
sternum of cephalothorax much smaller
than genital operculum Butheolus, p. 28.
b1. Frontal area of carapace horizontal ; area
behind eyes without distinct transverse
groove; sternum about as long as genital
operculum.
* I propose to eliminate from this subfamily the isolated Neotropical genus
Ananteris, which differs strikingly Prom the rest of the family in the structure
of the pectines. The subfamily Ananterinte may he created for its reception,
IH THUS.
IS
or. Abdominal terga with three crests; all
the caudal segments keeled.
aa. Immovable finger of mandible with
two teeth below ; carapace with con-
spicuous keels ; not variegated BuTHUS, p. 13.
h'. Immovable finger of mandible with
only one tooth below ; carapace with-
out keels ; variegated yellow and
black Hemibuthtts, p. 34.
Ir. Abdominal terga with only one median
keel ; tail scarcely keeled.
a1. Sternum pentagonal: median rows of
teeth on fingers of chela? scarcely
overlapping ; trunk and tail thickly
granular Charm rs. p. :;1 .
/>'. Sternum triangular; median rows of
teeth on fingers of chela- largely
overlapping ; tail and body smooth,
polished, scarcely granular Stenochirus, p. -*52
A.
Genus BUTHUS, Leach.
Buthus, Leach, Tr. Linn. Soc. xi, p. 391, 1815 (and of most subse-
quent authors except 0. Koch).
Androctonus -\- Liurns 4- Prionurus, Hempr. $■ JEhr. Symb. Phys.,
Scorpiones, pp. 3-5, 1829.
Androctonus, Thorett, A. M. N. H. (4) xvii, p. 7, 1870 : Kraepelin,
J/>. Haml>. wiss. Anst . viii, p. 173, 1891.
Prionurus, Peters, MB. Akad. Berlin, 1861, p. 513 ; Pocock, P. Z. s.
1890, p. 120.
Two teeth on the under edge of the
immovable mandibular finger. Terga
with a median and two lateral gran-
ular keels. Carapace with strong
keels (at least in all the Indian
species), an anterior pair in front of
the ocular tubercle, a shorter median
and a longer posterior pair behind
it, also a single lateral keel on each
side. Tail keeled; no spine beneath
aculeus. Sternum triangular, not
shorter than the genital operculum.
Armature of digit of chela consisting
of numerous median rows of teeth,
an outer series consisting of couplets
Fig. 7.— A. Diagram of cara- 0f ]al.ge teeth, and an inner of single
teeth, set in advance of those of the
outer series.
Type, B. occitanw, Amor.,S. Europe,
&c."
Distribution. Mediterranean area of
Palsearctic Region ; China; Ethiopian
Kegion down to Zambesi ; India, but
absent from Ceylon and Burma.
B.
in, median, p, posterior, /.
lateral keel; x, lateral, anil
z, median eyes.
B. Abdominal tergum of same.
h, median, /«•, lateral keel.
C. Triangular sternum (,s) of ce-
phalothorax, and (g) genital
operculum of same.
14 HUTMD/E.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
a. Dorsal surface of 5th segment of tail with
compressed, elevated lateral keels ; the area
between these keels strongly concave B. austraiis, p. 15.
b. Dorsal surface of oth segment of tail with
rounded or at most slightly elevated and
granular lateral edges ; the area between the
edges flat or lightly convex, with a median
longitudinal depression.
rt1. Inferior median keels of 2nd and 3rd caudal
segments and the anterior border of lower
side of 4th furnished with large paired
lobate teeth ; anterior terga of abdomen
with a transverse granular crest B. donee, p. 16.
i)1. Inferior median caudal keels evenly or
almost evenly granular ; anterior terga of
abdomen without transverse granular
crest,
cr. Inferior lateral keels of 5th caudal seg-
ment not evenly granular, the granules
increasing in size and becoming denticu-
liform or lobate posteriorly.
a3. Median and posterior keels of carapace
in contact and forming a pair of con-
verging, nearly continuous ridges ;
distancebetween posterior ends of these
keels less than distance between pos-
terior margin of carapace and ocular
tubercle ; hairs on underside of tarsi
longer, not spiniform B. macmahoni, p. 18.
f/J. Median and posterior keels of carapace
forming a pair of irregular interrupted
crests ; distance between their pos-
terior ends about equal to distance
between posterior edge of carapace
and ocular tubercle; hairs on under-
side of tarsi short and spiniform.
<('. Intercarinal spaces of tail smooth;
granules of inferior keels of 2nd and
3rd caudal segments increasing in
size posteriorly ; inferior lateral
keels of 5th more strongly lobate . . B. caucasius, p. 19.
//'. Intercarinal spaces of tail finely gra-
nular ; granules of inferior median
keels of 2nd and 3rd caudal seg-
ments not increasing posteriorly ;
inferior keels of 5th caudal seg-
ment less strongly lobate B. atrostriatus, p. 20,
'r. I oferior lateral keels of 5th caudal segment
evenly and finely granular throughout.
a . Hand granular and furnished with
finely granular keels; abdominal sterna,
finely and closely granular: median
and posterior keels of carapace forming [p. 20.
an unbroken line It. acute-carmatus,
BUTHUS. 1 5
bs. Hand smooth, not granular; sterna,
except the last, smooth ; median and
posterior keels of carapace not forming
a continuous unbroken crest.
«G. Brack ium of chela with two distinct
keels on the upper side.
a". Carapace and terga, except the
last, blackish green ; posterior end
of tail not darker than the rest;
hands yellow B. alticola, p. 21 .
fi. Median portion of terga and cara-
pace blackish green, lateral por-
tions yellow ; posterior end of
tail deep brown, much darker
than anterior portion ; hands and
ringers, excepting their tips, black. B. niyrifro/m, p. 22.
h" . Brachium not crested above, or fur-
nished merely with a weak crest in
front.
«8. Tail thinner, 2nd and 3rd segments
usually distinctly longer than
wide ; total length of adult from
about 65 to over 80 mm. ; pectinal
teeth from as low as 28 ( $ ) up
' to 39 ( c? ) B. tumulus, p. 23
68. Tail thicker, 2nd segment as broad
or broader than long, 3rd almost
as broad or broader than long:
total length of adult less than 60
mm., average about 50 ; pectinal
teeth from 18 ( £ ) up to 29 ( J ).
«°. Tail thinner ; movable finger
longer, as long as carapace, fur-
nished with 14—15 rows of teeth
as in tumulus; pectinal teeth
23-24 ( 2 ), 24-26 ( J ) B. hendersoni, p. 26.
b*. Tail thicker ; movable finger
shorter, with 12 rows of teeth;
pectinal teeth 18-24.
</10. Colour yellowish brown to
blackish on body ; legs, chelae,
and tail never dark B. ruyiscutis, p. 26.
b10. Colour black, blackish green,
or very deep brown on body
and limbs B. pachyurus, p. 27.
1. Buthus australis, Lin,,. Syst. Nat. ed. x, i, p. 625, 1758 (Scorpio,);
Lonnbery, A. M. N. H. (7) i, pp. 87-88 (Androctonus) : priamus,
C. Koch, Arachn. v, p. 45, 1839 (Androctonus) : hector, id. Arid, vi.
p. 6, 1839 (Androctonus) : australis priamus, Pocock, Journ. Linn.
Soc, Zoo/, xxv, p. 305, 1895 (Prionurus) ; Kraep. Tierr., Xeor>>.
etc. p. 15, 1899 (Buthus).
Loc. Algeria and Tunisia (of typical form) ; Egypt; Syria.
16 BUTHIDiE.
Subspecies fillitimus, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. II. Soc. xi, p. 108, 1897
(Prionurus) ; Kraep. Tier?'., Seorp. etc. p. 10, 1899 (Buthus).
Colour a tolerably uniform yellow, the legs and chelae clearer
than the trunk ; tail with its 5th segment and vesicle pale greenish
or brownish black, the dark pigment spreading on to the sides and
lower surface of the 4th. Carapace coarsely granular, the area
between the anterior and posterior keels smoother than the sides ;
anterior keels and superciliary crests granular, posterior keels-
running in the same direction as the median keels but not quite
meeting them. Ten/a coarsely granular ; lateral keels obsolete on
the anterior segments. Sterna weakly granular laterally, the last
with four granular crests. Tail powerful, with strongly elevated
dorsal keels, increasing in width to the middle of the 3rd segment
(which is as wide as long), the 4th either slightly narrower than
the 3rd ( 2 ) or equalling it in width ( 6 ) ; normal keels well
developed and granular, the superior keels of segments 1-4 ending
in a dentiform tubercle ; median lateral keel represented by only
a few granules on the 2nd segment ; inferior and lateral inter-
carinal spaces finely but not closely granular ; 5th segment with
superior keels high and compressed, granules of inferior lateral
keels becoming gradually dentiform posteriorly ; vesicle small,
granular. Chelae with granular crests and granular intercarpal
spaces on humerus and brachium ; hand smooth, its width in adidt
equal to length of underhand, which is about half the length of
the movable digit ; the latter basally lobate, about as long as the
carapace and furnished with 13 rows of teeth. Legs distally
hairy ; lower side of tarsi naked or furnished with a single row of
bristles. Pectinal teeth ( 2 ) about 23, (j) about 30. Length up
to 80 mm.
Loc. Sind : Hyderabad, Kotri, Kashmor Bund, and the Kelat
frontier {Ryan, Kemball, Corbett, JDewan Kaseram).
Subspecies baluchicus, nov.
Closely resembling the preceding in colour and structure, but
with much more black round the ocular tubercle and in the middle
of the depression behind it ; the anterior surface, too, of the
brachium is infuscate above, and the superior crest of the anterior
surface of the humerus also; the extremity of the femur of the
legs and the front of the patella usually lightly infuscate.
Loc. Northern Baluchistan (Maijnard 4' MacMahori).
2. Buthus doriae, Thorell, Atti Soc. I/a/, xix, p. 107, 1877 ; Kraep. Jb.
IIa»il>. torn. And., xi, p. h~. ', 1891 ; Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. II. Soc.
xi, p. 104, 1897; Kraep. Tin-r., Scorp. etc. p. 27, 1899.
Loc. Persia : Teheran.
Subspecies odonturus, Pocock, Jour. Bom. K. II. Soc. xi, 1897, p. 104;
Kraep. Ticrr., Scorp. etc. p. 27, 1899 (Buthus).
Colour: carapace yellow, with anterior border and ocular tubercle
BUTHUS.
17
black, and sometimes the area both behind and in front of the
tubercle infuscate ; dorsal area of abdomen yellow or lightly
infuscate, with clear posterior border ; tail entirely clear yellow ;
chelae and legs either entirely clear yellow or slightly infuscate in
parts. ($ ) Carapace as long as the 1st and half the 2nd caudal
segments or as the 5th; anterior keels granular, abbreviated in front;
ocular tubercle very wide ; the superciliary crests granular and
continued behind the eyes by a pair of converging series of
granules ; posterior keels granular, very widely separated, their
A.
B.
C.
/" T— • ''*"*'..
I
f
/
Fig. 8. — A. Vesicle, 5th caudal segment, and part of the 4th caudal segment of
Bvthus tainulits.
B. 2nd and 3rd with part of 1st and 4th caudal segments of Buthus doria,
subsp. odonturus.
C. 4th and 5th caudal segments and vesicle of Buthus australis, subsp.
finitimus.
(Anterior to the left, posterior to the right.)
a, inferior lateral keel of 5th segment ; b, median lateral of 2nd and 3rd seg-
ments; c, superior; d, superior lateral; c, inferior lateral; /.inferior
i Indian.
anterior extremities turned externally in the direction of the
lateral keels ; intercarpal spaces weakly and sparsely granular.
Terga weakly granular mesially, more strongly and closely a1 the
sides; the three keels distinct and granular, the laterals diverging
and on the anterior terga passing in front into a curved transverse
crest ; external keel on the 7th tergum weak and not united to
the internal. Stermi smooth, the last with four subequal granular
keels. Tail (fig. 8 B) about five times as long as the carapace,
1st segment wider than long, 4th less than twice as long as wide,
1st and 2nd segments with 10 keels: median lateral keel weak
on 3rd, absent on 4th, inferior median keels weak and posteriorly
abbreviated on 4th ; inferior median keels of 2nd furnished with
c
18 BUTHIDJE.
about 6 dentiform tubercles, of which the posterior three are Jarge
and triangular, but unequal in size, becoming progressively longer
towards the posterior end of the segment : lower surface of 3rd
segment also furnished with 6 large dentiform tubercles on its
median keels, and a transverse row of 6 becoming smaller externally
on its anterior edge ; anterior edge of lower side of 4th also furnished
with a transverse row of 6 similar but rather smaller tubercles ;
granules of inferior lateral crests of 2nd and 3rd segments increasing
in size and becoming tuberculiform posteriorly ; inferior lateral
crests of 5th segment strongly tuberculate, three of the tubercles
being especially large and dentiform and close together, anal rim
of this segment elevated and lobate, the upper lateral lobe large and
bifid ; upper surface of tail smooth, lower surface of 1st, 2nd, aud
3rd segments smooth, lower and lateral surface of 4th granular.
Chelce with humerus and brachium granularly crested, elsewhere
smooth ; hand smooth, about as wide as brachium ; underhand
considerably excelling the width of hand, and less than half the
movable digit; digits not lobate, rather strongly curved, furnished
with 12 rows of teeth. Legs with granularly crested femora;
distal segments of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd legs thickly hairy ; lower side
of tarsi sparsely hairy. Peetinal teeth 19.
J . Differing from the $ in having the tail longer and thinner,
being about six times the length of the carapace, which is shorter
than its 5th segment and only as long as the 1st and \ of the 2nd ;
1st caudal segment longer than wide, 4th twice as long as wide.
Coxae of cephalothorax and abdominal sterna finely and closely
granular, the 4th and 5th sterna furnished with four finely-granular
keels: the tuberculiform teeth on the tail are the same in number
as in the female, but are smaller and more widely separated, and
the upper lobe of the anal border of the 5th segment is more deeply
bifid. Peetinal teeth 28-29.
Measurements in mm. — J . Total length 58, carapace 6, tail 37,
movable digit 8.
Loc. Sind : Kelat Frontier (Kemball); Karachi; Ormara, on
the Mekran coast, 130 miles west of Karachi (Toivnsend).
The typical form of this species occurs in Persia at Teheran.
The female only is known. B. odonturus was based upon a male ;
but the subsequent discovery of the female at Karachi shows that
the differences between B. odonturus and B. dorice should probably
be regarded merely as of subspecific importance. In B. dorice the
inferior surface of the 4th caudal segment has four large and two
much smaller teeth on its anterior border, is much less granular,
with more complete median keels ; on the 5th segment the infero-
lateral teeth are more widely separated and less acute, and the
upper half of the anal lobe is undivided.
:'>. Buthus macmahoni. sp. n.
Colour yellow, keels of carapace and of upper side of humerus
black, those of terga slightly darkened ; inferior keels of 2nd — Ith
caudal segments and the three inferior crests of the 5th black.
BUTHlTS. 1 9
Carajiace with anterior border scarcely emarginate, the inter-
carinal spaces finely granular ; anterior crests complete and
granular, superciliary ridges granular, some coarse granules be-
tween the lateral eyes and the ends of the anterior crests :
posterior and median crests in contact, forming a pair of slightly
converging, nearly continuous ridges ; distance between the
posterior ends of these keels less than distance between ocular
tubercle and posterior border of carapace ; carapace about as long
as the 5th caudal segment, and as the lst+.j the 2nd. Terga
granular, the crests strong and granular, subequal, and nearly
parallel, posteriorly spiniform. Sterna almost smooth, the last
with four finely-granular crests. Tail slender, about five times as
long as the carapace ; 1st segment longer than wide, 4th twice as
long as wide; the intercarpal spaces scarcely granular; keels
evenly granular, except the inferior lateral of the 5th, which
posteriorly becomes gradually but not strongly dentate ; median
lateral keel traceable, but anteriorly incomplete on 2nd segment ;
r<sic?e weakly granular, about as wide as high, narrower than the
5th caudal segment. Chelce with upper side of brachium smooth,
scarcely crested except for the anterior granular crest ; hand
smooth, not crested, about as wide as the brachium, about two-
thirds the length of the underhand, which is about half the length
of the movable digit ; movable digit longer than carapace, weakly
lobate at base, furnished with 11 rows of teeth. Legs with hairs
on the underside of the tarsi. Pectinal teeth 17-19 ( $ ),
20-21 ( 6 ).
Measurements in mm. — Total length 46, carapace 5*2, tail 27,
movable digit 58.
Loc. Northern Baluchistan (Maynard Sf MacMahon).
Allied to B. jparthorum, Poc, from Northern Afghanistan, but
much smaller, tail thinner, &c.
4. Buthus caucasius, Fischer, Zoogn. i, p. 401, pi. iv, fig. 1, 1813
(Scorpio): cupeus, C. K»ch, Arachn. v, p. 127, fig. 419, 1839
( A ndroctomis) ; Birttla, Ann. Mus. St. Pitersb. i, p. 238, 1896;
Kraep. Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 23, 1899 (Buthus) : ornatus, Nordman
in Dimidoff, f'»i/. Rmsie, iii, p. 732, Arachn. i, fig. 2, 1840
(Androctonus).
Subspecies persicus, Pocock, Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool. x.wii. p. 404, L809.
Resembling the following species, B. atrostriatus, in colour and
most structural features, but with the intercarpal spaces of the
carapace and tail smooth, the sides of the terga only granular, the
median intercarinal spaces being smooth, the inferior median keels
of the 2nd and 3rd caudal segments with the granules posteriorly
increasing in size, the tubercles on the interior lateral keels of the
5th caudal segment much larger, and the tubercles on the lower
surface of the segment between the keels also much coarser ; inter-
carinal spaces of humerus and brachium also smooth. Pectinal teeth
18-21.
c2
20 BUTHIDJE.
Measurements in mm. — Total leng'h 51, carapace 5*5, tail 30,
back of hand 4, movable digit 5-5, width of hand 3.
Loc. Northern Baluchistan (Maynard Sf MacMahon).
Originally recorded from Seir on Lake Urmi in Persia (R. T.
Giinther).
5. Buthus atrostriatus, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. xi, p. 105,
1897.
5 . Colour yellow, variegated with black bands and spots ;
carapace with the anterior border, ocular tubercle, and keels black ;
keels of terga black, usually an additional black spot on each side ;
keels on lower side of tail irregularly fuscous, the dark pigment
spreading on to the sides of the 4th and 5th segments ; vesicle
lightly infuscate at the sides ; chelse yellow, the upper and posterior
sides of brachium and of hand irregularly lined with fuscous, patches
of the same colour beiug also present upon the upper side of the
trochanter and humerus and upon the femora and tibise of the
legs. Carapace granular, with the anterior keels complete and
granular, the area on each side between them and the lateral eyes
more coarsely granular ; median and posterior keels forming an
irregular series, distance between their posterior ends about equal
to that between ocular tubercle and posterior border of carapace.
Terga, granular throughout, crests granular and parallel. Sterna
smooth, the last granular at the sides and marked with four finely
granular crests. Tail of medium thickness, about five times the
length of the carapace ; 1st segment wider than long, 4th one-third
longer than wide ; the keels well developed and granular ; median
lateral crest almost absent on the 3rd segment, occupying the
posterior half of the area on the 2nd ; intercarpal spaces of the
sides and lower surface of tail finely granular ; inferior lateral
keels of the 5th segment furnished posteriorly with small lobate
or dentiform tubercles ; anal lobe quadrituberculate ; vesicle sub-
globular and granular. Chela', with normal granular keels and finely
granular intercarinal spaces ; hand smooth, punctured, hairy,
considerably wider than brachium ; movable digit about one-third
longer than underhand; both digits lobate, furnished with 11
rows of teeth. Legs granular and granularly crested ; tarsi fur-
nished with two rows of setiform spines. Pectlnal teeth 18-20.
$ . Smaller than § ; digits more strongly lobate ; tail five and
a half times as long as the carapace. Pectinal teeth 22-26.
Measurements in mm, — $ . Total length 48, carapace 5, tail 27.
Loc. Kashmor Bund in Upper Sind (Kcmball, Deivan Kaseram).
6. Buthus acute-carinatus, Simon, Ami. Mas. Genova, xviii, p. 245,
pi. viii, fig. 18, 1883; Thorell, Hull. Soc. ent. Ual. xxv, p. :!(U,
L894; Pococ/:, Jour. Linn. Soc, Zoo/, xxv, p. 292, 1895; Kraep.
Tierr., Scorp. etc p. 18, 1899.
Subspecies rugosulus, nov.
Colour a uniform ochre-yellow throughout; keels of the body
sometimes darker. Carapace as long as the 5th or as the 1st and
BUTHUS. 21
half the 2nd caudal segment ; entirely covered with fine close
granulation ; anterior crests complete and granular ; posterior
crests joining the median crests and form-
ing almost a straight line with them,
posteriorly spiniform. Terga closely
granular throughout ; keels long, granular,
subparallel, and posteriorly spiniform.
Sterna and ro.r"' closely granular, the last
steruum with four long granular keels,
the 4th also subcarinate. Tail about five
_.. q_p , . l times as long as the carapace, 1st segment
Interior "abdominal scarcely longer than wide, 4th not twice
terga of Butkus acute- as long as wide; finely granular through-
carmatus. out ; keels complete, evenly granular,
inferior lateral of 5th evenly granular to
posterior end, and passing without interruption into anal lobe ;
median lateral keel traceable on the 4th segment, strong on 2nd;
vesicle coarsely granular, subangulate near base of aculeus, about
as high as wide. Chelce closely granular throughout ; brachium
grauularly crested above ; hand with distiuct granular crests
above and externally, slightly wider than the brachium ; under-
hand barely Half the length of the movable digit, which is
basally sublobate (more strongly so in d) and furnished with
1 I rows of teeth. Legs with femora and patellae closely granular
and grauularly crested ; tarsi armed beneath with short bristles.
Pectinal teeth 15-17 ( ? 6 )•
Measurements in mm. — Total length 50, carapace 5-5, tail 27,
movable digit (j, back of hand 3'2, width of hand 2-2, of
brachium 2.
Lot-. Hyderabad in Sind {Ryan) ; Gwalior in Central India
(type),
Differs from the typical Arabian form in having the 5th caudal
segment entirely pale yellow and the hand larger.
7. ButhllS alticola, Pocock, Jour. Linn. Soc, Zool. xxv, p. 802, pi. ix,
6g. •'!, L896; Birula,Ann. Mus. si. PSterab. ii, p. :>77, 1897; Kr«r/>.
Tterr., SCorj>. etc. p. 21, 18(J(J.
<3 . Colour: Carapace and anterior six terga blackish green;
7th tergum, tail, legs, and chelae flavous, with the exception of the
digits which are brown with clear yellow tips, and the lower side
of the tail which is subolivaceous. Carapace coarsely granular
and carinate, as long as the 4th caudal segment or as the 1st
and ~ of the 2nd. Terga coarsely granular and strongly carinate,
the three keels on all the segments except the Lsl strongly denti-
form posteriorly; the granules on the -ides of the terga suh-
serially arranged. St' ma smooth; median crests of the 5th
smooth, lateral crests weakly granular. Tail long, Blender and
low, nearly six times as long as the carapace : 1th segment twice
as long as wide ; median lateral keel complete on segments J , 2,
22 buthidjE.
and 3, represented by a few granules on the 4th ; all the keels
granular, the inferior medians on the 1st and 2nd segments almost
smooth ; intervening spaces of segments weakly granular, granules
on the lower surface of 5th forming two subsidiary crests ; vesicle
globular, wider than high, granular below. Chelae (in <S ) long ;
humerus as long as carapace ; brachium three times as long as
wide, with two superior crests well developed and granular, upper
crest of posterior surface also present ; hand long and wide, much
wider than brachium, smooth and punctured, its width about
two-thirds the length of the underhand, the latter about two-
thirds the length of the movable digit ; digits separated at the
base, lobate and sinuate, furnished with 14-15 rows of teeth.
Legs with granularly crested femora ; tarsi with two rows of
black spinules beneath. Pectinal teeth 29.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 81, carapace 9, tail 52-5,
length of movable digit 12, width of hand 4*8, of brachium 45.
Loc. Chitral in the Hindu Kusb, 5000 ft. {Younghusband).
Subspecies penjabensis, Birula, Ann. Mus. St. Petersb. ii, p. 382, 1897;
Kraep. Tien-., Scorj). etc. p. 21, 1899 (B. alticola penjabensis).
Described as differing from the typical form in having the tail
not more than five times as long as the carapace ; with the 1st,
2nd, and 3rd segments convex at the sides, the 1st segment by
one-half wider than long, the 4th only by half longer than
wide ; the hand narrower than the brachium, with the underhand
scarcely half the length of the movable digit, and the humerus
shorter than the carapace. Pectinal teeth 24-25.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 86*5, carapace 9.
Loc. Punjab.
The diagnostic characters of this subspecies may prove to have
nothing but a sexual significance, the only known example of
B. penjabensis being a female, and the type of B. alticola a male.
8. Buthus nigrifrons, sp. n.
5 . Colour : anterior portion of carapace and median area of
posterior portion blackish, median portion of anterior six terga
also blackish, lateral portion of carapace and anterior terga and the
whole of the 7th tergum yellowish ; caudal segments 1-3 and
anterior end of 4th yellow, posterior half of 4th, the whole of the
5th, and the vesicle deep brown ; maudibles deep brown ; hand
and fingers of chelae, with the exception of the yellow tips of the
latter, black ; ventral surface and legs entirely yellow. Carapace
crested as in B. alticola, but with the intercarinal spaces almost
entirely smooth ; longer than the 4th and nearly as long as the
1st and half the 2nd caudal segments. Terga with the crests
granular but scarcely spiniform posteriorly ; area between them
smooth; sides of terga sparsely granular ; intercarinal spaces of 7th
smooth. Sterna smooth, the last with four granular crests, 'lad
BTTTHL'S. 23
thickly hairy, about five and a half times as long as the carapace ;
4th segment about twice as long as wide, 1st a little longer than
wide ; intercarpal spaces smooth except on the lower surface of
the 5th ; all keels finely granular ; inferior lateral on 5th con-
tinued up to anal border without interruption and without
enlargement of granules ; median lateral keel incomplete anteriorly
on 2nd, practically absent on 3rd. Vesicle about as wide as 5th
segment, as high as wide, granular below. Chelee long and slender :
upper surface of brachium bounded in front and behind by a
granular keel, a weakly granular keel also present upon the upper
portion of the posterior surface ; hand small, scarcely as wide as
brachium, not crested, smooth, punctured; length of underhand
much exceeding its width, less than one-third the length of the
movable digit, which is very long and slender, not lobate, and
furnished with 16-17 rows of teeth. Tarsi furnished beneath with
two rows of tine spines. Pectinal teeth 26.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 58, carapace 6*5, tail 35,
back of hand 3, movable finger 1 1 .
Loc. Northern Baluchistan (Maynard § MacMahon).
9. Buthus taniulus, Fabr. JEnt. Syst. Suppl p. 294, 1798 (Scorpio) :
oigro-lineatus, JJnfoio; Mem. pres. Ac. France, xiv, p. 570, 1856
(Scorpio) : marteusii, Pocock, A. M. N. If. (6) iii. p. 335, 1889 ;
id. Jour. Bum. X. H. Sue. vii, p. 303, 1893 (nee marteusii,
Karsch, 1879) (Buthus): grammurus, Thorell, Ann. Mas. (ienova,
xxvii, p. 567, 18tt9 ; Kraep. Tierr., <S'< vrp. p. i'U, 1899 (Buthus).
5 . Colour variable ; upper side of trunk blackish, reddish or
yellow, with ocular tubercle and keels on the carapace black, the
adjacent areas also sometimes tinted with black, also keels on terga
and adjacent tubercles black, the black of the lateral keels often
extending forwards and forming a large patch on each side of
the fore part of the terga ; tail yellow or reddish yellow, the
inferior keels and to a less extent the lateral keels black ; sterna
entirely pale except for the black keels of the last ; chelae and
legs entirely yellow, reddish yellow , or partially infuscate ; man-
dible with faint or deep reticulation of pigment and pigmented
granular crest above. Carapace scarcely as long as 5th caudal
segment, finely and closely granular throughout, with more or
fewer coarser granules on its sides and many on the anterior
portion both between and outside the anterior keels; the keels
granular; sides of tubercle just above eyes smooth; posterior
keels forming an irregular line with median keels. Terga with
three keels, the keels smooth or coarsely granular ; the laterals
curving outward at their distal ends, and dividing to form two
smooth or granular irregular transverse crests ; the rest of the
terga finely or coarsely, closely or rather sparsely granular ;
the anterior marginal ledge of the terga smooth or finely and
closely granular ; keels of the last tergum strong and granular.
Sterna smooth and polished, the last finely granular at the sides,
weakly or scarcely granular in the middle; with 4 nearly smooth
24 buthid^:.
or granular keels. Tail robust ; 1st segment wider than long,
2nd very slightly or scarcely longer than wide, 3rd one-fourth
longer than wide, 5th twice as long as wide ; intercarpal spaces
granular, the upper very sparsely so ; keels evenly granular
or nearly smooth, the inferior sometimes quite smooth ; median
lateral keel traceable on the 4th segment ; inferior lateral keel of
5th evenly granular throughout and passing without interruption
into the anal lobe ; vesicle large, granular below, as high as wide,
a little narrower on the 5th caudal segment, often subgeniculate
below the aculeus. Chelie : humerus finely granular above, with
granular crests ; brachium, hand, and digits rather thickly hairy
and without crests, except for one subdenticulate crest on the
anterior surface of the brachium ; hand narrow, about as wide
as brachium ; digits long, movable, more than twice as long as
the underhand and furnished with 14-15 rows of teeth. Legs
finely granular ; tarsi with two rows of spinules beneath. Pectinal
teeth from about 28-39.
cT . Differing from $ in having the tail longer (that is to sav,
about six times as long as the carapace), the hand rounded, thick,
considerably thicker than the brachium, the length of the under-
hand about three quarters that of the movable digit, and the digits
lobate and separated at the base when closed.
Length of adult from about 65 up to 90 mm.
Distribution. India, from Sind in the North-west and Dehra
Dun throughout the whole of Western, Central, and Southern
India at least as far south as Madura. Certainly absent from
Burma and Ceylon, and apparently also from the Malabar coast
below the Western Ghats in Southern India, though occurriug
below the Ghats in the Southern Konkan. There are no data to
show the limits of range of the species in Eastern Bengal. Several
subspecies are recognizable.
Subspecies Buthus tamulus typicus (— ? grammurus).
Southern form : usually pale yellowish red in colour, with the
keels of trunk and areas adjacent often infuscate ; frequently the
median area of the terga is as a whole darker than the lateral
portion. Terga very finely and closely granular, both laterally and
mesially, a few coarser granules at the sides, but scarcely any
between the keels ; keels nearly smooth, running externally into
a pair of irregular and obsoletely granular, sometimes nearly
smooth crests ; keels of last abdominal sternum and of lower side
of anterior caudal segments weakly granular. Pectinal teeth28-30
( $ ), 30-34 ( o" )• Length up to about SO mm.
Distribution. Southern India: Sal.ira (J)oria) ; Kollnipur State
(Wray), and Belgaum above Ghats; Dowlaishweram on the
Godiivari ( Wgbrotv) ; Secunderabad {Roberts, Ricardo); Madras
(Henderson, Thurston); Nellore, Tanjore, Trichinopoly (Popert) ;
Madura.
Fabricius cites merely "East Indies" as the locality for Ji. fa-
mulus. 1 have here restricted the term tamulus to the southern
BUTHUS. 25
form of the species, because its name appears to have been derived
from the Tamil race of South India, and Fabriciiis is known to have
received specimens of other Arthropods, e. g. Polydesmus stigma
and Heteroi>oda regia, from Trauquebar ou the Coromaudel coast.
Subspecies concanensis, no v.
Darker in colour and smoother than typical form. Upper side
of trunk greenish or reddish brown, approaching black, paler at the
sides. Legs, chelae, and tail, with the exception of the inferior
keels, flavous or reddish yellow. Terr/a finely granular at sides,
anterior marginal ledge smooth throughout ; keels quite smooth,
shining, the laterals passing externally into a pair of irregular
smooth crests resembling a dried stream of tar ; inferior keels of
last abdominal sternum smooth, also of 1st and 2nd and sometimes
also of 3rd caudal segment ; all the caudal keels and intercarinal
spaces of tail less granular thau in typical form. Pectinal teeth
29-32 in £ , 30-35 in d • Length up to 91 mm. § ; 77 mm. <5 .
Loc. Ratna^iri in the South Konkan (Drew).
Subspecies sindicus. uov.
Paler yellow- than the average B. famulus typicus, the keels of
the abdomen, carapace, and underside of tail blackish; an indis-
tinct dark spot on each side of the terga in front of the lateral
keel. Terga much more coarsely granular than in the typical
form, the keels distinctly granular, the laterals breaking up an-
teriorlv in coarse granules, which become lost amongst the general
coarse granulation of the dorsal surface. Pectinal teeth more
numerous than in the typical form: 31-34 in $ ; 34-39 in <3 .
Length up to 93 mm. $ ; rather smaller in $ .
Loc. Valley of Lower Indus : Kelat frontier in Upper Sind
(Kemball); Hyderabad and Kotri (Ryan); Sujawal and Jati in the
Karachi district (Kemball).
Subspecies gujaratensis, uov.
Eeplacing B. sindicus to the south. Coarsely granular as in that
subspecies and in B. gangeticus, darker in colour thau the former,
the trunk being often nearly black ; tail thinner and less thickly
hairy than in B. gangeticus. Pectinal teeth fewer in number than in
B. sindicus : 27 33 in $ ; 31-30 in J .
Distribution. Karaghora in Katty war (Bulkley) ; Panch Mahals
in North Guz,erat (TFi^ ///;/;/./•), thence spreading south-east wards
as far as Khandes (Madan \.
Subspecies gangeticus, nov.
Represented by both dark and light forms; the former deep
reddish brown with black keels; the hand and brachium of chela
and also femora and patellae of legs partially infuscate : paler form
coloured like B. tamulus typicus. Terga coarsely and closely
2Q -BVTB.IDJE.
granular throughout, the anterior marginal ledge closely granular,
except in the middle; keels coarsely granular, the laterals breaking
up into granules which become lost in the general granulation of
the plate. Tail and its crests coarsely granular and thickly hairy,
the segments broader and with sides more convex than in the
other subspecies. Pectinal teeth 26-32 $ ; 31-36 <3 . Length up
to about 90 mm.
Distribution. The area drained by the Upper Ganges and its
tributaries; Dehra Dun (type, Gleadoiv); Bareilly (Cambridge);
Allahabad (Gates); Gwalior ; also Bhopal and Satna in Central
India (Dane).
10. Buthus hendersoni, sp. n.
2 . Nearly intermediate in characters between B. tamulus and
B. rugiscutis. Kesembling the typical form of the latter in size,
granulation, etc., but with the tail a little thinner ; fingers longer
and furnished with a larger number of rows of teeth. Chelae
and legs uniformly yellow7 ; terga infuscate, with paler posterior
border ; inferior caudal keels black. Carapace shorter than 1st
and 2nd caudal segments taken together, as long as the 5th. Tail
with 2nd segment as long as wide, 3rd the merest fraction longer
than wide, width of 1st equal to length of 3rd, less than length of
5th ; height of 2nd less than its width ; 5th not twice as long as
broad. Chela with rugulose brachium ; hand as wide as brachium,
its width about three-fourths the length of the underhand, which
is half the length of the movable finger; movable finger a little
longer than carapace and furnished with 14 rows of teeth as in
B. tamulus. Pectinal teeth ranging from 21-26, usually 2-1.
J . With similar sexual characters to those of B. tamulus ;
pectinal teeth ranging from 23-29, usually 24-26.
Total length averaging about 50 mm. ; male usually less than
50, large females rarely exceeding 55, in one case up to 59.
Distribution. Madras Presidency ; Madras, Yercaud in Shevaroy
Hills (Henderson), Cuddapah, Trichinopoly, and Tanjore (Pojjert).
Though nearly allied to B. tamidus, B. hendersoni cannot be
regarded as a subspecies or variety of the former, seeing that
it co-exists in the same locality, without blending.
11. Buthus rugiscutis, Pocock,Juur. Bom. N. II. Soc. xi, p. 106, 1897 ;
Kraep. Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 20, 1899.
Allied to the preceding, but smaller, rougher, with thicker tail,
fewer pectinal teeth, and fewer rows of teeth on digits.
§ . Colour varying from reddish yellow to yellowish brown, the
keels of trunk and underside of tail usually black. Upper surface
of body entirely covered with coarse granules, amongst which the
normal keels stand up as granular ridges ; anterior keels of carapace
not traceable for more than halfway across the frontal area.
Tad short, about live times the length of the carapace, thickly and
coarsely granular below and at the sides ; the inferior intercarinal
BUTHUS. 27
spaces of the anterior segments sometimes smooth, especially in
male ; upper surface also granular, but less so than the sides ; the
segments wider and higher as compared with their length than in
B. tamulus; 1st, 2nd, and 3rd segments wider than long, 4th very
slightly longer than wide, 5th about one-third longer than wide;
width of 1st exceeding length of ;ird and almost equal to that of
4th ; 1st, 2nd, and 3rd approximately equal in width ; height of
2nd equal to its length (in B. tumulus the length of the 2nd far
exceeds its height, and the length of the 3rd exceeds the width of
the 1st). Ohelce with bracbium finely granular above; movable finger
only about as long as the carapace, less than twice the length
of the underhand, furnished with 12 rows of teeth. Pectinal
teeth 18-21.
J with the same sexual features as in B. tamulus; pectinal
teeth 21-24.
Measurements in mm. — 5 • Total length 53, length of carapace
5-5, of tail 27. 6 ■ Total length 44, carapace 5, tail 25-8.
Loc. Mahubleshwar (Wroughton) and Satara (Wilkins) in the
South Deccan.
Subspecies nigritus, nov.
Allied to the typical form of B. rugiscutis, but with the upper
side of the body black ; chela? yellow ; upper side of tail yellow,
lower side with the keels very strongly infuscate, the black from the
inferior median keels spreading over the intermediate area and
giving rise to a broad median longitudinal band, which is especially
distinct on the 4th segment; legs infuscate. with the tibiae, pro-
tarsi, and tarsi pale; sterna clouded with black. Pectinal teeth
(?) 19-20.
Loc. Panchgani in Satara District, South Deccan (Phijjson).
12. Buthus pachyurus, Pocoek, Jour. Bom. X. H. Soc. xi, p. 107,
1897 ; Kraep. Ticrr., Scorp. etc. p. 20, 1899.
Most nearly allied to B. rugiscutis, but recognizable by being of
a tolerably uniform black or brownish-black colour; the vesicle,
hand and ringers, and extremity of legs inclining to reddish brown.
Upper side of body granular, as in B. rugiscutis. Tail also as in that
species, but distinctly thicker ; segments 1, 2, and 3 considerably
wider than long; the segments, when viewed from above, much
more parallel-sided than in B. rugiscutis : the 4th segment is
almost a square, its anterior and posterior ends being almost as wide
as its middle, whereas in B. rugiscutis the sides of this and of the
other segments are distinctly convex, the segments being wider
in the middle than at the ends. In sexual characters, numbers
of pectinal teeth, and of teeth on digits approximately as in
li. rugiscutis.
Total length up to about 46 mm.
Loc Manilla and Kamptee in the Central Provinces (Caccia) ;
Nasik (Millard), and Satara (Wilkins), in the Bombay Presidency.
28 BUTHID.E.
Genus BUTHEOLUS, Simon.
Orthodactylus, Karsch, Berl. ent. Zeits. xxv, p. 90, 1881 ; Kraep.
Jb. Hamb. iviss. Anst. vii, p. 215, 1891 (nom. preeocc).
Butheolus, Simon, Ann. Mus. Genova, xviii, p. 248, 1883; Pocock,
P. Z. S. 1890, p. 121 ; Kraep. Tierr., Scarp, etc. p. 34, 1899.
Orthochirus, Karsch, Berl. ent. Zeits. xxxvi, p. 306, 1891.
One or two teeth on the underside of the immovable mandibular
finger. Carapace without granular keels ; its frontal area sloped
downwards from the tubercle to the anterior edge ; area behind
the eyes with deep transverse groove. Tail very powerful,
generally posteriorly incrassate ; the vesicle very small, much
narrower than the 1st caudal segment. Sternum subpentagonal,
wider than long, shorter than the genital operculum. Chela' very
slender ; armature of fingers consisting of median rows of teeth
which do not overlap, an inner series consisting of single teeth,
aud an outer of teeth arranged in couplets.
Type, B. tlialassinus, Simon.
Distribution. Eastern Mediterranean area of Pala?arctic Region ;
shores of Red Sea ; Sokotra ; Western and North-western India.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
a. Tail not uniformly coloured, terga with lateral
as well as median crest B. bicolor, p. 31.
b. Tail uniformly coloured; terga with only a
single median crest.
«'. Tail deep bluish green throughout ; trunk
usually the same tint as the tail, or, at all
events, very deep brown B. melanurus, p. 28.
b'. Tail uniformly pale yellow ; trunk at most
lightly infuscate.
a2. 4th segment of tail granular below, 5th
granular below posteriorly, 2nd aud
3rd granular and crested laterally ( <S ) . B. pallidus, p. 30.
b~. 4th and 5th caudal segments smooth
below ; 2nd and 3rd smooth, neither
crested nor granular laterally ( $ ) B.Jlavescens, p. 30.
13. Blltheolus melanurus, Kessler, Trudni Russkago Ent. viii, p. 16,
1876 (Androctonus) ; Pocock, P. Z. S. 1890, p. 121 ; Kraep. Tier,:,
Scurp. etc. p. 35, 1899 (Butheolus) ; Birula, Ami. Mus. St. Petersb.
1*1)*, ]i. 281 (Orthocheirus) : schneideri, L. Koch in Schneider, Nat.
Beitr. Kaukasus, p. 61, pi. ii, fig. 4, 1878 (Pmthus) ; Pocock, Tr. Linn.
Soc. (2) Zool. v, p. 117, pi. xiii, t i^r. 2, 1889 (Orthodactylus) ; Kraep.
Jb. Hamb. wiss. Anst. viii, p. 215, 1891 (Orthodactylus).
Colour: trunk and tail varying from blackish or deep reddish
brown to deep green : lower side of trunk paler ; chelae and legs
flavous, or with humerus and femora black ; brachium and patella
infuscate, pale flavous distally ; hands flavous, infuscate at the
base of the lingers ; pectines flavous. Carapace and terga thickly
granular, ocular tubercle and area just iu front of each median
TSUTHEOLUS.
29
C.
eye smooth ; a single median crest on terga ; last tergnm strongly
keeled, nearly smooth between the keels. Tail very thick,
posteriorly incrassate, the 4th segment about as wide as long,
3rd wider than long, 1st segment with 10 granular keels, 2nd and
3rd with the superior and 4 in-
ferior keels distinct and granular,
the median lateral and superior
lateral obsolete ; 3rd segment
partially pitted ; 4th much more
distinctly pitted than the 3rd, but
less granular and almost keelless,
the median lateral keels being
complete only iu front, the supe-
rior keel also traceable : 5tB
segment with inferior lateral keel
complete, but weak in front, the
rest of the segment deeply and
closely pitted, but scarcely gran-
ular; dorsal surface of all the seg-
ments weakly granular, of the
posterior segments pitted; lateral
surface of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd
segments, and in a lesser degree
of the 4th granular ; inferior sur-
face sparsely granular in the inter-
carpal spaces ; vesicle small, piri-
form, pitted. Sterna finely granular, smooth, and polished in the
middle of the posterior half, more coarsely granular at the sides ;
the last with four closely granular crests, the first punctured and
bristly in the middle. Ohelce : humerus with granular crests;
brachium with smooth crests ; hand smooth, punctured, narrow,
narrower than brachium, underhand about half the length of the
movable digit, excelling width of hand ; movable finger as long
as carapace, furnished with 8-9 rows of teeth, the basal row long ;
the large teeth arranged in pairs, the inner of each pair being
distinctly in front of the outer, which is merely the enlarged
posterior tooth of one of the median series. Leys with granularly
crested coxod and femora. Pectinal teeth about 20.
Distribution, Eastern Mediterranean Eegion ; Punjab.
T\\n subspecies of this Scorpion are represented in the fauna
of British India : —
1. B. melanurus typious ; characterized by having the legs and
chela? uniformly clear yellow.
Loc. Punjab (according to Eraepelin); also occurring in
the Transcaspian area and .Northern Afghanistan.
2. B. melanurus, subspecies fuscipes, imv. ; characterized by
having the humerus and the femora black, and the brachium
and patellae infuscate.
Loc Northern Baluchistan (Maynard \ MacMdhori).
Fig. 10. — Butheolus melanurus.
A. Carapace from above. B. Cara-
pace from the side. C. Lower
side of tail. D. Sternum and
genital operculum.
30 BUTHIDJE.
14. Blltheolus pallidus, Pocock, Jour. Bom. X. H. Soc. xi, p. 109, 1897
Kraej). Tien:, Scorp. etc. p. 36, 1899.
£ . Colour entirely yellow throughout/with exception of the eyes
which are black. Carapace granular throughout except for the
ocular tubercle and a ridge on each side of the median frontal
depression, which are smooth : groove surrounding ocular tubercle
behind not so deep as in B. melanurus. Terga granular throughout,
with a single median keel, the last not smooth on the inner side of
the median keels as in B. melanurus. Sterna and coxa' smoother
than in B. melanurus, the former finely granular both externally
and on the inner side of the pulmonary area ; the last granular
throughout, the granular crests much less distinct than in
B. melanurus. Tail of much the same form as in B. melanurus ;
segments 1-3 carinate as in that species, 4th segment covered with
granules below and at the sides, not so conspicuously pitted as in
B. melanurus; the inferior lateral crests developed, and the inferior
medians also traceable ; 5th segment covered with granules below,
with a median granular keel ; lateral keel more irregularly dentate
posteriorlv than in B. melanurus, and more noticeably concave before
the anal lobe ; vesicle larger, aculeus thinner, and pits on vesicle
and 5th caudal segment fewer than in B. melanurus. Chela? with
upper surface of brachium more granular, and movable finger
shorter than in B. melanurus, the latter being distinctly shorter than
the carapace, furnished with 8 rows of teeth, the basal of which
is shorter than in B. melanurus ; the enlarged teeth represented by-
transverse rows of three each, the inner of these not in advance
of the enlarged posterior tooth of the median rows ; external to
the latter and behind it there is a second tooth, so that the external
series consists of two teeth, and not of one as in B. melanurus.
cS . Differs from $ in having the median keels and adjacent
parts of the last abdominal sternum and of the 1st caudal segment
smooth, and the lower side of the 4th and 5th segments less
granular and scarcely mesially carinate. Pectinal teeth 16-17
in $ , 21-29 in 6 .
Length up to 35 mm.
Loc. Sincl ; Kashmor Bund and the Kelat Frontier (Kemball).
15. Butheolus flavescens, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. II. »S'w. xi, p. 110,
1897 ; Kracp. Tier)'., Scorp. etc. p. 36, 1899.
j. Colour as in B. pallidus, but the terga slightly infuscate.
Very closely allied to that species in all structural characters, but
with the tail less coarsely granular : for example the sides of the
2nd segment just external to the super o-lateral keel are furnished
with only a few small granules and a few pits, the corresponding
area of the 3rd and 4th is smooth and distinctly pitted, and the
lower side of the 4th is furnished with a very few granules. In
c? of />'. pallidus, on the contrary, the upper portion of the lateral
surface of (lie 2nd segment is covered with tubercles, of the 3rd
it is granular and rugose, and of the 4th distinctly though not
CHAltMUS. 31
closely granular, and the lower surface of the 4th is somewhat
thickly granular both in the middle and at the sides. Moreover
in B. pal!'"? us the median lateral keel extends as a granular crest
at least throughout the posterior half of the 2nd and 3rd segments;
in B. flavescens it is practically absent on all the segments except
the 1st ; lastly the vesicle is relatively smaller iu B. flavescens.
Length 27 mm.
Log. Karaghora in Kattywar (Bulkley).
16. Butheolus bicolor, Pocock, J<»<r. Bom. X. H Soc. xi, p. 108, 1897 ;
Kracp. Tien:, Scorp. etc. p. 36, 1899.
Colour : upper side of trunk deep bluish green, sometimes in-
clining to deep brown ; ventral surface yellowish or yellowish
green ; 4th and 5th segments and vesicle of tail also deep bluish
green, but the 1st, 2nd, and usually also the 3rd, yellowish brown,
the 3rd sometimes as dark as the 4th, and the 1st and 2nd some-
times very dark brown ; legs mostly clear yellow, with greenish
femora ; humerus and brachium of chela also tinted with greenish
black, hand and fingers usually paler. Carapace coarsely granular
throughout, the ridges over the eyes smooth above, groove defining
tubercle behind shallow as in B. pallidas. Terga coarsely granular
throughout, and with the exception of the anterior two distinctly
tricostate. Sterna smooth in the middle ; 5th mostly granular,
with a pair of smooth median keels ; lateral keels nearly
absent. Tail much expanded posteriorly ; upper surface of
all the segments finely granular in the middle, the superior
lateral crests present and granular only on the 1st, evanescent
on the 2nd; sides of segments 1-3 pitted, these segments
with the four inferior keels strong, granular, and the spaces
between them granular ; 4th and 5th segments smooth, without
crests, but coarsely pitted below and at the sides ; the inferior
lateral keel, however, present and tubercular on the posterior half
of the 5th segment ; vesicle as in B. melanurus, but aculeus not
so stout at base. Chela with humerus granular above ; brachium
smooth with crenulate crests, the anterior of the upper surface
sometimes granular : teeth on digit much as in B. pallidas. In
S the inferior keels of segments 1-3 and the spaces between
them are much smoother than in 5 • Pectinal teeth 17-19 ( $ )
19-21 ( 6 )•
Length up to about 38 mm.
Loc. Western Ghats of India: Kamlala Tal and AVai Tal in
Satara ( Wilkins), and Poona ( Wroughton) .
Genus CHAltMUS. Earscb.
Charmus, Karsch, Ml'. Munch, ml. Ver. iii. p. KM, 1879; id. Berl.
nil. Zeits. xxwi, p. 806, L891 j Kraep, Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 89,
IS! ID.
Heterocharmus, Pocock, ./. .1/. .V. //. (6) ix, p. 17, 1892.
Carapace without keels ; ant. ocular area horizontal, QOi sloped
as in Butheolus. Terga with single median keel ; no lateral keels.
32 BUTHID.E.
Sternum small, pentagonal, wider than long, about equal in length
to the genital operculum. Pectines normal. Mandible with
movable and immovable finger armed below with two teeth.
Finger of chela furnished along the middle line with numerous not
overlapping rows of teeth ; the internal series formed of single
larger teeth lying close to the apices of the median rows ; external
series of small paired teeth. Tail weakly keeled, 4th and 5th
segments punctured below ; no spine beneath aculeus on vesicle.
Type, C. laneus, Karsch.
Distribution. Ceylon. One species only known up to the present
time.
Presumably on the strength of its pentagonal sternum — a feature
which isolates the genus from the rest of the Buthidse — Karsch
referred Charmus to the subfamily Iurini (= Vejovidce), placing it
alongside Scorpiops and Ohcerilus. The rest of its organization,
however, points unmistakably to its belonging to the Buthidse.
17. Charmus laneus, Karsch, MT. Munch, cnt. Ver. iii, p. 104, 1879;
Kraepelin, Tierr., Seorp. etc. p. 39, 1899 : cinctipes, Pocock, A. M.
N. H. (6) ix, p. 47, pi. iiiB, figs. 2, 2 a, 2 b, 1892 (Heterocharmus).
Colour : upper side of trunk blackish, variegated with yellow
markings ; tail blackish ; vesicle ferruginous ; chelae yellowish,
brachium marked with a black band, hand blackish ; legs blackish,
yellowish at the junction of the segments. Carapace, nearly as
long as the 1st and 2nd caudal segments, weakly but closely
granular throughout. Terga more coarsely granular than the
carapace. Sterna smooth and shining, the last beset posteriorly
with coarse granules. Tail with segments 1-3 coarsely and
thickly granular below and at the sides, upper surface much more
feebly granular, 3rd segment without keels, its margins rounded ;
4th and 5th segments without keels, 4th finely granular only in the
excavation of the upper side ; 5th granular on the posterior portion
of its lower and upper surface; anal border granular beneath,
lobate at the sides ; vesicle coarsely punctured ; tail and vesicle
thickly hairy beneath. Chela*- weakly granular and carinate ;
hand rounded, narrower than brachium, smooth, not crested ; fingers
long, the movable nearly twice as long as the underhand. Lei/s
with weakly granular femora ; coxa? smooth. Pectines with 14-17
teeth.
Measurements in mm. — Total leugth 30, carapace 2"5, tail 1T5,
5th segment 3, underhand 1-2, movable finger 2-5.
Loc. Ceylon.
Genus STENOCHIRUS, Karsch.
Stenochirus, Karsch, Berlin, ent. '/.cits. \\x\ i, p. 300, 1891 ; Kraepelin,
Tierr., Scarp, etc. p. 39, 1899.
Two teeth on lower side of immovable finger of mandible.
Carapace with frontal area horizontal, almost smooth, not keeled,
STENOCHIRUS. 33
at most weakly granular. Terga also almost smooth, at most
finely granular at the sides and in the dorsal impressions,
furnished with a single smooth median keel. C'ephalothoracic
sternum triangular, a little longer than wide, as long as the
genital operculum. Tail rohust, not keeled below ; no spine on
vesicle beneath aculeus. Hand narrow ; fingei's long, the median
rows of teeth overlapping each other by nearly half their length,
ending posteriorly in 5 or 6 teeth.
Type, <S'. sarasinorum,. Karsch.
Distribution. Malabar coast of India and hills of Ceylon.
Synojisis of Indian Species.
a. Dorsal plates of abdomen finely granular
laterally and in the depression on each side
of the median keel, the last finely granular
posteriorly ; humerus granular and weakly
crested in front .S'. politus, p. 33.
b. Dorsal plates of abdomen entirely smooth ;
humerus of chela smooth, rounded in front
(according to Kraepelin) S. sarasinorum, p. •'!•'!
1 8. Stenochirivs politus, Pocork. Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. xii, p. 262, 1899
Colour a deep shining blackish brown on the tail and the upper
side of the body ; legs, mandibles, chela?, and lower side of body a
little paler than its upper side, the three distal segments of the
legs quite pale ; fingers also pale, but brownish at the base.
Carapace smooth, finely granular in the depression laterally and
posteriorly. Terga smooth, finely granular at the sides and in the
depression on each side of the median keel ; last tergal plate
closely granular throughout in its posterior half. Tail a little
more than six times as long as the carapace, and slightly increasing
in width posteriorly to the middle of the 4th segment^ which is a
little longer than broad (3 : 2-,5) ; length of 2nd segment equal to
the width of the 4th ; the upper side of the segments mesially
granular ; the rest of the tail smooth and polished above and
below, entirely without keels, but distinctly though not coarsely
punctured; vesicle smooth, punctured; aculeus thick at base.
CheIo> slender and elongate; humerus weakly crested and weak 1\
granular in front ; brachium smooth, without crests or granules ;
hand also much narrower than brachium ; fingers smooth, movable
more than twice the length of the underhand, and armed with 10
median rows of teeth. Pectinal teeth 15.
Met inurements in mm. — Total length 33, carapace 'A. tail 20.
width of 1st caudal Begment 2*3, of 4th 2-6.
hoc. Kanara (Bell).
19. Stenochirus sarasinorum, Karsch, Berl. <>nt. Zeds, xxxvi, p. 306.
pi. xii, fig. SO, L892j Kraep. Tierr., Scorp. etc, p. 89, 1899.
Kesembling the preceding in colour, but, judging from Kraepeliif-
description, differing in having the carapace finely granular only in
i)
34 UUTH1DJB.
the dorsal groove behind the ocular tubercle, aud the tergal plates
smooth and shining, not granular. Last sternal plate thickly and
finely punctured. Also the humerus is smooth aud rounded in
front, not weakly crested and granular as in S. politw. Moreover,
judging by the figures published by Karsch, the length of the 2nd
caudal segment is much less than the width of the 4th. Length
up to about 40 mm.
Loe. Ceylon : Peradeniya (Sarasin).
Genus HEMIBUTHUS, nov.
Intermediate in characters between Buthus and Lychas; re-
sembling the latter in the absence of keels from the carapace and
the presence of a single tooth on the under side of the immovable
finger of the mandible, and the former in the absence of a spine
beneath the aculeus of the caudal vesicle and in that the teeth of
the inuer row on the fingers of the chelae alternate with those of
the outer row, being situated opposite the middle of the corre-
sponding rows of the median series.
Type, H. crassimanus.
Distribution. India.
20. Hemibuthus crassimanus, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. xi,
p. 110, 1807 ; Kraep. Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 44, 1809 (Archisometrus).
Colour blackish brown, without distinct yellow pattern; tail
paler; vesicle, hands, and distal segments of legs clear yellow.
Carapace somewhat finely granular, more coarsely so on the
anterior border, its posterior border, like those of the anterior
terga, tri-emarginate ; nearly as long as the 1st and 2nd caudal
segments, and slightly longer than the 5th. Terga distinctly
though not very coarsely granular posteriorly ; with conspicuous
lateral crests. Sterna smooth and punctured, the last almost
without crests and granules. Tail of medium length and thickness,
barely five times as long as the carapace ; 1st segment as wide as
long, 4th one-fourth longer than wide ; intercarinal spaces sparsely
granular, punctured, keels strongly granular, median lateral repre-
sented on the posterior half of the 2nd and 3rd by a series of
granules, weak on the 1st; vesicle nearly smooth, only sparsely
granular, punctured ; angulate beneath the aculeus. Chela', with
hand smooth, rounded, large, much wider than brachium ; fingers
short, the movable about equal to the carapace and to the under-
hand in length ; with 8 rows of teeth. Pectinal teeth 12.
J . With larger hand, and tail posteriorly incrassate ; pectinal
fceeth 14-15.
Measurements in mm. — (5) Total length 28, carapace 3, tail
!4-5, width of hand 2.
Loe. Western India: Panch Mahals in Guzerat (WaUinger).
i. veil as. 35
Genua LYCHAS, C. Koch.
Lychas, C. Koch, Arackn. xii, p. •">, 1845 (in part).
Archisonietrus, Kraepelin, Jb. Hamb. wise. Anst. viii, p. -\7, 1891;
id. Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 41, 1899.
Carapace without posterior and lateral keels; anteocular area
horizontal. Terga with two or three crests. Tail carinate ; a
conspicuous triangular tooth on vesicle beneath the aculeus. Man-
dible with one interior tooth on the immovable finger. Chela with
movable finger armed with numerous rows of teeth set end to end,
not overlapping ; also with an inner set of larger teeth, each set
close to the distal end of the rows of the mediau series, and with
an outer set composed of pairs of larger teeth, set close to the
posterior ends of the median rows. Sternum triangular, longer
than wide.
Type, L. scutilus, C. Koch.
Distribution. Tropical Africa ; India to Australia.
The genus Lychas was based upon two species, L. maculatus and
L. scutilus. The first had already been made the type of the
genus Isometrus by Hemprich and Ehrenberg. Hence scutilus
becomes the type of Lychas.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
/(. Abdominal sterna coriaceous, the 4th and 5th
granular throughout; pectinal teeth Ji};
tarsi bearing two rows of bristles beneath. . L. rugosus, p. 39.
i>. Abdominal sterna, with the exception of the
5th, smooth and polished ; pectinal teeth
15 25 ; tarsi with pad of bristles.
u[. Tibial spurs of 3rd and 4th legs very long,
much longer than tin; hairs on the seg-
ments.
a-. < larapace evenly granular throughout.
a3. Terga with three distinct keels ;
underhand nearly as long as the
movable linger L. tricarinatvs p. 40.
//'. Terga with a single median keel:
underhand only about half the
length of the movable finger L. hendersoni, p. 40.
b2. Frontal area of carapace nearly smooth
or studded in front with a few large
granules.
n'. Terga with large tubercle on each
side, forming a small lateral crest;
legs and cliche uniformly yellow ... L. slwj/landi, p, 41.
V. Terga without trace of lateral crest;
legs variegated with black.
O6. Chelae yellow: tail mostly yellow . L. l<, wifrons, p. 41.
bh. Cliche with hand entirely black,
brachiuui black above : tail al-
most \\ holly black L. fern, p. 42.
n -J
36 BTJTH1D I .
b\ Tibial spurs of 3rd and 4th legs short,
scarcely longer than the hairs of the tibia.
a". Abdominal sterna thickly marbled
with black L. niffristernis, p. 38,
br\ Abdominal sterna, with exception of
the 5th, uniformly pale yellow.
a'. Last abdominal sternum with four
granular keels ; hand with two
granular finger-keels L. scutilus, p. 37.
b" . Last abdominal sternum with only a
pair of distinct keels : hand only
obsoletely keeled
a*. Cheke and legs uniformly yellowish
brown ; movable finger much
longer than carapace ; fingers
scarcely sinuate m <S L. scaber, p. 38.
b8. Chelae and legs variegated black
and yellow ; movable finger only
slightly exceeding carapace ;
fingers strongly sinuate in J .... L. mucronatus, p. 36.
21. Lychas mucronatus, Fair. But. Syst. Suppl. p. 294, 1798 (Scorpio) ;
Thorell, Ann. 3Ius. Genova, xxvii, p. 566, 1889 (Isometrus) ; Pocock,
in Weber, Beise Niederl. O.-Ind, iii, p. 85, pi. vi, fig. 1, 1893;
Thorell, Bull. Soc. ent. Ital. xxv, p. 368, 1894; Kraep. Tierr.,
Scoip. etc. p. 46, 1899 (Archisometrus) ; Kraep. Jb. JIamb.
iviss. And. viii, p. 223, 1891 (Archisometrus) : varius, C. Koch,
Arachn. xi, p. 29, fig. 864, 1845 (Tityus) : Simon, Ann. Mus.
(ienova,xx, p. 362, 1884; Oates, Jour. Bom. N. II. Soc. iii, p. 245,
1888 (Isometrus) : atomarius, Oafes, Jour. Bom. A". H. Soc. iii,
p. 245, 1888 (? atomarius, Simon, Ann. Mus. Genov. xx, p. 363.
1884) (Isometrus).
Colour yellow varied with black : carapace with ocular tubercle
and interocular triangle black, the rest of it marked with irregular
greyish-black lines ; terga black in the middle along the keel, a black
patch interrupted by a yellow > -shaped mark on each side, and
six yellow spots separated by black spaces ; sterna yellow, with a
blackish patch on each side; tail darker posteriorly, the lower
surface lined with black, the posterior ends of the segments
blacker than the anterior; vesicle uniformly deep brown ; mandibles
black; humerus of chela mottled with black above ; brachium mostly
black above, yellow at the base ; hand yellow, with a few small
spots ; basal half of fingers black, distal end yellow.
§. Carapace, a little shorter than 5th caudal segment, as long
as 1st and half the 2nd, granular throughout. Terga granular
throughout, with single median granular keel. Sterna smooth,
excepl the last, which is closely granular and furnished with a pair
of median granular keels, the lateral keels obsolete. Tail about
five times as long as the carapace, finely granular ; 2nd segment
almost as wide as long, 4th not twice as long as wide ; median
lateral keel present, but weak on the 2nd segment ; vesicle granular
below ; spine beneath aculeus triangular, pointed. Chela finely
granular, with granular crests ; hand almost smooth, with obsolete
6
I.YCHAS. 37
finger-keel, a little narrower than brachium, width a little less
than length of underhand : digits in contact, not sinuate ; the
movable longer than carapace, at least twice the length of the
underhand, armed with 6 rows of teeth, the basal very long, extend-
ing over half the length of the finger; the outer row of teeth
9 (8-10) in number ; the inner row only 5, situated in the distal
half. Legs externally granular, with short tibial spurs. Pectinal
teeth about 21.
6 with tail a little longer than in § and stouter, the 5th
segment and vesicle being scarcely granular and the former not
cariuate. Chela' with hand much inflated, considerably wider than
brachium ; the underhand more than half the length of the movable
digit, which is slightly sinuate and armed with a large tubercle
at the base ; immovable finger with its basal half strongly arched,
so that when closed at the tip a wide space is left between the
basal ends of the two fingers.
Measurements in mm. — $ . Total length 58, carapace 6, tail 32,
underhand 3, movable finger (5-5, width of hand 2. d" . Total
length 53, carapace 6, tail 33, underhand 4, movable linger (>-5,
width of hand 3.
Distribution. Occurring in abundance in both Upper and Lower
Burma and Tenasserim (Occtes Sf Feci), thence spreading eastwards
into China and Siara, and southwards over the islands of the Indo-
Malayan area as far as Flores.
Soc. ent. Ital xxv, p. 367, 1894; Kraep. Tierr., Scarp, etc. p. 44,
is; H") (Archisoi)H'tras) : weberi, Karsch, Berlin, ent. '/.cits, xxvi,
]). 184, 1882 (Isometrus) ; Kraep. Jb. Hamb. iviss. Anst. viii, p. 221,
1891 (Archisometrus) : mesor, Simon, Ann. Mus. Genova, xx,
p. 371, 1884 (Isometrus) : phipsoni, Oates, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc.
iii, p. 248, figs, l, 2, 1888 (Isometrus).
5 . Colour : trunk much more uniformly fuscous above than in
mucronatus, the terga, however, marked with a pair of circular
yellow spots near the middle, and one on the posterior lateral
angles; the last tergum mostly yellow, blackish only in front;
anterior four caudal segments yellowish red above, last segment
and vesicle blackish; chela' mostly yellow; the extremity of the
brachium, the hand, and the basal half of the fingers blackish ;
legs yellowish, or blackish with yellow tarsi. Carapace and terga &
little more coarsely granular than in L. mucronatus. Last sternum
with 4 granular keels ; 3rd with rounded punctured spot in the
middle of its hinder portion. Tail much longer and thinner,
about six times as long as the carapace ; 2nd segment more than
twice, 4th about three times as long as wide; keels stronger than
in mucronatus ; the inferior lateral edges of the 5th cariuate.
Chelai with hand granular and distinctly cariuate above, but
38 BUTHIDJ3.
narrower than in L. mucronatus, the width about half the length
of the underhand, the latter less than half the movable finger,
which is toothed as in L. mucronatus. Tibial spurs quite short.
Pectinal teeth 16 and upwards.
6 . With sexual features very different from those of L. mucro-
natus ; no yellow spot on 3rd sternum. Tail very long and slender,
more than nine times as long as the carapace. Chela' also longer
than in $ , but otherwise of the same form. Pectinal teeth up to 20.
Measurements in mm. — 5 . Total length 65, carapace 6, tail 37,
underhand 3, movable finger 7*8. J . Total length 81, carapace
6, tail 57, movable finger 8.
Distribution. Southern Tenasserim (Gates), thence throughout the
Malay Peninsula into Sumatra, Java, and adjacent islands.
23. Lychas SCaber, Faroe/,: Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. vii. p. 300, L893 ;
Kraep. Jb. Hamb. wiss. Anst. xii, p. 86, 1895 ; id. Tierr., Scorp.
etc. p. 51, 1899 (Archisometrus").
Colour : carapace yellow ; anteocular triangle and lateral margin,
as well as ocular tubercle and an obscure stripe on each side,
blackish ; terga yellowish or brownish, with six yellow spots
separated by black intervals on the posterior border ; sterna, tail,
legs, and palpi yellowish or yellowish brown, scarcely mottled ;
the tail darker beneath posteriorly, the fingers darker in their basal
half. Carapace coarsely and evenly granular throughout except on
the tubercle, as long as the 1st + 4 the 2nd caudal segments,
shorter than the 5th. Terga also coarsely and closely granular
throughout. Sterna smooth, 2nd with median sensory area in $ ;
last granular throughout, with 4 granular crests, the external
short. Tail nearly five times as long as carapace, granular : 1st and
2nd segments with 10 keels. Chela' granular and crested as in
L. mucronatus ; hand weakly keeled, small, narrower than brachium,
its width a little more than half the length of the underhandr
which is less than half the movable digit, the latter longer than
carapace, armed almost as in L. mucronatus, with 8 external, 6
internal, and 6 median rows. Lee/s with short spurs. Pectinal
teeth 17-19 ( $ ), 19-21 ( rf ).
S . Smaller than 5 ; tail longer and thinner, about six times as
long as the carapace, which is only as long as its 3rd segment, 5th
segment practically smooth and keelless ; chela? with hand as wide
as brachium, underhand quite half the length of the movable digit ;
immovable digit slightly sinuate at base, movable not lobate.
Measurements in mm. — $ . Total length 36, carapace 4"5, tail 22.
6 . Total length 37, carapace 3*5, tail 25.
Loc. S. India : Madras (Thurston), Secunderabad (Bicardo).
24. Lychas nigristernis, Pococh, Jour. Bom. N. 11. Soc. xii, p. 265,
1899 (Archisometrus).
Allied to L. mucronatus, iveberi, and scaber.
Colour varied black and yellow ; anteocular area of carapace and
LYCHAS. 39"
mandibles black ; tail spotted and lined with black, sterna marbled
with black; legs black and yellow ; chelie with humerus black and
yellow, brachium entirely black ; hand and fingers yellow, with a
few spots of black on the outer surface of the hands. Carapace
and terga evenly granular throughout ; the latter with a single
median crest; sterna smooth, the last granular and furnished with
four keels. Tail about five times as long as the carapace, 1st
segment as wide as long, 4th twice as long as wide, intercarpal
spaces granular, keels strong and granular; terminal granule of'
the upper keels of the 3rd and 4th segments, and in a lesser degree
of the 1st and 2nd, spheriform but small, median lateral crest absent
on the 3rd, weak and anteriorly abbreviated on the 2nd ; vesicle
coarsely granular below. Chehp with hand slender, narrower than
brachium ; underhand less than half the length of movable finger,
which is longer than the carapace and furnished with 6 rows of
teeth as in mueronatus. Tibial spurs short. Pectinal teeth 15-16.
Sternum with shallow indentation along middle line.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 37, carapace 4, tail 21.
movable finger 4-3.
Loc. Western Himalaya. Dehra Dun, 8000 ft. (Gleadow).
25. Lychas rugosus, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. xi, p. Ill, 1897 ;
Kraep. Tierr., iS,-nrji. etc. p. 48, 1899 (Archisoinetrus).
Colour black, varied wit h yellow ; frontal region of carapace black ;
terga with four yellow marginal spots, an anterior median yellow
patch, yellow x-shaped marks, and submarginal yellow band:
t ail yellow, marked with black lines which posteriorly fuse
together; humerus and brachium black, spotted with yellow;
hand clear yellow ; fingers black with yellowish tips ; legs yellow
banded with black; sterna pale, the 4th with a few spots on its
posterior border, the last indistinctly lined with black. Carapace
and terga much more coarsely granular than in the other species,
carapace almost as long as the 1st and 2nd caudal segments, or as
the 5th. Terga without lateral keels. Sterna coriaceous, 3rd and
4th distinctly granular throughout ; the last with 4 granular crests.
Tail short and slender, about four and a half times as long as the
carapace: 1st. 2nd. and 3rd segments with median lateral keel
complete ; the intercarinal spaces granular, the keels strong and
granular, the superior subspiniform apically ; 1st segment about
as wide as long, 4th scarcely twice as long as wide ; vesiclt smooth
below. Chela with hand about as wide as brachium. smooth:
movable digit not twice as long as the underhand, shorter than
the carapace, armed with 8 rows of teeth, basal row quite short.
Tibial spurs short. Pectinal teeth 12. Tarsi with two rows of
bristles beneath.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 22, carapace 2*8, tail 12.
movable finger 2*5.
Lor. Eaipur, Central Provinces (Phipson).
40 BUTHTB.E.
26. Lychas tricarinatus, Simon, Ann. Mus. Genova, xx, p. 371,
1884; Pocock, Jour. Linn. Soc, Zool, xxiii, p. 433, 1890 (Iso-
nietrus) ; Kraep. Jb. Hamb. iviss. Anst. viii, p. 227, 1891 ; Pocock,
Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. vii, p. 301, 1892 ; Kraep. Tierr., Scorp.
etc. p. 50, 1899 (Archisometrus).
Colour variable, sometimes tolerably uniformly brownish yellow
throughout, sometimes blackish varied with yellow, but not so
strongly as in L. mucronatus, no black anteocular triangle as in
that species. Carapace with its anterior border less emarginate
than in L. mucronatus and L. scutilus. Terga 3-6 with distinct
though short lateral crests. Last sternum with 4 finely granular
crests. Tail of much the same form as in L mucronatus, about
five times as long as the carapace ; the sides of the segments
more convex, the median lateral keel on the 2nd stronger, and
a distinct supero-lateral granular keel on the 5th ; vesicle very
small, much smaller than in L. mucronatus, but more coarsely and
more serially granular below. Chela' with crests on brachium
weaker ; hand without keels, narrow ; fingers very short, movable
much shorter than carapace, longer than the underhand by
only one-fourth of its length, furnished with 6 rows of teeth, the
basal row long, but not half the length of the finger. Legs with
very long tibial spurs. Pectinal teeth 21-25 ( £ , 3 ).
cj differs from $ in having the tail much longer, six or more times
the length of the carapace, the width of 1st segment about two-thirds
of its length ; carapace only slightly longer than the 1st caudal
segment, and much shorter than the 4th. Hand a little wider
than the brachium ; fingers not quite in contact at the base, the
movable furnished with a lobe which fits into a sinuation of the
immovable.
Measurements in mm. (specimen from Madras). — $ . Total length
57, carapace 6, tail 32, finger 4*5. J • Total length 54, carapace
5, tail 35.
Distribution. Central and South India ; Bhopal (Dane) and
Xamptee (Caccia), Belgaum, Kanara (Bell), Mangalore (Battie),
and Trivandrum (Ferguson), Tanjore and Nellore (Popert). Madras
(Henderson) and Pondicherry ; Yercaud in the Shevaroy Hills
(Henderson), Nilgiri Hills (Daly).
Representatives of this species from the lowlands of the Madras
Presidency (i. e. Madras, Nellore, and Tanjore) are paler in colour
than those that are met with in the Deccan, Central India, the
Malabar coast, and the hilly areas of the Caruatic.
27. Lychas hendersoni, Pocock, Jour.' Bom. N. JI. Soc. xi, p. Ill,
1897; Kraep. Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 51, 1899 (Archisoinetrus).
Allied to I j. tricarinatus in having the tibial spurs long and the
cephalothoracic sternum small and indented throughout its length.
Colour : carapace black and yellow in about equal proportions ;
two pale spots on the front border as in L. tricarinatus ; terga
with median yellow patch, yellow > < -shaped marking, yellow
LYCHAS. 41
spot on each side of middle line, and subinarginal yellow stripe ;
last tergum densely varied with black and yellow ; sterna black at
the sides, the last black on the keels ; tail ornamented with black
patches above, below, and at the sides ; vesicle lined with black
below ; chela? with humerus and brachium black, spotted with
yellow ; hands and fingers entirely yellow : legs also black, spotted
with yellow, yellower distally. Triad- and tail granular and cari-
nate as in L. tricarinatus, but no lateral keels on terga ; keels on
tail rather stronger, the median lateral on the 3rd being more
distinct, the superior lateral on the 1st stronger, with the dorsal
area of the segment rising considerably above it ; vesicle small as
in L. tricarinatus. Chelce with fingers much longer than in
L. tricarinatus, the movable more than twice the length of the
hand-back, toothed as in L. tricarinatus. Pectinal teeth 17-18.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 34, carapace 3-5, tail 18*5,
movable digit 4.
Loe. 8. India : Tercaud in the 8hevaroy Hills (Henderson).
28. Lychas shoplaildi, Gates, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. in, p. 246, fig. 7,
1888; Thorett, Ann. Mus. Genova, xxvii, p. 502, 1880 ; Pocock,
Jour. Linn. Soc, Zool. xxiii, p. 434, 1890 (Isometrus) : Kraep.
Jb. Hamh.'wiss. Anst. viii, p. 22o, 1801 ; Pocock, Jour. Bom. N.
11. Soc vii, p. .'303, 1892 (Archisometrus).
Nearly allied to L. tricarinatus, but with upper side of trunk
either entirely black or with faint yellow marks ; legs, chelae, and
upper side of tail reddish yellow ; lower side of caudal segments
with keels, area between median keels and posterior half of area
between median and lateral keels black. Upper side of trunk
more coarsely granular than in L. tricarinatus ; some large granules
along the front edge of the carapace and in front of the median
eyes ; lateral crests on terga represented by one or two larger
granules. Terminal granules of superior caudal keels not so large;
no distinct supero-lateral granular crest on the 5th segment;
vesicle distinctly larger. In the chela? the hand is more globular
and the fingers more curved, the movable being about twice or
h\ss than twice the length of the underhand.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 58, carapace 5-8, tail 31,
movable finger 5.
Loc. Lower Burma: Palone 53 miles north of Ivangoon; Entagaw
near Pegu (Gates); Prome {Fed).
20. Lychas laevifrons, Pocock, Jour. Bom. X. II. Soc. xi, ]». 113,
1807; Kraep. T'urr., Scorp. p. 60, 1800 (Archisoiuetrus) : shop-
landi, Pocock, Jour. Linn. Soc., '/.ii'd. xxiii, p. 435, 189] ; id. Jour,
limn. X. 11. Soc. vii, p. 801, 1892 (Isometrus) (uec shoplandi.
Gates).
Nearly allied to L. shoplandi, but the lega marbled with black ;
the terga marked with a yellow median keel, a patch of the same
on the postero-lateral angle, and yellow >< -shaped marks. The
42 BUTHIDJE.
frontal area of the carapace is still smoother, the large granules
noticeable in L. shoplandi being practically absent, the anterior
border being polished and glossy ; the supero-lateral keel on the
5th caudal segment and that on the upper side of the brachiuni
are stronger and more granular, and the fingers of the hand are
longer, the movable being more than twice the length of the
underhand, the two together being considerably longer than
the 1st, 2nd, and 5th caudal segments. In L. shoplandi they are
subequal. Pectinal teeth 22.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 32, carapace 4, tail 20,
movable finder 4.
Loc. Calcutta.
30. Lychas fese, Thorell, Ann. Mvs. Genova, xxvii, p. 569, 1889
(Isometrusj ; Kraep. Tierr., Scorp. p. 51, 1899 (Archisometrus).
Allied to L. shoplandi and loevifrons, with long tibial spurs and
deeply impressed sternum. Colour of carapace and terga black ;
sterna marginally black, the last almost entirely black, yellowish
along the lateral and posterior margin, and marked with a crescentic
yellow stripe in front ; tail nearly black, the segments yellow in
front ; vesicle yellow ; humerus of chela yellow, with a few small
spots at its distal end ; brachiuni yellow, with its upper surface
mostly black ; band black all over, fingers yellow, also a black
spot on upper side of trochanter of chela ; coxa of chela black
apically and externally ; legs almost entirely black externally.
Carapace and terga granular as in L. shoplandi, but no large
isolated granule representing lateral crest such as is seen in both
adults and young of L. shoplandi. Tail as in the latter, but more
closely granular. Pectinal teeth 20.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 2fi, carapace 3, tail 15.
Loc. Burma : Shwegoo, near Bhamo (Fea).
Although the only known specimen of this species is certainly
young, it represents a form differing in the blackness of its appen-
dages and tail from the young of L. shoplandi. which resemble the
adults in colour.
Subfamily CENTRUMN/E.
< Vntrurini, Pocock, A. M. K. H. (6) xvii. p. 428, L896 ; Kraep,
Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. (!4, 1899 ( = Isomctrini and Centnuini, Kraep.
Jb. Hamb. wiss. Anst. viii. p. 149, 1891).
Legs of 3rd and 4th pairs without tibial spurs.
Distribution. Eastern Mediterranean area( Plesiobvthus) ; Oriental
ltegion, thence eastwards as Ear as Australia (Lsometrus); Sonoran
and Neotropical Regions (Zabins, Tityns, and Centrums).
PLE8IOBUTHU8. 43
The two known British Indian genera* may be tabulated as
follows : —
a. No vesicular spine beneath aculeus : terga
tricostate ; protarsi of anterior legs de-
pressed and thickly fringed with hairs. . . . Plesiobutiius. p. 43.
b. A strong vesicular spine beneath aculeus ;
terga with only one median crest, protarsi
of anterior legs not depressed and not
fringed with hairs Isometrcs, p. 44.
PLESIOBUTHUS, gen. nov.
Superficially closely resembling Buthus.
Anterior pedal spin- very long, stout, undivided but hairy, much
larger than the posterior spur; a conspicuous spiniform process-
from the protarsus projecting downwards alongside the posterior
spur, so that there appear to be three pedal spurs. Protarsus
of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd legs strongly depressed, with sharp fringed
posterior edge; tarsi also depressed though to a lesser extent,
and hairy; claw-lobe very short and tuberculiform ; claws very
long, nearly as long as the tarsus and nearly straight. Immovable
fang of mandible armed below with 1 or 2 teeth. Finger of
chela armed with many rows of teeth, the enlarged teeth of
the inner series placed near the middle of the rows of the median
series. Carapace with straight anterior border, four lateral
eyes on each side and carinate ocular tubercle, but without other
keels. Terga tricostate, lateral crests weak. Tail as in ButJms,
but somewhat depressed, the supero-lateral keels very strong on
segments 1-3; vesicle without spine beneath aculeus. Stemwn\
triangular.
Type and only known species, I', paradoxus.
Distribution. Northern Baluchistan.
This genus so closely resembles Buihus in a general way, and
particularly that species, inhabiting the same area, which Birula
has recently made the type of his subgenus (? genus) Liobutkus,
that it is hard to believe the likeness is not due to actual affinity.
The resemblance, however, is exactly paralleled by that which
obtains between Isonu-trus and Lychas; and this, in the present
state of our knowledge touching the constancy of the tibial
spurs, is assumed to be due to similarity of surroundings and
mode of life ; and since the resemblance in the latter case is
attributed to the causes named, there appears to be no logical
ground for doubting their efficacy in producing the similarity
observable between I'/tsiobuthus and L/iobuthus. But if in the
future it be shown that the tibial spurs have been lost indepen-
* In the British Museum there is an example of a Central-American species
of Centrums (('. infamatus) ticketed Ceylon. This locality is probabh
erroneous, and clue to the misplacement of a label. If accurate tho specimen
must ha\e been artificially introduced, and need not be considered in the
present, work.
44
BUTHID^.
Jently by Plesiobuthus and Isometrus, the former being a de-
scendant of Buthus and the latter of Lycfias, it will be difficult
to find valid reasons for upholding the groups Butbinae and
Centrurinae.
31. Plesiobuthus paradoxus, sp. n.
Colour mostly a fairly uniform yellow ; ocular tubercle and
frontal area of carapace infuscate ; middle line of tail and its
superior and supero-lateral crests, as well as the sides of the
vesicle and the three inferior
C. B. A. keels of the 5th caudal seg-
ment, infuscate ; chelae and
legs yellow, with keels infus-
cate. Carapace as long as
the 5th caudal segment ; finely
granular. Terr/a closely gran-
ular. Sterna smooth, finely
granular at the sides ; the
last with two granular crests,
the median pair being obso-
lete. Tail about five and a
half times as long as the
carapace, the first three seg-
ments subequal in width,
4th much narrower than 3rd
and 5th than 4th ; median
lateral keel present only on
the posterior half of the 1st
segment, absent on the rest ;
inferior median keels smooth on segments 1 and 2, scarcely
granular on 3 and 4; the rest of the keels granular: intercarpal
spaces of tail smooth, or at most finely granular; reside narrower
than 5th segment, smooth, punctured below ; aculeus long and
lightly curved. Chela' with humerus, brachium, and hand granu-
larly crested ; hand wider than brachium ; underhand about half
the length of the movable digit ; movable digit much longer than
earapace, armed with 11 rows of teeth. Leys with femora and
patellae armed with granular crests. Pectines long, furnished with
37 teeth.
Measurement's in mm. — Total length 56, carapace 6, tail 34,
movable digit 6*5.
Loc. Northern Baluchistan (Maynard 6f MarMalton).
Fig. 11. — Plesiobuthus paradoxus.
A. Extremity of 3rd leg, from above.
B. Ditto, from the side. 0. Vesicle
and aculeus.
Genus ISOMETRUS, Eempr. & Ehrenb.
[sometrus, Hempr, 8f Ehr. Symb. Phys., Seorp. p. •"!, L828; also
of Thorrll, Karsch, Simon, Pocock, etc. (in part) prior to L891;
Kraepelin, Jb. Hamb. iri.ss. And. viii, p. 244, 1891, and of
subsequent authors.
Terga of carapace with only a median keel. Tail with a large
ISOMETBQS. 45
spine or vesicle beneath the aculeus. Lmmovable finger of mandible
armed beneath with 1 tooth. Finger of chela armed with only
about five or six median rows of teeth set end to end without
overlapping, also with an inner series consisting of six large
teeth set close to the apices of the median rows, and an outer
series of large teeth corresponding to those of the inner series,
and placed in a straight transverse line with them. Protarsal
segments of legs cylindrical, sparsely and irregularly hairy.
Type, J. europceus, Linn.
Distribution. Oriental Region, from India as far east as Queens-
land. (The typical species, /. ewopcnis, has been transported all
over the tropics and even to Europe in connection with shipping. >
Synopsis of Indian Species.
a. Posterior surface of brachium rounded, without
crests ; 5th caudal segment wide and high . . /. rigidulus, p. 52.
b. Posterior surface of brachium distinctly ciri-
nate ; 5th caudal segment low and narrow.
a1. Aculeus short, not more than half the
length of the vesicle ; tarsi furnished
with two rows of bristles ; pectinal teeth
12-16.
a'-. Dorsal keels of 2nd and 3rd caudal seg-
ments armed posteriorly with an up-
standing spine : pectinal teeth ]<i /. acanthurus, p. 51 .
//-. Dorsal keels of caudal segments not fur-
nished with posterior upstanding' spine ;
pectinal teeth 12-14.
a3. Vesicular spine acutely angular ; dorsal
surface of abdomen ornamented with
a pair of complete longitudinal pale
bands /. vittatus, p. 50.
b3. Vesicular spine with rounded apex ;
dorsal surface of abdomen not orna-
mented with two complete longi-
tudinal yellow bands.
«*. Colour black, variegated with yel-
low ; tail and hand thinner /. Irachycentrup,
1>X. Colour yellow, variegated with black; [p. 50
tail and hand thicker /. basilicus, p. I'.i.
b{. Aculeus long-, nearly as long as vesicle;
tarsi thickly hairy beneath.
a5. Superior keels of 2nd and 3rd caudal
segments ending in an acute upstanding
spine ; last abdominal sternum with
only a pair of crests /. assamensis, p. 18.
lr\ Superior keels of 2nd and 3rd caudal
segments not spined; last abdominal
sternum with four crests.
a6. Pectines in § furnished at base with
rounded expansion above firsl tooth. . /. t.'.wiitcxi, p 18
//'. Pectines in § without lobate basal
expansion.
a'. Pectinal teeth 15-1(5 ; ante-ocular
46
BITH1D.E.
area with a median elongate yellow
patch ; hand in J thick /. thurstoni, p. 47.
Pectinal teeth 17-19; ante-ocular
area with a large triangular yellow
patch; hand in c? thin /. europcem, p. 46.
32. Isometrus europaeus, Linn.Syst. Nat. ed. 10, p. 625,1758 (Scorpio) ;
Lonnberg, A. M. N.H. (7) i, p. 86, 1897 (Isometrus): maculalus,
Be Geer, Mem. Hist. Ins. vii, p. 346, pi. xli, figs. !> & 10, 1778
(Scorpio); C. L. Koch, Araehn. xii, p. 1, fig. 960, 1845 (Lvchas);
Thorell, A. M. N. H. (4)xvii, p. 8, 1876 ; Simon, Ann. Mus. Genov.
xx, p. 370, 1884 ; Oates, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. iii, p. 250, figs. 3, 4,
1888 ; Kraep. Jb. Hamb. wiss. Anst. viii, p. 245, 1^91 (Isometrus) :
dentatus & americanus, Herbst, Nat. UngefliigeLt Ins. iv, pp. 55
& 60, pi. vi, tij>-s. 2, 3, 1800 (Scorpio) : filum, Hempr. fy Ehrerib;
Symb. Phys,, Scorp. p. 3, t. i, fig. 3, 1828 (Buthus (Isometrus)).
Colour yellow varied with black ; carapace marked in front
with an anteriorly-expanding triangular yellow patch reaching the
anterior border. Terga ornamented along the posterior border
with five black spots, separated by six spots of a clear yellow tint.
'Sterna yellow, the last obsoletely lined with black. On the tail
the black on the upper side is represented mostly by small spots
along the keels ; on the under side, the black forms a network ;
hand externally spotted ; fingers brown, black at base, yellow at
tips.
5 . Carapace evenly granular throughout ; about as long as the
1st and half the 2nd caudal segments or as the 4th. Terga evenly
granular. Sterna smooth, the last
granular throughout, with four
granular crests. Tail slender,
about five and a half times the
length of the carapace, evenly
granular; 1st segment longer than
wide, 4th about three times as
long as wide ; median lateral keel
practically absent on the 2nd :
vesicle (fig. 12, A) granular below ;
the spine triangular-pointed, fur-
nished with a single anterior
denticle, separated at its origin
from the aculeus by a space equal
to the thickness of its own base or
of that of the aculeus. Chela',
A.
B.
Pig. L2. — A. Isometrus europtsus:
vesicle and aculeus.
B. Ditto : extremity of chela of
male.
< '. Isometrus thurstoni; extremity
of chela.
finely
granular
and granularly
crested; brachium with an upper
and a median crest on its posterior
side; baud smooth, keelless, scarcely
as wide as brachium ; underhand
less than half the length of the movable linger, which is longer
than the carapace. Pectinal teeth 17-19 ( tf , 2).
LBOMEXBUS. 17
j with well-marked secondary sexual characters. Tail ex-
ceedingly long, eight limes as long as carapace; 1st caudal segment
more than twice as long as wide, 4th about one and a halt' times
as long as carapace and five times as long as wide. Chela also
very long and slender ; hand (fig. 12, B) slender, parallel-sided,
not wider than brachium, its width about one-third the length of
the underhand, which is at least two-thirds the length of the
movable finger.
Measurements in mm. (specimens from Bombay). — 2 • Total
length 4!>, carapace 5, tail 23, underhand 2-.5, movable finger 6.
J . Total length 02, carapace 5, tail 42, underhand 4--5, movable
linger 7.
Luc. Introduced in connection with shipping from the Oriental
Region all over the tropical and subtropical parts of Asia, Africa,
and America. So far as British India is concerned, the species
has been found in Bombay, Karachi, Ceylon (Trincomali and
Peradeniya), Burma (Rangoon, Akyab, &c), and the Andaman
Islands.
The wide distribution and sexual variability of this specie
account, to a great extent, for its long list of synonyms.
33. Isonietrus thurstoni, Pocock, Jour. Bom. X. II. Soc. vii, p. 2i)7,
i -'.'.'): Kracp. Tierr., Scorp. etc p. 67, 1899.
Allied to the preceding.
$. Coloured very much as in I. europceus, but the yellow tri-
angle in front of the ocular tubercle reduced to a small spot, which
is slightly broader behind than in front and does not quite reach
the anterior margin : the ground-colour of the body and its
appendages is darker, the median longitudinal band on the terga
more conspicuous, whereas the tail, legs, and chelae are not so
variegated, being of a more uniform yellowish-brown tint. Struc-
turally the 2 much resembles that of /. europceus, but the vesicle
is very noticeably stouter; the spine smaller and farther re-
moved from the base of the aculeus. Hand larger than in /. euro-
pceus, as wide as brachium; length of underhand at least half
that of movable digit. Pectinal teeth 14-10.
J. Differing from J of /. europceus in the same characters of
colour and form of vesicle as the 2 » and sexually modified in much
the same way, with tail and chela? long. The tail, however, is
not so long as in I. europceus, about 1\ times as long as the
carapace; 4th segment not four times as long as wide. Chela'
differing from those of /. europceus in having the brachium onlj
about four times as long as wide, the hand (lig. 12, C) inflated,
much wider than the brachium, its width at least half the length
of the underhand, and the immovable anger Minions in the proximal
half, so that when closed the two are not in contact at base.
Measurements in mm. of 6 (type) from Shevaroy Hills. — Total
length 67, carapace 6. tail 45, underhand 5, width of hand 2'5.
48 buthidjE.
Loc. From Central India, (Bhopal, Dane) southwards through
Belgauin and the Kolhapur State ( Wray), into the Madras Pre-
sidency : Cuddapah {Popert), Coonoor, Yercaud in the 8hevaroy
Hills {Henderson), Trichinopoly {Popert), and Tinnevelly {Barber).
There are also two specimens in the British Museum labelled
Ceylon.
Immature examples of this species are difficult to distinguish
from those of the preceding. Moreover, the sexual characters of
the male seldom attain the development presented by the type.
Nevertheless, the chelae never approach the form characteristic of
the male of europceus.
34. Isometrus assamensis, Oates, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. iii, p. 250,
1888 ; Pocoek, in Weber's Reise Niederl. O.-hid. iii, p. 90, 1893.
2 . Coloured almost as in I. europceus, but with the yellow ante-
ocular triangle practically obliterated and the tail much less
spotted, the 5th segment being a deep uniform brown all over
and the brown on the others restricted to the under surface and
to the posterior end of the lateral surface. Chela? and legs
less spotted than in I. maculatus; patella? of legs with only two
black bands. Much smaller than /. europceus • carapace more
deeply emarginate in front. Last sternum of abdomen with a
pair of keels only, the median pair obsolete. Tail about five
times as long as the carapace, granular and carinate as in
/. europceus, but the superior keels of the 2nd and 3rd segments
each ending in a distinct spiniform tubercle ; vesicle almost as in
I. europceus, but neither the spine nor the aculeus so long as in
that species. Chelce with brachium broader as compared with its
length and finger shorter than in /. europceus, the finger as long
as the carapace and about twice the length of the underhand.
Pectinal teeth 14-16 ( 3 , $ )•
c? . Tail about six times as long as carapace ; spiniform tubercles
on 2nd and 3rd segments larger than in $ ; vesicle more parallel-
sided than in /. europceus, the posterior (inferior) border of the
spine and vesicle in the same straight line, whereas in I. maculatus
the vesicle diverges at an obtuse angle. Chelce practically re-
sembling those of the $ , and not strikingly modified as in
/. euro i >it us and I. thurstoni.
Meastiremenis in mm. — § • Total length 3(5, carapace 4, tail 22.
c? . Total length 35, carapace 3*2, tail 22.
Loc. N.E. India : Dhubri in Assam {Smart).
35. Isoinetrus thwaitesi, Pocoek, Jour. Bom. N. II. jSoc. xi, p. 114,
1897 ; Kraep. Picrr., Scorp. etc. p. t>7, 1899.
Much resembling I. europceus in colour ; but the ocular tubercle
marked with a median yellow stripe, and the anterior black patch
gives off an obliquely longitudinal black stripe, which runs forwards
and inwards to meet its fellow of the opposite side in the middle
ISOMETIU'S.
49-
B.
of the anterior border ; the black on the tail forms a more distinct
network, surrounding circular or
oval yellow spots ; vesicle black,
with round yellow spots ; the
chelae, too, including the hands
and lingers, are black with round
yellow spots. Structural features
practically as in /. europcus,
though the brachium is a little
broader as compared with its
length, being very perceptibly
broader than the hand. Differing
from the rest of the species in
possessing a semicircular lobate
expansion at the base of the
shaft of the pectines, such as is
found in the allied American
genus Titjfus, where it is confined
to the female.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 34, carapace 3'8, tail 22.
Loc. Ceylon (Tliwaites).
Fig. 13. — A. Base of pee ten showing
lobe (ft) of Isometrus thwaitesii.
B. Tarsus and extremity of protarsus
of 4th leg of Isometrus europceus.
B.
36. Isometrus basilicus, Karsch, MT. Munch, ent. Ver. iii, p. 113,
1879; Simon, Ann. Mus. Genov. xx, p. 370, 1884; Kraep. Jb.
Hamb. Wis*. Anst. xiii, p. 127, 1890; id. Tien:, Scarp, etc. p. 68,
1899.
Colour variegated yellow and black, yellow predominating; ante-
ocular area of carapace mostly yellow ; terga with median keel,
lateral border, ><-shaped marks, and a round spot on each side
of the middle line yellow : sterna yellow, marbled with black ;
tail yellow, darker posteriorly,
slightly spotted laterally, more
strongly lined beneath with black,
vesicle slightly spotted below ;
chela? yellow, a few black spots
on humerus, brachium, and hand:
hand at base of immovable finger
black ; fingers black, with yellow
tips ; legs yellow, with a few black
spots.
2 . Carapace granular through-
out, only a little shorter than the
1st and 2nd caudal segments and
quite as long as the 5th. Terga
granular, "like the carapace. Last
sternum with the median pair of
keels obsolete, the laterals complete. Tail Bhort, only a little more
than .four times as long as the carapace; 1st segmentaboul as long
as wide, 4th less than 5th, a little more than twice as long as w ide ;
E
Fig. 14. — Isometrus basilicus, tf .
A. Vesicle and aculeus.
B. Extremity of chela.
-}(J BITHID.E.
intercarinal spaces scarcely granular ; keels evenly granular ;
vesicle with spine not acute, wide at the base, its free edge serui-
oircularly rounded, armed in front with four small denticles, close
to aculeus, the intervening distance less than half the thickness of
the base of the aculeus ; aculeus very short, barely half the length of
the vesicle. Chelce weakly granular ; brachium armed in front
with some half-dozen tooth-like tubercles ; hand keeled, distinctly
wider than brachium, width more than half the underhand ; the
latter nearly as long as the movable digit, which is about equal
to the carapace and furnished with 6 rows of teeth. Tarsi
furnished beneath with two rows of hairs. Pectinal teeth 13-14.
<S . Tail very long, more than six times the length of the carapace,
which is equal to its 2nd segment ; 1st segment about twice, 4th
about three times as long as wide ; keels and intercarinal spaces
smoother than in 5 , superior keels of 2nd and 3rd segments each
ending in a triangular tooth ; chelae with hand smoother and a little
thicker and longer than in $ , the length of the underhand being
equal to that of the movable finger.
Measurements in mm. — $ . Total length 40, carapace 4-5, tail 23.
$ . Total length 56, carapace 5, tail 38.
Loc. Ceylon : Peradeniya (Sarasin), Haldumullah (Green).
37. Isometrus brachycentrus, Pocock, Jou?°. Bom. N. If. >Soc. xii,
p. 263, 1899.
5 • Nearly allied to the preceding, but much darker in colour.
Upper side of trunk deep blackish brown, anteocular area of
carapace black ; terga with a clear circular spot on each side of
the middle line, also a paler lateral submarginal band ; tail reddish
brown, the median inferior intercarinal space marked with a black
stripe ; 5th segment, with exception of its antei'ior part, entirely
black; chelae mostly a uniform reddish brown or clearer reddish
yellow ; legs strongly infuscate externally, the femur and patella of
the posterior legs being almost wholly black with only one or two
yellow spots ; abdominal sterna, except the 5th, not infuscate.
Structurally almost as in I. basilicas, but the tail thinner, about
six times as long as the carapace, the 1st segment longer than wide,
the 4th a little more than twice as long as wide. Chela' also as in
/. basilicas, but hand a little smaller, scarcely exceeding brachium
in width. Pectinal teeth 12.
Measurements in mm.- — Total length 42, carapace 4, tail 24.
Loc. Mangalore (Battle) and Kanara (Bell), on the Malabar coast.
38. Isometrus vittatus, sp. n.
5 . Colour: carapace varied with yellow and brown ; upper side
of abdomen with two complete yellow bands, separated from each
other by a complete median brown band about equal to them in
width, and from the external margin by a similar brown band ; sterna
pale; tail uniformly yellowish brown, a little darker posteriorly;
chelae with humerus and band pale ; brachium, except for its pale
ISOBtEIBUS. 51
basal portion, and base or digits infuscate ; legs externally varie-
gated. Upper side of body closely and entirely covered with
larger and smaller granules ; a row of coarser granules along
posterior border of terga ; last st< mum closely granular throughout,
and furnished with four granular keel-:. Tail slender, about four
times as long as carapace, closely granular, normally keeled;
median lateral keel present only on 1st segment , merely represented
on tlie 2nd posteriorly by about three granules; vesicle smooth,
long, about twice as long as aculeus ; spine large, triangularly
pointed, its inferior edge continuous with the corresponding edge
of the vesicle, its upper edge furnished with a pair of tubercles;
distance between spine and base of aculeus scarcely equal to diameter
of base of aculeus; aculeus moderately long. CTielce with humerus
and brachium granular and normally keeled : brachium wide, only
twice as long as wide, and furnished in front with about half-a-
dozen denticles; hand large, wider than brachium, smooth, not
.crested; lingers short, in contact, movable only slightly longer
than underhand, furnished with 7 rows of teeth. Pectinal teeth
12-13. 'J'ar.si furnished below with a few setae, arranged in two
rows.
Mrirsii '.,•<■ 1 1 tents in mm. — Total length 23, tail 13, carapace '■'>.
Lor. Madras (Henderson).
A single female example.
39. Isometrus acanthums, Pocock, Jour. Bum. N. 11. .Sue xii, p. 264,
L899.
d . Allied to the preceding species, and most nearly resembling
J. basilicus in colour. Carapace lined with black ; anteocular
region black, with a few small yellow spots ; terga with six rellow
and live black longitudinal bands ; 4th and 5th sternal plaits lined
with black ; tail delicately lined with black ; chelae and legs yellow
spotted with black, black on brachium predominating and circum-
scribing definite yellow spots ; hand almost entirely vellow, not
black at base of lingers ; fingers not black, but yellow aud spotted
with black. Upper side of trunk granular, and crested as in
the preceding species; carapaa as long as the 2nd caudal segment ;
5th abdominal sternum marked with tour complete and equal
granular keels. Tail long and slender, about seven limes the
length of the carapace; keels stronger than in /. Imsilicus, and the
terminal granule on the superior keels on 2nd and 3rd segments
long, erect, and spiniform; vesicle with coarsely granular crests
below ; spine not so thick as in the preceding species, triangular,
but with blunt, not rounded or sharp apex, armed with only two
denticles ; aculeus short and curved. Ch<l<> much as in I . basilicus,
but the front of the brachium normally crested and subdenticulate,
not furnished with a few large teeth; baud smooth, wider (ban
brachium, its width about half the Length of the underhand; m ivable
digit as long a> underhand, not so long a< carapace, furnished w ith
7 rows of teeth. P, iti„ at teeth 16.
e2
52 buthidjE.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 39, carapace 4, tail 27.
Loc. Matheran (Phipson).
Female unknown.
40. Isometrus rigidulus, Pocock, Journ. Bom. N. H. Sue. xi, p. 113,
1897 ; Kraep. Tien:, Scorp. etc. p. 60, 1899.
Colour varied yellow and black ; anteocular area of carapace
black, with two small yellow spots in front of the black tubercle ;
terga yellowish round the margins, and with yellow >< -shaped
marks ; sterna weakly infuscate at the margins, the 4th and 5th
also infuscate mesially ; tail weakly lined with black below, black
increasing in amount on the posterior segments, the 5th being
almost entirely black : vesicle variegated ; chelae with humerus and
brachium black, yellow-spotted ; hand and fingers yellow, black-
spotted. Carapace and terga coarsely and evenly granular through-
out ; carapace as long as 5th caudal segment, longer than 1st and
half the 2nd. Sterna smooth, the last granular throughout, with
four granular keels. Tail about five times as long as carapace, 1st
segment about as long as wide, 4th about twice as long as wide :
intercarinal spaces closely and rather coarsely granular throughout ;
keels strong, coarsely granular, dorsal keel of 3rd ending in a long
and strong upstanding spine ; 5th segment dorsally much elevated,
so that the height of the segment is greater than the width and
nearly half the length ; vesicle coarsely granular below, the spine
triangular, pointed, armed with one tooth, and separated from the
aculeus by a space which nearly equals the width of the latter ;
aculeus more than half the length of the vesicle. Chela : brachium
without crests on its posterior surface, which is rounded, upper
crests granular ; hand smooth, about as wide as the brachium ;
movable finger about as long as the carapace and one fourth longer
than the underhand, furnished with 7 rows of teeth. Tarsi
furnished beneath with 2 rows of long setae. Pectinal teeth
13-15.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 29, carapace 3, tail 15.
Loc. Central India : Bhopal (Dane).
The following species belonging to the family Buthidae is of
doubtful generic position, though probably referable to Li/clias or
Fsomctrus, and very possibly specifically identical with Isometrus
europceus : —
Scorpio (Atreus) spinax, Gervais, Arch. Mas. Pari*, iv, p. 225,
1844.
Total length 53 mm., tail 30. A single dorsal keel. Pectinal
teeth 19.
Loc. India.
i H.KRILIU.E.
.).)
Family CH.ERILID.E.
Pedal spurs two, as in the Buthidce; but the anterior never
•double. Sternum of eephalothorax pentagonal, parallel-sided, with
a posterior rounded median pit : as long as wide or longer than
wide. Pectines very short, scarcely segmented. Maxillary pro-
cesses of 1st pair of legs (fig. 15, «)expanded at the anterior extremity,
with broadly truncate anterior border. Stigmata (fig. 15, c) circular.
Carapace narrowed in front, its anterior border transversely truncate;
a
Fig. 15. — Lower side of eephalothorax and
of anterior abdominal somites of Charilus,
showing(a) the expanded maxillary process
of the 1st leg; (oj the unsegmented shaft
of the pecten, and (c) the circular stigma.
Fig. 16.
Carapace of IhcerUus.
two lateral eyes on each side, aud beneath them an amber-coloured
spot. Movable and immovable fingers of mandible armed below
with a series of small teeth. Fingers of chelce never lobate,
furnished with many overlapping rows of small teeth, the terminal
tooth of each series on the outer side enlarged. Tarsi (fig. 5 B, p. 8)
furnished beneath with two series of stout bristles and a median
series of very fine spicules. Males usually with longer narrower
chelae than females, and slightly or considerably longer tail; vesicle
<of tail sometimes much modified in male.
Genus CH-ffiRILUS, Simon.
Chaerilus, Simon, Ann. Soc. Ent. France (5), vii. p. 238, 1877 j
Karsch, .1/7'. Munch. Ent. J'cr. iii, p. 1<>I. l>7it; J'ococJ,-, in
Weber's Heist Niederl.O.-Ind.iiit-p.91, 1890; Eraepelin, Jb. Hamb.
Wise. And. xi, p. 141. L894; id. Tierr., Scorp, etc. p. 167, 1899.
Chelomachus, Thorell,Ann. Mus. Genova, x.wii. p. •">>■:. L889.
Qromachus, Pocock, A. M. .V. //. (6) v. p. 250, L890.
54 CH^RILJD.E.
Characters of the family.
Distribution. Ceylon : Himalayas from Kashmir to Assam ;:
Burma, Malacca, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Celebes.
The genus ChelomacJms was based upon a character occurring in
an immature individual ; Uromachus upon the peculiar form of
vesicle found in the male of the species described below as Chrrrilvs
pictus.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
a. Hand furnished with only five keels, three
above and two bordering the underhand
below ; last abdominal sternum with four
granular crests ; crests on hand marked
with a single row of shining granules,
which are much more conspicuous than
those covering the rest of the surface :
length of fingers and granulation of cara-
pace as under b' C. tricostatus, p. 59.
b, Hand furnished with seven keels (in addition
to a weak crest on its inner surface), five
on its upper surface and two bordering
the underhand below ; last abdominal
sternum without crests ; granules on keels
of hand small and close-set, not or hardly
larger than those covering the rest of its
surface.
a'. Ocular tubercle and anteocular area of
carapace closely covered with granules ;
fingers very short, the movable strongly
curved, shorter than width of hand and
much shorter thau carapace; width of
immovable at base about two-thirds of
its length < '. ceylonensis, p. 02.-
//. Ocular tubercle and at least the posterior
half of the anteocular area of the carapace
smooth ; fingers longer, the movable
lightly curved, exceeding the width of
the hand, and at most only a little less
than the carapace : basal width of im-
movable less than half its length.
«-. Vesicle inflated, when viewed from the
side not passing gradually and without
constriction into the aculeus ; base of
aculeus subcylindrical, much narrower
than adjacent portion of the vesicle
and much longer than wide.
a3. Chela' lon<>' ; humerus, brachiuni, and
underhand subequal to or longer
than the carapace; pectines large,
their length from base of shaft u>
ti|i nf apical tooth about as long ;i-
patella of 3rd leg.
«4. Width nf Ls1 caudal segment >'\
ceeding length of 4th; 2nd caudal
segment longer than wide;
OEJERILVB. 55
humerus, brachium, and under-
hand all exceeding length of cara-
pace ; humerus more than twice as
long as wide : width of hand less
than half the length of the under-
hand ; terga smooth (.'. insignia J . p. 68,
l>\ Width of 1st caudal segment equal
to length of 4th, 2nd wider than
long ; humerus shorter than bra-
chium, and underhand equal to
length of carapace; width of hand
always more than half the length
of underhand.
<r. Terga smooth, only obsoletely
granular ; frontal area of cara-
pace weakly granular anteri-
orly; inferior median keels of
2nd caudal segment granular.. C. margaritabua d ,
!>'. Terga very distinctly and closely p. 58.
granular throughout, frontal
area of carapace coarsely gran-
ular anteriorly : inferior median
keel of 2nd caudal segment
smooth C. cmthracinua 3 ,
»3. Chelae short ; humerus, brachium, p 57.
and underhand considerably shorter
than carapace ; pectinea small,
length from base of shaft to tip of
apical tootb much less than patella
of 3rd leg.
a . Abdominal terga so densely and
uniformly covered throughout
with granules that do visible inter-
spaces are left; trunk and chelae
blackish, legs yellowish brown . . <'. anthracimts 2,
b'\ Abdominal terga studded with p. 57.
pearl-like granules separated by
very distinct interspaces; body
and chelae dull brown.-
a'. Frontal area of carapace weakly
granular throughout, the gran-
ules at most only a little
coarser anteriorly ; hand wider,
its width about equal to length
of humerus; trunk and limbs
uniformly coloured C. tnargaritattis 2,
b". Frontal area of carapace smooth p. 58.
behind, coarsely granular an-
teriorly; hand narrower, its
width noticeably less than
Li ogtb of humerus ; trunk and
limbs variegati d C. granosus, p. 56.
Vesicle much less inflated, flatter
beneath, as high a> ">th caudal seg-
ment, and. when viewed from the Bide,
passing gradually and without constric-
tion into tlif aculeus ; aculeus less
56 chjEHilidje.
than half the length of the vesicle ; its
basal portion, seen laterally, broad,
triangular, about as wide as long.
<7\ Upper side of body in § closely
covered with large pearl-like gran-
ules ; intercarinal spaces of tail very
distinctly granular; much darker. . C. gemmifer, p. 60.
//. Upper surface of body furnished with
only a few coarse granules scattered
here and there ; intercarinal spaces
of tail and of hand almost smooth ;
mnch paler and more distinctly
variegated C. pictus, p. 61.
41. Chaerilus granosus, sp. n.
5 . Colour. Upper side of body blackish brown, mottled with
yellowish red ; terga with median and lateral yellow patch and
x-shaped yellow mark ; tail and chelae reddish brown with
black keels, ringers black ; vesicle reddish yellow, usually mottled
below with blackish grey ; legs mostly fuscous with yellowish-red
markings, paler towai'ds the apex. Carapace for the most part
covered with granules, especially at the sides, the ocular tubercle
and the posterior half of the anteocular area, as well as the
portion of the upper surface on the inner side of the two crests
smooth ; a little longer than the 1st and 2nd caudal segments, to
about the same extent shorter than the 3rd and 4th, aud about as
long as the 5th. Terga coarsely granular throughout, the granules
shining and separated from each other by very distinct, almost
smooth interspaces, from the 3rd to the 6th furnished on each
side with a larger marginal granule representing an incipient
lateral keel : the last with four granular crests. Sterna smooth,
the last granular at the sides, not crested. Tail about four times as
long as the carapace ; the upper surface sparsely granular in the
middle, the granules showing a tendency to run into a pair of
converging longitudinal series ; sides of tail and keels coarsely
granular except the inferior median crests of the 1st segment,
which are smooth and obsolete ; median lateral crest present on
1st segment and extending throughout half the length of the 5th,
practically absent on the rest; width of 1st about equal to length
of 4th, 2nd as wide as long ; upper edges of 5th square and
coarsely granular ; lower keels of 5th denticulate, the median
posteriorly bifid ; anal border denticulate, with lateral bifid lobe;
vesicle (see fig. 18, A) granular at the sides, smooth above and in
the middle line below ; piriform and subglobular, a little wider than
high, width equal to that of 4th segment, height exceeding that of
5th and more than half the length of the vesicle; basal half of
aculeus slender, subcylindrical, much longer than thick, and marked
off from vesicle by a distinct constriction, so that when viewed from
the side the two do not pass continuously into each other. Chela'
with humerus, brachium, and underhand all shorter than carapace;
humerus coarsely granular and crested above and in front, less
CHJEBILrS. 57
strongly but distinctly granular below, mostly smooth behind
except for a granular crest on its upper half ; brachium furnished
with five granular crests above, behind, and below, with the inter-
spaces also granular : hand granular throughout, furnished with
eight strong granular keels in addition to a small crest on the
middle of its inner surface, the keels more coarsely and closely
granular than the interspaces ; width of hand less than length of
underhand by about one fifth of its length ; underhand less than
movable finger, which almost equals carapace ; inner edge of hand
lightly convex, subparallel to the outer border, posterior lobe
rounded, not surpassing posterior border of the outer side of the
upper surface ; movable finger with 9 rows of teeth. Legs with pro-
tarsi, except of 4th, spined posteriorly, and including that of the
4th armed with a posterior distal spine ; femora of 3rd and 4th
and also patella of 4th finely granular externally. Pectinal teeth 4.
Measurements in mm. — $. Total length 52, carapace 7, tail 28,
brachium 5*8, underhand 5, movable finger 6, width of hand 4.
Loc. Western Himalayas : Mussooree {Rattray).
42. Chaerilus anthracinus, sp. n.
Closely allied .to the preceding, of which perhaps it will prove
to be a subspecies.
J . Colour of body much more uniformly black or deep brown,
the yellowish-red mottling being scarcely traceable ; legs also much
more uniformly coloured, but yellowish brown and contrasting
with the dark tint of the body much more forcibly than in
C. margaritatus. Upper side of trunl- granular as in that species,
but much more closely, the terga being almost entirely covered,
with scarcely any interspaces between the granules. Chelae, on the
contrary, distinctly less coarsely granular than in G. margaritatus :
the keels on the hand and the posterior side of the brachium
being nearly smooth, the granulation presenting a scale-like
appearance as if rubbed down: band distinctly wider, its width
about equal to the length of the humerus and almost equal to the
length of the underhand. Pectinal teeth 1.
6 • Sexual characters as in C. margaritatus. Tergal plates more
finely, and even a little inure closely granular than in the $,
coarsely shagreened. Pectinal teeth <>.
Measurements in mm. — $. Total length 51, carapace 7, tail 30,
brachium o", underhand 6, movable linger 6'5, width of hand 5*2.
J. Total length 44, carapace 6-5, tail 27, brachium 6'5,
underhand <>-5, movable linger 6, width of hand 4-.">,
Loc. Dalhousie in the Western Himalayas (To umsend).
Subspecies rufescens, nov.
J . Differing from the typical form in being more coarsely
and less closely granular. Not bo dark in colour, the chelae
reddish brown, with black crests and the legs lightly variegated
as in 0. granosxis; terga dark, with a very indistinct >< -shaped
58 CH.lIilLID.E.
mark and with three distinct reddish spots — one on the posterior
border, one in the middle line, and one on the lateral angle.
Pectinal teeth 5.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 45, carapace 6-3, tail 25,
brachium 6*2, underhand 6, movable finger 5-6, width of band 4.
Loc. Dharmsiila in the Western Himalayas (Falton).
43. Chaerilus margaritatus, Pocuek, A. M. N. H. (6) xiii, p. 79, 1894.
Colour of c? and 5 tolerably uniform brown, the legs paler;
not so dark as in C. anihracinus and not variegated as in C. granosus.
.Male differing from that of C. anihracinus in having the upper side
of the abdomen almost smooth, at most very finely granular, with
a row of coarser granules along the posterior border whereon the
two tubercles are very prominent ; the granules on the anterior
half of the frontal area of the carapace not so coarse. Tail rather
more than four times as long as carapace ; width of 1st segment
about equal to length of 4th, 2nd a little wider than long : inferior
median keels on 2nd granular. Chela' much like those of C. an-
ihracinus, the hand a little narrower as compared with its length
{cf. measurements).
2 . Resembling § of C. granosus in granulation of terga, but
with the granules not extending to the lateral borders as they do
almost invariably in that species ; differing from the latter and
from 5 0I C- anihracinus in having the frontal area of the cara-
pace granular behind as well as in front, sometimes evenly but
sparsely granular throughout, at others more coarsely granular
in front. Band of very much the same shape and size as in
C. anihracinus. Pectinal teeth 5 in J , 3-4 in § .
Measurements in mm. — £ ■ Total length 50, carapace 6*5, tail 26,
brachium 5*5, underhand 5*5, movable finger 0, width of hand 4-9.
6 . Total length 53, carapace 7, tail 30, brachium 7*2, under-
hand 7, movable finger 7, width of hand 4*5.
Loc. India: Kasauli, near Simla {'Waller Barrow).
44. Chserilus insignis, Pocock, A. 31. N. II. (0) xiii, p. 82, 1894.
<5 . Colour (dry specimen) apparently as in ('. margaritatus.
Carapace with the same distribution of granules as in the pre-
ceding two species, but the granulation less distinct. Terga not
coarsely or closely but only very finely granular under the lens, the
lateral keels marked by a large tubercle. TYuilmucb. longer than in
male of C. margaritatus and C. anthracinus, more than lour times
the length of carapace; width of 1st segment considerably less than
length of 4th, 2nd segment longer than wide: apper side practically
smooth, lateral surface much less granular than in C. margaritatus;
inferior median keels of 1st standing up as distinct, though only
obsoletely granular crests. Chela granular and Keeled as in
( '. margae'i tains, very long: humerus longer than carapace, more
than twice as long as wide, but shorter than brachium and under-
CH.ERILUS.
59
hand, both of which are thus much longer than carapace ; hand
(fig. 17, C) long and narrow, the width considerably less than hall
the length of the underhand, its inner edge straight and parallel
with the outer edge ; movable finger a little longer than the
carapace. Pectinal teeth (>.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 64, carapace 0, tail 39,
brachium 10*5, underhand 1 1, movable finger 9-5, width of hand 4-">.
fjoc. Ladakh.
40. Chaerilus tricostatus. Pocock, Join-. Bo
1899.
/n.
X. H. Soc. xii, p. 266
Colour (dry specimen) a tolerably uniform reddish brown, with
blacker markings. Carapace granular at the sides, mostly smooth
above except for the auteocular triangle, which is granular at
A.
C.
Fig. 17.
-A. TTand of Charilus tricostatus J . B. Hand of C. /
C. Hand of C. insignis J.
least in front; longer than 1st and 2nd caudal segments, about
equal to 3rd and 4th and a little longer than 5th. Sterna as in
the other species, but the last furnished with four short crests,
each consisting of a few large granules. Terga finely granular,
with a few larger pearl-like granules scattered here and there, and
a series of them along the posterior border ; with distinct lateral
crests, those on tin; 3rd consisting of a single large pearl-like
granule, those on the -1th, 5th, and 6th of three similar granules.
Tail rather le-s than three times the length of the carapace, width
of 1st segment about equal to length of 4th; 2nd about as wide
as long; dorsal surface very sparsely granular, lateral and inferior
surfaces weakly but not so sparsely granular as the upper surface;
all the keels normal and denticulated ; the inferior median keels of
the 1st segmenl distinct and consisting of coarse granules like those
on the 2nd and on the last abdominal sternum ; i/< stele finely granular
belowand laterally, of much the same form as in ( '. margaritatus and
C. insignis. Chela long; humerus as long as carapace and a liit!i
60
CH.ERIL1D-E.
more than twice as long as wide, weakly granular above and in front
except for coarse granules along the keels, posterior surface
smooth, inferior surface very weakly granular ; braehium a little
louger than carapace, the normal keels marked by a single series of
low shining granules, the anterior surface furnished with a few large
granules on its upper and lower prominences, for the rest the seg-
ment is almost entirely smooth ; hand (tig. 17, A) finely and closely
granular above and externally, more finely granular internally and
smooth on the underhand, furnished with only five keels, three
above and two bordering the underhand, the keels defined by a
single row of shining granules which are much larger than the
granules covering the rest of the upper surface ; underhand a
little longer than braehium and than movable linger ; hand parallel-
sided, its width a little more than half the length of the under-
hand ; movable finger slightly longer than carapace, furnished
with 4 rows of teeth. Pectinal teeth 5-6.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 50, carapace 7*5, tail 30,
braehium 8, underhand S'5, movable tinger 7*8, width of hand 5.
Loc. Sadiya, Assam.
Female unknown.
40. Chaerilus gemmifer, IWoek, A. M. X. H. (<>) xiii, p. si, 1894:
Kraep. Tien:, Scoip. etc. p. 159, 1899.
Colour nearly black, varied with yellow ; rerga with median and
lateral marginal yellow spot and yellow >< -shaped mark; tail
and chela) deep reddish brown with black keels ; fingers black.
Carapace with coarse shining
granules on the sides, anteocular
area weakly and sparsely granular
throughout, the area behind the
tubercle serially granular ; relative
length of carapace and caudal seg-
ments approximately as in C. marga-
ritatus. Terga covered with coarse
C. pearl-like granules, much larger and
farther apart than in C.margaritatus',
lateral crests represented by one or
two still larger granules. Sterna
as in C. vnargaritatus. Tall approxi-
mately as in that species, but
smoother below, the four inferior
keels of the 1st segment smooth, and
the inferior medians of the 2nd at
most very weakly granular ; vesh-L
(tig. 18, B) not so globular,much less
convex below, height less than that
of 5th segment, granular above as
well as at the sides and below ; from
the lateral aspect passing without constriction into the base of the
Fig. 18. — A. Vesicle of < 'hcerttus
margaritatus §. B. Vesi-
cle "I' C. gemmifer §. C.
Vesicle dl' ('. jihlus ,?, side
view. 13. Do., upper view
of extremity .
(II EUILL'S.
til
aculeus, which is short, nearly as wide at its proximal as at its
distal end, where it merges with the spiniform portion ; the whole
aculeus much less than half the length of the vesicle. Chela' with
humerus much less coarsely granular above and in front than in
C. margaritatus, very finely granular below, smooth behind ; bra-
chium with superior granular crest, posterior and inferior surface
smooth, anterior surface smooth except for some coarse granules
on the inferior crest and on the inferior prominence and two larger
granules above ; keels of hand normal in number, very finely
granular, the interspace covered with a wide-meshed network of
granules ; width almost equal to length of underhand, the inner
edge more strongly convex than in ft margaritatus, with much
closer, less open concavity where it merges with the immovable
finger ; fingers more strongly carved. Pectinal teeth 4.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 38, carapace 6, tail 24,
brachium 4-5, underhand 4-5. movable finger 5*3, width of hand 4- 2.
Loc. Sylhet (Bowring).
47. Chserilus pictus, Pocock, A. M. N. H. (6) v, p. 250, pL xi, figs. 1 l<
(1890) (Uromarhu-o : id. in Weber, Tteise Niederl, O.-Ind. iii. p. 91,
1893 : Kraep. Jb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst. xi. p. 143, 1894 ; id. Tien-..
Scarp, etc. p.' 159. 1899 (Chserilus).
2 . Colour somewhat as in G. gemmifer, but much paler; the
yellow or red predominates so that the integument may be described
as red varied with black ; chelae deep red with black keels. Cara-
pace and terga with a few coarse pearl-like granules scattered here
and there ; anteocular area practically smooth ; relative length of
carapace and tail-segments as in G. gemmifer; intercarinal spaces of
tail almost smooth, those of the 5th weakly granular ; vesicle as in
C. gemmifer. Chelce with humerus weakly granular, except for the
upper and anterior crests, which are coarsely so ; brachium almosl
wholly smooth except for a few coarse granules on the upper crest
and a few in front; intercarinal spaces of baud with a very tineh
granular network, almost smooth ; keels very weakly granular ;
shape of hand as in G. gemmifer. Pectinal teeth 5.
d . With tail very long and slender; carapace as long as the
1st and half the 2nd segments, much shorter than the 5th. Tail
more than six and a half times as long as the carapace, the 1st
segment longer than wide, 2nd nearly twice as long as wide, 5th
more than four times as long as wide; vesicli | fiL.r. 18, ( '. 1>) very
long, as long as the 5th segment of the tail, flat below, about a^
wide as the 4th segment, its height equal to that of the 5th, nearly
parallel-sided, very coarsely granular, ending disrallyin a righl and
left shoulder-like prominence; base <>f aculeus when seen from
above resembling a Large cylindrical tubercle, upon the summit of
which is situated the strongly bent spiniform distal extremity;
when seen from the side the base of the aculeus merges without
constriction with the adjacent end of the vesicle. Chela very much
as in female ; humerus, brachium. and underhand all shorter than
62 CH-EBILID^E.
carapace ; hand (tig. 17, B) a little longer than in female, its width
about four-fifths its length.
Measurements in mm. — $ (young). Total length 32, carapace 5,
tail 20, brachium 4, underhand 3'S, movable finger 4, width of
hand 3-3.
<5 (adult). Total length 61, carapace 6*5, tail 41, brachium 5-5,
underhand 5-8, movable linger 5, width of hand 4'5.
Loc. Sylhet (Stainsforth).
The male of this species differs strikingly from that of all the
others in the peculiar form of the vesicle and the great length of
the tail.
48. Chserilus ceylonensis, Powck. A.M. N.H. (6) xiii, p. 83 (1894)i
Kraep. Tierr., Scorp. p. 159 (1899).
S . Colour dull brown ; ocular tubercle, crests of hand, and digits
infuscate. Carapace longer thau 1st and 2nd caudal segments, as
long as 3rd and 4th, longer than 5th, granular throughout, with
the exception of the grooves, which are smooth ; ocular tubercle
granular. Terga granular throughout, not or hardly distinctly
crested. Teiil about four times as long as carapace, finely granular ;
2nd segment as long as wide, 5th more than twice as long as wide ;
inferior median keel nearly obsolete on 1st segment ; median
lateral keel distinct on 1st, represented by a few larger granules
on the others, extending over half the lateral surface of the 5th :
the rest of the keels distinct and granular ; vesicle of approximately
the same form as in C. margdritatus, wider and higher than 5th seg-
ment ; coriaceous below, but not visibly granular. Chelce : humerus
aud brachium much shorter than carapace, humerus coarsely granular
above and in front, brachium granular above, almost smooth behind
and below ; band covered with reticulation of fine granules, keels
and base of digits thickly aud very finely granular ; keels normal
in number, but low and very weakly granular ; hand nearly
parallel-sided ; length of underhand greater than width of hand
and greater than length of movable digit, which is a little shorter
than width of hand; immovable digit furnished with 11- 12 rows
of teeth, its basal width equal to two-thirds its length. Pectinal
teeth 5-6.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 44, carapace 5*5, tail 22,
brachium 4, underhand 5*5, movable finger 4, width of hand 4-5.
Lot: Trincomali, Ceylon (Barrett).
The two following species have been omitted from the synoptical
table, since I have had no opportunity of examining actual
specimens.
i(.t. Chserilus birmanicus, ThoreU, Ann. 31w<. Genova, xw ii, p. 584.
18s:i (Chelomachus).
Colour subtestaceous, varied with black. Carapace tolerably
chjBbili s. 63
coarsely granular, a little shorter than caudal segments 1-3, longer
than segment 5. Terga very finely coriaceous aud granular, with
largei- granules forming lateral crests on terga 3-6, last tergum
more coarsely granular at the sides. Sterna smooth, the last
without crests. Tail about three times as long as the carapace ;
2nd segment wider than long ; interior median keels of 1st segment
obsolete; vesicle large, wider than segmenl •">, more than twice as
long as wide, smooth. UJicln- with hand normally keeled, its width
equal to the length of the underhand and less than the movable
ringer, which is a little shorter than the carapace: keels on hand
finely granular, interspaces smooth.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 16, carapace 2|, tail 7.
underhand 1*5, movable finger 2, width of hand To.
Loc. Burma: Rangoon (Fea).
Unfortunately the only known representative of C. birmanicus,
which will doubtless prove to be a valid species, is the example
of which an abridged description is given above. Judging from
its size this example is not half grown. Hence it is not possible
to form a just estimate of the characters of the adult, and it is
superfluous to attempt to locate the species in our synoptical
table.
50. Chserilus truncatus, Earsch, MT. Munch, ent. Ver. iii. p. L08,
]s7i»; Kraep. Jl>. Hamb. Wis*. Anst.xi, p. 146, pi. ii, tig. 54, 1894;
id. Ticrr.. Scorp. etc. p. 100, 1890 (excluding suggested synouvmy).
So far as it goes, the description of this species, published bv
lvraepelin, is not inapplicable to C. margaritatus, ('. <jranosus, and
also perhaps to C. anihr acinus, except as regards the form of the
hand. The width of this organ in the male is said to be less than
half the length of the underhand, and in the female a little more
than half; whereas in G. margaritatus, C. granosus, and 0. anihra-
cinus (J, 2) the width of the hand is much more than half the
length of the underhand. The hand of the male of C. truncatus, id
fact, seems to resemble that of C. insignis ; but the upper side of
the abdomen of the former appears to be much more granular.
Presumably also the chela' and tail are shorter, since nothing is
said in the description touching their length.
Loc. Dehra Dun, in the "Western Himalayas.
64 VEJOTIDT.
Family VEJOVID.E.
With two pedal spurs aud no tibial spurs, as in the Chaerilidae.
Sternum of ceplialothorax pentagonal, nearly always wider than
B.
Fig. 19.— A. Coxse and maxillary lobes of 1st and 2nd legs of Scorpiops.
B. Carapace of Scorpiops.
long. Pectines segmented. Stigmata elongate. Three lateral eyes
on each side of carapace. Maxillary lobes of 1st pair of legs
narrowed, not truncate along the anterior border.
Distribution. Eastern Mediterranean area : North India and
Burma ; California, Texas, Central America, and along the chain
of the Andes to Peru.
Genus SCORPIOPS, Peters.
Scorpiops, Peters, Mm. Akad. Berl. 1861, p. 510 ; Karsch, MT. Munch.
ent. Ver. iii, p. 101, 1879 ; Kracpelin, Jb. llamb. Wiss. Anst. xi.
p. 185, 1894 ; id. Tierr., Scarp, etc. p. 179, 1899.
Anterior border of carapace deeply excised in the middle line.
Movable finger of mandible with a row of 4-6 small teeth below.
Movable finger of chela furnished along the middle line with
numerous small teeth arranged in a double row; an outer series
consisting of small teeth arranged in pairs, and an inner series
consisting of a few larger teeth confined to the distal half of the
finger. Hand generally large, flattish above, with usually strong
finger-keel dividing the upper surface into an outer vertical and
an inner horizontal portion. Tarsi with median inferior row of
spinules and a row of setse <>n each side.
Type, Scorpio hardwickii, Grervais.
Distribution. The Deccan ; Himalayas from Punjab to Assam,
thence through Burma to S. Tenasserim.
scoupiops. 65
Synopsis of Indian Species.
Brachium of chela armed at base in front with
a pair of small tubercles.
a . Upper and posterior crests upon the hand
and brachium very strong and smooth.
a2. Upper surface of hand without a smooth
crest lying longitudinally between the
finger-keel and the inner border and
ornamented with granules which fre-
quently run together into ridges ; length
of underhand exceeding width of hand,
especially in J , in which the chelae are
elongate S. hardwickii, p. 6( i
ft2. Upper surface of hand with a smooth
longitudinal crest between the iinger-
keel and the inner border and ornamented
with a coarse network of perfectly
smooth ridges resulting from the anas-
tomosis of low tubercles ; width of hand
exceeding length of underhand, espe-
cially in c?, in which the chela: are not
elongate , S. imculptus, p. 68.
bl. Upper and posterior crests upon hand and
brachium distinctly, often coarsely granular.
a3. Length of underhand in 2 about equal
to width of hand ; keel forming inner
edge of upper surface of hand projecting
so as to conceal upper crest on inner
surface of hand S. crassimanus, p. 68.
b3. Length of underhand in both sexes much
greater than width of hand ; crest
forming inner edge of upper surface
weak and not projecting so as to conceal
upper crest on inner surface of hand . . S. leptochirm, p. 69.
Brachium of chela armed in front at base with
one or more, usually two, long sharp spini-
form tubercles.
a*. Tail almost four times ( 5 ) or morn than
four times (J1) as long as the carapace;
superior keels of segments 2 1 posteriorly
depressed, not spiniform ; brachial pores 7;
vesicle, especially in 3 , large S. petersii, p. 70.
b*. Tail shorter: superior keels of segments
•_' t or 3-4 posteriorly spiniform and, ex-
cept in S. astkenuru8, elevated: vesicle
smaller; brachial pores not fewer than it.
as. Aculeus not defined at the base on each
side by a semicircular groove ; tail short
ami slender, with strongly spiniform
superior keels; bands and carapace
flatter: width of area on hand between
finger-keel and inner edge not less in
adult 2 t°an half the movable finger . . s. montanus, p. 70.
66 TEJOVID.E.
b'° Aculeus defined at base by a conspicuous
semicircular groove ; lingers longer,
length of movable more than twice as
great as width of area of upper hand
between finger-heel and inner edge.
dr\ With only 3 large setal pores on under-
hand in addition to the two set trans-
versely close to the base of the movable
finger.
a7. Superior keels on caudal segments
3-4 weakly spiniform and not ele-
vated at their posterior ends ; tail
very short in c?> segments 1-5 only
twice as long as carapace, 1st seg-
ment not wider than humerus .... S. asthenurus, p. 73.
IP . Superior keels on caudal segments
2-4 strongly spiniform and elevated
posteriorly ; caudal segments 1-5
in rf much more than twice the
length of carapace ; 1st caudal
segment wider than width of
humerus.
aH. Brachial pores 9-10 or very rarely
11 ; fingers less strongly lobate
in both sexes 8. longimanus, p. 72.
bn. Brachial pores 14-15; fingers more
strongly lobate S. binghamii, p. 74.
i6. With 9-10 large setal pores on under-
hand in adult in addition to the two
near the base of the finger.
a9. 1st caudal segment narrower than
humerus; 15 setal pores on bra-
chium ; pectinal teeth 8 S. lindstroemi, p. 74.
I9. 1st caudal segment wider than hu-
merus ; 19 setal pores on brachium ;
pectinal teeth 10-11 S. antkr acinus, p. 7 4.
51. Scorpiops hardwickii, Gervaisin Wahh. Ins. Apt. iii. p. 66, 1844
(Scorpio); Pocock, A. M.N.H. (6) xii, p. 325, 1893; Kraepelin,
Jb. Hamb. vu'ss. Anst. xi, p. 188, 1894 ; id. Tien:, Scorp.etc. p. 181,
1899 (Scorpiops) : solidus, Karsch, MT. Munch, ent. Ver.m. p. 100,
1879 (Scorpiops).
$ . Colour generally a tolerably uniform black, the underside and
tips of legs paler ; chelae sometimes deep reddish. Carapace finely
granular, a few coarser granules here and there, especially on ilnv
frontal lobes; as long as the 1st, 2nd, and half the lh-d caudal
segments, considerably longer than the 5th. Terr/a coarsely granu-
lar, the granules often showing a tendency lo fuse together into
scries; a median granular keel ; lasttergum more coarsely granular
than i he ol hers, with median and two lateral crests. Sterna smooth,
with a Few large punctures ; the last, granular, with four subequal
granular keels. Tail about three and a half limes as long as
carapace ; 1st segment nearly twice as wide as long, 3rd as wide as
scorpiops. 67
long, 5th twice as long as wide; intercarinal spaces granular;
keels strong and subdenticulate, the upper keels of segments 2-4 nut
posteriorly enlarged and spiniform ; vesicle finely granular, about
as wide as the 5th caudal segment. Chela granular; humerus
granular and granularly keeled above and below; upper side of
brachiuin granular, bounded in front by a granular keel ami
behind by a strong smooth or almost smooth keel; a similar
smooth crest running along the posterior surface, which is studded
with a few large granules ; anterior surface finely granular and
armed with a pair of small widely-separated tubercles : lower side
granular, bounded behind and in front by a granular crest, with
a row of 7 setal pores along its hind border ; hand thick, width
nearly as great as length of underhand, with very strong am',
smooth finger-keel dividing its upper surface into an outer sub-
vertical area and an inner horizontal area, both of them covered
with granules showing a tendency to run into ridges and form an
indistinct network ; the outer area furnished in addition with a
median smooth irregular subdivided crest ; no distinct granwlai crest
on the inner edge of the horizontal area ; inner surface granular ;
underhand more finely granular and bounded externally by a
smooth crest, furnished with a curved series of 3 large setal pores
and 2 smaller, one" between the 1st and '2nd, the other close to the
keel beyond the 2nd, also 2 large setal pores set transversely close
to the base of the linger; movable linger not lobate, scarcely
exceeding underhand. Pectinal teeth 5-6 ; much larger in male.
J with tail, and especially chelae, much longer than in female.
Tail about four times as long as carapace. Chela elongate;
brachiuin longer than carapace ; width of hand distinctly less than
length of underhand; the movable linger frequently without a
lobe; when present, the lobe consists of a thick subtubercular
prominence situated just behind the middle of the finger but well
on the inner side of the median line of teeth; both movable and
immovable digits are then lightly sinuate along the biting-edge.
Pectinal teeth 5-6.
Measurements in emu : —
Total
Movable
Width
length.
Carapace.
Tail.
Underhand.
tinker.
of hnnd.
2 ■■
. . 32
4-b-
18
4
15
4
c? .
. . . 3:J
5
20
5
5
4
6 ■
... 43
5-8
23
6
5-5
42
Lnc. Western Himalayas: Kashmir (Leach); Jaunsar, 6000-
9000 ft.; Dehra Dun, 2000 ft. (Gamble Sf Smythies); Kasauli
( Waller-Barrow) ; Nepal ( Hardwicke).
The measurements quoted above in the first and second lines
are taken from the type ( $ ) specimen and another ( tf ) example,
ticketed Nepal, from which Gervais drew up his description of the
species. The measurements in the last line, showing the size
to which the species inav attain, are taken from an example from
Jaunsar. The locality Nepal needs confirmation.
68 VEJOVID^.
52. Scorpiops insculptus, n. sp.
5 . In size, colour, and most structural features resembling
S. JiardwicJcii. Upper side of trunk smoother, the granulation
much less distinct, consisting of low, smooth, squamiform tubercles
fusing and running into ridges to a much greater extent than in
S. JiardwicJcii, especially on the anterior terga. Tail granular and
carinate as in the latter. Cliela> with humerus and brachium more
coarsely granular above ; the three posterior crests on the brachium
quite smooth, as in S. JiardwicJcii ; 7 brachial pores and 3 normal
pores on underhand ; band very wide, its width exceeding the
length of the underhand and equal to the length of the movable
finger; sculpturing on the upper side of the hand consisting of
perfectly smooth, shilling tubercles, forming in places an irregular
network of ridges, but showing no separate, tubercles and granules
as in S. JiardwicJcii ; moreover, the inner horizontal area of the
upper side of the band is divided throughout by a smooth crest,
which rises from the tinger-keel near the base of the immovable"
linger and runs to the notch of the posterior border, where the
expanded portion of the hand arises ; underhand almost entirely
smooth.
$ . Resembling the 2 more than in the case of £. JiardwicJcii ;
the hand of the cJtelee not elongate as in the latter, but very
broad, the width being equal to the movable finger and exceeding
the length of the underhand ; movable finger much more strongly
curved than in S. JiardwicJcii, its basal half with a deep and long
excavation behind a low long lobe, which is situated in the distal
half of the finger; immovable finger with large basal lobe, the rest
of its biting-edge nearly straight, only lightly convex. Peciinal
teeth 5-6 ( J , $ ).
Measurements in mm. — 3 . Total length 35, carapace 5, tail 10,
underhand 4, movable finger 4-5, width of hand 4*2.
2 . Total length 37, carapace 4-5, tail 20-5, underhand 3*6,
movable finger 4, width of hand 4*3.
Loc. Western Himalayas: Jaunsar, 6000-9000 ft. (Gamble &
Smythies) ; Dehra Dun, 2000 ft. (Gleadow).
53. Scorpiops crassimamis, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. II. Soc. xii, p. 267,
1899.
$. Allied to the preceding, but larger. Colour black, with
reddish tinge on chelae ; median keel of terga yellowish anteriorly,
and there is a transverse reddish stripe on each side in the middle
of the terga. Upper side of trunk more finely granular than in
S.JiardivicJcii, crest on last tergum and sternum also weaker. Tail
more powerful, about three and a half times as long as carapace,
which is only a little longer than the 5th segment ; intercarpal
spaces of tail not so coarsely granular, and keels not so strongly
denticulated, excepi the inferior laterals of the 5th, which are more
sharply and coarsely denticulated ; superior keels of 3rd and 4th
scoitPiops. 69
segments subspiniform distally. Chelce{&g. 2 A, B, p. 7) with all the
crusts on the brachium and hand, which are smooth in S. hardmckii,
very distinctly and coarsely granular ; brachium and hand, more-
over, much more closely granular, the granules more distinct and
showing less tendency to run into ridges and networks ; the crest
forming the inner edge of the upper surface of the hand strong,
consisting of a single row of coarse bead-like granules, and pro-
jecting as far inwards as the upper granular crest on the inner
surface of the hand and practically concealing it from view when
the hand is seen from above in the position of rest. Pectirtal
teeth 5-(i.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 48, carapace 7*5, tail 28,
width of hand (>, length of underhand 5*8, of movable finger 7.
Loc. Probably India: exact locality unknown.
54. Scorpiops leptochirus, Pocock,A. M. X. H. (0) xii, p. 325, pi. xiv.
fig. 11 ; id. A. M. X. II. (G) xiii, p. 79, 1894 ; Kraepelin, Tierr.,
Scorp. etc. p. 181, 1899.
Resembling the preceding two species in having the brachium
armed in front at the base with small granuliform tubercles, and
approaching most nearly to S. crassimanus in size, granulation,
si rength of keels, &c.
2 . Colour black, tarsi and pectines yellow, vesicle and sterna
reddish brown. Carapace, terga, and tail granular and carinate,
practically as in S. crassimanus ; last sternum with four distinctly
granular keels; tail less than four times as long as the carapace,
the superior keels of segments 2-4 subspiniform apically. Chela
granular, practically as in S. crassimanus, but not quite so coarsely ;
inferior row of brachial pores 7; all the crests granular, as in that
species, but the crests on the inner edge of the upper surface of
the hand consisting of irregularly arranged granules, ami not pro-
jecting as in S. crassimanus, but forming an obtuse angle with the
upper area of the inner surface of the hand, so that when viewed
from above the superior granular crest on the inner surface is
plainly visible ; hand much narrower than in S. crassimanus, its
width much less than length of underhand and of movable finger,
the two latter subequal but barely so long as the carapace; fingers
without trace of lobation and sinuation ; row of three pores on
underhand.
d . Resembling 5 in general characters, but with the tail a
little and the chela? much longer. Tail about four times as long
as carapace; vesicle & little larger than in $. Humerus as long
as carapace: brachium a little, underhand much longer than
carapace: width of hand equal to halt the length of the underhand
or a little more, the latter longer than the movable digit, which
slightly exceeds the carapace and is without trace of lobe. Pectinal
tueth 8-9.
Measurements in mm. — $. Total length 58, carapace 7*5, tail
20, brachium i>-$, underhand G'5, width of hand 4-8.
70 yejovidj;:.
c?. Total length 55, carapace 7'G, tail 31, brachium 8, under-
hand 9, width of hand 4*8.
Loc. Assam : Tura in the Graro Hills {Long) ; Sadiya.
55. Scorpiops petersii, Pocock, A. M. N. H. (6) xii, p. 323, pi. xiv,
fit*. 10, 1893 ; Kraepelin, Jb. Hmnb. iviss. Anst. xi, p. 190, 1894; id.
Tien:, Scarp, etc. p. 181, 1899 : hartlwickii, Kartell, MT. Munch.
ent. Ver. iii, p. 106, 1879 (not hardwickii, Gervais).
2 . Colour of trunk and chelae blackish, legs yellowish or reddish,
vesicle and mandible yellow. Upper side of trunk granular and
carinate, almostas in the preceding species ; ocular tubercle smaller.
Tail almost four times as long tis carapace, thinner, 2nd segment
longer than wide, 4th twice, 5th rather more than three times as
long as wide ; superior keels posteriorly depressed, not spiniform ;
vesicle large, its height equal to its width, its width equal to that of
the 2nd segment of the tail. Chelae granular ; brachium shorter than
carapace, with granular crests, its anterior surface armed basally
with two strong spiniform teeth : 7 setal pores on lower side
of brachium : crests on hand granular, the crests much stronger
than in S. leptocliirus, the granulation of the intercarpal spaces
much weaker than in S. crassimanus ; outer finger-keel on hand
very strong ; keel running along inner edge of upper side of hand
also strong and beaded, but not projecting so far as the upper crest
of the inner surface ; underhand with curved series of 3 normal
large setal pores and three smaller ones, one between 1st and 2nd
and two beyond 2nd along inner edge of keel : width of hand about
two-thirds the length of the underhand, the latter about as long
as the movable finger and a little shorter than carapace ; fingers
strongly and mesially lobate and sinuate; 7 teeth on outer series
as far back as lobe, 4 on inner series at distal end. Pcctinal
teeth 5-7.
6 . Not strikingly different from the $ , except that the caudal
vesicle is more inflated, the height and width being almost equal to
width of 1st caudal segment, and the tail itself a little longer.
Humerus, brachium, and underhand about as long as carapace.
Pectinal teeth 6-7.
Measurements in mm. — $ . Total length 70, carapace 9*5, tail 36,
underhand 9, width of hand 6.
<5 . Total length 50, carapace 8, tail 36, underhand 8, width of
band 5-5.
Loc. Western Himalayas : Debra Dun, 2000 ft. ; Jaunsar,
601 10-9000 ft. (Gamble $ Smythies); Mussooree (Rattray);
Simla.
56. Scorpiops montanus, Karsch, MT. Munch. <■»/. Ver. iii, p. 10",
L879; Kraepelin, .11). Hamb. wiss. Anat. xi,p. 192, l8D4,and Tierr.,
Scorp. etc. p. L80, l^'.t'-) (in part and excluding synonymy).
5 . Colour as in 8. /ictersii ; carapace flatter than in that species
scoiipiops. 7 L
the groove shallower, as long as the first three segments of the
tail or as the 3rd and 4th, very much longer than the 5th. Last
abdominal sternum with obsolete median keels. Tail very short
and slender, width of 1st segment less than that of humerus, con-
siderably less than three tin.es as long as the carapace, 2nd segment
about as wide as long, 4th one-third longer than wide, 5th about
three times as long as wide ; inferior keels of 1st and 2nd scarcely
granular; superior keels of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th posteriorly elevated
and strongly spiniform ; vesicle compressed, slightly higher than
wide, as wide as the 5th segment, without an annular constriction
at base of aculeus. Chelce and especially the hand lower, more
depressed than in S. petersii and the foregoing species ; the crests
strong and granular; brachials with two basal teeth, the inferior
frequently much the larger of the two; brachium shorter, under-
hand a little longer than carapace, the former furnished below with
about 15 pores, the hand with four, one of which is smaller than
the others ; hand narrow, its width barely two-thirds the length of
the underhand ; movable finger shorter than underhand and only
twice the length of the area between the upper keels of the hand,
lobate in the basal half, but not so strongly as in S. petersii.
Pectinal teeth 6-7.-
cJ . With much longer chela; and a slightly longer tail than in
female. Tail about three times as long as the carapace, winch is
slightly shorter than the 4th and 5th segments, and barely as long
as the 5th and half the vesicle. Humerus a little longer than
carapace, brachium scarcely so long; underhand longer, sometimes
much longer and twice as long as width of hand ; movable digit as
long as carapace, more strongly lobate than in female. Pectinal
teeth 8.
Measurements in iiim. — J. Total length 50, carapace 8*5, tail
23, underhand 9, width of hand 5.
S . Total length 51, carapace !', tail 27, underhand II, width
of hand 5-2.
Lor. Western Himalayas: Jaunsar, 6000-9000 ft. (Gamble d
Smythies); Dehra Dun, 2000 ft. (Gamble, SmytJiies, $ Gleadow);
Kasauli ( Waller-Barrow) ; Dharms&la (Fulton).
Subspecies satarensis, now
$. Resembling the typical form in size and colour, hut very
much smoother, the carapace and terga being at most finch
granular, leaving the median keel and area of the posterior border
immediately behind it smooth ; in some cases the terga are finely
granulated only at the sides, smooth and punctured elsewhere.
The chela?, too, are much less coarsely granular both on the keels
and on the interearinal spaces; digits very slightly lobate.
Sexual features of male much less developed than in typical
form ; humerus about as long as carapace, underhand only a
little longer and Less than twice the width of the hand. Brachial
pores 13-14.
72
YEJOYIDJE.
Measurements in mm. — 5 • Total length 60, carapace 8*3, tail
23, underhand 9, width of hand 5*8.
S . Total length 57, carapace 8, tail 24, underhand 8*5, width
of hand 5*3.
Loc. Mahableshwar, Satara district (Wrougliton).
Subspecies tenuicauda, Pocoek, A. M. N. H. (6) xiii, p. 77, 1894;
Kraep. Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 181, 1899.
Differing from the preceding subspecies as well as from the
principal form in being very much smaller and in having the legs,
with the exception of the tarsi, which are yellow, fuscous instead
of yellowish red. Terga smooth mesially in $ , as in S. satarensis ;
finely granular in d . Chelce in $ with fingers scarcely noticeably
lobate ; chelse in <$ very long and slender, being even more
modified than in the typical form of the species; fingers strongly
lobate. Brachial pores 12-13.
Measurements in mm. — § . Total length 36, carapace 6, tail 16,
underhand 6-8, width of hand 4.
<5 . Total length 38, carapace 5*8, tail 17*5, underhand 7"2,
width of hand 3.
Loc. The Deccan.
A.
B.
Fig. 20. — A. 4th with parts of 3rd and 5th caudal segments of Scorpiops
longimanus.
B. Vesicle of tail of ditto, showing annular groove (a) at base of
aouleuB.
57. Scorpiops longimanus, Pocoek, A. M. N. H. (6) xii, p. 326,
pi. xiv, fig. 12, 1893; Kraep. Jb. Hamfr. wiss. Anst. xi, p. 191,
1894; id. Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 180, 1899.
9 . Colour entirely black on the dorsal surface and tail. Carapace
not so depressed as in &. montanus and with deeper grooves, not so
long as the first three caudal segments, considerably shorter than
the 4th and 5th, and less than the 5th and half the vesicle. Tail
scoitnops. 73
thicker and longer than in S. montanus, about three times a5* long as
the carapace, 1st segment at least as wide as the humerus ; keels
and granulation as in S. montanus; vesicle as in that species, hut with
a distinct semicircular sulcus at the base of the aculeus on each side.
Chela more resembling those of S.leptochirus than those of S. m<m-
tanus, except for two spiniform teeth on the brachium ; brachium
shorter than carapace, with inferior rows of 9-10 (in one case 11)
setal pores,!) commonly occurring in young; the crests weaker
and the area at the base of the anterior spines not so prominent ;
hand constantly with only three pores in a curved series below, all
its crests much weaker than in S. montanvs, width of its dorsal area
between the keels much less than half the movable finger; the
underhand almost twice the width of the hand, but not quite so
long as the movable finger, which is at least as long as the cara-
pace, but is scarcely noticeably lobate, outer row of supernumerary
teeth, as far back as lobe, 12, inner row 0. Granular crests on
under side of femora of legs weaker than in S. montanus. Peed mi!
teeth 6-8.
d . Very like the female ; tail scarcely if at all longer : cheln a
little longer, hand thicker, and fingers lobate; underhand a little
longer than carapace and longer than movable finger, which is
about equal to carapace.
Measurements in mm. — £. Total length 51, carapace 7"5, tail
25, underhand 7*5, movable finger 8, width of hand 4.
<3 . Total length 47, carapace 7*5, tail 26*5, underhand 8*2,
movable finger 7-<>, width of hand 4-8.
Loc. Assam. Sylhet ; Dhubri (Smart) ; North Cachar Hills ;
Sadiya ; Naga Hills.
This species was based upon a single female example from Sylhet.
The measurements given above are taken from an adult male and
female of the same species from Dhubri. These specimens are
smaller than the type and than most of the adult examples that
have come to hand.
58. Scorpiops asthenurus, pp. n.
6 • Belonging to the same category of species as 8. longimanus,
which it resembles in colour, sculpturing, &c. The fail, however,
is shorter and weaker, being only about twice as long as the cara-
pace, which is almost as long as its first three segments or as the
4th and 5th ; dorsal keels of the 3rd and 4th weakly spiniform,
but not elevated, being lightly depressed at the posterior end ; 1st
segment only as wide as the brachium ; a distinct annuliform
sulcus at base of aculeus. Chela as in 8. longiman us ; brachial pores
0 ; hand much wider than in S. longimanus, its inner edge more
strongly convex, its width more than half the length of the under-
hand ; area between tin- keels of its dorsal surface less than half
the length of the movable finger, which is not quite equal to the
underhand or to the carapace ; outer edge of finger not evenly
curved, but showing a slight bend just on a level with the lobe;
74 VEJOVIDJE.
lobe large ; notch on immovable finger correspondingly deep, but
when closed a very distinct nearly sigmoidal space is left between
the bases of the fingers ; 3 large setal pores on underside of hand,
in addition to the invariable pair near base of finger. Pectinal
teeth 6.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 35. carapace 5, tail 17,
underhand 6, movable finger 5*5, width of hand 3-5.
Loc. Kalimpong near Darjiliug (Stebbing).
59. Scorpiops binghamii, Pocock, A. M. N. 11. (G) xii;p. 327, pl.xiv,
fig. 13, 1893.
Very closely allied to the Assamese S. longimanus, but differing
in having 14-15 setal pores on the underside of the brachium, and
the hands moi'e distinctly lobate both in S and $ .
Measurements in mm. — $ . Total length 60, carapace 9-8, tail 31,
underhand 9-5, movable finger 9, width of hand 4*8.
c? . Total length 55, carapace 8, tail 27, underhand 9, movable
finger 7, width of band 5.
Loc. Lower Burma: Pegu Hills and Central Tenasserim
(Bingham).
HO. Scorpiops anthracinus, Simon, J. A. S. B. hi, p. 112, 1887.
2 • Allied to the two preceding species, but easily recognizable
from both by the extreme slenderness of the hand and by the
larger number of setal pores upon the lower side of the brachium
and hand. Brachial pores 19 ; a curved row of 10 pores on under-
hand. Hand very slender, its inner and outer edges nearly straight
and parallel, its width less than half the length of the underhand,
the width of its dorsal area between inner keel and the finger-
keel less than one-third the length of the movable finger and less
than width of humerus ; movable finger equal to the carapace aud
slightly exceeding the underhand. Pectinal teeth 10-11. Upper
crests of tail more elevated and spiniform than in the other
species.
Measurements in mm. — $ . Total length 57, carapace S-5, tail 27,
underhand 7*5, movable finger 8*5, width of hand 3*5.
Loc. Tavoy in Tenasserim.
01. Scorpiops lindstroemii, Thordl, Ann. Mus. Genova, xxvii, p. 573,
1889 : lugubris, id. ibid. p. 579.
$. Eesembling S. anthracinus in having a row of 9-10 setal
pores on the underhand in the adult, but differing principally in
having only 15 instead of 19 brachial pores, and the chelae loth
longer and stouter, &c. Dorsal crests on tail with terminal spine
not so strong as in 8. anthracinus ; 1st segment narrower than
scorpiops. 75
humerus, only as wide as the intercarinal area of its upper surface.
Chela with humerus as long as carapace; width of hand almosl
half the length of the underhand, which is as long as the movable
finger and longer than the carapace ; width of dorsal area of hand
between the keels about one-third the length of the movable
finger ; finger more strongly lobate than in S. an tin- acinus. Pectinal
teeth 8.
Measurements in mm. of type. — Total length G^. carapace 12, tail
37, humerus 12*3, underhand 13, movable ringer 13, width of hand
6'o, of its dorsal intercarinal area 4-2.
Loc. Mt. Mooleyit in Tenasserim (Fen), also the North Chin
Hills in Upper Burma ( Watson).
Scorpiops hu/ubris, Thorell (Ann. Mus. Genova, xxvii, p. 579),
was based upon au immature specimen of the genus from the same
locality as the type of S. lindstroemii. In all probability it is the
young of that species. It has 7 pores on the lower side of the hand.
An immature specimen from the North Chin Hills in Upper Burma
closely resembles the type of S. lugubris.
The following species, which I have not seen, has been omitted
from the table : — -
62. Scorpiops affinis, Kraep. Jb. Hamb. iciss. Anst. xv, p. 44, 1898 ; id.
Tien:, Scorp. etc. p. 182, 1899.
"Resembling Sc. hardwickii in size, colour, &c, but with the
keels of the chela? granular. Hand with finger-keel and keel of
underhand coarsely granular ; iuuer border not limited throughout
by a smooth keel, but marked with a row of stronger granules ;
inner horizontal portion of upper side of hand covered with
numerous isolated rounded granules like those of the outer
surface. Fourth abdominal sternum coarsely punctured, almost as
iu a thimble. Pectinal teeth 5-7.
'■'•Loc. Himalaya."
This species is evidently nearly related to S. crasshnanus, and
according to the characters cited should fall under heading a3 of the
synopsis. Nothing, however, is said respecting the prominence
of the inner edge on the upper surface of the hand. Sc. crassi-
manus, moreover, is a larger species than S. hardwickii, and the 4th
abdominal sternum is not punctured in the way described as
characteristic of S. affinis. Hence the two species must for the
present be regarded as distinct.
ischxurip/f:.
Family ISCHNURIME.
A.
B.
C.
Fig. 21. — A. Chiromachetes fcrgusoni,
tarsus of 4th leg, external view.
B. Normurus australasite, ditto.
C. lomachus keviceps, ditto.
Leys furnished with a single
pedal spur. Sternum broad and
pentagonal. Genital operculum di-
vided in male, undivided in
female. Both movable and im-
movable fingers of mandible un-
toothed along the lower edge. ISTo
spine beneath aculeus on vesicle
of tail. Extremity of torsi squarely
truncate, forming almost a right
angle with the base of the claw-
lobe, and not produced into a
rounded lobe overlapping the claws
at the side. Carapace, abdomen,
and chela? flat and depressed ; hand
with strong and complete finger-
keel ; edges of finger of chela
granularly dentate, not produced
into sharp triangular teeth. Tad
thin, strongly compressed.
Distribution. Ethiopian Region ;
Madagascar ; Oriental .Region from
India to Papua; northern part of
Neotropical Region.
Synopsis of Indian Genera..
Hemiscobpius, p. 77
A single median keel on the lower side of
all the caudal segments, that on the 1st
sometimes obsolete ; tarsi armed beneath
and di^tally with many (-5 pairs of)
spines
No median keel on the underside of caudal
segments 1-4 ; tarsi furnished below with
paired setas or at most a few spines, *2
distal and 1 proximal.
a\ Median eyes well in front of the middle
of the carapace ; tarsi spined beneath,
protarsi spined at the distal end Chiromachetes, p. 77.
bl. Median eyes only just in front of the
middle of the carapace; protarsi not
distally spined ; tarsi at most with
ono posterior distal spine.
>r. Tarsi with median row of spicule.- ;
posterior lateral eye above edge of
carapace Iomaciius, p. 81.
b2. Tarsi without median row of spicules ;
all three lateral eyes on edge of cara-
pace " HoKMUnus, p. 78.
HEM1SCOBPIUS.— C1IIKOMAC1IEXES. 77
Genus HEMISCORPIUS, Peters.
Hemiscorpius, Peters, MB. Akad, Berlin, 1861, p. 420 (April);
Pocock, A. M. N. 11. (6) xii, p. 308, 1893.
Hemiscorpion, Peters, MB. Akad. Berlin, 1801, p. 511 (May);
Kartell, MT. Munch, eut. I'rr. iii, p. 15, 187'.); Krnep. Jl>. ILamb.
wiss. Anst. xi, p. 110, 1894; id. Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 142, 1899.
Carapace with median eyes in advance of the middle of the plate.
Tarsi (Kg. 5 A, p. 8) armed beneath and on each side of the distal
extremity with many pairs of long and slender spines, and furnished
with median row of spicules. Sternum elongate, parallel-sided, with
deep median groove. Finger of chela with two parallel rows of
teeth and externally with some larger teeth.
Type, //. lepturus, Peters.
Distribution. S.Arabia; Soeotra ; Baghdad and Baluchistan.
63. Hemiscorpius lepturus, Peters, MB. Akad. Berlin, 1861, p. 426,
6g8. 1-8; id. op. eit. p. oil (Heruiscorpiou) ; Kraep. Jb. llamb.
Wiss. Anst. xi, p. Ill, t. ii, tigs. 39, 40, 1894 ; id. Tierr., Scorp. etc.
p. 142, tig. 38, 1899.
9 . Colour uniform yellowish red, with
browner fingers. Carapace and abdomen
smooth to finely punctured. Keels of tail
smooth or finely granular. Vesicle of nor-
mal form, not globular, with short and thick
aculeus. Hand with nearly smooth finger-
keel, its upper surface reticulated. Pectinal
teeth 9. Total length 4.") mm.
Fig. '22.— Hemiscorpius j . Differing from $ in having cara-
/epfurus A Vesicle and ab(]omon tinelv granular or ru„u_
and aculrus of J. 13. { , ., , 'i°i i P,
Do. of 2. lose; tail very long and slender; vesicle
very long, with blunt tuberculiform pro-
jection on each side at the base of the aculeus. Pectinal teeth
15-16. Total length 06 mm.
Distribution. Baghdad (Petermann) ; Northern Baluchistan
{Maynard \ MacMahon). The example from Baluchistan has
lost its tail, and is identified as 11. lepturus with some hesitation.
Genus CHIROMACHETES, Pocock.
Chiromachetes, Pocock, d,,ur. linn. S. If. Soc. xii, p. 711, L899.
Carapan with anterior bonier deeply excised in middle line-
median eyes well in advance of the centre, the distance between
them and the posterior margin nearly t\\ ice as great as f he distance
between them and the median excision; lateral eyes almost mar-
ginal, the anterior two separated by a very narrow space from the
subjacent edge, the posterior practically on the edge. Extremity
of prolarsi spined ; tarsi (fig. 21, A ) armed below with a few spines,
without median row of spicules except quite at base. Digit of
78 ISCUNURID.E.
chela armed with two rows of teetli ; braehium with large basal
prominence.
Type, C. fergusoni, Pocoek.
Distribution. Malabar coast, S. India.
Resembling the S. African and Neotropical genns Opislhacanfhus
in the spine-armature of its legs, except that the spines on the
tarsi are fewer than in any known species of that genus. Further
and especially differing in the forward position of the median eyes
and the closeness of the lateral eyes to the margin, these eyes in
Opisihacanthus, especially the posterior, being distinctly above the
edge.
64. Chiromaclietes fergusoni, Pocoek, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. xii,
p. 744, 1899.
Colour : upper side of body and tail blackish green, vesicle clear
yellow ; legs and chelae blackish brown ; tarsi yellow. Carapace
and terga densely and finely punctured, without granules and
without crests, except for the normal median low elevation on the
terga; carapace a little longer than the 1st and 2nd candid seg-
ments, shorter than the 4th and 5th. Tail about four times as
long as carapace, densely punctured, smooth, except for a few
granules on the lower side of the 4th and 5th segments ; without
keels; the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd segments posteriorly elevated on each
side of the dorsal groove ; segments impressed with serially arranged
setiferous pores; vesicle compressed, thickly covered with long
bristles below. CJieke large, densely punctured, iinely granular
above, smooth below ; both humerus and braehium longer than
carapace ; humerus and braehium with posterior side somewhat
compressed, coarsely denticulate, but scarcely carinate ; hand
with finger-keel, underhand-keel, and area between them coarsely
granular ; underhand much longer than carapace, not twice as
long as the width of the hand, longer than movable finger, which
is strongly lobate, the immovable correspondingly notched ; mov-
able finger longer than carapace. Legs finely punctured ; femora
finely granular externally ; protarsi with finely serrulate external
edge, armed with 3 spines on the inner side at apex. Pectinal
teeth 7-8.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 100, carapace 14, tail 44,
underhand 18, movable finger 15, width of hand 10.
Loc. Trivandrum in Travancore (Ferguson).
Genus HORMURUS, Thorell.
Hormurus, Thorell, A. M.N. II. (4) xvii, p. 14, 1870; IWock,
A. M. N. Jr. (6) xii, p. 320, t. xiv, lip-. (1, L893 ; Kraep. Jb. Kami.
wiss. Anst. xi, p. 131, 1894 ; id. Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 153, L899.
Carapace with median eyes near the centre, and (he three lateral
eyes on the very edge. Tarsi (fig. 21, B) furnished beneath with
lour pairs of moderately long stiff bristles, not with spines, and
without a median line of spicules ; extremity of protarsi also bristly
IIOBMUltUS. 79
and not spined. Movable finder of chela with two parallel rows of
teeth. Genital operculum of female not narrowed and pointed
behind ; marked with median suture.
Type, II. australasice (Fabr.).
Distribution. India, Burma, and the whole of the Indo- and
Austro-Malayan area as far as Fiji.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
a. Upper and lower crests on posterior side of
brachium granular; sterna thickly punc-
tured ; tail laterally granular II. australasice, p. 79.
b. Lower crest on posterior side of brachium
quite smooth ; sterna not or scarcely punc-
tured ; sides of tail not granular H. nigripes, p. 80.
05. Hormnrus australasiae, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. .'500, 1775 (Scorpio);
C. L. Koch, Antrim, iv, p. 71, fig. 204, 1838 (Ischnurus) ; Thorell,
Atti Soc. It'll, xix, p. 251, 187(5; Simon, J. A. S. B. hi, p. 113,
1887 (Liocheles) ; Kraep. Jb. Hamb. tviss. Anst. xi, p. 133, 1804;
id. Tien:, Scorp. etc. p. 154, 1890.
Ischnurus complanatus, C. Koch, Arachn. iv, p. 73, fig. 205, 1838 ;
Thorell, Ann. Mm. Gmova, xxvi, p. 420, 1888.
Colour of upper side of trunk, chela?, and of tail reddish or
greenish brown ; under side of trunk paler ; vesicle clear yellow
or yellowish red, paler than the dorsal surface of the abdomen.
Carapace and terga densely and finely punctured in $ , sometimes
granular laterally in J • Sterna finely punctured. Tail at most
only about two and a half times as long as the carapace, weakly
granular below, above, and at the sides ; dorsal keels practically
absent, but the extremities of the upper sides of segments 2-4
provided with a pointed upstanding tubercle; inferior crests of
3rd and 4th weakly granular, of 1st bearing posteriorly a pair of
sharp downwardly and backwardly directed tubercles, similar
tubercles on inferior median and lateral keels of 2nd ; inferior
lateral keels of the 5th denticulate ; vesicle finely punctured and
pitted, like the lower side of the tail, with setiferous pores.
Chela massive, granular and punctured above, punctured below ;
anterior side finely granular; the keels strong and coarsely granular;
base of the brachium in front elevated into a ridge bearing a pair
of larger denticles; brachium shorter than carapace; underhand
longer than carapace, not twice as long as the width of the hand ;
area below finger-keel coarsely granular; basal half of fingers
granular ; finger-keel and keel of underhand strong and coarsely
granular ; fingers short, about two-thirds the length of the under-
hand, shorter than carapace, not lobate in females and young
males, but strongly lobate in large males. Legs externally finely
granular, with under edge of femora and patella serrate. Pec-
tinal teeth 5-8, mostly 0-7.
Measurements in mm. of adult ,-_? . — Total length .*>7, carapace 7,
tail IS, underhand 8, movable finger 6, width of baud 5.
80 ISCIINUBIDiE.
Loc. Burma : Akyab ; Myanyouug, Moulmein ; Kawkareik,
Thagata-juva, aud Mount Mooleyit, in Tenasseriui ; Tavoy and
Reef Island (Feci <j- Oates); Great Coeos Island, Andainans (Oates);
Nicobar Islands, thence over the whole of the Iudo-Malayan
and Austro-Malayan area.
Adults of this species vary much in size, some males with fully-
developed sexual features being only about 30 mm., the carapace
measuring 5, and the adult females may reach 45 mm. or more.
Subspecies suspectus, Thorett: Horniurus australasise, Fabr., var. y.
suspectus, Thorell, Ann. Mies. Genova, xxvi, pp. 420 & 422, 1888.
Differs from the Burmese representative of the typical form in
having the upper side of the trunk and the tail, with exception of
the yellowish-red vesicle, a deep greenish black, the chelae being
of much the same colour, and the legs, although ferruginous towards
the extremities, are piceous and not paler than the upper side of
the trunk. Total length of adult S 42 mm.
Loc. Lower Burma: Prome (Feci) and the Pegu Hills (Bingham).
The granulation of the carapace and terga, which Thorell relied
upon as a basis for this form, is not more strongly developed than
iu many males of the typical form.
66. Horniurus nigripes, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. II. Soc. xi, p. 117,
1897; Kraepelin, Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 155, 1899.
Colour a shining pitchy brown, only the vesicle yellow ; legs as
dark as the body, with the exception of the tarsi which are yellow.
Carapace smooth and punctured as in //. australasice, but with the
frontal border more deeply excavated and the frontal lobes more
square. Terga much less conspicuously punctulate than in
//. australasice ; sterna also scarcely noticeably punctulate. Tail of
about the same strength and with the same armature of dentiform
tubercles as in //. australasice, but the segments are very noticeably
shorter as compared to their length, and with the exception of the
above-mentioned sharp tubercles are entirely without granules.
Chelce as large as in 77. australasice ; humerus with granules and
tubercles weaker; the upper surface of brachiuin smooth and
punctured, crests of its posterior surface almost or quite smooth,
the edge of the anterior basal prominence not produced into a
crest bearing spiuiform tubercles; hand punctulate and granulate
as in If. australasice, but with its posterior external angle pro-
jecting much more strongly, and the area opposed to the brachiuin
prolonged internally so that when closed it overlaps the basal
prominence of the brachiuin ; in 11. australasice it falls short of the
prominence, the teeth of which abut against the inner edge of the
hand. Pectinal teeth 6 in $ .
Measurements In mm. — Total length l)o, of tail 14, carapace 6*3,
underhand 6, movable finger 4*2, width of hand 3*8.
Loc India: Paneh Mahals in Guzerat (Wallinger) ; Satna in
Central Provinces (Dane).
lOM.H'iirs.
81
A.
B.
Fig. '23. — A. Iomachus
l<; !■<<■• p.<, 4tli torpid plate
of abdomen. B. Iomachus
nitidus, ditto.
Genus IOMACHUS. Pocock.
Iomachus, Pocock, A. M. N. H. (ti)
xii, p. 320, 1693; id. <>}>. >it. (6) xvii,
p. Ml 7, 18!)(i; Kraepelin, Jh. Hamb.
ioi8g. A list. \i, p. 139, L894; id. Tim-.,
Scorp. etc. p. L55, 1899.
Nearly allied to Hormurus, but with the
posterior lateral eye above the margin ol
the carapace, the tarsi furnished beneath
with a median row of spicules and with
a few long slender bristles at the sides ;
and the genital operculum of 1 lie female
•pointed posteriorly and without trace of
a median suture.
Type, /. Icevieeps (Pocock).
Distribution. Southern India; British
and German East Africa.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
a. Abdominal terga not visibly punctured, marked
with a pair of short pits scarcely surpassing
the middle of the terga 1. nitidus, p. s-">.
Ii. Abdominal terga visibly punctured, especially
laterally, marked with a pair of strong sigmoid
grooves which extend almost to the posterior
margin.
a1. Two setal pores on base of immovable linger
above; tarsi with two pairs of bristles
below I. Icevieeps, p. 81 .
IA . Three setal pores on base of immovable
finger above; a spine on posterior distal
angle of tarsus below /. punctulatus, p. 83.
<>7. Iomachus laeviceps, Pocock, A. M. N. II. (6) v, p. 242, t. xii, figs.
1-1 a, 1890; id. Jour. Bom. A'. 11. Soc. vii, p. 303, L893 i Hormurus) ;
Pocock, A. M. X. II. (i;i xii, p. 320, i. siv, f. 5, L893; Kraep. Jb.
Rami,, wiss. And. xi, p. 139 (1894) ; Pocock, Jour. Bom. A'. //. Soc.
xi,p. L16, 1897 ; Kraep. Tierr., Scorp. etc, p, 156, 1899 (Iomachus).
Colour', body and tail yellowish or reddish to almost blackish
brown above; chelae redder : legs reddish or yellowish brown, alwaj s
paler than the body ; vesicle dear yellowish red. Carapad and
t< njii closely and finely punctured throughout, sometimes vers
finely granular laterally ; carapace a little longer than 1-1 and 2nd
caudal segments; about as long as 4th and 5th in y. shorter
in J • Sterna very faintly and closely punctured. Tail barely
u
82
TSCHNURID.E.
three times as long as carapace in $ , rather longer in J ; scarcely
granular, and except the 5th segment, non-carinate. Chelae finely
punctured throughout, scarcely granular above ; humerus and
brachium subequal and about as long as carapace ; brachium armed
in front at base with a low subbifid prominence ; hand at most
Fig. -!4. — lomachus Iceviceps, ^ . Nat. size.
subrugulose above, its external portion coarsely granular; tiuger-keel
strong, almost smooth, keel of underhand more granular; underhand
a little longer than carapace, longer than width of hand by one-fourth
( $ ) or about one-third ( 3 ) of its length ; movable finger a little
shorter than carapace, weakly lobate in $ and young 6 , strongly
lobate in adult S . Two setal pores on upper side of immovable
finger. Pectinal teeth 3-6, usually 5.
Measurements in mm. of J . — Total length 55, carapace 8, tail
25, underhand 9, movable finger 7, width of hand 5-5.
Loc. S.India: Yercaud in Shevaroy Hills {Henderson); Jvota-
giri, Nilgiri Hills (Henderson Sf Daly).
Subspecies malabarensis, nov.
A dark form, differing from the typical form of laviceps in having
the chehe black and the legs a deep blackish brown, and the
movable finger of the chela? both in male and female much more
strongly lobate, and the immovable correspondingly deeply notched.
Loc. Mangalore on the Malabar coast (Battle).
IOMACHUS. 83
68. Iomachus punctulatus. Pocock, Jour. Bom. X. II. Sue. xi, p. J 10,
1897 ; Kraep. Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 156, 1899.
J. Closely allied to the preceding, '/'run/,-, limbs, and tail black
or reddish black, legs not lighter than bodv. Tail three and a half
times the length of the carapace, which is as long as its 1st and 2nd
segments. Chelae longer t han in /. loeviceps, the movable finger quite
as long as the carapace, and only slightly shorter than the under-
hand; process at base of brachium smaller than in I.lceuiceps. Base
of finger on upper side with three setal pores, the first of small
size, the others larger and situated farther along the finger. Distal
bristle on the posterior side of tarsus replaced by a spine.
$ • Chelae and tail shorter than in S; tail about three times as
long as the carapace, which equals its first two segments and half
the third. Pectinal teeth 5.
Measurements in mm. ( <3 ). — Total length 62, carapace 8, tail 30,
underhand 8-5, movable finger 8, width of hand 5'8.
Loc. S.India: Coimbatore (Dauison) ; Nilgiri Hills (Daly).
69. Iomachus nitidus, sp. n.
Colour: legs, chela?, tail, with exception of the reddish-yellow
vesicle, and upper side of body black. Carapace very finely
punctured at the sides and in the depression surrounding the median
eyes, the rest of its median area smooth and not or scarcely visibly
puoctulate. Terga smooth, not visibly punctulate, marked in the
anterior half with a pair of deep longitudinal pits, which, however,
are not or scarcely prolonged posteriorly beyond the middle of the
plate, and do not present the sigmoid shape and the median piriform
area so noticeable in J. loeviceps and punctulatus. .Moreover, the
anterior portion of the terga in front of the impression presents no
strong transverse sinuous groove running from side to side as in
I.lcpviceps and }>ain-talatus, this groove being moderately deep only
in the middle between the anterior ends of the impressions and
becoming obsolete at the sides. Sterna also smooth, not visibly
punctured. Tail&s in /. loeviceps, but with the 4th and 5th segments
finely granular dorsally. Chelae punctured and carinate as in
/. Iceviceps : two setal pores on base of immovable linger above as in
that species. Tarsi furnished below with seta1 as in /. Iceviceps.
Pectinal teeth 5. Total length 45 mm.
Loc. Southern India : Nellore (Popert).
q2
8-J SCOBPIONIDJE.
Family SCORPlQNIDiE.
(=Scorpionidse, subfam. Scorpionini, Pocock, A.M.N. H. (6) xiiT
p. 306, 1893 ; Kraep. Tierr., Scorp. p. 106, 1899.)
Differing from the Ischnuridce in having the tarsi produced
distally on each side into a large lobe overlapping the base of the
claw and forming a very acute angle with the base of the claw-lobe
(tig. 4 B, p. 8). Body and chela? not flat and depressed; hand
usually convex above, the Auger-keel absent, or not so strong and
complete as in the Ischnuridce ; Angers armed with strong
triangularly pointed teeth. Tail powerful, not compressed.
Distribution. Ethiopian Region ; Oriental Region from India to
Borneo.
Genus PALAMN^EUS, Thorell.
Palamnseus, Thorell, A. M. N. H. (4) xvii, p. 13, 1876 (in part) ;
Pocock, A. M.N. H. (6) xviii, p. 77, 1896 (seusn stricto).
Pandinus, Thorell, Atti Soc. It. xix, p. 199, 1877 (in part).
Scorpio, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. vii, p. 309, 1S93 ; Krarp.
Jb. Hanih. mss. And. xi, p. 28j 1894 (in part).
Heterometrus, Hemp. §Ehrenb. Symb. Phys., Scorp. p. 2, 1829(in part);
Simon, Iter, et May. Zool. (2) xxiii, p. 56, 1872 (in part) ; Kraep.
Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 107, 1899 (sensu stricto).
Carapace deeply notched in the middle line ; median eyes close to
the centre. Tarsal lobes of 3rd and 4th legs with 2, very rarely 3
spines. Brachium of chela with its underside posteriorly rounded,
not or scarcely keeled, and furnished with only a few setiferous
pores. A stridulating organ situated between the chela and the
tirst leg, consisting of a series of granules forming a rasp upon
the coxa of the 1st leg, and a cluster of vibrating bristles upon
the coxa (maxilla) of the chela.
Type, P. petersii, Thor. (=silenus, Sim.).
Distribution. Oriental Region from India and Ceylon to Borneo
and the Philippines.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
n. Inner edge of hand scarcely compressed, rounder
and thicker; large spiniform tubercle at base oi
brachium in front.
n\ Inner edge of hand besel with low moderately
sharp or blunt tubercles ; chela of J much
longer than of J, the hand very narrow and [p. 97.
lorig P. longimanus,
b1. Inner edge of hand beset with strong, spiniform
tubercles; chelae in tf approximately like
those of 5 , the hand short and thick P. oatesii, p. 98.
b. Inner edge of hand compressed ; no large spini-
form tubercle at base of l>racliiura in front.
PAT, \MN 1 I 8,
35
-. Humerus of chela coarsely granular on the
underside at base ; 5th caudal segment [p. 80.
not shorter than carapace P. stcammerdami,
:. Humerus smooth below, or with only a few
granules ; 5th caudal segment much
shorter than carapace.
a3. Tarsal lobes armed eacli with 3 spines, 1 [p. 90,
at the apex above and 2 below P. latimanus,
b\ Tarsal lobes armed with 2 spines each, the
apex not spined, tipped with bristles.
a*. Lower side of vesicle perfectly smooth
and polished, hairy and punctured . . P. finrus, p. 91.
//. Vesicle furnished below with at least
four rows of sharp tubercles.
<i' . Inner edge of hand not beset with
sharp tooth-like tubercles, crested
at base of finger ; upper surface with [p. 90.
four low longitudinal crests P- gravimawws,
b\ Inner edge of hand studded with
sharp denticles, not crested at base
of finger ; tubercles of the dorsal
side not running into four distinct
longitudinal crests.
if: Outer portion of upper surface of
hand defined above by a distinct
but irregular ridge or erest.
a1. Legs reddish yellow P. fidvipes, p. 87.
b1. Legs deep blackish brown .... P. wroughtoni,
b*. Outer portion of upper side of hand [p. 89.
not defined above by a longitudinal
ridge.
a . Length of adult only about
75 mm. ; legs reddish yellow as [p. 92.
mfulvipes P. x-anthopw,
J*. Length of adult not less than
100 mm. ; legs coloured like
trunk, generally nearly black.
a9. Hand exceedingly smooth
above ; terga with three pos-
terior tubercles P. tcaber, p. 98
£\ Hand rugose or tubercular:
teiga not tubercular.
a10. Hands orange-yellow; rest
of chela?, body and legs hhuk. ]' barieri, p. !'•">.
i'°. Hands much the same colour
a- rest of chela;
a11. Hands narrow, smooth,
covered above with sculp- [p. 94.
turing of reticulated ridges. /'. bengalensis,
bx l . Hands broad, ci >\ ered above
with large tubercle- or
Coarsely reticulated
a1-. Last abdominal sternum
without four low crests,
densely punctured; basal
portion of pecten broad,
its angle lees obtuse .... P. phipsoni,^.
80 SCOEPIONIDJE.
bv-. Last abdominal sternum with
four low crests; not visibly
punctured ; basal portion
of pec-ten very narrow.
o13. Frontal lobes of carapace
and underhand thickly
granular '. P. ccesar, p. 97.
/• . Frontal lobes of carapace
and underhand not con-
spicuously granular.
«". Inner border of hand
widely rounded from
base of immovable
finger ; upper keels of
tail strongly denticulated. P. serratus,-p. '.'7.
/>". Inner border of hand
nearly straight between
base of immovable finger
and posterior lobe ;
upper keels of tail smooth
or nearly so P. ndus, p. 96.
70. Palamnaeus swamiuerdarui, Simon, Fur. et Mag. Zool. (2) xxiii,
p. 56, f. 3, 1872 (Heterometrus) ; Pocock, A.M.N.M. (61 v.
p. 237, 1890; id. Jour. Bom. X. H. Soc. vii. p. 804, 1 Sit:: ;
Kraep. Jo. Hamb. ids*. Anst. xi, p. 42, 1894 (Scorpio); id.
Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 112, 1899 (Heterometrus): asper, Thorett,
Atti Soc. It. xix, p. 199, ls>77 (Pandinus) : kochii, Karsch, MT.
Munch, tut. Ver. hi, p. 127, 1879 (PandiniW.
Colour blackish, greenish, or reddish brown ; vesicle reddish
yellow ; hand and legs deep reddish brown ; basal segment of
mandibles yellowish red. Carapace more or less covered with
coarse granules; area at the sides of and behind the tubercle on
each side swollen and elevated ; lateral margins strongly converging
in front ; in $ , carapace a little shorter than the 1st and 2nd
caudal segments, and about as long as the 5th. Terga granular at
the sides and posteriorly. Sterna smooth and polished ; the last
scarcely crested. Tail long and powerful, about 4i times as long
as the carapace ; all the segments coarsely granular above and to
a less extent at the sides ; segments 1, 2. and generally 3, smooth
below, rarely subdenticulate ; the rest of the keels denticulate ; in-
feriorintercarinal spaces of It h and 5th segments sparsely granular;
vesicle large, wider than high, as wide as 5th segment or wider,
with 4 rows of granules below, and tolerably thickly granular also
at the sides. Chelce with humerus and brachium much shorter
1 han carapace ; humerus coarsely granular above and at base below ;
brachium rugose though scarcely definitely granular behind ; hand
covered above with large, smooth, oval or circular tubercles, the
inner edge sharply tubercular and nearly straight, posterior lobe
very long, projecting far back beyond the posterior end of the
keel of the underhand ; fingers granular beneath, the immovable
not crested; movable finger about as long as carapace, a little
PALAM3
■ ■--" - - width of hand; underhand aijjut two-thirds
the length of the movable : ' . _ molar femora ;
beneath with 6 posterior and 4 anterior spines, the
distal 2 oi thes? situated on the termina - ; tips of the 1 -
furnished with bristles. P ,■■■,( ■'
With larger pectines anl a longer tail than in 2 : I
tail sometimes nearly five times as long is 'he carapace, and the
-r considerably shorter than the 1st and 2nd segments.
Chelae in ;* as in
Mi in mm. (specimen from Trichinopolyi. — J . Total
length 14". carapace 18, tail 78, width of hand 17, underhand 12,
movable finder 18.
d1. Total length 138, carapace 17*2, tail 82, width of hand 17,
underhand 12'5, movable ringer 18*5.
Loc. India and the plain* of Ceylon ; absent from the Konkan, the
ibar coast, and the hills ion : Dehra Dun
Burdwan and Choti Nagpore (Dundas I in Benga ; Satna
.id Kaipur [Martin) in the Central Provir. s; ^iiahabad
t/joi in the Dekhan : Dowlaifhweram on the Godavari
| W\ : Dharwari Woodr ; Madras . ' m):
TanjoreiP Rarnnadi Hend&rsc . . Trincomali
if Batsett-Smiik) and Chilan ; ; .in Ceylon.
This is the lar_ - 9 rpion of India, and. with the exception or I -
near ally the ^ est-African Pand - . the lar_- est s -cies
in the world, sometini a bing a length ol 3 .in. | 7 inches .
In addition to the typical form ab • .vith legs and
chelae a deep brown colour and aim'- - jr-; as the upper -
of the trunk, the following two subspecies may be r _ ed : —
Subspecies hicidipee, SSmo*, BtJL Soe. ZooL Fr. x, ] - 385 -^orpio).
Differs from the typical form in having I _- ' ir yell
Loc. Bamnad : Trichinopolyi/'.
Subspecies flavimanus, dot.
Bes^mbl-- t in having the I g8 ir yellow, but dif: -
from it and from the typical form in having the hands of the i-hela?
clear red or yellow, and contrast g strongly with the dark tit,"
the body.
Loc. Coonoor ; Coimbatore i Brady, typ
71. Palamnaeus fulvipes. fc, Arachn. iv. p. 45 _ 278 338,
(Buth - Kanck, Ahh. 7Vr. Bremen, ix. j - 387 N
-- l'andin km.
V II Set. vii. p. ::04. 1893; K ■ i>>p. Jh. Hamb. vie*. Am*t. xi.
p. 44. 1804 Scorpio ; Kraep. Tien s ' V- ''-• i~
i Heteronu I
much as in the pre . - 55 body a deep Uackish
or reddish brown : hands redder : _- - mandtblea clear
vellow. or more rarely reddis brown. C much diitt^r
than in P. 1 not 9 rollen in the middh rs -
ss
SCORPIONID^.
abruptly converging in front, finely granular at the sides and in
front : longer than 1st and 2nd caudal segments, or than 5th.
Tergites finely granular laterally, smooth in the middle ; the last
crested as in P. swammerdami. Sterna smooth as in the latter.
Tail shorter, about three and a half times as long as the carapace,
the upper and lateral surfaces only weakly granular ; keels as in
P. swammerdami, but not so strongly denticulate ; vesicle granular
as in the last-named. Chelir with humerus not so granular,
either above or below, as in P. swammerdami, smooth or with a few
granules below ; brachium as in P. swammerdami ; hand granular
below and on its inner side as in the latter, but the tubercles of
the upper side more crowded and a little smaller ; the inner edge
of the hand is convex, and the lobe only projects backwards a short
distance beyond the posterior end of the keel of the underhand.
Moreover the external portion of the upper surface rises vertically
from the keel of the underhand and is bordered above by an irregular
smooth ridge ; immovable finger at most obsoletely crested. Legs
as in P. swammerdami. Pectinal teeth rarely as low as 12 in § , and
as high as 18 in <S ; usually 14-Ki. Basal angle of pecten about
110°.
J. Carapace and terga a little more granular tail, a little or
considerably longer, and the hand thinner or flatter than in § .
B.
Fig. 25. — A. Hand of Palamnesus fulvipes, <$ .
B. Hand of P. fulvipes, subsp. madraspatensis, <j\
Measurements in mm. of $ (from Nasik). — Total length 110,
carapace 17, tail 58, brachium 12, underhand 11, movable finger
16, width of hand 15.
Loc. Western and Southern India; absent from the Konkan
and Malabar coast and Ceylon. Also recorded from Burma and
Java (type), but probably erroneously.
Two well-marked subspecies may be recognized, and diagnosed
as follows : —
Subspecies madraspatensis, nov.
Chelse in J long; brachium as long as carapace ; hand not so
flat, narrower, its width only equal to length of underhand, and
less than median length of carapace.
PAIiAMN BUS.
89
Measurements in mm. — Carapace L5, brachium 1">, underhand
12, movable finger 16-5, width of hand 1 1.
Loc. Madras (Henderson) ; Cuddapah (Popert); Secunderabad
( Ricardo) *.
Subspecies bombayensis, nov.
Chelae in male shorter ; brachium much shorter than carapace ;
hand much Hatter above and wider, its width equal to the median
length of the carapace and much greater than length of under-
hand.
Measuri m His in mm. (of type from Nasik). — Length of carapace
10, brachium 14, underhand 10-5, movable finger 15*5, width of
hand 14.
Loc. Ajmeer in Bajputana; Panch Mahals in Guzerat (Wal-
linger) • Karaghora in Kattyawar (Bulkley); West Khandesh
( Du Boulay); East Satpura Hills; Talgaon and Chalisgaon in
Hast Khandesh (Madari) ; Niphad, Chandor, Sinnar, Yeola,
Malegaon, Nandgaon, and Kalwau in Nasik (Duxbury).
TO
Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. xii,
Palamnaeus wroughtoni,
p. 746, 1-899.
2 . Colour nearly black, vesicle and mandibles redder ; legs very
deep olive-brown, with slightly paler ex-
tremities. Upper side of body as in
P.fulvipes but smoother; carapace finely
granular at the sides, its median area
and frontal lobes cpuite smooth ; terga
only very finely and sparsely granular
al the sides. Tail practically smooth,
at most very scantily granular throughout,
except the keels, which are armed as in
P. fulvipes ; vesicle not granular at the sides.
Ghelos with humerus and brachium as
in P. fulvipes ; hand with the outer portion
of its upper surface vertical and crested
as in /'. fulvipes; the underhand longer and
not granular ; the whole hand narrower,
the inner and outer edges more parallel,
the inner edge more convex near the base
of the immovable finger and much less
convex in its posterior half. Pectinal
teeth 17.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 100, carapace L5, tail 51,
brachium 12, underhand L1'5, movable finger 14, width of hand
1 2-5.
Loc. Belgaum (Talbot), and GadingaJ in the Kolhapur State
( Wray ).
Fig. 26.— Hand of
PaliimiHtu* i"rin/t/fif<»ii.
* Young specimens from I)harwar( Wbodrow), and Rayb&gand Kalkal ill the
Kolhapur State (Wray), are doubtfully referred d> this Bubapecies.
90 SCOEPI0NIDJK.
73. Palamnaeus latimanus, Pocuck, A. M. N. H. (6) xiii, p. 74, 1894
(Scorpio) ; Kraep. Tien:, Scorp. etc. p. 113, 1899 (Heteroinetrus).
Colour (dry specimen) castaneous, with yellow legs ; chelae
darker. Carapace finely granular at the sides, on the frontal lobes,
and in the median anteocular groove ; longer than the 1st and 2nd
and half the 3rd caudal segments or than segments 3 and 4, and as
long as the 5th and % of the 4th. Tergites only weakly granular
at the sides. Sterna smooth, the last with four strong crests.
Tail short, not more than three times as long as the carapace,
almost entirely smooth, lateral surface rugose, superior and supero-
lateral crests on segments 1-3 practically smooth ; keels of 4th
weakly denticulate, of 5th normally denticulate ; vesicle granular
A. B.
Fig. 27. — A, Hand, and B, tarsus of 4th leg of Palamncpus latimanus.
below. Chelae with humerus very weakly granular above, strongly
granular in front ; brachium practically smooth throughout ; hand
very wide, its inner border strongly convex and rising at right
angles to the base of the immovable finger, its inner edge denticu-
late, covered above with a reticulation of smooth ridges, which
become more tubercular towards the base of the fingers and
externally, and entirely disappear posteriorly ; lower surface with
a few granules ; width of hand almost equal to length of carapace
and to movable digit ; immovable finger with a strong crest. Legs
with posterior femora very weakly granular ; spine-armature of
tarsi, 6 behind, 5 in front, but differing from all the other species
in having a strong spine, not bristles, upon the upper angle of
the tarsal lobe. Pectinal teeth 15.
Measurements in mm.- — Total length 75 (about), carapace 12*8,
tail (segments 1-5) 30*5, brachium 9, underhand 7-.s, movable
finger 12, width of hand 11-5.
Loc. ? India.
74. Palamnaeus gravimanus, Pocock, A. M. X. II. ((>) xiii, p. 7~>.
1894 (Scorpio).
J . Colour: body reddish black, legs dark reddish brown.
Carapace smooth above, weakly granular at the sides, frontal lobes
P\l,\MV.KrS.
91
obsoletelv rugose ; about as long as the 3rd and 4th caudal
segments. Terga granular Laterally and posteriorly, smooth in
the middle, the Lust very sparsely granular in the middle. Sterna
smooth, the last with tour weak crests. Tail about 3| times as
long as carapace, upper and lateral surface
of segments sparsely granular; superior and
inferior lateral crests of segments 1 ."> weakly
denticulate, inferior crests of -Hh weakly
subdenticulate posteriorly, upper surface of
5th somewhat coarsely granular at the sides ;
vesicle granular at the sides as well as below.
CheloB with humerus coarsely but not closely
granular above ; brachium almost entirely
smooth, with only a few granules in front ;
hand covered above with low round or elon-
gate, often anastomosing tubercles, and fur-
nished with four smooth longitudinal ridges ;
external portion of upper surface not vertical,
cutting the underhand at an acute angle ;
the inner edge studded with small tubercles,
smooth, compressed, and upturned at base of
immovable finger, the edge of which in its
posterior half is similarly compressed; lower surface very weakly
granular; immovable finger with a low crest; width of hand
about equal to movable finger and a little less than length of
carapace. Tarsal spines 4-5. Pectinal U nth 12-14 ($ , <$ ).
Measurements in mm. — Total length loo, carapace 10, tail 53"5,
brachium 14-5, underhand 12'5, movable finger 15-5, width of
hand 14-5.
Distribution. 8. India, Tanjore (Popert) ; Ceylon (Tern j>h ton).
Fig. 28.— Hand of
Palamnceus gravi-
manus. tf .
75. Palamnaeus liurus, Pocock, Jour. Bom. X. II. Soc. \i. p. 1 1 1.
1897; Kraep. Tterr., Scorp. etc. p. 115, 1899 (Heterometrus).
2 . Colour of upper side and of tail a deep reddish brown,
darker on the abdomen beneath ; legs and vesicle yellow ; chebe
reddish brown. Carapace very finely granular at the sides, smooth
above, with frontal lobes slightly rugulose ; almost as long as the
first three caudal segments or as the 4th and 5th, considerablv
longer than 3rd and 4th. Terga smooth and polished, the last
subrugose at the sides, with a pair of piliferous tubercles on each
side. Sterna smooth and polished, the last with four smooth
crests. Tail short, scarcely three t imes as long as the carapace;
smooth, the keels at most roughened with punctures, and inferior
keels of 5th denticulate; vesicle small, smooth, merely punctured.
Chela with humerus coarsely granular in front, sparse! v above ;
brachium quite smooth, except for some coarse granules on the
front below ; baud covered above with a network of smooth ridges,
which pass into tubercles towards the inner edge and externally,
inner edge denticulate, lightly convex ; immovable finger with
92 SCORPTONIDJE.
complete smooth keel ; underhand equal to width of hand, and
about four-fifths the length of the immovable linger, which is almost
as long as carapace. Spine-armature of tarsi 4-5. Pectinal teeth
10-13.
cf . Terga finely and closely granular laterally and pos-
teriorly. Tail longer than in female, more than three times as
long as cai-apace, which is considerably shorter than its 4th and
5th segments; vesicle inflated, as wide as 3rd segment. Ohelce
longer than in female ; brachium a little longer than carapace ;
underhand a little shorter, bub much exceeding width of hand.
Genital operculum not narrowed posteriorly. Pectinal teeth 14-
16 : basal angle of pecten about 90°.
Measurements in mm. — ■ $ . Total length 76, carapace 12, tail 35,
brachium 10, underhand 9, movable finger 11*5, width of hand 9-2.
<3 . Total length 80, carapace 12, tail 39, brachium 12-2,
underhand 11, movable linger 13, width of hand 8.
Log. Central India: Grwalior and Bhopal (Dane).
76. Palamnaeus xanthopus, Pocuck, Jour. Bom, X. II. Soc. xi, p. 1 1(5,
1897 ; Kraep. Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 115, 1899 (Heterometrus).
2 . In size, colour, &c. resembling small specimens of P. fulvipes.
Carapace weakly granular laterally and on the frontal lobes, longer
than 3rd and 4th caudal segments, and nearly as long as 4th and
5th. Terga smooth, the last weakly granular at the sides. Sterna
smooth, the last with four crests. Tail about three times the
length of the carapace, smooth above, scarcely granular laterally,
superior and supero-lateral keels weakly denticulate; inferior keels
of 3rd weakly denticulate ; 5th segment carinate as in P. fulvipes,
with no denticulate supero-lateral crests ; vesicle granular at
the sides and below. Chela' : brachium with superior crest
granular, posterior surface only lightly rugose : hand not crested
above as in P. fulvipes ; upper side strongly convex, ornamented
with a reticulation of ridges, inner edge subdenticulate, strongly
rounded ; lower side nearly smooth ; width equal to length of
movable finger, much greater than length of underhand. Spine-
armature of tarsi 5-6. Pectinal teeth 13-15 ( <3 , $ ).
<$ . Carapace almost covered with granules. Terga finely and
closely granular in the posterior half. Chela? longer, brachium
almost as long as carapace : width of hand a little exceeding under-
hand and less than movable finger.
Measurements in mm. — $. Total length 74, carapace 11, tail
34, brachium 7, underhand 6-5, movable finger 9, width of hand 9.
cT. Total length?, carapace 11, tail?, brachium 9'5, under-
hand 8, movable finger 10'3, width of hand 8-7.
Lot: Western India : Kadao Tal in the Satara District ( Wilkins).
PALAMIM5US. 93
77. Palamnaeus scaber. Thorell, Atti Soc. It. xix, p. 202, 1877
(Pandinus), for Heterometrua afer, Sim. (nee Linn.) Rev. Mag.
Zool. {'2) xxiii, p. 51, 187J : Pocock, Jour. Horn. N. II. Soc. vii,
pp. 310^11, 1893; Kraep. JO. Hand,, wis*. Anst. xi, p. 58, 1894
(Scorpio); Kraep. Tierr., Kemp. etc. p. 110, 1899 (Heterometrus).
2 . Colour uniformly black or blackish green, with hands and
vesicle tinged with red. Carapace covered with coarse granules or
tubercles, smoother above as a rule; a little longer than 1st and
2nd caudal segments, shorter than 3rd and 4th. Terga also coarsely
granular or tubercular, with a larger central tubercle. Sterna
smooth, the last obaoletelv crested. Tail more than three and a half
times as long as carapace, superior and lateral intercarinal spaces
coarsely granular, superior and in a less degree supero-lateral keels
denticulate; inferior keels of 3rd segment scarcely denticulate; keels
of 5th strongly dentate; vesicle coarsely granular at the sides as well
as below. Chela with humerus dentate above and in front ; brachium
almost smooth, a few granules in front ; upper surface of hand very
smooth, finely reticulated, punctured, its inner edge denticulate,
nearly straight ; immovable finger scarcely keeled ; width of hand
exceeding length of underhand. Tarsal spines 4-5. Pectines small.
teeth 10-12. "
S like female, but more closely granular and with chela? longer
(see measurements). Pectines quite small, not larger, and with
teeth not more numerous than in female.
Measurements in mm. — $• Total length 130, carapace 19, tail
70, brachium 15, underhand 13, movable finger 20*5, width of
hand 10.
<S . Total length 113, carapace 17, tail 63, brachium 15, under-
hand 12*5, movable finger 18, width of hand 13.
hoc. S.YV. India: the Malabar coast from Trevandrum (Ferguson)
northwards to Velgit and Jedkal in Mangalore and the Mangaloiv
Ghats (Battle); also Dharwar (Woodrow), and Coorg above the
Ghats.*
Subspecies kanarensis, now
Of the same size, colour, and sculpturing of hand as the typical
form, but much smoother: the median area of the carapace smooth
or weakly granular; terga also furnished in the middle with only
a few granules or almosl smooth, sometimes only the three trans-
versely set tubercles present ; intercarinal spaces of tail also more
sparsely granular and the keel less strongly denticulate.
Lot: Kanara (Bell).
* In his original description of this species, which he erroneously identified
with the Scnrja'o nfrr of Linn.. Simon >a_ys " appears in lie i-nmmoD m Bengal."
This, however, is almost certainly an error, Bince the onlj species of the genus
Palamnaus known i cur in Bengal are not md ngalensis, and
possibly 1 1 io Burmese form oatesii.
04 SCOBl'IONID.E.
78. Palamnaeus bengalensis, C. Koch, Arachn. ix,p. 3, fig. 696, 1842
(Buthus) ; Pucock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. vii, pp. 310 & 312, 1893 ;
id. A. M. N. H. (0) xiii,p. 72, 1894 ; Kraep. Jb. Hamb. wiss. Anst.
xi, p. 51, 1894 (Scorpio) ; Kraep. Tierr., Scarp, etc. p. 114, 1899
(Heterometrus).
5 . Colour generally dark reddish brown, more rarely deep
blackish green ; legs the same colour as the dorsal surface of the
body ; vesicle yellowish red. Carapace granular laterally, mostly
smooth above, scarcely so long as the 3rd and 4th caudal segments.
Terga granular laterally. Sterna smooth, the last only obsoletely
crested. Tail about three and a half times as long ns carapace,
its dorsal surface nearly smooth, lateral surface finely granular ;
superior and inferior lateral keels denticulate, inferior keels of 4th
denticulate, of 3rd very weakly so ; vesicle granular below and at
the sides. Chelan brachium with upper crest rugose; posterior
surface not crested above, rugose ; hand narrow, its width not much
exceeding underhand, inner edge denticulate, lightly convex, upper
surface covered with a reticulation of ridges and low tubercles, the
tubercles more distinct externally and internally ; outer portion of
upper surface vertical, strongly convex ; immovable finger weakly
crested ; movable finger about as long as carapace. Tarsal spine-
armature 6-4. Pectinal teeth up to 16 in S , as low as 12 in 5 •
S . With longer and more powerful tail and longer ehelse than $ .
Tail nearly four times the length of the carapace. Brachium as long
as carapace; underhand much longer than width of hand ; movable
linger as long as carapace or longer.
Measurements in mm. (specimen from Satna). — 2 • Total length
103, carapace 14, tail 49, brachium 11, underhand 10, movable
linger 14, width of hand 10.
J. Total length 103, carapace 15, tail 57, brachium 15, under-
hand 12-2, movable finger 16, width of hand 9.
hoc. North India : Dehra Dun [Gamble, Smythies, (H'ctdoiv) ;
Gwalior and Allahabad; Satna in the Central Provinces ( Gimlette) ;
Bengal, Chota Nagpore {Dundas- Whiffin) ; Sibsagar in Assam
(Cambridge).
79. Palamnaeus phipsoni, Pot-oak, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. vii, p. 370,
1893 ; A. M. N. H. (6) xiii, p. 73, 1894 (Scorpio) ; Kraep. Tierr.,
Scorp. etc. p. 114, 1899 (Heteronietrus).
5 . Colour a uniform blackish green or brown ; vesicle ferruginous.
Upper side of body rather smoother than in P. bengalensis; sides and
upper surface of tail also smoother. Carapace as long as 3rd and
4th segments; vesicle smooth at the sides; inferior keels of 4th
nearly smooth, not so distinctly denticulate as in /'. bengalensis.
Integument finely punctulate under the lens; the punctulation
especially distinct upon the last sternum of t he abdomen, which
has no trace of crests. Chelae, with hand much broader than in
P. bengalensis, the width exceeding the underhand, the inner border
more strongly convex and more coarsely denticulate ; the sculp-
turing of the upper surface consisting of distinct rounded, oval or
PALAMN.UjS. 95
irregularly shaped tubercles ; immovable linger with distinct keel.
Tarsal spine-armature (5-5. Pectinal teeth up to 10 in <3 , as Low
as 10 in $ .
<5 . Differing from 2 i'1 the same characters as P. benyalensis
(see measurements).
Measurements in mm. — 5 . Total length 113, carapace 1(5, tail 5-*>,
brachium 14, underhand 12-2, movable finger 10, width of hand
14-5.
<$ . Total length 110, carapace 1 G*o, tail 60, brachium L8, under-
hand 15, movable finger 17, width of hand 12.
Loc. Bombay and Matheran (Phipson) ; Kolata (Green), Tanna
in the North Ivonkan ( Wroughton), Katnagiri in the South Konkan
( Drew); north, central, and south Peiut, Nasik Ghats, Dindori and
Lena in Nasik (Duxbury) ; Bhudhargarh and Panhala in the
Kolhapur State (Wray).
Subspecies collinus, nov.
Closely resembling the typical form in size, colouring, and other
characters, but with the tail distinctly shorter in both male and
female. In the female it is less than three times as long as the
carapace, and the latter is longer than the 1st, 2nd, and half the 3rd,
and as long or almost as long as the 3rd aud 4th caudal segments.
( In the typical form the tail is about three and a half times as long
as the carapace, and the latter is shorter than the 1st, 2nd, and half
the 3rd, and only as long as the 4th and if of the 5th caudal seg-
ments.) Moreover, the baud in carnaticus is lower and not so
strongly convex above the keel of the underhand.
Measurements in mm. (type from Nilgiri Hills). — Total length 95,
carapace 16, tail 42*5.
Loc. Nilgiri Hills (Daly) ; Tercaud in the Shevaroy Hills
(Henderson).
80. Palamngeus barberi, sp. a
Colour a deep blackish green all over except the hands, which
are orange-yellow, darker externally and blackish towards the base
of the fingers. Carapace weakly granular laterally and on the
frontal lobes ; longer than 3rd and 4th caudal segments. Terga
scarcely granular laterally, except the last, which has some coarse
granules. Sterna smooth, the last not crested. Tail short, about
three times as long as the carapace; segments smooth between
the keels or nearly so; superior keels normally but not strongly
denticulate, inferior keels of :5rd smooth, of 4th denticulate
posteriorly; reside smooth at the sides. Chela with humerus
and brachium as iu /'. phipsoni, but upper crest of brachium not so
pronounced ; hand ornamented with a reticulation of ridges much as
in P. bengalensis, not so smooth as in /'. scaber but very nearly
resembling that of the latter in shape ; coarsely granular on its inner
side and having a pair of granular crests : immovable linger with
complete crest . Tarsal spine-armature 6-4. Pectinal teeth 11-12;
basal angle of pecten about the same as in /'. phipsoni.
m
S< 'OltPlONID.E.
Measurements in mm. — 9 . Total length 124, carapace L9, tail 58,
brachium 16, underhand 13, movable linger IS. width of hand 15.
hoc. Tinnevelly in S. India (Barber).
81. Palamnaeus indus, Be Geer. Mem. Hist. his. vii, p. 341, 1778
(Scorpio); Thorell, Atti Soc. It. xix, p. 164, 1877 (Scorpio);
Kraep. Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 113, 1899 (Heterometrus) : ceylonicus,
Herbst, Nat. unyefl. Ins. iv, p. 38, pi. i, fig. 1, 1800; Kraep. Jb.
Hamb. Wiss. Ansf. xi, p. 40, 1894 (Scorpio) : megacephalus, C. Koch,
Arachn. iii, p. 73, fig. 224, 1837 (Butnus) ; Thorell, Atti Soc. It.
xix, p. 203, 1877 (Pandinus) ; Pocoek, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. vii,
p. 311, 1893 (Scorpio).
Related to P. phipsoni and flavimanus.
$. Colour a uniform deep blackish green. Carapace smooth
above and on the frontal lobes, granular at the sides, a little longer
than 3rd aud 4th caudal segments. Terga almost entirely smooth,
the last with a few granules at the sides. Sterna smooth, the last
with four low crests. Tail short, about three times as long as the
carapace ; almost entirely smooth ; the superior and supero-lateral
keels at most weakly denticulate, sometimes quite smooth ; inferior
crests of 4th denticulate posteriorly ; upper side of 5th not granu-
lar except along the lateral keel ; vesicle scantily granular laterally
or smooth. C helot with hand very large, its inner edge shaped much
as in P. flavimanus and seaber, not so convex as in P. phipsoni; the
dorsal surface flatter than in these species, the external portion of
the upper surface not so vertical ; keel of underhand very strong,
stronger than in the species just mentioned and more convex ; upper
side studded with rounded, oval, or irregularly-shaped tubercles,
much like those of P. phipsoni; lobe of hand large; width of hand
almost as great as length of movable digit or of carapace ; immov-
able finger with smooth
crest. Tarsal armature mostly
5-4. Pectinal teeth 11-12 ;
base of pecten very narrow,
the teeth starting some dis-
tance from its point of attach-
ment.
d* . Scarcely differing from
§ in form of chelae and length
of tail, and thus easily re-
cognizable from the male of
P. phipsoni or bengalensis. Pec-
tincs larger ( han in £
Measurements in mm. — $. Total length 1 17, carapace 20, tail
02, brachium 10, underhand 15, movable linger 21, width of
hand 18#5.
cS . Total length 101, carapace 17, tail 55, brachium 11, under-
hand 11, movable linger 17*5, width of hand 14.
Loc. Ceylon (Templeton, Barnes, etc.), Peradeniya (Freeman).
Fig. 29. — A. Pecten of Palamnteus indus.
E. Base of pecten of P. fulvipes.
PALAMX.Tls. 9/
82. Palamnaeus serratus, ap. n. : Scorpio csesar, Pocotk, A. M. N. //.
(6) xiii, p. 73, 18!»4 (nee Buthus caesar, ('. Koch, Kraepelin).
3 . Colour as in the preceding, to which it is nearly allied.
Carapace and terqa more coarsely granular laterally. Superior and
supero-lateral crests of tail strongly denticulate ; lateral surface of
segments sparsely granular, upper side of 4th segment with some
coarse granules, of 5th with many large granules on the anterior
half on each side of the median sulcus. Chelce with hand orna-
mented above as in P. Indus, the inner border more strongly eon vex,
forming anteriorly with the base of the immovable finger an angle
much less obtuse than in that species, the denticles of the inner
border running right up to the base of the immovable finger, the
edge of which is at least as thick as in P. Indus; the underhand
reticulated and furnished with a few large granules ; keel on
immovable finger complete as in P. Indus. Pectines practically as
in P. Indus. tarsal spine-armature 6 or 5 behind, 4 in front.
Measurements in mm. — 3 • Total length 125, carapace 18, tail
04, brachium 15, underhand 12-5, movable finger 19, width of
hand 17.
Loc. Ceylon.
83. Palamnaeus csesar, C. Koch, Arachn. ix. p. 6, fig. 697, L842
(Buthus) ; Kraep. Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 114, 1899 (Ileterometrus).
According to Kraepelius description this species differs from
P. serratus in having the frontal lobes of the carapace thickly
granular or tubercular; the inner edge of the hand forms a well
rounded arch where it passes into the immovable linger, which is
very flat, wide, and has a sharp, smooth, not swollen border ; the
keel on its upper side is weak and becomes obsolete in the middle ;
the underhand is beset with conspicuous isolated tubercles ;
the tarsi are armed beneath with 5 or 6 spines behind, 3 in front.
Pectinal teeth 12 16.
Loc. Cevlon.
84. Palamnaeus longimanus, Herbst, Nat. ungeji. Ins. iv, p. 42, pi. ii,
fig. 1, 1800 (Scorpio) ; Kraep. Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. Ill, 1899, in
part (Heterometrus) : bengalensis, Simon, Ann. Mvs. Genov. x.x.
1 1. .".Hi). L884 (/"•(• Buthus bengalensis, ('. k'>r//, L842; : petersii,
Thorell, Ann. Mus. (lenoniA-) \ii, p. "<>>\ 1->'.i [ ,i>r prter>ii, Thor.
1876 & L877): thorelli, Pocock, A. M. X. 11. (6) ix, p. 40, 1892
( Palamnaeus).
$ . Colour* uniform black or deep blackish brown, reddish brow q
below and on the hands and vesicle. Cnr<tj><ic,- granular at the
sides and on the frontal lobes, smooth or <>hsol*tely granular above,
differing from all the foregoing species in having the depression on
each side of the median ocular tubercle continuous posteriorlv with
the posterolateral sulcus of the carapace ; a little longer than the
3rd and 4th caudal segments. Terga weakly granular at the sides ;
it
98 scokpionid^:.
the last subgranular in the middle, more coarsely granular at the
sides and furnished with a pair of short granular crests. Sterna
smooth and polished ; the last not crested. Tail less than three
and a half times as long as carapace, upper surface smooth, lateral
surface only weakly granular ; superior and inferior lateral crests
denticulate, inferior keels of 4th weakly denticulate, superior lateral
crest of 5th rectangular but only subdenticulate ; vesicle smooth or
almost smooth at the sides. Chelce with humerus weakly granular
in its basal half above ; the upper and anterior surface bounded by
strongly denticulate crests, the anterior surface with a few large
tubercles ; lower surface lightly reticulated mesially, with long
finely granular posterior crest ; brachium shorter than carapace,
armed in front at base with siugle long spine, posterior surface
smooth ; hand thick, strongly convex above, its inner edge not
so compressed as in the Indian species, the width less than length
of uuderhand, which is about three-fourths the length of the
movable finger ; dorsal surface of hand smooth, punctured and
obsoletely reticulated, weakly carinate, the reticulation becoming
coarser toward the inner edge, which is itself somewhat thickly
and coarsely granular; immovable finger with smooth keel.
Penultimate fang of the movable ringer of the mandibles longer
than in the foregoing species. Tarsal spine-armature 7 or 6 behind,
4 in front. Pectinal teeth about 14-16 ( d , 2 )•
d . Tail a little and chehe very much longer than in the female ;
tail not quite four times as long as carapace, which is shorter
than the 3rd and 4th caudal segments ; both humerus and
brachium much longer than carapace ; hand very long and slender,
nearly parallel-sided, the width half the length of the uuderhand,
which is longer than carapace and almost as long as the movable
finger.
Measurements in mm. — $. Total length 117, carapace 17, tail
56, humerus 13, brachium 14, underhand 13, movable finger 17,
width of hand 11*5.
d . Total length 103, carapace 16, tail 60, humerus 19, brachium
19, underhand 17, movable finger 19, width of hand 9.
Loc. Occurring in abundance throughout Burma (Comotlo,
Oates, Feci) ; Andaman Islands, Port Blair (Pratt). Borneo.
85. Palamnseus oatesii, nom. nov. : Palanmneus spinifer, Pocock,
A. M. N. H. (6) ix, p. 40, 1892 : [? spinifer, Hempr. 6} Ehrmb.
Sy?nb.Phys.,Scorp.p.3, t. i, tifj. 2, 1829(IIeterometrus)]: P. petersii,
Thorell, Atti Soc. It. xix, p. 214, 1877 (nee petersii, Thorell,
A. M. N. H. (4) xvii, p. 13, 1876) *.
2 . Resembling the preceding in colour but more polished, and
with the vesicle generally reddish yellow and much paler as a
* The name petersii was originally applied by Thorell in 1876 to the
Cochi" China form which Simon in L872 had erroneously described and
figured as megacephalus, 0. Koch, and which he subsequently in 1882 renamed
silt iius.
l'\l.\M\.Ll .-<. 9(J
rule than the segments of the tail. The upper elevated portion
of the carapace quite smooth and polished, without a trace of
granules ; the margins of the frontal lobes distinctly denticulated.
Tail not granular, keels more strongly denticulated. Hand with
upper surface smoother, more polished, less strongly crested; its
inner edge studded with much larger denticles. Pectiaal teeth
14-18 (6,2).
6. Strikingly different from the male of P. longimanus, with
secondary sexual characters poorly developed; brachium a In tie
longer than humerus, but not or scarcely longer than carapace ;
hand not narrowed, its width equal or nearly equal to underhand
and considerably less than movable finger; inner edge of hand
shaped as in female, lightly convex, with large rounded lobe, not
straight and parallel to the outer surface as in P. longimanus.
Measurements in mm. (specimens from Rangoon). — $. Total
length 128, carapace 18, tail 67, humerus 14, brachium 16, under-
hand 1."), movable finger 20, width of hand 14.
6 . Total length 111, carapace 16*5, tail 62, humerus 14,
brachium 15, underhand 14, movable finger 18, width of hand
12-5.
Large specimens of this species reach a length of 180 mm.
Loc. * Burma : Rangoon (Oates) and Mergui (Anderson). Siam ;
Singapore.
The following species no doubt belongs to this genus ; but is
not recognizable: —
Scorpio leioderma, Dufour, Mini. pris. -(«'. Set. Paris, xiv, p. 571,
1856.
Colour subfuscous, with paler legs. Very smooth ; carapace
with eight eyes, emarginate and bilobed ; hands very wide, rough ;
caudal segments granular. Pectinal teeth 13. Length 4 inches
(french)= 108 millim.
Loc. Malabar.
* There are a couple of specimens in the British Museum labelled " Bengal."
This Locality, however, requires verification,
u
100 UROPYGI.
Order UROPYGI.
At once recognizable from the Scorpions, to which the larger
species present considerable superficial resemblance, by the presence
of a deep constriction between the cephalothorax and abdomen,
by the absence of pectines or combs on the sternal area and of
poison-glands in the postanal skeletal piece.
Cephalothorax longer than wide, the carapace sometimes seg-
mented posteriorly : the ventral surface narrow and furnished with
two or three sternal plates (fig. 31, p. 103) — an anterior or pro-
sternum, broad in front and narrowed behind, lying behind the coxa?
of the chelae and separating the bases of the anterior legs ; a pos-
terior or metasternum which lies between the coxae of the 4th pair of
legs ; and sometimes a minute mesostei-num between the coxae of the
3rd legs. Mandibles chelate, consisting of two segments. Chelce
large and prehensile ; the segments named as follows from base
to tip : coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, hand, finger ; the coxae united
in the middle line and furnished in front with a pointed maxillary
process. Legs of 1st pair long, slender, and antenniform, consisting
of six segments : coxa, trochanter, femur, patella, tibia, and tarsus ;
the tarsus subdivided into 8 or 9 segments, the basal of which
is very short. The rest of the legs ambulatory in function, and
consisting of 7 segments named as above with the addition of a
protarsus which precedes the three-jointed tarsus : the tarsus
bearing three claws ; coxae of 2nd and 3rd legs not widely separated
in the middle line of the sternal area. Abdomen consisting of 12
somites, represented by tergal and sternal plates, but the sternum
of the 1st wholly or partially obliterated, at most forming a
strengthening skeletal piece on the underside of the waist,
and in systematic descriptions not taken into account, the sternum
of the 2nd somite being termed the 1st abdominal sternum.
Generative organs opening in the middle line behind the sternum of
the 2nd somite, which is often much modified. Last three somites
annuliform or cylindrical, forming a movable stalk for the post-
anal skeletal piece, which consists of a single segment or has the
form of a many-jointed caudal flagellum or filament. The un-
modified terga and sterna impressed with a pair of muscular scars
or sigilla.
The two suborders into which the genera of this Order are
classified may be briefly diagnosed as follows : —
a. Carapace unsegmented ; last segment of ab-
domen bearing a long jointed flagellum .... Uhotricha.
l>. Carapace segmented : last segment of abdomen
bearing a short unjointed skeletal piece .... Taktaiudes,
UR0TR1CHA.
101
Suborder UROTRICHA*
Carapace unsegmented, furnished at its fore extremity with a pair
of median eyes set close together and with a cluster of 3 lateral
eyes on each side, some distance behind the medians. Chela
folding in a horizontal plane; the coxa short, the tibia armed with
a long inwardly directed spine or apophysis, against which the
hand closes ; hand with a corresponding apophysis, the immovable
Fig. 30. — TheJyphonus indicus, J.
c, carapace; ", first tergum of abdomen ; m, ommatoid or last segment of
abdomen; n, caudal flagellum; .-. trochanter; x, femur; ", tibia] apo-
physis; <?, hand ; c, movable finger of chela; b, tarsal segments ef 1st
[eg; J, coxa ; g, trochanter; I/, femur; i, patella : /, tibia; k, protarsus;
/, tarsus of 4tli Leg.
finger, which forms with the movable finger a complete pincer;
claw fused with extremity of movable finger. 1st leg with
tarsus consisting of 9 segments; 2nd leg with coxa unarmed;
2nd, 3rd, and 4th legs with tibia long and protarsus verj
short, the extremity of the tibia often armed on the underside with
a slender spine, the tibial spine. Postanal skeletal piece consisting
* 1 here restore for this group the very appropiate name which was given to
it by C. Koch. Thorell applied to it the term Oxopoei, or " acid-makers," in
allusion to the defensive pungent Beoretion the animals emit when handled. In
ordinary phraseology these animals are known as " Whip-Scorpions."
102 TIIELI'PHONIDJ:.
of a long, hairy, many-jointed feeler or flagellum. Last abdominal
segment in all the Indian species bearing at the base of the fla-
gellum a pair of yellow spots, the ommatoids. Respiratory organs
in the form of two pairs of pulmonary sacs, the first pair opening
behind the 1st abdominal sternum in a line with the generative
orifice, the second pair behind the 2nd sternum.
Sexual characters. — Adult males differ from the females and
young males in having the chelae longer and thicker, or otherwise
modified, and the 1st abdominal sternum considerably inflated.
Hahits. Whip-Scorpions are found in damp places beneath
stones or pieces of wood, in the crannies of rocks or of termites'
nests, or other crevices where shelter from light and protection
from the rays of the sun are obtainable. Some of the spe.-ies
excavate burrows for the protection of themselves and their young.
The young are hatched from eggs, which the female previously
carries about ensvvathed in a glutinous membrane and attached to
Ihe lower side of the abdomen.
Distribution. Oriental Region from India and Ceylon to the Fiji
Islands and New Hebrides, and extending northwards into China
and Southern Japan ; Neotropical Region from Brazil northwards
into the Southern States of North America. Absent from Africa,
Madagascar, Australia, and New Zealand.
In the following descriptions the chela? are regarded as extending
forwards in a direction parallel to the long axis of the body. The
total measurement is taken from the front end of the head to
the base of the caudal filament.
Family THELYPHONID^E.
Characters of the suborder.
Synopsis of Indian Genera.
a. ( Jarapace with a sharp keel running forwards
en each .side of the head in front of the
lateral eyes; ocular tubercle high.
a1. Maxillary process of coxa of chela armed
on its inner edge with a strong sharp
spiniform tooth Ukopbocttjs, p. 100.
//. Maxillary process of coxa of chela, r.ot
armed ■with a tooth on the inner .side . . TiiKi.vrnoM's, p. 10.'!.
It. Carapace without a heel running forward
from the lateral eye on each .side of the
head ; ocular tubercle low.
a2. Maxillary process of coxa of chela with
;i strong sharp tooth on its inner margin. LAisocninus, p. 107.
I)'. .Maxillary process of coxa of chela
unarmed internally Hypoctonvs, p. 111.
XHELYPHOXUS.
103
Genus THELYPHONUS, Latr.
Thelyphonus, Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. iii, p. 47, 1802, ill
part ; also of Lucas, Karl,, Butler, Stoliczka, etc. (in part).
Thelyphonus (emend.), Pocock, A. M. N. II. (6) xiv,p. 121, 1894;
Eraepelin, Abh. Ver. Hamb. xv, p. 19, 1897; id. Tien:, Scorn,
etc. p. 212, 1899.
A.
D.
E.
Fig. 31. — Thelyphonus indicus.
A. Lower side of cephalotborax and abdomen, $> . a, coxaof chela ; h, prosternal
plate; e, coxa of 2nd leg; d, mesosternal plate; e, coxa of 3rd leg;
f, metasternal plate; g, first sternum, h, second sternum, i, third
sternum, /•, fourth sternum, showing muscular sigilla, of abdomen.
B. Anterior extremity of carapace : /, median. », lateral eyes ; m, crest.
0. Maxillary processes of chela?.
D. Lower side of anterior end of abdomen of <$ : o, first sternum; p, tooth
on second sternum.
E. Lower side of anterior end of abdomen of $>.
Carapace with granular crest, running forwards from the lateral
eyes on each side ; median eyes situated one on each side of a
high distinct ocular tubercle ; maxillary process of chela; not
toothed internally. Chela in cJ thicker but not much longer than
in $; the tibial apophysis of the same form in both sexes, with
toothed edges and terminating in a sharp point. First abdominal
sternal plate in J with deep median groove; 2nd with median
tooth-like spine.
Type, T. cauda tus (Linn.), Java.
Distribution. Ceylon and 8. India ; Burma, thence eastwards to
the Philippine Islands, and over tin- whole of the Indo- and
Austro-Malayan area as far as the Solomon Islands.
104 THELYPHONID.E.
Synopsis of Indian Species and Subspecies.
Females.
a. First abdominal sternum with posterior border
truncate ; maxillary process of chela not
shouldered T. schnehagenii,
b. First abdominal sternum with posterior border [p. 105.
mesially produced and convexly rounded ;
maxillary process shouldered.
a1. Abdominal sterna with distinct raised median
line T. cristatus, p. 105.
ft1. Abdominal sterna without raised median line.
a'. Legs dark, as dark as body, pale reddish T. sepiaris, typical
only at extremities [form, p. 104.
/r. Legs uniformly red, much paler than body. Subspecies indjcus
[& muricola, p. 105.
Males.
a. Abdominal sterna smooth and polished, only
minutely punctulate and obsoletely striate .... sepiaris, subspecies
b. Abdominal sterna (except the anterior) coarsely [muricola, p. 105.
rugose and subgrauular throughout.
a'. Legs dark brown, pale at the extremities. . . . sepiaris, typical
[form, p. 104.
//. Legs uniformly red sepiaris, subspecies
[iiidicus, p. 105.
86. Thelyphonus sepiaris, Butler, Cist. Ent. i, p. 131, <$ (May 1.
1873) ; Pocock, A. M. K II. (6) xiv, p. 1:22, 1894 ; Kraep.
Abh. Yer. Hamb. xv, p. 35, 1897 ; id. Tierr., Scarp, etc. p. 223,
1899 : nigrescens, Butler, Cist. Eat. i, p. 131, 1873 ( § ).
Colour black or blackish brown above and on chela?, reddish
brown below ; legs black, with the tibiae and tarsi deep red-brown.
Carapace and terga coarsely rugose, with close-set punctures and
granules, a smooth paler median line present on 2nd and 3rd and
just traceable on posterior terga. First sternum shining, sparsely
punctured and striate, granular marginally ; the rest coarsely rugose,
without traceable median line. Chelce : maxillary process of coxa
internally shouldered; femur and tibia granular below, polished
and punctured above; trochanter granular above, armed below
with 2 teeth (rarely 1), and with 5-6 above ; femur with 1-2 small
tubercles above and 1 below ; tibial apophysis armed in front with
6 or more teeth and behind with about 3; band thicker than
tibia, its inner edge denticulate, granular internally ; movable
linger with anguliform subapical tooth. Legs of 2nd, 3rd, and
4th pairs with tibial spine. Caudal JiageUum hairy.
$. Differing from S in having the sterna smooth, punctured,
and scratched with transverse lines. Teeth on trochanter and
femur of chela larger; hand narrower than tibia; movable finger
without subapical tooth. Tarsal segments of Ls1 ^unmodified.
first abdominal sternum with its posterior border strongly and
convexly produced.
Length of body up to about 4<» mm,
THELTPHOHTTS. 105
Loc. S. India: Madras (Safe, Jerdon, Boileau); Ceylon {Holds-
vurth), Jaffna {Sarasin) ; Trincomali {Yerbury, Green, Barrett,
Basset-Smith); Tenasserim. {Pad- man)*.
Subspecies indicus, Stoliczka, J. A. S. />'. xlii, p. 138, t. 12, fig. 5,
May 28, 1873 (tf); 0«/™, j; .4. & 5. lviii, pi. 2, p. 9, t. ii,
tigs. 1-tJ, 1889: beddomei, UtoUczhu, J. A. S. B. xlii, p. 142, t. 12,
og.6,1873($).
Both sexes distinguished from the typical form by having the
legs entirely red, and contrasting strongly with the black colour
of the upper side of the trunk t.
Loc. Southern India : Anaimalai Hills (Beddome) ; Nilgiri
Hills {Daly) ; Yercaud in the Shevaroy Hills {Henderson); French
liocks, Madras {Hamilton).
Subspecies muricola, Pocock, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Hoc xii, p. 745, 1899.
$ . Like that "of T. sepiaris subsp. indicus in colour of legs and
structural characters.
$ . At once recognizable from that of the typical T. sepiaris and
of T. sepiaris subsp. indicus by the much greater smoothness of the
abdominal sterna, these plates being polished, minutely punctulated,
and irregularly transversely striated, the sides only being densely
punctured as in the females of T. sepiaris.
Loc. S. India : Trivandrum in Travancore ( Ft rguson ,\- Sullivan).
87. Tlielyphonus cristatus, sp. n.
O . Colour and general characters, such as spine-armature of
tibia1, granulation of terga, etc., as in T. sepiaris; considerably
smaller than that species; the 4th, 5th, and 6th sterna with
distinct elevated median line, and all the sterna more distinctly
punctured, the posterior more so than the anterior, the 7th
especially being very distinctly punctured throughout. In the
chelae the anterior edge of the upper side of the trochanter is
armed with only one strong tooth, the second being quite small.
Total length 26 mm.
Loc. Bengal {Hardwicke).
88. Tlielyphonus schnehagenii, Kraepelin, Abh. Ver. Hamb. xv,
p. .".••J, 1897; id. Tim-., Scorp. etc. p. 222, L899.
5. Co!",ir of trunk and limbs reddish In-own. Carapace and
terga rugose, granular; median line Bhowing only on the anterior
three terga. Posterior border of 1st abdominal sternum trans-
versely truncate, finely and closely punctured, especially at the
sides, and furnished also with scattered larger punctures; the
* This locality for the type of I . nign ■ s 1- probably erroneous.
t In the case of both subspecies, Bpedmens thai have recently moulted have
the integument of both body and Legs reddish brown.
106 THELTPIIONIB.t.
rest of the sterna also finely and closely punctured, without trace
of middle line. Chela with coxa smooth, very sparsely punctured ;
maxillary process not shouldered on its inner edge ; trochanter
armed as in T. sepiaris ; femur moderately thickly rugose, with
conspicuous spine on the upper edge in front ; tibia very sparsely
and coarsely punctured, the apophysis with two strong teeth
on the outer border towards the tip ; hand tolerably thickly
and coarsely punctured, with shortly toothed inner edge. Tibia
of 4th leg with apical spine. Caudal filament nearly naked.
Length 32 mm.
Loc. Burma : Eangoon (Schnehagen).
Genus UR0PR0CTUS, Pocock.
Uroproctus, Pocock, A. M. N. H. (6) xiv, p. 129, 1894 ; Eraep. Abh.
Ver. Kamb. xv, p. 40, 1897 ; id. Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 225, 1899.
A. B. Carapace with sharp ridge
running forward on each side
from the lateral eyes ; median
ocular tubercle high. Maxillary
process of coxa of chela armed
internally with a strong tooth.
1st abdominal sternum in rf
without median groove ; 2nd
scarcely toothed in the middle
of its hinder border. Chela? in
Fig. 32.— Uroproctus assamensis. niale larger tlian in female ; tibial
A. Maxillary processes of chela. apophysis different in the two
B. Chela of $ . sexes.
Type, U. assamensis (Stoliczka).
Distribution. Hilly region of Assam and North-eastern Bengal.
89. Uroproctus assamensis, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xxxviii, pt. 2,
p. 205, t, 19, fig. 1, 1869 ; id. op. cit. xlii, pt. 2, p. 133, 1. 12. fig. 2,
L873; Oates, op. cit. lviii, pt. 2, p. 8, pi. ii, fig. 13, 1889 (Thelv-
phonus); Focock, A. M. N. H. (6) xiv, p. 129, 1894; Kracp.
Abh. Ver. llamb. xv, p. 40, 1897 ; id. Tierr. , Scorp. etc. p. 226,
1899 (Uroproctus) : scabrinus, Stoliczka, op. cit. xlii, pt. 2, p. 130,
t. 12, fig. 1, 1873; august us, Stoliczka, op. cit. p. 134, t. 12. tig. 3
(in part; not angustus, Lucas) : rufimanus, Butler, A. M. A. H.
(1) x, p. 202. 1872 (uec ruj.vumus, Lucas), 5 : proscorpio, id. ibid.
(nee proscorpio, Latreille), § : psittacinus, id. Cist. JEnt.i, p. 129,
1873, J (Thelyphonus).
cS . Colour black, especially on carapace and cliche, extremities
of legs reddish brown, underside of cephalothorax and abdomen
rich mahogany-brown; in recently moulted specimens the whole
colour is much redder. Upper side of body roughened with
sculpturing of close-set punctures and studded with granules.
First abdominal sternum coarsely punctured and transversely
grooved, with posterior border widely rounded in the middle.
DABOCHTRTJS. 107
depressed posterioi'ly, and bearing a pair of marginal impressions ;
middle of 2nd sternum pale, transversely grooved, with small
median tubercle ; the rest of the sterna polished, puuctured.
Chela with coxa coarsely punctured ; trochanter granular, armed
below with a bifid tooth and above with 4 internal and 1
anterior tooth; femur and tibia coarsely granular above, below
and externally, each armed below on the inner side with a tooth ;
tibia considerably thicker than femur ; the apophysis long and
slender, its hinder border straight, unarmed, its anterior border
also nearly straight, depressed towards the extremity, which is
acute and armed here and at the base with close-set teeth ; hand
smoother than tibia, toothed below ; immovable linger short ;
movable finger longer, curved.
2 with chelce shorter and not distally incrassate, the hand
narrower than the tibia and not wider than the femur; tibial
apophysis of normal form, its anterior edge lightly convex and
serrate throughout its length, posterior edge also armed with three
teeth, the two edges tapering gradually to a sharp point. First
abdominal sternum coarsely punctured in the middle and furnished
with a pair of shallow impressions ; 2nd not inesially grooved and
not furnished with a small tubercle
Total length up to 55 mm.
Loc. Xorth-eastern India: Assam, Sylhet (Stainsforth, Boiv-
ring, Austen, Cambridge)^ Khasi Hills, Sadiya (Godwin- Austen) ;
( !achar.
Genus LABOCHIRUS, Pocock.
Labochirus, Pocock, A. M. N. If. (6) xiv, p. 132, 1894; Kraep,
Abh. Ver. Hamb. xv, p. 42, 1897; id. Tien:, Scorp. etc. p. 227,
1899.
Carapace with area between median and lateral eyes not crested,
rounded and sloped to the inferior edge ; median ocular tubercle
low. Maxillary j>rocess armed with a strong spiniform tooth on
its inner edge. Female with carapace weakly beaked in front ;
first abdominal sternum not inflated: chelae short, normal, the
maxillary process short ; tibial apophysis short, subtriangular, and
strongly denticulated on both edges. Male with carapace strongly
beaked in front ; first abdominal sternum swollen ; chela- very
long, maxillary process slender and lone;, but very variable in
length; tibial apophysis modified, not subtriangular, and at most
dent LCulated at t be I ip.
Type, L. proboscideus, Butler.
I);xtril>tiii<n>. ( V\ luii and the Malabar coast of South India.
Synopsis of Indian Sjwcies.
/■'- nudes,
a. first abdominal sternum with broad median
longitudinal depiv.-.-ieii, mid a lew ridge en
each Bide in front L. / robuseitiL us, p. 108.
103
THELYPHONID.T,.
b. First abdominal sternum with a narrow
median depression and without ridges.
a1. Lateral pits on first abdominal sternum
deep and nearer the border L. cvrvinus, p. 1 10.
b1. Lateral pits on first abdominal sternum
shallow and further from the border. ... L. tauricornis, p. 109.
Males.
a. Upper side of hand with wide depression ;
tibia of chela with inferior anguliform
prominence L. proboscideus, p. 108.
b. Upper side of hand not depressed ; tibia
of chela without inferior prominence.
a2. Anterior edge of tibial apophysis con-
cave at base; inner edge of hand with
scarce a trace of prominence L. cervinus. p. 110.
b~. Anterior edge of tibial apophysis
straight at base ; inner edge of hand
with distinct anguliform prominence . . L. tauricornis, p. 109.
00. Labochirus proboscideus, Butler, A. M. K. II (4) x, p. 203,
pi. xiii, tig. 3, 1872 (tf) ; Karseh, Berl. ent. Zeits. xxxvi, p. 305
(Thelvphonus) ; Tarnani, Horce Soc. Ent. Boas, xxiv, p. 533, pi. iii,
tig. 9*6, 1890 (Hvpoctonus) ; Pococl; A.M. N. H. (6), xiv, p. 13L>,
1894; Kraep. Abh. Ver. Hamb. xv, p. 42, pi. ii, tig. 43, 1897 ; id.
Tierr., Scarp, etc. p. 227, 1899 (Labochirus): parvimanus, Butler,
Cist. Ent. i, p. 130. tig. 3, 1873, $ (Thelvphonus).
cS . Colour black or deep brown above, sinning mahogany-red
B A.
3
Fig. 33. — Labochirus proboscideus. rf •
A. Anterior end of carapace and chela: a, rostrum; /', maxillary process ;
e, trochanter ; /, femur ; g, tibia ; //, hand ; d, tibial apophysis; c, prom-
inence on lower side of tibia.
B. Extremity of tibia and hand : e, depression on upper side of band.
C. Maxillary processes: /, spinifbrm tooth.
below : legs with femora and at least patellar black or dark brown,
distal segments paler, tarsi yellow. Carapace ami terga coarsely
rugose, carapace smoother in front of tin1 eyes. First abdominal
sternum almost smooth, sparsely punctured in the middle and
LABOCHIBUS. L09
posteriorly, fchickly at the sides, lightly bii m pressed, its posterior
border produced and widely convex in the middle; 2nd with
spiniform tooth ; most of the sterna nearly .smooth in the middle,
finely punctured ; punctures becoming more numerous and close-
set at the sides. Chelce with coxa almost smooth, weakly punc-
tured and striate anteriorly ; trochanter granular, armed below
with two teeth in front, and above with four internal teeth, whereof
the apical is the longest, and one long anterior tooth ; femur long,
subcylindrical, more than twice as long as wide, granular below
and internally, smooth and very faintly punctulate above, with a
single inferior tooth; tibia thicker than femur, coarsely granular
within, rugulose elsewhere, with a distinct anguliform prominence
near the base of its lower edge in front ; the apophysis not
smooth, posterior border lightly concave, apex rounded and armed
above with a long spike; anterior edge sinuous, convex distally
and proximally, concave in the middle, and armed distally with a
row of about six small close-set teeth : hand smooth above, with
the inner edge strongly angled at base, lightly concave and toothed
distally ; upper side with wide subgranular depression ; movable
finger strongly curved, with a long, nearly straight tip. 2nd and
3rd legs without tibial spine.
5 . First abdominal sternum with wide, central depression
which is bordered on each side by a low tuberculiform prominence,
coarsely punctured and black behind these prominences. Chelce
with femur less grauular, not much longer than wide ; hand and
tibia normal, smoother ; inner edge of hand with a single tooth;
two teeth on the posterior edge of the tibial apophysis behind
the tip; anterior edge lightly convex and toothed throughout;
movable finger evenly curved from base to tip.
Length up to about 32 mm.
Loc. Ceylon {Templeton, Barnes, Layard, Jameson) ; Matale
(Braine), Kandy {Green).
91. Labochirus tauricorm's, Poeock, A. M. X. II. (7) v. p. 29-5, L900=
L. cervinus (errore), Pooch, .Inn,-, limn. .\ . 11. Sue. xii, p. 7 T>. LS'.t!>.
c?. Resembling the preceding species in colour aud most
structural features, but with the abdominal sterna closely and
finely, but very distinctly granular around the impressions and
between them and the border. Easily recognizable also by the
different form of the chela : tibia without any basal anguliform
prominence below the apophysis; the latter much less Btrongly
curved downwards, its posterior edge straight, smooth, aud con-
tinued without curvature to the apex, which is acutely angular and
furnished with one long tooth, and sometimes two" smaller ones
as well, anterior edge straight and finely serrate at the base,
then strongly convex and obliquely cut away down to the apex ;
hand without impression al base of immovable finger, inner edge
with basal constriction much shallower, and anguliform prominence
much smaller than in L. proboscideus ; movable finger evenly
curved throughout its length as in L. proboscideus J . not with
the apex slightly bent forwards as in the ' of thai species.
110
THELYPHONID.E.
2 . Differing from that of L. proboscideus in having the first
abdominal sternum marked with a very shallow median impression
in its hinder half and a pair of still shallower impressions, one on
each side anteriorly, the two ridges or prominences being absent ;
also much less black in the posterior half; the rest of the sterna
A. B.
Fig. 34.
A. Labochirus tauricornis. Extremity of chela of $ .
B. Labochirus cervinus. Extremity of chela of c?.
C. „ „ First sternum of abdomen.
punctulate as in the <$ , but the punctulation spreading more
inwards, so that on the 4th, 5th, and 6th sterna there is only
a very narrow median smooth area, while the 7th and 8th are
entirely covered with very visible punctulation.
Total length about 30 mm.
Loc. Kanara, on the Malabar coast {Bell).
92. Labochirus cervinus, Pocock,Jour. Bom.N. H. Soc, xii, p. 745, 1899.
S . Allied to L tauricornis, but differing in the form of the
chela. The tibial apophysis is strongly curved downwards in its
distal half, much more strongly so than in L. proboscideus, being
bent nearly at right angles ; viewed from above its posterior border
appears to be straight, while its anterior border is concave at the
base, strongly convex in the middle ; from the median convexity
the border slopes straight away down to the apex, which is armed
with three teeth and is in the same straight line as the posterior
border ; inner edge of hand evenly concave but scarcely serrate,
with shallower basal constriction than in L. tauricornis, armed with
one or two small basal teeth, but with scarcely a trace of any
anguliform prominences. First abdominal sternum more swollen
than in L. tauricornis. In $ the 1st abdominal sternum is much
larger than in either of the other species, being more tumid and
marked with a pair of deeper impressions, one on each side, near
its posterior border, but showing scarcely a trace of median
impression.
Length up to about 30 mm.
Loc Mangalore on the Malabar coast (Battie).
IIYPOCTOM s.
Ill
Genus HYPOCTONUS, Thorell.
Hypoctonus, Thorell, Ann. Mm. Genova, xxvi, p. 360, 1888; id.
i; 1>
lamb, xv, p. 43, L897 ;
L> |) iriiMiii."., iniui'ii. +IIIU. .»/ u\: \rrnurn, .\.v
Ann. Mus. Genova, sxvii, p. 542, L889; Pocock,~A. M. N. H. '(G)
xiv, p. 120, 1894 ; Kraepclin, Ahh. Ver. Ha
id. Tien:, Scorp. etc. p. i'i'>, LSI)1.*.
A.
B.
Resembling Labochirus
m
the
absence of crests between the
median and lateral eyes on the
carapace, but differing in the absence
of a spiniform tooth on the inner
border of the maxillary processes
and in the male sexual characters.
/■'.male with first abdominal sternum
not inflated ; chela? normal, short,
not incrassate, the trochanter armed
above on its inner side with 5
strong spiniform teeth, the tibial
apophysis subtriangular and strongly
serrate along both edges. Male with
first abdominal sternum inflated,
without median groove; chehe long or
incrassate ; trochanter less strongly, often obsoletely toothed ; tibial
apophysis modified, variable in form, furnished with inferior
apical lobe, its edges not evenly serrate.
Type, //. formosug, Butler.
Distribution. Assam, Burma, Yunnan, Borneo.
Fie.
6.\
A. Hypoctonus for-
moms, anterior end of cara-
pace. B. Ditto, -chela of J.
C. //. oatesii, trochanter and
femur of chela of J1.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
Females.
a. First abdominal sternum with its posterior
border widely rounded, nol mesially produced. //. binghami, p. 1
b. First abdominal sternum with its posterior
border mesially produced.
<t\ First abdominal sternum with a single
median pit or a pair of small adjacent pits. H. formosus, p. I 1
&'. First abdominal sternum marked with a pair
of large pits.
a~. Pits on first abdominal sternum sub-
circular; all the legs red II. woodniasoni,
b'-. Pits on first abdominal sternum sub- p. 1
crescentic : at least the firsl pair of legs
dark.
a'. Legs of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th pairs entirely
red 11. saxatilis, p. 1 1 •'
b\ Legs of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th pairs with
femora and patellae deep brown //. rangunenais,
[p.l
6.
13.
16
112 THELYPHONID^:.
Males.
•
a. Inner edge of hand with deep semicircular
excavation (also as under bl) H. woodmasoni,
b. Inner edge of hand without deep semicircular [p. 113.
excavation.
a1. Chelae long, but little incrassate ; trochanter
armed with five strong teeth.
a2. Hand with some granules above ; legs
entirely red H. binghami, p. 113.
b2. Hand quite smooth above ; legs not en-
tirely red , , H. oatesli, p. 112.
bl. Chelae shorter, strongly incrassate ; tro-
chanter not or only weakly toothed above.
a'. Tibial apophysis with an abrupt distal
expansion which fits into an excavation
behind the base of the immovable
finger.
«4. Apical fourth of apophysis suddenly
and quadrately expauded II. andersoni, p. 117.
/>'. Extremity of apophysis gradually
expanded, the expansion with rounded
anterior edge.
a5. Legs of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th pairs
with femora and patellae dark .... H. sylvaticus, p. 115.
b\ Legs of 2nd, 3rd. and 4th pairs
wholly red II. saxatilis, p. 1 1 5.
b3. Tibial apophysis without or with onlv
a small expansion ; inner edge of hand
scarcely concave at base of finger.
ar'. 1st leg and femora and patellae of
2nd, 3rd, and 4th legs dark H. rangunensis,
/A 2nd, 3rd, and 4th legs wholly red, [p. 116.
1st leg only slightly darker H. formosus, p. 1 16.
93. Hypoctonus oatesii, sp. n.
S . Colour. Chelae and upper side of body black ; coxae, middle
of lower side of abdomen, 1st leg, tibia?, tarsi, and lower side of
trochanter of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th legs a rich mahogany-red ; femora,
patellae, and upper side of trochanter of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th legs
blackish brown. LTpper side of body densely rugose and granular,
anterior end of the carapace smoother. First abdominal .sternum
almost entirely smooth, weakly punctured and striolate in the
middle, depressed posteriorly ; 1st, 2nd, and 3rd sterna coarsely
sculptured at sides ; rest of the sterna nearly smooth. Chela with
coxa nearly smooth ; trochanter weakly granular above and below,
armed above with 5 strong teeth; femur longish, the middle of its
upper surface exceeding the width of the anterior edge of the tro-
chanter, coarsely pitted and granular above and below, and armed
witli a strong anterior tooth below; tibia smool h and sparsely punc-
tured externally, more coarsely pitted and sparsely granular below
and above, with a few denticuliform granules on its inner edge ;
apophysis much shorter than tibia, its posterior edge straight ami
HYPOCTOM 8. 1 13
smooth, its anterior edge also smooth, concave in its basal, convex
in its distal half, forming an — --like curvature, the apex truncated
and armed with one inferior and one median tooth ; hand Con-
siderably longer than wide, smooth and sparsely punctured above
and externally, granular internally, the inner edge with a sharp
constriction in its basal half, the margin from the tip of the
tinner down to the constriction lightly concave and denticulate
throughout its length ; movable finger evenly curved. Legs of 3rd
and 4th pairs with spine at apex of tibia. Ommatoids separated
by a space which about equals their diameter.
Total length 27 mm.
Loc. Sylhet.
94. Hypoctonus binghami, Oates, J. A. S. B. lviii, j>. 15, 1889
(Thelyphonus) ; Jtraep. Abh. Ver. Hamb. xv, p. 47, fig. 50, 1*!>7 :
id. Tien-., Scorp. etc p. 230, L899 (Hypoctonus): formosus,
Simon, J. A. S. B. lvi, p. Ill, L887; Poaoek, Jburn. Linn. Soc,
Zool. xxiv, p. 316, 1892 (nee for mosus, Butler).
c? . Colour of. upper side of body black: chelae black or deep
brown, redder at the extremity ; lower surface yellowish red or
reddish brown ; legs entirely pale red ; caudal flagellum red. Sculp-
t uringof upper side of body much as in II. oafc-sii. Abdominal sterna
finely punctulate. Chela with trochanter armed as in //. oatesii, but
the spines not so strong; femur granular, long, nearly twice us
long above as the anterior edge of the trochanter ; tibia granular,
its inner edge and basal half of apophysis granularly denticulate;
apophysis much shorter than tibia, its posterior border practically
straight, its anterior border shallowly and evenly concave, the,
extremity a little thickened, convex anteriorly and bidentate ; hand
dull, punctulate, with some, large granules at the base of the
immovable finger, its inner edge denticulated, convex, base el'
immovable finger shallowly concave. Ommatoids large, less than
their diameter apart.
$. First sternal plate of abdomen swollen in the middle,
marked with three shadow impressions, its posterior border widely
rounded and not mesially produced (fig. 36 F, p. 114). Chela short ;
upper side of humerus more weakly granular than in male, of tibia
and hand not granular, sparsely punctured: tibial apophysis tri-
angularly spiniform, evenly narrowed to a point, its posterior side
armed with two subapical spinules, and one spinule followed by
shorter denticuliform granules at its base on the tibia; its anterior
edge denticulate throughout ; inner edge of hand much straighter
than in S •
Total length about 30 mm.
Loc. Tenasserim : Tavoy (Moti Earn); Keel Island, at the
mouth of tin; Tavoy Kiver (Oates) ; Owen Island in the Morgui
Archipelago (Anderson).
95. Hypoctonus woodmasoni. Oates, J. A. 8. />'. lviii, pt. 2, p. 12,
pi. ii. fig. I". 1889; Kraep. Abh. Verh. Hamb. \\. p. 46, fig. 15,
L897 : id. Tierr., Scorp.etc. p. •-'•"■•», fig. <s<», 1899( Hypoctonus).
cJ . Colour black above and on chelae ; legs and sterna red.
114
TIIELYPUONlDvE.
Sculpturing of upper side practically as in H. oatesii. Sterna
also as in that species, but with the punctures a little more
numerous. Cheltp. with the spines on the lower side of the
trochanter and femur much smaller : upper side of trochanter
smooth, at most obsoletelyspinechits anterior border straight ; femur
about as long above as anterior edge of trochanter, rather coarsely
granular and punctured below, a few spines also on its upper
inner edge, otherwise smooth, sparingly punctured ; tibia with a
few granules below and internally, smooth and punctured else-
where ; apophysis long and slender, almost as long as upper side
of tibia, and reaching almost to tip of fingers, its posterior edge
A.
B.
C.
Fig. 36.
A. Bypoctenus woodmasoni, extremity of chela of J. B. H. saxatilis, ditto.
C. H. andersoni, tibial apophysis. D. If. ranguTiewsis, first abdominal
sternum of 5- E. H. formosus, ditto. F. H. binghami, ditto.
straight and unarmed, its apex truncate and hidentate, the
anterior border lightly concave in its basal and distal portions,
lightly convex submesially, and armed with four denticles : hand
wide, as wide as long, strongly convex and smooth above ; a deep
semicircular excision on its inner edge and on the base of the
linger, the area behind the excision produced into a weakly
denticulate rectangular prominence : immovable finger much
narrower at base than in the middle. Ommatoids small, more than
their diameter apart.
2 . Very like the female of 11. binghami, but with the ommatoids
small, more than a diameter apart ; the lower side of the femur of
the chela more numerously granular and punctured as well, the
upper side of the trochanter without. granules ; the 1st abdominal
sternum not widely rounded behind, but with its posterior border
strongly produced into a large subquadrate lobe; the anterior
half of the plate marked with a pair of subcircular nils, separated
from each other by a space which distinctly excels their diameter-
Length up to about "21 mm.
hoc. Tenasserim, near Mount Moolevit.
HYPOCTONUS.
115
90. Hypoctonus saxatilis, Oates, J. A. S. H. lviii. p. 17. L889
(Thelyphonus) ; Kraep. Abh. Ver. Hamb. xv, p. I-'. L897; .<■/.
Tierr.f Scorp. etcp. 232, L899 (Hypoctonus).
d • Kesembling H. woodmasoni in colour, except that the legs
of the first pair are dark, the tarsi alone beini; yellowish red, and
the last abdominal sternum and the underside of the three caudal
segments arc also deep blackish brown in the adult. Granulation
of upper side as in preceding species ; sterna much more dis-
tinctly punctured: the 1st with the two shallow impressions deeper
than in II. woodmasoni and transversely striate. Trochanter of
chela weakly granular above as in //. binghami, obsoletely toothed
as in//, woodmasoni • femur, tibia, and hand sculptured, and tibial
apophysis as long as in the latter; posterior edge of apophysis
quite smooth and straight until reaching the extremity, where it is
Rlightly swollen and convex; anterior edge straight in the basal
two-thirds of its length, and furnished with about seven small
denticles, the distal third inflated but becoming narrower again at
the extremity, which is truncate and scarcely toothed ; hand more
strongly depressed at the base of the immovable finger than in
//. woodmasoni, its inner edge evenlv convex from base of finger
backwards and armed with small denticles in its distal half ;
immovable finger straight or lightly concave basally, convex
dist ally.
$. Closely allied to that o\' II. woodmasoni, but with anterior
legs black, trochanter and femur ol' chela more granular above,
and the two impressions on the first abdominal sternum longer,
not circular but half-moon shaped or subcrescentic.
Total length up to about ;tt mm., 5 : 25, tf .
Loc. Upper Burma : Thayetmyo (Macdonald).
97. Hypoctonus sylvaticus, Oates, J. A. S. B. Iviii, p. 18, 1889
(Thelyphonus): ranpunensis, var. silvaticus, Kraep. Abh. Ver.
Hamb. xv, p. 49, 1897; id. Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 232, 1899
(Hypoctonus).
6. Colouring as in U. saxatilis, with anterior legs dark, but
with the upper and outer sides of the femora and trochanters of
the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th legs brown as in ff. oatesii. Chela with
upper and under side of femur scarcely granular, only punctured ;
tibial apophysis shaped somewhat as in //. saxatilis, but with the
anterior edge of the basal half with only about two small
denticles, and the apical expansion much larger and involving
more than the distal third of the apophysis, its thickness
equal to twice the thickness of the portion immediately behind
it; inner edge of hand with a much more strongly and Less
widely-rounded prominence in the middle of its length, and a
much stronger concavity at and behind the base of the immov-
able finger, the external edge of which has a more strongly
pronounced sigmoid curvature. In the form of the inner
tt\^r, of the hand. //. sylvaticus lies nearly midway between
[2
116 TILELTPnOKIl)^:.
//. saxatilis and H. woodmasoni ; but differs entirely from the
latter in possessing the large expansion at the distal end of the
tibial apophysis. Total length 23 mm.
Loc. Burma: Zigon and Minhla in the Tharrawaddy district
(Oates).
98. Hypoctonus rangunensis, Oates, J. A. S. B. lviii, p. 18, 1889
(Thelvphonus) ; Kraep. Abh. Ver. Hamb. xv, p. 46, 1897 ; id.
Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 232, 1809 (Hypoctonus).
<3 . Colour as in H. sylvaticus, but in other respects more nearly
approaching H. saxatilis, the femur of the chela being granular
above and below, practically as in that species. Tibial apophysis
long as in the two species named, but different in shape, the posterior
border almost entirely straight, only very slightly sinuous and
unarmed ; anterior border also very nearly straight, only very
slightly sinuous, but armed with about half a dozen small denticles,
the apex obliquely truncate, tridentate, a slight swelling on the
anterior edge of the apophysis just before the apex. Inner edge
of hand widely but not strongly convex, forming almost a straight
line with the outer side of the immovable finger, which is itself
almost straight, with scarcely a trace of the sigmoid curvature
observable in H. saxat'lis and H. sylvaticus.
2 . Very like that of H. saxatilis, but differing in the colour of
legs; first abdominal sternum with very nearly the same shaped
semilunar impressions.
Total length up to 28 mm.
Loc. Burma : Kangoon and the neighbourhood (Oates).
9. Hypoctonus formosus, Butler, A. M. N. H. (A) x, p. 203,
' pi. xiii, fig. 4, 1872; Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xlii, p. 137, pi. xii,
fio-. 4, 1873 ; Oates, op. cit. lviii, p. 14, 1889 (Thelvplionus) ; Kraep.
Abh. Ver. Hamb. xv, p. 48, 1897; id. Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 231,
1899 (Hypoctonus) : angustus, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xlii, pt. 2,
p. 134, 1873 (in part) (Thelvphonus).
<S . Colour of legs as in 11. saxatilis, except that those of the first
pair, instead of having 1he femur, patella, and tibia black, have
the patella and tibia a dark brownish red and only slightly darker
than the rest of the segments. Chela' most resembling those of
//. rangunensis, but the femur very much more thickly and coarsely
granular below, even more so than in H. saxatilis; spine on lower
side of femur noticeably stronger than in 11. rangunensis, very much
stronger than in //. saxatilis. Tibial apophysis long and slender,
straight and parallel-sided, without trace of apical enlargement,
\\\\\\ three apical teeth. Inner edge of hand much more prom-
inent than in //. ranr/unevsis, more like that of 11. saxatilis, hut the
prominence more distinctly angular, and not so rounded ; im-
movable finger much broader at the base, almost as broad as long.
2 . First abdominal sternum very different from that of 11. wond-
masoni, rangunensis, and saxatilis, without any large circular or
crescentic pits, but furnished in its anterior half with a pair of
small round holes, sometimes sunk in a common depression,
HYPOCTONUS. 1 1 7
occasionally separated by a very narrow partition which is less
broad than the diameter of either hole (fig. 36 E, p. 114).
Length up to about 30 ram., $ : 2n 27, cS .
Loc. Moulmein (Oates) • also females of the same or of a closely
allied form from Taoo, 4000 feet {Oates).
Subspecies insularis, Oates ■. Thelyphonus insularis, Oates, J. A.s. 11.
lviii, ]>t. -J, p. 13, pi. ii. figs. 7 8, 1889: Hypoctonus formoaus, var.
insularis, Kraep. Abh. Ver. Hamb. xv, p. 48, 1897; id. Tierr.,
Scorp. etc. p. 2;31, 1899.
Total length of adult 6 and $ , 33-36 mm.
Loc. Double Island in the mouth of the Moulmein River
(Oates).
Eepresentatives of this form, which was regarded by Mr. Oates
as a valid species, were collected in immense numbers in Double
Island. Apart from its greater average size, however, there
appears to be no constant structural character by which insularis
may be distinguished from the mainland form for mosus.
The following species is known to me only from the description
given by Mr. Oates, which is here reproduced : —
100. Hypoctonus andersoni, Oates, J. A. S. B. lviii, pt. 2, p. 11, pi. ii,
fig. 12, L889 (Thelyphonus); Kraep. Abh. Ver. Hamb.xv, p. 49,
1897; formoaus, var. anderaooi, id. Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 231, 1899
(Hypoctonus).
3 . Colour dark red, legs paler red. Chela; smooth, with a ven
few minute punctures; coxae normal, trochanter with a few obsolete
teeth on the anterior and lateral vd^e, and two strong spines
below; femur with a sharp tooth on its lower surface : tibia with
an indistinct spine on the lower edge. Tibial apophysis (fig. 36 C,
p. 114) about the same length as tibia, perfectly cylindrical for
three-quarters of its length, suddenly widened out on its ter-
minal quarter to half as wide again as the cylindrical portion and
terminating in a single recurved spine. Hand feeble, narrower
than tibia, interior edge toothed and hairy, exterior edge of the
fixed finger serrated ; movable finger curved, sharply pointed.
Carapace densely granular except on the portion between the
lateral and central eyes, w hicb is smooth. Firsl abdominals mum
in female longer than in male and pointed posteriorly.
Total length about 25 nun.
Loc. Upper Burma : i'udeepyoo Mountain, and the second
defile of the Erawadi River (Anderson).
Judging from the description and figure of the tibial apophysis,
this undoubtedly \alid species is allied both to //. saxatilis and
H. sylvatieus, bu1 caunol be confounded with either en accounl
of the red colour <>i the firsl leg and the quadrate shape of the
expansion of the tibial apophysis. It has been provisionally inserted
under beading a3 in the table on p. Ill' with //. sylvatieus and
//. saxatilis.
lis
TAR.TARIDES.
Suborder TARTARIDES*
Tartarides, 0. P. Cambridge, A. M. N. H. (4) x, p. 410, 1872.
Cephalothorax covered above by two plates — a posterior, smaller,
wider than long, representing the dorsal elements of the 5th and
6th somites, which bear the 3rd and 4th pairs of legs ; and an
anterior, much longer than wide, representing the dorsal elements
of the anterior four somites. Eyes sometimes absent, at most re-
presented by a single pale spot or ocellus on each side. Chelae or
palpi sub-prehensile, sub-pediform, not chelate, folding in a vertical
plane ; 4th segment (tibia) without spiniform apophysis, 5th seg-
ment long, cylindrical ; 6th segment (tarsus) shorter, conical, armed
A.
B.
Fig. 37. — Schi-omns crassicaudatus.
A. Lower side of cephalothorax and abdomen. «, coxa of chela ; h, of first
leg; c, of second leg; d, of third leg; e, of fourth leg; /, presternum ;
ff, metasternum ; //, first sternum, i, last sternum of abdomen; /.-, caudal
sclerite.
B. Carapace and anterior end of abdomen, m, anterior plate of carapace;
n, posterior plate; /, rostrum; o, first, p, second terguru of abdomen.
C. Posterior end of abdomen.
witli a pair of spiniform processes ; claw long, not fused to tarsus.
Legs-, 2nd with its tarsus 8-segmented, 2nd segment very long,
more than half the length of the succeeding six; coxa of 2nd leg
armed in front with a long spiniform process; femur of 1th leg
very thick; 6th segment (protarsus) of 2ml, 3rd, and 1th legs
subequal to the 5th (tibia) or at all events not much shorter.
Abdomen with its postanal sclerite short and uusegniented. .No
distinct pulmonary apertures behind the 1st and 2nd sterna.
* Propofed us a family-name by Cambridge, and elevated to the rank of a
• tribe by Tl orell I Ann. Mas. Genova. xwi, p. 358 ■
lll'Bli.UlMI hi 1 L9
Sexual characters. Males, where known, differing from females
in having the postanal sclerite expanded and spatulate in its distal
half, this organ in the females being unexpanded and subcylind-
rical ; chelae in male also frequently larger than in the female and
armed with spines.
Habits. Occur beneath stones, the debris of leaves, &c.
Distribution. Tropical Wes1 Africa; C^vlou, Burma, and the
Bismarck Archipelago (New Britain); California; Venezuela.
Also introduced with exotic plants into conservatories in Europe.
Further collecting will no doubt till up the apparent <^aps in the
distribution, and greatly increase our knowledge of the range of
this interesting little group.
Family HUBBAKDIIDJE.
Bubbardiidse, Cook, Proe. Ent. Soc. Wash. iv. p. 249, 1899.
SchiEoiioticUc, Thorett, .Inn. Mas. Genova, x.vvi, p. 358, L888.
Characters of the suborder.
The Indian genera may be tabulated as follows : —
a. Posterior plate of carapace undivided or at
mo.-t with a narrow sutural line SoHIZOMUS, p. 1 L9.
b. Posterior plate of carapace consisting of a dis-
tinct right and left half, or divided by a
narrow pellucid longitudinal area Tkithyrkis, p. 121.
Genus SCHIZOMUS, Cook.
Nyctalops, 0. P. Cambridge, A. M. X. 11. (4) x, p. 410, 1872 (nom.
prseocc.).
Schizonotus, Thorell) Ami. Mus. Gexova, xxvi, p. 858, L888; id.
op. cit. wvii. p. 554, L889; Pocock, A. M. X. II. (6) xi. }>. ).
18'.»-'i : Kraep. Abh. Ver. Hawk, xv, p 51, 1897: id. Tterr.,
Scarp, etc. p. l'.",:;. 1899 (nom. prseocc).
Schizomus, Cook, Proc. Vint. Soc. Wash, iv, p. 24!-». I1-'11.
Anterior dorsal plate of cephalothorox elongate, broad in front,
narrowed behind, ite anterior border armed with a long sharp beak-
like process the Length of which is greater than its basal width ;
posterior plate not divided into a distinct righi and left half
separated by a definite pale membranous area, but uniformly pig-
mented throughout and at most only marked with a very tine
median sutural line; no additional sclerites intercalated between
this [date and the anterior portion of the carapace., No eyes.
Chela of ' dentate beneath; caudal sclerite cylindrical at base,
its distal half expanded into a heart-shaped plate: chela
of $ unarmed beneath ; caudal sclerite irregularly cylindrical
throughout.
Type. S. crassicaiidatus, 0, P. Ca a
Distribution. Ceyl
1 20
HUBBARDIIDA\
101. Schizomus crassicaudatus, O. P. Cambr. A. M. N. H. (4) x,
p. 411, t. xxii, fig. 1, 1872 (Nyctalops) ; ThoreU, Ann. Mus.
Genova, xxvi, p. 358, 1888 ; Knup. Abh. Ver. Humb. xv, p. 52,
figs. U & 56a, 1897; id. Tien:, Scarp, etc. p. 234, figs. 82-83,
1897 (Schizonotua), d •
S. tenuicaudatns, 0. P. Cambr. A. M. N. H. (4) x, p. 412, t. xxii,
fig. 2, 1872 (Nyctalops) ; ThoreU. Ann. Mus. Genova, xxvi, p. 358,
1888; Kraep. Abh. Ver. Hamb. xv, p. 52, 1897 ; id. Tierr., Scorp.
etc. p. 234, 1899 (Schizonotus) ; Pocock, A. M. N. H. (6) xi,
p. 4, 1893 (Tripeltis), 5 .
<3 . Colour yellowish brown : carapace darker and duller in hue
than the rest of the body. Carapace and tergal plates rugulose,
covered with squamiform markings ; each tergutn furnished on its
posterior edge with a pair of bristles, one on each side of the posterior
margin, the bristles becoming more numerous on the posterior plates.
Sterna also furnished with symmetrically disposed bristles. Chela1
Fig. 38. — Schizomus crassicaudatus.
A. Chela of <$ . a. femur (3rd segment) ; b. 4th segment ; c, tibia (5th segment )
</, hand (0th segment) ; e, claw.
B. Chela of $.
C. First leg. f, femur ; r/, patella ; h, tibia ; i, tarsus.
D. Fourth leg. K\ femur; I, patella ; m, tibia ; n, protarsus; o, tarsus; p, claws.
E. Tarsus of 1st leg.
massive, the trochanter long, armed on its inferior distal angle
with a strong spiniform process ; femur very thick, strongly con-
vex above^ armed below with two tubercles; tibia (4th segment)
much less massive than the lemur, armed at the base below with a
large long tooth -like tubercle; f>th segment (=hand of riiely,ph(inus)
also elonpate, lightly convex above, its lower surface tinned with
small setiferous tubercles ; nth segmenl (tarsus = movable linger of
Thelyphonvs ) tinned with a pair of spinifonn processes. 1st leg ( not
including coxa) not longer than bodv, its tibia reaching to end of
TBITHYBEFS. ll'l
chela when extended; 2nd tarsal segment long, longer than the
three succeeding segments, 3rd segment wider than long. 4th about
twice as long as y,rd ; cth, 6th, and 7th of approximately the same
length as the 4th, and about as long as wide; >thlong, considerably
longer than the preceding two, acuminate. Femur of 1st leg a
little thickened; femur of 4th enormously thickened, especially at
the base, of 3rd less thickened than 4th. of 2nd less thickened than
3rd. Caudal sclerite with posterior heart-shaped expansion, the
narrow portion of the expanded portion directed posteriorly.
2 • Resembling c? in general features, but with the apex of the
trochanter of the chela rectangular, not produced into a long spine,
and no spines or tubercles on the underside of the femur, tibia, or
protarsus; caudal process cylindrical, without cordate expansion.
Total length up to about 6 mm.
Loc. Ceylon : in the Botanical Garden atPeradeniya ( Thwaites).
Genus TRITHYREUS. Kraepelin.
Tripeltis, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Genova, xxvii, p. 5o4, 1889; Kraep.
Abh. Ver. Hamb. xv, p. 52, 189" (nom. praeocc.).
TrithyTeus, Kraep. Tier/:, Seorp. etc. p. 234, 1899 (March).
Triplomus, Cook, Proc. Ent. Soe. Wash, iv, pp. iMO & 255, 1899
(April).
Differs from Schizomus in that the posterior dorsal plate of the
cephalothorax is not uniformly chitinized and pigmented through-
out, but is either completely divided into a right and left quadrate
portion (according to Thorell and Kraepelin), or is. at all events.
marked with a narrow, pellucid, anpigmented submembranous
median area, impressed with the sutural line observable in
Schizomus. In all the known specimens, which are perhaps
females, the cliche are unarmed, and the caudal sclerite is cylindrical
as in the female of Schizomus crassicaudalus.
Distribution. Ceylon ; Burma ; also Bismarck Archipelago.
Synojisis of Indian Species.
n. Posterior dorsal plate of cephalothorax
marked with a narrow median suture ;
apex of trochanter of chela rectangular,
scarcely produced '/'. suboculatus, p. 1:21 .
/>. Posterior dorsal plate of cephalothorax with
a broad median divisional line; trochanter
of chela apically produced and upturned
(according to Kraepelin and Thorell).
a. Without eyes; chelffi one and a half
times the length of the cephalothorax . . T. grassii, y. 122.
//-. With a pair of eye-spots; chelae a little
longer than the cephalothorax T. cambridgii, p. 122.
L02. Trithyreus suboculatus. >p. n.
Resembling the female of Schizomus crassicaudatus in general
features. Colour a yellowish olive-green on the carapace and
abdomen, legs and cbehe paler, nearly flavous. Anterior end ol
122
HuiJBAnnim.K.
carapace armed with a short rostrum, the basal width of which is
greater than its length. On each side of its anterior portion there is
a pale irregular-shaped patch representing
an eye, but showing no traces of a distinct
lens. Ten/a, like the carapace, coriaceous,
each furnished with a pair of symmetrically
disposed bristles, one on each side of the
middle, the 8th and 9th also with a bristle
on the posterior lateral angle, the median
bristles on the 9th much farther apart than
those of the 7th. Sternawith symmetrically
disposed bristles ; bristles on the posterior
abdominal somites very long. Chela' of the
same general form as in the female of
S. crassicaudatus, but weaker, being rela-
tively both shorter and thinner, the femur
especially being not nearly so thick ;
trochanter not strongly produced distally,
its distal angle rectangular. First leg
much longer than in /$'. crassicaudatus,
longer than body, when the appendage is
extended the tip of its femur almost
reaches the tip of the extended chela ; tarsal
segments not very different from those
Length of body about 4 or 4-5 mm. ; of
i;
c.
Fig. 39.
Trithyreus suboculatus.
A. Chela.
B. Posterior plate of
carapace : a, sutural
line.
C. Caudal skeletal plate.
of S. crassicaudatus.
1st leg about 6'5 mm.
Log. Ceylon: Punduloya (Green).
103. Trithyreus grassii, Thorell, Ann. Mm. Genova, xxvii, p. 554,
t. 5, lip-. 1, 1889 ; Kraep. Abh. Ver. Hamb. xv, p. 53, t. ii, fig. 58 b,
1897 (Tripeltis); id. Tierr., Scorp. etc p. 235, 1899 (Trithyreus).
Colour of body brown above : legs paler. No trace of eyes on
carapace; chehe oue and a half times as long as carapace; tro-
chanter with strongly convex inferior border, produced anteriorly
into an acutely angular process, of which the inferior border is
convex and the superior concave. First leg nearly twice as Long
as body. Other characters apparently much as in the preceding
species. Length of body about 7 mm., of 1st leg 13.
Loc. Burma : Teinzo (Fed).
104. Trithyreus cambridgii, Thorell, Ann. Mux. Genova, xxvii.
p. 559, 1889; Kraep. Abh. Ver. Hamb. xv, p. 53, L897 (Tripeltis) ;
id. Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 234, 1899 (Trithyreus).
Closely resembling T. grassix, of which this is perhaps the young.
Colour paler, more yellowish green ; carapace furnished on each
side with a round eye-spot ; chela only a little longer than
carapace. First leg (according to figure) shorter than body.
Length about 3-5 mm.
Loc. Burma : Prorne (/'<«).
\\l BLYPYGI.
1 23
Order AMBLYPYGI.
Carapace much wider than long, transversely reniform, with
convex anterior and lateral and concave posterior border; furn-
ished in front with a pair of median eyes, and a cluster of lateral
eyes on each side. Sia mil area broad, subcircular; membranous,
Fig. 40. — Phrynichus phipsoni, tf.
'/, inaudible ; /, trochanter; /. femur; c, tibia; d, band : C, claw of chela :
j, femur ; k, patella ; h, tibia ; g, protarsus ; ,/', tarsus of leg.
but strengthened with four median sclerites, the anterior
(labium or prosternum) long and pointed, projecting between the
bases of the chelae, the posterior (metasternum) lodged between the
coxa' of the 4th pair of legs. Coxse of cIkLi and legs arranged
radially round the Bternum, those of the 2nd and 3rd pairs widelj
separated. ChelsB prehensile, subchelate, closing in ;i horizontal
plane, their basal segments freely articulated to the membrane al
the sides of the anterior sternal selerite (prosternum, labium);
3rd (femur) and 4th (tihia) segments long and strong, Btrongbj
spined; 5th segment (hand) small, spined above and below; 6th
segment (finger) hairy, short, and ending in a long smooth daw.
124 AMBLYPYGI.
which is usually united to it without trace of suture. Legs of
1st pair very long and antenniform ; the segments on the distal
side of the femur forming a long, many-jointed flagellum.
.Remaining legs long and slender ; 4th segment (patella) very
short, 5th (tibia) long and slender, often segmented : tarsi con-
sisting of four or five segments ; the apical segment armed with
two claws, and often provided beneath with a membranous
sucker (pulvillus'). Abdomen oval, segmented, covered above by
12 terga, and below by 11 sterna as in the Uropygi, but much
shorter than in that group, the posterior segments very small, the
last tergum forming a movable flap over the anus ; no postanal
sclerite. Generative organs opening behind the sternum of the
2nd abdominal somite as in the Uropygi, that is to say, behind
what is described as the 1st sternum. Two pairs of breathing-
organs, consisting of pulmonary sacs, the anterior pair placed in
the same transverse line as the generative aperture, the posterior
pair opening behind the 2nd abdominal sternum.
Habits. These Arachnida, which are in many respects inter-
mediate between the Whip-Scorpions and the true Spiders, much
resemble the former in habits, being found under stones, fallen
tree-trunks, or in the crevices of rocks, of termites' nests, &c.
They do not, however, dig burrows for themselves. Many of
the species of Cliarontidce are to be met with in caves, on the
walls and roofs of which the sucker-like pulvillus enables them
to maintain a secure hold. The eggs are carried attached to the
underside of the abdomen, as in the Whip-Scorpions.
Distribution. Africa south of the Sahara, S. Arabia, and the
Seychelles ; Oriental Eegion from India, Ceylon, and Siam easi -
wards over the whole of the Indo- and Austro-Malayan area as far
as Fiji ; South and Central America northwards into Texas and
Lower California.
The Indian genera are inferable to two families, which may be
tabulated as follows : —
a. Sternal plates larpe ; no pulvillus on tarsus Phrynichidae.
b. Sternal plates small ; a distinct pulvillus on tarsus. Charontidae.
I'NKYNCHID.-t:.
I 25
Family PHRYNICHIDJE.
Sternal plates of larga size, much wider than long, the labial
process of the anterior plate rising abruptly from the middle of
its anterior border. Tibia of 4th leg composed of one or two
segments; two in the African genus Damon, one in the Indian
Fig. 41. — Lower side of ceplialothorax and of anterior end of abdomen of
l'hry melius lima t us.
a, coxa of chela; b, c, d, coxa? of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th legs; e, first abdominal
sternum; /, apertures of pulmonary organs; g, semilunar lobes on 2nd
abdominal sternum , h, metasternal, i. k, mesosttTiial,^, prosternal plates.
genus Phrynichus. Distal spines on upper side of tibia of chela
directed obliquely forwards, and overlapping the base of the
hand. No pulvillus or sucker beneath claws. Tarsi consisting of
three segments.
f)istril>nti.oi). Africa south of the Sahara; South Arabia, India,
Ceylon, and Siam.
(.'runs PHRYNICHUS, Karscb.
Phalangium, Linn. Syat. Nat. ed. w p. 618, L768 (in part).
Tarantula, Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii, p. 432, L79S (in part); Rjraep. Abh.
]'cr. Ilionh. xiii, p. !», L895.
Phrynus, Lamarck, Syst. Anim. p. L76, 1801 (in part); Latreille,
/'/is/. Nat. Crust. Lis. iii, p. 48, 181:.'; C. Koch, Antrim, x. p. 35,
184:j (iu part).
126
PHRYNICIIID.E.
Phrvnichus, Karsch, Arch. Nat. xlv, p. 195, 1879; Pocock, A. M-
N. II. (6) xiv, p. 294, 1894; Kraep. Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 236,
] 899.
Phrvnischus, Simon, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. lxi, p. 50, 1892.
Characters as undde the heading Phrynichidce. Kecognizable
from the African genus Damon by the presence of only one long
spiue on the upper side of the hand and by having the tibia of the
4th leg undivided.
Type, P. lunatus, Pallas.
Distribution. East Africa, Arabia, Western India and Siam.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
Adult with three long spines at distal end of
tibia of chela ; under side of hand smooth ....
Adult with two long spines at distal end of chela
above ; under side of hand with irregular rows
of granules.
a1. Of large size (25 to 35 mm. long) ; second
P. phipsoni) p. 127,
P. lunatus, p. 126.
sternum of abdomen with pair of lobes
Of small size (up to 15 mm.); second sternum
without pair of lobes P. pusillus, p. 128.
105. PhrynicllUS lunatus, Pallas, Spic. Zonl. ix, p. 35, t. hi, figs. 3 6,
1772 (Phalangium) ; Fair. Ent. Syst. ii, p. 433, 1793 (Tarantula) :
ceylonicus, C. Koch, Arachn. x, p. 35, fig. 776, 1843 (Phrynus) :
reniformis, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. x, p. 619, 1758, in part (Phalan-
gium); Karsch, Arch. Nat. xlv, p. 195, 1879; Kraep. Abh. Ver.
Hamb. xiii, p. 10, 1895 (Tarantula) ; id. Tierr. , Scorp. etc. p. 237,
1899 (Phrynichus).
5 . Colour nearly black or red-
dish brown, with three grey spots
on the upper side of the femora of
the legs ; much paler in recently-
moulted specimens. Carapace
and terga granular throughout ;
q sterna smooth, obsoletely punc-
tured; 1st furnished with a pair
of longitudinally subcrescentic
depressions, the middle of its
posterior border lightly concave
and fringed with rod hairs; middle
of posterior border of 2nd also
lightly concave and furnished
with a pair of chitinous lobes
which meet in t lie middle line.
Chelae with coxalsegmenl granular
below, smooth in the middle :
bordered behind with a crest of
Fig. 42. — A. Extremity of tibia of
chela of Phrynichus lunatus :
a, .rudiment of first spine ;
b, second, c, third spine.
I>. Extremity of tibia, of chela of
J', lunatus from below : e, distal
spine.
0. Ditto (if /'. phipsoni : d, distal
spine.
trochanter with upper surface
PHETHICHU8. 1-7
spines two or more rows deep, three of the spines of the front
row much larger than the real ; femur long, cylindrical, ;i little
more than three times the median length of the carapace, but less
than twice its width, coarsely granular above, spined in front
above and below ; tibia about as long as the femur, coarsely
granular, armed at the distal end above with two long spines in
the adult, three in the young, and on the underside at the apex
with two smaller spines, t he distal the smaller of the two, denti-
form and directed obliquely downwards and forwards : hand smooth
externally and internally, granular above and below, the lower
edge being furnished throughout its length with two irregular
rows of coarse granules, armed above and below with a single long
spine, and also with a tubercle on its upper side at the base of the
spine. Second abdominal sternum furnished with a pair of semi-
lunar lobes; first sternum transversely truncate in the middle of
its posterior border and furnished with a fringe of red hairs.
<3 . First abdominal sternum widely rounded posteriorly and not
hairy. Chela much longer thau in 2 : the trochanter and femur
generally much more bain' and much less strongly spined ; the
femur nearly four times the median length of the carapace.
Young much smoother than adult, more varied in colouring;
the chela- considerably shorter, the tibia armed distally above with
tlnve long spines, the first becoming gradually smaller with suc-
cessive moults until it is ultimately reduced to a mere tubercle.
Total length up to about 30-35 mm.
Loc. Ceylon: Kandy (Yerbury Sf Green).
106. Phrynichus phipsoni, Pocoek, A. M. N. H. (<;> xh . ].. 295, pi. viii,
fig. 4, L894.
2 . Size, colour, and general characters as in/'. In not us, from which
this principally differs in the permanent retention of characters
which appear in the young but are lost in the adult of that species.
For example, the first of the three large spines on the upper side
of the apex of the tibia of the chela is found in adult individuals
of P. phipsoni, and is about half the length of the others; on the
lower side of the tibia in the distal fourth of its length behind the
two apical spines there is another spine, which is always longer and
sometimes con>idrrably longer than the rest; the granulation of
the chelae is coarser and less close-set: the underside of the hand
is smooth or atmosl s >th, with at most the merest t rat I' a few
granules ; and the distal interior tibial spine is differently shaped
and less erect, its inferior edge being very decidedly convex from
base to tip, not Btraight with a median sinuosity as in P. I una tug,
and its upper edge lightly concave, without any basil convexity.
Total length 28 nun
Lor. Bombay {Moore § Phipsori)', Trivandrum in Travancore
( Ferguson).
128 chaeontidjE.
107. Phrynichus pusillus, Pocock, A. M. N. 11. (6) xiv, p. 296,
1894.
Closely allied to P. lunatus, but much smaller and much more
coarsely granular than the adults of that species, the carapace
being beset with large granules and the terga sparsely covered with
them, about twenty being scattered over the surface and twenty
arranged along the posterior edge, the interstices being very visibly
and finely granulated. The integumental folds of the 2nd abdo-
minal sternum obsolete.
Total length of d1 and $ up to 15 mm.
This species is assumed by Kraepelin to be based upon young
examples of P. lunatus. Young specimens of the latter, however,
resembling P. pusillus in size, may be at once recognized by the
much finer granulation of the integument, the presence and large
size of the third tibial spine of the chela, the much shorter chehe,
and the presence of the semilunar lobes on the 2nd abdominal
sternum.
Loc. Ceylon: Punduloya {Green).
Family CHARONTID^.
Anterior sternal plate lanceolate, evenly narrow from base to
point, without any basal plate-like expansion ; median and posterior
sternal plates small, subcircular. Tibia of the 4th leg consisting
of four or three segments. Distal spines on upper side of tibia of
chela directed inwards and scarcely overlapping the base of the
hand. Tarsi consisting of five segments; the distal with pulvillus
beneath the two claws.
Distribution. Seychelles ; Burma, Andaman Islands, Philippine
Islands; and over the whole of the Indo- and Austro- Malayan area
as far as the Solomon Islands.
Synopsis of Indian Genera.
Tibia of chela slender ; hand armed above
and below with one long basal spine ;
that on the upper side double and with
a few small spines between it and the
linger SxYGorintYNUs, p. 1 1".».
Tibia of chela wide ; upper side of hand
with two long spines, under side with
one long distal spines ; no smaller
spines.
a1. Tibia of 4th leg consisting of three
segments Catageus, p. L80.
'iliia of 4th leg consisting of four
segments Sarax, p. 13] .
sryGOPHRyjrus.
120
A.
B.
C.
Fig. 43. — Sarax mrawaken&is.
A. Lower side of ceplialothorax and of anterior end of abdomen : a, prosternal,
b, c, mesosternal, and d, metasternal plates ; e, 1st, and /, 2nd abdo-
minal sternum ; g & h, apertures of pulmonary sacs ; i, coxa of 4th,
k, coxa of 3rd, /, coxa of 2nd leg ; m, coxa of chela.
B. Tarsus of 4th leg : o, claws ; n, pulvillus.
C. Upper view of extremity of tarsus : q, claw ; p, pulvillus.
Genus STYGOPHRYNUS, Kraepelin.
Charon, Thorell, Ann. Mm. Genova, xxvii, p. 538, 1889 (not Charon
of Karsch).
Stygophrvnus, Kruepalin, Abh. Vet. Hamb. xiii, p. 44, 1895; id.
Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 248, 1889.
Only one long spine on the upper and lower side of the hand,
but the spine on the upper side with a slender supplementary spine
rising from the base of its posterior surface ; distal to the long
spine, both above and below, are a few, about three, small spines.
Claw not fused with ringer, but separated by a distinct sutural
joint. Tibia of chela moderately wide ; its upper edge furnished
with seven spines, of which the 4th, 5th, and 6th from the distal
end are subequal, very long and slender and longer than the width
of the tibia (fig. 44 A, B). Tibia of 4th leg consisting of four
segments. Second abdominal sternum with distinct semicircular
lobes.
Type (and only known species), 8. cavet-nicola.
Distribution. Burma.
130
CHARONTIDJE.
108. Stygophrynus cavernicola, Thorell, Ann. Mm. Genova, xxvii,
p. 5:38, 1889 (Charon) ; Kraepelin, Abh. Ver. Hamb. xiii, p. 44,
1895; id. Tien:, Scorp. etc. p. 248, 1899 (Stygophrynus).
Colour yellowish. Carapace smooth, not granular ; frontal spine
projecting forwards ; median ocular tubercle close to the anterior
edge of the carapace. Femur of chela armed on its upper border
with 6-7 spines, with granules between them ; underside also with
6-7 spines, of which the basal two are the longest ; spines on
upper side of tibia of chela very long, the sixth from the apex the
longest ; the under surface of the tibia with about 7 spines and
3 or 4 spinules between them. Length up to 24 mm.
Loc. Moulmein. Specimens taken in the Farm Caves (Fea).
Genus CATAGEUS, Thorell.
Catageus. Thorell, Ann. Mm. Genova, xxvii, p. 530, 1889.
Catagams, Kraepelin, Abh. Ver. Hamb. xiii. p. 47, 1895.
Catagius, id. Tien:, Scorp. etc. p. 251, 1899.
C.
B.
D.
Fig. 44. — A. Tibia of chela of Stygo-
phrynus cavernicola.
B. Lower side of hand of same :
a, articulated claw ; b, spine on
upper side of hand.
C. Tibia of chela of Cataycus pusillus.
D. Lower side of hand of same:
c, claw ; d, spines on upper side
of hand.
Upper side of Ivand with two
separated spines, of which the
distal is the shorter ; no spines
distal to them ; lower side of
hand with one spine at the distal
end. Tibia of chela very wide,
its upper edge with 5 long or
moderately long spines, two short
spines distal to the longest, which
is thus the median spine of the
series. Tibia of 4th leg con-
sisting of only three segments.
Second abdominal sternum with-
out pair of semicircular marginal
lobes.
Type (and only known species),
C. pusillus.
Distribution. Burma.
109. Catageus pusillus, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Genova, xxvii, p. 531,
1889 ; Kraepelin, Abh. Ver. Hamb. xiii, p. 47, 1895 (Catagaeus) ;
id. Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 251, 1899 (Catagius).
Colour : carapace reddish brown ; abdomen brownish grey, with
clearer spots. Carapace rounded, finely granular. Terga finely
granular. Femur of chela armed above and below with 3 spines ;
tibia with 5 spines above and 2 below, of which the distal is the
longest. Legs smooth ; proximal tarsal segment much longer than
the remaining four segments taken together. Total length up to
about 8 mm.
Loc. Burma : Moulmein (Fea). Specimen captured in the
Farm Caves.
SARAX. 131
Genus SARAX, Simon.
Charon, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Geneva, xxvi, p. 354, 1888 (nee Karsch).
Saras, Simon, Ann. Soc. JSnt. Fr. l.xi, pp. 43 & 4-~. 1892 : Kraepelin,
Abh. J'er. Hamb. xiii, p. 45, 1804; id. Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 250,
1899.
Hand armed above with two separated long spines, of which
the distal is the longest ; no small spines distal to them. Tibia
of chela wide, armed above with 8 spines, of which the 2nd from
the distal end is the longest. Tibia of 4th leg consisting of four
segments. Second abdominal sternum with two subspherical lobes
on its hinder border.
Type, S. brachydactylus, Sim. Two species known.
Distribution. Andaman Islands, Singapore, Borneo, Philippine
and Solomon Islands.
110. Sarax sarawakensis, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Genova, xxvi, p. 354,
1888 (Charon) ; Kraepelin, Abh. J'er. Hamb. xiii, p. 45, 1895 (in
part) ; id. Tierr., Scorp. etc. p. 251, 1899 (Sarax).
Colour a tolerably uniform reddish brown, sometimes marked
with black ; legs and abdomen paler. Carapace rounded in front,
the sulci deep, finely granular. Terga finely granular. Femur of
chela armed with 3 or 4 spines above, the basal the longest, the distal
the smallest, minute ; on the under side with 4 spines, the basal
small and directed inwards, the 2nd the longest; tibia armed
above with 5 spines, below with 4, of which the proximal and
distal are minute. Length up to about 9 mm.
hoc. Table Island, Andamans (Oates) ; also occurring in Singa-
pore, Borneo, New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands.
Specimens ( 6 $ ) from the Andaman Islands were captured by
Mr. E. W. Oates beneath stones at low water on the coast of
Table Island.
.. .-•
132
SOLIFUGvE.
Order SOLIFUGtE.
Integument richly clothed with hairs which are mostly soft and
silky on the abdomen, stiff and erect elsewhere, many of them
taking the form of long tactile bristles or of longer or shorter
spines.
Carapace segmented, consisting of a large anterior head-shield
(the head), behind which on each side are two narrow skeletal
pieces representing the tergal elements of the somites bearing the
1st and 2nd legs, and of two large subquadrate plates, which are
the terga of the somites bearing the Srd and 4th pairs of legs.
Fig. 45. — A. Anterior extremity of Galeodes ($) from above, a, mandible;
b, ocular tubercle ; c, buttress to which mandible is articulated ; d, head ;
e, remains of terga of 3rd and 4th somites, bearing 1st and 2nd pairs of
legs ; /, ff, terga of somites bearing 3rd and 4th pairs of legs ; h, i, 1st and
2nd abdominal terga.
B. Abdominal stigma showing scrrulce.
C. First abdominal sternum of J, showing k lateral and / median plates.
D. Extremity of tarsus and claws of 4th leg.
In the middle of
tubercle bearine:
the anterior border of the head is the ocular
i. pair of large eyes ; lateral eyes obsolete * -
On each side of the head there is a distinct buttress to which the
mandible is articulated. Mandibles projecting forwards, very large,
consisting of two segments ; the basal segment is swollen and bears
in front a compressed but strong, toothed process, the upper jaw,
* Traces of the lateral eyes have been found at the sides of the head.
These organs, however, are neglected in systematic description.
SOLIFUO.K.
133
which ends in an apically pointed fang. The distal segment or
lower jaw, also toothed and terminating in a fang, is articulated
to the under side of the basal segment and moves in a vertical
plane, so as to constitute with the upper jaw a pair of powerful
nippers. On the inner side of the basal segment there is fre-
quently a series of hard ridges which, by being rubbed against the
corresponding ridges of the other jaw, give rise to a harsh grating
sound. These are the stridula ting- ridges. Projecting forwards
from the lower half of the fore part of the head between the
mandibles there is a horny, hair-tipped rostrum, which bears the
mouth at its extremity. The sternal elements of the cephalo-
thorax are practically absent, their place being taken by the basal
segments or coxae of the appendages, which meet each other in the
median ventral line and are immovably welded together. The
palpi are long, pediform, and consist of six segments, named
coxa, trochanter, femur, patella, tibia, and tarsus. The coxa is fur-
nished with a maxillary process ; the trochanter is very short ; the
tarsus, also short, is sometimes freely movable, but is generally
B.
C.
Fig. 4G. — A, Palpus ; B, 1st leg ; and C, 3rd leg of Galeocle*. a, coxa ; b, tro-
chanter ; b' , trochantella ; c, femur of palp and trochantin of 1st and
3rd leg; c', distal end of femur of 1st and 3rd leg; d, patella; c, tibia;
f, tarsus; g, claws.
united to the tibia, with a mere sutural line between the two.
The 1st leg much resembles the palpus, to which it is fused at the
base, but is shorter and weaker and has an additional small seg
ment, the trochantin, cut off from the base of the femur ; the tarsus
may or may not be furnished with a claw. The 2nd, 3rd, and 4th
legs are the organs of progression. They differ structurally from
those of the 1st pair in having the trochanters divided into two
distinct segments, so that between the coxa and the femur three
segments are intercalated, namely the trochanter, the trocliantella,
and troclia,<tin. This multiplication of basal segments confers ex-
ceptional flexibility upon the legs, and more than compensates tor
the rigidity of the COX8B. The patella and tibia are unsegmented :
the tarsi are segmented or not, and to the apex is articulated a
pair of long claws, which differ from those of all other Arachnids
in being pediculated or borne upon long stalks. Attached to the
134
SOLLFUG.E.
base of the 4th leg there are five sensory organs, the malleoli — two
on the coxa, two on the 1 rochanter, and one on the trochantella.
Each consists of a slender basal piece or stalk, and an expanded
distal piece, the blade. There is no distinct waist between the
cephalothorax and abdomen snch as exists in the Uropygi and
Amblypygi. The abdomen consists of ten segments, each of which,
with exception of the last, bears a tergal plate above and a sternal
plate below ; the last or anal segment is represented by a single
plate marked with a vertical slit, the anal aperture.
Generative organs open upon or behind the sternum of the 1st
abdominal segment, the plate showing modifications in structure
according to sex and age.
Fig. 47. — Lower side of trunk and of bases of appendages of Galcodes. a, man-
dibles; h, c, d, e.g, coxaj of palp and of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th legs ; /, thoracic
stigma; h, 1st abdominal sternum; i, k, abdominal stigmata; I, anal
segment; m, trochanter, and 11, base of femur of palp; o, trochanter;
p, trochantin of 1st leg ; q, trochanter and trochantella of 3rd leg ; r, tro-
chanter and trochantella, s, trochantin, and t, base of femur of 4th leg ;
u, external malleolus.
The respiratory organs are in the form of tubular tracheae, the
stigmata of which open upon or behind the sterna of the 2nd
and 3rd, rareby also of the 4th, abdominal segment. There
is, moreover, a pair of large stigmata situated upon the ventral
side of the 4th segment of the cephalothorax, one on each side
behind the coxa of the appendage.
Sexual characters. Male with mandibles less strongly toothed and
(except in one American genus) furnished above at the base of the
upper jaw with an organ of unknown function, the flagellum. The
first abdominal sternum in the adult female consists of a single
plate marked with a median longitudinal groove. In the adult
galeodid^e. 135
males and the young females, on the contrary, the right and left
halves of this plate remain distinct, and protruding between them,
in the middle line, there is a pair of lip-like valves covering the
generative aperture.
Habits. These Arachnida are remarkable for their amazing agility.
Though principally desert forms, they are also met with in
forests, at least in India. They are nocturnal and strictly car-
nivorous. Some of the species at all events dig holes in the
ground, and the females at the breeding-season live in burrows for
the protection of themselves and their young. The latter are born
in the egg-stage.
Distribution. Spain, Greece, and S. Russia in Europe ; over the
whole of Africa and South-western Asia from Turkestan to Arabia
and Baluchistan, thence throughout India and into Ceylon ; also
in Siam and (?) the Moluccas ; America from the Southern States
of the Union to the Andean chain in Chili and the Argentine
Eepublic.
The families and subfamilies represented in the fauna of British
India may be diagnosed as follows : —
a. Tarsus of palp narrow at base and freely articulated
to tibia ; stalk of claws hairy Galeodidae.
h. Tarsus of palp broad at base and immovably fused
to tibia ; stalk of claws not hairy Solpugidae.
«'. Anal segment small, the aperture extending al-
most up to its superior edge Djesiin.^:.
bl. Anal segment large, the aperture scarcely sur-
passing its middle RHAGODiNiE.
Family GALEODID.E.
Stigmata upon the 2nd and 3rd abdominal segments opening
beneath the posterior edge of the sterna and protected by a pair
of transversely elongated fiuely toothed plates, the serruke.
Tarsus of palp narrowed at the base and movably articulated to
the tibia.
Claivs of legs, in the adult, with several rows of hairs upon the
stalk.
Anal segment small, the aperture extending almost to its upper
edge.
Distribution. Africa north of the Sahara and southwards into
Somaliland : South-eastern Europe, Greece and South Russia ;
South-western Asia, Turkestan, Asia Minor, Arabia, Persia,
Afghanistan and Baluchistan, thence over the whole of AVestern
and Southern India. Absent from Ceylon and Burma.
136 galeodidjE.
Genus GALEODES, Oliv.
Galeodes, Olivier, Encycl. Method, vi, p. 579, 1791 (in part) ; C. Koch,
Arch. Nat. 1842, pt. i, p. 3-50 ; Simon, Ann. Hoc. Ent. Fr. 1879,
p. 96 ; Karsch, Arch. Nat. 1880, p. 229 ; Pocock, A. M. N. H.
(6) xx, p. 251, 1897 ; Kraepelin, Jb. Hamb, wiss. Anst. xvi,
p. 201, 1899.
Rhax, Hermann, Mem. Ins. Apt. pp. 13 & 15, 1804 (nee Rhax of
C. Koch and subsequent authors).
Zerbina, Karsch, Arch. Nat. 1880, p. 233.
Zombis, Simon, Ann. Mus. Genova, xviii, p. 253, 1883.
Ocular tubercle furnished in front with a pair of symmetrically
disposed bristles, one on each side of the middle line. Mandible
with very weak stridulating-ridges. Flagellum of male erectile ;
consisting of a slender subcylindrical basal portion or stem and
of a gradually expanded but apically pointed distal portion or
blade, the edges of which are incurved to form a narrow hair-lined
hollow. Tarsus of 1st leg armed with two small claws concealed
amongst the hairs ; tarsi of 2nd and 3rd legs spined beneath, con-
sisting of two segments, of 4th of three segments : tibia of 2nd
and 3rd legs strongly spined above.
Male with head narrower than in female ; mandibles weak,
studded above with long erect spines for the protection of the
flagellum ; distal teeth of upper jaw weak or almost obsolete.
Palpi longer and stronger. Legs longer ; tarsus of 4th clothed be-
low with a pad of variously modified bristles. A row of reddish
bristles upon the posterior border of the 5th abdominal sternum.
Type, Gf. araneoides, Pallas. 8. Russia and Transcaspia.
Distribution. As above under family.
JSyno2)sis of Indian Species.
Males.
a. Pad on 4th tarsus consisting of a few stout
bacilliform bristles G. bacillifer, p. 144.
b. Pad on 4th tarsus consisting of many not
clavate bristles.
a1. Lower side of tibia of palp without cy-
lindrical bristles and with only a few
small setiferous tubercles G. nigripalpis, p. 144.
Tibia of palp studded below with seti-
ferous tubercles bearing stiff cylindrical
or fusiform bristles.
a'2. Cylindrical bristles on tibia of palp
very slender, sparsely set, rising from
small tubercles which scarcely ex-
tend to the apex of the segment. ... G. indicus, p. 142.
b'1. Bristles on lower side of tibia of palp
thick, numerous, rising from large
tubercles which extend t^> the apex of
the segment.
GALKODES.
137
'. Proximal tarsal segment of 2nd and
3rd legs with a posterior basal spine,
3 minor teeth on lower jaw of man-
dible G. afffhanw, p. 140.
'. Proximal tarsal segmenf of 2nd and
3rd legs without posterior basal
spine ; 2 minor teeth on lower jaw.
a*. Tibia and tarsus of palp entirely
pale yellow ; bristles on lower
side of tibia fusiform G. macmahoni, p. 141 .
//'. Tibia of palp fuscous, as dark as
patella or darker : bristles on its
lower side subcylindrical.
as. Large (over 40 mm.); yellow;
patella of palp twice width of
head G. agilis, p. 140.
b\ Smaller (about 30 mm.); brown-
er ; patella of palp less than
twice width of head G. orientalis, p. 138.
Females.
a. Tarsus of legs scantily clothed below with
stout hairs ; 9 pairs of strong short spines
on tibia of palp G. afghanus, p. 140.
b. Tarsi thickly clothed below with thin hairs;
tibia of palp without 9 pairs of short spines.
a1. Tibia of palp armed beneath with 6 7 pairs
of short spines, none of which exceed the
height of the segment.
a1. Lower jaw of mandible with 3 minor
teeth G. sabulosus, p. 139.
b'z. Lower jaw of mandible with 2 minor
teeth.
«3. Larger; legs and palpi llavous .... G.fatalis, p. 137.
//'. Smaller : legs and palpi partially
infuacate G. orientalis, p. 138.
b\ Tibia of palp armed with long and slender
spines, some or most of which exceed
the height of the segment.
a'. Patella of palp fuscous, tibia entirely
pale; 2 minor teetli on lower jaw . . (•'. macmahoni, p. 141.
b*. Patella and tibia of palp approximately
of the same colour: •'! minor teeth on
lower jaw.
//'. A posterior basal spine on tarsusof 2nd
and 3rd legs G. bacilltfer, p. 144.
b' . No posterior basal spine on tarsus of 2nd
and 3rd legs G. indicus, p. 1 12.
lll.Galeodes fatalis, Lichtenstein \ Herbat, Nat. ungefi. Ins. pt. i,
p. 32, t. i. fig. 1. L797 (2) (Solpuga) ; Pocock, Jour. Bom.
X. H. So". i\. p. Ill, 1895 (in pari 2 i : G-aleodes vorax, Hutton,
J. A. S. B. xi. pt. 2, ]>. 867, 1842 : Galeodes bemralensis, fhttler,
Tr. Ent. Soc. 1873, p. 119.
138 GALEODIDJE.
Colour mostly pale yellow, head with black tubercle, and lightly
infuscate at the sides ; dorsal plates of abdomen lightly infuscate.
Head wide, in adult wider than length of tibia, nearly or quite
equal to patella of palp ; exceeding tibia and nearly or quite equal
to patella of 4th leg. Mandible with the 3rd and 5th teeth of
the upper jaw large, there being normally only one minor tooth
behind the third ; lower fang with two minor teeth. Palpi short ;
patella armed externally beneath with from 3 to 4 short spines,
which are shorter than the diameter of the segment, and internally
with corresponding longer and thinner spines; stout bristles ar-
ranged at regular intervals and symmetrically on the two sides ;
tibia armed below with six pairs of short stout spines, the apical
the longest, the basal the shortest, all of them shorter than the
diameter of the segment. Legs with tarsi of 2nd and 3rd armed
with 7 spines, there being no posterior basal spine; tarsus of 4th
with 5 pairs of spines. Malleoli small ; blade of external a little
exceeding width of ocular tubercle.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 46, width of head 13-5, of
palp 41-5, 1st leg 29, 4th leg 54.
Distribution. Central and North India (ffutton); Bengal ; Gwa-
lior (Maries) ; Karaghora in Kathiawar (Bulkley).
112. Galeodes orientalis, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xxxviii, p. 209, t. xviii,
figs. 4-5, 1809; Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. II Soc. ix, p. 444, 1895
(nee G. orientalis, Simon, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. x, pp. 1-2, 1885).
$ . Structurally resembling G. fatalis, but smaller and darker,
the ground-tint being reddish yellow, not sandy yellow ; mandibles
ornamented with thin palely fuscous lines ; patella of palp infuscate,
A.
c.
Fig. 48. —Galeodes orientalis.
A. Extremity of palpus.
B. Upper jaw and flagellum (a) of J.
C. Upper and lower jaw of $ : ''< minor tooth of upper jaw; c, minor teeth
of lower jaw.
pale at the extremities ; tibia more strongly infuscate than patella,
the base pale ; tarsus paler than tibia ; tibia and tarsi of legs clear
GALEODES. 139
yellow ; the femur and patella of the 4th pair, and to a lesser
extent of the 3rd, infuscate.
c? . Resembling the female in colour, size, and spine-armature
of legs, but with longer, stronger legs and palpi, and narrower head
and mandibles. Width of head equal to about half the length of the
patella of the palp and nearly three-quarters its tibia, a little less
than two-thirds the length of the patella and about three-quarters
the tibia of the 4th leg. Mandible with flagellum short, the stalk not
much shorter than the blade ; the blade lanceolate, much broader
than the stalk, broadest across the basal half and evenly narrowed
to the point; distal five teeth of the upper jaw small and forming
a lobulate crest ; lower jaw with two minor teeth. Palp with
patella armed below with about twelve spines arranged in three
rows, the spines exceeding the height of the segment ; tibia
armed with six pairs of spines, these spines much longer than in
the female, but not exceeding the height of the segment; inferior
area of segment between the spines studded from base to distal end
with setiferous tubercles, the setae they bear are short, erect, cylin-
drical, slightly narrower at the base, truncate at apex and not so
long as the spines. Pad on tarsus of 4th leg consisting of whitish
but opaque, basally narrowed and apically acuminate but not filiform
bristles. A transverse row of about half a dozen reddish-coloured
bristles on the posterior border of the 5th abdominal sternum.
Large blade of the external malleolus at least as wide as half the
width of the head-plate.
Measurements in mm. —
Length of
Total
Width of
Length of
Length of
Length of
patella
length.
head.
palpus.
1st leg.
4th leg.
of palp.
?..
. . 30
8
28
20
39
o* ••
. . 27
7*5
41
29
51
13-5
hoc. Northern India ; Birbhum and Delhi (Stoliczka) ; Mussoorie
(Roth)ii'ij) ; GwaYior (Maries); Gya (Ph ipson) ; and Karaghora in
lvathiawar (Bull-ley).
Subspecies rufulus, now
2 • Closely allied to the typical form, but with the palpi darker ;
the whole of the patella, tibia, and tarsus being uniformly infuscate,
distal extremity of femur of palp, and femur and patella of legs,
infuscate. Tarsus of 4th leg with normally only 4 pairs of spines,
the apical segment rarely armed with 1 spine. Total length up to
about 30 mm.
Loc. E. Khandesh (Madari); Pimpalner in E. Khandesh and
Shirpur in W. Khandesh (Pearson)-, Eastern Poona (Wrowjhton).
113. Galeodes sabulosus, sp. n.
Allied to both the preceding in structure, and approaching
G. oriental is in size and 0. fa talis in colour, though the tibia
of the palp is infuscate in the basal half; differing from both
140 GALEODIDJE.
in having three distinct minor teeth on the lower jaw of the
mandible.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 32, width of. head 7, length
of palp 27, of 1st leg 19, of 4th leg 37.
Distribution. Kohat in the Punjab (Batten).
114. Galeodes agilis, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. II. Soc. ix, p. 445, t. A,
figs. 1-1 c.
S . Nearly allied to G. orientalis, but much larger. Prevailing
■colour paler yellow than in G. orientalis; head inf uscate anteriorly,
mandibles pale above ; patella of palp deeply or slightly infuscate ;
tibia and tarsus deeply and uniformly infuscate, sometimes almost
black ; legs pale or with femur and patella of 4th infuscate.
Palpi with patella twice as long as width of head, tibia longer than
width of head by one-third of its length.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 44, width of head 11, length
of palpus 65, of 1st leg 47, of 4th leg 76, tibia of palp 22.
Log. North-western India : Bikanir in Rajputaua (Talbot) ;
Jacobabad (Bombay JV. II. Soc.) ; Ivhost in Baluchistan (Smith).
115. Galeodes afghanus, Pocock, A. M. N. H. (6) xvi, p. 82, 1S95.
5» . Colour : head fuscous ; mandibles yellow, obscurely banded ;
palpus with distal half of femur and greater part of patella fuscous
with pale extremities, tibia and tarsus entirely flavous ; legs yellow,
with femora of 3rd and 4th and to a less extent the patellae infuscate
in the middle. Abdominal terga greyish black, sides of abdomen
covered with silky grevish-yellow hairs.
Width of head about two-thirds the length of the patella and as
long as the tibia of the palp and of 4th leg. Mandibles with upper
jaw armed with two large and widely separated minor teeth behind
the 3rd tooth ; lower jaw armed with three minor teeth. Patella
of palp armed beneath externally with about 4 shorter spines and
internally with longer spines ; tibia armed below with 9 pairs of
longer and shorter strong spines, the longest of which only exceed
the height of the segment at its narrowest part. Legs longer than
in G. fatalis, bnt with the same spine-armature, except that there
is a posterior basal spine on tarsus of 2nd and 3rd legs ; tarsi
much more scantily clothed beneath than in G. fatalis, the hairs
being much fewer, short, and subspiniform. Malleoli long ; blade of
external malleolus about twice the width of the ocular tubercle.
3 . Resembling the female in colour. Mandibles and flagellum
practically as in G. macmahoni, but with three minor teeth on the
lower jaw. Palpi shorter than in G. macmahoni; the patella barely
twice the width of the head-plate, which is distinctly less than half
the length of tibia and tarsus taken together. Spine-armature of
tarsi of 2nd and 3rd legs as in $ • Blade of external malleolus
less than half the width of the head-plate.
GALEODES.
141
Measurements in mm. : —
Total Width Length of
Length of
Length of
Length of
Length of
length, of head. palpu9.
1st leg.
4th leg.
patella
of palp.
tibia and
tarsus.
$.
. 46 14 58
42
71
19
18
6 ■
. 34 9 54-6
41
?
18-5
16-5
Loc. Between Quetta and Kandahar {Godwin- Austin) ; Omara
on the Mekrau coast, 130 miles W. of Karachi (Townsend).
116. Galeodes macmahoni, sp. n.
2 . Closely resembling the female of G. a f (/Junius in colour, but
much yellower, the head only lightly iufuscate in front ; mandibles
scarcely visibly banded above ; femur of palp uniformly yellow -T
legs also uniformly yellow, only the femur of the 4th lightly infus-
cate distally. Mandibles with only two minor teeth on lower jaw as
in G.fatalis, but with two behind the 3rd tooth of the upper jaw as
in G. afghanus ; the posterior of the two, however, is much smaller
than in that species and tuberculiform. Palpi longer than in
G. afghanus ; the width of the head about two-thirds the length of
the tibia, and much less than two-thirds that of the patella ; spines
on patella of palp all long and slender, considerably exceeding the
height of the segment and only a little thicker at the base than
the bristles ; the six pairs of spines on the tibia much thinner
than in G. fatalis and G. afghanus and a little longer than in the
latter, the bristles that project between them long and slender
at the base, much as in G.fatalis. Spine-armature of tarsi and
hairy clothing on under side of these segments as in G.fatalis.
External malleolus with blade a little exceeding the ocular
tubercle.
3 . Resembling the female in colour, and like the males of G. agilis
and orientalis in spine-armature of legs and palpi and dentition of
mandible. At once recognizable from the latter by the colour of the
palpi. Plagellum with the blade narrower and longer in proportion
to its width than in G. agilis. Legs and palpi longer than in the
latter, the patella of the palp being a little more than twice the
width of the head-plate, and the tibia and tarsus taken together
are also a little more, whereas in G. orientalis and Q. a</i/is the width
of the head is always more than half the length of these segments.
Again, the patella of the 4th leg is twice and the tibia nearly twice
the width of the head. Spines on under side of tibia of palp less
cylindrical than in G. agilis and G. orientalis, raesially incrassate,
then narrowed basally and apically. Spines composing pad on 4th
tarsus shorter, thicker, and more abruptly acuminate than in
G. orientalis and G. agilis. Blade of external malleolus as large as-
in G. agilis.
142
GALEODIDvE.
Measurements in mm.
Total Width of
length. head.
Length of Length of
palpus. 1st leg.
Length of
4th leg.
Length of
patella
of palp.
Length of
tibia and
tarsus.
8 .. 38
2 . . 33
11
85
52 37
60 ?
65
71
17
19-5
10
17
Loc. Northern Baluchistan (Maynard Sf MacMahori).
117. Galeodes indicus, sp.n.
[ = Galeodes fatalis, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. ix, p. 441 . pi. A, fig. 2.
& pi. B, tig. 1 a, in part ( J ), 1895 ; not fatalis, Ilerbst : G. orientals,
Simon, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. x, p. ], 1885 ; not orientalis, Stol.]
5 . Colour : head iufuscate, paler in the middle line ; mandibles
yellower than the head and marked with fuscous lines; upper side
of abdomen inf uscate, the dorsal plates darker ; legs and palpi a
tolerably uniform yellowish brown, patella and basal half of tibia
of palp and femur aud patella of 4th leg at most lightly iufuscate.
Head about two-thirds the length of the patella of the palp and of
4th leg, shorter than the tibia of palp by about one-fifth of its
length, and not quite so long as tibia of 4th leg. Dentition of
mandible as in G. afghanus. Patella of palp armed below with
about eight pairs of long setiform spines, of subequal thickness and
alternating in length, but considerably exceeding the height of the
segment ; tibia similarly armed below with about ten or eleven
pairs of longer and shorter spines, half of them on each side being
very long and setiform, and slightly stouter than the others, which
are short but for the most part exceed the height of the segment.
Tarsi of legs armed as in G. fatalis, except that the distal tarsal
segment of the 4th is spined. Blade of external malleolus slightly
exceeding the ocular tubercle.
A.
B.
0
Fig. 49.— Galeodes indicus. A. Extremity of palpus of ^. B. Upper jaw
of $ with, d, flagelluni. O. Upper and lower jaws of 9_ '■ ''. minor teeth
of upper jaw ; /, ditto of lower jaw.
J . Like the female in colour, spiue-armature of tarsi, dentition
of lower mandibular fang, &c. Flagellum long, not quite straight ;
blade much longer than the handle. Palpi very long, as in G. mac-
mahoni, the patella more than twice the width of the head, which
is also less than half the length of patella and tarsus taken together;
head scarcely half the length of the patella of the 4th leg and not
OALEODES.
143
Total
Width of
Length of
Length of
length.
head.
palp.
Is! leg.
$
..30
7-5
38
24
8
..28
7
54
37
quite two-thirds its tibia; tibia of palp differing from that of the
previously described species in that the cylindrical seta? on the
underside are very slender, few in number, and rarely extend to
the distal end of the segment ; the tubercles that bear them, more-
over, are much smaller than in other species. Tarsus of 4th leg
covered below with a pad of black or brown seta;, which, however,
do not spread on to the apical segment. Blade of external malleolus
less than half the width of the head. 5th abdominal sternum with
marginal row of reddish bristles.
Measurements in mm. : —
Length of Length of tibia
Length of patella and tarsus
4th leg. of palp. of palp.
48 12 12
62 18-5 16-5
Loc. Ranging over the whole of India from Bengal in the north
to Cape Comorin in the south.
Three subspecies of this species seem to be recognizable: —
a. The typical form (=6r. fatalis, Pocock, Jour. Bom.N". H. Soc.
p. 441 , 1895, 6 ), as described above, is the Northern form, with legs
and palpi paler and almost uniformly yellowish brown or at most
only slightly infuseate.
Loc. Gwalior (Maries) and Grya (Phipson) ; Bilaspur in the
Central Provinces (type) ; Thana, north of Bombay.
It is this northern form, then known only from a young female
and an adult male from Grwalior, that I originally referred to
G. fatalis, in conjunction with an adult 5 of the genuine fatalis
from the same locality. The male of the latter is still unknown ;
but seeing how closely the female resembles that of G. orientalis,
there can be no doubt that the male will prove to be like the male of
that species, and not like the male of G. indicus.
b. Subspecies obscurior, nov.
Resembling the typical form in spine-armature of tarsi and other
structural points, but much darker in colour ; palpi infuseate, with
the tarsus, base of femur, and a narrow area adjacent to the joints
of tibia and patella pale ; in the 4th leg the femur, patella, and at
all events the base of the tibia infuseate ; the 2nd and 3rd legs also
infuseate, but less so than the 4th ; even the upper side of the tro-
chanters are clouded with fuscous. Length up to 41 mm., width
of head 11*5, length of palp 45.
Loc. East Khandesh, Pimpalner &c. (Pearson, Modem) ; Nasik
{MilleU).
c. Subspecies australis, nov. (= orientalis, Simon).
Southern form, with legs and palpi more infuseate than in the
typical G. indicus, bat certainly less so than in G. indicus subsp.
obscurior. Further differing from both the northern forms in the
spine-armature of the tarsi of the 2nd and 3rd legs, which are armed
posteriorly with only 1 or 2 spines. Male with pad on the 4th tarsus
144
GALEOMDJ?.
composed of hairs which are paler in colour, more numerous, longer
and sharper apically than in the male of the typical G. indicus.
Loc, Madras (Jerdon) ; Secunderabad (Ricardo, type); Tinnevelly
(Barber), and Kanara (Bell).
118. Galeodes nigripalpis, sp. n.
6 . Colour as in G. agilis, but with legs darker, the distal end of
the femur, the patella, and tibia being infuscate; 1st leg with patella,
tibia, and tarsus infuscate. Flagellum of mandible shorter than in
the other species, its inferior (posterior) edge straight from base to
tip, upper edge of blade evenly convex, rather abruptly narrowed
to a point, the widest portion of the blade being about in the
middle ; one minor tooth on lower jaw. Palpi armed with spines
as in 67. agilis and other species, but the under surface of the tibia
not thickly studded with tubercles bearing stiff short bristles, but
nearly smooth with only a few tubercles bearing long setoe and
covered with short slender silky hairs ; palpi a little longer than
in G. agilis ; patella more than twice the width of the head, which is
half the length of the tibia and tarsus taken together. Tarsi of
2nd and 3rd legs armed with the normal 4 anterior spines, but with
only 2 postei'ior spines on tarsus of 2nd, 1 on the apical segment,
the others on the distal end of the basal segment ; tarsus of 4th
with apical segment unspined. Length of patella of 4th leg twice
the width of head; tibia longer than the width of the head by one-
fourth of its length. Malleoli large ; blade of the external malleolus
exceeding half the width of the head.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 29, width of head 7*5, length
of palp 52, length of 1st leg 38, length of 4th leg 62, patella of palp
17, tibia of palp 15-5.
Loc. Omara on the Mekran coast, Baluchistan (Toivnsend).
119. Galeodes bacillifer, sp. n.
§ . Allied to G. indicus, but a uniform pale yellow, the ocular
tubercle alone being black. Width of head a little more than half
the length of the patella of the palp. Mandibles with two bluntly
rounded minor teeth on the lower jaw, the posterior of them
separated by a widish space from the posterior major tooth, and
two behind the third tooth on the upper jaw. Palpi armed as in
G. indicus, the spines on the patella all long and setiform ; also
on the tibia long setiform spines alternate with shorter thinner
spines. Legs spined as in G. indicus, but the first tarsal segment
of 2nd and 3rd legs armed with a posterior basal spine ; tarsus of
4th armed with 4 pairs of spines ; the apical segment unspined.
<S . Like the female in colour, and allied to the male of G. indicus.
Mandibles with flagellum and tooth-armature as in that species.
Palpi very long, patella two and a half times as long as the width
of the head, tibia and tarsus a little more than twice as long ;
patella of 4th leg also about two and a half times as long, tibia
nearly twice as long ; tibia of palp scantdy clothed beneath with
long, slender, cylindrical bristles as in G. indicus. Tarsi of 2nd
SOLPUGID.E. 145-
and 3rd legs with posterior basal spine ; tarsus of 4th clothed
beneath with short distally expanded clavate bristles *. Width
of blade of external malleolus equal to half the width of the
head.
Measurements in mm. : —
Total Width Length Length of Length of Length of tibia
length, of head, of palpus. 4th leg. patella of palp, and tarsus of palp.
$. 30 6 33 44 11 11
6 ■ 22 6 46 59 l.-> 14
Lot: Northern Baluchistan (Maynard § MacMahon).
Family SOLPUGID^.
Apertures of the abdominal respiratory organs not protected by
a pair of serrulce. Tarsus of palp not narrowed at its base,
immovably united to tibia, from which it is separated by a sutural
line. Basal portion of claws smooth, hairless. Anal segment large
or small.
Distribution. As stated above under Order Solifugse.
Subfamily DiESIIN/E.
Kraepelin, Jb. JIamb. wiss. Arnt. xvi, p. 221, 1899.
Anal segment, small, roundish, almost completely divided into
a right and left half by the anal aperture, which extends nearly to
its upper edge. Anterior border of head not transverse, light 1\
produced. Mandible with stridulating-ridges highly developed.
Flagellum membranous, with incurved edge or edges, longish,
subovate, rounded at one extremity, pointed at the other, movably
articulated to the inner side of the upper jaw by a single point of
attachment somewhat resembling a pin-head. Tarsus of 1st leg
without claw, of remaining legs spined beneath. Tibia; of 2nd
and 3rd legs spined above.
Distribution. Mediterranean, Ethiopian, and Western Orient,! I
Regions ; America from Texas to the Argentine Republic.
One tudian genus.
* Apical tarsal segment considerably longer than the second, spine-armature
also very abnormal; the basal segment armed with 5 Bpines behind and Id
spines in Front, 4 being Bituated close together, 2 above and 2 below at the
base, and (> in a row ; second segmenl with a pair of Bpines, apical Beguient with
a single posterior spine. The Itb leg is present only on one Bide of the bod3
so it is not possible to judge of I he constancy of this peculiar Bpine-armatun
nor of the value of the unusual inequality in length between the second and
third tarsal segments.
146
SOLPUGIDtE.
B.
c.
Genus GLUVIOPSIS, Kraepelin.
Gluviopsis, Kraepelin, Jb. Hamb. iciss. Anst. xvi, p. 235, 1899.
5 . Anterior border of head lightly convex. Ocular tubercle fur-
nished with numerous short stout
bristles ; similar bristles scattered
over the head, being longest near
the margins, and also on the
thoracic and at least on the
anterior abdominal terga. Upper
jaw of mandible with 1st, 2nd,
and 4th teeth large, 3rd small ;
lower jaw with 1 minor tooth.
Patella and tibia of palpus armed
below with two rows of spines
and studded with short, erect,
cylindrical bristles above and
below; only a few tactile hairs
on the palpus. Legs with tarsi
one-joiuted, tarsus of the 4th about
five times as long as high ; femur
of 4th about five times as long
as high ; tibia of 2nd and 3rd with
5 posterior and dorsal spines.
cT . With dorsal surface of
head, thorax, and abdomen much
more strongly spined than in
female ; upper jaiv weakly
toothed ; fiageUum membranous,
fusiform, rounded in front and
pointed behind when lying at
rest, its upper edge folded over,
its anterior extremity not projecting so far as the 1st mandibular
tooth, hinged to the jaw by a swivel joint, which is visible as a
rounded chitinous button.
Type, 6r. rufescens, Pocock ; N. Africa and Arabia.
Distribution. Countries south and east of the Mediterranean
(Algiers, Asia Minor), Arabia, Somaliland, Socotra, and Western
India.
120. Gluviopsis atratus, Pocock, A. M. N. H. (7) v, p. .303, 1900.
$ . Colour blackish, body covered with yellowish bristles and
spines ; 1st and 2nd legs mostly pale, base of palp and base
;md apex of 3rd and 4th legs pale. Width of head about equal to
length of patella or to tibia and tarsus of palp, shorter than
patella and longer than tibia of 4th leg. Palpus about three times
as long as width of head.
<5 . Much more coarsely and closely spined than female ; terminal
fangs of mandible long and slender, the upper nearly straight,
D.
Fig. 50. — Gluviopsis atratus. A.
Jaws of $ . B. Jaws of $ .
C. Upper jaw of $ from inner
side, showing flagellum (a) and
some of the stridulating-ridges (6).
D. Tarsus of 4th leg;.
BIIAGODES.
147
bent slightly downwards. Palpi longer, patella as long as tibia
and tarsus and about one and a half times as long as width
of head ; patella of 4th leg nearly twice as long as, and tibia
about one-fifth longer than, width of head. Modified hairs of 2nd
abdominal sternum long, slender, incrassate, with apex acuminate.
Measurements in mm. : —
Total
Width of
Length of
Length of
length.
head.
palpus.
4th leg.
2 ••
. . 14
3-5
11-5
17-8
6 ..
. . 13
3
13
20
Loc. Western India: Poona Ghats (Irani); Piinpalner in
Western Khandesh (Pearson).
Subfamily RHAGODIN.E.
Pocock, A. M. N. II. (6) xx, p. 250, 1897 ; Kraepelin, Jb. Hamb.
wiss. Anst. xvi, p. 207.
Anal segment very large, the anal aperture situated in its lower
half and scarcely extending to its centre. Anterior border of head
straight and transverse. Mandibles with stridulating-ridges
scarcely developed. Flagellum horny. Legs with tarsi spined
beneath, and tibiae of 2nd aud 3rd legs strongly spined above.
Distribution. North Africa from Senegambia to Masailand ;
Syria, Arabia, Persia ; India and Ceylon ; Siam, Moluccas.
Genus RHAGODES, Pocock.
Ithax, C. Koch, Arch. Nat. 1842, p. 354, and of subsequent authors
up to 1897 (nee Rhax, Hermann).
Uhag-odes, Pocock, A. M. N. II. (6) xx. p. 252, 18.J7 ; Kraepelin,
Jb. Hamb. wiss. Anst. xvi, p. 209, 1899.
C.
****
D.
^3"
>
E.
Fi
g. 51. — Rhagodcs hrevipes. A. Anal segment, showing anal aperture (a).
B. Second abdominal sternum with stigmata (b). 0. Tarsus of 1th leg.
D. Jaws of female. E. Jaws of male with flagellum (<•).
Ocular tubtrde with a pair of seta1. Mandibles large, the 3rd
T. 2
148
SOLPT7GID7E.
tooth of the upper jaw very large ; lower jaw armed with one
large tooth and two small teeth. Flagellum consisting of* two-
closely applied pieces forming an apparently single organ fixed to
the inner side of the base of the upper jaw, the basal half broad
and directed forwards, the apex narrow and upturned, projecting
vertically above the edge of the jaw. Legs short, tarsus of 1st
tipped with claws ; each tarsus consisting of a single segment.
Male smaller than female and with legs longer ; teeth of mandible
smaller, 3rd tooth of upper jaw not projecting so strongly.
Type, R. melanus, Oliv.
Distribution. As above under Rhagodince, but not occurring in
Siam and the Moluccas.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
a. Legs and palpi ornamented with black rings
and spots.
a1. An tero -lateral angles of head yellow ;
femur of palp black beneath ; a black
spot on the lower surface of the femur
and patella of 1st leg and on posterior
surface of patella of 4th leg R. nigrocinctus, p. 151.-
bx. Antero-lateral angles of head not yellow;
lower side of femur of palp, of legs of
first pair, and tibia of 4th pair uniformly
yellow (according to Simon) R. annulatus, p. 152.
b. Legs and palpi uniformly yellowish or red-
dish brown, with the tibia and tarsus of
palpus and of 1st leg either partially or
entirely deep brown.
«'-. Mandibles yellow, head black R. nigriceps, p. 150.
b2. Mandibles and head of the same colour,
black or deep brown.
a3. Abdomen entirely black above and
at the sides ; tibia of 4th leg
furnished in front beneath with only
one spine on the proximal side of
the inferior apical spine R. brevipes, p. 149.
b3. Abdomen not entirely black ; tibia of
4th leg with 2 spines on the proximal
side of the inferior apical spine in
front.
ff4. Upper side of abdomen black in its
anterior, yellow in its posterior
half, the last somite quite black . . 7t'. semifiavus, p. 149.
i4. Upper side of abdomen mesially
fhivous ; anal somite uniformly
flavous.
a'. Sides (if abdomen ornamented with
a broad black band ; only 1 stout
spine at distal end of patella of
'2nd and 3rd legs R. vittatus, p. 150.
b\ No black baud on sides of abdo-
men ; at least 2 spines on apex
of patella of 2nd and 3rd legs . . R. phipsoni, p. 152.
HI I VGODES. 149
121. Rhagodes semiflavus, Pocock, A. M. N. H. (6) iv. p. 473, 1889;
id. Jour. Horn. N II. Soc. ix, p. 450, t. B, fig. 2 (Rhax).
Colour. Head and mandibles a uniform deep brown ; thoracic
terga pale : anterior four terga of abdomen and anterior portion
of the 5th blackish, posterior portion of 5th and the whole of the
6th, 7th, 8th, and 9th pale yellow, the last or anal segment
black ; sides of abdomen yellowish brown in front opposite the
black terga, a deeper more chocolate brown behind opposite
the pale terga; ventral surface of abdomen yellowish, covered with
reddish-golden hairs ; palpi flavous," with tibia and tarsus deep
brown ; first leg flavous, with tarsus and distal end of tibia deep
brown and tibia clothed with reddish hairs ; remaining legs
uniformly flavous, with deep brown spines ; malleoli uniformly
flavous. Width of head about equal to patella and half the tibia
of the palp, to tibia and two-thirds of the patella of the 4th leg,
and to patella, tibia, and half the tarsus of the 3rd leg. Palp
scarcely exceeding twice the width of the head, 2nd leg with
patella armed above with one stout median apical spine, and below
with one pair of setiform spines at the distal end and some stout
seta? behind them; tibia armed with 6-7 stout spines above in an
irregular row, also" with a pair of spines below at the distal end
and two spiniform seta? in a row on the underside in front, the
distal of these much the stouter of the two ; tarsus armed with
three pairs of spines in addition to numerous stiff bristles : 3rd leg
armed like the 2nd, the inferior pair of setiform spines on patella
stouter, the proximal of the two spiniform seta? on the front of
the underside of tibia thinner as compared with the distal ; patella
of 4th with a pair of distal spiniform seta1, the anterior the
stouter and shorter of the two ; tibia not spined above, but armed
with a pair below at the distal end, one in front at the distal end
and two on the under surface in front.
Measurements in mm. — $. Total length 33, width of head 9,
length of palp 21, of 4th leg 27, patella, tibia, and tarsus of
palp 14.
Loc. Kohat in the Punjab (Batten).
122. Rhagodes brevipes, Gervais, L'Institut, x, 1842, p. 7<*>; id. Ins.
Apt. hi, p. 87, 184 1 (Solpu^a) ; Pocock, Jour. Horn. A. II. Soc. ix,
p. 450, t. A, tig. 4, and t. 15. fig. :;. L895 (Rhax).
2 . Colour. Head black, mandibles deep blackish brown; thoracic
segments yellow, lightly Lnfuscate; upper and lateral surface of
abdomen coal-black, lower surface deep brown; legs and palpi
uniform clear reddish yellow, the tibia, except Eor a narrow pale
ringat the base, and the tarsus of the palp almost black, and the tarsus
and distal half of tibia of 1st leg deep brown; malleoli with fuscous
border. Legs and palpi rather shorter than in R. semiflavus ; width
of head equal to patella and three-fourths of tibia of palpus, almost
as long as patella and tibia of 4th leg, and as long us patella, tibia,
and tarsus of 3rd ; palpus not so much as twice the width of the
150 SOLPTTGIDJE.
head. Spines and spiniform setae of legs and palpi thinner than
in R. semiJJavus.
c?. Resembling female in colour. Palpus twice and a half as
long as the width of the head, the latter as long as its patella
and one-third of the tibia of the palpus and of 4th leg, or as the
patella and about three-quarters of the tibia of the 3rd leg.
Measurements in mm. : —
Total Width Length Length of Length of patella, tibia,
length. of head. of palp. 4th leg. and tarsus of palp.
$ .... 33 10 19-5 28 13-3
<J .... 20 6 16 23 10
Loc. N. W. India : "Umballah ; Dbarmsala (Fulton) ; Dera Ghazi
Khan (Watts) : Nepal (Hardivicke, type)*.
123. Rhagodes vittatus, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. xii, p. 740,
1899.
<$ . Colour of head, mandibles, legs, palpi, thoracic terga, and
under side as in R. semifavus, but differing from the latter in the
colour of the upper and lateral surface of the abdomen ; the tergal
plates, with exception of the 1st, which is black at the sides, are a
uniform clear yellow, the last or anal segment being at most faintly
clouded with fuscous below, the sides of the upper surface
ornamented by a broad deep black band, which extends from the
first tergite to the posterior end of the abdomen, narrowing
posteriorly and stopping short before reaching the anal somite.
Head thickly clothed, especially behind, with long reddish hairs ;.
mandibles as in the male of R. brevipes, but with the third tooth
of the upper jaw and the large tooth of the lower distinctly smaller.
Width of head equal to patella and half the tibia of the palp, to
patella and one-fourth the tibia of the 4th leg, and to patella and
half the tibia of the 3rd. Legs and palpi spined as in the preceding
species, but the coxae of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd legs furnished with
long, slender, cylindrical, dark-coloured spines.
Measurements in mm. — d. Total length 22, width of head 6-5,
length of palp 16, length of 4th leg 26, patella, tibia, and tarsus of
palp 9-5.
Loc. Karaghora in Kathiawar (Bullleij).
124. Rhagodes nigriceps, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. ix, p. 451,.
18ho (Hhax) : persicus, Kraepelin, Jb. Hamb. tviss. Anst. xvi,
p. 211, 1899 (Uhagodes).
$ . Colour. Head and upper side of abdomen uniformly deep
black, as in R. brevipes, with rarely a pale patch on the posterior ex-
tremity of the upper side of the abdomen ; mandibles clear yellow :
legs and palpi coloured as in R. hrevipes, but with only the tarsus of
the palp and 1st leg deep brown, the tibia at most lightly browned.
* Hardwicke's localities a»e not to be trusted. In the present instance, Nepal
is probably erroneous.
Total
length.
Width
of head.
Length of
palpus.
Length of
4th leg.
2-
. 26
6-3
13
16-5
6 .
. 21
G
16
23
RHAGODES. 151
"Width of head equal to patella and three-fourths the tibia of the
palpus, almost as long as these segments of the 4th leg, and as long
as the patella, tibia, and tarsus of the 3rd leg. Spine-armature of
legs and palpi as in E. brevipes, but the tibia of the 4tb leg armed
in front beneath with two distinct spines in addition to tbe two at
the apex of this segment as in E. semiflavus, but the two spines
closer together.
d" . With terminal fangs of mandible very long, slender, and
curved, very noticeably more so than in the males of E. brevipes and
E. vittatus: flagellwm larger, its terminal portion thicker than in
the previously described males. Width of head about equal to
patella and one-third of tibia of palpus and of 4th leg. Coxcr
bearing numerous cylindrical spines.
Length of patella, tibia,
and tarsus of palp.
9
10-2
Lor. East India (type): Xortbern Baluchistan (Maynard $
MacMahon); Persia (Kraepelin).
125. Rhagodes nigrOCillCtus, Bernard. Join: Linn. Soc, Zool. xxiv,
p. 861, pi. xxvi, tip-. 2, 1894; Pocock, Jour. Bum. N. H. Soc. ix.
p. 451, 1895 (Rhax).
$ . Colour of upper side of trunk as in E. vittatus, the head and
mandibles being blackish brown, but there is a conspicuous yellow
patch on each antero-lateral angle of the head ; terga of thorax
yellow, lightly clouded with fuscous ; terga of abdomen yellow, the
anterior portion of the 1-t and 9th black, and the antero-lateral
angles of the Gth. 7th, and sth. and to a lesser degree of the others,
blackish ; anal somite and sides of abdomen black, lower surface of
abdomen deep blackish brown, the median area of the 1st sternum,
and the area around the stigmata on the 2nd and 3rd, yellow ; mal-
leoli flavous : coxa' of legs and palpi and first trochanter segment of
3rd and 4th legs clouded with dull brown : palpi yellow, with the
trochanter and inferior edge of femur black, a black ring round the
middle of the patella occupying about one-third of its length, and
the distal half of the tibia and the tarsus black ; 1st leg yellow.
with a black spot on the under side of the femur and patella; tarsus
deep brown ; 2nd leg with a complete black ring round the femur;
3rd leg with complete femoral ring and a black ring round distal
half of patella, but separated by about its own width from the apex
of the segment ; 4th leg with a broad black femoral ring, incom-
plete in the middle line above, and a black spot on the posterior
side of tbe patella ; there is also a black patch on the upper side of
the 3rd and 4th legs, marking their point of attachment to tin-
thorax. Width of head as compared with length of legs and
palpi, dentition of mandibles, and apine-armature of legs as in
E. nigriceps.
152 SOLPUGIDiE.
Measurements in mm. — $ . Total length 23, width of head 6,
length of palpus 13, length of 4th leg 10, patella, tibia, and tarsus
of 4th S.
Loc. Southern India : Vellore.
126. Khagodes aimulatus, Simon, Bull. 8oc.Zool.Fr. x, p. 2, 1885;
Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. ix, p. 452, 1895 (Rhax).
This species is unknown to me, but, judging from the description,
it is closely related to B. nigrocinctus. It may, however, be
provisionally regarded as distinct on the grounds that Simon does
not mention the presence of a yellow patch on each anterior lateral
angle of the head, nor the blackness of the lower side of the femur
of the palp, nor the black spot on the lower side of the femur and
patella of the 1st leg, nor on the posterior side of the patella of the
4th leg.
Loc. Wagra-Korur, near Guntakal in the Bellary District.
127. RhagOdes phipsoni, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. ix, p. 448, t. A,
fig. 3, and t. B, fig. 4, 1895 (Rhax).
2 . Colour much like that of B. vittatus ; head and mandibles
deep reddish brown ; abdomen tolerably uniform whitish yellow, the
terga a little darker than the lateral surface, but there is no black
lateral band such as is present in B. vittatus; legs and palpi
yellow, with tibia and tarsus of palp and 1st leg brown and
becoming browner towards the distal extremity. Palpi and legs
shorter than in any of the Indian species ; width of head equal to
length of patella and tibia of palp, very slightly longer than these
segments of the 4th leg, and longer than patella, tibia, and tarsus
of the 3rd ; palpus much less than twice as long as the width of the
bead. Spine-armature of legs as in the other species, but with
-one additional stout brown spine (rarely two) at the apex of the
pateiia of the 2nd and 3rd legs, behind and below the normal
superior spine. Spines on tibia of 4th as in B. nigriceps, but with an
additional spine on the posterior side of the segment on the proximal
side of the normal posterior apical spine ; the two spiniform setse
on the apex of the tibia beneath long, but the anterior much thicker
than the posterior.
J . Resembling the female in colour, except that the base of the
tibia of the palpus and the whole of the segment of the 1st leg is
yellow; spine-armature of legs as in female. Width of head equal
to tibia and ?.bout one-third of patella of palpus, and to tibia and
about one-sixth of patella of 4th leg, and to tibia and two-thirds
of patella of 3rd leg.
Measurements in mm. —
Total Width Length of Length of Length of patella, tibia,
length. of head. palpus. 4th leg. and tarsus of palp.
$.. G4* 14-5 25-5 36 17
S . . 32 8-5 21 32 12
Loc. Ceylon : Trincomali {Bombay N. II. Soc).
* Abdomen much distended.
ARAM. I.
153
Order ARANE^.
Integument usually covered with a protective layer of simple or
feathery (plumose), rarely scale-like (squamiform) hairs, interspersed
with long erect tactile bristles or setce. Short and thick bristles
form sjriaes or spinules. A mat of close-set hairs of uniform length
is termed a pad or scapula, and the bunch of hairs that frequently
projects on each side of the claws is called the ungual tuft. On
the protarsus of the 4th leg there is frequently a single or double
row of short hairs, forming an organ called the calamistrum, which
always accompanies the cribellum (p. 154). In some cases there is
a cluster of spines (rastellum) overhanging the base of the fang on
the mandible, and in connection with the jaws there are sometimes
spines or bristles variously modified to form stridulating-organs.
The carapace is marked with a groove or pit, the thoracic fovea,
from which shallow grooves usually radiate to the margins, the
anterior pair defining the head-region. The eyes, normally 8 in
number, are typically arranged in an anterior and posterior row,
and are termed anterior median, posterior median, anterior lateral,
and posterior lateral on each side. The eye-line, or line passing
through the centres of the four eyes of a row, may be straight,
procurved (i. e., curved with the convexity backwards), or recurved
(i. e., curved with the convexity forwards). The four median eyes
are termed the ocidar quadrangle. The area, if any, between the
anterior row of eyes and the edge of the carapace is called the
clypeus.
The mandibles consist of two segments, the basal containing a
poison-gland ; the apical or fang is spiniform and closes against
the lower side of the basal segment, fitting into a groove, the
fang-groove, which is often toothed. The palpi resemble dwarfed
limbs, and consist of six segments, Darned coxa, trochanter, femur,
patella, tibia, tarsus. The coxa is usually furnished with a large
process or maxilla, which projects forwards on each side of the
labium. The tarsus is unmodified in the female. In the male it
is modified to subserve copulation, and is furnished with an intro-
mittent or 2)C<lpal organ, which is often retractile and exceedingly
complicated. At its simplest it is not retractile, and consists of a
swollen basal portion or bulb, and of a terminal portion or spine.
The legs resemble the palp of the female, but are longer, haye
simple coxae, an extra segment, the protarsus, between the tibia
and tarsus, and two or three claws at the end of the tarsus.
The third or inferior claw is usually present when the ungual
tufts are absent, absent when they arc present. The sternum is
usually oval, and supports in front the lower lip or labium (=pro-
sternum). Sometimes the sternum is marked with muscular scars
or sigilla.
The cephalothorax is connected with the abdomen by a narrow
.stalk or pedicel.
154 ARANEJE.
Typically the abdomen is soft-skinned and oval in form. Not
infrequently it is horny, and occasionally it is segmented. The
(jenerative organs and anterior pair of breathing-organs open
ventrally along a curved groove, the genital fold, which marks off
the fore part of the abdomen as the epigastric area. These
breathing-organs or pulmonary sacs are covered by plates or
opercula, and the integument in front of the genital aperture
is in many females horny and variously modified to form an organ,
the vidva or epigyne. The breathing-organs of the posterior pair
are either operculate pulmonary sacs or tracheal tubes with simple
apertures, which rarely open separately behind the genital fold,
but more commonly unite to form a single aperture situated just
in front of the spinning-mamilla?. There are usually three
pairs of spinning-mamillce attached to the hinder end of the
lower surface of the abdomen — an anterior, a posterior, and an
intermediate pair. Each of the latter consists of a single segment,
the others of two or three segments. In one iustance (LipMstius)
there is an additional intermediate pair. In other cases the rnamillae
may be reduced to four or two pairs. In some species there is
a spinning-plate, the cribellum, situated in front of the anterior
mamillaB. This organ occurs only in those spiders which possess
the calamistrum (p. 153). In other species there is a mamilliform
process, the eohdus, lodged between the anterior mamilla?, and
behind the posterior mamillae there is a small prominence, the
anal papilla.
Sexual characters, etc. Males are almost invariably smaller,
sometimes very much smaller, than females, and may be always
recognized by the modification of the tarsus of the palp to act as
an intromittent organ. This organ appears only at maturity.
Similarly in the female the genital aperture is opened and the
vulva fully formed only at the last moult, when maturity is
reached.
All Spiders are oviparous. The eggs are enveloped in a silky
cocoon, and are disposed of in various ways by the mother.
Distribution. Spiders are cosmopolitan, occurring in all oceanic
islands, and as far north as Greenland and Spitzbergen.
Measurements, etc. In the following descriptions the total length
is taken from the anterior end of the carapace to the posterior end
of the abdomen ; that of the legs From the base of the femur to
the tip of the claws. Normally the anterior two pairs of legs
project forwards, and the posterior two pairs backwards. Hence
the surface nearest the body is regarded as inner, and the opposite
surface as outer. Sometimes, however, the legs are considered as
extending at right angles to the long axis of the body. In this
case they have an anterior and a posterior side. In many species
the legs are normally depressed backwards in such a way that the
posterior surface rests upon the ground. These spiders are capable
of moving sideways, and are hence termed " laterigrade.'"
AEANE.'K.
155
The Araneae are divisible into two groups, which may be tabu-
lated as follows : —
a.
Abdomen furnished with 0 distinct terga like
those of the Amblypygi ; spinning-mamillsB
8 in number, and situated in the middle
of the lower surface of the abdomen ....
Abdomen without terga ; spiuning-maniilhe
never more than 6, and situated at the
posterior end of the abdomen OPISTIIOTHEL/E.
MESOTIIEL/E.
B.
C.
Fig. 52.
A. Cephalotboraxandabdoruenof Lipliistius, tosbow structure of theMesothehc.
B. Ditto of one of the Mygalomorphae, to show structure of this group.
C. Ditto of one of the Araclinomorpluv, to show structure of this group.
a, thoracic foyea ; b, ocular area; c, basal segment of mandible; d, fang of
mandible; e, coxa' of palpus and legs; /, pedicel; g, 1st tergal plate of
abdomen ; h, anal papilla ; }', external, k, internal branch of posterior spinning-
organ in A, and anterior and posterior spinner in B and C ; /, posterior, and
7n, anterior breathing-organ.
M E S O T H E L M.
Abdomen segmented, its dorsal surface furnished with distinct
terga, its ventral surface with two distinct sit ma in front, the
anterior covering the generative aperture and the pulmonary
organs of the 1st pair, the 2nd covering the pulmonary organs of
the 2nd pair. Spmnvng-mamilla 8 in number, 1 external seg-
mented and 4 internal unsegmented, forming a cluster in the
middle of the lower surface of the abdomen immediately behind
the second sternum.
The Mesothelae are represented at the present day by a single
family and genus.
156 LIPRISTIIDJE.
Family LIPHLSTIIMl.
Mandible jointed to the cephalothorax in a vertical plane ; the
fang, when closed, directed obliquely backwards and inwards. No
maxillary process on coxa of palp. Sternum, very narrow, much
longer than wide, without distinct sigilla. Legs with distal
segments strongly spined, not scopulate, furnished with 3 claws.
Carapace flat, lightly elevated in the cephalic region ; fovea
transversely oval ; radiating grooves strongly denned. Eyes
aggregated on a distinct tubercle ; anterior medians minute,
posterior medians large and circular, anterior and posterior laterals
long aud reniform.
Distribution. Oriental Region, from Burma and the Malay
Peninsula to Sumatra.
Genus LIPHISTIUS, Schiodte.
Liplustius, Schiodte, Nat. Tijdschr. (2) ii, p. 621, 1849 ; Simon, Hist.
Nat. Araign. i, p. 64, 1892.
Characters and distribution as above.
Type. L. desultor, Schiodte ; Penang.
128. Liphistius birmanicus, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Genova, xxxvii,
p. 162, 1897.
$ . Colour blackish, sometimes varied with greyish yellow.
Carapace as long as patella and tibia of the 4th leg. Legs 4, 3,
2, 1 in length ; 1st, 2nd, and 3rd subequal ; 4th about three times,
1st a little more than twice, as long as the carapace. Claw of
palp and inferior claw of legs armed with 2-3 small teeth ;
superior claws of legs with 3-4 larger teeth.
Measurements in mm.- — -Total length 24, carapace 11, palp 18,
1st leg 23, 2nd 2325, 3rd 24, 4th 32-50.
Loc. Burma: Yado, in the mountains of Karennee,3600-39U0
feet ; Biapo, 3000-3200 feet (Fea).
O P I S T H O T H E L M.
Dorsal surface of abdomen without segmentary arranged tergal
plates, and without distinct sternal plates beneath, the sterna of
the Mesothelse being at most represented by the pulmonary
opercula. Spinning -mamillce never more than six in number,
and, at least in all the Indian species, forming a compact or
tolerably compact group at the posterior end of the abdomen, close
to the anal papilla.
MVGALOMOBPEUE. 157
The Opisthothelae :ire divisible into two Suborders, which may
be diagnosed as follows : —
a. Basal segment of mandible projecting
forwards from the fore extremity of the
cephalothorax, its articulation lying in
a vertical plane ; tang closing back-
wards MyGALOMOBPHjE.
b. Basal segment of mandible projecting
downwards beneath the extremity of
the cephalothorax, its articulation lying
in a horizontal plane ; fang closing
more inwards AnAcnNOMORPn^;.
Suborder MYGALOMORPHjE.
Basal segment of mandible large, projecting forwards, articulated
to the cephalothorax in a vertical plane ; fang closing obliquely
backwards. Respiratory organs represented by four operculate
pulmonary sacs. Spinning-mamillcB normally four in number — a
posterior longer, three-jointed, and an anterior shorter one-jointed
on each side ; rarely the latter is absent, and occasionally an
additional small anterior mamilla is present, making a total of 6.
Sternum marked with 4, rarely 3, pairs of sigilla. Palpal organ in
male non-retractile, simple, usually without accessory process.
Genital aperture of female without horny plate (vulva).
Distribution. Temperate and tropical countries.
Habits. Mostly ground -spiders, living in burrows, and fre-
quently closing the aperture with a movable lid.
The Indian Mygalomorphae are referable to the following
families : —
a. Coxa of palp with large maxillary process; spin-
ning-mam ilia) (i Atypidae.
b. Coxa of palp without large maxillary process;
spinning- maruillae not more than 4.
a1. Tarsi without ungual tufts; armed with 3
claws, the superior of which are strongly
toothed.
«-. Posterior mamilla) short or moderately
long; anterior mamillae close together at
base; a rastellum present on mandible. . . . Ctenizidse.
J-. Posterior mamilla' very long ; anterior
mamillae widely separated at base ; no
rastellum . . . . " Dipluridae.
ft1. Tarsi with ungual tufts, inferior claw almost
always absent ; superior claws at most
weakly toothed.
dA. Distal segment of posterior mamillse very
short, rastellum almost always present . . Barychelidae.
P. Distal segment of posterior mamillae 1
and slender, rastellum never present .... Theraphosidae.
158 atypidjE.
Family ATYPID^.
Coxa of palp furnished with large maxillary process. Spinning-
mamillce 6 in number. Carapace very broad in front, with
median conical ocular tubercle. Mandible very large, without
rastellum. Sternum with anterior sigilla not forming a groove at
the base of the labium. Legs weakly spined, furnished with 3
claws. Spine of palpal organ in male protected by a secondary
outgrowth from the bulb.
Distribution. Palsearctic Region from Ireland to Japan ;
Oriental Region from Burma to Java ; Sonoran Region of North
America.
Synopsis of Indian Genera.
Maxillae short, eyes close together Atypus, p. 158.
Maxillse long, eyes scattered Calommata, p. 159.
Genus ATYPUS, Latreille.
Atypus, Latr. Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxiv. p. 133, 1804 ; Simon, Hist.
Nat. Araign. i, p. 198, 1892.
Ocular area tolerably compact ; the tubercle low ; clypeus nar-
row. Maxillce relatively short and stout, with inner edge straight.
Labium not separated by a groove from the sternum, narrower at
apex than at base. Posterior mamilla three- or four-joiuted.
Type, A. piceus, Sulzer ; Central and Western Europe.
Distribution. Central and Southern countries of the Palaearctic
Region from Ireland to Japan ; North America ; Burma and
Java.
Habits. The spiders of this genus dig burrows, line them with
silk, and continue the silk above the surface of the ground in the
form of a long tube, with a small aperture at its extremity.
129. Atypus dorsualis, Thordl, Ann. Mus. Genova. xxsvii, p. 186,
1897.
5. Colour yellowish black ; sides of abdomen darker. Carapace
as long as patella, tibia, and protarsus of 1st and 4th legs ; eyes of
anterior line subequal, posterior laterals almost as large as the
anterior laterals ; anterior medians separated by a space, which is
greater than their diameter, nearer to the anterior laterals ; lateral
eyes in contact. Legs without spines.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 17*5, carapace 6*5, palpus
5-5, 1st leg i:5, 2nd 11-5, 3rd 10-5, 4th 13-5.
Loc. Burma : Yado, in the mountains of Karennee (Feci).
CALOMMATA.
159
Genus CALOMMATA.
Calomrnata, Lucas, Ann. Soe. Ent. Fr. vi, p. .'!7^, 1837.
lVlecodon, Duleach. Vcrh. Nat. J "ereen Nederland Indie, v, no. 5, p. 5,
1859.
Camptotarsus, Thoreti, Ann. Mtts. Genova, (2) v, p. 23, 1887.
Eyes much less compact tban in Atypus, the anterior medians
situated on a high prominence, the rest forming a cluster on each
Fig. 53.— A. Ventral view of ' cephalothoraxand
abdomen of Calommata falvipes, J.
a, basal segment of mandible ; 6, maxillary process ; c, coxa of palp ; d,eoxu.
of 1st, c, of 4th leg;/, sternum with four pairs of muscular scars {sigiUa);
g, posterior respiratory stigma ; /.genital aperture; A, posterior spinner with
the two anterior pairs immediately in front of it.
B. Lateral view of the same.
a, median, b, lateral eyes ; c. basal segment of mandible ; d, fang ; c, coxa
of palp; f, coxae of legs; g, anterior, i, posterior respiratory operculum;
k, genital aperture ; Jc, posterior spinner.
side, remote from the anterior medians. Clypeus long and nearly
horizontal. Maxilla very long, slender, arched outwards from the
base. Labium transverse!)' oblong, impressed at the base.
Posterior spinners three-jointed. Posterior leys stouter than
anterior ; tarsi in the male slender and flexible.
Type, C.fulvipes, Lucas.
Distribution. Japan, Burma, Sunda Islands.
130. Calommata truculentum, ThoreS, Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) v,
p. 24, 1887 (Camptotarsus) ; .Simon, Hist. Nat. Araign. i, p. 199,
1892 (Calommata).
S. Colour blacki.-h ; Legs, mandible, and ventral surface paler
than body. Carapace but little longer than patella and tibia of
100 ctenizidjB.
4th leg. Anterior median eyes much larger than the rest, almost
in contact. Palpi long; tibia much thicker than patella; tarsus
elongate, apically truncate ; spines of palpal organ sinuous, broad
at base, then abruptly bent backwards, one rising from the
extremity of the bulb, the other near its middle. Legs of
posterior pairs furnished distally with a few spinules ; superior
claws armed with about 5 teeth.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 6, carapace 2*5, palp 4*25,
1st, leg 9-5, 2nd 8-8, 3rd 8-2, 4th 10-75.
Loc. Burma : Bhamo {Fen).
Family CTENIZID^.
Mandibles furnished with rastellum, sometimes supported on a
strong prominence. Co.ra of palpus without large maxillary
process. Sternum with anterior sigilla large and encircling base
of labium ; posterior pair large and remote from margin ; rarely
absent. Tarsi without ungual tufts ; with 3 claws. Spinning-
mamilice 4 in number ; the anterior pair contiguous ; posterior
pair short or of moderate length.
Distribution. Temperate and tropical parts of the world, lying in
general between 45° 1ST. lat. and 45° 8. lat.
To this family belong a great majority of the species commonly
spoken of as Trap-door Spiders.
The characters of the Indian genera may be briefly tabulated as
follows : —
a. Anterior lateral eyes in middle of anterior edge
of carapace well in advauce of remaining
eyes. [p. 1G1
a1. Tibia of 3rd leg not excavated above Acanthodon,
b1. Tibia of 3rd leg excavated above at base . . Heligmomerus,
b. Anterior lateral eyes widely separated, at most [p. 164.
only a short distance in advance of anterior
medians.
ar. Thoracic fovea strongly procurved.
a3. Tarsi and protarsi of legs scarcely or not
scopulate, and strongly spined laterally ;
apical segment of posterior mamilbe short.
«'. Tibia of 3rd leg excavated above;
spines of rastellum set on prominence. . Conothele, p. 165.
b'. Tibia of 3rd leg not excavated above ;
spines of rastellum not set on promi-
nence ACATTYMA, p. 166.
6s. Tarsi and protarsi scopulate, weakly
spined, apical segment of posterior spin-
ners long. [p. 168.
a5. Sternum with central depression Atmetociiilus,
b\ Sternum without central depression . . Damarciius, p. 169.
b"1. Thoracic fovea recurved. [p. 160.
an. Lateral eyes narrowly separated Scalidognatuus,
b'\ Lateral eyes widely separated Nemesiellus,
[p. 167.
ACANTHOUON. 1G1
Genus ACANTHODON, Gruerin.
Acanthodou, GuSrin, Rev. Zoo/. 18.38, p. 10; Simon, Hist. Nat.
Araiyn. i. p. 91, 1892 .
Idiops of recent author* up to 1892 (not of Perty).
Carapace polished, scantily hairy ; fovea large, strongly pro-
curved ; head high ; anterior lateral eyes situated in the middle of
the anterior border of the carapace : the remaining eyes forming a
group far behind the anterior edge of the carapace. Mandible
powerful ; rastellum consisting of stout spines borne upon a distinct
prominence. Sternum with posterior sigilla obsolete. Legs in
female short and stout, claws armed with 1 or 2 large basal teethj;
distal segments of legs not scopulate, those of the anterior pairs
and of palpi thickly spined laterally ; tibia of 3rd not depressed
above at base. Apical segment of posterior spinning-mam illce
short.
d • Carapace lower, rugose ; legs long and slender.
Type, A. petiti, Guerin.
Distribution. S. America ; Tropical Africa ; Syria, Arabia ,
India and Burma.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
Females.
a. Coxa of 4th leg without band of spinulea ; tibia
of 3 rd longer than wide.
a1. Ocular tubercle elevated in front A. crassus, p. 161.
bl. Ocular tubercle not elevated in front A. opife.c, p. 162.
b. Coxa of 4th leg with baud of spinulea below ;
tibia of 3rd as wide as long.
a2. Eyes of posterior line subequally spaced . . A.fortis, p. 163.
02. Eyes of posterior line unequally spaced .... A. constructor,
[p. 163.
Males.
a. Tibia of 1st leg armed with a stout, pointed,
Bud bent spur, and a tubercle behind it .... A. constructor,
b Tibia of 1st leg armed with a low prominence [p. 163.
tipped with a long spine, and a small tubercle
above it.
a'. 4th leg only a little longer than the 1st ;
pro tarsus of 1st strongly concave in its
basal half on inner side A.fossor, p. 164.
b'. 4th Leg considerably longer than 1st; pro-
tarsus of 1st weakly concave in its basal
half on inner side A. designatus, p. 164.
131. Acanthodou. crassus, Simon, Ann. Mus. Oenova, xx, p. 357
issi (Idiops): colletti, 0. /'. Cambr. P. Z. S. 188'.), p. 37, pi. ii'
tig. 2 (Idiops).
2. Colour: carapace, etc. mahogany-red, legs paler; abdomen
M
162
CTENIZ1DJE.
blackish. Carapace a little shorter than patella, tibia, and pro-
tarsus of 1st leg ; ocular tubercle elevated in front ; eyes of
posterior row very unequally spaced, their posterior edges in a
straight line ; medians about tour diameters apart, and less than
Fig. 54. — Acanthodon crassus, Sim., $ , X 1^.
two from the laterals ; anterior medians about a diameter apart.
Labium with three teeth. Legs : coxa of 4th not spinulose below ;
tibia of 3rd longer than wide.
Measurements in mm.' — Total length 26, carapace 13, palp 21 ;
1st leg 24, 2nd 22, 3rd 23, 4th 30 ; patella and tibia of 1st 10, of
4th 11-5.
Loc. Burma: Minhla (Comotto) ; Tharrawaddy (Oates) ; Palon
(Fea) ; Meiktila (Collett).
Simon doubtfully refers to this species some immature specimens
of Acanthodon procured at Wagra-Karur, near Guntakal, Bellary
(Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. x, p. 23, 1885).
132. Acanthodon opifex, Pocock, Journ. Bom. N. H. Soc. xii, p 750
1899.
Allied to the preceding, but darker in colour. Postocular area
more strongly elevated than in A. crassus; ocular tubercle Mat
above ; posterior median eyes less than three diameters apart, and
more than one diameter from the posterior laterals ; anterior
medians more than a diameter apart, and nearly two diameters
ACANTRODON. 1G3
from the posterior laterals ; anterior laterals more prominent than
in A. crassvs.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 20, length of carapace 10,
of 1st leg 19, of 4th leg 23.
Loc. Bombay (Phipson).
133. Acanthodon constructor, sp. n.
5 . Colour as in A. opifex. Carapace with ocular tubercle
elevated in front as in A. crassus ; eyes of posterior line unequally
spaced, the medians a little more than two diameters apart, and
about one diameter from the laterals, about the same distance from
the anterior medians to which they are subequal in size ; the anterior
medians about a diameter apart, their posterior edges on a level
with the anterior edges of the posterior laterals. Labium with a
marginal row of 4-5 teeth, and some smaller ones behind them.
Coxa of 4th leg furnished beneath with a median longitudinal band
of short spinules ; tibia of 3rd leg short and thick, as wide as
long.
$ . Colour as in $ , but tarsi and protarsi of legs clear yellow.
Eyes more compact ; posterior medians about two diameters apart.
First leg with tibia incrassate, armed externally with 8-10 spines,
internally in its basal half with 3 spines, and at the apex with
2 spurs, the proximal conical, the distal stout, but with the apex
pointed and directed forwards and upwards ; protarsus slender,
concave in its basal half, armed with many spines below, and with
a submedian conical spur. Tibia of palp inflated, furnished
distally on the outer side with a cavity bordered above by a
complete semicircle of short spines ; tarsus with a conical external
process : spine of palpal organ broad at base, slender and bent
distally with blunt tip.
Measurements in mm. — $ . Total length 19, carapace 8, 1st leg
14, 4th leg 17. d. Total length 12, carapace 6, 1st and 4tb
legs 20.
Loc. S. India : Chingleput (JamLunathan) ; Yercaud in Shevaro
Hills {Henderson).
134. Acanthodon fortis, sp. n.
$. Eesembling A. constructor, but much larger; and with the
eyes of the posterior line widely and subequally spaced, the
medians nearly three diameters from each other and from the
laterals; anterior medians large, less than a diameter apart;
posterior medians about their own diameter from the anterior
medians; posterior laterals large, elliptical, Bel tar forwards, so that
their anterior rims are on a level with the centres of the anterior
medians.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 32, carapace 14, 1st leg 20
4th leg 32.
Loc. India (Godfry, type ; Ilardiviclce).
ii 2
164 CTENIZIDJS.
135. Acanthodon fossor, sp. n.
3 . Carapace smoother than in A. constructor, with posterior
median eyes more than three times their transverse diameter apart.
Tibial apophysis of 1st leg consisting of a low process bearing a
slender, distally pointed and bent spine, behind the process there
is a small tubercle ; protarsus with very few spines, the process
much shorter, tuberculiform. Palp with protarsus less inflated,
hollow, shallower, and bordered above by a thick cluster of spines ;
spine of palpal organ evenly arched, with an outward apical bend
and a slight subapical thickening, when curled back at rest the
concavity of the spine faces forward and the point forward and
outward.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 12, carapace G, 1st leg 21,
4th leg 21.
Loc. India : the Deccan.
13G. Acanthodon designatus, Cambridge, Araneidea, Second Yarl-and
Exped. p. 3, pi. i, fig. 1, 1885 (Idiops).
Judging from the description and figures, this species is most
nearly allied to A. fossor, but has the anterior legs much
shorter, the 1st pair being much shorter than the 4th and only
two and a half times the length of the carapace. Moreover, the
protarsus of the 1st leg is thicker and much less concave in
its basal half ; the tibial apophysis is directed upwards from its
base ; and the palpal organ rests with the convexity of the spine
looking forwards. Length of carapace about 6 mm.
Loc. Murree (Stoliczka).
Genus HELIGMOMERUS, Simon.
Heligmomerus, Simon, Hist. Nat. Araiyn. i, p. 90, 1892.
Differs from the genus Acanthodon in having the upper side of
the tibia of the 3rd leg excavated and smooth in its basal half.
Type, II. taprobanicus, Simon.
Distribution. India, Ceylon ; Tropical Africa.
Si/noj)sis of Indian Species.
a. Only the internal (anterior) claw of 1st and 2nd
legs armed with a bifid tooth II. taprobanicus, p. 1G4.
b. All the claws aimed witli a bifid tooth .... II. prostans, p. 165.
137. Heligmomerns taprobanicus, Simon, Hist. Nat. Araiyn. i, p. 91,
1892.
Colour : carapace blackish ; abdomen violet-black, paler beneath ;
sternum, mouth-parts, and appendages olive-yellow. Anterior
CONOTU.ELE. 165
median and posterior lateral eyes subequal, equidistant, and sepa-
rated by spaces not or scarcely exceeding the diameter of an eye.
Labium armed with a row of three larger and also with a few
smaller teeth. Legs with claws of anterior pairs strong, the
exterior armed with a simple basal tooth, the interior with a double
tooth ; claws of posterior legs armed with a single tooth.
Length 14 mm. (young female).
Loc. Ceylon : Kandy {Simon).
138. Heligmomerus prostans, Simon, Hist. Nat. Araign. i, p. 91,
Differs from the foregoing in having the anterior median and
posterior lateral eyes farther apart from each other, and the
medians evidently smaller than the laterals. Tarsal claws thicker,
all of them armed at the base with an unequally bifid tooth.
Labium armed with only three teeth.
Length 21 mm. (adult $ ).
Loc. S. India : Kodaikanal, Palni Hills (Simon).
- Genus CONOTHELE, Thorell.
Conothele, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Geneva, xiii, p. 303, 1878 ; Simon,
Hist. Nat. Araign. i. p. 88, 1892.
Resembling AcantJiodon, but with the eyes normally arranged
near the anterior border of the carapace ; the anterior laterals
.close to the posterior laterals ; eyes of anterior line procurved.
Mandibles not so prominent, depressed. Sternum with posterior
sigilla distinct and remote from the margin. Legs as in Heli-
gmomerus. Carapace of male rugose; labium and maxillae less
strongly toothed than in female ; legs longer, less strougly spined,
with anterior tarsi scopulate; palpi long, the tarsus short and
truncate.
Type, 0. malayana, Doleschall.
Distribution. Burma to the Solomon Islands.
Habits. So far as is known, the species of this genus build their
trap-door nests on the trunks of trees, spinning a silken tube in
a depression of the bark and covering the white silk with bits of
lichen and moss.
139. Conothele birmanica, '/'/ton-It, Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) v, p. 19,
L887.
§ (young). Colour ; carapace and abdomen blackish, legs and
sternum paler. Carapace, considerably longer than patella and
tibia of 1st and of -1th legs; ocular area twice as wide as long;
eyes of posterior line straight, diameter of anterior medians much
less than long diameter of anterior laterals. Labium with 5 teeth.
Tibia; of anterior legs without external apical area of spinules such
.as occurs in other species of the genus.
166 ctenizidjE.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 11, carapace 5*5, 1st leg
11-25, 4th leg 12-75.
Loc. Burma : Shwegoo-Myo (Fed).
Genus ACATTYMA, L. Koch.
Acattyma, L. Koch, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxvii, 1877, p. 760 ;
Simon, Hist. Nat. Araiyn. i. p. 96, 1892.
Differing from Conothele in having the mandibles strong and
prominent ; the rastellum consisting of many irregularly-arranged
teeth not borne upon a conical process overhanging the base of
the fang, and the tibia of the 3rd leg without superior basal
depression.
Type, A. roretzi, Koch.
Distribution. Japan ; India.
140. Acattyma cryptica, Simon, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. x, p. 253, 1897.
cf . Colour blackish, lower side and extremity of legs paler.
Carapace rugose ; eyes of anterior line nearly equidistant, medians
half as large as laterals. Labium with 4-5 teeth. Mandibles
armed with two rows of large granules ; rastellum composed of a
single row of 7-8 teeth. Legs with femora coriaceous beneath,
copiously spined, the anterior more so than the posterior ; claws
with a few subbasal teeth; tibia of 1st without spurs. Palpi
slender, long, unarmed ; the tibia inflated beneath at base, apically
attenuate ; tarsus truncate ; palpal organ with spine arcuate,
thick at base, Aliform at apex.
Length 15 mm.
Loc. India: Deccan* (Smythies).
Genus SCALIDOGNATHUS, Karsch.
Scalidognathus, Karsch, Berl. ent. Zeits. xxxvi, p. 269, 1892 ; Simon,
Hist. Nat. Araiyn. \, p. 116, 1892.
5 . Carapace with fovea large, recurved ; ocular area twice as
wide as long ; eyes of anterior line slightly procurved, the laterals
on each side narrowly separated. Mandibles armed below with a
single row of teeth ; rastellum consisting of simple stout spines.
Labium and maxillw unarmed ; posterior sternal sigilla small,
remote from the margin. Legs short, spiny ; tarsi and protarsi of
1st and 2nd scantily scopulate ; tarsi of all legs armed with spines ;
claws armed with a single long tooth.
cJ . Legs much longer ; claws armed with many teeth, forming
a single series.
Type, S. radialis, O. P. Camb.
Distribution. 8. India and Ceylon.
Probably an error for Dehra.
NEMESIELLUS. 167
Synojysis of Species (males).
a. Superior claws of anterior two pairs of legs
armed with 7 teeth S. radialis, p. 167.
b. Superior claws of anterior two pairs of legs
armed with 11 teeth S. oreophilus, p. 167.
141. Scalidognathus radialis, O. P. Cambr. Jour. Linn. Soc.,Zool.x,
p. 37;}, pi. xi, tig.,1, 1870, J (Mygale-) : seticeps, Karsch, Berl. ent.
Zeits. xxx vi, p. 269, t. x, tig. 1," ? (1892).
3 . Colour reddish yellow ; abdomen blackish above. Carapace
as long as patella and tibia of 2nd leg. Legs long and slender ;
1st with protarsus lightly arched, weakly spined ; tibia without
apophysis, with one of the apical spines beneath stronger than
the rest. Palp with tibia long, inflated, furnished at the apex
externally with a deep spine-bordered notch ; spine of palpal
organ broad at base, filiform and strongly curved distally.
5 . Carapace as long as tibia and protarsus of 4th leg. Legs 4,
1, 2, 3 in length, slender : tarsi and protarsi of 1st and 2nd
scopulate internally, spined externally.
Measurements in mm. — J . Total length 10, carapace 5, 1st leg 16,
2nd 15, 3rd 13, 4th 18-5. $ . Total length 16-22.
Loc. Ceylon : Peradeniya (Sarasin), Punduloya ( Green).
142. Scalidognathus oreophilus, Si7non, Hist. Nat. Araign. i. p. 116,
1892 (in note).
S . Described as differing from S. radialis in having the
superior tarsal claws of the anterior legs furnished with 11
instead of with 7 teeth.
Loc. Ceylon (Simon).
Genus NEMESIELLUS, nov
Differing from Scalidognathus and approaching the Australian
genus Arbanitis in having the eyes of the anterior line strongly
procurved, the anterior edge of the medians on a level with the
posterior edge of the laterals, the laterals on each side being widely
separated by a space which exceeds the long diameter of the
anterior lateral. Differing from Arbanitis and resembling Scalido-
gnathus in having the tarsi of the anterior legs spined.
Type, iV. montanu.s, sp. n.
Distribution. S. India.
143. Nemesiellus montanus. sp. n.
2 . Colour : carapace, mandibles, and upper side of femora deep-
brown, the remaining part of the appendages reddish yellow.
Carapace as long as patella, tibia, and protarsus of 1st, longer than
patella and tibia of 4th ; eves of anterior line subequal. /><</*• with
168 CTENIZID-E.
tarsus and protarsus of anterior pairs, as well as tarsus of palp,
scopulate at sides ; patella of 3rd leg thickly hairy above, longer
than the tibia.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 14, carapace 5, 1st leg 9'5,
2nd 8-5, 3rd 7'5, 4th 13.
Loc. S. India : Tercaud in Shevaroy Hills (Henderson).
Genus ATMETOCHILUS, Simon.
Atmetochilus, Simon, J. A. S. B. lvi, p. 109, 1887 ; id. Hist. Nat.
Araign. i. p. 109, 1892.
Carapace with deep lateral cephalic impressions and deep strongly
procurved fovea ; ocular area three times as wide as long ; eyes of
anterior Hue very slightly procurved. Mandibles with single row
of teeth below ; rastellum consisting of simple slender spines.
Legs and palpi weakly spiued ; tarsi and protarsi of anterior pairs
spined : claws basally toothed. Labium scarcely as long as wide,
unarmed, coxae of palp with a few basal teeth. Sternum with a
transverse depression behind the labium ; the three pairs of sigilla
remote from the margin, their inner ends continuous with a smooth
central depression. Posterior mamillce long, apical segment as
long as the 2nd, or longer.
Type, A. fossor, Simon.
Distribution. Southern Burma.
Sj/nojisis of Species.
■a. Protarsus of 1st leg scopulate to base, of 2ud
scopulate in its distal half; length about 40 mm. A. fossor, p. 168.
b. Protarsus of 1st leg not scopulate to hase, of 2nd
without scopula ; length about 20 mm A. atriceps, p. 169.
144. Atmetochilus fossor, Simon, J. A. S. B. lvi, p. 109, 1887.
Colour •. carapace reddish brown : legs paler, with clear red naked
dorsal bands ; abdomen blackish. Carapace narrowed in front,
width of head less than length of area between eyes and fovea, as
long as patella, tibia, and one third of protarsus of 1st and 4th legs ;
anterior median eyes half a diameter apart and twice as far from
the laterals. Sternum longer than wide. Palp with tarsus scopu-
late distally. Legs of 1st and 2nd pairs with patella and tibia
spined internally, protarsus of 1st scopulate to base, of 2nd not
scopulate to base. Apical segment of posterior mantilla nearly
twice as long as 2nd segment.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 43, carapace 20, 1st leg 46,
2nd 42, 3rd 30, 4th 49.
Loc. Tavoy in Tenasserim (Mod Earn).
DAMABCHUS. 169
145. Atmetochilus atriceps, $p. n.
Damarchus oatesii, ThoreU, Spiders of Burma, p. 2, 1895, in part.
Resembling A. fossor, but much smaller, the head higher and
wider, its width equal to length of area between fovea and eyes.
Sternum as broad as long. First leg without spines on inner side
of patella and tibia; the interior tibial spines long, setiform, not
stout as in A. fossor ; protarsus not scopulate to base ; tarsus and
protarsus of 2nd leg not scopulate. Apical segment of posterior
mamillce a little longer than 2nd segment.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 21, carapace 11*5, 1st leg
24, 4th leg 29.
Lot: Tenasserim (Oates).
Genus DAMARCHUS, ThoreU.
Damarchus, ThoreU, Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. xxiv, no. 2, p. 14, 1891 ;
Simon, Hist. Xat. Araign. i, p. 107, 1892.
Allied to Atmetochilus, but with the posterior sternal sigilla
large and about equally distant from each other and from the
lateral margin ; the remaining sigilla marginal ; no central de-
pression in the anterior half of the sternum. Male with anterior
tibia tipped with a single short spur armed with a long curved
spine. Tarsus of palp short and truncal''.
Type, D. workmanni, ThoreU.
Distribution. Burma, Malacca, Sumatra.
140. Damarchus oatesii, ThoreU. Spiders of Burma, p. 2, 1895.
2 . Colour : carapace and legs reddish brown above, paler below ;
abdomen blackish, ornamented above with oblique rows of pale
spots. Carapace one-third longer than wide, scarcely longer than
protarsus and tarsus of 4th leg, exceeding patella and tibia of 4th
or of 1st; eyes of auterior line straight, medians large, less than
half a diameter apart and less than a diameter from the laterals.
Tibiae of leys armed with setiform spines ; protarsi with stouter
spines.
3 . Carapace wider and lower than in $; legs longer. Tibial
apophysis of 1st leg consisting of a process tipped with a long
curved spine. Palpal organ with bulb piriform ; spine short,
slender, filiform, and lightly curved.
Measurements in mm. — J. Total length 22, carapace 8, \-\
leg 18, 4th leg 21. J. Total length 15, carapace 7-5. Let leg 20,
4th leg 26.
Loc. Burma: Rangoon, and Double Island in the Bdoulmein
River (Oatts).
170 diplttridjE.
Family DIPLURID^.
Besembling the Ctenizidse in having 3 claws, of which the
superior are strongly toothed, and in having no ungual tufts *
on the tarsi ; but distinguished by the absence of the rastellum,
by having the posterior spinners very long and the anterior widely
separated, and by the small size and marginal position of the
sternal sigilla.
Distribution. Tropical and temperate parts of the world to the
south of about the 45th parallel of N. lat.
Habits. The species of Dipluridae live in tubes lined with silk,
which is produced beyond the mouth of the tube in the form of
an extended sheet of web constituting a snare.
■Synopsis of Indian Genera.
a. Terminal segment of posterior mamillse flexible
and as long as the preceding two ; labium
unarmed Ischnothele, p. 170.
b. Terminal segment of posterior mamillse shorter
than preceding two, straight, not flexible ;
labium spinulose . , Macrotuele, p. 171.
Genus ISCHNOTHELE, Ausserer.
Ischnothele, Ausserer, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxv, p. 162, 1875.
Thelechoris, Karsch, Abli. Ver. Bremen, vii, p. 196, 188i.
Entomothele, Simon, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1888, p. 235.
Carapace low ; fovea deep, procurved ; ocular tubercle large ;
lateral eyes large, elliptical. Mandible armed below with two
rows of teeth ; maxillm studded basally with spicules ; labium
unarmed. Legs spined, not scopulate ; tarsi not spined. Abdo-
men broad, posteriorly truncate : space between anterior mamillse
exceeding their length, and about six times their diameter;
posterior matnillse very long, their distal segment as long as the
others, slender and flexible.
cj1 with single spur on the tibia of the 1st leg; tarsus of
palp slender, as long as the tibia.
Type, I. caudata, Auss.
Distribution. Central and South America; Tropical Africa;
Madagascar ; India.
Except in the tropical African sjonus Hcterothelc.
MACROTHELE.
171
147. Ischnothele dumicola, sp. n.
2 . Colour : integument yellowish brown, clouded with black
and covered with greyish hairs ; sternum dark ; abdomen orna-
mented above on each side with a row of six pale, obliquely set
spots or short stripes. Carapace
as long as patella and tibia of
4th leg, and as patella, tibia, and
half the protarsus of 1st leg.
c? . Smaller than £ ; sPur on
tibia of ] st leg external, stout,
nearly straight, pointed ; protarsus
arcuate in its basal half. Palp
with tibia a little inflated ; spine of
palpal organ stout, straight at base,
filiform and curved apically.
Measurements in mm. — § . Total
length 9, carapace 4, 1st leg 8,
4th leg 11. 6. Total length 6r
carapace 3*5, 1st leg 7*5, 4th
leg 10-5.
Lot: Western India : Poona ( Wroughtori).
Fig. 55.
Ischnothele dumicola, $ , X 2.
Genus MACROTHELE, Ausserer.
Macrothele, Ausserer, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxi, p. 181, 1871 ;
Simon, Hist. Nat. Araign. i, p. 184, 18! 12.
Differs from the preceding genus in having the thoracic fovea
straight or recurved, the labium studded with spicules, the tarsi
of the legs armed with spines, and the terminal segment of the
posterior spinners shorter than the 1st and 2nd taken together,
straight, and not flexible and sinuous.
Type, Macrothele calpetana (Walck.).
Distribution. Mediterranean Region ; Eastern Oriental Kegion
and New Zealand.
148. Macrothele maculata, Thorell, Ann. Mm. Genova, xxviii, p. 409,
1890 (Diplura) ; id. op. tit. xxxvii, p. 184, 1897 (Macrothele).
5 . Colour blackish; abdomen spotted below and banded abm .
as in the foregoing species. Carapace as long as patella and tibia
of 4th or of 1st leg.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 15, carapace 7*25, 1st Leg
21, 4th leg 23.
hoc. Burma: Yado and Plapoo in Tenassei-im (^<")-
172 BARYCIIELTDiE.
Family BARYCHELID^E.
Medium-sized Mygalomorphae which, except in the aberrant
genus Sason, resemble the Ctenizidae iu being furnished with a
rastellum, but differ from them and from the Dipluridae in having
distinct ungual tufts and only two untoothed or weakly toothed
•claws on the tarsi. As in the Dipluridae, the sternal sigilla are
small and marginal. The spinning-mamillse resemble those of the
typical Ctenizidae in forming a compact cluster, the apical segment
of the posterior pair being small and shorter than the segments
that precede it.
Distribution. S. Europe ; Africa ; Mauritius ; India and Ceylon,
thence eastwards as far as Australia and the Fiji Islands ;
S. America.
Habits. Mostly ground-living burrowing Spiders, which gene-
rally, but by no means always, close the burrow with a trap-door.
Synopsis of Indian Genera.
a. Eyes scattered, not aggregated on a tu-
bercle ; no rastellum Sason, p. 172.
b. Eyes aggregated on a tubercle ; rastellum
always present in the female.
a1. A single pair of spinners Diplothele, p. 174.
b1. Two pairs of spinners.
a2. Thoracic fovea lightly recurved .... Sasonichus, p. 177.
b~. Thoracic fovea lightly or strongly
procurved.
a3. Ocular area distinctly wider behind
than in front; fovea strongly pro-
curved Plagiobothrus, p. 175.
b3. Ocular area as wide in front as
behind ; fovea lightly procurved. Sipalolasma, p. 176.
Genus SASON, Simon.
Sarpedon, O. P. Cambr. P. Z. S. 188;}, p. 353 (nom. praeocc).
Sason, Simon, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1887, p. cxcv ; id. Hist. Nat.
Araign. i, p. 130, 1892.
Satzicus, Simon, J. A. S. B. lvi, pt. 2, p. 286, 1888.
CEcophlceus, Pococh, A. M. N. II. (6) ix, p. 49, 1892.
Carapace with fovea recurved or nearly straight ; no ocular
tubercle ; ocular area nearly twice as wide as long ; eyes of
anterior line strongly procurved ; anterior laterals not far from
edge of carapace, widely separated from posterior laterals.
Mandibles small, depressed, without rastellum. Labium in female
quadrate, armed with row of teeth ; maxillae with a few teeth.
Legs weakly spined, the anterior pairs scopulate.
SASON. 173
J. Tibia of 1st leg with a single spur on inner side ; tarsus of
palp short.
Type, S. robustum. 0. P. Carabr.
Distribution,. S. India, Ceylon, Andaman Islands ; Celebes.
Habits. These Spiders construct on walls and tree-trunks a
shallow domicile furnished with two doors opening back to back,
and consisting of small coherent particles of leaves or other
material.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
Males.
a. Labium armed with a complete row of
teeth 8. armatoris, p. 174.
b. Labium unarmed.
a1. Legs banded S. robustum, p. 173.
bl. Legs not banded <S". andamanicum, p. 174.
Females.
a. Carapace high, as long as patella, tibia,
and protarsus of 1st leg S. robustum, p. 173.
b. Carapace low, as"long as patella, tibia, and
half protarsus of 1st leg >S'. cinctipes, p. 173.
14!). Sason robustum, O. P. Cambr. P. Z.S. 1883, p. 354, pi. 36, fig. 1
t Sarpedon).
2 . Colour yellowish red ; carapace varied with black ; legs and
palpi strongly banded ; abdomen blackish above and ornamented
with two posteriorly converging rows of pale spots. Carapace
high, strongly elevated in front of the fovea, which is situated
on its posterior slope ; lightly convex or sloped downwards
anteriorly ; as long as patella, tibia, and protarsus of 1st leg, and
as patella and tibia or tibia and protarsus of 4th.
d . Differing from $ (according to Simon) in having the labium
and maxilla; unarmed. Tibial spur of anterior leg curved and
spiniform.
Measurements in mm. — $ . Total length 10, carapace o, 1st,
2nd, and 3rd legs 9, 4th 12-5.
Loc. Ceylon: Pnnduloya (Green).
150. Sason cinctipes, Pocock, A. M. X. II. (6) ix, p. 4!», pi. iii A, lig. 1,
1892 ((Ecophloms).
Like the preceding species, bul with the carapace much lower,
being scarcely elevated posteriorly in Eronl of the fovea, so that
the latter is situated almost on a level with the upper surface of
tlie carapace, the area between the fovea ami the eve being almosl
horizontal. Legs longer; carapace as long as patella, tibia, ami
half the protarsus of the 1st, distinctly less than patella and tibia
or than tibia and protarsus of 4th.
174 BARYCHELID.E.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 15*5, carapace 6, 1st leg 14,
4th 17-5.
Fig. 56. — Sason cinotipes, 2 » X l£.
Loc. Ceylon: Punduloya (Green); Kanthalai (Yerbury) ; also
young specimens of this or of a nearly allied species from the
Madras Presidency (Jambunathan).
151. Sason armatoris, sp. n.
Like the preceding in colour, aud differing from the male of
JS. robustum in having a complete row of teeth on the labium.
Carapace nearly flat above, shorter than patella and tibia of all
the legs, about as long as tibia of 4th ; fovea scarcely recurved ;
space between lateral eyes equalling diameter of anterior lateral.
Tibial spur of 1st leg conical, tipped with a long curved spine.
iSpine of palpal organ straight pointed, rising at the extremity
of the bulb.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 10, carapace 5, 1st leg 16,
4th leg 20.
Loc. Travancore : Trivandrum and Ponmudi (Ferguson).
152. Sason andamanicnm, Simon, J. A.S. B. lvi, pt. 2, p. 286, 1888
(Satzicus) : id. Hist. Nat. Araign. i, p. 130, 1892 (Sason).
S . Colour apparently as in the preceding species, but the legs
darker towards the extremities, not annulate. Carapace with
fovea strongly recurved ; ocular area about one-third wider than
long. Labium and maxillie unarmed.
Measurements in mm. — Carapace 5, 1st leg 15'7, 4th 17*3.
Loc. Andaman Islands : Port Blair (Oldham).
Genus DIPLOTHELE, O. P. Cambr.
JHplotlielu, O. P. Cambr. P. Z. S. 1890, p. 621 ; Simon, Hist. Nat.
Araign. i, p. 122,1892.
5 . Carapace with head convex ; fovea procurved ; ocular area
a little longer than wide, parallel-sided ; anterior lateral eyes on
PLAGIOBOTHBUS. 1 75
the frontal margin, oval, separated by a space which is a little
less than their diameter ; median eyes close together. Mandibles
with rastellum consisting of long, hooked, irregularly arranged
teeth. Labium wider than long, unarmed ; maxillae with a few
basal spinules. Leys strong and short, anterior pair unarmed,
with scopulate tarsi and protarsi ; posterior pairs with subsetiform
spines, scarcely scopulate. Anterior s/iinn, rs absent.
c? . Ocular area wider behind; mandibles small, subvertical ;
without rastellum ; all the legs with many spines ; tibia of anterior
leg incrassate, furnished with a very short spine-tipped spur;
tarsus of palp long, attenuate, apieally obtuse.
Type, D. walslii, O. P. Cambr.
Distribution. India and Ceylon.
Synopsis of Species.
a. Protarsi of anterior legs longer than tarsi J), walshi, p. 175.
b. Protarsi of anterior legs not longer than tarsi .... D. haliji, p. 17-">.
153. Diplothele walshi, 0. P. Cambr. P. Z. S. 2890, p. 621, pi. xliii,
fig. 1.
Colour: carapace pale yellow-brown, with darker radiating
lines; legs, palpi, "sternum, and mouth-parts yellowish; abdomen
of dull clay-yellow colour, marked on the upper side with broken
transverse black bands of varied width and clearness of definition,
those on the anterior half being the strongest and best defined.
Lei /s with protarsi longer than tarsi ; tarsi of anterior pairs and
of palpus furnished above with a few clavate bristles.
Length 8'5 mm.
hoc. Bengal: Orissa (Walsh.).
154. Diplothele halyi, Simon, Hist. Nat. Araign. i, p. 123, 1892.
9 . Differing (according to Simon) from the female of D. walshi
in having the abdominal pattern less distinct, the fovea larger, and
the protarsi of the anterior legs not longer than the tarsi.
cS • More thickly hairy than the female. Carapace lower. Leys
longer ; tibial spur of 1st tipped with a slender curved and slightly
elevated spine ; protarsus with a single spine below ; protarsus of
2nd with two spines. Palpi strong, unarmed ; spine of organ
straight, but with apex twisted and acutely bifid.
Total length of $ 10 mm. ; J ,9 mm.
Loc. Ceylon : Nuwara Eliya (Simon).
Genus PLAGIOBOTHRUS, Karsch.
Plagiobothrus, Karsch, Berl. ent. Zeits. xxxvi, p. 272, 1892.
Carapace with head high, fovea procurved ; ocular area about
one-third wider than long, narrowed in front ; eyes of anterior
line strongly procurved, posterior ends of laterals in advance of
anterior edge of medians, space between the two anterior laterals
176 BABYCHELIDJ3.
almost twice the long diameter of the eye. JRastellum consisting
of cluster of strong spines. Labium and maxilla? toothed ; legs
and palpi scantily scopulate, spined ; claws toothed. Mamillce
normal.
Type, P. semilunaris, Karsch.
Distribution. Ceylon.
155. Plagiobothms semilunaris, Karsch, Bed. ent. Zeits. xxxvi,
p. -273, t. x, fig. 3, 1892.
Colour : carapace and limbs deep brown, ocular tubercle yellow ;
abdomen black above, brown beneath, with epigastric area and
opercula pale. Carapace nearly one fourth longer than wide, as long
as patella and tibia, and one third of the protarsus of 1st leg, a
little longer than patella and tibia of 4th. Tibia of palpus armed
with 1 basal inferior and about 4 apical spines ; 1st leg unarmed ;
2nd with 2 spines on inner and 2 on underside of tibia and
protarsus ; tibia and protarsus of 3rd and 4th with many spines.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 24, carapace 11, 1st leg 26,
2nd leg 23, 3rd leg 21-5, 4th leg 30-5.
Loc. Ceylon: Peradeniya (Sarasin) ; Kandy (Yerbury).
Genus SIPALOLASMA, Simon.
Sipalolasma, Simon, Hist. Nat. Araign. i. p. 123, 1892.
Differs from Plar/iobothrus in having the thoracic fovea trans-
verse, with only a slight procurvature, the ocular area not or
scarcely wider behind than in front, and the protarsi and tarsi of
the anterior two pairs of legs thickly scopulate to the base, that of
the tarsus of the 2nd leg being at most narrowly divided.
J with legs much longer and thinner ; tibia of 1st pair with a
low spine-tipped spur ; tarsus of palp short, bifid.
Type, S. ellioti, Simon.
Distribution. Ceylon.
Synopsis of Species (females).
a. Length 11 mm. ; claws unarmed S. ellioti, p. 176.
b. Length 22 mm. ; claws toothed S. greeni, p. 177.
156. Sipalolasma greeni, sp. u.
5 . Colour : carapace and legs deep brown, femora clearer red,
coxae and sternum darker than femora ; abdomen blackish.
Carapace a little longer than broad, its length equal to patella and
tibia of 4th leg. Labium with 3 teeth ; tibia of palp and tibia and
protarsus of 3rd and 4th le(/s armed with many spines, tibia of
1st with about 8, of 2nd with about 5 spines ; scopulse of 1st and
2nd legs forming a thick fringe; tarsal scopula of 2nd narrowly
divided, of 3rd and 4th broadly divided; claws toothed.
Measurements in. mm. — Total length 22, carapace 10, 1st leg 23,
4th 27.
Loc. Ceylon : Punduloya (Green).
SASONK'UUS. 177
157. Sipalolasma ellioti, Simon, Hist. Nat. Araign. i, p. 124, fig. 114,
1892.
5 . Smaller than the preceding ; the sternum, mouth-parts, palpi,
and legs uniformly coloured. Labium with 6-7 teeth. Tarsi of
both 1st and 2nd legs undivided ; claws of legs unarmed.
J . Carapace and legs covered with long yellowish pubescence.
Mandibles much smaller than in female. Tibia of 1st leg armed with
spines, and at the apex on the inner side with a robust and curved
tooth, and beneath with a medium-sized blunt spur tipped with
four teeth (spines). Tibia of palp armed on the inner side and at
apex with five spines ; tarsus small, deeply bifid at apex ; spine
of palpal organ longer than bulb, with the apex slender and lightly
curved.
Length of $ 11 mm., of d 10.
Loc. Ceylon : Cottawa (Simon).
Genus SASONICHUS, gen. nov.
Allied to Plagiobothrus and Sijmlolasma ; but with the thoracic
fovea recurved. Tibia of 1 st leg in male without apical spur ;
tarsus of palp much longer than wide, with a large rounded
internal lobe. Tarsal scopulse scanty ; protarsal scopulse present
only at apex of 1st and 2nd legs.
Type, S. sullivani, sp. n.
Distribution. Southern India.
158. Sasonichus sullivani, sp. n.
Colour a uniform ashy black, with tarsi reddish yellow. Cara-
pace low, about as long as patella and tibia, and a little longer
than protarsus and tarsus of 1st leg, as long as protarsus of 4th.
Palp with tibia armed with 5 spines ; bulb of palpal organ sub-
spherical, deeply grooved, spine slender, lightly sinuous. Legs
bristly ; tibia of 1st cylindrical, armed with 8 spines, the one at
the apex on the inner side long and curved ; the rest of the legs
strongly spined.
Measurements in mm.— Total length 12, carapace 6, 1st leg 15*5,
4th leg 21.
Loc. Travancore : Trivandrum (Sullivan).
r
178 thebaphosidte.
Family THERAPHOSID^.
T
Medium-sized or very large Mygalomorpha;, differing from the
Baryehelidae in having the apical segment of the posterior spinners
cylindrical and at least as long as the 2nd segment, and in the
absence of the rastellum. Eyes always aggregated on a distinct
tubercle.
Distribution. Temperate and tropical countries to the south of
the 45th parallel of north latitude, but apparently absent from
New Zealand.
Habits. Most of the species are fossorial, but they never close
the aperture of the burrow with a movable lid. Other species are
met with under stones, in hollow trees, or sheltering in any
natural crevice.
The Indian genera of this family are referable to the following
four subfamilies : —
«. No stridulating organ between the outer
surface of the mandible and the inner
surface of the coxa of the palp Therapftosina>,
b. A stridulating organ between the mandible [p. 178.
and coxa of palp.
a1. Outer surface of mandible covered with
scopula or pad of feathery hairs Ornithoctonincp,
b1. No scopula of feathery hairs on outer side [p. 203.
of mandible.
a'2. Inner surface of coxa of palp (maxilla)
furnished with simple scattered needle-
like bristles Thrigmopceince,
b2. Inner surface of maxilla furnished with [p. 184.
cluster or series of claviform or bacilli-
form bristles Selenocosmiince.
[p. 187.
Subfamily THERAPHOSINiE.
No stridulating-organ between the outer surface of the mandible
and the adjacent surface of the coxa of the palp, these two surfaces
being smooth and at most scantily hairy. There is also no
stridulating-organ between the basal segments of the palp and
1st leg, such as is found in the tropical African genera con-
stituting the subfamily Ewmenophorince.
Distribution. Mediterranean area of Palajaretic region ; tropical
West Africa ; India and Burma ; America from the [Southern
States of the Union to Patagonia.
Syno2>sis of Indian Genera.
a. Thoracic fovea straight, transverse, at most
slightly procurved. [p. 181.
«'. Anterior leg of male with strong tibial spur. Plesiophh ictus,
/>'. Anterior leg of male without tibial spur .. IsCHNOCOLUS,
[p. 183.
P1IU)G10DES.
179
b. Thoracic fovea with distinct crescentic pro-
curvature.
a2. Fovea .shallow, sublinear ; posterior sigilla
wide apart and small Hetekophrictus,
b2. Fovea very strong and strongly curved ; [p. 180.
posterior sigilla large, submedian Phi.ogiodes,p. 179.
Genus PHL0GI0DES, Pocock.
Phlogiodes, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. II. Soc. xii, p. 748, 1899.
Thoracic fovea deep, strongly procurved. Eyes of anterior line
slightly procurved. Legs strong, weakly spined, strongly scopulate,
at least in male ; claws unarmed. Sternum with posterior sigilla
very large and remote from the margin. First leg without tibial
spur in male.
Type, P. validus, Pocock.
Distribution. Western India.
Fig. 57. — Vhlocjiodcs robusfus, 2 ■ X £.
Synoj .sis nf S/„ cies.
a. Femora of legs reddish, the rest of the segments
greyish white ( <3 ) /'. validus, p. 1 7;».
b. Legs uniformly coloured ( $ ) p. robust us, p. I so.
159. Phlogiodes validus. Pocock, Jour. Bom. \. If. S„c. xii, p. 7 is. I situ.
J. Colour: carapace with coaling of silky yellow hair, femora
of legs with golden brown hairs, the rest of tin.' segments with
s2
180 THEKAPHOSIDvE.
greyish-white hairs ; abdomen covered above with long golden
brown hairs. Carapace a little longer than broad, low and narrow
in the head-region, shorter than patella and tibia of 1st and 4th
legs. Legs long and strong ; protarsus of 1st scopulate to base,
of 2nd almost to base, of 3rd only at apex ; tarsal scopula of 4th
divided ; protarsus of 1st with one inferior apical spine, of 2nd, 3rd,
and 4th with many apical spines ; two pairs of superior spines on
3rd protarsus, one pair of anterior spines on 4th protarsus. Palpus
unspined ; bulb of organ but little inflated ; spine triangular, broad
and subspatulate at base, pointed distally.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 25, carapace 12*2, 1st leg
41, 4th 46.
Loc. Matheran (Phipson).
1 60. Phlogiodes robustus, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. xii, p. 748,
1899.
2 . Colour : carapace and limbs reddish brown ; abdomen
blackish above ; hairy clothing greyish red. Carapace long ; head
high, much longer than patella and tibia of 1st and of 4th leg.
Legs short, very strong, spined as in P. validus, the anterior thicker
than the posterior ; patella of 1st as long as tibia, tarsus almost as
long as protarsus ; protarsus of 1st with entire scopula, of 2nd
scopulate at sides, of :3rd and 4th not scopulate ; tarsal scopula
of 1st entire, of 2nd basally divided, of 3rd and 4th present only
at tip and sides of the segments.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 27, carapace 13, 1st leg 29,
4th 33.
Loc. Matheran (Phipson) ; Jauli in Satara (Master).
Genus HETEROPHRICTUS, nov.
Carapace with head narrow ; fovea small, procurved ; eyes of
anterior line slightly procurved. Legs slender, spined ; protarsi
of 1st and 2nd scopulate only in the distal half, of 3rd and 4th
scopulate at apex : tarsal scopula? of all legs divided : claws un-
armed. Sternum with posterior sigilla deep, separated from the
margin by a space equal to their own length and from each other
by about three times that distance.
Type, H. milleti, sp. n.
Distribution. Western India.
161. Heterophrictus milleti, sp. n.
Colour: integument reddish brown, covered with rusty-red
hairs ; some white hairs at extremity of 1st leg. Carapace with
head elevated, as long as patella and tibia of 4th leg, a little longer
than those of 1st. Legs of 1st and 2nd pairs with a few spines
on tibia) and protarsi, of 3rd and 4th pairs with many spines on
these segments ; protarsus of 1st short, barely as long as patella.
Abdomen long, parallel-sided, subtruncate posteriorly.
PLESIOPIIRICTUS. 181
Measurements in mm. — Total length 29, carapace 13, 1st leg 30,
4th leg 36.
Loc. j\asik {Millet) ; also immature specimens of a nearly allied
form from Eastern Poona (Irani) and Jauli in Satara (Master).
Genus PLESIOPHRICTUS, Pocock.
Plesiopkrictus, 1'ocock, Journ. Bom. N. II. Soc. xii, p. 749, 1899.
Thoracic fovea straight, transverse ; eyes of anterior line slightly
procurved. Labium and maxilla- spinulose. Sternum with mar-
ginal sigilla. Leys spined ; a few spines only on the anterior
tibiae and protarsi, many more upon these segments of the 3rd
and 4th legs ; tarsal scopuhe of 1st and 2nd entire or scarcely
divided, of 3rd and 4th divided by band of seta?.
Tibia of anterior leg in male with a strong spur.
Type, P. millardi, Pocock.
Distribution. (South and West India ; Ceylon.
Synopsis of Species.
a. Protarsus of lstdeg covered above with white
hair; rest of the body and limbs brown .... P. millardi, p. 181.
b. Protarsus of 1st leg brown or blackish like rest
of limbs.
a1. Anterior lateral eyes not larger than me-
dians ; anterior leg shorter than posterior.
a2. 3rd leg less than twice as long as cara-
pace.
a6. Posterior ends of anterior eyes in a
straight line P. sericetis, p. 182.
b3. Posterior ends of anterior lateral eyes
on a level with centres of medians . . P. collinus, p. 182.
b2. 3rd leg more than twice as long as cara-
pace P. fabrei, p. 182.
bl. Anterior lateral eyes much larger than
medians ; anterior leg not shorter than
posterior P. tenuipes, p. 182.
162. Plesiophrictus millardi, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. xii,
p. 749, 1899.
c? . Colour a uniform mouse-brown, except that the upper side
of the protarsus of the 1st leg is white. Carapace as long as
patella and tibia of 1st and 4th legs. Legs with protarsal scopula*
scanty on anterior, absenl on posterior pairs; tibia of 1st slightly
incrassate ; spur slightly curved, directed foru ards, a tuberculiform
spur accompanied by a long black spine above it on the inner
side; many spinules between the two. Palp, unspined; spine of
palpal organ broad at base, filiform, and spirally twisted distal ly.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 12, carapace 6, 1st leg 1">,
4th leg 16.
Loc. Bombay : Matheran (Millard), Uran (Aitken).
182 THERAPHOSID.E.
163. Plesiophrictus sericeus, sp. n.
5 . Colour : integument blackish brown : hairs yellowish brown,
long on the lower side of the femora and patellae. Carapace as
long as patella, tibia, and one-third of protarsus of 1st and 4th
legs ; eyes of anterior line nearly straight, the posterior rim of
the eyes almost on a level ; the laterals on each side scarcely
separated. Mandible armed below with a row of 11-13 larger teeth
and several smaller teeth posteriorly. Tibiae of 1st and 2nd legs un-
spined ; protarsus with one inferior spine ; tibiae and protarsi of
3rd and 4th legs with many spines.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 22, carapace 10, 1st leg 23,
4th leg 26.
Log. Eastern part of Poona district {Irani).
164. Plesiophrictus COllinus, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. xii,
p. 749, 1S99.
Allied to P. sericeus but smaller, and with the lateral eyes of the
anterior row set more forwards, so that their posterior ends are in
a line with the centres of the medians ; the two laterals separated
by a space which is about equal to half the diameter of the anterior
lateral. Mandible armed below with a single row of 8-9 teeth,
without posterior supplementary teeth. Legs a little shorter as
compared with carapace than in P. sericeus ; the carapace being
equal to the tibia -f- protarsus of the 4th leg.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 18, carapace 8'5, 1st leg 19,
4th 20.
Loc. Yercaud in the Shevaroy Hills (Henderson) ; Madras
Presidency (Jambunathan).
165. Plesiophrictus tenuipes, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. xii,
p. 749, 1899.
Differing from P. collinus and P. sericeus in having the anterior
lateral eye much larger than the median, and distinctly elliptical
instead of subspherical, its posterior edge almost on a level with
that of the median, its anterior edge far in advance of that of the
median. Mandible armed below as in P. collinus. Legs much
longer ; carapace as long as patella and tibia of 1st or 4th ;
anterior legs not stouter than posterior ; all the tarsal scopulae
divided.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 16, carapace 7, 1st leg 16,
4th leg 20.
Loc. Ceylon : Kandy ( Yerbury).
The following species is probably referable to Plesiophrictus
rather than to Stichoplastus, a typically Neotropical genus.
166. Plesiophrictus fabrei, Simon, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. lxi, p. 278,
1892 (Stichoplastua).
$ . Colour much as in the preceding species. Carapace as long as
ISCHNOCOLUS. 183
patella and tibia of 4th leg, fovea Lightly procurved ; eyes of
;anterior line subequal. Legs longer than in the preceding species
(cf. measurements) ; tarsal scopulac of 3rd and 4th divided.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 10-2, 1st leg 26-2, 4th 29"5.
Loc. S. India : Madura (Fabre).
Genus ISCHN0C0LUS, Ausserer.
Ischnocolus, Ausserer, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxi, p. 184, 1871 ;
Simon, Hist. Nat. Araign. i, p. 135, 1892.
Carapace low ; fovea straight, slightly curved ; eyes of anterior
line subequal, slightly procurved. Legs, in the typical form, spiny,
especially on the tibiae and protarsi of the 2nd and 3rd pairs ;
tarsal scopulae of all the legs divided by a band of setae in the
adult. No tibial spurs on anterior leg of male. In the typical
form the tarsus of the palp is long and subcylindrical, and over-
Japs the palpal organ.
Type, /. hoi ose rice its, Auss. S. Europe.
Distribution. Mediterranean district of Palaearctic fi-egion, and
possibly the Oriental Eegion.
The Indian species here referred to this genus may be
diagnosed as follows * : —
a. Legs without spines I. brevipes, p. 183.
.b. Legs, especially on tibiae and protarsi of 3rd and
4th pairs, with many spines.
a1. Abdomen ornamented above with oblique pale
spots /. ornatus, p. 184.
b1. Abdomen not spotted above I. linteatus, p. 183.
167. Ischnocolus linteatus, Simon, Ann. Soc. Ent. Ft. lx, p. 308
1891.
5 . Colour : integument blackish, hairy clothing yellowish.
Carapace with fovea small and transverse ; eyes of anterior line
subequal, the medians scarcely larger than the laterals. Labium
not much wider than loug ; the spinules arranged in three trans-
verse series. Anterior legs with protarsi scarcely longer than the
tarsi, armed with a single apical spine below ; tibiae unarmed ;
posterior legs strongly spined.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 13, carapace 0, width of
carapace 4*5.
Loc. S.India: Pondicherry.
This species probably belongs to the genus Plesiophrictus.
168. Ischnocolus brevipes, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Geneva, xxxvii,
p. 170, 1897.
J. Colour of integument blackish, of hairy coating pale
ferruginous. Carapace low ; fovea slightly procurved, scarcely
longer than patella and tibia of 1st, distinctly longer than those of
* It is doubtful if any of tli^se species really belong to Ischnocolus.
184
TIIEKAPIIOSIDjE.
4th leg. Legs short, without spines, except two at the tip of each
of the posterior protarsi below.
<S . Carapace a little shorter than patella and tibia of 1st, a
little longer than those of 4th leg. Palpal organ with spine very
long and almost sernicircularly curved.
Measurements in mm. — £. Total length 18*5, carapace 7, 1st
leg and 4th leg 18. 6 • Total length 15, carapace 7, 1st leg 21-5,
4th 19.
Loc. Burma : Mooleyit in Tenasserim and Yado in Karennee
(Fea).
169. Ischnocolus omatus, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Genova, xxxvii
p. 173, 1897.
§ • Colour much as in the preceding species, but the abdomen
ornamented above with small, sub-oblique pale spots, arranged in
two longitudinal rows. Carapace with straight thoracic fovea,
longer than patella and tibia of 1st and of 4th legs. Patella and
tibia of 1st leg a little longer than those of 4th ; anterior legs with
a single inferior apical protarsal spine ; tibiae and protarsi of 3rd
aud 4th legs spined.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 12, carapace 6, 1st leg 14,
4th 15-5.
Loc. Burma : Prome (Fea).
Subfamily THRIGMOPCEIN^, nov.
A stridulating-organ present between the mandible and the
basal segment of the palp (maxilla). On the mandible some of
the hairs which form the posterior portion of the oral fringe are
Fig. 58.— External surface of
mandible of llirigmopoeus
iitsiffnis. a. Cluster of
bristles.
■Mm
Fig. 59. — Inner surface of
maxilla of Tkrigmopceus
insignis. a. Crest bearing
spinules.
modified to form a small cluster of vibratile bristles (fig. 58, a)y
and on the adjacent surface of the maxilla there are regularly or
irregularly arranged stiff aciculate bristles (fig. 59, a) which scrape
against those on the mandible when the maxilla is moved up and
down.
Distribution. S. India.
HAPLOCLASTUS. 185
8yno2)sis of Indian Genera.
a. Stridulating bristles on maxilla irregularly
scattered Haploclastus, p. 186.
b. Stridulating bristles on maxilla arranged in a
delinite curved series Thbigmopceus, p. 180.
Genus HAPLOCLASTUS, Simon.
Haploclastus, Simon, Hist. Nat. Araiyn. i, p. 152, 1892 ; Pocockr
A. M. N. II. ((i) xv, p. 169, 1895. *
Carapace low ; fovea straight ; ocular tubercle wider than long j
eyes of anterior line subeuual, a little procurved. Mandible
furnished below externally with a few irregularly arranged, long,
stout, but apically filiform bristles mixed up with the hairs of the
oral fringe. Maxilla furnished on its inner side with scattered,
irregularly arranged, longer and shorter spines and spiniform
bristles. Legs without spines ; protarsus of 1st and 2nd scopulate
to the base, of 3rd scopulate in its distal half, of 4th scopulate
apically, the scopula divided ; tarsal scopulae entire, except that of
4th leg which is divided in its basal half.
Type, H. cervinus, Simon.
Distribution. S.. India.
iSyno2)sis of Species.
a. 4th leg as long as 1st and longer than 2nd .... II. cervinus, p. 185.
b. 4th leg shorter than 1st and 2nd II. nilyirinus, p. 186
170. Haploclastus nilgirinus, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. xii,
p. 747, 18!)i>.
Colour : carapace black, clothed like the limbs and abdomen with
brownish-yellow hairs ; sternum, coxae, and lower side of femora
at least of 1st and 2nd legs velvety black. Carapace about one-
fourth longer than wide, moderately high and convex : fovea large,
slightly procurved ; length of carapace almost equal to patella and
tibia of 1st leg, slightly greater than those of 2nd and of 4th,
longer also than protarsus and tarsus of 4th. Patella and tibia of
2nd leg slightly longer than of 4th.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 52, carapace 24, length of
1st leg 04, 2nd 60, 3rd 48, 4th 58.
Loc. Nilgiri Hills {Daly).
171. Haploclastus cervinus, Simon. Hid. Nat. Araign. i, p. 152,.
1892.
Colour: integument blackish, hairs ferruginous. Carapaa
low. Legs moderately long, the 1st pair scarcely longer than
the 4th.
Measurements in mm. — Total length about 30, length of cara-
pace 15, width 1 1 ; length of 1st leg 39, 2nd 27, 3rd 31'2,
4th 38-8.
Loc. Palni Hills in 8. India.
This species is probably based upon a young specimen.
186 THERAPHOSID.E.
Genus THRIGMOPffiUS, Poeock.
Thrigmopoeus, Poeock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. xii, p. 747, 1899.
Closelv allied to Haploclastus, but with the stridulating area on
mandible consisting of a large semicircular cluster of many curved,
thickened, but pointed bristles ; on the maxilla the aciculate
bristles above the suture are arranged without definite order, but
below the suture there is a definite curved vertical row of these
bristles near the middle of the segmeut, the area behind this row
being smooth and in front of it furnished with many bristles
arranged without order. Protarsi of 3rd and 4th legs armed
apieally with marginal spines both above and below.
Type, T. insignis, Poeock.
Distribution. Western India.
Synopsis of Species.
,a. Fovea as wide as ocular tubercle ; carapace
longer than patella and tibia of 2nd leg,
equal to those of 4th T. insignis, p. 186.
b. Fovea less than width of tubercle ; carapace
shorter than patella and tibia of 2nd leg
and than those of 4th T. truculentus, p. 186.
172. Thrigmopoeus insignis, Poeock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. xii, p. 747,
1899.
2 . Colour : integument blackish, hairs on carapace yellowish
brown, darker on upper side of legs ; velvety black on sternum,
coxa?, and lower side of femora and abdomen. Carapace nearly
one-third longer than broad, moderately high ; fovea as wide as
ocular tubercle, lightly procurved ; length of carapace equal to that
•of patella and tibia of 4th leg, slightly shorter than those of 1st,
a little longer than patella and tibia of 2nd and than protarsus and
tarsus of 4th. First leg less than three times the length of the
carapace, 3rd a little more than twice the length ; patella and
tibia of 3rd as long as width of carapace.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 55, length of carapace 27 ;
length of 1st leg 76, of 2nd 68, of 3rd 56, of 4th 73.
Loc. Kanara Ghats {Bell).
173. Thrigmopoeus trucillentllS, Poeock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. xii,
p. 748, 1899.
Smaller and paler in colour than the preceding species ; carapace
lower ; fovea less than width of ocular tubercle ; length of carapace
less than that of patella and tibia and than protarsus and tarsus of
4th leg, less also than patella and tibia of 2nd and than protarsus
and tarsus of 4th. Legs longer, 1st leg nearly three and a half
times as long as carapace.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 40, length of carapace 19 ;
length of 1st leg 65, 2nd 57, 3rd 44, 4th 62.
Loc. India : Karwar (Bombay N. 11. Soc).
SELENOCOSMIINJE.
187
Subfamily SELENOCOSMIINiE.
A stridulating organ present between the mandible and maxilla,
and consisting of a row or cluster of vibratile bacilliform bristles
•on tbe maxilla (fig. 61) and of spines or spiniform bristles upon
. ■
'yr*
Fig. 00. — Outer surface of man-
dible of Chilobrachys masoni.
a, stridulating spikes.
/'
Fig. 61. — Inner surface of maxilla
of Chilobrachys masoni, showing
series of bacilliform spines.
the lower portion of the outer surface of the mandible (fig. 60, a).
Legs without spines or with a few only at the extremity of the
protarsi. Tibia of anterior leg in male not spurred. Posterior
sternal sigilla remote from the margin.
Distribution. Hanging from India and Ceylon to Australia.
Synopsis of Indian Genera.
a. Legs of 4th pair much thicker than those
of 1st, with the protarsal scopula entire
and extending to base of segment Lyrognathus, p. 202.
b. Legs of 4th pair weaker than those of 1st
pair, with the protarsal scopula divided
and apical.
a1. Thoracic fovea transversely linear ; one
or more tubercles intermixed with the
bacilliform bristles on maxilla Pcecilotuekia, p. 188.
b1. Thoracic fovea crescentically procurved ;
no tubercles amongst bacilli on maxilla.
«". Stridulating organ consisting of shorl
spines on mandible and of a single or
double row of bacilli overlapped by
a fringe of hairs on maxilla Chilobrachys, p. 192.
b2. Stridulating organ consisting of spini-
form setae on mandible and of an
oval (duster of bacilli without fringe
of hairs on maxilla.
a3. Tarsal scopula' of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd
legs undivided ; no inferior claw . Ski.knoi osmia, p. 200.
b3. Tarsal scopuke of all legs divided ;
inferior claw retained on posterior
leg Puj.ogiellus, p. 202.
188 THERAPHOSLD^.
Genus PCECILOTHERIA, Simon.
Pcecilotheria, Simon, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, x, p. 38, 1885 ; Pocock,
A. M. N. H. (6) xv, p. 170, 1895.
Scurria, C. Koch, Uebersicht Arachn. v, p. 74, 1850 (nom. praeocc).
Very large, variegated Spiders with the carapace flatfish ; fovea
small, straight ; ocular tubercle low ; ocular area more than twice
as long as wide ; eyes of anterior line nearly equidistant, pro-
curved, centres of the laterals slightly in front of the anterior
edge of the medians. Mandible furnished externally in its lower
half with many short spines. Maxilla with its bacilliform spines
few in number, arranged in a single row, and accompanied by one
or more black tooth-like tubercles ; between the row of bacilli and
the suture there is a thick fringe of hairs. Legs without spines ;
scopulse of the anterior pairs very thick. Palpal organ of <J piri-
form, the spine thick, short, and strongly and spirally crested.
Type, P. faseiata, Latr.
Distribution. India and Ceylon.
Habits. Live in trees or in the thatch of houses.
Synopsis of Species.
a. Femora of legs black below, or marked with
a single basal or apical pale patch.
a1. Femora of 1st and 2nd legs with a large
yellow patch at base P. rujilata, p. 189.
b1. No pale patch at base of femora.
a2. Appendages not conspicuously banded
above, dark below, with yellow basal
patch on tibiae P. metallica, p. 189.
b2. Appendages strongly banded above,
femora and tibia? pale at apex above
and tibia) pale at base below.
a3. Palp black below ; patellae of legs
white above and below P. miranda, p. 190.
b3. Palp with yellow patch at apex of
femur, base of patella, and base and
apex of tibia beneath ; patellae of
legs black in basal half P. subfusca, p. 190;
b. Femora of legs whitish or sulphur-yellow
below and inside, those of 1st and 2nd legs
with black stripe in distal half.
a4. Lower side of abdomen with large trans-
verse reddish band behind epigastric fold. P. reyalis, p. 190.
a4. No pale band on lower side of abdomen.
a5. Tibia of palp blackish beneath ; 1st
leg less than twice as long as cara-
pace, which equals its patella and tibia. P. formosa, p. 191.
bs. Tibia of palp pale beneath ; 1st leg
more than three times as long as
carapace, which is less than its patella
and tibia.
a6. Ground-colour of auterior legs
whitish, femora of 3rd and 4th
uniformly greyish brown, not
banded P. vittata, p. 192.
PCECILOTHERIA. 189
be. Ground-colour of anterior legs sul-
phur-yellow ; femora of 3rd and
4th bluish grey.
a7. Anterior femora without distinct
basal black patch beneath; the
distal black stripe nearly as wide
as the yellow basal area P. striata, p. 191.
IP. Anterior femora with distinct
basal black patch; distal black
stripe much narrower than yel-
low basal area.
a". Black bands on femora very
narrow, often absent on femur
of 4th leg P. fasciata, p. 192.
bH. Black bands on femora broad,
very broad on femur of 3rd and
4th legs P. ornata, p. 192.
174. Pcecilotheria rufilata, Pococh, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. xii, p. 746,
1899.
J. Colour a tolerably uniform greyish red above, only obscurely
mottled ; lower side of abdomen, sternum, coxae, and trochanters
velvety black ; femur of palp metallic black, with paler distal end ;
patella and tibia yellowish grey, furnished with long red bristles
beneath; 1st and 2nd legs with femora and tibia; black with
metallic reflections below, but ornamented at the base in front
with a large yellow patch, patellae yellowish brown; 3rd and 4th
legs a tolerably uniform yellowish brown, clothed like the anterior
legs with long greyish or reddish bristles. 1st and 4th legs sub-
equal in length and about four times the length of the carapace.
Spine of palpal organ very strongly carinate.
5 . 1st leg much longer than 4th and a little more than three
times as long as carapace, which slightly exceeds the patella and
tibia of the 4th.
Measurements in mm. — £. Total length 60, carapace 30, 1st
leg 92, 4th leg 81.
3. Total length 32, carapace 17, 1st leg 70, 4th 70.
Loe. Trivandrum in Travancore (Ferguson).
175. Pcecilotheria metallica, Pocock,A. M. N. H. (7) iii,p. 93, pi. %ii,
fig. 3, 1899.
5 . Colour of upper side of body much as in /'. subfusca (p. 190),
but the central pale area on the carapace broader, pale band on
abdomen less clearly defined ; upper side of legs and palpi not
transversely banded ; under side of limbs entirely dark brown, with
metallic blue reflections on the anterior pair, and an orange-yellow
spot on the base of the tibiae of the legs. 1st and Itb legt about
twice and a Fourth as long as carapace, which is a little longer
than patella and tibia of 2nd and of 4th le^s.
Measurements in mm. — Total Length 52, carapace 23*5, l-t leg 65,
2nd 59, 3rd 52, 4th (54.
hoc. S. India : Gooty (Carter).
190 THERAPHOSID.E.
170. Pcecilotheria miranda, sp. n.
$ . Colour : carapace greyish, with a pair of ill-defined brownish
bands on each side of the middle line ; the pale abdominal stripe
broken up by a row of four large brown spots ; legs variegated
above, patellae entirely white above and below except for a small
dark spot on those of the 3rd and 4th legs : femora entirely velvety
black below ; tibiae white with median black stripe ; protarsi dark
below, with pale basal patch ; palpi uniformly dark below. First
ley about three times, 4th about two and three quarter times as
long as carapace, which is as long as patella aud tibia of 2nd or of
4th leg. Femora of palp and anterior legs fringed.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 46, carapace 22, 1st leg 64,
2nd 58, 3rd 51, 4th 62.
Loc. Bengal : Chota Nagpur (Logsdail).
177. Pcecilotheria subfusca, Pocock, A. M. N. H. (6) xv, p. 171, 1895 ;
id. op. at. (7) hi, p. 88, 1899.
5 . Colour : carapace brown, paler laterally, with narrow white
lines radiating from the fovea ; pale abdominal band broken up par-
tially or completely into two rows of spots ; legs coloured above
much as in P. miranda, but patellae dark, each with broad pale basal
band and apical pale spot and a much narrower pale area on base
of protarsus ; palp with patella and base of tibia pale below; legs
mostly black below, femora with narrow pale distal stripe, patellae
with basal white patch, tibiae with small pale patch at base and at
distal end, protarsus also with pale patch in front. Carapace about
equal to the patella and tibia of 4th and a little less than those
segments of 2nd leg.
o* • Like female in colour ; 1st and 4th legs only slightly unequal
and about four times as long as carapace.
Measurements in mm. — 5 . Total length 50, carapace 23, 1st leg
68, 2nd 63, 3rd 54, 4th 64.
6 . Total length 31, carapace 15, 1st leg 62, 2nd 56, 3rd 48,
4th 60.
Loc. Ceylon : Punduloya and Kandy (Green) ; Peradeniya
(Freeman).
178. Pcecilotheria regalis, Pocock, A. M. N. H. (7) iii, p. 89, t. vii,
figs. 1-1 b, 1899.
5 . Colour : carapace greyish, marked in the middle with a pair of
longitudinal dark stripes; abdomen with a broad whitish, marginally
sinuous band, edged with black, whence black stripes pass laterally
on to the sides of the abdomen ; coxae, sternum, and lower side of
abdomen deep chocolate-brown, a broad transverse yellowish-red band
behind the epigastric fold ; upper side of legs and palpi variegated
with grey and black, femora black, patellae and tibiae whitish below ;
lower and under sides of femora, patella1, and tibiae of 1st and 2nd
legs bright sulphur-yellow, of 3rd and -1th bluish white; femora
and tibia' each ornamented with a broad blackish stripe, which on
PCKCILOTHEBIA. 191
the femora is narrower than the pale hasal area, but much broader
than the pale distal area ; a very narrow basal stripe on inner side
of femora. Carapace almost equal to patella and tibia of 2nd leg.
Femora of palp and of 1st and 2nd legs fringed externally and
internally at apex. Male smaller than female and much morn
uniformly coloured above.
Measurements in mm. — 5 . Total length 53, carapace 25, 1st leg
75, 2nd 65, 3rd 55, 4th 07.
3 . Total length 32, carapace 17-5, 1st leg 73, 2nd 63, 3rd 52-5,.
4th 65.
Loo. Southern and Western India : Xilgiri Hills (Oates) ; Coorg ;
Arkonam in the north Arcot District (Carter)- Matheran {Phvp-
son) ; Dahanu in Thana District. (Edie).
179. Pcecilotheria striata, Pocock, A. M. N. H. (6) xv, p. 172, 1895;
id. op. cit. (7) iii, p. 89, 1899.
§ . Closely resembling P. regalis in colours &c, but with no
band on lower side of abdomen and the yellow o7i the femora more
orange in tint. Legs longer than in P. regalis (cf. measurements) ;
carapace much shorter than patella and tibia of 1st leg, shorter
also than those of 4th.
Measurements in mm.- — Total length 45, carapace 25 ; 1st leg 85,
2nd 72, 3rd 59, 4th 74 ; patella and tibia of 1st leg 31, of 4th
20, protarsus of 4th 19.
Distribution. S. India: Mysore; Trivandrum in Travancore
(Ferguson) *.
180. Pcecilotheria lormosa, Pocock, A. M. N. H. (7) iii, p. 91,
1899.
2 . Colour of upper side much like that of P. regalis, but the
brown bands on the carapace broader ; the pale band on the
abdomen less lobate posteriorly ; pale band at extremity of tibiae
and protarsi broader ; no distinct spots on upper side of tarsi ;
lower side of the tibia of the palp brown, and the basal segments
of the legs much more uniformly dirty white ; a large basal black
patch on the anterior femora ; femora of the 3rd and 4th pairs not
or hardly banded distally ; no pale band on lower side of abdomen.
Legs shorter than in /'. regalis (cf. measurements). Carapace
longer than patella and tibia of 2nd leg. Femora of palpi and of
anterior legs scarcely fringed.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 54, carapace 26, 1st leg 69,
2nd leg 61, 3rd leg 54, 4th leg 65.
hoc. S. India: Kadiampatti and .Malhipuram in the Salem
District {Carter &c West).
*JTlie type of the species is ticketed " Penang (Hardvricke)." No doubt, how-
ever, the locality ia erroi eons, Bincetbe speciee has of late years been discovered
in S. India, but lias nut been obtained in Penang,
192 THERAPHOSID7E.
181. Pcecilotheria vittata, Pocock,A. M. N. II. (6) xv, p. 172, 1895
id. op. cit. (7) iii, p. 89, 1899.
cJ . Colour a tolerably uniform yellowish olive above ; femora of
1st and 2nd legs dirty white below without basal black patch, the
black band twice as broad as the pale distal area, patellae pale
below, tibiae with pale extremities ; femora of 3rd and 4th legs uni-
formly dark, with greyish-pink bristles, tibiae paler at base. Legs
practically as in P. regdlis as regards length &c.
Measurements in mm.—- Total length 31, carapace 17, ]st leg 72,
2nd 63, 3rd 57, 4th 66.
Loc. India or Ceylon (exact place unknown).
182. Pcecilotheria fasciata, LatreiMe, Nouv. Diet. oVHist. Nat. xv,
p. 304, 1803 ; C. Koch, Arachn. ix, p. 41, p. 717, 1842 (Mygale).
2 . Colour as in P. regdlis and formosa, but with a black basal
patch in front on anterior femora, the black stripe only one-third
as wide as the pale basal area and not or scarcely wider than the
pale distal area : stripe on femur of 3rd leg also narrow and on 4th
very narrow or incomplete. Legs without or with weak femoral
fringes, shorter than in P. striata (cf. measurements) ; carapace
slightlv exceeding patella and tibia of 4th.
cS . Like female in colour, but with pattern of upper side
indistinct.
Measurements in mm. — $ . Total length 46, carapace 24, 1st
leg 77, 4th 67.
S . Total length 35, carapace 16*5, 1st leg 66, 4th 60.
Loc. Ceylon : Trincomali (Bassett-Smith) ; Kandy (Yerbury 4'
Green); Punduloya (Green).
Simon (Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1885, p. 38) records P. fascia ta from
Madura, S. India. The specimen so named is perhaps referable
to P. regdlis or P. formosa.
183. Pcecilotheria ornata, Pocock, A. M. N. H. (7) iii, p. 93, 1899.
2 . Colour like that of P. fasciata, but the femoral stripes much
broader, that on 4th leg complete and as broad as the pale basal area ;
on 3rd broader than the pale basal area, on 1st and 2nd much
broader than pale distal area and half as broad as pale basal area.
Legs with thick femoral fringe. Carapace shorter than patella
and tibia of 1st or of 4th leg.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 46, carapace 19, 1st leg 64,
2nd 58, 3rd 49, 4th 61.
Loc. S. Ceylon : Ratnapura (Burrows).
Genus CHILOBRACHYS, Karsch.
Chilobrachys, Karsch, Berl. cut. Zeits. xxxvi, p. 270, 1892; Pocock,
A. M. N. II. (0) xv, p. 171, 1895.
Musagatus, Pocock, A. M. N. II. (6) xv, p. 171, 1895.
CHILOBItACHYS. 193
Large or small, mostlv dull-coloured, Spiders, differing from
Pcecil other ia in having the carapace less Hat, the fovea crescenticullv
procurved, the eyes of the anterior line practically straight, the
spines on the mandible and the bacilli on the maxilla more Dumer
ou.3, and in the series of bacilli not being accompanied by tubercles.
Legs with scopulae narrower and with spines at the tip of protarsi.
Palpal organ of the male ending in a long and slender or in a shorter
blade-like spine.
Type, C. nitelinus, Karsch.
Distribution. India, Ceylon, and Burma.
Habits. Live on the ground in burrows or in natural crevices.
Synopsis of Indian Sjyecies.
Males.
a. Carapace shorter than protarsus of 4th and not
exceeding patella and tibia of 3rd leg C. andersoni, p. L97.
b. Carapace longer than protarsus of 4th and
than patella and tibia of 3rd leg.
a\ Carapace as long as patella and tibia of 1st
or of 4th leg C. femoralis, p. 195.
bl. Carapace shorter than patella and tibia of
1st or of 4th leg.
a2. Palpus twice as long as carapace C. nitelinus, p. 197.
b2. Palpus much less than twice as long as
carapace.
a3. Spine of palpal organ stout, blade-like,
abruptly narrowed at the point.
a4. Femora of palpi and of 1st and 2nd
legs sooty black below and externally
fringed C.fimbriatus, p. 195.
bl. Femora of palpi and of 1st and
2nd legs particoloured below ; not
fringed.
a'\ Width of carapace exceeding tibia
of 1st or protarsus of 4th leg .... C. bicolor, p. 196.
6\ "Width of carapace equal to tibia
of 1st and less than protarsus of [p. L96.
4th leg Cflavo-pih
b3. Spine of palpal organ slender, attenuate.
a6. Area of palpal bulb remote from base
of spine, produced into an angulif orm
prominence C. thorellii, p. 199.
bR. Palpal bulb with scarcely a trace of
prominence.
a1. Fringe of hairs overlapping bacilli
on maxilla olive; hairs of body
and legs blackish C. pocockii, p. 1
67. Fringe on maxilla shining red ;
hairs of body and legs brown
a8. Femora of leffa scantily clothed
with long hairs; carapace ju.-t
exceeding protarsus vi' 4th leg. (_'. stridulans, p 198
o
194 THEItAPHOSID^:.
b8. Femora of legs with many long
hairs ; carapace considerably
exceeding protarsus of 4th leg.
«*. Carapace shorter than patella
and tibia of 2nd leg C. hardwickii, p. 198.
ft0. Carapace a little longer than
patella and tibia of 2nd leg. . C. sericeus, p. 199.
Females.
a. Underside of palpi and of 1st and 2nd legs
black internally, yellow externally.
a1. 4th leg a little longer than 1st; protarsus
and tarsus of 4th longer than carapace . . C.Jlavo-pilosus,\>.\9Q>.
ft1. 4tb leg much shorter than 1st; protarsus
and tarsus of 4th shorter than carapace . . C. bicolor, p. 196.
b. Palpi and anterior legs uniformly coloured
beneath.
a2. Spicules on outer side of mandible arranged
in very definite parallel rows C.fumosus, p. 196.
ft2. Spicules on outer side of mandible irregu-
larly arranged.
a3. Femora of palp and of anterior legs fringed
externally; 1st leg much longer than 4th. C. fimbriatus, p. 195.
ft3. Femora of palp and of anterior legs not
fringed ; 1st leg not longer than 4th.
ffi4. Carapace much shorter than patella and
tibia of 1st leg.
a5. Sternum and legs sooty blackbeneath;
legs with pale bands above C. masoni, p. 197.
ft'. Sternum and legs brown beneath ;
legs not banded above C. andersoni, p. 197.
ft4. Carapace not much or scarcely shorter
than patella and tibia of 1st leg.
a6. Hairy clothing of body and limbs
blackish ; fringe overlapping bacilli
on maxilla olive-green C. pocockii, p. 195.
b6. Hairy clothing of body and limbs
yellowish or greyish brown; fringe
on maxilla shining red.
a7. Width of head about equal to
length of 4th protarsus.
a8. Size large : carapace about
17 mm. long C. hardwickii, p. 198.
b8. Size small : carapace about
12 mm. long C. nitelinus, p. 197.
ft7. Width of head much less than
length of 4th protarsus.
a9. 4th leg long, almost three times
as long as carapace ; paler .... C. sericeus, p. 199.
ft9. 4th leg short, about two and
a half times the length of the
carapace ; darker C. brevipes, p. 199.
CHILOB11AC11YS. 195
184. Chilobrachys fimbriatus, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. II. Soc. xii,
p. 740, 1899.
5 . Colour : integument blackish, covered above with yellowish
hairs, intermixed with reddish bristles on the limbs and abdomen ;
abdomen marked with narrow dark stripes above, velvety black
below, like under side of the limbs. Carapace as long as patella
and tibia of 1st leg, much longer than those of the 4th, and a little
longer than protarsus and tarsus of 4th. 1st leg longer than 4th ;
femora of palpi and anterior legs thickly fringed externally.
c? . Carapace shorter than patella and tibia of 2nd leg, as long
as protarsus and half the tarsus of the 4th. Femur of 3rd leg thick.
Spine of palpal organ thick, blade-like, abruptly narrowed at the
point.
Measurements in mm. — 2 . Total length 45, carapace 26, 1st leg
67, 2nd 59, 3rd 51, 4th 63, patella and tibia of 4th 23.
3 . Total length 30, carapace 16, 1st leg 54, 2nd 48, 3rd 39,
4th 53, patella and tibia of 1st 21-5, of 4th 13-5.
Loc. Western India : Khandabi (Phipson); Jaoli in Satara
(Master).
185. Chilobrachys femoralis, sp. n.
J . Colour : integument jet-black ; hairs on carapace golden
yellow, elsewhere duller yellow and intermixed with red bristles.
Carapace as long as patella and tibia of 1st or of 4th legs, longer
than those of 2nd, and almost as long as protarsus and tarsus of
4th, very slightly longer than patella, tibia, and tarsus of palp.
Legs short, 1st and 4th almost equal ; femur of 3rd very thick.
Palpal organ with spine thickish and blade-like, abruptly narrowed
and pointed apically.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 22, carapace 11, 1st leg 31,
2nd 28, 3rd 25, 4th 32-5, patella and tibia of 1st 11-5, of 4th
11-5.
Loc. Western India : Nasik (Millet).
186. Chilobrachys pocockii, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Genova, xxxvii,
p. 180, 1897 (Musagetes).
2 . Colour : integument blackish, hairy clothing deep olive-
brown. Carapace as long as patella and tibia of 1st, longer than
those of 4th, and almost as long as protarsus and tarsus of 4th leg.
Fringe overhanging stridulating bacilli olive-green, not bright red
as in the other species ; the bacilli set several rows deep, except at
the two ends of the cluster.
cS . Carapace shorter than patella and tibia of 2nd, less than
protarsus and half the tarsus of 4th leg. Spine of palpal organ
slender, very long, strongly curved, its distal half bent nearly at
right angles, the point slightly expanded.
*M,«surements in mm. — £ . Total length 46, carapace 20, 1st leg
53, 2nd 45, 3rd 41, 4th 54, patella and tibia of 4th L8.
o2
196 THERAPHOSIDiE.
6 . Total length 27, carapace 14, palp 23, 1st leg 48, 2nd 14,
3rd 36, 4th 48-5, patella and tibia of 4th 16, of 1st 19.
Loc. Upper Burma : Thao and Bia-po in Karennee (Fen).
187. Chilobrachys bicolor, Pocock, A. M. N. H. (6) xv, p. 172, 1895
(Musagetes).
5 . Colour : carapace and abdomen covered with yellowish-
brown hairs ; legs similarly coloured, with the femora much darker
and the inner and anterior half of the under side of the 1st and 2nd
pairs velvety black. Carapace as long as patella and tibia of 1st leg,
longer than those of 4th, and much longer than protarsus and
tarsus of 4th ; width of head equal to 4th protarsus. 1st leg longer
than 4th.
S . Carapace exceeding protarsus and half the tarsus of the 4th
leg, scarcely shorter than patella and tibia of 2nd, a little shorter
than those of 4th. Spine of p>alpal organ broad and flattened, with
slight spiral twist and a sharp point (fig. 62, D, p. 198).
Measurements in mm. — $ . Total length 49, carapace 22, 1st leg
56, 2nd 48, 3rd 42, 4th 52, patella and" tibia of 1st 22.
6. Total length 35, carapace 19, palp 30, 1st leg 60, 2nd 53,
3rd 46, 4th 58, patella and tibia of 1st leg 24, of 4th 20.
Loc. Upper Burma: Kyaukse (Oatcs) ; Myingya (Watson).
188. Chilobrachys flavo-pilosus, Simon, Ann. Mm. Genova, xx, p. 358,
1884 (Phrictus) : cervinus, Thorell, Spiders of Burma, p. 5, 1895,
in part, £ : fuliffineus, id. op. cit. p. 8, in part (Phlogius) : deci-
piens, id. Ann. Mus. Genova, xxxvii, p. 179, 1897 (Musagetes).
Resembling C. bicolor in colour, but smaller and with longer
legs.
$ . Carapace at most slightly longer than patella and tibia ami
a little shorter than protarsus and tarsus of 4th leg ; 4th leg a little
longer than 1st.
S . 4th and 1st legs subequal. Palpal organ with spine weaker
than in C. bicolor.
Measurements in mm. — £ • Total length 37, carapace 15*5, 1st leg
42, 2nd 37, 3rd 33, 4th 43, patella and tibia of 4th 15, of 1st 16-5.
8 . Total length 35, carapace 16-5, palp 27, 1st leg 54, 2nd 49,
3rd 43-5, 4th 54, patella and tibia of 4th 18-5.
Loc. Burma: Minhla (Comotto) ; Thavctmyo and Tharrawaddy
(Oates).
189. Chilobrachys fivmosns, Pocock, A. M. N. H. (6) xv, p. 174, pi. x.
tig. 7, 1895 (Musagetes).
2 . Colour of integument and hairs mostly blackish, the longer
bristles reddish. Distinguishable from the rest of the species by
having the spicules on the mandible arranged in four definite
parallel rows. Carapace a little longer than patella and tibia of 1st
CHILOBRACHYS. 197
or 4th legs, only a little shorter than protarsus and tarsus of 4th.
4th ley much lunger than 1st.
Measurements in mm. — Total leugth 30, carapace 18, 1st leg
44, 2nd 39, 3rd 37'5, 4th 50, patella and tibia of 1st 17, of
4th 16.
Loc. North India.
L90. Chilobrachys niasoni, Pocock, A. M. N. II. (0) xv, p. 174, pi. x,
fig. 6, 18(J5 (Musagetes).
Colour: integumeut clothed with yellowish-brown hairs above,
velvety black on lower surface of body and limbs ; upper side of
limbs with narrow pale longitudinal lines, and on the apices of the
segments with narrow transverse pale bands. Carapace shorter
than patella and tibia of 1st, longer than those of 2nd, equal to
those of the 4th leg, nearly as long as protarsus and tarsus of 4th ;
width of head much less than protarsus of 4th.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 41, carapace 20, 1st leg 54,
2nd 49, 3rd 44, 4th 57, patella and tibia of 1st leg 22, of 4th 20.
Loc. Assam : Sylhet.
191. Chilobrachys andersoni, Pocock, A. M. X. II. (6) xv, p. 172,
1895, § (Musagetes) : cervinus, Thoreli, Spiders of Burma, p. 5,
1895, iu part, 3 (Phlogius): ruib-fuscus, Thoreli, Ann. Mus.
Genova, xxxvii, p. 177, 1897, $ (Musagetes).
2 . Principally differing from C. masoni in being uniformly
coloured with yellowish-brown hairs.
$ . Distinguishable by the great length of the legs; carapace con-
siderably shorter than protarsus of 4th, equal to patella and tibia of
3rd leg. Leys of 4th pair more than four times as long as carapace.
Palpal oryan with spine stout, bicarinate, attenuate, with a small
blunt point.
Measurements in mm. — § . Total length 54, carapace 25, 1st leg
68, 4th 72, patella and tibia of 4th 24.
3 . Total length 30, carapace 14, palp 28, 2nd leg 51, 3rd 44,
4th 60, patella and tibia of 4th 19, protarsus 16.
Loc. Tenasserim (Gates) ; Mergui (Anderson); Kawkareet (Fea).
192. Chilobrachys nitelinus, Karsch, Berl. ent. Zeits. xxxvi, p. 270,
t. x, tig. 2, 1892.
2 . Colour : integument deep brown, hairy clothing yellowish
brown. Carapace about as long as patella and tibia of 1st leg,
longer than those of 4th and than protarsus and tarsus of 4th;
width of head about equal to length of 4th protarsus.
d . Carapace a little less than patella and tibia of 2nd leg, a little
longer than protarsus of 4th. Palp long, about twice the length
of the carapace; spine of organ curved, pointed; bulb without
prominence.
Measurements in nun. — $ . Total length 26, carapace 12, 1st leg
198 THERAPHOSID^.
30, 2nd 26, 3rd 23, 4th 31-5, patella and tibia of 1st 11-5, of 4th
11-3.
3. Total length 16, carapace 9, palp 18, 1st leg 32, 2nd 28,
3rd 25, 4th 34, patella and tibia of 1st 11-5, of 4th 11.
Loc. Ceylon (Sarasin) : Punduloya and Dikoya (Green).
193. Chilobrachys hardwickii, Pocock, A. M. N. H. (6) xv, p. 174r
1895.
5 . Resembling that of C. nitelinus, but much larger ; legs of
1st and 4th pairs subequal, patella and tibia of 1st leg distinctly
longer than of 4th.
$ . Carapace shorter than patella and tibia of 2nd leg, equal to
protarsus and half the tarsus of the 4th, more than half the length
of the palpus. Legs with femora thickly clothed with bristles
beneath. Bulb of palpal organ without -anterior prominence, the
spine longish, attenuate, pointed at apex (fig. 62, C).
Measurements in mm. — $ . Total length 34, carapace 18, 1st leg
43, 3rd 34, 4th 43, patella and tibia of 1st leg 17-3, of
4th 15.
J . Total length 27, carapace 14, palpus 23, 1st leg 46, 2nd 40,
3rd 34, 4th 44, patella and tibia of 1st leg 18-5, of 4th 16.
Loc. Shahjahanpur in North-west Provinces ; Bilaspur in
Central Provinces (Phipson) ; Chota Nagpur (Logsdail) ; Burdwan
(Hardivicke).
194. Chilobrachys stridulans, Wood-Mason, P. A. S. B. 1875, p. 197
id. Tr. Ent. Soc. 1877, p. 281, pi. vii (Mygale).
A B Allied to C. Jiardwiclai, but with the
appendages less hairy and longer. Cara-
p>ace shorter than the patella, tibia, and
half the tarsus of the palp, and just
exceeding the protarsus of the 4th leg.
1st and 4th legs subequal. Palpal organ
(fig. 62, A) shorter than half the
length of the tibia ; the spine shorter
and straighter than in C. liardivicl-ii.
Measurements in mm. — Total length
28, carapace 14, palp 25, 1st leg 50,
2nd 42-5, 3rd 37, 4th 49-5, patella and
tibia of 1st leg 20, of 4th 16-5.
Fig. 62.— A. Palpal organ of $ Loc. Assam : Sibsagar (Peal).
of Chilobrachys stridulans ;
B, of C. thorellii; C, of C.
hardwickii ; D, of C. hicolor.
CHILOBIIACHYS. 199
195. Chilobrachys thorellii, sp. n.
c? . Distinguishable from G. hardwickii and C. stridulans by
having the portion of the bulb of the palpal organ remote from
the spine produced into an anguliform prominence (fig. 62, B).
Nearly resembling G. stridulans in length of legs, &c, but with the
1st leg shorter.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 30, carapace 14, palpus 23,
1st leg 48, 4th leg 49, patella and tibia of 1st 19, of 4th 16.
Loc. Assam : Sadiya.
196. Chilobrachys brevipes, Thorell,A>m. Mus. Genova,xxxvn,y. 179,
1897 (Musagetes).
$ . Colour : integument blackish, hairy clothing deep olive-
yellow. Carapace scarcely louger than patella and tibia of 1st leg,
slightly longer than those of 4th, a little shorter than protarsus
and tarsus of 4th, width of head distinctly less than protarsus
of 4th leg.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 27, carapace 12, 1st leg 29,
2nd 25, 3rd 23, 4th 31, patella and tibia of 1st leg 11-5, of 4th 11.
Loc. Burma : Tharrawaddy (Oates).
197. Chilobrachys sericeus, Thorell, Spiders of Burma, p. 10, 1895
(Phlogius).
5 . Closely allied to female of C. nitelinus and hardwickii, but
the width of the head much less than length of 4th protarsus.
d . Smaller than male of C. hardwickii, with the carapace not
shorter than the patella and tibia of 2nd leg, a little shorter thau
those of 4th. Bulb of palpal orrjan rounded ; spine subfiliform, but
ending in a small blunt point.
Measurements in mm. — 2 . Total length 24, carapace 10#5, 1st leg
27-5, 2nd 24, 3rd 21-5, 4th 30, patella and tibia of 1st leg 11,
of 4th 10.
cJ. Total length 22, carapace 10, palp 15, 1st leg 31, 2nd 26,
3rd 24, 4th 32, patella and tibia of 1st leg 12-5, of 4th 11.
Loc. Burma: liangoon (Oates).
The following species, based upon females, are of doubtful
validity : —
Chilobraehvs soricinus, Thorell, Ann. Mus, Qenovu, xxv, p. 15,
1888 (Phi-ictus).
2 . A little larger than the type of C. sericeus, with the patella
and tibia of 1st leg a little longer as compared with the cara-
pace, and the anterior lateral eyes a little larger as compared with
the median.
Loc. Burma: Bhamo (Fea).
200 THERAPHOSIDiE.
The specimen identified and described by Thorell in 1897 as
Musagetes soricinus appears from the leg-measurements to differ
specifically from the original soricinus.
Chilobrachys oculatus, Thorell, Spiders of Burma, p. 13, 1895
(Phlogius).
Based upon a mutilated and doubtfully adult specimen, re-
sembling the type of C. soricinus in having the anterior lateral eyes
of large size.
hoc. Arrakan : Akyab (Oates).
Genus SELENOCOSMIA, Auss.
Selenocosmia, Ausserer, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1871, p. 204;
Pocock, A. M. N. H. (6) xv, p. 170, 1895.
Phrictus, L. Koch, Arach. Austral.^. 488, 1874 (nom. praeocc).
Phlogius, Simon, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. (6) vii, p. cxcv, 1887 ; id. Hist.
Nat. Araiyn. i, p. 146, 1892.
Closely resembling Chilobrachys, but with the spines on the
outer side of the mandible long, setiform, and but little differ-
entiated from the oral fringe ; while on the maxilla the cluster of
bacilli is large and oval, the bacilli lying several rows deep, and
there is no fringe of hairs overhanging the bacilli.
Type, S. javanensis, Walck.
Distribution. Himalayas, Burma, thence eastwards and south-
wards into Australia.
Synojisis of Indian Species.
a. Patellae paler than the rest of the segments
of the legs S. himalayana, p. 200.
b. Patella? the same colour as the rest of seg-
ments of the legs and palpi.
a1. Tarsal scopula of 4th leg divided ; cluster
of bacilli on maxilla twice as long as
broad S. fuliginea, p. 201.
o1. Tarsal scopula of 4th leg undivided ;
cluster of bacilli on maxilla only a little
longer than broad S. javanensis, p. 201.
198. Selenocosmia himalayana, PucocJc, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. xii,
p. 740, 1899.
$. Colour: integument blackish ; carapace and patellae covered
with greyish-yellow hairs, rest of the leg-segments and abdomen
blackish brown. Carapace with head low, a little longer than
patella and tibia of 1st and 4th legs ; eyes of anterior line straight.
Stridulatiny-bristles on mandible spiniform. Tarsal scopula of 4th
leg divided by band of setae ; patella and tibia of 1st and 4th
legs about equal.
SELENOCOSMIA. 201
Measurements in mm. — Total length 32, carapace 15, 1st leg 37,
2nd 33, 3rd 31, 4th 43.
hoc. North India : Dehra Dun ( Gleadow).
199. Selenocosmia fuliginea, Thorell, Spiders of Burma, p. 8, 1895
(1'hlogius).
5 . Uniformly coloured and darker than S. himalayana. Cara-
pace not quite so long as patella and tibia of 4th leg; cephalic
region higher; anterior line of eyes procurved, laterals distinctly
smaller than medians. Cluster of bacilli on maxilla twice as long
as wide, narrowed distally ; bristles on mandible slender, evenly
attenuate. Patella and tibia of 1st and 4th legs about equal ;
tarsal scopula of 4th divided.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 37, carapace 15, 1st leg 40,
2nd 33, 3rd 29, 4th 42.
Loc. Burma : Tharrawaddy (Oates).
200. Selenocosmia javanensis, WaJck. Ins. Apt. i, p. 216, 1837.
$ . Paler in colour than S. fuliginea. Carapace a little longer
than patella and tibia of 4th leg : anterior lateral eyes as long as
the medians. Cluster of bacilli on maxilla thick, with distal end
broad and rounded ; bristles on mandible more abundant and
attenuate than in 8. fuliginea. Leys with tarsal scopula of 4th
not completely divided ; patella and tibia of 1st leg longer than
of 4th.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 42, carapace 20, 1st leg 52,
2nd 45, 3rd 41, 4th 55.
Loc. Lesser Nicobar (according to Thorell) ; Java.
The following species, based upon immature individuals, cannot
be satisfactorily classified : —
Selenocosmia orophila, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Genova, xxxvii, p. 175,
1897 (Phlogius).
$ . Carapace with thoracic fovea larger than in S. javanensis and
S. fuliginea, about as long as patella and tibia of 1st or 4th leg ;
size of eyes and shape of cluster of bacilli approaching those of
S. javanensis; bristles on mandible more like those of iS. fuliginea.
Tarsal scopula? of 3rd and 4th legs divided.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 14, carapace 6"5, 1st leg 16,
4th 17.
Loc. Burma : Bia-po in Karennee (Fea).
202 THERAPHOSID^.
Genus PHLOGIELLUS, Pocock *.
Phlogiellus, Pocock, Abh. Senck. naturf. Ges. xxiii, pt. 4, p. 595, 1897
Resembling Sclenocosmia in the structure of the stridulating-
orgaii and in most structural features, but distinguishable by having
the tarsal scopulae of all the legs divided by a band of setae and
by the retention of the inferior tarsal claw on the posterior pair
of legs.
Type, P. inermis, Auss.
Distribution. Java; Nicobar Islands.
201. Phlogiellus subarmatus, ThoreU, Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl xxiv,
no. 2, p. 13, 1891 (Ischnocolus).
Colour : integument blackish, hairy clothing ashy red. Cara-
pace low. Legs rather short ; scopula3 on anterior legs scanty, on
posterior legs thick and divided by a band of setae.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 15*5, carapace 6, 1st leg
15, 4th 17.
Log. Nanchoury in the Nicobar Islands (according to Thorell).
Genus LYROGNATHUS, Pocock.
Lyrognathus, Pocock, A. M. N. H. (6) xv, p. 170, 1895.
At once distinguishable from the rest of the genera of the sub-
family by having the legs of the 4th pair much thicker than the
rest, with the protarsal scopula extending almost up to the base of
the segment ; 3rd leg thicker than 2nd, with the scopula also
covering the protarsus beneath.
IStridulating-organ and other characters as in Sclenocosmia.
Type, L. crotalus, Poc.
Distribution. North-east India.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
a. Eyes of anterior line close to the edge of the
carapace L. pugnax, p. 203.
b. Eyes of anterior line about twice their own dia-
meter from edge of clypeus.
a1. Legs longer ; tibia of 4th about three times as
long as high L. satiator, p. 203.
bl. Legs shorter ; tibia of 4th only about twice as
long as high L. crotalus, p. 203.
'f Based upon a Javan species, P. atriceps, whieh Prof. Jvulczynski informs
me (in litt.) is identical with Ischnocolus inermis of Ausserer. According to
Thorell, I. subarmatus is abo identical with /. inermis — an opinion of which the
correctness may be questioned.
LYEOGNAXHUS. 203
202. Lyrognathus crotalus, Focock, A. M. N. H. (6) xv, p. 175,
1895.
$ . Colour : integument blackish brown, covered with dusky
brown hairs, intermixed with foxy-grey bristles on legs and
abdomen. Carapace nearly one-third longer than wide, only very
slightly shorter than protarsus and tarsus of 4th leg, or than tibia,
protarsus, and tarsus of 3rd, distinctly longer than patella, tibia,
and tarsus of palp. Eyes of anterior line separated from edge of
clypeus by about twice their diameter, medians larger than laterals.
Tibia and protarsus of 4th ley with a very thick clothing of short
erect hairs, intermixed with long bristles ; tibia about as wide as
high, its height almost equal to half its length.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 20, carapace 13*5, palp 19,
1st leg 32, 2nd and 3rd legs 27, 4th leg 41, tibia of 4th 8, height
of latter 3*5.
Loc. North India.
203. Lyrognathus saltator, sp. n.
Allied to the foregoing, but with the legs longer (<■/. measure-
ments) ; tibia arid protarsus of 4th leg less thickly hairy, the
former about three times as long as high. Carapace about one-
fourth longer than wide, as long as the protarsus and two-thirds
of the tarsus of the 4th, scarcely longer than patella, tibia, and
tarsus of palp, and noticeably shorter than tibia, protarsus, and
tarsus of 3rd.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 32, carapace 15, palpus 22*5,
1st leg 37, 2nd and 3rd legs 32, 4th leg 49, tibia of 4th 10-5, height
of latter 3*5.
Loc. Assam : North Khasi Hills.
204. Lyrognathus pugnax, sp. n.
Allied to the preceding, and especially to L. saltator, but at once
distinguishable by having the anterior line of eyes close to the edge
of the carapace, and separated therefrom by a space which is only
about equal to the diameter of the eyes. Tibia of 4th ley higher than
in L. saltator, but not so high as in L. crotalus (cf. measurements).
Measurements in mm. — Total length 34, carapace 16, 1st leg l<».
2nd and 3rd legs 34, 4th leg 52, tibia of 4th 11, height of latter 4-5.
Loc. Assam : Shillong (Peal).
Subfamily ORNITHOCTON1X . E.
Mandible furnished externally with a dense pad (scopula) com-
posed of short, close-set, plumose hairs ; between the scopula and
the oral fringe there is a naked area, which, however, bears poste-
riorly a small number (about four) of large, lightly carved, plumose
204 THERAPHOSID.E.
bristles springing from the scopula above (fig. 04, a). Inner surface
of maxilla sparsely bairy, but furnished botb above and below the
suture with a small number of black tooth -like tubercles (fig. 03).
Fjff. 63. — Inner surface of Fig. 64.— Outer surface of
maxilla of Ornithoctonus mandible of Ornithoctonus
andersoni, showing the andersoni. a. Stridulating-
spines. bristles.
Posterior sternal sigilla remote from the margin. Legs with a
few spines at apex of tibiae and protarsi * ; tarsal scopulae thick
and undivided.
Distribution. From Burma and Siam southwards and eastwards
to the Moluccas.
Synopsis of the Burmese Genera.
a. Carapace low, ocular tubercle close to edge
of clypeus Cyriopagopus, p. 204.
b. Carapace elevated in the cephalic region ;
ocular tubercle some distance behind
edge of clypeus.
a1. Legs strong and short; fovea large,
scarcely procurved Ornithoctonus, p. 205.
b1. Legs slender and long; fovea small and
concentric Melopceus, p. 205.
Genus CYRIOPAGOPUS, Simon.
Cyriopagopus, Simon, J. A. S. B. lvi, p. 110, 1887; id. Hist. Nat.
Araign. i, p. 152, 1892.
Omothymus, Thorell, K. Si: Vet.-Akad. Handl. xxiv, no. 2, p. 10,
1891; Pocock, A. M. N. H. (6) xv, p. 179, 1895.
Carapace low, flatfish, the cephalic region gradually and evenly
inclined between the fovea and the ocular tubercle ; fovea sub-
linear, transverse, at most slightly procurved ; ocular tubercle low
and wide, close to the edge of the clypeus ; eyes of anterior line
subequal, scarcely procurved. Male with very long legs ; tibia of
1st with a single short blunt spur.
Type, G. paganus, Simon.
Distribution. Tenasserim and Penang.
* Simon is mistaken in stating that the legs of the type specimen of Cyrio-
paffopus -paganus, are without spines.
MELOPffil'S. — OBKITHOOTOKUS. 205
205. Cyriopagopus paganus, Simon, J. A. S. B. hi, p. Ill, 1S87.
Colour : integument reddish brown, clothed with greyish-brown
pubescence and reddish bristles ; ends of leg-segments narrowly-
white ; abdomen obscurely banded. Carapace as long as patella
and tibia of 1st leg, a little shorter than those of 4th and than
protarsus and tarsus of this limb.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 35, length of carapace 14*5,
width 12, length of 1st leg 39 (patella + tibia 14-5\ 2nd 35,
3rd 32, 4th 43 (patella + tibia 15, protarsus 10).
Loc. Tenasserim : Tavoy (Moti Bam),
Genus MEL0P(EUS, Pocock.
Melopoeus, Pocock, A. M. N. H. (6) xv, p. 179, 1895.
Carapace with the cephalic region elevated, the area between
the fovea and the ocular tubercle distinctly convex both longi-
tudinally and transversely ; fovea narrow and crescentically pro-
curved ; ocular tubercle high, subcircular, some distance behind
the edge of the clypeus. Legs long and slender, the 4th thinner
than the 1st, its tibia about four times as long as wide. Anterior
tibia of male with a single blunt spur as in Cyriopagopus.
Type, M. albostriatus (Simon).
Distribution. Siara and Tenasserim.
206. Melopoeus minax, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Genova, xxxvii, p. 182, 1897.
2 . Colour : integument blackish, clothed with ruddy brown
hairs ; ends of leg-segments whitish ; abdomen obscurely banded
above. Carapace as long as patella and tibia and one-fourth of
the protarsus of the 1st and 4th legs, very slightly exceeding
protarsus and tarsus of 4th ; width equal to patella and tibia of
2nd, greater than those of 3rd. Legs scantily clothed with bristles,
patella and tibia of 4th leg a little shorter than of 1st.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 44, length of carapace 24,
1st leg 59, 2nd 52, 3rd 47, 4th 61, patella + tibia of 4th leg 21,
of 1st 22-5.
Loc. Tenasserim : Kawkareet {Feci).
Genus 0RNITH0CT0NUS, Pocock.
Ornithoctonus, Pocock, Join-. Linn. Soc.f Zool. xxiv, p. 317, 1892 ;
id. A. M. N, H. (6) xv, p. 179, 1895.
Resembling Melopous in having the fore part of the carapact
elevated, the ocular tubercle small and situated at some distance
from the edge of the clypeus ; but differing in having the thoracic
fovea deep, wide, and scarcely procurved, and the legs stout and
'short, the 4th pair being as thick as the 1st, the width of the tibia
of the 4th being more than one-third of the length. Malt-
unknown.
Type, 0. andersoni, Poc.
Distribution. Burma.
206
AK.ACHNOMOBPH.E.
207. Ornithoctonus andersoni, Pocock, Jour. Linn. Soc, Zool. xxiv,
p. 317, pi. xxii, figs. 1-3, 1892.
o Colour : a nearly uniform reddish brown, darker beneath
and on femora, some white hairs at the extremities of the leg-
segments. Carapace as long as the patella and tibia and one-
fourth of the protarsus of the 1st or 4th legs, considerably
exceeding protarsus and tarsus of 4th. Legs somewhat thickly
hairy, 1st and 4th subequal and considerably less than two and a
half times the length of the carapace; patella and tibia of 4th leg
a little less than of 1st. .
Measurements in ^m.-Total length 52, carapace 25 1st leg
61 2nd and 3rd 54, 4th 62, patella + tibia of 4th 12, of 1st 23.
Loc. Tenasserim : Mergui (Anderson).
Suborder ARACHNOMORPHJE.
Differing from the Mygalomorpha? in having the basal segment of
the mandible articulated in a horizontal plane to the under side of
the head and directed downwards, the fang closing obliquely
inwards (tig 52, p. 155). The posterior respiratory organs are in
the form of tracheal tubes, which in most cases open by a common
anerture hist in front of the spinners. S^nmng-mamilla mormally
six in number, often accompanied by the cribellum or the colulus.
Coxa of palp furnished with a large maxillary process. Sternum
without distinct sieilla (at least in the Indian genera).
Distribution. Subarctic, temperate, and tropical countries
With the exception of one or two forms of doubtlu systematic
nosition or great scarcity, the Indian species of Arachnomorphaj
maVbe refeLd to the following families (those that are printed
in italics have been omitted from the present volume) :-
Synopsis of tlie principal Indian Families.
a. Cribellum and calamistrum present
a\ Head-region large, rounded, high; posterior
lateral eyes remote from the rest ••••••• ^resids.
&i Head low, narrowed, not strongly rounded; pos-
terior lateral eyes very rarely remote from the
others
a\ Tarsi furnished with ungual tufts and an in- psechridae
ferior claw
h2 Tarsi without ungual tufts. _
a» Anal papilla long and conically acuminate . Uloboridce.
b3'. Anal papilla short, semicircular Dictynidce.
b Cribellum and calamistrum absent.
' aK Sternum much wider than long ; the posterior
coxa? widely separated .- riatonaae.
b\ Sternum net wider than long ; posterior coxse
not widely separated.
o5 Posterior spinners absent or much shorter than
the anterior Zodarndce.
ARACIINOMOItPHJE.
207
'. Posterior spinners present, not shorter than
anterior.
a6. 1st leg enormously thick, with tarsus pedun-
culate and almost clawless Palpimanidce.
¥. 1st leg typically subsimilar to the rest (larger
in most Attidae) ; its tarsus normal and
clawed.
a1. Posterior spinners enormously long and
apically slender Hersiliidae
b~. Posterior spinners shorter and thick.
«8. Anal papilla very large, fringed with
long hairs; posterior spinners much
larger than anterior Urocteidae.
b8. Anal papilla small, not fringed; pos-
terior spinners generally subequal to
the anterior.
«9. Claws 3 ; no ungual tufts.
a10. Tarsus of 4th leg with comb of
spines below Theridiidae.
b10. Tarsus of 4th leg without comb of
spines.
a11. Maxilla} inclined on labium;
mandibles scarcely toothed ; legs
very long and slender . . Pholcidae.
ft11. Maxillse not inclined on la-
bium ; mandibles toothed ; legs
shorter and thicker.
«12. Tarsi armed apically with
curved serrate spines. Seden-
tiiiy web-weavers Argyopidae.
/>'"'. Tarsi without serrate spines
at apex. Hunting Spiders.
a13. Mandibles powerful,
toothed; labium and max-
illa? short Lycosidae.
6". Mandibles weak, weakly
toothed; labium and max-
illa? long Oxyopidae.
6n. Claws 2 ; ungual tufts present.
au. Anterior spinners wide apart at
base Gnaphosidce.
6". Anterior spinners close together
at base.
a15. Anterior median eyes enor-
mously large ; eyes of posterior
line forming a square on sides
of head Attida.
bis. Eyes more normal in size and
position.
a10. Mandibles prominent, strongly
toothed; 3rd and 4th lega
not much shorter than 1st
mid 2nd Clubionidae.
A1'. Mandibles weak, weakly
toothed ; 3rd and 4th legs
much shorter than 1st and
2nd Thomisidte.
208 ERESID^.
Family ERESID.E.
Small or medium-sized robust Spiders, with the cephalic region
of the carapace wide and usually high ; the clypeus low ; the four
median eyes forming a small quadrangle narrower in front than
behind, the anterior lateral eye on the side of the head, the posterior
lateral far removed from the rest of the eyes and situated high
up on the posterior portion of the head ; the mandibles flattish
in front, with fang-groove scarcely toothed ; maxilla; inclined
obliquely inwards ; legs strong, weakly spined, with three claws ;
abdomen oval ; spinners with large cribellum.
Distribution. Central and Southern Europe; Western Asia,
China; Africa; India, Ceylon, and Burma.
One Indian genus.
Genus STEGODYPHUS, Simon.
Stegodyphus, Simon, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (5) iii. p. 336, 1873 ; id.
Hist. Nat. Araign. i, p. 253, 1892.
Characters and distribution as above.
Type, S. lineatus, Latr.
The species of this genus live on bushes, where they spin either
a large sheet-like web accompanied by a tubular retreat, or a large
saccular nest in which many individuals live together.
Syno2Jsis of Indian Species.
Males.
a. Anterior legs thick, their tibial nearly as high
as long S. tibialis, p. 209.
b. Anterior legs not thick, their tibiae more than
twice as long as high.
a1. 2nd, 3rd, and 4th legs entirely red ; 1st
black in its basal, red in its distal half. . S. mirandus, p. 209.
61. All the legs alike, banded.
a1. Total length about 12 mm S. pacificns, p. 209.
b2. Total length about 6 mm S. sarasinorum, p. 209.
Females.
a. Upper side of abdomen a uniform golden
yellow S. socialis, p. 209.
b. Upper side of abdomen clouded or banded
with black.
a1. Carapace clothed with olive-black hairs;
abdomen not banded S. mirandus, p. 209.
bl. Carapace clothed with greyish-white
hairs ; abdomen banded.
a2. About 20 mm. in length ; mandibles
whitish 8. 2Mcificits, p. 209.
b~. About 10 mm. in length ; mandibles
darker S. sarasinorum, p. 209.
STEGODYPHUS. 2U9
208. Stegodyphus mirandus, Pocock, Jour. Bom. X. H. Sue. xii,
p. 750, 1899.
5 . Colour : carapace and limbs blackish, clothed with olive-
black hairs; hairs on sternum and coxa? paler; abdomen bronze-
black above, a rich golden red at the sides and below, with the
spinners black.
<S . Uniformly black all over, with exception of the 2nd, 3rd,
and 4th legs and tibia, protarsus, and tarsus of 1st leg, which are
bright yellowish red.
Measurements in mm. — 5 . Total length 20, carapace 8, 1st leg
20. 6 • Total length V2, carapace 6, 1st leg 19.
Loc. Western India : Bombay, Buildup (Phipson) ; Uran
(Aitken) ; Poona Ghats ( Wroughton).
209. Stegodyphus pacificus, sp. a.
$ • As large as the preceding. Colour : integument yellowish
red, clothed with greyish hairs ; legs banded with black ; abdomen
with a pair of irregular longitudinal blackish bands above and at
the sides, black below, with a yellow band on each side ; man-
dibles black at tip.
J . Legs less strongly banded ; abdomen pale below, ornamented
laterally with short transverse reddish stripes.
Measurements in mm. — $ . Total length 20, carapace 10, 1st leg
23. d. Total length 12, carapace 6, 1st leg 21.
Loc. Western India : Eastern Khandesh (Madan) ; Eastern
district of Poona ( Wroughton).
210. Stegodyphus sarasinorum, Karseh, Berl. ent. Zeits. xxxvi,
p. 275, pi. x, fig. 4, 1892.
2 . Much smaller than the preceding, which it closely resembles
in colour but has the mandibles clothed with olive-
black hairs, 6* • Much smaller than that of S. paci-
Jirus, the mandibles covered with olive hairs ; palpal
organ relatively larger.
Measurements in mm. — $. Total length 10, cara-
pace 4, 1st leg 95. J. Total length 6, carapace 3,
Lsl leg 9.
Loc. Ceylon: Peradeniya (Sarasin, Fnrman), Palode
(Yerbury). India: Madatory, Ponmudi and Trivan-
Stegod'/phus drum in Travancore^Vr/wsuMj; Bangalore (Staunton);
earasinorum, Chingleput (Jambunathan) ; Bilaspur, E. Khandesh
*' (Madan); Poona (Wroughton) ; Uran (Aitken).
It is no doubt this species or the preceding that Simon
by mistake records as Stegodyphus gregarius, O. P. Cambr., from
Ghizerat.
211. Stegodyphus socialis, sp. u.
$. Colour: carapace black, with lateral border and cephalic
region clothed with grey hairs ; mandibles black, with a transverse
r
210 PSECHRJD.E.
band of yellowish-grey hairs in the upper half ; legs olive-brown,
indistinctly banded with grey ; abdomen golden yellow above and
at sides, thickly mottled with black below.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 13, carapace 7, 1st leg 13.
Loc. S. India : Bangalore (Staunton).
212. Stegodyphus tibialis, 0. P. Cambridge, A. M. N. H. (4) hi,
p. 71, t. vi, figs. 70, 71, 1869 (Eresus). "
J . Colour : carapace black, with broad yellow marginal band ;
abdomen brownish black, the under side and anterior and posterior
ends of upper side thickly covered with yellow hairs ; legs blackish,
the three posterior pairs banded above, structurally differing
from the previously described males in having the femur, patella,
and especially tibia of the anterior legs thick and furnished with
long black hairs, the height of the tibia being more than half its
length.
Total length about 8 mm.
Loc. S.India: Mysore. Burma: Minhla (Comotto).
Family PSECHRID^.
Medium -sized, cribellate Spiders with long and slender legs,
the anterior two pairs being much longer than the posterior two,
and all of them furnished with uugual tufts and 3 claws ;
the superior claws are strongly toothed. Head moderately elevated ;
eyes in two transverse lines ; clypeus high. Mandibles strong and
short, toothed below. Abdomen oval or cylindrical. Cribellum
large.
Distribution. Ranging from Ceylon and India over the Indo- and
Austro-Malayan area.
Sedentary Spiders spinning large sheet-like webs.
The two Indian genera may be diagnosed as follows : —
a. Head narrower, ocular quadrangle longer than
wide Psechrus, p. 210
b.. Head broader, ocular quadrangle square Fecenia, p. 212.
Genus PSECHRUS, Thoivll.
Psechrus, Thorell, Ann. Mux. Genova, xiii, p. 170, 1878; Si»i<>//,
Hist. Nat. Araujn. i, p. 226, 1892.
Carapace with cephalic region narrower, more prominent
anteriorly; eyes of anterior line procurved, medians smaller than
laterals, of posterior line recurved, considerably behind the anterior
line, quadrangle longer than wide.
Type, P. argentatus, Dol.
Distribution. India and Ceylon to New Guinea.
rSECHRL'3.
211
Synopsis of Indian Species
a. Cephalic region of carapace elevated, with ocular
region prominent P. alticeps, p. 211.
b. Cephalic region not elevated ; ocular region not
prominent.
a1. 1st leg about six times as loug as carapace
bl
1st leg about rive times aa long as carapace
P. torvus, p. 211.
P. ffhecuanus, p. 211.
213.
Linn. Soc, Zonl.
x,
Psechrus torvus, 0. P. Cambridge, Join
p. 376, pi. xi, 1869 (Tegenaria) ; Simon, Hist. Nat. Araign. i
p. 224, figs. 173 & 175, 1892 (Psechrus).
Colour: carapace and legs yellowish brown, the former with
broad pale band on each side, the latter variegated with black ;
abdomen silvery above, variegated with dark stripes and spots,
rich brown below, with a narrow median white line. Carapace
not strongly elevated in front ; ocular area not prominent ; eyes
of posterior line a little recurved, of anterior strongly procurved,
the laterals nearly twice the diameter of the medians, lower edge of
Fig. 66.— Psechrus torvus, J,x 2.
latter almost on a level with centres of former. Legs long and strong,
1st about six times as long as carapace. Abdomen ovally elongate.
3. Smaller and longer legged tlian female; tibia of palp armed
with short hairy apophysis ; tarsus about twice as long as tibia.
Measurements in mm. — $. Total length 20, carapace 0, 1st
leg 54, 4th 4;5.
Lor. Ceylon: Pusselawa, Matale (Sarasin) ; Punduloya (Green) ;
Peradeniya (Freeman), &c.
214. Psechrus ghecuanus, Thorell, Ann. Mux. Genova. xxxvii, p. 265,
In'. 17.
Allied to P. torvus, but apparently darker in colour, with the legs
densely ringed with black. Eyes of anterior line nearly straight.
Legs shorter, 1st only about five times as long as the carapace.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 20, carapace 7~5, 1st leg 40,
4th 36.
Loc. Upper Burma : ECarennee ( !■'■" I.
215. Psechrus alticeps, Pocock, Jour. Pom. N. //. Soc, .\ii, p. To], 189P.
2 . Differs from both the preceding species in having the head
elevated and the ocular region prominent ; eves of anterior line more
p2
212 FSECHRIDJE.
strongly procurved than in P. torvus. Legs much longer than in
the latter, 1st leg only a little less than eight times as long as
carapace. Abdomen long and subcylindrical.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 15, carapace 6-5, 1st leg 49,
4th 38.
Loc. Travancore : Ponmudi and Trivandrum {Ferguson).
Genus FECENIA, Simon.
Fecenia, Simon, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. (6) vii, p. cxciv, 1887 ; id. Hist.
Nat. Araign. i, p. 226, 1892.
Differs from Psechrus in having the head wider, more convex
above, and more rounded in front ; the ocular area wider, the
anterior medians larger than the laterals, the eyes of posterior line
straight, and the ocular quadrangle about square.
Type, F. angustata, Thorell.
Distribution. S. India to the Solomon Islands.
The two British Indian species may be diagnosed as follows : —
a. 1st leg in female six times as long as cara-
pace ; vulva divided F. travancoria, p. 212.
b. 1st leg in female live times as long as cara-
pace ; vulva undivided F. cylindrata, p. 212.
216. Fecenia travancoria, Pocock, Joum. Bom. N. H. Soc. xii, p. 750,
1899.
5 . Colour : carapace clothed with ashy-grey hairs ; legs with
yellowish hairs, femora dark apically, patellar dark, tibia of 3rd and
4th pairs biannulate ; abdomen greyish yellow above, black below
with a triangular yellow patch ; yellow round vulva and in front of
spinners. Carapace with eyes of posterior line slightly procurved,
medians separated by a space exceeding twice their diameter. Legs
long, first pair about six times as long as carapace. Abdomen not
quite twice as long as wide. Vulva marked with two pits sepa-
rated by a high longitudinal keel.
Measurements in mm. — § . Total length 13, carapace 5'3, 1st
leg 34.
Loc. S. India : Madatory in Travancore (Ferguson).
217. Fecenia cylindrata, Thorell, Spiders of Burma, p. 64, 1895; id.
Ann. Mus. Genova, xxxvii, p. 263, 1897.
$ . Distinguishable from the preceding by having the patelhe
pale, the eyes of the posterior line lightly recurved, the medians less
than twice their diameter apart, the 1st leg about five times as long
as carapace, the abdomen more than twice as long as wide, the cri-
bellum undivided, and the vulva impressed with a deep undivided pit.
c?. Smaller than female, 1st leg about eight times as long as
carapace.
Length of $ from 10 to 15 mm.
Loc. Burma : Tharrawaddy and Eeef Island in the Tavoy
Kiver (Oales) ; Bhamo and Palon (Fea).
ARGYOPID.E. 213
Family ARGYOPID^E.
( = Epeiridce of most recent authors.)
Sedentary Spiders spinning webs composed of radiating and
concentric threads.
Carapace with clypeus low ; lateral eyes typically close together,
remote from the median quadrangle and situated at the sides of
the head. Mouth-parts manducatory ; mandibles powerful, freely
movable, with strongly toothed fang-groove ; maxillae not inclined
on the labium. Legs not scopulate, 3 claws ; tarsi furnished
apically with " spurious claws " in the form of thickened serrate
bristles. Abdomen large, but variable in form. Spinners sub-
equal, short, forming a compact cluster ; colulus present.
Distribution. Cosmopolitan.
Synopsis of the principal Indian Genera.
a. Head conical in- front, lateral eyes wide
apart Poltys, p. 235.
b. Head truncate in front, lateral eyes nearer
together.
a1. Abdomen hard, armed with G marginal
spines Gasteracaxtha, p. 231.
bl. Abdomen softer, not armed with mar-
ginal spines.
a'". Head very high, abruptly elevated
and strongly tubercular C^erostris, p. 230.
b2. Head lower, at most gradually
elevated.
a*. Mandibles long, armed with many
teeth Tetragnatha, p. 214.
b3. Mandibles short, armed with a few
teeth.
a*. Carapace with about 4 sym-
metrically arranged tubercles ;
abdomen very broad, multi-
tubercular Orugarius, p. 230.
b*. Carapace mostly smooth, rarely
with 2 tubercles (Nephila) or
irregularly tubercular.
a:'. Abdomen wider than lonp;,
leathery, with large .sigilla
above Cyrtarachne, p. 228
b\ Abdomen not wider than long,
sigilla small.
a5. Eyes of posterior line strongly
procurved Argyope, p. 220.
// . Lyes of posterior line not or
scarcely procurved.
a'. Abdomen flat, with sharply
defined lateral edges .... IIkhexnia, p, 219.
214 ARGyOPID-T.
Abdomen convex, with
rounded edges.
a8. Maxillae long, very
narrow at base, ex-
panded and angular
at apex Argyroepeira, p. 215.
bs. Maxillae short and thick.
a9. Legs long, protarsi
and tarsi longer than
patellae and tibiae. . . . Nephila, p. 217.
b*. Legs shorter, pro-
tarsi and tarsi shorter
than patellae and tibiae. Araneus, p. 223.
Genus TETRAGNATHA, Latreille.
Tetragnatha, Latreille, Nouv. Diet. cfHist. Nat. xxiv, p. 135, 1804 ;
Simon, Hist. Nat. Araign. i, p. 723, 1894.
Mandibles and maxillce long or very long, projecting, the former
armed with many teeth, fang long. Legs very long and slender.
Abdomen long, subcylindrical, the genital aperture behind the
stigmata. No vulva in 5 .
Type, T. externa, Linn.
Distribution. Tropical, temperate, and subarctic countries.
These Spiders spin their webs on plants overhanging water, and
when at rest remain with the legs extended forwards and back-
wards in a line with the body.
Many species, very similar in general appearance and habits,
are represented in the Indian fauna. The following three wide-
ranging forms may be regarded as representative types : —
«. Ocular quadrangle much narrower in front than
behind T. gracilis, p. 214.
b. Ocular quadrangle not narrower in front than
behind.
a1. Fang (in 2) strongly sinuous, armed in its
basal half with two very strong teeth .... T. geniculata, p. 215.
b1. Fang (in 2) not strongly sinuous, armed
with only two small teeth T. mandibulata ,
[p. 215.
218. Tetragnatha gracilis, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xxxviii,pt. 2, p. 244,
t. xix, fig. 2, 1869 (Meta) ceylonica, 0. P. Cambr. Jour. Linn.
Soc., Zool. x, p. 394, t. xiii, fig. 83, 1870 : latifrons, Thorell, Ann.
Mus. Genova, x, p. 434, 1877 (Tetragnatha).
$ . Carajjace with lateral eyes prominent ; ocular quadrangle
much wider behind than in front. Mandibles and fang relatively
short ; fang uniformly curved, armed with a small tooth beneath
at base.
<S . Mandibles much longer and armed apically with two long
spiniform teeth, one superior and one internal.
ARGYROEPEIIU.
215
Total length 10 mm.
Loc. Ceylon. India : Chingleput (Jambunathan), "Uran (Aitken),
Dekkan (Simon). Calcutta (Stoliczka). Burma : Moulmein (Oates),
Bhamo (Fea). Andamaus, Celebes, &c.
219. Tetragnatha geniculata, Ranch, Berl. ent. Zeits. xxxvi, p. 286,
1892. V
Carapace with posterior lateral eyes not prominent ; ocular
quadrangle only slightly narrower in front. Mandibles long ; fang
strongly geniculate in its distal half, armed near the base with two
strong teeth, one inferior, the other external, more basal and
projecting forwards.
Total length 15 mm.
Loc. Ceylon (Saraain) : Trincomali (Yerbury). India : Uran
(Aitken), Poona Ghats ( Wrouyhtou).
220. Tetragnatha mandibulata, Walck. Ins. Apt. \\, p. 211j
1837 : minatoria, Simon, Ann. Hoc. Ent. Fr. (5) vii, p. 83, 1877:
leptogmitha, Thorett, Ami. Mus. Genova, x, p. 441, 1877.
$ . Eyes more widely separated than in T. yenicu-
lata. Mandible with fang not strongly geniculate,
lightly sinuous, armed with two small teeth, one
beneath at the base, the other on the inner side in
the basal half.
<3 . Fang evenly curved at base, straightish,
unarmed ; mandible armed above with one shortish
apical spiniform tooth.
Total length about 13 mm.
Loc. Burma : Bangoon (Oates), Shwegoo Myo
(Fea). Nicobar Is.; Indo- and Austro-Malaysia.
Fig. 67.
Tetragnatha
maridibulata.
$?. (Legs ab-
breviated.)
Genus ARGYROEPEIRA, Emerton.
Argyroepeira, Emerton. Tr. Conn. Acad, vi, p. 331, I880 ; Simon,
Hist. Xat. A rai;l, 1. i, p. 736, 1894.
Distinguishable from the succeeding genera by having the maxiUa
long, narrow at the base, dilated, and externally angled at the
apex, and by the presence of one row or more of bristles on the
outer side of the femur of the 4th leg. The abdomen is orna-
mented with bauds or spots of silvery pigment.
Type. A. Jiortorum, Hentz.
Distribution. Tropical ami subtropical countries.
The following four may be regarded as representative types of
the many species of this genus that inhabit British India ; —
216 AKGYOPIDJE.
a. Anterior end of abdomen conically elevated . . A.fastigata, p. 216.
b. Anterior end of abdomen not conically elevated.
a1. Posterior end of abdomen conically pro-
duced A. celebesiana, p. 216.
bl. Posterior end of abdomen not conically pro-
duced.
a2. Tibia of 4th leg- plumose A. tessellata, p. 216.
b2. Tibia of 4th leg not plumose A. ventralis, p. 216.
221. Argyroepeira fastigata, Simon, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (5) vii,
July 1877, p. 79, t. hi, fig. 10 : elegans, ThoreU, Ann. Mm. Genova,
x, p. 416, 1877, Oct.-Dec. (Meta).
Carapace and legs pale, the latter banded with dark stripes ;
tibia of 4th pair thickly hairy in its distal half. Lateral eyes
widely separated from medians. Abdomen with its fore part
elevated into a conical prominence ; posterior extremity forming
an obtuse angle above the spinners. Male minute.
Total length (?) 8 mm.
Loe. Ceylon : Trincomali (Terbury). Burma : Tavoy (Moti
Ram), Shwegoo Myo (Fea), Tharrawaddy and Eangoon (Oates).
Also Philippine Islands, Celebes, &c.
222. Argyroepeira tessellata, ThoreU, Ann. Mm. Genova, xxv,
p. 135, 1887.
§ . Nearly allied to the preceding, but with the anterior ex-
tremity of the abdomen rouoded, not elevated ; the lateral eyes
not so far from the medians ; and the ventral surface of the
abdomen dark, with a pair of clearly defined silver bands.
Total length 9 mm.
Loc. Burma : Shwegoo Myo (Fea) ; Tenasserim (Oates).
223. Argyroepeira celebesiana, Wakk. Ins. Apt. ii, p. 222, 1837 :
decorata, Elackwall, A. M. N. H. (3) xiv, p. 44, 1864 (Tetra-
gnatha) : angustata, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xxxviii, pt. 2, p 241,
t. xx, fig. 7, 1869 (Nephila).
Lateral eyes still nearer to the medians than in A. tessellata ;
colouring of ventral surface of abdomen as in the latter. Anterior
extremity of abdomen low as in A. tessellata, but furnished with
two low shoulder-tubercles ; posterior end of abdomen produced
into a conical caudal process.
Total length 8-10 mm.
Loc. Ceylon (Sarasin, Cambridge). India : Ootacamund (llamp-
son); Poona Ghats (Wroughton) ; Calcutta (Stoliczka). Burma:
Bhamo (Fea); Tharrawaddy, Eangoon (Oates). Eastwards as far
as Celebes, &c.
224. Argyroepeira ventralis, ThoreU, Ann. Mm. Genova, x, p. 423,
1877 (Meta).
Allied to A. tessellata, but with the eyes of the posterior line
NEPHILA. 217
closer together ; the abdomen less definitely banded, more irre-
gularly clouded with blackish marks, and the tibiae of the 4th leg
not plumose.
Total length 7 mm.
Loc. Burma : Shvvegoo Myo (Feci) ; Tharrawaddy, Rangoon,
Double Island, and Tenasserim (Oates). Also Celebes.
Genus NEPHILA, Leach.
Nephila, Leach, Zool. Misc. ii, p. 183, 1815; Simon, Hist. Nat.
Araiyn. i, p. 755, 1894.
Carapace with cephalic region convex, generally armed poste-
riorly with two tubercles ; ocular quadrangle nearly square or
slightly narrower in front. Legs very long, spinulose, with
protarsi longer than tibiae and patellae. Female with vulva not or
weakly developed. Male relatively minute, with palpus simple.
Type, N. metadata, Fabr.
Distribution. Tropical countries of the world.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
a. Legs short, 1st about four times as long as
carapace N. malabarensis, p. 219.
b. Legs long, 1st about six times as long as
carapace.
a\ A strong conical tubercle behind labium . N. imperialis, p. 218.
&'. At most a low elevation behind labium.
a2. Abdomen high at its posterior end above
the spinners N. clavata, p. 218.
b-. Abdomen low at its posterior end.
«3. Legs black ; abdomen spotted with
yellow A. maculata, p. 217.
b'K Legs mostly red ; abdomen less
varied . . . .' N. kuhlii, p. 218.
225. Nephila maculata, Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii, p. 425, L793 (Aranea);
Thorell, Ann. Mus. Genoca, xvii, p. 145, 1881 ; id. op. cit. xxv,
p. 149, 1887, with synonymy (Nephila).
2. Colour: cephalothorax and its appendages black, coxae of
legs and proximal half of palpus yellow; carapace covered with
silky yellow pubescence; abdomen olive-brown, ornamented below
with yellow spots and above with a pair of longitudinal yellow
lines and a transverse yellow band in front. Carapace smooth,
with a pair of sharp tubercles. Sternum nearly Hat behind
labium. Legs very long, femur of 1st nearly twice as long as
carapace, 1st leg about six times as long. Abdmn, n long.
Measurements in mm. — Total length '.'>7, carapace 12, 1st leg 72,
4th 04.
Loc. Ceylou : Peradeuiya (Sarasin, Freeman), Trincomali (Yer-
218 ARGYOPIDiE.
bury). India : Tinnevelly (Baiber), Trivandrum (Ferguson), Oota-
camund (Hampson), Kanara (Millet), Debra Dun (Oldham),
Darjiling (Bendy). Burma: Tbarravtaddy, Tounghoo, Eangoon,
Tenasseriin, &v. (Oates 6r Fea) ; Mergui (Anderson). Nicobar
Islands ; thence eastwards to China and Australia.
Fig. 68. — Nephila metadata, J, nat. size.
226. Nephila kuhlii, Boleschall, Verh. Nat. Vereen. Nederland. Indie,
v. no. 5, p. 27, t. ix, fig. 7, 1859.
$ . Distinguishable from N. maculata by having the legs red with
the exception of the patellae, protarsi, tarsi, and the extremities of
the femora and tibiae, which are black ; abdomen more uniformly
coloured.
Total length up to about 40 mm.
Loc. N. India: Darjiling (Bendy). Burma: Bhamo (Fea).
Thence eastwards to Celebes.
227. Nephila imperialis, Boleschall, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indie,
xiii, p. 413, 1857 (Epeiia); Thorell, Spiders of Burma, p. 159,
1895, with synonymy (Nephila).
$ . Resembling N. maculata in size and length of legs ; the legs
and palpi, including the coxae, not so black, the sternum with
lateral yellow spots, and the abdomen less boldly striped and
spotted. Sternum with a large conical tubercle behind labium.
Total length 26 to 42 mm.
Boc. Burma : Eangoon and Tharrawaddy (Oates). Also occurs
in the Indo- and Austro-Malayan areas.
228. Nephila clavata, L. Koch, Verh. z.-h. Ges. Wien, xxvii, p. 741,
1877 : limbata, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Genova,xxxix, p. 335, 1898.
$ . Smaller than the preceding species. Colour : carapace w ith
yellow patch behind head and yellow border ; sternum with median
yellow band ; anterior legs with yellow band round femora and
tibia?, rest of the femora yellowish brown, palpi black at tip;
abdomen black below, varied with yellow lines and spots, with a
ITEItEXXIA.
219
pink band behind which laterally spreads on to the sides of the
abdomen; upper side yellow, with indistinct transverse fuscous
stripes. Carapace and sternum without tubercles. Legs long and
thin. Abdomen twice as long as broad, posteriorly much elevated
above the spinners.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 17, carapace 5, 1st leg 34.
Loc. North-eastern India : Darjiling ( Wromjhton), Shillong
[Heaven). Burma (Fea). Also Japan, China, Formosa.
229. Nephila malabarensis, Walck. Ins. Apt. ii, p. 103, 1887(Epeira)
Tltorell, Ann. .)///.<. Genova, xxviii, p. 188, 1890 (Nephilengye).
§ . Colour : carapace black, scantily clothed with yellow hairs ;
legs yellowish, banded with black ; sternum yellow ; abdomen
ornamented with two pairs of yellow spots below, greyish brown
mottled with darker tints above. Carapace with head high,
granular, without tubercles. No tubercle on sternum. Leys
shorter, femur of 1st scarcely longer than carapace, the entire leg
only about four times as long. Abdomen evenly oval, one-third
longer than wide.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 22, carapace 10, 1st leg 38.
Loc. Ceylon : Punduloya ( 67ran) ; Peradeniva, Jaffna (Sarasin) ;
Trincomali (Yerbury). India : Madatory and Trivandrum (Fer-
guson)', Ootacamund (Hampsori). Burma: Tharrawaddy, Teuas-
serim, &c. {Oates $ Fea). Nicobar Islands. Thence eastwards
to Australia.
Genus HERENNIA, Thorell.
rleremria, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Genova, x, p. 70, 1877; Simon, Hint.
Nat. Araign. i, p. 759, 1894.
Carapace flat ; eyes not extending across
the frontal area ; quadrangle scarcely
longer than wide; eyes of posterior line
nearly straight. Abdomen coriaceous,
ftattish above, with sharply defined, often
lobafe lateral margins, impressed with
radially arranged lines of spots. Male
with simple palpus.
Type, 11. omatissima, Doleschall.
230. Herennia omatissima, Doleschall, Verh.
Nat. Vereen. Nederland, Lulu, v, qo. •">,
p. 83, L859 : multipuncta, id. torn, n't.
]i..'!i', t. xi, fig. 1 (Kpeira) ; Thorell, Ann.
Mu8.Geinii(i. xxv. p.KHi, 1887(Ileieiuii:i)
(for synoirj my I.
£. Colour: carapace blackish, with
broadly yellow border ami somewhat
V-shaped median yellow patch, covered
pj„ g9 Herennia with white hair ; legs yellowish, with apices
omatissima, $?, x 2. of segments dark ; sternum orange-yellou ;
220 argyopiDjE.
abdomen greyish yellow, speckled with black above, yellow with
large median black spot below. Carapace flattish. Legs slender.
Abdomen flattish, subpentagonal, lobate on each side posteriorly ;
impressed towards the margins with radially arranged rows of
punctures.
Length about 15 mm.
Loc. Ceylon: Peradeniya (Sarasiyi), Kanthalai (Yerbury). India:
Trivandrum {Ferguson), Ootacamund (Hampson). Burma : Thar-
rawaddy, Rangoon, Tenasserim, &c. (Oates ^- Fed). Thence east-
wards into Austro-Malaysia.
Genus ARGYOPE, Sav.
Argyope, Sariyny, in And. § Sav. Fyt/pte, Hist. Nat. i, pt. 4,
p.' 121, 1809; Simon, Hist. Nat. Arakjn. i, p. 769, 1895.
Carapace flat ; ocular quadrangle much longer than wide ; eyes
of posterior line very strongly procurved, the medians lying far
behind the laterals. Abdomen truncate in front, swollen and
frequently tubercular at the sides posteriorly.
Type, A. lobata, Pallas.
Distribution. Tropical and temperate countries.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
a. Abdomen with caudal process arid large lateral
lobes ; carapace long.
a1. Coxa? and trochanters of 3rd and 4th legs
unspined A. lobata, p. 221.
b1. Coxae and trochanters of 3rd and 4th legs
spined A. arcnata, p. 220.
b. Abdomen without caudal process and large
lateral lobes.
a2. Abdomen pentagonal, broadest behind the [p. 222,
middle, then abruptly narrowed. A.pulchella, p. 221, A. undulata,
A. anasuja, p. 222, A. taprobanica, p. 222.
b2. Abdomen more evenly oval in outline.
a3. Abdomen ornamented above with dark
patches formed of narrow black lines .. A. cemula, p. 223.
b3. Abdomen ornamented with bands of
round spots A. catenulata, p. 223.
231. Argyope arcuata, Simon, Ann. Mus. Genova, xx, p. 343, 1884;
Thorell, op. cit. xxv, p. 160, 1887.
£ . Colour : integument of carapace and legs blackish brown,
legs indistinctly annulate ; sternum with median yellow stripe ;
palpi yellow ; abdomen rich yellow above, ornamented with three
broad black bands ; hairy covering silvery white. Carapace much
longer than wide. Legs : coxse and trochanters of 3rd and 4th
pairs spinulose ; femur of 3rd armed below with spines and
spinules, of 4th with band of subequal spinules extending nearly
to the base of the segment. Abdomen broad, furnished on each
ARGYOPE. 221
side with three large and often two smaller tubercles and a median
caudal process. Vulva with septum narrow, when viewed from
below covering only the middle third of the cavity.
Total length 23 to 2S mm.
Fig. 70. — Argyope arcuaia, J, nat. size.
Loc. Western and Southern India : Poona ( Wroughton) ; E.
Khandesh (Ma dun) ; Bangalore (Staunton). Burma: Minhla.
232. Argyope lobata, Pallae, Spic. Zool. i, pt. 9, p. 46, t. iii, fig. 14,
1772 (Aranea).
2 • Allied to the preceding, but paler in colour ; legs very
distinctly striped. Coxae and trochanters of 3rd and 4th leys not
spinulose below ; band of spiuules on femur of 4th more scanty
and not spreading on to the basal third of the segment. Septum
of vulva broader and shorter.
Total length about 2o mm.
Loc. India : Bellary and Wagra Ivaroor (according to Simon).
233. Argyope pulchella, Thordl, Ann.Mus. Genova, xvii. p. 74, 188] \
Simon, op. cit. w. p. .'!!•'>. 1884; Thorell, op. cit.xxv,^. L58, L887 ;
ill. .Sju'i/rrs i,f I !,/ rum. y. L62, L896.
2. Colour: cara])ace and legs deep reddish brown, the former
thickly covered with silky white hair; palpi yellow; sternum
yellow, black at sides ; abdomen yellow or whitish above, orna-
mented with a large triangular olive-black patch behind, a trans-
verse bar of the same colour in front, and two close-set narrow
lines forming together a stripe in the anterior half, the dark
222 ARGYOPIB.E.
patches relieved by small white spots ; ventral surface blackish,
spotted, with a pair of yellow stripes running on each side from
the epigastric fold ; legs sometimes yellow and strongly banded
with black, sometimes more uniformly dark. Carapace nearly as
broad as long. Abdomen pentagonal, truncate in front, broadest
behind the middle, then abruptly narrowed, scarcely lobed. Plate of
vulva triangularly pointed, with thickened rim, each half of the
cavity subcircular when seen from the side.
Length about 15 to 20 mm.
Loc. Burma: Rangoon, Tharrawaddy, Moulmein, &c. (Oates Sf
Fea). Andaman Islands.
234. Argyope undulata, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Genova, xxv, p. 154,
1887 ; id. Spiders of Burma, p. 161, 1895.
Closely allied to A. pulcliella, but with the anterior pale, trape-
zoidal area on the upper side of the abdomen completely divided by
a single broad transverse olive-brown stripe. The inferior lamina
of the vulva much more rounded posteriorly ; the septum vertical
with straighter sides, and when viewed from the side forming a
right angle, and not a continuous circular curve, with the posterior
portion of the ventral sclerite.
Total length 29 mm.
Loc. Burma : Tharrawaddy (Oaies) ; Shwegoo (Fea).
235. Argyope anasuja, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Genova, xxv, p. 162, 1887 :
orriata, Simon, op. cit. xx, p. 347, 1884 (not of Black-wall).
Resembling the preceding, but with the ventral plate of the
vulva scarcely produced in the middle posteriorly, the edge being
more widely rounded, the thickened margin and the partition
forming rather a T-shaped than a Y-shaped bar.
Total length about 11 mm.
Loc. India: Hamnad (Fabre), Chingleput (Jambunathan), Oota-
camund (llampson), Bangalore (Staunton), Nasik (Millet), Karachi
(Simon).
The following species based upon an immature specimen is
indeterminable, though closely allied to A. anasuja : —
Argiope ornata, Blackwall, A. M. N. II. (3) xiv, p. 43, 1864 (Nephila).
Loc. East Indies.
236. Argyope tapi'Obanica, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Genova. xxv, p. 168,
1887: versicolor, Karsch, Berl. mt. Zeits. xxxvi, p. 280, 1892
( not of Doleschatt).
Closely allied to A. pulcTtella, but with the smooth edges of the
spaces of the vulva thicker, and the spaces themselves less circular
when seen from the side, and often furnished with a crescent ic
sclerite forming a secondary partition.
Total length 17 mm.
Loc. Ceylon : Randy, Peradeniya (Freeman).
ARANEl'S. 223
237. Argyope aemula, Walck. Ins. Apt ii, p. 118, 1837 (Epeira);
ThoreU, Ann. Mies. Genova, xvii, p. ti.'i, L881 (Argiope) (for
synonymy): trivittata, Karsch, Berl. ent. Zeis*, xxxvi, p. 280,
t. x, liVr- B, 1892 (dark variety).
Colour very much as in A. pulehella, but the black stripes and
posterior black patch on the abdomen broken up
into a series of transverse black lines by intervening
broader pale bands. Abdomen about one-third
longer than wide, oval, truncate in front, its sides
evenly and lightly rounded ; ventral plate of vulva
longer than wide, sulcate, and mesially produced
posteriorly with rounded apex.
Total length about 23 mm.
Loc. Ceylon: Trincomali (Terbury), Punduloya
(Green). India : Trivaudrutn (Ferguson), Nilgiri
Hills (Dalif), Poona Ghats (Wroughton), E. Khan-
desh (Madan), Balsar in S. Guzerat (Wroughton).
Fig. 71. Burma: Rangoon, Tharrawaddy, Bhamo (Gates Sf
Argyope wmula, Fm^ Nicobar Is. ; Indo- and Austro-Malaysia.
JF- ' X 3.
238. Argyope catenulata, Dokschati, Verh. Nat. Vereen. Xederland.
Indie, v, no. 5, p. 80, t. ix, tig. ] , 1859 (Epeira ) ; ThoreU, Ann. Mus.
Genova, xxviii, p. DO, 1890 (synonymy) : stellata, Stolickza, J. A.
s. Ii. xxxviii, pt. 2, p. 234, t.' xvii'i. Bg. 6, 18(59.
Allied to A. cemida, but differing considerably in colour, the
posterior three-fourths of the upper side of the abdomen orna-
mented with transverse yellow stripes, frequently interrupted in
the middle, the spaces between the bands occupied by transverse
rows, each consisting of four subspherical pale spots, of which the
median fuse together at the posterior end of the abdomen ; the
area occupied by the median spots covered with a continuous
coating of silky hairs forming a band broad in front and narrowed
behind.
Loc. Ceylon: Peradeniya (Sarasin). India: Wagra Karoor
(Simon); Sunderbans (StoliczJca), Burma: Tharrawaddy, Moulmein
(Oates). Nicobar is. ; Indo- and Austro-Malaysia.
Genus ARANEUS, Clerck.
Araneus, Clerck, Svenska Spindlar, p. 22, 17.">7.
Araneus+Cvrtophora, Simon, Hist. Nat. Araign, i. pp. ~~~>Sl 829,
IS! I.-,.
Carapace convex; eyes of posterior line lightly or strongly
recurved ; quadrangle a little longer than wide ; lateral eyes
separated or in contact. Legs Btrong; protarsi shorter than tibia'
and patellae. Female with distinct vulva. .Male with complicated
palpus.
Type, .1. diadematus, Clerck.
Distribution. Tropical and temperate countries.
224 ARGTOPID.E.
Synopsis of the principal Indian Species.
a. Ocular "quadrangle parallel-sided or nearly
so.
a1. Quadrangle square ; abdomen higher be-
hind than in front A. lar/laizei, p. 224.
b\ Quadrangle much longer than wide ; ab-
domen not higher behind.
a2. Abdomen furnished with 4 tubercles
above in front A. cicatrosus, p. 226.
b2. Abdomen furnished with only 2 tuber-
cles above in front.
a3. Abdomen produced posteriorly into
a conical prominence A. fees, p. 226.
b3. Abdomen evenly rounded behind . . A. moluccensis, p. 226.
b. Ocular quadrangle much narrower behind
than in front.
a\ Anterior half of abdomen furnished on
each side with two large prominences . . A. citricola, p. 226.
b*. Anterior half of abdomen at most furn-
ished with a pair of shoulder prominences. [p. 227.
a5. Posterior extremity of abdomen bilobate. A, exanthematicus,
br\ Posterior end of abdomen not bilobate.
«H. Upper side of abdomen triangular;
carapace granular.
a1. A large tubercle overhanging
lateral eyes A. rlehaanii, p. 225.
b7. No tubercle over lateral eyes .... A. unicolor, p. 225.
b*. Upper side of abdomen oval or heart-
shaped ; carapace smooth.
a8. Abdomen with a pair of large cir-
cular yellow spots A. btlunifer, p. 227.
bH. Abdomen without a pair of cir-
cular pale spots.
«°. Head narrower, flatter ; distance
between anterior median eyes
almost half that between me-
dian and lateral A. nauticus, p. 228.
b". Head broader, more convex ;
distance between anterior me-
dian eyes much less than half
that between median and
lateral A. rumpfi, p. 228.
239. Araneus laglaizei, Simon, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (5) vii, p. 77,
1877; Thorell, Ann. Mas. Genova, xxviii, p. 167, 1800 (for
synonymy) (Epeira).
Colour variable, pale or dark brown ; legs distal I y banded ;
abdomen yellowish white above, strongly or weakly banded,
blackish or greyish below, with two pairs of whitish spots on each
side. Carapace with weak ocular tubercles ; quadrangle almost
square, slightly wider behind than in trout ; lateral eyes in
contact. Leys scarcely spined. Abdomen heart-shaped, very
broad in front, much elevated behind above the spinners, and often
ARANEUS.
225
prolonged into a longish subcylinclrical tail. Vulva with scape
stout at base, downcurled at apex.
Total length up to 10 mm.
Loc. Ceylon : Peradeniya {Freeman) ; Trincomali (Yerbamj).
India: Ootacamund (Hampson) ; Jaunsar, Thadyar, 2500 ft. (Old-
ham). Burma : Tounghoo, Tliarrawaddy, Bangoon, Tenasserim, &c.
(Gates Sf Fea). Indo- and Austro-Malaysia.
240. Araneus unicolor, Doleschatt, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indie,
xiii, p. 4K), 1857; Thorell, Spider* of Burma, p. 171, 1895 (for
synonymy) (Epeira).
Prevailing colour reddish brown, lightly infuscate on the upper
side of the abdomen, yellow below and laterally. Carapace broad,
coarsely granular or tubercular ; eyes of posterior line very dis-
tinctly recurved ; lateral eyes widely separated, quadrangle wider
in front. Legs strong but short, at most weakly spined ; anterior
femora tubercular. Abdomen somewhat heart-shaped, broadly
truncate in front, with large prominent shoulder-points, pointed
behind, high and prominent above spinners. Vulva small, without
scape.
Total length about 20 mm.
Loc. Ceylon. N.E. India, Naga Hills. Burma: Tharrawaddy
(Oates).
A. acrobalia, Thorell (Spiders of Burma, p. 173, 1895 (Epeira)),
based upon an immature female from Toungboo (Oates), is closely
allied to this species.
241. Araneus dehaanii, Doleschail, Verh. Nat. Vereen. Nederl. Indie, \,
no. 5, p. 33, t. ii, fig. 7, L859 ; Thorell, Ann.
Mus. Geneva, xxviii, p. 125, L890; id. Spiders of
Burma, p. 170, I8i)5 (for synonymy) (Epeira).
Colour: carapace reddish, blacker late-
rally, clothed with white hairs ; legs
and palpi blackish red, banded ; abdomen
dull yellowish brown laterally and be-
low, variable above, the area between the
shoulder-points and the extremity often
deep reddish chocolate, yellow at the sides,
sometimes with a few yellow spots in
front ; the yellow lateral portion some-
times broken up into a series of large
yellow spots. Carapace granular above,
with a conical tubercle on each side above
the lateral eye3. Abdomen triangular,
broad, with large sharp shoulder-points in
front, pointed behind, and ending in three
prominences set in a verticil scries. Vulva
small, w ith very stout -cape.
Total length about 2 I nun.
Loc. Ceylon: Trincomali (Yerbury). India: Kanara (Millet).
Burma: Tliarrawaddy, Bhamo, Tenasserim, &c. (Oates if Fea).
Indo- and Austro-Malaysia.
Fig. 72.— Am in us
dehaanii, £. X 3.
226 AEGYOPIBA'.
242. Araneus moluccensis, Doleschall, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland.
Indie, xiii, p. 418, 1857 ; Thorell, Ann. Mus. Genova, xiii, p. 40,
1878 (for synonymy) (Epeira).
Colour : carapace and limbs blackish, the former, and to a less
extent the latter, clothed with whitish hairs ; coxa) mostly yellow,
sternum with yellow line ; abdomen yellow in front above, rest of
the dorsal surface thickly spotted and lined with yellow on a black
ground ; blackish below. Carapace flatfish ; ocular quadrangle
parallel-sided, much longer than wide ; eyes of posterior line
nearly straight, lateral eyes narrowly separated. Legs strong,
long, scarcely spined, furnished with stiff bristles. Abdomen
evenly oval, with two distinct shoulder-points in front. Vulva
without scape.
Total length 24 mm.
Log. Ceylon : Kellar (Yerbury), &c. India : Trivandrum
{Ferguson), Nilgiri Hills {Daly). Burma : Tharravvaddy, Eangoon,
Moulmein (Oates fy Feci). Indo- and Austro-Malaysia.
243. Araneus fese, Thorell, Ami. Mus. Genova, xxv, p. 173, 1887 ; id.
Spiders of Burma, p. 170, 1895 (Euetria).
Allied to A. moluccensis, but smaller and paler ; carapace and
legs ochre, femora banded above longitudinally ; abdomen whitish
above, with median longitudinal black band broken up by paler
markings and bordered with white ; sides ornamented with white
bands ; lower surface black, spotted and bordered with white.
Carapace with eyes of posterior line distinctly procurved ; laterals
in contact. Legs long and slender, armed with slender spines.
Abdomen longer, narrower, more prominent posteriorly above
spinners.
Total leugth 13 mm.
Loc. Burma: Tharrawaddy, Rangoon (Oates), Bhaino (Fea).
244. Araneus cicatrosus, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xxxviii, p. 242, t. xx,
fig. 5, 1869 : salebrosa, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Genova, xiii, p. 48, 1878
(Epeira) : adspersata, Karsch, Berl. ent. Zeits.xxx.\i, p. 284, t. x,
fig. 8, 1892 (Meta).
Coloured much as in A. few, but with the carapace banded with
black, the legs thickly spotted with black, and the median ab-
dominal band restricted to the posterior third of the dorsal surface.
Carapace less flat ; eyes of posterior line slightly recurved ;
laterals very distinctly separated. Abdomen furnished above in its
anterior half with two pairs of conical erect tubercles arranged in
a square.
Total length 6 mm.
Loc. India : Chingleput (Jambunatlian), Kanara, N.-isik (Millet),
Allahabad (Ityves) ; Calcutta (Stoliczka). Burma : Tharrawaddy,
Moulmein (Oates). Indo- and Austro-Malaysia.
245. Araneus citricola, Forsk&l, Descript. Anim. etc. p. 86, 1775 ; id.
Icones rer. nat. t. xxiv, fig. D, 1776 (Aranea) ; Thorell, Spiders of
Burma, p. 172, 1895 (for synonymy) (Epeira).
ARAJS'EL'S.
227
Colour very v
Fig. 73.-
citricola,
Arancu
$,X2
ariable, either uniformly navous or blackish, legs
obscurely banded ; dorsal side of abdomen
often black and bordered with a sinuous
yellow band ami marked in front in the middle
line with a pair of close-set narrow pale
stripes. Carapace convex, smooth ; eyes of
posterior line very strongly recurved; laterals
widely separated. Legs short and strong.
Abdomen oval, with large shoulder promi-
nences, a deeply bifid posterior extremity,
and a lateral prominence on each side just in
front of the middle. Vulva without scape.
Total length about 12 mm.
Loc. Ceylon (Barnes, Cambridge). India :
Bangalore (Staunton) ; Chingleput (Jambu-
nathan); J\.ann,Ta,( Millet). Burma: Rangoon,
Tharrawaddy (Oates). Also Australia, Mada-
gascar &c, Africa, and S. Europe.
246. Araneus exanthematicus, Dol*schaB, Verh. Nat. Vereen. Neder-
land. Indie, v, no. 5, p. 38, t. iii, tig. 3, 1859 ; Thorell, Ann. Mua.
Genova, xiii, p. 57, 1878 (Epeira).
Nearly allied to A. citricola, but at once distinguishble by the
absence of the submedian lateral prominence on the abdomen.
Total length about 10 mm.
Loc. Burma: Tounghoo (Oat ex). Indo- and Austro-Malaysia.
247. Araneus bilunifer, sp, n.
Fig. 74.
Araneus bilunifer, £ , X 2.
Total length 21 mm.
Loc. S. India : Chingleput (Jambunaihan).
2 . Prevailing colour yellowish, legs
dist ally infuscate and banded, sternum
nicsially blackish ; abdomen yellowish
grey, indistinctly variegated with
darker markings, marked in front
with a pair of large circular black-
ringed yellow patches and some smaller
irregular spots in front of them ; median
ventral area infuscate, with pale yellow
band on each side. Carapace weakly
granular ; eyes of posterior line lightly
recurved, medians almost in contact,
lateral eyes visibly separated. Legs
stnmg, spiny; protarsi of anterior pairs
armed with many close-set spines from
base to apex : tarsi spined. Abdomen
broadly oval, with a pair of low
shoulder-points. Vulva with scape
much narrower than basal portion and
closely in contact with it.
Q2
>>
228 AKGYOPIDJE.
248. Araneus nauticus, L. Koch, Myypt. Abyssin. Arachn. p. 17,
t. ii, fig. 2, 1875: pullata, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Genova, x, p. 385,
1877 ; id. op. cit. xxviii, p. 148, 1890 (for synonymy) (Epeira).
Colour : carapace dark browii, with greyish hairs : legs strongly
banded with black ; sternum black with median pale line ; abdomen
black below with a pair of large pale spots, upper side varied with
deep brown and grey, the latter typically forming a large median
cross-shaped band. Head narrow, flattish, ocular tubercle promi-
nent ; eyes of anterior line not widely spaced, distance between
medians noticeably exceeding half that between them and the
laterals. Abdomen evenly heart-shaped, without shoulder-points,
only a little longer than broad. Vulva with scape, not bent at
right angles, without any notch between it and the basal portion.
Total length, £ (adult), from 7-15 mm.
Loc. India : Karachi (Simon) • eastern district of Poonn (Irani) ;
Eastern Khandesh (Madan); Darjiling (Bendy Sr Wrougliton).
Burma : Rangoon, Tharrawaddy, Bhamo, &c. (Oates Sf Fea).
All tropical countries.
249. Araneus rumpfi, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Genova, xiii, p. 296, 1878:
hispida, Doleschall, Verh. Nat. Vereen. Nederland. Indie, v, no. 5,
p. 33, 1859 : decens, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Genova, x, p. 379, 1877 (pre-
occupied) : rufofemorata, Simon, Ann. Mus. Genova, xx, p. 348,
1884 (Epeira).
2 . Colour and shape much as in A. nauticus ; anterior femora
reddish brown ; head redder, more convex, broader, distance
between anterior median eyes about one-third of distance between
medians and laterals ; lower side of abdomen more yellow, upper
side variable, sometimes as in A. nauticus, sometimes yellowish
with large anterior brown patch. Vulva wTith scape much longer,
bent at right angles, separated posteriorly from the basal portion
by a wide but shallow tubercular notch.
Total length from 10-15 mm.
Loc. Ceylon: Punduloya (Green) ; Trincomali (Yerbwy). India:
Chingleput (Jambunathan), Bangalore (Staunton), Ootacamund
(Hampson), Poona (Wroiu/hton), Wagra Karoor (Fahre), Karachi
(Simon). Burma : Rangoon, Tharrawaddy, Bhamo (Oates <$f Fea).
Indo- and Austro-Malaysia.
Genus CYRTARACHNE, Thorell.
Cyrtarachne, Thorell, Euy. Rosa, Arachn. p. 10, L868; Simon, Hist.
Nat. Araiyn. i, p. 880, 1895.
Carapr(°,e convex, unarmed; median eyes not prominent, the
quadrangle generally slightly wider than long ; laterals contiguous.
Abdomen wider than long, integument leathery, impressed in the
middle and in front with large sigilla.
CYETAEACnXE. 229
Type, C. yrubei, Keys.
Distribution. Mediterranean, Ethiopian, Oriental, and Australian
Regions.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
a. Abdomen not pointed behind, black with yellow
lateral ring C. cinyulata, p. 229.
b. Abdomen pointed behind, mostly yellow.
a1. Abdomen with black patch below ; vulva
triangular C. inccqualis, p. 229.
b\ Abdomen not black below ; vulva quadrate . C. raniceps, p. 229.
250. Cyrtarachne raniceps, sp. n.
? Cvrtarachne perspicillata, Karsch, Berl. ent. Zeits. xxxvi, p. 278,
1892 (not of Doleschall).
2 . Carapace and abdomen ochre-yellow, scantily clothed with
pale hairs : abdomen a brighter more lemon-yellow above, testaceous
beneath, the shoulder prominences amber at the tip, partially
surrounded at the base by darker and paler lines. Abdomen one-
fourth wider than long, triangular, broadest in its anterior half,
where it runs out laterally into a large smooth conical prominence,
the area between the prominences tolerably even. Vulva with
scape in the form of a short, narrow, subquadrate tubercle.
Length of abdomen 7 mm., width 9.
Loc. Ceylon (Barnes).
251. Cyrtarachne inaequalis, Thorell, Spiders of Burma, p. 201, 1896.
$ . Nearly allied to the preceding, hut with the ventral surface
of the abdomen black behind the epigastric fold, and the fore part
of its lateral surface bulging out and furnished with a dark
•coloured patch beneath the conical prominence. Scape of vulva
triangular at base, apically pointed.
Length of abdomen 8 mm., width 11.
Loc. Burma: Tounghoo and Tharrawaddy (Oates).
252. Cyrtarachne cingulata, Thorell, Spiders nf Burma,?. 202, 1895
$ . Carapace and legs deep brown ; abdo-
men black, with a broad yellow ring nar-
rowly interrupted below round its lateral
extremities. Abdonn n twice as broad as long,
Fig 75 l— Cyrtarachne widelv rounded posteriorly. Vulva with sub-
cinyuiata, % , x 2. triangular scape.
Length of abdomen 5, width 10 mm.
Loc. Burma : Bangoon (Oates).
230 AKGYOPID^.
Genus ORDGARIUS, Keyserling.
Ordgarius, Keyserling, in Koch, Arachn. Austral. 1886, p. 114 ; Simon,
Hist. Nat. Araign. i, p. 885, 1895.
Carapace convex, armed above with a few symmetrically placed
tooth-like tubercles. Abdomen very large, wider than long, widely
rounded laterally, tuberculate above.
Type, 0. monstrosus, Keys.
Distribution. From. India to Australia.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
a. Posterior end of abdomen rounded and
tubercular O. hobsoni, p. 230.
b. Posterior end of abdomen conically produced
and tubercular O. sexspinosus, p. 230.
253. Ordgarius hobsoni, O. P. Cambridge, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 562r
t. hi, tig. 3 (Cyrtaraclme).
2 . Colour a tolerably uniform dull brown, legs and palps
yellow ringed with black, abdomen ornamented
in front in the middle with a large yellow patch.
Carapace armed behind with a pair of small
tubercles and a large median conical tubercle,
with a smaller one in front of it on the cephalic
portion. Legs without spines. Abdomen broader
than long, the anterior border emarginate ;
posterior extremity bluntly rounded, raised in
front into a pair of large rounded protuberances,
-p. 76 studded with larger and smaller rounded tubercles .
Ordgarius hobsoni, Total length of abdomen 9 mm., width 11-5.
2. Loc. Ceylon : Puuduloya {Green). Bombay
(Hobson).
254. Ordgarius sexspinosus, Thorell, Bih. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Hand/. xxr
pt. iv, p. 48, 1894 (Notocentria).
$ . Differing from the preceding in having the tubercles on the
carapace very long and spiniform, and the abdomen furnished with
a few low tubercles on the anterior prominence, with its posterior
extremity produced into two upper and two lower conical pro-
cesses, considerably overlapping the spinners.
Total length 6 mm.
Loc. Burma : Tharrawaddy (Oates).
Genus OER0STRIS, Thorell.
Caerostris, Thorell, En//. Resa, Arach. p. 3, 18G8; Simon, Hist. Nat.
Araign. i, p. 834, 1895.
Carapace with thoracic portion low ; cephalic portion strongly
elevated, armed with a transverse row of six large tubercles, two
GASTERACANTHA.
231
$ . Colour
on the summit and two on each side ; ocular quadrangle wider
than long, narrowed in front. Legs strong, with tibiae and pro-
tarsi flat and strongly sulcate. Abdomen large, high in front,
irregularly tubercular.
Type, C. mitralis, Vinson.
Distribution. Ethiopian Eegion, Madagascar; Oriental Eegion.
255. Caerostris paradoxa, Dolesc/iall, Verh. Nat. Vereen. Nederland.
Indie, v, no. 5, p. 37, t. ix. fig. H, ami t, x. tig. 8, 1859 (Epeira) ;
Butler, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 732, t. lviii, fig. 5 (Cserostris).
integument of carapace and limbs black, carapace
clothed laterally with yellow hairs,
head and legs with greyish-brown
hairs ; femora blackish or deep steel-
blue ; tibia; with band of yellow-
hairs in their basal half below;
abdomen yellow - brown, clothed
with silvery hairs in the middle in
front, elsewhere with golden-brown
hairs intermixed with stripes of
velvety black ; lower surface olive-
black, reddish in middle.
Total length about 20 mm.
Loc. Ceylon : Trincomali ( Yer-
burg), Punduloya (Green). Burma:
Tharrawaddy, Rangoon, Tounghoo
(Oates). Indo-Malaysia.
Fig. 77.
Carostru pnradoxa
Genus GASTERACANTHA, Sund.
Gasteracantha, Sundevall, Consp. Arachn. p. 14, 1833 ; Simon, Hist.
Nat. Araiyn. i, p. 845, 1895.
Carapace with thoracic portion low, cephalic portion elevated ;
ocular quadrangle narrower in front. Abdomen large, subquadrate,
transversely oblong, or narrowed laterally ; integument horny T
impressed with large sigilla, and armed on each side with an
anterior, a median, and a posterior spine ; spinners encircled by a
horny ring.
Type, (r. cancriformis, Linn.
Distribution. Tropical countries of the world.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
a. No ventral tubercle in front of spinners on
abdomen.
a1. Length of median spine only about equal
to naif the width of the abdomen <;. haaseitii, p. 2:13.
bl. Length of median spine at least as great
as width of abdomen.
a1. Median spines apically clavate G. remifera, p. 2'ili.
232 aegtopidtE.
b2. Median spines not clavate.
a3. Median spines less than twice the
width of the abdomen.
a4. Median spine equalling width of
abdomen G. sororna, p. 233.
b*. Median spine nearly twice the
width of the abdomen G. dalyi, p. 232.
b3. Median spine slender, arcuate, more
than twice as long as width of
abdomen G. arcuata, p. 232.
b. A ventral tubercle in front of spinners on
abdomen.
a5. Anterior and median spines subequal, in
contact except .at the extremities G. yeminata, p. 233.
b5. Anterior and median spines widely sepa-
rated.
a6. Summit of head elevated into a conical
eminence ; spines short G. brevispina, p. 235.
bn. Summit of head not elevated into a
conical process.
a7. Lateral and to a lesser extent posterior
spines very broad at base, abruptly
narrowed at apex G. unyuifera, p. 234.
b1. Lateral and posterior spines mostly
evenly acuminate.
a8. Abdomen only about one-fourth
wider than long, not laterally
narrowed G. leucomelcena, p. 235.
bs. Abdomen twice as wide as long, \ G.frontata and
laterally narrowed | G. diadesmia, p. 234.
256. Gasteracantha arcuata. Fabr. Bat. Syst. ii, p. 425, 1793
(Aranea) ; Thorell,Ann. Mus. Genova, xxv, p. 223, 1887 (Plectaua)
(synonymy).
Colour : carapace, legs, &c. blackish, femora rather paler ; abdo-
men yellow above, with marginal black antero-lateral band, black
below and covered with yellow spots. Abdomen with anterior
and posterior spines minute ; median spines very long, slender,
and arcuate, exceeding twice the width of the abdomen in the
adult.
Measurements in mm. — Width of abdomen at base of anterior
spines 8-8 mm., length 6*5, length of median spine 20.
Loc. Burma: Tharrawaddy (Oates), Shwegoo {Fea). Indo-
Malaysia.
257. Gasteracantha dalyi, sp. n.
Allied to the preceding, but with the abdomen not margined
with black above, the anterior and posterior spines larger and the
median spine much shorter, less arcuate, and considerably less than
twice as long as the width of the abdomen.
Width of abdomen 8*8 mm., length of median spine 15.
Loc. 8. India : Yercaud in Shevaroy Hills {Daly).
GASTERACANTHA. 233
258. Gasteracantha sororna, Butler, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1873, p. 155, t. iv,
fig. 15.
§ . Closely allied to G. dalyi, but with the median spine
slender, attenuate, and only equalling the width of the abdomen.
Width of abdomen 0*5 mm., length of median spine 6*5.
Loc. Madras (Jerdon).
259. Gasteracantha remifera, Butler, Tr. But. Soc 1873, p. 154, t. iv,
fi°f. 5 : clavatrix, Karsch, Bed. ent. Zeits. xxxvi, p. 277, 1892
(Plectana) {not of Walck.).
At once recognizable from all the preceding by having the
median spines much thinner in the middle than at the base and
extremity, the latter being lightly clavate and abruptly narrowed
Fig. 78. — Gasteracantha remifera, J, X 2.
to a point at the extreme tip ; anterior and posterior spines
larger, the median spine a little exceeding the width of the
abdomen.
Loc. Ceylon (Thwaites) : Trincomali ( Yerbury).
260. Gasteracantha hasseltii, C. Koch, Arach. iv, p. 29, t. cxvii,
fig. 2G7, 1838 (Gasteracantha); Thorell, Ann. Mns. Genova, xxv,
p. 224, 1887 (Plectana) (synonymy) : propinqua, O. P. Cambridge,
P. Z. 8. 1879, p. 288, t. xxvii,'fig.' 10 (Gasteracantha).
Recognizable from the foregoing by having the median spines,
which are typically attenuate, very short, their length hardly
exceeding half the width of the abdomen ; the remaining spines as
long as in G. remifera.
AVidth of abdomen 8 mm., length of median spine 3"5.
Loc. X.E. India: Assam, Sikhim. Burma: Tharrawaddy,
Rangoon, Shwegoo, Tenasserim, Sic. {Oaten cj- Fea).
261. Gasteracantha geminata, Fabr. Suppl. Ent. Syst. p. 392, L798
(Aranea) : rimata, O. P. Cambridge, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 282, t. xxvi,
fig. 3 (Gasteracantha).
Colour: carapace, mandibles, and legs black, t lie latter annulate
234
AEGYOPIDiE.
with pale markings ; sternum yellow ; abdomen yellow above with
two transverse black stripes, black below
with yellow spots. Abdomen narrowed later-
ally, about twice as wide as long ; the
anterior and median spines longest, sub-
equal, in contact at the base, diverging
slightly at apex ; posterior spines strongish.
Fig 79.- Gastera- Length of abdomen 5 mm., width 11 (not
rant ha (lemmata, y. • i i- ■ \
•' + including spines).
Loc. Ceylon: Peradeniya, Matale (Sarasin), Trincomali (Yer-
bury). Southern India : Tinnevelly (Barber) ; Ootacamund
(Barnpson); Rarnnad (Fabre); Madras (Jambutnahan).
262. Gasteracantha frontata, Blaekicall, A. M. N. H. (3) xiv, p. 40,
1864 ; Cambr. P. Z. 8. 1879, p. 283, t. xxvi, fig. 5 : Thorell,
Spiders of Burma, p. 210, 1895.
Colour and form much as in the preceding, but the anterior and
median spines of the abdomen separated. Abdomen pale above or
marked in front with a tolerably uneven black band, the yellow
area in front of the stripe reaching to the base of the anterior
spine. Sternum black with yellow spot ; median spines short,
narrower than mandibles, and nearly evenly narrowed from base
to point, about twice as long as the posterior, which a little exceed
the anterior.
Length of abdomen 6 mm., width 13.
Loc. Burma : Tharrawaddy, Tounghoo, Eangoon, Tenasseritn
(Oates). Siam.
263. Gasteracantha diadesmia, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Genova, xxv,
p. 225, 1887.
Closely allied to G. frontata, but with the anterior yellow band
not reaching the base of the anterior spines, and with the posterior
half of the abdomen marked with a second transverse black stripe ;
median spine not thin and evenly attenuate, but thicker and with
its anterior border distinctly swollen and convex in its distal half.
Total length of abdomen 7 mm., width 16.
Loc. Burma: Tharrawaddy (Oates); Bhamo, Shwegoo (Fea).
Andaman and Nicobar Islands, &c. ; also Penang and Siam.
264. Gasterr.canthaunguifera, Simon, J. A. S. B. lviii, p. 336, 1889.
2 • Much smaller than the preceding. Abdomen granular and
tolerably uniformly flavous above, about one-third wider than
long ; anterior border rather strongly convex, anterior spines
small, acuminate; median spines much larger, with the basal
portion exceedingly stout, and distally expanded, then abruptly
narrowed, the terminal portion normally slender and rising from
the middle of the expanded end of the basal portion ; posterior
POLTYS. 235
spines also with basal portion stout, but not so abruptly narrowed
as in the case of the median spines.
Length of abdomen 3 mm., width 4-5.
Loc. Himalayas: Jaunsar, Thadyar, 2600 ft. (Oldham).
265. Gasteracantha leucomelsena, Doleschall, Verh. Nat. Vereen,
Neclcrland. Indie, v, no. 5, p. 42, t. xi, tig. 8, 1859 (Plectana leuco-
melas) ; Thorell, Ann. Mas. Genova, xxv, p. 232, 1887 : annamita,
Simon, Act. Soc. L. Bord. xl, p. 148, 1886.
Colour : carapace and mandibles black ; legs yellow, with black
bands ; sternum yellow, with posterior black spot ; upper side of
abdomen whitish or yellow, with median black Y-shaped mark and
a large black patch at base of spines, the patches sometimes
uniting with the ends of the arms and with the stem of the Y to
form transverse bars of black. Abdomen about one-third wider
than long, not laterally attenuate, parallel-sided ; the spines small,
acuminate, the median and posterior subequal and much larger
than the anterior.
Length of abdomen 5 mm., width 7.
Loc. Burma: Rangoon, Tbarrawaddy, Tenasserim, &c. (Oates,
Fea). Andaman and Nice-bar Islands. Indo-Malaysia.
266. Gasteracantha brevispina, Doleschall, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederland.
Indie, xiii, p. 423, 1857 (Plectana) ; Thorell, Ann. Mas. Genova,
xxviii, p. 63, 1890 : canningensis, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xxxviii,
p. 248, t. xviii, fig. 1, 1869 (Gastracantha).
About the same size and much the same form as G.leucomekma;
head reddish laterally and rising in the middle into a conical
prominence much more pronounced than in the preceding species.
Abdomen a little wider than long, very variable in colour, some-
times the black, sometimes the yellow predominating ; usually there
is a large triangular black patch on each side and a pair of large
yellow ocelliform spots near the middle ; spines shorter, conical,
the lateral and median not evenly acuminate, being very stout at
the base and abruptly narrowed at the apex, somewhat as in
G. unguifera.
Length of abdomen 5*5 mm., width 7.
Loc. Ceylon. India : Madras (Jambunathan) ; Uran (Aiikeri),
Karachi (Simon), Dehra Dun (Oldham), Calcutta (Stoliczka).
Burma: Moulmein, Tenasserim (Oates, Fea). Andaman and
Nicobar Islands. Indo- and Austro-Malaysia.
Genus POLTYS, C. Koch.
Poltvs, C. Koeh, Arachn. x, p. 97, 1843 ; Simon, Hist. Nat. Araign. i,
p. 892, 1895.
Carapace with cephalic region prominent, conical in front,
ocular quadrangle square or a little wider in front ; lateral eyes
widely separated, the posterior remote from the rest. Leys of
236 theridiidjE.
anterior two pairs long, with tibiae and protarsi curved, flat above.
Abdomen large, high in front, usually irregularly tubercular at the
margins.
Type, P. illepidus, C. Koch.
Distribution. Ethiopian, Oriental, and Australian Regions.
The two species described below may be diagnosed as follows : —
■a. Ocular quadrangle wider in front than behind . . P. illepidus, p. 236.
b. Ocular quadrangle narrower in front than behind. P. pannuceus, p. 236.
267. Poltys illepidus, C. Koch, Arachn. x, p. 97, fig. 821, 1843.
Colour : carapace and mandibles blackish ; upper side and front
of head reddish, with greyish hairs ; naked parts of femora steel-
blue, bands of the same colour on under side of tibia? and protarsi ;
hairy clothing on legs and abdomen greyish or yellowish brown
mottled with blackish or brown spots, epigastric area of abdomen
blackish. Cephalic eminence constricted at base ; ocular quadrangle
a little wider in front, as wide behind as long. Abdomen either
tolerably evenly elliptical with scarcely a trace of tubercles, or
tubercular and with large shoulder prominences.
Total length about 15 mm.
Loc. Ceylon: Punduloya (Green); also Indo- and Austro-
Malaysia.
268. Poltys pannuceus, Thorell, Spiders of Burma, p. 167, 1895.
Colour : carapace uniformly brownish ; epigastric area brown ;
femora without metallic-blue tints; cephalic eminence less constricted
at base ; ocular quadrangle slightly narrowed in front, wider be-
hind than long. Abdomen with long conical tubercles, furnished
in front with a high median apically clavate column bearing six
distinct tubercles.
Total length 12-5 mm.
Loc. Burma: Rangoon (Oates).
Family THERIDIID^.
Recognizable from the Argyopidse by the presence of a series
of strong spines forming a comb on the tarsus of the 4th leg, and
by the almost entire absence of teeth on the fang-groove of the
mandibles, which have no smooth area at the base on the outerside ;
the clypeus, moreover, is usually high.
Sedentary Spiders, spinning webs formed of irregularly arranged
threads.
The species of ibis family are numerous and mostly of small
size. The largest species belong to the genus Lathrodectus.
LATHRODECTUS.
237
Genus LATHRODECTUS, Walck.
Lathrodectus, Walck. Tabl. Aran. p. 81, 1805 ; Simon, Hist. Xat.
Araign. i, p. 668, 1894.
Carapace normal in form, with clypeus equal in height to the
ocular area ; lateral eyes widely separated. Mandibles weak,
unarmed. Legs long; superior claws toothed almost to apex.
Abdomen large, globular.
Type, L. 13-guttatus, Walck.
Distribution. Tropical and subtropical countries.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
a. Prevailing colour black, with crimson dorsal
stripe L. hasseltii, p. 237.
b. Prevailing colour yellowish or silvery, no
crimson stripe , L. geometricus, p. 238.
269. Lathrodectus hasseltii, Thorell,
QSfv. K. tin. Vet.-Akad. Fork, xxvii,
p.*3G9, 1870.
Subspecies indicus, Simon, Bull. Mus.
Hist. Nat. 1897, p. 97.
Colour black ; upper side of abdomen
ornamented with a broad longitudinal
red band with uneven edges extending
throughout the posterior two-thirds of
its length ; lower side with a small
transverse red band in front of the
spinners and sometimes one behind the
genital fold. Eyes of anterior line
subequal, median nearer to each other
than to the laterals. Length 10 mm.
Log. Western India : Karachi,
Poona ( WroxKjhton) ; also Muscat.
Subspecies elegans, Tin, nil. Ann. Mus,
(inii, vii, xwi.x. p. 293, L898.
Differs from the preceding in having
the dorsal surface of the abdomen
ornamented in front of the longitudinal
band with a pair of transverse recurved stripes, the posterior of
which is sometimes small and continuous with the median band
Length 10 mm.
Loc. Burma: Karennee (Fea).
Fig. 80. — Lathrodectus
hasseltii, subsp. indicia,
X 2.
238 FHOLCID.E.
270. Lathrodectus geometricus, C. Each, Hie Arachn. viii, p. 117,
fig. 684, 1841.
Colour : cephalothorax and legs ochraceous, latter with patella
and tip of tibia brown ; abdomen paler, varied with symmetrically
disposed darker spots and brown lines arranged in loops and
circles. Eyes of anterior line subequally spaced, the median a
little larger than the laterals. Length 10 mm.
Loc. Karachi (Toivnsend). Tropics of both hemispheres.
Family PHOLCID^.
Carapace flat, subcircular, w7ith deep fovea and cephalic grooves ;
head small, sharply defined ; anterior median eyes small, the rest
large and forming a group on each side ; clypeus very high.
Mouth-parts suctorial. Legs exceedingly long and slender, furnished
with 3 claws. Spinners short, subequal, forming a compact cluster;
colulus present.
Distribution. Cosmopolitan.
Habits. Sedentary Spiders, spinning in hollow trees, beneath
overhanging rocks or in the corners of houses, a tangled network
of threads, amongst which the occupant hangs head downwards.
The female carries her cocoon in her mandibles.
The best known Indian species of the family are referable to
the following three genera : —
a. Sternum posteriorly acuminate ; mandible
armed with 2 teeth on the fang-groove . . Artema, p. 238.
b. Sternum broadly truncate posteriorly, man-
dible with 1 tooth on fang-groove.
a1. Abdomen short, oval,prominent posteriorly
above the spinners Crossopriza, p. 240.
61. Abdomen long, cyclindrical, not strongly
prominent above spinners Smeringopus, p. 239.
Genus ARTEMA, Walck.
Artema, Walck. Ins. Apt. i, p. 650, 1837 ; Simon, Hist. Nat, Araign.
i, p. 465, 1893.
Eyes subsimilar, anterior medians not much smaller than the rest,
those of anterior line very lightly, of posterior line more strongly
recurved ; area of medians not longer than wide. Mandibles
armed below on fang-groove with two teeth. Sternum posteriorly
acuminate, projecting between the posterior coxa?. Abdomen very
high, globular, higher than wide.
Type, A. atlanta, Walck.
Distribution. Tropical and subtropical countries of the world.
271. Artema atlanta, Walck. Ins. Apt. i, p. 656, 1837 : convexa,
Blackw. A.M.N. II. (3) ii, p. 332, 1858 : sisyphoides, IMeschall,
Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Indie, xiii, p. 408, 1857 (Pholcus).
SMERINGOPUS. 239
$. Colour: carapace yellow, with median brown patch and
brown stripe on clypeus ; legs
yellow, with brown patella? and
a brown ring round extremity
of femora and tibiae ; abdomen
greyish yellow, ornamented with
three rows of dusky grey spots.
Mandible and palpus normal.
Vulva consisting of a brown,
thickly horny plate, with the
posterior border concave.
cf . Like $ , but with palp very
thick and mandibles furnished
externally, with large serrated
crest
Fig. SI.- -Arfema atlanta, J, X 2. ' .' ' , . ,, , _
Total length about 8 mm.
hoc. Ceylon: Jaffna, Trincomali (Yerbury). India: Travan-
core (Ferguson)- Guntakal ; Chingleput (Jamhunathan); Dekkan ;
Tanna (Fdie); Meerut ; eastern district of Poona (J rani);
E. Khandesh; Karachi (Toivnsend). Burma: Tharrawaddy(Oates).
Tropical countries.
Genus SMERINGOPUS, Simon.
Smeringopus, Simon, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1890, p. 94 ; id. Hist. Nat.
Araign. i, p. 476, 1893.
Eyes of anterior and posterior line recurved, ocular quadrangle
longer than wide, space between posterior medians about twice
the diameter of an eye. Abdomen long, narrow, subcylindrical.
Sternum broadly truncate behind.
Type, S. elonijalus, Vinson.
Distribution. Tropical countries of the world.
272. Smeringopus elongatus, Vinson, Aran. Reunion, etc. p. 135,
t. iii, fig. 5, 1863 : distinctus, O. P. Cambridge, Journ. Linn. Soc.,
Zool, x, p. 380, t. xi, iigs. 28, 29, 30, 18G9 (Pholcus).
2 . Colour : carapace yellow, with radiating triangular dark
patches ; legs yellow-brown, with pale white band round end of
femora and tibia1; abdomen greyish white, ornamented above with
a double series of black spots and at the sides with large black
patches, ventral surface with a broad reddish-brown median band,
divided posteriorly by a pale stripe.
J . Like 2 i but with palpus much inflated, and the mandible
armed in front below with a small tooth.
Total length 6 mm.
Loc. Ceylon. India: Trevandrum (Ferguson), Pondichery,
Dekkan. Burma: liangoon, Tharrawaddv, Tniasserim (Oata,
Fea). Andaman Islands, lndo- and Austro-Malaysia, and tropical
Africa, &c.
240 HEKSIL1ID.E.
Genus CROSSOPJtIZA, Simon.
Crossopriza, Simon, Hist. Nat. Araign. i, p. 476, 1893.
Differing from Srneringopus in having the ocular quadrangle as
long as wide, and the posterior median eyes separated by a space
not exceeding the diameter of an eye. The abdomen is short, ovate,
posteriorly prominent and sloping abruptly away to the spinners.
Type, C. pristina, Simon (Egypt).
Distribution. Egypt, Arabia, and India.
273. Crossopriza lyoni, Blackwall, A. M. N. H. (3), xix. p. 392, 1867
(Pholcus).
5 . Colour yellowish ; carapace marked with median brown stripe;
legs spotted and streaked with black, extremities of femora and
tibia? paler ; abdomen yellowish brown, clouded with darker
patches and marked with minute close-set yellowish spots, some
black spots upon its posterior portion and a black stripe running
down to the spinners from the posterior prominence, ventral
surface black, varied with pale markings.
6 . Much like $ , but with legs longer, abdomeii lower, mandible
armed distally with a tooth ; femur of anterior leg with a row of
long spines ; palpi very thick.
Total length 5-6 mm.
Loc. India : Madras (Henderson) ; Chingleput (Jambunathan) ;
E. Khaudesh (Madan), Allahabad (Ryves). Meerut. Burma :
Tharrawaddy (Oates).
Family HERSILIID^E.
Carapace as wide as long, with cephalic region elevated, narrow
and defined by a deep semicircular sulcus ; eyes of anterior and
posterior lines strongly recurved, the anterior laterals standing
high up halfway between the anterior and posterior medians.
Mandibles weak, at most weakly toothed below ; maxilla? inclined
obliquely on the labium. Legs, except of 3rd pair, very long and
slender, armed with 3 claws. Abdomen short, subpentagonal ;
posterior spmning-rnamilla? very long, usually longer than the
abdomen ; colulus present.
Distribution. Africa, Madagascar, S. Asia, Australia, S. America.
The species of this family are extremely active hunting Spiders,
living on tree-trunks, old walls, or under stones, and at most
spinning a scanty web of irregular threads.
Synopsis of Indian Genera.
a. Protarsi of legs undivided Tama, p. 242.
b. Protarsi of 1st, 2nd, and 4th legs biseg merited.
a\ Ocular quadrangle nearly parallel-sided IIkrsilia, p. 241.
//. Ocular quadrangle much wider in front
than behind MuiuueiA, p. 242.
HEESILIA. 241
Genus HERSILIA, Aud.
Hersilia, Audouin in Sav. Descr. Eyypte, Arachn. p. 114, 1826;
Simon, Hist. Nat. Araiyn. i. p. 44(3, 1802.
Ocular quadrangle parallel-sided ; head flat, angular laterally ;.
clypeus usually very high, prominent. Protarsi of 1st, 2nd, and
4th legs bisegraented.
Type, If. caudata, Aud.
Distribution. Africa, Madagascar, Oriental Region.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
a. Clypeus less than height of ocular quadrangle. //. elathrata, p. 242.
b. Clypeus exceeding height of ocular quadrangle.
a1. Vulva without median lobe ; patella of palp
in tf with conical process H. saviynyi, p. 241.
bl. Vulva with median lobe; patella of palp
normal H. pectinata, p. 241 .
274. Hersilia savignyi, Lucas, May. Zool. 6C annee, cl. viii, p. 10
t. xiii, fig. 1, 1836: ? calcuttensis, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xxxviii
p. 216, t. xx, fig. 9, 1869.
5 . Colour varying from quite pale to nearly black on the upper
side, generally mottled or banded ; abdomen with a black rim,
transverse stripe, and a median longitudinal black bar in front ;
legs and palpi banded. Clypeus considerably
exceeding ocular quadrangle ; width of carapace
less than half the length of the femur of the
1st leg. Vulva bilobate, the lobes separated
by deep emargination.
S . Smaller than 5 ; femur of 1st leg nearly
four times as long as carapace ; patella and
tibia of palp with a distinct sigmoid curvature,
patella produced above on the inner side into a
conical hairy prominence.
Measurements in mm. — $ . Total length
Fig. 82.— Hersilia about 10, carapace 3-5, 1st leg 35. tf . Total
savignyi, x^ (after length 7, carapace 3, 1st leg 4(>.
Simon). The spin- ^ Ceylon# India. Xilgiri Hills (ffampson);
ners are repre- ,, , J , ., ,. P m v ' ,
sented as much too Sudatory and Ponmudi m lravancore (Fer-
8hort. yuson), Chingleput (Jambunathari) : Eercaud
i Henderson); Bellary; Tanna(AVfo); Matberan;
Poona ( Wroucjhton) ; Allahabad [Ryves) ; Calcutta. Burma: Man-
dalay, Bhamo, Pegu, Tenasserim {Gates, Fea).
275. Hersilia pectinata, Thorett, Spiders of Burma, p. 58, 189'), d :
peguana, id. ibid. p. 80, $.
Closely allied to 11. savignyi, but recognizable by the form of the
generative organs. Vulva trilobate posteriorly, the median lobe
projecting beyond the laterals. Palpi of tf with patella and tibia
B
242 HEKSILIIJXE.
straight, the former unmodified, the tibia furnished externally
above with an angular prominence tipped with 3 or 4 spines.
Total length, $ 12-5 mm., <3 11 mm.
Loc. Ceylon: Punduloya (Green). Burma: Pegu and Thar ra-
waddy (Oates).
276. Hersilia clathrata*, Thorell, Spiders of Burma, p. 56, 1895.
5 . Colour much as in the preceding, but the black rim of the
abdomen broader, and with four pairs of black spots on each side
of the middle. Further recognizable by having the chjpeus low,
less than the height of the ocular quadrangle. Femur of anterior
leg just three times as long as the carapace. Vulva semicircularly
excavated behind, the excavation filled by a pair of lobes separated
by a deep but narrow notch.
Total length 10 mm., carapace 3"6.
Loc. Burma: Tenasserim (Oates).
Genus MURRICIA, Simon.
Murricia, Simon, Ann. Mns. Genova, xviii, p. 255, 1882 ; id. Hist.
Nat. Arairjn. i, p. 446, 1892.
Differs from Hersilia in having the ocular quadrangle much
wider in front than behind, and the head elevated between the
posterior median and lateral eyes.
Type, M. indica, Lucas.
Distribution. S. India.
277. Murricia indica, Lucas, Mag. Zool. 6e annee, cl. viii, p. 7, t. 13,
fig. 2, 1836 (Hersilia) ; Simon, Ann. Mas. Genova, xviii, p. 255, 1892.
2 . Colour ; carapace pale in the middle and behind, blackish
elsewhere ; mandibles pale, darker at base ; palpi and legs banded :
abdomen with a median and on each side a darker band.
J . Slighter and more elongate than female, and with stronger
legs ; patella of palp longer than tibia.
Total length 8 mm.
Loc. Western India : Bombay and Malabar (Lucas).
Genus TAMA, Simon.
Tama, Simon, Ann. Mus. Genova, xviii, p. 256, 1882 ; id. Hist. Nat.
Araign. i, p. 446, 1892.
Differs from Hersilia in having the protarsi of the 1st, 2nd, and
4th legs undivided.
Type, T. edwardsi, Lucas.
Bistribution. North Africa, Oriental Region, Australia.
S. America.
278. Tama variata, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. xii, p. 761, L89D.
2 . Colour variable, as in Hersilia savignyi. Carapace with
* The only known specimen of this species has imperfect legs, and hence
may belong to the genus Tama.
UJtoi'TKin.i:.
243
ocular quadrangle a little longer than broad and slightly wider
in front than behind, much exceeding height of clypeus, which
scarcely exceeds diameter of anterior median eye. First leg
shorter than 4th, its femur about twice the length of the carapace
Vulva with its posterior horder produced into a median convex
lobe, with a transversely sulcate area on each side of it.
c? . Much smaller than 2 > femur of 1st leg more than twice as
long as carapace. Palp with patella and tibia unmodified, tibia
twice as long as patella.
Measurements in mm. — 2 . Total length 10, carapace 3*5, 1st
leg 31. (S . Total length 6, carapace 3.
Loc. Ceylon: KaYtdy (Gfreen).
Family UROCTEID^E.
Carapace transversely reniform, widely rounded in front and
laterally, posteriorly emarginate ; ocular group compact. Mouth-
parts weak and haustellate. Legs short and strong, spiny,
subequal in length, armed with '-\ claws. Abdomen large, de-
pressed, truncate in front, oval posteriorly; posterior spinners
much longer than the anterior, with the long, thick, compressed
apical segment directed upwards ; anterior spinners short, sub-
cylindrical, separated by a colulus ; anal papilla very large, fur-
nished laterally with fringe of long hair.
Distribution. Mediterranean Kegion ; China, Japan ; S. Africa ;
India.
Genus UROCTEA, Duf.
Uroctea, Dufour, Ann. Sci. Phys. v, p. 198, 1820 ; Simon, Hist. Nat.
Araign. i, p. 451, L893.
Characters and distribution as above.
Type, U. durandi, Latr.
Habits. These Spiders live under stones, &c, where they spin a
small saccular tent-like web attached to the under side of the stone
by about five subradially arranged bands of silk.
279. Uroctea indica, sp. n.
2- Colour: carapace and legs darker
or paler yellowish brown, with blackish
markings ; abdomen blackish above,
sometimes marked with seven pale spots,
six lateral and one posterior median.
Vulva consisting of a transversely-
elliptical plate, impressed behind with" a
-mall circular pit and marked with
nearly semicircular grooves in front.
Total length L3 mm.
Loc. Western India : Poona
( Wroughton).
Fig. 83.
Uroctea indica, $ , x 3'.
K2
244 LYCOSIDvE.
Family LYCOSID^.
Hunting Spiders with the carapace narrow in front, high ; the
eyes of the posterior line strongly recurved, typically large, those
of the anterior line being as a rule much smaller and close-set.
Mandible powerful, not elongate, with fang-groove strongly toothed ;
maxillae not inclined inwards, labium quite short. Legs spiny,
usually shortish and strong ; tarsi with 3 claws and no ungual
tufts. Abdomen oval, rarely elongate ; spinners forming a compact
group, generally subequal in length.
Distribution. Cosmopolitan.
Synopsis of the principal Indian Genera.
a. Tarsi of legs long, slender, and highly
flexible.
a1. Fang-groove armed behind with 4 teeth. Eucamptopus, p. 244.
bl. Fang-groove armed behind with 3 teeth. IlYGROPonA, p. 245.
b. Tarsi shorter and rigid.
a2. Anterior lateral eyes stalked, on the edge
of the clypeus Euprosthenops, p. 248,
b2. Anterior lateral eyes above the edge of
the clypeus.
a3. Eyes of anterior line very strongly
recurved Thalassius, p. 247.
bz. Eyes of anterior line procurved,
straight, or slightly recurved.
«4. Ocular quadrangle a little longer
than wide ; eyes of the quadrangle
not very unequal.
a5. Eyes of anterior line procurved. . Perenethis, p. 245.
b5. Eyes of anterior line straight or
slightly procurved Denbrolycosa, p. 246.
ft4. Ocular quadrangle much 'wider than
long; posterior medians much larger
than anterior.
a'\ Posterior spinners much longer
than anterior Hippasa, p. 249.
//. Posterior spinners subequal to
anterior.
a". 3rd leg longer than 1st Ocyale, p. 251.
b1 . 3rd leg shorter than 1st Lycosa, p. 252.
Genus EUCAMPTOPUS, nov.
Carapace (in cO about as wide as long, high behind, Hat above ;
frontal area inclined; clypeus exceeding the ocular quadrangle,
which is a little wider behind than it is long, and twice as wide
behind as in front ; eyes of anterior line straight, a little wider
than the posterior medians, which are twice the diameter of the
HYGBOPODA. PEItENETHIS. 245
anterior medians. Fang-groove of mandible armed behind with 4
strong teeth. Legs long, spiny ; tarsi long, slender, and flexible.
Type, E. coronatus, Poc.
Distribution. S. India.
280. Eucamptopus coronatus, sp. n.
S . Colour a tolerably uniform dark chocolate-brown, paler
beneath, clothed with olive-brown hairs ; clypeus and anterior half
of sides of carapace covered with snow-white hairs. Carapace
almost as wide as long; eyes of anterior line straight, subequally
spaced, medians a little the larger. Legs long and slender, with
long flexible tarsi. Palpi longer than the carapace by the length
of the tarsus; tibia slightly exceeding patella, incrassate, the
apophysis short, stout, subquadrate.
Total length 17 mm., carapace 8*5, 1st leg 43, 4th 46.
Loc. S. India : Tinnevelly (Barber).
Genus HYGR0P0DA, Thorell.
Hygropoda,- Thorell, Bull. Soc. Ent. Hal. xxvi, pt. iii, p. 4, 1894;
Simon, Hist. Nat. Araiyn. ii, p. 315, 1898.
Eesembling the preceding in having the tarsi of all the legs,
with exception of the 3rd pair, long and flexible, but differing in
that the clypeus is less in height than the ocular quadrangle; the
eyes are more scattered, and there are only 3 teeth on the posterior
border of the fang-groove of the mandible.
Type, IF. prognatha, Thorell.
Distribution. Tropical Africa ; Bourbon ; Oriental Region ;
S. America.
281. Hygropoda procera, Thorell, Spiders of Burma, ]>. 222, 1895.
2 . Colour : carapace with two parallel dark bands above ; abdo-
men yellowish above, with median dark anteriorly-bifurcating line
and a lateral posteriorly sinuous line ; pale below ; legs and sternum
pale, with whitish hairs. Carapace St little longer than broad; eyes
of anterior line slightly procurved, the medians the largest. Legs
very long and slender. Abdomen suhlanceolate ; vulra large,
deeply excavated, and Burmounted in front by a pair of elevated
tubercles and ending behind in a pair of smaller tubercles.
Total length 1 2 mm., carapace 5*75, 1 si leg 46'5.
Loc. Burma: Tharrawaddy (Oates).
Genus PERENETHIS, L. Koch.
Perenethis, /.. Koch} . track. Austral, p. 980, L878.
Tetragonophthalma, Simon, Hist. Nat. Araiyn. ii, p 298, 1898 (not
of Karsch).
Differs from Dendrolycosa especially in having the ryes of the
246 LYCOSID.E.
anterior line very distinctly pro-curved, and the fang-groove armed
behind with only 2 small teeth.
Type, P. unifasciata, Dol.
Distribution. Oriental and Australian Regions.
282. Perenethis unifasciata, Doleschall, Verh. Nat. Vereen. Nederland-
Indie, v, no. 5, p. 10, t. vi, fig. 6, 1859 (Dolomedes) ; Thorett, Spiders
of Burma, p. 2.30, 1895.
According to Simon, this species, which is unknown to me in its
adult stage, differs from the following in having the eyes of the
anterior line more strongly procurved, the quadrangle considerably
longer than wide, and the clypeus narrower.
Loc. Ceylon (according to Karsch). Burma: Akyab (Oates).
283. Perenethis indica, Simon, Bull. Mus. Paris, 1897, p. 295
(Tetragonophthalma).
2 . Colour : carapace and abdomen with a broad median dark
band, sparsely clothed with white at the sides, the dark band set
off by a narrow stripe of silver ; sternum with pale median band ;
coxae and sternum spotted with black ; anterior femora infuscate
below ; abdomen darker posteriorly. Legs long and slender, 1st
and 2nd about equal, and a little shorter than the 4th. Abdomen
long and narrow, posteriorly acuminate. Vulva consisting of a
transversely oval pit, divided by a median longitudinal partition.
Total length 14 mm., carapace 5, 1st leg 20, 4th 26.
Loc. Eastern district of Poona (Irani) ; Karachi.
The following genus and species, based upon an immature speci-
men, differs from the foregoing species of Perenethis in having the
anterior lateral eyes considerably larger than the medians : —
Polyboea vulpina, Thorett, Spiders of Burma, p. 229, 1895.
Loc. Rangoon (Oates).
Genus DENDR0LYC0SA. Doleschall.
Dendrolycosa, Doleschall, Verh. Nat. Vereen. Nederland. Indie, v,
no. 5, p. 51, 1859; Simon, Hist. Nat. Araign. ii, p. 294, 1898.
Carapace much longer than wide; ocular area inclined at an.
angle to clypeus, quadrangle longer than wide, exceeding clypeus;
anterior and posterior median eyes not very unequal in size ; eyes
of anterior line straight or lightly recurved, much wider than those
of 2nd line. Fang-groove of mauditde with 3 teeth behind. Legs
straight ; tarsi shorter and rigid.
Type, D.fusca, Dol.
Distribution, Oriental Region and Australia.
THALASSIUS. 247
284. Dendrolycosa stauntoni, sp. n.
2 . Colour : integument yellowish brown, carapace with a broad
white band extending almost to the margin on each side ; abdomen
covered above and below with whitish hairs, its upper side with a
median dark band, bordered with white in front ; legs covered with
whitish hairs intermixed with black ; extremities of the segments
darker; lower side of femora infuscato. Carapace much longer
than broad, as long as tibia of 2nd leg; eyes of anterior line very
slightly recurved, subequal, about a diameter apart, and half a
diameter from the laterals. Abdomen oval ; vulva with a median
excavation bordered in front by a «^\* -shaped crest.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 20, carapace 7-5, 1st leg 28,
4th leg 31.
Loc. S. India : Bangalore (Staunton).
285. Dendrolycosa rohusta, Thorett, Spiders of Burma, p. 224, 1895
(Therimachus).
2 . Closely resembling the preceding in form and colour. Vulva
with anterior transverse crest more ^-shaped.
6 . Smaller.. Tibia of palp twice as long as patella, longer than
tarsus, the apophysis consisting of a single anteriorly-directed
pointed spur.
Measurements In mm. — £. Total length 22, carapace 8*5, 1st
leg 30, 4th 31-5. rf. Total length 26.
Loc. Burma: Kyeikpadam and Tharrawaddy (Oates).
The following species, based upon immature forms, are probably
congeneric with the foregoing, but are specifically indeter-
minable : —
Sphedanus spadicarius, Simon, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. x, p. 2G2, 1897.
Loc. North Guzerat.
Sphedanus marginatus, Simon, J. A. S. B. lvi, p. 284,1887.
Loc. Port Blair (Andamans).
Genus THALASSIUS, Simon.
Thalassius, Simon, Bull. Soc Zool. Fr. x, p. 13,1885; Hist. Nat.
Araiyti. ii, p. ."(JO, 1898.
Facial area evenly inclined as in Eucamptopus, and clypeus ex-
ceeding ocular quadrangle, but quadrangle scarcely narrower in
front, and slightly longer than wide; anterior and posterior median
eyes subequal as in Dendrolycosa ; eyes of anterior line vers strongly
recurved, the anterior laterals nearly equally distant from the re-
maining three on each side.
Type, T. marginellus, Sim.
Distribution. Ethiopian Region; Madagascar; Oriental Region
as far as Solomon Islands.
248
LYCOSID^.
286. Thalassius phipsoni, F. Cambridge,
P. Z. S. 1898, p. 31, t. iv, fig. 5.
2 . Colour : integument covered with
olive or greyish-brown pubescence; cara-
pace and abdomen ornamented laterally
with a white stripe extending from the
sides of the head almost to the spinners,
and separated from the middle of the
lateral border of the carapace by a space
equalling its own width. Carapace a
little longer than tibia of 1st leg. Legs
of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd pairs subequal and
much shorter than 4th. Lateral lobes
of vulva strongly clavate and in contact
posteriorly.
Measurements in nun. — Total length
26, carapace 10, 1st leg 37, 4th 43.
Loc. Bombay : Mahim and Dorun
(Phipson).
The characters of the following forms,
known in Burma only from immature
specimens, are doubtful : —
Thalassius marginellus, Simon, Ami. Mus.
Genova, xx, p. 329, 1884 (Titurius) ;
id. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. x, p. 13, 1885.
Thalassius albocinctus (Dol.), Thorell,
Spiders of Burma, p. 227, 1895.
Fig. 84.
Thalamus phipsoni , <j> , x#.
Genus EUPR0STHEN0PS, Pocock.
Euprosthenops, Pocock, A. M. N. H. (6) xix, p. 116, 1897; Simon,
Hist. Nat. Araign. u, p. 291, 1898. [Podqphthalma, Capello and
recent authors, preoccupied.]
Carapace low; facial area inclined; ocular quadrangle about
equal to clypeus in height, longer than wide, narrowed in front, its
posterior eves larger than the anterior ; anterior lateral eyes remote
from the rest and elevated, situated on the edge of the clypeus.
Tarsi normal. Tang-groove of mandible with 3 posterior teeth.
Type, I'j. bayoniannus, Br. Capello.
Distribution. Tropical Africa ; Madagascar; India.
iiippasa. 249
287. Euprosthenops ellioti, O. P. Cambridge, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 567,
t. lvii, fig. 6 (Podophthalma).
$ . Colour : carapace pale with a dark band on each side, clothed
with silvery-white hairs ; legs clothed with olive-brown hairs
varied with white, femora thickly spotted ; tibia? black at base and
apex ; abdomen darkish above, with median lanceolate band in
front, bordered at the sides with a broad pale band, sides and
lower surface covered with golden-yellow hairs, the former speckled
with brown. Carapace shorter than tibia of 3rd leg. Leys very
long, 4, 1, 2, 3 in length. Abdomen narrowed posteriorly, more
than twice as long as broad.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 21, carapace 7*5, 1st leg 41,
4th 46.
Loc. S. India : Chinglepnt (Jambunathan).
Genus HIPPASA, Simon.
Ilippasa, Simon, Bull. Soc. Zoo!. France, x, p. 31, 1885 ; Hist. Nat.
Araiyn. ii, p. 326, 1898.
Differing from Lycosa in having the posterior spinners consider-
ably longer than the anterior, the posterior eyes more widely
separated, and the eyes of the anterior line a little exceeding those
of the second line in width.
Type, H. ayelenoides, Simon.
Distribution. Africa; Madagascar; Arabia; British India;
Malayasia.
These Spiders spin a silken thread which expands into a sheet-
like snare.
Synopsis of the principal Indian Species.
a. Lower surface of abdomen with a thick fringe
of hair on each side H. pantherina, p. 260.
I). Lower surface of abdomen not laterally
fringed.
a\ Of large Bize; carapace 8-9 mm. long; pit
iif vulva exposed.
a . Pit of vulva semicircular II. lycosina, p. 260.
b . Pit of vulva transversely elliptical .... H. olivacea, p. 260.
b\ Smaller: carapace up to 5 mm.; pit of
vulva roofed over.
<•'. Plate of vulva produced into a l>>iiLr
tnugut'-like process II. holmera} p. 251.
If. Plate of vulva not produced into a long
tongue-like process.
a*. Process of vulva triangularly pointed
behind //. pisaurina, p. 260.
bl. Process of vulva Bquarely truncate
behind II. agelenoides, p. 261.
250 lycosid,e.
288. Hippasa pantherina, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. xii, p. 752,
1899 (= greenalliaj, Simon, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. x, p. 31, 1885)
(? of Blackivall).
$ . Colour : integument ochraceous, clothed with silky greyish
hairs ; carapace with median narrow pale stripe and broader pale
border ; abdomen with a pair of longitudinal dark bands in front
above and transverse dark bands behind, the darker markings em-
phasized by pale lines ; legs obscurely banded above, sternum with
median black stripe. Legs and upper side of abdomen beset with
longish seta? ; under side of abdomen with two thick bands of
long setae. Carapace as long as patella and tibia of 4th leg, slightly
longer than those of 1st, and than protarsus of 4th. Vulva con-
sisting of a large, yellow, thickly-hairy plate, produced posteriorly
into a pair of blackish angular processes separated by a median
angular notch.
<$ . Like the $ , but with much longer legs.
Measurements in mm. — $ . Total length 16, carapace 7"5, 1st leg
21-5, 4th 27. 6 . Total length 15, carapace 7, 1st leg 26, 4th 33.
Loc. Ceylon: Trincomali ( Yerbury). India: Trivandrum {Fer-
guson); Ootacamund (Hampsori) ; Coimbatore ; Eamuad; Bangalore
(Staunton) ; Poona district ( Wrouyhton) ; E. Khandesh {Mac/an).
289. Hippasa lycosina, sp. n.
$ . As large as the preceding, but rather differently coloured,
the pale bands orT^the carapace more clearly defined, the legs not
banded, and the pattern of the abdomen less distinct. Carapace
lower ; legs and abdomen not thickly hirsute and without crest of
setas on under side of abdomen. Vulva consisting of a small brown
plate impressed posteriorly with a nearly semicircular, posteriorly-
open pit.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 20, carapace 9*5, 1st leg 26,
4th 34.
Loc. India: Eastern district of Poona (Irani).; Kanara ; Nasik
(Millet); Uran (AitJcen).
290. Hippasa olivacea, Thorell, Ann. Mas. Genova,xx\, p. 297, 1887 :
simonis, id. ibid. p. 301 (Diapontia).
Nearly allied to //. lycosina, but with longer legs, the carapace
shorter than the patella and tibia of the 1st and than the protarsus
of the 4th leg. Vulva much as in //. lycosina, but with the pit
transversely elliptical.
Measurements in, nun. — Total length 17, carapace 8, 1st leg 24,
4th 30-5.
Ijoc. Burma: Kangoon, Tharrawaddy, Tenasserim, &c. (Outes,
Fea).
291. Hippasa pisaurina, sp. o.
$ . Much smaller than the preceding species, but very similarly
OCT ALE. 251
coloured, with the legs banded and mottled a^ in H.pantherina;
abdomen banded with white below. Carapaa as long a* patella
and tibia of 1st leg, but distinctly shorter than patella and tibia and
than protarsus ot 4th : eyes of anterior line very unequal in >iz •.
medians nearly twice the diameter of the laterals, their inferior
edges in a straight line. Vulva consisting of a plate triangularly
pointed behind and forming an archway over the cavity.
Measurement* in mm. — Total length II, carapace 45, 1st leg 14,
4th 20.
Loc. Western India: E. Khandesh (Madan) and E. Poona
( Wroughton ) ; Bangalore ( Staunton).
292. Hippasa agelenoides, Simon, Ann. Mus. Geneva, xx. p. -;34. 1884
(Pirata) : ThoreU, Spider* of Burma, p. 218. 1895 | Hippasa).
In size, length of limbs, &c. nearly resembling the preceding;
darker in colour ; abdomen with a narrow black band on ea h side
below. Eyes of anterior line more nearly equal, medians at most
a little larger than the laterals, with their inferior edges standing
much higher. Vulva forming a vertical archw ay a> in H.pisaurma,
but the posterior border of the arch transversely truncate.
Length up to about 10 mm., carapace 5, 1st leg 15, 4th 20.
Loc. Burma: Bangoon, Tharrawaddy (Oa&es), Minhla (Comotto).
Also recorded by Simon, but perhaps erroneously, from the Konkan
and Dehra Dun.
293. Hippasa holmerae. ThoreU, Spiders of Burma, p. 21*. 18
A small paler-coloured species, with the legs not banded; recog-
nizable from all the foregoing by having the plate of the vulva
produced posteriorly into a long, backwardly-directed tongue-like
process. Total length s mm.
Loc. Burma: Tharrawaddy (Gate*). Also Singapore.
The following species are unknown to me : —
Hippasa greenaUia, Blackball. A. M.N. II. i-'iixix. p. 387, IS ~
( Lycosa ». from Meerut, Agra, or D?ihi. Recorded by Simon
From Matheran and Karachi, and by Karsch from Pera-
deniya &c., in Ceylon.
Hippasa partita, 0. P. Cambridge, P.Z.S. L876, p. 599 (2Vo-
chosa), From Alexandria. Recorded by Simon from Karachi.
Genus OCYALE, And.
Ocyale, Audoum, in Sav. Descr. JEgypte, Arach. p. 149, 1 32 Simon,
Hist. Nat. Aratgn. ii. p. :'<\~>. 1898.
Allied to Lycosa, hut with the -*>ril leg Blightly longer than the
181 : quadrangle of posterior eves much wider behind, as in Hipp
252 lycosidjE.
eyes of anterior line slightly recurved, medians much larger than
laterals, the four taken together about as wide as the two anterior
medians.
Type, 0. atalanta, Aud.
Distribution. Africa ; Ceylon and Burma.
294. Ocyale atalanta, Audouin, in Sav. Descr. Egypte, Arach. p. 150,
182G. JJL ' F
Prevailing colour yellow, sides of carapace densely mottled with
olive-black ; legs strongly banded ; upper side of abdomen marbled
with olive-black, and marked with white spots ; mandibles blackish,
clothed with greyish-brown hairs in front. Legs covered with long,
white, apical ly-hooked hairs.
Length about 20 mm.
Log. Ceylon (Sarasin) ; Punduloya (Green).
Genus LYCOSA, Latreille.
Lyeosa, Latreille, Nouv. Diet. a" Hist. Nat. xxiv, p. 135, 1804 ; Simon,
Hist. Nat. Araign. ii, p. 345, 1898.
Carapace long as in Dendrolycosa ; facial area vertical, four
posterior eyes very large and arranged in a quadrangle, which is a
little wider behind than in front ; eyes of anterior line small,
straight or slightly curved, not or scarcely exceeding those of the
second line in width ; clypeus very low, scarcely exceeding diameter
of anterior median eyes.
Type, L. tarantula, Bossi.
Distribution. Temperate, Tropical, and Arctic countries.
The species of this genus spin no web. The larger forms live in
silk-lined burrows, and under stones, &c. The females carry the
cocoon attached to the spinners, and the young, after hatching,
swarm on the mother's back.
Synopsis of the larger Indian Species.
a. Sternum olive-yellow ; legs pale, not banded . L. chaperi, p. 254.
b. Sternum black ; tibial at least of posterior legs
banded below.
«'. Black ventral area of abdomen serially
spotted with white L. catula, p. 254.
b1. Black ventral area of abdomen unspotted.
a2. Tibiae of all the legs strongly banded . . L. indagatrix, p. 254.
lr. Tibhe of anterior legs not banded.
a8. Femora of anterior legs infuscate
beneath L. wrouyhtoni, p. 253.
I)\ femora of anterior legs pale beneath.
a'. Femora with black apical spot
below L. niyrotibialis, p. 253.
l>'. Femora without black apical spot. . L. phipsoni, p. 253.
LYCOS A.
253
295. Lycosa phipsoni, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. xii, p. 751, 1899.
2 • Carapace with broad yel-
lowish band down middle, darker
laterally with marginal band ;
mandibles black, clothed above
with yellow - red hairs ; legs
greyish white below, with tarsi,
protarsi of all, and tibiae of
anterior two pairs infuscate :
tibia of 4th fuscous at the end,
white in middle ; coxa? and
sternum reddish to blackish
brown ; abdomen jet - black
below, whitish laterally, yel-
lowish above speckled with black,
and with an anterior median
black band. Carapace longer than
patella and tibia of 1st or 4th
legs ; eyes of anterior line very
slightly procurved, medians larger
than laterals. Vulva consisting
of a nearly semicircularly rounded
excavation and a _L-shaped bar,
the upright of the J. mesially
expanded.
Length 20 mm.
o* . Like female in colour &c,
but with legs longer.
Loc. India: Bombay (PMpson) ; Jaoli in Satara (Master) ; Uran
( Aitlcen) ; Kanara aud Niisik ( Millet).
Fig. 85. — Lycosa phipsoni, 2. X
296. Lycosa wroughtoni, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. xii, p. 751,
1899.
Much resembling the male of L. phipsoni in colour, but the
carapace not so vividly banded, the abdomen without any anterior
median black stripe, the hairs on the mandible and palpi bright
orange-red, and the femora of the anterior legs infuscate below.
Tarsus of palp also more globular at base.
Length 25 mm.
Loc. India : Bulsar in Guzerat ( Wrought on).
297. Lycosa nigrotibialis, Simon, Ann. Mus. Gmova, xx, p. 330, 1884.
2 . Closely resembling L. phipsoni in size, colour, &c., but with
a dark band at the extremity of the femora beneath.
Total length about 25 mm.
Loc. Burma: Kangoon, Tharrawaddy, Minhla, Tenasserim. \c.
(Oates, Fea).
254 oxyopidjE.
298. Lycosa indagatrix, Walck. Ins. Apt. i, p. 339, 1837 ; Simon, Ann.
Mus. Genova, xx, p. 306. 1884.
$ . Closely resembling L. phipsoni in colour &c. ; the inaudible
clothed almost to the apex with red hairs, and the tibiae of all the
legs banded below, being white in the middle and blackish at the
ends. Vulva with fovea scarcely longer than wide ; the median
keel rather narrow and distinctly swollen in the middle.
S . Carapace more strongly banded than in female ; legs longer,
with white tibial bands broader than the dark patches on the
anterior legs.
Total length ( $ ) about 25 mm., carapace 12-5.
Loc. 8. India : Pondichery, Wagra-Karoor in Bellary, &c.
(Simon) ; Chingleput (Jambunathan).
299. Lycosa catula, Simon, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. x, p. 457, 1885.
$ . At once recognizable from the preceding species by having
the black of the lower side of the abdomen relieved by numerous
white spots irregularly arranged laterally and forming more
definite longitudinal lines mesially. Tibia? of all the legs white in
the middle below as in L. indar/atnv, but the wbite not broader
than the black at the extremities. Median bar of vulva very
acute.
Length up to about 20 mm.
Loc. S. India : Coimbatore (Theobald)-, Tercaud in the Shevaroy
Hills (Henderson).
300. Lycosa chaperi, Simon, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. x, p. 8, 1885; id.
op. cit. p. 458, t. x, fig. 3, 1885.
2 . Differs from all the foregoing species in having the sternum
and coxa? reddish or olive-yellow instead of black, and the legs
entirely pale below, not even the tibia? of the 4th being banded.
Fovea of vulva closed behind by a large, transversely trapeziform
plate, without auy median keel.
Length 14 mm.
Lor,. Wagra-Karoor near Guntakal, Bellary district (Fabre).
Family OXYOPID^l.
Carapace oval, high ; head narrow, subacuminate ; eyes forming
a compact subcircular group, those of the posterior line being
typically strongly procurved and those of tbe anterior recurved,
the anterior medians minute ; clypeus very high, vertical. Man-
dibles long, not prominent, acuminate ; fang short; fang-groove
unarmed or weakly armed ; maxillae and labium very long. Legs
long, slender, armed with long black spines, not scopulate ; three
claws. Abdomen generally oval, narrowed behind ; spinning-mamilla
short, subequal ; a small colulus present.
Distribution. Temperate and tropical countries.
PBUCETIA. 255
Hunting Spiders, spinning no web, living amongst grass ami
other plants and fastening their cocoons to the leaves or stalks.
The following genera are represented in India : —
a. Eyes of the posterior line lightly procurved; fang-
groove of mandible unarmed Peucetia, p. 255.
b. Eyes of posterior line very strongly procurved;
fang-groove of mandible weakly aimed .... Oxyopks*.
Genus PEUCETIA, Thorell.
Peucetia, Thorell, Nova Acta Soc. Upsal. (3) vii,p. 37, 1869 ; Simon.
Hist. Nat. Araign. ii, p. 378, 1898.
Characters as above.
Type, /'. viridis, Blackwall.
Distribution. Tropical and temperate countries.
Synopsis of Indian Species f.
a. Carapace and limbs not varied with black
spots and lines P. prasina, p. 256.
b. Carapace and limbs varied with black spots
and lines.
a1. Clypeus with obsolete lateral stripe ;
mandibles spotted in front J', riridana, p. 255.
ft1. Clypeue with distinct lateral stripe ;
mandibles with distinct median stripe.
a'-. Plates of vulva posteriorly produced
and acuminate P. yraminea, p. 256.
b2. Plates of vulva not acuminate pos-
teriorly P. procera} p. 250.
301. Peucetia viridana, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xxxviii, p. 220, t. xx,
liir. 1, 18(59 (Spliasus) : nigropunctata, Simon, Ann. Mas. Genova
xx, ]>. 3<>r>, 1884 (Peucetia).
Fig. 80. — Peucetia viridana, x 2.
* This genus, which is omitted Prom the present volume, ia represented bv
many species, mostly of small size, and recognizable by then- varied colouring
of silvery wbite and darker stripes.
t Peucetia eUqam, Blackwall ( \. M. N. E.(3) riv, p.89, 1864 (Panthea)) from
the " East Indies." differs from those here described i„ having a black band on
the lower side of the abdomen. Probably it belongs to the genus Oxyopet
256 OXYOPID.E.
$. Colour: carapace green, sparsely spotted; clypeus with a
pair of dark lines running from the anterior eyes ; mandibles
with a few spots at the base of the setal pores towards the inner
side in front and sometimes with one or two forming an imperfect
line externally ; legs yellow, densely spotted with black ; femora
often banded with red below ; abdomen a rich grass-green,
indistinctly banded above and below. Vulva with its piriform
sclerites transversely truncate behind.
d . Palpi very long ; femur arched, tibia about twice as long as
patella ; external appendix of organ abruptly clavate at tip and
armed near the middle with a distinct conical tubercle.
$ . Total length up to about 15 mm., carapace 5, 1st leg 30.
c? . Carapace 4, 1st leg 36.
Loc. Ceylon : Trincomali and Andankalai (Yerbury). India :
Madras, Pondichery, Chingleput (Jambunatlian) ; Ponmudi and
Madatory in Travancore (Ferguson) ; Ootacamund (Hampson) ;
Calcutta (Stoliczka).
302. Peucetia graminea, sp. n.
? Peucetia viridana, Simon, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. 1897, p. 290 (not of
Stoliczka).
5 . Nearly resembling the preceding in colour, but the clypeus
with a very distinct lateral band and the mandibles with distinct
anterior dark band ; sternum often with median black band. Vulva
with its sclerites posteriorly narrowed and separated by an angular
space.
<S . Palpi a little shorter than in P. viridana, the external
appendix longer, mesially geniculate, and apically less abruptly
clavate.
$. Total length 15 mm., carapace 4-5, 1st leg 24. J.Carapace3,
1st leg 26.
Loc. Western India : Pulsar in Guzerat (Wroughton) ; ? Karachi.
303. Peucetia prasina, Thorett, Ann. Mus. Genova, xxv, pp. 10 & 325,
1887 : viridana, Simon, Ann. Mus. Genova, xx, p. 326, 1884 (not of
Stoliczka).
Differs from all the preceding species in being tolerably uniform
greenish, not lined or spotted with black ; the anterior femora
reddish and varied with pale lines. Palp of male short, the
patella not twice as long as broad, and nearly as long as the tibia,
which is a little shorter than the tarsus.
Total length ( 5 ) about 13 mm.
Loc. Burma: Minhla (Comotto).
304. Peucetia procera, Thorett, Ann. Mus. Genova, xxv, p. 321, 1887-
$ . Pesembling P. graminea in colour, but differing in having
the plates of the vulva less acuminate behind and separated
posteriorly by a much shallower excision.
Total length .14 mm., carapace 4, 1st leg 25.
Loc. Burma: Kangoon (Oates) ; Me-tan-ja (Fea).
< u bio>-td.i:. 257
Family CLUBIONIDiE.
Hunting Spiders in which the mandibles are powerful, with
strongly-toothed fang-groove: the maxillae project forwards, and
are not inclined on the labium and not impressed ; the legs are
powerful, strongly spined, with tarsi and protarsi scopulate ;
tarsi furnished with ungual tufts and only two claws; anterior
spinners in contact ; colulus absent.
The principal Indian species of this family belong to the sub-
families Selenopince and f/rteropodincp, which resemble each other in
being laterigrade and in having the maxilla? furnished apically
with a very thick tuft of hairs. Their differences may be
tabulated as follows : —
a. Claws unarmed ; median eyes arranged
in a recurved crescent Selenopina?, p. 257.
h. Claws armed with teeth ; median eyes
forming a normal quadrangle Heteropodina>, p. 259.
Subfamily SELENOPIN^.
Characters as above.
Genus SELENOPS, Latreille.
Selenops, Latreille, Nouv. Diet. tPHiet. Nat. xxx, p. .i~9, 1819;
Si?n'>/i, Hint. Xat. Araiyn. ii, p. 2(5, 1897.
Carapace flat, wider than long; eyes of posterior line recurved,
laterals prominent, medians close to the anterior medians and
forming with them a errscentically recurved line, anterior laterals
far from the medians, small : clypeus almost absent. Fang-groove
of mandible with two posterior teeth.
Type, S. radiatus, Latr.
Distrihvtion. Tropical and subtropical countries.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
n. Protarsi of anterior leg's with two pairs of
spines S. radiatus, p. 257.
h. Protarsi of anterior le<rs with three pairs of
spines s. monUgena, p. ~2~)8.
305. Selenops radiatus, Latreille, Nouv. Diet. tPHUt. Xat. m,p, 579,
L819 (Thomisus) : Simon, Hist. .Xat. Araign. ii. pp. 26 & 27, L897
(Selenops): malabariensis, Simon, Art. Sue. I. inn. Bord. \x\i\,
p. 2.-U, 18s] ; id. Hull. s„e. Zool. Fr. \, p. 14, 1886 : birmanicus
Thorell, Spiders of Burma, p. 261, L896.
$ . Colour variable, integument yellowish or brown, legs usually
banded, hairy clothing mostly yellowish or mouse-brown. L'ara .
s
258
CLUBIONID.E.
with anterior and posterior median eyes subequal. Legs of 1st
and 2nd pairs with three pairs of spines on lower side of tibiae,
Fig. 87. — Sehnops radiatus, $
two pairs on protarsi. Vulva with lobes meeting in middle line
behind and circumscribing a broadly cordate pale area.
3 . Smaller and longer-legged than female ; eyes larger. Palp
with tibial apophysis consisting of two stout conical teeth, one
above the other.
Length up to 20 mm. ( 5 ).
Loc. Ormaraon the Mekrau coast; Karachi (Townsend) ; Bareilly
(Cambridge); N. Gruzerat (Wroughton) ; Tanna (Edie); Uran
(Aitken) ; Poona ( Wroughton) ; Eastern Poona (Irani) ; Eastern
Khandesh (Madan); Bangalore (Staunton) ; Guntakal and Malabar
(Simon); Tharrawaddy in Burma (Oates). Also Spain, Sokotra,
Mauritius, Madagascar, and the whole of Africa as far south
as the Zambesi.
306. Selenops montigena, Simon, J. A. S. B. lviii, p. 335, 1889.
5 . Smaller than S. radiatus, with the posterior median eyes
noticeably larger than anterior medians, and three pairs of spines
on the protarsi of the anterior legs. Vulva with lobes defined in
front by a transverse sinuous suture, in contact in front, diverging
at an acute angle, separated posteriorly by an elongate heart-
shaped space.
Total length 11 mm.
Loc. Jaunsar, 0000 feet (Oldham).
HETEROPODA. 259
Subfamily HETEROPODIN^.
Characters as -pecified on p. 257.
Distribution. Tropical countries.
Synopsis of Indian Genera.
a. Eyes of posterior line recurved, the laterals
prominent.
«'. Carapace with thoracic region low and
flat ; head considerably elevated Panderoetes, p. 264.
bl. Carapace higher and convex behind ;
head not or hardly raised.
a2. Maxilla? crested ; vulva with two cir-
cular pita Spariolenus, p. 263.
b2. Maxillae not crested ; vulva not marked
with circular pits Heteropoda, p. 259.
b. Eyes of posterior line straight or procurved,
the laterals sessile.
a3. Anterior median eyes smaller than an-
terior laterals P ai.ystes, p. 265.
6\ Anterior medians larger than or as large as
anterior laterals.
a4. 2nd leg longer than 1st Sparasstts, p. 266.
b*. 2nd leg riot longer thau 1st Thelcticopis, p. 270.
Genus HETEROPODA, Latreille.
Heteropoda, Latreille, Nbuv. Diet. oVHist. Nat. xxiv, p. 135, 1804;
Simon, Hist. Nat. Ara'ujn. ii, p. 54, 1897.
Carapace nearly as wide as long, moderate or very high poste-
riorly, its upper surface nearly flat ; head lightly depressed in
front ; eyes of posterior line recurved, the laterals larger and pro-
minent ; eyes of anterior line straight or procurved, laterals larger
than medians ; quadrangle longer than wide, narrow in front.
Ma.vilhi not crested. Vulva consisting of a pair of lobes, usually
separated by a median skeletal piece, rarely in contact.
Type, //. venatoria, Linn.
Distribution. From India eastwards to Australia. (The typical
species, //. venatoria, which lives in houses, has been introduced bv
human agency into all tropical countries.)
Si/nopsis of Indian Species.
Males,
a. Tibial apophysis of palp basal.
a1. Abdomen with black yellow-bordered area
below H. prompta, p. 261 .
b\ Abdomen uniformly- pale below //. smythieei, p. 262.
//. Tibial apophysis of palp apical
a2. Apophysis widely bifurcate at tip II. leprosa, p. 262
b2. Apophysis nut widely bifurcate.
a3. Apophysis armed with two sharp teeth. IF. venatoria, p. 260.
b\ Apoph\>is not tonthed at extremity,
pointed,
n4. Distal half of apophysis strongly
hooked H. fabrei, p. 2H1 .
64. Distal half of apophysis sinuous, only
the apex hooked II. sexpunctuta, p. 261
s 2
260 CLUBIONID.I.
Females.
a. Abdomen black, with yellow border below . . H. prompta, p. 261.
b. Abdomen not darker beneath than at sides.
a1. Carapace shorter than tibia of 3rd leg. ... 77. kandiana, p. 261.
bl. Carapace not shorter than tibia of 3rd leg.
a2. Anterior femora infuscate below.
a3. 4th leg not longer than 1st H.fabrei, p. 261.
6\ 4th leg longer than 1st.
a4. Carapace strongly elevated behind. H. plebeia, p. 262.
b*. Carapace not strongly elevated
behind 77. leprosa, p. 262.
b2. Anterior femora not infuscate below.
ab. Anterior median eyes as large as
anterior laterals 77. lutea, p. 263,
b\ Anterior median eyes smaller than
anterior laterals.
a6. Median sclerite of vulva hammer-
shaped 77. sexpunctata, p. 261.
b%. Median sclerite of vulva not
hammer-shaped.
a1. Carapace very high behind .... 77. lantjnida, p. 262.
b~ '. Carapace low behind.
a*. Lobes of vulva separated by
median tongue-shaped sclerite 77. phasma, p. 260.
b*. Lobes of vulva posteriorly in
contact 77. venatoria, p. 260.
307. Heteropoda venatoria, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1035, 1766
(Aranea), and of recent authors: ferina, Simon, J. A. S. B. lvi,
p. 102, 1887 (Heteropoda).
2 • Prevailing colour of hair a greyish mouse-brown above and
below ; clypeus yellow ; usually a yellow black-bordered stripe on
the posterior slope of carapace. Carapace low, about as long as
tibia of 3rd leg ; eyes of anterior line with their upper edges on a
level, laterals one-third of their diameter larger than medians.
Vulva with lateral lobes in contact.
S . Smaller and yellower than female ; carapace with large
black patch on each side ; legs spotted with black. Legs much
longer than in female ; carapace shorter than tibia of 3rd leg.
Tibial apophysis of 'palp short, armed with two teeth.
Measurements in mm. — $. Total length 26, carapace 11, 1st
leg 52, 4th 48. S . Total length 21, carapace 9-5, 1st leg 56,
4th 48.
hoc. Common in houses in India, Ceylon, and Burma. Arti-
ficially introduced from the East into all tropical countries.
308. Heteropoda phasma, Simon, Mem. Soc Zool. Fr. x. p. 258, LSi)7.
$ . Hairy clothing very pale, silky yellowish grey ; mandibles
shining black. Eyes of anterior line more procurved than in
H. venatoria ; the medians about half the diameter of the laterals.
HETPROPODA. 261
Vulva large, with lobes widely separated by broad tongue-shaped
sclerite.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 23, carapace 10, 1st leg 50,
4th 49.
hoc. Himalayas, 6000-7000 ft. (Smythies) ; Kasauli (Waller
Barrow); Jaunsar and Mundali, 8000 ft. (Gleadow).
309. Heteropoda sexpunctata, Simon, Butt, Soc. Zool. Fr. x, p. 14,
t. x, tig. 11, I860.
$ . Carapace, femora, and upper side of abdomen densely
variegated with blackish patches. Carapace as wide as long,
exceeding tibia of 4th leg. Leys short, 4th and 1st subequal.
Lobes of vulva widely separated, the cleft divided by a narrow
crest, the posterior end of which expands like a hammer-head.
6 • Smaller. Tibial apophysis long, slender, acute, spiniform,
curved downwards and outwards.
Measurements in mm. — 5. Total length 20, carapace 9, 1st
leg 32, 4th 32. tf . Total length 15, carapace 6-5, 1st leg 3],
4th 27-5.
Loc. India: Tanna ; Poona (Wroughtori) ; Khandesh : Bellary.
310. Heteropoda fabrei, Simon, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. x, p. 32, t. x,
fig. 10, 1885: ? ambigua, Simon, Ann. Soc. Fnt. Fr. lxv, p. 489,
1896.
5 . Colour much as in the preceding, but femora infuscate
below. Vulva with its lobes separated by a parallel-sided groove.
Tibial apophysis of male slender, pointed, with the distal half bent
sharply downwards.
Measurements in mm. — 5. Total length 15, carapace 7*5, 1st
leg 27-2, 4th 27'5. 6 . Carapace 6-4, 1st leg 30-5, 4th 29-2.
Loc. S. India : Eamuad (Fabre) ; ? Trichinopoiy.
311. Heteropoda kandiana, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. II. Soc. xii, p. 762,
L899.
5 . As large as II. venaforia, darker in colour ; clypeal band pale,
crescentic. Carapace shorter than tibia of 3rd leg; eyes of
anterior line strongly procurved, laterals nearly twice the diameter
of the medians, centre of the latter on a level with upper edges
of former; clypeus high. Leys very long. Vulva with lateral lobes
separated by broad tongue-shaped sclerite.
Measurements in mm. — Total length '24, carapace 11, 1st leg 58,
4th 59.
Loc. Ceylon : Kaudy {Yerbury),
312. Heteropoda prompta, O. /'. Cambridge, Araneidea, Second Var-
hand Exped. p. 71, 1886 (Sarotes) : ca.-aiia, si/non, Mem. Sue.
Zool. Fr. x, p. L>r>!», 1897 (Heteropoda).
$ . Ventral surface much darker than in the other specie.
262 CLUBIONIDX
sternum and coxae nearly black, lower side of abdomen black,
bordered with yellow stripes. Carapace as long as tibia of 2nd
leg ; eyes of anterior line straight, medians half the diameter of
the laterals ; clypeus low. Leys short. Vulva with lobes large,
diverging in front, almost in contact behind.
<S ■ Tibial apophysis rising from base of segment, long, stout,
curved, and ending in a thinner hooked portion.
Measurements in mm. — 5 . Total length IS, carapace 7, 2nd leg
26, 4th 22-5. d ■ Total length 12-5, carapace 6, 1st leg 34, 4th 27.
Loc. Himalayas : Murree (Stoliczka) ; Jaunsar, Deota, and
KoDain, 7000 ft. (Gleadow).
313. Heteropoda smythiesi, Simon, Mem. Sac. Zool. Fr. p. 259, 1897.
$ . Allied to H.prompta but smaller and paler, obscurely spotted
and lined with black ; ventral surface pale ; apophysis of palp of
the same shape and position as in H . prompta, but with the terminal
portion straighter.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 10, carapace 4-5, 2nd leg 21,
4th 19.
Loc. Dekkan* (Smythies) ; Konain, 7800 ft. (Gleadow).
314. Heteropoda languida, Simon, J. A. S. B. hi, p. 102, 1887.
$. Hairy clothing yellowish, femora faintly mottled. Carapace
as long as 4th tibia, very high behind, the posterior slope forming
aright angle with the upper surface. Lobes of vulva separated by
a narrow groove behind and by a narrow sclerite in front.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 17, carapace 7"5, 2nd leg 30,
4th 29.
Loc. Burma: Tavoy.
315. Heteropoda leprosa, Simon, Ann. Mm. Genova, xx, p. 336, 1884 ;
Thorell, Spiders of Burma, p. 264, 1895.
$. Colour much as in H.fabrei apparently; anterior femora
infuscate below, mottled with white. Carapace as long as tibia of
2nd leg ; anterior lateral eyes nearly twice the diameter of the
medians. Leys short. Vulva with lobes widely separated.
d . Tibial apophysis apically bifurcated.
$ . Total length 13 mm.
Loc. Burma: Minhla (Comotto) ; Bangoon (Oates).
316. Heteropoda plebeia, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Genova, xxv, p. 237, 1887 ;
Spiders of Burma, p. 264, 1895.
$ . Differing apparently from II. leprosa in having all the femora
darker, the sternum and coxae a brighter red, and the carapace
strongly elevated behind as in H. languida.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 17, carapace 6-5, 2nd leg 23-5,
4th 23.
Loc. Burma: Bangoon and ECyeikpadam (Oates).
* No doubt au error for Deliru.
SPAHIOLENUS. 263
317. Heteropoda lutea, Thorell, Spiders of Burma, p. 205, 1895.
2 . Of a tolerably uniform yellowish colour; limbs mottled with
small spots, with a large patch at the base of the tibiae. Eyes of
anterior line straight, subequal, about twice their diameter above
the edge of the clypeus. Carapace a little shorter than tibia of
3rd leg. Vulva large, its lobes converging posteriorly, widely
separated in front.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 105, carapace 5, 2nd leg 29,
4th 24.
Loc. Burma: Tharrawaddy (Oates).
The following species of Heteropoda are too briefly described
to be classified with accuracy, and have been omitted from the
synopsis on pp. 259-200 : —
318. Heteropoda umbrata, Karsch, Berl. ent. Zeits. xxxvi, p. 291, t. xi,
fig. 11, 1892.
Colour yellowish, mottled with black. Carapace as long as tibia
of 4th leg. Vulva with lateral lobes posteriorly in contact. Tibial
apophysis of palp longish, evenly narrowed from base to apex,
concave above, "convex below. Length 10 mm.
Loc. Ceylon : Peradeniya (Sarasin).
319. Heteropoda eluta, Ranch, loc.cit. p. 291, 1892.
$ • Differs from the preceding at least in having the lobes of
the vulva widely separated by a median yellow plate. Tibial
apophysis of palp of 3 consisting of a sharp pi'ocess, convex above,
concave below, and armed with an inferior basal tubercle. Total
length 9 mm.
Loc. Ceylon (Sarasin).
320. Heteropoda subtilis, Karsch, loc. cit. p. 292, t. xi, fig. 13.
$ . Scarcely differing from H. eluta in colour and structural
features, but with the tibial apophysis of palp consisting of a wide
sublamelliform tooth. Total length 7 mm.
Loc. Ceylon : Peradeniya (Sarasin).
Genus SPARI0LENUS, Simon.
Spariolenus, Simon, Act. Soc. Linn. B»rd. xxxiv, p. 280, 1881 ;
id. Hist. Nat. Araign. ii, p. 50, 1897.
Allied to Heteropoda, but with the eyes of the anterior line so
strongly procurved that the inferior edges of the small medians
stand almost on a level with the superior edges of the laterals ; tin-
laterals, moreover, are only about two diameters apart and rather
more than a diameter above the edge of the clypeus. The maxilke
are furnished with a distinct median longitudinal crest, which is
at most faintly indicated in Heteropoda .
Type, S. tifjris, Simon.
Distribution. India ; Xicobar Islands.
264
CLITBIONID.E.
321. Spariolenus tigris, Simon, Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xxxiv, p. 281,
1881.
5 . Carapace and abdomen covered with a mixture of rusty-red
and white hairs, mottled with black ; legs and palpi yellowish,
strongly banded with brown. Carapace as wide as long, shorter
than tibia of 3rd leg. Legs very long. Abdomen pentagonal ; vulva
consisting of a pair of round pits surrounded by subcircular rings
which meet in the middle line.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 13, carapace 6, 2nd leg 37,
4th 34.
Loe. Matheran (Phipson) ; Poona ( Wroughton) ; Calcutta (Oates
6f Simon).
Spariolenus megalopis, Thorell (K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.
xxiv, no. 2, p. 77, 1891), based upon an immature female from the
Nicobar Islands, is not classifiable.
Genus PANDERCETES, L. Koch.
Pandercetes, L. Koch, Arachn. Austral, p. 739, 1875 ; Simon, Hist.
Nat. Araign. ii, p. 56, 1897.
Differs from Heteropoda in having the thoracic region of the
carapace flat and low, and the head raised and sharply defined ;
eyes much as in Heteropoda, those of anterior line straight, quad-
rangle parallel-sided or nearly so. Legs generally plumose.
Type, P. gracilis, L. Koch.
Distribution. India to Australia.
Sgnop>sis of Indian Species.
a. Legs not plumose ; femora, coxae, and sternum
uniformly pale below ( J ) P. macilentus, p. 265.
b. Legs thickly plumose; sternum and coxa3 black,
anterior femora coloured below ( § ).
Anterior femora orange-yellow below P. decipiens, p: 264.
bl. Anterior femora blackish bronze below
P. celatus, p. 265.
mesm
Fig. 88.
Pandercetes decipiens, 9
322. Pandercetes decipiens, Pocock, Jour.
Bom. N. H. Soc. xii, p. 753 : ? plumipes,
Karsch, Berl. ent. Zeits. xxxvi, p. 290,
1892 (Zatapina) {not of Doleschall).
5 . Colour of upper side greyish and
mottled with brown so as to match the
lichen-covered bark of trees ; coxa?,
labium, and sternum shining black,
femora of 1st and 2nd legs orange-yellow
below. Carapace slightly longer than
wide; shorter than femur of 1st leg.
Legs with their margins thickly tufted
with hairs. Abdomen nearly twice as
long as wide.
Total length 16 mm., carapace 7.
Loe. Ceylon: Punduloya (Green).
PALYSTES. 265
323. Pandercetes celatus, Pocock, Jmir. Bom. N. II. Soc. xii, p. 768,
1899.
$ . Distinguishable from the preceding by having the under
side of the femora of the 1st and 2nd legs and of the tibia; of the
3rd and 4th a rich blackish brown tinged with bronze.
Total lengtb 22 mm., carapace 8.
Loc. India: Trivandrum in Travancore {Ferguson).
324. Pandercetes macilentus, Thorell, Spiders of Burma, p. 207,
1895.
J . Colour : body clothed above with yellowish-white hairs varied
with brownish patches ; lower side of cephalothorax, abdomen,
and legs clothed with whitish hairs. Carapace about as wide as
loug, half the length of patella and tibia of 4th leg. Legs not
plumose. Palp with tibial apophysis double, the upper branch
slender and pointed, the lower broad and short.
Total length 11 mm., carapace 5.
Loc. S. Tenasserim {Gates).
Genus PALYSTES, L. Koch.
Palystes, L. Koch, Arachn. Austral, p. 701, 1875; Simon, Hist. Nat.
Araitjn. ii, p. 05, 1897.
Carapace louger than in Heteropoda, more narrowed in front ;
eyes of posterior line straight, subequal, the laterals not promineut :
eyes of anterior line straight or procurved, laterals much larger
than medians; clypeus low; 1st leg in 5 longer than 2nd.
Type, P. casta neus, Latreille.
Distribution. Tropical Africa; India to Australia.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
a. Entirely pale above and below P.flavidus, p. 266.
b. Variegated on under side of body and legs P. kochi, p. 265.
325. Palystes kochi, Simon, Act. Soc Linn, fiord, xxxiv, p. 205, 1881 ;
Thorell, Spiders of Burma, p. 268, 1895 : melanielinys, id. Ann.
Mus. Genova, xxx, p. 53, 1890.
2 . Colour: integument of upper side of body and limbs covered
with yellowish-white hairs; mandibles blackish, sternum and coxa'
black; femora of 1st and 2nd legs and in a lesser degree of 3rd
covered with close-set, alternating zigzag stripes of white ami
brown; tibiae white with basal and apical black band; lower Bide
of abdomen patched and lined with brown. Carapace with sum-
mits of eyes of anterior line on a level, laterals about one-fourth
of their diameter above edge of clypeus. Lateral lobes of vulva
meeting posteriorly in a long suture and circumscribing in front a
transversely oval pit.
$ . Smaller: femora and tibia- not variegated below ; tibial
apophysis of palp short, pointed, ami directed downwards.
266 OLUBIOXID.E.
Measurements in mm. — §. Total length 29, carapace 15, 1st
leg 58, 4th leg 50. J . Total length 21, carapace 10, 1st leg 49,
4th 42.
Loc. Sylhet. Burma : Kangoon, Tenasserirn (Oatcs § Fea).
Also Sumatra.
326. Palystes flavidus, Simon, Ann. Soc. Erit. Fr. lxv, p. 489, 1896.
§ . Differing from P. Tcoehi in being smaller, and entirely pale
above and below. Eyes of anterior line strongly procurved, laterals
and medians subcontiguous, upper edge of former just above centres
of medians, laterals more than half a diameter above edge of clypeus.
Vulva with lateral lobes widely separated by an oblong space
occupied by a black V-shaped skeletal piece.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 15, carapace 7, 1st leg 28,
4th 23.
Loc. India : Trichinopoli (Simon) • Allahabad (Ryves) ; Calcutta.
Genus SPAEASSUS, Walck.
Sparassus, Walckenaer, Tabl. Aran. p. 39, 1805; Simon, Hist. Nat.
Araign. ii. p. 46, 1897.
Of much the same form and size as Ileteropoda, but with the
eyes of the posterior line straight or slightly procurved, the
laterals sessile, those of the anterior line usually straight and
subequal, the laterals not larger than the medians; clypeus very
low ; tibiae of anterior legs with only two pairs of inferior spines.
Type, S. argelasius, Walck.
Distribution. Tropical countries.
Synopsis of Indian Species.
Males.
a. Tibia of palp with basal and apical apophyses.
a1. Basal apophysis strong and trifid S. tarandus, p. 269.
ft1. Basal apophysis slender and undivided. ... S. tener, p. 269.
ft. Tibia of palp with only apical apophysis.
a2. A triangular process beneath apophysis . . S. irroughtoni, p. 268.
ft2. No strong process beneath apophysis.
a3. Abdomen black below in middle & lamarcki, p. 267.
ft3. Abdomen uniformly pale below.
«'. Mandibles brown; carapace as wide
as long- S. impudicus, p. 268.
ft1. Mandibles black ; carapace longer than
wide.
«5. Patella of palp uBspined, wider than
tibia S. stimulator, p. 269.
ft6. Patella of palp with external spine,
not wider than tibia S. phipsoni, p. 2(38.
Females.
a. Lateral lobes of vulva almost meeting in the
middle line throughout their length S. Iutesce?is, p. 269.
SPABA8SU9. 267
b. Lateral lobes of vulva widely separated at
least posteriorly.
a1. Carapace as long as patella and tibia of
4tb leg S. hirtus, p. 267.
b1. Carapace shorter than patella and tibia of
4th leg.
a2. Abdomen uniformly pale below S. impudicus, p. 268.
b2. Abdomen black below in middle.
a3. Cleft of vulva short, oval S. punctipes, p. 268.
b3. Cleft of vulva long, acutely angular in
front.
a4. Tibiae of legs not spotted; coxae
paler than sternum S. lamarcki, p. 267.
b*. Tibiae of legs spotted ; coxae and legs
uniformly black S. senilis, p. 267.
327. Sparassus lamarcki, Zatreille, Gen. Crust, etc. i, p. 113,1806
(Thomisus) ; Simon, Act. Sot: Linn. Bord. xxxiv, p. 301, 1881
(Olios).
2 . Colon?' : carapace deep brown, covered with yellowish-white
hairs; mouth-parts and sternum black; legs with greyish-yellow
hairy clothing ; femora white below, mottled with black, with
black patch at-base and apex, tibiae with black basal spot ; abdomen
black below, golden yellow varied with black above. Carapace a
little longer than wide. Vulva with lateral lobes separated by a
/V-shaped cleft occupied by a median black skeletal piece, narrow
in front, expanded behind.
cS . Smaller than § , paler ; sternum, mouth-parts, and lower side
of femora reddish, with white hairs ; median ventral band of
abdomen paler and narrower. Tibial apophysis of palp long,
pointed, and straightened ; palpal organ armed with a great
rorwardly-directed spike.
Measurements in mm. — $. Total length 21, carapace 10, 2nd
leg 42. rf . Total length 13, carapace 6, 2nd leg 33-5.
Loc. Ceylon: Kandy and Trincomali (Ycrbury) ; Punduloya
(Green) ; Peradenyia. India : Chingleput (Jambunathari) ; Coim-
batore ; Pondichery. Madagascar.
328. Sparassus senilis, Simon, Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xxxiv, p. 303,
1881.
2 . Allied to the preceding, but apparently differing in having
the coxae black like the sternum, ami the tibiae spotted below like
the femora, the median skeletal piece of the vulva triangular, and
the carapace as wide as long.
Measurements in mm. — Length of carapace 8"4, 2nd leg 37'6.
Loc. Ceylon (Simon ).
329. Sparassus hirtus, Karsch, Zeits.yes. Naturw. Hi, \>. 560. 1879
(I'elmopuda).
2 . Colour much as in the preceding two species, but with the
268 CLUBIONIDJE.
femora and tibiae not spotted below. Carapace as long as patella
and tibia of 4th leg.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 24, carapace 8*5, 2nd
leg 35*5.
Loc. Ceylon (Nietner).
330. Sparassus wroughtoni, Simon, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. x, p. 257,
1897.
$ . Differing from <$ of S. lamarcki in having carapace, mouth-
parts, legs, and sternum uniformly ochre-yellow, clothed with
white hairs ; under side of abdomen uniformly pale, upper side
with obscure pattern. Tibia of palp shorter, its apophysis double,
the upper branch long, bent at right angles distally, lower branch
short and triangular.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 15, carapace 7, 2nd leg 32.
Loc. North Konkan, Bulsar in Guzerat ( Wroughton); Matheran
{Phipson); Uran (Aitken).
331. Sparassus phipsoni, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. xii, p. 752,
1899.
6 . Resembling S. wroughtoni in colour, but with mandibles
black and a small black patch on base of tibia?. Palp much like
that of S. lamarcki, but with tibial apophysis lightly concave on
inner side when viewed from above, and process on tarsus much
shorter and less claw-like.
Measurements in mm. — Total length 19, carapace 9*5, 2nd leg 50.
Loc. Bombay {Phipson).
332. Sparassus impudicus, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Genova, xxv, p. 241,
1887.
2 . Paler and more uniformly coloured than S. lamarcki ;
integument yellowish, covered with white hairs ; femora indis-
tinctly mottled below, tibiae with indistinct basal spot. Vulva
with median cleft very short and filled with amber-yellow sclerite.
d . Like 2 in colour, but with mandibles brown. Tibial apo-
physis of palp stouter than in S. lamarcki, with much larger
convexity on its inner margin ; palpal organ furnished with
externally projecting tooth.
Measurements in mm. — 2 • Total length 25, carapace 10, 2nd
leg 40. J • Total length 17, carapace 8, 2nd leg 44-5.
Loc. Burma: Tharrawaddy (Oates) ; Me-tan-ja (Fea) ; Anda-
man Islands (Oatcs). Also Sumatra.
333. Sparassus punctipes, Simon, Ann. Mus. Genova, xx, p. 339,
1884 (Olios) ; Thorell, op. cit. xxv, p. 244 (1887) : venustua et
callipygus, id. lot: cit. pp. 248 & 250, 1887 : puiiL-tipes, var. sordi-
data, id. Spiders of Burma, p. 271, 1895 (Sarotes).
§. Colour variable; typical form not so dark as S. lamarcki;
sternum and coxae yellowish brown, extremities of femora, patelke,
srAR.vssus. 269
and tibiae with black rings, femora of anterior two pairs spotted
below ; ventral area of abdomen not so black. In var. sordidatus
tbe whole integument is blackish, and the upper side of the abdo-
men is scarcely varied. Cleft of vulva consisting of a short oval
space at posterior end of the plate.
Total length 24 mm., carapace 10, 2nd leg 40.
Loc. Burma: Minhla (Comotto) ; Tharrawaddy (Oates).
334. Sparassus lutescens, Thorett, Bih. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl xx,
pt. iv, no. 4, p. 12, 1894; id. Spiders of Burma, p. 272, 1895
( Midamus).
$ . Of small size, entirely pale, the protarsi sometimes spotted
above at base and apex. Carapace as wide as long. Vulva with
lateral lobes separated throughout their length by a narrow median
cleft, each lobe divided by a transverse groove into an anterior
larger, darker, and a posterior, smaller, paler portion.
Total length 10 mm., carapace 3*5, 2nd leg 19.
Loc. Burma: Tharrawaddy (Oates).
335. Sparassus tener, Thorell, K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. xxiv, pt. 1,
no. 2, p. 80, 1891.
d . Colour much as in S. lutescens. Palp with two long, strong,
forwardly-directed tibial apophyses, one external at base, the other
inferior at apex.
Total length 7*5 mm., carapace 3*25, 2nd leg 22.
Loc. Assam.
336. Sparassus tarandus, Simon, Bull. Sftts. d'Hist. Nat. 1897, p. 294.
d . Colour pale, carapace with radiating dark stripes ; abdomen
with median dorsal dark band ; mandible brown. Palp with two
tibial apophyses as in S. tener: one at apex, long, slender, acute
and sinuous ; the other basal, ending in a strong compressed trifid
extremity.
Length 12 mm.
Loc. Karachi (Maiudron).
337. Sparassus stimulator. Simon, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. x, p. 258,
L897.
cJ . Nearly allied to S. phipsoni, but, according to the description,
differing in having the patella of the palp unspined, exceeding the
tibia in breadth and equalling it in length.
Total length 18 mm.
Loc. Himalayas, 2000-2800 ft. (Smythies).
The following species of Sparassus, based upon immature
specimens, are not classifiable : —
Sparassus fugax, O. I'. Cambridge^ Araneidea, Second Yarkand Exped.
p. 7-">, L886.— Loc. Murree to Sind Valley (Stoliczka).
Sparassus patatriatus, Simon, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. x. p, 266, 1897. —
Dehra Dun (Smi/thies).
270 CLUBIONID.E.
Genus THELCTICOPIS, Karsch.
Thelcticopis, Karsch, SB. Ges.. Nat. Marburg, 1884, p. 64.
Thelcticopis 4- Sera niba, Simon, Hist. Nat. Araign. ii. p. 72, 1897.
Carapace longer than in Sparassus, longitudinally convex ; eyes
of posterior line procurved, laterals sessile, anterior medians
larger than laterals ; clypeus low. Mandible with fang-groove
armed behind with 5-6 small teeth. Legs short, less laterigrade, 1st
longer than 2nd or equal to it; anterior tibiae with 5 to 7 pairs
of inferior spines. Spinners supported on a membranous stalk-
strengthened by a hairy chitinous ring.
Type, T. severus, L. Koch.
Distribution. Ceylon and Burma to the Solomon Islands.
Si/nojJsis of Indian Species.
Males.
a. Tibial apophysis single, long, arcuate T. nalandicus, p 270.
b. Tibial apophysis shorter, bifid.
a>. Branches of apophysis equal T. canescens, p. 271.
b'. Branches of apophysis unequal T. paripes, p. 271.
females.
a. Eyes of both lines suhequally spaced ; abdo-
men variegated.
a1. Abdomen tlavous, variegated with black . . T. nalandicus, p. 270.
b' . Abdomen black, variegated with pale spots
above T. pictus, p. 271.
b. Lateral eyes further from medians than the
latter are from each other.
a'~. Cleft of vulva narrow, parallel-sided, in-
tegument blackish T. canescens, p. 271 .
b2. Cleft of vulva oval, narrower behind than
in front; integument reddish brown .... T. birmanicus, p. 271.
338. Thelcticopis nalandicus, Karsch, Berl. cnt. Zeits. xxxvi, p. 293,
pi. xi, fig. 15, 1892 : nigropicta, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. 11. Soc.
xii, p. 573, 1899 (Stasina).
2 . Colour : carapace and legs reddish, clothed with whitish hairs
intermixed with black; abdomen greyish, variegated above with
black spots and stripes. Eyes of both lines subequally spaced.
Tibiae of anterior legs with 7 pairs of inferior spines.
cS . Smaller than female. Tibial apophysis stout at base,
strongly arched, narrow and pointed at apex.
$ . Total length 13'5 mm., carapace 6, 1st leg 18*5.
c? . Total length 9'8 mm., carapace 4 5, 1st leg 18.
Loc. Ceylon: Matale, Nalanda (Sarasin) ; Punduloya {Green).
THF.UTICOPIS. 271
339. Thelcticopis paripes, Kanch, Zeits. Naturw. lii, p. 5-59, t. vii,
f. 7, 1879 (Themeropis) : id. Berl. ent. Zeits. xxxvi, p. 293, 1892
(Stasina).
<$ . Resembling the preceding, but with the anterior median
eyes nearer to each other than to the laterals. Tibial apophysis
double, consisting of an inner branch, long, crooked, and sharp, and
an outer short, conical, diverging at a right angle.
Total length 14 mm., carapace 6, 1st leg 22.
Loc. Ceylon (Nletner).
340. Thelcticopis canescens, Simon, J. A. S. B. hi, p. 103, 1887.
2 . Colour : integument deep reddish brown, hairs on carapace
white, on abdomen ashy yellow ; ventral area not black. Tibim
of anterior two pairs of legs with 5 pairs of inferior spines.
Vulva oblong, marked with a median wide reddish groove.
<3 . Tibial apophysis of palp consisting of two long subequal
smooth processes.
$ . Total length 21 mm., carapace 9, 1st leg 24.
<5 . Length of carapace 8 mm., 1st leg 27-7.
Loc. Hills between Burma and Siam.
341. Thelcticopis birmanicus, Thorell, Spiders of Burma, p. 274,
1895.
2 . Principally differs from T. canescens in being of a paler hue,
the carapace being reddish and the legs yellowish brown. Cleft
of vulva broad in front, narrowed behind, occupied by a piriform
sclerite.
Total length 14 mm., carapace 6-5, 1st leg 18.
Loc. Tenasserim (Gates).
342. Thelcticopis pictUS, Thorell, Ann. Mug. Genora, xxv, p. 254,
1887 (Seramba).
Apparently resembling T. nalandicus in most structural charac-
tera and in coloration, but with the hairy clothing of the carapace
and legs olive-yellow; the abdomen black, ornamented above with
pale spots and stripes. Anterior tibia armed below with 5 pairs
of spines. Cavity of vulva nearly circular, occupied by Y-shaped
sclerite.
Total length 21 mm.
Loc. Burma: Shwegoo Myo (Fea).
The following species of this family, based upon an immature
female example, is of doubtful generic position : —
Holconia armillata, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Genova, xxv. p. 2.".."., 1897. —
Loc. Burma; Shwegoo Myo [Fea).
272
PLATOR1DM.
Family PLATORIDjE.
Body very flat, legs completely laterigrade ; carapace much
wider than long, head narrow. Mandibles weakly armed, labium
longer than wide, inaxillae directed obliquely inwards. Sternum
much wider than long, not narrowed behind. Coxa? of legs long,
the posterior widely separated, 1st leg shorter than the rest, 2nd
longest ; no scopulae or ungual tufts ; anterior legs armed with
erect spiniform bristles ; claws two in number and toothed.
Spinners short, those of anterior pair widely separated, the inter-
mediate pair occupying the space between them.
Distribution. North India; China; S.America.
Genus PLATOR, Simon.
Plator, Simon, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (5) x, p. 105, 1880 ; Hist. Nat.
Araign. ii. p. 18, 1897.
Characters as above.
Type, P. insolcns, Sim.
Distribution. N. India : China.
343. Plator indicus, Simon, Mem. Soc. Zoo!. France, x, p. 256, 1897
( J ) : ixodinus, Pocock, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. xii, p. 753, 1899 ( $ ).
5 . Colour : carapace and legs reddish yellow ; carapace black
about the eyes, and with narrow black marginal line ; posterior legs
with black line running down the middle of patella, tibia, and
protarsus ; abdomen olive-green, paler below, darker round edge.
Fig. 89.— Plator indicus, £ , x2.
Eyes of anterior line distinctly separated ; anterior legs furnished
below with many spiniform setae, stronger on the protarsus than
elsewhere. Vulva consisting of a large piriform horny plate,
furnished posteriorly with a pair of crescentically-curved darker
contiguous thickenings.
3 . Much like $ , but with anterior eyes larger and almost in
contact.
Total length about 1 0 mm.
hoc. Himalayas and Western India: Poonaand Konkan (Simon) j
Konain, 7800 ft. ; Mundali, 8000 ft. (Olettdow) ; Dalhousie (Towns-
end).
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
Acantbodon, 161.
acanthurus (Isometrus),
51.
Acari, 5.
Acattyma, 166.
acute-carinatus (Buthus),
20.
adspersata (Met a), 226.
semula (Argyope), 223.
afer (Heteroruetrus), 93.
affinis (Scorpiops), 75.
afghanus (Galeodes), 140.
agelenoides (Hippasa),
251.
agilis (Galeodes), 140.
albocinctus (Thalassius),
248.
albostriatus (Melopceus),
205.
alticeps (Psechrus), 212.
alticola (Buthus), 21.
ambigua (Heteropoda),
261.
Amblypygi, 123.
anasuja (Argyope), 222.
andamanicum (Sason),
174.
andersoni (Chilobracbys),
197.
andersoni (Hypoctonus),
117.
andersoni (Omithoeto-
nus), 206.
Androctonus, 13.
angustata ( Kecenia), I'll'.
angustata (Nephila), 216.
anguetus (Thelyphonus),
Hid. 116.
annamitn (Gasteracan-
tha), 235.
annulatus (Rliagodes),
152.
anthracinua (Clumlus),
57.
anthracinus (Scorpiops),
74.
Arachnid a, 1.
Arachnomorphae, 206.
Aranese, 153.
araneoidea (Galeodes),
136.
Araneus, 223.
Archisometrus, 35.
arcuata (Argyope), 220.
arcuata (Gasteracantha),
232.
argelasius (Sparassus),
266.
argentatus (Psechrus),
210.
Argyope, 220.
Argyopidae, 213.
Argyroepeira, 215.
armatoris (Sason), 174.
armillata (Holconia),
271.
Artema, 238.
asper (Pandinus), 86.
aseamensis (Isometrus),
48.
assamensis (Uroproctn- .
196.
asthenurus (Scorpiops),
73.
atalanta (Ocyale), 252.
atlanta (Artema), 238.
Atmetochilus, 108.
atomarius (Isometrus),
36.
atratua (Gluviopsis), 14fi.
atriceps (Atmetochilus),
169.
atroatriatua (Buthus), 20.
Atypidse, 158.
Atypus, 168.
auatralaaiae Honour
79.
australasia; (Scorpio . 7'.'.
mist rail'.'* ( Buthus), 15.
australia (Galeod
143.
auBtralia priamus (Prio-
uurus), 16.
auatralia | Scorpio), 16,
bacilli^er (Galeodes),
144.
baluehicus (Buthus), 16.
barberi (Palamnaeus),
95.
Barychelidae, 172.
basilicus (Isometrus),
19,
bayoniannus (Eupro-
sthenops), 248.
beddomei (Thelvphonus),
105.
bengalensis (Galeodes),
137.
bengalensis (Palamnseus\
94.
bicolor (Butheolus), 31.
bicolor (Chilobrachvs\
196.
bilunifer (Araneus), 227.
binghami (Hypoctonus\
L13.
binghami (Scorpiops),
71.
birmanica (Conothele),
166.
birmanicua (Cbserilus),
62.
birmanicus (Liphistius),
156.
birmanicus (Selenops),
257.
birmanicus (Thelcticopis },
271.
bombavensis (ralarnna>
us), 89,
brachycentrus (Isome-
trus', 50.
brachydactylus (Sai
131.
brevipea (Chilobraohya .
L99.
\ rei ipea I [sohnocolua),
183.
brevipea (Bhagodea i, I 19.
breTispina 1 1 taeteracan-
thin, 235.
T
274
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
Butheolus, 28.
Buthida;, 12.
Buthinae, 12.
Buthini, 12.
Buthus, 13.
Cserostris, 230.
csesar (PalamnaBUs), 97.
csesar (Scorpio). 97.
ealcuttensis (Her.silia),
241.
callipygus (Sparassus),
268.
Oalommata, 159.
calpetana (Macrothele),
171.
eambridgii (Trithyreus),
122.
CaraptotarsiiB, 159.
cancriformis (Gastera-
cantha), 231.
canescens (Theloticopis)
271.
oanningensis (Gastera-
cantha), 235.
casaria (Heteropoda),
261.
castaneus (Palystes), 2(55.
Catagseus, 130.
Catageus, 130.
Catagius, 130.
catenulata (Argyope),
223.
catula (Lyeosa), 254.
caucasius (Buthus), 19.
caudata (Herailia), 241.
caudata (Ischnothele),
170.
caudatus (Thelyphonus),
103.
cavernicola (Stygophry-
nus), 130.
celatus (Pandercetes),
265.
celebesiana (Argyro-
epeira), 216.
Oentrurinae, 42.
Centrurini, 42.
cervinus (Haploclastus),
185.
cervinus (Labochirus),
109,110.
cervinus (Phlogius), 196,
197.
ceylonenais (Chserilus),
62.
ceylonica (Tetragnatha),
214.
ceylonicus (Phrynus),
'126.
ceylonicus (Scorpio), 96.
Chaerilidse, 53.
Chserilus, 53.
chaperi (Lyccsa), 254.
Charmus, 31.
Charon, 129, 131.
Charontidie, 128.
Chelomachus, 53.
Chilobrachys, 192.
Chiromachetes, 77.
cicatrosus (Araneus),
226.
cinctipes (Heterochar-
mus), 32.
cinctipes (Sason), 173.
cingulata (Cyrtarachne),
229.
citricola (Araneus), 226.
clathrata (Hersilia), 242.
clavata (Nephila), 215.
clavatrix (Plectana), 233.
Clubiouidae, 257.
colletti (Idiops), 161.
collinus (Palamnaus),
95.
collinus (Plesioph rictus),
182.
oomplanatus (Ischnurus),
79.
concanenais (Buthus),
25.
Conothele, 165.
constructor (Acantho-
don), 163.
convexa (Arterua), 238.
coronatus (Eucampto-
pus), 245.
crassicaudatus (Sohizo-
mus), 120.
crassimanus (Archiso-
metrus), 34.
crassimanus (Ilemibu-
thus), 34.
crassimanus (Scorpiops),
68.
crassus (Acanthodon),
161.
cristatus (Thelyphonus),
105.
Crossopriza, 240.
crotalus (Lyrognathus),
203.
cryptica(Acattyma), 166.
Ctenizidae, 160.
cylindrata (Fecenia), 21 2.
Cyriopagopus, 204.
Cyrtarachne, 228.
Cyrtophora, 223.
Dtesiinse, 145.
dalyi (Gasteracantha),
232.
Damarchus, 169.
decens (Epeira), 228.
decipiens (Musagetea),
196.
decipiens (Pandercetes),
264.
decora ta (Tetragnatha),
216.
dehaanii (Araneus), 225.
Dendrolycnsa, 246.
dentatus (Scorpio), 46.
designatus (Acantho-
don), 164.
desultor (Liphistiua),
156.
diadematus (Araneus),
223.
diadesmia (Gastera-
cantha), 234.
Diplothele, 174.
Dipluridsa, 170.
distinctus (Pholcus), 239.
dorise (Buthus), 16.
dorsualis (Atypus), 158.
dumicola (Ischnothele),
171.
durandi (Uroctea), 243.
edwardsi (Tama), 242.
elegana (Lathrodectus),
237.
elegans (Meta), 216.
ellioti (Euproathenops),
249.
ellioti (Sipalolasma), 177.
elongatus (Smeringopus),
239.
eluta (Heteropoda), 263.
Entomothele, 170.
Eresidae, 208.
Eucamptopus, 244.
eupeus (Androctonus),
19.
Euprosthenops, 245.
europseus (Isometrus),
46.
exanthernaticus (Ara-
neus), 222.
extenaa (Tetragnatha),
214.
fabrei (Heteropoda), 261 .
fabrei (Plesiophrictus)
182.
fasciata (Pcecilotheria),
192.
fastiga ta ( A rgy roepoi ra),
216.
fatalis (Galoodes), 137,
143.
fere (Araneus), 226.
A I. I'H A BKTICA h I N DBS .
275
fese (Lychas), 42.
Fecenia, 212.
i'emoralis (Chilobracbvs),
195.
iergusoni (Cbiromache-
tes), 78.
ferina (Heteropoda), 2G0.
iilum (Butbus), 46.
flmbriat.ua (Chilobra-
cbvs), 195.
finitimus (Buthus), 16.
flavescens (lJutbeolus),
30.
flavidus (Palystes), 266.
flavimanus (Palamnseus),
87.
flavo-piloBUS (Cliilubra-
chys), 196.
formosa (Pcecilotheria),
191.
formosua (Hypoetonus),
116.
fortis (Acanthodon), 163.
f'ossor (Acanthodon), 164.
fossor (Atmetochilus),
168.
frontata (Gasteracantlia).
234.
fugax (SparasBus), 269.
fuliginea (SelenocoBmia),
201.
fuligineua ( I'lilogius),
196.
fulvipes (Calonitnata),
159.
fulvipes (Palamnasus),
87.
fumosus (Chilobracbvs),
196.
fuBca ( Dendrolycoaa),
246.
fuBcipes (Butbeolus), 29.
Galeodes, 136.
Galeodidie, 135.
gangeticus (Butbus), 25.
Gasteracantlia, 231.
getninata (Gastera-
cantlia), 233.
gemmifer (Cbserilus), 60.
geuiculata (Tetragnatba I,
215.
geometricuB (Lathrodeo-
tus). 2.".s.
gbecuaiuiB (Psechrus),
211.
Gluviopsi-. 1 Hi.
gracilis (Paiulerceles),
5 264.
gracilis (Tetragnatha I,
214.
graminea (Peucetia), 256.
grammurus (Butbus),
23.
granosus (Chaerilus), 56.
grassii (Trithyreus),
122.
gravimanuB(PalainnaeuB),
90.
green i Ilia- (llippasa),
250, 251.
greenallia' ( Lycosa). 251.
green i (Sipalolasina), 176.
grubei (Cyrtaraehne).
229.
gujaratensis ( Buthus),
25.
lialyi (Diplotbele), 175.
ETaploclaetus, 185.
hardwickii (Chilobra-
chys), 198.
hardwickii (Scorpio), 64.
hardwickii (Scorpiops),
(■>(■<. 70.
basseltii (Gasteracantlia |,
238.
basseltii (Latbrodectus),
237.
hector (Androctonus), 15.
Helignionierus. 164.
Hemibutlius, 34.
lleiniscorpion, 77.
Qemiscorpius, 77.
bendersoni (ButbUB), 26.
licndersoni (Lychas), 40.
llei -ennia, 219.
Her.-ilia. 241.
Hersiliidas, 210
1 [eterocharmus, 31.
Heterometrus, 84.
Heterophi ictus. 180.
Heteropoda, 259.
Heteropodinss, 259,
hinialavana (Selenocos-
mia », 2oo.
llippasa, 249.
birtus (Sparaeaus i, 2ii7.
his]iida I Kpeira i, 22>.
liobsMiii (t)rdgarius). 2."><>.
holmcia- | llippasa), 251.
liolosericeus i Ischnoeu-
lusl, 183.
HonuuruB, 78.
bortoruin ( Argyroepeira),
216.
Hubbardiidaa, 1 19.
I [ygropoda, 2 15.
I I j poctonuB, 111.
Idiopa, 161.
illepidus il'nltvs . 2:r,
imperialis (Nephila), 218.
iinpudicus (Sparassus),
268.
inajqualis (Cyrtarachne).
229.
indagatrix (Lycosa), 254.
indica (Murricia), 242.
indica (Perenethis), 246.
indica (Uroctea), 243.
indicus (Galeodes), 142.
nidicus (Latbrodectus),
237.
indicus (Plator), 272.
indicus (Tbelyphonus),
105.
indus (Palamnseus), 96.
inermis (Pblogiellus),
202.
insculptus (Scorpiops),
68.
insignis (Chaerilus), 58.
insignis (Thrigmopceus),
I Hi.
insolens (Plator), 272.
iii?ularis (Hvpoctonus),
117.
insularis (Thclyjibonus),
117.
IomachuB, 81.
Iscbnocolus, 1S3.
Iscbnotbele, 170.
Igcbnuridse, 76.
Isometrus, 44.
ixodinus (Plator), 272.
javanensis (Selenocos-
mia), 201.
kanarensis (Palamnasus),
93.
kandiana ( Heteropoda I,
261.
kocbi (Palystes), 265.
kocbii t Pandinus), 86.
kuhlii (Nephila), 218
Labochirus, l"7.
hvviceps (loiiuiehus)
81.
la\i Irons (Lycbas) 41.
laglaizei (Araneus), 224.
lamaroki (Sparassus),
267.
laneus (Cbarnuis), 32.
languid* (Heteropoda >.
262.
Lathrodectus, 237.
latifrons (Tetracmathal
214. "
latim.um> i l'alamnffius),
90.
276
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
leioderina (Scorpio), 99.
leprosa (Heteropocla),
262.
leptochirus (Scorjriops),
69.
leptognatha (Tetragna-
tha), 215.
lepturus (Hemiscorpius),
77.
leucomelana (Gastera-
cantha), 235.
leucomelas (Plectana),
235.
limbata (Nephila), 218.
lindstroernii (Scorpiops),
74.
lineatus (St.egodyphus),
208.
linteatus (Iscbnocolus),
183.
Liphistiidae, 156.
Liphistius, 156.
Liurus, 13.
liurus (Palamnasus), 91.
lobata (Argyope), 221.
longimanus (Palanmasus),
97.
longimanus (Scorpiops),
72.
lucidipes (Palainnaeus),
87.
lugubris (Scorpiops), 74.
lunatus (Phrynichus),
126.
lutea (Heteropoda), 263.
lutescens (Sparassus),
269.
Lychas, 35.
Lycosa, 252.
Lycosidas, 244.
lycosina (Hippasa), 250.
lyoni (Crossopriza), 240.
Lyrognathus, 202.
lnacilentus(Pandereetes),
265.
macmahoni (Butbus), 18.
macmahoni (Galeodes),
141.
Macrotbele, 171.
maculata (Macrotbele),
171.
maculata (Nepbila), 217.
maculatus (Scorpio), 46.
madraspatensis (Palam-
naeus), 88.
malabarensis (Iomacbus),
82.
malabarensis (Nepbila),
219.
malabariensis (Selenops),
257.
inalayana (Conothele),
165.
mandibulata (Tetragna-
tba), 215.
margaritatus (Cboerilus),
58.
marginatus (Sphedanus),
247.
marginellus (Tbalassius),
247, 248.
martensii (Buthus), 23.
masoni (Cbilobrachys),
197.
megacepbalus (Butbus),
96.
megalopis (Spariolenus),
264.
melanicbnys (Palystes),
265.
melanurus (Butheolus),
28.
melanurus tvpicus (Bu-
tbeolus), 29.
melanus (Rhagodes), 148.
Melopceus, 205.
mesor (Isometrus), 37.
Mesothelae, 155.
metallica (Poecilotberia),
189.
millardi (Plesiopbrictus),
181.
milleti (Beterophrictus),
180.
minatoria (Tetragnatha),
215.
minax (Melopoeus), 205.
miranda (Poecilotberia),
190.
mirandus (Stegodypbus),
209.
mitralis (Caerostris), 231.
moluccensis (Araneus),
226.
monstrosus (Ordgarius),
230.
montanus (Nemesiellus),
167.
montanus (Scorpiops),
70.
moutigena (Selenops),
258.
mucronatus (Lychas), 36.
mucronatus (Scorpio), 36.
multipuncta (Epeira),
219.
muriccla (Tbelypbonus).
105.
Murricia, 242.
Musagetes, 19-.
Mygalomorpbai, 157.
nalandicus (Tbelcticopis),
270.
nauticus (Araneus), 228.
Nemesiellus, 167.
Nephila, 217.
nigrescens(Thelyphonus),
104.
nigricep9 (Rhagodes),
150.
nigrifrons (Buthus), 22.
nigripalpis (Galeodes),
144.
uigripes (Hormurus), 80.
nigristernis (Lycha9), 38.
nigritus (Butbus), 27.
nigrocinctus (Rhagodes),
151.
nigrolineatus (Scorpio),
23.
nigropicta (Stasina), 270.
nigropunctala (Peucetia),
255.
nigrotibialis (Lycosa),
253.
nilgirinus (Haploclastus),
185.
nitelinus (Cbilobrachys),
197.
nitidus (Iomacbus), 83.
Nyctalops, 119.
oatesii (Damarchus), 169.
oatesii (Hypoctonus),
112.
oatesii (Palamnams), 98.
obscurior (Galeodes),
143.
oucitanus (Butbus), 13.
oculatus (Chilobrachys),
200.
Ocyale, 251.
odonturus (Butbus), 16.
GEcophlceus, 172.
olivacea (Hippasa), 250.
Omothymus, 204.
opifex (Acanthodon),
162.
Upiliones, 5.
Opisthothelae, 156.
Ordgarius, 230.
oreophilus (Scalido-
gnathus), 107.
orientalis (Galeodes)
138, 143.
ornata (Argyope), 222.
ornata (Poecilotberia I,
192.
ornatissima (llerennia)
219.
ALPHA UETICAL INDEX.
277
ornatus (Androctonus),
19.
ornatus (Ischnocolus),
184.
Ornithoctoninae, 203.
Ornithoetonus, 205.
orophila (Selenocosmia),
201.
Orthochirus, 28.
Orthodactylus. 28.
Oxyopes, 255.
Oxyopidae, 254.
paehyurus (Buthus), 27.
pacificus (Stegodyphus),
209.
paganus (Cyriopagopus),
205.
Palamnaeus, 84.
pallidus (Butheolus), 30.
Palystes, 265.
Pandercetes, 264.
Pandinus, 84.
pannuceus (Poltys), 286.
pantherina (Hippasa),
250.
paradoxa (Casrostris),
231.
paradoxus (Plesiobuthus),
344.
paripes (Thelcticopis),
271.
partita (Hippasa), 257.
paryimanus (Thehpho-
nus), 108.
patagiatus (Sparassus),
269.
pectinata (Hersilia),
241.
peguana (Hersilia), 241.
Pelecodon, 159.
penjabensis (Buthus),
22.
Perenethis. 24").
persicus (Buthus), 1'.).
persicus (Rhagodes),
150.
perspicillata (Cyrt-
arachne), 229.
petersii (Palamnanis),
84, 97, 98.
petersii (Scorpiops), 70.
petiti (Acanthodon),
161.
Peucetia, 255.
Phalangium, 125.
phasma (Heteropoda),
260.
phipsoni (lsometrus),
37.
phipsoni (Lycosa), 25.'5
phipsoni (Palamnaeus),
94.
phipsoni (Phrynichus),
127.
phipsoni (Rhagodes),
152.
phipsoni (Sparassus),
268.
phipsoni (Thalassius),
248.
Phlogiellus, 202.
Plilogiodes, 179.
Phlogius, 200.
PholcidiB, 238.
Phrictus, 200.
Phrynichidae, 125.
Phrynichus, 125.
Phrynischus. 126.
Phrynus, 125.
piceus (Atypus), 158.
pictus (Chaerilus), 61.
pictus (Thelcticopis),
271.
pisaurina (Hippasa),
250.
Phigiobothrus, 175.
Plator. 272.
Platoridre, 272.
plebeia (Heteropoda),
262.
Plesiobuthus, 43.
Plesiophrictus, 181.
plumipes (Zatapina),
2(54.
pocockii (Chilobrachvs),
195.
Podophthahna, 248.
Poeeilotheria, 188.
politus (Stenochirus),
33.
Poltys, 235.
pragma i Peucetia), 256.
priamua (Aiulroctonus),
15.
I'rionurus. 13.
pri>l ina (Crossopriza),
240.
proboscideus (Labo-
chirus), 1(>7.
procera (Hygropoda),
245.
procera (Peucetia), 256.
prognatha (Hygropoda),
245.
prompta (Heteropoda),
261.
propinqua (Giutera-
cantha), 233.
proscorpio (Thelypho-
nus), L06,
prostans(Heligmonierus),
165.
Psechridae, 210.
Psechrus, 210.
Pseudoscorpiones, 5.
psittacinus (Thelypho-
nus), 106.
pugnax (Lyrognathus),
203.
pulchella (Argvope),
221.
pullata (Araneus), 228.
punctipes (Sparassus),
268.
punctipes, var. eordidata
(Sarotes), 268.
punctulatus (Iomachua),
83.
pusillus (Catageus), 130.
pusillus (Phrynichus),
128.
radialis (Sealidognathus),
167.
radiatus (Selenops), 257.
rangunensia (Hypocto-
nus), 116.
rangunensis, yar. silyati-
cus (Hypoctonus), 115.
116.
raniceps (Cyrtarachiit- .
229.
regalis (Poeeilotheria),
190.
remifera(Gasteracantha),
233.
reniformis (Phalangiuin i.
126.
Rhagodes, 147.
Rhagodinoe, 147.
Rhax. 136, 147.
rigidulua (Isometrus),
52.
rimata (Gasteracantha),
233.
robusta (Dendrohcosai,
247.
robustum (Sason). 173.
robustus (Phlogiodes),
180.
roretzi (Acattyma), 166.
rufescens (Chaerilus), 57.
rufeuoens (Gluviopsis),
146.
rufilata (Poeeilotheria),
IS'.).
ruflmanuBl Thelyphonus),
106.
rufofemorata (Epeira),
22&
278
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
rufo-fuscus (Musagetes),
197.
rufulus (Galeodes), 139.
rugiscutis (Buthus), 26.
rugosulus (Buthus), 20.
rugosus (Lycbas), 39.
ruinpfi (Araueus), 228.
sabulosus (Galeodes),
139.
salebrosa (Epeira), 226.
saltator (Lyrognathus),
203.
sarasinorum (Stegody-
phus), 209.
sarasinorum (Stenochi-
rus), 33.
sarawakensis (Sarax), 131 .
Sarax, 131.
Sarpedon, 172.
Sason, 172.
Sasonielius, 177.
satarensis ( Scorpiops),
71.
Satzicus, 172.
savignyi (Hersilia), 241.
saxatilis (Hypoctomis),
115.
seaber (Lychas), 38.
scaber (Palanmseus), 93.
scabrinus(Thelyphonus),
106.
Scalidognathus, 166.
Schizomus, 119.
Schizonotida?, 119.
Sehizonotus, 119.
schnehagenii (Thelypho-
nus), 105.
schneideri (Butbus), 28.
Scorpio, 84.
Scorpiones, 1, 5.
Scorpionida, 84.
Scorpionini, 84.
Scorpiops, 54.
Scurria, 188.
scutatus (Lycbas), 37.
scutilus (Lychas), 35, 37.
Selenocosmia, 200.
Selenocosmiina', 187.
Selenopiua, 257.
Selenops, 257.
semiflavus (Rhagodes),
149.
semilunaris (l'lagio-
bothrus), 176.
senilis (Sparassus), 207.
sepiaris (Tbeh])bonus),
104.
Seramba, 270.
tericeus (Chilobraohys),
199.
sericeus (Plesiopbrictus),
182.
serratus (Palamnaeus),
97.
seticeps(Scalidognatbus),
167.
severus (Thelcticopis),
270.
sexpunctata (Hetero-
poda), 261.
sexspinosus (Ordgai'ius),
230.
shoplandi (Isometrus),
41.
shoplandi (Lychas), 41.
simonis (Diapontia),
250.
sindicus (Buthus), 25.
Sipalolasma, 176.
sisyphoides (Pholcus),
238.
Smeringopus, 239.
smythiesi (Heteropoda),
262.
socialis (Stegodyphus),
209.
solid us (Scorpiops), 66.
Solifugse, 132.
Solpugidae, 145.
soricinus (Ohilobrachys),
199.
sororna (Gasteracantha),
233.
spadicarius (Sphedanus),
247.
Sparassus, 266.
Spariolenus, 263.
spinax, Scorpio (Atreus),
52.
spinifer (Hetei'onietrus),
98.
spinifer (Palainnanis),
98.
stauntoni (Dendroly-
cosa), 247.
Stegodyphus, 208.
stellata (Epeira), 223.
Stenochirus, 32.
stimulator (Sparassus),
269.
striata (Poecilotberia),
191.
striclnlans(Chilobrachys),
198.
stridulans (Mygale), 198.
Stygophrynus, 129.
subarnmtus(Phlogiellus),
202.
subfusca (Pu'cilotheria),
190.
euboculatus (Trithyreus),
121.
subtilis (Heteropoda),
263.
sullivani (Sasonichus),
177.
suspectus (Hormurus).
80.
swammerdami (Palam-
nseus), 86.
sylvaticus (Ilvpoctonus),
115.
Tama, 242.
tamulus (Buthus), 23.
tamulus typicus(Buthus),
24.
taprobanica (Argyope),
222.
taprobanicus (Heligmo-
merus), 164.
tarandus (Sparassus),
269.
Tarantula, 125.
tarantula (Lycosa), 252.
Tartarides, 1 18.
tauricornis (Labochirus),
109.
tener (Sparassus), 269.
tenuicauda (Scorpiops),
72.
tenuicaudat.us (Schizo-
mus), 120.
tenuipes(Plesiophrictus),
182.
tessellata (Ai-gyroepeira),
216.
Tetragnatha, 214
Tetragonopbthalma, 245.
thalassinus (Butheolus),
28.
Thalassius, 247.
Thelcticopis, 270.
Thelechoris, 170.
Thelyphonkla?, 102.
Thelyphonus, 103.
Theraphosida% 178.
Theraphosinas, 178.
Theridiidte, 236.
thorelli (Palamnaus),
97.
thorellii (Chilobrachvs),
199.
Thrigmopieinas, 184.
Thrigmopceus, 186.
thurstoni (Isometrus),
47.
thwaitesi (Isometrus).
48.
tibialis (Stegodyphus),
210.
tigris (Spariolenus),
264.
torvus (Pseehrus), 211.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
279
trarancoria (Fecenia),
212.
tredecira-guttatus (La-
th rod ectus), 237.
tricarinatus (Lychas),
40.
tricostatus (Chscrilus),
59.
Tripeltis, 121.
Triplomus, 121.
Trithyreus, 121.
trivittata (Argyope), 223.
truculentum (Calom-
mata), 159.
truculentus (Thrigmo-
poeus), 168.
truncat.us (Ohajriliis), 63.
umbrata (Heteropoda),
263.
undulafca (Argyope),
222.
unguifera (Gastera-
cantha), 234.
unicolor (Araneus), 22.').
unifasciata (Perenethis),
246.
Uroctea, 243.
Urocteidic, 243.
Uromachus, 53.
Iroproctus, 106.
Uropygi, 100.
Urotricha, 101.
validus (Phlogiodes),
179.
variata (Tama), 242.
varius (Tityus), 36.
Vejovidae, 64.
venatoria (Heteropoda),
260.
ventralis (Argyroepeira),
21(5.
vemi9tus (Sparassns),
268.
versicolor (Argvope),
222.
viridana (Peucetia), 255,
256.
viridis (Peucetia), 255.
vittata (Pcecilotheria),
192.
vittatus (Isometrus), 50.
vittatus (Rhagodes), 150.
vorax (Galeodes), 137.
vulpina (Polyboea), 246.
walahi (Diplothele), 175.
vveberi (Isometrus), 39.
woodmasoni (Hypocto-
nus), 113.
workmanni (Damarchus),
169.
wroughtoni (Lycosa),
253.
wroughtoni(Palammeus),
89.
wroughtoni (Sparassns),
268.
xanthopus (Palanmasus),
92.
Zerbina, 136.
Zombis, 136.
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